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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES
F. V. HAYDEN, TJ. S. GEOLOGIST-IN-CHARGE

MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS -No. 11

BIRDS OF THE COLORADO VALLEY

REPOSITORY OF

SCIENTIFIC AND POPULAR INFORMATION

CONCERNING

NORTH AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGY

BY ELLIOTT COTJES

\\

PART FIRST
fasseres to

Bibliographical Appmdix

Seventy Illustrations

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE

1878

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

IT. S. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL

SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES,

Washington, D. 0., October 31, 1878.
SIB:

I have the honor to transmit herewith, for approval and for
publication, Part First of a treatise entitled " Birds of the
Colorado Yalley w, which I have taken great pains to render
worthy of favorable consideration as a repository of scientific
and popular information concerning North American ornithology.
I am, Sir, &c.,

DR. F. Y. HAYDEN,

U. 8. Geologist, &c., &c.,

Washington, D. C.

iii

256248

PEEFATOEY NOTE

U. S. GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL

SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES,

Washington, D. 0., November 1, 1878.

RESULTS of Dr. Coues's continued studies of North Ameri-
can ornithology, in connection with the Survey under
my charge, are herewith presented as one of the series of Miscel-
laneous Publications (No. 11). Should circumstances favor the
completion of the work, upon which the author is still engaged
and which is already not far from finished, the remaining portion
may be expected. The present treatise may be regarded as com-
plementary to the "Birds of the Northwest" (Misc. Pub. No. 3).
It covers much ground not gone over in the latter work, in all
that relates to the technicalities of the general subject, as well
as to the particular life-histories of the birds composing the
remarkable avian fauna of the Colorado Basin. As originally
projected for publication in a different connection, the work
consisted merely of a report upon the peculiar features of bird-
life in the area under consideration, with biographies of the
species not treated in the "Birds of the Northwest". But the
author's resources have proved to be so largely in excess of the
requirements of such a report that the work has outgrown the
limits of a single volume, and become a full exposition of our
present knowledge of the subject, by the incorporation of much
technical matter concerning North American ornithology at
large, hitherto the private possession of the author and now
first made accessible to the public.

The whole subject of the bibliography of North American
ornithology, and of the synonymy of North American birds,
has been worked up anew from the very bottom, as a matter of
original personal investigation admitting of nothing at second-
hand. Not only the birds of the Colorado Valley, but also all
others of North America, are thus exhaustively treated, their
synonymy and bibliography being at length placed upon a
satisfactory basis. In points of accuracy, completeness and
thorough reliability it is believed that this side of the work

VI BIEDS OF THE COLORADO VALLEY

will compare so favorably with what has before been done in the
bibliography of any department of science as to furnish a model
for the future.

Since the appearance of the "Birds of the Northwest " it has
been a matter of frequently expressed regret that the accounts
of the birds treated hi that volume did not include such descrip-
tions of the species as should enable those using the work to
identify specimens they might have in hand. It has been
deemed advisable to supply this want in the present treatise,
especially as a considerable proportion of the characteristic
birds of the Colorado Yalley are not so well known as are most
of those inhabiting the region of the Missouri. The descrip-
tions are original, in nearly every case having been drawn up
by the author directly from the specimens themselves, with
great regard to precision of concise statement. All the species
ascertained to occur in the Yalley of the Colorado, being those
which form the special subject of the work, are thus treated, the
other North American birds of which the volume takes account
being introduced only with their synonymy and a brief state-
ment of the habitat of each.

Eespecting the biographies or " life-histories ?? of the birds,
which constitute the main text of the present volume, the
author's view, that this portion of the subject should be so far
divested of technicality as to meet the tastes and wants of the
public rather than the scientific requirements of the schoolmen
in ornithology, will doubtless meet with general and emphatic
approval. It is possible to make natural history entertaining
and attractive as well as instructive, with no loss in scientific
precision, but with great gain in stimulating, strengthening and
confirming the wholesome influence which the study of the
natural sciences may exert upon the higher grades of mental
culture; nor is it a matter of little moment to so shape the
knowledge which results from the naturalist's labors that its
increase may be susceptible of the widest possible diffusion.

The first twelve sheets of this volume (to p. 192) were printed
in 1876, when other engagements obliged the author to inter-
rupt the preparation of the work. The printing was resumed in
1878, and is completed at the date of this prefatory. A few
impressions of the earlier sheets may have already been in pri-
vate circulation, but no portion of the work is published prior
to this date. The types of pp. 1-192 having been distributed
without stereotyping after only 1,500 impressions had been

PREFATORY NOTE Vll

taken, it will be necessary to reset this portion if a larger edi-
tion is required; and in order to secure uniformity, the composi-
tion should be, if possible, infac simile.

The illustrations of the present volume are chiefly those which
formerly appeared in the same author's "Key to North Ameri-
can Birds ".

According to the report rendered by the author, the present
part of the work carries the subject through Passeres to Laniidce.
The whole consists in a systematic treatise on the families, gen-
era and species represented in the Colorado Valley — that is to
say, in the whole region drained by the Colorado Eiver of the
West and its tributaries, as far south as the present Mexican
boundary of the United States. The watershed of this great river
includes Arizona, much of New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada, a
part of the State of Colorado, and some of Southern California.
The faunal area thus circumscribed is nearly that of the " Great
Basin", and corresponds with the "Middle Faunal Province" of
some zoo-geographers, as distinguished from the "Western" and
t l Eastern " Provinces respectively. The main chain of the Eocky
Mountains, or great continental divide, bounds it on the east, as
the Sierras Nevadas do on the west. To the north lies the Salt
Lake Valley; southward the boundary is an arbitrary political
one. In the last-named direction, the fauna changes insensibly
by the gradual gain of a "neotropical" complexion, though
many " nearctic" features are impressed upon the table-lands of
Mexico. The proper fauna of that country is prefigured in the
area under consideration by the various subtropical forms of bird-
life which have successively been found within the border of the
United States in the Valley of the Gila, as in that of the Lower
Eio Grande of Texas. Both to the east and to the west the
geographical boundaries already mentioned correspond quite
closely with the limits of the natural faunal areas ; for we miss
in the Colorado Valley some characteristic forms both of the
Pacific slope proper and of the Eastern United States at large.
Northward the Great Basin narrows like a wedge thrust in
between the converging Eastern and Western Provinces.

No other portion of the United States of equal area offers
such varied surface conditions and such climatic extremes. The
region is hedged about by mountain ranges of immense extent
and elevation, and contains many other lofty chains and peaks,
while the greater part of the country is low, hot and arid. The

viii BIRDS OF THE COLORADO VALLEY

highly diverse topography of the country is strongly reflected
in the temperature, the rainfall, and the course of the seasons
of this remarkable region, and these in turn leave their impress
upon animal and vegetable life, with the result that contiguous
areas of insignificant geographical extent may differ as much
in their natural productions as if they stretched over many
degrees of latitude. In the Colorado Basin, in fact, as appears
to be the case in most portions of Mexico, the distribution and
migrations of birds may be regarded as affected by altitude
rather than by latitude or longitude 5 and we have a striking
instance of the convertibility of these two factors of the general
equation. The birds here find their summer and winter homes,
and perform their migrations, rather according to " the lay of
the land" than with reference to degrees of latitude.

A portion of the Colorado Valley, in Southwestern Arizona
and adjoining parts of California, has long been known as the
hottest place in the United States. At Fort Yuma, on the
Colorado Eiver at the mouth of the Gila, in latitude 32° 32',
longitude 114° 36' 9", the mean annual rainfall does not exceed
five inches. A temperature of 119° F. has been recorded, and for
weeks in succession the mercury may rise above 100° daily. For
several hundred miles the great river rises but little, its elevation
at Fort Mojave, for instance, being only about 525 feet. South-
ern and Western Arizona is a torrid, alkaline waste ; in fact,
a part of the "Great American Desert"; yet in the central
portion of the Territory rise the magnificent San Francisco
Mountains, 12,562 feet high, pine-clad, and snow-capped during
a portion of the year ; and at Fort Whipple, with an altitude
of 5,335 feet, the general course of the seasons is not materially
different from that in the Middle Atlantic States. A day's jour-
ney from the last-mentioned locality will show differences in
the bird-fauna comparable, for instance, to those distinguish-
ing Massachusetts from the District of Columbia. Many of
the birds of Fort Yuma and Fort Whipple respectively are total
strangers to each other.

Such striking features as are here briefly indicated render the
study of the birds of this region specially attractive, and exact
information respecting their distribution and movements within
the area in question is very desirable. The whole subject is
elucidated in detail in the present treatise.

Aside from the local perturbations resulting from topograph-
ical and climatic diversity within small areas, the bird-fauna
of the Colorado Yalley is in a sense homogeneous and rather

PREFATORY NOTE IX

compact, being well marked by a large proportion of highly
characteristic, if not wholly peculiar, species. The resulting
aspect of the bird-fauna is far more strongly pronounced than
is ordinarily found to be the case with areas of corresponding
dimensions. As might be expected from aridity of such extent
and to such degree as is witnessed in the Colorado Valley, the
prime mark of the birds of the region is that pallor of colora-
tion which is now well known to result from the combined effects
of heat and dryness. It is the extreme of a condition very sen-
sibly offered by the birds of the Great Plains at large. In some
cases we here find that the modification of a common stock has
produced forms sufficiently distinct from their respective allies
to meet the requirements of " species "j while in many more
instances strongly marked geographical races are developed by
the same natural causes operating less intensely, less continu-
ously, or upon less susceptible material. It is unnecessary in
this place to cite examples, as such cases are already well known
to ornithologists. It may be added, as a curious fact in the
matter of the modifications here witnessed, that the tail is length-
ened in many cases of birds which otherwise differ from their
respective allies mainly by the bleached coloration just noticed.

A few words upon the progress of our knowledge of the birds
of the region under consideration will not be out of place here.
It is only within the last twenty-five years that we have acquired
any considerable information respecting the ornithology of the
Colorado Basin. Shortly after Nuttall and Townsend largely
increased our knowledge of Western birds from localities much
further north, Dr. William Gambel gave us welcome advices
in various papers published by the Philadelphia Academy from
1843 to 1849 $ and this naturalist may be considered as a pioneer
in this field. He was succeeded by Dr. S. W. Woodhouse, who
accompanied an expedition to the Zufii and Colorado Eivers,
and prepared a valuable paper published in 1853 in Sitgreaves's
Report. Mr. Gassings well-known "Illustrations", completed
in 1856, contain colored figures of many interesting species,
and include the timely field-notes of Col. G. A. McCall, Dr. A.
L. Heermann, and other naturalists who had made personal
observations in the field. A stride forward was taken when the
Reports of the Pacific Eailroad and Mexican Boundary appeared ;
the technicalities of the subject being admirably worked out by
Professor Baird in these volumes, while the same publications
include the field-notes of the naturalists attached to the several

X BIRDS OF THE COLORADO VALLEY

Surveys, as Dr. Heermann, already mentioned. Dr. 0. B. E. Ken-
nerly, Mr. J. H. Clarke, Mr. Arthur Schott, and others. Dr. T.
C. Henry, then of the Army, published several valuable papers
on the birds of New Mexico at about this time, and Dr. J. G.
Cooper gained much additional information during his some-
what later residence in Arizona. Much, however, remained to
be done when Dr. Coues entered Arizona in 1864, and spent
nearly two years in studying the natural history of the Terri-
tory. He published in 1866 the first formal list of the birds of
Arizona, describing new species and adding others to the fauna
of the United States ; and his personal experiences, now for the
first time set forth in full, afford a large basis of the biographi-
cal portion of the present treatise. Lieutenant (now Captain)
Charles Bendire, U. S. A., subsequently resided for some time
in Southern Arizona, where he made large collections of nests
and eggs, and furnished much information respecting the breed-
ing habits of the birds, which was published in part by Dr.
Coues, but principally by Dr. T. M. Brewer. By far the most
important contributions hitherto offered to the natural his-
tory proper of the birds of New Mexico and Arizona are those
recently made by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, during his connection
with the Engineer Survey West of the 100th Meridian. This
accomplished ornithologist has added many new species to
the fauna of the United States, and has published the most
complete list we possess of the birds of Arizona ; while his
extensive memoir in the 4to Eeports of the Survey mentioned
gives us much new information respecting the distribution and
the habits of the birds of New Mexico and Arizona.

I may also advert in the present connection to several late
publications upon the birds of contiguous regions as bearing
upon the special subject. Among these may be mentioned the
papers on Texan birds by H. E. Dresser, H. B. Butcher, 0. A. H.
McCauley, J. C. Merrill, and Gr. B. Sennett ; on those of Colo-
rado by C. E. Aiken and C. H. Holden, and E. Eidgway ; to Mr.
Henshaw's List of the Birds of Utah ; to Dr. Cooper's work on
the ornithology of California ; to Mr. J. A. Allen's Eeconnois-
sance in Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah ; and especially
to Mr. Eidgway's important memoir on the Ornithology of the
Survey of the 40th Parallel.

It is believed that the present volume will be found to be a
thorough digest of the information we possess upon the subject.

F. Y. HAYDEN,
United States Geologist.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I.— THRUSHES

Page,

Family TURDID^: 1

Genus Turdus, 7.— The Robin, 8.— Varied Thrush, 14.— Hermit
Thrush, 20.— Wood Thrush, 28.— Olive-backed Thrush, 34.— Wil-
son's Thrush, 39. — Genus Myiadestes, 43. — Townsend's Fly-catching
Thrush, 44. — Genus Oroscoptes, 48. — Mountain Mockingbird, 48. —
Genus Mimus, 53.— The Mockingbird, 53.— The Catbird, 56.— Genus
Harporhynchus, 60. — Brown Thrasher, 61, — Curve-billed Thrasher,
64.— Arizona Thrasher, 67.— Saint Lucas Thrasher, 68.— Yuma
Thrasher, 70.— Crissal Thrasher, 73.

CHAPTER H.— BLUEBIRDS
Family SAXICOLDXE 76

Genus Sialia, 76.— Wilson's Bluebird, 77.— Western or Mexican
Bluebird, 80.— Arctic or Rocky Mountain Bluebird, 82.

CHAPTER m.— DIPPERS
Family CiNCLnxas 84

Genus Cinclus, 84. — American Dipper, 89.

CHAPTER IV.— OLD WORLD WARBLERS
Family SYLVIID.E 91

Genus Kegulus, 92. — Ruby-crowned Kinglet, 92. — American Golden-
crested Kinglet, 96. — Genus Polioptila, 101. — Blue-gray Gnatcatcher,
101.— Plumbeous Gnatcatcher, 105.— Black-capped Gnatcatcher, 106.

CHAPTER V.— WREN-TITS

Family CHAM^ID^ 108

Genus Chamcea, 108.— The Wren-tit, 108.

CHAPTER VI.— TITMICE
Family PARITY Ill

Genus Lophophatw, 112.— Tufted Titmouse, 113.— Plain Titmouse,
114.— Black-crested Titmouse, 116.— Bridled Titmouse, 117.— Genus
Parus, 119.— Long-tailed Chickadee, 120.— Mountain Chickadee,
122.— Genus Psaltriparus, 123.— Least Bush-tit, 124.— Plumbeous
Bush-tit, 125.— Genus Auriparus, 129.— Yellow-headed Verdin, 129.

xi

xii BIRDS OF THE COLORADO VALLEY

CHAPTER VII.— NUTHATCHES

Page.

Family SITTIIXE 13'2

Genus Sitta, 133.— Slender-billed Nuthatch, 134.— Red-bellied Nut-
hatch, 136.— Pygmy Nuthatch, 139.

CHAPTER VIII.— CREEPERS
Family CERTHinxE 143

Genus CertMa, 143.— Brown Creeper, 135.

CHAPTER IX.— WRENS
Family TROGLODYTIDJS f 152

Genus Campylorliynchus, 154.— Cactus Wren, 156.— Genus Salpinctes,
159.— Rock Wren, 159.— Genus CatTierpes, 163.— Canon Wren, 164.—
Genus Thryothorus, 167. — Carolina Wren, 168. — Genus Thryomanes,
167.— White-bellied Wren, 169.— Genus Troglodytes, 167.— Western
House Wren, 171. — Genus Anorthura, 167. — Winter Wren, 176. —
Genus Telmatodytes, 168. — Long-billed Marsh Wren, 178. — Genus
Ctetothorus, 168.— Short-billed Marsh Wren, 180.

CHAPTER X.— LARKS
Family ALAUDIDJE 182

Genus Eremophila, 185. — Horned Lark, 186.

CHAPTER XL— WAGTAILS
Family MOTACILLID^: 191

Genus Anthm, 192.— American Pipit or Titlark, 193.

CHAPTER XII.— AMERICAN WARBLERS

Family SYLVICOLUXE 196

( Ccerebidce — Cerihiola — Bahaman Honey-creeper, 197. ) — Genus
Mniotilta, 204.— Black-and-white Warbler, 204.— Genus Panda,
206.— Sennett's Warbler, 207.— Blue Yellow-backed Warbler, 208.—
Genus Protonotaria, 210. — Prothonotary Warbler, 210. — Genus Hel-
mintherus, 211. — Worm-eating Warbler, 211. — Swainson's Warbler,
212.— Genus Helmmttopliaga, 210.— White-throated Warbler, 213.—
Lawrence's Warbler, 214. — Bachman's Warbler, 214. — Blue-winged
Yellow Warbler, 214.— Blue Golden-winged Warbler, 216.— Lucy's
Warbler, 219.— Virginia's Warbler, 222.— Nashville Warbler, 224.—
Orange-crowned Warbler, 226. — Tennessee Warbler, 230. — Genus
Peucedramm, 232.— Olive Warbler, 233.— Genus Dendrceca, 235.— Blue
Mountain Warbler, 237.— Carbonated Warbler, 237.— Black-throated
Green Warbler, 240.— Golden-cheeked Warbler, 241.— Black-throated
Blue Warbler, 241.— Bay-breasted Warbler, 243.— Chestnut-sided
Warbler, 244.— Cape May Warbler, 245.— Prairie Warbler, 246.—
Yellow-throated Warbler, 247.— Kirtland's Warbler, 249.— Yellow
Red-poll Warbler, 249. — Pine-creeping Warbler, 251. — Summer
Yellow-bird, 252.— Hermit Warbler, 258.— Townsend's Warbler,
260.— Black-throated Gray Warbler, 263.— Coerulean Warbler, 267.—

TABLE OF CONTENTS Xlll

Page.

Family SYLVICOLID^E — Continued.

Audubon's Warbler, 271.— Yellow-rumped Warbler, 278.— Black-
burnian Warbler, 284.— Black-poll Warbler, 288.— Black-and-yellow
Warbler, 290.— Grace's Warbler, 292.— Genus Siurw, 296.— Golden-
crowned Accentor, 297. — Aquatic Accentor, 299. — Large-billed
Accentor, 299.— Genus Oporornis, 308.— Connecticut Warbler, 308.—
Kentucky Warbler, 309.— Genus Geotlilypia, 308.— Maryland Yellow-
throat, 309. — Macgillivray's Warbler, 312.— Mourning Warbler,
313.— Genus Jcten'a, 316.— Yellow-breasted Chat, 320.— Genus Myio-
dioctes, 323.— Canadian Fly-catching Warbler, 323.— Hooded Warbler,
324.— Wilson's Green Black-capped Fly-catching Warbler, 326.—
Genus Cardellina, 330.— Red-faced Warbler, 331.— Vermilion Fly-
catcher, 331. — Genus Setophaga, 334. — Genus Basileuterus, 335. —
Painted Flycatcher, 335.— The Redstart, 337.

ADDENDUM TO CHAP. XII 346

CHAPTER XIII.— TANAGERS
Family TANAGRUXE 348

Genus Euphonia, 349. — Coelestial Tanager, 349. — Genus Pyranga,
350.— Scarlet Tanager, 350.— Summer Redbird, 352.— Hepatic Tana-
ger, 355. — Crimson-headed Tanager, 358.

CHAPTER XIV.— SWALLOWS
Family HIRUNDINIDJE 364

Names of Swallows, 369.— General Distribution of Swallows, 371.—
Migration of Swallows, 372. — Bibliography of the subject, 378. —
Architecture of Swallows, 391. — Bibliography of the subject, 396. —
Abnormal coloration of Swallows, 400. — General habits and traits of
Swallows, 401.— Genus Hirundo, 406. — American Barn Swallow, 407. —
Genus TacJiydneta, 412.— White-bellied Swallow, 413.— Violet-green
Swallow, 419. — Genus Petrochelidon, 425. — Eave, CMff, or Crescent
Swallow, 426. — Genus Cotyle, 435. — Bank Swallow, or Sand Martin,
435.— Genus Stelgidopteryx, 438.— Rough-winged Swallow, 438.—
Genus Progne, 444. — Purple Martin, 445.
NOTES TO THIS CHAPTER 449

CHAPTER XV.— WAXWINGS
Family AMPELIDJE 451

Genus Ampelis, 451. — Bibliography of the genus, 453. — The Bohe-
mian Waxwing, 459. — The Carolina Waxwing, 470. — Genus Phceno-
pepla, 474. — Crested Shining-black White-winged Flysnapper, 475. —
Nest and eggs of Myiadestes towmendi, 480.

CHAPTER XVI.— GREENLETS
Family VIREONIDJE 483

Genus Vireo, 484. — Number of primaries in Oscines, 486. — Yellow-
green Vireo, 490. — Moustached Greenlet, 491. — Brotherly-love Green-
let, 492.— Yellow-throated Greenlet, 493.— Red-eyed Greenlet, 495.—

XIV BIRDS OF THE COLORADO VALLEY

Page.

Family VIKEONID^E — Continued.

Warbling Greenlet, 501.— Blue-headed Greenlet, 505.— Cassin's
Greenlet, 514. — Plumbeous Greenlet, 515. — Gray Greenlet, 517. —
White-eyed Greenlet, 520.— Button's Greenlet, 525.— Bell's Greenlet,
526.— Least Greenlet, 531.— Black-capped Greenlet, 533.

CHAPTER XVII.— SHRIKES

Family LANILD^E 535

Genus Lanius, 536. — On the use and meaning of Shrikes' names,
537. — On the American species of Lanius, 542. — Of Shrikes in a state
of nature, 546.— The Great Northern Shrike, 558.— The Common
American Shrike, 561.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX

LIST OF FAUNAL PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO NORTH AMERICAN
ORNITHOLOGY 567

Index to Bibliography....... 747

Index to whole volume 785

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Page.

Tail-piece to " Table of Contents " xiv

Tail-piece to "List of Illustrations" xvi

Fig. 1. Typical Passerine foot 1

2. "Booted "tarsus (foot of Robin). 5

3. HeadofRobin 10

4. Head of Wood Thrush 27

5. Details of external form of Myiadestes 43

6. The Mockingbird 55

7. Foot of Catbird 57

8. Head of Brown Thrasher 62

9. Head of Curve-billed Thrasher 65

10. Head of Arizona Thrasher 68

11. Head of Saint Lucas Thrasher 69

12. Head of California Thrasher 71

13. Head of Crissal Thrasher 73

14. Details of structure of Saxicola . 76

15. American Dipper 85

16. Golden-crested Kinglet 98

17. Heads of Blue-gray and Black-capped Gnatcatchers 102

18. Tails of Black-capped and Plumbeous Gnatcatchers. 107

19. Head of Bridled Titmouse 118

20. A typical Pants (P. atricapillm) 120

21. Head of Canada Nuthatch 136

22. Head, foot and tail-feather of Creeper 143

23. Carolina Wren 169

24. Winter Wren 177

25. Horned Lark 189

26. Head and foot of Yellow Wagtail 192

27. Bill and foot of American Pipit 194

28. A typical Motacilline 195

29. Black and White Creeper 205

30. Worm-eating Warbler 211

31. Blue Golden-winged Warbler 217

32. Black-throated Green Warbler 240

33. Chestnut-sided Warbler 244

34. Black-throated Gray Warbler 264

35. Yellow-ramped Warbler 283

36. Black-poll Warbler 288

37. Black and Yellow Warbler 291

38. Golden-crowned Accentor 296

39. Kentucky Warbler 309

40. Maryland Yellow-throat 312

xv

XVI BIRDS OF THE COLORADO VALLEY

. Page.

Fig. 41. Yellow-breasted Chat 317

42. Canadian Fly-catching Warbler 324

43. Hooded Flj -catching Warbler 325

44. Wilson's Green Black-capped Fly-catching Warbler 328

45. Outline of head of Hepatic Tanager 356

46. Details of structure of Barn Swallow 408

47. White-bellied Swallow 414

48. Crescent Swallow 450

49. Wing of Ampelis garrulus 461

50. Head of Cherry-bird 472

50 Us. Setophaga picta (p. 335) 482

51. A Vireo (V. gilvw) 484

52. Vireo flavoviridis 490

53. Vireo larbatulus 492

54. Vireo pMadelpUcus 493

55. Vireo flavifrons 494

56. Vireo olivaoeus 496

57. Vireo gilvm 501

58. Vireo swainsoni 502

59. Vireo solitarius 506

60. Vireo plumbeus 515

61. Vireo noveloracensis 520

62. Vireo huttoni 525

63. Vireo lelli 527

64. Vireo pusillus 531

65. Bills of Shrikes 536

66. Aspect of a Shrike 547

Tail-piece to "Index" 807

BIRDS OF THE COLORADO VALLEY

CHAPTER I.— THEUSHES

FAM. TURDID.E

fin HE birds of this family, together with those of the families
JL which follow in this work to the Flycatchers (Tyrannidce),
inclusively, belong to the great group of Passer 'es. Any Passerine
bird of this country may be recognized by the character of the
feet, .which are perfectly fitted for grasping — in other words, for
perching upon such support as the twigs of trees, for instance.
Though many kinds of birds, such as Birds of Prey, Herons,
and various others that might be mentioned, perch habitually,
yet the truly insessorial foot, as exhibited among Passeres, is *
unmistakable in several features. The hind toe, which is never
wanting, is inserted on the same level as the front toes collec-
tively; it is always directed straight backward, being thus op-
posed directly to the front toes ; it is of considerable length,
and its perfect mobility is secured by the separation of its prin-
cipal muscle from that one which bends the other toes collec-
tively. The claw of the hind toe is at least as long as that of
the middle anterior toe, and often longer. Neither of the front
toes is ever reversed in position, to effect such arrangement of
the digits in pairs as is witnessed in some
Picarian birds, as Woodpeckers, Cuckoos,
&c.; nor are the toes ever soldered together
for a long distance, as in the Kingfishers ;
nor are their joints abnormal in number, as
in some of the Swifts ; nor are the feet
webbed or lobed, as in many wading and all
swimming birds. In addition to these char-
acters, it may be stated that the legs are
clothed with feathers down to the tibio-tar-
sal joint; and that the tarsus and toes are Fm ]...TypicalpM8erine
invested with hard, horny integument, likeFoot-
that encasing the bill. Such a foot as results from these con-
1 B c

2 CHARACTERS OF PASSERES

ditions is rarely found outside the group Passeres ; and any
non-Passerine bird, the foot of which conforms with the fore-
going description, may be recognized by some collateral fea-
tures. The foot of a Hawk or Owl, for instance, is strictly
insessorial in character, and, in fact, possesses very great
grasping powers ; but the bill of these birds is furnished with
a soft cere, which no Passerine bird exhibits. In a Pigeon,
with decidedly insessorial feet, the covering of the feet, like
that of the bill in part, is soft and skinny, not perfectly horny.
A Hummingbird, the foot of which is perfectly iusessorial, is
ascertained to be non-Passerine by the fact that it has but six
wing-quills of the secondary series — all Passeres having more
than six. And, in general, closely as some of the Picarian
birds of this country may resemble the Passeres, some peculiar-
ity of the feet will suffice for their recognition. Thus, in the
Parrots, Cuckoos, and Woodpeckers, the toes are in pairs, two
before and two behind ; in the Kingfishers, the toes are exten-
sively soldered together, the covering of the tarsus is rather
soft, and, moreover, the tibia is naked below; in the Swifts and
Goatsuckers, either the hind toe is elevated above the plane of
the rest, or it is turned sideways, or there is a web at the bases
of the front toes, or these last have an unusual number of joints,
or several of these features occur in cotnbi nation. Humming-
birds, the only remaining North American Ficaritt, have, as
already said, a nearly Passerine foot ; but, in this case, the
above-mentioned feature of the secondaries is distinctive.

There is also a peculiarity of the wing of Passeres that serves
to distinguish birds of this group from those of probably any
one of the others, excepting Picarim, and even from the ma-
jority of Picariai. In a Passerine bird, the row of " greater "
wing-coverts — those that overlie the secondary quills — are not
more than half as long as these quills; while in most non-
Passerine birds — perhaps in all birds below Picarice — the re-
verse is the case.

The details of structure of the tarsal envelope of Passeres may
be noticed in passing. In the majority of the birds of this
group, the tarsus is covered on each side with a horny plate,
nearly or quite undivided, meeting its fellow in a sharp ridge
behind ; and, in some cases, this general fusion of the envelope
proceeds so far that the front of the tarsus likewise presents a
nearly or quite undivided surface, the whole tarsus being then
encased in a " boot," as it is called. The more complete con-

CHARACTERS OF PASSERES 3

ditions of fusion of the envelope — those showing the entire lat-
eral plates, sharp-ridged behind, whether or not the front of
the tarsus be also fused — are commonly associated with certain
anatomical characters which affect the vocal powers of the
birds; there being a complex arrangement of the muscles of
the lower larynx. Most of the North American Passeres exhibit
these features combined, and constitute a minor group Oscbies,
which is denominated a suborder by those who hold Passeres as
an order. The famil}r of the Larks (Alaudidce) is the only
exception among our birds ; for here the larynx is a highly-
developed vocal organ, while the tarsus shows a different struc-
ture of the envelope, being covered on the outer side with two
series of scales lapping around before and behind, and having
the hinder edge blunt. This state of the tarsus prepares us for
the further modification witnessed in a single one of the North
American families of Passeres, namely, the Tyrannidce, or Fly-
catchers, in which the tarsus is blunt behind, being covered
with a set of variously-arranged plates lapping entirely around.
Such condition, in connection with an incomplete development
of the vocal organ, marks off the Tyrannidw as representatives
of a second minor group of Passeres, called Clamatores, in con-
trast with Oscines.

The purpose of these opening paragraphs will have been at-
tained, if enough has been said to enable the reader to gain an
idea of the limits, and of certain leading features, of the great
group Passeres, which includes the majority of all known birds,
and something like two-fifths of those of North America.

Tlio families of Passeres which occur in the Coloradan region
are the Turd idee, SaxicoUdce, Cinclidce, Sylviidce, Cliamceidce,
Par idee, Sittidce, Certhiidm, Troglodytidce, Alaudidce, Motacillidce,
Sylvicolidce, Tanagridce, Hirundinidce, Ampelidce, Vireonidce, Lani-
idcv, Fringillidce, Icteridce, and Corvidce, all of which are Oscine,
and the Tyrannidce, which is Glamatorial. These will be sever-
ally considered in the sequence here indicated.

With these few preliminary considerations touching the Pas-
seres at large, we will at once take up the subject of the present
chapter, namely, the

4 CHARACTERS OF TURDID^

Turdida\ or Thrushes.

CHARS.* — Oscine Passeres, in which the characters of this
great group are highly developed. Lateral tarsal plates lami-
nar, meeting in a sharp ridge posteriorly; anterior scutella
often fused in a 'continuous lamina. Toes deeply cleft — the
outer anterior one to the distal end of its basal joint, the inner
anterior almost to its very base. Bill more or less subulate, as
usual in insectivorous birds, usually notched near the end, the
commissure not angulated, nor very deeply cleft. Nostrils
oval, nearly or quite reached but not covered by feathers. Kic-
tus with well-developed bristles. Primaries ten, the first of
which is spurious, or short ; second* shorter than the fourth.
Tail-feathers twelve, not stiffened nor acute.

The Turdidce are very closely related both to the Saxicolidce
and Cinclidce among American forms, as well as to certain
exotic groups — perhaps too closely to justify their separation
when all their interrelationships are taken into consideration.
Viewing, however, the North American forms alone, very fair
diagnostic points may be determined, as will be seen on com-
paring the characters given in Chapters II. and III.

The vocal apparatus of the Thrushes is highly developed,
and some of the members of this family, like the Wood Thrush
and Mockingbird, are among the most famous of songsters.

Thrushes are distributed throughout all of temperate North
America, as well as most other portions of the globe. Our
species are mainly birds of the woodland, though a few kinds
enliven with their song the arid and treeless wastes of the
Southwestern Territories. A majority of the North American
species are represented within the limits of the Coloradan
Basin ; they may readily be grouped in three subfamilies, the
eading antithetical characters of which are as follows : —

TURDIN^E. — Tarsi booted. Bill short, scarcely or not de-
pressed, moderately cleft. Legs stout. Tail-feathers widen-
ing a little toward the end, the tail thus becoming squarish or
fan-shaped.

MYIADESTIN^E.— Tarsi booted. Bill very short, much de-
pressed, widened at base, deeply cleft. Legs weak. Tail-feath-
ers tapering, the tail being thus rendered somewhat cuueate.

*The characters of this and of other groups are drawn up with reference
to the forms treated in the present work, and may or may not require modifi-
cation in order to their equal applicability to extra-limital representatives.

CHARACTERS OF TURBINE 5

MIMIN^E. — Tarsi scutellate anteriorly (scales seven in num-
ber). Bill variable; sometimes as in Turdince, sometimes as
long as the head and bent like a bow. Legs stout. Wings
usually shorter than the tail, which is more or less graduated,
with broad, rounded feathers.

Other characters will be adduced under the heads of the
respective subfamilies.

SUBFAMILY TURDIN^E: TYPICAL THRUSHES

CHARS. — With the tarsus, in the adult, u booted" or envel*
oped in a continuous plate, formed by fusion of all the tarsal
scutella excepting two or three just above the base of the toes.
(This is a strong character; for the *
few other birds of this country which \
show the same feature are quite dif-
erent in other respects.) Wings more
or less pointed, longer than the tail; .
first primary spurious, or very short ;
second longer than the sixth. Bill
moderate, shorter than the head,
straight, more or less subulate, little
depressed at base, with moderate
bristly rictus. Nostrils oval, nearly
or quite reached by the frontal feath-
ers. Tail-feathers widening somewhat - ;
toward their ends: the tail as a whole

Fro. 2.—" Booted " tarsus. (Foot

somewhat fan-shaped, not decidedly of Robin, natural size. N. B.— The

lettering of the cut indicates propor-
forked at the end, nor much gradu- ti°nal lengths of tarsus and middle

toe with claw, and the numeration of
a ted. the several digits of a bird's foot.)

This group is nearly cosmopolitan, and reaches a high state
of development in the warmer parts of America, where it is
represented by various genera and numerous species. There
are in all upward of one hundred and fifty accredited species of
Turdincv, most of which are referable to the genus Turdus and
its subdivisions. The United States species are few in number,
and all of them belong to the single genus Turdus ; though
species of Caiharus, an allied form, may possibly be yet found
on our southern border. *

The Thrushes are generally distributed over North America,
in wooded regions, but will not be found, except casually, in
those localities which are devoid of trees or bushes, even

6 GENERAL ECONOMY OF THE THRUSHES

though such places are within the general area of distribution
of the respective species. They are insectivorous, like most
birds, in fact; but, like very many others that feed mainly upon
insects, they also eat berries and various other soft fruits. The
Eobin, for instance, is extravagantly fond of the berries of the
common Poke (Phytolacca decandra) ; and, during the season
when this fruit is ripe, specimens are often found with not only
the plumage, bill, and feet, but also various interior parts of
the body, dyed with the purple juice. The Thrushes are migra-
$ory in the United States. They are not properly to be con-
sidered gregarious, though some of them, like the Eobin, go
together in troops of hundreds at certain seasons. They are
arboreal in general habit; yet much of the time is spent on the
ground in the search for worms and insects. To illustrate the
case, again, in the instance of the familiar Kobin, every one
will recall the sprightly excursions of this bird on the green-
sward of our parks and gardens during the breeding-season,
and remember how swiftly it runs, with lowered head ; how it
then draws itself up at full length, displaying its trim and
shapely form to best advantage ; how then, satisfied that no
danger is to be apprehended, it tugs at the grub that lurks in
the roots of the grass, and finally bears it away to the nest, on
a bough of the nearest apple-tree. The mode of nesting varies
according to the species ; most of the Thrushes build upon
trees or bushes, but some, less ambitious, are content to nestle
on the ground. The order of their architecture is never elabo-
rate or ornate ; the nests, in fact, are rather rude, bulky, and
inartistic structures, more notable for strength and stability
than for beauty of finish ; they are built of leaves, grasses,
rootlets, and similar materials, often strengthened with mud. The
eggs are usually four, five, or six in number, blue or green in
color, with or without reddish spots ; some of the most closely-
allied species lay eggs distinguishable with as much certainty
as the birds themselves. Under favorable circumstances, two,
or even three, broods of young may be reared in one season.
The great voracity of young insectivorous birds is perhaps in
no case more strongly illustrated than in this group. If the
Robins were to feed all other seasons exclusively upon the fruits
of the orchard and garden, we should still remain in their debt
for the numberless thousands of noxious insects they destroy
during the period when they are rearing their young. The de-
stiuction of such useful birds cannot be too severely reprobated,

CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS TURDUS 7

even upon selfish grounds, to say nothing of the higher and
more generous motives which should suffice for their protec-
tion. For we are not alone indebted to the Thrushes as friends
favoring our economical projects. They lay strong claim to our
regard as musicians. It is true that the song of the Eobin
is a humble effort, remarkable for nothing so much as for its
heartiness, simplicity, and persistence; yet some of the
Thrushes, like the Hermit and the Wood Thrush, sing with
wonderful power and effect.

Genus TURDUS Linn.

THE characters of the single genus represented in North
America being in effect the same as those of the sub-
family already given, need not be recapitulated. The several
species to be treated fall in three groups, or subgenera, wjiich
may be thus analyzed: —

Planesticus. — Sexes similar. Bill notched near the end, little
widened at base. Tarsi little longer than the middle toe and
claw. Beneath mostly unicolor, with streaked throat. Large ;
stout.

Hesperocichla. — Sexes dissimilar. Bill unnotched. Male
with a black pectoral collar. Otherwise like Planesticus.

Hylocichla. — Sexes similar. Bill notched near the end, much
widened and depressed at base. Tarsi decidedly longer than
the middle toe and claw. Beneath spotted. Of small stature,
and rather slender form.

It may be remarked that the first plumage of young birds is
spotted, in this genus ; and that the tarsal scutella are only
fused completely in adult life.*

All of the North American species of this genus occur in the
Coloradan region excepting one, the Wood Thrush, T. mnste-
Unus. While there will be no difficulty in recognizing the
species of Planesticus and of Hesperociclila, the smaller species
of Hylocichla require careful discrimination, nor are ornitholo-
gists agreed upon the more correct view to be taken of their
interrelationships. Four species are distinct, beyond question :
T. mmtelinus, T. fuscescenSj T. swainsoni, and T. pallasi ; but

*This latter subject is well illustrated by Dr. J. J. Kaup, in an article en-
titled " Ueber die Bedeckung der Fusswurzel des Turdus migratorius ", in :
Arch, fiir Naturg., sechszehuter Jalirg. Bd. I. ss. 42, 43, hierzu Taf. ii, Fig.
1-5.

8 SYNONYMY OF TURDUS MIGRATORIUS

some other forms which have been admitted to be specific are
not so well established. It may be further observed that
several of the names now currently adopted may have to give
way, in the end, if the species described by some of the older
authors, as Pennant, Latham, Gmelin, and Pallas, can be fully
identified. On the present occasion, however, I shall adopt
the usual nomenclature.

The Robin

Turclus (Planesticus) migrratorius

XurdUS migratorillS, Linn. SN. i. 1766, 292.— Forst. Phil. Tr. Ixii. 1772, 38-2, 399.— Gm. SN.
i. 1788, 811.— Lath. 10. i. 1790, 330.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 492.— Vieill. OAS. ii. 1807, 5, pis.
§0, 61.— Wife. AO. i. 1808, 35, pi. 2, f. 2.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1834, 25; Ann.
Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 75 ; Syn. 1828, 75.— Fox, New<* Mus. 1827, 150.— Doughty' s Cab.
NH. i. 1830, 133, pi. 12.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 408.— Brehm, Hdbh. VD. 1831,388.— ffutt.
Man. i. 1832, 338, fig. — ; 1840, — .— Kittl. Kupfert. iii. 1833, 21, pi. 25, f. 2.— Aud. OB. ii.
1834, 190; v, 1839, 442; pi. 131 ; Syn. 1839, 89 ; BA. iii. 1841, 14, pi. 142.— Temm. Man.
iii. 1835, 91.— Bp. PZS. 1837, iii.— Bp. C. & GL. 1838, ll.—Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839,
303.— Tig. Voy. Bloss. 1839, 17.— Towns. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153.— Giraud,
BLI. 1844, 86.— Garni). Proc. Acad. Phila. iii. 1846, 113.— Thiene. Rhea, i. 1846, 125
(Vienna).— Homey. Rhea, ii. 1849, 158 (Europe).— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 272.— Naum. Naum.
iv. 1851,7 (Germany).— Burnett, Pr. Bost. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— Gab. Naum. ii. 1852, 122
(Germany).— Cabot, Naum. iii. 1852, 65.—Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 79, fig. —.—Read,
Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 398.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 310.— Woodh. Sit-
greave's Rep. 1853, 72.— Cab. J. f. O. 1853, 67 (Germany).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. iv.

1854, 325.— Pratten, Tr. Illinois Agr. Soc. 1855, 601.— Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agr. Soc.

1855, 582.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 310.— Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856,
288.— Putn. Pr. Essex Inst. i. 1856, 209.— Scl. PZS. 1856, 294.— Newb. PRRR. vi. 1857,
81.— Kneel. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 234.— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 116.— Scl. PZS.
1857, 126 ; 1858, 300.— Maxim. J. f. 0. 1858, 178.— Treadw. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1858,396.—
Set. PZS. 1859, 225, 331, 362.— Gosse, Alabama, 1859, 295.-Xanfrts, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi.
1859, 190.— Willis, Smithson. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 281.— Heerm. PRRR. x. pt. iv. 1859,
190.— Martens, J. f. O. 1859, 213,-Tomes, Ibis, 1859, 387.— S. <£- 8. Ibis, I860, 396.— Coop.
& Suckl. NHWT. I860, 172.— Bd. Ives' Rep. 1861, 5.— Barn. Smithson. Rep. for 1860,
1861, 435.— Scl. Ibis, 1861, 282.— Blak. Ibis, 1862, 4.—Tayl Ibis, 1862, 128.— Gund. J. f.
0. 1862, 181.— Board. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 124.— Terr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 137.—
Verr. Pr. Essex Inst. iii. 1862, 145.— Hayd. Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 159.— Licht.
"Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1830, 2"; J. f. 0. 1863, 57.— Blak. Ibis, 1863, 59.— Bd. Rev.
AB. 1664, 28.— Scl. PZS. 1864, 172.— Dress. Ibis, 1865, 475.— Hoy, Smithson. Rep. for 1864,
1865, 437.— Weiz, Pr. Bost. Soc. x. 1866, 267.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 281.—
Mcllwr. Pr. Essex Inst. v. 1866, 84.— Degl-Gerbe, OE.i. 1867, 406.— Sam. BNE. 1867,
154.— Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 107.— Ooues, Pr. Phila.
Acad. xx. 1868, 82.— Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 149.- Coues, Am. Nat. ii. 1868,
161.— Hughes, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 490.— Garlick, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 492.— Coues, Pr.
Essex Inst. v. 1868, 265.— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 513.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869,
31, 297.— Dall & Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. 1869, — .— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 22; Phila.
ed. 15.— Dall, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 600.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 7, fig. — .— Majn. B. Mass.
1870, 89.— Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xxiii. 1871, 19.— Stevens, U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for
1870, 1871, 463.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. 1871, 250.— Trippe, Pr. Essex Inst. vi. 1871, 115.—
Bruhin, Zool. Gart, xii. 1871, 12 —Mayn. B. Fla. 1872, 1.— Coues, Key, 1872, 71, f. 13.—
Allen, Bull. MCZ. 1872, 173.— Drew, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 52.— Wood, Am. Nat. vi. 1872,

SYNONYMY OF TURDUS MIGRATORIUS 9

173.— Lockiv. Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 770.— Hold. Pr, Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 193— Mayn. Pr.

Boat. Soc. xv. 1872, 357.— Scott, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1872, 22Q.—Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc.

xv. 1873, 234.— Merr. TJ. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 712.— Eidg. Bull Essex

Inst. v. 1873, 179,-Snow, B. Kansas, 1873, 3.— Ooues, Prybilov. Is. 1873, app. — ; 8vo

ed. 1875, 172; Harting ed. 1875, 16.— Boyce, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 203.— Eds. Am. Nat.

viii. 1874, 271.— Comstock, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 76.— Coop. Am. Nat. riii. 1874, 16.—

Eidg. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 178.— Merrill, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 547.— Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc.

1874, 45, 4S.-Cou-es, BNW. 1874, 1, 228.-C'owes, Checkl. 1874, No. 1.— Allen, Pr. Bost.

Soc. xvii. 1874, 48.—Eidgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 365.— Hensh. Ann. Lye. N. T. x.

1874, 2.— Hensh. d-.Iarr. Eep. Wheeler's Exp. 1874, 5, 39,56, 70, 96.— Hensh. Zool.

Wheeler's Exp. 1875, 143 (in press).— Eidgw. Zool. 40th Par. 187-, 9 (in press).—

Boies, Cat. B. Michigan, 1875, — . — Nels. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 338, 345, 349, 355.—

Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 438.
Turdus megratorius, Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 32, pi. 556, f. 1.
Turd us migratorius var. migratorius, Bd. Br. & Ey. NAB. i. 1874, 25, pi. 2, f. 2.
Turdus i IMancst irus) migratorius, Bd. BNA. 1858, 218.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1861, 218—

Allen, Pr. Essex Inst. iv. 1864, 58.— Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 64.— Merr. TJ. S. Geol.

Surv. for 1872, 1873, 670.
Planesticus migratorius, Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 106.— Coues, Ibis, 1865, 163.— Merr.

TJ. S. Gebl. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 713 ; Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 7, 8, 86.— Gundl. J. f.

0. 1872, 405.
Merula migratoria, S. & R. FBA. ii. 1831, 176.— Wailes, Rep. Miss. 1854, 318.— Gould, BE.

pi. 74.

Turdus canadensis, Brits. Orn. ii. 1760, 2-25, No. 9.— Mutt. SN. Suppl. 1776, 140.
Turdus pilaris migratorius, Kalm. in. 46.
Fieldfare of Carolina, Catesby, Car. i. pi. 29.
Litorne de Canada, Buff. Ois. iii. 307.
Grive de Canada, Buff. PE. 556. f. l.
American Fieldfare, Forst. Phil. Tr. Ixii. 1772, 399.

Red-breasted Thrush, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 335, No. 196.— Lath. Syn. ii. — , 26, No. 12.
Merle Erratique, Temm. Man. iii. 1835, 9l.—Degl.-Oerbe, OE. i. 1867, 406.
Merle ou Rouge-gorge du Canada, Le Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 164.
Migratory Thrush ; American Redbreast ; American Robin ; Robin Redbreast; Robin,

Yulgo.

Var.

Turdus conflnis, Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 29.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 9.— Elliot, BNA. -.—Merrill,

Am. Nat. viii, 1874, 547.
Turdus migratorius var. conflnis, Coues, Key, 1872, 72.— Bd. Br. & Ey. NAB. i. 1874, 27, pi.

2, f. 1.

HAB. — North and Middle America ; Greenland ; some of the West India
Islands; Europe, accidentally.

CH. SP. — <£ 9 . Olivaceo-schistaceus, capite caudaque nigricanti-
bus, alls fuscis cinereo-marginatis, gastrceo subaxillaribusque cas-
taneis, gula albo-striata, palpebris, tibiis crissoque albis^ rostro
flavo.

$ in summer: Upper parts slate-color, with a shade of olive. Head*
black, the eyelids and a spot before the eye white, and the throat streaked
with white. Quills of the wings dusky, edged with hoary ash, and with the
color of the back. Tail blackish, the outer feather usually tipped with
white. Under parts, to the vent, including the under wing-coverts, chest-
nut. Under tail-coverts and tibire white, showing more or less plumbeous.
Bill yellow, often with a dusky tip. Mouth yellow. Eyes dark brown.
Feet blackish, the soles yellowish. Length about 10 inches ; extent about
16; wing, 5-5^; tail, 4-4| ; bill, £ ; tarsus, 1£: middle toe and claw about
the same.

10 DESCRIPTION OF TURDUS MEGRATORIUS

9 in summer : Similar to the $ , but the colors duller ; upper parts rather
olivaceous-gray ; chestnut of the under parts paler, the feathers skirted
with gray or white; head and tail less blackish ; throat with more white.
Bill much clouded with dusky.

$ $ in winter and young: Similar to the adult female, but receding some-
what farther from the $ in summer by the duller colors, the paleness and
restriction of the chestnut, with its extensive skirting with white, lack of
distinction of the color of the head from that of the back, tendency of the
white spot before the eye to run into a superciliary streak, and dark color
of most of the bill.

Very young birds have the back speckled, each feather being whitish
centrally, with a dusky tip, and the cinnamon of the under parts is spotted
with blackish. The greater coverts are tipped with white or rufous, fre-
quently persistent, as are also some similar markings on the lesser coverts.

Albinos, partial or complete, of this species are of comparatively frequent
occurrence.

In specimens bred in the Colorado Basin and other portions of the South-
west, there is a tendency to greater length of the tail ; this member averag-
ing in length nearly at the maximum of that of Eastern specimens. With
this is coupled the reduction or extinction of the white spot on the exterior
tail-feathers.

FIG. 3.— Head of Robin, natural size.

THE Eobin is found in all parts of North America. It also
occurs in Greenland, on islands in Bering's Sea, on several
of the West India islands, as Bermuda, Cuba, and Tobago ;
and through Mexico to Guatemala. It has even been known to
cross the Atlantic, having been several times shot in Europe.*
Such general statement of its distribution requires little if any
qualification. For, though it is a woodland bird, like all of its
tribe, and therefore scarcely to be found in certain portions of
the country, where desert or prairie fail to afford requisite con-

* In the above synonymy, numerous European references are given, which
must not be presumed, however, to indicate as many different instances of
its occurrence, since several may relate to the same case. Dr. Cabanis sup-
poses the individual taken in Germany in December, 1851, to have leached
that country via Siberia, not by crossing the Atlantic.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS OF THE ROBIN 11

ditions; nevertheless, in the course of its extensive migrations,
ifc may at least pass over such tracts. Thus I have observed
large flocks in the open and sterile portions of Dakota and
Montana — flocks that were journeying across the country, and
had stopped for rest and food in the fringe of trees along the
lesser water-courses.

It is not easy to determine the center of abundance of so
widely diffused a bird as the Eobin. Excluding the extremes
of its range, reached by comparatively few individuals, such
as Greenland, the West Indies, or Central America, its num-
bers appear to be determined solely by the food-supply. Since
settlement of the country and cultivation of the soil result in
an increase of its favorite articles of diet, it is nowhere more
numerous than in populous districts. In the Southwest, it
appears to be becoming more abundant than it formerly was,
doubtless in direct consequence of the progress of civilization.
All the recent observers who have recorded their experience
agree in their representations to this effect. In any given
locality, short of the extremes of its range, the bird appears to
be more abundant during the migration — especially the autum-
nal movement — than at other seasons. This may be due to two
causes. In the first place, there is an actual increase in number
by new arrivals ; and, secondly, the birds collect together in
large companies, and become in consequence more conspicuous
than they are when generally dispersed. In some regions,
where trees are few and far between, as in an instance already
cited, Eobins will rarely be se6n except in the spring and fall.
In intermediate portions of the United States, they seem to be
most numerous early in the spring, and in the latter part
of autumn, when straggling flocks of hundreds roam through
favorite tracts of woodland and shrubbery, or betake them-
selves to the neighboring fields.

The Robin is strictly a migratory bird, like most insectivor-
ous species which inhabit the northern hemisphere. There is
a general north and south movement of the species as a whole,
during the changing seasons of the year — a movement directly
related to the sources of food-supply. Nor should it be in-
ferred from the fact that Eobius may be seen in a given locality
during the whole year, that the tide of migration has not
passed ; for it may be that the individuals present at one
season are not the same as those that remained during a pre-
vious period of the year. The fact appears to be, that, as a

12 HABITS OF THE ROBIN

rule, at least, there is a replacing of one set of individuals by
another ; so that, though the bird as a species may be resident,
the birds individually have obeyed the migratory impulse. Wide
as the Eobin's distribution is, the limits of its summer and
winter residences are comparatively little narrower. Its breed-
ing-range extends from Arctic America to the Alpine regions
of Mexico j its winter home, from the Northern States to Cen-
tral America. It is a hardy bird, capable of enduring cold to
the freezing-point of mercury. Thus, it will be seen, the bird
is "resident "in one sense throughout the greater portion of
its range. Nevertheless, the general migration favors its pres-
ence in greatest numbers in the Southern States during winter,
and in the Northern during the summer.

The Eobin is a great eater of berries and soft fruits of every
description 5 and these furnish, during the colder portions of
the year, its chief sustenance. Some of the cultivated fruits of
the orchard and garden are specially attractive ; and no doubt
the birds demand their tithe. But the damage done in this
way is trifling at most, and wholly inconsiderable in compari-
son with the great benefit resulting from the destruction of
noxious insects by this bird. The prejudice which some per-
sons entertain against the Eobin is unreasonable; the whole-
sale slaughter of the birds which annually takes place in many
localities is as senseless as it is cruel. Few persons have any
adequate idea of the enormous — the literally incalculable —
numbers of insects that Eobins eat every year. It has been
found, by careful and accurate observations, that a young
Eobin, in the nest, requires a daily supply of animal food equiv-
alent to considerably more than its own weight! When we
remember that some millions of pairs of Eobins raise five or six
young ones, once, twice, or even three times a year, it will be
seen that the resulting destruction of insects is, as I have said,
simply incalculable. I have no doubt that the services of
these birds, during the time they are engaged in rearing their
young alone, would entitle them to protection, were the parents
themselves to feed exclusively upon garden-fruits for the whole
period. But at this time the diet of the old birds is very
largely of an animal nature ; nor is this the only season during
which the destruction of insects goes on. Upon the first arrival
of the main body of the birds early in the spring, long before
any fruits are ripe, they throw themselves into newly-plowed
fields, and scatter over meadows, lawns, and parks, in eager

HABITS OF THE ROBIN 13

search for the worms and grubs that, later in the season, would
prove invincible to the agriculturist, were not their ravages
thus stayed in advance by the friendly army of Eobins.

It is a matter of congratulation that the good services of the
Eobin are becoming duly appreciated — thanks to the timely
and judicious interference in its behalf on the part of many of
its friends; among whom no one, perhaps, deserves higher
praise for his active and successful exertions than Dr. Thomas
M. Brewer, of Boston. The bird is now very generally pro-
tected by legislative enactments, during a portion of the year
at least ; it is to be hoped that the laws may be made still more
stringent, and the " close" time become co-extensive with the
year itself. As an object of a sport," the Eobin can possess no
attractions save to idle children of larger or smaller growth ;
while its commercial value, as an article of food, is wholly in-
considerable. There are, therefore, weighty and cogent reasons
why the Eobin should be protected by law at all seasons ; for
there would rarely if ever be difficulty in gaining permission,
upon proper representation, to destroy the very few that might
be required for scientific purposes, or to please the capricious
palate of an invalid.

There is little need to pursue the history of the Eobin to the
details of the bird's daily life ; upon such points the children
are competent ornithologists; and those of us who may have
forgotten our early experiences need only look out of the
window at the right time. A word of record respecting the
nest, may, however, not be out of place. This is one of the
most conspicuous pieces of bird- architecture about the home-
stead— the Kingbird's, the Oriole's, and the various Swallows7
nests idone approaching it in this respect. The horizontal
bough of an orchard tree, not far from the ground, is a favor-
ite situation ; though the Eobin is not very particular, and
will sometimes build, like the Pewit Flycatcher, in odd and
unsuspected nooks about an out-building. The nest is too bulky
for concealment, and no art is attempted. A mass of the most
miscellaneous material, chiefly of vegetable nature, such as
leaves, weed-stems, moss, grasses, and rootlets, but sometimes
including hair or woolr surrounds a rather neat cup of mud,
which in turn is lined with finer vegetable fiber. The shape of
the nest varies, of course, with the character of the support
upon which it rests ; in size it is about five inches wide, or
deep, with a cavity half as4arge, the walls and flooring being

14 SYNONYMY OF TURDUS

very thick and substantial. Such nests do not readily yield to
the weather. The eggs, numbering five on an average, perhaps,
measure from an inch and one-eighth to an inch and one-fourth
in length by three-fourths to four-fifths in breadth. When
fresh, they are of a uniform, rich, greenish-blue color, without
spots ; after being blown for some time, especially if exposed to
the light, they fade considerably, becoming of a lighter green-
ish, with less blue shade.

Varied Thrush

T urdus (Hospcrooicliln) na-vius

Taried Thrush, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 337, No. 197, pi. 15.

Spotted Thrush, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. i. 27, No. 13.

TurdUS naevlUS, Gm. SN. i. pt. ii. 1788, 817, No. 59.— Lath. 10. i. 1790, 331, No. 13.— Kittl.
Kupfert. iii. 1833, 21, pi. 25, f. 1.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 271.— Brew. Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1875,
438 (Mass.).

TurdUS njevius, Turt. SN. i. 1806, 497.— Vieill. OAS. ii. 1807, 10.— Bp. C. & GL. 1838, 17.—
And. OB. Iv. 1838, 489; v. 1839. 284, pis. 369, 433.— And. Syn. 1839, 89.— Ornith. Comm.
Jonrn. Pbila. Acad. vii. 1839, 193.— Vig. Zool. Voy. Blow. 1839, 17.— Aud. BA. iii. 1841,
22, pi. 143.— Grnnb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 113 (California).— Gamb. Journ. Phila. Acad.
i 1847, 42.— Cabot, Proc. Boat Roc. ill. 1848, 17 (New Jersey).— Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. v.
1852,221 (New York).— Scl. PZS. 18:57, 4 — Newb. PRRR. vl. 1857, 81.— Heerm, PRRR.
x. pt. iv. 1859, 45.— Xantu*, Pr. PhHa. Acid. xi. 1859, 190 (California).— Scl. PZS. 1859,
33U— C. tfS. NHWT. I860, 17^.— Bd, Iv^' Ri^p. pt. r. 1861, 5 (Colorado River).— Scl.
Ibis. 1861, 282.— Blak. Ibiu, v. 186 1, 5'3,—Rd. U*v. AB. 1854, 32.— Alien. Pr. Essex Inst v.
1864,82 (New Jersey).— Lor d, Pr. Arty. In-t. Woolw. iv. le<64, I 4.— Laier. Ann. Lye.
N. Y. viii. 1P66, 281 (Long Island) —fanes. Pr Coxiest, v. 1868, 312 (Ipswich, Mass).—
Brown. Ibi«. 1868, 420 (Vancouver),— DaU.fyriann.Tr. Chicago Acad.!. 1869, £76 (Alaaka).—
Turnb. B. B P.i. 1869, 52; Phila, ft<l. 41 (NTsw Jersey).— Coop A-n. Nut. iii. 1869, 31 (Coeur
d'Alefie Mt<., Montana) ; ibid. Tr—A;len, Am. Nat. til. I8'59, 512, 513, 572 (Ipswich,
Mass., Dec., 1864).— Allen, White'* Geol. of Iowa, 1870, ii. 419 (" Iowa").— Dall. Am.
Nat. iv. 1870, 600.— Mayn. Guide, 1870, 89 (Ipswich, MasB.).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 10.—
Coues, Keyt 1872, 72.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 1.— Bd. Br. fr Ry. NAB. i. 1874, 29, f. —
pi. 2, f. 2.

Turdus (Ixoreus) naevlus, Bd. BNA. 1858, 219.

TurdUS DffiTia, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153.

TnrdUS (Hesperocichla) naeyius, Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 65 (Arizona).

TurdUS auroreus, PaM. ZRA. i. 1831, 448, No. 87 (9 aut juv. Kodiak). [Of. Cab. J. f. O.

1872, 157.]

Orpheus meruloides, S. <£ R. FBA. ii. 1831, 187, pi. 38 (Fort Franklin).
Mlmns mernloides, Less. Rev. Zool. iii. 1840, 273.

Columbia Robin, Lewis tf Clarke, Trav. 1st Am. ed. ii. 1814, 185.
Thrush-like Mock-hird, S. if R. I. c.

CH. SP. — $ SchistaceuSj subtus aurantio-rufus^ torque pectorali
nigro ; palpebris, strigd postoculari, fasciis binis alaribus, necnon
maculis remigum aurantio-rufis ; remigibus rectricibusque nigri-
cantibusj crisso rectricibusque exterioribus albo-notatis; rostra

DESCRIPTION OF TURDUS NJEVIUS 15

nigro ; pedibussubflavis. 9 olivaceo-plunibeus^aliscaudaqueconco-
loribus, torque angusto dorso concolore; gastrcco dilutiore.

£ , in summer : Entire upper parts dark slate-color, varying in shade from
a blackish to a plumbeous slate, in less perfect specimens with a slight olive
tinge; wings and tail blackish, with more or less of plumbeous or olive
shade, according to the age of the quills ; wing-coverts, greater and lesser,
tipped with orange-brown forming two cross-bars, and quills edged in two
or three places with the same ; quills also white at base on the inner webs,
this marking not visible from the outside ; one or several of the lateral tail-
feathers tipped with white. A broad black collar across the breast, mount-
ing on the side of the neck and head. Stripe behind the eye, lower eyelid,
and under parts orange-brown, gradually giving way to white on the lower
belly ; vent and crissurn mixed white, orange-brown, and plumbeous. Bill
black ; feet and claws dull yellowish. Length, 9£-10 inches ; extent about
16 ; wing, 5 ; tail, 3£ ; bill, $ ; tarsus, or middle toe and claw, 1£.

$ , in summer : Upper parts olivaceous-plumbeous (almost exactly the
shade of the common Robin in winter) ; wings and tail scarcely darker ; the
pectoral collar narrow, like the back in color ; other under parts like those
of the male, but duller, paler, and rather rusty than orange-brown, with
more white on the lower belly. Markings of head, tail, and wings exactly
as in the male.

Young : Like the adult female. Upper parts in many cases with a decided
umber-brown wash. No speckled stage, like that of the very young Robin,
has been observed, though August specimens have been examined. In the
young male, the black pectoral b'ar is at first indicated by interrupted black-
ish crescents on individual feathers. Young females sometimes show scarcely
a trace of the collar. At all ages, the markings of the head and wings are
much the same.

In winter : January and December examples from Southern California
examined differ in no wise from summer specimens of the corresponding

This bird is about the size of the common Robin, and not very dissimilar
in general appearance, though the black necklace and orange wing-mark-
ings distinguish it at a glance. The color of the under parts sometimes
approaches that of the Robin, but is never of the pure chestnut shade — it is
much as in the Black-headed Grosbeak, Goniaphea melanocephala. The tail
is notably shorter than in the Robin, and the bill lacks the notch at the
end; the bill is more compressed, with a straighter culmen, and the
bristles at its base are more highly developed. The species appears to be
subject to little variation, chiefly affecting the purity and intensity of the
colors.

THOUGH the Varied Thrush has been nominally known to
naturalists for a century, it is only within the last few
years that we have gained any considerable knowledge of its
habits. The nest and eggs, in particular, have but recently come
to light. The bird was discovered at Nootka Sound, on Captain
Cook's third voyage ; the specimens passed into the possession

16 HISTORY OF THE VARIED THRUSH

of Sir Joseph Banks, and were described both by Latham and
by Pennant 5 the latter also giving a figure of the male.
"Varied Thrush" and u Spotted Thrush" were the names
bestowed by these writers, upon whose accounts Gmelin, in
1788, based his Turdus naevius. In 1831, Swaiuson figured and
accurately described the species under the name of Orpheus
meruloides, given, however, in opposition to the prime rule of
nomenclature, for no better reason than that such designation
appeared to him to be more expressive. These two terms are
the only ones to be found in current quotations ; a third, how-
ever, is to be added ; for Pallas received from Kodiak, through
his friend Billings, specimens of the same species, to which he
applied the name of Turdus auroreus. That he had no other
bird in view will be evident upon consideration of the descrip-
tion given in the Zoographia Eosso-Asiatica ; all the terms of
that account being in strictness applicable to the female or
immature male, in which the black pectoral collar is incom-
plete.

Neither of the earlier authors mentioned gave any account of
the bird's habits. Pallas merely remarks that it was often
killed on the island of Kodiak, where it remains all winter ;
that it begins to sing late in March, nests on the ground among
bushes, and lays four or five eggs. Sir John Richardson's speci-
men, figured in the Fauna Boreali-Americana, was procured
at Fort Franklin, latitude 65° 30', in the spring of 1826. The
bird is said by this author to nest in bushes, like the common
Robin, but no further information is given. Two American
naturalists, Thomas Nuttall and J. K. Townsend, gave the
next glimpses of the life of this bird. Mr. Nuttall observed
that it reached the Columbia River in October, and remained
in some numbers through the winter ; " at this time," says he,
"they flit through the forest in small flocks, frequenting
usually low trees, on which they perch in perfect silence, and
are at times very timorous and difficult of approach, having all
the shy sagacity of the Robin." Mr. Townsend's notice is to a
similar effect ; but, in addition, he states that the voice of the
bird is different from that of the Robin, being louder, sharper,
and quicker, and alludes to a pleasant song which the bird
utters in the spring, just before it sets out on its northern
journey. Audubon's account is almost entirely made up of
quotations from the three authors last mentioned.

In Oregon and Washington Territories, Drs. Cooper and

HABITS OF THE VARIED THRUSH 17

Suckley appear to have bad excellent opportunities of studying
the habits of this species. The former remarks, in the Natural
History of Washington Territory : — u The varied thrush or
western robin is common during winter, and I think that a
few remain near the coast all summer, as I have seen them
in the dark spruce forests in June and July. They are much
more shy and retiring than the robin, and differ very much in
song, which, as I have heard it, consists only of five or six
notes in a minor key, and in a scale regularly descending. It
is commonly heard in the tops of the trees, and in summer only
in the densest of forests. In winter they associate with the
robins, and feed much on the ground, sometimes coming around
houses in cold weather." Dr. Suckley continues with his obser-
vations, in the same volume : — " In winter it is a shy bird, not
generally becoming noticeable in the open districts until after
a fall of snow, when many individuals may be seen along the
sand beaches near salt water. They are at such times tame
and abundant, at least sufficiently so for any ordinary shot to
obtain a dozen specimens in a forenoon. I suppose that they
are driven out of the woods during the heavy snows by hunger.
It may then frequently be found in company with the common
robin, with which it has many similar habits. . . . At this time
of the year it is a very silent bird, quite tame, allowing near
approach ; flying up when the intruder comes too near, but
alighting on the ground again a short distance in front. It
appears to be fond of flying by short stages in a desultory
manner, sometimes alighting on the ground ; at others on
fences, bushes or trees. The settlers here (at Port Townsend)
call'thein spotted, painted, and golden robins. The most con-
spicuous mark on the bird which strikes the eye at first is the
black crescent on the fore part of the breast."

Never having myself met with the Varied Thrush, I have
presented theprincipal accounts which have reached us respect-
ing its general habits and manners. Its nest and eggs remain
to be noticed, and its geographical distribution to be traced.

Mr. W. H.' Dall, to whose important researches we are in-
debted for a decided increase in our knowledge of the birds of
Alaska, found the. Varied Thrush nesting at Nulato, May 22d,
and gave us our first information on this special subject. A
nest which he found was built in a willow-bush, about two feet
from the ground, on a mass of debris which had lodged during
an overflow of the river. Its shape, as described by l)r.
2 B c

18 NIDIFICATION AND MIGRATION OF VARIED THRUSH

Brewer, may not have been natural, for that author remarks
that it probably had been flattened in transportation. This
nest was composed of " fine dry mosses and lichens impacted
together, intermingled with fragments of dry stems of grasses".
A second nest, obtained in Alaska by Dr. Minor, is described
by Dr. Brewer in the same connection : — " It is a much more
finished structure. Its base and periphery are composed of an
elaborate basket work of slender twigs. Within these is an
inner nest consisting of an interweaving of fine dry grasses
and long gray lichens." There is thus seen to be the usual
variation in the materials employed by this Thrush in the con-
struction of its nest ; but it is worthy of note that no mud
enters into its composition, contrary to the surmise of Audu-
bon that the structure might resemble that of the Robin in
this respect. The position of the nest, at least in Alaska,
seems to be more constant; for, in the several cases which came
under Mr. Ball's observation, the nests were close to the river's
bank, in secluded places, and low in situation. The eggs are
about one and an eighth of an inch long by four-fifths broad ;
in color, they are light greenish -blue, distinctly speckled with
dark umber-brown.

Our knowledge of the geographical distribution of this species
was for many years restricted to the immediate region in which
the bird was discovered ; it was subsequently extended east-
ward to Great Bear Lake and southward to Oregon. It is only
recently that information has been secured of such southward
extension of its habitat that I am enabled to include the species
among the birds of the Colorado Basin. Its presence in South-
ern California is attested by several observers. Mr. Xatitus
procured it at Fort Tejon, and Professor Baird, in Lieutenant
Ives's Eeport of the Exploration of the Colorado, notes a speci-
men from Fort Yuma, which fixes the southernmost point on
record to date. But its presence so far south as this, and at
the same time at such slight elevation, is perhaps fortuitous;
certainly, neither Dr. Cooper nor myself nor any of the orni-
thologists who have latterly visited Arizona found it in this
Territory. In various portions of Middle California, however,
Dr. Cooper has observed the bird, and to some extent traced
its movements. He remarks that it merely visits the lower
country of California in winter, and that he had not seen it
himself south of the Coast range near Santa Clara, and even
there no later than April. " It is very probable, however," he

ERRATIC MOVEMENTS OF THE* VARIED THRUSH 19

continues, "that some breed in the dark evergreen forests
toward the north, as they do near the mouth of the Columbia,
though I did not see any about the suminits of the Sierra
Nevada, in September, at lat. 39°, elevation 7,000 feet. In
October, they begin to come down to the valleys, and are quite
common in winter near San Francisco."

To the foregoing indication of the normal range of the species,
namely, along the whole Pacific region from Bering's Straits to
Southern California, I have only to add the record of its
singular wanderings ; for the Varied Thrush, like the Even-
ing Grosbeak, Lark Finch, Arkansan and Fork- tailed Fly-
catchers, and some other distinctively western birds, has occa-
sionally crossed the continent. The earliest instance of such
erratic movement which has come to my knowledge is that
given by Dr. Samuel Cabot, who records the capture of a speci-
men in New Jersey. This individual, having been secured in
the Boston market, has since been more than once mentioned in
published records as having occurred at or near Boston ; but,
as Dr. Cabot states explicitly, it was shot in New Jersey.
Nevertheless, the Varied Thrush has actually appeared in
Massachusetts, and not far from Boston either; a specimen
having been taken in December, 1864, at Ipswich, Mass., as
recorded by Mr. Allen, Mr. Mayuard, Dr. Brewer, and myself,
in our several papers above cited, all of which refer to this
single occurrence. This individual is said to be now preserved
in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History. Mr.
George N. Lawrence, in his List of the Birds of New York,
Long and Staten Islands, marks the Varied Thrush as "rare",
without further comment; and, in Baird, Brewer, and Eidg-
way's work, a Long Island specimen is said to be in Mr. Law-
rence's cabinet. On writing to Mr. Lawrence for the particu-
lars of this case, I am favored with the following items: —
" Besides Cabot's New Jersey example, two others have been
procured near New York city — one at Isjip, Long Island, shot in
the fall, in company with robins, and now in the possession of the
person who secured it, the other at Hoboken, New Jersey. Both
were received in the flesh by Mr. J. Akhurst, to be mounted f
the Hoboken one was subsequently destroyed by fire in the
taxidermist's workshop. All the specimens in my own cabinet
came from the Pacific side."

Thus it appears that there have been four authentic instances
of the occurrence of the Varied Thrush on the Atlantic sea-

20 SYNONYMY OF TURDUS PALLASI

board — all within a very limited area : the original New Jer-
sey one, teste Cabot, sometimes wrongly accredited to Boston ;
the Ipswich one, December, 1864, Maynard ; the Islip, L. I.,
one, teste Lawrence ; the Hoboken, IS". J., one, teste Law-
rence. There is yet another, making the fifth, record of east-
ward deviation from ordinary lines of migration ; namely, that
given by Mr. J. A. Allen in Prof. 0. A. White's Geology of Iowa.
This, however, Mr. Allen himself informs me, is not authentic,
he having merely introduced the species in his compiled list of
the Birds of Iowa on the strength of its having been found still
farther eastward, and no specimen being known to have been
actually found in that State.

Hermit Thrush

Tnrclus (Hylocichla) pallasi

a. pallasi.

TurdUS SOlitariUS, Wils. AO. v. 1812, 95 (not the pi. 43, f. 2, which— swainsoni; nee Linn.).—
Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 275 (critical).— ? Ornilk. Comm. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii.
1837, 193 (Columbia River). -Bp. C. & GL. 1838, 17.— Dp. CA. i. 1850, 270.— Aud. Syn.
1839, 91.— Aud. BA. iii. 1841, 29, pi. 146.— Thienemann, Rhea, i. 1846, 125 (Vienna).—
? Woodh. Sitgreave's Rep. 1353, 72 (Texas and New Mexico— may have been one of the
other vare.).— Thomps. Vermont, 1853. 80.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 310 (Wiscon-
sin).— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 398 (Ohio).— McCoum, Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. 1853,
13 (Texas).— ?Henry,Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 310 (New Mexico— may have been one of
tha other vars.).— ?Pratten, Tr. 111. Agr. Soc. 1855, 61 (Illinois).— Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad.
viii. 1856, 289 (Indiana).— Putn. Pr. .Essex Inst. i. 1856, 209.— ?Kneel. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi.
1857, 234.— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 117 (Nova Scotia).— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858,
1859, 281 (Nova Scotia).— Bland, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 287 (Bermuda).— Degl-
Gerbe, OE. i. 1867, 426 (Europe).— Trippe, Pr. Essex. Inst. vi. 1871, 115 (Minnesota).

Mcrula SOlitarla, S. 4- R. PBA. ii. 1831, 184, pi. "35" by err. for 37.—" Vieitt. OAS. ii. 1807,
7, pi. 63, in part."— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. 1844, 191.

TurdUS minor, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 33 (=solitarius Wils. ; nee Gm.).—Naum.
Isis, 1826, 520.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 75.—Brekm. VD. 1831, 393.— Nutt. Man.i.
1832, 346.— Aud. OB. i. 1832, 303, pi. 58 ; v. 1839, 445.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839,
305.— f Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153 (may have been T.ustulatus).—Giraud,
BLI. 1844, 90.— Bald. Naum. i. 1849, 10 (Anhalt).

TurdUS gUttatUS, Cab. Fn. Peru. 1845-'46, 187.

TurdUS pallasii, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. 1847, (1), 205.— Homeyer, Rhea, ii. 1849, 147 (mono-
graphic).— Gundl.J. f.0. 1855, 470 (Cuba).— Bd. BNA. 1858, 212.— Cones ffPrent. Smiths.
Rep. for 1861, 1862, 404 (Washington, B.C.).— Ferr.Pr. Essex Inst. iii. 1862, 145 (Maine).—
Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 124 (Maine).— Verr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 137 (Anti-
costi).— Bd. Rev. AB. i. 1864, 14.— Mcllw. Pr. Essex InBt. v. 1866, 84 (Canada
West).— Coues, Pr. Essex Inst. v. 1868, 266 (New England).— Coues, Pr. Bo*t. Soc. xii.
1868, 106 (South Carolina).— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 380.— Mayn. Am. Nat. ii. 1868,
662, 663.— Allen, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 488.— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 21 ; Phila. ed. 14.— Abbott,
Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 540, 541.— Parker, Am. Nat.v. 1871, 168.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad.
xxiii. 1871, 19 (North Carolina).— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 357.— Coues, Key, 1872
72.— Trippe, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1873, 234.— Merriam, Am. Nat. vii. 1874, 7, 8.

SYNONYMY OF T. PALLASI AND ITS VARIETIES 21

TurdUS pallasi, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 5.— Scl PZS. 1859, 325 (critical).— Scl. Ibis, iii. 1861, 282.—
Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 435 (Pennsylvania).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866,
281 (New York).— Allen, Am. Nat. i. 1867, 109.— Ridg. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 128
(critical).— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 573.— Mayn. B. Fla. 1872, 8.— Merr. U. S. Geol. Surv.
Terr, for 1872, 1873, 713.— Cones, BNW. 1874, Z. — Trippe., ibid. 225 (Colorado).— Brew. Pr.
Bost, Soc. xvii. 1875, 438.— B. B. $ R. NAB. i. 1874, 18, pi. i. f. 6.

Turdus pallacii, Allen, Proc. Essex Inat. iv. 1864, 56.

Grive solitaire, LeM. Ois. Cauad. 1861, 169.

Merle solitaire, Degl.-Gerbe., l c.

Hermit Thrush; Solitary Thrush; Rafous-tailediTlirush ; Ground Swamp Robin.

b. nanus.

? Fnalascha Thrush, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 338, No. 202.

? Turdus aonalaschkae, Gm. SN. i. pt. ii. 1788, 808, No. 31.

? TurdUS aoonalaschkfle, Lath. IO. i. 1790, 329, No. 8 (Synop. iii. 23).— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 491.

?Muscicapa guttata. Pall. ZRA. i. 1811 (1831), 465, No. 106.

TurdUS nanus, And. OB. v. 1839, 201. pi. 419 (name T. minor on pi.).— Towns. Journ. Phila.
Acad. viii. 1839, 153.— And. Syn. 1839, 91.— And. BA. iii. 1841, 32, pi. 147.— Garni. Proc.
Phila. Acad. i. 1843, 262 (California).— Henry, Proc. Phil. Acad. viS. 1855, 310 (New
Mexico).— Scl. PZS. 1859, 4.—Bd. BNA. 1858, 213.—^. PZS. 1859, 325 (critical).— Xan-
tus, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 190 (California).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106
(New Mexico).— Hcerm. PRRR. x. 1859, pt. iv. 45.— Scl. Ibis, iii. 1861, 282.— Scl. Cat.
AB. 1862, 2.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 15.— Heerm. Ibis, 1865, 475 (Texas).— Trippe, Am.
Nat. ii. 1868, 380.— Allen, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 488.— Mayn. Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 662.— Ridg,
Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 129 (critical).— Dall ff Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. 1869, 275.—
Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 4.— Coop. Am. Nat. iv. 1871, 757.— Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 16.—
?Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 438 (New England).

HylOCicllla nan&, Coues, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona).

TurdUS (HylodChla) nanus, Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 65 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.).

Turdus pallasii -car. nanus, Coues, Key, 1872, 72.

Turdus pallasi b. nanus, Coues, BNW. 1874, 3.

? TurdUS minor, Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 113 (Cal.); Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 41.

Dwarf Thrush ; Dwarf Hermit Thrush.

c. auduboni.

Merula Silens, Sw. Philos. Mag.i. 1827, 647.— Sw. FBA. ii. 1831, 186. (Not Turdus silcnsVioill).
TurdUS Silens, Scl. PZS. 1858, 300 (Parada).— Scl. PZS. 1859, 325 (critical).— Scl. Ibis, iii, 1861,

282.— Scl. Cat. AB. 1862, 2.

TurdUS SOlltarlUS, Scl. PZS. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).
TurdUS auduboni, Bd. Rev. AB. i. 1864, 16 (based on M. silens Svr.).—Stev. U. S. Geol. Surv.

Terr, for 1870, 1871, 463.
TurdUS audubonii, Allen, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 489 (critical).— Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1S69,

542 (Vera Cruz).— Ridg. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869; 129 (critical).— Merr. U. S. Geol. Surv.

Terr, for 1872, 1873, 705, 713.

TurdUS pallasii var. audubonii, Coues, Key, 1872, 72.
Turdus pallasi c. audubonii, Coues, BNW. 1874, 3.
Audubon's Thrush ; Rocky Mountain Hermit Thrush.

HAB. — North America at large, but especially the Eastern Province. Ac-
cidental in Europe (see above references). No valid West Indian or Cen-
tral American quotations ? Mexico ? Var. nanus chiefly along the Pacific
side, from Kodiak to Lower California. Var. auduboni from the Southern
Rocky Mountain regicn and Mexico, where resident.

CH. SP. — a. PALLASI. — Olivaceus, cauda discolor e, ritfescente;
subtus albus, lateribus griseo-olivaceis, pectore ct jugulo subflam-
cantibuSj inaculis nigris angularibus notatis.

$ $ , in Rammer: Upper parts olivaceous, with a brownish cast, and
therefore not so pure as in swainsoni ; this color changing on the rump and

22 DESCRIPTION OF T. PALLASI AND ITS VARIETIES

upper tail-coverts into the rufous of the tail, in decided contrast with the
back. Under parts white, shaded with grayish-olive on the sides, the breast,
jugulum, and sides of the neck more or less strongly tinged with yellowish,
and marked with numerous large, angular, dusky spots, which extend back
of the yellowish-tinted parts. Throat immaculate. A yellowish orbital
ring. Bill brownish-black, with most of the under mandible livid whitish ;
mouth yellow ; eyes brown ; legs pale brownish. $ , length, 7-7| inches ;
extent, 11-12; wing, 3^-3|; tail, 2f-3. 5 smaller, averaging under 7
inches in length, and other dimensions proportionally less.

In winter : The olivaceous of the upper parts assumes a more rufous cast,
much like that of ustulatus, and the yellowish wash of the under parts and
sides of the head and neck is more strongly pronounced. But the most
rufous specimens are readily distinguished from fuscescens by the strong
contrast between the color of the tail and other upper parts.

Very young : Most of the upper parts marked with pale yellowish longi-
tudinal streaks, with clubbed extremities, and dusky specks at the end ;
while the feathers of the belly and flanks are offcen skirted with dusky in
addition to the numerous blackish spots of the rest of the under parts.

&. NANUS. — Minor; $ long. tot. circ. 7 j alec 2J scu minus;
caudcc circ. 2%.
c. AUDUBONL— Major; £ long. tot. circ. 7f ; alec, 4 + ; caudce

AMONG the Western Hylociclilcv of the pallasi type, there
are a larger and a smaller race, both intergrading com-
pletely with the dimensions of Eastern pallasi, their respective
averages being at about the maxima and minima of pallasi
proper. The difference in size between them is more noticeable
than that between either of them and T. pallasi, and appears
to be preserved with much constancy. I am unable to appreci-
ate any of the differences in coloration which have been as-
cribed; at any rate, these differences are fully within the
normal range of variation of typical pallasi. These subspecies
are less strongly indicated than either of those of the swainsoni
type, and little violence would be done by declining to recog-
nize them by name. Nanus, in particular, is positively indis-
tinguishable from some small specimens of Eastern pallasi.
Audiiboni is rather better marked. I have never seen the wing
of pallasi four inches long, and doubt that it ever exceeds this
dimension, as is the case with some examples of auduboni.

The average of a large series of both sexes of typical pallasi
from the Eastern States is : — Length, 7.00 ; extent, 11.25 ; wing,
3.75; tail, 2.75; tarsus, 1.15.

It is not easy to determine the proper name of this species

HISTORY OF THE HYLOCICHLJE 23

with the desired precision. Most of the later descriptions
upon which names have been based are perfectly intelligible ;
but the doubts which attach to several early accounts will
probably never be dispelled. The earliest claimant in this con-
nection appears to be the Unalashka Thrush, described with
varying orthography by Latham and Pennant, and subse-
quently the basis of Turdus aonalasclikae of Gmelin. To enable
the reader to judge for himself how little can be made of the
accounts of these authors, Pennant's description is reproduced:
"Thrush with the crown and back brown, obscurely spotted
with dusky : breast yellow, spotted with black : coverts of the
wings, primaries, and tail, dusky, edged with testaceous. Size
of a lark. Found on Unalascha." This description might be
supposed to refer to a young bird of the present species, still
in the speckled plumage ; but it is inadequate to the establish-
ment of a species.

To pursue the subject of the Unalashka Thrush, we may next
notice a bird described by the celebrated traveler and natural-
ist, Peter S. Pallas, in the Zoographia Eosso-Asiatica, a work
which appears to have been actually printed in 1811, though
not published, nor generally accessible, until 1831. This author
describes as a new species a certain Muscicapa guttata, from
the island of Kodiak, querying the Unalashka Thrush as syn-
onymous. But how much doubt he felt on this score is evident
from the fact that he also cites the same bird, with a note of
interrogation, as a synonym of his Turdus auroreus. The gen-
eral drift of the description of Muscicapa guttata indicates some
species of Turdus of the Hylociclila group, in the speckled plum-
age of the young; while the expressions "uropygium rufo-
lutescens", " rectrices rufescentes ", would seem to point to the
Hermit Thrush. This identification was made by Dr. Cabanis
in the critical commentary accompanying Tschudi's Fauna
Peruana ; but the learned German ornithologist seems to have
soon felt the uncertainty attaching to this case, for he relin-
quished his Turdus guttatus, to bestow upon the Hermit Thrush
the name of T. pallasii, by which it has of late years been gen-
erally known. While I admit the high probability of the per-
tinence of Pallas's " Muscicapa" to the present species, I
scarcely think that we are required to adopt the name, especi-
ally in the uncertainty as to which of the varieties of the species
the name more particularly applies.

Meanwhile, in 1812, Alexander Wilson described the Hermit

24 HISTORY OF THE HYLOCICHL^E

Thrush with sufficient accuracy, though his plate accompany-
ing rather indicates the Olive-backed Thrush. He gave it the
appropriate name of Turdus solitarius, which has been adopted
by many ornithologists, but which, unfortunately, cannot stand,
there being already a Turdus solitarius of Linna3us.

The next original name bestowed upon the Hermit Thrush
was Turdus nanus, applied by Audubon in 1839, used almost
without exception, of late years, for the Western variety. The
name antedates Cabanis's pallasii by several years 5 the de-
scription is evidently that of the Dwarf Thrush, for the main
point Audubon makes is the smaller size of his bird ; and Dr.
Brewer has recently contended that the name should replace
that of pallasi. It has been supposed that Audubon intended
only to signalize the Western Hermit, or Dwarf Thrush, in
bestowing the name nanus. But reference to his original de-
scription will show the contrary; Audubon having first noted
the bird from the Atlantic States. " It is extremely rare in our
Atlantic distriets, where, however, I have procured a few indi-
viduals. Indeed, the first intimation which I received respect-
ing it was from my friend Charles Pickering of Philadelphia,
who, having procured one, had kept its wings and head, the
smallness of which struck me at once. I was then far from
imagining that its native haunts were the valleys of the Colum-
bia River", &c. Since the Dwarf Thrush, as understood by
modern ornithologists, is confined to the West, the Eastern
specimens Audubon procured must have been only unusually
small examples of the common Hermit Thrush, in which a dif-
ference of an inch in length is not seldom found. It is thus
evident that the name nanus includes both the Hermit Thrush
proper, T. pallasi of most late authors, and the Western
variety, or Dwarf Thrush ; and I really do not see how Dr.
Brewer's con elusion, that we should reverse our usual nomencla-
ture, make the Dwarf Thrush the original species, and write
T. nanus var. pallasi instead of T. pallasi var. nanus, can be
gainsaid. It will, however, tend to prevent further misunder-
standing of a matter already sufficiently involved to accept
the identification of the names made by Professor Baird in 1858.

The name of Turdus minor Grnelin has been applied by
Bonaparte to this species, and his example has been followed
by several writers ; the name, therefore, requires examination
in this connection. Eeferring to Gmelin, it will be found that
his Turdus minor is not available for use in any connection,

HISTORY OF THE HYLOCICHLJE 25

being a thoroughly " made up" species. The diagnosis given
is too short to answer any purpose, and, in fact, applies almost
equally well to several different species of Hylociclila. His
quotations are of Brisson, Buffon, Pennant, Edwards, Catesby,
and Latham, whose several descriptions are those of different
species. To take only two of them: Pennant's "Little
Thrush "was the species now known as T. swainsoni ; while
Latham's " Little Thrush " was T. fuscescens. The natural
result of Gmelin's compilation in this case was that his name
minor has been applied repeatedly to each one of at least three
species, namely, T.pallasi, T. swainsoni, and T. fuscescens.

In 1827, William Swainson described a variety of the Hermit
Thrush from Mexico, under the name of Herula silens. This is
the same bird afterward named auduboni by Professor Baird —
the name silens being pre-occupied in the genus for another
species, Vieillot having first applied the term silens to the
mustelinus of Wilson, which is the fuscescens of Stephens.

This sketch of the early history of the Hermit Thrush's
troubles in the way of a name may be continued with a similar
account of the two most nearly allied species, to avoid the neces-
sity of again recurring to such dry and uninviting matters. We
will first take up the Olive-backed Thrush, T. swainsoni of most
late authors.

The earliest name of supposed applicability to the Olive-
backed Thrush is derived from Buffon's Grive dela Caroline, as
described by that author, and as figured in the Planches Enlu-
minees (pi. 556, fig. 2). This figure became the exclusive basis
of two different names 5 for P. L. S. Muller, in his Supplement
to Linna3us' Systema NaturaB, of date 1776, at page 140,
named it Turdus carolinus ; and P. Boddaert, in his rare Ta-
bleau (1783)' of the Planches Enluminees, page 32, called it
Turdus l)runneus. G. E. Gray, in the Genera of Birds, claims
that the name brunneus should stand for the species ; this could
not have been, even were it not anticipated by Muller's name ;
for it so happens that Buffon's figure, as Mr. Cassin has re-
marked, is one of the few of the whole series of Planches Enlu-
minees that is utterly unrecognizable. It may have been either
one of the smaller Thrushes, if not some other bird ; and the
reference is entirely out of the question as the basis of a species.
Turdus "carolinus" I have seen nowhere except in Muller ;
T. tl brunneus " is used by Dr. Brewer in 1852, but for a differ-
ent species, namely, T. fuscescens.

26 HISTORY OF THE HYLOCICHLjE

Pennant, as we have already seen, described the Olive-
backed Thrush in 1785 under the name of the " Little Thrush",
in this differing from Latham, whose " Little Thrush" was the
T.fuscescens. • But both Pennant and Latham, in their respect-
ive works, introduce a " Brown Thrush", which afterward be-
came the exclusive basis of Turdus fuscus of Gmelin. That
this bird is certainly no other than the Olive-backed is evident
from the folio wing description, quoted from Pennant: — " Thrush
with the head, neck, back, cheeks, coverts, and tail, of an olive -
brown : primaries dusky: breast and belly of a dirty white,
marked with great brown spots : legs dusky. Size of the
former [i. e., the Tawny Thrush, T. mustelinus Gm.] ; and a
native of the same country [New York]." Here is a per-
fectly accurate and diagnostic phrase : the name Turdus fuscus,
based upon it, would therefore require adoption, were it not
anticipated in point of date by Turdus fuscus of Miiller, Syst.
Nat. Suppl. 1776, p. 142, which is an altogether different bird,
described from the Cape of Good Hope. So this name fuscus
of Gmelin is thrown out of the case.

In 1831, Swainson and Richardson described the Olive-
backed Thrush as Herula wilsoni. This, however, was not an
original imposition of a name, but merely an erroneous identi-
fication of Bonaparte's Turdus wilsonU^ which latter was the
mustelinus Wils. (nee Gmelin, i. e., the fuscescens Steph.).

A few years subsequently, in 1844, Mr. J. P. Giraud and Dr.
T. M. Brewer, independently of each other, applied to the Olive-
backed Thrush the name of olivaceus — appropriate indeed, and
only exceptionable in the fact that there were already one or
two entirely different species called Turdus olivaceus. The
name therefore cannot stand in this connection, unless the
earlier birds of the same name are shown to belong to a differ-
ent genus.

In this evident lack of a tenable specific name for the Olive-
backed Thrush, Dr. Cabanis proposed to dedicate it to Swain-
son, and the term Turdus swainsoni has been almost exclusively
adopted for the species of late years.

Two varieties of this species, called respectively ustulatus and
alicice, have been named, but do not require comment here.

Turning now to the Tawny or Wilson's Thrush, or Yeery, as
it is indifferently called, we find what is probably the earliest
indication of this species in the "Little Thrush "of Latham
(but not of Pennant), on which Gmelin based his T. minor in

HISTORY OF THE HYLOCICHL^E 27

part, as already shown. It appears to have been first ade-
quately described by Alexander. Wilson, in 1812, under the
unfortunate name of Tawny Thrush, Turdus mustelinus, not-
withstanding that this author clearly perceived it was not the
" Tawny Thrush" of Pennant, upon which Gmelin's name T.
mustelinus rested. The same bird was redescribed by Stephens,
in his continuation of Shaw's General Zoology, in 1817, under
the new name of Turdus fuscescens, which is now generally
adopted. Yieillbt, perceiving Wilson's double employ of the
term T. mustelinus, bestowed upon it the name T.silens in 1823.
Very shortly afterward, the Prince Bonaparte, also noting
Wilson's error, but either ignoring or ignorant of both Steph-
ens' and Vieillot's prior designations, dedicated the species to
Wilson, calling it Turdus wilsonii, a name current among
authors for several years. These are the only original names
I have met with of undoubted applicability to the present
species; though Swainson and other writers have called the
bird T. minor after Gmelin, and Dr. Brewer has once applied
to it the term T. brunneus.

The Wood Thrush being a bird of more marked characters
than any one of the others, there has been little or no uncer-
tainty respecting it. The original descriptions — the earliest
at least that have come to light so far — were those of Latham
and Pennant, who describe it from New York under the name
of Tawny Thrush, the basis of T. mustelinus of Gmelin. Wilson,
having appropriated this name to another species,' as we have
already seen, called the Wood Thrush T. melodus — in so doing
apparently folio wing Bartram, who had called it T.melodcsm 1791.

FIG. 4.— Head of Wood Thrush. Nat/ size.

The synonymy given at the head of the several species rep-
resents an epitome of the whole subject here treated, with a
great many additional references to the writings of various
authors. As the Wood Thrush will not be formally introduced

28 SYNONYMY OF TURDUS MUSTELINUS

into the present work, since it is not known to occur in the
Colorado Basin, its synonymy and description are subjoined,*
to complete a review of the subject. A figure of the head of
this species is likewise given.

WHEN we come to sketch the life-history of the Hermit
Thrush, we shall be met by difficulties as great as those
that beset the interpretation of its written record, if we attempt
to discriminate between the three recognized varieties. Their
mode of life is the same, notwithstanding the points of dissimi-

*The Wood Thrush.— Turdus (Hylocichla) mustelinus,

Tawny Thrush, Penn. AZ.ii.1785, 337, No. 198 (New York).— Lath. Syn.ii.pt. i. 1783, 26, No.
15. (Not of Wilson. )

TurdllS mustelinus, Gm. SN. i. pi. ii. 1738, 817, No. 57 (based on Penn. & Lath.).— Tun. SN.
i. 1806, Ml.— Lath. 10. i. 1790, 331, No. 15.— Vieill. OAS. ii. 1807,6, pi. 6-2.— Bp. Ann. Lye.
N. Y. ii. 1826, 75.—Nutt. Man. i. 1832,' 343.— And. OB. i. 1832, 372; v. 1839, 446 ; pi. 73.—
Bp. C. & GL. 1838, 17.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 304.— D' Orb. La Sag. Cuba, Ois.
1839, 48 (Cuba).— And. BA. iii. 1841, 24, pi. 144.— Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 144 (in winter).—
'Bp. CA. i. 1850, 270.— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 398 (Ohio).— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad.
vi. 1853, 310 (Wisconsin).— Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. 1853, 12,—Gerhardt, Naum. iii. 1853,
38.— Kennic. Tr. Illinois State Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 601.— Pratten, Tr. Illinois State Agric.
Soc. i. 1855, 582.— Gund. J. f. O. 1855, 469 (Cuba).— Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856,
289 (Indiana).— Putn. Proc. Essex lost. i. 1856, 209.— Scl. PZS. 1856, 294 (Cordova).—
Kneel. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 234.— Maxim. J. f. O. 1853, 179.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 212.—
Bland. Smiths. Rep. for 1858,1859, 287 (Bermudas).— Scl. fy Salv. Ibis, 1859, 6 (Guate-
mala).—SW. PZS. 1859, 325 (critical), 362 (Xalapa).— Moore, PZS. 1859, 55 (Omoa).— Mar-
tens, J. f. 0. 1859, 212 (Bermudas).— Gicbel, Vog. 1860, 37, fig. 84.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc.
vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1863, 1861, 435 (Pennsylvania).— Scl. Ibis, iii,
1861, 282.— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 324 (Cuba).— Coues ff Prcnt. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862,
—.—Hayd. Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 158 (Missouri River).— Albr. J. f. O. 1662, 194,
201 (Jamaica).— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 55.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 13.— Hoy, Smiths.
Rep. for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missouri).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 281.— Mcllwr. Pr.
Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 84 (Canada West).— Allen, Am. Nat. i. 1867, 110.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc.
xii. 1868, 106 (South Carolina).— Coues, Pr. Esrf. Inst, v. 1868, 266.— SumicJt. Mem. Bost.
Soc.i. 1869, 543 (Vera Cruz).— Turnb. B. E. P%. 1869, 21; Phila. ed. 14.— Abbott, Am.
Nat. iv. 1870, 540, 541.— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst.vi. 1871, 115.— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872,
266.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 124, 173 (Kansas).— Gundl. J. f. O. 1872,405 (Cuba).—
Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 220.— Coues, Key, 1872, 72.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv.
1873, 234.— Ooues, BNW. 1874, 2.— B. B. fy R. NAB. i, 1874, 7, pi. i. f. i.—Breic. Pr. Bost.
Soc. xvii. 1875, 438.

Merula mustelina, Rich. List, 1837.

Merula mustelinus, Denny, PZS. 1847, 38.

Turdus melOdcs, Bartr. Trav. 1791, p. 290 bis.

Turdus melodUS, Wilt. AO. i. 1808, 35, pi. 2, f. l.—Licht. "Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1330, 2";

J. f. 0. 1863, 57.— Gosse, Alabama, 1859, 295.
Turdus melodius, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 33.
Turdus densus, Bp. CR. xxviii. 1853, 2.
Grive dCS BoiS, Flute, LeMoine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 176.
Merle tanne, D'Orbig. i. c.

CH. SP. — $ 9 Supra musteUnus, caudam versus olivascens; subius albus, pcctore
lateribusque maculis magnis, numerosis, rotundatis, nigris notatis.

$ , $ , adult : Upper parts, including the surface of the closed wings,
tawny-brown, purest and deepest on the head, shading insensibly into oliva-

DISTRIBUTION OF AUDUBON S THRUSH 29

larity which some observers, recounting the impressions they
received from various transient circumstances of observation,
have sought to establish. For all reasonable purposes of biog-
raphy, the several races of the Hermit Thrush may be treated
as one, as I shall do on the present occasion, saving some par-
ticulars of their geographical distribution. Audubon's variety,
or the Eocky Mountain Hermit, is specialized in this respect,
having an exceptional distribution, both during the breeding-
season and* at other, periods of the year — its special habitat,
which subjects it to climatic influences equally peculiar, being
beyond doubt the cause of the slight modifications of physical
characters it has undergone. Audubon's Thrush haunts the
wooded mountainous regions of the West, especially in the
area known as the Middle Fauual Province. It has not, to my
knowledge, been traced farther north than Fort Bridger, in the
Eocky Mountains ; its extension in this direction contrasting
strongly with that of either the Dwarf or true Hermit, which
reach the Arctic regions. On the other hand, this variety is the
characteristic representative of the species in Mexico, through-
out the Alpine regions, up to an altitude of about 2,500 meters.
It breeds in that country, and, according to M. Sumichrast, is
generally distributed and abundant. Some of the current ref-
erences to " Turdus pallasi r> in Mexico doubtless beJong to this

ceous on the rump and tail. Below, pure white, faintly tinged on the breast
with buff, and everywhere except 011 the throat, middle of belly, and cris-
sum marked with numerous large, well-defined, rounded or subtriangular
blackish spots. Inner webs and ends of quills fuscous, with a white or
buffy edging toward the base. Greater under wing-coverts mostly white.
Auriculars sharply streaked with dusky and white. Bill blackish-brown
with flesh-colored or yellowish base. Feet like this part of the bill. Length,
7 £-8 inches; extent, about 13; wing, 4-4£; tail, 3-3£ ; bill, f ; tarsus, 1£;
middle toe and claw less. The sexes do not differ appreciably, either in size
or coloration.

Young: For a short time after leaving the nest, the young are speckled
or streaked above with pale yellowish or whitish ; usually especially noticea-
ble as triangular spots on the wing-coverts. But these speedily disappear,
when a plumage scarcely different from that of the adult is assumed.

The present is the most strongly marked species of the subgenus Hylo-
ciclila. In T. pallasi, the only^ther one showing both tawny and olive
on the upper parts, the position of the two colors is reversed, the tawny
occupying the rump, the olive the head. In no other species are the spots
below so large, sharp, numerous, and generally dispersed, only the central
line of the throat, middle of the belly, and the crissum remaining immacu-
late. The purity of the white, moreover, only gives way to a faint, some-
times almost inappreciable, tinge of buff on the breast.

30 DISTRIBUTION OF THE DWARF THRUSH

variety ; yet it does not necessarily follow that the true Hermit
Thrush is never found so far south. I should not leave this
subject of the southerly distribution of the Audubon Thrush
without calling attention to the fact that it constitutes one of
the few exceptions to the general rule that southern repre-
sentatives of a species are smaller than the others ; its larger size
being unaccountable on any premises we at present command.
The distribution of the Dwarf Hermit in latitude agrees with
that of its eastern relative. This bird is the prevailing, if not
the exclusive, form in the Pacific region, from Alaska as far
north at least as Sitka and the island of Kodiak, to the ex-
tremity of the peninsula of Lower California. Though it is par-
ticularly attached to the immediate Pacific slopes, it yet
spreads eastward to the Rocky Mountains. Dr. J. G. Cooper
found it in the Colorado Valley, probably at Fort Mojave,
where he was stationed for some time as a medical officer
of the Army. I occasionally saw it in the mountains of Central
Arizona, and within a year or two Mr. H. W. Henshaw has
observed it still further eastward, in Southern Arizona, and
among the headwaters of the Gila in New Mexico. These advices
clearly show that the limit of eastward dispersion assigned
by Mr. Ridgway (the valley of the Humboldt Eiver in Nevada),
must be considerably enlarged. As to the movements of the
species within the general area it inhabits, the accounts
which have reached us are perplexing ; yet they may, I think,
be adjusted, if we exercise due care. It is evident from Dr.
Cooper's researches, that the Dwarf Hermit winters in lower
portions of Arizona, a fact which both Mr. Henshaw?s observa-
tions and my own would confirm, were this necessary ; and its
occurrence at Cape St. Lucas shows probably the southernmost
point reached at this season. Starting from these and corre-
sponding latitudes, the bird migrates to Alaska, as already inti-
mated, and breeds at the northernmost points it reaches. The
limit of the breeding-range in the other direction remains to be
determined, for it is pretty certain that Dr. Cooper, in speak-
ing of nests which he found at Santa Cruz, and supposed to
belong to the Dwarf Thrush, was mistaken. He describes the
nests as placed " about five feet above the ground ", and says
that they contained speckled eggs, neither of which statements
agrees with what we know of the nidification and color of the
eggs of the Hermit Thrush. Dr. Brewer has alluded to these
discrepancies, which his great familiarity with the subject ena-

DISTRIBUTION OF THE HERMIT THRUSH 31

bled him to perceive at once, though, somewhat inconsistently,
he goes on to quote Dr. Cooper's account in connection with
the Dwarf Thrush. We may without hesitation reject the
whole record as far as it bears upon an alleged breeding of the
Dwarf Thrush so far south, since there is no doubt that Dr.
Cooper's nests were really those of the Olive-backed Thrush, or
its variety ustulatus. Observations are wanting to determine
the case precisely, yet, remembering how strongly elevation of
surface affects the breeding-range of species, and that the
Dwarf Thrush is found in wooded mountainous tracts, we may
grant that it will probably be found to nestle much farther
south than its Eastern relative is known to do. I should not
be surprised if its dispersion during the breeding-season were
found very closely correspondent with that of the Varied
Thrush.

Turning now to the better-known Hermit Thrush of the East,
that shy recluse whose lowly home has been often entered by
the curious naturalist, eager to learn its secrets, the first thing
that strikes us as bearing upon its furtive movements is the
lack of any trace of its presence in those subtropical regions to
which the Wood Thrush and the Olive-backed and others re-
sort in winter. We are not even sure that it takes the short
flight from Florida, a favorite home, to any of the West India
Islands. Though Dr. Gundlach, the veteran ornithologist of
Cuba, whose labors for many years have done so much to eluci-
date the birdrlife of that island, once recorded its presence
there, it seems that he had really another species in view.
Like the Catbird and the Thrasher, the Hermit Thrush finds
in the groves and swamps of the Southern States a winter
home so congenial that it need seek no further. Audubon in-
formed us many years ago of its abundance in Mississippi and
Louisiana; and later records, multiplying rapidly with the
growing number of those who are interested in the delightful
study of birds, not only confirm the statement, but extend its
applicability to most of the Southern States. I well remember
the admiration which this brave and hardy little bird used to
excite in me, when I was first trying my own wings in short
flights in ornithology, mostly confined to the vicinity of my
home at Washington, by its appearance, nothing daunted, dur-
ing the inclemency of October and March, whenits more delicate
relatives were far away. Its very slender, pale-colored legs,
like those of many other insect-eating birds which spend much

32 DISTRIBUTION OF THE HERMIT THRUSH

of their time on the ground, always suggested that it was bare-
footed, and tempted me to wonder why it did not suffer, ram-
bling incessantly over the frozen ground, or even leaving its
track in a slight fall of snow. Though I never knew it to en-
dure the depth of winter in this locality, yet other observers
have found it lingering through the whole season still further
north — the Eev. Dr. Turnbull has left us such a record in his
elegant little volume en titled " The Birds of East Pennsylvania
and New Jersey"; and Mr. C. J. Maynard says he has seen the
bird in Northern New Hampshire in November, when the snow
was on the ground. Those who care to look farther into the
details of the subject will find many other records, which show
the whereabouts of the bird at various seasons, in my " Birds of
the Northwest." Here, I will content myself with the further
statement that it is chiefly known as a migrant in the Middle
States, not pausing to mate and rear its young south of Massa-
chusetts as far as we now know, — though I suspect that it will
yet be discovered to nestle in some of the untried recesses of
the Alleghanies. In the northerly parts of New England, and
thence to the Arctic regions, the Hermit Thrush is at home in
summer. Whether it ever reaches Greenland or not is uncer-
tain. A Thrush is recorded from that country by the accom-
plished Danish ornithologist Professor Eeinhardt, under the
name of u Turdus minor Grn." ; but I believe that the actual
reference in this case is to the Olive-backed. The same doubt
attaches to a part, at least, of the quotations we have of the
bird's occurrence in Europe; others, however, are undisputed,
and the fact may be considered established that it occasion-
ally deviates so widely from its established routes of migration.

From the West, we have the testimony of two excellent ob-
servers, to show that the Hermit Thrush reaches the Rocky
Mountains. Mr. J. A. Allen and Mr. T. M. Trippe have each
found it in Colorado, and ascertained that it breeds in that
Territory, in the mountains, up to an altitude of at least 8,000
feet,

How quietly and with what solicitude for privacy the nesting
of the Hermit Thrush is accomplished ! Such care is taken to
conceal its nest in the recesses of tangled undergrowth that
few are the ornithologists who have found it. If Wilson, Nut-
tall, or Audubon ever saw a nest, no one of them recognized
its owner. The nests and eggs which they describe as those
of the Hermit were certainly the Olive-backed Thrush's, the

NEST AND EGGS OF THE HERMIT 33

only one which nests at any considerable distance from the
ground and lays spotted eggs. And unless the Hermit has
changed its choice of a summer home since Wilson and
Audubon thought they had discovered its nest, it never bred
in the southerly regions where they thought it did. But their
mistake was not unnatural, since, singularly enough, neither of
these ornithologists knew the difference between the Olive-
backed and the Hermit Thrush — a distinction erroneously said
by Dr. Brewer to have been first suggested by Professor Baird
in 1844, as Swainson had discriminated the two with perfect
accuracy, though under wrong names, in 1831. The manner
in which the nest of the Hermit Thrush is built, its situa-
tion, and the eggs, are all so similar to the Yeery's that one
must detect the shy parents .themselves before being sure
which has been found. The nest is built on the ground or
near it, generally in some low, secluded spot; no mud is used in
its composition, the whole fabric being a rather rude and inartis-
tic matting of withered leaves, weed-stalks, bark-strips, and
grasses — the coarser and stiffer substances outside, the finer
fibres within. The cup is small in comparison with the whole
size, owing to the thickness of the walls and of the base. The
eggs are like those of the Kobin or Wood Thrush, in their uni-
form greenish-blue color, but smaller, measuring about niiie-
tenths of an inch in length by five-eighths in breadth ; being
thus not distinguishable from those of the Yeery. I have never
known of an instance, to my recollection, of the eggs being
spotted ; but so many birds which usually lay whole-colored
bluish eggs occasionally drop a set which are somewhat
speckled that I should not be surprised to find at any time a
Hermit Thrush's egg showing a few specks about the larger
end.

Great injustice would be done were the Hermit's musical
powers overlooked in any sketch, however slight, of its life-
history. The earlier authors were evidently unaware of its
accomplishments, for its melody is lavished on the gloom of the
swamp, or lost in the darkening aisles of the forest, where
years passed by before the ear of the patient and toiling stu-
dent of nature was gladdened by the sweet refrain. Wilson
denies it song ; Audubon speaks of u its single plaintive note",
though he adds, perhaps upon information received from his
friend Dr. Pickering, that " its song is sometimes agreeable n.
Nuttall seems to have first recognized the power and sweet-
3 B c

34 THE SONG OF THE HERMIT

ness of the lay of our Hermit : he compares it to the famous
Nightingale, that sweet princess of song, and ranks it far
above the Wood Thrush. Later writers agree in this high
estimate of the bird's powers, though it may be questioned
whether a comparison unfavorable to the Wood Thrush is a
perfectly just discrimination. The weird associations of the
spot where the Hermit triumphs, the mystery inseparable from
the voice of an unseen musician, conspire to heighten the effect
of the sweet, silvery, bell-like notes, which, beginning soft, low,
and tinkling, rise higher and "higher, to end abruptly with a
clear, ringing intonation. It is the reverse of the lay of the
Wood Thrush, which swells at once into powerful and sustained
effort, then gradually dies away, as though the bird were reced-
ing from us ; for the song of the Hermit first steals upon us
from afar, then seems to draw nearer, as if the timid recluse
were weary of solitude, and craved recognition of its conscious
power to please. Yet it is but a momentary indecision —
true to a vow of seclusion, the anchorite is gone again to its
inviolate grotto in the fastnesses of the swamp, where a world
of melody is wasted in its pathetic song of life : —

"Full many a gem of purest ray serene,
The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear ;
Full many a flower is born to blush unseen,
And waste its sweetness on the desert air."

Olive-backed Thrush

Tnrtlus (Hylocichla) swainsoiii

a. swainsoni.

Little ThPHSh, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 338, No. 201 (not of Latham).

TlirdUS minor, Gm, SN. i. pt. ii. 1788, 809 (in part ; mixed \vithjuscescens).— Lath. IO. i. 1790,
328, No. 5 (in part).— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 491.— Vieill. OAS. ii, 1807, 7, pi. 63 (in part).

TlirdUS minor, Bp. C. & GL. 1838, 17 (wrongly quotes FB A. pi. 36, which is fuscescens).—
Bp. CA. i. 1850, W\.—Reinh. J. f. O. 1854, 427 (Greenland).— ,SW. PZS. 1857, 212
(Orizaba).— Reink. Ibis, iii. 1861, 6 (Greenland).

Brown Thrush, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 337, No. 199.— Lath. Syn. ii. pt. i. 1783, 28, No. 16.

Tlirdus ftlSCUS, Gm. SN. i. pt. ii. 1783, 817, No. 56 (based on P«nn. & Lath. ; name pre-
occupied).— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 497.

Turflus SOlitariuS, Wils. AO. v. 1812, pi. 43, f. 2 (not the text on p. 95).— Coues, Pr. Boat.
Soc. xii. 1868, 106 (South Carolina. Slip of the pen for swainsoni).

Mei'Ula Wilsonii, S. ffR. FBA. ii. 1831, 182 (excl. syn. " mustelinus Wils.").

Merilla Olivacea, Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. i. 1844, 191.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, app. 22.

Turdus Olivaceus, Giraud, BLI. 1844, 92.— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 117 (Nova Scotia).—
Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 281 (Nova Scotia).— Martens, J. f. O. 1859, 212 (Ber-
mudas).

SYNONYMY OF TURDUS SWAINSONI 35

Turd US SWalttSOnii.C'ao. Fn. Peru. 1845-'46, 187.— Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. 1847 (i), 205.— tfowzeyer,
Rhea, ii. 1849, 149 (monographic), Cab. MH. 1850, 5 (Siberia).— Cab. J. f. O. 1857, 241
(Cuba).— Bd. BNA. 1858, 216.— Gund. J. f. O. 1861, 324 (Cuba).— Blakis. Ibis, iv. 1862,
4 (Saskatchewan).— Boardm. Pr. Bout. Soc. ix. 1862, 124 (Maine).— Verr. Pr. Bost. Soc.
ix. 1862, 137 (Anticosti).— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862. 145 (Maine).— Blakis. Ibis, 1863,
58 (Fort Carlton).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 19.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 56 (Massachu-
setts).—Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 281 (New York).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v.
1866, S4.—Degl.-Gerbe, OB. i. 1867, 427 (Europe).— Pelz. Orn. Bras. ii. 1868, 92.— Coues,
Proc. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 266 (New England).— Allen, Am. Nat, ii. 1868, 488, 489.— Mayn.
Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 662.— Ttirnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 21 ; Phila. ed. 14.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869,
31, 295.— Allen, Am. Nat, iii. 1869, 573, 574,—Ridg. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 128
(critical).— Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 541.— Parker, Am. Nat. v. 1871, 168.— Trippe. Pr.
Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 115 (Minnesota).— Wyatt, Ibis, i. 3d. ser. 1871, 320 (Colombia).— Mayn.
Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 358.— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 266.— Coues, Key, 1872, 72.— Mayn.
B. Fla. 1872, 6.—Gundl J. f. O. 1872, 405 (Cuba).— Merr. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for
1872, 1873, 704, 713.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 234.

Turdus swainsoni, Scl. PZS.1858, 451 (Ecuador).-ScZ. PZS. 1859, 326 (critical ).-Scl. ffSalv.
Ibis, i. 1859, 6 (Guatemala).— Scl. PZS. I860, 84 (Ecuador).— Scl. Ibis, iii. 1861, 282.—
Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861,435
(Pennsylvania).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 91 (Costa Rica).— v. Frantz. J. f. O.
1869, 289 (Costa Rica).— Coues, Am. Nat. v. 1871, 197.— Merrill, Am. Nat. viii. 1874,
547.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 4; Trippe, ibid. 228; Wkeaton, ibid. 233.— J?. B. tf R. NAB. i,
1874, 14, pi. i. f. 4.— Nelson, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 238, 345 (Utah).— Brew. Pr. Bost.
Soc. xvii, 1875, 438.

TurdUS minimus, ?Lafr. RZ. xi. 1848, 5 (Bogota).— Scl. PZS. 1854, 111 (Quijos).— Scl. PZS.
1855, 145 (Bogota).— Bry. Pr. Boat. Soc. 1859, 226 (Bogota).— Law. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
viii. 1863, 7 (Panama).

TurdUS man us, Sam. Am. Nat. ii, 1868, 218 (err.).

Grlve de Swainson, LeM. Ois. Canad. 1861, 170.

Merle de Swainson, Degl-Gerbe. l. c.

Olive-backed Thrush ; Swainson's Thrush ; Swamp Robin.

b. alicia.

TurdUS aliCia?, Bd. BNA. 1858, 217 ; ed. of 1861, pi. 81, f. 2.— Scl. PZS. 1859, 326 (critical).—
Scl. Ibis, iii. 1861, 282.— Goues, Proc. Acad. Nat. ScL Phila. 1861, 217 (Labrador).—
Coues fyPrent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862,405 (Washington, D. C.).—Hayd. Tr. Am.
Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 159.— Bd. Rev. 1864, 21.— All. Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 489 (critical).—
Mayn. Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 662.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 91 (Costa Rica).— Coues,
Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 267.—Dall^Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. 1869, 275 (Alaska).—
Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 22 ; Phila. ed. l5.—Ridg. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 128 (critf-
cal).— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 574.— Dall, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 600.— Salv. PZS. 1870, 180
(Veragua).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xxiii. 1871, 19 (North Carolina).— Coues, Am. Nat.
vii. 1873, 222.— B. B. fy R. NAB. i, 11, pi. i. f. 3.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 438.

Tnrdus swainsonii var. alicite, Coues, Key, 1872, 73.

Turdus swainsoni b. alicise, Coues, BNW. 1874, 4.

TurdUS aliciae, v. Frantz, J. f. 0. 1869, 289 (Costa Rica).— Gundl. J. f. O. 1872, 405 (Cuba).—
Tacz. J. f. O. 1872, 440, 1873, 112 (East Siberia).

Alice's Thrush ; Gray-cheeked Thrush.

c. ustulatus.

TurdUS UStulatUS, Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, p. vi.— Bd. BNA. 1858,215; ed. of 1860, pi. 81,.
f. l.—Scl. PZS. 1859, 326 (critical).— C. $S. NHWT. I860, in.— Scl. Ibis, iii. 1861, 282.—
Bd.Hev. AB. 1864, 18.— Brown, Ibis, iv2, 1868, 420 (Vancouver).— Allen, Am. Nat. ii. 1868,
489.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, Sl.—Ridff. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 127 (critical).—
DallSfBann.TT. Chicago Acad. i. 1869, 276.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 5.— Grayson, Pr.
Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 276 (Tres Marias Islands).

TurdUS CCStUlatUS, Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 400 (err. typog. corrected on p. vi).

Turdus swaiusonii var. nstulatus, Coues, Key, 1872, 73.

TurdUS swainsoni var. UStulatUS, B. B. Sf R. NAB. i, 1874, 16, pi. i. f. 2.— Nelson, Pr. Bost..
Soc. xvii. 1875, 354 (California).

Turdus swainsoni c. ustulatus, Coues, BNW. 1874, 4.

(?) Turdus Fllsonii, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153 (Columbia River).

36 CHARACTERS OF T. SWAINSONI AND VARIETIES

CH. SP. a. SWAINSONI. — $ 9 Olivaceus, cauda concolore ;
subtus albus, lateribus griseo-olivaceis, pectore, jugulo, palpebris,
cum lateribus capitis et colli subflavicantibus, pectore et jugulo
maculis magnis fuscis notatis.

Above clear olivaceous, of exactly the same shade over all the upper
parts ; below white, strongly shaded with olive-gray on the sides and flanks, .
the throat, breast, and sides of the neck and head strongly tinged with yel-
lowish, the fore parts, excepting the throat, marked with numerous large,
broad, dusky spots, which extend backward on the breast and belly, there
rather paler, and more like the olivaceous of the upper parts. Edges of
eyelids yellowish, forming a strong orbital ring ; lores the same. Mouth
yellow ; bill blackish, the basal half of lower maudible pale ; iris dark
brown ; feet pale ashy-brown. Length of $ , 7-7| ; extent, 12-12£ ; wing,
about 4; tail, about 3; bill, |; tarsus, I fa. $ averaging smaller— 6£-f-
extent, 1H-J- ; &c.

&. ALICIA. — $ 9 Olivaceus, lateribus capitis concoloribus,
jugulo vix flavido-tincto. Major; rostro longiore, graciliore; long.
tot. 7J-8 $ alar. exp. 12J-13Jj ala 4+, cauda 3+.

Similar to sivainsoni; sides of the head like the back, or merely more gray-
ish ; the distinct yellowish orbital ring and lores of swainsoni not being seen,
or but faintly indicated. Breast but slightly tinged with yellowish. Rather
larger than sivainsoni, the length averaging rather over the maximum of the
latter, sometimes exceeding 8 inches, and other dimensions to correspond
bill rather over £ an inch, and comparatively slenderer than in sivainsoni.

c. USTULATUS. — $ 2 Rufo-olivaceus j cceteris T. sicainson
sat similis.

This form is entirely like swainsoni proper, excepting in a rufous shade o
the olive of the upper parts approaching that of fuscescens, from, which it is
distinguished by the different tone and pattern of the coloration of the
under parts. These characters, which it shares with swainsoni, distinguish
it from alicice, no less than does the shade of the upper parts. It is simply
the more rufous phase of swainsoni from the northwest coast region.

T. alicicK is more decidedly different from swainsoni in the characters note
above, and is held by many excellent ornithologists as a distinct species.
The interrelationships are treated in my " Birds of the Northwest ", and
more fully in the " History of North American Birds ".

ONE of the most peculiar traits of the Olive backed Thrash
is its erratic disposition. If not a greater vagabond than the
Robin itself, this Thrush commonly wanders further south than
any of its relatives ; its journeying into distant portions of South
America being conspicuous. While the rest of our Thrushes
which leave the United States in the autumn rarely if ever pene-

HABITS OF THE OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH 37

trate beyond the Isthmus, the Olive-backed Thrash has ap-
peared in Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil, as recorded by Sclater,
Cabanis, and von Pelzeln, respectively. It likewise occurs in
Cuba and in Greenland, and, like all our other Hylociclilcv, except-
ing the Wood Thrush, has been reported from Europe. There
is also a record of its presence in Siberia; though very possibly
the actual reference in this case is to the variety alicice, lately
accredited by Taczanowski to the same country. Its disper-
sion over the eastern portions of North America is general. The
southern limit of its usual breeding-range has been fixed by
Dr. Brewer in Massachusetts, but I am under the impression
that such restriction requires to be removed. I have mislaid a
reference I once possessed to its breeding in Connecticut and
in the mountains of Pennsylvania, and cannot now recall the
authority ; but such extension of its range in summer agrees
better with the accounts of some of the earlier writers as well
as with what we now know of its distribution during the same
season in the West. Late observations have informed us of its
westward extension beyond the main chains of the Kocky
Mountains. My correspondent, Mr. T. M. Trippe, found the
bird in Colorado Territory in May and September ; and on one
occasion in October, when the snow lay a foot deep on the
ground, he observed it in company with various other species
which had gathered about the Hot Sulphur Springs, in the
Middle Park, apparently attracted by the warmth of these tepid
pools. " In the vicinity of Denver," says Mr. H. W. Henshaw,
"the species makes its appearance about the 10th of May; and
by the 17th the thickets and partially open ground in swampy
localities were fairly swarming with these birds. They were
perfectly silent, and busied themselves after the usual manner
of the family in scratching and seeking among the leaves for
food. The males preceded the arrival of the females by at least
a week." The most explicit accounts from the Far West are,
however, those given by Mr. Eidgway, in his still unpublished
Report on the Birds observed during Clarence King's Survey of
the Fortieth Parallel. I quote from proof-sheets which he
kindly placed at my service : " Swainson's Thrush is a very
abundant species among the Wahsatch Mountains, and is, in
fact, one of the most characteristic summer birds of that region.
It there breeds plentifully in the canons, where its song may

be heard almost continually during the nesting season

Numerous nests were found among the thickets bordering the

38 HABITS OF THE OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH

streams ; they were generally situated about five or six feet
from the ground, in the willows or other shrubs, near the
water."

This paragraph leads me to speak at once of another pecu-
liarity of the Olive-backed Thrush in comparison with all its
congeners, excepting, of course, its two varieties alicice and
ustulatus. I refer to its laying speckled eggs in a nest several
feet from the ground. The Wood Thrush, indeed, builds in
bushes and low trees ; but then its eggs are whole-colored, like
those of the Yeery and Hermit, both of which nestle on or very
near the ground. In high Arctic regions, whither many of Swain-
son's Thrushes resort for the summer, the nest has been fre-
quently observed on the stunted vegetation not a yard from
the ground ; but, in more favored places, the altitude is usually
about a man's height. The nest is more compact and more
elaborately finished than those of the ground-builders, the
Yeery and Hermit, the outer portions of which are coarser and
less consistent. The material is very miscellaneous, and varies,
moreover, with the locality 5 but mosses, lichens, leaves, bark-
strips, and fibrous weedy substances are usually found, while in
some the Hypnum mosses are said to be most conspicuous, and
to give a distinctive character. In size, the nests are only
about four inches in diameter by half as much in depth ; the
walls being about half an inch thick. The eggs, numbering
four or five, measure about seven-eighths of an inch in length
by five-eighths in breadth ; but much variation, both in size
and shape, has been observed. They are light greenish-blue in
color, fully speckled with reddish -brown and other shades.
Any Thrush's eggs like this found in a nest above the ground,
described by early authors, were almost certainly those of the
Olive-backed Thrush, to whatever species they may have been
accredited.

As to the general habits of this bird in comparison with
those of its congeners, there is little to be said, since they are
scarcely distinctive. It is perhaps less decidedly terrestrial
and less solicitous of concealment than the Hermit, being often
observed in open woodland, and gleaning much of its food
among the branches of trees. 1 do not think that I have ever
recognized its voice, excepting the short single note which is
much the same as that of its allies. Dr. Brewer describes it as
having a certain resemblance to that of the Hermit, yet quite
distinct; " it is more prolonged ; the notes are more equal and

SYNONYMY OF TURDUS FUSCESCENS 39

rise with more regularity and more gradually, are richer, and
each note is more complete in itself. Its song of lamentation,
when robbed of its young, is full of indescribable pathos and
beauty, haunting one who has heard it long after."

Wilson's Thrush, or Veery

Turdus (Hylocichla) fuscescens

Little ThrilSh, Latham, Syn. ii. pt. i. 1783, 20 No. 5 (not of Pennant).

Turdus minor, Gm. SN. i. pt. ii. 1788, 809, No. 32 (in part ; mixed with swainsoni).

Turdus mustelinus, Wils. AO. v. 1812, 98, pi. 43, f. 3 (nee Gm., necauct.).

TurdUS fuscescens, Stept,.. Shaw's GZ. x. 1817, 182.— ? Kneel. Pr. Boat. Soc. vi. 1857, 234. —Bd.
BNA. 1858, 214.— Scl.PZS. 1859, 326 (critical).— Scl. Ibis, 1861, 282— Gund.J. f. 0. 1861,
324 (Cuba).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1861, 326 (New Granada). Coues 6f Prent. Smiths.
Rep. for 1861, 1862, 404.— Scl. Cat. AB. 1862, Z.—Hayd. Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. 1862,
158.— Verr. Pr. Essex Inst. iii. 1862, 143.— Blakist. Ibis, v. 1853, 58 (Saskatchewan).— Bd.
Rev. AB. 1864, 17.-AII. Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 56.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866,
231.— Mcllw. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 84 (Canada West).— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inat. v. 1868,
266.— Coues, Pr. Bout. Soc. xii. 1868, 106.— Allen, Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1858, 493, 514.— All.
Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 489.— Pelz. Orn. Bras, ii, 1868, 92.— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 21; Phila.
ed. U.—Ridg. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 127 (critical).— Mayn. Nat, Guide, 1870,90.—
Abbott, Am. Nat, iv. 1870, 540, 541.— May n. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv, 1871, —.—Stevenson, U.
S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 463.— All. Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 256 ; iii. 1872, 155,
173 (Colorado).— Mayn. B. Fla. 1872, 10.— Coues, Key, 1872, 73.— Edit. Am. Nat. viii.
1874, yil.— Gundl. J. f. O. 1872, 405 (Cuba).— Mayn. Pr Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 357.— Coues,
BNW. 1874, 5; Trippe, ibid. 228 (Colorado).— Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 48
(Dakota).— B. B. ff R. NAB. i, 1874, 9, pi. i. f. s.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 438.

TurdUS fUSCCSens, Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 435.

TurdUS Silens, Vieill. EM. ii. 1823, 647 (— mustelinus Wils.; nee silens Sw.).

TurdUS Wilsonii, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 34 (based onmustelinus Wils. nee Gm.).—Bp.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, IQ.—Peab. Rep. Orn..Mass. 1839, 306.— And. OB. ii. 1834, 362,
pi. 164.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 90.— And. BA.. iii. 1841, 27, pi. 145.— Cab. Fn. Peru. 1845-46,
186.— Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. 1817 (i), 205.— Homeyer, Rhea, ii. 1849, 148 (monog.).— Hoy,
Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 310 (Wisconsin). — Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 79.— Read, Pr.
Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 398 (Ohio).— Kennic. Tr. III. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 601.— Pratien, Tr.
111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 601.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missouri).— Trippe,
Pr. Essex Inst. vi. 1871, 115.

TurdUS Wilsoni, Bp. C. & GL. 1838, 17.-B^. CA. i. 1850, 271.— Gund. J. f. O. 1855, 470
(Cuba).— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 209.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).—
Gund. J. f. O. 1861, 405 (Cuba).

Merula WilSOnil, Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. 1844, 191.

Merula minor, Sw. $ Rich. FBA. ii. 1831, 179, pi. 36.— ? Denny, PZ3. 1847, 38.

TurdUS minor, Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 408.— D'Orb. LaSagra's Cuba, Ois. 1840, 47, pi. 5.—Degl.-
Gerbe, OE. i. 1867, 424 (Europe).

TurdUS bruneus, Brew. Journ. Bost. Soc. vi. 185?, 304 (chars, and habits).— Cabot, Naum.
Bd.ii. Hft. iii. 1852, 66 (Lake Superior).

Merle gri?ette, Degland- Gerbe.

CH. SP. — 9 $ Rufo-brunneus, cauda concolore ; infra albus,
lateribus canis.jugulo tantum pallide flavo-brunnescente, maculis
minimis, sparsis, sagittatis fuscis notato.

Entire upper parts reddish-brown, with a faint olivaceous tinge ; no con-
trast of color between back and tail ; quills and tail-feathers darker and

40 DESCRIPTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE VEERY

purer brown, the former with white or buffy spaces at the concealed bases
of the inner webs, as usual in this subgenus. No orbital light ring around the
eye ; auriculars only obsoletely streaky. Below, white ; the sides shaded
with hoary-gray or light grayish-olive ; the juguluni buff-colored, contrast-
ing strongly with the white of the breast, and marked with a few small
brown arrow-heads, the chin and middle line of throat, however, nearly
white and immaculate. A few obsolete grayish-olive spots in the white of
the breast ; but otherwise the markings confined to the buff area. Bill dark
above, mostly all pale below, like the feet. $ , 7-7£ ; extent, about 12 ; wing,
4-4£ ; tail, 3-3J; bill, f; tarsus, \\. 9 averaging smaller.

I have not observed a very early spotted and streaked stage of plumage,
which, however, is presumed to occur, as in other species of this group. The
sexes are alike in color, and the seasonal changes are slight. The differ-
ences consist mainly in the stronger reddishness of the upper parts, or its
tinging with an appreciable shade of olivaceous. But the upper parts are
never of the decidedly olive shade seen in swainsoni and in the fore parts of
pallasi. The color of the upper parts, however, viewing its occasional shad-
ing toward olive, is less strongly distinctive of the species than the peculiar
coloration of the under parts is. The pinkish-buff of the jugulum, restricted
and sharply contrasting with the white of the breast, and its few small
brown (not black or even blackish) spots, which do not extend into the
white of the breast, are perfectly characteristic, as are the absence of a
decided yellowish orbital ring and of distinct streaks on the auriculars.

A curious malformation is exhibited in a specimen in Mr. Ridgway's col-
lection, in which the upper mandible is overgrown, and as much hooked at
the end as that of a Shrike.

The average dimensions of a large series of specimens of both sexes are : —
Length, 7.35; extent, 11.75; wing, 3.90; tail. 2.85 ; tarsus, 1.12.

WILSON'S Thrush is another species which, a few years
ago, could not have been properly brought into the
present connection, owing to our lack of knowledge of its ex-
treme western limits. The first authentic record of its occur-
rence in the*Rocky Mountains is, I think, that given in 1858
by Professor Baird, who received a specimen from Fort Bridger,
Utah. Latterly, Mr. J. A. Allen found the bird in Colorado Terri-
tory, where Mr. Trippe also observed it, in July, at an eleva-
tion of over 8,000 feet, and where it was doubtless breeding.
Both Mr. Ridgway and Mr. Henshaw discovered it to be an
abundant species in Utah and Colorado, and the former re-
garded it as one of the most characteristic birds of the valleys
of the Provo, Bear, and Weber Rivers in Utah. Two nests
were found by the latter near Fort Garland, Colorado, at nearly
the altitude just mentioned ; one of them was curiously built
above an old nest of the previous season, which had been
remodeled for the purpose. As Mr. Henshaw remarks, though
the Veery is thus common on the northern confines of the Colo-

HABITS OF THE VEERY 41

rado Basin, no one appears to have found it in New Mexico or
Arizona. It must consequently take a somewhat circuitous
route in gaining its winter home in Central America, unless
perchance it migrates at a considerable elevation along the
mountain-chains. The latter supposition seems more probable,
since Professor Sumichrast has observed it in Orizaba in Mexico.
Its general northward dispersion appears to be more restricted
than that of either the Hermit or the Olive-backed Thrush,
being perhaps coincident with the limit of arboreal vegetation.
In Cuba, it is one of the commoner species of the genus. A few
linger through the winter in our Gulf States, but the majority
leave our shores for the more genial climate of subtropical
America, and proceed as far as Panama — in exceptional cases
still farther, as in the instance noted by A. von Pelzelu, of an
occurrence at San Vicente, Brazil, in December. There is even
a record of the appearance of the bird in Europe ; but I under-
stand that this is open to doubt. It will be seen that its dis-
tribution is much like that of the Hermit and the Olive-backed,
yet on the whole somewhat restricted, though less so than that
of the Wood Thrush. Its breeding-range, similarly, is more
southerly, approximating to that of the Wood Thrush ; it includes
the Northern, Eastern, and some of the Middle States, and an
adjoining belt of country in British America ; while in the
Rocky Mountains it stretches southward to the confines of New
Mexico and Arizona.

The Veery's mating and nest building season, when the bird
is in full song, is the genial month of May, in most parts of the
United States ; and two broods may be reared under propitious
surroundings. But further northward, where alobe have I my-
self found the bird in its home, and beard its seductive epitha-
lainium, the shorter span of the summer season suffices but for
a single brood. The yearly crisis of the bird's life is delayed
till June, and the young are not seen abroad till the latter part
of that mouth, if indeed before July. The heavy growth of
timber that fringes the streams includes many nooks and dells,
and broken ravines overgrown with thick shrubbery, from out
the masses of which the tall trees tower, as if stretching forth
their strong arms in kindly caressing of the humbler and
weaker vegetation, their offspring. In such safe retreats,
where the sombre shade is brightened here and there with stray
beams of sunlight, in the warmth of which myriads of insects
bathe their wings and flutter away their little span of life,

42 NESTING AND SINGING OF THE VEERY

humming a quaint refrain to the gurgle of the rivulet, the
Veery meets his mate — the song rises — the wooed is won — the
home is made. Should we force our unwelcome presence upon
the bird who is brooding her newly-found treasures with the
tenderest solicitude, she will nestle closer still, in hope of our
passing by, till we might almost touch her; when, without a
word of remonstrance or reproach, she takes a little flight,
and settles a few yards away, in silent appeal. If the time, the
place, the scene, suffice not for our forbearance, with what poor
words of hers may we then be moved ?

The nest will be found at our feet, most likely beneath some
bush, resting upon a bed of leaves, or supported in the forks of
some stems that spring directly from the ground. It seems
large for the size of the bird, and perhaps not so neat and
finished as we might expect ; for the Veery, though a patient
and faithful housekeeper, cares little for appearances. Among
the various materials which enter into its composition, withered
leaves form a large part, especially of the outer walls, while
grass-stems, weed-stalks, and bark-strips are more compactly
woven inside. There is no special lining of the interior, and
the cavity is small. The nest may contain four, perhaps five,
eggs, like those of the Hermit, greenish-blue, without markings,
except in rare instances, when a few specks appear, especially
about the larger end.

Varying estimates have been made of the Veery's powers of
song. For myself, I rate this bird as one of the sweetest of our
songsters, of whose " clear bell-like notes, resonant, distinct,
yet soft and of indescribable sadness", I have spoken on a former
occasion. I think Dr. Brewer's faint praise the most cruelly
unjust of all ; can he have ever heard the Veery's full utter-
ance, and then have written, " The song of this thrush is
quaint, but not unmusical ; variable in its character, changing
from a prolonged and monotonous whistle to quick and almost
shrill notes at the close" I He speaks as he might of a hurdy-
gurdy, instead of an exquisite oboe. No one of the voices of
the woodland is less quaint than the Veery's ; no one is truer
to its theme, more measured in its cadences, or softer and
.clearer in tone than that of the Veery— rival of the Olive, the
Hermit, and the Wood Thrush, completing the quartette of
silver-tongued cantatrices, who pledge the promises of spring-
time in choral symphony.

CHARACTERS OF MYIADESTIN^E

43

SUBFAMILY MYIADESTINJE

FLYCATCHING THRUSHES

The essential character of this group has been indicated on
a preceding page. It has usually been associated with Ptilo-
gonys and Phccnopepla in
the family (Ampelidce)
which contains the Ce-
dar Bird and Bohemian
Wax wing; from all these
birds, however, the boot-
ed tarsi, speckled state of
the young, and other char-
acters sufficiently distin-
guish it. In comparison
with the Thrushes, among
which it is now located,
it differs in the shorter,
broader, more depressed,
and flycatcher-like bill,
with its deeply-cleft ric-
tus and very short gonys,
the smaller and weaker
feet, and in the peculi-
arly double - inarginatC FlG.5.__DetailS of external form of Myiadestes (M. tovn-

tail, the feathers of which sendi) • bil1 and feet natural 8ize ; win& an<* tail *•
taper gently from base to tip. It is a small group, nearly con-
fined to the warmer portions of America, comprising only two
or three genera, the leading one of which is the —

Genus MYIADESTES, Sw.,

which was established by Mr. William Swainson, in 1838, in his
arrangement of the Flycatchers, a work forming part of Sir
William Jardine's " Naturalists' Library ". It consists of ten or
twelve species, only one of which occurs within our limits, the
others being more southerly. In addition to the characters just
noted, it may be observed that the species of Myiadestes agree
in their rather uniform dark or dull coloration, variegated with
brighter tints on the wings. They form part of an interesting

44 CHARACTERS OF MYIADESTES TOWNSENDI

and somewhat isolated group, having no very intimate rela-
tions with the other birds of our country, inhabiting woodland
and shrubbery, feeding on insects and berries, and capable of
musical expression in an exalted degree.

Townsend's Flycatching Thrush

Myiadestes townsemli

PtilOgonjS townsendl, And. OB. v. 1839, 206, pi. 419, f. Z.—Aud. Syn. 1839. 46.— Nutt. Mail.
2d ed. i. 1840, 361.

PtilOgonys tOWnsendii, And. BA. i. 1840, 243, pi. 69.— Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. i. 1843, 261
(California).— Gamb. Pr. Pbila. Acad. iii. 1847, 157 (California).— Heerm. Journ. Phila.
Acad. ii. 1853, 262.— Woodh. Sitgreave'sRep. 1853, 76.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1855,
308 (New Mexico).

PtiliOgonys tOWnsendii, Gamb. Joura. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 40.—Newb. PRRR. vi. 1857, 82.

Culicivora townsendl, DeKay, N. Y. Zool. ii. 1844, 110.

MyiadeStCS tOWnsendii, Cab. Arch. f. Nat. 1847 (i), 208.— Baird, BNA. 1858, 321.— Henry, Pr.
Phila? Acad. xi. 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— Kenn. PRRR. x. 1859, 25.— Heerm. PKRR. x.
1859, 38.— Xantus, Pr. Phila, Acad. xi. 1859, 191 (California).— Hayd. Tr. Am. Philos.
Soc. xii. 1862, 162.— Lord, Pr. Roy. Arty. Inst. iv. 1864, 116.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad.
xviii. 1866, 72 (Arizona).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1866, 429, fig.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 34.—
Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 134, figs.— Stev. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 464.—
Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 176.— Coues, Key, 1872, 117, f. 57.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 93.

MyiadeSteS tOWnsendi, Sd. PZS. 1857, 5.— Scl. PZS. 1858, 97.— Coues, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Ari-
zona).— Aiken, Pr. Bo*t. Soc. xv. 1872, 198 (Colorado).— B. B. f?R. BNA. i. 1874, 406, pi.
18, figs. 3, 4.—Henshaw, Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid. 231 (in presw).

MyladCStes Obscurus, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 336 (in part ; includes townsendl). (Not of Lafr.)

Townsend's Ptilogonys, And. i. c.
Townsend's Flycatching Thrush, Coues, 1. c.
Townsend's Solitaire, B. B. 4- R. l. c.

HAB.— Western United States, from the easternmost foothills of the Rocky
Mountains to the Pacific and British Columbia. No£ known to penetrate
any distance into Mexico, where replaced by other species.

CH. SP. — $ 9 JSordide cinereus, infra dilutior, gula crissoque
albicantibus; alls nigricantibus, fulvo bisignatis; cauda nigricante,
rectrice extima albo-limbata, rectrice proxima albo-terminata; orbi-
tis alb is; rostro pedibusque nigris.

$ 9 .—General color dull brownish-ash, paler below, bleaching on the
throat, lower belly, and crissum. Wings blackish, the inner secondaries
edged and tipped with white, nearly all the quills extensively tawny or ful-
vous at the base, and several of the intermediate ones again edged exter-
nally toward their ends with the same color. In the closed wing, the basal
tawny shows upon the outside as an oblique spot in the recess between the
greater coverts and the bastard quills, separated by an oblique bar of black-
ish from the second tawny patch on the outer webs of the quills near their
ends. Tail like the wings (the middle pair of feathers more nearly like the
back) ; the outer feather edged and broadly tipped, the next one more nar-

HABITS OF TOWNSEND'S FLYCATCHING THRUSH 45

rowly tipped, with white. A white ring around the eye. Bill and feet black.
Eye brown. Length, about 8 inches; wing and tail about equal, 4-4^; the
latter forked centrally, graduated laterally ; bill, | ; tarsus, £ ; middle toe
and claw rather more.

Young :— Speckled at first, like a very young Thrush. Each feather with a
triangular or rounded spot of dull ochraceous or tawny, edged with blackish.

AMONG the birds of our Western country, Townsend's
Thrush is almost the only one of general distribution
which I have never been able to study in its native haunts.
Until very lately, the Dipper was another which had always
given ine the slip; but, during the summer of 1874, 1 added that
sprightly and vivacious ornament of the mountain-torrent to
the list of my personal friends, and in good time, perhaps, I
shall come to know the Flycatching Thrush as well. In pen-
ning an account of this stranger for the " Birds of the North-
west7', I could only state that I had found it rather rare, in sum-
mer, in the upper portions of Arizona, and gather from my cor-
respondents, or from the published records of other observers,
some items of its life-history. I would refer to this article,
however, as a fair epitome of what was then known, and,
avoiding repetition, can now supplement it with some further
particulars, the principal of which relate to the nidification of
the species.

None of the earlier observers appear to have ever found the
nest of this bird ; and to this day the eggs remain unknown.
A few years ago, however, Mr. Ridgway discovered a nest, an
account of whiclj was communicated to Dr. Brewer, and pub-
lished in substance in the work above quoted. The original
notice, as prepared and printed (but up to the date of present
writing, February 8, 1876, remaining unpublished), I am able
to quote through the kindness of the writer, who has placed at
my service the proof-sheets of his report on the birds observed
during the Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel by Clarence
King: —

" In July, 1867, we found a nest of this species in a deep
ravine on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, at an alti-
tude of about 5,000 feet. This nest was placed in a cavity of
the rocks forming the perpendicular upper bank of a sluice,
constructed for mining purposes, and through which ran the
water of a considerable mountain-stream. The nest, which was
about a foot above the water, was nearly as bulky as that of the
Brown Thrasher (Harporliynclms rufus), and similarly con-

46 HABITS OF TOWNSEND'S FLYCATCHING THRUSH

structed ; it contained four young. When we approached it,
the female was much excited, flying before us or running upon
the ground in the manner of a thrush, a species of which she
was at first thought to be, from her entirely thrush-like man-
ners and appearance. Even afterward, and until the species
was identified by obtaining specimens, we were led into this
delusion, its gliding, noiseless flight, and graceful running upon
the ground being so perfectly thrush-like."

This curious fact, which would never have been anticipated,
of the nesting of the bird in the rifts of rocks, is corroborated
by the later observations of Mr. Henshaw, whose article, as pre-
pared for the zoological volume of the Reports upon Explora-
tions West of the One Hundredth Meridian — a work which will
doubtless issue from the press during the present year — is to the
following effect: — During a week's stay in June, at the base of
Baldy Peak, in Colorado, he frequently saw this bird in the pine
forests, and as high up on the mountain sides as 10,000 feet ;
its summer range doubtless extends up to timber line. Its
habits, as far as he noticed them, are singularly like those of the
Bluebirds. Besides a loud, liquid call note, the male has a
beautiful warbling song, which somewhat resembles that of
the Purple Finch, but far excels it in power, sweetness and
modulation. Though he searched carefully for the nest, he cnly
succeeded in satisfying himself that the bird breeds in the crev-
ices of rocks. Its preference for such localities during the sum-
mer, with the evident solicitude manifested on more than one
occasion, left little doubt in his mind on this point.

The birds are quite common (Mr. Heushaw continues), in the
fall, in Eastern Arizona and Western New Mexico. Having
reared their young, they appear to forsake the pine woods,
which constitute their summer abode, and are seen lower down,
on the hillsides covered with pinons and cedars. Their food at
this season appears to consist almost exclusively of berries,
particularly of the pinons and cedars, and the crops of many
examined contained little else save a few insects. Though
in summer a bird of retiring and unsocial habits — never
more than a single pair being found in one locality — in the fall
they are to a considerable extent gregarious, associating usually
in small companies of from five to ten. At the Old Crater,
forty miles south of Zuni, they had congregated in very large
numbers about a spring of fresh water, the only supply for many
miles around ; and hundreds were to be seen sitting on the

CHARACTERS OF THE MIMING 47

bare volcanic rocks, apparently too timid to venture down and
slake their thirst while we were camped near by. Their song
is occasionally heard even in November and December, and is
very sweet, but not so full and varied as during the vernal
season.

The sociable disposition which Townsend's Thrush manifests
during the winter, contrasting with those traits it shows at
other seasons so conspicuously that it has acquired the soubri-
quet of u Solitaire ", is also attested by Mr. J. K. Lord, from
observations made at Colville during November, when the
leaves had fallen, snow covered the ground, and the cold was
intense. His attention was attracted by the sound of singing,
unusual at that inclement season ; and he soon discovered a
score of these brave little birds perched upon the sprays of some
thorn-bushes, and was reminded, by their low, sweet notes, of
the Song Thrush of Europe. Commend me to the rare bird
that sings in winter, whose pipe, yet limpid when the rivers
cease to flow, is tuned to sounds harmonious amid the discord
of the elements, in earnest of more genial times to come !

SUBFAMILY MIMING : MOCKING THRUSHES

CHARS. — There is little to be added to the comparative diag-
nosis of this group already given (p. 5). The tarsi are scutellate
anteriorly, with seven scales (rarely obsolete, as sometimes oc-
curs in Galeoscoptes). The wings are short and rounded — usually
shorter than the tail, the feathers of which are graduated in
length. There are bristles about the base of the bill, but the
feathers themselves are soft. The bill is extremely variable in
length and shape ; sometimes it is much shorter than the head,
and as straight as that of a typical Thrush, but in other cases
it equals or exceeds the head in length, and is bent like a bow.
The members of this group have been sofnetimes classed with
the Wrens, to which they bear a strong resemblance in many
respects. They are peculiar to America, and abound in species
in the warmer parts of this hemisphere. In its broader features,
the economy of these birds is much the same as that of the true
Thrushes. They are insectivorous, but also feed on various soft
fruits. They inhabit shrubbery rather than high- open wood-
land, and as a rule keep nearer the ground, some of the species
being decidedly terrestrial, as indicated by their large strong
feet. Their nidification is inartistic ; the stout bulky nests are

48 CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS OROSCOPTES

placed in bushes ; the eggs are three to six in number, usually
speckled (the Catbird furnishes an exception to this last state-
ment). In this group, the vocal powers are carried to the highest
known degree, some of the species being able to imitate not
only the notes of other animals, but various sounds which are
mere noises, without' musical quality.

There are three Xorth American genera of this subfamily, all
of which are represented in the Colorado Basin. Although the
generic characters are not very strongly marked (all the species
used to be placed in the single genus Mimm), tangible differ-
ences will be observed on comparing the diagnoses given.

Genus OROSCOPTES Baird

CHARS. — Wings and tail of equal lengths, the former more
pointed than in the other genera of Mimince, with the first quill
not half as long as the second, which is between the sixth and
seventh ; the third, fourth, and fifth about equal to each other,
and forming the point of the wing. Tail nearly even, its
feathers being but slightly graduated. Tarsus longer than the
middle toe and claw, anteriorly distinctly scutellate. Bill much
shorter than the head, not curved, with obsolete notch near
the end. Eictal bristles well developed, the longest reaching
beyond the nostrils.

0. montanus is the type and only known species of this genus.

Mountain Mockingbird

Oroscoptes montanus

OrphCUS montanus, Orn. Comm. Journ. Pbila. Acad. vii. 1837, 193 (Columbia River).— Aud.

Syn. 1839, 89.— Aud. BA. ii, 1841, 194, pi. 139.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1655, 310

(New Mexico).

Turd us montanus, Aud. OB.fr. 1838, 437, pi. 369, f. 1.
TurdUS (Orpheus) montanus, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153.
Mimus montanus, £p.C.&GL. 1838, 17.— Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 114 (California).—

Gamb. Journ. Phila. Acad. i, 1847, 42.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 276.— McCall, Pr. Phila. Acad.

V. 1851, 216 (Texas).— Woodh. Expl. Zuni River, 1853, 73.—Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859,44.
OroSCOpteS montanus, Ed. BNA. 1858, 347.— Cones, Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii, 1866, 65 (Arizona).
Oreoscoptes montanus, Scl. PZS. 1859, 340 (critical).— Henry, Pr. Pbila. Acad. xi. 1859,

107 (New Mexico).— Bd. Ives' Rep. Expl. Colorado, pt. v. 1861, Q.—Hayd. Tr. Am. Phil.

Soc. xii. 1862, 163 (Black Hills).— Bd. Rev. AB.1864, 42.- Dress. Ibis, 1865, 482 (Texas) —

Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 149 (Laredo, Tex.).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 73.—

Coop. Pr. Gala. Acad. 1870, 75 (Colorado River).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 13.— Stev. U. S.

Geol. Surv. for 1870, 1871, 464.— Hold. Pr. Bost. Soc. 1872, 194 (Black Hills).— All. Bull.

MCZ. iii. 1872, 174.- Coues, Key, 1872, 74.—Merr. U 8. Geol. Surv. for 1872, 1873, 670,

705,712,713.— Ridg. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 179.— Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 17.— Allen,

DESCRIPTION OF OROSCOPTES MONTANUS 49

Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 97 (Yellowstone River).— Cones, BSW. 1674, 7, 228.— B. B. ffR.
NAB. i. 1874, 31, fig. pi. 3, f. G.—Yarr. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1S74, 34.— Yarr. <V Hensh. Rep.
Orn. Specs. 1874, G.— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 40, 71, 97.— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875,
150.*— Nelson, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 339,349, 35L>, 355 (California, Nevada, Utah).
Mountain Mockingbird ; Sage Thrasher, rulg.

HAB.— United States, from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific ; eastward
to the Black Hills and Fort Laramie. Texas and Lower California.

CH. SP. — 3 9 Griseo-cinerens; infra alMduSjf nsco-maculalus ;
alls caudaqiie fuscis, lllis albo-bifasciatis et Umbalis, hac albo-
terminatd ; rostra peclibusque nigricantibm.

$ £ , in summer : Above, grayish or brownish ash. the feathers with obso-
letely darker centres. Below, whitish, more or less tinged with pale buffy-
brown, everywhere marked with triangular dusky spots, largest and most
crowded across the breast, small and sparse, sometimes wanting, on the
throat, lower belly, and crissum. Wings fuscous, with much whitish edging
on all the quills, and two white bauds formed by the tips of the greater and
median coverts. Tail like the wings : the outer feather edged and broadly
tipped, and all the rest, excepting usually the middle pair, tipped with white
in decreasing amount. Bill and feet black or blackish, the former often with
pale base. Length, about 8 inches ; wing and tail, each 4 or rather less (not
nearly 5, as given by Baird and copied in my " Key") ; tarsus, \\ ; bill, |.

Young : Dull brownish above, conspicuously streaked with dusky ; the
markings below streaky and diffuse.

Specimens differ little with sex or season, or with age after the first
streaked stage is passed. The individual variation consists in the purer or
more brownish ash of the upper parts, and especially in the shade of the
under parts, which ranges from whitish to a decided browuish-ciunamon
cast, and in the amount of spotting. Ordinarily, the lower belly and vent,
and sometimes the throat, are immaculate, but the whole under surface is
sometimes pretty uniformly covered. The brownish shade is usually strong-
est on the breast, flanks, and crissum. The newly-grown quills and tail-
feathers are darker than the old ones, and have more white edging. The
wing-coverts are sometimes edged as well as tipped with white.

THIS interesting species resembles a Mockingbird — espe-
cially a young one, before the spots on tbe under parts are
lost — in many respects, but differs altogether in the quality of
its song, and shares much of the ground-loving nature of a

*Sincc these references to Messrs. Yarrow and Henshaw's writings (which are important in
the present connection) may not be generally understood, it should be stated that " Rep. Orn.
Specs." refers to a pamphlet (8vo, pp. 148) published at the office of the United States Geograph-
ical and Geological Explorations and Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, under auspices
of the Engineer Department of the United States Army, relating to the collections made by
the gentlemen named in 1871, 1872, 1673, containing five separate papers, one of which is an
' ' Annotated List of the Birds of Utah ", republished from Ann. Lye. N. H. New York, xi, 1874 ;
and that "List B. Ariz." refers to a paper by Mr. Henshaw in Appendix LL of Annual Report
of Chief of Engineers of the United States Army for 1875 ; the pagination being given accord-
ing to the separately-printed pamphlet edition of this Appendix (8vo, pp. 196). These papers
are full of interesting field-notes, and bear directly upon the subject in hand.
4 B C

50 MIGRATION, ETC., OF THE MOUNTAIN MOCKINGBIRD

Thrasher. It was one of the birds discovered by Mr. J. K.
Townsend, who, with his some time companion Nuttall, explored
the region of the Columbia, bringing many ornithological novel-
ties to light. aSTuttall speaks of its pleasant song, which he says
resembles that of the Thrasher, and ascribes to it powers of
imitation ; but as his statement of such ability has not been
since corroborated, we are left to infer that it possesses nothing
beyond the flexible modulation of the voice for which all its
tribe are famous. He discovered a nest, situated in a worm-
wood-bush, containing four eggs. The original accounts of the
species constituted the sum of our information respecting it
for many years, until the general opening-up of almost untrod-
den wastes put other eager and curious observers upon its track.
From what we have learned, it would appear to have been mis-
named the Mountain Mockingbird, since, as has been intimated,
its repertoire is not remarkably extensive, while its favorite
haunts are the arid and desolate sage plains of the great cen-
tral plateau. We are now pretty well acquainted with its
geographical distribution, though more precise knowledge of
its movements would be acceptable. It is migratory, like most
of its tribe, but only within a limited area. It is known to be
resident in Texas, where my friend H. E. Dresser, of London,
observed it at San Antonio and Eagle Pass in winter and sum-
mer, and where he procured the eggs. He found it, like others,
in brushy plains, and noticed its terrestrial habits. As well as
I can judge from the accounts to which I have referred for in-
formation— having nothing original to present upon the subject —
the bird offers one of the many instances of what I should call
" migration at will", if I dared to propose a sort of paradoxical
term. That is to say : out of the sum-total of individuals com-
posing the species, congregated in their winter haunts, a cer-
tain percentage elects to go north in the spring, dropping loi-
terers by the way, while the rest breed where they wintered.
In this manner, the species spreads latitudinally until the limit
of its dispersion, which cannot be far from the northern bound-
ary of the United States, is reached, and may be found nesting
anywhere within the area it inhabits. In the fall the return
movement is accomplished, and the species is then withdrawn
into its comparatively narrow winter quarters, the limits of
which I believe remain to be ascertained. This kind of optional
or elective migration, witnessed in many other cases besides
the present one, contrasts with the regular migration perforce

HABITS OF THE MOUNTAIN MOCKINGBIRD 51

of those other species, all the individuals of which are mysteri-
ously impelled to journey toward the pole, and settle for the
summer in areas perhaps more contracted than their winter
homes.

For the general habits of this species I shall presently quote
Mr. Ridgway, who has made good use of the favorable oppor-
tunities he enjoyed ; but- will first describe the eggs, which I
have examined in the [National Museum at Washington. The
clutch usually numbers four, measuring from 0.94 to 1.03 in
length, and from 0.69 to 0.75 in breadth (inches and decimals).
The ground-color is light greenish-blue ; this is heavily marked
with burnt-umber or olive-brown spots, and a few others of
neutral tint. The pattern is generally bold and sharp, but in
some cases finer and more diffuse, when the numberless speck-
les and dots give an effect similar to that of some styles of
Mockingbirds' eggs.

Instead of collating the fragmentary notices of writers who
have recorded their transient impressions or isolated observa-
tions, I shall conclude the history of the Mountain Mocking-
bird with an extract from the author last mentioned. [Noting
that it inhabits sage-plains, especially of the '-Great Basin",
and suggesting the name " Sage Thrasher " as more appro-
priate than " Mountain Mockingbird", Mr. Kidgway goes on to
say, in his note-book now lying before me: —

" Carson City, Nevada, March 24, 18G8. — To-day we saw the
Sage Thrasher for the first time this spring, and heard its song.
The sage-brush was full of the birds, and many were singing
beautifully when the evening shades were lengthened by the
sinking of the sun behind the Sierras. Owing to the earliness
of the season, the song was uttered in a subdued tone, and its
full merits could not be appreciated. The bird was generally
seen sitting in an upright position upon a sage bush, but when
approached would dive — apparently into the bush, though close
examination failed to reveal its hiding-place ; often, however,
we again heard it sweetly warbling, perhaps a hundred yards
away in the direction from which we had come. This con-
cealed, circuitous flight is characteristic of the species.

u April 2.— Rained throughout the night; this morning the
air is fresh and balmy ; clouds are lowering about the bases of
the mountains, concealing them from view. The air is vocal
with the music of the spring birds, singing with vigor and
joyousness. The Meadow Larks are singing throughout the

5*2 SONG AND NEST OF THE MOUNTAIN MOCKINGBIRD

sage-brush, and with their rich notes are heard the sweet \varb-
lings of Oroscoptes montanus. To-day we heard this song in all
its loveliness. Although weaker than that of either the Brown
Thrasher or the Catbird, it is more varied and longer sustained
as well as superior in sweetness and delicacy of tone. The
song has, in modulation or style, a great resemblance to the
soft tender warbling of th3 Ruby-crowned Kinglet, although
it is stronger, of course, in proportion to the size of the bird.

"April 9. — The. Sage Thrasher is now one of the most com-
mon birds in this vicinity. To day a great many were noticed
among the brush-heaps in the city cemetery. Its manners dur-
ing the pairing season are peculiar. The males, as they flew
before us, were observed to keep up a peculiar tremor or flutter-
ing of the wings, warbling as they flew, and upon alighting
(generally upon the fence or a bush), raised the wings over the
back, with elbows together, quivering with joy as they sang.

"April 23. — Although we saw tbese birds everywhere among
the sage-brush, their nests were found only with great diffi-
culty. In the cemetery, the sage bushes had all been pulled
up and thrown in piles in different parts of the inclosure, and
upon these the birds were most frequently seen. On one occa-
sion, a female was observed to fly into one of these brush-heaps,
with a bunch of building material in her mouth ; but it was
only by taking off bush after bush that the nest was discov-
ered; this, though unfinished, contained one egg, and, in its
construction and situation, resembled some of the nests of the
jChrasher, though less bulky. The bushes were carefully re-
rplaced, and the nest left undisturbed. In walking through the
;sage-brush on the open commons, several more nests were
found, in similar situations, being placed in the thickest por-
tion of the bushes, generally about two feet from the ground,
but occasionally imbedded in the ground beneath them. They
were all well concealed. At one time, while blowing some eggs,
the parent birds came near us, running gracefully upon the
ground in the manner of a Eobin, stretching their necks, curi-
ous to see what we were doing, and watching our movements
with an anxious look, but uttering no note whatever.

" The only note of this species, besides its song, is simply a
weak '-tuck1, seldom uttered unless the young are disturbed;
except during the pairing and nesting seasons, it is one of the
.most silent birds with which I am acquainted. In September
I saw it feeding upon the ' service-berries,7 which grew abund-
antly in certain localities at the foot of the mountains."

MIMUS— SYNONYMY OF M. POLYGLOTTUS 53

Genus MIMUS Boie

CHARS. — Bill inucli shorter than the head, scarcely curved
as a whole, but with gently curved commissure, notched
near the end. Kictal vibrissre well developed. Tail rather
longer than the wings, rounded, the lateral feathers being con-
siderably graduated. Wings rounded. Tarsal scutella some-
times obsolete. Tarsi longer than the middle toe and claw.

Of this genus, there are two well marked sections, represented
by the Mockingbird and Catbird respective^. These may be
most conveniently distinguished by color: —

Mimus. — Above ashy-brown, below white; lateral tail-
feathers and bases of primaries white. (Tarsal scutella always
distinct.)

Galeoscoptes. — Blackish-ash, scarcely paler below; crown and
tail black, unvaried; crissum rufous. (Tarsal scutella some-
times obsolete.)

The mockingbird

Mimas polyglottiis

TlirdUS polyglottos, L. SN. i. 10th ed. 1758, 169, no. 7 (based on Sloane, ii. 306, pi. 256, f. 3 ;
Gates, i. 27 ; Kalm, ii. 335) ; 12th ed. 1766, 293, no. 10 (includes other spp. or vars.).—
Bp. Journ. Pbila. Acad. iv. 1824, 32 (critical).— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 74.

TltrdUS pOlyglottUS, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 612.— Lath. IO. i. 1790, 339.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 493.—
Wile. AO.ii. 1810, 14, pi. 10, f. l.-Fox, Newc. Mus. 1827, 150.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831,
410.— Aud. OB. i. 1831, 108, pi. Zl.—NvM. Man. i. 1832, 320.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839,
300 (rare).— //ay?«. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 289.— Gosse, Alabama, 1859, 47.—Gieb.
V6g. 1860, 37, f. 85.

MsiUUS POlyglottUS, Boie, Lug, 1826, 972.— Bp. C. & GL. 1838, It.—Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad.
iii. 1846, 114 (California).— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 276.— McCall, Pr. Phila. Acad. v. 1851, 216
(Texas).— Burnett, Pr.Bost. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 309 (Wis-
consin).— Reed, Pr. Phila. Aead. vi. 1853, 398 (Ohio).— Woodh. Expl. Zuni R. 1853, 72.—
Kennie. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 582 (Illinois).— Lungersh. J. f. O. 1856, 69 (in
captivity).— Scl. PZS. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).— Maxim. J. f. O. vi. 1858, 179.— Bd. BNA.
1858, 344.— Scl. PZS. 1859, 340 (critical).— -Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106 (New
Mexico).— Baird, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 303.— Kenn. PRRR. x. 1859, 25.— Heerm.
PRRR. x. 1859, 44.— Wheat, Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 365, no. 115 (Ohio).— Barn.
Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436 (Pennsylvania).— Cones SfPrent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861,
1862,410 (Washington; rare).— Scl. Cat. AB. 1862, S.— Tayl. Ibis, 1862, 128 (Florida).—
Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 48.— Mien, Pr. Essex Inst. iv. 1864, 67 (Massachusetts— northern'
limit).— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missouri).— Bry. Pr. Bost, Soc. ix. 1865,
372.— Coues, Ibis, 1865, 159 (New Mexico).— Dress. Ibis, 1865, 481 (Texas).— Coues, Pr.
Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 65 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.).— Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866,
282 (New York).— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 107 (South Carolina, resident).— Butch.
Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 149 (Laredo, Tex.).— Coues, Pr. Essex Inst. v. 1868, 267 (New
England).— Allen, Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1868, 523 (Indiana).— Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i.
1869, 543 (Vera Cruz ; Gulf coast up to plateau, breeding at Orizaba).— Turnb. B. E. Pa.
1869,22; Phila. ed. 15.— Steams, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 282.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 21.—
Mayn, Nat. Guide, 1870, 92 (Massachusetts).— All. Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 259 (Florida,

54 DESCRIPTION OF THE MOCKINGBIRD

wintering).— Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xxiii. 1871, 19 (North Carolina).— Parker, Am. Nat.
v. 1871, 168.— Boardm. Am. Nat. v. 1871, 121.— Grayson, Pr. Boat. Soc. xiv. 1872, 277
(Tres Marias Islands).— Mayn. B. Fla. 1872, 16.— Coues, Key, 1872, 74, f. 16 — Allen, Bull.
MCZ. iii. 1872, 134 (Kansas).— Purdie, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 693.— Ooues, BNW. 1874, 8.—
Merr. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 7, 8, 86.— Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 17.— B. B. <V R. NAB. i.

1874, 49, fig. pi. iii. f. 4.—Hensk. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 97.— Brew. Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii.

1875, 438 (New England).— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 151.

Orpheus pOlyfflOttUS, Sw. Zool. Journ. iii. 1827, 167.— And. Syn. 1839, 87.— And. BA.ii.1841,

187, pi. 138.— Denny, PZS. 1847, 38.—Gerhardt, Naum. iii. 1853, 37 (song).— Wailes, Rep.

Mississippi, 1854, 319.— Pratten, Tr. III. Agric. Soc. 1855, 601 (Illinois). —Henry, Pr

Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 310 (New Mexico).

Merinus polyglottus, Baird, Ives' Rep. Colorado, pt. vi. 1861, 5 (lapsu).
Orpheus leucopterus, Vig. Zool. Voy. Bloss. 1839, 18.
Mimus leucopterus, Baird, Stansbury's Rep. GSL. 1852, 328.
Orpheus polygothus, Putn. Pr. Essex last. i. 1856, 224 (lapsu).
Mimus CanadatUS, Baird, BNA. 1858, 345 (err. for "caudatus").
Mimus caudatus, Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 191 (California).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869,

186.— Coop. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1870. 75.
MiniUS pOlyglOttUS -car. caudatUS, Coues, Ibis, 1865, 533 (Arizona). — Eidg. Bull. Essex lust.

v. 1873, 179 (Colorado).

Oreoscoptes montanus!, Coues, ibis. 1865, 164 (lapsu).
Mimic Thrush, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 333, no. 194 and 194 B (young).
Mockingbird, Vulg.
Merle moqueur, French.

SpottYOgel, German.

HAB. — United States, southerly, from Atlantic to Pacific. North regu-
larly to the Middle States, sometimes to Massachusetts and Wisconsin.
Northerly portions of Mexico. Cuba ?

CH. SP. $ 2 Griseus, infra sordlde albm ; alls fuscis spat to
alba, cauddfusco alboque dimidiatd, rostro pedibusque nigris.

$ , adult : Upper parts ashy-gray, the lower parts soiled white. Wings
blackish-brown, the primaries, with the exception of the first, marked with
a large white space at the base, restricted on the outer quills usually to half
or less of these feathers, but occupying nearly all of the inner quills. The
shorter white spaces show as a conspicuous spot when the wing is closed,
the longer inner ones being hidden by the secondaries. The coverts are also
tipped and sometimes edged with white ; and there may be much edging or
tipping, or both, of the quills themselves. Outer tail-feathers white ; next
two pair white, except on the outer web ; next pair usually white toward
the end, and the rest sometimes tipped with white. Bill and feet black, the
former often pale at the base below; soles dull yellowish. Length about 10
inches, but rangingfrom9i to 11; extent about 14 (13 to 15) ; wing, 4-4^; tail,
4f-5 ; bill, f ; tarsus, 1£.

9 , adult : Similar to the male, but the colors less clear and pure ; above
rather brownish than grayish ash, below sometimes quite brownish-white,
at least on the breast. Tail and wings with less white than as above de-
scribed for the male. But the gradation in these features is by impercepti-
ble degrees, so that there is no infallible color-mark of sex. In general, the
clearer and purer are the colors, and the more white there is on the wings
and tail, the more likely is the bird to be a male and prove a good singer. The
female is also smaller than the male on an average, being generally under

DISTRIBUTION OF THE MOCKINGBIRD

55

and rarely over 10 inches in length, with extent of wings usually less than
14, the wing little if any over 4, the tail about 4|.

Young : Above decidedly brown, and below speckled with dusky.

There is comparatively little variation in this species except in size. A
tendency is seen in specimens from the southwestern parts of the United
States to elongation of the tail, this member averaging about 5 inches, and
sometimes measuring rather more.

FIG. 6.— The Mockingbird.

•

IT is unnecessary to give an extended account of this famous
bird, to which full justice has already been done in several
treatises which the reader will instantly call to mind; and should
he be desirous of looking up the subject, the citations given at
the head of this article — representing a small portion of the
literature devoted to the Mockingbird — may help him somewhat.
The bird is common in suitable situations in the Colorado
Basin, and especially so in the lower and warmer portions.
Its general range is indicated in a foregoing paragraph. I
have refrained from citing the various West India islands
which are occupied by subspecies or varieties of the Mocking-
bird distinguished by some very modern authors. The North.
American representative is almost confined to this country,
though it also occurs in portions of Mexico, as Colima, Mira-
dor, Orizaba, and Mazatlan, as well as the Tres Marias Islands,
and perhaps in Cuba. It winters in the Southern States in

56 SYNONYMY OF MIMUS CAROLINENSIS

great numbers — on tlie Atlantic side at least as far as South
Carolina, where I have observed it at all seasons. In the
spring, a small proportion of the whole number of individuals
migrate " at will ", commonly reaching the Middle States and
corresponding latitudes further west. The northernmost
records generally quoted fix the limit in Massachusetts ; but
Dr. Brewer speaks of a single individual seen near Calais,
Me., by Mr. George A. Boardman. Another record from an
extreme point, given by Dr. P. R. Hoy, is above quoted;
the extension of the bird to Wisconsin, as there indicated, has
been commonly overlooked. Other States in which the bird is
known to have occurred are New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Missouri, Iowa, and Kansas. The parallel of 40° X. has been
named as its usual or normal limit.

The Catbird

Mimus (Galeoscopies) caroliueiisis

MllSCicapa carolinCBSiS, L. SN. i. 1766, 328, no. 18 (based on Briss. ii. 365 and Gates, i. 66).—
Bodd. TabL PE. 1783, 42 (PE. 676).— Gw. SN. i. 1788, 946, no. 18 (" Camtschatcje "
&.c.).—Latk. IO. ii. 1790, 483, no. 64.— Tun. SN. i. 1806, 581.

Tnrdns CarolinensiS, Licht. "Verz. 1823, 33"; "Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1830,2"; J. f. O.
1853, 57.— D'Orb. Ois Cuba, 1839, 51.— Manger, Zool. Gart. viii. 1867, 191 (in captivity).

Orpheus CarolinensiS, A ud. Syn. 1839, 88.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 195, pi. 140.— Piitn. Pr. Ess.
Inst. i. 1856, 209.— Bland, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 287 (Bermudas). — Martens, J. f.
O. 1859, 213 (Bermudas).— Jones, Nat. Bermuda, 1859, 27.

MillJUS CarolinensiS, Gray.—Scl. PZS. 1856, 294 (Cordova).— Kneel. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857,
234.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 346.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. I860, 307 (Cuba).— Barn. Smiths.
Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Gundl. J. f. O. 1861, 324 (Cuba).— Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix.
1862, 126 (Maine).— Blak. Ibis, iv. 1862, 5 (Saskatchewan).— Tayl. Ibis, 1862, 128.— Verr.
Proc. Essex Inst, iii. 1862, 148.— Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 163 (Missouri
to Rocky Mountains).— Blak. Ibis, 1863, 66 (British America).— Lord, Pr. Roy. Arty.
Inst. Woolwich, iv. 1864, 117 (east of Cascade Mountains).— McJlwr. Pr. Essex Inst. v.
1866, 87 (Canada West).— Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1867, 69 (Inagua).— Ooues, Pr. Essex
Inst. v. 1868, 267.— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 22; Phila. ed. 15.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869,
73, 295 (Coeur d'Alefie Mountains).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xxiii. 1871, 19.— Coues, Key,
1872, 74.— Mayn. B. Fla. 1872, 19.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 174 (Kansas, Colorado,
Utah).— Trippe. Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 236 (lowa).-PeZ:. Ibis, 3d ser. iii. 1873, 25.—
Comstock, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 76.- Packard, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 271.— Allen, Pr. Bost.
Soc. 1874, 49 (Dakota).— Co ues, BNW. 1874, 8.— Trippe, ibid. 228 (Colorado;.

Himius CarolinensiS, Clifford, Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. v. 1865, 925 (habits).

Galeoscoptes carolinensis, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 82 (type).— Gundl. J. f. O. 1855, 470 (Cuba).—
S. fyS. Ibis, i. 1859, 7 (Guatemala).— Scl. PZS. 1859, 336 (critical), 362 (Xalapa).— Gundl.
J. f. O. 1861, 406 (Cuba).— Scl. Cat. AB. 1862, 6.— Allen, Pr. Essex Inst. iv. 1864, 63.—
Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 54.— Gundl. Report. 1865, 230 (Cuba).— Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. ix.
1865, 372.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 282.— S. ff S. PZS. 1867, 278 (Mosquito
Coast).— Co ues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 107.—Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 544 (Vera
Cruz).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix, 1869, 204 (Yucatan).— Coop.'B. Cal. i. 1870, 23.— S. tf
S. PZS. 1870, 838 (Honduras).- Stev. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870,1871, 464.— Gundl.
J. f. O. 1872, 407 (Cuba).— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 220.-J/err. U. S. Geol. Surv.

DESCRIPTION OF^ THE CATBIRD 57

Terr, for 1872, 1873, 670, 705, 713 (far west).— Ridg. Bull. Essex Inst. v. 1873, 179 (Colo-
rado).— Ridg. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 201, 550 ; viii. 1874, 198.— Mcrr. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 7.—
B. B. 6f R. NAB. i. 1874, 52, fig. pi. 3. f. 5.—Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 40, 56, 71 (Utah,
&c.).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 438.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Mericl. 1876, 152.

Caleoscoptcs carolinensis, s. <v S. PZS. 1859, 370 (Oaxaca).

Felivox carolinensis, Bp. CR. 1853.

Lucar carolinensis, Coues Pr. Phila. Acad. 1875, 349 (comment, on Bartram).

Lucar li Virtus, Bartr. Trav. Fla. Amer. ed. 1791, p. 290bis.

Tnrdns lividllS, Wils. AO. ii. 1810, 90, pi. 14, f. 3 (after Bartram). —Bp.
Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 36 (critical).— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 410.—
Gaetke, J. f. O. 1856, 71 (Heligoland!).— Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii.
1856, 289.

Orpheus lividus, Bias. Ibis, iv. 1862, 66 (Heligoland).

TurdUS feliVOX, Vieill.OAS. ii. 1807, 10, pi. 67.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv.
1824, 3tf.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N.Y. ii. 1826, 75.—Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839,
302.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 78, tig.— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858,
1859, 281 (Nova Scotia).

OrpheUS fell VOX, Sw. £ 7ttcA.FBA.ii. 1831, 192.— Prattcn, Tr. Illinois Agr.
Soc. 1855, 601.

MiniUS feliVOX, Bp. C.& GL. 1838, 18.— Bp. CA. i. 1850,276.— Burnett, Pr.
Bost. Soe. iv. 1851, 116.— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 398.— Hoy,
Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 309 (Wisconsin).— Kennic. Tr. 111. Agr. Soc.
i. 1855, 582.— Maxim. J. f. O. vi. 1858, 180.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864,
1865, 437 (Missouri).

Cat Flycatcher, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 388, no. 272.

Merle a derriere roux, D'Orb.l.c. .

Zorzal gato, Cuban. FIG. 7.— Foot of

Merle Catbird ; Chat, Le Maine, Oi<. Canad. 1861, 167. Catbird, nat. size.

Catbird, Vulg.

HAB. — Nearly all the United States, and adjoining British Provinces. North
to the Red and Saskatchewan Rivers (latitude 54°). West to Washington,
Oregon, Wyoming, and Utah. South in winter to Panama. Mexico. Cuba.
Resident in the Southern States. Breeds throughout its range in North
America.

CH. SP. $ 2 Sehistaceo-plumbeus, subtus dilutior ; vertice}caudd,
rostro pedibusque nigris, alls nigricantibus, crisso castaneo.

$ $: Slaty-gray, paler and more grayish-plumbeous below ; crown of head,
tail, bill and feet black. Quills of the wing blackish, edged with the
body-color. Under tail-coverts rich dark chestnut or mahogany-color.
Length, 8^-9; ex tent, 11 or more; wing, 3£-3f ; tail, 4; bill, f; tarsus, 1-1^.

Young : Of a more sooty color above, with little or no distinction of a
black cap, and comparatively paler below, where the color has a soiled
brownish cast. Crissum dull rufous.

The outer edge and tip of the lateral tail-feather is sometimes decidedly
paler than the rest, indicating the space occupied by the white in Oroscoptes.

IT is not easy to account for the vulgar prejudice against this
bird. The contempt he inspires cannot be entirely due to
familiarity; for other members of the household, like the Eobin,
Bluebird, and Swallow, do not come under the ban. If his
harsh, abrupt, and discordant note were the cause, the croaking

58 SOME OF THE CATBIRD'S TRAITS

Crow and chattering Blackbird would share the same disgrace.
Yet the fact remains that the Catbird is almost always re-
garded unfavorably, not so much for what he does, perhaps,
as for what he is, or is not. To eyes polite, he seems to be " off
color''; in the best society, he is looked upon as un pen compromise
There must be a reason for this — the world is too busy to in-
vent reasons for things— for there never was a popular verdict
without roots in some fact or principle. It is instinctive : the
school-boy despises a Catbird just as naturally as he stones a
frog ; and when he thinks a thing is mean, no argument will
convince him to the contrary.

For myself, I think the boys are right. Like many of the
lower animals, they are quick to detect certain qualities, and
apt to like or dislike unwittingly, yet with good reason. The
matter with the Catbird is that he is thoroughly common-place.
There is a dead level of bird-life, as there is of humanity ; and
mediocrity is simply despicable — hopeless and helpless, and
never more so than when it indulges aspirations. Yet it wears
well, and is a useful thing ; there must be a standard of meas-
ure, and a foil is often extremely convenient. The Catbird has
certainly a good deal to contend with. His name has a flip-
pant sound, without agreeable suggestiveness. His voice is
vehement without strength, unpleasant in its explosive quality.
His dress is positively ridiculous — who could hope to rise in
life wearing a pepper-and-salt jacket, a black velvet skull-cap,
and a large red patch on the seat of his pantaloons ? Add to
all this the possession of some very plebeian tastes, like those
which in another case render beer-gardens, circuses, and street-
shows things possible, and you will readily perceive that a hero
cannot be made out of a Catbird.

But to be common-place is merely to strike the balance of a
great number of positive qualities, no single one of which is to
be overlooked. It is accomplished by a sort of algebraic proc-
ess, in which all the terms of an equation are brought to-
gether on one side, which then equals zero. There is said to
be a great deal of human nature in mankind, and I am sure
there is as much bird-nature in the feathered tribe. There is
as much life in the kitchen as in the parlor : it is only a mat-
ter of a flight of stairs between them. We who happen to be
above know none too much of what goes on below — much
less, I suspect, than the basse-cour often learns of the salon and
the boudoir. I sometimes fancy that the Catbird knows us

UNSCIENTIFIC NOTIONS OF THE CATBIRD 59

better than we do him. He is at least a civilized bird, if he
does haug by the eyelids on good society; if he is denied the
front door, the area is open to him: he may peep in at the
basement window, and see the way up the back stairs. His
eyes and ears are open ; his wits are sharp ; what he knows,
he knows, and will tell if he chooses. His domesticity is large ;
he likes us well enough to stay with us, yet he keeps his eye
on us. His is the prose of daily life, with all its petty concerns,
as read by the lower classes ; the poetry we are left to discover.
Explain him as we may, the Catbird is inseparable from
home and homely things; he reflects, as he is reflected in,
domestic life. The associations, it is true, are of an humble
sort; but they are just as strong as those which link us with
the trusty Eobin, the social Swallow, the delicious Bluebird, or
the elegant Oriole. Let it be the humble country-home of toil,
or the luxurious mansion where wealth is lavished on the gar-
den— in either case, the Catbird claims the rights of squatter
sovereignty. He flirts saucily across the well-worn path that
leads to the well, and sips the water that collects in the shallow
depression upon the flag-stone. Down in the tangle of the moist
dell, where stands the spring-house, with its cool, crisp atmos-
phere, redolent of buttery savor, where the trickling water is
perpetual, he loiters at ease, and from the heart of the green-
brier makes bold advances to the milkmaid who brings the
brimming bowls. In the pasture beyond, he waits for the boy
who comes whistling after the cows, and follows him home by
the blackberry road that lies along the zigzag fence, challeng-
ing the carelessly thrown stone he has learned to dodge with
ease. He joins the berrying parties fresh from school, soliciting
a game of hide-and-seek, and laughs at the mishaps that never
fail when children try the brier patch. Along the hedge row,
he glides with short easy flights to gain the evergreen coppice
that shades a corner of the lawn, where he pauses to watch the
old gardener trimming the boxwood, or rolling the gravel
walk, or making the flower bed, wondering why some people
will take so much trouble when everything is nice enough
already. Ever restless and inquisitive, he makes for the well-
known arbor, to see what may be going on there. What he
discovers is certainly none of his business: the rustic seat is
occupied ; the old, old play is in rehearsal; and at sight of the
blushing cheeks that respond to passionate words, the very
roses on the trellis hang their envious heads. This spectacle

60 ROMANCE OF A POOR OLD CATBIRD

tickles bis fancy ; always ripe for mischief, lie startles tbe loving
pair with his quick, shrill cry, like a burlesque of the kiss just
heard, and enjoys their little consternation. "It is only a Cat-
bird", they say reassuringly — but there are times when the
slightest jar is a shock, and pledges that hang in a trembling
balance may never be redeemed.

u Only a Catbird "meanwhile remembers business of his own,
and is off. The practical question of dining recurs. He means
to dine sumptuously, and so, like the French philosopher, place
himself beyond the reach of fate. But nature, in the month
of May, is full of combustible material, and the very atmosphere
is quick to carry the torch that was kindled in the arbor where
the lovers sat. His fate meets him in the only shape that
could so far restrain masculine instincts as to postpone a dinner.
The rest is soon told— rather it would be, could the secrets of
the impenetrable dark-green mass of Smilax whither the pair
betake themselves be revealed. The next we see of the bird,
he is perched on the topmost spray of yonder pear tree, with
quivering wings, brimful of song. He is inspired; for a time
at least he is lifted above the common-place ; his kinship with
the prince of song, with the Mockingbird himself, is vindicated.
He has discovered the source of the poetry of every-day life.

Genus HARPORHYNCHTJS Cabanis

CHARS. — Bill of indeterminate size and shape, ranging from
one extreme, in which it is straight and shorter than tbe head,
to the other, in which it exceeds the head in length and is bent
like a bow (see figs, of the several species, beyond). Feet large
and strong, indicating terrestrial habits; the tarsus strongly
scutellate anteriorly, about equaling or slightly exceeding in
length the middle toe with its claw. Wings and tail rounded,
the latter decidedly longer than the former. Rictus with well-
developed bristles.

Viewing only the extremes of shape of the bill, as witnessed
in JT. rufus and such species as H. redivivus or H. crissalis, it
would not seem consistent with the minute subdivisions which
now obtain in ornithology to place all the species in one genus;
and two eminent European ornithologists have already pro-
posed to separate them. But the gradation of form is so gentle
that it seems impossible to dismember the group without vio-

ON THE GENUS HARPORHYNCHUS 61

lence. The arcuation of the bill proceeds pari passu with its
elongation : the shortest bills being the straightest, and con-
versely. There is also a curious correlation of color with shape
of bill 5 the short-billed species being the most richly colored
and heavily spotted, while the bow-billed ones are very plain,
sometimes with no spots whatever on the under parts.

The genus is specially interesting in the present connection,
since it reaches its highest development in the Colorado Basin,
where nearly all the known species occur, some of them in
abundance ; while several of them are entirely confined, so far
as we now know, to this region. As much can be said of no
other genus. Harporliynclms is, in fact, the leading feature of
the Colorado avifauna, whether we consider the relative num-
ber of species there represented, or the extremely local distribu-
tion of some of them. The fringilline genus Pipilo offers much
the same case ; and there is a further singular parallelism be-
tween the two. Both are represented, in the United States at
large, by a single species, heavily and even richly colored in
comparison with the pale dull shades of the numerous species
or races of the Coloradan region: in both cases, there are
species restricted to this Basin; in both, rounded wings shorter
than the graduated tail, large strong feet, and terrestrial habits
are conspicuous features in comparison with their respective
allies. The parallel might even be pushed to the length of
recognizing individual species of one genus as representatives
of those of the other. Pipilo aberti is the counterpart of R.
crissalis, and several others are almost as clearly analogous.

Brown Thrasher

Harporliynclms rufus

TardilS rufllS, L. SN. i. ICth ed. 1758, 169, no. 6 ; 12th ed. 1766, 293, no. 9 (Gates, i. 28).—
Gm. SN. i. 1788, 812, no. 9.— Lath. IO. i. 1790, 338, no. 44.— Ttirt. SN. i. 1806, 493.—
Vieill. OAS. ii. 1807, 4, pi. 59.— Wils. AO.ii. 1810, 83, pi. 14.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv.
1824, 33.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 75.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 408.— Peab. Rep. Orn.
Mass. 1839, 300.— And. OB. ii. 1834, 102; v. 1839, 441, pi. 116.-Ger/«. Nanm. iii. 1653,
37.—Thomps. Vermont, 1853, IQ.—Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 288.— Gatke, J. f. O.
1856, 71 (Heligoland).— Gatke, Naum. 1858, 424 (same).— Gosse, Alabama, 1859, 54, 295.

Orpheus rilfllS, 5. «V#. FBA. ii. 1831, 189— ATM«. Man. i. 1832, 328.— And. Syn. 1839, 8S.—Aud.
BA. iii. 1841, 9, pi. Ul.— Wailes, Rep. Mississip. 1854, 319.— Pratt.cn, Tr. Illinois Agric.
Soc. 1855, 601.— Putn. Pr. Essex Inst. i. 1856, 209.— Trippe, Pr. Essex Inst. vi. 1871,
115 (Minnesota).

' Orphea rufa, Goui-J, rzs. 1834, 15.

62 SYNONYMY OF HARPORHYNCHUS RUFUS

Mimus rufllS, Gray.— Bp. C. & GL. 1838, 18.— Burnett, Pr. Bost. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— Woodh.

Rep. Expl. Zuni, 1853, 73.— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 398.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad.

vi. 1853, 309 (Wisconsin).— Kennie. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 582.— Maxim. J. f. O. vi.

1858, 180.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 437.— Turnb. B. E. Pa.1869, 22 ; Phila. ed. 15.
TCXOStoma rilfuni, Cab. Arch. f. Nat. 1847, Bl. i. W7.—Bp. CA. i. 1850, 277.- Bias. Ibis, iv.

1862, 66 (Heligoland).

ToXO&toma rufa, Bruhin, Zool. Gart. 1871, 15.
HarporhynchUS rufUS, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 8-2.-Bd. BNA. 1858, 353.— Scl. PZS. 1859, 340.-.S't7.

Cat. AB. 1861, 8.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Coues fy Prent. Smiths. Rep.

for 1861, 1862, 410.— Hayd. Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. xii. 1862, 163.— Verr. Proc. Essex Inst, iii.

1862, 148.— Blah. Ibis, iv. 1862, 5 (Saskatchewan).— Tayl. Ibis, iv. 1862, 128.— Blak. Ibis,

v. 1863,67 (Fort Carl ton ).— Allen, Pr. Essex Inst, iv. 1864, 68.— Bd. RAB. 1864, 44.—

Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 282.— Mcllwr. Pr. Essex Inst. v. 1866, 87 (Canada

West).— Coues, Pr. Essex Inst, v. 1868, 267.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 107.— Coop.

Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 296 (Upper Missouri).— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 508.— Allen, Am.

Nat. vi. 1872, 266.— Coues, Key, 1872, 75.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 173. -Mayn. B.

Fla. 1872, %\.—Ridg. Am. Na't, vii. 1873, 550.— Coues, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 32G, f. 65.—

Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 236.— Merriam, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, l.—Ridg. Am. Nat.

viii. 1874, 198.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 9 (seep. 229).— Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 49

(Dakota).— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 57 (Colorado).— B.B. ff R. NAB. i. 1874, 37, pi.

3, f. I.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 438.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 154

(Rocky Mountains of Colorado) .

FIG. 8.— Head of Frown Thrasher, nat. size.

A ntiniimus rilfus, Sundev. Meth. Av. Disp. Tent. 1872, 13 (type\

Harporbynchus rufus var. longicaufia, Bd. BXA. 1858, 353 (in text).— Ridgw. Bull. Essex

Inst. v. 1873, 179 (Colorado).

Harporbynchus longicauda, Stev. u. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 464.
Ferruginous Thrush, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 333, no. 195.
Fox-coloured Mock-bird, -s. ffK 1. c.
Ferruginous Mocking-bird, Aud. 1. c.
Grive rousse, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 171.
Thrasher, Brown Thrush, Brown Thrasher, Sandy MockingbirJ, French Mockingbird,

Vulg.

[Some quotations of the subspecies H. LOXGIROSTKIS I happen to have at hand are :— Or-
pheus longirostris, Lafr. RZ. 1838, 55 ; MZ. 1839, pi. l.— Toxostoma longirostre, Cab. Arch. f.
Naturg. 1847, Bd. i. 207.—Toxostoma longirostris, Bp. CA. i. 1850, Til.—Mimus longirostris, Bd.
Rep. Expl. GSL. 1852, 328 —Scl. PZS. 1856, 294 (Cordova).— Harporlynchus longirostris,

CHARACTERS OF HARPORHYNCHUS RUFUS 6£

Cab. MH. i. 1830, 81.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 352; ed. of 1860, 352, pi. 52.— Bd. U. S. Hex. B. Surv.
ii. pt. ii. 1859, Birds, 13, pi. 14.— Set PZS. 1859, 339 (critical) ; 1859, 362 (Xalapa) ; 1864, 172
(City of Mexico) ; Cat. AB. 1861, 8.— Bd. RAB. 1864, 44.— Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 149
(Laredo, Te-s..).—Harporhytichus rufus var. longirostris, Coucs, Key, 1872, 75.— B. B. <$• R.
NAB. i. 1874, 39, pi. 3, f. 2.— HAB.— Valley of the Rio Grande and southward.]

HAB. — United States, and adjoining belt of British America; north to
Canada, Lake Winnipeg and the Saskatchewan ; west into the mountains
of Colorado and Wyoming. 'Breeds throughout its range. Winters in the
Southern States. No extralimital American quotations. Accidental in
Europe (Heligoland, Gatke] see above).

CH. SP. — a. RUFUS. $ $ Supra ferruginous, alls albo-bifas-
ciatis; infra ex rufo albidus; pectore lateribusque macuUs brunneis
guttato-lineatis; gonyde recto; mandibuld ad basin flavescente.

$ 9 : Upper parts uniform rich rust-red, with a bronzy lustre. Concealed
portions of quills fuscous. Greater and median wing-coverts blackish near
the end, then conspicuously tipped with white. Bastard quills like the
coverts. Tail like the back, the lateral feathers with paler ends. Under parts
white, more or less strongly tinged, especially on the breast, flanks, and cris-
sum, with tawny or pale cinnamon-brown, the breast and sides marked with
a profusion of well-defined spots of dark brown, oval in front, becoming
more linear posteriorly. Throat is immaculate, bordered with a necklace
of spots; the middle of the belly and under tail-coverts likewise unspotted.
Bill black, with yellow base of the lower mandible ; feet pale ; iris yellow.
Length, about 11 inches; extent, 12^ to 14 ; wing, 3f-4£; tail, 5 or more;
bill, 1 ; tarsus, 1.25.

b. LONGIROSTRIS. — PrcBcedenti similis; supra rufo-brunneus,
alis albo-bifasciatis; infra albus, pectore lateribusque maculis ni-
gricantibus guttato-lineatis; gonyde incur vato.

Similar in general to H. rufus ; upper parts reddish-brown, instead of rich
foxy-red ; under parts white, with little if any tawny tinge, the spots larger
very numerous, and blackish instead of brown. The wing shows dusky and
white bars across the ends of the median and greater coverts, as in rufus,
but the ends of the rectrices are scarcely or not lighter than the rest of these
feathers. The bill is almost entirely dark-colored.

Besides these points of coloration, which are readily appreciable, there is
a decided difference in the shape of the bill. In H. nifus, the bill is quite
straight, and only just about an inch long; the gonys is straight, and
makes an angle with the slightly concave lower outline of the maiidibular
rarni. In H. longirostris, the bill is rather over an inch long, and some-
what curved ; the outline of the gonys is a little concave, making with the
ram us one continuous curve from base to tip of the bill.

AS in the case of the Mockingbird, I shall have but a word
to say respecting the Brown Thrash or Thrasher, whose
biography has already been several. times written, before tak-

64 SYNONYMY OF HARPORHYNCIIUS CURVIROSTRIS

ing up the other species of the genus, which are far better rep-
resented in the Colorado Basin. It is scarcely, in fact, an in-
habitant of this region at all, only reaching, as far as we now
know, the extreme northeastern portion, where it has been
found, by Mr. J. A. Allen, in the mountains of Colorado Ter-
ritory, up to an altitude of 7,500 feet. The foregoing para-
graph indicates its general range, in every part of which it ap-
pears to nestle with equal readiness, while it passes the winter
in the southerly portions. Very singularly, the only extralim-
ital records I possess of this species refer to its occurrence, not
near our boundaries, as would be expected, but in Europe. It
has been found in Heligoland, that wonderful little island in the
North Sea, where the ornithology of the four quarters of the
world seems to come to a focus. To epitomize some other
points in its history, I may say that it is a delightful songster,
like all its tribe ; inhabits brushwood and shrubbery, spending
much of its time on the ground, scratching for food with all the
persistency of a Towhee ; feeds on insects and berries ; nests,
according to locality, from March to June, in brushes, vines, or
brier-patches; builds a bulky structure of twigs, weed-stalks,
withered leaves, bark-strips, and fibrous roots, and lays from
four to six eggs, about an inch long by four-fifths broad, white
or greenish-white, marked with innumerable reddish-brown
dots, usually more numerous at or around the larger end.

Curve-billed Thrasher

Harporliyiielms cnrvirostris i>a3iiaeri

a. curvirostris.

OrpheilS Clirvirostris, SID. Philos. Mag. iii. 1827, 363 (Eastern Mexico). —McCtill, Pr. Phila.

Acad. iv. 1848, 63 (Matamoras).
Mimus curvirostris, Gray, G. of B.

Toxostoma curvirostris, Bp. CA. i. 1S50, 277.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. 1850, 223 (Texas).—
Bd. Stansbury's Rep. GSL. 1852, 329.

Toxostoma Clirvirostre, Scl. PZS. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).

Harporliynchus cnrvirostris, Cab. MIL i. 1850, Sl.—Bd. BNA. 1858, 351 ; ed. of 1860, 351, pi.
51.— Bd. U. S. Mex. B. Surv. ii. pt. ii, 1859, Birds, 12, pi. 13.— Scl. PZS. 1859, 339 (critical);
1859, 370 (Oaxaca).— .Bd. RAB. i. 1864, 45.— Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 18G5, 432 (Texas).—
Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 149 (Laredo, Tex.).— Cones, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 328
(critical).— B. B. $ R. NAB. i. 1874, 41, pi. 3, f. 3 ("adjacent regions of United States
and Mexico, southward", &c.).

Pomatorhinus turAlnu$,Temm. re. 41 1.

Toxostoma vetula, rr^.igis,i83i, 528.

[NOTE.— Some of the foregoing United States references actually or virtually include palmeri.]

CHARACTERS OF H. CURVIROSTRIS AND VAR. 65

b. palmer i.
Harporliynrhus onrvlrostrls, Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, Parke's Route, 11 (Arizona.— Heer-

inaim's specimen, No. 8128, Mus. Smiths., afterward became a type of var. palmeri).—

Cones, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 83 (Arizona).— Ooues, Key, 1872, 75.
Harporh) nclius Clirvlrostris var. palmeri, Ridgw. MSS.— Ooues, Key, 1872, 351.— tfowes,

Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 329, fig. 68.— Brewer, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvi. 1873, 108 (egg*).— B. B. 6f R.

NAB. i. 1874, 43 (Tucson, Ariz.).— Hensk. List B. Ariz. 1875, 154.— Hensh. Zool. Expl.

W. 100 Merid. 1876, 156 (Arizona).

HAB.— Of the typical form, from the valley of the Rio Grande along the
border of the United States, to Mazatlan, and southward in Mexico. Var.
palmeri has only been, found in Arizona.

CH. SP. a. CURVIROSTRIS. — Fusco-cinereuS) alis cauddque
fuscis; infra albidus, maculis rotundatis fusco-cinereis nebuloso-
notatus, hypochondriis crissoquv ochraceo-tinctis, alls albo bifasci-
atis, caudd albo-terminatd.

$ $ : Above, uniform brownish-gray (exactly the color of a Mockingbird,
M. polygloitiis), the wings and tail darker and purer brown. Below, dull
whitish, tinged with ochraceous, especially on the flanks and crissum, and
marked with rounded spots of the color of the back, most numerous and
blended on the breast. Throat quite white, immaculate, without maxillary
stripes; lower belly and crissum mostly free from spots. No decided mark-
ings on the side of the head. Ends of greater and median wiug-coverts
-white, forming two decided cross-bars; tail-feathers distinctly tipped with
white. Bill black ; feet dark-brown. Length of <£ , about 11 inches ; wing,
4i-4i ; tail, 4|-5 ; bill, H ; tarsus, 1£ ; middle toe and claw, 1£. $ averaging
rather smaller.

FIG. 9.— Head of Curve-billed Thrasher (var.); nat. size.

6. PALMERI. — Similis; fasciis alarum et apicibus rectricum
albis obsoletis; infra griseo-albidus, rufo-tinctuSj maculis fusco-
cinereis obsoletis; rostra graciliore.

Although the differences between this and the typical form are not very
easy to express, yet they are readily appreciable on comparison of specimens,
and fully warrant Mr. Ridg way's discrimination of a var. palmeri. The upper
parts are quite similar; but the under parts, instead of being whitish, with
decided spotting of the color of the back, are grayish, tinged with rusty,
especially behind, and the spotting is nebulous. The white on the ends of
wing-coverts and tail-feathers is reduced to a minimum or entirely suppressed.
The bill is slenderer and apparently more curved in all the specimens I
5 B C

66 HABITS OF THE CURVE-BILLED THRASHER

have seen. (In the figure, the bill is rather too stout). Average dimensions
of four specimens of both sexes : length, 10.75; wing, 4.33; tail, 5. 00; chord
of culmen, 1.12; tarsus, 1.25; middle toe and claw rather more.

This form was first indicated, in 1H58, by Professor Baird, who noted the
peculiarities of a specimen (No. 8128 of the National Museum) collected near
Tucson, Ariz., by Dr. A. L. Heermann, whose notice is above quoted. This
same specimen afterward became a type of Mr. Ridgway's var. palmerl, as
tirst published by me, from his MS., in the " Key ", p. 351 (1872).

THE habitat of the true Curve-billed Thrush is stated to
extend to the southern border of the United States. This
would bring it within the area the birds of which are treated
in the present volume ; but it will be understood that the re-
marks which follow, relate to the northern variety, which, so
far as we know, is peculiar to Arizona. It was discovered near
Tucson by Dr. Heermann, who Las left a short note of his
observations, and its peculiarities were first noted by Professor
Baird, although it was not named or formally described as dis-
tinct until 1872. In 1873, I gave a short account of tbe bird in
the "American Naturalist", as above quoted, accompanied by a
figure of the head (here reproduced, as are the others illustrating
the speciesof this genus), drawn from specimens sent to me while
I was in Dakota by Lieut. C. Beudire, United States Arm^. This
gentleman's memoranda accompanying the specimens indicated
that the habits of the bird are much the same as those of other
Thrashers ; and that it nests in cactus, mezquite, and other
low bushes, laying usually three eggs. Two sets of eggs which
he obtained were taken, one July 18, the other August 20.
They measure about 1.10 inches in length by 0.80 in breadth,
and are pale dull greenish- blue, speckled evenly and profusely
with reddish-brown dots.

Later observations, made by Mr. H. W. Henshaw in Arizona,
afford further insight into the life of this bird. He found it
common in the dreary desert region about Camp Lowell, where
it was associated with H. bendirii and H. crissalis, and easily
distinguished it during life by certain peculiarities of flight.
It frequented the edges of the mezquite thickets, hopping
lightly over the ground in search of insects. It flew rapidly,
keeping generally close to the ground, retreating when alarmed
from one thicket to another, and hiding in the dense brush.
Sometimes, when startled, it mounted to the tops of the inez-
quites with quick nervous movements and continual jetting
of the long tail, emitting meanwhile a succession of loud cluck-

CHARACTERS OF HARPORHYNCHUS BENDIRII 67

ing notes to indicate its anger or alarm. In its general dis-
position, it appeared wild and suspicious. Hundreds of the
nests were observed in the "cholla" cactuses j but at the time
(September 1 to 10) they were empty, and only one bird in nest-
ing-plumage was found. " Near a water-hole, some thirty miles
from Camp Lowell, where is found a meagre supply of the
precious fluid, which, from long standing, becomes so stagnant
and thick with mud that the thirsty animals which pass through,
though suffering terribly from the effects of many miles' weary
travel over the burning sands, often reject it, considerable
numbers of these Thrushes were noticed in the throngs of the
commoner kinds, as Sparrows and White-winged Blackbirds,
which resort here through the day to slake their thirst. The
brink of the pool was often crowded with hundreds of birds
brought thus together from common necessity! and forgetful of
aught else save the urgent need which impelled them to seek
that spot from great distances."

Arizona Thrasher

Harporhynchus b«ndirii

Harporh} nchilS bendirei, Ct»w, Am, Nat, vit. 1873, 330, f. 69.— David Scott, Am. Nat. vli.

1873, 565 (disallows the species, upon presumptive applicability of Darwinism). -B. B. if

R. NAB. iii. 1874, 500.

Harporhynchus bendiri, Brm. Pr. Bosk Soc. xvi. 1873, 108 (eggs redescribed).
Harporhynchus cinereus car. bendirei, Hensh. ListB. Ann. 1875, 154.
Hurporhj ncluis cinerems car. bendieri, Hensk. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid, 1876, 154 (critical).
Bendire's Thrush, Coues, 1. c.

HAB, — Arisona.

CH. sr. — $ 9 Rostro capite breviore, ad basin robusto, ad
apicem acuminate, gonyde subrecto; tarso digito medio cum un-
gue longiore. Fusco-cinereus, snbtus fusco-albidns, pectore macu-
Us fmcls acutis, lateribus crissoque rufescentibus; strigis max-
illaribus nullis.

$ ? ; Bill shorter than head, comparatively stout at base, very acute at tip,
the culmen quite convex, the gonys however only just appreciably concave.
Tarsus a little longer than the middle toe and claw. Third and fourth pri-
maries about equal and lougest, fifth and sixth successively slightly shorter,
second equal to seventh, first equal to penultimate secondary in the
closed wing. Entire upper parts, including upper surfaces of wings and
tail, uniform dull pale grayish-brown, with narrow, faintly rusty edgings
of the wing-coverts and inner quills, and equally obscure whitish tipping of
the tail-feathers. No maxillary nor auricular streaks ; no markings about
the head except slight speckling on the cheeks. Under parts brownish-

68 CHARACTERS OF HARPORHYNCHUS BENDIRII

white, palest (nearly white) on the belly and throat, more decidedly rusty-
brownish on the sides, flanks, and crissum, the breast alone marked with
numerous small arrow-head spots of the color of the back. Bill light colored
at base below. $ : Length, about 9£; wing, 4 j tail, 4J ; bill (chord of cul-
men), •£; along gape, 1£; tarsus, 1£ ; middle toe and claw, 1£. $ rather
smaller ; wing, 3f , &c.

This species is allied to, and in some respects intermediate between, H.
curvirostris palmeri and H. cinereus ; its closest relationships being decidedly
with the latter, though the appearance of the under parts is altogether dif-
ferent. It is distinguished from palmeri in being much smaller, with a much

FIG. 10.— Head of Arizona Thrasher, nat. size.

shorter and differently shaped bill, different proportions of tarsus and toes,
and obviously different coloration (compare measurements and description).
It comes much nearer H. cinereus, in spite of some decided differences both
of form and color. In the latter, the bill, though of nearly the same length,
is more curved; the tarsus is not longer than the middle toe and claw ; the
third-sixth quills of the wing are about equal and longest, the second
being about equal to the eighth ; while the under parts are as distinctly and
heavily spotted as those of H. rufus itself. The two are of about the same
size, and in the coloration of the upper parts are much alike. While fully
recognizing fthe close relationships of H. bendirli to H. cinereus — in fact, hav-
ing insisted upon them from the outset, when it was assumed that the bird
was nearer palmeri — I am not prepared to assent to Mr. Henshaw's
reduction of the species to a variety of cinereus. I recognize the conscien-
tious care with which he has made his comparisons, and regret that I can-
not agree with conclusions so drawn, unlike those of Mr. D. Scott, which
rest upon hasty speculation.

The synonymy and characters of H. cinereus,* with a figure of the head,
are given in the subjoined note, to facilitate comparison.

* HARPORHYNCHUS CINEREUS. — Saint Lucas Thrasher.

llarporhynchllS Cinereus, Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 298 (Cape Saint Lucag).— Baird,
Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 303 (the same).— Scl. Cat. AB. 1861, 8.— Bd. RAB. 1864, 46.—
Elliot, BNA. pi. 1.— Coop, B. Cal. i. 1870, 19.-^-Ooues, Key, 1872, 75.— Cones, Am. Nat.
vii. 1873, 327, 331, f. 70.— B. B. (f R. NAB. i. 1874, 40, pi. 4, f. 2.

HAB. — Lower California.

CH. SP. — $ $ Fusco-cinereus, infra albus, maculis parvis, distinctis, fuscis;
alis cauddque fuscis, illis albo-bifasciatis, hac albo-terminatd.
^ ^ : Upper parts uniform ashy-brown, the wings and tail similar but

CHARACTERS OF HARPORHYNCHUS CINEREUS 69

THE history of this bird is short, if not also in keeping
with the rest of the familiar quotation. That it should
have been overlooked by all the earlier explorers in Arizona
is probably a result of its extremely local distribution ; in
fact, it is only known to inhabit a very restricted area in South-
ern Arizona, in the vicinity of Tucson. It was discovered in
1872 by the zealous collector whose name it bears in recogni-
tion of the services he has rendered in developing the orni-
thology of the Southwest. In the spring of 1873, while at Fort
Randall, Dakota, I received specimens from Lieutenant Beii-

rather purer and darker brown, the former crossed with two white bars
formed by the tips of the coverts, the latter tipped with white. Below, dull
white, often tinged with rusty, especially behind, and thickly marked with
small, sharp, triangular spots of dark brown or blackish. These spots are
all perfectly distinct, and cover the lower parts excepting the throat, lower
belly, and crissum. Becoming smaller anteriorly, they run up each side of
the throat in a maxillary series bounding the immaculate area. The sides of
the head are finely speckled, and the auriculars streaked. The bill is black,
lightening at the base below, and little if any longer than that of H. rufus,
though decidedly curved. Length of $ about 10 inches; wing, 4 ; tail, 4J- ;
bill, 1£; tarsus, 1£; middle toe and claw, 1£. 9 averaging rather smaller.

FIG. 11. -Head of Saint Lucas Thrasher, nat. size.

Young: In a newly-fledged specimen, the upper parts are strongly tinged
with rusty-brown, and this color also edges the wings and tips the tail.

The striking resemblance of this species to the Mountain Mockingbird,
(Oroscoptes montanus) has been noted. The species is immediately distin-
guished from any others of the United States by the sharpness of the spot-
ting underneath, which equals that of H. rufus itself, the small and strictly
triangular character of the spots, together with the grayish-brown of the
upper parts, and inferior dimensions. The bill is shaped much as in curvi-
rostris and palmeri. H. ocellatus of Mexico is even more boldly marked
below, but the spots are la'rge, rounded, and black.

70 HABITS OP THE ARIZONA THRASHER

dire, who had already perceived that the bird differed in its
habits as well as in its physical characters from either of the
two species (crissalis and palmeri) with which he found it asso-
ciated. These were soon afterward described in the " Ameri-
can Naturalist", and the head figured to show the peculiar
shape of the bill.

The Arizona Thrasher appears to be less numerous than
either of its associates. The only additional specimens which
have come to hand since the types were received are three
taken at Camp Lowell by Mr. Henshaw. The bird is said to
differ notably in its nesting habits from the Curve-billed
Thrasher; the latter building almost always in cactuses, while
Bendire's nests in trees and bushes, preferably mezquite, some-
times thirty feet from the ground. A nest containing two
fresh eggs was found July 19, 1872. The eggs are readily
distinguishable from those of H. palmeri. They are simply
grayish- white, instead of light dull green, marked with
numerous spots and larger blotches or dashes of two shades
of reddish-brown, with other markings of lilac or lavender.
The markings tend to aggregate about the larger end, instead
of being evenly distributed over the whole surface. There is
comparatively little inequality in the contour of the two ends ;
the size is about 1.00 by 0.73. A specimen measured by me
was only 0.96 by 0.70 ; others, according to Dr. Brewer, were
1.10 by 0.75.

According to the observations recorded by its discoverer,
and also by Mr. Henshaw, the general habits of the species
are not peculiar in comparison with those of its congeners.

1 lima Thrasher

Harporhynchus redivivus lecontii

ToXOStoma lecontel, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. v. 1852, 121 (Fort Yuma).— Bd. Stansbury's

Rep. GSL. 1852, 329.
HarporhynchUS lecentei, Bp. " CR. xxviii. 1654, 57 ; Not. Delattre, 39."— Bd. BNA. 1858, 350 ;

ed. of 1860, 350, pi. 50 ; U. S. Mex. B. Surv. ii. pt. ii. 1859, Birds, 12, pi. 12.— Bd. RAB. 1864,

47.—Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 65 (near Fort Mojave, Ariz.).— Coop. Am. Nat, Hi. 1869,

188, 473.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 17.

Harpnrhynchus lecontii, Scl. PZS. 1859, 339 (critical).— Coues, Ibis, 2d ser. ii. 1866, 259.
Harporhynchus redivivus var. lecontii, Ooues, Key, 1872, 75.
Harporhynchus redivivus var. lecontel, Couei, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 328.— B. B. Sf R. NAB. i.

1874, 44, pi. 4, f. 3.—Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 154.

Le Conte's Thrasher, U. cc.
HAB.— Immediate valley of the Colorado and'Gila Rivers.

CHARACTERS OF H. RED1VIVUS AND VAR. 71

b. LECONTII. — Cinereus, alls cauddque concoloribus ; infra
dilutior, gula albidd, strigis maxillaribus fuscis, venire crissoque
sensim ochraceis.

This form, with the size and proportions substantially the same as those
of redivivus proper, differs very notably in the pallor of all the coloration,
being in fact a bleached desert race. Excepting the slight maxillary streaks,
there are no decided markings anywhere ; and the change from the pale
ash of the general under parts to the brownish-yellow of the lower belly
and crissuai is very gradual.

The characters of the typical form are subjoined for comparison.*

* HARPORHYNCHUS REDIVIVUS. — California 'ihrasher.

Ha^pesredivtva, Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. ii. 1845, 264 ; iii. 1846, 112 (California).

ToXOStomarediviva, Ganib. Journ. PLila. Acad. 2d ser. i. 1847. 42.— Bd. Stansbury'sRep. GSL.
1852, 328,—Heerm. Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 1853, 264.— Cass. 111. 1855, 260, pi. 42.— ?? Henry,
Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855 308 ("New Mexico ").

lOXOStoma rediviVlim, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 277.— Scl. PZS. 1857, 126 (California).

HarporhjnclHlS redivivus, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. 1848, Bd. i. 98.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 349.— Scl.
PZS. 1859, 339 (critical).— Xant.Pr. Phila. Acad.xi. 1859, 191 (California). —Bd. RAB. 1864,
48.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 188 ; iv. 1871, 757 ; viii. 1874, 17.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 15.—
Cones, Key, 1872, 75.— Coues, Am. Nat, vii. 1873, 327, f. 66.— B. B. if R. NAB. i. 1874,
45, pi. 4, f. 4.

HAB.— Coast region of California.

Flo. 12.— Head of California Thrasher ; nat. size.

CH. SP. — $ 9 Immaculatus, alls cauddque innotatis, rostro arcuato. Oli-
vaceo-fuscus, subtus dilutior', ventre crissoque rufescentibus, guld albd, lateribus
capitis fuscis, albo-striatis, rostro nigro.

$ : No spots anywhere ; the wings and tail without decided barring or
tipping. Bill as long as the head or longer, bow-shaped, black. Wings very
much shorter than the tail. Above, dark oily olive-brown, the wings and tail
similar, but rather purer brown. Below, a paler shade of the color of the
upper parts, with the belly and crissum strongly rusty-brown, the throat
definitely whitish in marked contrast, and not bordered by decided maxillary
streaks. Cheeks and auriculars blackish-brown, with sharp whitish shaft
streaks. Length of $ , 11£ ; wing, 4 or rather less ; tail, 5 or more ; bill (chord
of culmen), nearly or quite 1.50; tarsus as long as the bill ; middle toe and
claw about the same. $ similar, rather smaller.

72 CAPTURE OF THE YUMA THRASHER

LE COXTE'S Thrasher still bears off the palm for rarity,
even in competition with the newly-found H. bendirii.
Though it has been known for about a quarter of a century,
only three or four specimens have come to hand. The original
was taken at Fort Yuma, at the junction of the Gila with the
Colorado. Dr. J. G. Cooper states that he secured two near
Fort Mojave, along the route in the Colorado Valley to the San
Bernardino Mountains, where, however, he found them u rather
common" in thickets of low bushes. He discovered an empty
nest built in a yucca, like that of H. redivivus. In September,
1865, I had the pleasure of meeting with the bird myself, about
fifteen miles east of the Colorado River, at a point a little
above Fort Mojave, and I managed, not without difficulty, to
secure a single individual. It was in excellent plumage, and,
having been killed with a touch of fine shot and preserved with
special care, made a very fine specimen. We had come through
the "Union Pass" of a low range of mountains, or high line of
bluffs, which flank the eastern bank of the river, and were prepar-
ing to make a " dry camp "in a sterile, cactus-ridden plain, which
stretches across toward the broken ground where Beale's Springs
are situated, when, in the dusk of the evening, this singular
whitish-looking bird caught my eye. Though I was not at the
moment in an enthusiastic frame of mind respecting ornithology,
the sight was enough to arouse what little energy a hard day's
march had not knocked out of me, and I started on what came
near being a wild-goose chase after the coveted prize. It is
bad enough to play the jack-rabbit among Arizona cactuses in
broad daylight, and to be obliged to skip about in the uncer-
tain glimmering of evening is discouraging in the extreme.
My bird had the best of it for awhile, and seemed to enjoy the
sport, as it fluttered from one cactus bush to another, with the
desultory yet rapid flight that is so confusing, and makes one
hesitate to risk a poor shot, in momentary expectation of getting
a better chance. At length, it dived into the recesses of a large
yucca, where it stood motionless just one instant too loug. I
did not see it fall, and feared I had missed, till, on gaining the
spot, I found the body of the once sprightly and vivacious bird
hanging limp in a crevice of the thick fronds. As I smoothed
its disordered plumage, and strolled back to camp, I felt the
old-time glow which those who are in the secret know was not
entirely due to the exercise I had taken.

CHARACTERS OF HARPORHYNCHUS CRISSALIS 73

Crissal Thrasher

IlarporliynoIiiiH orissalis

Toxostoma crlssalis, Henry, Pr. Phila Acad. x. 1858, 117 (" New Mexico").

Hurporhynchus crissalis, Bd. BNA. 1858, 350; atlas, 1860, pi. 82.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad.
xi. 1859, 107.— Scl. PZS. 1859, 339 (critical).— Bd. RAB. 1864, 47.— Coues, Pr. Phila.
Acad. xviii. 1866, 65 (Arizona).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 473.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 18,
fig.— Coues, Key, 1872, 75.— Coues, Ain. Nat. vi. 1872, 370 (nest and eggs) ; vii. 1873,
328, f. 67.— Brew. Pr. Boat. Soc. xvi. 1873, 108 (egg).— B. B. ff R. NAB. i. 1874, 47, pi. 4,
f. 1.— Yarr. &• Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, Q.— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 40 (Saint
George, Utah), 97 ( Arizona). —Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 154.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W.
100 Merid. 1876, 158. ' ,

Harporrynchus crissales, Bd. Ives' Rep. Colo. R. pt. v. 1861, 6.

Red- vented Thrasher, B. B. tfR. l.c.

HAB. — Arizona, New Mexico, Southern Utah, and California in the Colo-
rado Valley.

CH. SP. — $ Immaculatus, alis cauddque innotatis, rostro
arcuato, gracillimo, nigro. Fusco-cinereus,' infra dilutior. guld
alba strigis maxillaribus nigris, crisso castaneo.

$ -Brownish-ash, with a faint olive shade, the wings and tail purer and
darker fuscous, without white edging or tipping. Below, a paler shade of
the color of the upper parts. Throat and side of the lower jaw white,
with sharp black maxillary streaks. Cheeks and auriculars speckled with
whitish. Under tail-coverts deep rich chestnut, in marked contrast
with the surrounding parts. Bill black, slenderer for its length than

FIG. 13.— Head of Crissal Thrasher ; nat. size.

that of any other species, as long as that of redivivus, arcuate. Length,
about 12 inches; wing, 4 or rather less; tail, about 6 (more or less,
thus absolutely longer than in any other species), its lateral feathers H
shorter than the central ones ; bill, H ; tarsus, 1£ ; middle toe and claw, 1£.
Belonging to the group of unspotted Thrashers, with very long arcuate
bills, this fine species is immediately distinguished by the abruptly chestnut
under tail-coverts, the contrast being fully as great as that seen in the Cat-
bird, Mimus carolinensis—in fact, the bird looks not very unlike a gigantic
faded-out Catbird. The sharp black maxillary streaks are also a strong
character. The bill is extremely slender, the tail at a maximum of length,
and the feet are notably smaller than those of H. redivivus.

74 HISTORY OF THE CRISSAL THRASHER

IT only remains to give some account of the Crissal Thrasher
to finish our notice of the interesting genus Harporhynchus.
I have never seen the bird alive ; but, to judge from the meagre
published records respecting it, its general habits are in no
wise peculiar, and may be passed over without further com-
ment. The species was not discovered until about 1858, when
a specimen obtained by himself near Mimbres was described
by Dr. T. C. Henry, of the Army — a zealous naturalist, whose
untimely recall from this world's duties cut short a career which
opened in full promise of usefulness and honor. Shortly after-
ward, in 1863, a second specimen was procured by Mr. H. B.
Mollhausen, while associated with Dr. O. B. K. Kennedy on
the natural history work of one of the Pacific Railroad surveys,
under command of Lieutenant Whipple; this was taken at Fort
Yuma. Quite recently, a specimen was taken by a different
person at Saint George, in Southern Utah, June 8, 1870. These
three extreme points give us the angles of a triangle by which
the distribution of the species, as far as present knowledge
goes, may be plotted. It will be observed that the range is a
little more extended than that of LeConte's, Bendire's, or
Palmer's Thrasher, with all three of which the Crissal Thrasher
is associated in portions of Arizona; and we are led to infer
that when the " topography" of the other three species is fully
determined, it will be found no less extensive. For there is
nothing peculiar in the economy or requirements of any one o/
the four in comparison with the rest.

Though the nidification of the Crissal Thrasher is substan-
tially the same as that of its associates just mentioned, its egg is
entirely different, and unique in the genus, as far as known, in
being whole-colored. It measures an inch and an eighth or a
seventh in length by a little over four-fifths of an inch in
breadth, and is of a rich emerald-green color, with a shade of
blue, entirely free from markings — at least, such is the case in
all the specimens which have been examined by naturalists.
The nest and eggs appear to have been first collected by the
person who found the bird at Saint George; though the
earliest published account of them was a short note which I
communicated to the u American Naturalist" in 1872, giving
the results of Lieutenant Beudire's observations respecting the
species, made at Tucson. According to Dr. Brewer, the Saint
George nest was an oblong flat structure, with very slight de-
pression, consisting of coarse sticks loosely put together, with

HISTORY OF THE CRISSAL THRASHER 75

an inner finishing of similar but finer material ; the outer por-
tion was a foot long by seven inches broad ; the inner nest was
circular, with a diameter of four and a half inches. The site of
this nest is not mentioned.

Duringthe latter partof March, 1872, Lieutenant Bendire took
no less than six nests in Southern Arizona. " The nest," he
writes, " is externally composed of dry sticks, some of which
are fully a quarter of an inch thick ; the lining consists exclu-
sively of dry rotten fibres of a species of wild hemp, or Ascle-
pias; in none of the nests did I find any roots, leaves or hair.
The inner diameter of the nest is about three inches, with a
depth of about two inches. None of the nests were more than
three feet from the ground. In two cases I found nests in a
dense bushy thicket of wild currant, twice again on willow
bushes, and in another instance in an ironwood bush. The
usual number of eggs, strange as it may appear, is only two ;
they are of an emerald green color, unspotted. The first set I
found, March 22d, contained small embryos; the third, next
day, was a single egg with a very large embryo; it was broken,
and must have been laid as early as March 10th. From the
number of nests taken it would appear that the bird is com-
mon, but such is by no means the case — I believe I have found
every nest of it on the Eillito. The Red- vented Thrush is very
shy, restless and quick in its movements, and hard to observe.
It appears to prefer damp shady localities near water-courses,
and confines itself principally to spots where the wild currant
is abundant. At present, March 27th, it appears to feed prin-
cipally on insects. Its flight is short — only long enough to en-
able the bird to reach the next clump of bushes. It seems to
have more frequent recourse to running than to flying, and
dives through the densest undergrowth with great ease and
rapidity."

CHAPTER II.— BLUEBIRDS

FAM. SAXICOLID^E

RECOGNITION of the family Saxicolidce is purely a conven-
tional matter, in which most ornithologists tacitly agree to
follow each other upon no better ground than that of precedent.
The characters of the only genus with which we have here to
do will be found beyond under head of Sialia, no definition of
the whole group being attempted — none being, perhaps, prac-
ticable. The limitation of the group fluctuates with different
authors, especially on the side next to Turdidce. As usually
constituted, it contains about a dozen genera and upward of a
hundred species, which agree in possessing 10 primaries, of

which the first is very short or
spurious, and booted tarsi. It
is essentially an Old World
group, represented in the west-
ern hemisphere only by the
characteristic American genus
Sialia, with three species, and
by a single species of the typi-
cal genus Saxicola, some of the

FIG. 14.-Details of structure of Saxicola. details Of the external form of

which are illustrated in fig. 14. This species, the well-known
Stone Chat or Wheatear of Europe, 8. cenanthe, occurs sparingly
in Greenland, along the North Atlantic coast of America, and
also in Alaska ; it is generally considered as simply a straggler
from the Old World, but it is apparently not rare in Labrador,
in which country there is reason to believe it breeds.

Genus SIALIA Swainson

CHARS. — Primaries 10, the 1st spurious and very short.
Wings pointed, the tip formed by the 2d, 3d, and 4th quills.
Tail much shorter than the wings, emarginate. Bill about half
as long as the head or less, straight, stout, wider than deep at

SAXICOLID.E — SIALIA SIALIS 77

the base, compressed beyond the nostrils, notched near the tip,
the culmen at first straight, then gently convex at the end, gonys
slightly convex and ascending, commissure slightly curved
throughout. Nostrils overhung and nearly concealed by the
projecting bristly feathers of the forehead. Lores and chin
likewise bristly. Gape ample, the rictus cleft to below the eyes,
furnished with a moderately developed set of bristles reaching
about opposite the nostrils. Feet short, though rather stout,
adapted exclusively for perching (in Saxicola, and o;her typical
genera, the structure of the feet indicates terrestrial habits).
Tarsi not longer than the middle toe. Lateral toes of unequal
lengths. Claws all strongly curved.

Blue is the principal color of this beautiful genus, which con-
tains three species, all of them occurring in the Colorado region.
They are strictly arboricole, frequent the skirts of woods, cop-
pices, waysides, and weedy fields ; nest differently from the
Thrushes, in holes, and lay whole-colored eggs ; readily become
semi-domesticated, like the Swallows, House Wren, and House
Sparrow; feed upon insects and berries j and have a melodious
warbling song. They are peculiar to America, and appear to
have no exact representatives in the other hemisphere.

Wilson's Bluebird

Sialia stalls

Motacilla SlaliS, Linn. SN. i. 1758, 187, no. 25 (ex Gates, et Edw.).— Linn. SN; i. 1766, 336,
no. 38.—Turt. SN. i. 1806, 610.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 416.

Motacilla sealis, Om. SN.i. 1788, 989, no. as.

Ficedttla Sails, Schae/er, Mus. Orn. 1789, 36, no. 122.

Sylvia Stalls, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 522, no 44.— V. OAS. ii. 1807, 40, pis. 101, 102, 103, — Wilt. AO.
i. 1808, 56, pi. 3, f.—.—Lickt. " Preis-Verz. Mex.Vog. 1830, 2"; J. f. 0.1863,57.—
Gerhardt, Naum. iii. 1853, 38.— Gosse, Alabama, 1859, 189.— Freyberg, Zool. Gart. xi.
1870, 191 (in captivity).

Sal I CO hi SiallS, Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 89.

AmpeltSSiallS, Nutt. Man.i. 1832, 444, fig.

Slalla Stalls, Haldeman, " Trego's Geog. of Penna. 1843, 77".— Bd. BNA. 1858, 222.— Barn.
Smithson. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 435.— Gund. 3. f. O. 1861, 324 (Cuba).— Ooues gf Prent.
Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 405.— Hayd. Tr. Am. Philos.Soc. xii. 1862, 159 (Upper Missouri
River).— Verr. Pr. Essex Inst, iii. 1862, 145.— Tayl. Ibis, iv. 1862, 128.— Gund. J. f. O.
1862, 177 (Cuba).— Boardm. Pr. Boat. Soc. ix. 1862, 124.— Allen, Pr. Essex Inst. iv. 1864,
58.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 62.— Dress. Ibis, i2*. 1865, 475 (Texas).— Mcllw. Pr. Essex lost.
v. 1866, 84 (Canada West).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 282.— Butch. Pr. Phila.
Acad. xx. 1868, 149 (Texas).— Coues, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 161.— Ooues, Pr. Essex Inst. v.
1868, 268.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, IW.—Haldeman, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 159 (claims
the name).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 32 (Montana).— Nauman, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 390.—
Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 22 ; Phila. ed. 15.— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 115 (Minnesota).—
Allen, Bnll. MCZ. ii. 1871, 260 ; iii. 1872, 174 (Kansas).— Holden, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872,

78 SYNONYMY AND CHARACTERS OF S. SIALIS

'l94 (Black Hills) Mayn. Pr. Boat. Soc. xiv. 1872, 358.— Scott, Pr. Host. Soc. xv. 1872,

221.— Wood, Am. Nat, vi. 1872, 173 (albino).— Mayn. B. Fla. 1872, 23.— Coues, Key, 1872,
76.— Ound. J. f. O. 1872, 409 (Cuba).— Purdie, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 693.— Trippe., Pr.
Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 234.— Ridg. Bull. EHSCX Inst. v. 1873, 179 (Colorado).— Merr. Am.
Nat. viii. 1874, S.—Ooues, BNW. 1874, 13.— Bd. Br. ff Ry. NAB. i. 1874, 62, fig. pi. 5,
f. 3.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvli. 1875, 438.

lUSClniasialis, Giebel, Vtigel, 1860, 44, fig. 94.

Scialia SCialis, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 202.

Sialia WilSOnil, "Sw. Zool. Journ. iii. 1827, 173 ".—Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 316.— Burnett,
Pr. Bost. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— Cabot, Naum. ii.Heft iii. 1852, 66.— Thomps. NH. Vermont,
1853, 85, &s.— Woodh. Sitgreave's Rep. 1853, 6S.—Hoy, Pr. Phila. Aoad. vi. 1853, 313.—
Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853. 399.— Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 583.— Prat-
few, TV. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 6Q3.—Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 290.— Bland,
Smithson. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 287 (Bermuda).— Willis, Smithson. Rep. for 1858, 1859,
212 (Nova Scotia).— Hoy, Smithson. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438.— [Ohittenden,] Am. Nat. v.
1871, 167.

Erythaca (Sialia) wilsonll, S. * R. FBA. n. 1831, 210.

Sialia Wilson!, Bp. C. & GL. 1838, 16.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 208.-- Sd. PZS. 1856. 293
(Cordova).— Kneel. Pr. Post. Soc. vi. 1857, 233.— Max. J. f. O. vi. 1858, 120.— Scl. PZS.
1858, 297 (Parada).— Scl. PZS. 1859, 362(Xalapa).-ScJ. PZS. 1859, 371 (Oaxaca).-S. gfS.
Ibis, i. 1859, 8 (Guatemala).— Martens, J. f . O. 1859, 213 (Bermuda).— Tayl. Ibis, ii. 1860,
110 (Honduras).— S. ff S. Ibis, ii. I860, 29 (Guatemala) —Owen, Ibhs, iii. 1861, 60 (Guate-
mala, breeding).

Sialia WllSOnia, Wailes, Rep. Mississippi, 1854, 319.

Sialia azurea, Sw. Philos. Mag. i. 1827, 369.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 62 (Mexico).— Sumich.
Mem. Bost. Soc. 1. 1869, 544 (Vera Cruz).

RubeCUla CarollnensiS, Briss. Orn. iii. 423.

Blue-bacfced Red-breast Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 398, no. 281.

Rouge-gorge bleue de la Caroline, Buff. " v. 212" ; PE. 390, f. i, 2,

Blaue Koth-Kehlein, Sckaeff. 1. c.

Blaue Sanger, Giebel, l. c.

Fauvette bleue et roussc Le Maine, 1. c.

Bluebird, Cates, Car. i. 47, pi. 47.

Blue Redbreast, Edv>. Birds, pi. 24.
Blue Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 446, no. 40.

Common Bluebird, Eastern Bluebird, Wilson's Bluebird, American Bluebird, Red-
breasted Bluebird, vuig.

HAD. — Eastern United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia. West to the bor-
ders of Montana and Wyoming (Milk River, Cooper ; Black Hills, Bolden) ;
and the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico. Bermudas. Cuba.
Mexico (with S. " azurea"). South to Guatemala. Breeds throughout its
range. Winters in the Southern States.

OH. SP. — $ Azurea, subius castanea} venire albo, rostro pedi-
busque nigris. $ Fusco-ccerulea, alls cauddque ccerulescentibus,
infra pallidt rufa, venire albo.

<?, in full plumage: Rich azure-blue (clear cobalt), the ends of the wing-
quills blackish ; throat, breast, and sides of the body deep chestnut ; belly
and crissum white or bluish-white. The blue extends around the head on
the sides and often fore part of the Chin, so that the chestnut is frequently
cut off from the bill. Length, 6£-7 ; extent, 12-13 ; wing, 3J-4 ; tail, 2£-3.

$ , in winter, fall, and in general when not full-plutnaged : Bine of the
upper parts interrupted by reddish-brown edging of the feathers, or obscured
by a general brownish wash. White of belly more extended ; tone of the
other under parts paler. In many eastern specimens, the reddish-brown
skirting of the feathers of the back blends into a decided dorsal patch ; and

DISTRIBUTION AND SONG OF THE BLUEBIRD 79

when this state, as sometimes happens, is accompanied by more than
ordinary extension of blue on the throat, they very closely resemble S. mexicana.

9, in full plumage: Blue of the upper parts mixed and obscured with
much dull reddish-brown, becoming bright and pure, however, on the rump,
tail, and wings. Under parts paler and more rusty-brown, with more
abdominal white than in the male. Little if any smaller than the male.

Young, newly fledged : Brown, becoming blue on the wings and tail, the
back sharply marked with shaft-lines of whitish. Nearly all the under parts
closely and uniformly freckled with white and brownish. A white ring
round the eye; inner secondaries edged with brown. From this stage, in
which the sexes are indistinguishable, to the perfectly adult condition, the
bird changes by insensible degrees.

In Mexican-bred specimens, the blue has a slight greenish shade, approach-
ing that of 5. arctica, and does oot ordinarily extend on the side of the head
below the eyes; the tail is rather longer. This is the basis of S. " aztirea."

LIKE the Thrasher, the Bluebird barely reaches the confines
of the Colorado Basin, fairly within which it does not yet
appear to have been found. The northern limit of its distribu-
tion is nearly coincident with the boundary of the United
States, though including a portion at least of Canada and Nova
Scotia. The westernmost quotations I have found are those
of Dr. Cooper, Mr. Holden, and Mr. Ridgway, which indicate
its extension to the Milk Biver in Montana, the Black Hills,
lying across the boundary between Dakota and Wyoming, and
the mountains (probably the eastern foothills) of Colorado Ter-
ritory. In Mexico, the species occurs together with the slight
modification known as 8. "azurea." It sometimes penetrates
to Central America ; other extralimital localities assigned are
Cuba and the Bermudas, to which doubtless the Bahamas
should be added. It breeds indifferently throughout its United
States range, and spends the winter in great numbers in the
Southern States.

There is no occasion to speak of the Bluebird's habits and
manners, familiar to every one. In the Middle States, it is one
of the earliest spring arrivals, with the Robins, Crackles, and
Pewits, before the Swallows come ; it is occasionally observed
during warm weather in February, or even in January, and
may be suspected even of lingering through the winter when
not too severe. But it disappears in inclement weather, doubt-
less taking the short flight southward which brings it to a more
congenial climate ; yet, ready to yield to the allurements of a
few bright sunny days, it soon returns with its cheery, voluble
warbling, inseparable from the associations of spring-time, pre-
saging all the hopeful aspirations of the awakening year. This

80 CHARACTERS OF SIALIA MEXICANA

song is melody without great power ; delightful modulation
without exhibition of the highest art : it is sweet and charming,
lacking great force, yet with a touch of such nervous quality
that more is left to the imaginatiou than is revealed. Like the
sunshine of the days when the year is young, and nature seems
to pause to gather strength for her intended triumphs, this melt-
ing music of the Bluebird is full of delicious languor and dreamy
voluptuousness, suggesting the possibilities of all things, ex-
pressing the realities of none. It is a promise and a pledge of
the future, like the unconscious yearning of a maiden for what
she knows not.

Western or Mexican Bluebird

Sialia mexicana

Sialia mexicana, S. tfR. FBA.ii. 1831, 202.— Bp. C. &GL. 1838, W.— Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii.
1846, 113 (California).— Gamb. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 37.— Scl. PZS. 1856, 293 (Cor-
dova).— Scl. PZS. 1857, 126 (California).— Bd. BNA. 1858,223.— Scl. PZS. 1859, 235 (Van-
couver).—Sc?. PZS. 1859, 362 (Xalapa).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106 (Xevr
Mexico).— Xantus, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 190 (California).— Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859,
43.—Kenn. PRRR. x. 1859, 23.— O. if S. NHWT. I860, 173.— Ed, Ives'u Rep. pt. v. 1861,
5.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 63.— Cones, Ibis, i2. 1865, 163 (Arizona).— Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad.
xviii. 1866, 66 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.).— Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 82 (Arizona).—
Brown, Ibis, iv2. 1868, 420 (Vancouver).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 32, 185.— Sumich. Mem.
Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 544 (Vera Cruz).— Coop. Pr. Gala. Acad. 1870, 75 (Colorado River).—
Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 28.— Coop. Am. Nat. iv. 1871, 136,—Aiken, Pr. Bout. Soc. xv. 1872,
194 (Colorado).— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 174 (Colorado).— Coues, Key, 1872, 76.—
Aiken, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 16.— Ooop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874. 16.— Ooues. BNW. 1874, 14 ;
Trippe, ibid. 229.— Bd. Br. SfRy. NAB. i. 1874, 65, pi. 5, f. 2.—Yarr. $• Hensh. Rep. Orn.
Specs. 1874, 7.—Hensk. ibid. 98.— Nelson, Pr. Bout. Soc. xvii. 1875, 356.— Hensk. ListB.
Ariz. 1875, 154.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 161.

Sialia OCCidentaliS, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 188 (Columbia River).— And. BA.
ii. 1841, 176, pi. 135.— Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 513.— Woodh. Sitgreave's Rep. 1853, 68.—
Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 310 (New Mexico).— Newb. PRRR. vi. 1857, 80.

Sylvia occidental is, And. OB. v. 1839, 41, pi. 393.

Sialia CaeruleocolliS, Vigors, Zool. Voy. Blossom, 1839, 18, pi. 3.

Western Bluebird, Mexican Bluebird, Vuig.

HAB. — United States and Mexico, from the Eastern foothills of the Rocky
Mountains to the Pacific. North to Vancouver. East occasionally to Iowa.

CH. SP. — $ Supra, cum capite toto et gula, azurea; dorso medio,
pectore lateribusque castanets; venire media et crisso griseo-cceru-
lescentibus. 2 Griseo-azurea, dorso medio rufescente, alls, uropy-
gio cauddque cceruleis, pectore lateribusque griseo-rufis, guld,
ventre crissoque griseo-ccerulescentibus.

^, adult: Rich azure-blue, including the head and neck all around. A
patch of purplish-chestnut on the middle of the back ; breast and sides rich
chestnut ; belly and vent dull blue or bluish-gray. Bill and feet black.
Size of the last species.

HABITS OF THE WESTERN BLUEBIRD 81

$ , and young : The changes of plumage of this species are precisely coin-
cident with those of the Eastern Bluebird, and therefore need not be repeated.
Immature birds may be recognized, at any rate in the great majority of
instances, by traces at least of difference in color between the middle of the
back and the other upper parts, and between the color of the throat and of
the breast. But probably very young birds in the streaky stage could not
be determined with certainty if the locality were unknown.

In some adult males, the dorsal patch is much restricted, or even broken
into two scapular patches with continuous blue between ; and similarly the
chestnut of the breast sometimes divides, permitting connection of the blue
of the throat and belly. Specimens with little trace of the dorsal patch are
with some difficulty distinguished from those samples of S. siaUs in which
there is much blue on the throat — the grayish-blue of the belly, instead of
pure white, being, in fact, a principal character. The two species are evi-
dently very closely related.

THIS is the most abundant and characteristic species of the
genus in the Colorado Basin. There would appear, how-
ever, to be some peculiarity in its local distribution, since, ac-
cording to both Mr. Eidgway and Mr. Henshaw, it has not been
seen in Utah. As I stated in the " Birds of the Northwest",
certain observations render it probable that, from the general
winter resorts of the species in Arizona and New Mexico, it
migrates northward along two routes, one the main chain of
the wooded Rocky Mountains, the other the Pacific slopes, the
Great Basin being th us passed by on either side. Such specialty
of movement, however, may be rather apparent than real, and
further observations are desirable. The species is resident in
most parts of the Colorado Basin, only disappearing fora short
time in midwinter from northerly and highly alpine localities.
At Carson City, in Nevada, Mr. Ridgway did not see it from
the early part of December until the third week in February,
when it became numerous. In comparing it with the Rocky
Mountain Bluebird, he remarks that, though the two species
are associated in winter, they are seldom seen together in sum-
mer, since the arctica retires to the higher regions to breed,
while the mexicana remains in the lower districts, among the cot-
tonwoods of the river valleys and the scattered pines skirting
the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. This corresponds well with
my observations made at Fort Whipple, Ariz., where mexicana
is resident and extremely abundant, though arctica is rather
uncommon, and was noticed only in fall and winter. The local
distribution may be further elucidated from Mr. Henshaw's
observations : — " In Colorado, it seems to be rather uncommon
in the eastern part of the Territory. It was not found in June
6 B c

82 SYNONYMY OF SIALIA ARCT1CA

near Fort Garland in 1873, nor at Santa Fe, N. Mex., in June
of 1874, where, however, the succeeding species was abundant.
About July 23, Inscription Rock, N. Mex., appeared to be a
favorite locality for the species, and large numbers of both old
and young were congregated together in the pinon and cedar
trees. From here southward they were frequently seen, com-
monly among the pines. At Cauip Apache, iu August, I
found them in large Hocks in the pine woods, and accompanied
by flocks of Warblers, Nuthatches and Titmice, to which they
seemed to act as leaders, the whole flock following their flight
from tree to tree. Jt apparently winters in the vicinity of
Camp Apache, being found here in quite large flocks in
November."

Arctic or Rocky Mountain Bluebird

Sialia arctica

Erythaca (Sialia) arctica, 5. & R. FBA. ii. 1831, 209, pi. 39 (north to 64*°).

Sialia arctica, Nutt. Man. ii. 1834, 573 ; 2ded. i. 1840, 514.— Ornith. Comm.Jonrn. Phila. Acad.
vii. 1837, 193 (Columbia River).— Bp. CGL. 1838, 16.— And. Syn. 1839, 84.— And. BA. ii.
1841, 176, pi. 136.— Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 113.— Gamb. Journ. Phila. Acad, i.
1847, yt.—McCall, Pr. Phila. Acad. v. 1851, 215 (Texas).— Woodh. Sitgreave's Rep. 1S53,
68.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 310 (New Mexico).— Kneel. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857,
233.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 224.— Maxim. J. f. O. 1858, L22.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859,
106 (New Mexico).— Bd. PRRR. x. 1859; 13, pi. tt.—Kenner. PRRR. x. 1859, 24.— Heerm.
PRRR. x. 1859, \\.-Bd. Ives's Rep. pt. v. 1861, 5.—Hayd. Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862,
159.— Blakis. Ibis, v. 1863, 60 (Rocky Mountains, 49°).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 64.— Dress.
Ibis, 1865,476 (Texas).— Cou.es, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii.
1866, 66 (Fort Whipple).— Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 149 (Laredo, Tex.).—
Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 32, 189.— Coop. Pr. Gala. Acad. 1870, 75.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870,
29.— Hold. SfAiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 194.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 174.— Coues,
K*y, 1872, 76.—Merriam, U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 187<>, 1873, 671, 712, 713.— Aiken, Am.
Nat. vii. 1873, \5.—Ridg. Bull. Essex Inst v. 1873, 179.— Comstock, Am. Nat. viii. 1874,
76.— Coues, BNW. 1874, U.—Trippe. ibid. ZM.—Bd.Br.irRy. NAB. i. 1874, 67, pi. 5,
f. 4.— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 40, 72, 98.— Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1874, 1 9.— Nelson,
Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 339, 343 (Utah) —Heash. List B. Ariz. 1875, 154.— Hunsh. Zool.
Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 162.

Sylvia arctica, Aud. OB. v. 1839, 38, pi. 393.

8alia arctica, Stevenson, U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1871, 463.
Sialia macroptera, Bd Stansbury's Rep. 1852, 314, 328.
Arctic Bluebird, Rocky Mountain Bluebird, Vulg.

HAB. — United States, and British America to Great Bear Lake, from the
eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. Texas.

CH. SP. — $ Azurea, infra dilutior, aubvirescens^ abdomine
sensim albo ; apicibus remigum fuscis, rostro pedibusque nigris.

DESCRIPTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF 8. AKCTICA 83

$ Grisea, uropygio, caudd alisque ccvruleseentibus ; infra rufo-
gr-isea, abdomine albicante.

<J, in perfect plumage: Above rich azure-blue, lighter than in the two
foregoing, and with a faint greenish hue; below, paler and more decidedly
greenish-blue, fading insensibly into white on the belly and under tail-
coverts. Ends of wing-quills dusky; bill and feet black. Larger than the
two foregoing species; length, 7 or more; extent, about 13; wing, 4-J ;
tail, 3.

9 : Of a nearly uniform indeterminate rufous-gray, lighter and more fle-
cidedly rufous below, brightening into blue on the rump, tail and wings,
fading into white on the belly and under tail-coverts. Ends of the tail-
feathers as well as of the wing-quills fuscous; outer one of each edged
with whitish. A whitish eye-ring.

Young: The changes of plumage with age as \vell as those with season
are parallel with the stages exhibited by the other species. Very young
birds, in the streaky stage, are distinguished by their superior size and the
greenish hue of the blue on the wings and tail. The inner wing-quills in
the specimens before me are edged and tipped with whitish instead of rufous.

IN the preceding notice of 8. mexicana, I have already
alluded to some points in the distribution of this species,
and little remains to be said. It is notable as the most north-
erly representative of the genus, reaching latitude 64° 30', or
about fourteen degrees beyond the usual range of 8. sialis.
It would appear to be also rather more decidedly migratory
than 8. mexicana, and is extremely abundant in some regions,
as portions of Dakota and Montana, which the latter rarely if
ever reaches. It is nevertheless numerous in portions of Colo-
rado, Utah, Nevada, and Northern Arizona and New Mexico.
It breeds as far south at least as Santa Fe in New Mexico;
winters at least as far north as Carson City, Nevada, and is
consequently resident in the Colorado Basin as a whole. As in
the case of 8. mexicana, it does not seem to have any peculiar
habits in comparison with S. sialis. Though a good deal has
gone on record in both cases, the supposed discrepancies,
may be reasonably attributed to transient circumstances of
observation, or the fluctuating standpoint of comparison as-
sumed. It breeds in the mountains up to an altitude of about
10,000 feet, in holes in trees and similar nooks, just like both its
relatives. The eggs are of the same pale bluish color, but
rather larger than those of either of the other species, measur-
ing 0.90 to 0.95 in length by about 0.70 in breadth.

CHAPTER III.— DIPPERS

PAM. CINCLID^E

CHARS. — Wing of 10 primaries, the 1st of which is spurious,
and, like the others, falcate ; wing as a whole short, stiff,
rounded, and concavo-convex, something like that of a Grebe,
or gallinaceous bird. Tail still shorter than the wing, soft,
square, of 12 broad, rounded feathers, almost hidden by the
coverts, both sets of which reach nearly or quite to the end, the
under coverts being especially long and full. Tarsi booted,
about as long as the middle toe and claw. Lateral toes equal
in length. Claws all strongly curved. Bill shorter than the
head, slender, attenuate, and compressed throughout, higher
than broad at the nostrils, about straight, but seeming to be
slightly recurved, owing to a sort of upward tilting of the supe-
rior mandible; culmen at first slightly concave, then convex;
commissure nearly straight, but slightly sinuous, to correspond
with the outline of the culmen, notched near the end; gonys
convex. Nostrils linear, opening beneath a large scale partly
covered with feathers. No rictal vibrissae, nor any trace of
bristles or bristle-tipped feathers about the nostrils. Plumage
soft, lustreless, remarkably full and compact, water-proof. Body
stout, thick-set. Habits aquatic.

This is a small but well defined group, in which the general
characters shared by the Turdidce, Saxicolidce and Sylviidce are
modified to a degree, in adaptation to the singular aquatic life
the species lead. As generally understood, it consists of a
single genus, C Indus, to which a second, found in Asia, is some-
times added. These birds frequent clear mountain streams of
various parts of the world, chiefly, however, of the Northern
Hemisphere. It would scarcely be incorrect to say that they
inhabit these streams; for a considerable part of their time
is actually spent in the water— not merely on or near it — in
gleaning for food beneath the surface. Tt is marvelous what
a little change of structure fits them for such an anomalous
mode of life — one wholly exceptional in the order to which they

DIPPERS, OR WATER OUZELS

85

belong, for a parallel with which we must turn not only to'^the
water-birds, but to the lowest representatives of the natatorial
group, such as Loons, Grebes, Cormorants, and Penguins. In all
the true water-birds, the feet are paddles, or oars, and as such
fit instruments of progression. Those that dive but little or not
at all use the feet exclusively in swimming ; in others, that

travel below as well as upon the surface of the water, like
those just named, the wings are also brought into requisition
as efficient organs of locomotion. But in the Dippers, the feet
retain a thoroughly insessorial character, being no more fitted
for swimming purposes than those of a Thrush or Sparrow;
and when the birds make their aquatic excursion, they swim
down, and stay below by means of their wings — in a word, they

86 THE DIPPER'S ACTIONS IN THE WATER

fly through the water, it was an old notion that the Dippers
could walk on the beds of streams, and various were the inge-
nious speculations to account for such a phenomenon ; for, the
specific gravity of their bodies being less than that of water,
the puzzle was. how then could they stay below ? The fact ist
that they can no more walk on the bottom of a stream than St.
Peter could walk on the water without some such supernatural
assistance as he is alleged to have received. Their flights be-
low the surface require as continuous effort to keep down as
ordinary aerial flight demands in order that a bird may stay
up in the air. It is the same action in an opposite direction,
the operation of the gravitating force being reversed. The bird
plunges into the water, heading up stream to stem the cur-
rent, and flies obliquely downward till it gains the bottom,
where it maintains itself by a similar action of the wiugs, with
the body held obliquely head downward. Here the feet may
aid it somewhat, by scratching along the ground, or even cling-
ing to such chance inequalities of the surface as may be grasped
by the toes, but in no sense can this be considered as walking.
The moment its exertions are relaxed, it comes to the surface
like a cork, and may be swept helplessly along for some dis-
tance by the force of the current before regaining itself. The
whole action may be likened to that of some of the water-bugs —
the Kotonectes for example — which row idly about on their backs
with long, feathery oar-like feet, and when alarmed seem to
make vigorous efforts to propel themselves obliquely downward.
It is one of the endless instances of Nature's delight in para-
doxes— her magical way of putting the same thing to the most
diverse uses, with a touch of her cunning wand. Given a
brawling brook, too small, clean, and cold to suit any of the
water-birds she has on hand, but just the thing for a kind of
Thrush, if he can be made to understand it; when presto!
Cinclus. The odd little Thrush puts on his water-proof diving
apparatus, takes a " header " from the nearest green slippery
rock, and likes it so well that he wonders why he never did it
before. Divers ways of doing things were evidently open to
Thrushes in the beginning — and this is one of them.

But 1 have got off the track of legitimate ornithology, I find —
much as the Dipper itself is sometimes carried away when the
current is a little too strong. There are about a dozen species,
including marked geographical races, of this family, the best
known of which is the Water Ouzel of Europe. This bird

MACGILLIVRAY ON THE DIPPER'S HABITS 87

has been very successfully studied by William Macgillivray,
whose singularly truthful narrative reflects the general econo-
my of the family so clearly that I shall transcribe a portion of
his account, especially since it is equally applicable, mutatis
mutandis, to the single species which is found in North
America. I quote the passages which refer more particularly
to the bird's actions in the water, as corroborative of what has
been already said with less regard to minute detail.

" The flight of the Dipper is steady, direct, and rapid, like
that of the Kingfisher, being effected by regularly timed and
quick beats of the wings, without intermissions or sailings. It
perches on stones or projecting crags by the sides of streams,
or in the water, where it may be seen frequently inclining the
breast down wards, and jerking up the tail, much in the manner
of the Wheatear and Stonechat, and still more of the Wren ;
its legs bent, its neck retracted, and its wings slightly drooping.
It plunges into the water, not dreading the force of the current,
dives, and makes its way beneath the surface, generally moving
against the stream, and often with surprising speed. It does
not however, immerse itself head foremost from on high like
the Kingfisher, the Tern, or the Gannett; but either walks out
into the water, or alights upon its surface, and then plunges
like an Auk or a Guillemot, slightly opening its wings, and
disappearing with an agility and dexterity that indicate its
proficiency in diving. I have seen it moving under water in
situations where I could observe it with certainty, and I readily
perceived that its actions were precisely similar to those of the
Divers, Mergansers, and Cormorants, which I have often watched
from an eminence, as they pursued the shoals of sand-eels along
the sandy shores of the Hebrides. It in fact flew, not merely
using the wing, from the carpal joint, but extending it con-
siderably, and employing its whole extent, just as if advancing
in the air. The general direction of the body in these circum-
stances is obliquely downwards ; and great force is evidently
used to counteract the effects of gravity, the bird finding it
difficult to keep itself at the bottom, and when it relaxes its
efforts coming to the surface like a cork. Montagu has well
described the appearance which it presents under such circum-
stances : — i In one or two instances, when we have been able to
perceive it under water, it appeared to tumble about in a very
extraordinary manner, with its head downwards, as if picking
something ; and at the same time great exertion was used, both

88 MACGILLIVRAY ON THE DIPPERS HABITS

by the wings and legs.7 This tumbling, however, is observed
only when it is engaged in a strong current, and its appearance
is greatly magnified by the unequal refraction caused by the
varying inequalities of the surface of the water. When search-
ing for food, it does not proceed to great distances under water ;
but, alighting on some spot, sinks, and soon reappears in the
immediate neighbourhood, when it either dives again, or rises on
wing to drop somewhere else on the stream, or settle on a
stone. Often from a shelving crag or large stone it may be
seen making short incursions into the water, running out with
quiet activity, and presently bobbing up to the surface, and
regaining its perch by swimming or wading. Tlie assertion of
its walking in the water, on the bottom, which some persons
have ventured, is not made good by observation nor counte-
nanced by reason and the nature of things. The Dipper is by
no means a walking bird : even on laud I have never seen it
move more than a few steps, which it accomplished by a kind
of leaping motion. Its short legs and curved claws are very
ill adapted for running, but admirably calculated for securing
a steady footing on slippery stones, whether above or beneath
the surface of the water. Like the Kingfisher, it often remains
a long time perched on a stone, but in most other respects its
habits are very dissimilar. ... On being wounded the Dipper
commonly plunges into the water, flies beneath its surface to
the shore, and conceals itself among the stones or under the
bank. In fact, on all such occasions, if enough of life remains,
it is sure to hide itself so that one requires to look sharply
after it. In this respect it greatly resembles the Common
Gallinule."

The same agreeable writer speaks of the food of the European
Dipper as consisting of molluscs and beetles. " I have opened
a great number of individuals at all seasons of the year, but
have never found any other substances in the stomach than
Lymnece, Ancyli, Ooleoptera, and grains of gravel" — a diet
which he considers to account satisfactorily for the bird's sub-
aqueous excursions. He denies that there is any proof of its
feeding upon the ova or fry of fish, notwithstanding the asser-
tions of authors to that effect, which have, in many cases, led
to its unmerited persecution. Yet there is no doubt that it is
somewhat piscivorous ; for at least one instance is recorded of
its having been seen with a fish in its mouth, (tiaxby, " Zool-
ogist ", xxi, 1863, p. 8631.)

SYNONYMY AND DESCRIPTION OF C. MEXICANUS 89

American Dipper

< iiiclu* mexicamis

(Indus pallasii, Bp Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 439.— Bp. AO. ii. 1828, 173, pi. 16, f. 1 (necauct.).

Cinclus mexicanus, Sw. Philon. Mag. i. 1827, 308.— Scl. PZS. 1859, 36-2 (Xalapa).— Bd. Rev.
AB. 1864, 60.— Cones, Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 66 (Arizona).— fSalv. Ibin, ii2. 1866, 190
(Guatemala).— Salv. Ibis, Hi2. 1867, 120 (monographic).— Sumich. Mem. Boat. Soc. i. 1869,
544(Vera Cruz).— Coop. B. Gal. i. 1870, 25. fig.—Coues, Key, 1872. 77, f. 18.— Allen,
Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 174 (Utah and Colorado).— Ridgw. Bull. Essex Inst. v. 1873, 179.—
Merriam, U. S. Geol. Surv. for 1872, 1873, 671, 713 (Montana).— Dall, Pr. Gala. Acad.
— . 1873, — (Unalashka).— Coues, BNW. 1874. 1 0.— Trippe, ibid. 229.— Bd. Br. ff Ry. NAB.
i. 1874,56, fig. pi. 5, f. 1.— Yarr. ff Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 6.—Hens/i. ibid. 46,
97.—Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 154 (White Mountains).— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100
Merid. 1876, 159.

Cinclus mexicana, Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 396.

Hydrobata mexicana, Bd. BNA. 1858, 229.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106 (New
Mexico).— Xantus, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 190 (California).— O. fy S. NHWT. 1860,
175.— Blaldst. Ibis, v. 1861, 60 (Athabasca River).— Brown, Ibis, iv2. 1868, 420 (Vancou-
ver).—Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 32 (Montana).— Dall (f Bann. Tr. Ghicago Acad. i. 1869,
277 (Alaska).— Dall, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 600.— Aiken, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1872, 194
(Colorado).

Cinclus americanus, 5. <V R. FBA. ii. 1831, 173.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 569.— And. OB. iv. 1838,
493 ; v. 1839, 303, pll. 370, 435.— And. Syn. 1839, 86.— Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii.
1839, 153.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 182, pi. 137.— Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 114 (Cali-
fornia).— Gamb. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1817, 43.— McCall, Pr. Phila. Acad. v. 1851,216
(Texan).— Heerm. Journ Phila Acad. ii. 1853, 264.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 310
(New Mexico).— Newb. PRRR. vi. 1857, 80.— Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 44.

Cinclus unicolor, Bp. Zool. Journ. iii. 1827, 52.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 18.

Cinclus mortoni, " Towns, varr. 1839, 337".

Cinclus tOWnsendli, "('And.') Towns. Narr. 1839, 340".

Quid TurdUS townsendii, Towns. Jouru. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153, descr. nulli »

American Dipper ; Water Ouzel, Vulg,

HAB. — Mountains of Western North America from the region of the Yukon
into Mexico.

CH. SP. — $ 9 Schistaceo-plumbeuv, infra dilutior, capite brun-
nescente, palpebris plerumque a Ibis.

$ 9, adult, in summer: Slaty-plumbeous, paler below, inclining on the
head to sooty-brown. Quills and tail-feathers fuscous. Eyelids usually
white. Bill black ; feet yellowish. Length, 6 or 7 inches; extent, 10 or 11 ;
wing, 3^-4; tail, about 2£ ; bill, f ; tarsus, Ii; middle toe and claw rather
less. Individuals vary much in size.

$ 9 i in winter, and the majority of not perfectly mature specimens are
paler below than the above description would indicate, all the feathers of
the under parts being skirted with whitish. The quills of the wing are also
conspicuously tipped with white. The bill is largely yellowish at the base.
Young : Below, whitish, more or less so according to age, frequently tinged
with pale cinnamon-brown. The whole under parts are sometimes over-
laid with the whitish ends of the feathers, shaded with the rufous pos-
teriorly. The throat is usually nearly white ; the bill mostly yellow. The
white tipping of the wing-feathers is at a maximum ; and in some cases the
tail-feathers are similarly marked.

90 ON THE AMERICAN DIPPER

MY limited experience with the American Dipper precludes
my giving anything particularly to the point from original
observations. I never saw it alive excepting on one occasion,
when I noticed nothing in its habits not already known .In
the u Birds of the Northwest'' I brought together nearly all
the information we possess, and would refer to that work for
the particulars, especially respecting the nest and egg. It is a
common inhabitant of the Colorado Basin, in most suitable situa-
tions, though there are many eligible mountain streams which
it does not seem to inhabit. An occasional departure from its
usual habit has been noticed by Mr. Henshaw, who found a pair
inhabiting a small isolated pond in the White Mountains of
Arizona, seemingly as much at home in this quiet little sheet
of water as in the turbulent torrent 5 though he thought that,,
in keeping with their surroundings, they had lost somewhat of
their usual restlessness and energy. Such choice of still waterr
however, must not be presumed to be very unusual, since
the European species is well known to frequent lakes, espe-
cially those which have a shingly or pebbly margin.

NOTE. — I may here allude to some interesting experiments to ascertain the
specific gravity of the European Dipper, made by Dr. John Davy, and pub-
lished in the eleventh volume (new series) of the Edinburgh New Philo-
sophical Journal, p. 265. The specific gravity of the bird's body alone, after
removal of the skin and feathers, was 1.200; iu its natural state, with the
feathers on, 0.724. "When under water, few air-bubbles escaped from its
feathers, owing probably to their resisting wetting from the oil with which
they are pruned, that being abundantly supplied by the large oil-gland with
which this bird is provided." ... " Its long bones contained a reddish
marrow." The specific gravity of a Wren was 0.890, which, after immersion
for twelve hours, had increased to 0.960. The lowest specific gravity was
found in the case of the Merlin-hawk— 0.570.

CHAPTER IV.— OLD WORLD WARBLERS

FAM ..SYLVIUXE

LIKE the Saxicolidce, the Sylviidce are a large group of chiefly
Old World species, having few representatives in this coun-
try. The family is not well distinguished from the Turdidce
and Saxicolidce, and no attempt will be made here to cover all
its phases by any diagnostic phrase — it is perhaps insusceptible
of exact definition. While there are several hundred species of
the Eastern Hemisphere, less than a score occur in America.
One of these is a typical Sylviine, a species of Phyllopneuste,
found in Alaska. The other representatives are the two genera
Regulus and Polioptila, each of which most writers now consider
the type of a subfamily. They agree in their extremely small
size (length four or five inches, less than any of the Turdidce
or Saxicolidce), and in possessing ten primaries (by which they
are separated from any of the Sylvicolidce, or American Warb-
lers), deeply cleft toes (compare Troglodytidce), and straight,
slender bill, with bristly rictus and exposed nostrils (compare
Certhiidce, Paridce, and JSittidce). The tarsi are booted in Regu-
lince, scutellate in Polioptilince.

SUBFAMILY REGULIN2E : KINGLETS

CHARS. — Tarsi booted, very slender, longer than the middle
toe and claw. Lateral toes nearly equal to each other. First
quill of the wing spurious, its exposed portion less than half as
long as the second. Wings pointed, longer than the tail, which
is emarginate, with acuminate feathers. Bill shorter than the
head, straight, slender, and typically sylviine, not hooked at
the end, well bristled at rictus, with the nostrils overshadowed
by tiny feathers.

These characters may be compared with those given beyond
under head of Polioptilince, to which they are antithetical.
There is but one genus in America, though several are recog-
nized by some among the Old World species.

92 SYNONYMY OF REGULUS CALENDULA

Genus REGULUS Cuvier

CHARS. — To the foregoiug add: Coloration olivaceous, paler
or whitish below, with red, black, or yellow, or all three of
these colors, 011 the head of the adult.

There are only two established species in this country, both
of which occur in the Colorado region. They are elegant and
dainty little creatures, among the very smallest of our birds
excepting the Hummers. They inhabit woodland, are very agile
and sprightly, insectivorous, migratory, and highly musical.

Ruby-crowned Kinglet

Regains calendula

Motacilla Calendula, Linn. SN. i. 1766, 337, no. 47.— Forst. Phil. Tr. Ixii. 1772, 407, no. 32.—

Gm. SN. i. pt. ii. 1788, 994, noa. 47, 47 b.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 613.
Sylvia Calendula, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 549, no. 154.— WUs. AO. i. 1808, 83, pi. 5, f. 3.

Sylvia (Reguloides) calendula, Gray, HL. i. 1869, 216, no. 3068.

RegUlUS calendula, "Licht.Verz. 1823".— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 91.— Ifutt. Man. i.
1832, 415.— And. OB. ii. 1834, 546, pi. 195.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 19.— And. Syn. 1639, 83.—
Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 154.— Nutt. Man. 2d. ed. i. 1840, 500.— And. BA. ii.
1841, 168, pi. 133.— Garni. Pr. Phila Acad. iii. 1846. 115.— Garni. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847,
36.— JFoodA. Sitgreave's Rep. 1853, 67.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 313.— Bead, Pr.
Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 399.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855. 309.— Kennic. Tr. Illinois
Agr. Soc. i. 1855, 583.— Pratten, Tr. Illinois Agr. Soc. i. 1855, 603.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst.
i. 1856, 208.— Scl. PZS. 1857, 202 (Xalapa).- Scl. PZS. 1858,300 (Parada).— Ed. BNA. 1858,
226.— Scl. PZS. 1859, 362 (Xalapa), 371 (Oaxaca). — S. ff S. Ibis, 1859, 8 (Guatemala).—
Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106.— Xantus, Pr. Phila. Acnd. 1859, 190.— Willis,
Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 282 (Nova Scotia). — Kenner. I'RRR. x. 1859, 24.— Heerm.
PRRR. x. 1859, 43.— U. if S. NHWT. I860, 174.— Wheat. Ohio Agr. Rep 1860, — .— Barn.
Smiths. Rep. for I860, 1861, 435. — Bd. Ives's Rep. pt. v. 1861, 5.—Reinft. Ibis, iii. 1861,
5 (Greenland).— Verr. Pr. Ess. last. iii. 1HS2, 145.— Ooues, Pr. Phila. A.cad. 1861, 219
(Labrador). -Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 186-2, \24.-Hayd. Rep. 1862, m.-Blakist. Ibis,
1863. 60.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 66.— Scl. PZS. 1864, 172 (Mexico).— Allen, Proc. Essex
Inst. iv. 1864, 58.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438.— Dress. Ibis. 1865, 476 (Texas).—
Cones, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona).— Lawr. Anu. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 282.— Weiz, Pr.
Bost, Soc. x. 1866, 267 (Labrador).— Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver).— Cones, Pr.
Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 107 (South Carolina, winter).— Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 149
(Laredo, Tex.).— Tunib. B. E. Pa. 1869,22 ; Phila. ed. 15.— Ooop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 32.—
Dall tfBann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. 1869, 276 ( Alaska).— Coop. Pr. Cala. Acad. 1870, 75.— Coop.
B. Cal. i. 1870, 33.— Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 5*2.— Dall, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 600.— Par-
ker, Am. Nat, v. 1871, 168.— Stev. U. S. Geol. Surv. tor 1870, 1871, 463.— Allen, Am. Nat.
vi. 1872, 359.— Aiken, Pr. Bost, Soc. xv. 1872, 195.— Ooues, K>y, 1872. 78.— Hart. Man.
Brit. Birds 1872, 107 (Scotland \).—Ridg. Bull. Essex Inst. v. 1873, 119,—Trippe, Am.
Nat. vii. 1873, 498.— T ippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 234.— Jfe-r. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr,
for 1872, 1873, 675, 712, 713.— Merr. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 8.— Abbott, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 364,
365.— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 40, 57, 72, 98. — Coucs, BNW. 1874, 15.— B. B. Sf R.
NAB. i. 1874, 75, pi. 5, f. 9.— Nelson, IV. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875. 356.— Brew. Pr. Bost.
Soc. xvii. 1875, 438.— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 155.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid.
1876, 164.

llegllllis calendulus, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 186.— Brew. Journ. Bost. Soc. i. 1837,
437.— Peai. Rep Orn. Mass. 1839, 3l4.—Tfiomps. NH. Vermont, 1853, 84.— Gould, PZS.
1858, 290 (Scotland !).—Cowes <$• Prentiss, Smiths. Rt-p. for 1861, 1862, W5.—Mcllwr. Pr.

CHARACTERS OF REGULUS CALENDULA 93

Ess. Inst. v. I860, 84.— Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 66 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.).—
Coues, Proc. Essex Inst. v. 1865, 268.— Trippe, Proc. Essex Inst. vi. 1871, 115.— Mayn. B.
Fla. 1872, 27.— Mayn. Pr. Boat. Soc. xiv. 1872, 361. — Trippe apud Coues, BNW. 1874, 229.

Reguloides calendula, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 292.

Phyllobaslleus calendula, Cab. MH.i. 1851, 33.

Corthylio calendula, Cab. j. f. o. i. 1853, 83.

Regulus (Tistatus alter vertice rublni coloris, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, 292.

RegUlUS PUblneus, V. OAS. ii. 1807, 49, pis. 104, 105.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 421.

Ruby-crowned Wren, Edw. Birds, pi. 254, f. 2.—Forst. \. c.

Roitelet rubiS, Buff. v. 373.— Le M. Ois. Canad. 1861, 215.

Ruby-crowned Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 413, no. 320.

Ruby-crowned Ringlet, And. l. c.

HAB. — North America at large. Mexico. Central America to Guatemala
at least. Greenland. Accidental in Europe ("BREE, B. Eur. ii. 109 ").

CH. SP. — <£ 9 Naribus semi-nudis. — Virenti-olivaceus, subtus
sordide flavo-albidus,uropygio vtmarginibus remigum rectricumque
flavicantibus, alls albo-bifasciatis, orbitis albis, vertice coccineo.
Juu. vertice dor so concolore.

$ $ , adult : Upper parts greenish-olive, becoming more yellowish on the
rump ; wings and tail dusky, strongly edged with yellowish ; whole under
parts dull yellowish-white, or yellowish- or greenish-gray (very variable in
tone) ; wings crossed with two whitish bars, and inner secondaries edged
with the same. Edges of eyelids, lores and extreme forehead hoary whitish.
A rich scarlet patch, partially concealed, on the crown. This beautiful
ornament is apparently not gained until the second year, and there is a
question whether it is ever present in the female. Length, 4£ (a dozen fresh
specimens range from 4-110- to 4|) ; extent, 6f to 7£ ; wing, 2-2£ ; tail, If.

Young for the first year (and 9 ?) : Quite like the adult, but wanting the
scarlet patch. In a newly fledged specimen, procured in the Rocky Mount-
ains of Colorado by Major Powell, the wings and tail are as strongly edged
with yellowish asm the adult; but the general plumage of the upper parts
is rather olive-gray than olive-green, and the under parts are sordid whitish.
The bill is light colored at the base, and the toes appear to have been
yellowish.

ONE of the most remarkable things about the Ruby-crown
is its extraordinary powers of song. It is really surprising
that such a tiny creature should be capable of the strong and
sustained notes it utters when in full song. The lower larynx,
the sound-producing organ, is not much bigger than a good
sized pin's head, and the muscles that move it are almost
microscopic shreds of flesh. If the strength of the human
voice were in the same proportion to the size of the larynx, we
could converse with ease at a distance of a mile or more. The
Kinglet's exquisite vocalization defies description ; we can only
speak, in general terms, of the power, purity, and volume of
the notes, their faultless modulation and long continuance.

94 THE RUBY-CROWN AN ACCOMPLISHED VOCALIST

Many doubtless have listened to this music without suspecting
that the author was the diminutive Ruby-crown, with whose
common-place utterance, the slender wiry"teip". they were
already familiar. Such was once the case even with Audubou,
who pays a heartfelt tribute to the accomplished little vocalist,
and says further — "When I tell you that its song is fully as
sonorous as that of the Canary-bird, and much richer, I do not
come up to the truth, for it is not only as powerful and clear,
but much more varied and pleasing."

This delightful role is chiefly executed during the mating sea-
sou, and the brief period of exaltation which precedes it ; it is
consequently seldom heard in regions where the bird does not
rear its young, except when the little performer breaks forth in
song on nearing its summer resorts. Its breeding places were
long uncertain, or at least not clearly traced out, and it is only
a year or two since that its nest was discovered. But it is now
pretty certain that its nesting range includes the wooded por-
tions of the country from Northern New England and corres-
ponding latitudes northward. It is said that a nest containing
young was recently found in Western New York ; though I
am not sure that this is an authentic case, I think it probable
that the Kinglet will yet be found to breed in the mountains
at least as far south as the Middle States, it' not further.
This seems more probable since the late discoveries of its nest-
ing in the Rocky Mountains, and its unquestionable residence
during summer in other elevated regions of the West , even of
New Mexico and Arizona. Mr. Heushaw speaks without reserve
on this score : — " The species breeds in the heavy pine and
spruce forests on the mountains of Colorado, and also in Arizona,
both in the White Mountains, and as far south as Mount Gra-
ham, in both which localities I saw the old leading about their
young, still in the nesting plumage as late as August 1. In
the mountains near Fort Garland. Col., it was a common species
in June 5 the pine woods at an elevation of 10,000 feet often
echoing with the music of its sweet, beautifully modulated
song. . . . June 11 , while collecting on a mountain near the Rio
Grande, I discovered a nearly finished nest, built on a low
branch of a pine, which I have little doubt belonged to this
bird." Mr. Allen and Mr. Trippe both observed it in Colorado,
in summer, at an altitude of from 9 or 10,000 feet up to timber
line, and the first-named obtained the young in the vicinity of
Mount Lincoln toward the end of July. At Fort Whipple, in

MOVEMENTS OF THE RUBY-CROWN 95

Arizona, I found it extremely abundant in spring from the
latter part of March to near the middle of May, in the fall
from the latter part of September to November, and- judged
that it bred in the higher mountains of the vicinity. It is un-
necessary to multiply quotations, all going to show a breeding
range throughout the mountains of the West from 9,000 feet
upward, thence trending eastward along the northern boundary
of the United States to Maine and Labrador, and probably
sending a spur southward along the Alleghany Mountains.
Northwestward it reaches to Alaska, where the bird was found
by Mr. W. H. Ball at Nulato.

But in most portions of the United States, the Ruby-crown
appears as a migrant or winter resident. Taking an inter-
mediate point, like the District of Columbia for example, where
I became familiar with the dainty little creature in my boy-
hood, we find that it arrives at least as early as the begin-
ning of April, or, in open seasons like the present (1876), a
week or two sooner, and remains until the second week in May.
It returns in the fall by the end of September, and loiters till
November. But it is such a brave and hardy creature that I
should never be surprised to find it lingering through the sea-
son here, as it does a little further south. For in South Carolina
it is one of the abundant winter birds, from October to April,
though most numerous in November and March, owing to the
recruiting of its ranks by fresh arrivals. Thence through all
the Southern States to Texas it is one of the commonest winter
birds in suitable localities. Yet a few press on through Mexico,
or directly across the Gulf to Central America. In the
Colorado Basin, which includes extremes of climatic and topo-
graphical conditions, from snow- japped peaks to burning
deserts, all the requirements of the bird are fulfilled, and there
it is consequently resident — gathering on the higher grounds in
summer, spreading over the lower in winter — migrating indeed,
but not in the usual sense of that term, since ascent of the
mountain-sides answers instead of a journey toward the pole.

Of the eggs of this Kinglet I have nothing to say — they re-
main unknown ; and it is only a little while ago that I should
have been perforce as silent respecting the nest. Since Dr.
Brewer thought he might " reasonably infer'7 that the nest was
pensile, the discovery has been made that it is not so, showing
the care that must be exercised in natural history inferences.
The nest was found by Mr. J. H. Batty, in Colorado, July 21,

96 THE RUBY-CROWN'S MANNERS

1873, on the branch of a spruce tree, about fifteen feet from the
ground. It contained, I am informed, fivre young and one egg;
the latter did not come under my inspection. The nest is larger
than might have been expected — it could hardly be got into a
good-sized coffee cup. It is a loosely woven mass of hair and
feathers, mixed with moss and some short bits of straw. The
nest which Mr. Henshaw believed to be that of a Kinglet was
ua somewhat bulky structure, very large for the size of the
bird, externally composed of strips of bark, and lined thickly
with feathers of the grouse w; it was built on a low branch, of a
pine.

To observe the manners of the Kuby-crown, one need only
repair, at the right season, to the nearest thicket, coppice, or
piece of shrubbery, such as the Titmice, Yellow-rumps and
other wa; biers love to haunt. These are its favorite resorts,
especially in the fall and winter; though sometimes, in the
spring more particularly, it seems to be more ambitious, and
its slight form may be almost lost among the brauchlets of the
taller trees, where the equally diminutive Parula is most at
home. We shall most likely find it not alone, but in strag-
gling troops, which keep up a sort of companionship with each
other as well as with different birds, though each individual
seems to be absorbed in its particular business. We hear the
slender wiry note, and see the little creatures skipping nimbly
about the smaller branches in endlessly varied attitudes, peer-
ing in the crevices of the bark for their minute insect food,
taking short nervous flights from one bough to another, twitch-
ing their wings as they alight, and always too busy to pay
attention to what may be going on around them. They appear
to be incessantly in motion — I know of no birds more active
than these — presenting the very picture of restless, puny
energy, making u much ado about nothing ".

American Golden-crested Kinglet

Regains satrapa

Sylvia regulus, mis. AO. i. 1808, 126, pi. 8, f. 2.

RegUlUS CriStatUS, Bartr. Trav. Flu. 1791, 291, no. 107 (see Coues, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1875,
351).— V. O AS. ii. 1807, 50, pi. 107.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Aca.l iv. 1824, 187.— Bp. Aun.
Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 9l.—Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 420.— And. OB. ii I8:i4, 476, pi. I8o.— Towns.
Jouru. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 154.

Parus Satrapa, " Illiger ". (Probably only a museum name).

SYNONYMY AND CHARACTERS OF R. CRISTATUS 97

satrap*, " LirJtt. Vi>rz. 1823, no. 410".— Dp. CGL. 1833, 19.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 82.—
A/id. BA. ii. 1841, 165, pi. 132.— /?/». CA. i 1850, 291.— Cabot, Nauru, ii. pt. iii. 1852,65
(Lake Superior).— Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. 1853, P>l.—H»y, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 313.—
Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 185 1, 309.— Ke.nnic. Tr. Illinois Agr. Soc. i. 1855,583 —
Pratten, Tr. Illinois Agr. Soc. i. 1835, 603.— Putn. Pr. Ens. Inst. i. 1856, 008.— Badtker,
J. f. O. 1856, 33, pi. 1, f. S (egg; Libra lor).— Scl. PZS. 1857, 212 (Orizaba).— Maxim. J.
f. O. vi. 1858, 111.— Bd. BNA. 1858. 227.— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1838, 1859, 282 (Nova
Scotia).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad xi. 1859, 106.— Scl PZ3. 1859, 235 (Vancouver).— Scl.
PZS. I860, 25' (Oriziba).— G. b S. NHWT. 1860, 174 — Coues <V Prent. Smiths. Rep. for
1861, 1862, 405.— Boardm. Pr. Boat. Soc. ix. 1862, 124.— Ferr. Pr. Essex Inst. iii. 1862, 146.—
Allen, Pr. E<s. lust, iv. 1864, 58.— Lord, Pr. Roy. Art. Inst. Woolvv. 1864, 114 (Vancou-
ver; breeding).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 65.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438.— Dress.
Ibis, 1865, 476 (Texas).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 282.— Allen, Am. Nat. i. 1867,
43.— Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver).— Coues, Pr. Boat. Soc. xii. 1868, 107.— Doll fy
Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad i. 1869, 277 (Alaska).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 32 (Montana).—
Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 22; Phila. ed. \5.-Coop. B. Gal. i. 1870, 32.— Allen, Bull. MCZ.
ii. 1 87 1, 260 ( Florida). — Trippe, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 47.— Brewst. Am. Nat, vi. 1872, 306.—
Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 361.— Mayn. B. Fla. 1872, 25.— Cones, Key, 1372, 78, f.
]9.—Aiken, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 1372, 195 (Eastern Colorado). — Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv.
187-2, 234 (Iowa).— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc.xv. 1873, 234. — Trippe Am. Nat vii. 1873, 498.—
Ridg. Bull.E-sexIn*t. v. 1873. 1 79 (Colorado). —Abbott, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 354.— Coues,
BNVV. 1874, 16.— -B. B. <V 7?. NAB. i. 1874, 73, pi. 5, f. 8.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875.
MS.—Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 154.

RetlllUK satrapa, Barn. Smithson. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 435.

Regulus satrapa uaholivascens, Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 65.

RegullIS sutrupus, Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 66 (" Arizona ").— A/cZZwr. Pr. Ess. InBt. v.
1866. 85.— Ooues, Pr. Ess. last. v. 1868, 263.— Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 542.— Trippe, Pr.
Ess. lust. vi. 1871, 115.

RegUldS tricolor, Nittt. Man. i. 1832, 420.— Brew. Journ. Bost. Soc. i. 1837, 437.— Peab. Rep.
Orn. Mass i. 1839, 314 — Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 399.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 84.

?RC£UlUS americanilS, Gerhardt, Naum. iii. 1853,38.

fiolden-crested Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 414, n.32l (excl. Eur. refs.).

Fiery-crowned Wren, Peab. ^ Thomps. 11. cc.

American Golden-crested King)e , And. \. c.

RoitelCt huppe, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 216.

HAB. — The whole of North America. South to Orizaba, Mexico. Winters
in most of the United States.

GH. SP. — $ 2 Naribus obtectis. Virenti-olivaceus, subtus sor-
dide flavo-albus, alls cauddquefuscisflavolimbatis, illis albo-bifas-
ciatis; superciliis cum f route albidis, vertice nigro — $ media flam-
meo flavo-limbato, 2 medio flavo.

$ , adult: Upper parts olive-green, more or less bright, sometimes rather
olive-ashy, always brightest on the rump ; under parts dull ashy- white,, or
yellowish-white. Wings and tail dusky, strongly edged with yellowish —
the inner wing-quills with whitish. On the secondaries, this yellowish edg-
ing stops abruptly in advance of the ends of the coverts, leaving a pure
blackish interval in advance of the white tips of the greater coverts, which,
with the similar tips of the median coverts, form two white bars across the
wings. The inner webs of the quills and tail-feathers are edged with white.
Superciliary line and extreme forehead hoary- whitish. Crown black, inclos-
ing a large space, the middle of which is flame-colored, bordered with pure
yellow. The black reaches across the forehead, but behind yellow and
7 B 0

98 CHARACTERS OF REGULUS CRISTATUS

flame-color reach the general olive of the upper parts. Or, the top of the
head may he described as a central bed of flame-color, bounded in front and
on the sides with clear yellow, this similarly bounded by«black, this again
in the same manner by hoary- whitish. Smaller than R. calendula. Length,
4 inches ; extent, 6$-7 ; wing, 2-2* ; tail, If.

9 , adult; and young: Similar to the adult male, but the central field of
the crown entirely yellow, inclosed in black (no flame-color). I have never
seen a newly-fledged specimen ; but birds of the year, in the fall, always
show black and yellow on the head, and I presume this appears with the
first feathering.

w
FlO. 16.— Golden-crested Kinglet.

Specimens vary considerably in the shade of the general coloration, being
sometimes quite yellowish or greenish, at other times more ashy above,
except on the rump, and nearly white below. Nor is this a matter of age
or season, for it is shown by equally perfect spring specimens. I am
unable to verify a supposed more greenish hue in western specimens; in
point of fact, some o.f the richest specimens I ever saw are among those I
collected years ago about Washington, D. C.

"TTNLIKE the Ruby-crown, the Gold-crest is far from con-
^ spicuous in the Ornis of the Colorado Basin. I find that
I am usually quoted as authority for its occurrence in Arizona;
but I expressly stated, in my paper published in 1866, that I
had myself never met with it there. 1 cannot now speak posi-
tively of the authority upon which I relied for including it
among the birds of that Territory, but think it was Dr. S. W.
Woodhouse, who speaks of it as very abundant in Texas and
New Mexico, the latter including Arizona at the time he wrote.
It is given in none of the Pacific Railroad Reports, nor in the
Mexican Boundary Survey, nor in Ives's Colorado River Survey,

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF GOLD-CREST 99

all of which works mention the other species. Mr. Henshaw
places it in his List of the Birds of Arizona, but quotes
me. Mr. Ridgway includes it without remark in his List of
the Birds of Colorado Territory, where, however, neither
Mr. Allen nor Mr. Trippe appears to have observed it, though
Mr. G. E. Aiken found it. It is omitted from Mr. Henshaw's
List of the Birds of Utah. Mr. Ridgway found it in the West
Humboldt Mountains, and Dr. Cooper in the Sierra Nevada.
From these data, and others that might be given, its rarity in
the Great Basin and southward is clearly perceived ; yet of its
actual presence in portions of the region drained by the Colo-
rado and its tributaries there is of course no doubt. It is
stated not to have been found south of Fort Crook, California,
on the west coast. In Mexico, it has been traced to Orizaba.
Details of its local distribution aside, its general range is much
the same as that of the Ruby-crown, including North America
at large.

Yet it is upon the whole a more northerly species. This is
witnessed both by its apparent absence from Central American
localities to which the other species regularly resorts in winter,
and by the respective limits of its breeding and wintering
ranges. We have no evidence, as yet, of its nesting in the
Rocky Mountains at large, as the Ruby-crown does, for the
southerly observations made upon it on these and other high
mountains of the west seem to have been during the migra-
tions. In the West, it has not been ascertained to breed south
of the Columbia, where Nuttall states that he saw it feeding its
young, May 21, 1835; Dr. Cooper witnessed the same thing
in August at Puget Sound ; and Mr. J. K. Lord found the
nest and eggs on Vancouver's Island. In the East, the breeding
range seems to be nearly coincident with that of calendula. The
bird has been observed through the summer in Maine, under
circumstances which left no doubt of its nesting there ; while
Audubon saw it engaged with its young in Labrador in August,
and Herr F. W. Biideker has figured the egg from an exam-
ple procured in the last-named country. The close parallelism
in theyeastern breeding range of the two species should make
us cautious in granting that the Golden-crejst is actually absent
from most of the Rocky Mountain region where the Ruby-
crown breeds; for it will be remembered that the evidence,
though strongly presumptive, remains of a negative character.
On the other hand, there seems to be a decided discrepancy

100 NEST, EGGS AND MANNERS OF THE GOLD-CREST

between the wintering ranges of the two; for the present
species winters regularly and readily in the United States at
large — even so far north as New England and Washington
Territory.

Dr. Brewer states that the nest and eggs had not been de-
scribed at the time of his writing; nevertheless, a few lines fur-
ther on he quotes Mr. Lord's account of "a pensile nest sus-
pended from the extreme end of a pine branch", while the open-
ing paragraph of the article in which the statement occurs
gives the reference to Biideker's figure and desciiption of the
egg. The plate indicates a rather roundish egg, though the
two specimens figured differ noticeably in size and shape ; they
are spoken of in the text as — "niedliche Ideine Eierchen mit
lehmgelben Fleckchen anf iveissem Grunde", and compared with
those of other species illustrated on the same plate. Various
authors7 accounts of the period at which newly fledged young
were observed by them render it probable that two broods are
annually reared.

I have long been familiar with the resorts and the sprightly
ways of the Golden-crest; but these scarcely call for remark
after what has been said about the Ruby-crown, since their hab-
its and manners are closely correspondent. In peering about
for insects and Iarva3 that lurk in the chinks of bark, it is
equally tireless, and makes the same show of petty turbu-
lence— another " tempest in a teapot". The song I am not
sure I have ever recognized, and most authors have passed
it over. Dr. Brewer says: — u Without having so loud or so
powerful a note as the Ruby-crown, for its song will admit of
no comparison with the wonderful vocal powers of that species,
it yet has a quite distinctive nnd prolonged succession of pleas-
ing notes, which I have beard it pour forth in the midst of the
most inclement weather in February almost uninterruptedly,
and for quite an interval."

SUBFAMILY POLIOPTILIN.E : GNATCATCHESS

CHARS.— Tarsi scutellate. Toes very short, the lateral only
about half as long as the tarsus ; outer a little longer than the
inner. First quill spurious, ab;>ut half as long as the second.
Wings rounded, not longer than the graduated tail, the feathers

POLIOPTILA P. OERULEA . 101

of which widen toward their rounded ends. Bill shorter than
head, straight, broad and depressed at base, rapidly narrow-
ing to the very slender terminal portion, distinctly notched and
hooked at the end — thus muscicapine in character. Rictus
with well developed bristles. Nostrils entirely exposed.

This is a small group of one genus and about a dozen species,
confined to America, chiefly developed in Central and South
America. It may not be well placed in the Sylviiclce, but is
better off here than among the Paridcc, where it is put by some.
I should not be surprised if its closest relationships were with
the true Muscicapidce of the Old World.

Genus POLIOPTILA Sclater

CHARS.— To the foregoing add: Coloration grayish-blue,
white below, without red or yellow on head ; tail black, bor-
dered with white.

The three North American species occur in the Colorado
region, two of them, in fact, being characteristic of this part of
the country. They are diminutive birds, of great energy and
activity, expert in flycatching, inhabiting woodland, migratory,
and musical — though the ordinary call-note is a sharp squeak.

Blue-gray Gnat catcher

Polioptila ceernlea

Motacilla caerulea, L. SN. i. 1766, 317 (Edw. Glean, pi. 302).

Sylvia caerulea, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 540, no. 121.

Culicivora C3erulea, ?D'Orb. Ois Cuba, 1839,90.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 306 (Cuba).—
Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 437.

Sylvania caerulea, Nutt. Man. 2d ed. i. 1840, 337.

Polioptilacserulea, Scl. PZ3. 1855, IL—Xant. Pr. Phila Acad. xi 1859, 191 (California). —Barn.
Smiths. Rep. for 1360, 1861,437.— fid. Rev. AB. 1861, 74.— Dress. Ibis, 1865, 485 (Texas).—
Coues, IbK 1865, 538 (Arizona).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 66 (Arizona).— Co ues,
Pr. Essex lust. v. 1868, 268 —Crues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 107.— Butch. Pr. Phila.
Acad. xx. 18(58, 149 (Texas).— Mayn. B. Fla. 1872, 28. — Scott, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1872,
2-21 (Virginia).— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 269.— Brewer, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 4Qt. — Ridg.
Bull. Ess. In*t. v. 1873, 179.— Merr. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 8.— B. B. ff R. NAB. i. 1874, 78,
pi. 6, f 5.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 187.">, 45\.—Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 155.— Hensh.
Z>ol. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1&76, 166 (Arizona).

Motacilla caerulea, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 992, no. 43.

Culicivora caerutea, Bp. CA. i. 1850, zifi.—Gundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 407 /Cuba).

Polioptila caerulea, Scl. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Gf«n<H. J. f. O. 1861, 324 (Cuba) ; 1872,
4(19 (Cuba).

llUSCicapa eoerulea, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 172.— Gamb. Journ. Phila. Acad. i.
• 1847, 38.

Culicivora ecerulea, And. BA. i. 1840, 244, pi. lO.— Woodh. Sitgreave's Rep. 1853, 67.— Henry,
Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 309 (New Mexico).— Putn. Pr. Essex lust. i. 1856, 206.

102 SYNONYMY AND CHARACTERS OF P. C.ERULEA

Polioptilacoerulea, Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 107 (New Mexico).— Ed. Ives's Rep.
pt. v. 1861, G.—Laifr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 282. — Brewer, Am. Nat. i. 1867, 116,
\n.—Lawr. Ann Lye. N. Y. ix. 1869, 199 (Yucatan). — Turnb. BE. Pa. 1869, 28; Phila.
ed. 21.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 17 —Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 99.

Ciilicivora roerulea, Gundl. J. f. O. 1855, 471 (Cuba).

Uulicivora cerulea, Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 309.— Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856,289.

Motacilla cana, Gm. SN. i. pt. ii. 1788, 973, no. 11G (from Buff.

Lath., and Penn.).

Sylvia cana, Lath.lO. ii. 1790, 543, no. 133.
Refill us griceus, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, 291.
Culicivoramexicaiia, lip CA. i. 1850, 316 (?; nee Cass.).
PoliOUtila mexicana, Scl. PZS. 1859, 363, 373 (Xalapa, Oax-

aca)— S. 4-5. Ibis, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).— Scl. PZS. 1862,18

(Southern Mexico).

Ficedulapensylvanicacinerea, Briss. " Av. App. 107, no. 79".
Little Blue-grey Fly-catcher, Edw. Glean, pi. 302.
Figuh-r gris-de-fer, Buff. " 01*. v. 3;9".
CUT ill an Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 49U, no. 117.— <

Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 4U5, no. 299.

Flguier cendrt a gorge <endr5e, Buff. " v. 319 ".
Groy-lliroat Warbler, Latli. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 496, no. 128.— FIG. 17.— Head of Blue-
fenn. AZ. ii. 1785, 411, no. 3L5. gray Gnatcatcher (low. fig.);

Blue-gray Flycatcher, And. 1. c. of Black-capped Gnatcatcher

Culicboregris dc ler, D'Orb. l. c. (up. fig.) ; nat. size.

HAB.— United States from Atlantic to Pacific; north to the Connecticut
Valley and Yreka, Cal.; south through Mexico and Lower California to
Guatemala. Bahamas. Cuba. Breeds throughout its United States range.
Winters on the southern United States border and southward.

CH. SP. — Cano-ccerulea, infra canescenti alba, alis fmcis cano
Umbatis, caudd nigrd, rectrice externd albd,secundd albo-dimidiata,
tertia albo-terminala, orbitis albis, rostro pedibusque niyris. $
vertice magis ccerulescente, f route cam striga superciliari nigrd;
9 vertlce dorso concolore, fronte et superciliis innotatis.

J , aflult : Grayish-blue, bluer on the crown, hoary on the rump, the fore-
head black, continuous with a black superciliary line. Edges of eyelids
white, and above these a slight whitish stripe is commonly observed bordering
the black exteriorly. Below white, with a faint plumbeous shade, particu-
larly on the breast. Wings dark brown, the outer webs, especially of the
inner quills, edged with hoary, and the inner webs of most bordered with
white. Tail jet-black, the outer feather entirely or mostly white, the next
oneabont half white, the third one tipped with white. Bill and feet black.
Length, 4i-5 ; extent, 6^-7 ; wing, 2-5>£; tail about the same.

$: Like the $ . but duller and more grayish-blue above; the head like
the back, and without any black. Bill usually in part light colored.

The extent of white on the tail varies somewhat ; but I have seen no
eastern specimens in which the outer feather was not white in all of its
extent which was not covered by the under coverts. In some Arizona
examples, however, the black which usually exists at the base extends be-
yond the coverts, and in fact there is little more white on this feather than
there is in P. plumbea, though the black of the frontlet is intact.

MIGRATIONS OF THE BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER 103

IN its winter resorts among the groves of the southernmost
States, this tiny creature grows restless with the first breath
of spring, and frets till its impatience is resolved into the
mysterious impulse of migration, or absorbed in the more
pressing duties of the mating season. Those that are inclined
to seek a summer home in the north pass leisurely along in
March and April, reaching Virginia and Maryland early in the
latter month, and the Middle States by the first of May. They
seldom proceed further than this along the Atlantic coast, the
Connecticut Valley being the terminus of their route. They
have been said to reach Nova Scotia, but this appears doubt-
ful, though in the interior the migration is pushed to the
region of the Great Lakes and borders of the British Provinces —
west of the Mississippi to Iowa and Nebraska, but apparently
not to Minnesota. Those that winter in the valleys of the Rio
Grande and Colorado Kivers seem to be more restricted in
their movements, as they are not known to penetrate the mount-
ainous regions to the northward much if any beyond the sources
of these great streams. On the Pacific slopes, the limit must
be fixed, so far as we know now, at latitude 42°.

In the Colorado Basin, this Gnatcatcher is sparingly but
generally distributed in summer, and resident, as far as the
whole area is concerned, though partially migratory within its
limits, since those individuals that repair to northerly or alpine
districts to breed retire in the fall to the lower warmer portions.
At Fort Whipple, in the spring of 18G5, I did not notice their
presence until the last week in April ; but, as I was not then
collecting every day, I may have missed tkem on their first ap-
pearance. At Washington, D. C., where they are more numer-
ous than I have found them to be anywhere in the West, I
used to note their arrival each spring for several years in the
early part of April. On entering the noble oak forests which
still surround the city, at a time when the buds, though swollen,
have not yet burst into the leafy canopy which later covers
the nakedness of the branches and gives privacy to the life of
numberless sylvan sprites besides the Blue-gray Gnatcatchers,
I seldom missed first hearing, then seeing, these waf ward and
capricious little creatures. Though so near the most uncertain
and dangerous spot in America — Washington, " Mecca of the
unfortunate and the tomb of ambition v, the Blue-grays seem
to have no fears for the success of their recent pilgrimage from
the South, and indulge the aspirations of the day. Not content

104 BEHAVIOR OF TILE BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER

with the low estate of tbe shrubbery, which seems best suited
to shelter their insignificance, they mount the tallest trees, and
go the rounds with all the bluster and display of assured suc-
cess. From the tree- tops come the shrill wiry notes, two or
three at a time, like tzee-tzee-tzee, as the birds skip nimbly from
twig to twig, with lowering half-spread wings and nervous
twitching of the whole body, in eager quest of insects and
larvsB, now pausing a moment to pry more closely into a suspected
crevice of the bark, then darting into the air to capture a pass-
ing fly, and regaining their perch after almost a somersault.
Restless and bustling as all its actions are at such times, there
is something more remarkable still in the excessive eagerness
betrayed, and the wonderful elan with which they dash upon
their prey — as if they would crowd the business of a lifetime
into its early days, and seize its prizes with the first impetuous
assault. We must admire such spirit, even after we have
learned it is unsafe.

Days pass in this incessant activity, this impetuous revolt
from the monotony of idleness, till other impulses are stimulated
with the warmth of the advancing season, and the sharp accents
of the voice are modulated into sweet and tender song, so low
as to be inaudible at any considerable distance, yet so fault-
lessly executed and well sustained that the tiny musician may
claim no mean rank in the feathered choir. A little later still
we may, perchance, if our eyes are sharp, and we know just
where to look, discover the extremely beautiful nest which the
Blue gray makes for itself — a structure which cannot fail to
excite our wonder and admiration. Excepting the Humming-
bird's nest, none can compare with this exquisite specimen of
bird architecture, cunningly contrived to combine elegance
with comfort, artfully rendered substantial without sacrifice of
good taste, and ingeniously screened from observation by the
same means that are employed for its ornamentation. True to
its aspirations, the bird nestles high in the trees, usually at
least twenty yards from the ground, placing the fabric among
slender twigs, to which it is woven, oftenest at the extremity
of a bougti which sways with the wind. To insure the safety
of its contents during the motion to which it is often subjected,
it is built remarkably deep, and contracted at the orifice, so
that the cavity is somewhat purse-shaped, and the general
shape outside is like that of a truncated cone. It seems large for
the size of the bird — it is sometimes three and a half inches in

NEST AND EGGS OF BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCIIER 105

height, and nearly as, much in width at the base, with a diameter
of two inches at the brim. The walls are closely and warmly
matted or felted with the softest vegetable material, the de-
composed fibre of various plants, thistle-down, and like sub-
stances, in some cases woven with spider's web. The structure
is artistically finished with stucco-work of lichens all over the
outside, which serves the double purpose of perfecting its
beauty and making it resemble a natural excrescence. In such
an elegant cradle, eggs are laid, to the number of four, five, or
even six, measuring scarcely three-filths of an inch in length
and less than half an inch in their greatest diameter — white
in color, speckled and dashed, generally over the whole surface,
with several shades of reddish or .umber brown and lilac. In
such a secure home as this, the Blue gray Flycatcher usually
rears its brood unmolested ; it has little to fear except from the
Cow bird and from the ornithologist, against which enemies no
art avails. The parasitic bird might have its own excuse to
offer, could its motives be called in question ; the other may
apologize, after a fashion, by averring that even this slight
sketch of the Blue-gray Guatcatcher's life could not be finished
had the nest never been rifled.

Plumbeous ftnatcatcher

Polioptila plumbea

Polioptila plumbea, Bd. Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1838, 118.— Bd. SNA. 1858, 382; atlas, 1860, pi.

33, f. 1 (Arizona).— Henry, Pr. Pnila. Acad. 1859, 107.— Bd. Ives'd Rep. pt. v. 1861, 6.—

Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 74.— tones, Ibi.-t, 1865, 533 .— Cones, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 6S —Coop.

Am. Nat. iii. 'l869. 474, 479.— Coop. B. Gal i. le>70, 37, fig.— Cones, Key, 1872, 79.— B. B.

ffR. NAB. i. 1874, 80, pi. 6, f.fi.—ffensh. List. B. Utah, 1875, 155.
Lead-colored Flycatcher, Coop. I c.
( Lead-colored Guatcatcher; Arizona Gnatcatcher, B. B. ff R. 1. c.

HAB.— (Not known to occur beyond the) Valley of the Gila and Colorado.

CH. SP. — Similis prcecedenti sed notceo minus ccerulescente, et
fronte concolore; striga soluni superciliari nigrd, alterd breviore
alba; rectrice externd pogonio exteriore et apice albis. 2 capite
innotato.

$ , adult : Upper parts like those of P. cceruka, but duller and more gray-
ish ; no black on the forehead ; a short black stripe over each eye, and be-
low this another one of white. Outer tail-feather with the whole outer

106 THE PLUMBEOUS GNATCATCHER

web and tip white (much like the second feather of P. ccenilea) ; the next
two feathers tipped with white. Size of P. ccertilea.

9 : Like the $ ; the upper parts still duller, and frequently with a decided
brownish shade ; uo black over the eye. Ouly distinguished from $ ccerulea
by less white on the tail.

The difference between this species and P. ccerulea lies only in the less
amount of white on the tail and absence of black on the forehead. The
black on the head is restricted to a short superciliary stripe, instead of reach-
ing across the forehead. The outer tail-feather has about as much white as
there is on the second feather of P. ccerulea, while the next feather corre-
sponds to the third of cceritlea. In view of the observed variations in this
respect, it may fairly be questioned whether the present is anything more
than a local race of P. ccerulea, as would certainly seem to be the case if
specimens also intermediate in the character of the black ou the head should
be forthcoming. This, however, has not been observed ; while the fact that
the two forms live side by side ii Arizona, each preserving its characters for
the most part intact, is evidence in favor of their specific difference.

DR. C. B. E. KENNERLY discovered this bird on Bill Will-
iams' River, Arizona, in 1854, and it was described by Pro-
fessor Baird during the same year. It does not seem to be a com-
mon bird ; in fact, the small number of specimens acquired in
the interval between its discovery and the present time go to
show that it is less abundant in Arizona than P. cccrulea,
though in one sense it is the characteristic species of the Ter-
ritory. During my residence at Fort Wbipple, I did not find it,
or, at any rate, did not recognize it, though I took specimens
in several other localities, lower than or south of Whipple. In
these places, it was seen in summer and early autumn. Dr.
Cooper remarks its wintering on the Colorado as high as Fort
Mojave. There is nothing to speak of in its habits and man-
ners after what has been said of its near relative.

Black-capped Gnat catcher

Polioptila inelaitura

CuliClvora atricapilla, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. v. 1852, 124 (Texas).— Bd. Stansbury's Rep.
1852, 328.— Heerm. Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 1853, 263.

Polioptila melanura, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. 1856, 168 (Texas and California).—^. BNA.
1858, 382.— Bd. Pr. Phila. Acad. l&.r,9, 304 (Cape Saint Lucas).— Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859,
39.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 68.— Dress. Ibis, 1865, 485 (Texas).— Cones, Pr Phila. Acad.
1866, 66 (Arizona).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 184.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 37, fi^.—
Couet, Key, 1872, 79, f. 20.— B. B. Sf R. NAB. i. 1874, 81, pi. 6, f. T.—Hensk. List B.
Ariz. 1875, 155.

THE BLACK-CAPPED GNATCATCHER 107

Culicivora mexicana, CMS, 111. i. 1854, 164, pi. 27 (not of Bp.).
Black-headed Gnatcatchcr, Coues, l. c.
Black-capped Gnatcatcher, /;. />'. 4 R. 1. c.

HAB. — Texas to Southern and Lower California.

CH. SP. — Similis P. ccerulece; sed vertice
nigro, pogonio externo rectricis exterioris albo-
limbato, apice albo.

$ : Like P. ccerulex, but the whole top of the head
black. White of tail reduced to a minimum ; the
outer web of the outer feather being usually edged
with white, instead of wholly white, and the tip of
the inner web, with the tip of the next feather, white FIG. 18.— c, tail of Black-
for a very slight space; no white observed on the capped Gnatcatcher; d, of
third feather. Size of the foregoing; tarsi rather ^*™'U Gnatcatcher :
longer — about 0.70. 9 : No black on the head.

The male of this species is immediately distinguished from that of either
of the two foregoing by having the whole top of the head black. The
female, however, presents some difficulty, being mainly distinguishable by the
minimum amount of white on the tail, as above described, and the rather
longer tarsi, which are f of an inch instead of about f .

THE Black capped Guatcatcher, first described by Mr, G. IS".
Lawrence in 1851, was discovered at Biuggold Barracks,
Texas, by Capt. J. P. McCown, then of the United States Army,
who subsequently changed his allegiance to a temporary con-
federation which was declared in 1861. Various observers
have since met with the bird in different portions of the South-
west, till its range has been ascertained to extend from Texas
to California, at the latitude of San Diego, and down the pen-
insula to Cape Saint Lucas, including a portion of Mexico. I
never saw it at Fort Whipple, nor does Mr. Henshaw appear to
have met with it in his various tours in the Southwest. Lieu-
tenant Bendire found it resident about Tucson, and Dr. Cooper
states that it remains during the winter at Fort Mojave and
San Diego. The published records of its habits, excluding
some statements that do not seem very well considered, indi-
cate nothing peculiar in comparison with those of P. ccerulea;
while the nest and eggs, as described by Dr. Brewer, are sub-
stantially the same, though some " black" markings of the lat-
ter are mentioned. This may be a remarkable circumstance,
for, according to the same author (N. Am. (X)l. p. 7) " markings
of a jet-black color, even to the extent of blotches, spots, or
lines, are of very rare occurrence, if not positively unknown".

CHAPTER V. — WEEN-TITS

FAM.

THIS small group was proposed in 1864, by Professor Baird,
for the accommodation of a single genus and species not
readily referable to any established familv; although, as its
proposer suggested, the bird may belong to some recognized
exotic group. Its characters, which are in effect the same as
those of the genus Chamcca, are given under head of the latter.

Genus CHAMJEA Gambel

CHARS. — Form and general aspect combining features of
Wrens and Titmice. Plumage extraordinarily lax, soft and full.
Coloration simple. Tarsal scute.lla obsolete, or faintly indi-
cated. Toes coherent at base for about half the length of the
proximal joint of the middle one. Soles widened and padded,
much as in Paridce. Primaries 10, the sixth longest, the third
equal to the longest secondaries, the first about f as long as
the longest; wing thus extremely rounded, and much shorter
than the tail (about § as long). Tail very long, constituting
more than half the entire length of the bird, extremely gradu-
ated, with soft, narrow feathers, widening somewhat toward
their tips, rounded at the end, the lateral pair not two thirds
as long as the middle. Bill much shorter than head, straight,
stout, compressed-conical, not notched, with ridged culmen,
naked, scaled, linear nostrils, and strongly bristled gape.

The genus may be found referable to the Troglodytidcc in the
vicinity of Cinnicerthia.

The Wren-tit

Chamroa fasciata

ParilS faSCiatllS, Gam?>. Pr. Phila. Acad. ii. 1845, 265 (California;.

Cbaimea fasciata, Gamb. Pr. Phila, Acad. iii. 1846, 154 (type).— Gnmb. Journ. Phila. Acad.

2<lser. i. 1847, 34, pi. 8, f. 3.— Cass. III. i. 1853, 39, pi. 7.— Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi.

1859, 191.— Ed. RAB. i. 1864, 76. — Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869. 185. — Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870,

39, figs.— Coues, Key, 1872, 79.— Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 17.— B. B. tf Ii. NAB.

1874, 84, fign., pi. 6, f. 8.— Nels. Pr. Bobt. Soc.- xvii. 1875, 356

CHARACTERS OF CHAMPA FASCIATA 109

, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. 1818, Bd.i. 103.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 206.— Ed. BXA.
1858. 371).— Hc.r.rm. PURR. x. 1859, 41.

Chanii a tasciata, Rd. Stanhbury'tt Kep. GSL. 1832, 332.— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 187^, 350, 404.
Ground Wren, Wn-n-tit, Ground-tit, Vulg.

II AB.— California from the Sierra Nevada to the coast, from the Sacra-
mento Valley to Sau Diego.

Cn. SP. — (5 2 Olivaceo-fusGa, capite obseuriore, alls cauddque
obsolete transfasciatis ; infra pallide cinnamomina, lateribus
crusoque obscurioribus, guld etpectore obsolete fmco-striatis.

Adult : Dark brown with an olive shade, the top of the head, clearer and
somewhat streaky, the wings and tail purer brown, obscurely marked with
numerous cross-bars ; below dull cinnamon-brown, shaded with olive-brown
on the sides and crissum, the throat and breast obscurely streaked with
dusky ; bill and feet brown ; iris white. Length about six inches ; wing,
2i-2i; tail an inch longer, much graduated, the lateral feathers being an
inch or more shorter than the middle ones; bill, £; tarsus,-^-; middle toe
and claw, f. First primary nearly an inch shorter than the longest one.

With a general pariue appearance, this species, as indicated by the above
measurements, is of remarkable shape, quite uulik'e that of any other North
American bird. It was usually classed with the Pandce, until a separate
family was formed for its reception. The tail is ve"ry long, much exceeding
the wings, and forms rather more than half the entire length of the bird.
The wings are exceedingly short and rounded, the exposed portion of the
lirst primary being less than an inch in length. The plumage is remarkably
long, soft and lax ; the coloration inconspicuous, blended and diffuse. The
tarsal scutella tend to become fused, though a few large plates may com-
monly be observed in front.

THE Wren tit is one of several interesting discoveries made
in California by Dr. William G-ambel,of Philadelphia, whose
life left an example of how much may be accomplished in a
brief space of time by the wise use of natural gifts. He at
first called it a Farm, but, soon perceiving its strongly dis-
tinctive characters, conferred upon it the appropriate title of
Chamcea (/a/tat, "on the ground'7), in allusion to its terrestrial
habits. According to his accounts, which remain the most
accurate and pertinent of those which have thus far reached
me, I gather that its habits are quite Wren-like ; that it in-
habits shrubby and weedy places, is restless and active, expert
in eluding obversation, and clamorous in resenting intrusion
of its haunts, with harsh scolding notes ; that it shares, further-
more, the very Wren-like way of holding the tail erect at times,
and nervously twitching it. He observed its manner of search-
ing for its insect food by scrambling sideways about the weeds
and bushes j and speaks of other notes it possesses more musical

110 HABITS OF THE WREN-TIT

than its usual scolding cries — a succession of slow monotonous
whistling notes prolonged with a trill. Dr. J. G. Cooper, who
found the bird " common everywhere west of the Sierra Nevada,
on dry plains and hillsides covered with chaparral and other
shrubby undergrowth ", describes the nest and eggs, which he
discovered at San Diego during the last week of April, 1862.
The nest was placed in a shrub about three feet from the
ground, and was "composed of straws and twigs mixed with
feathers, firmly interwoven", lined with grass and hair; the
cavity was a little less than two .inches wide, and about as
deep. " The eggs were 0.70 x 0.52 inch in size, and pale green-
ish blue" in color.

I have myself never seen this curious bird alive ; and I
hesitated to bring it into the present connection. A short
notice, however, of the interesting species seemed desirable,
and I concluded to introduce it, on the strength of its occur-
rence in the country about Fort Tejon, at the western edge of
the interior basin — particularly since there is no doubt in my
own mind that the bird actually inhabits a small part of the
Colorado water-shed. It is, however, characteristic of the
coast region from the Sacramento Valley to Lower California,
and back from the coast to the Sierra Nevada. There is even
a record of its probable or possible presence in Colorado Ter-
ritory ; but this is so extremely doubtful that I shall not refer
to it more explicitly — I have learned too much of the " growing
apace" of ornithological ill weeds that once take root. For all
we know, Chamcea remains a singularly isolated form, so re-
stricted in habitat, and so widely separated from former or
present allies, that the wonder is how it was ever developed in
this place without leaving a trace of its ancestry.

CHAPTER VI.— TITMICE

FAM. PARID.E

"inXCEPTING.the aberrant genus Auriparus, which perjiaps
J--^ belongs elsewhere (see beyond), the North American Paridce
are all very closely interrelated, and agree in the following char-
acters:— Bill very short and stout, straight, compressed-conoid
in shape, not notched nox with decurved tip, its under as well
as upper outline convex. Rictus without true bristles, but
base of the bill covered with tufts of bristly feathers directed
forward, entirely concealing the nostrils. Feet stout ; tarsi
distinctly sen tellate, longer than the middle toe; toes rather
short, the anterior soldered together at the base for most of
the length of the basal joint of the middle one. Hind toe with
an enlarged pad beneath, forming, with the consolidated bases
of the anterior toes, a broad firm sole. Wing with ] 0 primaries,
of which the first is very short or spurious, scarcely or not
half as long as the second; wing as a whole rounded, scarcely
or not longer than the tail, which latter is rounded or graduated
and composed of 12 narrow soft feathers, with rounded or
somewhat truncated tips. Plumage long, soft and loose, with-
out bright colors (again excepting Auriparus) or well marked
changes according to sex, age or season. Size small (length
under 7 inches).

There is really a close similarity in external form — borne out
to some extent in habits— between the Titmice and the Jays.
Thus a species of Parus is hardly distinguishable iu details of
form from Perisoreus, and Lophophanes as closely resembles
Cyanurus. There will, however, be no difficulty in distinguish-
ing them, if only by the arbitrary criterion of size — for all the
Jays are much larger than any Titmice. In the assemblage of
upward of a hundred species which, according to conven-
tional usage, compose the Paridce, certain aberrant forms are
generally separated as subfamilies; but a large majority are
referable to the

112 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARING

SUBFAMILY PAEINJE : TRUE TITMICE

The familiar Chickadee, so called from its quaint notes, which
are thought to resemble the syllables chick'-a-dee, stands as a
typical representative of this group. The accredited species,
to the number of about seventy, are, with few exceptions,
confined to the northern hemisphere, and abound in most parts
of Europe, Asia and North America. A strong family like-
ness runs through the whole of them, and their habits and
manners in most respects are much the same. The principal
exception to this statement is found in the methods of nidi fication,
which vary greatly — some species building in holes of trees,
which they excavate like woodpeckers, while others construct
immense purse-like pensile nests of grasses or mosses. They
are for the most part hardy birds, capableyof enduring great
cold with impunity 5 this circumstance, which, with their omniv-
orous tastes, renders procuring of food of one kind or another
easy at all seasons, causes them to be non-migratory, or only
imperfectly so. Their musical ability is decidedly of a low-
order, though they have a great variety of 'hearty and not dis-
pleasing notes. They are very active, restless, energetic and
industrious birds, withal turbulent, self asserting, and in the
presence of man heedless to a degree. Among their own kind,
they are sociable, in some cases almost gregarious, but are
accused of being tyrannical and cruel, like Jays, toward weaker
or more defenseless species. They are very prolific, not only lay-
ing a large clutch of eggs, but often rearing more than one brood
annually; as a consequence, they are usually abundant wher-
ever found at all. They are chiefly confined to wooded country j
the boreal species of America, like Parus liudsonicus, haunt
the coniferous forests ; others, for the most part, prefer thickets,
shrubbery and undergrowth.

The four genera to be here treated will be readily dis-
tinguished by the following characters.

Genus LOPHOPHANES Kaup

CHARS. — Head crested. Wings and tail rounded, of about
equal lengths, and about as long as the body. Bill conoid com-
pressed, with upper and under outlines both convex. No yel-
low on head nor red on wing. Plumage lax, much the same
at all ages and seasons. Average size of the species at a

LOPPIOPHANES CHARS. AND SYNS. OF L. BICOLOR 113

maximum for this group. Nests excavated in trees. Eggs
spotted.

There are four perfectly good American species of " Tufted
Titmice r, only two of which are known to occur in the Colorado
Basin. For convenience of comparing the three western species
with the eastern one, the characters of the latter are subjoined.*

* I.ophopha !n-s bicolor.— Tiiftecl Titmouse.

Parus biCOlor, L. SN. i- 1766, 340 (Gates, i. pi. 57).- Gm. SN. i. 1788, W05.-Latk. IO. ii. 1790,
567.— Tun. SN. i. 1806, 621.— Wils. AO. i. 1808, 137, pi. 8, f. 5.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad.
iv. 1825, 255.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 100.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 456.— Aud. OB. i.
1831, 199, pi. 39 — Niat. Man. i. 1832, 236.— Temm. Man. iii. 1835. 210.— Bp. C. & G. L.
1838, 20.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 78.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 143, pi. 125 (" Nova Scotia").— Linsl.
Am. Journ. Sci. xliv. 1843, 255 (Connecticut).— Gir. BLI. 1844, 78.— Read, Pr. Phila.
Acad. vi. 1853, 397 (Ohio).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. iv. 1854, 325.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad.
vii. 1855, 309 (? ? New Mexico).— Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 584.— Haym. Pr.
Phila. Acad. viii. 185C, 290 (Indiana).— Maxim. J. f. O. vi. 1858, 118. (N. B.— Parus
bicolcr, Fabric. Fn. Grrenland. 1780, 123, is some other animal.)

iophophaiies biCOlor, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 228.— Cass. 111.1853, IB.— Woodk. Sitgr. Rep. Zufii,
1853, 68 (Indian Territory).— Maxim. J. f. O. 1858, 117.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 384.— Henry,
Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 107.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 437 (Pennsylvania).—
Coues SfPrent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 4ll.—Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862,
174.— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 157.— Bd. RAB. 1864,78.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864,
S3.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri).— Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 485
(Texas).— Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 283.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, . 107
(South Carolina).— Coue§, Pr. Ess. lust. v. 1868, 279 (New England).— Turnb. B. E. Pa.
1869, 28 ; Phila. ed. 21.— Gregg, Br. Elmira Acad. 1870, — (Chemung Co. N. Y.T rare).—
Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 545.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 261 (Florida); iii. 1872,125
(Kansas).— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 221.— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 264.— Mayn. B.
Fla. 1872, 32.— Coues, Key, 1872, 80, f. 21.— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 6 (resident).— Ridg.
Am. Nat. vii, 1873, 200.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 236 (Iowa).— M err. Am. Nat.
viii. 1874, 8, 86.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 19.— B. B. 4- R. NAB. i. 1874, 87, pi. 6, f. 1.— Breto.
Pr.Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 451.

Bacolophus bicolor, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 91.

Parus CristatUSj'-Barfr. Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. 1791, 292.

Lophoplianes missouriensis, Bd. BNA. 1858, 3H4 (in text).

Toupet Titmouse, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 423, no. 324.

Mesange bicolore, Temm. i. c.

Tufted Titmouse, Crested Titmouse, Vulg.

HAB.— Eastern United States, from Texas and Nebraska to tbe Connecti-
cut Valley.

CH. SP.: — $ $ Cinereus, dorso paululum olivascente ; infra sordide albus, lateri-<
bus rufis ; f route nigrd; rostro nigricante, pedibm plumbeis.

3 9 : Entire upper parts ashy, tbe back usually with a slight olivaceous
shade, tbe wings and tail rather purer and darker plumbeous, the latter
sometimes showing obsolete transverse bars. Sides of the head and entire
under parts dull whitish, washed with chestnut-brown on the sides. A
black frontlet at the base of the crest. Bill plumbeous-blackish ; feet plum-
beous. Length, 6-6i inches; extent, 9f-10£; wing, 3-3£; tail about the
same.

Young : The crest less developed ; little if any trace of the black frontlet ;
sides scarcely washed with rusty.
8BC

114 CHARACTERS, ETC., OF LOPHOPHANES INORNATUS

Plain Titmouse

Loplioptianes iiiornatus

Parus inornatUS, Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. ii. 1845, 265; iii. 1846, 154 ; Journ. Phila. Acad. 2d
ger. i. 1847, 35, pi. 8, f. 2 (California).

Loptiophanes inornatUS, Bd. Stansb. Rep. GSL. 1852, 332.— Cass. 111. 1853, 19.— Heerm.
Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 1853, 263.— Woodk. Sitgr. Rep. Zuui R. 1853, 69.— Bd. BNA. 1858,
386.— Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 191 (California).— Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 42.— Scl.
CAB. 1861, 14.— Bd. RAB. 1864, 78.— Coties, Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 79 (Fort Whip-
pie).— Elliot, BNA. pi. 3.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 42, 6g.—Aiken, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv.
1872, 195 (Colorado).— Coues, Key, 1872, 80, f. W.—Ridg. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 179
(Colorado).— 5. B. <V R. NAB. i. 1874, 91, pi. 6, f. 3. — Coues, BNW. 1874, 20.— Coop. Am.
Nat. viii. 1874, 17.— Yarr. tfHensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, l.—Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874,
40, 99.-7VeZs.Pr.Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 356.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 10U Merid. 1876, 167.

Tophophanes inonuUiis. Bd. Ives's Rep. Colorado R. pt. vi. 1861, 6.

Plain Titmouse, Gray-tufted Titmouse, California Titmouse, Vulg.

HAB. — United States, from Western Texas and Colorado to the Pacific.
CH. SP. — $ 9 Olivaceo cinereus, fronte concolore; infra cinereo-
albus, lateribus concoloribus ; rostro pedibusque plumbeis.

Adults: Entire upper parts dull leaden-gray, with a slight olive shade;
the wings and tail rather purer and darker. Below, dull ashy- whitish, with-
out any rusty wash on the sides. No black on the head. Extreme forehead
and sides of the head obscurely speckled with whitish. No decided mark-
ings anywhere. In size rather less than L. bicolor; length usually under
six inches, &c.

The young are quite like the adults. These closely resemble the young of
L. bicolor ; but in the latter there are traces at least of the reddish of the
sides or black of the frontlet, or both ; the general coloration is purer, with
more distinction between the upper and under parts, and the size is rather
greater. The peculiar speckled appearance of the sides of the head ami
lores of L. inornatus is not observed in L. bicolor.

THROUGHOUT the Colorado Basin, the familiar Tufted Tit-
mouse of the Eastern States is replaced by the " plaiu "
species, well named " inornatus" — a peculiarly sordid bird, the
dull monotony of whose plumage is unrelieved by a single touch
of color. It inhabits not only a portion of Western Texas, the
whole of New Mexico, Arizona, and corresponding latitudes in
California, but also portions of Colorado, Utah and Nevada.
How far north it extends is not precisely ascertained ; but we
may suppose it to be distributed at least half-way across the
three last-named Territories, which lie in a tier together. Its
southern extreme, similarly, is uncertain ; but, wherever the
" ragged edge " of its habitat may run, the watershed of the
great Colorado of the West is its home, and there it resides
continually.

It is another discovery which the lamented Gambel made in
California, where he first found it, in November, near Monte-
rey, among the evergreen oaks of that vicinity. Since his

PRACTICAL ORNITHOLOGY IN ARIZONA 115

time, nearly all the explorers of the Southwest have also met
with the bird, and recorded the impressions it left upon them —
among whom may be mentioned Woodhouse, Heermann, Xan-
tus, Cooper, Aiken, Ridgway, and Heushaw, all well known in
connection with the ornithology of this very interesting region.
Whilst living at Fort Whipple, I frequently came upon little
troops of these Titmice, especially in the winter-time — my note-
book is silent for the summer months, but I never doubted
their permanence in that vicinity. Nearly all of us who have
had anything to say about the birds speak of their fondness for
the tracts of country which are covered with scrubby evergreen
oaks; in my "Prodrome" 1 called it " emphatically an ever-
green oak species, eschewing the pines, and frequenting the
open hill-sides" — a correct statement, though not a model of
literary handicraft. There was, and for aught I know to the
contrary there still may be, a large patch of oaks just back of
the fort, where I was almost sure to find these Titmice at
any time during a portion of the year. This scrubby hillside,
by the way, was a favorite resort of mine, not so much lor what
I expected to find there in the ornithological line, as for what
I very sincerely hoped not to find in the way of the aborigines —
for it was in fall view of the fort, and much safer than the
ravines on either side, where I have gone more than once to
bring in the naked and still bleeding bodies of men killed by
the Apaches. This was in 1864-*65, when the worst passions
of both Ked and White men were inflamed by atrocities ex-
changed in kind, and when practical ornithology in Arizona
was a very precarious matter, always liable to sadden inter-
ruption, and altogether too spicy for comfort. In the course
of this volume, I shall probably indulge in some reminiscences
of this sort, at times when I feel in the humor, or when I for-
get what I ought to say about this or that bird ; for, according
to the simplest laws of association, my memory of many Ari-
zona birds — in fact, my whole notion of the lives of some of
them — is pervaded with local color. The recollections of a
decade ago make a crowded and strangely jumbled picture, in.
which the high lights rest on many an interesting bird, while
the swarthy savage crouches in the shadow of the background.
They tell me things are better now— that the trails are seldom
blood-stained : in some states of the social atmosphere, a
thunder-shower, with leaden rain, clears up the sky ; and so it
proved in this case.
In studying the habits of GambePs Titmouse, surnamed " the

116 A NOTE ON LOPHOPHANES ATROCRISTATUS

unadorned", I often desired to seize upon some salient point in
its character, to contrast it with its eastern relative ; but I
was as often disappointed. It has character enough, I wot —
few birds are of more positive, self-asserting, aggressive person-
ality than the whole family of the Titmice ; but, by the same
token, there is little to distinguish them from each other. In
a word, the inornatus is the counterpart of the bicolor; in this
statement, the whole story of its life is summed.

Before going on to Wollweber's Titmouse, I wish to allude to
a closer ally of inornatus: I mean the Black-crested Titmouse,
L. atrocristatus. This bird was discovered in Texas by J. W.
Audubon, son of the famous ornithologist, described in 1851 by
Mr. Cassin, and treated at some length in the latters " Illus-
trations" by Dr. S. W. Woodhouse. This naturalist there
speaks of tracing it westward to the headwaters of the Rio
San Francisco in " New Mexico " (i. e. Arizona). This state-
ment, however, is not repeated in his notice of the species, as
prepared for his article in Capt. L. Sitgreaves' Eeport of the
Expedition down the Zimi and Colorado Rivers — an omission
which supports the inference, drawn from other sources, that it
is incorrect. None of the recent explorers in New Mexico and
Arizona have found the bird ; and, so far as we now know, its
range is confined, in the United States, to the valley of the
Rio Grande. Dr. Brewer does not seem to have noticed that
his quotation without comment of this part of Dr. Woodhouse's
account is at variance with his own statement made in the pre-
ceding paragraph. I think it very likely that the bird really
does get across the mountains into the Colorado watershed ;
but for the present I must dismiss the case with the Scotch
verdict — " not proven ". So I put the Black-crest* in limbo at
the bottom of my page, which is a convenient place to stow
away those species which have no business in the book at all.

* liophophanes atrocristatus.— Blaclt-crested Titmouse.

PaniS atricristatUS, Cass. Pr. Phila. Ac-ad, v. 1850, 103, pi. 2 (Texas). .

Lophophanes atricriStatUS, Bd. Stansb. Rep. GSL. 1852, 332.— Cass. 111. 1853, 13, pi. 3.—
Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. Expl. Zuni R. 1853, 69.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 385.— Bd. Rev. 1864, 78.—
Dress. Ibis, 2d 8er. 1865, 485.— Vcop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 43, fig. (uot iu California <).—
Coues, Key, 1872, 80, f. 23.— B. B. ff R. NAB. i. 1874, 90, pi. 6, f. 2.

Black-crested Titmouse, Texas Titmouse, Vulg.

HAB. — Valley of the Kio Grande, and southward in Mexico.

CH. SP. — $ 9 Olivaceo-pliimbeus, infra drier eo-albus, lateribus rufis, f rente
albidd, cristd nigrd,

$ $: Plumbeous, with a shade of olive, the wings and tail rather darker
and purer, edged with the color of the back, or a more hoary shade of the

DESCRIPTION OF LOPHOPHANES WOLLWEBERI 117

Bridled Titmouse

T.opliophaiie* wollweberi

Lo;)llOphancs WOllweberi, Bp. CR. xxi. Sept. 1850, 478.— Westermann, Bijdr. Dierk. iii. 1851,
15, plate.— Bd. Stansb. Rep. GSL. 1852, 332.— Cass. 111. i. 1853, 19.— Bd. BNA. 1858t
388; ed. of 1860, pi. 53, f. l.-Sd. PZS. 1858, 299 (Parada, Mex.); 1859, 373 (Oaxaca).—
Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 107 (Sew Mexico).— Bd. U. S. Mex. B. Surv. ii. pt.li.
1859, Birds, 14, pi. 15, f. l.—Bd. RAB. 1864, 79.— Scl. PZS. 1865, 397 (VeraCruz).-Oow^
Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 164 (Arizona).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 79 (Arizona).—
Coop. B. Gal. i. 1870, 43.— Coues, Key, 1872, 81, f. 23.— B. B. $ tf. NAB. i. 1874, 93,
pi. 6,f. l. — Hensh. Rep.Orn. Specs. 1874, 99.— Hensh. Zool.Expl. W. lOOMerid. 1876, 168.

Parus WOllweberi, Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 309 (New Mexico).

ParilS annexilS, Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. v. Oct. 1850, 103, pi. 1 (Texas).

Parus galeatus, tlLickt. MUS. Berol."

Lophoplianes galeatus, Cab. MIL i. 1850, 90.

CH. SP. — <J 9 Olivaceo-cinereus vertice concolore ; infra cinereo-
albidus; later ibuset apice cristce, torque nuzhali, strigdpostoculari
et auriculari, necnon guld, nig r is; lateribus capitis, striga super-
eiliari et postoculari, albis.

$ $ : Upper parts olivaceous-ash, the wings and tail darker, edged with
the color of the back, or even a brighter tint, sometimes nearly as yellowish
as in EeguUs. Under parts sordid ashy-white. Crest black, with a central
field like the back. Whole throat black, as in species of Parus. A black
line runs behind the eye and curves down over the auriculars, distinguished,
from the black of the crest and throat by the general white of the side of the
head and conspicuous white superciliary stripe. There is also a half-collar
of black on the nape, descending on the sides of the neck, there separated
from the black crescent of the auriculars by a white crescent, which latter
is continuous with the white of the superciliary line. There is considerable
whitish speckling in the black of the forehead and lores. Bill blackish-
plumbeous; feet plumbeous. Smallest: Length, 5 inches or less; wing, 2i
(2.40 to 2.65); tail the same ; bill, £ ; tarsus, f (0.60-0.70).

Young: Chin narrowly or imperfectly black, and some of the above de-
scribed head-marks obscure or incomplete.

The singularly variegated markings of the head of this species at once
distinguish it. The several black and white streaks vary somewhat in their
exact relations, and are too intricate to be fully appreciated, except upon
fresh or very well prepared specimens, where they will be found to be sub-
stantially as above described. The male and female do nob appear to dif-
fer materially.

same. Beneath dull ashy-whitish, especially on the breast, the abdomen
whiter, the sides chestnut-brown as in L. bicolor. Extreme forehead and
lores whitish; entire crest glossy black. Bill blackish-plumbeous; feet
plumbeous. Small : length about 5 inches; wing, 2J ; tail the same.

I have had no opportunity of examining very young birds to see whether
the crest is black at all ages. From analogy, it would be expected that-
the crest should at first be like the rest of the upper parts.

The specific name in this case should be written atrocristatus — the construc-
tion of the word requiring the ablativus in8trumenti,M will be evident on reply-
ing to the question, How or with what is the bird cristatitz? Ans. With black.

118 HISTORY OF THE BRIDLED TITMOUSE

WOLL WEBER'S Titmouse came to us with letters of in-
troduction from three very eminent ornithologists, all
written in 1850, and so nearly simultaneously that it is a close
question of actual priority. The Prince Bonaparte named it
in honor of Wollweber in the issue of the " Comptes Eenclus "
dated September, 1850. Mr. Cassin described it as Parus an-
nexus in the "Proceedings" of the Philadelphia Academy for
October, 1850; and it must have been close upon this date
that Dr. Cabanis published a description under the name of
Lopliophanes galeatus^ adopting the term from Prof. Li ch ten stein's
museum name, Parus galeatm. For, though the whole Theil of
the " Museum Heineanum " which treats of the Slngvogel is
dated 1850-1, it was published in sheets, and not furnished
with an introduction until October, 1851, and the name occurs
on the second page of the twelfth " signature", the fourteenth
of which bears date January, 1851. No one, however, appears
to dispute Bonaparte's actual precedence in the matter. Mr.
Cassin figured the bird with his description. The following-
year, 1851, Professor Westerinann also gave a figure in the
"Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde"; for the third time it was re-
figured by Professor Baird, in the Mexican Boundary Survey
Report; a fifth illustration is found in
Dr. Cooper's work ; a sixth in my " Key " ;
and a seventh in the " History of North
American Birds". The curious striping
of the head is a specific character which
immediately attracts attention, and one
well adapted to pictorial illustration. The
figure here given, reproduced from the
" Key", is a copy (none too good) of the
FIG. i9— Head of Bridled head of that in the Mexican Boundary

Titmouse. ' Report.

This elegant little species is better known stuffed than alive ;
the Stubengelehrten and some of the " Balgkriimer" .(B,rnoug whom
it is whispered the namer of Parus galeatus is ranked by some)
have had it pretty much their own way. Yet the remark, made
by Dr. Brewer in 1874, that "Dr. Kennerly is the only one of
our naturalists who has mentioned meeting the species in its
living form ", was not strictly correct. For one, I had become
familiar with the bird at Fort Whipple, Arizona, and had
summed my observations in a brief phrase : — " Permanent
resident; common, more so at least than the preceding [L.

HABITS OF THE BRIDLED TITMOUSE 119

inornatm]. Usually seini-gregarious except when breeding.
Found in all situations ; but chiefly affects the oak thickets,
and the chaparral of open hillsides. Generally distributed
through the Territory, and extending southward into Sonora."
These items, published in 1866, might easily be expanded into
a considerable article ; but there is no real occasion for much
further remark. The habitat there indicated, with reference to
only one Territory, requires to be enlarged to include New Mexico
and Western Texas, as well as the table-lands of Mexico to
Oaxaca and Orizaba at least. The species is presented in Dr.
Cooper's work, without remark to indicate that it has ever been
found in that State (though it probably occurs on the west
as well as east side of the great river) ; but I find no record of
its presence in Colorado, Utah or Nevada. As to its habits,
we may premise that its nidification and oviposition continue
unknown ; and that in other respects it agrees so closely with
its congeners that shrewd and repeated observation is re-
quired to detect any peculiarities. I mentioned above what
I considered its leading specialite — gregariousness, not wit-
nessed to the same extent in the other species, though all the
Titmice are rather sociable birds. Mr. Henshaw has lately con-
firmed the statement; speaking of its habits in the fall, he says: —
" Instead of being found in small companies or as stragglers on
the skirts of the large flocks of other species, it habitually moves
about in flocks, composed often of twenty-five, and even more,
of its own species; its exclusiveness in this particular being
quite noticeable, though once or twice I have seen a few on
intimate terms of companionship with the other Chickadees."
The same excellent observer refers to what I consider another
trait of this species in comparison with its relatives of the same
genus : it does not so frequently, nor indeed habitually, descend
to the ground in search of insects, acorns and other seeds.
Corresponding with its smaller size and more delicate organiz-
ation, its voice is not so strong ; the notes, though vehement
and unmistakably "parine", being weaker and of less volume.

Genus PARUS Linnaeus

CHARS. — Head not crested. Wings and tail rounded, of ap-
proximately equal lengths, and about as long as the body.
Bill typically parine (see foregoing characters). No bright
colors (in the American species — the expression not applicable
to the genus at large); throat usually with a black patch.

120 PARUS P. ATRICAPILLUS SEPTENTRIONALIS

Plumage lax, without decided changes with age or season.
Size medium. Nest excavated. Eggs spotted.
This genus has developed a greater number of species than

FIG. 20.— A typical Parus (P. atricapillus).

any other of the family, and may be considered in one sense
the typical expression of the whole parine group. There are
five or six American species, two of which, perfectly distinct
from each other, inhabit the Colorado Basin.

Long-tailed Chickadee

Parus atricapillus septentrionalis

ParUS atricapillus, in part, of some authors.— Maxim. J. f. O. vi. 1858, 119.

Parus Septentrionalis, Harris, Pr. Phila. Acad. ii. 1845, 300 (Upper Missouri River). — Bd.
Stansb. Rep. GSL. 1852, 316— Cass. III. 1853, 17, 80, pi. 14.— Ed. SNA. 1858, 389.— Scl.
Cat. AB. 1861, U.—Hayd. Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 164.— Blak. Ibis, iv. 1862, 5
(Saskatchewan).— Blak. Ibis, v. 1863, 67 (British America).— Bd. Rev. 1864, 19.—(l)Hoy,
Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri).— Coop. Am. Nat, 'iii. 1869, 74.— Coves, Am.
Nat. v. 1871, 369.— Stev. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 464.— Aiken, Pr. Bost.
Soc. xvi. 1872, 195 (Colorado) .—Mvrr. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 713.

Lophophanes septenrionalis, Bd. Stansb. Rep. GSL. 1852, 332.

ParUS atricapillus var. septentrionalis, Alltn, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, ITL—Coues, Key. 1&72,
81.— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 396.— Ridg. Bull. Ess. lust. v. 1873, 179.— Coues, BNW.
1874, 21, 230.— Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 49.— B. B. Sf R. NAB. i. 1874, 99, pi. 7, f.
2.— Yarr. & Rensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 7.—Hensfi. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 41, 72.—
Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 49,—Nels. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 339 (Utah).— Hensh.
Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 171.

ParUS Septentrionalis var. albescens, Bd. BNA. 1858, p. xxxvii.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869.299.

Parus albescens, Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 74.

HAB. — Region of the Missouri to the Rocky Mountains and south in Alpine
districts to New Mexico.

CH. SP. — $ 9 Dor so ochraceo-cinereo^gastrceo ochraceo-albo; alls
cauddque fuscis, late albo-limbatis; lateribus capit-is et colli mveisr
vertice, nuchd guldque nigris. Caudd alis longiore.

$ 9 : Dorsal region ashy, with an ochraceous tinge, especially on the rump ;.
under parts white, with an ocbraceons tiuge. Wings and tail fuscous, very

DESCRIPTION OF LONG-TAILED CHICKADEE 121

strpngly edged, especially on the secondaries and lateral tail-feathers, with
hoary-white, which usually passes entirely around the ends of these feathers.
Sides of the head and neck snowy-white. Cap pure black and very extensive,
reaching to between the shoulders. Black of throat extending to the breast.
Bill and feet plumbeous-black. Larger than P. atricapillus, the tail decid-
edly longer ; average general dimensions about those of the maximum of
P. ab-ioapiUiis, and minimum length of tail about the same as the maximum
of that of P. atricapillus. Length averaging at least 5i ; extent, 8| or more :
wing, 2f-2f ; tail, 2£-3.

Young : Similar to the adult, but with the usual indications of immaturity
in a more.sordid coloration, less extent and intensity of the black cap, &c.

The Colorado region does not, it seems, furnish us with typical atrica-
piUus, still less with any smaller, darker-colored and shorter- tailed form to
correspond with the P. carolinensis of similar latitudes on the Atlantic side.
In this region, the Part are mainly confined to the upper and to mountain-
ous portions ; and, P. montanus aside, all the specimens I have seen are derived
from the prolongation southward along the mountains of the true septentrio-
nalis form. The above description is taken from New Mexican, Coloradan
and Utah specimens, which are among the largest, hoariest and longest-
tailed I have seen — quite equal in these respects to the series I procured on
the Upper Missouri in the winter of 1872-3.

NOTHING in iny own experience with this bird, or in the-
recorded observations of other naturalists, indicates any
real differences between its habits and those of its several allies.
While at Fort Randall, Dakota, where it is resident and
abundant, I thought I perceived a peculiarity in the intona-
tion of the , two-syllabled note which is uttered at the ap-
proach of the breeding season; but as I only compared the
sound with my recollections, the impression received may have
had little real foundation. I never saw the bird in Arizona,,
and do not think it has been found in this Territory ; but it
occurs in the mountains of New Mexico at corresponding lati-
tudes, and thence northward into the British Possessions.

I shall not here enter into any general account of the habits
of the Chickadees ; 1 have already outlined the family traits,
and almost every one who is interested in birds is capable of
filling in the details from* his own experience. But I will repro-
duce a pleasant passage from Dr. Brewer's pen, to illustrate
how far the stout-heartedness of these small creatures may be
pushed under the. stimulus of maternal love. I only know of
a parallel case in the instance of the Crossbill, as told by the
same author : —

" Their courage and devotion to their young is a remarkable
trait with the whole race, and with none more than with the
present species. On one occasion a Black-Cap was seen to fly

122 DESCRIPTION OF PARUS MONTANUS

into a rotten stump near the roadside in Brookline. The
stuuip was so much decayed that its top was readily broken off
and the nest exposed. The mother refused to leave until forci-
bly taken off by the hand, and twice returned to the nest when
thus removed, and it was only by holding her in the hand that
an opportunity was given to ascertainlthere were seven young
birds in her nest. She made no complaints, uttered no outcries,
but resolutely and devotedly thrust herself between her nest-
lings and the seeming danger. When released she immediately
flew back to them, covered them under her sheltering wings,
and looked up in the face of her tormentors with a quiet and
resolute courage that could not be surpassed."

Mountain Chickadee

Parus montanus

Parus montanus, Gamb. Pr. Phila. Aead. i. 1843, 259 (Santa Fe, N. Mex.); iii. 1846, 155;
Journ. Phila. Acad. 2d ser. i. 1847, 35, pi. 8, f. 1.— Qass. 111. i. 1853, 18.— Woodh. Sitgr.
Rep. Expl. Zufii, 1853, 68.— Fetch. PRRR. vi. 1857, 79.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 394 (Oregon ;
Nebraska; Texas).— Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon,Cal.).—tfeerm. PRRR.
x. 1859, 42.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 107.— Coop. 4- Suck. NHWT. 1860, 194.— Bd.
Ives's Rep. Col. R. 1861, pt. vi. 6.—Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 82.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad.
xviii. 1866, 79.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 75 (Montana).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 46, fig.—
Stev. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 464.— Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 195 (Col-
orado).— Coues, Key, 1872, 81.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 174.— Merr. U. S. Geol. Surv.
Terr, for 1872, 1873, 672, 712, 1\3.—Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 179.— Yarr. 6? Hensh.
Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 7.— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 40, 72, 99.— Coop. Am. Nat,
viii. 1874, 17.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 22, 230.— S. B. $• R. NAB. i. 1874, 95, fig. pi. 7. f. 5.—
Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 169.

PffiCiJe montanus, Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 79 (Arizona).

Mountain Chickadee, White-browed Chickadee, Vulg.

HAB. — United States, from eastern slopes and foothills of the Rocky Mount-
ains to the Pacific. In southerly portions, chiefly alpine districts.

CH. SP. — $ 2 Cinereus, infra cinereo-albus; alis cauddque cinc-
reo-fuscis, albido-limbatis ; lateribus capitis et colli albidis; pileo,
nuchd gulaque nigris^ strigd super ciliari alba.

$ $ : Upper parts ashy-gray, with scarcely a shade, and only on the rump,
of the ochraceous seen in most of the other species ; under parts similarly
grayish- white, without an ochrey tinge, the middle of the belly nearly white,
the rest more heavily shaded. Wings and tail with comparatively little
whitish edging— the tail at least with no more than that of P. caroUnensis.
Sides -of the head and neck white ; top of the head, and the throat, black.
A conspicuous white superciliary stripe in the black cap1, usually connecting
with its fellow across the forehead. Length about 5 inches ; wing, 2^-2| ;
tail, rather less; bill, f ; tarsus, f.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE 123

Young : I have never seen this species without indication at least of the
white superciliary stripe, hy which it is immediately distinguished from
any of its congeners.

This species presents the opposite extreme of P. septentrionalis in the
general darkness of its colors, little hoary edging of the wings and tail. &c.,
in these respects more nearly resembling P. carolinensis, or even P. meridio-
nalis, as it does also in the shortness of the tail as compared with the wings.
The white superciliary streak is a conspicuous specific character.

THE White-browed or Mountain Chickadee is a common in-
habitant of alpine regions in the Middle and Western
faunistic Provinces. It was discovered by Dr. Gainbel in New
Mexico and Arizona, and has since been ascertained to occur
also in the mountains of California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado,
Wyoming, Idaho, Montana and Oregon. I have no informa-
tion that it inhabits Texas, Mexico or Lower California.
Throughout the whole region just indicated, it is a resident
species ; and it is found in the mountains up to the timber-
line. The vast tracts of coniferous forests that clothe these
alpine regions with perennial verdure seem best suited to its
requirements. Yet it is not confined to the pine-belts ; it often
descends to the low country, even in the southern portions of
its habitat, and is then to be found among the fringes of willows
and cottonwoods along the streams. In saying even so little
as this, I have about exhausted the scanty material which the
bird affords a biographer ; its nest and eggs, I think, have
never been seen ; its habits are in no wise peculiar. The litera-
ture which the little bird has occasioned consists, in about
equal parts, of variously couched and sometimes spun-out state-
ments to this effect, and of mention of the particular locali-
ties, all within the general area above mentioned, where differ-
ent observers found it more or less abundant.

Genus PSALTRIPARUS Bonaparte

CHAKS.— Head not crested. Wings rounded, decidedly
shorter than the long, graduated tail, which exceeds the
length of the body. Bill thoroughly parine. No bright colors
(in our species) ; neither crown nor throat black. Plumage
lax, without decided changes according to age or season. Size
very small. Nest pensile, woven ; entrance lateral. Eggs white.

This genus includes two, perhaps three, kinds of Titmice,
notable for their extremely diminutive stature. In bulk, they
scarcely equal a Polioptila, and, were it not for the length of

124 PSALTRIPARUS P. MINIMUS

the tail, would rank next to the Hummingbirds in dwarfish-
ness. One author has called them "fairy" Titmice, doubtless
thinking of their elfish aspect •; nevertheless, they are more posi-
tive and substantial pygmies than those we fancy at the court
of Queen Mab ; while, as for the hanging castles they build,
there is room enough in them for all the fairies that ever were
seen.

The species inhabiting the Colorado Basin is appreciably dif-
ferent from that of the Pacific coast region, though so closely
related that combination of the two under one specific name
may be required. The synonymy and characters of the origi-
nal species* are subjoined for comparison, especially as it
extends to the very border of the Colorado watershed.

There is a third species of this genus, the Black-eared Bush-
tit (P. melanotis), which we may expect to find in the region,
under consideration. It has been for some years admitted to
the United States fauna, on the strength of its occurrence near
the Mexican Boundary, but I am not aware that it has actually
been known to cross over the border. It is supposed to have
been seen in Nevada by Mr. Eidgway.

* i*sal< r i pa i-iis minimus. — Least Bush-tit.
ParilS minimus, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 190 (Columbia River).— Bp. C.

&GL. 1838, 20.— Aud. OB. iv. 1838, 382, pi. 353, f. 5, 6.— Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad.

viii. 1839, 152.— And. Syn. 1839, 80.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 160, pi. 130.— Gamb. Pr. Phila.

Acad. iii. 1846, 155 (California).— Gamb. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 36.— (t)Henry, Pr.

Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 309.
Poecila minimus, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 230.
Psaltria minima, Cass. 111. 1853, 2Q.—Hverm. Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 1853, 264.— Scl. PZS.

1857, 126 (California).— Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 43.
PsaltripaniS minimus, Bp. CR. xxxviii. 1854, 62.— Bd. BWA. 1853, 397.— Xant. Pr. Phila.

Acad. xi. 1859, 191 (California).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acud. xi. 1859, 107.— Ooop. &f Suckl.

NHWT. 1860, 195.— Bd.RAB.1864, 84.— Ooop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 46, fig.— Coop. Am. Nat.

iv. 1871, 757.— Ooues, Key, 1872, W.—Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 17.— Nets. Pr. Bost. Soc.

.xvii. 1875, 356 (California).

Psaltriparus minimus var. minimus, B. B. <v R. NAB. i. 1874, 109, fig. pi. 7, f. 9.
Chestnut-crowned Titmouse, Least Titmouse, Least Tit, Least Bush-tit, Authors.

.T- Pacific Coast region of the United States.
CH. SP. — $ 2 Sordide plunibem, infra albldas,vertioe bntnnescente.

3 9 : Dull lead-color, frequently with a brownish or olivaceous shade, the
top of the head abruptly darker — clove-brown or hair-brown. Below sordid
whitish, or brownish- white. Wings and tail dusky, with slight hoary edgings.
Bill and feet black. Length, 4 inches or rather less ; wing scarcely or not
2 inches ; tail, 2 inches or a little more ; bill, £ ; tarsus, f .

Young birds do not differ materially. There is considerable variation in
the precise shade of the body, but the species always presents the brown cap
appreciably different in color from the rest of the upper parts.

CHARACTERS OF PSALTRIPARUS PLUMBEUS 125

Plumbeous Bush-tit

Psaltriparns plumbens

f'sa Stria pluinbfll, Bd. Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1854, 118 (Colorado Chiquito, Arizona).
Psaltriparus plumbeus, Bd. BNA. 185d, 398; ed. of 1860, pi. 33, f. Z.—Kenner. PRRR. x.

1859, Whipple's Route, Birds, 25, pi. 33, f. 2 (Arizona).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi.

1859, 107.— Bd. RAB. 1864, 84.— Coues, Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 164 (Arizona).— Coues, Pr.

Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 79 (Arizona).— Coop. Am. Nat, iii. 1869, 479.— Coop. B. Cal.

1870, 49, &S.-OOHCS, Key, 1872, 82.— Aiken, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1872, 195 (Colorado).— Stcv.

U. S. Geol. Stirv. Terr, for 1871, 1872, 464 (Green River, Wyoming).— Coues, BNW.

1874, 23.— Yarr. <V Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 7.
I'saltriparus minimus var. plumbeus, Ridg. Bnii. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180.— B. B. 4- R. NAB.

i. 1874, 110, pi. 7, f. 10.— Hensli. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 40, 99.

leaden Titmouse, Plumbeous Titmouse, Lead-colored Titmouse, Lead-colored Bush-
titmouse, Authors.

HAD. — Rocky Mountain region of the United States, southerly ; north to
Green River, Wyoming ; west to the Humboldt Mountains, Nevada.

CH.SP. — $ 2 Plumbeus, vertice concolore, infra griseo-albus; la-
teribus capitis pallide brunnescentibus; caudd alls longiore.

$ 9 : Clear plumbeous, with little or no olive or brownish shade, the top
of the head not different from the back. Sides of the head pale brownish.
Under parts as in P. minimus, but rather clearer. Tail considerably longer
than the wings. Eyes indifferently yellow or dark brown. Length about
4i inches ; wing, 2 or rather less (l|-2i); tail, 2i-2| ; bill, i ; tarsus, f.

This species is very closely related to P. minimus, and may ultimately prove
to be simply a local race; but* I have seen no specimens not readily dis-
tinguishable. The total length is somewhat greater, owing to the greater
size of the tail, which sometimes exceeds that of the wings by half an inch.
The general coloration is clearer and purer ; the crown is not different in
color from the back, and the cheeks are pale brownish in obvious contrast.

UP to the present time, no one seems to have found the nest
of the Plumbeous Bush-tit, though several naturalists be-
sides myself have collected diligently in regions where the bird
abounds. Not to pass over so extraordinary a specimen of bird-
architecture as the genus Psaltriparus has invented and success-
fully introduced, I shall refer to the nests of P. minimus, from
which those of the scarcely distinct P. plumbeus cannot be pre-
sumed to differ. The order of architecture is thoroughly com-
posite 5 in its execution, the qualities of skill, ingenuity, good
taste and laborious perseverance are exhibited on the part of
the builders; while the wee creatures seem possessed of no
little ambition to make a monument, which, if not so lasting as
brass, is infinitely more comfortable and convenient. This nest
belongs in the category of pensile structures, being suspended

126 ARCHITECTURE OF THE BUSH-TIT

from twigs of trees or bushes, but it is not a simple cup or
basket, open at the top. It resembles the old-fashioned silken
purse (which I recall from tradition rather than by actual
memory) more than many of the nests called "purse-like" do,
the entrance beiug a circular orifice at the side — nothing but
the rings which slipped along these old purses beiug wanting
to render the simile complete. One hardly knows which to
admire most — the industry with which such a great feat is
executed, or the cunning with which so curious a fabric is
wrought — and no one certainly would suspect the owners of
the nest to be such pygmies. As Dr. Cooper says, it seems as
if it would take a whole flock to get up one such structure.
The nest measures in length from six to eight or nine inchesr
with a diameter of three or three and a half ; the general shape
is cylindrical, not perfectly expressed however, for the ends
are rounded and the top contracted. The orifice is about an
inch in diameter. The substance is closely woven of lichens,
mosses, very soft plant-fibre, or cottony vegetable matter, slender
spears of grass and fibrous rootlets, and lined with the down-
iest, softest possible material, arid a great mass of feathers,
some of which may appear at the entrance, or be felted in the
substance of the walls. The weaving is usually so well executed
that the walls appear pretty firm and smooth from the outside;
while their thickness reduces the cavity about one-half. The
nest retains the greenish-gray color of the mosses and lichens
of which it is principally composed, and the whole affair
resembles a natural product, The reader will find, on Audu-
bon's plate already cited, an artistic representation of a nest
presented to him by Mr. Nuttall, and as the birds are drawn
alongside, in spirited attitudes, the striking disparity in size is
illustrated. In this wonderfully elaborate structure, eggs are
deposited to the number of six to nine — an egg to every inch of
nest; they are pure white, without markings, and measure
scarcely or not three-fifths of an inch in length, by less than
half an inch in breadth — more exactly, in one instance 0.56 x
0.44. Eggs found by Mr. Kuttall on the Wahlamet or Willamette
Eiver in Oregon, about the third week in May, were near hatch-
ing ; in the south, the bird builds much earlier, Dr. Cooper
having observed a nest near San Diego completed by the 1st of
March.

This bird, for aught we know to the contrary, is confined to
the Pacific coast region. Dr. Brewer, indeed, quotes Dr. Gain-

HABITS OF THE PLUMBEOUS BUSH-TIT 127

beFs authority for its abundance " both in the Rocky Mount-
ains and throughout California ". But Dr. Gainbel, it will be
recollected, wrote some years before the Plumbeous Bush-tit
was discriminated from the other, and evidently overlooked
those slight but nice differences which are impressed upon the
bird in the Rocky Mountain region by some climatic or other
influences not yet understood. The Least Bush-tit, in fact, could
not be made " exceedingly abundant" in this region. The
habitat of each is correctly given in the technical portion of
the work to which the biographical paragraph in question was
contributed.

The Plumbeous Bush tit was discovered by Dr. C. B. R.
Keunerly, then naturalist of Lieutenant Whipple's Surveying
Expedition, and afterward of the Northwest Boundary Com-
mission, whose early death, under very deplorable circumstances,
left a gap in the ranks of western explorers. He found it on
the Colorado Chiquito and Bill Williams7 Rivers ; and, for a
long time after the publication of the species by Professor
Baird, its range was supposed to be confined to Arizona. Mr.
C. E. Aiken, who has dealt very successfully with the bird-
fauna of Colorado, found it in that Territory, where it was
occasionally seen during the winter in the eastern foothills of
the mountains. It has been traced west to the Humboldt
Mountains, Nevada, where Mr. Ridgway observed it in abund-
ance, and north to Green River, Wyoming, where Mr. James
Stevenson, the zealous and faithful member of Dr. Hayden's
Survey, secured specimens. Its southern limit is unknown $ I
have seen no Mexican quotations. To what extent, if at all, it
is migratory, I have not ascertained, but I am inclined to think
it is a resident species wherever found, as is certainly the case
within the area of the Colorado. Considering the whole coun-
try, from the Rocky Mountains to to the Pacific, the respective
ranges of the Plumbeous and Least Bush-tit are nearly com-
plementary, though the latter extends further north on the
Pacific coast than the former is known to do in the interior.

These queer little elfs were very numerous about Fort Whip-
pie, where I saw them all the year round, and learned as much
about them as any one seems to know. Though living in a
coniferous region, they avoided the pine forests, keeping in
the oak scrub of the hillsides, and the undergrowth along the
creek bottoms and through the numerous ravines that make
down the mountain sides. They endured, without apparent

128 BEHAVIOR OF THE PLUMBEOUS BUSH-TIT

inconvenience, an extreme of cold which sometimes proved fatal
to birds of much more seeming hardihood, like Ravens for in-
stance ; and were as active and sprightly in the depth of winter
as at any other time. I used to wonder how they managed, in
such tiny animal furnaces, to generate heat enough to stand
such a climate, and speculated whether their incessant activity
might not have something to do with it. They always seemed
to me model store-houses of energy — conserved to a degree in
cold weather, with consumption of no more than was needed to
keep them a-going, and thus accumulated for the heavier draft
required when, in the spring, the arduous duties of nest-build-
ing and rearing a numerous family devolve upon them. Their
food at this season consists of various seeds that persist through
the winter; during the rest of the year, different insects con-
tribute to their subsistence, and foraging for the minute bugs,
larvae and eggs that lurk in the crevices of bark seems to be
their principal business. They are very industrious in this
pursuit, and too much absorbed in the exciting chances of the
chase to pay attention to what may be going on around them.
They are extremely sociable — the gregarious instinct common
to the Titmice reaches its highest development in their case,
and flocks of forty or fifty — some say even of a hundred — may
be seen after the breeding season has passed, made up of
numerous families, which, soon after leaving the nest, meet
kindred spirits, and enter into intimate friendly relations.
Often, in rambling through the shrubbery, I have been sud-
denly surrounded by a troop of the busy birds,- perhaps un-
noticed till the curious chirping they keep up attracted my
attention ; they seemed to pervade the bushes. If I stood still,
they came close around me, as fearless as if I were a stump,
ignoring me altogether. At such times, it was pleasant to see
the earnestness with which they conducted affairs, and the
energy they displayed in their own curious fashion, as if it
were the easiest thing in the world to work hard, and quite
proper to attend to serious matters with a thousand antics.
They are droll folk, quite innocent of dignity, superior to the
trammels of decorum, secure in the consciousness that their
wit will carry off any extravagance. I used to call them my
merry little philosophers — for they took the weather as it came,
and evidently knew how much better it is to laugh at the
world than cry with it. When fretted with the friction of
garrison-life, I have often sought their society, and amused
myself like another Gulliver among the Liliputians.

AURIPARUS SYNONYMY OF A. FLAVICEPS 129

Genus AURIPARUS Baird

CHARS. — Head not crested. Wings pointed, the second quill
being little shorter than the third ; the first spurious. Tail little
rounded, decidedly shorter than the wings. Bill not typically
pariue — extremely acute, with straight or slightly concave
under outline, and barely convex culmen ; longer and slenderer
than usual in Parlnce; nostrils scarcely concealed by the imper-
fect ruff. Tarsi relatively shorter than in the preceding genera.
Bright colors on head (yellow) and wing (red). Plumage com-
paratively compact ; sexes alike, but young very different from
the adult. Size very small. General form sylvicoline. Nest
globular, woven. Egg spotted.

This remarkable genus departs widely from ordinary parine
characters, and I am far from satisfied with its reference to
this family, suspecting that Mr. Lawrence was nearer right in
describing the type-species as a Conirostrum. The bill is de-
cidedly unlike that of any of the American genera of Paridce,
resembling that of some species of the sylvicoline genus Hel-
minthophaga, though stouter at base, in this coming still closer
to the form found in some exotic genera of Ccerebidw or
Dacnidce. Examination of the tongue in the fresh state might
give a clue to the true position of the genus. For the rest, the
character of the plumage, its changes, and the system of colora-
tion are peculiar as far as American Paridce are concerned.

Yellow-headed Terdin

Anriparns flaviceps

£&itbalug flaviceps, Sund. "Ofvei-s. Svensk. Akad. Forh. vii. pt. v. 1850, 129".

Psaltria flaviceps, Sci. PZS. 1856, 37.

Paroides flaviceps, Bd. BNA. 1858, 400; ed. of I860, pi. 53, f. &—Bd. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi.

1859, 304 (Cape Saint Lucas).— Bd. U. S. Mex. B. Surv. ii. pt. ii. 1859, 14, pi. 15, f. 2.—

Bd. Ives's Rep. Col. R. pt. vi. 1861, 6.

AcgithnlllS flaviceps, Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, Williamson's Route, Birds, 43.
Psaltriparus flaviceps, Sci. CAB. 186 1, 13.

Auriparus flaviceps, Bd. RAB. 1864, 85.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 79 (Arizona).—
Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 83 (the same).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 474.— Coop. B.

Cal. i. 1870, 51, fig.— Coues, Key, 1872, 82.— B. B. if R. NAB. i. 1874, 112, figs. pi. 7,

f. ll.—Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 99,-Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 173.
ConirostPUin ornatum, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. v. 1852, 112, pi. 5, f. 1 (Texas).— 5d. Stansb.

Rep. GSL. 1852, 327.— McCown, Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. 1853, 9 (Texas).

HAB.— Valley of the Rio Grande and of the Colorado (not known north to
Colorado or Utah). Lower California to Cape Saint Lucas.

CH. SP. — 3 $ Cinereus, alls cauddque obscurioribus ; infra
albidus; capite flavo, tectricibus alarum minoribus rubro-castaneis.

9 B C

130 DESCRIPTION OF THE VERDIN ITS NEST

$ 9 : Upper parts ashy ; under parts, dull whitish ; wings and tail fuscousr
with hoary edgings. Whole head yellow. Lesser wing-coverts rich chest-
nut-red. Bill blackish-plumbeous; feet plumbeous. Length, 4 inches or
rather more ; wing, 2 or rather less; tail, lf-2^.

Young: No yellow on head, nor chestnut on the wing. Above, brownish-
gray, including the head ; below, whitish. Bill pale below.

Before the young has attained the distinctive markings of the species, it is
an obscure object, superficially resembling a Psaltripanis or a female Polio-
ptila. The generic characters, however, will suffice for its recognition. The
shape of the bill is peculiar. In its extreme acuteness, it resembles
that of a Helminthophaga, but it is stouter at the base, and, in fact, to com-
pare a very small thing'with a large one, looks curiously similar to the bill
of an Oriole (Icterus), though the culmen is a little curved.

Specimens vary much as usual in the shade of the ash, sometimes quite
pure, in other cases showing an olivaceous or brownish cast. The yellow of
the head extends further on the throat than on the crown. It is generally,
in adult birds, rich and pure, but is frequently found dull and greenish ;
again, in highly plurnaged specimens, it may be intensified into rich
brownish-orange, like that on the head of some of the tropical conspecies of
Dendrceca cestiva. The chestnut on the wing often assumes a rich hajniatitic
tint. Specimens differ to an unusual degree in the length of the tail. Thus,
one of two examples before me as I write has this member half an inch
longer than it is in the other.

I SHALL claim the reader's indulgence to present one more
bird supposed to belong to the numerous family of the Tit-
mice. Like the last species noticed, the Yerdin is an architect
of extraordinary ability, and the history of its nidification
should be as conspicuous an item in its biography as the nests
themselves are in those localities where the birds are abundant.
At Cape Saint Lucas, according to Mr. Xantus, Verdins are the
most numerous of all the birds which nest there ; and nearly
half of the eggs he collected in the summer of 1859 were those
of this kind — more than a hundred in all. The nest is de-
scribed as a large globular mass of twigs, lined with down and
feathers, having the entrance on one side, near the bottom.
This singular structure is suspended from the extremity of a
branch of some algarobia, acacia or mimosa, at a varying
height — sometimes only two or three feet from the ground,
sometimes much higher. In the Colorado and Mojave Eiver
Valleys, Dr. Cooper observed many nests, one of which he de-
scribes with particularity : — " On the 10th of March, I found a
pair building, first forming a wall nearly spherical in out-
line, out of the thorny twigs of the Algarobia (in which tree
the nest is usually built), then lining it with softer twigs,
down, leaves of plants, and feathers, covering the outside with

INCOMPLETE HISTORY OF THE VERDIN 131

thorns, till it becomes a mass as large as a man's head, or
9.00x5.50 inches outside, the cavity 4.50x2.70, with an open-
ing in one side, just large enough for the bird to enter. On
the 27th of March, I found the first nest containing eggs, and
afterwards many more. There were in all cases four eggs
[others say four to six], pale blue, with numerous small brown
spots, chiefly near the large end, though some had very few
spots and were much paler ; size 0.60 x 0.44 inch. In one nest
which I watched they hatched in about ten days, and in two
weeks more the young were ready to leave the nest."

I never saw the Yerdin at Fort Whipple, and do not think
it leaves the lower portions of the Territory for the mountains ;
nor have other observers found it in elevated portions of Ari-
zona or New Mexico, though it occurs in suitable places across
the country from the Kio Grande Valley to that of the Colo-
rado, and thence down the peninsula of Lower California to
Ca.pe Saint Lucas. No fairly full account of its habits, except
as far as its nest-building is concerned, has appeared, and I
particularly regret my inability to complete the history of the
species. I bring no message from this interesting bird — only
gleaning here and there from those who have been before me.
Heermann, Kenuerly and Cooper, the principal observers besides
Xantus, agree upon a trait that is extremely un-parine — I mean
the wildness they attribute to the bird. Heermann speaks of
certains actions, such as hanging "back downward, which are
tit-like, yet shared by many other small birds. Cooper alludes
to habits " intermediate between those of Titmice and Warb-
lers", a chickadee-like song, and a "triple lisping note like
that of tsee-tu-tu". A sort of local migration has been noticed,
though the birds reside in the Colorado Valley at least as high
as Fort Mojave. Evidently we have much to learn of the Ver-
din, and much light upon its doubtful affinities to hope for,
from thoughtful study of its habits, as well as from examina-
tion of those portions of its structure, no hint of which can be
gained from inspection of stuffed specimens.

CHAPTER VII.— NUTHATCHES

FAM. SITTID.E

CHARS.— Bill subcylindrical, tapering, compressed, slender,
acute, not notched, nearly or about as long as the bead j culmeu
and commissure nearly straight; gonys long, convex, ascending.
Nostrils rounded, concealed by tufts of bristly feathers (as in
Paridce). Wings long, pointed ; primaries ten, the first of
which is short or spurious. Tail much shorter than the wings,
nearly even, of twelve soft, broad, not " scansorial " feathers.
Tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw, scutellate in front.
Toes long, with large, strongly curved, compressed and acute
claws, in adaptation to scansorial habits. Hallux with its claw
abtfut as long as the middle toe ; the claw as long as the digit.
Lateral toes of very unequal lengths. Plumage compact.
Body stout, depressed. Tongue horny, acute, barbed. Habits
highly scansorial ; manner of climbing peculiar.

The Nuthatches are related to the Titmice, both in physical
structure and general economy, but present certain peculiarities
probably warranting the independent family rank I have as-
signed to them. The bill is altogether different ; other details
of structure are modified in adaptation to a particular kind of
climbing, which, if not entirely peculiar to these birds, is at
least their prime characteristic. Our other scansorial birds,
such as the Creepers and Woodpeckers, use the tail as a prop
or stay to assist in maintaining position; for which purpose
the feathers are specially contrived by their rigidity and
strength, being pressed against the support by the action of
strong muscles. In the case of the Nuthatches, the tail does not
assist in the acts of climbing. The birds just mentioned, more-
over, never climb head downward ; while the Nuthatches scram-
ble about in every imaginable attitude, running down the
trunks of trees, or along the under side of the branches, with
the same ease with which they climb upward. When reversed
in position, they are still unlike the Titmice and other small
birds which momentarily hang suspended by their claws; for

CHARACTERISTICS OF NUTHATCHES 133

they appear to " hug " the tree as closely as they do in any
other posture. They are among the most nimble as well as
adroit of creepers, matching any of our birds in activity and
restless energy— a Woodpecker, for instance, is almost a sedate
bird in comparison. Though not properly gregarious, they are
sociable birds, and often gather in troops, with which Titmice,
Kinglets and various Warblers may also mix. They are con-
fined to woodland, and will be found oftener in high forests,
on the larger trees, than in the undergrowth. In their rela-
tions to man, these birds are heedless and familiar, as if they
trusted to his good will in return for the valuable services they
render him in destroying incalculable numbers of noxious
insects — a confidence too often abused by the vulgar and ignor-
ant, who harbor against them the same prejudice that exists
against the Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus), the innocent and industri-
ous Nuthatches being supposed to injure trees, when the fact
is, they spend the whole of their laborious lives in man's ser-
vice. Instances are known of some Nuthatches becoming so
tame, when they are appreciated and properly treated, as to
almost take food from the hand. The voice is harsh, abrupt
and unmelodious — they have nothing to be called a song. Be-
sides insects, they feed upon various hard fruits, such as nuts
and acorns — whence, it is said, is derived the curious name
"nuthatch", equivalent to "nut-pecker", and perhaps altered
from "nut-hacker". The nidification resembles that of the
typical Titmice ; they nest in holes of trees, and lay numerous
white, speckled eggs. The coloration is not bright. The sexes
are similar, or nearly so; and the young, in the first full plum-
age, closely resemble the adults.

The genus Sitta, to which, as the leading representative of
the family, the foregoing remarks apply more particularly, now
comprises about fourteen species of Europe, Asia and North
America. Australia has its peculiar genus Sittella; another,
Acanthisitta, is confined to New Zealand; while a disputed
Madagascau form, Hypherpes, is by some referred to this family.
No South American representatives are known. The family
is a rather small, as well as a somewhat isolated, group, com-
prising in all only some thirty species.

Genus SITTA Linnaeus

CHARS, as above. Of the five North American species or
varieties three occur in the Colorado Basin.

134 DESCRIPTION OP SITTA CAROLINENSIS ACULEATA

bilJecl Nuthatch

Sit Ja carolinensis aculeata

Sitta carol ineiisls, pt., of some authors. — Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 155. — Woodh.

Sitgr. Rep. 1853, 66.—Newb. PRRR. vi. 1857, 79.— (l)Scl. PZS. 1856, 293 ; 1858, 300: 1859,

363,373 (all Mexican quotations).— (?) Sumich. Mem. Boat. Soc. i. 1869, 544 (Vera Cruz).
Sitta aculeata, Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 254 (California).— Scl PZS. 1857, 126.— Bd.

BNA. 1858, 375 ; ed. of 1860, 375, pi. 33, f. 3.— Kenn. PRRR. x. 1859, Whipple's Route,

26, pi. 33, f. 3.—Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, Williamson's Route, 56.— Xant. Pr. Phila.

Acad. 1859, 191.— C. ffS. NHWT. 1860, 193.— Bd. RAB. 1864, m.—Feilner, Smiths. Rep.

for 1864, 1865, 425,—Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 78.— Brown, Ibis, 2d ser. iv. 1868, 421

(Vancouver).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 74.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 54, figa.—Aiken, Pr.

Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 195.— Merr. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 672, 713.—

Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 17.
Sitta carolinensis var. aculeata, Coues, Key, 1872, 83.— A lien, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 174.—

Ridg. Bull. Essex Inst. v. 1873, 180.— Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1874, 59.— Yarr. & Henah,

Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, S.—Hensk. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 40, 73, 100.— Coues, BNW.

1874, 24, 230.— B. B. tf R. NAB. i. 1874, 117, fig. pi. 8, with jig. Z.—Hensk. Ann. List. B.

Ariz. 1875, 155.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 173.

HAB.— Wooded regions of the Middle and Western Provinces of the United
States, and portions of Mexico.

CH. SP. — $ ? Cceruleo-plumbea, infra alba, crisso rufo-notaio,
alis nigricantibus, cceruleo-plumbeo Umbatis, rectricibus mediis
dorso concoloribus, ccuteris nigris, albo-notatis ; rostro tenuissimo ;
$ pileo, nuchd et cervice atris, ? pileo nigricante aut dorso concolore.

$ , adult : Upper parts, central tail-feathers and much edging of the
wings clear ashy-blue, the whole crown, nape and back of the neck glossy
black. Under parts, including sides of the neck and head to above the eyes,
dull white, more or less marked on the flanks and crissum with rusty-brown.
Wings and their coverts blackish, much edged as already said, and with an
oblique bar of white on the outer webs of the primaries towards their ends ;
concealed bases of primaries white ; under wing-coverts mostly blackish;
no bold bluish and black variegation of the innermost secondaries. Tail,
excepting the two middle feathers, black ; each feather marked with white
in increasing amount, the outer web of "the lateral feather being mostly
white. Bill blackish-plumbeous, pale at the base below, extremely slender.
Feet dark brown. Iris brown. Length, 5^-6 inches ; extent, 10^-U ; wing,
3^ ; tail, If ; bill about f of an inch long, but only about f of an inch deep
at the base.

9 : Similar to the £ ; but the black of. the head imperfect, mixed or over-
laid with the color of the back, or altogether restricted to the nape.

This form, extremely similar to the eastern S. carolinensis, differs in the
slenderer bill, which is only 4-i deep at the base, instead of y~g, and in the
indistinctness of the markings of the inner secondaries, which, in S. caroli-
nensis, are boldly variegated with blackish and ashy-blue.

I HAVE never observed the slightest difference in habits
between this species and'its familiar eastern representative ;
other authors also agree that one is the counterpart of the

HABITS OF THE SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH 135

other. Sometimes I fancied the Slender-billed to be fonder of
pine woods ; but then I saw it chiefly in a country where the
Coniferce were the only extensive forests, and I knew that the
common White-bellied inhabited pines just as frequently, con-
sidering the relative numbers of these and deciduous trees in
most portions of the eastern United States. Mr. T. M. Trippe
has spoken, in my " Birds of the Northwest", of what he con-
siders a decided difference in the notes of the two birds :— " The
common piping note is nearly the same, though in a different
key ; but the loud spring call is very different. It is far coarser,
louder, and more rapid in aculeata — so loud and rattling, in
fact, that I have mistaken it for the call of the Eed-shafted
Flicker — while there is none of the soft musical tone that marks
the Spring note of S. carolinensis." This observation, however,
has not been corroborated by others; for Dr. Kennerly, in styl-
ing the note " peculiar", evidently refers to the generic char-
acter of the voice of Nuthatches, while Mr. Eidgway remarks
that the notes u are much weaker and are uttered in a finer
tone, some of them being, indeed, entirely different from those
of 8. carolinensis, though of the same general character r. In
this disagreement of the witnesses, I will not undertake to
judge ; but, in leaving the case .open, I suspect that it has been
somewhat " worked up ".

I found the Slender-billed Nuthatches to be very common in
the pineries about Fort Whipple, where they reside all the
year ; and the birds seem to be distributed throughout the
wooded regions of the West, from the Rocky Mountains to
the Pacific. The northern limit is not precisely determined ;
but it is doubtless near the boundary of the United States.
In the mountains, the birds have been observed up to the
limits of arboreal vegetation. They seem to descend from the
more elevated regions in the autumn, but there is no regular
migration. We know that the birds endure extreme cold with
impunity, since they remain all winter about Colville, sometimes
braving a temperature of —30° F.

I am not aware that the nests and eggs of this particular
variety have been described ; there is no reason to suppose
they will be found to differ from those of 8. carolinensis. The
latter nests like a Titmouse— rather, like a Woodpecker, con-
sidering that it regularly digs a hole for itself, both sexes
working assiduously till an excavation, it may be fifteen or
twenty inches deep, is prepared for the reception of the nest.

136 SYNONYMY OF SITTA CANADENSIS

This is a rather scanty lining of an indiscriminate mass of soft
vegetable and animal substances. The eggs, to the number of
five or six, measure on an average about four-fifths of an inch
in length, and three-fifths in breadth. They are white, often
with a rosy or creamy hue, speckled and blotched with reddish-
brown and purplish or lavender shades, sometimes evenly and
thickly over the whole surface, oftener chiefly about the larger
end, where a wreath of the markings may be more or less per-
fectly formed.

Red-bellied Nuthatch

Sitta caiiadeiisis

Sitta Canadensis, L. SN. i. 1766, 177, no. 2 (Briss. iii. 593, no. 2, pi. 29, f. 4).—Bodd. Tabl.
PE. 1783, 38.— Gm. SN. i. 1788, 441, no. 2.— Lath. IO. i. 1790, 262, no. 2.— Turt. SN. i.
1806, 271.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 96.—Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 583.— Aud. OB. ii. 1834,
24, pi. 105. — Ornith. Comm. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 193 (Columbia River). — Bp. C.
& GL. 1838, 10.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 339.— Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839,
155.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 167.— Nutt. Man. 2d ed. i. 1840, 697.— Aud. BA. iv. 1842, 179, pi.
5248.— Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 112 (California).— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 227,—McCaU,
Pr. Pbila. Acad. v. 1851, 215 (Texas).— Cabot, Naum. ii. Hft. iii. 1852, 66 (Lake Supe-
rior).— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 381 (Wisconsin).— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 95.—
Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 401 (Ohio).— Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855,
584.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 313 (New Mexico).— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856,
214.— Kneel. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 233.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 376.— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for
1858, 1859, 283 (Nopa Scotia).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—
Coop. <V Suck. NHWT. 1860, 193.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 437.— Bd. Ives'a
Rep. Col. R. pt. vi. 1861, 6 (Fort Yurna).— Scl. CAB. 1861, 15.— Coues ff Prent. Smiths.
Rep. for 1861, 1862, 411.— Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 164.— Blak. Ibis, 1862,
5 (Saskatchewan).— Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 126.— Verr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 186S,
138 (Anticosti).— Verr. I'r. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 149.— Blak. Ibis, V. 1863, 67.— Bd. RAB.
1864, 87.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864 69. —Feilner, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865. 426
(California).— Scl Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 311.— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 88.— Cones,
Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 79 (Arizona).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866. 283.—
Brown, Ibis, 2d. ser. iv. 1868, 421 (Vancouver).— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 279.—
Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 107 (South Carolina).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 74.—
Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 581.— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 28 ; Phila. ed. 21.— Coop. B. Cal. i.
1870, 54.— Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 546,—Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, llT.—Stev. IT.
S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 464.— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 359.—Trippe,
Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 47.— Coues, Key, 1872, 83, f. 27.—Hensk. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 73 (Col-
orado, breeding).— Coues, BNW. 1874. 26.— B. B. ff R. NAB. i. 1874,118, pi. 8, f. 7.—
Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 438,—Hensk. List B. Ariz. 1875, 155.—Hensh. Zool. Expl.

W. 100 Merid. 1876, 174.

Sitta Varia, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. 1791, 289
bis.— Wils.&Q. i. 1808, 40, pi. 2, f. 4.— Bp. Journ.
Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 25, 275.
Sitta stulta, " Vieill."

Sittelle de Canada, " Buff. x. 209 " ; " v. 471 ".
Torchepot du Canada, Buff. PE. 623, f. 2.
Canada Nuthatch, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 281, no. 170 (in
part ; the description and figure are those of Si
FIG. 21.-Head of Canada Nuthatch. CaroanenstS).-Lath.Syu.l 1782, pt. 2, 651, no. 3.

Nuthatch du Canada, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 237.
Canada Nuthatch, Red-bellied Nuthatch, Vulg.
HAB.— Wo oded portions of temperate North America.

DESCRIPTION OF SITTA CANADENSIS 13 7

CH. SP. — $ 9 Plumbeo-cwrulea, rectricibus mediis concoloribusr
lateralibus nigris albo maculatis, alls extns innotatis; infra fer-
ruginea; $ vertice cum lateribus capitis nlgris, striga frontali et
superciliari alba; 2 pileo dorso concolore.

^, adult: Upper parts leaden-blue (brighter than in S. carol'metisis} , the
central tail-feathers the same ; wings fuscous, with slight ashy edgings and
concealed white bases of the primaries. Eutire under parts rusty-brown,
very variable in shade, from rich fulvous to brownish-white, usually palest
on the throat, deepest on the sides and crissum ; tail-feathers, except the mid-
dle pair, black, the lateral marked with white. Whole top and sides of
head and neck glossy black, that of the side appearing as a broad bar
through the eye from bill to side of neck, cut off from that of the head by a
long white superciliary stripe, which meets its fellow across the forehead.
Bill dark plumbeous, paler below ; feet plumbeous-brown. Length, 4£-4£ ;
extent, 8-8^; wing, 2£; tail, 1£ ; bill, ^.

9 : Crown like the back; lateral stripe on the head merely blackish. The
under parts average paler than those of the $ , but there is no constancy
about this. Young birds resemble the 9 .

Pennant, in the " Arctic Zoology ", makes a curious mistake in treating
of the Canada and Black-headed Nuthatches. His first species, no. 170,
called " Canada " Nuthatch, consists of the references to this species and
the description of the other one, and the figure on plate 13 unmistakably
represents carolinensis ; while under his no. 171, called " Black-headed" Nut-
hatch, he describes canadensis. He correctly distinguishes the two species but
inadvertently calls one the other.

OUR knowledge of the distribution and movements of the
Canada Nuthatch lacks precision. As already said, it is
known to inhabit wooded portions of temperate North America,,
from one ocean to the other, and from Florida, Texas and
Arizona to Labrador and other portions of British America ;
but to what extent it is migratory within this large area, and
in what portions it is resident, or a summer or winter visitor,
we are still insufficiently informed. There appears to be little
doubt that, unlike its relatives, it is decidedly migratory ; yet
authors are singularly at variance in their accounts of its move-
ments. Wilson speaks of its leaving for the Southern States
in October, and returning again in April. Brewer alludes to
a flock which he saw in Massachusetts, May 20, which had
"evidently just arrived from the South". But Allen states
that it is chiefly a winter resident in Massachusetts, arriving
in October and departing in April. In the District of Colum-
bia, Coues and Preutiss say that it is a winter resident, from
early in October until May. Ridgway found it in the mount-
ains of Nevada in September and June. Such conflicting state-

138 DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS OF CANADA NUTHATCH

ments might be multiplied 5 and 1113- limited experience with
the bird, which I have only seen during the colder part of the
year, and only about Washington, simply forces me to an
expression of opinion formed according to the balance of evi-
dence. 1 judge that the bird is on the whole a more northerly
species than the Carolina Nuthatch ; that, unlike the other
Nuthatches, the Titmice and the Creeper, all of which
are imperfectly migratory, if not stationary, it migrates to a
considerable extent in spring and fall. There appears, further-
more, to be an uncertain intermediate tract, in northerly por-
tions of the United States, where some individuals at least are
resident, and north of which the bird is only seen in summer,
while further south it will only be found in winter, except at
high elevations among the mountains of the West, where alti-
tude answers for latitude. Its northern limit of distribution
has been stated to be about latitude 6G° ST. In the West, it
extends southward to the Mexican border, a specimen having
been obtained at Fort Yurna by Lieut. J. C. Ives. I have
observed no Mexican references, nor am I aware that the bird
has ever been found south of the United States.

The rarity of the Canada Nuthatch in most of the Col-
orado Basin may be inferred from the infrequency of the
original quotations referring to this section of the country —
most writers, in fact, refer to the Yuma example just men-
tioned. I never saw it myself in any portion of New Mexico
or Arizona, nor does Mr. Henshaw appear to have met with it
in either of these Territories or in Utah. He gives us, how-
ever, an interesting record of its breeding in the pine woods
about Fort Garland , Colorado, where he states it was by no
means rare. The nest was found in a pine stump a few feet
from the ground, excavated in the decayed wood to the depth
of five inches, and lined with bits of bark ; the eggs were five
in number, in an advanced state of incubation. A nest which
Audubon found in Maine as early as April 19, before the ice
was all gone, was dug to a depth of about fourteen inches ; it
contained four eggs. The eggs I have examined in the Smith-
sonian collection are like those of the Carolina Nuthatch, but
noticeably smaller, measuring about 0.60x0.48; they are
white, sprinkled with reddish dots, sometimes pretty evenly
distributed over the whole surface, sometimes chiefly wreathed
about the larger end, or there confluent. The same general
characters obtain in the eggs of other Nuthatches.

SYNONYMY AND DESCRIPTION OF SITTA PYGMvBA 139

Pygmy Nuthatch

Si! t

SWa pygimea, nf. Zool. Voy. Bloas. 1839, 29, pi. 4. f. 2 (California). -Bp. C. & GL. 1838,

10.— And. OB. v. 1839, 63, pi. 415.— And. Syn. 1839, 168.— Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846,

112.— ScZ. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Coop. <& Suck. NHWT. 1860, 193.— Bd. Ives'a Rep.

Col. R. pt. vi. 1861, 6.— Bd. RAB. 1864, 88.— Scl. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 311.— Fcilner, Smiths.

Rep. for 1864, 1865, 426 (habits).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866 78 (Arizona).—

Brown, Ibis, 2d g r. iv. 1868, 421 (Vancouver).— Coop. Am. Nat, iii. 1869,74, 299.— Sumich.

Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 544 (Vera Cruz).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 55, fig.— Aiken, Pr. Boat.

Soc. xv. 1872, 195 (Colorado) .—Cones, Key, 1872, 83.— Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874,. 17.—

Cones, BNW. 1874, 25, 230.— B. B. <V R. NAB. i. 1874, 120, pi. 8.— Yarr. 6f Hensh. Rep.

Orn. Specs. 1874, 8.— Yarr. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 34.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid.

1876, 175.
Sltta pyginea, And. BA. iv. 1842, 184, pi. 250.— Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. ZuiU R. 1853, 66.— Henry, Pr.

Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 313 ; xi. 1859, 107 (New Mexico).— Newb. PRRR. vi. 1859, 79.
Sitta pyginaea, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 227.— Bd. BNA. 1858,378.— Keunerly, PRRR. x. 1859,Whipple's

Route, 26.

Sitta piffmaea, Coop. Am. Nat. iv. 1871, 757.
Sitta pusillil var. pygimea, Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 174 (Colorado).—/?^. Bull. Essex lost.

v. 1873, 180 (Colorado).— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 40, 73, 100.
Pygmy .Nuthatch, California!! .Nuthatch, Vulg.

HAB. — United States from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. North to
49° (Vancouver, Brown}. South in Mexico to Xalapa and Vera Cruz.

CH. SP. — 3 9 Plnmbeo-ccerulea, pileo et nnchd olivaceo-brunnels,
lateral-tier obsciirioribm, macula alba nuchali obsoletd ; rectricibus
mediis dorso concoloribus, macula magnd longitudinali alba; infra
sordlde alba, plus minusve rufescens^ crisso lateribusque dorso vix
discolor ibus.

$ 9: Upper parts ashy-blue, and wings with little or no markings (as in
canadensis), though some of the outer primaries maybe narrowly edged with
white. Whole top of head, nape and back of neck, with the sides of the
head to below the eyes, olive-brown, the lateral borders of this patch blackish,
andan obsolete whitish patch at the back of the neck. Central tail-feathers
like the back, but with a long white spot, and their outer webs black at the
base; other tail-feathers blackish, with white marks, and often also tipped
with the color of the back. Entire under parts ranging in different specimens
from a mere muddy white to smoky-brown or rich rusty, nearly or quite as
intense as in S. canademis; the flanks and crissum shaded with a duller
wash of the color of the back. Bill and feet dark plumbeous, the former
paler at base below. Iris black. Length about 4 inches, or rather less;
extent about 8 ; wing, 2$ ; tail, 1£ ; tarsus, | ; bill about |.

Young : Differs from the adult much as the 9 of the foregoing species
differs from the <?, in having the top of the head like the back; the
under parts are usually muddy-whitish, but there is great difference in this
respect. The tail-feathers have constantly shown me the characteristic
markings of the species.

I

140 . HISTORY OF THE PYGMY NUTHATCH

While this species is indubitably very closely related to S. pmilla of the
Southero States, it presents differences which I have not seen bridged over
by intermediate examples. The color of the head is a pure hair-brown in
& pusilla, in which the white nuchal spot is large and distinct ; and the
central tail-feathers show little, if any, trace of the black and white markings
so conspicuous in S.pygmcea.

HERE we have the most abundant, characteristic and gen-
erally distributed species of the family in the Colorado
Basin. The bird was originally brought to the notice of natur-
alists by Mr. N. A. Vigors, who received it from Monterey,
where it was collected during the voyage of the " Blossom ",
under command of Capt. F. W. Beechey, R. 1ST., and described
and figured it in the volume in which the zoological results of
the expedition were made known, in 1839. A few years sub-
sequently, Dr. Wm. Ganibel spoke of its great abundance in
certain portions of California; and most of the western explorers
who followed in the wake of the sturdy pioneers of 740 have left
memoranda of their observations. From the southwesterly
regions where the species was first noticed, its known range
has gradually extended to the east and north, till it now includes
the whole of the United States from the Rocky Mountains to
the Pacific. In Mexico, similarly, we have had advices of its
presence; it has been recorded from Xalapa, and Sumichrast
states that it is resident in Yera Cruz up to the limit of vegeta-
tion on the highest peaks. Though it is strictly the western
representative of the Brown-headed Nuthatch, yet its range is
much more extended ; for the latter is almost entirely confined
to the Southern Atlantic and Gulf States, only occasionally
reaching as far north as Ohio.

Within the whole area of its dispersion, the Pygmy Nut-
hatch is resident, like most of its family and their allies. Some
pass the winter as far north as latitude 49°, although, according
to Mr. J. K. Lord, many proceed southward in November. I
found it at all seasons about Fort Whipple; but in the pine forests
of that elevated locality it is most abundant in summer. It
seems to prefer the pines, especially during the breeding sea-
son, and ranges up the mountains to an altitude of 8 or 10,000
feet, or to the timber-line ; at other times it is more generally
distributed through the deciduous woods of lower levels. During
my residence at Fort VVhipple, the habits of these birds were to
me a study which never failed to please. If I loitered in list-
less mood among the magnificent pines, uthe world forgetting,
by the world forgot," absorbed in the sensuous undercurrent

LEADING TRAITS OF THE PYGMY NUTHATCH 141

of merely anitnal existence, the vivacity of these ubiquitous
little creatures seldom failed to break the spell of iny dream,
and bring1 me back to the realities that surrounded me. If I
hurried breathless through the woods, in eager pursuit of some
feathered prize that seemed likely to escape me, how did my
haste in quest of a coveted thing differ from the bustling activity
and restless energy they displayed in their search for what
seemed good to them ! The naturalist is never alone j solitude
is not for him ; he can call nothing his own — not even his
thoughts, which he must be content to share with all the forms
of life about him, and suffer to be carried beyond his control.
" How singularly," I have said to myself, •" how perfectly, do
these busy troops of birds illustrate the waste of nervous force !
Will they never learn to make haste slowly ? Are they so full of
energy that such incessant motion becomes a pleasure — a neces-
sity •? And after all, what does this eager scrambling amount
to ? They make a living by it, to be sure, and that is something ;
but so do some of the laziest people. Perhaps they like it ;
perhaps they cannot help it. That may be a flock of young
birds, relishing their work with the zest of enthusiasts who
have yet to learn the lesson that hard work teaches ; this may
be a lot of old ones, no longer buoyant, yet equally eager, for
to them work has become a painful necessity, since habit has
rendered idleness intolerable."

With such incessant activity as this do the Pygmy Nut-
hatches go about their daily avocations. With the appearance
of the earlier broods the different families unite, and the busy
throng roams through the woods, straggling from tree to tree
with desultory flight, calling incessantly to each other as if to
make sure that all the company keep together. They show
some little preference in the matter of their hunting grounds,
more rarely scrambling about the trunks than among the smaller
branches of the trees, like the Brotf n-headed Nuthatches, which
they resemble so closely in appearance, and they habitually resort
to the terminal branchlets and foliage of the tree -tops. Their diet
is a mixed one, consisting in part of the minute insects which
lurk in the cracks of the bark, in part of the seeds of conifers,
and doubtless other small hard fruits. Their sociability is a
prominent trait ; indeed, they may almost be called gregarious
at all times excepting during the breeding season. Flocks of
a dozen or twenty, and even up to fifty or a hundred, are not
seldom seen ; and in the same company numbers of Titmice
and Warblers may often be found. They are extremely noisy

142 HABITS OF THE PYGMY NUTHATCH

at such times — not clamorous in fretfnlness or irritation,
but with the jovial abandon of good fellowship. The notes are
not susceptible of description, such is the endless variety of
the queer chattering and whistling cries emitted, amidst which
the peculiar quanlc of the larger Nuthatches finds no counter-
part. Nor are they in themselves harmonious $ yet the effect
of the medley is pleasing.

The nest of the Pygmy Nufhatch 1 have never found ; but
the nidification is now well known to agree with that of its
congeners, as far as the excavation of a hole is concerned.
Accounts differ respecting the lining of the cavity ; according
to some the eggs are simply deposited upon the chips and dust
at the bottom of the hole, while in other cases a tolerably well
made and consistent nest of various soft vegetable and animal
substances is constructed. Doubtless both these accounts are
correct, their variance being chargeable to the birds them-
selves. It is probable that, in some localities at least, two
broods are reared each season ; in Arizona, I observed the
earliest young on wing in June, which would leave ample time
for a second family. The eggs are not distinguishable with
certainty from those of the Canada Nuthatch, though said to
be somewhat smaller and more pointed. They appear to have
been first discovered at Fort Crook, California, by Captain
(then Sergeant) John Feiluer, U. S. A., who was not long after-
ward killed by Sioux in Dakota. In his notice of the species
above quoted, he concludes with a graphic portrayal of a little
scene which those who have watched the birds will recognize
as true to nature. ... " The pine nuts are very closely
searched for their seeds ; when found, it alights on a limb,
where, holding it with one foot, it hammers witli the bill
until it has broken it in such parts as will enable it to eat the
seed. If it should happen to one to drop such a seed, two or
three will be seen diving after and catching it before it can
reach the ground 5 another place will be found, and the ham-
mering commences afresh. The scene presented by observing
a party of these little birds all in a bustle and activity, engaged
in breaking pine nuts, and to hear their chattering and ham-
mering, reminds one of an immense machine shop, where all
the mechanics are busily engaged in the various divisions of
their craft."

CHAPTER VIII.— CREEPERS

FAM. CERTHIID^E

THIS is a small, well-defined group, of four or five genera
and about a dozen species, usually divided into two sub-
families". One of these is the Tichodromince, represented by the
European Wall Creeper, Tichodroma muraria, and some species
of the chiefly Australian genus Climtioteris. The other is the

SQBFAMILY CERTHIIN^E : TOPICAL CREEPERS

These are represented by the genus Certhia,, and one or two
others; they are confined to the Old World, with the exception
of a single species of the typical

Genus CERTHIA Linnaeus

CHARS.— Adaptation to scansorial habits by the structure
of the tail and feet. Tail long and strong, formed of 12 rigid,
acuminate feathers graduated in length ; the shafts are stout,
curved and elastic, the points extremely acute, and the whole
structure of the feathers closely resembles that seea in the Wood-
pecker family. Tarsus scutellate, shorter than the middle toe
and claw ; anterior toes connate at base for the length of the
1st joint of the middle one. Lateral toes unequal in length, the
inner being much shorter than the outer. Hind toe shorter
than its claw. Claws strong, much curved, very sharp, the
hinder one of great size ;
wing with 10 primaries, the
first not half as long as the
2d, which is shorter than
the 3d ; point of the wing
formed by the 3d-5th quills.
Bill about as long as the
head, extremely slender,
acute, curved ; nostrils ex-
posed, narrow, Scaled. NO FIG. 22. -Head, foot and tail-feather of the Creeper*

rictal vibrissa3.
The general economy ot the Greepsra is peculiar. Their

144 GENERAL ECONOMY OF CREEPERS

habit of climbing is the most prominent trait; the action is pre-
cisely similar to that of the Woodpeckers, and quite unlike that
of their much nearer relatives, the Nuthatches — for the Creep-
ers iiever scramble about head downward, and never move
without being propped up by the stiff, elastic tail, which is
pressed against the support. The structure and grasping power
of the feet are much the same as in the Nuthatches. The bill
differs altogether from the stout, chisel-like instrument with
which both Woodpeckers and Nuthatches bore into wood
either to procure food or to construct a nesting-place, being
weak, slender, curved and sharp pointed. The mandibles may
be likened to an extremely delicate pair of forceps, which may
be insinuated into the narrowest crevices of the bark to pick
out the most minute objects — and a very efficient tool it proves,
as used by its skillful and indefatigable owner. The food of the
Creepers consists chiefly of small insects ; sometimes, it is said,
they feed upon particles of vegetable matter, such as lichens
or mosses. Their nidification is like that of the Nuthatches
and typical Titmice, inasmuch as they nest in holes; but their
weak bill is unfit for the labor of digging into wood, and they
consequently occupy such natural excavations as they find in
decayed wood, or the deserted homes of Woodpeckers and
other animals. The eggs are numerous, white, speckled. The
birds inhabit woodland, and seem to prefer trees of large size.
They are not. highly musical, and are generally considered
songless ; yet some close observers say they have heard a suc-
cession of modulated notes, by no means unmusical. In plum-
age, the sexes are alike, and the regular changes are not
decided; while the variegated tints, harmonizing with the
colors of the bark, are a great safeguard. The activity, or
rather the industry, of the Creepers is a strong trait ; yet they
have none of the vivacity and turbulence of the Titmice and
Nuthatches, being, in fact, very sedate and almost demure
birds, gliding stealthily about the trees, and likely to elude
observation unless narrowly watched. Our species is not regu-
larly migratory. All the species of the genus resemble each
other so closely that it is difficult to say how many there are ;
we have but one in the United States, believed to be identical
with that of Europe ; there is another species or variety in the
warmer parts of America, and several are ascribed to Asia.

SYNONYMY OF CERTIIIA FAMILIARIS 145

Brown Creeper

Ccrtliia fa mi liar is

(General references)

Certhia familiar!*, L. SX. i. lOthed. 1758, 118,no. 1 (Fn. Suec. 213, etc.) ; 12th ed. 1766, 184, no.
l.—Brilnn. OB. 1764, 12.— Scop. Bem^rk. ed. Gihith. 1770, 53, no. 59.— Bodd. Tabl. 17t>3,
42 (PE. 631, f. l).—G>n. SX. i. 1738, 469, no. l.-Sckae/. Mus. Orn. 1789, 41, no. 136.—
Lith. IO. i. L79(), 230, no. l.—Turt. SX. i. 18')6, -291.— Fox, Newc. Mas. 1827, 61.— Less.
Tr. Orn. 1831, ail.—Temm. Man. i. 410; iii. 1835, 283.— Kaup. Thierr. ii. pt. i. 1836, 153.—
Bp. C. & GL. 1833, \\.-Macg. Man. Br. B. i. 1840, 214.— Siedh. Stubenv. Deut's. 1845.
351. — Pa-wler, Naura. i. 1830, 49 (aest and egg-i). — Naum. Vog. pi. 140. — Bp. CA. i. 1850,
224.— Gould, BE pi. 237— Tobias, Naum. i. 1851, 6.5.— Wentzel, J. f. O. 1853, 442.—
Homey. J. f. 0. 1854, 365.— Radde, J. f. O. 1854, 62 (Southern Russia).— Vang. J. f. O.
1855, m. — M'tiller, J. f. O. 1856. 221.— Pdssler, J. f. O. 1856, 42.— B. Preen, J. f. O. 1859,
45L—Flnsck, J. f. O. 1859, 384.— Brdt. An. Vert. Siberia, 26.—Gieb. Vog. 1860, 85, f.
153.— Sc/irenck, Araurl. 185f), 330.— Zaiid. Arch. Ateckleab. xv. 1861, 95.— Hintz I. J. f. O.
1863, 426.— R Bias. Beigabe J. f. O. 1863, 48.— r. Preen, J. f. O. 1863, 281.— Radde, Reisen,

1863, 217.— Sperf. Ibis, vi. 1864, 281 (Corfu).— Nordm. J. f. O. 1864, 365.— w. Drosle, J. f. O.

1864, iM.—Hintz I. J. f. O. 18tfl, 106, 194.— Hintz I. J. f. O. 1865, 235.— Afore, Ibis, 2d ser.
i. 1865, 136.— Degl.-Gerbe, OE. i. 1867, 186.— Hintz I. J. f. O. 1867, 168.— Holtz, J. f. O.
1868, 118.— Hintz I. J. f. O. 1868, 395.— Homey. J. f. O. 1869, 172 (Extern Siberia).—
E. 8fB. Ibis, 2d ser. vi. 1870, 198 (Turkey).— Saunders, Ibis, 3d ser. i. 1871, -IQB.—Fritsch,
J. f. O. 1871, 189.— Rey, J. f. O. 1872, 143.— Hart. Man. Br. B. 1872, 2Q.—Jerdon, Ibis, 3d
Her. ii. 1872, 19 (Kashmir).— Tacz J. f. O. 1872, 353 (Eastern Siberia).— Sioinh. Ibis, 3d
ser.iv. 1874, 152 (Hakodadi).— Hanc. B.North.& Durh. 1874, 30. -Dress. BE. 1874,pt.xxix.

Certhla scandulaca, Pallas, Zoog. R.-A. i. " 18U " (1830, 432.
CerthiUS major, C. minor, Frisch, " Vog. Teuschl. fol. B. 1817, taf. 39 ".
Certhia macrodactyla, C. brachydactyla, C. septentrionalis, C. m garliynclios, Brehm,
VD. 1831, pp. 208-211.

Certhia nattereri, Bp. c. & GL. 1838, 11.
Certhia natereri, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 224.

Certhia COSt.-e, Bailly, " Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Savoie, Jan. 1852 ".— Sand. J. f. 0. 1855, 60.
Certhia brachyrhynchus, C. parailoxa, L. Brehm, Naum. 1855, 274.
Certhia rufidorsalis, " Br.", Giebel, Thes. Om. i. 1872, 618.
Certhia hodgsoni, Brooks, " JASB. 1872, 73 " (fide Dresser).

Motacilla SCOlOpaciua, Stium, "Trondh. Selsk. Skr. 1770, Jide Collett, Norg. Fugl. 1868, 16"
(from Dresser).

(American references)

Certhia familiariS,.par%, of older authors.— Vicill. OAS. ii. 1807, IQ.— Wils. AO. i. 1808, 122,
pi. 7, f. L— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 27.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 95.— Nutt.
Man. i. 1832, 585.—Ornith. Comm. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 193 (Columbia River).—
Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1839, 155.— Penh. Rep. Orn. Ma^s. 1839, 341.— And. OB.
v. 1839, 158, pi. 415.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 72.— And. BA'. ii. 1841, 109, pi. 115.— Burnett, Pr.
Bost, Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. Zuni R. 1853, 66.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853,
95.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 209 (Mew Mexico).— Hat/m. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii.
1856, 283.— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 282 (Nova Scotia).— Tarnb. B. E. Pa.
1869, 27 ; Phila. ed. 2(}.—Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 115.— Mayn. BE. Mass. 1870, 93.—
Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 359,—Coues, Key, 1872, 84, f. 28.— Cones, BN W. 1874, 26,
230.— Nets. Pr. Bost. xvii. 1875, 343, 356 (California and Utah).— Gentry, Life-Hist. B. E.
Penna. 1876, 70 (habits).

[Certhia mfa, Bartram Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. 1791, 289bi*.— Cones, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1875, 347,
Certhia t'usca, Barton, Fragm. N. H. Peuna. 1799, 11.

Certhia americana, Bp. c. & GL. 1833, u.—ltutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 701.— Bp. CA. i. 1850,

225.— Reich. " Hdbh. i. 1853, 265, pi. dcxv. f. 4102, 4103 )!.— Rend, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi.
1353, 401.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1353, 381.— Gerh. Naum. iii. 1853, 38.— Kennic Tr.
Illinois Agr. Soc. i. 1855, 583.— Maxim. J. f. O. vi. 1853, 105.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 372.—
10 B C

146 CHARACTERS OF CERTIIIA FAMILIARIS

Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1839, 107.— Scl. PZS. 1859, 235.— Kenner. PRRR. x. 1859,
Whipple's Route, Birds, 26.— Heerm. PRRR. X. 1859, Williamson's Route, Birdn, 42.—
Coop 6f Sudd. NHVVT. 1860, 192.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for I860, 1861, 437.— Scl. CAB.

1861, 15.— Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 126.— Ooues ff Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861,

1862, 410.— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 149.— Bd. RAB. 1864, 89.— Allen, Pr. Ess.
Inst. iv. 1864, 68.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865. W8.—Hamlin, Pr. Post. Soc. x. 1865,
80 (habits).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 88.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 79
(Arizona).— Labr. Ann. Lye. N.Y.viii. 1868, 283.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 108.— Ooues,
Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 273. — Brown, Ibis, 2d ser. iv. 1868, 42 (Vancouver). — Coop. Am.
Nat. iii. 1869, 296.— Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 543.— Abbott, Am. Nat. \\. 1872, 367.—
Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 236. — Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 6. — Merriam, Am. Nat. viii.
1874, 8.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.

Certhia familiaris car. americana, Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180 (Colorado).— B. E. fyR.
NAB. i. 1874, 125, tigs. pi. 8, f. \\.-Htnsh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 41, 73.—Hen*k. List B.
Ariz. 1875, 155,-Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 177.

Certhia mexicana, Bd. BNA. 1858, 372, 923 (in part ; refers to western United States speci-
mens).— Feilner, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 425.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 74.— Coop.
B. Cal. i. 1870, 58, fig. (Not of Gloger.)

European Creeper, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 285, no. 174 (in part).

Grimpereau commun, Le M. Ois. Canad. 1861, 236.

Creeper, Tree Creeper, Brown Creeper, Common Creeper, American Creeper, Vulg.

var. mexicana

Certhfa mexicana, "Gloger."— Reich. " Hdbh. i.1853, 265, pi. dlxii. f. 3841, 3842".— Scl. PZS.
1856, 290 (Ranches de Suapam).— Bd. BNA. ed. of I860, pi. 83, f. 2 (Mexico).— Scl. PZS.
1858, 297 (Parada).— $cl. PZS. 1859, 362 (Xalapa), 372 (Oaxaca).— Xant. Pr. Phila.Acad.
xi. 1859, 191 (California).— #</. RAB. 1864, 90.— Salv. Ibis, 2d ser. ii. 1866, 190 (Guate-
mala).— Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 544 (Vera Cruz).

Certhia americana var. mexicana, (?) Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 485 (Southern Texas).

Certhia familiaris var. mexicana, B. B. 4- R. NAB. i. 1874, 128.

HAB.— Temperate North America, in wooded regions.

CH. SP. — $ 2 Fusca, albido striata, uropygio rufesce.nte, infra
albida; alls albido variegatis, rufo albidoque bifasciatis.

$ 9 : Upper parts dark brown, changing to rusty -brown on the rump,
everywhere streaked with ashy-white. This coloration descends to the sides
of the head. An obscure whitish superciliary stripe. Under parts dull
whitish, sometimes tinged with rusty on the flanks and ccissum. Wing-
coverts and quills tipped with white, the inner secondaries also with wbrte
shaft-lines, which, with the tips, contrast with the blackish of their outer
webs. Wings also twice crossed with white or tawny-white, the anterior
bar broad and occupying both webs of the feathers, the other only on the
outer webs near their ends. Tail grayish-brown, immaculate, darker along
the shaft, and at the ends of the feathers, sometimes showing obsolete trans-
verse bars. Bill blackish above, mostly flesh-colored or yellowish below ;
feet brown. Length, 5£-5f ; extent, 7|-8 ; wing, 2|, more or less ; tail usu-
ally a little longer than the wiug, sometimes not so, 2^ to nearly 3 inches.
9 averaging smaller than $ .

Of late years, the American Creeper has been very generally separated
from the European under the name of C. americana ; but this term, which
Bonaparte proposed in 1838, is anticipated by Professor Barton's futtca (1799),
which is in turn antedated by Bartram's rufa (1791). It appears, however,
that the bird is not fairly separable from C. familiaris ; the various marks
of distinction which have been adduced do not prove constant, and, more-

DISTRIBUTION OF THE AMERICAN CREEPER 147

over, specimens from different parts of North America vary among themselves
quite as much as some of them do from European examples. The length of
the tail, by which it has been said C.faniiliaris is " at once separated", is a
particularly variable feature, having a range of variation of nearly or about
half an inch, and being sometimes shorter, though usually longer, than the
tail. Its length depends in a degreeupon the age and " wear" of the feathers,
which are constantly pressed against the rough bark of trees. The shades
of the several brown and rusty markings, particularly those of the rump and
crissum, are likewise subject to much variation, not only with sex and age
and locality, but as a matter of individual peculiarity. The best European
authorities have united the several supposed species of their Creeper, and
generally consider ours as not different. The var. mexicana appears to be
better marked in its darker and richer coloration. This is a Central Ameri-
can and Mexican form, which has never been shown to occur in the United
States, unless the Texas record above quoted invalidates this statement ;
for the several Californian references to C. " mexicana" really belong to the
common form.

SOME insight into the Creepers' mode of life has been given
in sketching the leading features of the genus ; it remains
to be more explicit respecting the particular species which
inhabits the Colorado Valley as well as most other portions of
North America. I am not aware that the northern limit of its
distribution has been accurately determined. Dr. Brewer speaks
of its extension " to high northern latitudes ", yet the authors
of the Fauna Boreali- Americana had nothing to say of the bird.
The character of the arboreal vegetation probably determines
its northerly dispersion, since it is strongly attached to wood-
land of large growth. But it is known to extend into the
British Provinces : Newfoundland and Lake Winnepeg are two
of the most northerly localities I find mentioned by writers in
this connection. Its distribution in the United States is general
in all suitable places ; there are scarcely any of our faunistic
lists of any considerable pretensions to completeness in which
its name does not occur. Yet it does not appear to have been
found in Florida by Allen, a circumstance corroborating Audu-
bon's statement that in some portions of that State alone he
had never observed it. It is a common inhabitant of suitable
regions throughout the Colorado water-shed.

The leading trait of the Brown Creeper is its extraordinary
industry — the "incomparable assiduity", as it has. been well
styled, with which it works for a living. Like all good workers,
the Creeper makes no fuss about it, but just sticks to it. So
quietly, yet with such celerity, does it go about its business
that it scarcely seems to be at work, but rather to be rambling

148 ACTIVE MOVEMENTS OF THE CREEPER

in an aimless way about the trunks of trees, or at most only
caring to see how fast it can scramble up to the top. During
all this time, however, the bird is on the alert in the search for
insects, which it extracts from their lurking places with such
dexterity that its progress is scarcely arrested for a moment ;
and the numbers of these minute creatures yearly destroyed
is simply incalculable. The Creeper is strongly attached to
the trunks of large trees, being seldom, seen foraging on even
the larger branches; and it has a great fancy for traveling
upward. These two traits combined result in its marked habit
of beginning its curious search for insects near the bottom of
a tree, and ascending with jerks in a straight or spiral line to
the top. Then, if it likes the tree, and thinks it a good place
to stay a while longer in, the bird launches itself into the air,
and drops down on wing, to begin another ascent, in prefer-
ence to scrambling down again, as a Woodpecker or Nuthatch
would do. The easy, gliding motion with which it climbs has
deceived one writer into stating that the Creeper does not hop
along like a "Woodpecker; but, in fact, the movement is exactly
the same in both cases. One of the English writers (Barrington,
Zool. 2d. ser. ix. p. 3998) describes, however, something peculiar
in the position of the feet during the act of climbing : — These, he
says, are not held parallel with each other, and near together,
under the belly, but widely straddled, and thrown so far forward
as to form with the end of the tail a surprisingly broad-based
isosceles triangle. So nimble is the bird, and such a sly way
has it of eluding observation by turning in the opposite direc-
tion to that in which a person moves te look after it, thus con-
tinually interposing the trunk of the tree in the line of vision,
that it is no wonder the way it holds its feet long remained
unascertained. Many things conspire to screen the queer little
bird from any but the most patient and closest scrutiny during
its ordinary avocations; and so nearly do its colors correspond
with the tints of the bark that it is likely to be overlooked
altogether. But its habits are so methodical and undeviating
that when one has learned them there is no difficulty. If we
see a Creeper alight at the base of a tree on the side away from
us, we have only to stand still, and keep a sharp lookout for it
higher up; in a few moments, its spiral twisting will bring it
round to our side ; the chief point is to look high enough up,
for it is surprising how rapidly the bird ascends. It generally
makes the whole journey before dropping on wing to the base

THE CREEPER ASLEEP IN SOCIETY 149

of the tree again, or making off to another; sometimes, how-
ever, the tree seems to be not to its liking, when, as if actuated
by a sudden impulse, it abandons an unprofitable search, and
flies to a more promising feeding ground.

In thinking about the extraordinary activity of many small
birds, one is tempted to ask himself the question, Do they ever
rest? Who ever saw a Creeper, Nuthatch, Titmouse or Gold-
crest motionless for any considerable length of time! Very
few, I suspect. In the present case of the Creeper, however,
Audubon has left a note of his observation, showing that even
this most indefatigable of insect-hunters requires its period of
repose: — "I have observed it when satiated," he says, "remain
still and silent as if asleep, and, as it were, glued to the bark,
for nearly an hour at a time. But whether the bird was really
asleep, or wished to elude us, is more than I can affirm, though
I am inclined toward the latter supposition, because toward
night it retires to a hole, where frequently as many as a whole
brood repose together, as I have on several occasions wit-
nessed.'7 Mr. T. G. Gentry has noticed the same thing: — "On
the outskirts of Philadelphia," he says, " stands a certain hol-
low birch-tree, which has afforded lodgings for a half-dozen
individuals of this species for several successive winters. On
the return of night, the birds will precipitate themselves into
the cavity, and closely huddle en masse, until day-break."

The Creeper differs from most of its relations in having very
little sociability; it seems to be too much occupied with its
pressing affairs to have any time for social relaxations. Though
it is often found with Nuthatches and Titmice, it seems that
the association is not sought on its own part, but is rather the
intrusion of the other birds, or the casual coming together of
species whose resorts are similar. I think it is decidedly a shy
and solitary bird. Audubon's remark, that the members of one
family usually remain together until the following spring, is
contrary to my experience ; but it derives some probable sup-
port from Mr. Gentry's above-quoted observation. The birds
that the Creeper is oftenest seen on the same tree with are
probably the smaller species of Woodpecker, commonly called
" sapsuckers ". The infestation of particular trees by insects
probably calls the' two kinds of bird together in community
of interest ; though it is supposed by some that the wily little
Creeper takes advantage of the superior ability of Woodpeck-
ers to find insects, and follows in their wake to trees where it

150 BEHAVIOR OF THE CREEPER TOWARDS MAN

may be sure of a feast. Yet its solitary habits are always con-
spicuous, and are exhibited by its choice, especially during the
breeding season, of the depths of the forest for its home, and
by the little attention it pays to other birds. At other seasons,
however, it betrays more familiarity, and is occasionally seen
in orchards, gardens, and lawns near dwelling-houses. The
degree of shyness or timidity it shows in the presence of man,
and of the pains it takes to elude observation, has been vari-
ously rated by authors. Dr. Brewer alludes to the current
statement that the Creeper, on perceiving itself to be watched,
moves to the opposite side of the trunk, as lacking foundation,
and is inclined to the opinion that the bird's movements are
not due to caution, but simply to restlessness, he having always
found them unconscious or regardless of his presence. My
experience goes to confirm this. While I do not mean to assert
that a Creeper may not be frightened, and instinctively scuttle
arouiid the trunk, or fly away, I have often stood within a few
feet of one of the birds, and watched its movements with per-
fect ease; the course of its cork-screw journey brought it into
view as often as it was hidden, and the bird appeared all the
while to consider me of no account whatever. Dr. Brewer's
remark was made apropos of a statement supposed to be Dr.
Keunerly's. The paragraph sounded very familiar to me, and
I thought I had seen it before — in short, I find that Dr. K.
copied the statement almost word for word from Nuttall, for-
getting to use the customary quotation marks.

As already stated, the bird in nesting occupies natural cavi-
ties of the wood, or deserted Woodpeckers' holes, and similar
retreats, in which is deposited a lining composed of grasses,
lichens, or decayed wood, usually mingled with the hair of
quadrupeds or the feathers of birds, the whole mass having
little consistency. It appears to nest with equal readiness at
different elevations, sometimes selecting a rotten stump close
to the ground, at other times finding a hole at a considerable
height. It is represented as a brave and devoted parent,
regardless of its own danger when its nest is threatened. The
eggs are stated to vary in number from five to eight or even
nine. They resemble those of the Nuthatches and most Tit-
mice in being white, sprinkled with reddish-brown dots, and
others of purplish or neutral tint; the dots being rather spar-
ingly distributed, though tending at times to wreathe about the
larger end. The Creeper being a slender-bodied bird in com-

EGGS, FOOD AND SONG OF THE CREEPER 151

parison with its linear dimensions, the eggs appear rather
small for its size, being about 0.53 in length by 0.44 in breadth.

The insectivorous diet of the Creeper is occasionally varied
with vegetable substances. Audubon speaks of finding particles
of lichens in its gizzard, and Mr. Gentry affirms that he has
frequently seen the bird upon hemlock, spruce and birch trees,
feeding upon the seeds which are contained in the cones of the
two former, and upon the catkins of the latter. According to
the same writer, the following insects have been identified
among the contents of its stomach: — Cratonyclms cinereus, 0.
pertinax, jRhynchcenus pinus, Bostrichus pinus, Platynus cuprei-
pennis, Harpalus compar, Formica sanguined and F. subterranea.
Ants appear to be a favorite article of its diet, and are devoured
in such quantities that at times the body of the bird has been
found to smell of these creatures.

The Creeper's musical ability is not conspicuous. I have
never recognized its song, and most authors say nothing on
this score. But it seems that, besides its well-known harsh
call-note (more easily learned and recognized than described),
it has " a very distinct and varied song". This observation
seems to have been first made, in the case of the American bird,
by Mr. William Brewster, of Cambridge, who states that he
has heard the birds singing, in different parts of New England,
from the middle of March to Julie. " Their notes are varied
and warbling and somewhat confused ; some of them are loud,
powerful, and surpassingly sweet, others are more feeble and
plaintive; their song usually ends with their accustomed cry,
which may be represented bycree cree-cre-ep." The same thing,
however, had been noticed in the case of the European Creeper ;
its song during the pairing season being, according to Pro-
fessor Newton, "loud and pleasing, though not often heard,
and pitched in a high, shrill key". So it seems that this
obscure, hard-working and very practical little bird has found
time amidst its absorbing pursuits to cultivate some of the
accom plish meuts.

CHAPTER IX. — WEENS

FAM. TROGLODYTIDJE

THE composition of the Wren family at present generally
accepted 'by naturalists is such that its strict definition
scarcely becomes possible; for within its limits is embraced
much variety of form, and some of its accredited members are
with difficulty distinguished from those of certain other groups.
Without attempting to frame an exact diagnosis, I can never-
theless point out those features by which the Wrens of this
country at least may be recognized. The chief trouble lies in
the direction of the Mocking group of Thrushes ; Wrens being
so very much like these birds that the arbitrary criterion of
size is the most obvious distinction. From the Mimince, how-
ever, the Troglodytidcv are distinguished by the greater extent
of the cohesion of the anterior toes at their bases : — " The inner
toe is united by half its basal joint to the middle toe, sometimes
by the whole of this joint ; and the second joint of the outer
tee enters wholly or partially into this union, instead of the
basal only." — (BAIKD.) The possession of ten primaries separates
the Wrens from all of the large sylvicoliue group of birds ; and
the first primary, though short, is not spurious. The scutellate
tarsi distinguish them from those groups, discussed in preced-
ing chapters, which have the tarsi booted. In comparison with
the Titmice and Nuthatches, we observe that in the Wrens the
bill is altogether different, being of a slender, lengthened, and
generally curved shape, showing exposed scaled nostrils. This
member lacks obvious rictal bristles, though the frontal
feathers may be bristle-tipped. The tail is variable, and with-
out any special attribute, unless the erected position so fre-
quently observed may be considered a characteristic. We thus
arrive at some understanding of the nature of this group ; and
for the practical purpose of discriminating the species with
which we have to deal, we may say they are 10-primaried
Oscinesof small size, with scutellate tarsi, short, rounded wings,
not peculiar tail, slender, unnotched bill, with exposed scaled
nostrils and no rictal vibrissse, and extensively coherent toes— a

CHARACTERISTIC TRAITS OF WRENS 153

conventional expression which probably covers all the modifica-
tions of the North American species at least, to the exclusion
of the birds of other families.

About a hundred species and geographical races of Wrens
are usually recognized, and referred to some fifteen or twenty
genera. Nearly all of them are American, and the great
majority inhabit the warmer parts of this hemisphere. 'With
the exception of certain aberrant forms, by some placed in this
family, the group is only represented in the Old World by one
or two species — the common Wood Wren of Europe, Anorthura
troglodytes^ analogue of our Winter Wren, and a closely related
Japanese species, A.fumlgatus, thought to be much the same
as the Alaskan Wren lately described by Professor Baird. The
habits and general economy of these birds vary to such a
degree that only a few leading traits can be conveniently
sketched. The Wrens habitually live near the ground, inhabit-
ing shrubbery rather than trees, the reeds of swamps or marshes,
the tangled brushwood of windfall country, patches of cactus,
piles of rocks, &c. Although not at all scansorial in the proper
sense, they have a good deal of the Creeper in their composi-
tion, and are incessantly rustling about in the intricate recesses
of their chosen resorts, gliding with short flights or leaping
impetuously. Such humility, and the evident desire for a
means of ready concealment, even though not always taken
advantage of. contrast curiously with some other traits the
Wrens exhibit in an exaggerated degree, and result in a singu-
lar compound. For the Wrens possess a high rate of irritability —
they are bold, self-asserting and aggressive, petulant to the
verge of fretfulness, with a certain pertness of demeanor, and
a singularly prying, inquisitive disposition. They are the irre-
pressible busy-bodies of feathered society, and not seldom make
trouble among some of the milder-mannered and better-behaved
members of the sylvan circle. They are noisy birds ; when
alarmed or displeased, they have a loud, harsh, chattering or
scolding note 5 but they are also fine songsters. Every one is
familiar with the bright hearty carol which the House Wren
trills so persistently in the spring, and the song of other species
is often of wonderful timbre. The nidification differs in detail
with the several species; but it may be said, in general terms,
that the WTrens build rude and bulky structures of coarse
materials, sometimes stowed away in holes, beneath rocks, &c.,
in other cases hung in bushes or reeds. There is no constant

154 THE GENUS CAMPYLORHYNCHUS

character of the eggs (of two closely related species, for exam-
ple, the eggs are in one case white, in the other dark chocolate
color) ; but the clutch is always numerous. The Wrens are all
plainly colored birds, the browns and grays being the prevail-
ing shades; none of our species, at least, and perhaps none of
the family, show red, blue, yellow, or green. The dietetic
regime'n is insectivorous.

Species of this family abound in all parts of temperate North
America, and one of them also attains the higher latitudes.
Among them are some of the best known of our eastern birds;
but in the West and Southwest there are several kinds, be-
longing to distinct genera, of which less is generally known. I
shall take occasion to treat the latter with sufficient particu-
larity to reflect all that has been learned of their life-history ;
but the more familiar species must be slighted to some extent,
since the limits which have been set to the present work forbid
the completion of biographies in every case.

Genus CAMPYLORHYNCHUS Spix

CHARS. — <•' Bill stout, compressed, as long as, or longer than
the head, without notch or rictal bristles ; culmen and commis-
sure curved ; gonys nearly straight. Nostrils in the antero-
inferior part of nasal groove, in advance of the frontal feathers,
with an overhanging scale with thickened edge, as in Thryo-
tliorus; sometimes., as in the type, reduced to a slight ridge
along the upper side of the nasal groove. Lateral septum not
projecting below or anteriorly into the nasal cavity, but con-
cealed by the nasal scale. Tarsus a little longer than the middle
toe and claw ; claws strong, much curved, and very sharp :
middle toe with the basal joint adherent almost throughout.
Wings and tail about equal, the latter graduated ; the exterior
webs of lateral feathers broad. In size the largest of the
family." — (BAIRD.) Tarsi scutellate posteriorly.

This notable genus consists of some twenty species, inhabit-
ing Central and South America, with a single one extending
into the United States. A second, found in Lower California,
may possibly be hereafter included in our fauna ; it is noted
below.* These birds look quite unlike ordinary Wrens, our
ideas of which require to be considerably enlarged to include
the Campylorhynchi. They illustrate a peculiarity, shared by

*CampylorhynchUSafflniS, Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 298.— Bd. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859
303.— Ed. Rev. AB. 1864, 100.— Scl. Cat. AB. 1861, 17.— Elliot, BNA. pi.— Coop. B. Cal.
i. 1870, 62, fig.— Coues, Key, 1872, 85.— B. B. Sf R. NAB. i. 1874, 133, pi. 8, f. 6.

TARSAL ENVELOPE OF CAMPYLORHYNCHUS, ETC. 155

the other two western genera, Catherpes and Salpinctes, in com-
parison with the more typical Troglodytes. In the latter, the
tail is tliin, that is, the individual feathers are narrow ; in the
western forms, these feathers are broad and rounded, and the
tail as a whole is consequently fan-shaped. As already stated,
the species are of great size for this family, and their habits are
in some respects peculiar.

Impressed with certain differences observable between typical Wrens and
the three western genera, Campylorkynchus, Salpinctes, and Catherpes, gen-
erally assigned to the Troglodytidw, I have been led to look into the techni-
cal aspects of the case, with the result of becoming dissatisfied with the
alleged position of these forms among the Wrens. In establishing the genus
Catherpes as distinct from Salpinctes, Professor Baird noted certain discrepan-
cies in the structure of the feet ; and in 1864 (Review, p. 109), he enlarges
upon the remarkable structure of the tarsus of Salpinctes, which he charac-
terizes as " especially peculiar among all its cognate genera by having the
usual two continuous plates along the posterior half of the inner and outer
faces of the tarsus divided transversely into seven or more smaller plates,
with a naked interval between them and the anterior scutellce ". This is
certainly a remarkable feature for a presumed thoroughly Oscine bird to
exhibit, since it is highly characteristic of Oscines to have the postero -lateral
tarsal plates continuous, meeting in a sharp ridge behind. I verify the state
of the case in Salpinctes as given by Professor B iird, but I find, to my sur-
prise, that in Campylorhynchus the lateral plates, but especially the outer one,
are broken up into a series of conspicuous scutella ; and that Catherpes shows
a tendency, not so fully expressed,. to similar division of the tarsal envelope.
If this structure really possesses the significance attributed to it by many
of the best writers, the question whether these birds are Wrens at all is
re-opened. That they possess decidedly Wren-like habits is no strong argu-
ment, for nothing is more fallacious than such teleological bending of
diverse structures to similar ends. It will be remembered that Lafresnaye,
and other writers of repute, have placed species of Campylorhynchits in the
genus Picolaptes, which is a member of the large family Dendrocolaptidcv ;
some of these birds have rigid acuminate Certhia-like tail-feathers, and
Creeper-like habits; in others, however, the tail is soft, and among them is
witnessed the greatest diversity of habits. On comparing our Campylorhyn-
clius with a typical Dendrocolaptine (Dendrornis erythropygia), I find that the
bills of the two are extremely similar, and that the tarsal envelope of Den-
drornis is broken up posteriorly into a number of plates, of which those on
the inner aspect are continuous with those in front, while the postero-
exterior ones are a series of rounded and isolated scales. Again, in the case
of Salpinctes, it will be recollected that Bonaparte placed it in the genus
Myiothera, and considered it an Ant-thrush (Formicarlidce). On examining
the tarsus of a species of Thamnophilus, a typical Formicarian, I find that the
plates are divided behind, and the general structure is substantially the
same as in Salpinctes. The case of Catherpes is less clear, but it would proba-
bly go with Salpinctes. These points may not suffice for the summary dis-
missal of the genera under consideration from the Troglodytidce, but they go
to show that their position in that family is not assured.

156 SYNONYMY AND DESCRIPTION OF CACTUS WREN

Cactus Wren

Campy lorliyiichns fornnneicapillns

PiCOlaptCS IminneicapillUS, Lafr. "Mag. de Zool. 1835, fil, pi. 47" (?" California ").— Lffwr.

Ann. Lye. N. Y. v. 1832, 114 (Texas).— Bd. Stansbury's Rep. 1852, 327.— Hccnn. Journ.

Phila. A<-ad. ii. 1853, 263— Oass. Til. B. Cal. & Tex. 1854, 156, pi. 25.
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillns, Gray, G. of B. i. 1847, \59.-Bp. CA. i. 1850, 223.— Srf.

Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 264.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 355.— Bd U. S. Mex. B Surv. ii. pt. ii.

1859, Birds, 13.— Bd. Proc. Phila. Acad. 1859, 304.— Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, Williamson's

Route, Birds, 41.— Bd. Rev. AB. i. 1864, 99.— Dress. IbiH. 1865, 483 (Texas).— Cou.es, Pr.

Phila. Acad. 1866, 77 (Arizona) ; 1868,83 (the same).— Butcher, Pr. Phila. Acad. 18H8,

149 (Laredo, Tex.).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 183.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 61, figs.— Cone*,

Key, 1872, S5.—Merr. U. S. Geol. Snrv. Ter. for 1872, 1873, 713 (Utah).— Yarr. «$• Hensh.

Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 9.— Hensh Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 41, 100— B. B. <V R. NAB. i.

1874, 132, fig. pi. 8, f. 5.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 178 (Utah, &c.).
Camplorynchus brunneicapillus, Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 155.
Brown-headed Creeper, Cass. }. c.
Call form ian Cactus-wren, Coop. i.e.
Cactus Wren, B. B. <V R. 1. c.

HAB. — Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Southern Utah, Southern Nevada, and
portions of California. Northern Mexico.

Gil. SP. — $ 9 Griseo-fuscus, albo nigroque notatus, pileo obscure
tirunneo, immaculate ; infra rufo-albus, posticb rufescens, gultl
maculis magnis rotundatis nigris, reliquis partibus punctis sparsis
nigris ; caudd nigricante, rectrice externd albo multifasciatd, reli-
mediis exceptis, albo unifasciatis.

$ , adult : Back grayish-hrown, marked with black and white, each feather
having a central white field several times indented with black. Whole
crown of head and nape rich dark wood-brown, immaculate. A long white
superciliary stripe from nostril to nape. Beneath, nearly pure white anter-
iorly, gradually shading behind into decided cinnamon-brown — the throat
and fore part of the breast marked with numerous large, crowded, rounded,
black spots, the rest of the under parts with small, sparse, oval or linear, black
spots, again enlarging somewhat on the crissura. Wings darker and more
fnscous-brown than the back ; all the quills with a series of numerous white
or whitish indentations along the edge of both webs — largest and purest on
the inner webs. Central tail-feathers like the wings, with numerous, more
or less incomplete, blackish bars ; other tail-feathers blackibh, the outer
with several broad white bars on both webs; the rest with usually only a
single complete white bar near the end. Bill dark plumbeous, paler below ;
iris orange. Length, near 8 inches ; wing, 3 or more ; tail rather longer
than the wing ; bill, f j tarsus, 1.

$ , adult : Quite like the $ , but the spots on the throat and bresst rather
smaller, therefore less crowded, and less strongly contrasting with the sparse
speckling of the rest of the under parts.

Young : A newly fledged specimen before me is very similar to the adult
on the upper parts, but the throat is whitish with little speckling, and there
are scarcely any spots on the rest of the under parts, which are, however,
as decidedly cinnamon as those of the adults.

HISTORY OF THE CACTUS WREN 157

The points of difference between this species and the nearly allied though
apparently qnite distinct C. affinis of Lower California (which may yet be
found in the Colorado Basin) are as follows: In C. affinis, the cap is reddish-
brown, lighter instead of darker than tbo back. The marking of the back
is very conspicuous, in strong streaks of black and white, these two colors
bordering each other with little or no indentation. The under parts are
nearly white, with smiiller markings on the throat and larger ones else-
where, so that these areas are scarcely contrasted in appearance. Lastly
and chiefly, all the lateral tail-feathers, instead of only the outer ones, are
crossed 011 both webs with numerous complete white bars. The variations
with sex and age correspond with those of C. brunneicapillus.

THE history of the Brown-beaded Cactus Wren begins in
doubt whether it is the bird which the famous French
ornithologist De Lafresnaye (or De La Fresnaye — it is written
both ways by the Baron himself) described and figured in 1835
under the name of Picolaptes brunneicapillus. In critically
reviewing the case, Professor Baird found it u quite impossible "
to reconcile the ascribed characters of Lafresnaye's bird with
the present species, and alludes to the chance that it may
.have come from Peru, instead of California, as was supposed.
However, as the identification has been universally accepted,
we are warranted in retaining it, in the absence of proof to the
contrary. I almost wish that it may be shown to be necessary
to change the name, which becomes most inconveniently long
when associated with the generic term — in fact, I remember
but one more cumbrous appellation for a North American
bird. This is Synthliborhamphus icurmizuzume, a curious Greco-
Japanese term, which was invented for one of the North Pacific
species of the Auk family (Altidcc), and for which Brandt, Tern-
mi nek and myself are jointly responsible.

The English name which the " Cactus" Wren has acquired
indicates the nature of its customary resorts, and affords a hint
of its peculiar nidification. As we have already seen, several
of the Arizona birds are architects of singular skill and taste ;
the Cactus Wren is one of them. In the most arid and desolate
regions of the Southwest, where the cacti flourish with wonder-
ful luxuriance, covering the impoverished tracts of volcanic
debris with a kind of vegetation only less surly and forbidding
than the very scoria, this Wren makes its home, and places its
nests, on every hand, in the thorny, embrace of the repulsive
vegetation. True to the instincts and traditions of the Wren
family, it builds a bulky and conspicuous domicile; and when
many are breeding together, the structures become as noticeable

158 HISTORY OF THE CACTUS WREN

as the nests which a colony of Marsh Wrens build in the heart of
the swaying' reeds. But it is not a globular mass of material*
nor yet a cup; it is like a purse or pouch, and also peculiar in
its position ; for such nests are usually pensile. In the present
case, the nest resembles a flattened flask — more exactly, it is
like the nursing-bottle, with which all mothers (and I suspect
some fathers) are familiar, and this is laid horizontally, on its
flat side, in the crotch of a cactus. It is constructed of grasses
and small twigs woven or matted together, and lined with
feathers. Including the covered way or neck of the bottle
leading to the nest proper, the structure is some ten or twelve
inches long, and rather more than half as much in breadth.
The bird appears to be an early breeder; Dr. Cooper found it
preparing to build nests about San Diego so early as the 26th
of February. This, however, may have been somewhat excep-
tional; for the nests which the same naturalist actually examined
in May contained eggs or newly-fledged young, and must, there-
fore, have been constructed in April. The eggs, from four to
six in number, and an inch long by two-thirds as much in
breadth, are white, but so thickly flecked with small salmon-
colored spots that a rich cast of this tint is given to the whole
surface.

The first naturalist to fully identify the species as a bird of
the United States was Mr. George N. Lawrence, who examined
specimens taken in Texas by Capt. J. P. McCown, in 1851.
Soon afterward, it was noticed by Dr. A. L. Heermaun in
the vicinity of Guaymas ; and that gentleman's observations
upon its habits were published by the Philadelphia Academy,
in its "Journal". In 1854, Mr. John Cassiu gave a recogniz-
able figure of the species, referring it, as others before him had,
to the genus Picolaptes, and consequently placing it on his
plate in a climbing attitude, which, however suitable for a Pico-
lapteSj is not characteristic of a Campy lorhynchus, as these birds
have nothing substantially in common with the scansorial
nature of the Creepers and Nuthatches. In the mean time,
other observers successively contributed their quota to the
general fund of our knowledge, gradually establishing the
geographical distribution of the species I have given in a pre-
ceding paragraph, and affording further insight into its mode
of life. Two of the latest items respecting its distribution,
given by Mr. tfenshaw in a work just now issuing from the
Government press, are specially interesting, as they carry the

GENUS SALP.NCTES S. OBSOLETUS 159

known range into Utah and Nevada: the bird was taken in
1871 by Mr. Ferdinand Bischoff in the last named Territory,
and by Dr. H. (3. Yarrow and Mr. Heushaw at Saint George,
Utah, during the following year. All onr accounts agree sub-
stantially respecting the thoroughly Wren-like nature of the
bird. Its motions are sprightly and varied ; its temperament
is curiously compounded of self-assertion, petulance, inquisitive-
ness, and timidity; now it skulks in the shelter of the impene-
trable cactus patches and other dense undergrowth, now
mounts the tops of the bushes to scold in a loud, harsh tone,
or to utter the notes of its clear and ringing song.

Genus SALPINCTES Cabanis

CHARS. — Bill about as long as the head, slender, compressed,
straight at base, then lightly decurved, acute at tip, faintly
notched. Nostrils conspicuous, scaled, in a large fossa. Wing
longer than the tail, the exposed portion of the first primary about
half as long as the second, which is decidedly shorter than the
third. Tail rounded, of twelve broad plane feathers, with rounded
or subtruncate ends. Feet small and weak ; tarsus longer
than the middle toe, scutellate posteriorly. Hind toe and claw
shorter than the middle one. Lateral toes of unequal lengths,
the outer being the longest ; both very short, the tips of their
claws falling short of the base of the middle claw.

The special structure of the tarsal envelope, in connection
with the small size of the feet and peculiar relative proportions
of the tarsus and the several toes, readily distinguishes this
genus among its allies. It is represented, as far as now known,
by a single species ; though a different variety has lately been
ascertained to occur on the island of Guadaloup, off the coast
of Lower California.

Rock Wren

Salpinctes obsoletns

Troglodytes ohsoletus, Say, Long's Exp. R. Mta. ii. 1823, 4. -AuJ. OB. iv. 183?, 443, pi. 360,
f. 4.— And. Syn. 1839, 73.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 113, pi. 116.— Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. Zulu,
1853, QQ.—Hcerm. Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 1853, 263.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1855, 309
(New Mexico).— Ncwb. PRRR. vi. 1857, 80.—Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 41.

MyiOthera obSOleta, Bp. AO. i. 1825, 6, pi. 1. f. 2.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 182F, 73.— Towns.
Journ. Phila. Acad. 1839, 154.

Troglodytes obsoleta, Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 435.

Troglodites ohsoletus, Ornith. Comm. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1337, 193.

ThryothOFUS ObSOlCtUS, Bp. CGL. 1838, il.—Bp. " Rev. Zool. ii. 1839, 98".

160 SYNONYMY AND DESCRIPTION OF ROCK WREN

SalplllCtes OllSOletllS, Cab. Arch. f. Xaturg. 1847, Bd. i. 323 (type).— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 224.-
J3d. BNA. 1858, 357.— Ed. U. S. Mex. B. Surv. ii pt. ii. 1859, Birds, 13.— Henry, Pr.
Phila. Acad. 1859, 107 (New Mexico).— Scl. PZS. 185!), 371 (Oaxaca).— Xant. Pr. Phila.
Acad. 1859, 191 (California).— S. Sf S. Ibis, I860, 30 (Vera Paz). — fid. Ives's Exped. pt. v.
1861, 6 (Colorado River.)— Hayd. Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xii. 18G2, 463.— Bd Rev. AB. i.
1864, UO.—Goues, Ibis, 1865, Kil (Arizona).— Cones, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 77 (Arizona).—
Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 83 (Arizona).— Butih. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 149 (Texas).—
Brown, Ibis, 1863, 421 (Vancouver).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 73, 183, 297 (Upper Mis-
souri).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 64, fig.— Coop. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1870, 75 (Colorado River).—
Coues, Key, 1872, 85.— Allen. Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 174.— Hold. Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872,
195 (Black Hills).— Merr. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 673,— Trippe, Pr. Bogt.
Soc. xv. 1873, 236 (Decatur County, Iowa). — Ridg. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873 180 (Colo-
rado).— Trippe, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 566 (the same).— Allen, Am. Nat. vii.*1873, 363.—
Ridg. Am. Nat, vii. 1873, 605.— Allen, Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1874, 50 (Yellowstone River).—
Coues, BNW. 1874, 27, 230.— Bd. Br. Sf Ry. NAB. i. 1874, 135, figs. pi. 8, f. 3.—Yarr. $•
Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, Q.— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 41, 100.— Nelson, Pr.
Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 353 (Nevada).— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 179.

NalpillCtllS ObSOletUS. Stev. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 404.

SalpinetCS ObSOletUS, Merr. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 713.

Thryothorus latifaSCiatUS, " Licht Preis-Verz. 1831, no. 82? "

Rocky Mountain Wren, Bock Wren, Authors.

HAB. — Western United States and Mexico. South to Guatemala.

Cn. SP. — B 9 Fusco-fjriseus, nigro et albido punctatus, obsolete
fusco-undulatus, uropyyio rufescente; subtus aVoidus post ice rufes-
cens, guld obsolete fusco-striatd ; rectricibus mediis dorso concolori-
buSj Jmco-striatis, lateralibus fulvis, nigro-fasciatis.

$ 9> adult: Upper parts pale brownish-gray, minutely* dotted everywhere
with blackish and whitish points together, and usually showing obsolete
wavy bars of dusky. Rump cinnamon-brown ; a whitish superciliary line ;
beneath, soiled white, shading behind into pale cinnamon, the throat and
breast obsoletely streaked, and the under tail-coverts barred, with dusky.
Quills of the wings rather darker than the back, with similar markings on
the outer webs. Middle tail-feathers like the back, with many dark bars of
equal width with the lighter ones; lateral tail-feathers similarly marked on
the outer webs, plain on the inner webs, with a broad subterminal black
baron both webs and cinnamon-brown tips, the latter usually marbled with
dusky ; outer feather with several blackish and cinnamon bars on both
webs. Bill and feet dark horn color, the former paler at base below.
Length, 5J-6 : wing, 2|-2f ; tail, 2J-2f; bill, £-f ; tarsus, f-*.

Most of the markings of this species are blended and diffuse. The shade
of the upper parts is quite variable, from dull grayish to a more plumbeous
shade, often with a faint pinkish tinge. Specimens in worn and faded plum-
age may altogether fail to show the peculiar dotting with black and whitish
usually seen ; but, in these, the crosswise dusky undulation, as well as the
streaks on the breast, are commonly more distinct than in fresher- feathered
examples. The rufous tinge of the under parts is very variable in shade ;
that of the rump, however, is always well marked.

STATEMENTS to the effect that the Rock Wren does not
occur on the Pacific side have no foundation in fact. In

DISTRIBUTION OF THE ROCK WREN 161

the " History of North American Birds " (1874), it is said to be
u not recorded from Pacific slope"; but one such record, of
date 1868, is above quoted. The current eastward limitation
of its range must likewise be extended, since the bird has been
found in Iowa. Yet authors are right in regarding it as more
especially or chiefly an inhabitant of the great central plateau
and Rocky Mountains at large to the Coast ranges; and 1 am
not aware that it has ever been found on the coast of Upper
California, or Oregon, though it is said by Dr. Cooper to appear
toward the Sacraineiito Valley. It gains the coast further
south, and extends to Cape Saint Lucas. Its northern limit is
close by the boundary of the United States (latitude 49°). In
the other direction, the matter is less definite. 1 give a Mexi-
can quotation in a preceding paragraph, and we have the ex-
cellent authority of Mr. Osbert Salvin for the occurrence of the
bird in Guatemala. Of the movements of the bird within the
general area of its distribution, I am not prepared to speak with
desirable precision. It is migratory ; but the northern limit
of its wintering, and the southern limit of its summering, I
think remain to be ascertained. It appears to breed at large
in its United States range. At Fort Whipple I noticed its
arrival during the latter part of April, and it remains there at
least until April. At Fort Mojave, lower in the Territory,
though near the same latitude, its presence has been noted in
February, and the inference is that it winters there. It has
been found at Toquerville, Utah, after the middle of October.
Some of its movements may be further illustrated by the fol-
lowing notes of Mr. T. M. Trippe, extracted from the " Birds o'f
the Northwest": —

u The Kock Wren arrives at Idaho [Springs, Clear Creek
County, Colorado,] about the20tb of May, and extends its range
up to, and a little above, timber-line. It breeds most abundantly
between 6,500 and 9,500 feet, rarely nesting higher than the
latter elevation, though, found during summer from 12,000 feet
down to the plains. It is a constant resident of the piles of loose
rock which lie scattered on the mountain-sides, in which it finds
its food and rears its young, and to which it retreats for safety
on being alarmed. On its first arrival it is rather shy, but
soon becomes tame and even familiar, haunting piles of boul-
ders and small stones in the placer diggings, close to the miners7
cabins. It rarely ventures far from its favorite rocky retreats ;
but occasionally visits the road-sides to pick up flies and other

11 B C

162 HABITS AND MANNERS OF THE ROCK WREN

insects, and sometimes hops over the roofs of cabins and mills,
and not infrequently chooses the ridge as a convenient place
from which to serenade its mate. It has a curious, rapidly
repeated note, that sounds like the whirring of wings ; its song
is very beautiful, louder and sweeter than that of tbe House
Wren, though not as varied. While singing, the bird usually
perches on the top of a heap of stones, and stands erect, with
head thrown up, like the Carolina Wren. At such times it is
quite timid, and if alarmed, instantly ceases the song and looks
anxiously around, bobbing itself up and down every little
while, like the Dipper, and presently creeps down into the
stone-heap. Late in autumn its feathers become much worn
from constant creeping among the rocks. In Septeinber it
disappears."

The Eock Wren abounds in suitable situations throughout
the Colorado Basin, where its vivacious behavior and load
notes render it conspicuous among the other smaller plainly clad
species. It is found in most situations, whether wooded or
open, but evidently prefers rocky places, full of chinks and
crannies, where it creeps furtively about like a mouse, only
with greater agility, or skips and flutters from stone to stone.
The greater portion of its habitat being still unsettled, the bird
thus frequenting wild and desolate places has acquired a repu-
tation for shyness and love of seclusion; but there is every
reason to suppose that in the course of time, should the coun-
try ever grow populous, it will become as familiar as the House
Wren. In the West, Parkman's Wren, which is nothing but
a variety of the sociable little aedon, continues to be quite as
retiring and solitary a bird as the Eock Wren. In the case of
the latter, we already have the premonitory signs of the semi-
domestication of which the bird is susceptible ; it often comes
about the miner's or the squatter's cabin, even building its nest
in the chinks of the logs ; and with equal readiness haunts the
shrubbery of gardens in many of the western towns. It would
make a very desirable addition to our " household birds ".

The materials which compose the Eock Wren's nest are very
miscellaneous — some general term like " rubbish " would best
express the state of the case. Sometimes a nest is found to be
composed almost entirely of some single substance that hap-
pened readily available ; but it is oftener built of a variety of
materials — any that come handy — sticks, bark-strips, weeds,
grasses, moss, hair, wool, &c. The sites selected are quite as

NESTING OF THE ROCK WREN CATHERPES 163

various ; usually the nest is built in a rift of rocks, or on the
ground beneath some shelving rock. The variety of the
Kock Wren which inhabits the island of Guadaloup, off the
coast of Lower California, is said to ingeniously block up the
entrance to its nest with an artificial wall built of pebbles, leav-
ing an aperture only just large enough to pass. A nest has
been found in the natural cavity of a clay bank ; and others,
as already hinted, between the logs of a cabin. As to the
period of laying, we are again met by great diversity, in conse-
quence of the wide range of the bird during the breeding
season. Dr. Cooper's Fort Bentou nest contained nine eggs,
in June; at San Diego, the same naturalist found young birds
in May ; in New Mexico, Mr. Henshaw took a nest containing
three young and one egg, June 17 ; and another, with four
nearly fledged young, was secured July 28, though birds of the
year already flying had been observed two weeks previously.
This indicates, of course, that at least two broods are reared;
and such is doubtless the rule, in the southerly localities at any
rate. The eggs seem to run from four to eight or nine to a
clutch ; they measure from 0.72 to 0.77 in length by 0.60 to
0.66 in breadth, averaging about f x § ; they are noticeable for
their rotundity, and the crystalline purity and smoothness
of the shell. The white ground is rather sparingly sprinkled
with distinct reddish-brown dots, usually massed at the large
end or wreathed around it.

Genus CATHERPES Baird

CHARS. — In general features, even to the system of colora-
tion, and the tints themselves, closely resembling Salpinctes.
Tail and wings much as in that genus. Bill singularly attenu-
ate, about as long as the head, nearly straight in all its out-
lines, even the gonys being scarcely appreciably,. and the cul-
men and gonys only slightly, deflected toward the end. There
appears to be some peculiarity in the direction of the axis of
the bill as a whole in comparison with that of the rest of the
skull, there being little rise of the forehead from the line of the
culmeu. Tarsus short, not exceeding the middle toe and claw,
with a tendency to subdivision of the tarsal plates behind.
Hind toe and claw as long as the middle one. Lateral toes of
unequal lengths, the tip of the claw of the outer one reaching,
or rather surpassing, the base of the middle claw.

As in the case of Salpinctes^ this genus possesses but one
known species, which is separable into two geographical races.

164 SYNONYMY AND CHARACTERS OF CANON WREN

Canon Wren

Catlierpes mexicanus* consperstis

Troglodytes nlbifrons, Ed. Stansbury's Rep. 1852, 327.

Troglodytes mexicanus, Heerm. Journ. Phila. Acad. 1853, 263.— Oass. 111. B. Cul. & Tex.

1854, 173, pi. 30 (in part).
Catherpes mexicanus, Bd. BNA. 1858, 35<> (in part).— Kmner. P.IRR. x. 1859, 26.— Xant. Pr.

Phila. Acad. 1859, 191 (California).— Bd. Rev. AB. U864, 111 (in part). -Dress, Ibis, 1865,

484 (Texas).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 77 (Arizona).— Coop. B. Gal. i. 1870, 66, figs.—

Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 196 (Colorado, resident).— Allen. «ull. MCZ. 1872, 175

(Colorado City).— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 404.— Coues, Key, 1872, 85.— Merr. U. S.

Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873,713 (Utah).— Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 17.— Coues, BN\V.

1874, 28.
Catherpes mexicanus var. conspcrsus. Ridgw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 603.— Ridg. Bull. Ess.

Inst. v. 1873, 180 (Colorado).— JW. Br. ff Ry. NAB. i. 1874, 139, fig. pi. 8, f. 4.~Yarr. S?

Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 9.— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 41, IOL— Hensh. Zool.

Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 181.
White-throated Wren, White-throated Rock Wren, Caiion Wren, Authors.

HAB. — Throughout New Mexico and Arizona, and portions of Texas,
Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and California. Resident.

CH. SP. — S 2 Brunneus, antice pdllescens, posticd rufescens,
undique albido nigroque punctatus ; caudd cinnamomind, angustis-
sime nigrofasciatd ; guld alba; ventre ferrugineo, obsoletd albido
fuscoque notato; pedibits nigris.

$ $ , adult : Upper parts brown, paler and grayer anteriorly, behind shad-
ing insensibly into rich rufous, everywhere dotted with small du>sky and
whitish spots. Tail clear cinnamon-brown, crossed with, numerous very
narrow and mostly zigzag black bars. Wing-quills dark brown, the outer
webs of the primaries and both webs of the inner secondaries barred with
the color of the back. Chin, throat, and fore breast, with tho lower half
of the side of the head and neck, white, shading behind through ochraceous-
brown into rich deep ferruginous, and posteriorly obsoletely waved with
dusky and whitish. Bill slate color, of a pale livid hue below ; feet black;

* The synonymy of the true mexicanus is : —
Thryothorus mexicanus, Sw. Zool. 111. i. 1829, pi. 11.
Troglodytes mexicanus, Licht. " Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1830, 2 "; J. f. O. 1863, 57.— Gray, G.

of B. i. 1847, 159.
SalpinCtCS mexicanus, Cab. Wieg. Arch. 1847, Bd. i. 324,-Bp. CA. i. 1850, 224.- Cab. MH.

1. 1850, 78.— Scl. PZS. 1855, 66; 1857,212 (Orizaba); 18o8, 29 (Oaxaca).— Scl. Cat. AB.

1861, 18.
Catherpes mexicanus, Scl. PZS. 1864, 172 (City of Mexico).— Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i.

1869, 545 (Vera Cruz).
Catherpes mexicanus var. mexicanus, Ridg. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 603.— Bd. Br. Ry. NAB. i.

1874, 138.
Thryothorus gllttlllatUS, Lafr. RZ. 1839, 99.

? Troglodytes albicollis, " Cm>."

? Troglodytes murarlus, Licfit. " Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1830, 2 "; J. f. 0. 1863, 57.

?Certhia albifrons, Giraud, Sixteen Sp.Tex. B. 1841, pi. 8 (see Ridg. Am. Nat. vii. 1873,604).

HAB. — Mexico, southward from near the border of the United States.

THE HAUNTS OF THE CANON WREN 165

eyes brown. Leugth about 5£ inches; extent, 7^-; wing, 2} ; tail, 2^; bill,
*- ; tarsus, f.

The numerous United States specimens of this bird I have examined differ
decidedly from the Mexican form, as accurately pointed out by Mr. Ridgway.
The Mexican bird is larger, with a different curve of the bill ; it is much
darker colored both above and below, with sharper distinction of the white
throat, and with the spots of the upper parts restricted to the back and
wings; with the black tail-bars ranch broader and more regular, and the
light markings on the outer webs of the quills mere indentations instead of
complete bars.

POINTS about the Cafion Wren are its fondness for the
resorts the name indicates, and its wonderfully impressive
chant. More anon of the last of these two leading traits. I
will first speak of its haunts, which are no less characteristic
of the bird than its singular utterances. It is not very long
since the bird was unknown as an inhabitant of the United
States ; and no one could have surmised how large an area in
this country it really occupies from the hints of its distribution
which our literature of ten years ago afforded. It was supposed
to merely reach our border, with a little extension within our
limits up the Colorado Valley. The fact that I had never seen
it at Fort Whipple supported this notion of its limited distribu-
tion, and in my "Prodrome" of 1866 I gave the bird as one gen-
erally distributed over the southern and western portions of
Arizona, up to Fort Mojave at least. I now see that its absence
from that locality — at any rate, its rarity, so great that it never
came under my observation — was due to the topographical
features of the place, not its geographical position. There
were plenty of rocks about the fort (rocks, like reptiles and
cactuses, are natural products of Arizona), just suiting the
wants of the Salpinctes; but this immediate vicinity lacked
the singular walled chasms with which many portions of the
Territory are scored and seamed — those reproductions on a
smaller scale of the Grand Caiion of the Colorado itself, most
wonderful crack of the ground in America — and such rifts of
solid rock alone are entirely to the liking of the Canon Wren.
So it fell out thtit it was left for the latest ornithologists of
the Southwest — for Allen, Aiken, Ridgway, and Henshaw — to
show that the range of the bird extends from Arizona and
New Mexico, and portions of Texas and Southern California,
into Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. How much further it may
actually reach we do not yet know ; but there is nothing in
the analogies of the case to forbid the supposition that the

166 THE CACTUS WREN AS A MUSIC-BOX

Canon Wren may push northward wherever its favorite resorts
can be found. For it is by no means the tender, semi-tropical
bird we may have somewhat unconsciously supposed; it is
resident in all the Territories just named ; it ivinters in Colorado,
Utah, and Nevada ; and if it is ever subjected to the migratory
impulses which most of the Wrens feel at times, there is noth-
ing but the lack of suitable haunts to restrain its movements.

We remember the " rift within the lute "; in the Canon Wren
we have the lute within the rift — a curious little animated
music-box, utterly insignificant in size and appearance, yet fit
to make the welkin ring with glee. This bird-note is one of
the most characteristic sounds in nature; nothing matches it
exactly; and its power to impress the hearer increases when,
as usually happens, the volume of the sound is strengthened
by reverberation through the deep and sinuous canon, echoed
from side to side of the. massive perpendicular walls till it
gradually dies away in the distance. No technical description
would be likely to express the character of these notes, nor
explain the indelible impression they make upon one who hears
them for the first time amid the wild and desolate scenes to
which they are a fit accompaniment. The song is perfectly
simple ; it is merely a succession of single whistling notes, each
separate and distinct, beginning as high in the scale as the
bird can reach, and regularly descending the gamut as long as
the bird's breath holds out, or until it reaches the lowest note
the bird is capable of striking. These notes are loud, clear,
and of a peculiarly resonant quality ; they are uttered with
startling emphasis, and I sometimes fancied I detected a shade
of derision, as if, secure in its own rocky fastnesses, the bird
were disposed to mock the discomforts and anxieties of a
journey through hostile deserts.

In its general habits, the Canon Wren displays much of the
nature of a Creeper; and, on closely comparing the structure
of its feet, much resemblance may be traced. In fact, its habits
recall the impression I have formed respecting those of the
European Wall Creeper (Tichodroma}. It often flies up and
down the face of perpendicular cliffs, clinging to the slightest
inequalities of surface, or settling to sing upon the very edge
of the crest ; and has even been observed to cling to the roof
of a cave with all the facility of a Creeper. When among loose
bowlders, its behavior is more becoming a Wren ; it threads the
mazes of the rocks, like the Salpinctes, with wonderful agility,

ANALYSIS OF TROGLODYTIN.E 167

in a sly and furtive way, delighting to baffle observation and
re appear unexpectedly in another place to laugh heartily at
the perplexity it has occasioned. But I must not represent
the Canon Wren solely in its leading character of the scoffing
anchoretic cave-dweller ; it sometimes displays familiar traits,
coming in friendly spirit about man's abode, to nest in crevices
of walls and buildings, or even occupy boxes put up for its
accommodation, like a Martin, Bluebird, or House Wren.
Sufficient and satisfactory details respecting its nest and eggs
have not yet reached me ; from what 1 can gather from the
published records, its economy in these matters closely resem-
bles that of the Rock Wren. Eggs supposed to belong to the
Canon Wren have been described by Dr. Brewer ; they were
" four in number, were unusually oblong and pointed for eggs
of this family, and measured .80 by .60 of an inch, with a
crystalline-white ground, profusely covered with numerous and
large blotches of a reddish or cinnamon brown '•.

SUBFAMILY TROGLODYTIN^E : TYPICAL WRENS

This is a much more homogeneous group than the family at
large as usually constituted. The current genera of North
America are very closely related — so closely that their formal
discrimination becomes difficult. They are in fact best dis-
tinguished by the system of coloration, in connection with
certain slight details of form. Since every one of our species
represents a different subdivision, it will suffice to present here
an analysis which will serve for their recognition, and obviate
the necessity of diagnosis under the several heads given beyond.

All the following sections with the wings and tail more or less completely
barred crosswise.

A. Large. Upper parts uniform in color, without streaks or bars ; rump

with concealed white spots. Belly unmarked ; a conspicuous super-
ciliary stripe.

a. Tail shorter or not longer than the wings, all the feathers brown,
distinctly barred THRYOTHORUS ( T. ludovicianm}.

6. Tail decidedly longer than the wings (in our species), blackish, not
fnlly barred on all the feathers THRYOMANES (T. bewicki).

B. Small. Upper parts not uniform, the back being more or less distinctly

barred crosswise ; wings, tail, and flanks fully barred.

c. Tail about equal to wings, the outstretched feet reaching scarcely or

not beyond its end TROGLODYTES (T. aedon).

d. Tail decidedly shorter than wings, the outstretched feet reaching

far beyond its end ANORTHURA (A. troglodytes).

168 SYNONYMY OF THRYOTHORUS LUDOVICIANUS

C. Small. Upper parts not uniform, the back being streaked lengthwise;

flanks scarcely or not barred.
• e. Bill about £ as long as head ; crown plain ; streaks of back confined

to interscapular region TELMATODYTES ( T. palustris').

'' f. Bill scarcely or nor £ as long as head ; crown streaked, like the whole

back CISTOTHORUS (C. stellaris).

Species of all these sections, excepting typical Thryothorus,
occur in the Colorado Basin. The synonymy of Thryothorus
ludovicianus * is subjoined, together with a figure of the same

*Tnryothorus ladoviciaiius.— Carolina Wren.

a. ludovicianus.

Motacilla troglodytes, var. y, Gm. SN. i. pt, ii. 1788, 994, no. 46y (Buff.v. 361; PE. 730, f. 1).
Sylvia 111 do Vie hum, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 548, n. 150 (also based on Buffon). (Not of p. 535,
no. 105).

Motacilla ludovisiana, Tun. SN. i. 1806, 613.

Troglodytes )UdOVicianuS, "Licht. Verz. 1823, 35".— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 29.—
Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 93.—Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 429.— And. OB. i. 1831,399, pi. 78.—
And. Syn. 1839, 74.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 116, pi. 117.— Giraud, BLI. 1844, 75.— Woodh.
Sitgr. Rep. 1853, 67.—Gerhardt, Naum. iii. 1853, 37.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853,
, 313 (Wisconsin).— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 399 (Ohio).— Kennic. Tr. 111. Agric.
Soc. i. 1855, 583.— Pratten, Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 603.— Maxim. J. f. O. 1858, 110.—
Gosse, Alabama, 1859, 83.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri).— Mayn. B.
Fla. 1873, 37.

ThryothoruS ludovicianus, Bp. CGL. 1838, 11.— Burnett, Pr. Boat. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— Sr.l.
Cat. AB. 1861, 20.— Barnard, Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Coues ff Prent. Smiths.
Rep. for 1861, 1862, 410.— Ed. Rev. AB. 1864, 123.— ? Dress. Ibis, 1865, 484.— Lawr. Ann.
Lye. N.Y. viii. 1866,283 (Long Inland). —Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 108.— Allen,
Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1858, 523.— Tnrnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 27 ; Phila. ed. 20 (wintering).—
Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1871, 19.— Oouu, Am. Nat. 1871,367.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 187L,
266; iii. 1872, 125, 175 (Kansas). -Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 265.— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv.

1872, 221.— Coues, Key, 1872, 86, f. 29.—- SHOW, B. Kansas, 1873, Q.—Alltn. Am. Nat. vii.

1873, 363.— Pidg. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 550, 605; viii. 1874, 198.— Merr iam, Am. Nat. viii.

1874, 8, 86.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 29.

Thryothorus ludovicianus var. ludovicianus, Bd. Br. 4- Ry. NAB. i. 1874, 142, pi. 9, f. ].

Thriothorus ludovicianus, lid. BNA. 1858, 361.

Thryotorus ludovicianus, Bp. CA.i. 1850, 220.

Motacilla caroliniana, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. 1791, 291.

Certhia Caroliniana, mis. AO. ii. 1810, 61, pi. 12, f. 5.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 28.

Troglodytes arundinaceUS, Vieill. OAS. ii. 1807, 55, pi. 108 (not the account of habits).

Thryothorus arundinaceus, " Less. RZ. 1840, 263 (syn. excl.) ".

Thryo!horus littoralis, Vuill. "Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat, xxxiv. 1819, 56 ".

Thryothorus louisianse, " Less. RZ. 1840, 263 " (in part).

Troglodyte de la Louisiane, Buff. " v. 361"; (PE. 730, f. i).— Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783,46.

Roitelet de la Lonisiane, Buff. PE. 730, f. i.

Louisiana Warbler, Lath. Syn. Suppl. ii. 244, n. 16 (not o/Syu. ii, pt. ii. 480, no. 101).
Troglodyte des Roseaux, Vieill. (I807wec 1819).
Carolina Wren, Great Carolina Wren, Authors.

b. berlandieri.

Thriothorus berlandieri, Couch, MSS.—Bd. BNA. 1858, 362; ed. of i860, pi. 83, f. i.
Thryothorus berlandieri, Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 124.— Coues, Am. Nat. v. 1871, 367.
Thryothorus ludovicianus var. berlandieri, Coues, Key, 1872, 86.— Cones, BNW. 1874, 29.—

Bd. Br. ffRy. NAB. i. 1874. 144, pi. 9, f. 2.

HAB.— Eastern United States; north to New York. Var. bcrlanditri,
Valley of the Rio Grande.

THE WHITE-BELLIED WREN

169

bird, to complete an enumeration of the North American species.
My notices of the species must be brief, and restricted chiefly
to local items, since ample details of these well known birds
have already been published in other treatises.

w

FIG. 23.— Carolina Wren.

White-bellied Wren

Thryomaiies bo wick i leucogaster

a. bewicki.

Troglodytes bewiCkii, And. OB. i. 183 1, 96, pi. IS.—Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 434 ; 2d. ed. i. 1840,

489.— And. Syn. 1839, 74.— Less. RZ. 1840, Wl.—Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 120, pi. 118.— Woodh.

Sitgr. Rep. 1853, 67 (Indian Territory). — Trippe, PC. E«a. Inst.vi. 1871, 115 (Minnesota).

Thryothorus bewiCkii, Butch. Pr. Phil*. Acad. 1868, 149.— Cones, Pr. Boat. Soc. xii. 1868,

108. — Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 27; Phila. ed. 20.— Coues, Key, 1872, %Q.—Ridg. Am. Nat.

vii. 1873, 605.— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 6.— Cones, BNW. 1874, 31.

ThryothOMlS bewiCkii var. bewiCkii, Bd. Rev. AB. i. 1864, 126 (subg. Thryomanes).—B. B.

4- R. NAB. i. 1874, 145, figs. pi. 9, f. 3.

Thriothorus bewiCkii, Bd. BNA. 1858, 363.— Barnard, Smiths. Rep. for I860, 1861, 436.
Thryothorus bewiCkl, Bp. CGL. 1838, 11.— Dress. Ibis, 1865, 484 (Texas).

Thryotorus bewickl, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 221.
Telma odytfs bewicki, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 78.
Bewick's Wren, Long-tailed House Wren, Authors.

b. leucogaster. (Bd.)
Thryothorus bewiCkii, ?Scl. PZS. 1859, 372 (Oaxaca).— Coues. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 78

(Arizona).— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 101 (Arizona).
Thryothorus bewicki, Coves, Ibis, 1865, 164 (Arizona).

170 CHARACTERS OF THE WHITE-BELLIED WREN

Thryothorus bewkkil var. ICUCOgaSter, Bd. Rev. AB. i. 1864, 127 (not Trog. leucogastra
Gould, PZS. 1836, 89, which is of a different genus).— Ooues, Key, 1872. 86.— Yarr. <$•
Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 9.— Hensk. ibid. 41.— B. B. $ R. NAB. i. 1871, 147.

Tbryothorus ? ewicki b. leucogaster, Coues, BNW. 1874, 31.

Thryothorus bewicki var. leucogaster, Hensh, ListB. Ariz. 1875, 155; Expl. W. 100 M. 183.

Thrlothorus leucogaster, Coop. Am. Nat. m. 1869, 474, 479.

White-bellied Wren, Authors.

c. spilurus.

TroglOditCS bewickii, Ornith. Comm. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 193.

Troglodytes bewickii, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. 1839, .154.— Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846,

113.— Newb. PRRR. vi. 1857, 80.— ? Xant. Pr. PhiU. Acad. 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon).—

Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 40.— C. ff S. NHWT. 1860, 189.
Thryothorus bewicki, Brown, Ibis, 1868, 421 (Vancouver).
Thryothorus bewickii »<m spilurus, Bd. Rev. AB. i. 1864. 126.— Coues, Key, 1872, 86.-B. B.

4 R. NAB. i. 1874, 147.— Nels. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 357.
Thryothorus bewickii c. spilurus, Ooues, BNvV. 1874, 31.

Troglodytes Spilurus, Pig. Zool. Voy. Bloss. 1839/18, pi. 4. f. ].— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 222.
Thryothorus spilurus, Coop. B. Gal. i. 1870, 69, fig.

HAS. — Eastern United States, north to the Middle States and Minnesota.
Var. leucogaster, Southwestern United States and southward in Mexico.
Var. spilurus, Pacific coast of the United States and Lower Califoruia.

OH. SP. — $ 9 Cinereo-brunneus, infra cinereo-albus; strigd
superciliari alba; caudd nigric&nte, rectricibus mediis cinereo-
multifasciatis, cceteris albo-terminatis, pogonio exteriore rectricis
extimce albo-fasciato.

£$, adult: Above uniform clear ashy-brown. Below clear ashy-white,
pure white on the middle parts. A long, strong, white, superciliary stripe
from .the nostrils to the sides of the nape, and auriculars speckled with white.
A number of concealed white spots on the rump, which only show on dis-
turbing the plumage. Quills of the wings fuscous, the inner feathers very
obsoletely waved with the color of the back. Two middle tail-feathers
closely and regularly barred with pure dark ash and black ; the others
black, with irregular white or ashy-white tips, the outer web of the exterior
feather barred with white. Length, 5£-5f inches; extent, Of; wing, 2-2£ ;
tail, 2£-2£ ; bill, | ; tarsus, f .

This is the best marked of the races currently quoted, in the clearer ashy-
brown of the upper parts, white shaded with pure ash rather than with
brown on the under parts, obsoleteness of the transverse marking on the
inner secondaries, abundance and size of the concealed white spots on the
rump, and length of the tail. The Pacific crJast form ( T. spilwm Vig.), which
shares this length of tail, has the bill even longer (about f) and the browner
coloration of typical bewicki] the spots on the rump are as numerous as in
the Coloradoan form.

A technical point affecting nomenclature here requires passing notice.
This bird is not Troglodytes leucogastra of Gould, as supposed by Professor
Baird, Gould's bird being the same that was afterward described as Cyphorinua
pmillus by Dr. Sclater (P. Z. S. 1859, 372), and consequently not even of the
same genus. The Cyphorinus would consequently stand as C. leucogaster
(Gould), and the Thryomanes remain T. bewicki leucogaster (Baird, 1864). See
Ibis, 1874, p. — , where the point is elucidated by Mr. Salvin. In the " Nomen-
clator Avium Neotropicalium " (p. 155), Gould's bird is made the type of a new
genus and called Uropsila leucogastra.

SYNONYMY OF TROGLODYTES DOMESTICUS 171

BEWICK'S Wren, of the White-bellied variety, is a common
bird in the Colorado Basin. At Fort Whipple, I found it
to be the most abundant and characteristic representative of
its family ; it resides there during the whole year, and seems
as indifferent in its choice of resorts as it is in regard to the
changes of the seasons. There is no occasion to enlarge upon
its habits, since they are substantially the same as those of its
eastern relative, which have already been sufficiently described
by other writers besides myself. What I regard as probably
the best account we have is that contributed by Mr. Ridgvvay
to the " History of North American Birds". My u Birds of
the Northwest" contains some additional information.

Western House Wren

Troglodytes domesticus parkmani

a. domesticus

Motacilla domestica, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. i. 1791, 291.

Sylvia domestica, mis. AO. i. 1808, 129, pi. 8, f. 3.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad.iv. 1824, 187.

Troglodytes domestica, Cones, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1875. 351.

Troglodytes tedon, Vieill, OAS. ii. 1807, 52, pi. 107; " Nouv. Diet, xxxiv. 1819, 506".— Bp.
Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 187.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 92.— Aud. OB. i. 427 ;
v. 470 ; pi. 83.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 11.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 75.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 125, pi. 120.—
Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 312.— Thomps. NH. Vermont, 1853, 84.— Woodh. Sitg. Rep.
ZuBi, 1853, <ol.— WaVes, Rep. Mississ. 1854, 318.— Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855,
583.— Pratten, ibid. 603.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 208.—Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad.
1856, 288.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 437.— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 149.—
Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 138.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438.— Mcllw. Pr. EBB. Inst.
v. 1866, 88.— Coves, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 108.— Hill, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 49.— Naum.
Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 390.— McLaugh. Am. Nat, iii. 1869, 614.— Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870,
540, 545.— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871. U5.—Trippe, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1873, 236.—
Ridg. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 550.— B. B. &f R. NAB. i. 1874, 149, pi. 9, f. 5.

Troglodytes acdon, Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 314.— Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 475.— Bp. CA.
i. 1850, 22-2.— Gerh. Naum. iii. 1853, 37.— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 399.— Bd. BNA.
1858, 367.— Maxim. J. f. O. 1858, 109.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 68.—Lawr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 283.— Coues, Pr. EBB. Inst. v. 1868, 278.—Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869,
27; Phila. ed. 20.— Coues, Key, 1872, 86.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 265.— Allen, Am.
Nat. vi. 1872, 265,270, 275.— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 360.— Allen, Am. Nat. 1873,
362.— Mayn.K. Fla. 1873, 39.— Brew. Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.— Coues, BNW.1874, 32.

Hylemathrous aedon, Cab. J. f. O. i860, 407.

Troglodytes flllvus, Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 422.

Troglodytes furvus, Rick. " List, 1837, II ".—Qloger, J. f. O. 1854, 376.

Troglodytes americanus, Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 452, pi. 179.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 11.— Peab. Rep.

Orn. Mass. 1839, 316.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 75.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 123, pi. 119.— Bp. CA. i.

1850, 222.— Putn. Pr. Essex Inst. i. 1856, 208.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 368.— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst.

iii. 1862, 149.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 141.— Lawr. Ann Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 283.— Ooues, Pr.

EBB. Inst. v. 1868, 278.—Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 27 ; Phila. ed. 20.
Troglodytes americana, Brew. Journ. Bost. Soc. 1837, 437.
Traglodytes americauus, Thomps. N. H. Vermont, 1853,85.
Hylemathrous amerlcanus, Cab. J. f. O. i860, 407.
Troglodyte Jed n. V. \. c. 1807.— LeM. Ois. Canad. 1861, 182.
House Wren, Authors.

172 CHARACTERS OF THE WESTERN HOUSE WREN

b. parkmani

Tl'Oglodites fulviIS, Ornitk. Comm. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 193.

Troglodytes flllVUS, Towns. Journ. Pbila. Acad. viii. 1839, 154.

Troglodytes parkmanii, And. OB. v. 1839, 310.— And. Syn. 1839, 75. — Towns. Journ. Phila.
Acad. 1839, 154.— Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 483.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 133, pi. 122.

Troglodytes parkmanni, Bp. CA. i. 1850, ya-i— Bd. BXA. 1858, 367.- Bd. u. S. Mex. B.
Surv. li. pt. ii. 1859, 13.— Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 191.— 0. 6f S. NHVVT. I860, 191.—
Bd. Ives's Rep. pt. v. 1861, 6.— Blakist. This, iv. 1862, 5 (Saskatchewan) ; 1863, Ql.—Hayd.
Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 164.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, L4'».— Cones, Ibis, 1865, 164.—
Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 78.— Brown, Ibis, 1868, 4-21.— Corp. B. Gal. i. 1870, 71, fig.—
Coop. Pr. Gala. Acad. 1870, 75.—Ooop. Am. Nat. iv. 1871, 758.— Allen, Am. Nat, vi. 1872,
275.— Merr. U. S. Geol. Surv. 1873, 673, 713.— Ridg. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 200.

Troglodytes parkmani, Aiken, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1872, 196.

Troglodytes parkmannii, stee. U. S. G*oi. Surv. for 1870, 1871, 464.

Troglodytes aedon, S. ff R. FBA. ii. 1831,316, fig. (Rocky Mountains).

Troglodytes aedon, Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, \\.-Holden, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 196.

Troglodytes aedon var. parkmanni, Coues, Key, 1872, 87.— Rid?. Bull. E*s. lost v. 1873.
180.— Yarr. tf Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 8.— B. B. ff R. NAB. i. 1874, 151.— Allen
Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 50.— Nelson, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 357.

Troglodytes aedon var. parkmanni, Coues, BNW. 1874, 32.— Hensh, Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874,
41, 57, 74, 101.— Hensk. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 184.

Troglodytes aedon oar. parkmani, Allen, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 362.— Trippe apud Coues, BNW.
1874. 231.— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 155.

Troglodytes Sylfestris, Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 113.

Troglodytesamerlcanus, Gamb. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 33. — Heerm. Journ. Phila. Acad. ii.
1853, 263.— Henry,Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855,309; xi. 1859, 107.— Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 41.

ParkmuiiV or Parkmann's Wren, Western liouse Wren, Authors.

HAB. — Of the typical form, Eastern United States and British Provinces ;
west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, &c. Of var. parkmani, United States
from the high central plains to the Pacific.

CH. sr. (b. PARKMANI). — $ 2 Bnmneusy uropygio vix discolore,
notceOj alls eauddque fuseo transfaseiatis ; infra brunneo-albidas,
dbdomine albicante, hypochondriis criss.oque fasciatis. Staturd
T. aedoniSj sed alis eauddque longioribus.

$ 9 : Brown above, little brighter on the rump, nearly everywhere waved
with dusky, strongest on the wings and tail, but usually very appreciable
on Ihe whole back as well. Below brownish-white, becoming nearly pure
white on the belly, obscurely variegated with darker markings, which, on
the flanks and crissum, become stronger bars, alternating with brown and
whitish ones. Bill blackish above, pale below ; feet brown. Length, 5
inches or a little more; extent, 6f ; wing, 2 or rather more; tail almost 2.

With a very close resemblance to typical aedon, this form ditfers appreci-
ably in some points of form as well as of color. The wings and tail are
decidedly longer, and this elongation of the wing results in a different
relative proportion of the first primary, the exposed portion of which in
aedon is about half as long as the longest primary, while the same in park-
mani is only about half as long as the second primary. The Colorado region
furnishes extreme cases of this difference, as it also does of the paleness of
color which characterizes the western style of House Wren. The bird has a
faded appearance in comparison with typical aedon, and the brownish of the
rump is little different from that of the back.

CRITICAL REMARKS ABOUT THE HOUSE WREN 173

I derive my name of the typical House Wren, T. domeslicHS, as Wilson did
his Sylvia domestica, from the Motacilla domesticaof Bartrani, which antedates
Vieillot's name by many years. The current orthography of the latter
(d'don} is clearly wrong, since it is fro arjduv (th. aeidu), whence properly
action. Nor has the varietal designation of the Western House Wren escaped
maltreatment, being spelled four different ways. The bird having been
dedicated to Dr. George Parkman (not Parkmann)of Boston, its name should
be written parkmani. The various combinations of these two words in their
several shapes result in a curiously involved set of synonyms, which show
that the care to be expected from an author in the use of technical terms in
science is not always exercised. I am free to speak in the matter, having
been myself quite as guilty as the rest.

Respecting the relationships of Audubon's " Wood Wren ", T. americanus,
to the common House Wren, there seems to be no longer a doubt that the
two are identical. The authors of the " History of North American Birds",
while agreeing in this view, differ in their explanation of the ascribed char-
acters of the " Wood Wren ". At page 149 of the work just mentioned, we
read : — " There can scarcely be any doubt that the T. americanus of Audubon
is nothing more than this species [T. aedon~\ in dark, accidentally soiled
plumage (from charcoal of burnt trees, etc.)." At pages 151 and 152 of the same
work, the folio wing statement occurs : — " Under the name of Troglodytes ameri-
canus, or Wood Wren, Mr. Audubon figured and described as a distinct
species what is probably only a somewhat larger and darker form of the
present species [T. aedon], hardly distinct enough to be treated even as a
race." A specimen which came to me as a " Wood Wren", under color of
Audubon's personal identification, and which I retain in my cabinet, is noth-
ing but a House Wren.

Before proceeding to speak of Turkman's Wren, I wish to correct an im-
portant error into which Dr. Brewer has fallen respecting the distribution
of the common House Wren, which, he states (op. cit. p. 150), ''is not ob-
served in any portion of the United States after the first of November ".
But Audubon found his " Wood Wren " in South Carolina in winter; the
House Wren is marked "probably resident" in my List of the Birds of
South Carolina ; and Mr. Allen found it on.^ of the abundant winter birds of
Florida, " occurring everywhere ". The fact is that the South Atlantic and
Gulf States are exactly the winter home of the House Wren; there may be
some extralimital records, indeed, but I am afraid to quote any of the sup-
posed references, as I have not satisfied myself that the bird ever winters
anywhere but in the region where Dr. Brewer states it is never seen in
winter. The same writer says further : — "This species does not appear to
be found be.yond the southwestern portion of Maine and the southern por-
tions of New Hampshire and Vermont." I understand that confirmation of
its alleged extension to Nova Scotia would be desirablx*, but of its appearance
in Canada there is no reasonable doubt. In the interior, it also extends to
the British Possessions. I have myself found it breeding abundantly on
the Red River of the North, latitude 49° N.

IN comparing the habits of Parkman's Wren with those of
its eastern relative, we must not regard the matter from the
standpoint usually assumed. Being familiar with the .ways of

174 DISTRIBUTION OF PARKMAN'S WREN

the serai-domesticated House Wren, we unconsciously consider
the traits it has acquired in populous regions, and the con-
sequent modification of its habits, to be natural, and are apt
to contrast our bird's somewhat artificial mode of life with the
primitive manner in which the other still lives. Making due
allowance for this, we find that the alleged discrepancies be-
tween the two birds have little foundation in fact. Nor have
circumstances altered the case to the extent some suppose ;
for the behavior of these Wrens is still the same when they are
placed under similar conditions. Parkman's Wren accepts the
situation as soon as it is brought in contact with civilization,
as readily as the House Wren did in the beginning; while the
latter remains in some places unaffected by the settlement of
the country. Such is the case in Florida, for instance, where
Mr. J. A. Allen studied its habits. " The term < house ' wren,"
he remarks, "usually applied to this bird, is decidedly a mis-
nomer, since it frequents the fields, the thickets, and even the
forest, as much as the vicinity of houses. In the wilds of
Florida, where human habitations are few, there is nothing
whatever in its habits to suggest this name."

The Western House Wren is abundant in the Colorado Basin
in all suitable localities; that is, in wooded and shrubby places.
With reference to the region at large, the bird is resident, being
found in all parts at one season or another. Yet it is perfectly
migratory. At Fort VV hippie, I noticed its arrival in that
elevated locality, from its winter resorts in lower portions of
Arizona, about the 20th of April; and it remained until October.
It is nearly a month later in appearing in the northerly mount-
ainous portions of the watershed, as in Colorado Territory for
instance; and it there disappears in September. Some individ-
uals continue their migration till they reach the northern bound-
ary of the United States. Its extension in the other direction
is less definite, and may perhaps depend upon our interpretation
of the geographical race which has been described from Mexico.
As in the case of the typical House Wren, I do not venture to
take into consideration any of the extralimital quotations
which may or may not actually refer to our species. The
probability is, that true park mani does not extend into Mexico,
except perhaps for a little way, and only in winter; the corre-
sponding resident " House" Wren of that country being what
is called var. aztecus.

In its nidification, Parkman's Wren agrees so closely with

THE HOUSE WREN'S NOTION OF ARCHITECTURE 175

its eastern congener that one account would do for both. We
have only to remember that it does not yet generally avail
itself of the artificial accommodations that its relative usually
selects, for the simple reason that there are comparatively few
such resorts to be found where it lives. Nevertheless, it shows
the same readiness to do so whenever opportunity offers, and
is rapidly growing semi-domesticated in settled parts of the
West. The nests of both birds are remarkable for the endless
variety of the materials of which they are composed, the dimen-
sions which they sometimes attain, and the diversity of the
sites selected for them. The birds seem to be afflicted with an
insanabile construendl cacoethes (to borrow a simile from Juvenal),
which impels them to keep on building after they have built
enough for any practicable purpose. Their notion seems to be,
that whatever place they select, be it large or small, must be
completely filled with a lot of rubbish before they can feel com-
fortable about it. When they nest in a knot-hole, or any cavity
of inconsiderable dimensions, the structure is a mass of sticks
and other trash of reasonable bulk • but the case is otherwise
when they get behind a loose weather-board, for instance,
where there is room enough for a dozen nests; then they never
know wben to stop. I witnessed a curious illustration of their
"insane" propensities in one case where a pair found their
way through a knot-hole into one of those small sheds which
stands in the back-yard, with a well-worn path leading to the
house, showing- its daily use. (It should be premised that a
wren likes to get into its retreat through the smallest possible
orifice; if the entrance be small enough, there cannot be too
much room inside; and, when the hole is unnecessarily large,
it is often closed up to the right size.) Having entered through
a nice little hole, into a dark place, the birds evidently supposed
it was all right inside, and began to build in a corner under
the roof, where the joists came together. Though annoyed by
frequent interruption, the indefatigable little creatures, with
almost painful diligence, lugged in their sticks till they had
made a pile that would fill a bushel, and I cannot say they
would not have filled the whole shed had they not been com-
pelled to desist; for they were voted a nuisance, and the hole
was stopped up. The size of the sticks they carried in was
enormous in comparison with their own stature ; it seemed as
if they could not lift them, much less drag the crooked pieces
through such a narrow orifice. These coarse materials, it will

176 SYNONYMY OF THE WINTER WREN

be remembered, are only the foundation of a nest, as it were ;
their use in places where there is no real occasion for such a
mass of trash is evidently the remaining trace of primitive
habits. Inside this pile of material, there is a compact cup-like
nest proper, of various fine soft vegetable and animal sub-
stances. The birds are extremly prolific, ordinarily laying six
or eight eggs; and they will continue to deposit more if the
nest be robbed — sometimes to the number of three or four
full clutches. The eggs themselves are too well known to
require description. As to the sites of the nest, it is almost
impossible to speak in specific terms. The old hat Audubon
drew has become historic; the sleeve or pocket of a coat hung
up in an outhouse — a box in a chaise from which the birds
were often ejected, and to which they as often returned — boxes,
jars, or gourds set up for Martins — skull of an ox or horse —
nest of another bird — are among the odd places the birds
have been known to fancy. In the West, favorite locations
for Park man's Wren are a rift in an old stump or log, or the
crevice between a stripof partially detached bark and the trunk
of a tree — places which give full scope for its inveterate liking
to fill up a cavity to an unlimited extent and then barricade
the entrance.

Winter Wren

Anortbnru troglodytes hycinalis

Motacilla troglodytes, parity, of some early authors.

Sylvia troglodytes, Wils. AO. i. 1808, 139, pi. 8. f. 6.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 187.—
Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 288.

A north lira troglodytes, Coues, Key, 1872, 87, f. 30.

Troglodytes hyemaliS, Vieill. " N. D. d'H. N. xxxiv. 18l9, 514"; "EM. ii. 182:}, 470".— S. ff
R. FBA. ii. 1831, 318.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 11.— And. OB. iv. 1838, 430, pi. 360; Syn. 1839,
76; BA. ii. 1841, 128, pi. llt\.—tfutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 481.— Glr. BLI. 1844, 72 —Bp.
CA. i. 1850, 222.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 312.— Read, ibid. 399.— Thomps. Ver-
mont, 1853, 84.— Kennic.. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 583.— Pratten, ibid, 603.— Sr.l. PZS.
1856, 290 (El Jacale, Mexico).— Kneel Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 233.— Maxim. J. f. O. 1858,
109.— Willis, Smiths. R«-p. for 1858, 1859, 282 (Nova Scotia).— Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi.
1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cal.).— . Scl. Cat. AB. I860, 23.— C. &f S. NHWT. 1860, 191.—
Wheaton, Ohio Agric. Rep. 186 i, 365, no. 122.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 437.—
Bonrdn. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 126.— Vtrr. ibid. 138.— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 149.—
Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 144.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438.— Dress. Ibis, 2d. ser. i.
1865, 485 (San Antonio, Texan).— Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viit. 1866, 283.— Mcllwr. Pr.
E«s. lost. v. 1886, 88.— Brown, Ibis, 2d. ser. iv, 1868, 421 (Vancouver).— A lien, "Mem.
Bost. Soc. i. 1868, 494".— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 27; Phila. ed. 20.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii.
1869, 74, 75.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 7:}, fig.— Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 543, 515,—Trippe,
Pr. Ess. lust. vi. 1871, 115.— Mayn. Pr. Bo«t. Soc. xiv. 1872, 360; B. Fla. 1873, 40.—
Trippe, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 47.— Snow, B.Kans.t873, 6.— Brew. Pr. Bost.Soc.xvii. 1875, 439.

Troglodytes IliemallS, Peabody, Rep. Orn. Mas*. 1839, 316.

CHARACTERS OF THE WINTER WREN 177

Troglodytes (Anortliura) hyemalis, Bd. BNA. 1858, 369.— Allen, Pr. ESS. inst. iv. 1864, 68.—

Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 78.
Anorthura hyemalis, Coues 4- Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 410.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst.

v. 1868, 278.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 108.— Mayn. Nat. Guide, 1870, 96.— Allen,

Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 267.— Trippe, Am. Nat, vii, 1873, 498.
Troglodytes enropivus, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 188.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826,

93, 440.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 427.

TrogloditCS europjeiJS, Ornith. Comm. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 193 (Columbia River).
Anorthura troglodytes var. hyemalis, Coues, Key, 1872, 351.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 33.
Troglodytes parvillUS var. hyemalis, Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180 (Colorado).— B. B.

ff R. NAB. i. 1874, 155, pi. 9. figs. 9, 10.

Troglodytes hyemalis var. paciflcus, Bd. Rev. AB. i. 1864, 145.
Troglodyte d'hiver, LeM. Ois. Canad. 1861, 183.
Winter Wren, Authors.

HAB.— North America at large, and portions of Mexico (Cordova, Sdater).

CH. SP. — $ 2 Brunneus, postice magis rufescens, obsolete fusco-
fasciata, pogoniis exterioribus remigum exteriorum albido-fascia-
tis; infra brunneo-albida, postice brunnescens, ventre imo, Jiypo-
chondriis crissoque fusco et albido undulatis; caudd alls breviore.

$ 9 • Above brown, duller before, brighter behind, most of the back,
together with the tail and inner wing-quills, banded with dusky, the mark-
ings obsolete on the back, where they are usually accompanied by whitish
specks, strongest on the wings and tail. Outer webs of several of the pri-
maries regularly barred with brownish-white, in marked contrast with the
outer bars of the wings. An inconspicuous whitish superciliary line. Below
brownish, paler or whitish anteriorly, the lower belly, flanks, and crissum
heavily waved with dusky and whitish bars. Bill slender, straight, decid-
edly shorter than the head. Tail much shorter than the wings. Length,
about 4; extent, 6-6$; wing, If; tail, \\ ; bill, f-j- ; tarsus, middle toe, and
claw together, about H.

FIG. 24.— Winter Wren.

With a general resemblance to the House Wren, this species is immedi-
ately distinguished by the very short tail, beyond which the outstretched
feet reach considerably, the very heavy coloring of the lower hind parts, and
other characters.

A slight variety, pacificus, in which the general colors are darker, and the
obsolete markings of the back almost inappreciable, and unaccompanied by
12 B 0

178 NOTE ON THE HABITAT OF THE WINTER WREN

whitish dots, has been described from the Pacific coast region, and found as
far east as Nevada.

Anorthura alascensis is more decidedly different, in the larger size, and
especially the great size and peculiar shape of the bill. It is very intimately
related to A. ftimigatus of Japan, and appears to be more appreciably different
from the common American form than the latter is from the European. It
has been thought best to exclude the references to both these forms from
the foregoing synonymatic list.

WINTER Wrens hold a very inconspicuous place among
the birds of the Colorado Basin, probably as much on
account of their actual scarcity as of their shy and retiring-
habits. I never saw them in Arizona, and have at hand no
references to attest their presence fairly within the Colorado
watershed. It is less improper, however, to bring them into
the present connection on the strength of their known general
distribution than it would be to exclude them because they
have not yet been seen in this particular region ; especially
since they have been found in Colorado Territory, in Nevada,
in California to Fort Tejon, and in portions of Mexico. Of
their movements within the present area, we remain igno-
rant ; that the}T occur in winter there is no doubt, but whether
any breed in the higher portions, or whether all retire north-
ward in spring, remains to be seen. The former supposition is
more probable, since the birds have been found breeding in
some of the Middle States, the Northern States and north-
ward, and such dispersion in summer argues in the case of any
bird that extends across the continent a summer residence in
the more elevated districts of the Southwestern Territories.
For a general account of the distribution and habits of this
species I must refer the reader to the " History of North Ameri-
can Birds", the " Birds of the Northwest", and other earlier
treatises.

Long-billed JUarsh Wren

Telmatodytes palnstris

Motacilla pulustris, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. 1791, 291.

Certhia pulustr'.s. Wils. AO. ii. 18U), 58, pi. 12, f. 4.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 30.—

Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 400.— Lord, Pr. Roy. Arty. Inst. iv. 1864, 117.
Troglodytes palustris, Bp. Journ. Phila Acad. iv. 1824, 30.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826,

93.—- S. ffR. FBA. ii. 1831, 319, fig. (lat. 55°).— Aud. OB. i. 1831, 500, pi. lOO.—Nutt.

Man. i. 1832, 439.— Brew. Journ. Boat. Soc. 1837, 437.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 77.— Peak Rep.

Orn.MasH. 1839, 316.— Nutt. Man. 2d ed. i. 1840, 496.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 135, pi. 123.— Gir.

BLI. 1844, 76.— Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1346, 113 (California).— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad.

vi. 1853, 532.— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 399. — Gloger, J. f. O. 1854, 377.— -Henry,

SYNS. AND CHARS. OF TELMATODYTES PALUSTRIS 179

Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 309 (New Mexico).— Kennic. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 18">5, 583.—
Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 208.— Sd. PZS. 1856, 290 (Cordova).— Newb PRRR. vi. 1857,
SO.—Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 54.— Set. Ibis, i 1859, 8 (Guatemala).— Reinh. Ibis, iii. 1861, 5
(Greenland). — Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 115.

Thryothorus palustris, Pp. CGL. 1838, 11.— Burnett, Pr. Boat. Soc. iv. 1851, llf>.— Turnb.
B. E. Pa. 1869, 27 ; Phila. ed. 20.

CiStOthOPIlS (TelinatOdytes) palU8tris, Bd. BNA. 1858, 364.— Cones ffPrent. Smiths. Rep. for

1861, 1862, 410.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 83.

(istothortis palustris. Xantus, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 191.— Wheat. Ohio Agric. Rep. 1860,
365.— C. frS. NHWT. 1860, 190.— Scl. CAB. 1861, <&.—Hayd. Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xii.

1862, l&l.—Blakist. Ibis, 1862, 5 (Saskatchewan) ; 1863, 67.— Scl. PZS. 1864, 172 (GMty of
Mexico).— Bd. Rev. 1864, 147.— Coues, Ibis, 1865, 164 (Arizona) ; 1866, 265.— Coues, Pr.
Phila. Acad. 1866, 78 (Arizona).— Me Hw. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 87.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N.
Y. viii. 1866, 283.— Allen, Am. Nat, i. 1867, 161.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst.v. 1868, 278.— Coop.
B. Cal. i. 1870, 75, fig.— Mayn. Nat. Guide,' 1870, 98.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 267; iii.
1872, 175— Allen, Am. Nat, vi. 1872, 396.— Aiken, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1872, 196.— Mayn.
B. Fla. 1873, 42.— Merr. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 673, 713.— B. B. fy R.
NAB. 5. 1874, 161, figs. pi. 9. f. 6.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xviii. 1875, 439.— Hensh. List B.
Ariz. 1875, 155.

TellliatOdytes palustris, Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 107 (New Mexico).— Ooueg, Pr,

Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 108.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xxiii. 1871, 19.— Ooues, Key, 1872, 87.—

Ridff. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 200.— Ridg. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180 (Colorado).— Coues,

BNW. 1874, 34.
CiStOthoruS palustris var. paludicola, Bd. RAB. 1864, 149 (Western United States).— B.

B. tfR. NAB. i. 1874, 161.— Hensh. Zool. Expl.W. 100 Merid. 1876, 185.
Telmatodytes palustris var. paludicola, Yarr. fy Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 9.— Hensh.

ibid. 41, 74, 101.
Thryothorus arundineus, Vitill. "Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv. 1819, 58" (not ofOAS. ii.

1807, pi. 108).
Troglodytes aruildlnaceUS, Gimb. Journ. Phila. Ac^d. i. 1817, 33 (California).— Reinh.

" Vidensk. Meddel. for 1853, 1854, 81 " (Greenland).— Reinh. J. f. O. 1854, 438 (the same).
Thryotorus arundinaceus, Bp. OA. i. 1850, 220.
Telmatodytes arundinaceus, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 78 (type of genus).
Marsh Wren, Long-billed Marsh Wren, Salt-water Marsh Wren, Vulg.

HAB. — Temperate North America, and Mexico; south to Guatemala;
accidental in Greenland. Breeds throughout its North American range ;
winters on the southern border and southward.

CH. SP. — $ 9 Brunneus, pileo fuscescente; interscapulio nigro,
albo-striato; infra ex brunneo albidus.

$ 9 : Above clear brown, unbarred, the middle of the back with a large
black patch sharply streaked with white. Crown of head usually darker
than the back, often quite blackish. A dull white superciliary line. Wings
fuscous, the inner secondaries blackish on the outer webs, often barred or
indented with light brown. Tail evenly barred with fuscous and the color
of the back. Under parts white, usually quite pure on the belly and middle
line of the breast and throat, but much shaded with brown on the sides,
flanks, and crissum. Bill blackish above, pale below ; feet brown. Length,
about 5 inches; extent, 6^ ; wing, lf-2; tail about the same; bill, £ or more;
tarsus, $— f .

There is a good deal of difference in details of coloration in this species,
which I cannot, however, correlate satisfactorily with any special sex, age,
or season. Sometimes the whole crown of the head and the nape are quite
blackish, continuous with the dorsal patch. This is especially observed in

180 SYNONYMY OF CISTOTHORUS STELLARIS

young birds, in which, also, the white stripes on the back may be altogether
wanting. Coloradan specimens in general show a tendency to shorter bill
and rather more barred tail and its coverts, constituting var. paludicola of
Baird, but the difference even in extreme cases is very slight. A specimen
from Provo, Utah, is curiously bleached, the upper parts being pale gray.

OF- the common Marsh Wren I shall have but a word to say,
respecting its presence in the Colorado Basin, as I have
already given an extended biographical notice in the " Birds of
the Northwest". In noting its general distribution, as above
given, the reader will of course supply the proviso that it
occurs only in suitable places throughout this range, these
being marshy or swampy tracts. Now, if there is anything the
matter with most of the Colorado Basin — especially with Arizona
and New Mexico — it is the scarcity of water. The Marsh Wren
is therefore restricted in this region, as elsewhere, to the com-
paratively few spots which afford the requisite conditions ; but
in these particular tracts it is as abundant as I have seen it
anywhere.

Short-billed Marsh Wren

Cistothorus stellaris

Troglodytes Stellaris, "Licht."—Naum. VD. iii. 1823, 724 (Carolina).— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst.

vi. 1671, 115 (Minnesota).
CiStOthorilS Stellaris, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 77.— Bd. BNA. 1858) 365.— Wheat. Ohio Agric. Rep.

I860,. 365.- Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1851, 436.— Sel. CAB. 1861, 'ZZ.—Hayd. Tr.

Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 16,3 (Loup Fork of Platte).— Ooues ff Prent. Smiths. Rep.

for 1861, 1862, 410.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 146.— Allen, Pr. Essex Inst. iv. 1864, 83.— Later.

Ann. Lye. viii. 1866, 283.— Allen, Am. Nat. 1867, 161— Coues, Pr. Boat. Soc. xii. 1868, 108.—

Ooues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 279.—Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 545 (Orizaba).—

Mayn. Nat. Guide, 1870, 96.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1871, 20.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii.

1871, 167 (Florida in winter).— Parker, Am. Nat. v. 1871, 168.— Coues, Key, 1872, 88.—

Ridg. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 200.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, £36 (Iowa).— May n. B.

Fla. 1873, 43.— Snow, B Kansas, 1873, 6.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 36.— Bd. Br. $ Ry. NAB. i.

1874, 159, pi. 9, f. 7.— Yarr. fy Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 9, 41 (Provo, Utah).— Brew.

Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 185 (Utah).
Thryothorus Stellaris, Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 27 ; Phila. ed. 20.
Troglodytes brevirostriS, Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 436 (pagination of Mem. Amer. Acad. quoted

here); Mem. Amer. Acad. Sci. new series, i. "1833", 98, fig.— And. OB.ii. 1834,427,

pi. 175.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 11.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 315.— And. Syn. 1839, 77.— Nutt.

Man, i. 2d ed. 1840, 493, fig.— Aud BA. ii. 1841, 138, pi. 124.— B^.CA. i. 185J, 222.— Gerh.

Naum. iii. 1853, 37.— Hoy, 1'r. Phila. Acad. 1853, 312.— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 399.—

Kennic. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 583.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 227.
Short-billed Marsh Wren, Fresh-water Marsh Wren, Authors.

The synonymy of the scarcely different &. elegans is:—

Cistothorus elegans, S. ffS. Ibis, i. 1859, 8 (Guatemala) ; ii. 1860, 30 (Duenas).— Bd. Rev. AB.
1864, 146.— PSalv. PZS. 1870, 182 (Veragua).— Bd. Br. ^ Ry. NAB. i. 1874, 159.

Cistothorus stellaris b. elegans, Coues, BNW. 1874, 36.

CHARACTERS OF SHORT-BILLED MARSH WREN 181

HAD.— Chiefly eastern province of the United States ; observed, however,
north to Massachusetts and Manitoba (Cones), and west to Nebraska (Hayderi)
and even Utah (Henshaiv). Winters in the Southern States. Var. elegans
from Mexico and Guatemala.

CH. SP. — £ 9 Brunneus, pileo dorsoque albo et nigro strialis,
rostro brevissimo.

$ 9 : Upper parts brown, the crown and most of the back blackish, streaked
with white. Below whitish, shaded with clear brown across the breast and
along the sides, and especially on the flanks and crissura, the latter more or
less indistinctly barred with dusky (often inappreciable). A whitish line
over the eye. Wings and tail marked as in the last species. Upper tail-
coverts decidedly barred. Bill blackish above, whitish below, extremely
small, scarcely half as long as the head ; feet brown. Length, 4£ ; extent,
6 ; wing and tail each about If ; bill, £-f .

The streaking of the head and that of the back are usually separated by a
plain nuchal interval ; but these areas often run together, the whole bird
above being streaked with whitish and blackish upon a brown ground.
The wings, tail, and entire under parts are much like those of C. palustris,
from which the species is immediately distinguished by the markings of
the upper parts and extremely short bill, which is less than half an inch long.

UNTIL within a year or two, the Short-billed Marsh Wreii
has been supposed to be entirely an eastern species, the
most western locality quoted being Nebraska, where Dr. Hay den
found the bird many years ago. One result of Mr. H. W.
Henshaw's observations in the West has been to ascertain its
occurrence in Utah. " While at Provo, Utah," says this writer,
" we received undoubted evidence of its existence in the marshes
of the river, where it lived in company with the preceding
[the Long-billed] species. Although no individuals were
actually captured, nests and eggs were seen which had been
secured in this locality/7 This is as satisfactory evidence as
if the bird itself had been secured, for — as should be mentioned
even in the most cursory notice of the bird — the eggs differ
from those of all its congeners in being pure white, without
markings. This record enables me to bring the species into
the present connection, as one of the rarities of the Coloradan
bird faun a.

What little information 1 have been able to add to the com-
mon store from my observations will be found in my other
book ; it relates chiefly to the abundance of the bird in certain
interior regions, in comparison with its apparent rarity along
the Atlantic seaboard.

CHAPTEE X.— LAKKS

FAM. ALAUDID^E

WITH the Larks we enter upon an entirely different group
of birds, having no special affinities with any of the
preceding families. They are strictly terrestrial, as indicated
by the structure of the feet ; they nest on the ground, where
they spend the time when not on wing ; are usually migratory,
and more or less completely gregarious when not breeding.
Theirs is a mixed diet of seeds, insects, &c. The Skylark of
Europe, famous for its song, is a typical member of this group;
and others are highly musical. I have only to add to these
slight prcemonenda, before going into some interesting details,
that the uu practiced reader must be careful not to confound the
Larks proper with certain birds loosely called " larks"; thus
theTitZarfcs, or Pipits, though sharing the lengthened, straight-
ened hind claw and elongated inner wing-quills of Alaudidcv,
belong to an entirely different family, the Motacillidce; while
the American Field Lark is one of the Icteridce, much further
removed.

The Alaudidce are remarkably distinguished from other oscine Passeres
by the anomalous structure of the tarsal envelope. The tarsus is covered
with two series of scutella, one lapping around in front, the other around
behind, the two meeting along a groove on the inner face of the tarsus ; the
tarsus is consequently blunt behind as well as in front. There is a simple
suture of the two series of plates on the outer face of the tarsus ; the in-
dividual plates of each series alternate. Now in all this there is seen an
approach to — say rather but little departure from — the condition of the
tarsus afforded by the clamatorial or non-oscine Passeres, in which the rule
is that the tarsus shows a single 'series of variously or irregularly arranged
plates lapping around both before and behind, to meet like a scroll along a
deep suture on the inner face of the bone. Were we to take this character
alone into consideration we should be obliged to remove the Alaudidce from
the Oscines, or at any rate place them at the bottom of the series, next to
the Clamatores; yet, as we have seen, the vocal power of the birds is of a
very high order. As Dr. Cabauis remarked (Mus. Hem. i. 121) shortly after

NUMBER OF PRIMARIES IN OSCINE BIRDS 183

establishing (Orn. Notizeti, ii. 327) the family upon these tarsal characters,
its position is "still doubtful" (nock zweifelhaft). In G. R. Gray's system,
it immediately follows his Emberizidce ; and, indeed, some of the Larks bear
no slight superficial resemblance to some of the Buntings. But in the
sequence of oscine families adopted in the present and other of my works
(which is substantially the same as that employed by the best late authori-
ties in this country), I find no more fitting place for the family than where
I ventured to put it in the "Key" — next to the Motacillidce, and between
the foregoing set of 10-primaried families, and such 9-primaried groups as
the MotacillidciB, Sylvicolidce, and Fringillidce, which are to follow. These con-
siderations lead up to another remarkable characteristic of the Alaudidce ;
namely, the apparently variable number of the primaries.

The number of primaries among oscine birds, whether " nine" or "ten",
has been rightly considered an important item in classification, ranking in
value with the modifications of the tarsal envelope just discussed. Oscine
families, and even groups of families, are conveniently distinguished by
this character, and as naturally as by the " booting", or scutellation, of the
tarsus. In certain families, however, the distinction fails to hold. In the
Vireonidoe, for instance, species of the same genus have indifferently "nine"
or " ten" primaries. Thus, Vireo philadelphicus and V. gilvus are two species
so much alike that presence or absence of a spurious " first " primary be-
comes the readiest means of distinguishing them. Noting this remarkable
circumstance in 1885, Professor Biird was led to look rn >re closely into the
matter. His results are summed on page 325 of the " Review of American
Birds" (see also p. 160) ; from which it appears that in those Vireos which
seem to have only nine primaries, two little feathers, distinct in size, shape,
and to some extent in position from the general series of primary coverts,
are found at the base of the supposed first primary ; while in those Vireos
with an obvious spurious first primary, making ten in all, only one such
feather is found. "In all the families of Passeres where the existence
of nine primaries is supposed to b3 characteristic," he continues, " I have
invariably found, as far as my examinations have extended, that there were
two of the small feathers referred to, while in those of ten primaries but
one could be detected." He does not specify how far his examinations
extended.

Believing this to be an important matter, which would bear further investi-
gation, I have been led to look into the question, with the most satisfactory
results, confirming Professor Baird's observations and extending them to
include every one of the North American families of Oscines, excepting, per-
haps, Laniidce (in Collurio) and Ampelidce (in Ampelis). With the possible
exception of the two genera specified, I find, on examining numerous genera
of all the North American families, that those ratedas 10-primaried have
but one of these little feathers, while all the rest have two.

In clamatorial Passeres, perhaps without exception, there are ten fully
developed primaries, the first of which may equal or exceed the next in
length. In the single North American clamatorial family Tyrannidce, I find,
as before, only one of these little feathers. In a Woodpecker, remarkable
among picariau birds in possessing only nine fully developed primaries, the
first being short or spurious, there is also but one.

It seems to be conclusively proven that among the supposed 9-primaried

184 NUMBER OF PRIMARIES IN OSCINE BIRDS

birds, the additional primary, making ten in all, is usually, if not always,
found in the second of these little quills which overlie the first fully devel-
oped primary ; and that it is this same little quill which, in 10-primaried
Oscines, in Clamatores, and probably in other birds, comes to the front and
constitutes the first regular primary— sometimes remaining very short, when
it is the so-called "spurious" quill, in other cases lengthening by imper-
ceptible degrees, until it may become the longest one of all. The true
nature of the other one of these two little feathers becomes an interesting
question : Is it also an abortive primary, as the outer certainly is, or is it one
of a series of coverts f

After close examination, I fail to detect any material difference in the
position of the two ; one overlies the other, indeed, as a covert should a pri-
mary, but then the two are inserted side by side, both upon the upper side
of the sheath of the first fully developed quill. In size and shape, the two
are substantially the same; both being rigid and acuminate, more like re-
miges than like coverts, and both being abruptly shorter than the true primary
coverts. So far, all the evidence favors an hypothesis that botlr are rudi-
mentary reniiges. To offset this, color usually points the other way, as in
the original case of Vireo flavifrovs, in which Professor Baird determined
the underlying one of the two feathers to be a supposed wanting primary
mainly because it was colored like the other primaries, while the overlying
one agreed with the coverts in this respect. But it will be obvious that
when, as is ofteuest the case, the primaries and their coverts are colored
alike, the evidence from this source fails altogether; and I find that the tes-
timony from coloration is sometimes the other way. In Sitta caroUnensia, for
example, a 10-primaried bird with spurious first primary, the single remain-
ing little feather is white at base across both webs, like the primaries, the
true primary coverts being white only on the inner web. It is true that the
overlying one of these little feathers sometimes exactly resembles a true cov-
ert; but so, also, does the other one in some cases. In morphological
determinations, position and relation of parts are all-important, while mere
size, shape, and especially function, go for very little. One of the two little
feathers of 9-primaried birds, as we have seen, certainly corresponds to the
spurious or fully developed first primary of 10-primaried; why may not the
other be also a primary? It is not conclusive argument to the contrary that
the feather in question is never fully developed; nor is it an insuperable
objection that the function of the feather is certainly that of a covert. The
strongest argument against the view here very guardedly discussed is, that
if the feather be not a covert, then the first fully developed primary has
none, while the rest have one apiece. While I am far from committing my-
self to the implied proposition that an oscine bird possesses eleven primaries,
I think it proper to bring the case forward as one which will bear looking
into, and which will probably remain open until the exact relations between
a remex and a tectrix are ascertained. Should it be determined that an
Oscine may show traces of two suppressed primaries, instead of only the
single one which certainly persists in 10-primaried birds, the fact would
tend to increase the value already justly set upon number of reniiges as a
taxonomic factor. It is generally admitted, and it seems to be unquestiona-
ble, that here, as in numberless other cases, reduction in number and special-
ization in function of parts indicates a higher grade of organization ; for

CHARACTERS OF ALAUDUXE EREMOPHILA 185

only the lower birds show the higher aggregate number of remiges, and in
none but the higher are the developed primaries ever reduced to nine. A
gradual reduction in the number of remiges seems to be directly correlated
with that progressive consolidation or compaction of the distal osseous
segments of the fore limb which reaches its climax in the wing of the most
highly organized birds of the present epoch.

Returning to the special subject of the present chapter after this digres-
sion, we have to note that the Alaudidce, like the Vireonidce, show the varia-
bility of the primaries already mentioned. In our genus Eremophila, in
which only nine primaries are developed, there are two of the small feath-
ers above mentioned. The overlying one is exactly like one of the primary
coverts ; the other, though not very dissimilar-, more resembles an abortive
primary. In Alauda arvensis, where there is a minute but obvious spurious
quill, there is but one such feather. In Galerita cristata, with a spurious
quill about two-thirds of an inch long, there is likewise but one. Upon the
presence or apparent absence of the spurious quill, Dr. Cabanis was led to
divide his Alaudidce into two subfamilies; but as the case appears, the char-
acter is scarcely a satisfactory one. He felt some uncertainty himself, as he
says, after alluding to the doubtful position of the family in the system, —
" ebenso die EintheUung in Subfamilien ". I shall consequently present no sub-
division of the family, which may be briefly characterized as follows : —

CHARS. — Structure of wing and tarsal envelope as already
fully indicated. Feet stout ; hind claw lengthened and nearly
straight. Inner secondaries (the so-called tertials) elongated
and flowing (as in Motacillidce). Bill of variable shape, usually
conoid and acute, sometimes more elongated and thrush-like;
nostrils more or less covered, often completely concealed, by
tufts of autrorse feathers. No obvious rictal vibrissse. Head
sometimes crested or peculiarly tufted.

Eepresented in North America by a single genus and species.

Genus EREMOPHILA Boie

CHARS.— Primaries apparently only nine (no obvious spuri-
ous first primary). Point of the wing formed by the first three
developed primaries. Inner secondaries elongated. Tail of
medium length, nearly even, the middle pair of feathers differ-
ent in shape and color from the rest. Bill compressed-conoid,
acute, shorter than head. Nostrils completely concealed by
dense tufts of antrorse feathers. Head not crested, but a
peculiar tuft of feathers over each ear, somewhat like the so-
called " horns " of some Owls. Feet of ordinary alaudine char-
acters, as already given. Coloration peculiar in the presence
of yellowish tints and strong black bars on the head and breast.

186 SYNONYMY OF EREMOPH1LA ALPESTRIS

Horned Lark

Eremopliila alpestris

(General references)

Alauda alpestris, partly, of some early authors.— Yarr. PZS. 1831, 35.—. Temm. Man. i. 1820,
279; iii. 1835, 201.— Kaup, Thierr. ii. pt. i. 1836, 147.— Macg. Man. Br. Orn. i. 1840, 175.—
Naum Naum. i. 1850, 4.—Kjdrb. Naum. i. 1850, 43.— Tobias, Naum. i. 1851, C&.—LHj.
Naum. ii. Heft ii. 1852, 99.— Passler, J. f. O. i. 1853, 242, 254.— Radde, J. f. O. 1854, 60.—
Gdtke, J. f. O. 1854, 70. -Homey. J. f. O. 1854, 364.— Miiller, J. f. O.T856, 217.— Orde, Ibis,
i. 1859, 469.— Glower, J. f. O. 1860, 118 (distribution).— Rowley, Ibis, iv. 1862, SS.-Stev.
Ibis, iv. 1862, 1*3.— Horny. Zool. Gart. ix. 1868, 236 ; J. f. O. 1869, 52.—Fritsch, J. f. O.

1871, I9l.—Hartine, Man. Br. B. 1872, 25.
Eremophila alpestris, Bole, Isis, 1828, 322.

OtOCoriS alpestris, Bp. "Fn. Ital. i. Uccelli, Introd. (1832-1841) ".-Bp. CA. i. 1850, 246.—
Altum, J. f. O. 1863, 118.— Brandt, Anim. Vert. Siberie, <U.—Degl.-Ge,rbe, OE. i. 1867,
346.— Hancock, B. North. & Durh. 1874, 58.

OtOCOryx alpestris, Licht. " Nomencl. 1854, 38 ".

OtOCOryS alpestris, Bp. " CR. xxxviii. 1854, W".—Hellm. J. f. O. 1855, 18l.—Steo. Ibis, iv.
1862, 303.—Swinh. PZS. 1863, 272 (China).— Oollett, J. f. O. 1869, 393 —E. ff B. Ibis, 2d
ser. vi. 1870, l95.—Sicinh. PZS. 1871, 390.— Heugl. Ibis, 1872, 61 (Nova Zembla) ; J. f. O.

1872, \\Q-Alst. &f Br. Ibis, 3d ser. iii. 1873, 62.— Dresser, BE. pt, xxxiii. 1874.
Alauda (Phileremos) alpestris, Radde, Reise, 1863, 152, pi. 3, f. 2.

Phileremos alpestris, Brehm, VD. 1831, 313.— Brehm, Hdbh.Stub. Hausvog. 1832,295.—^.

CGL. 1838, 31.—Hartl Syst. Verz. 1844, 80.— Zander, Arch. Meckleab. xv. 1861, 91.
Philermes alpestris, Brehm, Hdbh. Stub. Hausvog. 1832, p. xvii.
Phileremus alpestris, Gobel, J. f. O. 1870, 187.

Alauda flava, Qm. SN. i. 1788, 800, no. 32 (Siberia). (Based on PE. 650, f. 2).
Aluuda llivalis, Pallas, Zoog. R. A. i. " 1811" (1831), 519.

Phileremos rufescens, P. striatus, C. L. Brehm, " Vogeif. 1855, 122 ".

Ceinture de Pretre ou Alouette de Siberie, Month. "Hist. Nat. des Ois. v. 1778, 61 (Siberia)".

Alouette de Siberie, Buff. PE. 650, f. 2.

Schneelerche, Frisch, "pi. 16".

Alouette a hausse-COl OOir, Temm. \. c.—Less. Man. 1828, 310.
(American references)

Alauda alpestris, L. SN. i. ed. 10, 1758, 166, no. 8 (from Cateaby, i. 32) ; 12th ed. i. 1766, 289,
no. 10.— Forst. Phil. Tr. Ixii. 1772, 398, no. 20.— Qm. SN. i. 1788, 800.— Lath. IO. ii. 1790,
498, no. 21.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 486.— Wils. AO. i. 1808, 85, pi. 5, f. 4.— Bp. Journ. Phila.
Acad. iv. 1824, 181.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 102.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1-31, 425.— Nutt.
Man. i. 1832, 455.— And. OB. ii. 1834, 570, pi. 200.— And. Syn. 1839, 96.— And. BA. iii.
1841, 44, pi. 151.— Giraud, BLI. 1844, 95.— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 399.— Reinh.
J.f. O. 1854, 440 (Greenland).— Puln.'Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 209.— Martens, J. f. O. 1859,
214 (Bermudas).— Bland, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 5W7 (Bermudas) —Willis, ibid. 282
(Nova Scotia).— Gieb. Vog. 1860, 130.— Weiz, Pr. Boat. Soc. x. 1866, 267 (Labrador). —
Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 28 ; Phila. ed. 21.—? Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 115.

Eremophila alpestris, ? Allen, Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1868, 496.— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 581.—
Mayn. Guide, 1871, 112, (Massachusetts, in July).— Allen, Am. Nat. v. 1871, 6—Goues,
Key, 1872, 89, f. 32.— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 374.— (Tones, BNVV. 1874, 37.—
?Nelson, Pr. Bost Soc. xvii. 1875, 339, 345,353 (Nevada and Utah).— Brew. Pr. Boat.
Soc. xvii. 1875, 442.

OtOCOriS alpestris, McCall, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 218 (Texas).— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851,
382.— Woodh. Rep. Zufii R. 1853, 88.— Kenn. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 584.

OtOCOryS alpestris, Reinh. Ibis, Hi. 1861, 8 (Greenland).

Alauda Virginiana, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 367, no. 12 (from Gatesby, etc).

Alauda COrnuta, Wils. AO. i. 1808, 87 (in text).— S. 6fR. FBA. ii. 1831, 245, f. 246.— Towns.
Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 154.— Maxim. Reise, i. 1839, 367.

Eremophila COrnuta, Boie, Isis, 1828, 322.— Ed. BNA. 1858, 403.— ?Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad.
xi. 1859, 107 (New Mexico).— ?Xant. Pr. Vhila. Acad. xi. 1859, 191 (California).— O. tf S.
NHWT. 1860, 195.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 437.— Wheat. Ohio. Agr. Rep.

SYNONYMY OF E. ALPESTRIS AND VARS. 187

for 1860, 365.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1861, 221.— Cones Sf Prent. Smiths. Rep. for
1861, 1862, 411.— Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 126.— Verr. Pr. Ess. last. iii. 1862, 149.—
?Blak. Ibis, iv. 1862, 5; v. 1863, 68— Allen, Pr. Essex last. iv. 1864, 69.— Dress. Ibis, 2d
ser. 1865, 486 (Texas).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 2H9.— Mcllwr. Proc. Ess. Inst.
v. 1866, 88.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868. 280.— Brown, Ibis, 2d ser. 1868, 421 (Van-
couver).—Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 113.— ?Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869,75,295,297;
1874, n.—?Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 2Q2.—?Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 236.

Pliileremos cornutus, Bp. CGL. 1838, 37.

Otocoris cornuta, Rp. CA, i. 1850, 246.

OtOCOrjX COrDUta, Licht. " Nomeucl. 1854, 239".

OtOCOrys COrnUta, Bp. "CR. xxxviii. 1854, 64".

Alauda rufa, ?Maxim. J. f. O. vi. 1858, 349 (Missouri).

Otocoris rufa, Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. i853, 382 (Wisconsin).

Lark, Catesby, Nat. Hist, Carolina, i. 1731, 32, pi. 32.

Shore Lark, Forst. 1. c.—Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 392. no. 278.— Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 385, no. 19.

Hausse-col noir ou Alouette de Virginia, Buf. " Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 55 ".

Alouette de Virgiuie, Ortolan, LeM. Ois. Canad. ]86i, 225.

Horned Lark, Shore Lark, Authors.

b. leucolama
? OtOCOris occidental!*, McCall, Pr. Phila. Acad. v. 1851, 218 (Santa F6, N. Mex.).— #d.

Stansbury's Rep. GSL. 1852, 318/331.
Otocorys aipestris, Ntwb. PRRR. vi. 1857, 88.
Eremophila aipestris, Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 176.
Eremophila cornuta, Ed. PRRR. x. 1859, Beckwith's Route.. Birds, 13, pi. 3*2.—Hayd. Tr.

Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1872, 174.— Stev. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 464.—

Merr. U. S. Geol. Surv.*err. for 1872, 1873, 685.— Hold. Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 202.
Ereinophila aipestris b. leucohema, Cones, BNW. 1874, 38.— Ooues, Am. Nat. viii. 1874,

602.— Allen, Pi-. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 50.

c. chrysolcema

Alauda COrnuta. Sw. Philos. Mag. i. 1827, 434 (Mexico).
Phileremos cornutus, Bp. PZS. 1837, Hi. (Mexico).
Eremophila COrnuta, Coues, Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 164 (Arizona).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad.

xviii. 1866, 79 (the same).

Alauda glacialiS, Licht. " Preis-Verz. Hex. Vog. 1830, 2" ; J. f. O. 1863, 56 (Mexico).
Alauda chrysolaema, Wagl. Isis, 1831, 350 (Mexico).
OtocoriR chrysolaema, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 246.
Otocorys chrysolaema, Cab. MH. i. 1851, 122.
Alauda chrysolaema, Scl. PZS. 1855, 66.
OtOCOrys ChrysolfCma, Bp. " CR. xxxviii. 1854, 65 ".— Scl. PZS. 1856,306 (Mexico) ; 1859, 372

(Oaxaca).

Eremophila cbrysolsema, Scl. PZS. 1864, 174 (City of Mexico).
Eremopbila cornuta var. chrysolaema, Bd. BNA. 1858, 403.
Eremophila aipestris c. chrj sohema, Coues, BNW. 1874, 38, 231.
Alauda minor, Giraud, 1C Sp. Tex. B. 1841.
Eremophila minor, Scl. Cat. AB. 1862, 126.

Alauda rufa, And. B. Amer. vii. 1843, 353, pi. 497.— Bd. Stansb. Rep. GSL. 1852, 331.
OtOCOris rufa, Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, Williamson's Route, Birds, 45.

HAB.— The typical form inhabits the greater part of the northern hemi-
sphere (Europe and Asia as well as most of North America). Var. leucolcema
breeds on the plains of the United States, north of about 40°. Var. chrysolcema
breeds in the Western United States, south of about 40°, and southward
through Mexico.

CH. SP. — a. ALPESTRIS.— Notceo griseo plus minusve rufescenti-
vinaceo tincto. michd tectricibusque alarum et caudce vegetioribus,
dorso sordidiore, strigis fuscis notato; gastrceo albido, lateribus
dorso subsimilibus, peltd magnd pectorali nigra; strigd malari et

188 CHARACTERS OF EREMOPHILA ALPESTRIS

infraoculari nigrd; strigd postfrontali per lateribus pilei ductd
nigrd; reliquis partibus laterum capitis, strigd frontali et super-
ciliary necnon guld totd, albis vel flavis; rectricibus mediis duabus
remigibusgue intimis dorso subsimilibm ; rectricibus lateralibus
omnibus nigris, extimis albido marginatis ; remigibus fuscis,
pogonio exterior eprimarii extimi albido; rostro plumbeo-nigricante,
ad basin mandibulw pallidiore; pedibus nigris.

b. LEUCOL^EMA. — Persimilis, sed coloribus dilutioribus; capite
vix flavicante; plagis nigris minoribus.

c. CHRYSOL^MA. — Minor, coloribus vegetioribus ; notceo fere
cinnamomino, capite flavissimo; plagis nigris extensis.

The typical form. — $ £, adult, in breeding plumage: Upper parts in gen-
eral pinkish-brown, this pinkish or viuaceous or lilaceous tint brightest on the
nape, lesser wing-coverts, and tail-coverts, the rest of the upper parts being
duller and more grayish-brown, boldly variegated with dark-brown streaks ;
the middle pair of tail-feathers and several of the inner secondaries rufous-
brown, with darker centers. Under parts, from the breast backward,
white — the sides, however", strongly washed with the color of the upper parts,
and some mottling with the same usually extendin^across the lower part of
the breast. A large, distinct, shield-shaped, black area on the breast. Tail-
feathers, except the middle pair, black, the outermost edged with whitish.
Wing-quills, except the innermost, plain fuscous, the outer web of the first
primary whitish. Lesser wing-coverts usually tipped with grayish-white.
Peculiar head-markings as follows : — Top of head like nape ; bar across front
of vertex, thence extended along sides of crown, and produced into a tuft
or " horn", black ; front and line over eye, also somewhat produced to form
part of the tuft, white or yellowish ; a broad bar, from the nostrils along the
lores, thence curving below the eye and widening as it descends in front of
the auriculars, black ; rest of the sides of the head and whole throat white
or sulphury-yellow. Bill plumbeous-blackish, bluish-pluvnbeous at base
below (sometimes there yellowish) ; feet and claws black ; iris brown.
Length of <?,7-7-J; extent, 13-14; wing probably always over 4— 4£-4£ ;
tail, 2f-3; bill, from extreme base of culmen, f-£; tarsus, -J-&; middle toe
and claw rather less ; hind claw about \ — usually longer than its digit, '-but
very variable. $ commonly smaller than the male. Length, 6f-7£ ; extent,
12f-13i ; wing about 4, &c.

Aside from the varietal conditions, to be presently noticed, the precise
shade of typical alpestris varies greatly, especially of those parts which are
tinged to greater or less degree with the peculiar " pinkish-brown," lilaceous
or cinnamon, and with the sulphury-yellow about the head.

$ $ , adult, in winter : As usually seen in most of the United States in
the fall, winter, and early spring, the birds differ from the above in a general
more sordid coloration of the upper parts, which may be simply grayish-
brown, heavily streaked with dusky, even on the crown, with little or none
of the "pinkish" tints just mentioned ; and in the lack or restriction of the
black markings of the head and breast, or their being veiled with whitish
tips of the individual feathers; nevertheless, the sulphury tinge of the white
parts about the head is usually very conspicuous.

HORNED LARK AND ITS VARIETIES 189

Fledglings, just from the nest, are altogether different from the adults.
They have the upper parts dusky, mixed with some yellowish-brown, and
sprinkled all over with whitish or light tawny dots, each feather having a
terminal speck. Most of the wing- and tail-feathers have rusty, tawny, or
whitish edging and tipping. The under parts are white, mottled with the
colors of the upper parts along the sides and across the back. There are no
traces of definite black markings about the head and breast, nor is there any
yellow tinge. Bill and feet pale or yellowish. This peculiar speckled stage
is of brief duration ; with an early autumnal change, a dress, little if at all
different from that of the adults in winter, is acquired.

FIG. "25.— Horned Lark.

Var. leucolcema. — Size of the foregoing. General coloration extremely
pale — brownish-gray, the peculiar pinkish tint of certain parts sharing the
general pallor. Black markings on head and breast much restricted in
extent, and white surroundings correspondingly increased — thus, the black
postfrontal bar is scarcely or not broader than the white of the forehead.
No yellow about the head, excepting usually a slight tinge on the chin.
The changes of plumage are parallel with those already given ; even the
nestlings show the same decided pallor.

Var. chrysolcema.— Smaller than either of the foregoing : $ with the wing
scarcely or not 4, and other dimensions to correspond ; a very small speci-
men before me, probably $ , has the wing only 3£ ; in another, marked <£ ,
it is 3f. The "pinkish" tinge intensified into cinnamon-brown, and pervad-
ing nearly all the upper parts. Yellow of the head intensified, and the
black markings very heavy — the black on the crown often or usually widens
to occupy more than half of the cap, reducing the white frontlet to a mere
trace.

As I remarked in the " Birds of the Northwest ", the question of the rela-
tionships of our Larks is rather intricate, though we probably have an
approximately correct solution of the difficulty. Probably no authors of
repute now undertake to maintain any of the supposed or alleged differences
between the ordinary North American bird and that of Europe and Asia.
(It may here be remarked parenthetically that in any event our bird is
to bear the name alpestris, that having been based by Linnaeus upon the
"Lark" of Catesby — a new name, if any, being required for the European
bird.) This form is dispersed, at one or another season, over most of North
America, breeding far north (I have specimens from the Arctic coast) and

190 HORNED LARKS OF THE COLORADO BASIN

generally throughout British America, and migrating into the United States
in the fall, to leave again in the spring. Those birds which breed in the United
States, in the open country between Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota and
the Rocky Mountains, north of about 40°, and are resident to some degree
on those plains, have acquired certain recognizable peculiarities which stamp
them as a geographical race. This form has been occasionally mentioned by
late writers under the name of "occidentalis ", which I observe is retained
in the "History of North American Birds " (ii. p. 140). But Colonel McCall's
description was based upon a bird from Santa Fe, New Mexico, and is there-
fore most probably applicable to chrysolcema, where also belong the other spe-
cific names which have been imposed upon our Western Larks. A new name
being apparently required, I called this var. leucolcvma in the work above
mentioned. Var. chrysolcema is more decidedly different in the points already
given. Some of the specimens before me, labeled " California ", but probably
either from Lower California or Mexico, are so strongly marked that, in the
absence of connecting links, I should give it specific rank. Many inter-
mediate examples are, however, forthcoming.

Specimens from the northerly portions of the Pacific coast regions are said
to be nearer typical alpestris, but even darker than that form, and thus still
further removed from either leucolcema or chrysolcema.

Lacking opportunity at present of reviewing the case of E. pcregrina of
New Granada (Scl. PZS. 1855, 160, pi. 102, Bogota), which is held to be speci-
fically distinct by several high authorities, I have omitted the references to
it, though in the " Birds of the Northwest" I added them to those of chryso-
lcema, judging it to be only the extreme of differentiation which the latter
has sustained.

The preparation of exact synonymy in the present case has proved a mat-
ter of some difficulty, especially since the case has been complicated by the
introduction of var. leucolcema. When other clue was wanting, I have col-
lated the quotations mainly upon geographical considerations, not always,
however, satisfactory. For many of the references are actually more com-
prehensive than my collation would imply, since they include the varieties,
especially var. leucolcema ; in other cases, geographically restricted, it is still
uncertain which variety a writer had in view, since both may be found asso-
ciated at some seasons. I have been obliged to query some references, and
take others " upon their face", according to the name used.

RESPECTING more particularly the Larks of the Colorado
Basin, it should be observed that the birds which breed
within this area are, probably without exception, referable to
the var. chrysolcema^ even though the peculiarities in ay not always
be as strongly expressed as they are in those which breed fur-
ther south. This form is abundantly distributed in suitable
localities, and resident. With the fall migration, however,
northern-bred birds of the other variety (leucolcema} enter this
region, and the two may be found associated. No difference
in habits has been observed.

CHAPTER XI. —WAGTAILS

FAM. MOTACILLTD^E

CHARS. — Primaries only nine (the short or spurious first
primary found in all the birds of foregoing families excepting
Eremopliila remaining undeveloped), the first nearly or about
as long as the next, and the point of the wing formed by the
first three, four, or five quills, which are abruptly longer than
the succeeding ones; iuner secondaries enlarged, lengthened,
and flowing, the longest one usually about equaling the first
primary when the wing is closed. (This construction of the
wing is a prime characteristic of the family.) Tail of variable,
but always conspicuous, length, o'f different shapes in the sev-
eral genera, but usually double-rounded, i. e., central and
external pairs of feathers both shorter than intermediate ones ;
in life held tilted up, or vibrated up and down with a peculiar
see-saw motion (a characteristic habit of birds of this family,
whence comes the name Wagtail — Mota cilia — Seur-oupa). Feet
large, in adaptation to terrestrial habits; progression ainbula-
torial, not sal tutorial ; tarsus slender, lengthened, equaling or
exceeding the middle toe in length, of ordinary oscine charac-
ters as to scutellation ; inner toe cleft to the very base, outer
adherent to middle by its basal joint only. Hind claw length-
ened and straightened in most of the genera (not in Motacilla
itself). Bill shorter than the head, very slender, straight,
acute, usually notched near the tip, not furnished with
obvious rictal vibrissa3, though feathers about its base are
bristle-tipped. Nostrils patent, in slight fossae.

This is a pretty well marked family, easily distinguished
from any of the foregoing by the development of only nine
primaries, and from the following 9-primaried Oscines by the
particular shape of the wing, in connection with ambulatorial
feet and slender, strictly "insectivorous" or " dentirostral'7
bill. The birds may be considered Sylvians modified for terres-
trial habits. The family is characteristic of the Old World,
being poorly represented in the New, where only some eight or
ten of the about one hundred accredited species occur. There

192 MOTACILLID^E ANTHINJ3 ANTHUS

are two groups in the family, commonly admitted as sub-
families. In one of these, the Motacillince^ or typical Wagtails,
the tail is lengthened to equal or exceed the wing, and formed
of narrow feathers gradually tapering to their rounded ends ;
only three primaries usually enter into the point of the wing;

the tarsi are longer and slenderer;
the lateral toes are shorter; and the
system of coloration for the most
part has what a painter would call
"breadth", the colors being massed
in large areas. The hind claw in
Motadlla is of ordinary characters ;

FIG. 26.— Head and foot of Yellow

wagtail. but in Budytes, the next most prom-

inent genus, it is lengthened and straightened. The Mota-
cillince are only represented in the western hemisphere by the
Motadlla alba, or common White Wagtail of Europe, which
has occasionally been found in Greenland, and by the Yellow
Wagtail, Budytes flava, an ubiquitous species of the Old World
lately ascertained to occur abundantly in Alaska. The cut of
this species (fig. 26) will illustrate some motacilline features.
The other group is the

SUBFAMILY ANTHIN2E : PIPITS, OR TITLARKS

In these, the tail is shorter than the wings, and composed of
broader feathers retaining their width to near the end ; four or
five primaries usually form the point of the wing ; the tarsi are
relatively shorter, usually about equal to the middle toe ; the
lateral toes are longer, the points of their claws reaching
beyond the base of the middle claw ; the hind claw is always
lengthened and straightened (as in the figure beyond given
under head of Anthus ludovidanus) ; and the coloration is " nig-
gled", that is to say, broken up in streaks and spots. The
species of Anthince make up nearly or about half the family ;
they are chiefly referable to the

Genus ANTHUS Bechstein

«

This has been split by modern systematists into a good many
genera, which, however, are scarcely worth retaining except
as sections. Neocorys, Pediocorys, and Notiocorys are the Ameri-
can subdivisions, the last two belonging to South America, the

SYNONYMY OF ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS 193

first one to our country. Neocorys spraguii* should be found
in the Colorado Basin, but has not been, so far as I know. A
careful description and a full account of the habits of this inter-
esting bird is given in the " Birds of the Northwest", to which
the reader is referred. A typical Anthus, A. pratensis, is occa-
sionally found in Greenland (Reinh. J. f. O. 1854, 439; Ibis,
1861, 6) and Alaska 5 another, A. cervinus, is said to occur in
the Aleutian Islands (Zander, J. f. O. i. 1853, Extrah. 1854, 64).
With these exceptions, the following is the only known North
American species of Anthus : —

American Pipit, or Titlark

Anthus ludovicianns

Alauda ludoviciana, Gm. SN. i. pt. ii. 1788, 793, no. 14 (from Buff. & Lath.).— Lath. 10. ii.
1790, 494, no. 9.

AntllUS 1 lido Vicianus, Licht. "Verz. 1823, 37".— Bp. CGL. 1838, 18.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 94.—
Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 517.— Aud. BA. iii. 1841, 40, pi. 150.— Gir. BLI. 1844, 94.-Gam&.
Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 114.— Gamb. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 37.— Bp. CA. J. 1850,
249.— McOall, Pr. Phila. Acad. v. 1851, 215 (Texas).— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853,
310.— Eead, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 399.- Reinh. J. f. 0. 1854, 439 (Greenland).— Henry,
Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 310 (New Mexico).— Kenn. Tr. 111. Agr. Soc. i. 1855, 583.—
Pratten, Tr. 111. Agr. Soc. i. 1855, 601.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 209.— Scl. PZS.
1856, 293 (Mexico).— Scl. PZS. 1857 136 (California).— Kneel. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857,
234.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 232.— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 281 (Nova Scotia).—
Bland, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 287 (Bermuda).— Martens, J. f. O. 1859, 214 (Ber-
muda).— Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 29.— S. ff S. Ibis, 1859, 9 (Guatemala).— Henry,
Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 106.— Xantus, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, m.-Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859,
45.— C. fyS. NHWT. 1860, 176.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1861, 220 (Labrador ; eggs).—
Barn. Smithson. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 435.— Reinh. Ibis, 1861, 6 (Greenland).— Coues if
Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 4Q5.—Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 159.—
Blasius, Ibis, 1862, 71 (Heligoland, Europe).— Blak. Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan). -Verr.
Pr. Ef-s. Inst. iii. 1862, 156.— Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 124.— Blak. Ibis, 1863, 60.—
Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 153.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 58.— Dress. Ibis, 1865, 476.—
Coues, Ibis, 1866, 64 (Colorado Desert).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 67 (Arizona).—
Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 283.— Weiz, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1866, 267 (Labrador).—
Mcllw. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 85.— Allen, Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1868, 494.— Coues, Pr. Bost.
Soc. xii. 1868, 108.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst, v. 1868, 268.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868,
82.-Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 149.— Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver).- Turnb. B.
E. Pa. 1869, 23; Phila. ed. 16.— Dall <V Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. 1869, 277 (Alaska).—

*Aiitlius (Neocorys) spragnii.— Missouri Pipit.

Alauda spragucil, Aud. BA. vii. 1844, 334, pi. 486 (Dakota).

Oloooris sprangeri, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 246.

Agrodoma spraguei, Bd. Stansbury's Rep. 1852,329.

Neocorys spraguii, Scl. PZS. 1857, 5,—Blakist. Ibis, 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).— Blakist. Ibis,

1863, 61 (Minnesota to Saskatchewan).
Neocorys spraguei, Bd. BNA. 1858, 234.— Allen, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 745.— B. B. ffR. NAB. i.

1874, 175, figs. pi. 10, f. 5.— Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 50 (habits) —Coues, BNW.

1874, 42 (full description and account of habits).
AnthUS Spraguei, Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 155.— Coues, Am. Nat. rii. 1873, 697.

Sprague's Missouri Lark, Missouri Skylark, Sprague's Pipit, Authors.
13 B C

194 SYNS. AND CHARS. OF ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS

Stee. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871. 463.— Coop. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1870, 75.— Coop.
B. Cal. i. 1870, 78.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1871, 19.— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871,
115.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 267.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. Hi. 1872, 161, 175 (Colorado,
breeding).— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 396,—Hartinff, Man. Brit. B. 1872, 109 (Great
Britain l).—Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1872, 196 (Colorado, breeding).— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc.
xv. 1872, 234.— Maya. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 360.— Ooues, Key, 1872, 90, f. 34.— Mayn.
B. Fla. 1873, U.—Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180.— Merr. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr,
for 1872, 1873, 713.— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 4.— Trippe, Pr.Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 234.— Allen,
Pr.Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 50.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 40.— Yarr. ff Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs.
1874, 10.— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 41.— B. B. $ R. NAB. i. 1874, 171, fig. pi. 10, f.
3.— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 187.

Alauda ludovicana, Turt. SN. i. isoe, 482.

Anthus ludoviceanus, Bd. Ives's Rep. pt. v. 1861, 5.

AnthUS ludovicrnus, Merriam, U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 674.

AnthUS ludOVicanuS, Trippe, Coues's BNW. 1874, 231.

Aiauda rubra, Gm. SN. i. pt. ii. 1788, 794, no. 15 (from Briss., Buff, Edw., etc.).— Lath. IO.
ii. 1790, 494, no. 10.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 482.

Motacilla hudsonica, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 503, no. 6 (no references ; orig. descr. well suiting pres-
ent species).— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 616.— F. OAS. ii, 1807, 47.— F. Ency. M€th. ii. 1823, 409.

Alauda migratoria, Bartram, Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. 1791, p. 290 bis (see Coues, Proc. Phila.
Acad. 1875, 346).

AnthUS rubens, Merrem, " Ersch Grub. Encycl."

Alauda rufa, Wils. AO. v. 1812, 89, pi. 42, f. 4.—Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 181.

AnthUS spinoletta, Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 90.—Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 450.— Ornith. Comm.
Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 193 (Columbia River). — Town*. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii.
1839, 154.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 317.— Thomps. NH. VernWt, 1853, 86.

AnthUS aquatiCUS, 5. ff R. FBA. ii. 1831, 231, pi. 44,— And. OB. i. 183JTname on pi. 10.

AnthUS piplens. And. OB. i. 1832, 408; v. 1839, 449, pi. 80.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 18.

AnthUS reinhardtii, Holbull, "Fn. Gronl. ed. Paulsen, 1846, 25".

Alauda pensilvanica, Briss. Orn. 1760, App. 94, no. 13.

AnthUS pensylvanicus, Thienem-tnn, Rhea, ii. 1849, 171 (monographic).— Zander, J. f. O. i.
1853, Extrah. 1854, 63 (monographic).— Zander, Naumannia, iv. 1854, 13 (monographic).

AnthUS pennsylvanlCUS, Gaetke, J. f. 0. 1856, 71 (Heligoland).

Farlouzanne, Buff. " Hist. Nat. des Ois. v. 38".

LouiSiane Lark, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 376, no. 7 (based on Buff. v. 38).

HudSOnian Wagtail, Lath. Syn. Suppl. ii. 1801,231, no. 3.

Alouette aux joues brunes de Pensilvanie, Buff. "Hist. Nat. des Ois. v. 58 ".

Hochequeue de la bale d 'Hudson, r. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 409.

Lark from Pensylvania, Edw. " Glean, pt. ii. 185, pi. 297 ".

Bed Lark, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 393, no. 279 (Pennsylvania).— Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 376, no. 8.

Polarpleper, Thienemann, 1. c.

Alouette pipe, Le Maine, Oip. Canad. 1861, 185.

American Pipit or Titlark, Prairie Titlark, Reddish-brown Titlark, Brown Lark,

Authors.

HAB.— The whole of North America. South to
Guatemala and perhaps further. Greenland. Ber-
mudas. Casual in Europe (Heligoland, Gatke ; and
see especially Harting, I. c. swprd). No West Indian
quotations.

CH. SP. — 3 2 Olivaceo-brunneuSj fusco-
notatus; alia fuscis, brunneo-limbatis ; caudd
fused, rectricibus lateralibus 1-3 ex parte
albis ; orbitis, superciliis, partibusque infe-
rioribus ex toto brunneo-albidis, pectore lateri-

FIG. 27.— Bill and foot of 7

American pipit; nat. size, busque olivaceo-bruuneo stnatis.
$ 9 : Above, olive-brown, most of the feathers with dusky centres, giving
a streaked or nebulated appearance. Wings blackish-brown, the quills and

NOTE ON THE TITLARK 195

their coverts edged with dull pale brown ; tail blackish, the central feathers
like the back, one to three of the lateral feathers, partly at least, white, the
outer often wholly white. Line over the eye, eyelids, and entire under parts
brownish-white, or pale ochrey- or buffy-brown (very variable in shade),
the aides of the throat and body and the breast spotted or screaked with
the color of the back. Bill blackish, pale at base below; feet brown.
Length, 6J-7 ; extent, 10J-11 ; wing, 3±-3* ; tail, 2f-3 ; bill about 1| ; tarsus, f .
I have not examined uewly-fledged birds, which may be more streaky than
as above described. Well-feathered birds of both sexes, at all seasons, are
not distinguishable. The shade of the under parts is extremely uncertain ,
varying from brownish-white to rich buffy-brown, and the amount of white
on the tail is equally variable.

ME. J. A. ALLEN'S discovery of the breeding of this
species on the highest peaks of the mountains in Colo-
rado is the most interesting of the recent contributions to its
history, and enables us to speak of the Titlark as a resident
bird of the region now under consideration. However, in
neary all of the Colorado water-shed the bird is only a winter
visitant 5 it is common and generally distributed in suitable
places. Its habits are too well known to require any extended
notice in the present connection j I have already given the
results of my own observations in Labrador and other portions
of North America in some of my publications cited above,
notablv the " Birds of the Northwest".

FIG. 28.— Head and foot of Budytes
flava, a typical Motacilline.

CHAPTER XII.— AMERICAN WARBLERS

EAM. SYLVICOLID^]

~|)RIMAR1ES nine; rectrices twelve; scutellation of tarsi,
JL disposition of wing-coverts, and structure of lower larynx
strictly Oscine in character. It is simply impossible to define
the Sylvicolidce, because it is an artificial group, corresponding
with no natural division of birds, and consequently having no
natural boundaries. As customarily limited, this family — its
North American representatives at any rate — may be distin-
guished from other nine-primaried Oscines, excepting Ccerebidce,
by the following negations : — Inner secondaries not enlarged,
nor hind toe lengthened and straightened, as occurs in Motadl-
lidce. Bill not " fissirostral ", as in Hirundinidce; nor strongly
" den tirostral",T— that is, hooked and toothed at end, — as in Lan-
iidceaud. Vireonidce; nor yet typically uconirostral", as in Frin-
gillidce; and without the tooth or lobe near the middle of the
commissure which exists in the genus Pyranga of Tanagridce.
From the Ccerebidce,* or Honey-creepers of the warmer parts of

*In B. B. & R. Hist. N. A. B., i. p. 177, we read : — " In fact, we are of the opin-
ion that no violence would be done by adopting this view [the propriety of
uniting Taitagridce, Sylvlcolidce, and Ccerebidce'}, and would even include with
the above-mentioned families the Fringillidce also. The order of their rela-
tion to one another would be thus : Fringillidce, Tanagridce, Sylvicolidce, Ccere-
Udce; there being scarcely any break in the transition between the two ex-
tremes, unless there are many genera referred to the wrong family, as seems
very likely to be the case with many included in the Tanagridce. The/rin-
gilline forms of the latter family are such genera as Buarremon and Arremon,
they being so closely related to some fringilline genera by so many features —
as rounded concave wing, lax plumage, and spizine coloration — as to be
scarcely separable. Either these two families are connected so perfectly by
intermediate forms as to be inseparable, or the term Tanagridce covers too
great a diversity of forms. With the eame regularity that we proceed from
the Fringillidce to the typical forms of the Tanagridce (Pyranga, Tanagra,
Calliste, etc.), we pass down the scale from these to the Sylvicolidce ; while
between many genera of the latter family, and others referred to the Ccere-
lidce, no difference in external anatomy can be discovered, much less ex-
pressed in a description."
196

RELATIONSHIPS OF SYLVICOLID^ 197

America, the Sylmcolidce are not distinguished by any known
character ; and the same is the case in the relations both with
the Fringillidce and the Tanagridce. For, though extreme forms
of Sylvicolidce, Tanagridce, and Fringillidce are sufficiently

In his previous critical studies of this group, Prof. Baird had been as
much perplexed. I quote some passages from Rev. A. B., pp. 160, 161 : — " The
SylvicolidcB are essentially characterized among the Oscines with nine pri-
maries, by their small size, the usually slender and conical insectivorous bill,
shorter than the head, without angle in the gape near the base ; the toes
deeply cleft so as to leave the inner one free almost to its very base (except
in Mniotiltece), etc. The shallow notch at the end of the tongue, instead of
a deeply fissured tip, distinguishes the family from the Ccerebidce, to some of
which there is otherwise so great a resemblance. The absence of abrupt
hook and notch in both mandibles separates it from such of the Vireonidce
as have nine primaries. To the Tanagridce, through the slender-billed forms,
as Chlorospingus, Nemosia, Chlorochrysa, etc., the relationship is very close ;
so much so that, by many, both families are included in one. . . .

"There is, perhaps, no family to which the relationship is closer than to the
Ccerebidce. Of equally small size, and, to some extent, of a somewhat simi-
lar style of coloration, it is not to be wondered at that many species in each
family have been indifferently assigned to either. The genus Helmintho-
phaga, for instance, can scarcely be so defined as to distinguish it from Coni-
rostrnm, excepting by the characters of the tongue, so rarely preserved in a
skin, ... I am by no means sure that some of the species even now re-
tained among the SylvicolidcB would not be more appropriately placed in
Ccerebidce, as HelmintUopJiaga bachmani, Parula gutturalis, etc. ... To the
general character of the tongue in the Sylvicolidce, however, that of ' Den-
droica tigrina' forms a striking exception in its approximation to the Caere-
bine character, especially that of Certhiola." And it remains to be seen
whether various other reputed Sylvicolines do not show similar structure of
the tongue, as comparatively few of the species have been examined with
reference to this point.

One species of the Ccerebidce is found in the United States, and has been
attributed, but erroneously, to the Colorado Valley : it is the following : —

Certbiola bahamensis.— Bahaman Honey-creeper.

Certbia flaveola, /?, L. SN. i. 1766, 187, n. 18 ft (from Gates. Car. pi. 59, and Briss. Orn. iii.

620, pL 34, f. 5— this fig. however, is of the Martinique bird).
Certhia flaveola, y, 6m. SN. i. 1788, 479, n. 18 y (Catex. 1. c. and Penn. AZ. ii. 285, n. 175).-

Lath. IO. i. 1790, 297, n. 53.
Certbiola flaveola, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 402 (partly).— Baird, UNA. 1858, 924; atlas to ed. of

1860, pi. 83, f. 3 (Florida).— Bry. Pr. Boat Soc. vii. 1859, 117 (Bahamas).— Albr. J. f. O.

1361, 54 (the same).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 67 ("Arizona"— a blunder).—

Coues, Key, 1872, 110 (Indian Key, Fla.).
Certbiola bahamensis, Reich. "Handb. i. 1853, 253" (from Catesby).— Comn, Pr. Phila.

Acad. 1864, 271— Baird, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 612 (critical).— J?. B. & B. NAB. i. 1874,

428, pi. 19, f. 5 (Florida).— Hensh. List. B. Ariz. 1875, 157 (error).
Certbiola bairdi, Cab. J. f. 0. 1865, 412 (= O. flaveola of Baird, 1858).
Grimpereau de Bahama, Certhia bahamensis, Briss. Orn. iii. 17CO, 620.
Parus bahamiensis, Bahama Titmouse, Catet. Car. i. 1771, 59, pi. 59 (descr. orig.).
Bahama Creeper, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 285, n. 175.
Honey Creeper, Coues, 1. c. (1872).
HAB.— Bahama Islands and coast of Florida.

198 CHARACTERISTICS OF WARBLERS

diverse, other forms are observed to melt insensibly into each
other ; so that, taken altogether, the supposed families are in-
separable. This state of the case is admitted by the best
authorities, who nevertheless continue to follow usage, as I do
in the present instance, partly for the sake of convenience,
partly because it is not yet clear what else to do. As I re-
marked some years ago, " it is probable that final critical study
will result in a remapping of the whole group n of these allied
nine-primaried American Oscines; and I might have added,
that such course is urgently demanded.

Nevertheless, it is practically an easy matter to recognize
any North American example of this arbitrary group — the dif-
ficulty is with its limitation, not within its ascribed boundaries.
All the " Sylvicolines" are small birds; excepting the species of
Icteria, and perhaps of Siurus, none are over six inches long,
and the mean length is even less than this. The usual or nor-
mal shape of the bill is that of an elongate compressed conoid,
but its variations in details of configuration are great; in Icteria
it is very stout and high, and in Setophaga broad and flat, like a
Flycatcher's. The bill is usually nicked near the end, sometimes
not ; sometimes strongly notched and hooked, though not also
toothed as in Vireonidce — more as in Tyrannidce. The rictus
is usually bristled ; sometimes not ; sometimes the bristles are
very highly developed, much as in Tyrannidce. The wings are
longer than the tail, and more or less pointed, excepting in
Oeothlypis and Icteria. The feet show some minor, though very
evident, modifications, in adaptation to the scansorial habits of
some genera, and the terrestrial habits of others.

This is the second largest family of North American birds,
the Fringillidce alone surpassing it in number of species. If
not exactly " representative ", in a technical sense, of the Old
World Sylviidce, it may be considered to replace that family in
America, having much the same role in bird-economy: both
families abound in species and individuals; they are small,
migratory, insectivorous, and everywhere take prominent part
in the make-up of the bird-fauna. There are upward of a hun-
dred species of Sylvicolidce, distributed over the whole of North
and Middle America, and much of South America. The centre
of abundance of the Setophagince, or Flycatching Warblers, is
in the warmer parts of America; comparatively few species
reach the United States, and only two or three are extensively
dispersed in this country. On the other hand, the Sylvicolince
are more particularly birds of North America; very few of

CHARACTERISTICS OF WARBLERS 199

the species are confined to Middle or South America ; and
Dendrceca, the leading type of this group, is the largest, most
beautiful, and most attractive genus of North American birds,
preeminently characteristic of this country.

I shall be more particular in speaking of the several sub-
divisions of the family ; but I wish to bring into this sketch of
the Warblers at large some touches to show their family traits.
I said that Dendrceca was a "beautiful" genus ; and I am sure
that the Warblers, taken altogether, are the most attractive of
our birds to every lover of birds for their own sakes — to every
one who delights in those aesthetic emotions which the inter-
pretation of bird-life never fails to excite. We have just seen
what a problem they offer to the strict scientist ; the most de-
termined utilitarian will find them not beneath his notice, for
their good services in the interests of agriculture are immeas-
urable ; the naturalist derives from them never-failing gratifi-
cation of his sense of the beautiful, whether he regards their
forms, their colors, or their habits. They are prominent among
the birds that awaken and stimulate the enthusiasm of the
young ornithologist, nor do they cease to feed the ardor of
maturer years; they challenge interest perpetually, and en-
gage attention in their endlessly varied aspects. They are the
universal favorites of the amateur ; every collector is keen on
the scent of the "rare Warbler"; emulation quickens the quest
of its nest and eggs; the rivalry is to discover some unrecorded
trait, some unrecognized plumage, some note unheard before;
and the specimen itself is among the treasures of every cabi-
net. Has any one stopped to think what our ornithology would
be with this life of the woodland left out ?

With few exceptions, the Sylvicolidce are clad in variegated
colors — always pretty and tasteful, often brilliant and strikingly
effective ; even when the tints are subdued, as in the oliva-
ceous species, there is a pleasurable harmony of color, in keep-
ing with shy and modest demeanor ; while some of the War-
blers may boast of the most exquisite and delicate of hues,
next after those that glitter in the sheen of iridescence. Most
Warblers, moreover, have several suits of color ; the sexes are
seldom alike, the young are different again, and so many are
the changes, that here is a study by itself, to recognize the same
bird under its color-variations. The plumage of the Warblers
may be used to illustrate a very broad and important truth that
bears upon the question of species itself. Those familiar with
the subject will recall the fact that very few of our Warblers

200 CHARACTERISTICS OF WARBLERS

offer any difficulty in the way of discrimination of species,
when in perfect plumage ; that is to say, their »' specific char-
acters " are well marked. They are also well aware, that none of
our birds are more strictly and completely migratory than
these ; probably none of our species reside permanently in any
one locality. Putting this and that together, it is easy to infer,
as I think we may with entire accuracy, that the integrity of
the species depends upon their migrations, for they are never
continuously subjected to modifying local influences. Migration
holds species true; localization lets them slip. That the inherent
susceptibility to variation is not less in this family than else-
where, is shown by the fact that the few localized forms respond
as usual to modifying influences. Take the exotic races of
Qeothlypis trichas or Dendrceca petechia in instance. The Vireos,
noted for the constancy of their slight though obvious specific
characters, offer a parallel case. For the converse, the student
may be reminded of the cases of such sedentary birds as species
of Picus and various Fringillidce, which "run into each other"
from one faunal area to another.

Musical proficiency might be reasonably presupposed in a
group of birds known by the delightfully suggestive name of
" warblers ". It is quite our own fault, however, that they are
misnamed; we have simply perpetuated an early blunder in
classification, by which these birds were referred to the Old
World genus Sylvia. We have corrected the technical mis-
nomer of "Sylvia", but have been less precise in our vernacu-
lar. Nothing less like warbling than the songs of our "war-
blers" can well be imagined. Bluebirds and Wrens warble or
trill their lays ; Warblers, as a rule, do not. There are few
great singers among them all. Their voice usually is thin, sharp,
"unsympathetic"; the pitch is too high; the notes are abrupt
and jerky ; movement is uneven and never long-sustained. The
song indeed has musical quality, and may affect us rather pleas-
antly ; but our attention is more likely to be arrested by its
oddity than attracted by its melody. I cannot but criticise
here ; yet I am ready to bear witness to the endless variety of
the songs of the Warblers, — probably every species has its own,
distinctly recognizable by the practised ear ; and much of the
pleasurable excitement which the study of these birds affords,
comes from the effort of discriminating between their wonder-
fully varied performances. Probably no single ornithologist
has learned them all — even all those to be heard in his own

CHARACTERISTICS OF WARBLERS 201

vicinity ; so subtile, so fugitive, so incomprehensible are these
quaint snatches of song, which arouse attention only to disap-
point expectation, and make us feel that we can never interpret
the language in which these sylvan sprites tell the story of their
lives. But the Warblers are such a multitude, so composite,
that no indiscriminate comment, however guarded, can fail to
do injustice. There are singers among them. The voice of the
Summer Yellowbird is sweetly modulated. The species of the
genus Siurus are splendid performers : the Golden-crown is a
musician of extraordinary yet long-unsuspected ability, so sed-
ulously does he hide his real accomplishments — one who con-
tinually obtrudes upon us his loud shrill chant, in accelerated
monotone, as if this were all that lay in his power ; yet in rare
moments of triumph delighting to transport us with the ex-
quisite vocalization which his nuptial ecstasies inspire.

More anon of the general habits of the Warblers, when I
come to speak of the genera and species individually ; here I
can do little more than witness the " various language n which
they speak uto him who in the love of Nature holds communion
with her visible forms". The Warblers have we always with us,
all in their own good time; they come out of the South, pass on,
return, and are away again, their appearance and withdrawal
scarcely less than a mystery; many stay with us all summer
long, and some brave the winters in our midst. Some of these
slight creatures, guided by unerring instinct, travel true to the
meridian in the hours of darkness, slipping past " like a thief
in the night", stooping at day-break from their lofty flights
to rest and recruit for the next stage of the journey. Others
pass more leisurely from tree to tree, in a ceaseless tide of
migration, gleaning as they go ; the hardier males, in full song
and plumage, lead the way for the weaker females and the
yearlings. With tireless industry do the Warblers befriend
the human race; their unconscious zeal plays due part in the
nice adjustment of Nature's forces, helping to bring about the
balance of vegetable and insect life, without which agriculture
would be in vain. They visit the orchard when the apple and
pear, the peach, plum, and cherry, are in bloom, seeming to
revel carelessly amid the sweet-scented and delicately -tin ted
blossoms, but never faltering in their good work. They peer
into the crevices of the bark, scrutinize each leaf, and explore
the very heart of the buds, to detect, drag forth, and destroy
those tiny creatures, singly insignificant, collectively a scourge,

202 ANALYSIS OF SYLVICOLID^E

which prey upou the hopes of the fruit-grower, and which,
if undisturbed, would bring his care to nought. Some War-
blers flit incessantly in the terminal foliage of the tallest trees ;
others hug close to the scored trunks and gnarled boughs of
the forest kings ; some peep from the thicket, the coppice, the
impenetrable mantle of shrubbery that decks tiny water-
courses, playing at hide-and-seek with all comers ; others more
humble still descend to the ground, where they glide with pretty
mincing steps and affected turning of the head this way and
that, their delicate flesh- tinted feet just stirring the layer of
withered leaves with which a past season carpeted the ground.
We may seek Warblers everywhere in their season ; we shall
find them a continual surprise ; all mood and circumstance is
theirs.

Naturalists have sought to divide the varied forms of the
Warblers into groups $ an attempt attended with no little diffi-
culty, so varied are the phases of bird-life here exhibited.
Even the earliest writers, whose genera were usually more
comprehensive than our modern families are, dissociated these
birds in three or more different genera, Motacilla, Sylvia, Mus-
cicapa, and some others, vaguely perceiving how varied these
birds are in form and habits. Later systematists have multi-
plied genera, as the fashion of minute subdivision dictated,
though some of the newest genera, like Dendrceea, Helmintho-
phaga, and Setophaga, were still allowed to contain numerous
species. Professor Baird's critical studies of this group gave
u.s four subfamilies, according to the schedule* which I subjoin
»

*Bill conical, its bristles very short, or wanting.

SYLVICOLIN^E. Bill conical, or about as high as wide, or even higher,
•opposite the nostrils. Gape with short bristles, not reaching btyond the
nostrils, or none. Tip of bill not hooked ; with or without a faint notch ;
commissure nearly straight. Wings long and pointed ; considerably longer
than the narrow, nearly even tail. Legs short and weak : tar&i not as long
as i he head (except in Mniotiltece).

[Sections Mniotiltece, or Creeping Warblers (genera Mniotilta and Parula) ;
Vermivoreos, or Swamp Warblers (genera Protonotaria, Helminthophaga, and
Helmintherus) ; and Sylvicohce, or Wood Warblers (genera Perissoglossa and
Dendrosca).~\

GEOTHLYPINJE. Bill much as in Sylvicolince, with distinct notch ; slender,
or stout, the culmen gently curved ; the commissure nearly straight. Legs
much developed : tarsi longer than the skull. Bristles of rictus short but
appreciable. Ground Warblers.

[Sections Seiurece (genera Seiurus and Oporornis') and G-eothlypece (genus
Geothlypis).']

ANALYSIS OP SYLVICOLID^ 203

for the reader's convenience. Waiving the question of absolute
rank in the scale of classification, we find among our North
American Warblers at least three strongly marked groups, into
which I divided our Warblers in the "Key"; and I shall ad-
here for the present to these divisions, which seem as natural
as they are convenient. They only differ from those proposed
by Baird in the union of his GeotTilypinm with Sylvicolince. One
of these groups, Icteriince, is so peculiar that it has often been
altogether removed from the family. Another includes the
well-marked u Fly-catching WTarblers"; the other covers the bal-
ance of the family. These groups, conventionally rated as sub-
families, may be thus distinguished : —

Analysis of subfamilies.

Sylvicolince. — Wings longer than tail (except in Geothlypis); bill conical,
slender; commissure slightly curved, with short bristles or none. Size
moderate.

Icteriince. — Wings shorter than tail; bill compressed, high, very stout;
commissure much curved, without any bristles ; size very large.

Setophagince.— Wings longer than tail; bill broad, flattened ; commissure
slightly curved, with bristles reaching far beyond the nostrils.

SUBFAMILY S YLVICOLIN JE : TRUE WARBLERS

CHARS. — Bill conoid-elongate, shorter than head, about as
high as, or rather higher than, wide opposite the nostrils, not
hooked, and with but a slight notch, if any, at tip : commissure
straight or slightly curved ; a few rictal bristles, reaching little,
if any, beyond the nostrils, or none. Wings pointed, longer
than the narrow, nearly even tail.

This beautiful group, which comprehends the great majority
of the Warblers, is specially characteristic of North America, and
reaches its highest development in the eastern portions of the
continent, mainly through the preponderance of species of the

ICTERIANJE. Bill without notch, or rictal bristles. Culnien and commis-
sure much curved Wings much rounded, shorter than the tail.
[Sections Icteriece (genus Icteria) and the exotic Teretristece."]

Bill depressed ; rictus with long bristles.

Setophagince. Bill much depressed, considerably broader than high ; the
tip more or less hooked, with distinct notch. Bristles lengthened, reaching
half way or more from the nostrils to tip of bill. Flycatching Warblers.

[Genera Myiodioctes, Cardellina, and Setophaga, with their respective
subdivisions.]

204 SYLVICOLIN^E MNIOTILTA VARIA

largest genus, Dendrceca. All the genera and most of the spe-
cies of Sylvicolince are found in this country, mainly as migrants,
which appear in the spring, pass the summer, and retire for the
winter to Mexico, the West Indies, and Central or even South
America ; though some pass the inclement season within our
limits, and one at least is found in winter in Korthern States.

The Sylvicolince are not very well represented in the Colorado
Basin, where various genera are wanting, arid the Dendrcecce
are comparatively few; the Helminthophagce, however, are pro-
portionally numerous.

We may rapidly note some of the characteristics according to
which the genera may be thrown into recognizable groups. The
genus Geothtypis, in the first place, stands quite alone in the rel-
ative length of the wings and tail, the former being shorter than
the latter: it is one of the u Ground Warblers'7. Intimately
related is the genus Oporornis — so intimately, that species of the
two are sometimes confounded. These genera, Tith Siurus, are
somewhat terrestrial and aquatic ; they have lengthened, pale-
colored legs, and some of the species step very prettily over the
ground, instead of hopping, or advancing both feet together,
like most Passeres. There is another group, known as " Swamp
Warblers" or " Worm-eating Warblers", consisting of the gen-
era Helmintherus, Helminthophaga^ and Protonotaria : in these,
the bill is extremely acute, and usually unnotched, and has no
rictal bristles. Two genera, Nniotilta* and Parula, the first of

*9fniotilta v aria.— Black-and-white Warbler.

Motacilla varia, L. SN. i. 1766, 333, n. 23 (Briss. iii. 529, pi. 27, f. 5 ; Sloane, ii, 309, pi. 265, f.
1).— Gm. SN. i. 1788, 979, n. 23.— Turt, SN. i. 1806, 603.

Sylvia varia, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 539, n. 116.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 81.— Nutt. Man. i.
1832, 384.— Thompn. Vermont, 1853, 83.

Certhia varia, V. OAS. ii. 1807, 69.— And. OB. i. 1832, 452, pi. 90.— Peak. Eep. Orn. Mass.
1839, 340.— Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 2?8.— Willis, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859,
282 (Nova Scotia).

Mniotilta varia, V. "Anal. 1816, 45".— Bp. PZS. 1837, 118 (Guatemala).— Bp. List, 1838, 11.—
And. Syn. 1839, 71.— Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 702.— And. B A. ii. 1841, 105, pi. 114.—
(?ira«d,BLI. 1844, 70.— Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 134.— Bp. C A. i. 1850, 311. -Lembeye, Av.
Cuba, 1850, 68, pL 10, f. 1.— Burnett, Pr. Boat. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— Bead, Pr. Phila. Acad.
vi. 1853, 401.— Hoy, ibid. 312.— TFbod/u Sitgr. Rep. Znni K. 1853, 69.— Scl PZS. 1855,143
(Bogota).— Qundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 475 (Cuba).— Pratten, Tr. 111. Agr. Soc. i. 1855, 603.—
Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst i. 1856, '-08.— Brew. Pr. Bosk Soc. vi. 1856, 6.— Scl. PZS. 1856, 140
(Chiriqui) ; 291 (Mexico).— Bry. Pr. Bosk Soc. vi. 1857. 116 (Nova Scotia).— Maxim. J. f.
O. vi. 1858, 108.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 235.— A. & E. Newt. Ibis, i. 1859, 143 (Sk Croix).— Scl.
PZS. 1859, 363 (Xal*pa); 373 (Oaxaca).— Martens, J. f. O. 1859, 213 ( Bermudas). —Bland,
Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 287 (Bermudas).— Bry. Pr. Bosk Soc. vii. 1859, 110 (Baha-
mas).— Cab. J. f. 0. 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).— Brew. Pr. Bosk Soc. vii. 1860, 30fi (Cuba).—
Barn. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 435.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1861, 322 (New Gre-
nada).-ScZ. PZS. 1861, 70 (Jamaica).— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 326 (Cuba).— Albrecht, J. f.
0. 1861, 52 (Bahamas).— Albr. J. f. 0. 1862, 193 (Jamaica).— Boardm. Pr. Bosk Soc. ix.
1862, 124.— Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 159 (Dakota).— Verr. Pr. Ess. lust. KL

SYNONYMY OP MNIOTILTA VARIA 205

which is not known to occur in the Colorado Basin, are " Creeping
Warblers", showing certain slight peculiarities of the feet which
adapt them (at least one of them) to a mode of life quite like

1862, 146.— March, Pr. Phila, Acad. xv. 1863, 293 (Jamaica).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 167.—
Scl. PZS. 1864, 172 (City of Mexico); 349 (Panama).— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 59.-
Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1865, 174 (Chiriqui).— Dresi. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 47G (Texas,
breeding).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 85.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.viii. 1866, 233.—
Salv. PZS. 1867, 135 (Veragua).— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 171.— Law. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
ix. 1868, 93 (Costa Rica).— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 269.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii.
1868, 108.— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 509.— Raymond, GeoL Surv. Indiana, 1869, 216.—
Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 23 ; Phila. ed. 16.— v. Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 292 (Costa Rica). —S. dk S.
PZS. 1870, 780 (Merida).— Cope, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 395, 396, 399.— Parker, Am. Nat. v.
1871, 168.— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 114.— Wyatt, Ibis, 3d ser. i. 1871, 322 (Her-
radura).— Allen, Am. Nat vi. 1872, 265.— Mayn. Pr. Bost Soc. xiv. 1872, 361.— Scott, Pr.
Bost. Soc. xv. 1872,221 (West Virginia, breeding).— Oundl J. f. 0. 1872, 411 (Cuba).—
Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 175.— Coues, Key, 1872, 92, f. 35.— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 4.—
Ridg. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 607.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soe. xv. 1873, 234.— Herrick, Bull. Ess.
Inst. v. 1873, —(New Brunswick). — CtottesBNW. 1874, 45.— Merr. Am. Nat viii. 1874,
7, 86.— Packard, ibid. 271.— Allen. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 52 (Dakota).— B. B. <£ R.
NAB. i. 1874, 180, pi. 10, f. 6.— Ames, Bull. Minnesota Acad. 1874, 55.— Brew. Pr. Bost
Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.-£awr. Bull. TT. S. Nat Mus. 1876, 15 (Tehuantepec).— Gentry, Life-
Hist i. 1876, 91.— Hinot, B. N. Eng. 1877, 97.

Mniotilla varia, V. " EM. 1823, — ".— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 318.— F. Gal. Ois. i. 1834, 276, pi.
169.— Scl. PZS. 1858, 298 (Parada).— Brewster, Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. 1875, 134.

Minotilta varia, S. <& S. Ibis, i. 1859, 10 (Guatemala).

Miniotilta vara, Gregg, Proc. Elmira Acad. 1870.

Sylvicola varia, Rich. " List, 1837 ".—Bry. Pr. Bost Soc. xL 1867, 91 (St. Domingo).

Nectarinia varia, Hahn, " Ausland. V6g. . . . ".

Certhia picta, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1st ed. 1791, 289 bis (see Coues, Pr, Phila. Aead. 1875, 347).

Certhia maculata, Wile. AO. iii. 1811, 22, pi. 19, f. 3.-Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 27.—
Denny, PZS. 1847, 39.

Oxyglossus maculatns, Sw. Zool. Journ. iii. 1827, 357 (type of the genus).

Mniotilta borealis, Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 705.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 312.

Mniotilta varia vdr. longirostris, Bd. BNA. 1858, p. xxxi, n. 167.

Ficedula dominicensis varia, Figuier varie de S. Domingue, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 529, n.

69, pi. 27, f. 5.

Figuier varie de St. Domingue, Buff. "Hist. Nat Ois. v. 305".
Black and White Creeper, Edw. "Glean.pl. 300".
White-poll Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, n. 402, 293.—

Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 488, n. 114.
Small Black and White Bird, Sloane, "Jam. ii. 309, pi.

265, f. 1 ".

Mniotille varitf, V. L c.

Orimpereau varie, V. "Ois. Dor. ii. — , 111, pi. 74 ".

Creeping Warbler, Northern Creeping Warbler,

Nuttall, 11. cc.
Black-and-white Warbler, Black-and-white creep- ^M^x

ing Warbler, Black-and-white Creeper,

Authors.

FIG. 29.— Black-and-white Creeper.

HAB.— Eastern North America. West to Dakota (Hayden, Allen), but not,
as far as known, to the Rocky Mountains, in any portion of the United States.
North to the Fur Countries. South through Mexico, various West India
Islands, and Central America, to New Grenada at least. Not observed on the
Pacific side north of Mazatlan. Breeds throughout its North American range.
Winters from the southern border of the United States to the limit of its
distribution.

206 THE GENUS PARULA

that of the true Creepers. The remaining genera are " Wood
Warblers", chiefly represented by Dendrceca, from which Perisso-
glossa and Peucedramus have been successively detached, on the
ground of certain peculiarities of the tongue and bill, and some
other features. In their special habits, song, food, and mode
of nesting, the Sylvicolince differ among themselves to such a
degree that it is scarcely possible here to go into further details.
I must refer to the several histories of the species, upon which
we are now prepared to enter. The descriptions and biographies
will be confined to the species inhabiting the Colorado Basin ;
but I shall take note of all the Korth American species, giving
synonymy and habitat.

Genus PAEULA Bonaparte

Chloris, So'e, Isis, 1826, 927. (Not of Mohr. Gen. Av. 1752, 51. Type Parus americanus L.)
SylviC4)la, Sw. Zoo}. Journ. iii. 1827, 169. (Not of Humph. Mas. Galon. 1797, CO. Type Sylvia

pusUla Wils.)

Parula, Bp. C. & G. L. 1838, 20. (Type Parus americanws L.)
Compsothlypis, Cab. Mas. Hein. i. 1850, 20 (same type).
Ficedula, Des Murs, " — , 1853, — " (fide Gray ; nee anct).

This generic name, based upon Parus americanus of Linna3us,
and latterly restricted to include only species having the same
pattern of coloration as the bird just named, is now employed to
designate a group of Warblers considered by Baird to be most
nearly related to Mniotilta, all of which have the upper parts
bluish, with a yellowish patch on the back, and the under parts
more or less yellow. The tail-feathers have white spots, as in
Dendrceca. The bill is very short, quite stout, acutely conical,
and notched near the tip. The rictus is evidently furnished
with bristles, though these are few and short. The hind toe is
decidedly longer than its claw, and the anterior toes are rather
more than usually connate at the base. The tarsus is longer
than the middle toe and claw. The lateral claws are of un-
equal lengths. But the structural peculiarities are very slight,
and the species are easiest recognized by the pattern of colora-
tion and the very small size — five inches in length, or less.

If the group is considered worth retaining, its proper name
is uncertain. Chloris was used by Mohring in 1752 for a dif-
ferent group 5 but if his genera are to be rejected as pre-Linna3an,
the employ of Chloris by Boie in 1826 may require to be endorsed.
Sylvicola of Swainsou, 1827, whether applying exclusively here
or not, is clearly antedated in zoology by Sylvicola of Humph-
reys, 1797. Parula of Bonaparte, 1838, if acceptable without
diagnosis, is antedated by Parulus of Spix, " Av. Bras. i. 1824,

PARULA NIGRILORA 207

85". Cabanis, in proposing Compsothlypis in 1850, defends it
on the ground that ,,diefriiheren Namen dieser Gruppe sind
bereits auderweitig vergeben" — that all the earlier names are
preoccupied. Baird does not see why Chloris is not tenable.

To the species long known as the only one of the United
States, I recently had the pleasure of adding another, discov-
ered in Texas, ahd then new to science.*

* Parula n igr flora.— Sen nett's Warbler.

$ Stibccerulea, dorso medio vircnti-flavo, ali» albo-Hfasciatis, palpebria nigris
immaculatis, loris Unedquefrontalinigerrimis; %ubtu8flava,juguloaurantiaco,ab-
domine infimo, hypochondriis crissoque albis.

$ adult : Upper parts of the same ashy-blue color as in P. americana, with
a dorsal patch of greenish-yellow exactly as in that species. Wings also ai
in americana, dusky, with grayish-blue outer, and whitish inner, edgings,
and crossed by two conspicuous white bars, across tips of greater and middle
coverts. Tail as in americana, but the white spots smaller and almost re-
stricted to two outer feathers on each side. Eyelids black without white
marks. Lores broadly and intensely black, this color extending as a narrow
frontal line to meet its fellow across base of culmen, and also reaching back
to invade the auriculars, on which it shades through dusky to the general
bluish. Under parts yellow as far as the middle of the belly, and a little
farther on the flanks, and also spreading up the sides of the jaw to involve
part of the mandibular and malar region ; on the fore breast deepening into
rich orange, but showing nothing of the orange-chestnut and blackish of
P. americana. Lower belly, flanks and crissum, white. Bill black above,
yellow below. Legs undeflnable light horn color. Length (of skins, about)
4.50; wing 2.00-2.20; tail 1.80-1.90; bill from nostril 0.38-0.40; tarsus 0.62-
0.65; middle toe alone 0.40. (Extremes of three adult males.)

Habitat :— Texas, and doubtless Mexico (Hidalgo, Texas), G. B. Sennett,
Apr.-May, 1877, Nos. 248 (type), 343, 396.

This bird is entirely distinct from P. americana, and belongs to the pitia-
yumi type. From americana it is distinguished by the extension of the yellow-
to the middle belly and flanks, absence of the decided blackish collar, lack
of white on eyelids, and broadly black lores involving auriculars and frontal
stripe. The upper parts,- wings, and tail are substantially as in americana,
the tint of the upper parts, shape and color of the dorsal patch, and the white
wing-bars being the same in both. From P. inornata Baird it differs in the
presence of the wing-bands and color of the upper parts, inornata being a
deep blue species with plain wings. From pitiayumi it differs in the much
lighter colored upper parts, and less of the yellow below, pitiayumi having
a deep plumbeous- blue back and the yellow extending to the crissum. The
relationships are closest to P. insularis, agreeing in having the lower abdo-
men and flanks white, like the criesum, instead of yellow like the breast,
as is the case both with inornata and pitiayumi. The differences from inw-
laris, however, are readily expressed ; the lores being decidedly black, and
broadly contrasting with the bluish-gray, as in pitiayumi and inornata, and
the wing-bands being as broad and distinct as they are in americana, instead
of narrow as in insularis, and the yellow of the throat extending on the malar
region, while in insularis the yellow is strictly confined between the sides
of the jaw.

208 SYNONYMY OF PARULA AMERICANA

Blue Yellow-backed Warbler

I'arnla aiiiericaiin

Parus americanus, L. SN. i. 10th ed. 1758, 190, n. 3 (Gates, i. 64) ; i2th ed. 1766, 341,
n. 4.— Gm. SX. i. 1788, 1007, n. 4 (Briss. hi. 522; Buff. v. 301; PE. 7:51, i. I).— Turf.
SN. i. 1806, 622.— Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 571, n. 28.

Motacilla americana, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 960, n. 73 (Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 440, n. 3t>).— J^r;.
SN. i. 1806, 590.

Sylvia americana, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 520, n. 40.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 83.— And.
OB. i. 1832, 78, pi. 15.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 11.— D'Orb. Ois. Cuba, 1839, G7.—
Thomps. Verm. 1853, app. 24.

Sylvicola americana, Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, — .— Aud. Syn.
1839, 59.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 57, pi. 91.— Denny, PZS. 1847, 38.— Woodh. Sitgr. Rep.
Znni, 1853, 71.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 311 — Read, ibid. 399— Pratten, Tr. Illi-
nois Agr. Soc. 1855, 602. -Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 207.— Sci. PZS. 1857, 202 (Tlacotai-
pam, VeraCraz).— Max. J. f. O. vi. 1858, 116.— Martens, J. f. 0. 1859, 213 (Bermudas).—
WiUis, Smiths. Rep. for 185», 1859, 282 (Nova Scotia).— Bland, ibid. 287 (Bermudas).—
Brew. Pr. Boat Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Mis-
souri).— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soo. x. 1856, 251 (Porto Rico).— Bry. J. f. 0. 1866, 184 (the
same).— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 114 (Minnesota).

Purala americana, Bp. CGL. 1838, 20.— Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 154.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 310.-^rf.
BNA. 1838, 238.— S. dk A Ibis, i. 1859, 10 (Guatemala).— A. & E. Newt. Ibis, i. 1859, 143
(St. Croix).— Cats. Pr. Phila. Acad. xii. 1860, 376 (St. Thomas Island).— Scl. PZS.
1861, 70 (Jamaica).— Gundl. J. f. O. 1961, 326 (Cuba).— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for I860,
1861, 435.— Coues <£ Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 405.— Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos.
sJoc. xii. 186-2, 159.— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 192.— Albrecht, J. f. O. 1862, 19-J
v Jamaica).— March, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, 293 (Jamaica).— Verr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix.
1863, 233 (Maine).— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 59.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 169.—
Dress. Ihis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 476 (San Antonio, Tex.).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii.
1866, 263.— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 85.— Brew. Am. Nut. i. 1867, 117.—
Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 177.— Coues, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 161.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc.
xii. 1868, 108.— Cones, Pr. Ess. Inat. v. 1868,269.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. ix. 1869,
200 (Yucatan).— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 23 ; Phila. ed. 16— Oope, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 395,
396, 397.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xxiii. 1871, 20.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 267
(Florida, wintering).— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 124, 175 (Kansas, .fee.).— Allen, Am.
Nat. vi. 1872, 265.— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 221 (West Virginia, in summer).—
Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 196 (Colorado).— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 361.—
Qundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 411 (Cuba).— Gouts, Key. 1872, 92.— Trippe, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 1873,
234.— Herrick, Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, — (New Brunswick).— Bidg. Bull. Ess. Inst. v.
1873, 180 (Colorado).— Merr. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 86.— Packard, Am. Nat. viii. 1874,
271.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 46.— Ames, Bull. Minnesota Acad. 1874, 55.— B. B. & B. NAB.
i. 1874, 208, figs. pi. 10, f. l.—Brewster, Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 1875, 134 (Virginia, probably
breeding).— Atoe ton, Birds of Greenland, 1875?, 98 (one specimen from the Southern
Inspectorate in 1857).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.— Gentry, Life-Hut. 1876,
94.— Lawr. Bull. Nat. Mus. no. 4, 1876, 15 (Tehuantepec).— Deane, Bull. Nuttall Club,
i. 187fi, 21 (albinotic).— Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 99.

Agreeably to the latest fashion, the bird will probably stand as pitiayumi
var. nigrilora; but its probable gradation into pitiayumi through Mexican and
Central American specimens remains to be shown. It is thoroughly distinct
from P. americana.

This welcome and unexpected addition to our fauna was made by my
esteemed correspondent, Mr. George B. Sennett, during his collecting tour in
Texas in the spring of 1877, when other novelties and many interesting
points were brought to light through his diligent and successful enterprise.
Mr. Sennett secured three adult males at Hidalgo, Texas, some seventy miles
from Fort Brown, during the months of April and May.

CHARACTERS OF PARULA AMERICANA 209

Compsothlypis Americana, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 20.- Gundl.J. f. O. 1855, 476 (Cuba).
Mniotilta americana, Gray, G.of B.i. 1848, 196.— Reinh. Ibis, iii. 1861, 6 (Greenland).
Motacilla cques, Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 46 (PE. 731, f. 1).

Motacilla ludoviciana, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 983, n. 148 (Briss. iii. 500, n. 55, pi. 26, f. 4 ; Buff.
" v. 288" ; Penn. AZ. ii. 407, n. 303).— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 605.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1631, 418.
Sylvia ludoviciana. Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 535, n. 105.-Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 713.
Sylvia torquata, V. OAS. ii. 1807, 38, pi. 99.— F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 438, n. 67.
Thriotli ur us torquatus, Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiv. 1826, 194.
Sylvia pusllla, Wils. AO. iv. 1811, 17, pi. 23, f. 3.— Gosge, Alabama, 1859, 295.
Sylvicola pusilla, &w. Zool. Journ. iii. 1827, 169 (typo of the genus) ; Cl. B. ii. 1837, 245.
Ficcdula ludoviciana, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 500, n. 55. pi. 26, f. 4.

Louisiana Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 480, n. 101.— Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 407, n. 303.
Parus fringillaris, Finch-Creeper, Gates. Car. i. 1771, 64, pi. 64.
Parus varius, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, 292.

Creeping Titmouse, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 423, n. 326.— Lath, Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 558, n. 27.
Yellow-backed Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 440, n. 36.
Ficedula carolinensis cinerea, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 522, n. 66.
Figuier cendr6 a collier, Buff. " Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 301 " (PE. 731, f. 1).
Figuier cendre, de la Caroline, Buff. PE. 731, f. i.

Fauvette a collier, V. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 438.— Le M. Ois. Canad. 1861, 201.
Particolored Warbler, Blue Yellow-backed Warbler, Authors.

HAB. — Eastern North America. West to Nebraska (Hayden), and even to
the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado (Aiken); hence
probably to be hereafter detected in the Colorado Basin. North regularly to
British America (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, &c.) ; casually to Greenland
(auct. Rcinhardt, Newton). South through various West India Islands and
Mexico to Guatemala at least. Breeds chiefly in the northerly portion of
its range, but perhaps in the greater part of the United States (Illinois, Vir-
ginia, New Jersey, &c.). Winters from Florida southward.

CH. SP. — $ Subccerulea, dorso medio mrenti-flavo, palpebris
albo maculatis, alls albo bifasciatis, caudd albo maculatd, lor is
nigricantibus ; subtus alba, jugulo et pectore flavis, spatio pec-
torali obscuriore ; maxilla nigrd, mandibuld subflavd aut albidd.
Long. tot. 4£-4j ; alee 2Jj caudce lj. 9 coloribus minus vegetis ;
juv. dorso toto virescente, etc.

$ , in spring : Upper parts clear ashy-blue, the middle of the back with a
triangular patch of greenish-yellow or brownish-golden. Lores dusky. A
white spot on each eyelid. Wings blackish, crossed on the ends of the
greater and middle coverts with two broad white bars; the primaries nar-
rowly, the secondaries more broadly, edged externally with the color of the
back, and internally with white. Tail like the wings, with much edging
of the outer webs like the back, the middle feathers being mostly bluish ;
at least two outer feathers on each side with large, white, squarish patches
on the inner web near the end, usually the third feather blotched with
white, and a white touch on the fourth and even the fifth feather. Chin
and throat yellow, rather narrowly confined, this yellow spreading over the
whole breast, but much of the breast spotted or tinged with orange-brown,
and the jugulum showing even a decided blackish collar. The coloration of
this part is very variable ; sometimes, in addition to the colors mentioned,
reddish-brown markings occur in the white along the sides, much as in the
Chestnut-sided Warbler. Rest of under parts white. Bill above black;
14 B C

210 SYNONYMY OF PROTONOTARIA CITREA

below whitish or flesh-colored, drying yellowish. Length, 4£-4£; extent
about 7f ; wing, 2fc; tail, If.

$ , in spring, like the male, the upper parts less brightly bluish, some-
times with a slight greenish gloss, the back-patch not so well defined ; less
white on the tail, the white wing-bands narrower, and the dark or reddish
tinting of the fore breast less decided or scarcely indicated, the yellow itself
being more restricted.

Young of either sex in the fall have the bluish of the upper parts glossed
over with greenish, sometimes to such extent as to obscure the dorsal patch,
which is then not very different from the rest of the upper parts. White tail-
spots smaller, generally confined to two outer feathers on each side. White
wing-bands narrower. Edging of tail and wings tinged with greenish, like
the back. Eyelids not spotted -with white. Yellow of fore under parts
pale, with little or no indication of the dusky across the jugulum. White
of the under parts tinged with yellowish posteriorly, and frequently show-
ing brownish touches along the sides. From the latter fact I am disposed
to think that the highest spring plumage of the males is not that with the
most golden-brown in the yellow of the breast and with the reddish along
the sides, but that in which the heavier coloration is condensed into the
blackish jugular collar, leaving the rest of the yellow intact.

Genns HELMINTHOPHAGA Cabanis

The birds of this genus are distinguished among the War-
blers for the acuteness and attenuation of the bill, together
with the straightness of its several outlines, tha entire absence
of notch near the tip, and lack of bristles at base. The wings are
long and pointed, in one species nearly half as long again as
the tail, which is even or slightly einarginate, narrow, and
rather short. The tarsi are longer than the middle toe. The
genus comprehends the "Worm-eating" or " Swamp" War-
blers, and is very closely related to both Protonotaria and Hel-
mintherus : species of all three were formerly included in the
genus Vermivora or Hclinaia of authors. Protonotaria* is

"Protonotaria citrea.— Prothonotary Warbler.

MotacHla Citrea, Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 44 (PE. 704, f. 2).

Mniotllta citrea, Gray, G.of B. i. 1848, 196 (after Boddaert).

Protonotaria Citrea, Bd. BETA. 1858, 239.— Wheat, Ohio Agric. Rep. for I860, 1861, 363.—
Gundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 324 (Cuba).— Ooues & Prent. Smiths. Pvep. for 1861, 1862, 406 (Wash-
ington, D. C.).— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 435 (Pennsylvania).— Gundl.
J. f. O. 1862, 178 (Cuba).— Verr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1863, 233 (Maiue).— Bd. Rev. AB.
1864, 173.— Ooues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 108 (South Carolina).— Coues, Pr. Ess. lust,
v. 1868, 269 ("New England", Verr.).— Laurr. Ann. Lye. N. T. ix. 1868, 94 (Costa
Rica) ; ibid. 1869, 200 (Yucatan).— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 53 ; Ph'la. ed. 42.— v. Frantz.
J. f. 0. 1869, 292 (Costa Rica).— S. & S. PZS. 1870, 780 (Merida).— Gundl. J. f. O. 1872,
411 (Cuba).— Ridgw. Am. Nat. viii. 1674, 199.— Eidgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 367
(Illinois, abundant).— Snow, B. Kane. 1873, 4 (Neosho Falls, Kans.).— B. B. & E. NAB.
i. 1874, 184, figs., pi. 10, f. 8.— Brew. Pr.Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439 (New England).

Protonotaria citrtea, Coues, Key, 1872, 93, f.36.— Cowes.BNW. 1874, 47.— Merr. Am. Nat.
viii. 1874, 87.— Nelson, Ball. Nutt, Orn. Club, i. 1876, 42 (Illinois).— Minot, B. N. Engl.

Helminthophaga citrea, Cab. J. f. 0. 1861, 85 (Costa Rica). [1877, 90.

SYNONYMY OF HELMINTHERUS VERMIVORUS 211

characterized by its much larger, less acute bill, which nearly
equals the head in length, is slightly notched at the tip, and
has a few rictal bristles ; the tarsi are about equal to the middle
toe and claw 5 the very long, pointed wings exceed the tail by
an inch, and the tail is slightly
graduated. The system of col-
oration is peculiar, resulting in
one of the handsomest of the
Warblers, the whole head and
under parts being intense gold-
en-yellow, shading on the back

through Olive to bluish-ash . There ElG- SO.-Worm-eating Warbler.

is but one species, inhabiting the Eastern United States, and,
unlike the Helminthophagce, nesting in holes. The genus Helmin-
therm* is even nearer Helminthophaga, having an entirely

Motacilla protonotarius, Gm, SN. i. 1788, 972, n. 111.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 598.— Less. Tr. Orn.

1831, 418.
Sylvia protonotarius, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 542, n. 128.— V. OAS. ii. 1807, 27, pi. 83.— Fib. AO. iii.

1811, 72, pi. 24, f. 3.—Bp. Jouru. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 195.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826,

86.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 410.— And. OB. i. 1832, 22 ; v. 1839, 460, pi. 3 (Dacnis on pi.).
Sylvicola protonotaria, Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 171.
Vermivora protonotarius, Bp. CGL. 1838, 21.— Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. Zufii, 1853, 72.— Hoy,

Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri).
Helinaia protonotarius, And. Syn. 1839, 67.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 89, pi. 106.— Pratten, Tr.

Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 602.
Helm Micros protonotarius, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 314.
Helminthophaga protonotarius, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 20.
Motacilla auriCOlliS, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 984, n. 150 (Briss. iii. 508, n. 59, pi. 26, f. 1 ; Buff. v. 290 ;

Penn. ii. 408).— Turt. SX. i. 180G, 606.
Sylvia auriCOlliS, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 536, n. 107 (Buff. v. 290).— F. Ency.Me"th. ii. 1823,447,

n.99.— .ZVtttt. Man. i. 1832, 380.— Peab.Hep.Orn. Mass. 1839, 309.— LinsL Am. Joura. Sci.

xliv. 1843, 257 (see Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 147).
Sylvicola auricollis, Nutt. "Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 431".
Mniotilta auricollis, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.
Orange-throat Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 408, n. 304.
Orange-throated Warbler , Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 481, n. 103 (" Canada").
Grand Figuier de Canada, Ficedula canadensis major, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 508, n. 59,
Figuier Protonotaire, Buff. " ix. 465 ", or " v. 316 ", or " vi 191 ". [pi. 26, f. 1.

Fauvette protonotaire, Sylvia protonotaria, F. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 211, pi. D 22, f. 2.
Figuier a gorge orangee, Buff. " v. 290".

Figuier a ventre et tete Jaunes de la Louisiane, Buff. PE. 704, f. 2.
Fauvette a gorge orangee, V. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 447.

Prothonotary Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 410, n. 310.— Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 494, n. 123.
Prothonotary Warbler, Prothonotary Swamp Warbler, Golden Swamp Warbler, Authors.

HAB. — Eastern United States, rather southerly. North casually to Maine
and New Brunswick. West to Missouri, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas.
Cuba (the only West Indian record). Apparently not noted in Mexico. South
to Panama. Has been found breeding abundantly in Illinois and Kansas.
Rare or casual in all Eastern and Middle States. Not known to winter in
the United States*

* Helmintherus vermivorns.— Wo r in-eating Warbler.
Motacilla vermivora, 6m. SN. i. 1788, 951, n. 55 (Edw. pi. 305, &c.).— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 585.
Sylvia vermivora, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 544, n.138.— Wils. AO. iii. 1811, 74, pi. 24, f. 4 — v

212 SYNONYMY OF HELMINTHERUS SWAINSONI

unnotehed bill; it differs chiefly in the less acuteness and
greater robustness of the bill, which in one species mounts high

N. D. d'H. N. 2cled. xi. 1817,278.— V. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 480, n. 105.— Bp. Jotirn.
Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 196.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 86. -Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 409.—
Aud. OB. i. 1832, 177 ; v. 1839, 4GO, pi. 34.—Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 3l2.—Linsley,
" Am. Joura. Sci. xliv. 1843, — " (Conn.).— Thomps. NH. Vermont, 1853, 83.

Dacnis vermivora, Aud. " name on pi. 34 ".

Sj Ivicola vermivora, Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 171.

Helinaia vermiVOPa, Aud. Syn. 1839, 66.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 86, pi. 105.— Lembeye, Av.
Cuba, 1850, 35, pi. 6, f. 4.—Pratten, Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. for 1854, 1855, 60:2.— Putn.
Pr. Ess. Inst i. 1856, 227.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).

Mniotilta vermivora, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.

Hylopbilus vermivora, Temm. " Tabl. Meth. 36" (quoted from Giebel).

Helm micros vermivora, Bp. C A. i. 1850, 314.

Helmitheros vermivorus, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 20.— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 476 (Cuba).— Sci. PZS.
1859, 363 (Xalapa).-(7a&. JfO. 1860, 328 (Costa Rica). -Gundl. JfO. 1861, 326, 409 (Cuba).

Telmitherus vermivorus, Bd. BNA. 1858, 252.— S. <£ S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemala).—
Wheat. Ohio Agr. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 363.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 435.— Coues
& Trent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 406 (Washington, summer).— Terr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii.
1862, 156.-Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, *2.-Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 179.— Lawr. Ann. Lye.
viii. 1866, 284.— Salv. PZS. 1867, 135 (Veragna).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N.Y. is. 1863,94
(Costa Rica).— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 270.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 109.
Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 178.— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 516,-Jackson, Am. Nat. iii.
1869, 556.— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 23 ; Phila. ed. 16.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1869,
200 (Yucatan).— Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc.i. 1869, 546 (Orizaba).— Gregg, Pr. Elmira
Acad. 1870 (Ohemung Co., N. Y.).— Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 543.— Gunctl. J. f. 0. 1872,
412 (Cuba).— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 231 (West Va., breeding).— Coues, Key,
1872, 93, f. 37.— Purdie, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 692.— Mayn. B. Fla. 1873, 45 (wintering). —
Jtidgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 368 (Illinois).— Snow, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 757.— Coues,
BNW. 1874, 48.— B. B. & B. NAB. i. 1874, 187, figs. pi. 10, f. 10.— Brewster, Ann. Lye.
N.Y. xi. 1875, 134 (Virginia; habits).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.— Gentry,
Life-Hist. 1876, 97.— Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 89.— Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Club, ii 1877, 21
(Connecticut).— Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 12 (Connecticut).

Helmintberus vermivorus, v. Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 293 (Costa Rica).

Helmitherus migratorius, Raf. " Jrn. de Phys. Ixviii, 1819, 417 ".—Hartl. " RZ. 1845, 342 ".

Vermivora pennsylvanica, "Sw."— Bp. List, 1838, 20.-Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 150.— Hoy,
Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 212.— Albrecht, J. f. O. 1862, 194, 201 (Jamaica).— March, Pr.
Phila. Acad. 1863, 393 (Jamaica).— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri).

Vermivora fulvicapilla, Sw. Class. Birds, ii. 1837, 245, f. 213 g.

Worm-eater Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 406, n. 300.

Figuier de Pens 51 van ie, Ficedula pens 11 van ica, Briss. Orn. vi. 1760, App. 102, n. 76.

Worm-eater, Edw. Glean, pt. ii. 200, pi. 305.— Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 499, n. 133.

Demi-fin Mangeur de vers, Buff. "v. 325".

Pitpit vermivore, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 278.— V. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 480.

Worm-eating Warbler, Worm-eating Swamp Warbler, Authors.

HAB.— Eastern United States. West to Missouri, Kansas, and Indian Ter-
ritory. North regularly to the Middle States, frequently to New England in
the Connecticut Valley, casually to Maine. In winter, Florida, Cuba, Ja-
maica, Eastern Mexico, and Central America. Known to breed in most of
its United States range, and probably does so throughout.

Helmintherus swainsoni.— Swainson's Warbler.

Sylvia SWainsonii, Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 563, pi. 198.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 313 (wrong).
Sylvicola swainsonii, Rich. Rep. Brit. Aasoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 171.
Helinaia swainsonii, Aud. Syn. 1839, 66 (type of genus. South Carolina to Massachusetts-
wrong).— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 83, pi. 104.— Putn. Pr. Ess. lost. i. 1856, 227 (wrong).
Helmitherus swainsonii, Bd. BNA. 1858, 252.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 82 (wrong).-

Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 576 (corrects the error).— Coues, Key, 1872, 93.
Helmintbophaga swainsonii, Allen, Am. Nat, iii. i860, 513.
Vermivora swainsoni, Bp. CGL. 1838, 21.

HELMINTHOPHAGA LEUCOBRONCHIALIS 213

on the forehead, and in the other is provided with slight rictal
bristles, and in the relative length of the tarsi and toes. The two
species commonly referred to Helmintherus are confined to the
Eastern United States; they are among the most simply-
colored of the Warblers, being plain olivaceous, with more or
less characteristic stripes on the head.

The genus Helmlntliopliaga, established by Dr. Cabanis in
1850, is peculiarly North American, all the known species being
found in this country, and some of them not yet ascertained to
occur elsewhere. It is the second largest genus of the subfamily
Sylvicolince. To the six species known to the earlier writers,
two more were added a few years ago, and two others have
been just now described. It is a notable circumstance that
these birds scarcely occur iu the West Indies, except in Cuba.
The two species last described, H. leucobronchialis* and H.

Mniotilta swainsoni, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848,. 196.

Helmltheros swainsoni, Cab. MH. i. 1850, W.-Bp. CA. i. 1850, 314.

Helniitherus swainsoni, Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 180.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 270
(wrong).— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 109 (South Carolina).— Oundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 412
(Cuba).— Mayn. B. Fla. 1873, 47.— B.B. 16 B. NAB.i. 1874, 190, pi. 10. f.9; iii. 1874,
504 (Florida).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 451 (corrects the long-standing error).

Swainson's Swamp Warbler, Swainson's Warbler, Authors.
HAB.— Only known to occur in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and

Cuba ; distribution thus like that of H. lachmani. Has been repeatedly but

erroneously attributed to New England, on the authority of Dr. Brewer.
* Helminthophaga lencobronchialis. — White-throated Warbler.

Helminthophaga leucobronchialis, Brewster, Araer. Sportsman, v. Oct. 17, 1874, p. 33
(orig. descr., spec, unique, Newtonvillo, Mass., May 18, 1870).— Coues, BNW. 1874,
760.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii, 1875, 439 (note on same specimen).— Brewster, Bull.
Nutt. Club, i. 1876, 1, pi. 1 (redescr. and fig.).— Minot, B. N. EngL 167T, 92 (copy of the
last).— Trotter, Bull Nutt. Club, ii. 1877, 79 (2d spec., from Clifton, Delaware Co., Pa.).

(NOTE. — Of this supposed good species, no specimen is known to be now in
existence. The unique type was accidentally destroyed shortly after publi-
cation of the original description, but fortunately not before Mr. Ridgway
had made the drawing which illustrates Mr. Brewster's second notice. At
the time that the specimen was kindly sent by the owner to the Smithsonian
Institution for examination by Mr. Ridgway, there was living at large in the
•' South Tower" an Owl of the genus Speotyto, species doubtful, which had
been captured at sea, somewhere near the West Indies, and was destined to
make history in an undesirable manner. This reckless bird of prey, in one
of his nocturnal explorations, discovered the pretty Warbler, and proceeded
to investigate the new species anatomically. He survived the dose of raw
cotton and arsenic, but was condemned to death by unanimous verdict
of the exasperated ornithologists who haunted the locality. His heart was
cut out with mock ceremony, bottled and sealed, and sent to Mr. Brewster as
a peace-offering ; and a serio-comic narrative of the whole transaction shortly
afterward" appeared in one of the papers by a "strictly anonymous''' author.)

(NOTE (2).— Since the foregoing was penned, Mr. Spencer Trotter has re-
corded a second specimen, as above cited.)

214 HELMINTHOPHAGA LAWRENCII H. BACHMANI

lawrencii,* are at present known only from isolated localities,
and nothing can be predicated respecting their actual distribu-
tion, if, indeed, they be really good species. Another, R.
lachmani^is extremely rare, being only known from South
Carolina, Georgia, and Cuba. Two, H. Virginia and H. lucice,
are characteristic of the Southern Kocky Mountain region
and Valley of the Colorado. Two are of rather general
distribution in North America, H. celata being chiefly West-
ern, but also of irregular occurrence in the East, while H.
ruficapilla is chiefly Eastern, but is known to reach the Kocky
Mountains. H. peregrina is much like ruficapilla, but more
decidedly Eastern, only known to casually reach the Rocky
Mountains. The remaining two, H. pinm\ and H. clirysop-

* Helminthopbaga lawrencii.— Lawrence's Warbler.
Helminthophaga lawrencii, Herrick, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila. 1874, 220, pi. 15 (descr.

orig. New Jersey).
Helminthophaga lawrencei, Herrick, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii. 1877, 19 (second specimen,

from Hoboken, N. J.).

(NOTE. — Closely related to H. pinus, from which it differs chiefly in having
the chin, throat, and fore breast black. It is curious to observe that the fore-
going species differs from its nearest ally, H. chrysoptera, in not having these
parts black. The discovery of the second specimen of lawrencii tends, of
course, to confirm the validity of the species ; bufc further information
respecting both of these novelties is desirable.)

f Helminthophaga badnnani.— Bachman's Warbler.
Sylvia bachmani, And. OB. ii. 1834, 483, pi. 183 (Charleston, S. C.).
Sylvicola bachmani, Rich. Sixth Ann. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 172.
Vermivora bachmani, Bp. C. &G. L. 1838, 21.
Helinala bacbmanl, And. Syn. 1839, 68.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 93, pi. 108.— Lemb. Av. Cuba,

1850, 36, pi. 6, f. 1.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).
Mniotilta bachmani, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.
Helmitheros bachmani, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 315.
Helminthophaga bachmani, Cab.—Gundl J. f. O. iii. 1855, 475 (Cuba).— Gundl. J. f. O.

1861, 326, 409; 1874, 411 (Cuba).— Bd. BNA. 1858, 255.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 175.—

Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 109 (South Carolina).— Coues, Key, 1872, 94.— JJ. B. <& Ii.

NAB. 1. 1874, 194, pi. 11, f. 3.

Mniotilta bachmanni, Giebel, Nomencl. Av. ii. 1875, 600.
Bachman's Warbler, Bachman's Swamp-Warbler, Authors.
[NOTE.— In the foregoing, " bachmani " and " bachmanii" are not distinguished.]

HAB.— Only known to occur iii South Carolina, Georgia, and Cuba — .he
latter in winter only.

J Helminthophaga pinns,— Blue-winged Yellow Warbler.

Certhia pinus, Linn. SN. i. 1766, 187, n. 16 (diagnosis exclusively pertinent ; cites Edwards
primarily ; wrongly includes Catesby and Brisson in the synonymy).— Gm. SN. i.
1788, 470, n. 16 (same as the Liunaean species ; Buffon and Latham also cited).

Sylvia pinus, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 537, n. 11 1.— Vieill OAS. ii. 1807, 44. (Not of Wilson.)

Motacilla pinus, Turt. SN. i. 1806, 606.

Yermivora pinus, Sw. Class. B. ii. 1837, 245, f. 213, h, i.

Helminthophaga pinus, Bd. BNA. 1858, 254.— 8. & S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemala).— £cZ. Cat.
1861,28.— Wheat. Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 363.— Barnard, Smiths. Rep. for 1860,
1861, 435.— Coues & Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 406.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 174.—
Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst iv. 1864, 82 (Massachusetts).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.viii, 1866.

SYNONYMY OF HELMINTHOPHAGA PINftS 215

tera, are exclusively Eastern, as far as we now know. The
genus, as a whole, is rather southerly, belonging to the United

284.— Trippe, Am. Nat.il. 1868, 174.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 109.— ffaj/m.Geol.
Surv. Indiana, 1869, 210.— Mayn. Guide, 1870, 100 (Massachusetts).— Abbott, Am. Nat.
iv. 1870, 543.— Allen, Am. Nat vi. 1872, 265.— Coues, Key, 1872, 94.— Allen, Bull. MCZ.
iii. 1872,124, 175 (Kansas) .—Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 4.— Eidgw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 199.—
Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 234 (Iowa).— Coues, BNW. 1874, 49.— Ridgw. Aim. Lye.
N. Y.x, 1874, 368 (Illinois, breeding).— Ames, Bull. Minn. Acad. i. 1874, 56 (Minne-
sota).— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 195, pi. 11, f. 1.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875,439
(Conn.).— Minot, B. New Engl. 1877, 91.— Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 14 (Conn.).
Helmintbopaga pinus, Gregg, Pr. Elmnvi Acad. Nat. Sci. 1870, — .
Helniinthopbaga pina, Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868,271 (S. New England).— Purdie, Am.

Nat. vii. 1873, 692 (Connecticut, breeding regularly).

Parus aureus alls ccruleis, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, 292 (cf. Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1875, 352).
Sylvia solitaria, Wils. AO. ii. 1810, 109, pi. 15, f. 4.—V. Ency. Meth. ii. 18-23,450.— Bp. Journ.
Phila. Acad. iv. 1824,189.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 87.— Nutt Man. i. 1832, 410.—
Aud. OB. i. 1832, 102, pi. 20.— Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 290 (Indiana).
V (Tinhorn solitaria, Jard. "ed.Wils. 1832".— Bp. CGL. 1838, 21.— Denny, PZS. 1847, 38.—
Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. Expl. Col. R. 1853, 72 (Indian Terr., common, breeding).— Head,
Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 399 (Ohio).— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 18C4, 1865, 438 (Missouri).
Sylvicola solitaria, Rich. Rep. Brit Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 171.
Helinaia solitaria, Aud. Syn. 1839, 69.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 98, pi. 1 11.— Praften.Tr. Illinois

Agric. Soc. 1855, 602.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst i. 1856, 227 (Massachusetts).
Mniotilta solitaria, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.
Helmitheros solitaria, Bp. C A. i. 1850, 315.
Helmitheros solitariu's, Sci PZS. 1856, 291 (Cordova).

Helmintbopbaga solitaria, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 20.— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 23; Phila. ed. 16.
Pine Creeper, Edw. Glean, pt. ii. 139, pi. 277, f. 2. (Not of Catesby.)

Figuier de la Louisiane, Briss. Orn. vi. 1760, App.59 (based on Edwards's Pine Creeper;
not the bird described in the body of his work, iii. 576, which is Catesby 's Pine
Creeper, iior the bird of same name in p. 500, which is Parula americana).
Pine Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii, 1785, 412, n. 318.— Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 483, n. 107. (Descrip-
tion mostly pertinent, but synonymy confused with that of Dendrceca pinus).
Figuier des Sapins, Buff. " v. 276 " [?].

Fauvette des Sapins, Sylvia pinus, V. N. D. d'H. N. 2d ed. xi. 1817, 218 (description).
Fauvette jaune aux ailes bleues, V. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 450.
Blue-winged Yellow Warbler (or Swamp-Warbler), Authors.

[NOTE.— The synonymy of the Blue- winged Yellow Warbler, Helminthophaga pinus, is
curiously involved with that of the Pine-creeping Warbler, Dendroeca pinus, but may
readily be disentangled. Wilson, in fact, understood the case, and showed that the confu-'
sion arose from the fact that the "Pine Creeper" of Edwards and the "Pine-Creeper " of
Catesby are two different birds, wrongly supposed by Linnaeus and Gmelin, as well as
by Brisson, Latham, and Pennant, to be the same species. Edwards, it seems, received
the Helminthophaga, from Bartram, and described and figured it (pi. 277) under the style
of the " Pine Creeper ". Edwards's bird became the Certhia pinus of Linnaeus, whose diag-
nosis ("C. flava, supra olivacea, alia cseruleis fasciis dnabus albis . . . lora nigra ") is
exclusively pertinent. Meanwhile, Catesby described and figured the Dendroeca under iho
same style of "Pine-Creeper", Parus americanus lutescens (folio and pi. 61) ; his account is
poor and his figure bad, and they were mistaken to indicate the same bird that Edwards
treated of. So it fell out that the Certhia pinus of Linnaeus and Gmelin, the Sylvia pinus
of Latham, and the Pine Warbler of Latham and Pennant include both birds, as far as
synonymy is concerned, though their descriptions all indicate the Helminthophaga. Bris-
sou's "Mesange d'Amerique, Parus americanus" is based solely on Catesby, and is the
Dendroeca; but, after thus handling the species in the body of his work (iii. 576), he gives
in the appendix (vi. 59) a certain " Figuier de la Louisiane ", based solely on Edwards'a
Pine Creeper (pi. 277), remarking the black loral stripe, as given by Edwards, and thus
unmistakably indicating the Helminthophaga. But Brisson's " Figuier de la Louisiane",
of the body of his work, iii. 500, is Parula americana. I have not been able to consult
Buffon ("v. 276"), and am consequently unable to say which of the two birds his

216 SYNONYMY OF HELMINTHOPHAGA CHRYSOPTERA

States more than to British America, and being well represented
in winter in Central America; though at least three of the
species, peregrina, celata, and ruficapilla, pass well beyond the
United States in the spring, and one of them has even occurred
in Greenland. The synonymy of H. chrysoptera* is subjoined.

"Figuier des Sapins" may be; the quotation is currently assigned to the Helmintho-
pnaga. By Linnaeus, Gmelin, and others, Catesby is quoted " i. 4G " ; but on examining
the Edwards English-French e<i. of 1771, I find that Catesby's 46th folio and plate are
devoted to Ampelis cedrorum, his 61st folio and plate being the one in question, as correctly
cited by Brisson.]

HAB.— Eastern United States. North to Massachusetts (see Cabot, Pr.
Bost. Soc. vi. 386, and many authors above quoted, but presence in New
England denied by Dr. Brewer until 1875) and Minnesota (Ames}. West
to Iowa, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas. South through Eastern Mex-
ico to Guatemala (Salvin). Not recorded from any of the West Indies.

* Helminthopbaga chrysoptera.— Klne Goldeu-winged Warbler.
Motacilla chrysoptera, Linn. SN. i. 1766, 333, u. 20 (based on Ed w. pL 299).— Bodd. Tabl.

PE. 1783, 44 (PE. 70'J, f. 2).— Gm. SN. i 1783, 971, u. ZO.—Turt. SN. i. 1806, 597.
Sylvia chrysoptera, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 541, n. 123.— V. OAS. ii. 1807, 37, pi. 97.— Wils.

AO. ii. 1810, 113, pi. 15, f. 5.— F.Eucy. Merh. ii. 1823, 438, u. 60.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad.

iv. 1824, WU.-Bp. AO. i. 1825, 12, pi. 1, f. Z.-Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 87.— Nutt. Man.

i. 1832, 411.— And. OB. v. 1839, 154, pi. 4U.-Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 312.
Sylvicola chrysoptera, Rich. Hep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 171.
Vermivora chrysoptera, " Sw."—Bp. CGL. 1838, 2l.—Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 312.—

Read, ibid. 399.— Kenn. Tr. HI Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 583.
dellnaia Chrysoptera, And. Syn. 1839, 67.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 91, pi. 107.— Henry, Pr. Phila.

Acad. vii. 1855, 'm.—Pratten, Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. 1855, 602.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst, i.

1856, 227.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).

Mniotilta chrysoptera, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.— Gieb. Nomonc. Av. ii. 1875, 601.
Helmitheros chrysoptera, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 315.
Helmitheros chrysopterus, Scl. PZS. 1855, 143 (Bogota).
Helminthophaga chrysoptera, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 20.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 255.— Henry, Pr. Phila.

Acad. xi. 1859, 106.— £ & S. Ibis, ii. I860, 397 (Choctum, Guatemala).— Wheat. Ohio

Agric. Rep. for 1810, 1861, 363.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. vii. 1861, 293 (N. Granada).—

Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1661, 435.— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 326 (Cuba).— Gundl. J. f. O.

1862, 177 (Cuba).— Coues <&Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 406.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1864,

175.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 82.-S.<&S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— Dress. Ibis, i.

2d ser. 1865, 477 (San Antonio, Tex.).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 284.— Mcllwr.

Pr. Ess. Inst. v.i866, 85 (Canada West).— Salv. PZS. 1867, 135 (Veragua).— Trippe, Am.

Nat. ii. 1&63, 181.— Lawr. Ann. Lyc.N.Y.ix. 1868, 94 (Costa Rica).- Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst.

v. 1868, 271.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 109.— Allen, Am. Nat iii. 1869, 575.— Turnb.

B. E. Pa. 1869, 23; Phila. ed. 16.— u. Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 293.— Mayn. Guide, 1870, 100.—

Salv. PZS. 1870, 182 (Veragna).— Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 543.— Coues, Key, 1872, 94, f.

3.— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 411 (Cuba).— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 222.— Trippa, Pr. Bost. Soc.

xv. 1873, 234.— Ridgw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 199.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 49.— B. B. & R. NAB.

i. 1874, 192, fig. pi. 11, f. 2.— Ridgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 36d (Illinois).— Brew. Pr.

Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.— Warren, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i. 1876, 6 (full account of

nest and eggs) .—Gentry, Life-Hist. 1876, 98.— Minvt, B. N. Engl. 1877, 91.— Merr.

Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 14 (Connecticut).

Helminthopaga chrysoptera, Cab. J. f. O. I860, 328 (CostaRica).— Gregg, Pr. EL Ac. 1870, — .
Motacilla flavf frons, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 976, n. 126 (based on the Yellow-fronted Warbler of

Penn. and Lath.).— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 601.
Sylvia flavifrons, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 527, n. 69.

Parus aliS aureiS, Bartr. Trav. FU. 1791, 292 (cf. Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1875, 352).
Golden-winged Flycatcher, Edw. Glean, pt. ii. 189, pi. 299 (basis of M. chrysoptera L.).

CHARACTERS OF IJELMINTHOPHAG.E 217

There is a great similarity in the habits of the Helminthophagw,
as might be expected from their close resemblance to each
other in structure. They are indefatigable insect-hunters, peer-
ing into the crevices of bark and the interstices of leaves and
blossoms for the minute bugs upon which they prey, catching
them adroitly with their acute and attenuate bill ; but they do
not appear to pursue flying insects so persistently as many
other Sylvicolines are known to do. Their notes are few, odd,
and not very musical, pitched in a high key, and delivered in
a slender, wiry tone.

They are, without exception, migratory ; perhaps they are not
more delicate than other Warblers, but the special nature of
their food compels them to leave scenes which some other
species withstand without inconvenience. Their mode of nest-
ing is nearly uniform j all the species, as far as certainly known,
build on the ground or scarcely above it, making rather coarse
and bulky nests, for such elegant little owners, out of grasses,
weeds, mosses, withered leaves, bark-strips, and the like. The
eggs of all are alike white, speckled with various reddish
shades.

The ten species may be thrown into two groups, according to
color — groups \vhich correspond in a general way with geo-
graphical distribution, and exactly divide the genus in halves.
In one set of five species, namely, pinus, lawrencii, clirysoptera^
leucobronchialis, and bachmani, the colors are highly variegated,
and the tail-feathers are largely blotched with white. These
are all exclusively Eastern. In the other five, ruficapilla, vir-
ginice, celata, peregrina, and lucice, the coloration is simpler ; the

Gold-winged Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 492, n. 118.

Gold-wing Warbler, Perm. AZ. ii. 1785, 403, n. 295.

Figuier aux ailes dories, Buff. "v. 311".

Figuier cendre a gorge noir de Pensllvanie, Ficcdula pensilvanica cinerea gutture
nigro, Briss. Orn. vi. 1760, 109.

Yellow-fronted Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 461, n. 67.— Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 404, n. 296.
(Basis of MotaciUa flamfrons Gm.)

Fauvette chrysoptere, V. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 438.

Fauvetee chrysoptere, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 200.

Golden-winged Warbler, Golden-winged Swamp War-
bler, Blue Golden-winged Warbler, Authors.

HAS.— Eastern United States and Canada (Mcll-
wraith). "Nova Scotia " (Audubon). Rarer in the
Northern States. South (not in Mexico, for all
that is known) to New Granada. Many Central
American quotations. Cuba only of the West In-
dies. Breeds at large in the United States ; win- FlG 3it_Biue Golden-winged
ters beyond our limits. Warbler.

218 ANALYSIS OF HELMINTHOPHAG^

tail-feathers are not, or not conspicuously, blotched with white ;
and a mark of all but one of them is a crown-patch of color
different from surrounding parts. One of these is Eastern, two
are Western, and two are of general dispersion. The males may
be recognized, when in perfect plumage, by the following

Analysis of species

I. Tail-feathers conspicuously white-blotched. Wings with white or yellow
on coverts. Head or breast with black. (All exclusively Eastern.)

1. Bluish-ash, below white ; crown and wing-bars yellow ; throat

and stripe on side of head black clirysoptera.

2. Like the last; " no black on throat" " leucolronchialis" .

3. Olive-green ; wings and tail bluish-ash, former with white or yel-

low bars ; crown and under parts yellow ; lores black pinus.

4. Like the last; "chin, throat, and breast black" "lawrentii".

5. Olive-green, below yellow ; throat, breast, and crown-patch black ;

forehead yellow bachmani.

II. Tail-feathers inconspicuously or not blotched with white. No decided
wing-markings. No black anywhere.

a. Crown without colored patch. Wings about half as long again as tail.

6. Tail with obscure whitish spot on outer feather; under parts

white or whitish ; upper parts olive-green, brighter behind, quite
ashy in front. Chiefly Eastern peregrina.

b. Crown with colored patch. Wings shorter.

7. Crown-patch orange-brown ; tail unmarked ; upper parts olive-

green ; under parts greenish-yellow, both nearly uniform. West-
ern and incompletely Eastern celata.

8. Crown-patch chestnut ; tail unmarked ; upper parts olive-green,

growing ashy on head ; under parts uniformly yellow. Eastern
and incompletely Western ruficapilla.

9. Crown-patch chestnut ; tail unmarked ; above olivaceous-ash, be-

low whitish ; rump and under tail-coverts bright yellow ; breast

yellowish. Western virginue.

10. Crown-patch aud upper tail-coverts chestnut; outer tail-feather
with dull white patch ; above pale cinereous, below white.
Western lucia.

The females and young of Sect. II, at least, require more detailed descrip-
tions for their determination in some cases, especially Nos. 7, 8, and 9, which
resemble each other quite closely, even when in full plumage. All of them
are described in detail in the following pages, with special reference to the
characters that distinguish them from each other ; and it is believed that
there will be no difficulty experienced in discriminating between them, if the
diagnostic points which are given are sufficiently considered.

CHARACTERS OF HELMINTHOPHAGA LUCLE 219

Lucy's Warbler

Helminthophaga Incise

Helminthophaga lucise, Coop. Pr. Cala. Acad. July, 1862, 120 (Fort Mojave, Ariz.).— Bd.
Rev.*AB. 1865, 118.—0oues, Ibis, 2d ser. ii. 1866, 260 (Fort Whlpple, Ariz.).— Couts, Pr.
Phila. Acad. 1866,70 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.).— Elliot, BNA. pL 5.— Coop. Am. Nat, iii.
1869, 476, 479.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 84.— Coues, Am. Nat. vi. 1672, 493 (supposed nest
and eggs).— Coues, Key, 1872, 94.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1873, 107 (supposed nest
and eggs).— B.B.& R. NAB. i. 1874,200, pi. 11, f. 9; App. iii. 1875, 504.— Henth. List
B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 190 (Arizona).

Mniotilta luciae, Gieb. Nomencl. Av. ii. 1875, 603.

Lucy's Warbler, Authors.

HAS. — Valley of the Colorado (not yet found outside of Arizona).

CH. SP. — 3 9 Cinerea, infra alba; vertice tectricibusque cau-
dalibus superioribus castaneis.

$ 9 : Clear ashy-gray. Beneath white, with a faint tinge of buff on the
breast. A rich chestnut patch on the crown, and upper tail-coverts of the
same color. A white eye-ring. Quills and tail-feathers edged with the color
of the back or whitish. Lateral tail-feather with an obscure whitish patch.
Lining of wing white. Feet dull leaden-olive. Iris dark brown or black.
Length, 4^-4$-; extent, 7-7£ ; wing, 2£-2|; tail, lf-2; tarsus, £; bill, £-£.

Young : Newly fledged birds lack the chestnut of the crown, though that
of the rump is present. The throat and breast are milk-white, without the
ochrey tinge of the adults ; the wing-coverts are edged with pale rufous.

The chestnut upper tail-coverts, and absence of any trace of olivaceous or
yellowish coloration, distinguish this interesting species, the general super-
ficial aspect of which is quite like that of a Polioptila.

LUCY'S Warbler is one of the later additions to this genus,
the known species of which have still more recently been
increased in number by the discovery of H. virginice in the
West, and of H. leucobronchialis and R. lawremii in the East-
ern States. It illustrates the extreme of the gradation in color
which the olivaceous Helminthophagce present, from such green-
ish species as the Nashville and the Orange-crowned, through
the partly cinereous Virginia's and Tennessee Warblers, to the
entirely ashy and white H. lucice, in which the upper tail-coverts
as well as the crown are, moreover, differently colored from the
rest of the body.

The interesting bird is one of Dr. Cooper's discoveries, having
been first observed by this gentleman at Fort Mojave, Arizona,
where it arrived one year during the latter part of March, the
first specimen having been secured on the 25th of that month.
The males appeared to have preceded the females, as no indi-
viduals of the latter sex were noted until about ten days after-
ward. The birds soon became quite numerous in the rnezquite

220 HABITS OF LUCY'S WARBLER

thickets, where they were observed to frequent the tops of the
trees, uttering their curious notes during their incessant pur-
suit of insects. In the course of the two months during which
they continued under Dr. Cooper's observations, six specimens
were secured, but their mode of nest-building was not ascer-
tained.

Two years subsequently, in March, 18G3, Mr. Holden secured
additional specimens near the 34th parallel ; and, in the spring
of 1865, Lucy's Warbler fell to my own lot. Whilst rambling
one pleasant April morning along the little stream that flows
past Fort Whipple, I heard a curious note, which reminded me
of that of a Gnatcatcher (Polioptila), and was not long on the
alert before I saw one of the modest vocalists, betrayed no less
by the restlessness with which the bird skipped about in the
budding foliage than by the singularity of its voice. Not recog-
nizing the species, I made the usual sacrifice without delay,
and was overjoyed to find, as I turned the dainty bird over and
over in my hand, removing every trace of blood and smoothing
every ruffled feather, that I had taken a species new to me ; for
I had not then learned of Dr. Cooper's prize, and moments of
discovery are always moments of pardonable enthusiasm. In
the course of the spring, I took a few more specimens, among
them the first ones, I think, of the young, which differ in some
particulars from the adults. These Warblers, however, did
not appear to be very common in the field of my observations;
they are rather timid and retiring birds, likely to be long over-
looked in the thickets and copses to which they seem so much
attached. They reach the vicinity of Fort Whipple, which is
pretty high among the mountains, about the middle of April,
thus much later than the time of their appearance in lower
portions of the Territory, and remain until the latter part of
September, if not longer. They certainly breed there ; for I
found a newly fledged brood of young, just about to disperse,
early in May. This family was reared in a little clump of wil-
low bushes along the stream, and seemed so feeble on wing that
I attempted to catch one of them alive ; but the little thing was
too quick for me, and I shot it after giving up the chase.
The nest was, of course, somewhere near at hand, but I failed
to find it.

When penning some notes on this species, which were pub-
lished in 1866, I ventured to surmise that the nest would be
found not on the ground, but in the crotch of a bush. ''Should

HABITS OF LUCY'S WARBLER 221

it prove so," Dr. Brewer recently replied, "it would in this
respect differ from all the other members of this well-marked
group"; nevertheless, on the fifth page following, in the same
work, Dr. Brewer describes a nest of H elminthophaga percgrina,
which, he says, "was built in a low clump of bushes". Some
uncertainty in the case continues, I regret to say, though ac-
counts of a nest and eggs, fully believed to be those of Lucy's
Warbler, and confirming my surmise of its non-terrestrial nidi-
fication, have been published both by Dr. Brewer and myself.
Writing from Tucson, Arizona, under date of May 19, 1872,
Lieut, (now Captain) Charles Bendire informed me by letter
that he had that day found a nest " of a very small warbler,
four inches long, which has a bright chestnut spot on the crown,
and the tail coverts of the same color, the other upper parts
cinereous, the lower parts dull white". I shortly afterward
published the account in the American Naturalist, and another
notice, based on the same data, was next year put on record
by Dr. Brewer, as above cited. The eggs were described as
four in number, nearly globular in shape, scarcely larger than
a Hummingbird's, white, with fine red spots at the larger end:
they contained large embryos. They were placed between the
bark and main wood of a dead mezquite tree, about four feet
from the ground. The bird described was surely no other than
Lucy's Warbler: the only question is, whether the nest and
eggs belonged to it. The ostensible evidence, however, is with-
out flaw, and may be accepted until rebutted, though it is against
the analogy of uidification in this genus upon which Dr. Brewer
has properly dwelt.

Lucy's Warbler is thus far only known from the Territory of
Arizona, and its abode in winter, which we may presume to be
in Mexico, remains to be ascertained, as does also probably
its limit of distribution in other directions. It was first fig-
ured by Mr. D. G. Elliot on plate V of his splendid work,
and subsequently by the authors of the "History of North
American Birds", from a drawing of the head made by Mr.
Eidgway. The citations at the head of this article indicate
nearly the whole of the literature the little bird has occasioned
up to the date of present writing, and include only one syno-
nym, namely, that resulting from the reference of the species
to the genus Mniotilta by Professor Giebel, who, in 1875, threw
nearly all the Sylvicolince together under this head, as Mr. George
Robert Gray had likewise done before him.

222 CHARACTERS OF HELMINTHOPHAGA VIRGINIA

Virginia's Warbler

Helminthophaga virgJnise

Helminthophaga Virginia:, Bd. BNA. ed. of 1860 (not of 1858), Atlas, p. xi, footnote, pi. 79,
f. 1 (Cantonment Burgwyn, N. Mex.).— Bd. Kev. AB. 1865, 177.— Cones, Pr. Phila.
Acad. xviii. 1866, 70 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 85.— Coues, Key, 1872,
94.— Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 196 (Colorado ; nest and eggs).— Eidgw. Ball. Ess.
Inst. v. 1873, 180.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 51.— B.B.& R. NAB. i. 1874, 199, pi. 11, f. 12 ;
App. iii. 504.— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1S74, 41.— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.—
Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 189.

Mnlotllta virginiae, Gieb. Nomencl. Av. ii. 1875, 608.

Virginia's Warbler, Rocky Mountain Warbler, Authors.

HAJB. — Southern portion of the Middle Province of the United States, or
Southern Rocky Mountain region at large. North to Nevada, Utah, and
Colorado at least, where it breeds. Found (migratory ?) in New Mexico and
Arizona. Winter resorts unknown (probably in Mexico).

CH. SP. — 3 plumbea, infra sordid^ alba; tertricibus caudcc su-
perioribus et inferioribus, necnon macula pectorali, flavis ; vertice
castaneo. 9 sat similis, partibus flavis obscurioribus, pileo cas-
taneo restricto.

$ , in summer : Ashy-plumbeous, alike on the back, and top and sides of
head. Below dull whitish, the sides shaded with ashy. Lining and edge of
wings white. Upper and under tail-coverts, and isolated spot on the breast,
yellow, in strong contrast with all surroundings. A white ring round eye.
Wings and tail without yellowish edgings. Crown with a chestnut patch,
as iu H. ruficapilla. Length, 4| ; extent, 7£ ; wing, 2£-2i ; tail. 2J.

9 , in summer : Quite like the male, the yellow duller and slightly tinged
with greenish ; that of the breast, and the chestnut of the crown, more re-
stricted than in the $ .

Autumnal specimens resemble the $ most nearly ; but in both sexes the
plumbeous of the upper parts has a slight olive shade, and in birds of the
year the crown-patch may be wanting.

When this species was first described, from defective material, the isolated
yellow spot on the breast, so different from anything observed elsewhere in
the genus, suggested the possibility that better plumaged specimens might
be extensively yellow underneath, and thus like H. ruficapilla. But many
specimens since taken, in high spring plumage, intensify the original char-
acters given of the species, and separate it still more widely from H.
ruficapilla. The whole upper parts are about of the shade of the head of
ruficapilla, and, even when most glossed with olive, are still strongly con-
trasted with the yellow upper tail-coverts. The under parts are as white as
in adult peregrina, with the yellow spot on the breast, and yellow under tail-
coverts, both in strong contrast. The chestnut crown and white eye-ring
are much as in ruficapilla.

"TTIRGIXIA'S Warbler was discovered at Cantonment Burg-

V wyn, in New Mexico, by Dr. W. W. Anderson, and first

described, in 1860, by Professor Baird, who dedicated it to the

wife of the discoverer. The type-specimen remained unique

HABITS OF VIRGINIA'S WARBLER 223

until 1864, when the present writer took a second example at Fort
Whipple, on the 15th of August; this was a young bird, very
likely bred in the vicinity. Shortly afterward, in 1869, Mr. Ridg-
way ascertained that the bird was abundant in the East Huin-
boldt and Wahsatch Mountains, where it was breeding in thick-
ets of scrub-oak. He found a nest containing four eggs, on the
9th of August, on the side of a ravine ; it was sunken in the
ground among the withered leaves, so that its brim was flush
with the surface, and measured 3J inches in diameter by 2
inches in depth. The material consisted of loosely interwoven
strips of the inner bark of the "mountain mahogany ", mixed
with grasses, mosses and slender rootlets, and lined with the
far of some small quadruped. According to Dr. Brewer's
measurements, the eggs were 0.64 long by 0.47 broad; the
ground-color, when fresh, was rosy white, and this was "pro-
fusely spotted with numerous small blotches and dots of pur-
plish-brown and lilac, forming a crown around the larger end".
Mr. 0. B. Aiken shortly afterward extended the known range
of the species to include the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky
Mountains in Colorado, where it breeds. This excellent ob-
server found it in various parts of the State, but especially
along the eastern base of the mountains, where, in its favor-
ite haunts, it sometimes outnumbers all the other Warblers put
together. It is a shy and timid species, generally darting, with
its sharp note of alarm, into its place of concealment when ap-
proached. In summer, it frequents the scrub of the hillsides,
at any elevation up to about 7,500 feet, but during the migra-
tions it is found indifferently in the pine forests and among the
cottonwoods and willows along the streams. "The male is
very musical during the nesting season ", says Mr. Aiken, " utter-
ing his sweet ditty continually as he skips through the bushes
in search of his morning repast ; or having satisfied his appe-
tite, he mounts to the top of some tree in the neighborhood of
his nest, and repeats at regular intervals a song of remarkable
fullness for a bird of such minute proportions. . . . No bird
with which I am acquainted conceals its nest more effectually
than this warbler. This is placed at the base of a tussock of
grass among the oak bushes, being sunk in a hollow scratched
in the earth, so that the rim of the nest is on a level with the
surface. The overhanging grass of the tussock hides all so
completely that the nest is only to be discovered by the most
careful and persistent search. About the first of June, five
white eggs, delicately speckled with reddish brown, are laid."

224 SYNONYMY OF HELMINTHOPHAGA RUFICAPILLA

Nashville Warbler

rnficapilla

Sylvia ruflcapilla, Wils. AO. iii. 1811, 120, pL 27, f. 3.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824,
197.— Aud. OB. i. 1832, 450, pi. 89.

Mniotilta ruflcapllla, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.

Helmintbophaga ruflcapilla, Ud.BNA. 1858, 256.— ScZ. PZS. 1858,298 (Parada).— Sd. PZS.
185?, 373 (Oaxaca).— Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 191 (California).— Wheat. Ohio
Agric. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 363.— Sd. Cat. AB. 1861, 29.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860,

1861, 435.— Coues <&Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 406.— Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix.

1862, 125 (Maine, rare).— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 146 (Maine, rare).— Blak. Ibis, v.
1363, 62 (Great Slave Lake) — Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 175.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 59
(Massachusetts, breeding).— Dress. Ibis, 1865, 477 (San Antonio, Tex.).— Mcllwr. Pr.
Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 85 (Canada West).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1H66, 284.— Trippe,
Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 177.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 270.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii.
1868, 109 (South Carolina).— Turrib. B. E. Pa, 1869, 24; Phila. ed. 17.— Sumich. Mem.
Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 546 (Orizaba).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 82.— Mayn. Guide, 1870, 99.—
Gregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870, p. —.—Parker, Am. Nat. v. 1871, 168.— Allen, Bull. MCZ.
iii. 1872, 175 (Kansas ; Utah).— Coues, Key, 1872, 94.— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872,
362.— Mayn. B. Fla. 1873, 63.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 234.— Eidgw. Bull. Ess.
Inst. v. 1873 (Colorado ; Utah ; Nevada) —Merr. TJ. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873,
713.— Packard, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 271.— Ames, Bull. Minn. Acad. 1874, 56 (Minne-
sota).— Coues, BN W. 1874, 50.— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 196, fig. p. 191, pi. 11, f. 7, 8.—
Eidgw. Ann. Lye. N. T. x. 1874, 368.— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 41.— Henah. List
B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Brewst. Ann. Lye. N. T. xi. 1875, 135 (Virginia).— Newton, Birds
Greenland, p. 99 (Godtbaab, 1835, Fiskenaes, Aug. 31, 1840).— Nels. Pr. Bost. Soc.xvii.
1875, 357 (California).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W.
100 Merid. 1876, 188.-iawr. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. n. 4, 1876, 15 (Tehuantepec).—
Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 94.— Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 14.

Helminthophaga ruflcapilla, vars. ruflcapilla, ocularis, gutturalis, Eidgw. apud

B. B. & E. NAB. i. 1874, 191.
Sylvia rubricapilla, Wils. AO. vi. 1812, 15 (Index).— Bp. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 197.—

Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 87.— Nutt Man. i. 1832, 412.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839,

313.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 81.

Sylvicola (Vermivora) rubricapilla, 8. & E. FBA. ii. 1831, 220, pi. 42, up. fig.
Sylvicola rubricapilla, Rich. Rep. Brit Aesoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 171.— Willis,

Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 282.
Vermivora rubricapilla, Bp. CGL. 1838, 21.— Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, W.—Hcy, Pr. Phila.

Acad. vi. 1853, 312.— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 399.— Reinh. " Vid. Meddel. for 1853,

1854, 82" (Greenland).— Reinh. J. f. O. 1854, 439 (same).— Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric.

Soc. i. 1855, 583.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. 1856, 4 (nest and eggs).
Helinaia rubricapilla, Aud. Syn. 1839, IQ.-Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 103, pi. 113.— Giraud, BLI.

1844,69.— Pratten,Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, G02.-P«fn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 208.
Helmitheros rubricapilla, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 315.
Helmitheros rubricapillus, Sd. PZS. 1856, 291 (Cordova).
Helminthophaga rubricapilla, Cab. MH. i. 1850,20— Scl. PZS. 1859,363 (XalapaJ.-AHen,

Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 265.

Mniotilta rubricapilla, Reinh. Ibis, iii. 1861, 6 (Greenland).
Sylvia leucogastra, Steph. " Shaw's Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 622 ".
Sylvia nashvillei, Vieill. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 451, n. Ill (based on Wilson).
Sylvia mexicana, '•Holboll" [Where?]
Fauvette nashville, V. 1. c.
Nashville Warbler, Nashville Swamp Warbler, Nashville Vermivora, Nashville Worm-

eater, Authors.

HAB.— Temperate North America, but especially the Eastern Province.
North casually to Greenland (two instances, J. Reinhardt, A. Newton). West
occasionally to Utah (Ogden, J. A. Allen), Nevada (Humboldt Mountains,

CHARACTERS OF HELMINTHOPHAGA RUFICAPILLA 225

R. Ridgway), and California (Lake Tahoe, F. Gruber; Fort Tejon, J. Xantus) ;
" Columbia River" (auct. Audubon) ; not yet detected in intervening ground.
Mexico (numerous quotations). Not in West Indies or Central America?
Breeds from Massachusetts (and probably much farther south in the Alleghany
Mountains) northward.

OH. SP. — 3 flavido-oliraceci) uropygio magis flamcante, capHe
cinereo, pileo castaneo plus minusve cclato; infra ex toto flava.
9 sat similis, obscurior, capite aliquantulum olivascente.

<J, in summer: Upper parts olive-green or yellowish-olive, clearer and
brighter on the rump and upper tail-coverts. Top and sides of the head and
neck ashy, with a more or less veiled chestnut patch on the crown, and a
white ring round the eye. No superciliary stripe. Lores pale. Wings and
tail fuscous, edged with the color of the back. Entire under parts yellow,
including under wing-coverts and edge of the wing, the sides somewhat
shaded with olive. Length, 4£-4f ; extent, 7$ ; wing, 2f-2} ; tail, lf-2.

9 , in summer: Similar to the male. Head less purely ashy. Crown-patch
smaller and more hidden, if not wanting. Yellow of under parts paler,
whitening on the belly.

Autumnal specimens, of both sexes, though quite as yellow below as in
summer, have the ash of the head glossed over with olivaceous, and in birds
of the year the crown-patch may be entirely wanting.

This species is distinguished from any other by the rich clear yellow of the
under parts at all seasons. In H. celata, which is next most yellow below,
the color has a greenish cast; the head is little, if any, different from the
rest of the upper parts, and the crown-patch is orange-brown.

LONG supposed to be a bird of the Eastern Province, the
Nashville Warbler has gradually come to be known from
nearly all portions of North America, and the extensive distri-
bution I here attribute to the species is fully attested. Wilson
described it, probably for the first time, from the vicinity of
the city whose name it has since borne, and it was a rarity to
the early school ; Audubon speaks of a few specimens of his
from Kentucky and Louisiana ; Richardson records it from the
Fur Countries; and Swainson figures a specimen from Cumber-
land House. Nuttall speaks of it as a Southern bird, and sub-
sequently as occurring in Labrador. Its occurrence in Green-
land in two instances, in 1835 and 1840, is attested by Reinhardt
and A. Newton. In 1858, Baird gave its general distribution
as u Eastern North America to the Missouri". Audubon had
long before ascribed it to the Columbia River; and though
such ascription may not have been confirmed by later ob-
servation, it is probably correct. At any rate, we have now
many Western records. Xantus got the bird at Fort Tejon in
California, and Gruber soon found it at Lake Tahoe; Allen
15 B c

226 SYNONYMY OF HELMINTHOPHAGA CELATA

observed it in Utah, considering it quite common about Ogden;
Ridgway noticed it in Nevada 5 and Henshaw has latterly
recorded a number of specimens from Arizona, in which Terri-
tory he states that it probably occurs only as a migrant, and
that he found it common in August and September in the vicin-
ity of Camp Orittenden. I have collated numerous Mexican
records, presented in the foregoing synonymy, but have found
no evidence that the bird is known at all either from Central
America or the West Indies.

In the greater part of the United States, it has the reputation
of a migratory bird ; but I suspect that it will finally be ascer-
tained to breed much farther south than it is now known to do,
particularly in the higher mountains of the West, both along
the Rocky Chain and in the Sierras of California ; for various
birds, like the Kinglets and Titlarks, nestle there in latitudes
to which they are strangers during the breeding season in the
East. Most of our accounts of its nidification corne from the
ornithologists of New England, and especially of Massachu-
setts, where the study of our birds has long been pursued with
unusual ardor and commensurate success. North of this lati-
tude, the Nashville Warbler will probably be found as a summer
resident wherever found at all. Several excellent accounts of
its habits and satisfactory descriptions of its nest and eggs
having already appeared, I shall not pursue the subject, the
purpose of this article being rather to signalize the occurrence
of the bird in the region now under consideration, and indicate
its wide dispersion in North America and Mexico, than to pre-
sent its history in full.

Orange-crowned Warbler

llelmiiitho;>haga celata

a. celata
Sylvia celata, Say, Long's Exped. K Mts. i. 1823, 169— Bp. AO. i. 1825, 45, pi. 5, f. 2.— Bp.

Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 88.—Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 4i3.— And. OB. ii. 1834, 449, pi. 178.—

Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153.— Peob. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 313.
SylviCOla celata, Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, m.—Finsch, Abh. Nat.

iii. 1872,36 (Alaska).
Vermivora celata, Bp. CGL. 1838, 2l.—Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 473.— Gamb. Pr. Phila.

Acad. iii. 1846, 155.- Gamb. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, H.—Hoy, Pr. Phila, Acad. vi.

1853, 312.
Helinaia celata, Aud. Syn. 1839,69.-A«d BA. ii. 184J, 100, pi. 112.— JTecrm. Jouru. Phila.

Acad. ii. 1853, 263.— Pratten, Tr 111. Agric. Sop. i. 1855, 602.
Mniotllta celflta, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.— Gieb. Xomenc. Av. ii. 1875, 601.
HclmUheros celata, Bp. Syn. CA. i. 1650, 315.
Helmitheros celatus, Scl. PZS. 1857,212 (Orizaba).

CHARACTERS OF HELMINTHOPHAGA CELATA 227

Helminthopbaga celata, Bd. BNA. 1858, 257.-ScZ. PZS. 1858, £98 (Parada).— Scl PZS. 1859,
235 (Vancouver); 373 (Oaxaca).— Xant Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 191 (California).—
Bd. U. S. Mex. B. Surv. pt. ii. 1859, Birds, 10.— Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 40.— Coop. & Suckl.
NHWT. I860, 178.-.Bd. Ives's Colo. Rep. pt. v. 1861, 5.—Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc.
xii. 1862, 160.— Scl PZS. 1862, 19 (Parada).— Blak. Ibis, iv. 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).—
Blak. Ibis, v. 1863, QZ.—Bd. Rev. AB. 1864, 176.— Lord, Pr. Roy. Arty. Inat. iv. 1864,
115.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst iv. 1864, 60 (Massachusetts).— Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 477
(Texas).— Coues, Ibis, 2d ser. ii. 1866, 262 (Port Yuma).— Coues, Pr. Phila, Acad. xviii.
1866, 70 (Fort Whipple).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. viii. 1866, 284.— Coues, Pr. Boat. Soc.
xiL 1868, 108 (South Carolina) .—Coues, Pr. Ess. lust v. 1868, 271.— Triple, Am. Nat.
ii. 1868, 181.— Brown, Ibis, 2d ser. iv. 1868,420 (Vancouver).— Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad.
xx. 1868, 149 (Texas).— Coop. Am. Nat iii. 1869, 476.— Turrib. B. E. Pa, 1869, 53 ; Phila.
ed. 42.— Datt <& Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. 1869, 278.— Coop. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1871, Ib.—Coop.
B.Cal. i. 1870, 83, fig.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 268 (Florida) -All. Bull. MCZ. iii.
1872, 175 (Utah and Kansas).— Stev. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 463.— Coues,
Kev, 1872, 95.— Aiken, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1872, 96.— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 265, 396.—
Ridgw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 606.— Ridgw. Bull. Ess. lust. v. 1873, 180 (Colorado).—
Mayn. B. Fla. 1873, 61.— Trippe, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1873, 234.— Merr. U. S. Geol. Surv.
Terr, for 1872, 1873, 713.— Herrick, Bull. Ess. Inst, v. 1873, p. — (£rand Menan).—
Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 4.— Ridgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 368.— Coop. Am. Nat. viii.
1874, 16.— Coues, BJSTW. 1871,52.— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 41, 57, 74, 102.- Awe*,
Bull. Minn. Acad. 1874, 56.— Brew. Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439 (Massachusetts).—
Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 191.— Fox,
" Forest and Stream, vi. 354 " (New Hampahire).— Brtwster, Bull. Nutt Club, i. 1876,
94 (Mssachusetts, for the third time).— Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 95.-Purdie, Bull. Nutt.
Club, ii. 1877, 21 (Rhode Island, in December).— Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 15
(Massachusetts and Rhode Island).

Helminthophaga celata var. celata, B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 202, pi. 11, f. 5, 6.

Helmintbophaga celata var. obscura, Ridgio.apud B. B. d-R. NAB. i. 1874, 192.

Orange-colored Warbler, Peabody, 1. c.

Orange-crowned Warbler, Orange-crowned Swamp Warbler, Orange-crowned Vermi-
vora, Authors.

b. lutescens
Helminthophaga celata var. lutescens, Ridgw. Am. Journ. Sci. 1872, 457.— Ridgw. Am.

Nat. vii. 1873, 606.— B. B. <& JR. NAB. i. 1874, 204, pi. 11, f. 4.
Helminthophaga celata b. lutescens, Coues, BNW. 1874, 52.
Pacific Orange-crowned Warbler, B. B. £ R. 1. c.

HAS. — North America at large, but especially the Western and Middle
Provinces ; rare or occasional in the Eastern Province. North regularly to
high latitudes in British America and Alaska. South into Mexico, but not
recognized as West Indian or Central American. Winters from the south-
ern borders of the United States southward. Var. lutescens along the Pacific
coast, from the Yukon River to Cape Saint Lucas.

CH. SP. — $ 9 Olivacea, uropygiomagisflamcante; infrcisordide
flavo-albida ; vertice aurantiaco.

$ 9 , in summer : Upper parts olive, duller and washed with grayish to-
ward and on the head, brighter and more yellowish on the rump and upper
tail-coverts. Beneath greenish-white, palest on the belly and throat, more
olive-shaded on the sides ; the color not pure, but rather streaky, and having
in places a grayish cast. Wings and tail edged with the color of the back ;
lining of the wings like the belly, and inner edges of tail-feathers whitish.
Orbital ring and lores yellowish. An orange-brown patch on the crown,
partially concealed, smaller and more hidden in the 9 than in the £ . Size
of ruficapilla

228 HABITS OF THE ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER

The sexes of this species scarcely differ, and young or autumnal birds
are very similar to the adults, except the frequent or usual absence of the
orange-brown crown-spot in birds of the year. The species is well distin-
guished from all its allies by the color of the crown-patch, as well as by the
general oliveneps and yellowness of coloration, no part of the bird being
pure ashy or white.

The foregoing description is applicable more particularly to typical celata,
from which the Pacific-coast form differs decidedly, as pointed out by Mr.
Ridgway, being much more richly colored. It may be described simply as
olive-green above, and greenish-yellow, shaded with olive, on the sides below,
without any of the qualifying terms required for precision in the case of
typical celata. This form, lutescens, occurs in parts of the Colorado region
during the migrations, when it is associated with true celata, but is stated to
breed only farther north and more coastwise.

AS remarked by Dr. Brewer, the geographical distribution
of H. celata is involved in some obscurity, probably owing
to its irregularity of migration. The bird was unknown to
Wilson, but described soon after his time by Mr. Say, whose
zoological commentary has rendered u Long's Expedition" mem-
orable to ornithologists. After a few years, Nuttall spoke of it
as not uncommon in the orange-groves of West Florida ; he may
or may not have had some other species in view, but we find
Allen recording celata among the winter birds of Florida, as
well as attesting its occurrence in Massachusetts. Thus it ap-
pears that Audubon's notice of its movements is probably well
founded, and that it was not sufficiently considered, when, in
1858, Baird assigned a range only from the Mississippi River to
the Pacific. The gist of the matter would appear to be that
we have here a bird of very general dispersion in North Amer-
ica, evenly and regularly distributed in large numbers over
more than the western half of the continent, but of rare and
perhaps fitful occurrence in the Atlantic States. The extra-
limital records, without exception so far as I know, are Mexican.
The habitat of the species is thus brought into close correspond-
ence with that of H. ruficapilla, though the areas of greatest
abundance of the two species are upon opposite sides of the
continent.

I have myself only observed the Orange-crowned Warbler
in the West, where it is a common bird, at least during the
migrations. It is known to winter along our southwestern
border, as it also does in Florida. Its breeding-range appears
to be nearly coextensive with the whole area of its distribution
in the West, where the mountain chains afford the elevation
that answers to increase of latitude as far as the nidification

HABITS OF THE ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER 229

of birds is concerned. We may consider, therefore, that this
pretty bird, whose very name is suggestive of the topic now
under discussion, is virtually a summer resident as well as a
migrant in all the mountainous Territories of the West, nesting
at certain elevations that aflbrd conditions corresponding to
those that it finds down to sea-level in the boreal regions to
which some individuals press on in the alluring spring-time. It
has been traced to the Yukon Eiver, along which mighty water-
course the lamented Kennicott found its nests, which were
placed on the ground, generally in clumps of low bushes. The
same naturalist observed its nesting about Great Slave Lake
in June, and both Dr. Brewer and myself have drawn up our
descriptions of the structure and its contained eggs from the
material thus furnished. The former notes certain variations
in architecture according to locality, nests which he examined
from more arctic regions being smaller and more compact, as
well as more homogeneous in the materials used, which were
chiefly stems of small plants and the finer grasses. As usual
in the case of ground-building birds, the nests of the Orange-
crown seem large for the size of the bird ; they may be built
of fibrous bark strips outside, and fine grasses or mosses within,
with or without other lining, such as the fur of animals. The
eggs, which have been found to be four, five, or six in number,
measure about O.G7 in length by 0.50 in greatest diameter j the
color of the shell is white, dotted all over — sometimes pro-
fusely, sometimes sparsely — with light reddish-brown, the mark-
ing being either evenly distributed over the surface, or, as is
oftener the case, more numerous about the larger than toward
the other end.

Within the limits of the Colorado Basin, which is so highly
diversified in its surface features and climatic conditions, the
Orange-crowned Warbler has the mixed character of both a
resident and. a migratory species. In the spring, it ascends the
mountains to seek a congenial nesting place, even at a height
of 11,000 feet; it retreats in the fall from these elevated regions,
and becomes more generally dispersed. You will find it during
the migrations especially in the shrubbery along water-courses,
where you may recognize it by its apparently uniform yellow-
ishuess, its sprightly, restless movements, its frequent aerial
forays after passing insects, and the sharp, wiry "tsip", the
incessant repetition of which expresses the vivacity of its

230 SYNONYMY OF HELMINTHOPHAGA PEREGRINA

nature. Its nuptial song I have never heard, for I have never
found the bird weariug the orange-blossom s$ those who have
been more fortunate say that the stave consists of a few sweet
trills, varied according to the spirit of the songster, but always
ending abruptly with a rising inflection.

Tennessee Warbler

Hclminthophaga peregrina

Sylvia peregrina, Wils. AO. iii. 181 1,83, pi. 25, f. 2.— Bp. Journ.Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 196.—
Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 87, 439.— Nutt, Man. i. 1832, 412.— And. OB. ii. 1834, 307,
pi. 154.

Sylvicola (Vermivora) peregrina, 8. & R. FBA. ii. 1831, 221, pi. 42.

Syl vicola peregrins, Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 171.

Veniiirora peregrina, Bp. CGL. 1838, 2l.—Nutt. Man. i. 2d od. 1840, 469.— Hoy, Pr. Phila.
Acad. vi. 1853, 312 (Wisconsin).— Bead, ibid. 399 (Ohio).— Kennie. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i.
1855. 583.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri).

Helinaia peregrina, And. Syn. 1839, 68.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 96, pi. 110.— Pratten, Tr. 111.
Agric. Soc. 1855, 602.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).

Mniotilta peregrina, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.— Cabot, Nuum. Jahrg. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 66.

Hclmitheros peregrina, Bp. CA. i. 1-50, 315.

Helminthophaga peregrina, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 20.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 258.— Set PZS. 1859, 373
(Oaxaca).— S. & S. Ibis, ii. 1860, 31 (Coban, V. P.).— Cab. J. f. 0. 1861, 85 (Costa Rica).—
Gundl. J. f. O. 1861, 326 (Cuba).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1861, 322 (Panama).—
Bam. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 435.— Gundl. 3. f. 0. 1862, 177 (Cuba).— Blak. Ibis, iv.
1 862, 4 (Saskatchewan). —Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 156.— Blak. Ibis, v. 1863,62.—
Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 61.— S. & S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama) —Lawr. Ann. Lye.
N. Y. viii. 1865, 174 (Chiriqui) — Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 178.— Salv. PZS. 1867, 135 (Ve-
ragua).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 284 (New York) ; ix. 1868, 94 (Costa Rica).—
Coues, Pr. Ess. In-t. v. 1863, 270.— Coues, Pr. Bost, SL>C. xii. 1868, 109.— Trippe, Am. Nat
ii. 1868, 18l.-Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869,575.— Turnb. B.E. Pa. 1869,24 ; Phila. ed. 17 —
v. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, 293 (Costa Rica).— Salv. PZS. 1870, 182 (Veragua).— S. & S.
PZS. 1870, 836 (Honduras).— Mayn. Guide, 1870, 100.— Wyatt, Ibis, 3d ser. i. 1371, 322
(Herradura).— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 362.— Coues, Key, 1872, 95.— Gundl.
J. f. O. 1872, 412 (Cuba).— Herrick, Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873 (Grand Menan).— Ridgw.
Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180 (Colorado).— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 5.— Coues, BNW. 1874,
53.— Ridgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 368 (Illinois).— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 205, pi. 11,
f. 10, 11.— Brew. Pr. Bcwt. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.— Lawr. Bull. Nat, Mus. n. 4, 1876, 15 (Te-
huantepec).— Minot, B. N. Eugl. 1877, 96.

Helminthopaga peregrina, Gregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870, — .

Sylvia tenenssaei, V. EM.ii. 1823,452, n.114.

Sylvicola missuriensis, Maxim. J. f. O. vL 1853, 117.

Fauvette du tenenssle, V. 1. c.

Tennessee Swamp Warbler, Tennessee Warbler, Tennessee Vermivora, Authors.

HAB. — Chiefly Eastern North America. West to the Upper Missouri (J. G.
Bell, auct. Audubon) and Colorado (El Paso County, C. E. Aiken, auct. Rldg-
ivay). Cuba. Mexico. South to Colombia. Breeds iu the northern tier of
States, and northward to high latitudes.

CH. SP. — $ , adultus, mipt. temp., supra flavo-olivacea postice
vegetior, untied cinerea; subtus ex tuto albida ; veriive innotata;
caudd brevissimd, vix Mpollicari; alis longissimis. $ et juv.

CHARACTERS OF HELMINTHOPHAGA PEREGRINA 231

vegetiores, supra flavo-olivascentes, subtus virenti-albidce. Long.
tot. 4J-4f , alec 2J, caudce 1J-2.

$, adult: Upper parts yellowish-olive, brightest posteriorly ; on the fore
parts aud head changing to pure ash, without any greenish tint whatever.
No crown-patch of any different color. Lores, eye-ring, or frequently a decided
superciliary stripe, whitish. Entire under parts dull white, scarcely or not
tinged with yellowish. Wings and tail dusky, strongly edged with the color
of the back, the outer tail-feathers frequently with an obscure whitish spot.
Bill and feet dark. Length, 4£-4f ; wing about 2f , long and pointed, the
first quill as long as the next, and little difference between the first three or
four quills. Tail extremely short, only two inches or leas; such comparative
lengths of wing and tail probably always serving to identify the species.

$ , adult : Quite like the male, but the ashy of the head less pure and clear,
aud the whole under parts more or less tinged with greenish-yellow.

Young : Entire upper parts strongly and uniformly yellowish-olive, like
the back of the adult male, or even greener, this color also tinging the eye-
ring aud superciliary stripe. Whole under parts like those of the adult
female, or even more decidedly greenish-yellow, leaving only the belly and
criasuui whitish. In such case, the species more closely resembles some
others than the adults do ; but the short tail, long wings, and absence of
crown-patch, are distinctive.

THE Tennessee Warbler is scarcely entitled to a place here.
Yet its westward dispersion is wider than is generally
known or supposed, and there is no question that it reaches the
Rocky Mountains of Colorado. There is an old record of the
finding of the bird on the Upper Missouri by Mr. J. G. Bell,
the famous taxidermist of New York, who accompanied Audu-
bon up the river; and the Prinz Maximilian von Neu Wied
described it from the same region under the name of " Sylvicola
missuriensis". I have myself only found it along the eastern
border of Dakota, where, however, it is extremely abundant
during the migration, which is concluded in that latitude during
the fore part of June. It is one of the numerous Eastern birds
first discovered in Colorado by Mr. C. E. Aiken, who took it in
El Paso County of that State, along with such decidedly East-
ern species as Wilson's Bluebird, the Blue Yellow-backed
Warbler, the Indigo-bird, Baltimore Oriole, Carolina Wood-
pecker, and the Dusky Duck (Anas obscura). No one else ap-
pears to have met with it so far west, nor has it yet been found
fairly within the watershed of the Colorado. I consider it one
of the less abundant Warblers of the Atlantic States ; it is cer-
tainly much more numerous in the Valley of the Mississippi, its
main belt of migration both in spring and fall. It is one of the
three Helminthopliagce which proceed far beyond the United

232 THE GENUS PEUCEDRAMUS

States to breed, though it occasionally nests in the Northern
States. In the opposite direction, it extends in winter to South
America. For an account of its habits, I must refer to other
treatises, though I may add that nothing 1 have read upon
the subject indicates that the bird differs in any notable respect
from others of the same genus.

Genus PEUCEDRAMUS Coues

Peucedramus, Ooues apud Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. " 1875" (= 1876), 202. (Type
Sylvia olivacea Giraud.)

CHARS. — General aspect of Dendrceca. Tongue much as in
that genus, but larger, with revolute edges, cleft tip, and lacin-
iate for some distance from the end. Wings elongated, half as
long again as the tail (in Dendrceca but little longer than the
tail), reaching, when folded, nearly to the end of the tail. Tail
emarginate. Tarsus no longer than the middle toe and claw.
Hallux little if any longer than its claw. Bill little shorter
than tarsus (averaging little over half the tarsus in Dendrceca),
attenuate, notably depressed, yet very little widened at base.
Culmen rather concave than convex in most of its length, the
under outline almost perfectly straight from extreme base to
tip. Nasal fossa3 very, large, with a highly developed nasal
scale. Kictal vibrissa3 few and short. Plumage without streaks.

The form of the bill is peculiar, lacking entirely the Parine
aspect of that of Dendrceca; it somewhat resembles that of
Siurus. The relationships of P. olivaceus appear to be with the
Jamaican Sylvicola eoa of Gosse. Certain Certhia-like peculiari-
ties of habits have been noted by Mr. Henshaw. Professor
Baird long ago called attention to the characters of this form
in the following terms : — "The bill in this species is quite pecu-
liarly slender and depressed, and the culmen is straighter than
in any other Dendroica. The nostrils, too, are much more linear,
and the wings unusually long. In these respects, as well as in
pattern of coloration, it forms a very strongly marked section
among the Dendroicas, even if not entitled to consideration as
a separate genus." The ostensible date of the establishment
of the genus is 1875, but the actual issue of the work in which
it was characterized was delayed until the latter part of 1876 ;
the first appearance of the name (without characterization) was
in 1875 in Mr. Henshaw's other publication below cited. The
genus, as far as known, embraces a single species.

CHARACTERS OF PEUCEDRAMUS OLIVACEUS 233

The Olive Warbler

Peucedramus olivaceus

Sylvia olivacea, Gir. Sixt. Sp. Tex. B. 1841, 29, pi. 7, f.2.— Scl. PZS. 1855, 60 (commentary).

Sylvicola Olivacea, Bd. Stansb. Rep. GSL. 1852, 328.— Oass. III. 1855, 283, pi. 48.

Rhimamphus olivaceus, ScL P23. 1856, 291 (Mexico).

Dendroica olivacea, Bd. BXA. 1858, 305.— Scl PZS. 18C8, 295 (Cordova) ; 298 (Oaxaca) — Bd.
Rev. AB. 1863, 205.— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 258, pi. 14, f. 4.—Hensh. Amer. Sportsman,
v. Feb. 20, 1875, 328 (first actual introduction to TJ. S. fauna).

Dendro3ca olivacea, Scl. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Scl Cat. AB. 1861, 31.— Salv. Ibis, 2d ser.
ii. 1866, 191 (Guatemala).— Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 610.— Ooues, Key,
1872, 99.

Mniotilta Olivacea, Gray, Handlist, i. 1869, 240, n. 3479.— Gieb. Nomencl. Av. 1875, 604.

Peucedramus olivaceus, Coues apudHensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. "1875" (= 1876),
202 (type of genns).

Peucedramus olivacea, Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156 (Arizona).

Sylvia (ivniata, Dubus, " Bull. Acad. Brux. xiv. 1847, 104 " ; Revue Zoologique, 1848, 245.

Mniotilta ta-niata, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.

Sylvicola taeniata, Sp. CA. i. 1850, 309.

Olive Warbler, Olive-backed Warbler, Olive-headed Warbler, Orange-breasted War-
bler, Authors.

HAB. — Mexico. North to " Texas " (Giraud) and Arizona (Henshaw). South
to Guatemala.

OH. SP. — 6* Capite et collo aurantio-brunneis, fascia lata nigrd
per latera capitis ductd ; alis albo bifasciatis, speculo albo ad ba-
seos primariorum.

$ : Upper parts ashy, more or less olivaceous, changing to greenish on
the nape. Head and neck all around orange-brown or intense saffron-yellow,
with a broad black bar on the side of the head through the eyes. Wings
blackish, the inner webs of all the quills edged with white, the outer webs
of most of the primaries with whitish, and the outer webs of the secondaries
with greenish ; most of the primaries also marked with white on the outer
webs at base, forming a conspicuous spot (only seen elsewhere in D. ccerules-
cens, which is altogether different in other characters). Tail like the wings,
with greenish edging of most of the feathers, the two outer ones on each
side mostly or wholly white. Belly and sides whitish, tinged with olive or
brownish. Length, about 4f ; wing, 3.00 ; tail, 2£-2£ ; bill, ^ ; tarsus, f .

The female is described as having the saffron color much clearer yellowish,
and shaded with olive-green on the crown ; the black bar replaced by whit-
ish, excepting a dusky patch on the auriculars. The very young bird does
not appear to be known.

THE present is one of the " sixteen species77 described and
figured as new in 1841 by J. P. Giraud, and by him attrib-
uted to Texas. Doubt has been often expressed with reference
to the ascribed habitat of these birds, the presumption being
that some, if not all, of them actually came from contiguous
Mexican territory. But it is well to bear in mind that their
describees declaration of their origin was unwavering to the
last, and that his statement is gradually being borne out by the
rediscovery of his species within our limits; while the Texan

234 HABITS OF THE OLIVE WARBLER

side of the Valley of the Lower Eio Grande has afforded vari-
ous species,* the existence of which in this region long remained
unsuspected. Mr. Cassin redescribed and figured the species
in 1855, since which time it has been generally enumerated
among the birds of the United States 5 but, so far as I am
aware, the first unequivocal testimony of its presence over our
border has only been very recently afforded, by Mr. H. W. Hen-
shaw, who took specimens in Arizona, and gave us our first
information of the habits of the bird. The distribution of the
species had meanwhile been traced southward through Mexico
to Guatemala. The Baron Dubus, an ornithologist of Belgium,
had examined a specimen from some portion of Mexico, and in
1847 had described it as a new species under the name of Syl-
via tceniata. Baird had noted the bird from Popocatepetl and
the alpine region of Orizaba, whence specimens reached the
Smithsonian through Prof. F. E. Sumichrast, the well-known
collector j while Sclater and Salvin had left records of the occur-
rence of the species in Cordova, Oaxaca, Xalapa, and Vera Paz.
Mr. Henshaw?s narrative of his experiences with the bird is as
follows : — " During a three days' visit to Mount Graham, Au-
gust 1 to 4, the species was not detected ; . . . . Returning
here September 19, many of the species found in August in
abundance had migrated south, and were either entirely want-
ing or represented by individuals from farther north, while the
woods, the silence of which was often unbroken for long inter-
vals by the note of a single bird, would now and then, as if by
magic, be filled with hundreds of feathered migrants, who in
noisy companies were proceeding on their way south. The day
after establishing our camp here, Mr. Eutter, of the party,
brought in a fine specimen of this warbler, which he stated he
had shot from among a flock of Audubon's Warblers and Snow-

* Dr. James C. Merrill, Assistant Surgeon United States Army, lately found
at Fort Brown, Texas, the following interesting species, all, with the excep-
tion of the Grebe, new to the fauna of the United States: — Molothru* ceneus,
Nyctidromus albicollis, Pyrrhophcena riefferi, Amazilia cerviniventris, Parr a
gymnostoma, and Podiceps dominicus. (See Ball. Nutt. Ornith. Club, i. n. 4,
Nov. 1876, p. 88, and ii. n. 1, Jan. 1877, p. 26.) That the ornithological re-
sources of our southern border are not yet exhausted may also bo inferred
from the fact that Mr. Henshaw alone added about a dozen species to the
fauna of Arizona. Still later, Mr. George B. Sennett collected a Pigeon
(Leptoptila albifrom) new to our fauna, near Fort Brown, Texas, as recorded
by me, Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii. n. 3, for July, 1877, p. 82 ; besides the new
Parula described on a preceding page, aud a variety of Myiarchus not before
recognized as au inhabitant of the United States.

THE GENUS DENDRCECA 235

birds, which he had started from the ground while walking in
the pine woods. With the rest, it had apparently been feeding
upon the ground, and had flown up to a low branch of a pine,
where it sat and began to give forth a very beautiful song,
which he described as consisting of detached, melodious, whist-
ling notes. During the next few days, I confined my collecting-
trips to the spruce woods, and though I watched eagerly for
this to me strange warbler, I did not see it until the last day of
my stay in the locality, when I heard a few strange Vireo-like
notes coming from some thick pines, and, hurrying to the spot,
soon had the satisfaction of seeing one of these warblers on
the low limbs of a huge pine, where it was moving quickly over
the large branches, its manner and whole appearance remind-
ing me instantly of the Pine Creeper (Dendroica pinus). A few
moments later, a second specimen was shot from the top of a
tall pine, where it was actively creeping about. As all the
warblers present here at this time were migrants, we may rea-
sonably infer that, with the others, this species was en route
from some locality to the north, and perhaps it may be found to
be a rare inhabitant of the high pine region throughout Arizona
and New Mexico."

Genus DENDRCECA Gray

Motacilla and Sylvia, in part, of early authors.

Sylvicola of Swainson, in part, and of many authors.— Gray, List of G. of B. 2d ed. 1841, 32.

Not of Humphreys.
Dendroica, Gray, List of G. of B. 1841, App. sep. titled and paged, 1842, 8 (type Jfotociito

coronata L.).— Bd. NAB. 1858, 263.

Dcndroeca, " Agassiz".— Sund. Oefv. K. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 605 (monographic).
Dendraca, Elliot, Introd. to Illust. BNA. 18—, — .
Rimamphus, Rafinesque, "Am. Monthly Mag. iv. 1818, 39 ; Journ. de Phys. Ixxxviii, 1819,

417". (Type R. citrinus, supposed to be D. cestiva. Name not available.)
Rbimamphus, Haril. Revue Zoologique, 1845, 342.
Rhimanphus, Gray, " 1848 ".— Cab. Mus. Hein. i. 1850, 19.

CHARS.— Bill variable in shape, usually conico-atteuuate, more
or less depressed at base, compressed from the middle; notched
near the tip, not showing the extreme acuteness of that of Hel-
mintherus, Helminthophaga, and Protonotaria. Eictus with ob-
vious bristles, which are not evident in the true "worm-eating"
Warblers. Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw (it is
shorter, or not longer, in Mniotllta). Hind toe little if any
longer than its claw (decidedly longer in Mniotilta and Parula).
Wings much longer than tail, pointed, 1st and 2d primaries
longest. Tail moderate, with rather broad feathers, nearly even,
but varying to slightly rounded, or with slight central emargi-
nation. Pattern of coloration indeterminate. Tail always with
white blotches (except in cestiva and its immediate allies, where

236 THE GENUS DENDRCECA

the inner webs are yellow), never plain olivaceous. Crown never
with lateral black stripes, nor under parts uniformly streaked
with blackish on a pale ground, nor back with a yellow patch, nor
whole head yellow. Length usually 5 or 6 inches ; rarely under
and perhaps never over these dimensions. Nest in trees or
bushes, with rare exceptions. Eggs white, spotted.

It is not easy to frame a definition of this genus covering all
its modifications, yet introducing no term inapplicable to any
species ; but the foregoing expressions considered collectively,
however arbitrary or trivial some of them may seem to be,
may serve to distinguish any Dendrceca from its allies of other
genera 5 and, if so, the diagnosis is exclusively pertinent to
group as conventionally accepted. The coloration of these
birds, though indeterminate in most respects, is nevertheless
a good clue to the genus ; for the tail of every Dendrceca is
blotched with white, excepting D. cestiva and its allies, in
which it is bright yellow on the inner webs; and though sev-
eral of the Worm-eating Warblers have white-blotched tails,
these birds are easily distinguished by the acute, un notched,
and scarcely or not bristled bill ; while the Creeping Warblers,
Mniotilta and Parula, with white-spotted tail-feathers, have
differently proportioned feet. No Dendrceca shows the special
color-pattern which Mniotilta, Parula, Protonotaria, Siurus,
Oporornis, and Oeothlypis respectively exhibit; nor does any
one of them present such a development of the rictal bristles
as that seen in the group of Fly-catching Warblers, where,
moreover, the bill is usually wider and more depressed at the
base than it is in Dendrceca.

The names this genus has borne have been frequently
changed. The earlier-described species were usually called
Motacilla or Sylvia, the ineligibility of which names is too obvi-
ous to require comment. Next Sylvicola came into vogue; but
this, as instituted by Swainson, belongs more particularly to
the group afterward called Parula, and, in any event, is untena-
ble, being long antedated by Sylvicola in conchology. The
family name Sylvicolidce, however, is still generally derived from
this source, though Gray calls the family Mniotiltidce, after
Vieillotfs genus Mniotilla or Mniotilta, and Cooper has lately
named it Dendrcecidce. Gray, in 1842, proposed the term Den-
droica, Baird's adoption of which fixed it so firmly in our no-
menclature, that a generation of American ornithologists have
grown up who probably never think of using any other term.
As far as I can see into the devices of nomenclature, it should

D. MONTANA HELMINTHOPHAGA (?) CARBONATA 237

be retained in its emended form Dendrceca; the word being from
the Greek dsvdpov, a tree, and some one of the many words that
group about okew, I inhabit, and okoc, a house — signifying a
tree-tenant, or one who is at home in the trees, as all our Wood-
warblers are, excepting perhaps D. palmar um.

For, as Baird showed in 1858, the only choice is between
Dendrceca, and Rimamphus of Eafinesque, which latter, in the
forms of Rhimamphus or Rhimanplius, has been used by Hart-
laub and Cabanis. Kafinesque's description of the type of his
genus, R. citrinus, from the Ohio, has been supposed to indicate
the Summer Warbler, D. cestiva, and he doubtless had that
species in the distorted perspective of his mental vision ; but
the description of his " Citron Open-bill", as he called it, is that
of an imaginary if not altogether impossible bird, so faulty as
to render the name unavailable for the purposes of science.

Dendrceca is the largest North American genus of birds, con-
taining some thirty-five reputed species, nearly thirty of which
are doubtless valid. No fewer than twenty-five of these have
latterly been ascribed to North America ; but two of them,
"montana"* and " carbonata ",t are not now substantiated by

* Dendrceca moiitaim.— Blue Mountain Warbler.

Sylvia montana, Wils. AO. v. 1812, 113, pL 44, f. 2 (Blue Mountains of Pennsylvania).—
Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 73G (after Wilson).— F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 451, n. 110 (from
Wilson).— Bp. Journ.Phila.Acad. iv. 1824, 199.— 1 f Aud. OB. v. 1839, 294, pi. 434, f. 3
. (" California").

Sylvicola montana, Jard. "ed. Wils. 1832, — ".— f 1 Aud. Syn. 1839, 62.— Nutt, Man. i.2d
ed. 1840, 442.—? 1 Aud. BA. ii. 18-.1, 69, pi. 98.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 308.

Mniotilta montana, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.— Giebel, Nomenc. Av. ii. 1875, 604.

Dendroica montana, Bd. BNA. 1858, 278 (after Wilson).— Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 190 (after
Wilson).— B. B. <£ R. NAB. i. 1874, 271 (after Wilson).

Dcndroeca montana, Sund. Oefv. K. Yet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 613.

Sylvia tigrina, ? Vieill. OAS. ii. 1807, 34, pi. 94 (see under tigrina beyond, p. 245).— Bp.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 82 (after Wilson).— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 393 (after Wilson).

Sylvicola tigrina, Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 171 (ref. to Wilson).— Bp.
CGL. 1838, 23.

Fauvette des Montagnes Blenes, F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 451.

Blue Mountain Warbler of Wilson, Nuttall, and Baird ; whether of Audubon?

HAD. — " Blue Mountains of Pennsylvania."

tHelminthophaga (?) carbonata.— Carbonated Warbler.
Sylvia carbonata, Aud. OB. i. 1831, 308, pi. M.-Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 405.
Sylvicola carbonata, Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 172.
Hellnaia carbouata, Aud. Syu. 1839, 68.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 95, pi. 10:>.
Vermivora carbonata, Bp. CGL. 1838, 21.
Helmitheros carbonata, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 315.

Hniotilta carbonata, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.— Giebel, Nomenc. Av. ii. 1875, 600.
Dendroica carbonata, Bd. BNA. 1858, 287.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 207.
Dendroeca carbonata, Sund. Oefv. K. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 618.
Perissoglossa carbonata, B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 214.
Carbonated Swamp Warbler, Aud. 1. c.
Dusky Warbler, Nutt. \. c.

HAB.—" Kentucky."

238 GENERAL TRAITS OF WARBLERS

known specimens, and "carbonata", moreover, may belong to
another genus; while one, olivacea, only lately ascertained to
occur within our borders, has been made the type of a separate
genus. This leaves twenty-two valid United States species, as
given in my "Key" in 1872, there having been no additions
since that date to the genus Dendroeca itself, though several
other Warblers have in the mean time been discovered and de-
scribed. Dendroeca tigrina, made by Baird the type of a distinct
genus Perissoglossa in 1865, 1 still retain in this genus, pending
the question whether other Warblers may not share its sup-
posed peculiarities. The principal extralimital species of the
genus are the Cuban D. pityopliila, the Jamaican I), pharetra,
the Porto Eican D. adelaidce, and the several species or races
related to D. cestiva.

The beauty and variety of the genus are displayed to best
advantage in the woodland of the Eastern United States, where
the numerous species are conspicuous ornaments of the forest
scene. In most portions of the United States, the Wood-
warblers are migratory birds, coming with great regularity in
the spring, each in its own time, abounding for a season, and
then passing on to reappear in even greater profusion during
the autumn. It is scarcely possible, however, to speak of them
collectively in other than very general terms, such is the differ-
ence they present not only in their movements, but 4n the minor
details of their habits and traits of character. To the regular
periodicity of their movements may be ascribed in some mea-
sure the constancy of their specific characters, since none of
them are long subjected to the modifying influences of particu-
lar localities. Some species, like dominica, are quite southerly
in their distribution ; a few, like discolor and pinus, breed south-
erly as well as farther north, and are as well known at large
during the breeding season as at any other time. Most of them,
however, push the spring migration to higher latitudes, scarcely
resting content south of the latitude of Massachusetts, unless
it be that they are satisfied to nestle upon the higher eleva-
tions of the Alleghanies. Few remain with us during the
winter, and these only linger along our southern border; but
the hardy and resolute Yellow-rumps are an exception to this
statement, as they abound over at least the southern half of
the United States throughout the most inclement seasons. The
rest find more congenial winter homes beyond our border; some
in the West Indies, others again in Mexico, and yet others in

GENERAL TRAITS OF WARBLERS 239

Central and even South America. Some of the Warblers that
push farthest north in spring are also those that penetrate farth-
est into South America, it being not at all a question of balan-
cing a far-north spring migration with a less extended return
movement in the fall. The passage of the Warblers keeps the
collectors busy, and thousands, doubtless, of these delicate and
attractive birds meet their fate each year in this way. The
great variability in color, according to age, sex, or season, which
nearly all the species display, no less than their real beauty,
encourages the acquisition of large suites of specimens, and
stimulates the collector to rival his fellows in the possession of
the most highly plumaged spring males, or in the discovery of
some of those indifferently feathered females and young which
sometimes puzzle the most expert ornithologists ; and almost
every local collection may boast its Warbler prize. In the
breeding season, especially in New England and other northerly
portions of the United States, the riper and more thoughtful
naturalist, less avaricious of mere possession, finds ample scope
for the exercise of his craft in his leisurely studies of the
habits of Warblers and his diligent search for their nests. Nor
was it long since that the nest and eggs of many of the com-
monest species were rarities or even novelties, so slowly did we
acquire our knowledge of this kind; and even now so much
remains to be ascertained, that the field may be considered open
to the diligence and ability of whoso may will to enter it.

Only a single species of Dendrceca — the familiar and ubiqui-
tous Summer Warbler — ranges regularly across the continent,
though each side occasionally receives a straggler from the
other, like D. coronata and D. townsendi. The abundance of
the genus in the East contrasts sharply with its poverty in the
West. Audubon's Warbler is the most numerously and widely
diffused species, corresponding to the Yellow-rump of the East.
D. nigrescens, which may perhaps be considered to represent
D. ccerulescens, is another common species. The Eastern D. virens
is the type and only representative of a little subgroup, which,
in the West, furnishes no fewer than three species; though chry-
soparia can hardly be called Western, as it only reaches Texas,
D. occidentalis and D. townsendi being the representatives of
the virens group in other parts of the West. Finally, the East-
ern D. dominica is replaced in the Southwest by the lately dis-
covered Grace's Warbler.

In drawing comparisons between the Eastern and Western

240

DENDEOECA VIRENS

representation of Dendrceca, however, we should not forget that
several Eastern species, properly speaking, are not so exclu-
sively restricted as has long been supposed. The recent thor-
ough ransacking of the mountains of Colorado, by several
well-trained ornithologists, has shown that various species
reach across the Plains to the Kocky Mountains, and even pen-
etrate their fastnesses — not as mere stragglers, but as regular
migrants. Such species are D. striata, D. ccerulea, D. blacJc-
burnice, and D. maculosa, which I shall consequently include in
the main text of the present work, as reaching the confines of
the Colorado watershed.

FIG. 32.— Black-throated Green "Warbler, natural size.

The North American species of Dendrceca which are not
known to come within such limit are the following: —

Dendroeca virens.— Black-throated Green Warbler.

Motacilla Virens, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 985, n. 1541 (Edw. pi. 300, etc.).-Turt. SN. i. 1806, 607.

Sylvia Virens, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 537, n. 112.— TteiH. OAS. ii. 1807, 33, pi. 92.— Wils. AO. ii. 1810,
127, pi. 17, f. 3.— V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, ITQ.—Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 740.— V.
Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 440, n. 73— Bp. Journ. Phila, Acad. iv. 1824, 192.— Bp. Ann. Lye.
N. Y. ii. 1826, 80.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 376, ftg.-Licht. "Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1830, 2 " ;
J. f. O. 1863, 57.— And. OB. iv. 1838, 70, pi. 399.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 308.—
Thomps. Vermont, 1853, Zl.—Gatke, "Naum. 1858, 423 " (Heligoland, Europe).

SylviCOla Vircns, Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 172.—^. CGL. 1838, 22.—
Aud. Syn. 1839, 55.— And. BA. ii. 1841.42, pi. 84.— Gir. BLT. 1844, 57.— J3p. CA. i. 1850,
307.— Woodh. Rep. Zufii R. 1853, 70 (Texas and Indian Terr.).— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad.
vi. 1853, 3iO.--.Kead, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 398.— Reinh. " Vid. Med. for 1853, 1854, 72,
81 ".—Reinh. J. f. O. 1854, 426 (Greenland).— Jennie. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855,
583.— Smo. Pr. Bost. Soc. 1856, 6.— Putn. Pr. Ess. In st. i. 1856, Ml.— Pry. Pr. Bost.
Soc. vi. 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia).— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 282 (Nova
Scotia).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865,
438.— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 114.

D. CHRYSOPARIA D. CCERULESCENS 241

Hniotfita virens, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.— Cabot, Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 65.— Kneel. Pr.
Boat. Soc. vi. 1857, 234.— Reinh. Ibis, iii. 1861, 5 (Greenland).

Khimanplius virens, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 19.

Rhinianiphus virens, GundL J. f. 0. 1855, 474 (Cuba).— Scl. PZS. 1856, 291 (Mexico).

Dendroica virens, Bd. B. N. A. 1858, 267.— Scl. PZS. 1858, 295 (Cordova).— Scl. PZS. 1859,
373 (Oaxaca).— S. A S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemala).— Qundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 326 (Cuba).—
Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. vii. 1861, 293 (New
Granada).— Coues & Front. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 407.— Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc.
ix. 1862, 125.— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst iii. 1862, 146.— AUen, Pr. Ess. Inat. iv. 1864, 61.—
id. Rev. AB. 1865, 182.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 284.— Triple, A in. Nat ii.
1868, H3.-Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 24; Phila. ed. 17.— Haym. Cox's Surv. Indiana, 1869,
217.— Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 546 (VeraCrnz).— v. Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 293
(Costa Rica).— GundL J. f. O. 1872, 413 (Cuba).— B.B. <£ R. NAB. i. 1874, 261, pi. 12, f.
4.—Brewst. Ann. Lye. N.' Y. xi. 1875, 135.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.

Dendroeca virens, Scl. P7S. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— 8. <& S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— Scl.
Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 89 (critical).— Dress, ibid. 477 (San Antonio).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess.
Inst v. 1886, 85.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 94 (Costa Rica).— Coues, Pr. Bost Soc.
xii. 1868, 110.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 272.— AUen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 509.— Sund.
Oefv. K. Vet- Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 611.— Salv. PZS. 1870, 182 (Voragna).— Cope, Am.
Nat. iv. 1870,395, 396, 399.— Coues, Key, 1872, 97, f. 39.— Mayn. Pr. Bost Soc. xiv. 1872,
363.— Trippe, Am. Nat vi. 1872, 47, 48.— Herrick, Bull Ess. Inst v. 1873, — . -Trippe,
Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 234.— Ooues, BNW. 1874, 54.— Lawr. Bull Nat Mus. n. 4, 1876,
15 (Tehuantepec).— Gentry, Life- Hist 1876, 102.— Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 117.— Merr.
Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 15.

Dendrceca ? , S. <& S. Ibis, ii. 1860, 273 = wmw $ .

Black-throated Green Flycatcher, Edw. Gl. ii. 190, pi. 300.

Figuier a gorge noir de Pensilvanie, Ficedula pensilvanica gutture nigro, Briss.
On. vi. 1760, App. 104, n. 77.

Figuier a cravatte noir, Buff. "v. 298".

Green Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 404, n. 297.— Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 484, n. 108.

Parus viridis gutture nigro, Bart Trav. Fla. 1791, 292.

Fauvette a cravate noire, V. EM. ii. 1823, 440.— Le Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 196.

Black-throated Green Warbler, Authors.

HAB. — Eastern Province of the United States and temperate British Amer-
ica. West only to the edge of the Plains (Missouri, Kansas, Indian Territory,
and Texas). North casually to Greenland. South to Panama. Migratory
only in most parts of the United States. Breeds from the higher portions
of the Middle States, and from New England, northward. "Winters in Mexico,
Central America, and also in Cuba (alone of the West Indies). Accidental
in Europe (Heligoland, Gatke, as above cited).

]>endr<eca chrysoparia.— Golden-checked Warbler.

Dendrreca chrysoparia, S. & 8. PZS. I860, 298 (Guatemala; not of PZS. 1862, 19)'.— 8. AS:

Ibis, ii. I860, 273 (Vera Paz, Guatemala).— Scl. Ibis, i. 2d ser. 1865, 89 (critical).— Dress,

Ibis, 1865, 477 (Medina River, Texas).
Dcndroica chrysopareia, Bd. Rev. AB. i. 1865, 183, 267.— B. B. & R. N. A. B. i. 1874, 260, pi.

12, f. 6.
Dendrceca chrysopareia, Sund. Oefv. K. Vet. -Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 610.— Coop. B. CaL i.

1870, 193, tig.— Coues, Key, 1872, 98.
Mniotilta chrysopareia, Gray, H.-L. i. 1869, 241, n. 3494.— Gieb. Nomenc. Av. ii. 1875, 601.

HAB.— Texas to Guatemala.

Dendroeca ccerulescens.— Black- throated Bine Warbler.

Uotacilla canadensis, L. SN. L 1766, 336, n. 42 (from Briss. iii. 527, pi. 27, f. 6, and Edw. v.
pi. 252, f. 1 — Not the bird of same name on p. 334, which is D. coronata) .—Bodd.
Tabl. PE. 1783, 43 (PE. 685, f. 2).— Gm. SN. i. 1788, 991. n. 42 (same bases, with addi-
tion of Blick-throated Warbler of Penn. and Lath.).— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 611.
10 B C

242 DENDR(ECA CCERULESCENS

Sylvia canadensis, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 539, n. in.— Wils. AO. ii. 1810, 115, pi. 15,t.7.-BP.

Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 191.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 84.— Nutt. Man. L 1832.

3S8.— And. OB. ii. 1834, 309, pis. 148, 155.— Peab. Rep. On. Mass. 1839, 311.— Thomps.

Vermont, 1853, 83.

Phj llopnouste canadensis, Boie, Isis, 1828, 321.
Sylvicola canadensis, Rich. Rep. Brit, Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 172.— Bp. CGL. 1838,

23.— And. Syn. 1839, 61.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 63, pi. 95.— Gir. BLI. 1844, 56.— Gosse, B.

Jam. 1847, 160.— Denny, PZS. 1847,38.— Bp. C A. i. 1850, 308.— Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. Zuni

and Colo. R. 1853, 11.— Read, Pr. Phila. Acid. vi. 1853, 399.— Hoy, ibid. 311.— Henry,

Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 309.— Kenn. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 583. —Pratten, ibid.

602.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst.i. 1856, 207 .— SaUe, PZS. 1857, 231 (San Domingo).— Willis,

Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859,282 (Nova Scotia).— Bry. Pr. Bosk Soc. vii. 1859, 110

(Bahamas).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— Albrecht, J. f. O. 1861, 53

(Bahamas).— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438.— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. xi. 1867, 91

(San Domingo).— Triple, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 114.

Mniotllta canadensis, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.— Kneel. Pr. Boat. Soc. vi. 1857, 234.
Rhimamphus canadensis, Gundl. J.f. O. 1855, 473 (Cuba).— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1861,408 (Cuba).
Dendrolca canadensis, £d. BNA. 1858, 271.— Hcnry,Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106.— Gundl.

J. f. O. 1861, 326 (Cuba).— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Cones & Prent.

Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862,407.— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 146.— Boardm. Pr. Bost.

Soc. ix. 1862, 125.— March, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, 293.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst, iv. 1864,

62.— Laurr. Anr. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 284.— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 172.
Dendrteca canadensis, Sd. PZS. 1861, 70 (Jamaica).— Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1862, 193 (Jamaica).—

Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 478 (Texas).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 85.— Trippe, Am.

Nat. vi. 1872, 47.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 235.
Motacilla rn>rulescens, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 960, n. 74 (Buff. v. 164 ; Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 440,

n. 35).— Turt SN. i. 1806, 590.— Less. Tr. Orn. i. 1831, 419.
Sylvia caerulescens, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 651.— F. Ency. Metb. ii. 1823, 432, n. 44.—

D'Orb. Ois. Cuba, 1839, 63, pi. 9, f. 1, 2 (Cuba).
Dendroica crcrulescens, Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 186 —Gundl. 3. f. O. 1872, 413 (Cuba).— B. B.

& R. NAB. i. 1874, 254, pi. 12, f. 10, 11.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.
Dendneca Cftrulescens, Sund. Oefv. K. Yet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869,610.— Cows, Key, 1872,

99.— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 363.— Mayn. B. Fla. 1873, 54.— Merr. Am. Nat. viii.

1874, 87.— Gentry, Life-Hist. 1876, 105.— Jones, Bull. Nntt. Club, i. 1876, 11 (breeding).—

Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 115.— Merr. Tr. Conn. Aced. iv. 1877, 15. ~
Sylvia Cffirulescens, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 520, 11. 39.— F. OAS. ii. 1807, 25, pi. 80.— F. N. D.

d'H. N. xi. 1817, 168.
Dendrceca coerulescens, Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, no.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1868,

272.— Cope, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 395, 399.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 55.
Dendroica coerulescens, Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 24 ; Phila. ed. 17.
Mniotilta coerulescens, Gieb. Nomenc. Av. ii. 1875, 602.
Sylvia pusilla, Wilts. AO. v. 1812, 100, pi. 43, f. 4 ( 9 . Not of same work, iv. 1811, 17, pi. 28,

f. 3, which is Parula americana).—Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 197.
Sylvicola pusilla, Denny, PZS. 1847, 38.

Sylvia leucoptera, Wils. " Index, and 2d ed. (Hall's ed.) ii.390" (? renamed).
Sylvia palustris, Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 722 ( $ renamed).
Sylvia macropos, Vieill. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 451, n. 112 ( ? renamed) .
Mniotilta macropus, Gray, G. of. B. i. 1848, 196.
Sylvia sphagnosa, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 199 (? renamed).— Bp. Ann. Lye.

N. Y. ii. 1826, 85.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 406.— Aud OB. ii. 1834, 279.

Vireo sphagnosa, "Jardine ". (See Brewer's 12rno. ed. of Wilson, Boston, 1840, 393.)
Sylvicola pannosa, Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 162 ( $ ).— Gosse, HI. B. Jam. 1849, pi. 37.
Mniotilta pannosa, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.
Dendrceca pannosa, Scl. PZS. 1861, 71.— Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1862, 193.
Blue Flycatcher, Edw. Gl. pi. 252, f. 1 (= M. canadensis Linn. p. 336).
Petit Figuier cendre* de Canada, Ficedula canadensis cinerea minor, Briss. Orn. iii.

1760, 527, pi. 27, f. 6 (= M. canadensis L. p. 336).
Figuier cendre du Canada, Bu/. PE. 685, f. 2.

Figuier bleu, Buff. " v. 304 ", or " ix. 446 " (PE. 685, f. 2) (= M. canademis Linn. p. 336).
Fauvette bleuatre de 8. Domingue, Buff. "Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 164 " (= M. ccerulescens Gm.)

DENDRCECA CASTANEA 243

Blue-grey Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 440, n. 35 (— M. ccerulescens Gm.).

Black-throatcd Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. 1783, 487, n. 113.— Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 399, n. 285.

Fauvette bleuatre, V. 1. c. 1817.

Fativette dcs pins mardcageux, V. EM. ii. 1823, 451 ($).

Bec-fln bleuatre, D'Orb. 1. o.

Olive Warbler, Gosse, 1. o. ( 9 ).

Black-throatcd Blue Warbler, Canadian Warbler, Pine-swamp Warbler, Authors.

NOTE. — Though so extensive, the synonymy of this species is perfectly plain. Therfl
were two early sources of names, both referring to the Black-throated Blue cf. One ol
these was Edwards's " Blue Flycatcher", which became M. canaden&is L., auct. ; the other
was BufFou's "Fauvette bJenatre de St. Domingue", which made If. ccerulescens Gm., auct.
It is required to adopt the latter and later name, because there is another, prior, M. cana-
d&nsis L. = coronata. The very differently-colored olivaceous ? did not appear till
"Wilson, who called it, S. pvsttla, a name he had, however, already given to the Parula.
Perceiving this double employ, several authors hastened to propose names; whence leucop-
tera of Wilson's "Index", palustris Steph., macropos V., and sphagnosa Bp. — all mere
renames ; Gosse, however, discovered and named the ? pannosa independently.

HAB. — Eastern Province of North America, including most of British
America ; ita United States range closely coincident with that of D. virens.
(Accredited to the Upper Missouri by Audubon.) Breeds from New England,
and doubtless from higher portions of the Middle States, northward. Mi-
gratory in most of the United States. Winters in Southern Florida (Mayn-
ard), and in various of the West India Islands (Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica,
and San Domingo); no M exican nor Central American record, the winter
range being thus very different from that of D. virena.

Deudreeca castanea.— Bay-breasted Warbler.

Sylvia castanea, Wils. AO. ii. 1810, 97, pi. 14, f. 4.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 714.— V. Ency.

M6th. ii. 1823, 452, n. 113.— Pp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 189.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T.

ii. 1826, 80.— KTutt. Man. i. 1832, 382.— And. OB. i. 1832, 358, pi. 69.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass.

1839, 309.
SylTlcola castanea, Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 172— Bp. CGL. 1838,

22.-Aud. Syn. 1839, 53.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 34, pi. 80.— Bp. CA. i. 1830, 306.— Hoy, Pr.

Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 311.— Rend, ibid. 398.— Pratten, Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855,601.—

Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 207.— Hoy, Smiths. Eep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri).
Mniotilta castanea, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.
Khimanpbus castancus, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 19.
Dendrolca castanea, Bd. BNA. 1858, 276.— S. <£ S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemala).— Octss. Pr.

Phila, Acad. xii. I860, 193 (Isthmus of Darien).— Bam. Smitha. Rep. for 1860, 1861,

436.— Coues & Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 4(fl.-Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862,

125.— Terr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 147.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 62.— Bd. Rev.

AB. 1865, 189.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. viii. 1866, 284.— IVippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 173,

IW.-Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 25 ; Phila. ed. 18.— Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 1872, 192.— B. B.

& R. NAB. i. 1874, 251, pi. 13, f. 4, 5.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.
DendroBca castanea, Lawr. Ann. Lye. vii. 1861, 322 (New Granada).— S. (68. PZS.1864, 347

f Panama). —Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst, v. 1866, 86.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 272.—

Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 110.— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 578.— Sund. Oefv. K.

Vet-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 614.— Mayn. Guide, 1870,103.— Wyatt, Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1871,

322 (Naranjo).— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 361.— Brew. Ibis, 3d per. ii. 1872,

334 (migrations).— Coues, Key, 1872, 10l.-Oo«e*,BNW. 1874, 61.— Gentry, Life-Hist.

i. 1876, 117.— Later. Bull. Nat Mus. n. 4, 1876, 15 (Tehuan tepee). —Minot, B. N.Engl.

1877, 108.— Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 16.
Sylvia autumnal is, Wils. AO. iii. 1811, 65, pi. 23, f. 3.- Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 632.- F.

Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 448, n. 102.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 195.— Bp. Ann. Lye.

N. Y. ii. 182G, 84.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 390.— And. OB. i. 1832, 449, pL 88.— Peab. Rep.

Orn. Mass. 1839, 310 —Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. v. 1852, 223.

244 DENDRCECA PENNSYLVANICA

Fauvette a poitrine rougeatre, F.EM. ii. 1823,452.
Fauvcttc d'automne, V. Eucy. Meth. ii. 1823, 448.
Fauvette a gorge bale, Le Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 205.
Bay-breasted Warbler, Autumnal Warbler, Authors.

HAB.— Closely correspondent to that of D. striata, Lut less extensive.
Eastern Province of North America ; north to Hudson's Bay (not Alaska nor
Greenland) ; west only to the edge of the Plains. Migratory only in nearly
all of the United States. Breeds from Northern New England northward.
Winters in Central and northernmost South America (no other extralimital
record).

Dendroeca pennsylvanica.— Chestnut-sided Warbler.

Hotacilla pensylvanica, L. SN. i. 1766, 333, n. 19 (Edw.pl. 301).— Turt. SN. i. 1806,596.

Sylvia pensylvanica, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 540, n. 120.

Dendroica pensylvanlca, Parker, Am. Nat. v. 1871,
168.— Packard, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 271.— Stark,
Am. Nat. viii, 1874, 756 (breeding in West Vir-
ginia).

DendnBca pensylvanlca, Ridgw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873,199.

Motacllla pensilvanica, 6m. SN. i. 1788, 971, n. 19.

Sylvia peansylvanica, Wils. AO. ii. 1810, 99, pi. 14, f.
5.—Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 189.

Mniotilta pennsylvanica, Gray, G.of B. i.1848, 196.—
Cabot, Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 66 (Lake Supe-
rior). FIG. 33.— Chestnut-sided "Warbler.

Dendroica pennsylvanica, £d. BNA. 1858, 279.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.—
Coues & Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 408.— Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soo. ix. 1862,125.—
Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 147.— Rayd. Rep. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 161
( Platte River).— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst.iv. 1864, 63.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 191.— Lawr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 284.— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 173.— v. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869. 293
(Costa Rica).— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 25 ; Phila. od. 18.— B. B. £ R. NAB. i. 1874, 245, pi.
13, f. 7, 8.— Brew. Pr. Boat Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.

Dendroeca pennsylvanica, & <& S. Ibis, ii, I860, 273 (Cobaii).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1861,
322 (New Granada).— S. t& S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst v.
1866, 86.— Salv. PZS. 1867, 136 (Veragua).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 94 (Costa
Rica).— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 110.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 273.— Lawr.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1869, 200 (Yucatan).— Salv. PZS. 1870, 182 (Veragua).— S. & S. PZS.
1870, 836 (Honduras).— Goues, Key, 1872, 101, f. 43.— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 2€5.— Allen,
Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872 (Kansas).— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 366 —Trippe, Pr. Bost.
Soc. xv. 1873, 235.— Coues, BN W. 1874, 62 — Gentry, Lifo-Hist. i. 1876, 120.— Minot, B. N.
Engl. 1877, 106.— Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 17.

Sylvicola pennsylvanica, Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 114 (Minnesota).

Motacilla iCterocepbala, L. SN. i. 1766, 334, n. 25 (Briss. iii. 517).— Gm. SN. i. 1788, 980, n.
25— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 603.

Sylvia icterocephala, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 538, n. 113.— V. OAS. ii. 1807, 31, pi. 90.— F. N. D.
d'H. N. xi. 1817, 223.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 622.— F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 441, n. 80.—
.Bp.Ann.Lyc.N.Y.ii. 1826, 80.— Aud. OB. i. 1832, 306, pi. 59.- Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 380.-
Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 309.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 82.

SylviCOla icterocephala, Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836, 1837, 172.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 22.-
Aud. Syn.1839, 54.— Aud.'BA. ii. 1841, 35, pi. 81.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 308.— Hoy, Pr. Pbila.
Acad. vi. 1853, 30.— Read, ibid. 398.— Kcnnic. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 583.— Pratten,
ibid. 602.— Putn. Pr. Ees. Inst. i. 1856, 207.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1856, 6.— Bry.
Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia).— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1859, 110 (Bahamas).—
Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 282 (Nova Scotia).— Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1861, 153 (Baha-
mas).—Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1SG4, 1865, 438 (Missouri).
Dendroeca icterocephala, Sel. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).-Cafc. J. f. 0. 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).—

Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 612.— Cope, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 395, 396.
Dendroica icterocephala, Scl. PZS. 1869, 374 (Oaxaca).

DENDRCECA TIGRINA 245

Mniotilta icterocephala, Gieb. Nomonc. Av. ii. 1875, 603.

Red-throated Flycatcher, Edtc. Gl. ii. 193, pi. 301 (= M. pensylvanica L.;.

Red-throated Warbler, Lath, S.yn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 490, n. 116 (after Edwards,

Figuier a poltrine rouge, Bvff. "v. 303".

Figuier a tes'e jaunc de Canada, Ficedula canadensis icterocephalos, Briss Orn. iii.

1760, 517, n. 64, pi. 27, f. 2 (descr. orig. = M. icterocephala L.).
Figuier a tete Jaune de Canada, Buff. " v. 299".
Figuier » teste jaune de 1'cnsil v.-inir. Ficedula pensilvanica icterocephalos, Briss.

Orn. vi. 1760, App. 105 (after Edwards).

Quebec Warbler, Pcnn. AZ. ii. 1785, 408, n. 305.— Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 484, n. 109.
Tellow-crowned Warbler, Stcph. 1. c. nee auct.

Fauvette a tete jaune, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 223.— F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 441.
FauTette aux c6tes chataines, Le Maine, Oie. Canad. 1861, 206.
Chestnut-sided Warbler, Authors.

NOTE.— There are two independent oarly sources of names here. One is the Edwards's
" Red-throated Flycatcher ", pi. 301, which became M. pensylvanica L., auct. The other is
Brissou's "Figuier a teete jaune de Canada", which became M. icterocephala L., auct.
Note that the bird may have received the epithet " Bloody-sided " from some ; but that,
nevertheless, the "Bloody-sided "Warbler" of Latham and Pennant is quite another bird,
to wit, Sylvia ruficnpilla Lath. 1790, a West Indian variety of D.petechia of the D. ceativa
group; and that it is the' "Quebec Warbler" of Pennant and Latham that = ictero-
cephala L.

HAB. — Eastern Province, United States and Canada. West only to the edge
of the Plains, and scarcely north of the United States. Breeds abundantly
in New England, and doubtless also in the Middle States. Winters entirely
extralimital. South in portions of Mexico (Xalapa, Oaxaca, Sclater, though
it is stated in Hist. NAB. i. 245, that it is not recorded from Mexico);
Honduras, Costa Rica, and Guatemala to Panama, and probably farther.
Bahamas alone of the West Indies.

Demlroeca tigrina.— Cape May Warbler.

Motacilla tigrlna, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 985, n. 153 (Edw. pi. 257, &c.) .-? Turt. SN. i. 1806,606.
Sylvia tigrina, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 537, n. 110.— V. OAS. ii. 1807, 34, pi. 94 (Baird makes

ihis = montana Wils. ; but V. quotes himself as = tigrina Gm.).— F. N. D. d'H. N.

xi. 1817, WB.—Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 738.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 4-28, n. 30 (quotes

Edw., Buff., and Briss., and his own OAS. ii. 34, pi. 94).
Mniotilta tigrina, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.
SylviCOla tigrina, Bry. Pr. Bost. Sec. xi. 1867, 91 (San Domingo).
Dendroica tigrina, Bd. BNA. 1858, 286.— Gundl. J. f. O. 1861,326 (Cuba).— Barn. Smiths.

Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Coues dk Preid. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 408.— Boardm. Pr.

Bost Soc. ix. 1862, 125 — Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst iii. 1862, 157.— March, Pr. Phila.Acad.

xv. 1863, 293 (Jamaica).— Alien, Pr. Es . lest. iv. 1864, 63.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.

viii. 1866, 284.— Trippe, Am. Nat ii. 1868, 175.— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 25 ; Phila. od. 18.—

Orton, Am. Nat. iv. 1871, 714.
Demlrceea tigrina, Set. PZS. 1861, 71 (Jamaica).— Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1862. 193 (Jamaica).—

Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1666, 86 (Canada West).— Sund. Oefv. K. Vet-Akad. Forh.

iii. 1869, 616.— Coucn, Key, 1872, 102 —Mayn. B. Fla. 1873, 55.— Gentry, Lifo-Hist. i.

1876, 127.— Mcrr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 17.
PeriSSOglOSSa tigrina, Bd. Rev. AB. 186c, 181.— Cbwes.Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 274.— Ooucs,

Pr. Bost Soc. xii. 1868, 109.— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 578.— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv.

1872, 368.— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 412 (Cuba).--B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 212, pi. 12, f. 1, 2.—

Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.— Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 102.
Sylvia maritima, Wils. AO. vi. 1812, 99, pi. 54, f.3 (cf).— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817,739.—

JSp.Jonrn. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 200.-.Bp. AO. i. 1825, 32, pL 3, f. 3.-Bp. Ann. Lye.

N. Y. ii. 1826, 79.— Aud. OB. v. 1839, 156, pi. 414.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832,371.— D'Or&.Ois.

Cuba, 1839, 70, pi. 10.

246 DENDROECA DISCOLOR

SylvlCOla marltima, Jard. " ed. Wils. 183-2 ".— Bp. CGL. 1838, 22.- And. Syn. 1839, 56.—Nutt.

Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 424.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 44, pi. 85.— Bp. G A. i. 1850, 307.— Hoy, Pr.

Phila.Acad. vi. 1853, 311 (Wisconsin).— -Read, ibid. 398.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856,

207.— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859,282 (Nova Scotia).— Bry. Pr. Best. Soc. vii.

1859, 110 (Bahamas).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1861,

53 (Bahamas).

Certhiola maritima, Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 87.— Gosse, 111. B. Jain. 1849, pi. 17.
Mniotilta maritima, Gray, G.of B. i. 1848,196.— Cabot, Naum. ii. Heftiii. 1852, 66 (Lake

Superior).

Rhinmmphiis maritimus, Gundl J. f. 0. 1855, 474 (Cuba,).- Gundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 409 (Cuba).
Dendroeca maritima, A. & E. Newt. Ibis, i. 1859, 144 (St. Croix).
Spotted Yellow Flycatcher, Edw. Gl. 101, pi. 257.
Spotted Yellow Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 482, n. 106.
Spotted Warbler, Perm. AZ. ii. 1785, 407, n. 302.
Figuier brim de Canada, Ficedula canadensis fusca, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 515, n. 63, pi.

27, f. 4 (after Edwards, pi. 257).

Figuier tuoht-tc de jaune, Buff. " Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 293 ".
Fauvette tigree, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 228.— V. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 428.
Bee-fin a joues rousses, I)' Orb. 1. c.
Spotted Creeper, Gosse, 1. c.

Fauvette du Cape May, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 208.
Cape May Warbler, Cape May Wood Warbler, Authors.

NOTE. — All the synonymy flows in one stream from Edw. pi. 257, nntil it receives the
tributary maritima "Wils.— V. OAS. pi. 94, has been referred to "montana "Wils.", but
wrongly, I think, though at least one author, Nuttall, 1832, called the "Blue Mountain
Warbler " " S. tigrina Lath." Note that Latham's var. A. of his " Spotted Yellow War-
bler " is altogether another bird, namely, Siurus ncevius, q. v.

HAB. — Eastern Province, United States and temperate British America.
North to Hudson's Bay and Lake Winipeg. Only known west to the Missis-
sippi. A rather rare migrant in most of the United States, breeding from
Northern New England northward. Winters in various West India Islands.
Resident in Jamaica. No Mexican nor Central American record.

Dendroeca discolor.— Prairie Warbler.

Sylvia discolor, V. OAS. ii. 1807, 37, pi. 98.— F. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 181.— Steph. Gen.
Zool. x. 1817. 716.— F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 445, n. 92.-£p. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826,
82.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 418.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, "294" (i. e. 394).— And. OB. i. 1831,
76, pi. 14.— Brew. Journ. Bost. Soc. i. 1837, 436 (Massachusetts). -Peal). Rep. Crn.
Mass. 1839, 311.

Sylvicola discolor, Jard. "ed.Wils. 1832 ".— Rich. Rep. Brit, Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836,
1837, 172.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 23.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 62.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 68, pi. 97.—
Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 159.— .Bp. CA.i. 1850, 308.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 311
(Wisconsin).— Read, ibid. 399.— Pratten, Tr.Ill. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 602.— Brew. Pr.
Boat. Soc. 1856,6 (Massachusetts).— Pwfn.Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 207.— Bland, Smiths.
Rep. for 1858, 1859, 287 (Bermuda).— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1859, 110 (Bahamas).—
Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— Albrecht, J. f. O. 1861, 53 (Bahamas).—
Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. x. 1866, 251 (Porto Rico).— Bry.J.f. 0. 1866, 184 (the same).— Bry.
Pr. Bost. Soc. xi. 1867, 91 (San Domingo).

Mniotilta discolor, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.

Bhimamphus discolor, Gundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 474 (Cuba).

Dendroica discolor, .Bd. BNA. 1858, 290.— Gundl. J.f. 0.1861, 326 (Cuba).— Barn. Smiths.
Rep. for I860, 1861, 436.— Coues & Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 408.— March, Pr.
Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, 293 (Jamaica).— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 64 (Massachu-
setts).—Bd, Rev. AB. 1865, 213.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 284.— Trippe, Am.
Nat. ii. 1868, 178.— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869. 25 ; Phila. od. 18.— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 416
(Cuba).— Packard, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 271.— B. B. & E. NAB. i. 1874, 276, pi. 14, f. 9.—
Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.

DENDRGECA DOMINICA 247

Dendrceca discolor, A. <6 E. Newt Ibis, i. 1859, 144 (St Croix).— Scl PZS. 1861, 71
(Jamaica).— Albrecht,J.f. 0.1862,194 (Jamaica).— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1808, 274.—
Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 110 (South Carolina).— Sund. Oefv. K. Vet-Akad.
Fiirh. iii. 1869, 615.— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 507, 518.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 268
(Florida, resident). -Coues, Key, 1872, 103.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 125 (Kansas).—
May)',. B. Fla. 1873, 58.— Merr. Am. Nat viii. 1874, 81.— Coues, BN W. 1874, 63.— Gentry,
Life-Hist. i. 1876, m.-Bailey, Bull. Nutt Club, L 1876,25. -Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877,
105.— M err. Trans. Conn. Acad. 1877, 17.

Sylvia minuta, WUs. AO. iiL 1811, 87, pL 25, 14.— Bp. Ann.!Lyc.N. Y. ii. 1826, 86.— <?o**e,
Alabama, 1859, 295.

Phyllopneuste minuta, Boie, Tsis, 1828, 3-21.

Sylvlcola minuta, Denny, PZS. 1847, 38.

Fauvette discolor, V. 1. c. 1817.

Particoloured Warbler, Steph. 1. c.

Fauvette discolore, V. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 445.

Red-backed Warbler, (fosse, B. Jam. 1847, 159.

Prairie Warbler, Authors.

HAD.— Eastern United States. North to Southern New England ; west to
Kansas. Breeds throughout its United States range. Winters in Florida,
and more nuineronsly in most of the West India Islands. No extralimital
continental record.

Dendroeca dominica.— Yellow-Throated Warbler.

a. dominica
Motacllla dominica, Linn. SN. i. 1766, 334, n. 26 (Brisa. iii. 520, n. 65, pi. 27, f. 3 ; Sloane,

Jam. ii. 310) (Jamaica and San Domingo).— Qm. SN. i. 1788, 980, n.26.— Turt. SN. i.

1806, 603.
Sylvia dominica, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 538, n. 114.— F. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 223 (made a var. of

maculosa).— Steph. Gen. ZooL x. 1817, 612.

MniOtilta dominica, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 197.— Gieb. Nomcnc. Av. ii. 1875, 602.
Dendroica dominica, Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 209 (Colima, &c.).—Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i.

1869, 547 (Orizaba).— Ridgw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 606.— GttndL J. f. 0. 1872, 415 (Cuba).—

B. B. & B. NAB. i. 1874, 240, pi. 14, f. 6.
Dendroica dominica var. dominica, Ridgw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 607.— .B. B. & R. NAB. i.

1874, 241, pi. 14, f. 6.
Dendrteca dominica, Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1868, 270 (questions its occurrence in New

England ; refers to Liwley, Am. Journ. Sci. xliv. 1843, 258). — Coues, Pr. Bost Son.

xii. 1868, 109 (Soutb Carolina).— Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 611.— Lawr.

Ann. Lyc.N. Y. ix. 1869, 200 (Yucatan).— A lien, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 268 (Florida, in

winter).— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 222 (West Virginia) .—Coues, Key, 1872, 103.—

Coues, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 421.— Allen, Am. Nat vii. 1873, 363.— Mayn. B. Fla. 1873, 60.—

Coues, BNW. 1874, 66, 233,-Jferriam, Am. Nat viiL 1874, 7, 8.— Brewst. Bull. Nutt.

Club, ii. 1877, 102 (best biography).— MeCauley, BulL TL S. GeoL Surv. iii. 1877, 661

(Texas).— Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 17 (Connecticut, several instances).—

Brewst. Bull. Nutt Club, iiL 1878, 43.

Motacilla supcrciliosa, Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 43 (pi. 686, f. l).
Mniotilta supcrciliosa, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.
Dendroica SUperclliOSa, Bd. BNA. 1858, 289.— Wheaton, Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860, 1861,

374 (Ohio, quite common).— Gundl. J. f. O. 1861, 326 (Cuba).— Coues APrent. Smiths.

Rep. for 1861, 1862, 408 (Washington, casual.)— March, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, 293

(Jamaica). — Haym. Cox's Surv. Indiana, 18G9, 217 (Indiana, common). — Set. PZS.

1869, 374 (Oaxaca).— Turnb. B. E. Pa, 1869, 53; Phila. cd. 42.— Snow, B.Kaus. 1673,5.
Dendrceca SUperclliOSa, Scl. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Scl. PZS. 1862, 368 (Mexico).— S. & S.

Ibis, ii, 1860, 274 (Duenas) —Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 478 (San Antonio, Tex.).
Motacilla pensilis, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 960, n. 76 (from Buffon and Latham).— Turt. SN. i. 1806,

590.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 418.

Matacilla pensilis, Leant, " Voyage, ii. 1810.— Knox, Hist. Ace. St Thomas, 1852, p. — ".
Sylvia pensillS, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 520, n. 41.— F.OAS.ii. 1807, 11, pi. 72.— V. N. D. d'H. N.

xi. 1817, 177.— Steph. Gen. ZooL x. 1817, 629.— F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 42T, n. 26.— Pp.

Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826,79.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 374.— Aud. OB. i. 1831, 434, pi. 85.—

D'Orb. Ois. Cuba, 1839, 65.— Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 200 (Indiana).

248 DENDRCECA DOMINICA

Sylvlrola penslli8,^c7i. Rep. Brit. Assoc.for 1836, 1837, 172.— Bp. CGL. 1838, W.—Aud. Syu.

1839, 33.— And. B. Am. ii. 1841, 32, pi. 79.— Oosse, B. Jam. 1847, 156.— Denny, PZS. 1847,

38.— Gosse, 111. B. Jam. 1849, pi. 32.— Bp.CA.. i. 1£50, 307.— Lawr. Anu. Lye. N.Y. vi.

1853, 8 (Long Island).— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 398 (Ohio) .— Salle, PZS. 1857, 231

(San Domingo).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— Albrccht, J. f. O. 1862, 201

(Jamaica).— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. xi. 1867,91 (San Domingo).
Rhimanphus pensills, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 19.
Rhimampbus pensills, Gundl. J. f. O. 1855, 474 (Cuba).— Sd. PZS. 185G, 291 (Mexico).-

Oundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 408 (Cuba).

SylviCOla pen sill is, Pratten, Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 601.
Dendroica pcnsilis, Scl. PZS. 1858, 295 (Cordova).
Motacilla flavicollis, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 959, n. 71 (from Catesby, Brisson, &c.).— Turt. SN. i.

1806,589.
Sylvia flavicollis, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 518, n. 35.— F. OAS. ii. 1807, 45.— Wils. AO. ii. 1810,64,

pi. 12, f. 6.— V. N. D. d'H. N". xi. 1817, 19l.-Steph. Gen. "ZooL x. 1817, 679.— F. Eccy.

Meth. ii. 1823, 453, n. 118.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 188.
Sylvicola flavicollis, Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 310 (Wisconsin).
Figuier cendre de S. Domingue, Ficedula dominicensis cinerea, Bnss. Orn. iii. nco,

520, ii. 65, pL 27, f. 3 (basis of If. dominica L.).
Cou-jaune, Buff. "Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 165"; PE. 686, f. 1 (basis of M. supcrcilicsa Bodd.

and of M.pensilis Gm.).
Melange grise de la Caroline, Parus carolinensis griseus, Briss. Orn. iii. nco, 563, n.

10 U basis of M. flavicollis Gm.).
Yellow-throated Creeper, Parus americanus gutture luteo, Gates. Car. i. i77i,62,pl. 62

(a basis of M . flavicollis Gm.).

Yellow-throat Warbler, Perm. A. Z. ii. 1785, 400, n. 286.
Yellow-throated Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 437, n. 31.
Mlsange grise a gorge jaune, Buff. " v. 454".
Pensile Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 441, n. 37 (= Cou-jaune, Buff. v. 165; PE. 686, f.

1. A basis of M.peruilis Gm.).
Parus griccus gutture luteo, Bartr. Trav. 1791,292.
Jamaica Warbler and St. Domingo Warbler, Turton, 11. cc.
Jamaica Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 485, n. 110.
Fauvette grise a cou janne, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 191.
Fauvelte a cou jaune, F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 427.

Fauvette grise a gorge jaune, F. OAS. ii. 1807, 45.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 453.
Bcc-fln a gorge jaune, D'Orb. 1. c.
Yellow -throated Warbler, Yellow-throated Gray Warbler, Yellow-throated Woo3-

warbler, Authors.

b. albilora

Dendroica dominica var. albilora, Ridgw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 606 — B. B. <£ R. NAB. i. 1874,
241, pi. 14, f. 7.

NOTE.— There are three sources of the four old names of this species. The first binomial,
M. dominica L., is i-om Brisson's " Figuier cendr6 de S. Domingue'r, after Sloane. The
second, M. superciliosa B^.dd., and the third, M.pensilis Gm., are both from the " Cou-jaune"
of Buffon, PE. 686. f. 1— the "Pensile Warbler " of Latham. The fourth, M. flxvicollis GUI.,
is Catesby's " Yellow-throated Creeper ".

We have no recognized late names for the bird, excepting albilora of Ridgway, which
may stand as a geographical race. Probably tho record of the bird from the Mississippi
Valley all belongs to albilora ; but it is not easy to discriminate. Texas specimens I have
lately examined have the superciliary stripe entirely white, and such seems to be tho
character of the birds from the western portions of the range of the species.

HAB. — Eastern United States, rather southerly. North regularly to Ohio,
Illinois, Indiana, being common in the Ohio Valley ( Whcaton et al.y, rarely
east of the Alleghanies, even in corresponding latitudes. Washington, D. C.,
rare (Coues 4- Prentiss)', West Virginia (W. D. Scott); Pennsylvania (Tarn-
bull); New Jersey (Auduboii) ; New York (DcKay). Connecticut (c/. Cones,

DENDROECA KIRTLANDI — D. PALMARUM 249

Pr. Essex Inst. v. 270; Coues, BNW. 66; and especially Merriam, Tr. Conn.
Acad. iv. 17). West to Kansas (Snoiv) and Texas (McCauley.) Breeds in its
United States range at large. Winters in Florida, Mexico (Xalapa, Cordova,
Colima), Central America, Guatemala, Yucatan, and various West India
Islands (Cuba, San Domingo, Jamaica, where probably resident). Replaced
in Porto Rico by D. adelaidce, and in the Southern Middle Province of the
United States by D. gracice.

It should be added, that Mr. R-dgway restricts ttie range of true dominica
to the Atlantic States as far north as Washington in summer, and in winter
to Cuba, San Domingo, and Jamaica, assigning to his var. albilora the follow-
ing habitat : — " In bummer, the Mississippi region of the United States, north
to Lake Erie ; common in South Illinois. In winter, and possibly all the
year, in Mexico, south to Guatemala, Yucatan on the Atlantic, and Colima
on the Pacific side."

Dendrceca kirtlandi.— K Ireland's Warbler.

Sylvicola kirtlandii, Bd. Ann. Lye. N. Y. v. 1852, 216, pL 6 (Cleveland, Ohio, May, 1851, J.

P. Kirtland).— Zuchold, J. f. O. 1854; 355 (copies descr.).— Caw. III. i. l«r>5 278, pi. 47

(from the original).
Dendroica kirtlandii, Bd. BNA. 1858, 286.— Wheat. Ohio Agric. Kep. for 1860, 1861, 374

(ref. to the orig. spec, and to another from same locality, and to a possible third

from Racine, Wis.).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 206 (notices a second specimen from sea

near Bahamas, in Coll. S. Cabot, and report of third and fourth specimens in

" Ohio Farmer" for June 9, I860).
Dendrffica kirtlandi, Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.- At ad. Forh. iii. 1869, 017.— Lanydon, Cat. B.

Cincinnati, 1877, 6.

Dendroeca kirtlandii, Coues, Key, 1872, 104.
Dendroica kirtlandi, B. B. <& R. NAB. i. 1874, 272. pi. 14, f. 5.
Mniotilta kirtlandi, Gieb. Nomenc. Av. ii. 1875, 603.
Kirtland's Warbler, Authors.

HAB. — Of the known specimens, four in number, three were taken in Ohio
and one at sea between the Bahamas and Cuba. Supposed to have been seen
in Wisconsin (Racine, Hoy).

Dendrreca palmarum.— Yellow Red-poll Warbler.

a. palmarum

Blotacilla palmarum, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 951, n. 53 (San Domingo; based on the Bimbele ou
fausxe Linotte, Buff. v. 330, and Palm Warbler of Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 498, u. 131).— LMS.
Tr. Orn. 1831, 418.

Sylvia palmarum, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 544, n. 136.— F. OAS. ii 1807, 21, pi. 73.— F.N. D. d'H. N.
xi. 1817, 168.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 607.-T. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 431, n. 42 — Bp.
AO. ii.— ,— , pi. 10, f. 2.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. v. 1825, 29 (Florida).— Bp. Ann.
Lye. K T. ii. 1826, 78.— D'Orb. Ois. Cuba, 1839, 61, pi. 8.

Sylvicola palmarum, Rich. Rep. Brit, Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 172 (= Bp. AO. pi.
10, f. 2).— Salle, PZS. 1857, 231 (San Domingo).— Bry. Pr. Boat Soc. vii. 1859, 110 (Baha-
mas).—Albrecht, J. f. O. 1861, 53 (Bahamas).— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. XL 1867, 91 (San
Domingo).

Mniotilta palmarum, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196 (= Gm., and Bp. AO. pi. 10, f. 2).

Dendroica palmarum, Bd. BN A. 1858, 288.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 4 JG.— Gundl.
J. f. 0. 1861, 326 (Cuba).— Coues <6 Prent, Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 408.— Boardm. Pr.
Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 125.— Verr. Pr. Ess. lust. iii. 1862, 147.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864,
63.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 207.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 284,-IVip^, Am. Nat. ii.
1868, 171.— Turnb. B. E. Pa, 1869, £5; Phila. ed. 18.— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 415 (Cuba).—
B. B. (& R. NAB. i. 1874, 273, pL 14, f. 8.—- Brew. Pr. Bast Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.

250 DENDRGECA PALMARUM

Dendroeca palmarum, Scl PZS. 1861, 71 (Jamaica).— Albrecht, J.f.0. 1862, 193 (Jamaica).

Blak. lois, v. 1863, n.—McIlwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 86.- Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868,

109 (South Carolina, in winter).— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 274.— Sund. Oefv. K.

Yet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 616.— Coues, Pr. Phila.Acad. xxiii. 1871, 21.— Coues,Key,

1872, 104.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 208 (Florida, wintering).— Mayn. Guide, 1870,

104.— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 187-2, 368.— Mayn. B. Fla. 1873, 52.— Coues, BNW.

1874, 67.— Gentry, Life-Hist. i. 1876, 132.— Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 122.— Merr. Tr. Conn.

Acad. iv. 1877, 18.
Sylvia petechia, Wils. AO. vi. 1812, 19, pi. 28, f. 4.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 198.—

Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 83.—Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 364.— And. OB. ii. 1834, 259, 360, pis.

163, 164.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 307.— McCulloch, Journ. Bost. Soc. iv. 1844, 406

(habits ; makes it a Seiurus).— Thomps. NH. Vermont, 1853, 80.
SylviCOla petechia, S. <£ E. FBA. ii. 1831, 215, pi. 41.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 58.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841,

55,pl.90.— #<»/, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 310.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856,207.— Willis,

Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 282.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missouri).—

Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 114.
Phyllopneuste petechia, Boie, Isis, 1828, 321.
Mniolilta peteciiia, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196 (= Wils. pi. 28, f. 4).
Sylvicola petechea, Pratten, Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 602.

Sylvicola ruttcapilla, Bp. CGL. 1838, 22.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 307. (Not Mot. ruficapilla Gm.)
RMmamphus ruflcapillus, Gundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 473 (Cuba) ; 1861, 408 (same).
Bimhele ou Fausse Linote, Buff, "v.330".

Palm Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 498, n. 133 (cites Bimbele of Buffon).
Fauvette bimbele, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 168.— F. EM. ii. 18^3, 421.
Bee-fin bimble, D 'Orb. 1. c.

Fauvette a tele rouge, Le Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 195.
Yellow lied -poll Warbler (not of Edw.), Palm Warbler, Authors.

b. hypochrysea
Dendrteca palmarum hypochrysea, Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Club, i. 1876, 84.

NOTE (1).— The " Yellow Red-poll" of Edwards, pi. 256, f. 2, basis of M. petechia L., and
wrongly ascribed to Pennsylvania by the early authors, is the "West Indian conspecies of
D. cestiva, as any one may be satisfied by a glanco at the figure. Being ascribed to Penn-
sylvania, it was not unnaturally mistaken for the present species by some who never saw
Edwards's plate, and never read Brisson's elaborate description ; for the terms of the Lin-
mean diagnosis make it equally applicable to the present species. Wilson transferred the
name petechia, with Edwards's English name, to this species, and many have followed him,
the "Yellow Red-poll" of late and current vernacular being thus applied to thu present
species. — The first tenable name ispalmarum Gm., based on the Bimbele of Buffon, which
became the "Palm Warbler" of Latham.— Bonaparte called the bird ruficapilla in 1838
and 1850; but the original ruficapilla Gm., Lath., after Ficedula martinicana Brissou, was
another West Indian cestiva-likQ bird, which Latham and Pennant called the Bloody-
sided Warbler.— My index-slips include many West Indian citations of "petechia", but I
am afraid to use them, as I cannot tell now whether they refer to true petechia or to pal-
marum, which latter occurs in the West Indies.

NOTE (2).— A recent paper by Mr. Ridgway, " On Geographical Variation in Dendroeca
palmarum ", < Bull. Nutt. Club, i. 1876, pp. 81-87, separates the species iato two subspecies,
D. palmarum subs, palmarum and D. palmarum subs, hypochrysea. The range of the
former is given as follows : — "Mississippi Valley during the migrations ; breeding in the
interior of British America, wintering in the Gulf States, from Texas to Western and
Southern Florida, and West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica, Santo Domingo, and Bahamas). Cas-
ual in certain Atlantic States (but not in New England ?)." The new variety is assigned
as follows :— " Atlantic States, from East Florida (in winter) to Nova Scotia. Breeding in
Maine and northward aud wintering in the South Atlantic States ; apparently not found
at all in the West Indies, nor in Southern and Western Florida! " It being scarcely or
not practicable to rearrange the synonymy of the species in conformity with the subspo-
cific distinction here drawn, I have left all the prior names and references under tho
original, and have formed no opinion respecting the merits of the case as presented by
Mr. Ridgway.

HAB. — Eastern Province of the United States and temperate British Amer-
ica. West only to the Lower Missouri and Texas. North to Labrador, Hud-

DENDRCECA PINUS 251

son's Bay, Forts Simpson and Resolution, &c., breeding only beyond the
United States, as far as known, excepting Maine. Migrates early in the
spring and late in the fall, being observed in New England at both seasons
with the snow, April and November, and winters abundantly in the South-
ern States, from the Carolinas to Texas, as well as in various West India
Islands, as Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and San Domingo. No extralimital
continental records.

Dendroeca pimis.— Pine-creeping Warbler.

Sylvia pinus, Wils. AO. iii. 1811, 25, pi. 19, f. 4 (refers to Catesby. Not of any earlier
writer, which = Helminthophaya pinus).— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 737 (in part.
Synonymy mixed with that of Helminthophaga pinus and Parula americana!) — V.
Ency. Metb. ii. 18-23, 464, n. 163 (cites Wilson).— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824,
194.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1«26, W.—Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 387.— Aud. OB. ii. 1834,
232, pi. 111.— Pert. Rep. Oru. Mas-». 1839, 310.— Thomps. N. H. Vermont, 1853, 82.

Thriothurus? pinus, Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiv. Ia26, 194 (in part).

Sylvicola pinus, Jard. "od. Wils. 1832 ".— Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836, 1837, 172.— Bp.
CGL. 1838, 22.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 54.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 37, pi. 82.— Woodh. Sitgr. Expl.
Colo. R. 1853, 70 (Texas).— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 311 (Wisconsin).— Jennie.
Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. 1855, 583 (niinois).— Pratten, ibid. 602 — Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856,
207 — Jones, " Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, 59" (Bermuda).— Martens, J. f. O. 1859, 312 (the
same).— Bland, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1&59, 287 (the same).— Trippe, Pr. Ess. lust vi.
1871,114 (Minnesota?).

Mniotilta pinus, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196 (not of Qieb. Nomenc. Av. ii. 1875, 605).

Rhimamphus pinus, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 311.

Dendroica pinus, Bd, BXA. 1858, 277 (not of Couet, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1861, 220 ("Labra-
dor "), =; D. 8triata).—Goue8 t£ Prent. Rep. Smiths. Inst. for 1861, 1862, 407 (Washing-
ton, D. C. ; breeding, not wintering) .—.Barnard, Rep. Smirks. lust, for 1860, 1861,
436.— Terr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 156 (Maine).— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1964, 62.— Bd.
Rev. AB. 1865, 190.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 284. -.Bryan* li Pr. Bost. Soc.
1867, 67 (Veragua) ".— Trippe, Am. Nat ii. 1868, 170.— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1»69,23 ; Phila.
ed. 18. — Gregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870, p. — .— Bidgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 368
(Illinois).— B.B.<£ R. NAB. i. 1874, 268, pi. 13, f. 6.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. 1875,440.—
Brewst. Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. 1875, 136 (Virginia, breeding).

Dendroeca pinus, Mcllwr. Pr. Esa. Inst v. 1806, 86 (Canada West).— Ooues, Pr. Bost Soo.
xiL 1868, 109 (South Carolina resident).— Cope, Am. Nat iv. 1870, 396.— Allen, Bull.
MCZ. ii. 1871, 268 (Florida, resident).— Coues, Key, 1872, 104.— Scott, Pr.Bost. Soc.xv.
1872, 222.— Mayn. Pr. Boat. Soc. xiv. 1872, 366 (Maiiie and New Hampshire).— Merr.
Am. Nat viii. 1874, 7, 8, 87.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 69.— Gentry, Life-Hist 1876, 135.—
Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 120.— Merr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 18.

Dendroeca pina, Ooues, Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1868, 272.— Mayn. B. Fla. 1873, 48.

Sylvia vigorsii, Aud. OB. i. 1832, 153, pi. 30.

Vfreo vigorsii, Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 318.

Pine-Creeper, Parus americanus lutesccns, Gates. Car. i. 1771, 61, pi. 61 (not the Pine
Creeper of Edwards).

Me'sange d'Amerique, Parus americanus, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 576, n. 15 (cites Catesby).

Fauvette des Sapins, V. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 464.

Pauvette des Pins, Le Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 192.

Vigor's Vireo, Nutt. 1. c.

Pine-creeping Warbler of Authors.

HAB. — Eastern Province, United States, Canada, and New Brunswick, but
uot known to reach Labrador, as wrongly recorded by me in Pr. Phila. Acad.
1861, 220. (•' North to Massachusetts", B. B. $ B. Hist. NAB. i. 268 ; but " to
New Brunswick", lid. ibid. 270.) West only to the Lower Missouri and
Kansas, &c., thus strictly confined to the Eastern Province, like palmar um
and some others. Breeds throughout its United States range, and winters
in the Southern States, having no extralimital record whatever, excepting
Bermudas (Jones) and Bahamas (Bryant).

252 SYNONYMY OF DENDRCECA JEST1VA

Summer Yellowbird

Dendroeca scstiva

Moiacilla canadcnsls, Bodd. Tabl. P. E. 1783, 4 (PE. 58, f. 2). (=M. cestiva Gm. Not M.
candensis Linn. sp. 27, nor sp. 42 ; nor M. canadensis Bodd. p. 24.)

Motacilla JCStiva, Gm.SN.i. 1788, 996, n. 169.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 615.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 418.

Sylvia «RStiVft, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 551, n. 157.— F. OAS. i'. 1807, 35, pi. 95.— F. X. D. U'H. N.
xi. 1817, 225.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817,750.— F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 429, n. 34.-JSp.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 83.— Fox, Newc. Mas. 1827, 161.— And. OB. i. 1831, 476, pi. 95.—
Nult. Man. i. 1832, 370, fig.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 307.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853,
gl, fig.—ZTaj/m. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 290.

SylviCOla ICStiva, S. <& R. FBA. ii. 1831, 2\\.—Bp. CGL. 1838, 23.— And. Syn. 1839, 58 —
Nutt. Man. i. 2d od. 1840,417, fig— And. BA. ii. 1841, 50, pi. 88.— Gir. BLI. 1844, 58 —
Burnett, Pr. Boat. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. Zuui, 1853, 70— Hoy, Pr.
Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 310.— Read, ibid. 398. -Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 30'J.—
Eennic. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. 1. 1855, 583.— Pratten, ibid. 602.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst.
i. 1856, 207.— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 116.— Maxim. J. f. 0. vi. 1858, 114.— Willis,
Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 282.— ? Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1800, 307 (Cuba).— Hoy,
Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438. - Finsch, PZS. 1870, 564 (Trinidad).— Trippe, Pr. Ess.
Tnst. vi. 1871, 114.

Mniotilta sestiva, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.— Cabot, Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 66.— Kneel.
Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 234.

Rhiraanphiis sestivus, Cab. ME. i. 1850, 19.

Rhimamphus aestivus, Bp. CA. i. 1850. 311.-? Gundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 472 (Cuba).-ScZ. PZS.
1855, 1 13 (Bogota).— Scl. PZS. 1856, 141 (Chiriqui).— Scl. PZS. 1857, 202 (Xalapa).— ? Cab.
J. f. 0. 1860, 326 (Cnba).

Dendroica estiva, Bd. BNA. 1858, 282.— Bd. U. S. Mex. B. Snrv. ii. pt. ii. Birds, 10.—
Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 40. -Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106.— Xant. ibid. 191.—
Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1859, 21 (nests).— S. <6 S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemala).— C. <t S.
NHWT. 1860, 181.— Cans. Pr. Phila. Acad. xii. I860, 191, 192 (Isthmus of Dar en).—
Barn. Smiths. Rep. for I860, 1861. 436.— Cows & Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1361, 1862, 408.—
Blak. Ibis, iv. 1862, 4.— Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 125.— Verr. ibid. 137.— Ferr.
Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 147.— Allen, Pr. Ess. lust. iv. 1864, 63.— Baird, Rev. AB. 1865,
195.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1865, 174 (Chiriqui) ; 179 (Nicaragua) —Lawr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 284.— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, I12.-Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad. xx.
1868, 149.— Coop. Ann. Nat. iii. 1869, 296 — Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869,25 ; Phila. od. 18.—
v. Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 293 (CostaRica).— Doll dk Ba.nn. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. 1869, — .—
Dall, Ann. Nat.iv. 1870, 600.— Stev. U. S. Geol. Sarv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 463.— Holden,
Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 197.— Ridg. Ball. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180.— Merr. U. S Geol.
Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 675, 705, 713.— Packard, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 271.— B B <&R.
NAB. i. 1874, 222, pi. 14, f. 1.— Yarr. & Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 10.— Yarr. ibid.
34.— Hensh. ibid. 41, 58, 74, 102.— Henah. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc.
xvii. 1875, 439.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 192.

Dendroeca sestiva, Scl. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1861, 322 (New
fcrranada).— Blak. Ibip, v. 1863, 63.— Scl PZS. 1864, 172.— S. <6 S. PZS. 1864, 347
(Panama).— Taylor, ibid. vi. 1864, 81 (Trinidad).— Coues, Ibis, i. 2d ser. 1865, 159.—
Dress, ibid. 478.— Couen, Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii. 18C6, 69.— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v.
1866, 86.— Salv. PZS. 1867, 136 (Veragua).— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 109.— Cotte*,
Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 83.— Brown, Ibis, 2d ser. iv. 1868, 420 (Vancouver).— Coues, Pr.
Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 273.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 94 (Costa Rica).— Lawr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. ix. 1869, 200 (Yucatan).— S. d S. PZS. 1869, 251 (Venezuela).— Sund. Oefv.
K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 606.— S. <& S. PZS. 1870, 836 (Honduras).— Salv. PZS. 1870,
183 (Veragua).— Wyatt, Ibis, 3d *er. i. 1871, 322 (Ocaua).— Coues, Key, 1872, 97.—
Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 265, 345, 396.— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soo. xiv. 1872, 360.— Scott,
Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, KHZ.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soo. xv. 1873, 235.— Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc.
xvii. 1874, 52.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 54, 232.— Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 16.— Nelxon, Pr.
Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 339, 346, 357.— Gentry, Life-Hist. 1876, 99.— Jftnot, B. N. Engl.
1877, 103.— Merr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 15.

SYNONYMY OF DENDRCECA .ESTIVA 253

Sylvia CDStiva, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 1.13.

Figuier tachete, Buff. " Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 235'' (a basis of M: cestiva Grn.). (Adult.)
Figuier de Canada, Buff. PE. 58, f. a (same as Figuier tachete of Buff.). (Adult.)
Flcedula canndcnsis, Briss. Orn. iii. 17CO, 492, n. 51, pi, 26, f. 3 (first basis of M. cestiva Gm.).
Sylvia carolincnsis, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 551, n. 138 (based oa PE. 58, f. l).—8teph. Gen. Zool.

x. 1817, 752.

Motacilla carcllncnsis, Turt. SN. i. 1806, 615 (same as Latham's bird).
Mnlotilta carollnensis, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.
Figuier de la Caroline, Buff. PE. 58, f. 1 (basis of 8. carolinensis Lath.).
Figuier de la Caroline, Ficedula carolinensis, Briss. iii. 1760, 486, n. 48 (Carolina;

quotes Gates. 63; but also gives West Indian localities).
Olive Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 409, n. 307 (based 011 PE. 58, f. l).—Steph. Gen. Zool. x.

1817, 752.
TellOW-poll Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 402, n. 292.— Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 515, n. 148

(based on PE. 58, figs. 1 and 2).

Yellow Titmouse, Parus carolinensis luteus, Gates. Car. Li77i,63,pl.G3.
Parus luteus, JSartr. Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. 1791, 292.
Sylvia flava, VieiU. OAS. ii. 1807, 31, pi. 89. -F. N. D. d'H. N. 2d od. xi. 1817, 195.— V. Ency.

M6th. ii. 18A 455, n. 125.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 418 (=F. OAS. pi. 89).
Sylvia citrinella, Wils. AO. ii. 1810, 111, pi. 15, f. 5.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824,

190.— Wagl. Isis, 1831, 529.— BruJdn, Zool. Gart. 1871, 18.
Motacilla rublginosa, Pall. Zoog. R.-A. i. 1811 (1831), 496 (Kodiak)
KhimamphUK citrinus, "f Raf. Joarn. de Phys. Ixxxviii. 1819, 417 ".
Sylvia children!!, And. OB. i. 1831, 180, pi. 35.
Sylvia children!, Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 370.

Sylvicola children!!, Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL for 1836, 1837, 172.
Sylvia rathbonia, And. OB. i. 1831, 333, pi. 65.
Sylvicola rathboni.i, Rich. Rep. 1837, 172.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 23.— Nutt. Man. i. 2d od. 1840,

447.

Sylvicola rathbonii, And. Syn. 1839, 58.-4«d. BA. ii. 1841, 53, pi. 89.
Mnlotilta rathbonla, Gray, G. of B. 1. 1848, 196.
Rhimamphus rathbonla, Bp. C A. i. 1850, 311.

Rhimamphus chryseolus, Bp. "Bull. Soc. Linn. Caen. ii. 1831, 32 (Cayenne) ".
Sylvia trochilus, Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 406.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 312.
Citron Open-bill, ? Raf. " Am. Month. Mag. iv. 1818, 39 ".
Citron Warbler, Sw. t&Rich, FBA. ii. 1831r 211.
Children's Warbler, Rathbone's Warbler, And. 11. cc.
Yellow Wren, or Willow Wren, Nuttall, 1. c.— Peab. 1. c.
Fauvctte tachetee de rougeatrc, V. I.e. 1817 and 1823.

Fauvette jaunc, V. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 455.— Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 198.
Summer Warbler, Summer Yellowblrd, Golden Warbler, Yellow Warbler. Yellow-
poll Warbler, Blue-eyed Yellow Warbler, Authors.

[Note. — In the foregoing synonymy, the different modes of writing cestiva or aestirauTt not
preserved. — All the above quotations are believed to be strictly applicable to the ordinary
North American bird, exclusive of its several West Indian conspecies or varieties — The
Motacilla petechia Linn. SN". i. 334, n. 30, is based on Ficedula pensilvanica erythrocephalos
Briss. iii. 488, and Yellow Red-pole Edw. pi. 256, f. 2, and quoted from '"Pennsylvania";
the references, however, and the descriptions of the authors cited, indicate clearly that it
is one of the West Indian red-capped conspecies of D. cestiva — neither D. cextiva itself, nor
D.palmarum, though the name hos been used in connection with both these species. — The
names ruficapilla, albicollis, and chloroleuca of Gmelin, all indicate birds like D. cestiva, but
are apparently rather referable to some of the West Indian forms. " Bloody-sided " War-
blor is one of the epithets of Dendrceca pennsylvanica or icterocephala, the Chestnut-sided
Warbler of authors ; but the Bloody-eided .Warbler of Pennant and Latham, based on
Ficedula martinicana of Briss. iii. 490, pi. 22, f. 4 (== Mot. ruficapilla of Gmelin), is one of
the West Indian Warblers like D. cestiva.— The Sylvia flava of Vieillot seems to be unques-
tionably D. cestiva.— In addition to the synonyms given, the curious reader, if he be so
minded, may look among the older names for a Motacilla or Sylvia trochilus var. 0, a
supposed variety of the Willow Wren or Yellow Wren of Europe, for a long timo quoted

254 CHARACTERS OF DENDRCECA ESTIVA

a^so from America, and supposed to inhabit this country. Examine, for instance, Hota-
cilla trochilusp, acredula, L. SN. i. 338, n. 49 /? ; Sylvia trochilus, 0. Lath. IO. ii. 550, n. 155
/? ; Sylvia acredula, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 744 ; in all of which places Catesby's pi. 63 and
Edwards's pi. 278, f. 2, are cited, and the bird is ascribed to North America. Vieillot dis-
cusses this matter in connection with a bird described by him as the " Fanvetto naine ",
£t/Zria pumilia, OAS.ii.pl. 100, or the "Pouillot nain", S. pumilia, X. D. d'H. N. xi. 239,
where it is referred to trochilus var. of Lath., and Ency. M6th. ii. 467, where the female is
said to be figured by Edwards, pi. 278, f. 2, and where reference is made to the " Figuier
brun et jiune" of Buffon, v. 295; but I cannot make out what his pumilia is, nor has any
one identified it, so far as I know. The whole matter hinges on Edw. pi. 278, f. 2 ; and as
this is not recognizable, the case is dubious, probably beyond determination. It is unne-
cessary to add that no such bird occurs in this country ; but so much of the composition of
the species as includes American references is doubtless more or less exclusively pertinent
to Dendrceca cestiva. The ascribing of the Willow "Wren to this country lasted until
within thirty or forty years, such species being given for instance in Nuttall's work of
1832 and Peabody's of 1839.— Boddaert has a Mrtacilla canadensis, which is this species,
being based upon PE. 58, f. 2 ; but the name is twice anticipated by Motacilla canadensis
of Linnaeus, for two different species of the same genus.]

OH. SP. — $ Flava, dorso flavo-virente, gastrceo aurantio-brun-
neo striato; remigibus rectricibusque fuscis, extus et intus flavo-
limbatis; rostro plumbeo; $ et juv. infra innotata.

$ , adult : Golden-yellow; the back with a greenish tinge resulting in rich
yellow-olive, the rump more jellowish; the middle of the back sometimes
obsoletely streaked with darker. Crown like the under parts, in high plum-
age often tinged with orange-brown. Breast and sides, and sometimes most
of the under parts, streaked with orange-brown. Quills and tail-feathers
dusky, edged on both webs with yellow, the yellow occupying most of the
inner webs of the tail-feathers. Bill plumbeous. Feet pale brown. Length,
4f-5 ; extent, 7|-7£ ; wing, 2|; tail, 2.

$ , adult : Like the $ ; yellow-olive of upper parts extending on the crown ;
streaks below obsolete or entirely wanting. General coloration paler than
in the $ .

Young: Like the $ , but still more dully colored. Upper parts, including
crown, pale olive, with an ochrey instead of clear yellow shade ; below ochrey-
white or dull pale yellowish. Edgings of wings and tail dull yellowish.

I have not seen, perhaps, the very youngest stage of this species ; at any
rate, I have seen no streaked specimens. The fledglings of comparatively
few of our Warblers, even the commonest, have been described. But as far
as known, all, with probably the exception of the present species, are
streaked or spotted at first like very young Thrushes.

The North American Golden Warbler is well distinguished from its several
West Indian and South American allies. It appears to be somewhat the
smallest, with shortest tarsus — scarcely two-thirds of an inch. In the $ of
D. vieilloti, the head all around is orange-brown ; and, in D. capitalis, of the
Birbadoes, the whole crown is of this color, sharply defined. D. petcchia, of
various West Indian Islands, is most nearly related ; it is larger ; the tarsi
are longer ; the wing is more rounded ; the yellow-olive of the back extends
with little more mixture of yellow on the nape, rump, and wing marginings:
the yellow edgings of the tail are narrower. In any plumage, D. cestira is
distinguished from all the other North American species by the yellow edging
instead of white blotching of the tail-feathers.

EXTRALIMITAL ALLIES OF DENDRCECA ESTIVA 255

The synonymy of these and the several other extralimital species related
to D. cestiva is subjoined."

* Dendroeca petecbia (L.). [Jamaica.1
Motacilla petechia, L. SN. i. 1766, 334, n. 30. (Based on Edw. pi. 256, f. 2, and Briss. iii. 504 ;

erroneously ascribed to Pennsylvania. Edwards's fig. shows clearly that the bird

meant is not Dendroeca palmarum, bat one of the " Golden Warblers " allied to D.

cestiva.}— Gm. SN. i. 1788, 983, n. 30 (same).— Turt SN. i. 1806, 605.— Less. Tr. Orn.

1831, 418.
Sylvia petechia, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 535, n. 103.— F. OAS. ii. 1807, 32, pi. 91.-Steph. Gen. Zool.

x. 1817, 733.— VieiU. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 228.— Vieill. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 443.
Dendroeca petechia, ScZ.PZS.186l,7l (Jamaica).— ScZ. Cat. A B. 1862, 32.
Dendroica petechia, March, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1863, 292 (Jamaica).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 199

(Jamaica).— B. B. <£ JR. NAB. i. 1874, 216.

Dendroeca petechia e) jamaicensis, Sund. Oefv. K. Yet-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, W)7.
Sylvicola sestiva, Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 157.

Yellow Bed-poll, Edw. Gl. 99, pi. 256, f. 2 (basis of M. petechia L.).
Figuier a teste rouge de Pensilvanie, Ficedula pensilvanica erytbrocephalos, Brian.

Orn. iii. 1760, 488, n. 49 (after Edwards, pi. 256, f. 2).
Figuier a tete rouge de Pensylvanie, Buff, "v.286".
Fauvetfe a tete rouge de Pensylvanie, V. OAS.Lc.
Red-beaded Warbler, Lath. S.yn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 479, n. 99.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 733

(mixed with D. palmarum).
Red-head Warbler, Perm. AZ. ii. 1785, 401, n. 289.

Dendroeca petecbia gnndlacbi (^d.). [Cuba and Bahamas.]
? Motacilla albicollis, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 983, n. 147. (Based on.Briss. iii. 494, n. 52, pi. 26, f.

5.)— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 605.

? Sylvia albicollis, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 535, n. 104 (— Gm. 983).
? Sylvia albicolis, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 221.
Dendroica albicollis, Oasa. Pr. Phila. Acad. I860, 192 (Cuba).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1860,

18 (Cuba).— Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1861, 205 (Cuba).-Gwutt. J. f. 0. 1861, 3,*6 (Cuba).
Sylvia sestiva, Lembeye, " Av. Cuba, 1850, 31, not the figure".
Rhimamphus a'stivus, Gundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 407 (Cuba).
Dendroica gundlachi, Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 197 (Cuba).
Dendroica petechia var. gundlachi, B. B. <& R. NAB. i. 1874, 216.
Dendroeca petechia d) cubana, Sund. Oefv, K. Vet.- Akad. Forh. iii. 1869,608.
1 Figuier de 8. Domingue, Ficedula dominicensis, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 494, n. 52, pi. 26, f. 5.

(Basis of M. albicollis Gm.)

? Figuier a gorge blanche, Bvff. "v. 287" (= Briss. iii. 494).
? St. Domingo Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 479, n. 100 (= Briss. iii. 494).
? Motacilla Chloroleuca, Gm. SN. i 1788, 984, n. 149. (Based on Briss. iii. 496, n. 53, pi. 26,

f.2.)-Turt SN. i. 1806, 606.

? Sylvia Chloroleuca, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 536, n. 106 (Gm. 984).— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 734.
? Sylvia chroroleuca, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 195.
? Petit Figuier de S. Domingue, Ficedula dominicensis minor, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760,

496, n. 53, pi. 26, f. 2.

? Figuier vert et blanc, Buf. " v. 289" (= Briss. iii. 496).
? Green and White Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 480, n. 102 (= Briss. iii. 496).

Dendroeca petecbia mficapilla (Bd.). [Porto Eico, etc.]
Cbloris erythachorides, FeuUUe, "Journ. Obs. Phys. iii. 1725, 413" (others quote "(7.

eritachoides").
Motacilla ruflcapilla, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 971, n. 106 (based on Briss. iii. 490, pi. 22, f. 4, Mar-

tiniqne).— Turt. SN. 1806, 597.
Sylvia ruflcapilla, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 540, n. 119 (= Gm. 971).-Step/i. Shaw's Gen. Zool. x.

1817, 699.
Figuier de la Martinique, Ficedula martinicana, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 490, n. 50, pi. 22,

f. 4 (based on Feuill6e).
Figuier ii tete rousse, Buff. " v. 306 ".

256 EXTRALIMITAL ALLIES OF DENDRCECA ^ESTIVA

THERE is no occasion to enlarge upon the history of a bird
so well known as the Summer Warbler has become by
means of the many excellent biographies which previous writers
have furnished. The bird is common in the Colorado Basin, as
in most other parts of North America, and breeds in all suita-

Faimtte a tete rousse, V. TS. D. d'H. N. 1. c.

Bloody-side Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 489, n. 115 (= Briss. and Buff, as above).—

Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 405, n. 298.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 699. (Not of Turton.)
Dendrceca sestiva, A. & E. Newt. " Ibis, i. 1859, 143 (St. Croix) ".
Dendroica petecbia, Cass. Pr. Phila, Acad. 1860, 192, 376 (St. Thomas).

Dendroica , Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 201 (St. Croix and St. Thomas).

Dendrceca petechla b) cruciana, Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 608.
Dendrceca petecbia a) bartbolemica, Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 607.
Dendroica petecbia var. ruflcapilla, B. B. & E. NAB. i. 1874, 217 (Porto Rico, St. Thomas,

St. Croix, and St. Bartholomew).

Dendroeca capitalis, Lawr. [Barbadoes.]

Dendrceca , Bd. Rev. AB. in text of p. 202 (spec, from Barbadoes).

Dendroica capitalis, Lawr. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 359.— B. B. <£ K. NAB. i. 1874, 217.
Dendrreca petechia c) barbadensis, Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh, iii. 1869, COS.

Dendrceca vieilloti, Cass. [New Granada.]

Dendroica eribtacborldes, Bd. BN A. 1858,283 (not " Ohloris erylhachorides Feuill6e ").
Dendroica vieilloti, Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. May, 1860, 192 (Panama and Carthagena).— Bd.

Rev. AB. 1864, 203.— .B. B. <& E. NAB. i. 1874, 217.

Dendrceca vieilloti, 8d. Cat, AB. 1862, 33 (includes vars. bryanti and rufigula).
Bhimamphus ruflceps, Cab. J. f. O. forSept 1860, pub. Jan. 1861, 326 (includes var. bryanti).
? Mniotilta ruflceps, Gieb. Nomenc. Av. ii. 1875, 606 (includes other vars.).
Dendroeca petecbia i) panamensis ?, Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 609. (Quid

D. petechia g) peruviana ? / h) cequatorialis ? ; Id. ibid. ?)

Dendroeca vieilloti rufigula, Bd. [Panama.]

? Sylvia ruflcapilla, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. 1817, 228.— Vieill. Ency. M6th. ii.
1823, 442, n. 82.— Vieill. Gal. Ois. i. 1834, 268, pi. 164. (•• L'Amerique." Not of Latham,
though Feuill6e, and Briss. iii. 490, are quoted. The description clearly indicates
one of the birds with the whole head red, but which of the varieties of modern
authors may not be determinable. Baird makes it the basis of his D. rufigula,
queried as West Indian, but really from the Isthmus of Panama.)

fBbimampbns ruflcapilla, Bp. CA.i. 1850, 311 (= Vieill.).

Dendroica rufigula, Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 204 (toe. ignot.).

Dendroica vieilloti var. ruflgula, B. B.dE. NAB. i. 1874, 217 (Panama).

Dendrceca vieilloti bryanti, Eidgw. [Mexico.]
Dendroica vieillotli var. bryanti, Eidgw. Am. Nat vii. 1873, 606.
Dendroica vieilloti var. bryanti, B. B. dk R. NAB. i. 1874, 218 (Mexico and Yucatan).

Dendroeca aureola, (Gould) Bd. [Galapagoes.j
Sylvia aurei la, Gould, " Voy. Beagle, 1841, 86, pi. 28 ".
Mniotilta aureola, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.
Sylvicola aureola, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 309.

Dendroica anreola, Bd. Rev. AB. i. 1865, 194.— B. B.&Jt NAB. i. 1874, 217.
Dendr(eca petecbia f) gallapagensis, Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.- Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 608.

Dendroeca eoa, (Gosse) Bd. [Jamaica.]

Sylvicola eoa, Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 158.— Gosse, 111. B. Jam. 1849, pi. 34.— Bp. CA. L 1850, 309.
Mniotilta eoa, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.

Dendroica eoa, Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 195.— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 218.
Dendrceca eoa, Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 609.

HABITS OF THE SUMMER WARBLER 257

ble places within this area, but probably withdraws entirely in
the fall. In the mountains about Fort Whipple, Arizona, I
noted its arrival one year on the 25th of April, and saw it not
after the second week in September of either of the autumns I
passed in that locality. Though the bird is so generally dis-
tributed at all altitudes, you would scarcely look for it in the
pine woods of the higher mountains 5 for it loves the less sombre
verdure of ravine, hillside, and water-course, and its brilliant
yellow plumage is oftenest seen glancing through the cotton-
woods and willows that fringe the streams, even far out on the
dreary plains ; while the sprightly and agreeable song which
accompanies its movements at frequent intervals has all the
pleasurable associations that are awakened at the sound of a
familiar voice — never so attractive as when unexpectedly heard
in a far-away place.

A bird so widely distributed as the Summer Warbler is, might
be presumed to modify its habits somewhat according to the
diverse conditions of its environment. But the present, like
other Warblers, is so regular in its periodical movements that
it bears little or no local impress, — the reverse, I have no doubt,
of the case with the several insular races into which the species
has been converted in the West Indies. Its habits are every-
where substantially the same, whatever little changes, particu-
larly in the location and construction of the nest, may be
required to meet special conditions. With us, the Summer
Warbler is well known to be a confiding bird, rather attracted
than repelled by man's presence, fond of nesting in our orchards,
gardens, and lawns, even our crowded streets ; and the nest, as
a rule, is placed rather low down, in some hedge, thicket, or other
shrubbery. In the arctic regions, where the bird has been found
to be abundant, the nest is said to be usually placed in the low
willow bushes of those latitudes. The nest and eggs are too
well known to require description ; but Mr. Henshaw has left a
memorandum that the eggs he took in the West were all pure
white in the ground color, lacking the slight greenish shade
observed in those laid in the Eastern States.

This Warbler has long been known as one of the birds most
frequently victimized by the Cow Bunting, and has become cel-
ebrated for the resolution with which it refuses to incubate the
alien egg, as well as for the sagacity and determination it dis-
plays in making shift to avoid the hateful imposition, even to
the length of sacrificing its own eggs and giving up its nest.
17 B 0

258 SYNONYMY AND CHARS. OF D. OCCIDENTALS

It frequently constructs a two-story nest, leaving the Bunting's
egg in the cellar 5 and at least one instance is recorded of the
repetition of this laborious and disagreeable work, resulting in
a three-story nest some seven inches deep, with a Cow bird's egg
in each of the two lower compartments.

Hermit Warbler

Dendrceca Occident alls

SylTia occidental!*, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 190 (Columbia River) ; viii. 1839.

153.— And. OB. v. 1839, 55, pi. 395, f. 3, 4.
Sylvicola occidental!*, Bp. CGL. 1838, 23.— And. Syn. 1839, 60.— Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840,

445.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 60, pi. 93.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 308.
Mniotilta occidental, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.
Dendroica occidental!*, Bd. BNA. 1858, 268.— Coop. A Suck. NHWT. 1860, 178.— Bd. Rev.

AB. 1865, 183.— B. B. (6 R. NAB. i. 1874, 266, pi. 12, f. 5.— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.—

Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 201.
Dendrceca occidental!*, Cowes.Ibis, 2d ser.i.1865, 163 (Arizona).— Scl ibid. 89 (critical).—

Salv. Ibis, 2d ser. ii. 1866, 191 (Guatemala).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 69 (Fort

WMpple).— -Sw»d.Oefv.K.Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 611.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 92.-

Coues, Key, 1872, 91.— Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 16.
Dendrceca peridentalis, Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 480.
Dendrceca cbrysoparia, Scl. PZS. 1862, 19 (La Parada). (Not of PZS. 1860, 398.)— flcZ. Cat.

AB. 1862, 358 (La Parada).

Dendrteca niveiventris, Salv. PZS. 1863, 187, pi. 24, f. 2 (San Geronimo, Guatemala).
Hermit Warbler, Western Warbler, Authors.

HAB.— In the United States, Eocky Mountains to the Pacific. South
through Mexico to Guatemala.

CH. SP. — $ Supra cinerea, olivaceo tincta, nigro striata, infra
alba ; capite flavo, nigro notato, jugulo et guld nigris.

$ , adult : Above ashy-gray, tinged with olive, especially on the rump, and
closely streaked with black ; below white. Top and sides of head rich yellow,
the former with transverse black markings. Central line of chin, throat, and
jugulum black, ending on the breast with a sharp convex outline, contrasted
with the adjoining white. Wings and tail as in virens. Bill black. Length,
4f-5 ; extent, 7f ; wing, 2-£-2£ ; tail, 2f-2£ ; tarsus, f-f ; bill, f .

$ , adult : This sex, unknown to me, is described as similar to the male,
but darker gray above, with the yellow of the head less extended, and the
throat whitish, spotted with dusky.

Young : Upper parts olivaceous-ash, and the yellow of the top of the
head overlaid with olive. Sides of the head pretty clear yellow, fading
gradually into the white of the throat. No black on the throat. White of
the under parts faintly brownish-tinged, and sides with obsolete streaks.

There is every gradation between the stages above described. The very
earliest plumage is probably still unknown. In a September specimen of
mine, taken at Fort Whipple in 186-1, the dusky olive extends over all the
upper parts, tinging the ashy of the lower back, and reaching on the crown
nearly to the bill, where it gradually lightens by admixture of yellow; the
sides of the head are clear yellow, soiled with some olivaceous : chin and

HABITS OF THE HERMIT WARBLER 259

throat the same, fading on the breast into the dull white of the other under
parts ; sides with obsolete streaks, and a slight grayish-olive wash. There
is no black whatever about the head or throat, and the blackish streaks of
the back are obsolete. The wings are twice barred with the conspicuous
white tips of the greater and median wing-coverts.

On the technical questions involved in the consideration of D, chrysoparia
and D. niveivenlris, see especially Ibis, 1865, 87.

MY own experience with this Warbler in the field is limited
to the summary shooting of one, before I knew what it
was, in some thick scrub-oak bushes near Fort Whipple, Arizona,
September 3, 1864. In the same Territory, Mr. Henshaw lately
collected a series of specimens during August and September,
finding the birds in such close association with Townsend's
Warblers, and so similar in habits and general appearance, that
it was impossible to distinguish the two species at the distance
at which they were usually seen. The bird appears to be only
a migrant in the Colorado Basin : it passes into Mexico in the
fall, along with various other Warblers, and proceeds in some
cases at least as far south as Guatemala, always showing an
attachment to high pine-clad regions, like those of the far north,
where it was originally discovered many years since by Nuttall
and Townsend. There is no evidence that it breeds in the south-
erly portion of our territory ; but this lack of positive evidence
to such effect does not prevent my surmise that it will, sooner
or later, be shown to inhabit the higher pine belts of the Colo-
rado watershed, where it is now only known as a migrant. We
have very little information respecting its habits ; in fact, noth-
ing beyond our knowledge of its geographical distribution and
general movements has been added to the memoranda which
its discoverers left us. Mr. Townsend shot his birds, a pair, on
the 28th of May, 1835, near Fort Vancouver, whilst they were
fluttering through the depths of the pine woods in search of in-
sects ; he saw them hanging from the twigs like Titmice, and
thought that their notes resembled those of the Black-throated
Blue Warbler. Mr. Nuttall's notice is more extended, and fur-
nished the basis of the name " Hermit " Warbler, given in con-
sequence of what he calls the " eremitic predilection " of the
bird. He observed it with difficulty in the tops of the pine
trees, where it searches for its food, and where, he had no doubt,
the nest would also be found. "Its song", he continues, " fre-
quently heard from the same place, at very regular intervals,
for an hour or two at a time, is a soft, moody, faint, and monot-

260 SYNONYMY AND CHARS. OF D. TOWNSENDI

onous note, apparently delivered chiefly when the bird is at rest
on some lofty twig, and within convenient bearing of its mate
and only companion of the wilderness."

Dr. George Suckley later confirmed these accounts of the in-
accessible nature of the bird's favorite haunts, he having found
it difficult to reach them with fine shot in the tops of the lofty
fir- trees, where they spent most of their time. All these reports
indicate that the anchorites were in their summer homes, and
inform us of at least one portion of the country in which they
do breed, though we must be slow to assert that they may not
also breed elsewhere under different conditions. My specimen,
as I distinctly remember, was hopping about in a bush close to
the ground, showing that the habits of the species are not the
same at all seasons of the year.

Townscnd'§ Warbler

Dendreecn townsendi

SylYla townsendi, "#««.", Towns. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 191 (Columbia River).—

Aud. OB. v. 1839, 36, pi. 393, f. 1.
RylvifOla townsendi, Bp. CGL. 1838, 23.— Aud. S.yn. 1839, 59.— Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 446.—

Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 59, pi. 92.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 308.
Dendroica townsendi, Sd. PZS. 1858, 295, 298; 1859, 374 (Oaxaca).— B. B. & R. NAB.U874, 265,

pi. 12, f. 5.— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Hensh. Zool. Ezpl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 200.
Dendrceca townsendi, Coues, Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 163 (Arizona).— Scl. Ibis, i. 2*1 ser. 1865, 89

(critical).— Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 610.
SylTia townsendii, Towns. Journ. Pbila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153.
Mniotilta townsendii, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.
Dendroica townsendii, Bd. BNA. 1858, 269.— S. A S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemala).— Coop. <&

Suckl NHWT. 1860, 179.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 185.— Turnb. B. E. Penn. 1869, 53, fig. ;

Phila, ed. 42 (Pennsylvania).
Dendroeca townsendii, Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 91, fig.— Ooues, Key, 1872, 98.— Coop. Am. Nat.

viii. 1874, 16.

Sylvicola townsendii, Finteh, Abb. Nat. iii. 1872, 35 (Alaska).

SylTia melanocausta, "Licht:\ "Brandt, Ic. Ined. Rosso-As. pi. i. f. 5, ? " (fide Finscb).
Townsend's Wood-Warbler, Townsend's Warbler, Authors.

HAB. — Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, from Alaska to Guatemala. (A
stray specimen taken near Philadelphia.)

CH. SP. — $ Supra flavo-viridis, nigro striata ; infra antice
flam, postice alba, jugulo pectore lateribusque nigro striatis, lateri-
bus capitis nigris flavo circumcinctis. 9 jugulo flavo intertincto
(et auricularibus viridibus fj.

$ , adult : Entire upper parts yellowish-olive, rather darker than in virens,
e\rerywhere streaked with black, especially on the crown, where the black
usually predominates; no bidden yellow on the crown. Sides of the head
bright yellow, enclosing a large black patch, constituted by the lores and or-
bital and auricular region, in which the yellow eyelids appear. Chin, throat,
breast, and sides part way, yellow, the jugulum black ; the sides of the

HABITS OF TOWNSEND'S WARBLER 261

breast and of the body streaked with black. Under wing-coverts, belly,
flanks, and crissum white, the two latter slightly shaded and streaked with
dusky. Wings crossed with two white bands, that of the median coverts
broadest. Wings and tail fuscous, the former with pale edgings, the latter
having two or three outer feathers largely blotched with white. Bill and
feet blackish horn-color. Length, about 5 ; extent, 7^-8 ; wing, 2£-2|- ; tail, 2.

$: Like the <J, but the black of the jugulum mixed with yellow (and
that on the sides of the head mixed with or replaced by olive ?).

Young : Shade of the upper parts slight brownish, and the black streaks
slight, obsolete, or wanting. The dark patch on the side of the head oliva-
ceous, like the back. No continuous black on the jugulum.

Autumnal adults show various gradations between the characters of the
old and young. The species is very closely related to D. virena, of which it
is the Western representative. Adult males are readily distinguished by the
darker greenish upper parts, conspicuously streaked, especially on the head,
with black ; the black cheeks and auriculars ; black of jugulum not reaching
anteriorly to the bill, and the surrounding yellow spreading on the breast
back of the black. Young birds are tot so easily discriminated, however ;
but there are usually traces at least of the black streaks on the upper parts :
there is no concealed yellow on the crown ; the yellow of the under parts,
quite os bright as in the adult, extends far along the breast, behind that
part where it veils the black.

The fledgling state of this species is unknown, and some of the characters
ascribed to the female should be attested by further material.

TOWNSEND'S Warbler is another species respecting which
our knowledge is limited, and does not include any infor-
mation respecting the nest or eggs. It is one of the many dis-
coveries made during Nuttall and Townsend's journey to the
Pacific — an adventurous and toilsome pilgrimage for the pur-
poses of science, fraught with interest to all lovers of nature, and
greatly redounding to the advantage of botany and ornithology.
The gist of their notices, which long remained our only source
of information, is that they found the bird migrating through
the coniferous forests of the Columbia Eiver region. This ob-
servation long remained unverified ; but we have late advices
of the bird from Alaska, as far north at least as Sitka. The
full extent of its breeding range is not yet ascertained ; but I
have no doubt that the pine belts of the mountains of the
West, from the latitudes even of New Mexico and Arizona, will
in the end be found to shelter these birds in summer. During
September, they are commonly seen migrating through the Col-
orado region, and in some situations have been observed in
considerable numbers. They press on through Mexico, and find
a winter home, in some cases at least, as far south as Guate-
mala. There is no conclusive evidence that any of them remain

262 HABITS OF TOWNSEND'S WARBLER

with us through the winter. Dr. Brewer, indeed, says that Dr.
Cooper saw one at Sboalwater Bay in December; but on turning
to both of Dr. Cooper's works in which this species is men-
tioned, I find that he only saw at Shoalwater what he " supposed
to be this species ", and did not secure the specimen. The same
gentleman's statement that he shot two specimens in November,
1855, in Santa Clara County, California, furnishes, so far as I
am aware, the record of the latest lingering of the species over
our border. All of Mr. Henshaw's Arizona specimens were
taken in September, during the migration. Mr. C. E. Aiken's
Colorado examples were procured in August and September.
The extralimital records, from Mexico and Central America,
relate, probably without exception, to occurrences in winter or
during the migration. We have consequently in this species a
bird which occupies the United States in summer from Colorado
to Sitka, breeding in an unascertained portion of such extent
of country from the Eocky Mountains to the Pacific, and which
late in the fall entirely withdraws from the United States to
winter in Mexico and Central America. The date of its return
in spring over our border is not known. I have already indi-
cated what I presume to be its actual breeding range. In the
summer, it is confined to the pine regions, at high elevations in
southerly districts, but down to sea-level in the farther north.
During the migrations, it is much more generally dispersed ;
for Dr. Cooper has observed it among low willows and other
bushes.

In tracing its distribution and migrations, we should not over-
look the unexpected occurrence of this bird, in one exceptional
instance, near Philadelphia, as attested by the Kev. Dr. W. P.
Turnbull, in his elegant little treatise upon the Birds of East
Pennsylvania and New Jersey. A full-plumaged male was shot
in Chester County, near the Brandywine, on the 12th of May,
1868, and preserved in his collection.

Mr. Henshaw has left more copious notes than any other
writer whom I have consulted in the preparation of this article —
for I never saw the bird alive, and have nothing of my own to
contribute to its history. He found these Warblers numerous at
Mount Graham, in Arizona, during the month of September,
though he experienced some difficulty in securing specimens, as
the birds kept in the tops of the tallest trees, where only occa-
sional glimpses rewarded the perseverance with which he
endeavored to mark them as they dashed out after insects, or

SYNONYMY AND CHARACTERS OF D. NIGRESCENS 263

flew from tree to tree in their ceaseless migratory course. At
this time and place, they were not among pines, but in forests
of spruce and fir, and their flights seemed to be regulated some-
what by the presence or absence of these kinds of conifers.
Their motions were extremely rapid ; a moment spent in thread-
ing the mazes of the interlaced branches, — a few hurried sweeps
about the ends of the limbs, and they were off to the next tree
to repeat such actions till lost sight of in the density of the
forest. Their only note at this season was the chipping sound
which many Warblers utter. The writer concludes with the re-
mark, that though he obtained no evidence that the birds breed
in Arizona, he saw no reason why the mountain fastnesses
of that Territory should not offer a congenial summer home.

Black-throated Gray Warbler

Dendroeca iiigresccns

Sylvia nigrescens, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 191 (Columbia River) ; viii. 1833,

153.— Touma. Narr. 1839, 341.— And. OB. v. 1839, 57, pi. 395.
Vermivora nigrescens, Bp. CGL. 1838, 21.— Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 471.
Sylvicola nigrescens, And. Syn. 1839, 60.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 62, pi. 94.— Sp. CA. L 1850, 308.
Mniotilta nigrescens, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.
Rhimanphus nigrescens, Cab. MIL i. 1850, 20.
Dendroica nigrescens, Bd. EN A. 1858, 270.— Scl PZS. 1858, 295, 298 (Oaxaca).— Scl PZS. 1859,

374 (Oaxaca).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— Heerm. PEER. x.

1859, 40.— O. <£ S. NHWT. 1860, 180.— Bd. Ives'sRep. Colo. pt. vi 1861, 5.— Bd. Rev.

AB. 1865, 186.— Sumich. Mem.Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 547 (Orizaba).— Aiken, Pr. Boat. Soc.

xv. 1872, 197 (Colorado).— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 258, pi. 12, f. 8.
Dendrreca nigrescens, Sol. Cat. 1862, 30 (Oaxaca).— Coues, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona).— Coues,

Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 69 (Arizona).— Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii.1869,

610.— Coues, Key, 1872, 98.— Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 16.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 55, 232.—

Nels. Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1875, 357 (Cuba).

? Sylvia palpebralis, Ornith. Comm. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. vil 1837, 193 (descr. nulla).
? Sylvicola tristis, Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 472 (scarcely identifiable).
Sylvia nalseii, Gir. 16 Sp. Tex. B. 1841, fol. 11, pi. 3, f. 1 ( $ ).
Sylvicola nigricans, Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 309 (New Mexico).
Black-throated Gray [or Grey] Warbler, Authors.

HAB. — Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, United States; and south into
Mexico in winter. Not yet recorded north of the United States. Breeds in
suitable places throughout its United States range. Winters extraliinital.

On. SP. — $ Supra coeruleo-cinerea, dorso medio nigro striato;
capite toto etjugulo nigris, macula ante oculum flava, strigis post-
oculari et maxillari albis; infra alba, latcribus nigro striatis.

$ , adult : Above bluish-ash, the interscapular region, and usually also the
upper tail-coverts, streaked with black. Below, from the breast, pure white,
the sides streaked with black. Entire head, with chin and throat, black;
a sharply-defined yellow spot before the eye, a broad white stripe behind the
eye, and a long white maxillary stripe widening behind from the corner of

264 HABITS OF BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER

the bill to the side of the neck. Wings fuscous, with much whitish edging,
and crossed with two hroad white bars on the ends of the greater and median
coverts. Tail like the wings, the three lateral feathers mostly white, except
on the outer webs, the fourth with a white blotch. Bill and feet black.
Size of the last.

$ : Like the male, but the black of the crown mixed with the ashy of the
back, and that of the throat veiled with white tips of the feathers.

Young : Like the 9 > but the crown almost entirely like the back, and the
black of the throat still more hidden. Back not streaked. Less white on
the tail. Bill not entirely black.

This species varies but little, and chiefly in the intensity and purity of the
black of the fore parts. Autumnal specimens of either sex are found in
every stage between the extremes above described. In very immature birds,
the back has sometimes a slight brownish cast. The curious little yellow
spot appears at a very early age ; I have never seen it wanting. The fledg-
ling stage I have not seen, nor does it appear to be known.

HERE is the third Dendrceca discovered by the indefatiga-
ble travellers of whom mention has been made in speaking
of the two preceding species. Townsend
gives it as abundant in the forests of the
Columbia, where he says that it remains
until very late in the fall, and builds a
nest of fibrous green moss suspended be-
tween two small twigs among the upper
branches of the oak. Nuttall states that
FIG. 34.— Black-throated Gray it is seen to arrive in the same region early
in May, and infers that it breeds there
from the character of the notes that he heard it utter. uOn
the 23d of May," he continues, " I had the satisfaction of heark-
ening to the delicate but monotonous song of this bird, as he
busily and intently searched every leafy bough and expanding
bud for larvae and insects in a spreading oak, from whence he
delivered his solitary note. Sometimes he remained a minute
or two stationary, but more generally continued his quest for
prey. His song, at short and regular intervals, seemed like
'tsliee H shay t shaitshee, varying the feeble sound very little, and
with the concluding note somewhat slenderly and plaintively
raised."

It was a good many years before we heard of this Warbler
again. Meanwhile, the systematists were busy with its name,
much as usual, bandying the bird about from one genus to
another, but adding nothing whatever to our real knowledge.
Drs. Cooper and Suckley met with it in the original locality, or
at least in the same general area, and the latter notes that it

HABITS OF BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER 265

generally arrives from the south early in April, is commonly
found in oak forests, and is rather abundant in the vicinity of
Fort Steilacoom. Dr. Cooper saw a pair at Puget Sound which
seemed to have a nest, but he did not succeed in finding it.
About the time that these observations were made, we had
sudden word of the species from a distant point in Mexico ; for
M. A. Boucard secured specimens in Oaxaca, Mexico, as Dr.
Sclater soon recorded. To this very day these advices remain
the northernmost and about the most southerly we have; for
the Black-throated Gray has never been traced north of the
region in which it was originally discovered, nor yet through
Mexico into Central America. Prof. F. Sumichrast has, how-
ever, taken it in Orizaba ; and there is much reason to suppose
that its actual range is not less extensive than that of either
occidentalis or townsendi. As to its longitudinal dispersion, we
simply note its spread in suitable forest-clad country from the
eastern bases of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and
may next endeavor to trace its movements within this area from
the rather fragmentary indicia we command.

In California, the late Dr. A. L. Heermann took a few speci-
mens near Sacramento City, and also on the mountain range
between the Calaveras and Mokelumne Rivers, during the au-
tumnal migration of 1852, when the bird was found gleaning
its insect food in the upper branches of oak trees, and had notes
which the observer likened to those of a locust. In the same
State, the birds appeared to Dr. Cooper to reach San Diego
about the 20th of April, in small flocks, migrating northward,
and were not seen after this mouth. Dr. Suckley's remark of
their coming so much farther north in the beginning of the
same month is somewhat at variance with the experiences of
others, and I suspect he may have meant to say May, not April.
During their passage across California, according to Dr. Cooper,
the birds haunt low bushes along the coast; but afterward,
he says, they take to the deciduous oaks when the leaves begin
to grow, eany in May, at which time the birds reach the Colum-
bia Eiver. This record of migration squares as to date with
what is known of the movements of the species in other longi-
tudes ; but the supposed absence of the bird from California
after April must be cautiously regarded.

For we have plenty of evidence that the Black- throated Gray
nestles all through the mountains of corresponding latitudes
east of California. And first for my own observations, made

266 HABITS OF BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER

at Fort Whipple daring two seasous. I found the bird common
there in the pine forests, and especially numerous during the
migrations; but it was also seen through the summer, and un-
questionably breeds in that locality. It was first observed about
the 20th of April, and did not entirely disappear until toward
October. I generally saw it skipping with great agility through
the tops of lofty pines, at such height that I could scarcely tell
what bird it was until some well-directed shot, perhaps after a
tedious poking about with the gun held almost vertically upon
my shoulder, brought my victim dropping by stages from one
limb to another, and then with a long whirl through the clear
space between the lower branches to the ground, sometimes at
my very feet. My later spring specimens were some of them
in full nuptial attire,- and the queer scraping notes which I sup-
posed to come from this species not seldom descended from the
leafy canopy where the endless chirpings of the Nuthatches,
Titmice, and other little birds were mingled with the rappings
of the Woodpeckers and the harsh, sudden outcries of the
rowdyish Jays.

In the autumn, these Warblers appeared, of course, in larger
numbers, their ranks being recruited by new comers from the
north, en route to Mexico, land of the mezquite and of " war's
revolution"; and at the same season they were also more gener-
ally dispersed over the country, on the hillsides clad with scrub
oak, and even along the willow-fringed mountain-streams. Mr.
Henshaw's observations, very recently made at corresponding
latitudes in New Mexico, agree with mine. He found the
birds in June in the vicinity of Santa Fe, New Mexico, where
they frequented the growths of pifioues and cedars that cov-
ered the dry foot-hills. The males were then in worn plum-
age, as if already breeding — an indication confirmed by the
non-appearance of the females, who were no doubt too assid-
uous in their housekeeping to come much in the collector's
way. Mr. Kidgway had already found these birds in the East
Humboldt Mountains of Nevada, under precisely similar con-
ditions ; there they were abundant in pinon and cedar thickets,
where they certainly had bred, for he saw families of young
following their parents in July and August. In Colorado, says
Mr. Aiken, the birds are rather rare migrants, a few probably
remaining to breed ; they frequent mesas and foot-hills covered
with low scrubby pinon, making their appearance about the first
of May, when the males precede the females by a few days, and

J3YNONYMY OF DENDRCECA CGERULEA 267

are beard at frequent intervals to rehearse their curious love-
songs as they wage their war of extermination against insects
on every leaf and limb.

From such data as these, representing nearly all that is posi-
tively known respecting this bird, it is not difficult to make out
its movements and mode of life — to see how, entering our ter-
ritory from the south in April, it disperses to breed over all the
coniferous regions of the West, at the higher altitudes only in
the south, but down to the general level of the country in re-
gions farther north ; how it returns to its winter home, trooping
through the whole country irrespective, in a great measure, of
the kind of forest vegetation it may encounter; how diligently
it forages for its insect prey, and with what repetition the emo-
tions of the nuptial hours are expressed. Such are traits that
nearly all Warblers share ; but the observant ornithologist finds
ample room to enlarge his experiences and increase his sources
of thoughtful pleasure in noting those nice points which, like
the touches of color upon the plumage, stamp an individuality
upon each member of this attractive group of birds.

•Coerulean Warbler

Dendroeca coerulea

Sylvia caerulea, Wils. " AO. ii. 1810, 141, pi. 17, f. 5 ".

Sylvicola cserulea, "Sw."—Jar<L "ed. Wils. 1832, — ".-Bp. CGL. 1838, 23.— Bp. CA. i. 1850,

308.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri).
Rhlmampbus caeruleus, Scl PZS. 1857, 18 (Bogota) ; 1858, 64 (RioNapo).— Qundl J. f. 0. 1862,

177 (Cuba).
Dendroica caerulea, Bd. UNA. 1858, 280.— GtmtZZ. J. f. 0. 1861,326 (Cuba).— Barn. Smiths.

Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 191.— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 176.— Brew.

Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 483.— Gundl. J.f.0. 1872,414 (Cuba).— B. B. dk R. NAB.i. 1874, 235,

pi. 13, f. 10, II.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 451 (denied to New England).— Hensh.

Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 196 (Denver, Colo.).
Dendroeca caerulea, 8cL Cat, AB. 1862, 31.-S. 6 S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— Coues, Pr. Ess.

Inst. v. 1868, 274.— 8und. Oef v. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 614.— S. <£ S. PZS. 1870, 836

(Honduras).— Salv. PZS. 1870, 183 (Veragua).— Allen, Am. Nat. v. 1871, 6.— Allen, Am.

Nat vi. 1872, 265.—- Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 222.— Coues, Key, 1872, 99.— Ridgw.

Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 199.— Gentry, Life-Hist. i. J876, 108.— Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 114.—

Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Club, ii. 1877, 21 (Connecticut).— Merr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 15

(Connecticut, two instances).
Dendrceca cserula, Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 2 $5.
Sylvia ccBrulea, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 193.— Licht. "Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog.

1830, 2" ; J. f. 0. 1863, 31.-Thom.ps. N. H. Vermont, 1853, 82.
SylviCOla crarulea, Rick. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 172.— And. Syn. 1839, 56.—

And. BA. ii. 1841, 45, pi. 86.— Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. Zufii, 1853, 70.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad.

vi. 1853, 311 (Wisconsin).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 309.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst.

i. 1856, 207 (wrongly attributed to Massachusetts) .—Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859,

282 (Xova Scotia ; doubtful).
SIniotilta ccerulea, Gieb. Nomenc. Av. ii. 1875, 601.

268 CHARACTERS OF DENDRCECA CCERULEA

Dendroica ecerulca, Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106.— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 156.—
Turrib. B. E. Pa. 1869, 25; Phila. ed. IS.—Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 58 (Denver, Colo.).

Dendrceca coerulea, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. vii. 1861, 322 (New Granada).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess.
Inst.v. 1866,86 (Hamilton, C. W.).— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 110.— Lawr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. ix. 1869, 200.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 56, 233.— Jouy, Field and Forest, iii. n. 3,
Sept. 1877, 51 (Washington, D. C.).

Sylvia rara, Wils. iii. 181 1,1 19, pi. 27, f. 2.— Steph. Gen. ZooLx. 1817, 657.— F. Ency. Metli. ii.
1823, 448.— Bp, Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 197.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826,
82.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 393.— And. OB. i. 1832, 258, pi. 49.— Brew. Journ. Bost. Soc.
i. 1837, 436 (Massachusetts— wrong).

Phyllopneuste rara, Boie, Isis, 1828, 321.

Vermivora rara, Jard. " ed. "Wils. 1832".

Mniotilta rara, Gray, G. of B. L 1848, 196.

Sylvia azurea, Steph. Shaw's GZ. x. 1817, 653.— Bp. Am. Orn. ii. 1828, 27, pi. 11, f.2.— Bp.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 85.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 407.— Aud. OB. i. 1832, 255, pi. 48.—
Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 133 (Oregon ? !).

Hypotbimis azurea, Boie, Isis, 1828, 318.

Sylvia bifasclata, Say, Long's Exp. R. Mts. i. 1823, 170.

Sylvia populorum, V. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 449, n. 104. (After Wilson.)

Fauvette be>ylle, V. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 448.

Fauvette des Peupliers, V. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 449.

Fauvette bleuatre, Le Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 192.

Cterulean, Cerulean, or Cerulean Warbler or Wood-Warbler, Azure Warbler, Blue-
green Warbler, White-throated Blue Warbler, Authors.
[NOTE.— Ocerulea and caenilea are not distinguished ; neither are ccerulea and coerulea.—

Note that the " Caerulean Warbler " (Motacilla or Sylvia c.) of authors before Wilson is

Polioptila, not Dendrceca.— See p. 101.]

HAB. — Eastern North America to the Rocky Mountains in the latitude of
Colorado, and to the Lower Missouri. Rare in the Atlantic States ; authen-
tic as a bird of New England (Connecticut, Linsley, Am. Journ. Sci. xliv.
1843, — ; Purdie, Merriam, II. ss. cc.). Canada West (Mcllwraith). Cuba
(Gundlach) ; no other West Indian record. In winter, Central and portions
of South America. No Mexican record.

CH. SP. — $ Ccerulea, dorso media nigro striato ; infra alba,
pectore lateribusque fusco-cceruleo striatis, strigd superciliari alba,
alis albo bifasciatis, rectricibus later alibus albo notatis. 9 vires-
cens, infra sordide flavo-albida, alis cauddque sicut in mare.

$ , adult : Entire upper parts sky-blue, the middle of the back streaked
with black ; the crown usually richer and also with dark markings. Below
pure white, streaked across the breast and along the sides with dusky blue —
the breast-streaks inclining to form a short bar, sometimes interrupted in
the middle. Auriculars dusky ; edges of eyelids and superciliary line white.
Wings blackish, much edged externally with the color of the back, the inner
webs of all the quills, the outer webs of the inner secondaries, and two broad
bars across the tips of the greater and median coverts, white. Tail black,
with much exterior edging of the color of the back, all the feathers, except
the middle pair, with small, white, subterminal tpots on the inner webs.
Length, 4-4£ ; wing, 2| ; tail, 2 or less.

$ , adult : Quite different. Upper parts dull greenish, with more or less
grayish-blue shade, the greenish brightest and purest on the crown. Eye-
lids, line over eye, and entire under parts whitish, more or less strongly over-
cast with dull greenish-yellow. Wings and tail dusky, the exterior edgings
of the color of the back; the bars, spots, and interior edgings white, as in

DISTRIBUTION OF THE CCERULEAN WARBLER 269

the $ . The female is curiously similar to the same sex of D. ccerulescem,
but in the latter the tail-spots are different ; there are no white wing-bars,
but instead there is a small whitish spot at the base of the outer primaries.
The autumnal plumage of the adults is said to differ in no wise from that
of the spring. Young males are said to be much like the adult females, but
less uniformly greenish-blue above and purer white below, with evident
blackish stripes on the interscapulars and sides of the head. The young
female resembles the adult of that sex, but is still greener above, with little
or no blue, and quite buffy-yellowish below. When in full dress, this is a
very pretty bird, there being something peculiarly tasteful and artistic in
the simple contrast of the snowy- white with the delicate azure-blue, without
any " warm " color.

HAVING left in the "Birds of the Northwest'7 a sketch of
the general geographical distribution of this species, I
resume the subject chiefly to enter into detail respecting the
western. limits of its dispersion, which are wider than is com-
monly supposed, or than is indicated by Dr. Brewer's latest
contribution to its history. It will be remembered that not long
after Wilson's original notice of the bird, Thomas Say described
it under the name of Sylvia bifasciata in Major Long's Expedi-
tion to the Eocky Mountains, and such hint of its westward
extension has very recently been verified by Mr. Henshaw, who
saw a Warbler, "unquestionably of this species", on the 17th
of May, whilst he was collecting in the vicinity of Denver, Col-
orado. The bird had not previously been recognized from west
of the Plains. Woodhouse, however, gave it as breeding in
abundance in the Indian Territory, and Allen as common about
Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. These are the principal Western
records. For though it is true that Audubon assigns it to the
"Columbia Biver" on Townsendian authority, there is probably
some mistake about this — at any rate, I continue to discredit
the statement. The Mississippi Valley, in a broad sense, seems
to be the bird's main area of distribution, where only is it at all
abundant. In the Atlantic watershed, it is certainly one of our
rarer species, though apparently of general dispersion ; but
there is now no doubt that it enters New England. Audubon,
indeed, ascribes it to Nova Scotia, and it would not be likely to
reach that island without passing by New England. Audubou
says explicitly, "the northeastern point at which I have known
it to be procured is the neighborhood of Pictou, Nova Scotia";
but gives no authority nor any circumstances of observation.
So long ago as 1837, Dr. Brewer gave "Sylvia rara" as a bird
of Massachusetts, and for many years the species has been

270 DISTRIBUTION OF THE CCERULEAN WARBLER

currently attributed to New England, by myself as well as by
others. Nearly all the later citations to such effect, however,
have rested upon the appearance of the name in F. W. Put-
nam's List of the Birds of Essex County, Mass., published in
1856 5 but Dr. Brewer "recently ascertained by careful enquiry"
that the species Mr. Putnam had in view was the Black-throated
Blue Warbler, D. cosrulescens. This left the bird without au-
thentic Massachusetts record, and caused Dr. Brewer, ignoring
his 1837 announcement, to deny the bird to New England in
1875. In 1874, in the "Birds of the Northwest", I simply que-
ried the occurrence of the species in that part of the country,
considering that Linsley's Connecticut record of 1843 needed
confirmation, though my other sources of information, such as
Lawrence's New York List of 1866, left me in no real doubt of
its presence in the Connecticut Valley — a fact fully confirmed
by Mr. Purdie's and Mr. Merriam's respective records above
cited. The only authoritative record I know of the occurrence
of the bird north of our boundary is that above cited, fur-
nished by Mr. Mcllwraith, of Hamilton, Canada West. In the
Middle States, the Cceruleau Warbler is certainly rare $ it is so
given by Dr. Turnbull for Pennsylvania, and Dr. Prentiss and
I never saw it alive in the District of Columbia ; though it has
been got in this place on more than one occasion, the last being
an instance of which I am informed by Mr. L. P. Jouy, of Wash-
ington, who happens into my study with the information, by a
curious coincidence, as I pen this very article (October 16, 1877),
and who published the case in the number of " Field and Forest"
above cited, which appeared a few days afterward.

The Coarulean Warbler entirely withdraws from the United
States in the fall. It is singular that we have no Mexican
record, and that our only West Indian one is from Cuba. For
aught that we know to the contrary, the bird makes for Central
America, and winters in Yucatan, Guatemala, the Isthmus, and
New Granada, even pushing as far in South America as the
Rio Napo.

Good fresh observations respecting the nest, eggs, and breed-
ing habits of the Ccerulean Warbler are wanted, as the present
generation of ornithologists knows nothing of these matters
but what it has inherited from the last one.

SYNONYMY OF DENDRCECA AUDUBONI 271

Audubon's Warbler

]>endroeca andnboni

Sylvia auduboni, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 191 (Columbia River) ; viii. 1839, 153.
SylFicola auduboni, Bp. CGL. 1838, 21.— And. Syn. 1839, 52.— Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840,

414.— Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii.1846, 155.— Gamb. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 37.—

Bp. CA. i. 1850, 307.

Mniotilta auduboni, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.
Dendroica auduboni, Scl. PZS. 1858, 295, 298 (Oaxaca).— Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859.

191.— Hold. & Aiken, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1872, 197.-.B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 229, pi. 13,

f. 1.— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.-Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 174.
Dendrceca auduboni, Scl. PZS. I860, 250 (Orizaha).— 8. <& S. Ibis, ii. 1860, 273 (Guatemala).—

Scl. PZS. 1864, 172 (City of Mexico).— Cows, Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 163 (Arizona).- Coucs,

Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 83 (Arizona).— Brown, Ibis, 2d ser. iv. 1868, 420 (Vancouver).—

Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 613.— Trippe apud Coues, BNW. 1874, 232.—

Nels. Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1875, 357.— Frazar, Bull. Nutt. Club, iL 1877, 27 (Cambridge

Mass.!).

Sylvia auduboni i, Aud. OB. v. 1839, 52, pi. 395.

Sylvicola audubonii, Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 26, pi. 77.— Woodh. Sitgr. Hep. Znfii, 1853, 71.
Dendroica audubonii, JS&BNA. 1858,273.— Bd. U.S. Mex. B. Surv. ii. pt. ii. 1859, BiMs,

10.— Kenn. PURR. x. 1859, 24.— Heerm. ibid. 39.— Coop. & Suck. NHWT. i. 1860, 181.—

Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 160.— Bd. Rev. AB. i. 1865, 188.— Coop. Am.

Nat. iii. 1869, 33.— Stev. TJ. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 463.— Merr. U. S. Geol.

Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 675, 713.
Dendroeca andubonii, Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1866, 69.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 88, fig.—

Coues, Key, 1872, 100,— Coues, BNW. 1874, 53.— Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 16.— Tarr.

& Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 10.— Hensh ibid. 41, 58, 75, 102.— Nels. Pr. Bost. Soc.

xvii. 1875, 343.

Dendroica audubonis, Bd. Ives's Rep. Colo. R. pt. vi. 1861, 5.

Dendroica coronata var. audnboni [!], Ridgw. Ball. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180 (Colorado).
Audubon's Warbler, Western Yellow-rump, Authors.

HAS.— From the easternmost bases and outlying foot-hills of the Rocky
Mountains to the Pacific, United States and British Columbia ; probably also
to Alaska. South in winter through Mexico to Guatemala. Accidental in
Massachusetts.

CH. SP. — c? Cceruleo-cinerea, dorso nigro striato ; vertice medio,
uropygio, guld et lateribus pectoris, flams; pectore nigro, rib-
domine albo, lateribus nigro-striatis ; $ brunneo-cinerea, pectore
nigro maculato.

$ , adult, in summer : Upper parts clear bluish-ash, streaked with black.
A central longitudinal spot on the crown, the rump, throat, and a patch on
each side of the breast, rich yellow. Sides of the head little darker than the
upper parts; eyelids narrowly white, but no decided superciliary white
stripe. The ash of the upper parts extending far around the sides of the
neck. Jugulum and breast in high plumage pure black, though usually
mixed with some grayish skirting of the feathers, or invaded by white from
behind, or even touched with yellow here and there. Belly and under tail-
coverts white, the sides streaked with black. Wings blackish, with gray or
white edging, especially on the inner quills ; the median wing-coverts tipped,
the greater ones edged and tipped, with white, forming a great white blotch.
Tail like the wings, the outer webs narrowly edged with gray or white, the

272 CHARACTERS OF DENDRCECA AUDUBONI

inner webs of all the lateral feathers with large white blotches. Bill and
feet black. One of the larger species. Length, 5-&-5f ; extent, 8£-9£ ; wing,
2f-3; tail,2±.

$, in summer: Generally similar to the $. Upper parts duller and
browner slate-color, with less heavy dorsal streaks ; crown-spot and other
yellow parts paler ; breast not continuously black, but variegated with black,
white, and the color of the back. Sides only obsoletely streaked. Eyelids
scarcely white, and cheeks hardly different from the back. White of wing-
coverts mostly restricted to two bars ; white tail-spots smaller.

Both sexes in autumn and winter, and young : Upper parts quite brown,
with obscure black marking. Yellow crown-spot concealed or wanting ; yel-
low of throat, rump, and sides of breast paler and restricted. Under parts
whitish, shaded on the sides, and usually across the breast, with a dilute tint of
the color of the back, the breast and sides obsoletely streaked with darker.
White of wing-coverts obscured with brownish.

Very young : No yellow anywhere. Everywhere streaked ; above with
blackish and brownish ash, below with dusky and whitish. Wings a,ud tail
much as in the autumnal plumage of the adult.

The full breeding dress of this species is worn but a short time. The
spring moult is usually not completed until some time in May, as early
May and all April specimens show more or loss evident traces of the dull
brown winter plumage, mixed with the clear slate-color. September and
October specimens are much the same. The early streaked condition is very
brief, the distinctive marking of the species soon appearing.

In comparing this species with D. coronata, its Eastern representative, the
very marked character of restricted yellow throat, in contrast with the
more extensively white throat of D. coronata, has drawn attention from other
equally good characters. In D. coronata, in full plumage, the whole sides of
the head are pure black, bounded above by a white superciliary line ; whereas
this part is little darker than tho back in auduboni, and there is no white line.
The breast of D. coronata does not appear to be ever continuously black, nor
do the two white bars on the wings fuse completely into a large white patch.
Younger and autumnal or winter specimens are more similar, but the dis-
tinctive yellow throat of auduboni shows at least in traces at a very early
age, and is always distinctive. In the very earliest streaky stage, the two
species are indistinguishable.

ALL things considered, we may fairly regard Audubon's
Warbler as the most characteristic species of the genus
Dendrceca in the West. Not that it is more specially indicative
of the fauna from the Eocky Mountains to the Pacific than
D. townsendi, D. occidentalis, and D. nigrescens respectively
are; but that it is much more abundant and more equably dif-
fused over the country than any one of the three other species
just mentioned are known to be. It almost entirely replaces the
Yellow-rump Warbler or Myrtle-bird in this region, and in fact
forms its exact Western representative, being equally common
and no less conspicuous among the small insectivorous birds

DISTRIBUTION OF AUDUBON's WARBLER 273

which throng the forests and thickets of the entire West. It
is a fourth species of Dendrceca discovered by Nuttall and
Townsend, completing their additions to our knowledge of the
varied exhibitions of bird-life which compose this extensive
genus. Their original accounts of the bird are not entirely con-
sistent, nor as satisfactory in other respects as could be desired,
but we have gradually come into possession of the materials
for a tolerably complete biography.

Not the least interesting point in the history of Audubou's
Warbler is its recent occurrence on the side of the continent
where it does not properly belong. Mr. A. M. Frazar has this
year published a note of his capture of a specimen at Cam-
bridge, Mass., on the 15th of November, 1876. As he says
that it was a fine male specimen, with the yellow of the throat
very plainly marked, there is no reason to doubt the accuracy
of his identification ; and we may match the case with that of
the Townsend's Warbler which lately wandered into Pennsylva-
nia. This estray aside, Audubon's Warbler has never been
known to come eastward beyond the line of arboreal vegetation
which marks the easternmost foot-hills and outlying elevations
of the Rocky Mountains. As soon as we fairly enter the wooded
tracts, as distinguished from those slight fringes of trees that
straggle along the water courses, we are pretty sure to find
Audubon's Warbler, and we may find it anywhere, so we be in
the woods at the right season, thence to the Pacific. The north-
ern limit of its distribution is a little uncertain. The bird is
known to enter British Columbia, and I have myself observed
it on the headwaters of the Saskatchewan, on the northern
border of Montana. Though we have as yet no Alaskan record,
we should be slow to infer that it does not reach at least part
way through that country — as far as the Pacific fauna proper
extends. D. coronata is found there, Alaska being doubtless
the region whence come those straggling Yellow-rumps that oc-
casionally turn up in the Pacific region. D. auduboni is no less
hardy a bird than its Eastern analogue, and its northwestern
restriction, wherever the line may actually be drawn, is infer-
ably determined by the topographical rather than climatic con-
ditions, which are well known to carry the Eastern Province
proper to the very shores of the Pacific in the higher latitudes.
In the opposite direction, Audubon's Warbler is known to pen-
etrate through Mexico and to reach various portions of Central
America, where again, as at the far North, it greets its Eastern
18 B o

274 DISTRIBUTION OF AUDUBON's WARBLER

cousin ; for Mr. Albert Salvin found both Eastern and Western
Yellow-rumps together, at San Geronimo, in November, 1859.

As to the local and seasonal movements of Audubon's War-
bler within the extensive area thus sketched : The bird is migra-
tory, like all the rest of our Warblers, and the "tidal wave"
passes twice a year, bearing- the vast majority of individuals
north in spring and south in autumn. The extent of the spring
movement seems to be sufficient to bring all those that entered
Mexico the previous fall back into the United States : at any
rate, if some linger to breed in even the most elevated portions
of Mexico, the fact has not become known to us. The body of
birds thus thronging over our border takes upon itself two
movements: one of these, the ordinary to-and-fro migration,
spreads the species in latitude, until the limits of its geograph-
ical range are attained 5 the other is an up-and-down movement,
equally obvious and decided, though of course less extensive,
which carries the species into suitable breeding grounds, at the
higher elevations of the lower latitudes. Thus a breeding
range is secured which is almost coextensive, geographically
speaking, with the entire United States range of the species,
yet entirely dependent upon topographical features of the coun-
try 5 for while at the North the birds may breed anywhere, down
to sea-level, at the South their nesting-grounds are found only
along certain lines or in certain spots that attain sufficient ele-
vation. There is nothing peculiar in this 5 in fact, it is the rule
equally applicable to various other migratory birds. The case
of J). auduboni, however, is notable among the Warblers, as that
of D. coronata also is, in that the winter range of the species is
unusually extensive ; for only a part, perhaps only a small pro-
portion, of the individuals composing the species withdraw
from the United States in the fall. How far north the bird may
be enabled by the hardiness of its constitution to endure the
rigors of winter is not fully known, for ornithologists are neither
numerous nor active at this season in the Eocky Mountains.
But the bird has been seen in Washington Territory in March,
which is long before any general migration of birds occurs in
that latitude ; and the probability is that the lower levels and
sheltered situations generally may harbor numbers of the birds
in winter, even toward the northern extremes of their habitat,
just as the Eastern Yellow-rumps are sometimes seen in Massa-
chusetts at the same season. However this may be, it is certain
that the lower portions of the Colorado Basin, and of the coun-

DISTRIBUTION OF AUDUBON's WARBLER 275

try generally at corresponding latitudes in the Pacific water-
sheds, are witness of the birds through the winter. In such lat-
itudes, the species, as a species, is resident ; but it by no means
follows that the individuals which we see there in the winter
are those that were bred in the vicinity. In the nature of the
case, the question is not likely to be decided ; but the probabil-
ity is, to judge from analogy, that the winter representatives
of the species in New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern California
consist mainly of Northern-born birds which have migrated
southward, and that Mexico and Guatemala are supplied from
more southerly broods, that may have been raised in the very
latitudes where others of the species pass the winter. Should
such be the case, we see clearly that the migratory impulse is
carried out in all cases, even though Audubon's Warblers may
be found in certain areas at all seasons of the year. I think,
however, that we are all unconsciously apt to be biassed
respecting the general subject of the migrations of birds, by too
close reliance upon the north-south lines of movement, to the
extent of underrating the lateral and the up-and-down ranges
of species, which are particularly noticeable in countries much
diversified by mountains. For instance, the Black Snowbird is
commonly supposed to come from the North in the fall, and so
it certainly does ; but its sudden appearances, dependent upon
changes of the weather, remained unaccountable till it was
learned that the bird breeds in the mountains even as far south
as Virginia and North Carolina, and flies up and down, accord-
ing to exigencies of the weather.

The general statements I have made respecting the move-
ments of Audubon's Warbler are gathered from sources too
numerous to be spread in full upon this record ; but I shall re-
coimt some of the more prominent observations which are at
our service. In Colorado State, according to Mr. T. M. Trippe,
Audubon's Warbler is abundant, migratory, and breeds from
an altitude of 9,000 or 9,500 feet up to timber-line. It reaches
Idaho from the South about the middle of May, goes higher up
to breed, and rears its young during the latter part of June and
in July, in the dense spruce forests of the mountain-sides,
whence it begins to descend in August, becomes common in
the lower parts of the country in September, and disappears by
October. In the same State, Mr. Aiken says this Warbler is a
common summer resident, particularly numerous during the
migrations, when it is dispersed over the whole country from

276 HABITS OF AUDUBON'S WARBLER

the stunted pines of the timber-line to the deciduous trees and
bushes bordering the streams of the Plains, but during the
breeding season restricted to an altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 feet,
where they rear their young in the fastnesses of the pines and
aspens. He found it as early as April 16, but it does not be-
come numerous till some time afterward. Henshaw saw it about
Denver early in May, and found it tolerably common on the
pine-clad mountains of Southern Colorado from about 9,000 feet
upward. The birds had paired by the 1st of June, and a fin-
ished but still empty nest was discovered a week later on the
top of a small spruce some thirty feet high. This nest was
composed of bark strips firmly and neatly woven, with a lining
of fine grasses; it was four inches in diameter and an inch deep.
In Arizona, the same diligent and observing naturalist ascer-
tained that these Warblers breed in the White Mountains,
where he took young just from the nest on the 12th of July,
even so far south as Mount Graham, where the young birds
were just beginning their new plumage on the 1st of August.
At Fort Whipple, in the same Territory, I found these Warblers
to be extremely abundant — as much so as I ever saw Yellow-
rumps in the East — during both the vernal and the autumnal
migrations. I thought then that they bred in the neighboring
mountains at higher elevations, and am now satisfied that such
is the case. I used to find them while they were on the move
in almost any situation, but they were specially conspicuous by
reason of their numbers and their activity in the cottonwood
trees and mixed undergrowth along the various mountain
streams from the 20th of April to the 10th of May, and again
during the month of October. They were also seen occasionally
during the winter, even at this elevation, and Dr. Cooper attests
their presence in numbers at the same season along the Colo-
rado River, at Fort Mojave. The experience of the last named
with the birds in California accords with what has gone before.
He obtained newly-fledged birds at Lake Tahoe in September,
and considers it probable that they breed throughout the
higher ranges of the Sierra Nevada. At Santa Cruz, latitude
37°, and down to sea-level, the birds did not appear until the
end of September ; some winter there ; about the 20th of March,
the dull plain garb is quickly exchanged for the gay vernal
attire, and the birds are off by the middle of April. Great
numbers, he says, winter in various portions of Southern Cali-
fornia, where they flutter and chirp among the weeds of the

HABITS OF AUDUBON'S WARBLER 277

plains as well as in the woods. They retire toward the north
in April, none being seen after May, even in the Coast Range
south of San Francisco, though they reappear in September.
According to Heertuaun, they winter in California as far north
as Sacramento, and Cooper is inclined to believe that some re-
main, in mild winters, in the Columbia River region. In Nevada,
Ridgway states this beautiful Warbler inhabits chiefly the pine
forests of the higher mountain-ranges during the summer, but
also frequents the cedar and pinon woods of the desert mount-
ains, descending thence to the lower portions of the country,
where it haunts the shrubbery of the water-courses, precisely
after the manner of the Eastern Yellow-rump. In Montana, at
latitude 49°, and at an elevation of about 4,500 feet, I found
Audubon's Warblers abundant, and evidently at their birth-
place, as the time was August, and before any migration had
begun.

But it is needless to multiply quotations further. The only
nest of Audubon's Warbler I have ever seen is the one in the
National Museum, transmitted from Vancouver by the late Mr.
J. Hepburn, who affirms that the structure may be placed indif-
ferently in the upper branches of trees or in bushes only a few
feet from the ground ; and that the eggs, to the number of four,
are white, with red markings, chiefly about the larger end.
The nest just spoken of was built in the crotch formed by three
forks of an oblique stem, its shape consequently being obliquely
conical. The exterior of the nest is composed of rather coarse
strips of fibrous bark and weeds variously intertwined, the main
substance consisting of fine grasses, mosses, and rootlets,
mixed with some large feathers and bits of string, these mis-
cellaneous materials being closely matted or felted ; and the
interior is finished off with an abundant lining of horse-hairs.

The general habits of Audubon's Warbler indicate no traits
of character that are not shared by its very well-known Eastern
relative, the familiar Yellow-rump. In some parts of fhe country,
as in Eastern Colorado, and also in Guatemala, the two species
are found together, behaving exactly alike. Mr. Salvin noticed
them thus associated at San Geronimo, where they congregated
on the ground, and got most of their food in this way. One
difference, however, between the two birds has been attested
by independent observers. Mr. Trippe likens their ordinary
chirping note to one of the sounds uttered by the Barn Swal-
low, while Mr. Ridgway speaks of their feeble 'witf as some-

278 SYNONYMY OF DENDROECA CORONATA

thing quite unlike the loud, sharp lchipj of the Eastern Yellow-
rump. The full song of the bird has never, to my present
recollection, greeted my ears; Mr. Trippe, who has heard it,
calls it "a simple little carol'7, and Nuttall says it is like that
of the Summer Warbler, but superior in style of execution.

Yellow-rumped Warbler

Dendroeca coronata

Motacilla coronata, L. SN. i. 1766, 333, n. 21 (Edw. pi. 293).— Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1183, 44,
pi. 709, f. 1 (Fauvette ombree de la Loui*iane).—Gm. SN. i. 1788, 974, n. 21 (Briss. Buff.
Edw. Penn. and Lath.).— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 599.

SylTia coronata, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 538, n. 115.— F. OAS. ii. 1807, 24, pis. 78, 79.— Wils. AO. ii.
1810, 138, pi. 17, f. 4 ; ii. 356, pi. 45, f. 3.— V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 118.—Steph. Gen. Zool.
x. 1817, 636.— F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 426, n. 25.— Bp. Jouru. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824,
192.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, ll.—Licht. " Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1830, 2"
(J. f. O. 1863, 57)— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 418.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 361.— A ud. OB. ii.
1834, 303, pi. 153.— D'Orb. Ois. Cuba, 1839, 60.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Moss. 1839, 307.—
Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 80.— Gieb. Vog. 1860, 56, f. 110.— Weiz, Pr. Boat. Soc. x.
1866,267 (Labrador).

Sylvicola coronata, £. &H. FBA. ii. 1831, 216.— Bp. CGL. 1838,22.— Vig. Zool. Voy. Bloss.
1839, IS.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 51.— Nutt. Man. L2d ed. 1840, 411.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 23, pi.
76.— Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 155 —Denny, PZS. 1847, 38 — Bp. CA. i. 1850, 307.— Burnett, Pr.
Boat Soc. iv. 1851, 116 —Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 310.— Read, ibid. 398.— Woodh.
Sitgr. Rep. Zuni R. 1853, 71.— Reinh. J. f. 0. 1854, 439 (Greenland).— Henry, Pr. Pbila.
Acad. vii. 1855, 309.— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. 1855, 142 (Massachusetts, in January).—
Kcnnic. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 583.— Pratten, ibid. 601.— Putn. Pr. EPS. Inst. i. 1856,
207.— Saile, PZS. 1857, 231 (San Domingo).— Maxim. J. f. O, vi. 1858, 114.— Bry. Pr.
Bost. Soc. vii. 1859, 110 (Bahamas).— Martens, J. f. O. 1859, 213 (Bermudas).— Willis,
Smiths. Rep. for 185^, 1859, 282 (Nova Scotia).— Bland, ibid. 287 (Bermudas).— Brew.
Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 306 (Cuba).— Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1861, 52 (Bahamas).— Albrecht. J. f.
0. 1862, 194, 201 (Jamaica,). -Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 437 (Western Missouri).—
Bry. J. f. O. 18C6, 184 (Porto Rico).— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. x. 1866, 251 (the same).—
Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. xi. 1867, 91 (San Domingo).— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 114.

Hniotilta coronata, Gray, G. of B. i 1848, 196.— Cabot, Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 65.— Kneel
Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 234.— Reinh. Ibis, iii. 1861, 5 (Greenland).

Rhimanphus coronatus, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 19.

Rhimamphus coronatus, Gundl J. f. O. 1855, 473; 1861, 408 (Cuba).— Scl PZS. 1856, 291
(Cordova).

Dcndroica corona a, Gray, List of G. of B., App., 1842, 8.— Bd. BNA. 1858, £72.-ScZ. PZS.
1858, 295 (Cordova).— £ <& S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemala).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad.
xi. 1859, 106.— O. & S. NELWT. 1860, 187 (Washington Territory).— Barn. Smiths.
Rep. for I860, 1861, 436— Coves <& Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 407 (Washington,
D. C. ; wintering).— Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 125 (Maine, breeding).— Verr.
Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, Ul.—Eayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, ICO (Dakota).—
March, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, 292 (Jamaica, breeding).— Allen, Pr.Ess. Inst. iv.
1864, 62.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 187.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 284.— Butch.
Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 149 (Laredo, Tex.).— Triple, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 171.— Dall
& Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. 1869, 278 (Alaska, breeding).— v. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869,
293 (Costa Rica).— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 24 ; Phila. ed. 17.— Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870,
543.— Dall, ibid. 600.— Parker, Am. Nat. v. 1871, 168— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872,
4 (nesting; Maine).— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 413 (Cuba).— Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872,
196 (Colorado).— Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180 (Colorado).— B.B. <£ R. NAB. i.
1874, 227, pi. 12, f. 9, 12.— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874,58 (Co'orado).— Brew. Pr. Bost.
Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.— Hemh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 193.

Dcndroica coronatus, Gundl J. f. 0. 1861, 326 (Cuba).

SYNONYMY OF DENDRCECA CORONATA 279

Denflni'oa coronata, Scl. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. viiL 1863, 6 (New
Granada).— Blak. Ibis, v. 1863, 62.— 8. & S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— Dress. Ibis, 2d
ser.L1865, 478 (Texas).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 85.— Brown, Ibis, 2d ser.iv.
1868, 420 (Vancouver). -Coues, Pr. Boat. Soc. xii. 1868, 109.— Gtues, Am. Nat ii. 1868,
161.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 272.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 94 (Costa
Eica).— Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 613.— Cope, Am. Nat iv. 1870, 395,
396.— Coop B. Cal. i 1870, 89, figs.— 8. <t 8. PZS. 1870, 836 (Honduras).— Coues, Pr.
Pbila. Acad. xxiii. 1871, 20.— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 363.— Trippe, Am. Nat.
vi. 1872, 47.— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 265, 359.-7>«rdte, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 693.—
Mayn. B. Fla. 1873, 51.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 235. -If err. Am. Nat viii. 1874,
7, 8.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 57.— Trippe, ibid. 232 (Colorado, abundant).— Gentry, Life-
Hist. i. 1876, 109.— Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 124.-lferr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 16.

Figuier couronne d'or, JBw/1 "Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 312".

Fauvette couronnoe d'or, V. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 426.

Figuier cendre tachetl de Pensilvanie, Ficedula pensilvanica cinerca luevla, Briss.
Orn. vi. 17CO, A pp. p. 110, n. 81 (Edw. pi. 298) (first basis of Mot. coronata Gm.).

Golden-crowned Flycatcher, Edw. Gl. pL 298 <sole basis of Motacilla coronata Linn.).

Golden-crowned Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 486, n. 111.— Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 403, n. 294.

Motacilla canadensis, L. SN. i. 1766, 334, n. 27 (based on Briss. iii. 524, pL 27, f. 1 ; nee L.
SN. p. 336, n. 42, wbich is Dendrozca cosrulescens).

Motacilla ciiicta, Gm* SN. i. 1788, 980, n. 27 (= M. canadensis L. n. 27 + Belted Warbler,
Penn. & Latb.).— Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 539, n. 116.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 604.

Figuier a ceintnre, Buff. " Hist Nat. Ois. v. 303 ".

Figuier ccnrire de Canada, Ficedula canadensis clnerea, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 524, n. 67,
pi. 27, f. 1 (basis of Mot. canadensis Linn. n. 27, nee n. 42).

Belted Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 408, n. 306.— Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 487, n. 112.

Mesange de Virginie, Parus virginianus, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 575, n. 14 (quotes Klein, 74,
n. 8, and Catesby, 58).

Parus virginianus, L. SN. i. 1766, 342, n. 9 (Catesby and Briss.).— Gm. SN. i. 1788, 1010,
n. 9.-Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 567, n. 15.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 625.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 50.

Lusclnia uropyglo luteo, Klein, "Av.74,n.8".

Virginian Titmouse, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1785, 546, n. 13.— Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 423, n. 325.

Yellow-rump, Parus uropygeo luteo, Catesby, Car. i. 1771, 58, pi. 58 (not Yellow-rumped
TFar&Zerof Lath. andPenn., whichisD. maculosa). (Basisof Parus virginianus Linn.)

Mesange a croupion jaune, Buff. " Hist Nat Ois. v. 453 ".

Fauvette a croupion jaune, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 180.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 444.

Motacilla umbria, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 959, n. 70 (Buff. v. 162 ; PE. 709, f. 1, &c.).— Turt. SN. i.
1606, 589.

Sylvia umbria, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 518, n. 34.

Fauvette ombree de la Louisiane, Buff. " Hist Nat Ois. v. 162 ".

Fauvette taebetee de la Loutsiane, Buff. PE. 709, f. l.

Dusky Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 410, n. 309.

Umbrose Warbler, Lath. Syu. ii. pt ii. 1783, 437, n. 30 (PE. 709, f. 1).

Motacilla pingnis, GOT. SN. i. 1788, 973, n. 115 (based onBuffi Penn. and Lath. ).—Turt SN. i.
1806, 598.

Sylvia pingnis, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 543, n. 132.

Figuier grasset, Buff. " Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 319 ".

Grasset Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 411, n. 314.— Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1873, 496, n. 127.

Figuier du Mississipi, PE. 731, f. 2 (generally assigned to Dendroecapennsylvanica).

Sylvia flavopygia, V. OAS. ii. 1807, 47 (usually wrongly quoted as "xanthopygia".
= Parus virginianus L. Gm.).

Sylvia xanthorhoa, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 180 (after Catesby).

Sylvia xantboroa, Vieill. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 444, n. 87.

Parus cedrus, uropygio flavo, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. 1791, 292.

Bec-fln couronne, Z)'Or6. 1. c.

Fauvette couronnte, V. OAS. ii. 1807, 24.— Le Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 190.

Yellow-crowned Warbler, Yellow-crowned Wood Warbler, Yellow-rumped Warbler,
Yellow-rump, Myrtle-bird, Authors.

HAB. — North America, but chiefly the Eastern Province. In the North-
west, extesds across the continent ; thence some individuals straggle south-

280 HISTORY OF DENDRCECA CORONATA

ward along the Pacific side to Washington, and probably Oregon and Cali-
fornia. North to the Arctic coast ; Greenland. West to the Rocky Mountains
in the latitude of Colorado, where common. West in the Missouri region
into Dakota, and nearly across that Territory in the Mouse River area.
South into Mexico and Central America and various of the West India
Islands. Breeds mostly north of the United States, but also in Northern
New England ; and also in Jamaica. Winters anywhere in the United States
from the latitude of Southern New England southward, and also in the sub-
tropical and tropical countries just mentioned.

CH. SP. — <? Similis prcecedenti ; lateribus capitis nigris, super-
ciliis albis ; gula alba; pectore nigro alboque intermixto ; alls
albo bifasciatis.

$ : Like the last species, excepting in the following points :— Throat white.
Breast black, mixed with white. Sides of the head definitely pure black ;
edges of eyelids, and long, narrow superciliary line, white Wings crossed
with two broad white bars, which, however, do not fuse into one white
patch, owing to narrowness or deficiency of 'white edging along the outer
webs of the great coverts. Size of the last.

The seasonal sexual changes of plumage, and those dependent upon age,
are precisely parallel with those of D. auduboni.

A sketch of the literary vicissitudes which the Yellow-rumped Warbler has
suffered may not unprofitably occupy some of the space which would other-
wise be given up to an account of its habits, already familiar to most per-
sons, especially as I am not aware that the intricate history of the matter
has ever been fully brought out, though the bare names coronata, canadensis,
virginianu8,uml)ria,pingui8, cincta,flavopygia,&nd. xanthorhoa are all currently
and properly quoted in the present connection. We are too much in the habit
of unconsciously supposing that when we have once "hunted down " a Latin
binomial name we have got at the root of the matter ; when, in fact, pinning
a Gmelinian or even a Linna3an name, in many cases, should be but the pre-
liminary to determining the actual basis of the species. Gnu-lip, in particu-
lar, was a turbid stream, generally several removes from the fountain-head ;
while Linnaeus himself seems to have known comparatively little of birds
other than of his own country, and his accounts are for the most part at
second hand. In the cases of very many North American birds, known in
the last century, the real authors of species were Catesby, Edwards, Brissou,
Buffon, Latham, and Pennant, who are too often ignored, because they had
the misfortune to write before 1766, or failed to accent the shibboleth of sci-
ence; Linnaeus was the original describer of very few of our birds, and
Gmelin perhaps not of a single one. The state of the case is very well illus-
trated in the instance of Dendroeca coronata. The synonymatic digest of the
whole matter, as given above, looks singularly involved ; but the bird is one
of such marked characters that it is not difficult, exercising due care, to
make it perfectly plain.

To begin with the Motacilla coronata Linn., which has come down to us
through a chain of genera,— Sylvia, Sylvicola, Mniotilta, RMmanphus or RJii-
mamphus, and Dendroica or Dendrceca : This was based solely upon Edwards's
plate 298 of the "Golden-crowned Flycatcher'', which became Buffon's
"Figuier couronne" d'or", and the "Golden-crowned Warbler" of Pennant

HISTORY OF DENDRCECA CORONATA 281

and Latham, being also described meanwhile by Brisson (who, by the way,
was one of the very best ornithologists of the last century) as the " Figuier
cendre" tachete" de Pensilvanie", otherwise Ficedula pensilvanica cinerea ncevia.
This set of names, therefore, go and all hang together upon Edwards's plate.

Linnaeus again got hold oi the Yellow-rump under tne name and style of
" Figuier ceudre* de Canada ", Ficedula canadensis cinerea, originally described
by Brisson from a specimen or specimens sent by Gautier from Canada to
the Rdaumur Museum. Brisson's description is very particular, as usual,
and his bird is also figured. This plate and description are the basis of Mo-
tatilla canadensis Linn., species n. 27, p. 334. It is necessary to specify this
page and number of LinnaBus, for he has on p. 336, n. 42, another Motacilla
canadensis, based on Ficedula canadensis cinerea minor of Brisson, iii. p. 527, pi.
27, f. C; this last being altogether a different bird, namely, the Black-
throated Blue Warbler, Dendrceca canadensis or ccerulescens of modern authors.*

Linnaeus, for the third time, brought up against the Yellow-rump in tho
shape of Catesby's Parus uropygeo luteo, Anglice, Yellow-rumped Titmouse,
figured on his plate 58; and this time he named it Parus virginianus, follow-
ing Brisson, who, in 1760, described it very fully under the same name in
Latin, and under the name of "M6sange de Virginia" in French. Brisson
quotes Catesby, and also Klein, — the latter under the name I have above
placed in quotation-marks, not having examined tho book in this connection.
At Buffon's hands, Catesby's bird became the Me'sange a croapion jaune, a
translation of Catesby's name ; in Pennant's and Latham's works, it was ren-
dered as the Virginian Titmouse, a simple version of Brisson's narnr Gme-
lin simply kept up with the procession at this point, while poor Turton came
straggling after. A little later, Vieillot, in the Oiseaux de l'Aine"rique Sep-
tentrionale, perceiving that the bird was no Parus, placed it in the genus
Sylvia; but, as if to pay himself for his sagacity, presumed to change the
Parus virginianus into Sylvia Jlavopygia, rendering "yellow lump" into such
wretched bastard Latin that his commentators have generally quoted it
xanthopygia. Vieillot himself seems to have become displeased with the
name he had bestowed, for he changed it to xanthorhoa in 1817, in the Nouv.
Diet., and to xanthoroa in the Encyclopedic Me"thodique. This concludes
a third set of names, traceable to Catesby's "Yellow-rump"; but before I
have done with this part of tho subject, I should account for the Yellow-
rumped Warbler of Pennant and Latham. For, as must be particularly
notid, the "Yellow-rump" of Pennant and Latham is a very different
bird, to wit: the Yellow-rumped Flycatcher of Edwards's pi. 255; the

* Besides this double employ of Motacilla canadensis by Linnaeus, Boddaert, in 1783, used
the same term twice, in different connections, both different from Linnaeus's use of the
terms. On p. 4 of the Tableau, Boddaert names a Motacilla canadensis, basing it upon
PE. 58, f. 2, which is Dendroeca, cestiva. On p. 24 of the same work, Boddaert names another
Motacilla canadensis, based primarily upon PE. 398, f. 2 (which is Siurus auricapillus), with
some of the synonyms of Dendroeca added (M. canadensis Linn., sp. n. 27, and Edw. Gl.
252), Boddaert having evidently confounded the Golden-crowned Flycatcher of Edwards
and the Golden-crowned "Warbler of Pennant and Latham with the Golden-crowned
Thrush of Edwards. Therefore :—

Motacilla canadensis Linn. (sp. 27) = Dendroeca coronata.

Motacilla canadensis Linn. (sp. 42) = Dendroeca ccerulescens.

Motacilla canadensis Bodd. (p. 4 — PE. 58, f. 2) = Dendroeca cestiva.

Motacilla canadensis Bodd. (p. 24— PE. 398, f. 2) = Siurus auricapittus, mixed with some
synonyms of Dendroeca coronata.

282 HISTORY OF DENDRCECA CORONATA

Ficedula pensilvanica ncevia of Brisson, iii. p. 502, n. 56; the "Figuier a t6te
cendre*e " of Buffon ; the Dendrceca maculosa, or Black-and-yellow Warbler,
of modern authors.

A bird which is found in Linnaeus is generally reproduced in Gmelin under
the same name; but Motacilla canadensis, Linn. sp. 27, above fully explained,
disappears with that single author — to be more precise, it reappears, but
under a different title. For we find it again in the Motacilla dncta of Gmelin.
Gmelin does not, indeed, quote M. canadensis; but he numbers his dncta
"27", and bases it primarily on Brisson's pi. 27, f. 1. Now, Brisson, in de-
scribing the yellow spots which exist, one on each side of the breast of D.
coronata, spoke of them as if they formed a band or belt across the breast, —
"entre le ventre & la poitrine est une bande transversale jaune", says he ;
and out of this expression comes the "Figuier a ceinture" of the Count de
Buffon, and the Belted Warbler of Latham and Pennant, M. dncta Gm. This
fourth set of names are to be bundled together with the Motacilla canadtnsis
Linn., sp. 27, and hung upon the peg of Brisson (iii. 524, pi. 27, f. 1).

Besides operating upon the three Linnaean names, coronata, virginianm, and
canadensis (=cincta), we have discussed, Gmeliu stumbled twice more upon
the Yellow-rump, giving us our fifth and sixth Latin binomials, umoria and
pinguis. In the Planches Enlumine'es, there is figured, at pi. 709, f. 1, a bird
called on the plate "Fauvette tachete'e de la Louisiane", and in Buffon's
text "Fauvette ombre'e de la Louisiane", which is recognized as a Yellow-
rump at first glance; the same was called the " Dusky Warbler " by Pennant,
and the "Umbrose Warbler" by Latham. This became Gmelin's Motadlla
umbria; and all these names go with PE. 709, f. 1. For the sixth time (and,
so far as I know, the last for the eighteenth century), the unhappy Yellow-
rump comes upon the stage as Motacilla pinguis— the " Fat Warbler". This
name is based npon the " Figuier grasset " of Buffon, rendered by Pennant
and Latham as the " Gf asset Warbler". There is no plate that I know of to
refer to in this case, and the descriptions are not as satisfactory as could be
wished ; but there is no reasonable doubt of the specits. For though La-
tham, for instance, describes the "throat and fore part of the neck pale
rufous", yet the rest of his account is sufficiently pertinent, and the mention
of "a spot of yellow on the head" and the "yellow rump" fixes the bird
he had in view as the Yellow-rump in some obscure imperfect plumage in
which the yellow on the sides of the breast was not present or not noticed.
It is said to be from " Louisiana ", a term which at that date, it will be re-
membered, covered most of the United States west of the Mississippi.

There is yet another representation of the Yellow-rump, as I take it,
though not usually quoted in this connection. I refer to PI. Enlnm. 731, f. 2,
called " Figuier du Mississipi " on the plate. This has been generally quoted,
following Linnaeus, Gmelin, and Latham, as pertaining to the Chestnut-sided
Warbler (Quebec Warbler of Pennant and Latham), M. icterocephala, but the
plate certainly resembles D. coronata more nearly, whatever may be said of
the descriptions that go with it.

I trust that I have made it clear how the various specific names above
cited — coronata, canadensis, virginianm, dncta, umbria, pinguis, and flavopygia
or " xanthopygia" , with xanthorhoa or " xanthoroa " — came to be applied to one
and the same species ; how canadensis No. 42 differs from canadensis No. 27 of
Linnaeus ; and how the Yellow-rumped Flycatcher or Warbler of Edwards,

DISTRIBUTION OF YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER 283

Latbara, and Pennant differs from the Yellow-rump of authors ; and have
accounted for the large number of polynomial Latin, French, and English
names that the same bird has received. The state of the ca*e is nothing
unusual ; for though the number of names is perhaps in excess, yet this is
offset by the possibility of determining them all. The reader may imagine
how inextricable would have been the confusion had the bird been some
plainly-marked species closely resembling several others.

WHAT little I have here to say of the Myrtle- bird relates
chiefly to its extensive dispersion in the West beyond
the recognized limits of the Eastern
Province, of which the bird has been
generally supposed characteristic. It
is not remarkable that it should have
been found in some cases on the
Pacific side, seeing that it extends
northwestward obliquely across Brit-
ish America into Alaska, where it
breeds, and whence some individuals Fl°- 35.-Yeiiow-rumped warbler.
pass south, reaching Washington Territory and doubtless yet
other regions along the Pacific side. The westward trend of
the species in the United States may correspond nearly with
the oblique lay of the Coteau de Missouri in Dakota; thus
the birds are common at the proper season in the Eed Elver
Valley, and thence in the same watershed nearly across Dakota,
along the parallel of 49° ; but directly west of this, in the Mis
souri watershed, and even in that of the Saskatchewan, they
are not known to occur ; and in the Rocky Mountains at 49°,
D. auduboni is the species, not D. coronata.

The common and regular occurrence of the Yellow-rump in
the main chain of the Eocky Mountains is a fact of compara-
tively recent recognition, fully attested by such observers as
Trippe, Aiken, and Heushaw. Thus, the first named of these
ornithologists speaks in the "Birds of the North west" of the
abundance of Myrtle-birds about Idaho and Colorado, where
they appear during the latter part of April, go as high as 8,500 or
9,000 feet, and disappear about the 10th of May, passing north.
Mr. Henshaw has recorded the capture of several specimens at
Denver, Colorado, where in early May the birds were noticed
with Audubon's Warblers, the two species associating so inti-
mately that they were sometimes heard singing in the same tree.

I have in another bird-book noted the singular distribution
of this species according to season, without special reference

284 SYNONYMY OF DENDRCECA BLACKBURNI^

to its geographical dispersion at large. It is a hardy bird, capa-
ble of enduring the rigors of winter almost everywhere in the
United States; nevertheless, numbers press on to the south,
reaching Central America along with the tenderest and most
susceptible species of the family, while others are taking the
weather as it comes in the Middle States, and even portions of
New England. The breeding range is no less curious. Ordina-
rily, no Myrtle-birds nestle anywhere in the United States south
of Northern New England ; yet some at least of those that
winter in the West Indies do not migrate at the vernal crisis of
the year, but rear their young on the spot, as Mr. March has
recorded from Jamaica, in the paper above cited.

For accounts of the general habits of this species, reference
may be made to other treatises, as the necessary limits of the
present work forbid me to be as full as I should like to be in
the cases of those species which are scarcely entitled to any
place in this volume.

Black burnian Warbler

Deudroeca blaekburniae

?Figuier orangl, Buff. "v. 313".

? Figuier Granger, Buff. PE. 58, f. 3.

? Motacilla fusca, Mull. Syst. Nat. Snppl. 1776, 175 (from Boffon).

? Fauvette orangee, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 206 ; Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 459.

? Motacilla nurantiu, Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 4 (PE. 58, f. 3) (Figuier orange Buff. " v. 313" ;

Figuier etravger, name on PE. 58, f. 3).
? Mnlotilta aurantia, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.
? Orange-headed Warbler, Lath. Syn.ii. pt. ii. 1783, 492, n. 119.

? Motacilla chrysocephala, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 971, n. 107 (Guiana ) (based on the foregoing).
? Sylvia chrysocephala, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 541, n. 124 (same as the foregoing).— V. N. D. d'H.

N. xi. 1817, m.-8teph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 700.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 459, n. 143.
t Sylvicola chrysocephala, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 309.

? Grey-PoJl Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 461, n. 66.— Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 40-2, n. 291.
? Fauvette a tete grise, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 224 ; Ency. Meth.ii. 1823, 412.
? Motacilla incana, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 976, n. 125 (New York. Grey-Poll WarVer of Penn. and

Lath ).—Turt. SN. i. 1806, 601.
? Sylvia incana, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 527, n. f\8 —Vieill. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 2%4.—Steph.

Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 628.— F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 442, n. 81.
? Mniotilta incana, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.

Motacilla blackburniae, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 977, n. \yi.-Turt. SN. i. 1806, 601.
Sylvia blackburniae, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 527, n. 70.— F. OAS. ii. 1807, 36, pi. 96.— Wils. AO. iii.

1811, 64, pi. 23, f. 3.—Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 627.— F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 432, n. 43.—

Bp. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 195 — Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 80.— Nutt. Man. i.

1832, 319.— Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 208; v. 1839, 73, pis. 135, 399.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass.

1839, 308.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 82.
Sylvia blackburni, F. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 168.
SylviCOla bkickburnke, Jard. "ed. Wils. 1832".— Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836, 1837, 172.—

Bp. CGL. 1838, 22.-J.ud. Syn. 1839, 57.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 48, pi. 87.— Bp. CA. i. 1850,

307— Hoy, Pr. Phi'a. Acad. vi. 1853. 310.— Read, ibid. 398.— Scl. PZS. 1854, 111 (Qui-

jos).— Kennic. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 583.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, Wl.—Bry.

Pr. Boat. Soc. vii. 1859, 110 (Bahamas).— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 282 (Nova

Scotia).— Albrecht, J.f.O. 1861,52 (Bahamas).— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 18G5, 438

(Missouri).

SYNONYMY OF DENDRCECA BLACKBURNI^l 285

Sylvicola blackburnia, Pratten, Tr. III. Agrio. Sac. i. 1855, 602.

Mniotilta blackburniie, Gray, G.of B. i. 1848, 196.

Rhimanphus blackburnire, Oab. MIL i. 1850, 19.

Rhimamphus blackburnijc, Scl. PZS. 1855, 143 (BogotA) ; 1858, 64 (Bio Napo).

Uendroic.-i blackburniie, Bd. BNA. 1853, 274.-S. d S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemala). —Scl.
PZS. 1860, 84 (Ecuador).— Scl. PZS. 1860, — (Pallatanga).— Barn. Smiths. Hep. for I860,
1861, 436.— Ooues dk Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, — .— Verr. Pr. Esa. Inst. iii. 1862,
Itf.—Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soo. ix. 1862, 125.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 62.— Bd. Rev.
AB. 1865, 189.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 2P4.— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 179 —
v. Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 203 (Costa Rica).— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 24 ; Phila. ed. 17.— Merr.
TJ. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 713.— B. B. <& R. NAB. i. 1874, 237, pi. 13, f. 2, 3.

Dcndru'ca blackburnise, Scl. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Cab. J. f. 0. 1860, 328 (Costa Rica).—
Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1862, 468 (New Granada).— Blak. Ibis, 1863, 68 (Hudson's
B*y).— Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 478 (Texas).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 85.— Salv.
PZS. 1867, 136 (Veragua).— Lawr. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ix. 1866, 94 (Costa Rica).— Oouej,
Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 272.— Ooues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xiL 1868, 110.— Allen, Am. Nat iii. 1869,
577.— Sund. Oofv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 611.— Cope, Am. Nat.iv. 1870, 395, 396.—
S.dS. PZS. 1870, — (Merida) — Salv. PZS. 1870, 183 (Veragua).— Wyatt, Ibis, 1871,322
(Columba).— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 265.— Salv. Ibis, 3d ser. ii. 1872, 314 (Chontales).—
Mayn. Pr. Bost Soc. xiv. 1872, 363.— COM&?, Key, 1872, 100.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872,
124, 166, 175 (Kansas and Utah).— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 235.— Coues, BNW.
1874, 59.— Gentry, Life-Hist, i. 1876, 112.— Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 112.— M err. Trans.
Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 16. , Bull. Nutt Club, iii. 1878, — (Fort Bayard, N. M.).

Sylvia parus, Wils. AO. v. 1812, 114, pi. 44, f. 3.—Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817,727.— F. Ency.
Meth. ii. 1823, 449, n. 106.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 200.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
ii. 1826, 82.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 392.— And. OB. ii. Ib34, 205, pi. 134.— Peab. Rep. Oru.
Mass. 1839, 310.— Thompn. Vermont, 1853, App. 23.

SylYicola parus, Bp. CGL. 1838, 22.— And. Syn. 1839, C5. -And. BA. ii. 1841, 40, pi. «l.—Lin*l.
Am. Journ. Sci. xliv. 1843, 257.- Bp. CA. i. 1850, 311.— ?? Reinh. J. f. 0. 1854, 426 (Green-
land).- Kennie. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 590.— Bry. Pr. Bost Soc. 1855, 142 (Massachu-
setts, in January).— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inat. i. 1856, 226.— WiLis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858,
1859, 282 (Nova Scotia).— Trippe, Am. Nat ii. 1868, 179.

Mniotilta parus, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.-/ ; Reinh. Ibis, iii. 1861, 6 (Greenland).

Rhimamphus parus, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 311.

Sylvia melanorhoa, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist Nat xi. 1817, 180 (Martinique) ; Ency. Meth.
ii. 1823, 444, n. 88.

Mniotilta melanorhoa, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 197.

Blackburnian Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785. 412, n. Zn.-Lath. Syn. ii. pt iL 1783, 461, n. 67.

Traquet Blackburn, V. 1. c. 1807.

Fauvette Blackburn, V. 1. c. 1823.

Fauvette a croupion noir, V. 11. cc. 1817 and 1823.

Fauvette Hemlock, V. 1. c. 1823 (—parus Wilson).

Fauvette blackburnia, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 168.— Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 199.

Fauvette d'automne, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 207 (= parus Aud.).

Hemlock Warbler, Orange-throated Warbler, Authors.

NOTE.— It may be worth while to look into the synonymy of the Blackburnian Warbler,
part of it being very problematical. The earliest conjectured name of the bird is the
"Fignier orange" of Buffon, figured on PI. Enlum. 53, f. 3, under the name of "Figuier
etrauger", and said to be from "Guiana". This is the solo basis of no less than three
binomial names— Motacilla fusca Miiller, 1776, M. aurantia Bodd., 1783, and M. chrysocephala
Gm., 1788, and also became the '-Orange-headed Warbler" of Latham. The PI. Enlum. is
not clearly referable to the present species, nor are the descriptions identifiable with cer-
tainty. Miiller's runs as follows :— ,,55. Der Fliigelfleck, Motacilla fusca. Sie ist oben
braun, hat einen gelben Wirbel, und gelbe Augenringe. Die Bru^t ist roth, der Bauch
gelb, und die Fliigel sind mit einem weissen Flecken gezeichnet, Buffon." Latham says: —
" Bill black : top and sides of the head, fore part and sides of the neck, fine orange : over
the eye a brown band ; beneath the eye a second, but paler : the upper parts of the body
and quills reddish brown : wing coverts black and white : breast and belly pale yellow :
tail black, edged with pale yellow: legs yellow." These terms are so discordant with

286 HISTORY OF DENDRCECA BLACKBURNI^

the characters of D. blackburnice, as to le..d us to suppose that an entirely different bird
may have been in view ; and at any rate the names in question may be passed over. The
PI. Enlam., however, though not well colored, can hardly be anything else than the Black-
burnian "Warbler, and it may become necessary to call the species Dendrceea aurantia,
after Boddaert, who distinctly bases the name on this plate, while Miiller's earlier account
simply refers to Buffon without specially indicating what bird of Buffon's is meant.

The next candidate for recognition in this connection is the "Grey-poll "Warbler "of
Pennant and of Latham, which became Motacilla incana Gm. Latham's description is : —
"Head, sides of the neck, and upper tail coverts, of a fine grey : wing coverts crossed with
two white bars: primaries and tail dusky, edged with grey: throat orange: chin and
breast of a fine yellow : belly of a whitish ash-colour. Inhabits New York." This is much
nearer the mark, and in fact agrees pretty well with some imperfect plumage of the pres-
ent species; but as it is scarcely diagnostic (norne points seem to indicate Dendrceea macu-
losa), it may also be passed over, in favor of the " Blackburnian "Warbler" of the same
authors, which became Motacilla blackburnice Gm. This bird was likewise sent from
" New York ", and was named after Mrs. Blackburn.

The fifth name to be noticed is the "Hemlock Warbler", Sylvia parus of "Wilson, Nut-
tall, Andubon, and others, from "Pennsylvania". This species endured for many years—
in fact, until Baird in 1858 showed that it was a Blackburnian "Warbler. One may be satis-
fied of the accuracy of this determination, by referring to Wilson's original description,
which perfectly accords with the incomplete dress of D. blackburnice. The reference by
Audubon of the Autumnal Warbler, Sylvia autumnalis, to this species, is clearly an error.

In 1817, Vieillot gave a sixth name to tho species, Sylvia melanorhoa, described from
"Martinique" in the Nouv. Diet. ; and in the Ency. Meth. the species reappears, along
with the four previous designations, chrysoccphala, incana, blackburnice, and parus. The
bird is here attributed to "L'Ameriqne meridionale ", which removes the chief objec-
tion to the name, for the species is not known from the West Indian locality first ascribed ;
the description is tolerably pertinent, fitting about as well as that of Pennant and Latham's
"Grey -poll Warbler" for example, and may bo held, iu absence of evidence to the con-
trary, frrnMKwlB'aHBBMHBitate dress of the Blackburnian Warbler.

Stephens is said to have called tbw specie* Sylvia lateral-is, in the x. voL of his Cont. of
Shaw's Gen. Zool., 1817, 659 ; but on turning to this place, I find that the "Sylvia lateralis "
is there described after Latham, from " New South Wales ", and doe» not agree in any
particular with the characters of the present species.

The reference of the species to various genera, whereby additional synonyma am
created, is a matter of course, requiring no comment.

HAB. — Chiefly the Eastern Province. West, however, to Utah (Allen)
and New Mexico (F. Stephens'). South in winter through Eastern Mexico and
Central and South America to Ecuador. Bahamas (Bryant). Breeds in the
northern portions of its United States range and northward in the British
Provinces; doubtless, also, in elevated tracts of the Middle States. Winters
extralimital. A Sylvicola "parus" is attributed to Greenland by Reinhardt,
1. c. (Frederikshaab, Oct. 16, 1845, Holboll).

CH. SP. — $ Nigra, albido varia; vertice media, strigd super ci-
liari, lateribus colli, giild et pectore flammeis ; reliquis partibus
inferioribus ex flavo albidis, lateribus nigro striatis ; alis caudd-
que dorso concoloribus, illis specula magno albo, rectricibus late-
ralibus magnd ex parte albis. $ Supra brunneo-olivacea, albido
nigroque variay guld aurantiacd, alis albo bifasciatis.

3, adult, in spring: Entire upper parts, including the wings and tail,
black, the back varied with, whitish, the wings with a large white specu-
lum on the coverts and much white edging of the coverts, the lateral tail-
feathers largely white, only a shaft- line, with clubbed extremity, being left

CHARACTERS OF DENDRCECA BLACKBURNIJE 287

blackish on the outer two or three pairs. Spot on fore part of crown, eye-
lids, line over eye spreading into a large spot behind the auriculars, with
chin, throat, and fore breast, intense orange or flame color. Sides of head
black in an irregular patch, usually confluent with the black streaks on the
side of the breast, isolating the orange of the sides of the head from that of
the throat, and circumscribing the orange patch below the eye. Under parts
from the breast white, more or less tinged with orange or yellow, the whole
sides streaked with black. Bill and feet dark. Length about 5|; extent,
8i; wing, 2£; tail, 2.

9, adult, in spring: Similar to the male in the pattern and distribution
of the colors ; upper parts brownish-olive, streaked with black ; the fiery
orange of the male not so intense, or merely yellow, that on the crown ob-
scure or obsolete. White speculum of the wing resolved into two white
bars. Sides of the head like the back, instead of black as in the male, and
the lateral streaks duller and more blended.

$ and 9 , adult, in autumn, are sufficiently similar to the respective sexes
in spring, but the coloration is toned down, the fiery colors of the male being
less intense, and the black of the back being much mixed with olivaceous,
bringing about a close resemblance to the spring female ; while the female is
duller still, and more impurely colored.

Young : Early autumnal birds of the year of this species are very obscure
looking, showing no sign of the rich coloration of the adults. Above, like
the adult $ , but still browner, with more obsolete dusky streaking. Usually
indication of the crown spot in a lightening of the part. Sides of the head
like the crown, cutting off a superciliary stripe and the eyelids, which are
ochrey white. Whole under parts white, tinged, especially on the throat
and breast, with yellowish, the sides with obsolete streaking. Indication of
the peculiar pattern of the adults, though without their actual coloration,
together with the extent of white on the tail-feathers, will usually suffice for
the determination of the species, before any orange appears on the throat,
after which there can be no difficulty.

A POINT of special interest in the present connection is the
authentic record furnished by Allen of the occurrence of
the Blackburnian Warbler in Utah, where a few specimens were
secured in the spring of 3871, as he has recorded in the valu-
able paper above cited. This is, with one exception, the
westernmost advice we have of the Blackburnian Warbler,
previously supposed to be confined strictly to the Eastern
Province, and one which brings the bird fairly into our present
geographical perspective ; but just as these pages go to press,
I learn from advance sheets of a forthcoming number of the
Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, that the Black-
burnian Warbler has been found at Fort Bayard, New Mexico.
It is a well-known and abundant species, into the natural
history of which I do not propose to enter here.

288 SYNONYMY OF DENDRGECA STRIATA

Black-poll Warbler

Dendroeca striata

Muscicapa striata, Forst. Philos. Trans. Ixii. 1772, 406, 4-28, n. 31 (Severn River). —Grit. S.N.
i. 1768, 930, n. 7 (from Forster ; quotes also Mull 111. pi. 15, A. B.).— Lath. IO. ii. 1790.
481, n. 56 (from Forster ; quc/tes also Striped Flycatcher, Penn. A. Z. ii. 390, and Lath.
Syn. ii. pt, i. 349).— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 571.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 370.

Motacilla striata, Om. SN. i. 1788, 976, n. 124 (Black-poll Warbler, Penn. & Lath.).— Turt.
SN. i. 1806, 600.

Sylvia Striata, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 527, n. 67.— V. OAS. ii. 1807, 22, pis. 75, IG.-Wils. AO. iv.
1811, 40, pi. 30, f. 3 ; vi. 1812, 101, pi. 54, f. 3.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 645.— V. N. D. d'H.
N. xi. 1817, 219 and 222.— F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 441, n. 77, and 464, n. 167.— Bp. Jonrn.
Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 199.— Bp. Auu. Lye. N". Y. ii. 182(5, 81.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 383.—
And. OB. ii. 1834, 201, pi. 133.— Peab. Rap. Orn. Mass. 1839, 309.— Thowps. Vermont,
1853, App. 22.

Sylvicuhl Striata, 8. & R. FBA. ii. 1831, 218.— Bp, CGL. 1838, 22.— And. Syn. 1839, 53.— Aud.
BA. ii. 1841, 28, pi. IS.— Up. CA. i. 1850, 308.— Burnett, Pr. Bost. Soc.lv. 1851, 116.— Hoy,
Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 311.— Read, ibid. 399.— Beinh. J. f. 0. 1854, 427 (Greenland).—
Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 309 — Kennic. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 583.-Pro«en,
ibid. 601.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst i. 1856, 207.— 7iry. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 116 (Nova
Scotia).— Maxim. 3. f. 0.1858,1 13.— Wil.is, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 282.- Bry. Pr.
Bost. Soc. vii. 1859, 110 (Bahamas).— Brew. Pr. Bosl. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).—
Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1861, 52 (Bahamas).— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri).

Mniotilta striata, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.— Cabot, Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 66.-Kncel.
Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 234.— Reinh. Ibis, iii. 1861, 6 (Greenland).

Rbimanphus striatus, Cab. MIL i. 1850, 20.

Bhimampbus striatus, 8d. PZS. 1855, 143 (Bogota).— Gundl J. f. O. 1855, 475 (Cuba).—
Gundl J. f. 0. 1861, 409 (Cuba).

Dendroica striata, £d.BN A. Ic58, 280.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106.— Couet, Pr.
Phila. Acad. 1861, 220 (Labrador).— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Blak. Ibis,
iv. 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).— Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 161.— Boardm. Pr.
Bost Soc. ix. 1862, 125.— Cones <& Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 408.— Verr. Pr. Ess.
Inst iii. 1862, 147.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 63.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 192.-£awr.
Ann. Lye. N. T. viii. 1866, 284.— Brew. Am. Nat. i. 1867, 120.— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1869,
IW.—Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 25 ; Phila. ed. 18.— Dall & Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. 1869,
278 (Alaska).— Da«, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 600 (Alaska).— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 414 (Cuba).—
Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 439.— Packard, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 271.— Hensh. Rep.
Orn. Specs. 1874, 59 (Colorado).— Henth. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 198 (same).

Dendroica striatus, Oundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 326 (Cnba).

Dendrceca striata, Blak. Ibis, v. 1863, 62 — Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 86.— Coues, Pr. Ess.
Inst. v. 1868, 273.— Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1869, 614.— S. <k S. PZS. 1870, 780
(Merida).— Trippe, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 48.— Coues, Key, 1872, 100, f. 42, pi. 2, f. 15, 16.—
Mayn. Pr. Bost Soc. xiv. 1872, 366.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 235.— Snow, Am.
Nat viii. 1874, 757.— Coues, BN W. 1874, 60.— B. B. <& R. NAB. i. 1874, 248, pi. 13, f. 9.—
Gentry, Life- Hist i. 1876, 114.— Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 110.— Merr. Trans. Conn.
Acad. iv. 1877, 16.

Dendroica pinus [err.!], Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1861,
220 (Labrador).

Dendrceca atricapilla, Landb. "Arch. f. Naturg.1864,
56 (Chile) ".— Scl. PZS. 1867, 337 (Chile).

Striped Flycatcher, Forst. 1. c.-Lath. Syn. ii. pt i.
1783,349, n. 46.— Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 390, n. 277.

Black-poll Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 460, n.
65.— Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 401, n. 290.

Fauvette striee, Fauvette tailor, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi.
1817, 219 and 222; and Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 464
and 441.

Fauvette ray^e, Le Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 189. *1o. M. -Black-poll Warbler.

NOTE.— This bird was first described in 1772 by Forster as the •' Striped Flycatcher ",

Muscicapa ttriata. Next it was described as a separate species, the i( Black-poll War-
bler", by Pennant and Latham, their bird becoming Motacilla, striata of Gmelin, it being

CHARACTERS OF DENDRCECA STRIATA 289

a mere coincidence that the same specific name, striata, was bestowed upon the two birds,
supposed to belong to different genera, but which are the same species. Vieillot very
curiously retains both under the genus Sylvia, in the Nouv. Diet 1817, and the Ency. M6th.
1823, having in each of these works a Sylvia striata in two places, though one he calls in
French " Fanvette stride", and the other "Fanvette tailor". Even in Gray, G. of B.
1848, the name striata is similarly duplicated under Mniotilta.

HAB.— North America, excepting the Western and most of the Middle
Province. North to the Arctic Ocean and Greenland. Northwest to Alaska,
in the Yukon region. West to Nebraska and Colorado. South to New Gran-
ada and perhaps to Chili (cf. D. atricapilla, I. s. c.). Cuba and Bahamas only
of the West Indies. No Mexican quotations. Breeds from Northern New
England northward. Winters beyond the United States. Migrates late in
the spring, bringing up the rear-guard of the Warbler hosts.

CH. SP. — $ Olivacea, nigro striata, pileo nigro; infra alba, late-
raliter nigro striata a rostro ad caudam; alisfuscis, albo bifas-
ciatis, caudd fused, rectricibus lateralibus albo notatis ; pedibus
pallidis. $ supra virescens, undique nigro striata ; infra virenti-
albida, fusco striata.

£ , adult : Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts grayish-olive, heavily streaked
with black ; whole crown pure glossy black. Below pure white ; a double
series of black streaks starts from the extreme chin, and diverges to pass
one on each side to the tail, the streaks being confluent anteriorly, discrete
posteriorly. Side of head above the chain of streaks pure white, including
lower eyelid. Wings dusky, the primaries with much greenish edging, the
inner secondaries with whitish edging, the greater and median coverts tipped
with white, forming two cross-bars. Tail like the wings, with rather small
white spots at the ends of the inner webs of two or three outer feathers.
Upper mandible brownish-black ; lower mandible with the feet flesh-colored
or yellowish. Length, 5£-5£; extent, 9-9£; wing, 2f-2$; tail, 2£.

$ : Entire upper parts, including the crown, greenish -olive, with dusky
streaks ; below white, much tinged with greenish-yellow, especially anteri-
orly, the streaks dusky and not so sharp as those of the male, but still very
evident. Bars and edgings of the wings greenish-white. Tail as in the
male. Rather smaller than the male on an average.

Young : Similar to the adult $ , but brighter and more greenish -olive above,
the streakings few and chiefly confined to the middle of the back ; below
more or less completely tinged with greenish-yellow, the streaking obsolete, or
entirely wanting. Under tail-coverts usually pure white. These autumnal
birds bear an extraordinary resemblance to those of D. castanea (though the
adults are so very different), the upper parts being, in fact, the same in both.
But young castanea generally shows traces of the chestnut, or at least a buffy
shade, quite different from the clear greenish-olive of striata, this tint being
strongest on the flanks and under tail-coverts, just where striata is the most
purely white. Moreover, castanea shows no streaks below, traces at least of
which are usually observable in striata.

The still earlier plumage of the bird when just from the nest is different
again, for this species, like many other Sylvicolidce, Turdidce, &c., has at first
a transient streaky or speckled plumage. In this condition, the upper parts
are grayish, the lower white, the whole body marked with blackish in the
form of a terminal spot or bar on each feather.
19 B O

290 SYNONYMY OF DENDRCECA MACULO8A

DUEING the vernal migrations, vast numbers of the Black-
polls enter the United States from their winter home in
South America, sometimes as early as February, and pass leis-
urely northward till some of them gain the uttermost Arctic
regions, while others, presumably later comers, are advised by
the progress of the season to nestle even short of the northern
border of our country. None are known as yet to come from
Mexico — a circumstance long favoring the general impression
that the species was a thoroughly Eastern one. Nevertheless,
we have ascertained that some of these birds advance west of the
Plains, along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, for they
have been found in May near Denver, Colorado, by Mr. H. W.
Henshaw, hovering about the rather debatable border-land of
the " Birds of the Colorado Valley ".

Black-and-yellow Warbler

Dendroeca maculosa

Motacilla maculosa, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 984, n. 151 (Briss. iii. 502, n. 56 ; Perm. ii. 400, n. 288).—
Turt. SN. i. 1806, 606.

Sylvia maculosa, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 536, n. 108.— V. OAS. ii. 1807, 33, pi. 93.— V. N. D. d'H.
N. xi. 1817, 223.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 715.-F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 427, n. 29.—
Bp. Ann. Lye. N.Y.ii. 1826, IS.-Aud. OB.i. 1831, 260; ii. 1834, 145; v. 1839,458; pis.
50, 123.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 370.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839,308.— D'Orb. Ois.Cuba,
1839, VZ—Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 81.— Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856r 290.

SylYlCOla maculosa, 8. & R. FBA. ii. 1831, 213, pi. 40.— Bp. CGL. 1338, 22.— Aud. Syn. 1839,
61.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 65, pi. 96.— Denny, PZS. 1847, 38.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 307.— Hoy, Pr.
Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 310.— Bead, ibid. 398.— Kennic. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 5?3.—
Pratten, ibid. 602.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 207.— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859,
282.— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1859, 110 (Bahamas).— Brew. Pr.Bost. Soc. vii. 1860,307
(Cn]n).-Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1861, 53 (Bahamas).— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438.

Mnlotllta maculosa, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.— Cabot, Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 66.—
Kneel Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 234.

Rhlmanphus maculosus, Cab. Mil. i. 1850, 20.

Rhimamphus maculosus, Gundl J. f. 0. 1855, 474 (Cuba).

Dendroica maculosa, Bd. BNA. 1858, 284.— S. & S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemala) —Gundl.
J. f. O. 1861, 326 (Cuba).— Bam. Smiths. Rep. for I860, 1861, 436.— Coues & Prent.
Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 408.— Verr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 147 (Anticosti).— Allen,
Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 63. -Bd. Rev. AB. 1865,206.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866,
284.—Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 180.—- Scl. PZS. 1869, 374 (0 ixaca).— Turnb. B. E. Pa.
1869, 25; Phila. ed. 18.— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 415 (Cuba).— Packard, Am. Nat. viii. 1874,
271.— B. B. <& R. NAB. i. 1874, 232, pi. 14, f. 2.—Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 58 (Den-
ver, Colo.).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 439.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid.
1875, 196 (Denver, Colo.).

Dendru'f a maculosa, Scl. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xulapa).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1861, 322
(New Granada).— Scl. PZS. 1862, 19 (Southern Mexico).— Blak. Ibis, v. 1863, 63 (British
America).— Terr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1863, 234.— S. & S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— Dress.
Ibis, 2dser. i. 1865, 478 (Texas).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 86.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst.
v. 1868, 273.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, IW.-Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1869,
615.— Cope, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 395, 396, 399.— Mayn. Pr. Bost Soc. xiv. 1872, 367 (Maine,
breeding).— Mayn. B. Fla. 1873, 56 — Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 235.— Snow, Am.
Nat. viii. 1874, 757.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 62.— Gentry, Life-Hist i. 1876, 123.— Minot, B.
N. EngL 1877, 126.— Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 17.— Brcwst. Bull. Nuttall Club,
ii. 1877, 1 (full biography).

CHARACTERS OF DENDRCECA MACULOSA 291

Sylvia magnolia, Wils. AO. iii.lSll, 63, pi. W.-Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 604.-B» Jonrn

Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 194.
Yellow-rumped Flycatcher, Edw. pi. 255.
Figuier a tete cendrce, Hu/. "Ois. v. 291".
Figuier tachet6 de Pensilvanle, Ficedula pensilvanlca navla, Briss. Orn. iii. 502, n. 56

(quotes Edw. pi. 255).
Ycllow-rumped Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783,

481, n. 104.

Yellow-rump Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 400, n. 288
(a basis of M, maculosa Gra. ; not to be con-
founded with Yellow-rump of modern writers,
which is D. coronata).—Sw. <& Rich. FBA. 1. c.
Fauvette a tete cendree, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817

223 ; Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 427.
Spotted Warbler, Peab. 1. c.— Nutt. 1. c.
Bee-fin a tete cendree, D'Orb. 1. c.
Black-and-ycllow Warbler, Authors. FIG. 37.— Black-and-yellow Warbler.

HAB.— Eastern Province of North America. North to Labrador, Hudson's
Bay, Great Slave Lake, &c. South through Eastern Mexico and Central
America to New Granada. West to the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Cuba
and the Bahamas. Breeds from New England northward, and probably
farther south in elevated portions of the United States. Winters extralimital.

CH. SP. — $ 5 Dorso nigro, plus minusve olivaceo tincto ; uro-
pygio flavo ; vertice cinereo; lateribus capitis cum fronte angus
tissime nigris, palpebris et strigd postoculari albis ; gastrceo flavo,
crisso albo, pectore lateribusque nigro striatis ; alis cauddque ni-
gricantibus, illis specula albo, rectricibus maculis albis quadratis.

? 2 , in spring : Back black, usually quite pure and uninterrupted in the
$ , more or less mixed with olive in the 9 ; rump yellow ; upper tail-coverts
black, often skirted with olive or ashy. Whole crown of head clear ash ;
sides of head black, including a very narrow frontlet; the eyelids and a
stripe behind the eye, between the ash and black, white. Entire under parts
rich yellow, excepting the white crissum, heavily streaked with black across
the breast and along the sides, the streaks on the breast so thick as to form a
nearly continuous black border to the immaculate yellow throat. Wings
fuscous, with white lining, white edging of the inner webs of all the quills,
of the outer webs of the inner secondaries, and with a large white patch
formed by the tips of the median coverts and tips and outer edges of the
greater coverts. Tail blackish, with square white spots on the middle of
the inner webs of all the feathers excepting the middle pair. Bill blackish ;
feet dark. Length, 4|-5 ; extent, 7-7$ ; wing, 2f-2| ; tail, 2-2J.

Young: Upper parts ashy-olive, becoming grayer on the head; rump as
yellow as in the adult. No decided head-markings ; a whitish ring round the
eye. Below yellow, generally continuous, but sometimes incomplete, being
partially replaced by gray ; black streaks wanting or few, and confined
chiefly to the sides. Wings with two whitish bars. Tail-spots as in the adult.

While the eexes of the adult of this beautiful species are quite similar,
differing mainly in the less extent and purity of the black on the back, the
young are quite different ; but may always be recognized by the yellow
rump, in connection with the extensively or completely yellow under parts,
and small, square, white tail-spots remote from the ends of the feathers.

292 CHARACTERS OF DENDRCECA GRACLE

WITH the name of this pretty species, the list of Eastern-
Province Warblers which reach westward to the con-
fines of the Colorado Basin closes. The bird was not long
since added to the fauna of Kansas by Prof. F. H. Snow, who
has been foremost in filling out the recognized category of the
birds of that State 5 and about the same time, Mr. H. \V. Hen-
shaw found the Black-and-yellow Warbler near Denver, Colo-
rado, where, on the 17th of May, 1873, he picked a male in full
plumage out of a flock of Audubon's Warblers, in the company
of which it was migrating. The occurrence may have been
wholly fortuitous, as Mr. Henshaw has surmised j but we have
learned of the appearance of so many Eastern birds along the
foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, that we should
be slow to deny that the present species may not pass that way
regularly each year.

Grace's Warbler

Dendroeca grncise

a. grades

Dendroica grade, Coues, MSS.— Sd. Rev. AB. 1865, 210 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.).— Coop.

B. Cal. i 1870, 563, fig— Eidgw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 608.— B. B. A E. NAB. i. 1874, 243,

pL 14, f. W.-Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Henth. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Mend. 1876, 197.
Dendrceca gracite, Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 67.— Sund. Oefr. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh.

1869, 611.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 479.-Coue«, Key, 1872, 103.—? Salv. Ibis, iii. 3d ser.

1873,428 (Guatemala— decora?).
Dendraca gracife, Elliot, Illnst. BNA. i. pi. vi.
Mniotilta gracise, Giebel, Nomencl. Av. 1875, 603.

6. decora
Dendroica gracise var. decora, Ridgw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 608.— B. B. rf E. NAB. i. 1874, 220.

Cn. SP. — $ 9 Cceruleo-cinerea, dorso et vertice nigro notatis,
loris nigris, super ciliis et macula suboculari, cum guld et pectorc,
flavis; abdomine crissoque albis, lateribus corporis et colli nigro
strlatis ; alls albo bifasciatis, rectricibus lateralibus magnd ex
parte albis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

$ , adult : Entire upper parts ashy-gray, with a slaty-blue tinge ; the
middle of the back streaked with black, the upper tail-coverts less conspic-
uously so marked ; the crown with crowded black arrow-heads, especially
anteriorly and laterally, the tendency of these markings being to form a line
along the side of the crown, meeting its fellow on the forehead. A broad
superciliary line of yellow, confluent with its fellow on the extreme front,
changing to white behind the eye. Lores blackish ; sides of head otherwise
like the back, enclosing a crescendo yellow spot below the eye ; edges of eye-
lids yellow. Chin, throat, and fore breast bright yellow, bordered with
blackish streaks ; the yellow of the throat separate from that under the eye
or on the lores. Under parts from the breast white, the sides shaded with

HABITS OF GRACE'S WARBLER 293

the color of the back, and streaked with black in continuation of the chain
of shorter streaks along the side of the neck. Wings dusky, with very nar-
row whitish edging, and crossed with two white bars along the ends of the
greater and median coverts. Tail like the wings ; the lateral feather mostly
white, excepting the outer web ; the next two or three with white blotches,
decreasing in size. Eyes, bill, and feet black ; soles dirty yellowish. Length,
4iV5i J extent about 8 ; wing, 2f ; tail, 2£.

$ , in autumn : Color of the upper parts obscured with a shade of brown-
ish-olive, the dorsal streaks obscure. The head-markings as in summer, and
the yellow parts quite as bright.

$ : Quite similar to the male, and in fact scarcely distinguishable from the
male in autumn, though the yellow is not quite so strong.

Young : The slate-gray of the upper parts much shaded with brownish-
olive, the black streaks wanting on the back, those on the crown obsolete.
Yellow much as in the adult but paler, and not bordered along the sides of
the neck with black streaks. The black lores are poorly denned. The wing-
bars are grayish or obsolete. The white of the under parts has an ochrey
tinge, and the lateral streaks are not so heavy in color nor so well denned.

Since this species was originally described, a slight variety (decora) has
been noted from Honduras, in which the superciliary stripe is wholly yellow
and does not pass beyond the eye, and there are some other slight charac-
ters. Among United States species, the present is most like D. domlnica, but
this is much larger, with a much longer and stouter bill, the long white su-
perciliary line prolonged to the side of the neck, where it enlarges into a
spot, and the sides of the head and neck broadly black, isolating the white
lower eyelid, and otherwise different.

GRACE'S Warbler is to me a bird of particular and not
unpardonable interest, being the only species of this
beautiful genus that it has fallen to iny lot to discover, and
bearing the name of one for whom my affection and respect
keep pace with my appreciation of true loveliness of character.

It is one of the latest additions to the long and varied list of
Wood- War biers, and the only species with which the genus has
been enriched during the last ten or twelve years — a near rela-
tive of Adelaide's Warbler* from Porto Rico, described at the
same time by Professor Baird, and next most closely related to
the very old species now usually called Dendrceca dominica.

In my original notice of this bird, I referred to certain speci-
mens collected by Mr. C. Wood, at Belize, British Honduras,

* A near relative of D. gracice is the following Porto Rican species, described
at the same time by Baird : —

Dendroeca adelaidse.
Dendroica adelatdse, Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 212.
Hniotilta adelaidse, Gray, Handlist, i. 1869, 241, n. 3500.
Dendroeca adelaidaj, Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 18G9, CIS.
Dendroica graciae var. adclaidse, B. B. <6 R. NAB. i. 1874, 220.
Mniotilta adelaldie, Giebel, Nomencl. Av. 1875, 599.

294 HABITS OF GRACE'S WARBLER

where it was said to be common. These specimens, however,
were afterward described as representing a different variety, to
which the name decora, was applied by Mr. Eobert Eidgway.

While journeying through New Mexico, en route to Fort
Whipple. Arizona, in July, 1864, I found Grace's Warbler on
the summit of Whipple's Pass of the Eocky Mountains, not far
from the old site of Fort Wingate, and secured the first speci-
men on the second of the month just named. I saw no more
of the bird — though it certainly must live in the pine-clad San
Francisco Mountains which I traversed — till the following
spring, when I ascertained that it was the most abundant bird
of its kind, excepting Audubon's Warbler, in the pineries in
the midst of which Fort Whipple is located. I have not yet
learned of its occurrence anywhere beyond New Mexico arid
Arizona, nor indeed outside of the pine belt that indicates a
certain elevation of the surface in these Territories ; but as it
is a migratory bird, and has never been found in the United
States in winter, there is no doubt that it retires to Mexico in
the fall, to return in the spring. The extent of its movements,
however, remains to be ascertained. I secured a fine large suite
of specimens at Fort Whipple, illustrating the variations of
the plumage under the different conditions of sex, age, and
season, and latterly my friend Henshaw has taken many more.
His were all procured in the White Mountains of Arizona, at
and near Camp Apache, excepting one which he took at Inscrip-
tion Eock, New Mexico, which is within an easy day's march of
the spot where my original specimen was procured. During
two seasons he found it to be one of the commonest of the
summer Warblers in the White Mountains, where the young
birds just from the nest were observed during the second week
in July. His observations confirm my own in regard to the
pine-loving character of the birds ; he found them almost inva-
riably in coniferous forests, passing swiftly along the smaller
branches of these tall trees, or darting into the air to capture
passing insects ; and even in August, when various families had
united into small flocks, and were lingering in company with
other insectivorous birds, before their departure for the South,
their preference for their native pines was still evident.

In the spring of 1865, I noted the arrival of these Warblers
in the vicinity of Fort Whipple on the 20th of April, and they
continually fell under my observation from this date until the
third week in September, about which time I suppose they left

HABITS OF GRACE'S WARBLER 295

for the South. They pair off very soon after their arrival, by
the beginning of May, and I think they must, in some cases at
least, rear two broods during the summer, as I found newly
fledged birds during the middle of August. I never discovered
their nest, but have no doubt it will be found high up in the
pine-trees, to which the birds are so much attached. They
keep not only among tall pines, but even in the upper portions
of these magnificent trees, some of which grow to such height
that it is a fair gunshot range to their lower limbs, let alone the
canopy of foliage that stretches to the sunlight out of the lower
shade it casts itself, affording the happiest hunting-ground to
these nimble and industrious birds. They are seen coursing
among the branchlets, skipping at apparent random through
the endless intricacies of the foliage, hovering momentarily
about the terminal bunches of needles, and then dashing far
out into clear space, to capture the passing insect with a dex-
terous twist and turn. So the season passes, till the young are
on wing, when the different families, still with bonds unbroken,
ramble at leisure through the woods, the young birds timid and
feeble at first, venturing shorter flights than their parents, who
seem absorbed in solicitude for their welfare, and attend them
most sedulously, till they are quite able to shift for themselves.
They are quick to learn ; it is not long before, gaining full con-
fidence, they loose their family ties ; different broods meet in
undistinguished companies, and all go trooping down the mount-
aiu-sides, or off to the southward, when first the pine-trees sigh
and whisper to each other that they hear the threatening mur-
mur of oncoming storms.

During the whole summer, these Warblers have no other note
than that thin and wiry chirping which so many species of this
group utter. Earlier in the season, when the males would seek
their fates, they sing right heartily, and with a strength and
clearness one would scarce expect to hear from musicians of
such puny size. The song opens with two or three slurred,
whistling notes, continued for a few moments with a clear, thin
chirrup that I know not how to express in words. They have
also another song, which always reminded me of that which is
so constantly heard from the Redstart during the same climac-
teric period of its life.

I await with impatience the discovery of the nest and eggs of
my sister's Warbler, and the determination of its winter home,
that the history of the pretty bird may be completed.

296 THE GENUS SIURUS

The only species of Dendrceca not taken into account in the foregoing pages
are the two following : —
Dendroeca pbaretra.

Sylvicola pharetra, Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 163.— Gosse, Illnst. B. Jam. 1848, pi. 38.— Bp.

CA. i. 1850, 309.— Osburn, " Zoologist, p. 6660 ".

Mniotilta pharetra, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.— Giebel, Nomencl. Av. 1875, 605.
Dendrceca pharelra, Sd. PZS. i. 1861, 71.— Scl. Cat. AB. 1862, 358.— Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-

Akad. Forh. iii. 1669, 617.
Dendroica pharetra, Bd. Kev. AB. 1865, 192.— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 220.

HAB.— Jamaica.
Dendroeca pityophila.

Sylvicola pltyophlla', Gundl. Ann. Lye. N. T. vi. Oct. 1855, 160.

Rhimamphus pityophilus, Gundl. J. f. 0. 1857, 240.

Dendroica pityophila, Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 208.— #. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 221.

Dendrceca pityophila, Sund. Oefv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. iii. 1869, 612.

Mniotilta pityophila, Gray, Handlist, i. 1869, 241, n.3199.— Giebel, Nomencl. Av. 1875,606.

HAB.— Cuba.

Genus SIURUS Swainson

Seittrns, Sw. Zool. Journ. iii. 1827, 171. (Type

Motacilla aurocapilla L.)
Slums, Strickl. "Syn. 1841, —".—Coues, BnU.

Nutt. Club, ii. 1877, 29 (nomenclatDre).
Sejurus, Sciurus, Senurus, Seuirus, rf Some.
Enicocichla, Gray, "1840"; List G. of B,

1841, 31.

Henicocichla, " Agassi—Cab. M. H. i. 1850, 15.
Exochocichla, VanderHoev. "Zool. 1856". FIG. 38.— Golden-crowned Accentor.

CHA.KS. — In general form, scarcely distinguishable from Den-
drceca; larger in size, different in pattern of coloration, in
habits, gait, and nidification. Bill ordinary. Kictal bristles
short but evident. Wings pointed, much longer than tail.
Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw. Tail nearly even,
with rather acute feathers, and long, copious under coverts.
Size larger than in Dendrceca. Neither wings nor tail parti-
colored. Above olivaceous, with or without head-markings,
otherwise uniform ; below white, buffy, or yellowish, profusely
streaked. Legs slender, pale-colored. Habits terrestrial to
some extent ; nest on the ground ; eggs white, spotted. Vocal
powers preeminent. Gait ambulatorial, not saltatorial, and
some other traits decidedly Motacilline.

This genus has held its position in the system by very uncer-
tain tenure, having been referred to various families, as the
Turdidce, Motacillidcv, and Sylvicolidce. It is difficult to see how
it differs in any important particular of structure from such a
Sylvicoline genus as Dendrceca for instance, and it seems much
better located here than among the Wagtails, notwithstanding
the fact that it resembles these birds in many points of its econ-

SYNONYMY OF SIURUS AURIC APILLUS 297

oiny. The number of primaries (nine) excludes it from the
Turdidce. The genus is probably definable by the characters I
have given, and I continue to endorse Baird's reference of it to
the Sylvicolidcc, consideriug it to be a terrestrial type of Warbler.
The original name of the genus, written Seiurus by Swainson,
rendered Sejurus by some and amended as Siurus by others, has
been discarded by some on account of its identity iu sound,
though not in orthography or etymology, with Sciurus, a mam-
malian genus. But I see no necessity for this. There are only
three well-determined species, all of them North American, and
two of them occurring in the Colorado Basin.

Golden-crowned Accentor

Slums auricapillns

Motacilla aurocapilla, L. SN. i. 1766, 334, n. 29 (Briss. iii. 504 ; Edw. 91, pi. 252).— Om. SN. i.
1788, 982, n. 29.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 605.

Turdus aurocapillus, Lath. IO. i. 1790, 328, n. 6.-Wils. AO. iii. 1810, 88, pi. 14, f. 2.— Steph.
Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 199.- F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 641, n. 14.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad.
iv. 1824, 35.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 355 ; 2d ed. i. 1840, 404.— Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 253 ; v. 1839,
447, pi. 143.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 306.— Town*. Journ. Pbila. Acad. viii. 1839,
153 (Northwestern United States).— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 80.— Read, Pr. Phila.
Acad. vi. 1853, 398.— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 281 ^Nova Scotia).— Qosse,
Alabama, 1859, 205.

Sylvia aurocapilla, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 35.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 77.

Seiurus aurocapillus, Sw. Zool. Journ. iii. 1827, 171 ; Phil. Mag. i. 1827, 369 ; Isis, 1830 1154.—
8. & E. FBA. ii. 1831, 227.— Bp. CGL. 1838,21.— Aud. Syu. 1839, 93.— Aud.BA. iii. 1841,
35, pi. 148.-Gtr.BLI. 1844, 92.— Oosse, B. Jam. 1847, 152.— Hoy, Pr. Phih. Acad. vi. 1853,
310 (Wisconsin).— Kennic. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 583.— Pratten, ibid. m.—SalU,
PZS. 1857, 231 (San Domingo). -Maxim. J. f. O. 1858, 177.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 260.-JBarn.
Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 435.— Coues <& Prent. Smiths. Kep. for 1861, 1862, 407.—
Boardm. Pr. Bost, Soc ix. 1862, 125 (Maine).— Verr. ibid. 137 (Antlcosti).— Verr. Pr. Ess.
Inst. iii. 186-2, 146.— Hayd. Tr. Am. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 160.— Blak. Ibis, v. 1863, 62.—
March, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, 294 (Jamaica).— A lien, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 61.— Bd.
Rev. AB. 1865, 214, 266.— Lawr. Aun.Lyc. N.Y.viii. 1866, Z3i.-Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v.
1866, 85 (Canada West).— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. xi. 1867, 91 (San Domingo).— Lawr. Ann.
Lyc.N.Y.ix. 1868,94 (Costa Rica).— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 162.— Coues, Pr.Bost.
Soc. xii. 1868, 110.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 271.— Jackson, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 556.-
Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 24; Phila. ed. ll.—v.Frantz.J. f. O. 1869,293 (Costa Rica).—
Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 547 (Orizaba).— Dall & Bann. Tr. Chicago Acad. i. 1869,
268 (Alaska).— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 115.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 269
(Florida, wintering) ; iii. 1872, 175 (Kansas).- Coues, Key, 1812, 105, f. 45.-Mayn. B.
Fla. 1872, 12— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 269.— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872,358.—
Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 416 (Cuba).— Packard, Am. Nat. viii 1874, yil.—Ingersoll, ibid.
239.— Allen, Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1874, 52 (Dakota).— Coues, BNW. 1874, 70.— B. B. & R.
NAB. i. 1874, 280, fig. pi. 14, f. 11.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.— Gentry, Life-
Hist. i. 1876, 138.— Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 84.

SciurUS aurocapillus, D'Orb. Ois. Cuba. 1839, 55.— Denny, PZS. 1847, 38.— Putn. Pr. Ess.
Inst i. 1856, 209.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 437.-Trij>p<j, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv.
1873, 234.

Siurus aurocapillus, A. &E. Newt. Ibis, i. 1859, 142 (St. Croix).-£ <£ S. Ibie, i. 1859,9
(Guatemala).

Enicocichla aurocapilla, Gray, ListG. ofB. 1841, 31.

Enicocichla aurocapillus, Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 306 (Cuba).

Henicocichla aurocapilla, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 15.— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 471 (Cuba).— Cat.
J. f. 0. 1861, 84 (Costi Rica).— Gundl ibid. 326, 407 (Cuba).— Lawr. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. viii.
1865, 117 (Nicaragua).— Salv. PZS. 1870, 183 (Veragua).

298 CHARACTERS OF SIURUS AURIC APILLUS

TurdllS auricapillus, Lieht. " Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1830, 2" ; J. f. 0. 1863, 57.

Accentor auricapillus, Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 172.

Seiurus auricapillus, Sw. Class. B. ii. 1837, 247.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 306.— Lawr. Ann. Lye.

N. Y. ix. 1861), 200 (Yucatan).— Coues, Pr. Phlla. Acad. 1875, 349.
Siurus aurlcapillfis, Moore, PZS. 1859, 55 (Omoa).— Goues, BulL Nutt. Club, ii. 1877, 31

(correction of nomenclature).— Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 20.
Henicocichla auricapilla, Sd. PZS. 1856, 293 (Mexico).— Scl. PZS. 1861, 70 (Jamaica).—

Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1862, 192 (Jamaica).— S. & 8. PZS. 1870, 836 (Honduras).
Turdus citreus, Mull. SN. Suppl. 1776, 141 (fide Cassin, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1864 ; said to bo

based on PE. 398, f. 2).
Motacilla canadensiS, JBodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 24 (PE. 398, f. 2). (In part. The original

quotation of PE. is this species, and so is the quotation of Edw. pi. 252; but tho

other references are to Dendroeea coronata).

Turdus minimus, Bartr. Trav. Flu. 1st Am. ed. 1791, 290 bis. (Not of authors.)
Turdus coronatus, V. OAS. ii. 1807, 8, pi. 64.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 418.
Anthus coronatus, Gerhardt, Naum. iii. 1853, 38.
Figuier a teste d'or de Pensilvanic, Ficedula pensilvanica auro-capilla, Briss. Orn.

iii. 1760, 504, n. 57.
Golden-crowned Thrush, Edw. Gl. 91, pi. 252.— Perm. AZ. ii. 1785, 339, n. 203.-.Latf,. Syn.

ii. pt. i. 1783, 21, n. 6.

Grivelette de S. Uomingue, Buff. " Hist. Nat Ois. iii. 317 ".

Petite Grive de St. Domingue, Buff. PE. 398, f. 2 (basis of Mot. canadengis Bodd.).
Grive couronnee, V. 1. c. 1817.— Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 174.
Grive ffrivelette, V. 1. c. 1823.
Land Kick-up, Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 152.

Golden-crowned Accentor, Golden-crowned Wagtail, Orange-crowned Accentor, Oven-
bird, Authors.

HAB. — Eastern North America to the Rocky Mountains (Denver, Colorado),
the Yellowstone, and Alaska. South through tLe whole West Indies and
Mexico (even at Mazatlan) and Central America. Breeds indifferently in its
North American range. Winters from the Bermudas and Florida southward.

CH. SP. — $ 9 Virenti-olivaceus, infra alba fusco striata ; ver-
tice aurantiaco-brunneo, nigro bistrigato ; pedibus pallide incar-
natis. Long. tot. 5 J-GJ ; alee 3 j caudce 2$.

$ $ , adult : Entire upper parts, including the wings and tail, uniform
bright olive-green, without markings. Top of head with black lateral
stripes, bounding a golden-brown or dull orange space. A white ring round
eye ; no white superciliary stripe. Under parts white, thickly spotted with
dusky on the breast, the spots lengthening into streaks on the sides ; a nar-
row Mack maxillary line; under wing-coverts tinged with yellow. Legs
flesh-colored. Length about G inches ; wing, 3 ; tail, 2£.

This species exhibits a remarkable constancy of coloration with age, sex,
and season. The sexes are indistinguishable, and the young are scarcely to
be told from the adults. Fall specimens are ordinarily quite as clearly col-
ored as those of the spring ; and the orange-brown crown-spot, though it
may be more or less bright, is acquired by the young with their first full
feathering. There is doubtless a very tarly streaky stage.

A CCOEDING to our present information, tbe Golden-
JL\- crowned Accentor claims place bere solely upon the
strength of its observed occurrence at the base of the Eocky
Mountains of Colorado, near Denver. It is more especially an
Eastern species, though it reaches Alaska, and has been taken

SYNONYMY OF SIURUS MOTACILLA 299

on the west coast of Mexico. Our knowledge of its natural
history has, strange to say in the case of so very common and
widely diffused a bird, only very lately been completed by the
discovery of its wonderful vocal powers, made independently
by Mr. John Burroughs, as well known to naturalists by his
delightful sketches of bird-life as he is to others by his essays
in the field of general literature, and by Mr. George A. Board-
man, whose name is inseparably connected with the culture of
American ornithology.

Aquatic Accentor

V

Siurus iiievius*

Motacilla nsevia!, Bodd. Tableau PE. 1783, 47 (pi. 752, f. 1).

Si urns naevius, Coues, Bull. Nutt. Club, ii. 1877, 32.— Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 20.

* The third species of this genus has the following synonymy : —
Siurus motacilla. — Large-billed Accentor.

Turdus motacilla, V. OAS. ii. 1807, 9, pi. 65 (Kentucky ; accurate description and recog-
nizable figure).— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817,197.— F. N. D. d'H. N. xx. 1818, 234.— V.
Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 64:5, n. 20.

Seiurus motacilla, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 306.

Siurus motacilla, Coues, Bull Nutt. Club, ii. 1877, 33.— Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877,
20 (Connecticut).

Henicocichla motacilla, Cab. J. f. 0. 1857, 240 (Cuba).— Qundl J. f. 0. 1861, 326 (Cuba).

Turdus ludovicianus, And. OB. i. 1832, 99, pi. 19 (afterward united it with noveboracensis).

SeiurilS ludOVicianuS, Bp. CGL. 1838, 21.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 262; ed. of 1860, pi. 80, f.2.—
Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 435 (Chester County, Pa.).— Coues <& Prent. Smiths.
Hep. for 1861, 1862, 407 (Washington, D. C., common in spring).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865,
217 (Colima, &c.).—Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 284 (New York).— Coues, Pr. Ess.
Inst. v. 1868, 271 (Southern New England).— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 183.— Coues, Pr.
Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 110 (South Carolina).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. KT. ix. 1808, 94 (Costa
Rica).— v. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, 293 (Costa Rica).— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 512, 577
(Massachusetts).— Turnb. B.E. Pa. 1869, 24; Phila. ed. ll-Gundl. J. f. O. 1872, 417
(Cuba).— Coues, Key, 1872, 106, pi. 2, f. 8.— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 222 (West
Virginia).— Coues, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 421.— Purdie, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, C93.— Snow, B.
Kans. 1873, —.—Ingersoll, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 238.— Coues, BN W. 1874, 72.— B. B. <£ E.
NAB. i. 1874, 287, figs. pi. 14, f. 13.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440 (New Eng-
land).— Gentry, Life-Hist.i. 1876, 145.— Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 83.

Siurus ludovicianus, Scl PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa); 373 (Oaxaca).— S. <££ Ibis, ii. 1860, 273
(Guatemala).

Sriurus ludovici nus, Trippe, Pr. Bost, Soc. xv. 1873, 234 (Iowa).

HeBicocichla ludoviciana, Scl.Cat. AB. 1861, 25 (Orizaba).— Scl. PZS. 1861, 70 (Jamaica).—
Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1862, 192 (Jamaica).— Salv. PZS. 1870, 183 (Veragua).

Henicocichla major, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 16 (Xalapa).— Cab. J. f. 0. 1857, 240 (Cuba).

Enicocichl* major, Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 306 (Cuba).

Grive hochequeue, V. OAS. 1. c.f and EM. 1. c.

Warbler Thrush, Steph. L c.

Louisiana Water Thrush, Large-hilled Water Thrush, Authors.

HAB. — Eastern United States. North to Massachusetts and Michigan.
West to Kansas, the Indian Territory, and Texas. South through Mexico
(the eastern portion at least) and Central America. Cuba and Jamaica.
Breeds in its United States range at large. Winters extralimital. Abun-
dant in many of the Southern and Western States. Rare toward the north-
ern limits cf its range.

300 SYNONYMY OF SIUEUS N^VIUS

Motacilla noveboracensis, Om. SN. i. 1788, 958, n. 69 (primarily based on PE. 752, f. 1 =
ncevia Bodd.).-Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 418.

Sylvia noveboracc-nsis, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 518, n. 33.— V. OAS. iL 1807, 26, pi. 82.— Steph. Gen.
Zool. x. 1817, 681.— Up. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1626, 77.

Turdus (Sciurus) noveboraccnis, Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 353 (in part. Not Turdus novebora-
censis of Gin. and Lath., "which is Scolecophagun ferrugineuv. )

Turdus noveboracensis, Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 306.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 79.—
Head, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 398.

Seiurus noveboracensis, Bp. CGL. 1838, 21.— Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 151 ; 111. pL 33.— Bp. CA. i.
1850, 306.— Hartl. Naum. ii. 1852, 53 (Cuba).— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 310.— Jen-
nie. Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1^55, 582.— Maxim. J. f. 0. 1858, 124.— Martens, J. f. O. 1859
213 (Bermuda) —Bland, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 287 (Bermudas).— Cass. Pr. Phila.
Acad. xii. 1860, 91 (Isthmus of Darien).— #arn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 435.—
Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1861, 322 (New Granada).— Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc.
xit. 1862, 160.— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst iii. 1862, 146.— Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 125.—
Blak. Ibis, iv. 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan); v. 1863, 62.— March, Pr. Phila. Aead. xv. 18ti3,
294 (Jamaica).— Bd. Rov. AB. 1865, 215.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 284.— Bry.
Pr. Bost. Soc. xi. 1867,91 (San Domingo).— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 182.— Cones, Pr.
Bost. Soe. xii. 1868, 110.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 94 (Costa Rica).— Lawr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. ix. 1869, 200 (Yucatan).— v. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, 293 (Costa Rica).— Turnb.
B. E. Pa, 1869, 24; Phila. ed. n.—Coues, Key, 1872, 106.— Gundl. J. f. O. 1872, 416
(Cuba).— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 222.— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 358.— Mayn.
B. Fla. 1872, 14.— Purdie, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 692 —Ooues, BN W. 1874, 71.— B. B. <6 R.
NAB. i. 1874, 283, pi. 14, f. 12.— ? AUen, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 52 (Dakota).— Brew.
Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W.
100 Merid. 1876, 204.— Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 81.

Slums noveboracensis, S. <& S. Ibis, i. 1859, 10 (Guatemala).— A. A E. Newt. ibid. 142 (St.
Croix).— ScL PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst iv. 1864, 61.— Dress. Ibis,
2d ser. i. 1865, 477 (Texas).

Seinrus noveboracensis, Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 59 (Colorado).

Seiurus noveboracensis, Gentry, Lifo-Hist. i. 1876, 142.

Enicocichla noveboracensis, Gray.— Kneel. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 233.— Brew. Pr. Bost.
Soc. vii. 1860, 306 (Cuba).

Henicocichla noveboracensis, Cab. " Schomb. Guiana, iii. 1848, 666".— Cab. MH. 1850, 16.—
Gundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 471 (Cuba).— Cab. J. f. O. 1860, 324 (Costa R;ca).— Scl. PZS. 1861,
70 (Jamaica).— Gundl. J. f. O. 1861, 326, 407 (Cuba).— Albrecht, J. f. O. 1862, 192
(Jamaica).— S. <£ S. PZS. 1864, 346 (Panama).— 8. <k S. PZS. 1868, 627 (Venezuela).—
S. d;S. PZS. 1869, 251 (Venezuela).— S. <6 S. PZS. 1870, 836 (Honduras).— Salv. PZS.
1870, 183 (Veragua).

Motacilla noveboracensis, Turt. SN. i. 1806, 589.

Turdus (Seiurus) novaeboracensis, Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 184'J, 402 (in part).

Seiurus novaeboracensis, Aud. Syn. 1839, 93.— And. BA. iii. 1841, 37, pi. 49 (in part).—
Gir. BLI. 1844, 93.— Pratten, Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 601.— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v.
1866, 85.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 71 (Arizona).— Coucs, Pr. Ess. Inst v.
1868, 271.— Coop. Am. Nut. iii. 1869, 32.

Seiurus novaeboracensis, Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 209.

Motacilla tigrina, var. 0. Gm. SN. i. 1788, 985, n. 153 0. (based on Briss. iii. 513).

Motacila tigrina, 2, Turt. SN. i. 1806, — .

Sylvia tigrina, var. B, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 537, n. 110 /?. (= Gm.).

Figuier brim de S. Domingue, Ficedula Dominicensis fusca, Briss. Orn. iii, 1760, 513,
n. 62, pi. 28, f. 5 (obviously this species ; basis of .Mot. tigrina var. /?. of Gm.).

Spotted Yellow Warbler, var. A., Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 483, var. A.

Motacilla fluviatllis, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. 1791, 291.

Turdus aquaticus, Wils. AO. iii. 1811, 66, pi. 23, f. 5.—Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 183.— Aud.
OB. v. 1839, 284, pi. 433, f. l.—Ha>im. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 289.

Seiurus aquaticus, S. & R. F3A. ii. 1831, 229, pi. 43.— Sw. Class. B. ii. 1837, 247.

TurdUS aquatiUS, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 34.

Sylvia anthoides, V. N. D. d'H. N. x. 1817,208.— V. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 421, n. 19.— Less.
Tr. Orn. 1831, 418.

CHARACTERS OF SIURUS N^EVIUS 301

Turdlis motacilla, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 35 (adopts Vieillot's name for this
species).

Seiurus tenuirostris, 8w. Phil. Mag. i. 1827, 369.

Nciurus tenuirostris, Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. i. 1843, 261 (Colorado River).

Soiurus sulfurascens, D'Orb. Ois. Cuba, 1839, 57, pi. 6.

Seiurus sulphurascens, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 306.

Enicocichla sulphurascens, "Gray".

Henicocichla sulphurascens, Qundl. J. f. O. 1855, 471 (Cuba).-tfundi. J. f. 0. 1861, 407
(Cuba).

An thus Ihermlnleri, ILess. Kov.Zool. 1839,101.

Seiurus gossii, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 306 (Jamaica).

Fauvette Ucheiee de la Louisiane, Buff. " Hist. Nat Ois. v. 161 "; PE. 752, f. 1 (basis of
Boddaert's and Gmelin'd names).

New York Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 409, n. 308.— Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 436, n. 29.

Fauyette brune, V. OAS. 1. c.

Fauvette pipi, V. 1. c. 1817 and 1823.

Grlve de rouisseaux ou Hochequeue, Le Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 173.

Bessy Kick-up, River Pink, Oosse, B. Jam. 1847, 151.

New York or Aquatic Thrush, Water Thrush, Aquatic Wood-wagtail, Aquatic Ac-
centor, Small-hilled Water Thrush, Authors.

HAB. — North America at large. Mexico, West Indies, Central America and
much of South America. Winters from Florida and the Gulf coast south-
ward. Breeds in the greater part, if not the whole, of its North American
range.

OH. SP. — $ 9 Olivaceo-fuscus.aliscauddqiieconcoloribus; infrd,
albido-sulphurascensi undique olivaceo-fusco xtrlatus; striga super-
ciliari brunneo-albido ; rostra pedibusque obscuris.

9 $ : Uniform dark olive-brown, the wings and tail similar, unmarked;
bel6w very pale sulphury-yellow, everywhere, except perhaps on the middle
of the belly, thickly speckled or streaked with dark olive-brown, the mark-
ings smallest on the throat, largest on the eidee. A long dull whitish super-
ciliary line. Bill and fret dark. Length, 5£-6 ; extent, 8^-9^ ; wing, 2£-3 ;
tail, 2J ; bill not over ^ along the culmen.

The sexes do not differ appreciably, and the youngest birds examined are
not notably different from the adult; but I have not seen the newly-fledged
bird. The shade of the upper parts varies from a decidedly olivaceous-brown
to a purer, darker bistre-brown, and that of the under purts from sulphur-
yellow to nearly white ; but it is never of the huffy-white of S. motacilla.
The streaking varies in amount and intensity, but always has the sharp dis-
tinct character of the species in comparison with S. motacilla, and is rarely
if ever absent from the throat. I have seen no bill over half an inch long,
and this member lacks the peculiar shape, as well as size, characteristic of
S. motacilla.

The earliest feathering has only lately been described, and it proves to be
streaky, as might have been anticipated. Mr. Ridgway speaks of a very
young bird as being sooty-blackish, with each feather of the upper parts
with terminal bar of ochraceous ; the wing-coverts tipped with the same,
forming two bars; the streaks below as in the adult, but broader and not so
sharply defined.

It should be noted that Motacilla noveboracensis of Gm., the name currently

302 HISTORY OF THE WATER THRUSH

adopted, is the same as M. nm-ia Bodd. (1783), both being based upon PL
Enlum. 752, f. 1, which represents the Fauvette tachetfa de la Louislane of
Buffon, afterward the New York Warbler of Pennant and Latham. It is a
curious fact, that Gmelin in another place made Slums ncevius out to be a va-
riety of the Cape May Warbler, Dendrceca tigrina : for the Motacilla tigrina
var. /?. of Gmelin, and the Sylvia tigrina var. /3. of Latham, are both based
exclusively upon the Ficedula dominicemis fusca of Brisson, which is obvi-
ously this Siurus. Vieillot, in 1807, noticed the circumstance, which later
authors seem to have overlooked, and correctly allocated the synonymy. —
The Motacilla fuscescens of Gmeliu has been queried as a synonym of this
species; it is based upon Ficedula jamaicensis Briss. iii. 512, n. 61 ; but Bris-
son's account cannot be made to square with the characters of Siurus ncevius.
The remaining references above given, though so numerous, do not call for
special remark, excepting Audubon's accounts, which, it should be remem-
bered, include both this species and S. motacilla, as he united the two, having
previously described Turdus ludovicianus as distinct. These and other tech-
nical points are discussed in my paper above cited, on " Corrections of Nomen-
clature in the Genus Siurus".

MATERIAL for the life-history of the Water Thrush has
gradually accumulated, until we now possess knowledge
enough of the subject for a more complete biography than has
hitherto appeared. The latest article, that from the long-accus-
tomed pen of Dr. Brewer, is much the best, though the many
items there given are perhaps none too closely knit into conse-
quent narrative. As Dr. Brewer justly remarks, all that the
earlier authors have left us respecting the habits of this bird
must be taken cum grano; for it was a good while before the
Louisiana or Large-billed Water Thrush was fairly recognized,
and much that Wilson, Nuttall, and Auduboa have to say of
the Water Thrush refers either to the other species, or to both
species indiscriminately. Audubon indeed capped the confu-
sion by reuniting the two species which he had formerly distin-
guished with sufficient precision. Wilson pertinently describes
the aquatic habits and Motacilline actions of the true Water
Thrush as observed in Pennsylvania; but the rest of his notice
seems to point to the Large-billed bird. NuttalPs and Audu-
bon's whole accounts parallel Wilson's in this regard ; and none
of these authors seem to speak of the vocalization, nidification,
and breeding habits of the real Water Thrush, but rather of
the Louisiana species. Sir John Bichardson must have had
the present species in exclusive view, as the other is not found
about Carlfcon House; and Swainson's plate is unmistakable.
Mr. Philip Henry Gosse gives us one of his delightful and char-
acteristic sketches, undoubtedly referring to the present species,

DISTRIBUTION OF THE WATER THRUSH 303

under the names of " Kiver Pink " and " Bessy Kick-up". These
notices, including, of course, Dr. Brewer's last and best one, are
among the principal accounts we have; for if the long synony-
matic list I present with this article be analyzed, it will be found
to consist largely of the compilations of name-peddlers, other-
wise known as systematists, taxonomists, and philosophers, who
describe and redescribe with insufficient knowledge of what
their predecessors have done, and in whose hands natural his-
tory becomes not unlike a kaleidoscopic tube, where names, like
colored bits of glass, leap into fantastic shapes at the touch of
the pen-point. Few indeed of the namers of the many species
that have sprung up like mushrooms in the fertile compost-heap
of synonymy knew anything of the Water Thrush except as a
museum object; and, as if there were not names enough already,
several of the French ornithologists, with characteristic viva-
city, bestowed a number more. Wilson knew the bird he called
Turdus aquations, and so doubtless did Bartram when he called
it Motacilla flumatilis. Among the earlier notices, we have
several from independent original sources; such are that of
Pennant's "New York Warbler", and Buffon's "Fauvette
tachetee de la Louisiane", and Brisson's "Figuier brun de S.
Domingue"; and Buffon's bird, figured on the Planche Enlu-
minee 752, afforded the very first technical name of the species,
that bestowed in 1783 by the cataloguer Boddaert.

Very many of the numerous citations I have compiled, how-
ever, are those I give to certify the recognized geographical
distribution of the species, as vouchers for its occurrence in the
widely separated localities which, when duly collated, enable
us to map its dispersion and trace its movements. This is
always an important subject, and one which, I think, more than
justifies the bibliographical matter which may seem to the gen-
eral reader to so heavily handicap the present volume, but which
is the real ballast of the book if not the most valuable part of
the cargo which I bring. By such researches I have traced the
spread of the Water Thrush over all of North America, there
being few small areas and no large ones whence I have not
gathered reports of its presence — through Mexico and Central
America — among nearly all of the West Indies — and for a con-
siderable distance into South America. Its latitudinal disper-
sion is from Brazil to the Arctic Ocean ; in longitude, it reaches
across the northern half of the Western Hemisphere, and per-
haps of the southern portion also; though I believe that our

304 MIGRATIONS OF THE WATER THRUSH

South American records to date do not attest its presence on
the western side of South America. In the greater part of
North America, it is of general and common occurrence, and
the same is the case in the West Indies, Eastern Mexico, and
Cen'ral America. It is not so frequent, perhaps less regular
in its appearances, and, at any rate, not so commonly observed,
in the Middle and Western Provinces of North America, as it
is in the Eastern ; but we may remember that the observers are
there far fewer. This is a migratory species, of course ; for no
small insectivorous bird covers such an extent of country as I
have indicated at all seasons of the year. In this matter of its
movements we may note, first, that it is not accredited with any
extralimital record of breeding, so far as I can now recall ; but
I speak guardedly here, as the record is voluminous, and among
the many notices extant there may be some indicating that cer-
tain individuals do not perform the extensive migrations re-
quired for their presence within the bird's recognized breeding
range in North America. As to its nesting in the southern
portions of the United States, we must put out of court such
testimony as is vitiated by references to 8. ludovicianus ; and
this aside, there is no evidence that I know of to prove that
the bird nestles south of about the latitude of Washington,
D. 0. There I have myself found the Water Thrush through
the summer, under circumstances that leave no doubt of its
breeding. Almost directly north of such latitude, accounts of
its summer residence and nidification begin to multiply, and its
nesting thence to the Arctic regions is established.

As will have been inferred already, the winter resorts of the
Water Thrush are for the most part beyond our limits ; yet the
fact that many individuals linger through the year in the South-
ern States is well attested. In Illinois, for example, where
S. motacilla breeds in abundance, the Water Thrush is only
known as a migrant and as a partial winter resident. Accord-
ing to Mr. Eidgway, they reappear from the north in August,
and many linger in the sheltered forests of the river-bottoms,
where he has heard them singing in December and January.
The period and duration of the vernal and autumnal movements
are not easily determined in the case of a bird that gets over so
much ground ; but the months of April and September appear
to be those when the migrations are at their height. 1 may
give some isolated data bearing on this subject. In Jamaica,
Mr. March found Water Thrushes from early in August to the

NEST AND EGGS OF THE WATER THRUSH 305

end of March. Henshaw saw tbe birds in Colorado in the mid-
dle of May, and in Arizona late in August. May is the month
in which their arrival has been noted for the Middle States and
New England, and also for the Saskatchewan region. Could
all the data we have be verified and digested, we should prob-
ably find that the Water Thrush is a bird of rapid and not of
the most regular migration, likely to appear at such times and
places that it becomes difficult to reconcile the seemingly con-
flicting testimony we possess.

June is the height of the breeding season with this bird.
During this month, egg-laden nests have been found so far apart
as are Maine and Alaska—early in the month in the New Eng-
land locality just mentioned, and later on the Yukon Eiver.
Doubtless only one brood is reared in the higher latitudes to
which the birds resort ; the case may also be the same in other
localities, and probably is so, considering how soon — by the
fore part of August — these birds reappear in places where they
are not known to breed, as in Illinois and Jamaica. In the few
instances which have come to the knowledge of naturalists, the
Water Thrush's nest was built on the ground or its equiva-
lent. The Alaskan nests to which I have alluded were placed
by the river bank, at the foot of willow-bushes, one of them
beneath a small pile of drift-wood, and contained four to six
eggs. These and other Arctic nests, as preserved in the Smith-
sonian Institution, are about four inches across by two-thirds
as much in depth; they are composed chiefly of moss, com-
pactly matted and mixed with little sticks and straws, one of
them having also a large amount of circularly-woven fibrous
material in a state of disintegration. A nest found in Maine
by Prof. A. E. Verrill, and described with particularity by Dr.
Brewer, was built in an excavation in the side of a decayed logr
which overarched the structure somewhat as the domed por-
tion of the nest of the Golden-crowned Thrush covers the main
part of the structure. It was a beautiful fabric, built chiefly
of green Hypnum mosses, with which a few withered leaves and
plant-stems were mixed, having a compact inner portion or
lining of the fruit-stems of the same Hypnum, and showing a
number of slender black rootlets intertwined around the outer
circumference. It was flatter and shallower than the nests I
have seen, being four and a half inches across, but only one and
a half high, with a cavity half an inch less in depth. "This
nest contained five eggs, the brilliant white ground of which,
20 B 0

306 SONG OF THE WATER THRUSH

with their delicately shaded spots of reddish browu, contrasted
with the bright green of the mossy exterior, and set off to ad-
vantage by the conspicuous and unique lining, produce a very
beautiful effect."

The numerous eggs I have examined — all, however, after they
had been emptied of their contents — measure from three-fourths
to four-fifths of an inch in length by a little more or less than
two-thirds of an inch in breadth — more exactly, two selected
specimens give respectively the measurements 0.75x0.58 and
0.82x0.60. The ground-color of the shell is brilliant crystal-
white ; this is marked all over, but in most cases more thickly
at and around the larger end than elsewhere, with small spots
of reddish, of quite dark brown, and of lilac or lavender —
sometimes all the spots being dots and mere points; sometimes
many of them being larger, and more or less confluent to en-
wreathe the greater end of the egg. Occasionally the otfrer end,
or even some considerable part of the egg, is nearly free from
markings, but the shell, as a rule, is pretty thoroughly speckled.

The singing of birds is inseparably associated with the power
and the desire to bring forth, as the involuntary and uncontrol-
lable expression of emotions that are never stayed except
through gratification. Surcease of passion is the fountain brim-
ming over, when the stream of life flows downward like the
loosened brook forever, and the babbling of the waters makes
unconscious melody. I never heard the singing of this Water
Thrush, nor do I find it carefully described ; but it is likened,
with good reason, to the song of the Louisiana, and this is so
melodious, so loud and yet so mellow, as when once heard to
slowly be forgotten. Both Audubon and Nuttall have expressed
their admiration of this Philomel's performance, which the
latter says is even heard at night, when the sweet incessant
warbling greets the ear " like the dulcet lay of some fairy vis-
ion". It was long before we found out that the Golden-crown
sings also, for the harsh crescendo ditty of this bird is scarcely
to be called a song; and when the vocal powers of the humbler
Water Thrush receive full recognition, we shall doubtless know
the three birds for a trio scarcely rivalled by the Wood Thrush
and the Hermit and the Yeery. Mr. Boardman calls the Water
Thrush one of our liveliest singers, beginning with a sudden,
almost startling burst of melody, that rings as clear as if the
joyous bird had found a long-lost mate, and then keeps falling
till the slightest breath of air may blow the rest away. Its
secrecy in singing lends a charm to the performance, for though

MANNERS OP THE WATER THRUSH 307

the notes are sounded loud and fearlessly, the bird dislikes in-
trusion; and it sings best far away from prying eyes, amidst
the dark recesses of the swamp.

Should you force your way, — perhaps by paddling in a light
canoe beneath the overhanging mysteries of the dank morass, —
perhaps by clambering among the fallen logs that jut from
treacherous black depths of ooze and slime — you may even catch
a glimpse of this coy songster as he dashes onward into yet
more secret fastness of his watery and seldom sun-lit home.
His song is still now ; silence broods, or else a sharp short note
of anger and anxiety betrays the presence of the timid bird, too
restless and too nervous in his vague alarm to hide in safety,
but rather dallying with danger as he leaps and balances on
log, moss-heap, or branchlet. But this is only when he feels
the cares and full responsibilities of home and family. Later in
the season, when these things are off his mind, he is quite
another fellow, who will meet you more than half-way should
you chance to find him then, with a wondering, perhaps, yet
with a confident and quite familiar, air of easy unconcern.
Anywhere by the water's edge — in the debris of the wide-
stretched river-bottom, in the flowery tangle of the brook,
around the margins of the little pools that dot the surface where
tall oaks and hickories make pleasant shade — there rambles the
Water Thrush. Watch him now, aud see how prettily he walks,
rustling among the fallen leaves where he threads his way like
a mouse, or wading even up to his knees in the shallow minia-
ture lakes, like a Sandpiper by the sea-shore, all intent in quest
of the aquatic insects, worms, and tiny molluscs and crustace-
ans that form his varied food.* But as he rambles on in this
gliding course, the mincing steps are constantly arrested, and
the dainty stroller poises in a curious way to see-saw on his legs,
quite like a Titlark or a Spotted Sandpiper. All of his genus
share this gait, quite different from the hopping movement with
which the Sylvicolidce in general progress — but see! he catches
sight of us, and quite breaks off the thread of such reflections as
he casts his bright brown eye upon us with a coquettish turning
sideways of the head. Let the pretty picture be— we leave him
to resume in peace his morning's walk, bidding good-speed.

* Gosse has found the stomach to contain " water-insects and shells ". Gen-
try has observed the beetles Platynus cupripennis, Harpalus pennsylvanicus,
and Cratonychus pertinax, the Neuropterous larvae of Agrion and Phryganea,
both larvae and imagos of various Noctaid and Tineid moths, and the Dip-
terous Culex tceniorhynchus.

308 GEOTHLYPJS OPORORNIS AGILIS

Genus GEOTHLYPIS Cabanis

Trichas, Sw. Zool. Journ. iii. April-July, 1827, 167 (not of Gloger, March, 1827, = Criniger

Temm., fide Cabanis). Type Turdus trichas L.
GeothlypiS, Cab. "Arch. f. Naturg. 1847, Bd. i. 316, 349". Same type.— Bd. BNA. 1858,

240.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 219 (review of genus; nine species). — Ridgw. Am. Journ.

Sci. 1872, 457 (monographic ; five species and twelve varieties). — Salv. Ibis, 1872,

147 (eight species and three varieties).

CHARS. — Bill of ordinary Sylvicoline characters ; rictal bris-
tles very slight. Wings remarkably short and much rounded,
scarcely or not longer than the rounded tail. Legs stout; tarsi
longer than the middle toe. Of medium and rather small size
for this family. Coloration olivaceous above, with yellow below.
Tail without white spots. Legs pale-colored. Habits somewhat
terrestrial. Nest on the ground or near it.

This genus affords a considerable number of species more or
less resembling the common Maryland Yellow-throat, chiefly of
the warmer parts of America — three of them, however, are
North American, and two occur in the Colorado watershed.
They are well distinguished from other Warblers by the extreme
shortness of the wings, which are scarcely or not longer than
the head, and by the size of the pale-colored legs, which indi-
cates somewhat terrestrial habits. Our species are familiar
inhabitants of the shrubbery, ordinarily keeping near the
ground, where the nest is usually placed.

Oporornis is the most closely related genus, distinguished
mainly by the greater length of the pointed wings, which are
much longer than the tail. This type is represented by only
two known species, neither of which occurs in the region under
consideration.*

* Oporornis agilis.— Connecticut Warbler.

Sylvia agilis, Wils. AO. v. 1812, 64, pi. 39, f.4.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 732.— F. Ency.
Meth. ii. 1823, 448, n. 101.— Bp. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 199.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
ii. 1826, 84.— And. OB. ii. 1834, 227, pi. 138.

Silvia agilis, Cabot, Pr. Bost. Soc. ii. 1845, 63.

Trichas agilis, Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 463.— Hoy, Proc. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 312 (Wis-
consin).—Bead, ibid. 399 (Ohio).— Kenn. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 583.

Sylvicola agilis, Jard. "ed. Wils. 1832 ".—Rich. Rep. Bost Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837,
172.— And. Syn. 1839, 63.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 71, pi. 99.—Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 226.

Oporornis agilis, Bd. BETA. 1858, 246 ; ed. of 1860, pi. 79, f. 2.— Wheat. Ohio Agric. Rep. for
1860, 1861, 363.— Bam. Smiths. Kep. for 1860, 1861, 435.— Coues <& Prent. ibid, for 1861,
1862, 406.— Atten, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 82.— .Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 218.— Lawr. Ann. Lye.
N.Y.viii. 1866, 283.- Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 269.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868,
110 (South Carolina).— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1866, 174.— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 574.-
Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 23 ; Phila. ed. 16.— Coues, Key, 1872, 106.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc.
xv. 1872, 3.— Purdie, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 693.— B. B. <& E. NAB. i. 1874, 290, fig. pL 15,

GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS OPORORNIS FORMOSA 309

Maryland Yellow-throat

Gcothlypis tricbas

Turdus tricbas, L. SN. i. 1766, 293, n. 7 (Edw. v. 56, pi. 237, f. 2; Briss. iii. 506 ; Petiv.Gaz.
pi. 6, f. 1).— Om. SN. i. 1788, 811, n. l.—Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 418.

f. 1, 2.— Ames, Bull. Minn. Acad. i. 1874, 55.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.—
Gentry, Life-Hist 1876, 147.— Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 88.— Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad.
iv. 1877, 21.

Geotblypis agilis, Gregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870, — (p. 7 of the reprint).

Seiurus .(Oporornis) agilis, Ridgw. Ann. Lye. N. T. x. 1874, 369 (Illinois).

? Trichas tephrocotls, Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 462 (Chester County, Pa.).

? Geothlypis tephrocotls, Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 435 (Chester County, Pa. ; same).

? Oporornis varius, Blak. Ibis, v. 1863, 61 (Mackenzie Elver ???).

Fauvette agile, F. 1. c. 1823.

Connecticut Warbler, Connecticut Wood-warbler, Authors.

HAB.— Eastern Province of the United States. (The geographical distri-
bution of this species is very imperfectly known. We have no extralimital
citations that I know of, nor any winter record whatever ; nor has the bird
ever been found breeding.)

Oporornis Formosa.— Kentucky Warbler.

Sylvia formosa, Wils. AO.iii. 1811, 85, pi. 25, f. 3.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 683.— V. Ency.
Meth. ii. 1823, 450, n. 108.— Bp. Journ. Phila.
Acad. iv. 1824, 197.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826,
84.— Aud . OB. i. 1831, 196, pi. 38.— Nutt. Man. i.
1832, 3d9.—Storer, Pr. Bost. Soc. i. 1841, 29.— Gieb.
Vog. 1860, 51, f. 103.

Sylvlcola formosa, Jard. " ed. "Wils. 1832 ".—Rich. Rep.
Brit. Assoc. for 1836, 1837, 172.— Bp. List, 1838,
S3.— Hoy, Pr. Phila, Acad. vi. 1853, 311 (Wis-
consin).— Read, ibid. 399.— Maxim. J. f. O. vi.
1858, 113.

Hnlotilta formosa, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.

Trichas (Sylvicola) formosa, Hoy, Smiths. Hep. for

1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri). FlG- 39.-Kentucky Warbler.

Myiodioctes formosus, Aud. Syn. 1839, 50.— Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 19, pi. 74.— Lemb. " Av. Cuba,,
1850, 37 ".—Gundl J. f. 0. 1861, 326 (Cuba).

Myiodioctes formosa, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 315.

MyodiOCtes formosa, Pratten, Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. 1855, 601.

Sylvania formosa, Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. Zufii, 1853, 70.

Myioctonus formosus, Gundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 472 (Cuba).

Setopbaga formosa, Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).

Oporornis formosus, Bd. BNA. 1858, 247.- Wheat. Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860, 1861,363.—
Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 435 (Pennsylvania).— Coues <£ Prent Smiths. Rep.
for 1861, 1862, 406 (Washington, breeding).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1862, 468 (New
Granada).— Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 477 (Texas).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 218.— Lawr.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 284.— Salv. PZS. 1867, 136 (Veragua).— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii.
1868, 181.— Lawr. Ann. Lyc.N. Y.ix. 1868,94 (Costa Rica).- Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii.
1868, 110 (South Carolina).— v. Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 293 (Costa Rica).— Turrib. B. E. Pa.
1869,23; Phila. ed. 16.— Gundl. J. f. O. 1872, 417 (Cuba).— Coues, Key, 1872, 106, f. 46.—
Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 265 — Seott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 222 (West Virginia, breed-
ing).— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 125, 175 (Kansas).— Coues, BNW. 1874, TJ.—B. B. & R.
NAB. i. 1874, 293, pi. 15, f. 3.— Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. xvii. 1875, 451 (New England).—
Fisher, Am. Nat. x. 1875, 573 (New York, breeding).— Gentry, Life-Hist. i. 1876, 149—
Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 22 (Connecticut).

310 SYNONYMY OF GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS

Sylvia trlchas, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 519, n. 36.-T. OAS. ii. 1807, 23, pis. 85, 86. -V. N.D.d'H.
N. xi. 1817, 229.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 682.-F. Ency. M6lh. ii. 1823, 443, n. 85.—
Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 84.—Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 401.— And. OB. i. 1832, 120 ; v.
1839, 463, pi. 23.— If Orb. Ois. Cuba, 1839, 67.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 311.—
Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 83.— Gosse, Ala-
bama, 1859, 295.

Sylvia trlchas var. 0. Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 519, n. 36 0 (= PE. 709, f. 2; Orange-thighed War-
bler Penn.).

Gcotlilypis trilhas, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 16.— Gundl. J.f.O. 1855,472 (Cuba).— Bd. BNA. 1858,
241.— Bd. U. S. Mex. B. Surv. ii. pt. ii. 1859, Birds, 10.— 8. & S. Ibis, i. 1839, 10 (Guate-
mala).— Scl. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 373 (Oaxaca) .- Xant Pr. Phila. Acad. xi.1859,
191 (California).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— Coop. GSuck.
NHWT. 1860, 177.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 435.— Gundl. J.f.O. 1861, 326
(Cuba).— Cab. J. f. O. 1861, 84 (Costa Rica).— ScZ. PZS. 1861, 70 (Jamaica).— ScZ. Cat.
AB. 1861, 267.— Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 160.— Boar dm. Pr. Boat. Soc. ix.
1862, 124. — Terr. ibid. 137 (Anticosti).— Terr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 146.— Albrccht,
J. f. 0. 1862, 192 (Jamaica).— March, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, 293 (Jamaica).— Lord, Pr.
Roy. Arty. Inst. iv. 1864, 115.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 59.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865,
220.— Dress. Ibis, i. 2d SIT. 1865, 476 (Texas).— Coues, ibid. 163 (Arizona).— Coues, Pr.
Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 69 (Fort Whipple).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 283.—
Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 85.— Brown, Ibis, 2d ser. iv. 1868, 420 (Vancouver).—
Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 18U8, UO.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst, v. 1863, 269.— Triple, Am. Nat.
ii. 1868, 176.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. ix. 1868, 94 (Costa Rica).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
ix. 1869, 200 (Yucatan), -v. Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 293 (Costa Rica).— Coop. Am. Nat iii.
1869, 296.— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 23 ; Phila. ed. 16.— S. & S. PZS. 1870, 836 (Honduras).—
Coop. B. CaL i 1870, 93, figs.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xxiii. 1871, W.—Stev. TJ. S. Gool.
Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 463.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871, 269; iii. 1872, 175.— A lien,
Am. Nat vi. 1872, 265.— Coues, Key, 1872, 107, f. 47.— Salv. Ibis, 3d eer. ii. 1872, 149
(monographic).— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 417 (Cuba).— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 362.—
Scott, Pr. Bost, Soc. xv. 1872, 222.— Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 197.— Coues, Key, 1872,
107, f. 41.—Ridgw. Am. Nat vii. 1872, 550.— Merr. F. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1*72, 1873,
674, 713.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 234.— Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180.—
Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874,52 (Dakota;.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 74.— M err. Am. Nat.
viii. 1874, 7, 8, 87.— Pack. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 271.— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 297, figs. pi.
15,f.7,8.— Yarr. <& Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 10.— Hensh. ibid. 42,59,103.— Henah.
List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Brew. Pr. Boi»t. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.— Hcnsh. Zool. Expl. TV. 100
Merid. 1876, 204.- Gentry, Life-Hist i. 1876, 152.— Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 85.

Geothlypis trichis, Merr. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 705.

Motacilla trichias, Turt. SN. i. 1806, 590.

Regulus peregrinus, Barlr. Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. 1791, 292.

Sylvia marylandica, Wils. AO. i. 1808, 88, pi. 6, f: l ; it 1809, 163, pL 18, f. 4.— Bp. Journ.
Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 186.— Gieb. Vdg. 1860, 57, f. 111.

Tricbas marylandica, Nutt. Man. i. 1840, 454, fig.-(?ir. BLI. 1844, 64.— Gamb. Journ. Phila.
Acad. i. 1847, 37.— Gosse, B. Jam. 1817, 146.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 311. -Read,
ibid. 399.— Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soo. i. 1855, 583.— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. vL 1857, 116
(Nova Scotia).— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1839, 110 (Bahamas).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii.
1860, 309 (Cuba).— Albrecht, J. f. O. 1861, 52 (Bahamas).— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864,
1865, 438.

Trichas marylandicns, Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 155 (California).

OpororniS formosa, S. & S. Ibis, i. 1859, 10 (Guatemala).— Scl. PZS. 1862, 19 (Playa Vicente,
Mexico).— & & S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1868, 269 (New-
England).

Fauvette du Kentucky, V. 1. c. 1823.

Kentucky Warbler, Kentucky Flycatcbing Warbler, Authors.

HAB. — Eastern Province of the United States, especially in the Valley ot
the Mississippi. North to the Connecticut Valley. West to Kansas and the
Indian Territory. South through Mexico and Central America. Cuba.
Breeds throughout, its United States range. Winters extralimital.

CHARACTERS OF GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS 311

Trichas marilandica, Bp. CGL. 1838, M.-Aud. Syn. 1839, 65.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 78, pi.

102.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 310.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 309 (New Mexico).— Putn.

Pr. Ess. last. i. 1856, 207.— Scl. PZS. 1856, 292 (Mexico).— Maxim. J. f. 0. 1858, 118.-

Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 232 (NovaScotia).— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst vi. 1871, 1 14.
Trichas marilandicus, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 197.— Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. Zuni, 1853, 71.
Regulus? mystaccus, Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. ii. 1826, 232.
Trichas personal us, Sw. Zool. Journ. iii. 1827, 167 ; Philos. Mag. i. 1827, 433 ; Isis, 1830, 1153 ;

Isis, 1834, 785; Class. B. ii. 1837, 247.— Vig. Zool. Voy. Bloss. 1839, 18.— Denny, PZS.

1847, 38.— Pratten, Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 602.

Trichas brachidactylus, Sw. Anim. in Menag. 1838, 295. — Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 197.
Sylvia roscoe, And. OR i. 1832, 124, pi. 24.— Peab. Eep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 313.
Trichas roscoe, Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 457.
Trichas delafleldii, Heerm. PEER. x. 1859, 40 (not of Authors).
Maryland Yellow-throat, Edw. Gl. v. 56, pi. 237.— And of Authors.
Avis marylandica, gutture luteo, Petiv. " Gaz. pi. 6, f. l ".
Figuier de Mariland, Ficedula marilandica, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760, 506, n. 58.
Figuier aux Joues noires, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. v. 292.
Fauvette aux joues noires, V. 1. c.
Yellow-breast Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 399, n. 283.

Yellow-breasted Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 438, n. 32 ; also, var. A, p. 439.
Orange-thighed Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 399, n. 284 (PE. 709, f. 2).
Fauvette a poitrine jaune de Louisiane, Buff. "v. 162" (PE. 709, f. 2).
Fauvette trichas, V. L c.— Le Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 193.
Bec-fln trichas, 2>'Or&.l.c.
Black-cheeked Yellow-throat, Gosse, 1. c.
Black-masked Ground Warbler, B. B. <£ R. 1. o.

HA.B. — The United States at large, and south through Mexico and Central
America. Several of the West Indies, as Cuba, Jamaica, and the Bahamas.
Breeds throughout its United States range, and winters from our southern
border southward.

CH. SP. — $ Olivaceus, f route lateribusque capitis nigris, cano
postice limbatis ; guld, pectore, tectricibusque inferioribus alaribus
et caudalibus flams. $ capite innotato.

<J, in summer: Upper parts rich olive, inclining to grayish on the head,
brightest on the rump. Wings and tail brown, edged with the color of the
back. Chin, throat, and breast, with under wing- and tail-coverts, rich yel-
low. Middle under parts dull whitish, shaded on the sides. A broad black
mask on the front and sides of the head, bordered behin d by hoary-ash. Bill
black ; feet flesh-colored. Length, 4f-5 ; extent, 6i-6£ ; wing, 2 ; tail rather
more.

9 , in summer : Similar to the male ; rather smaller ; yellow of the under
parts paler and more restricted ; no black or ashy markings on head, but
crown usually with some concealed reddish-brown. Otherwise top and sides
of head like back, with some obscure whitishness about the lores and orbits.

Young : Similar to the adult female, but the olive of the upper parts with
much of a brownish tinge, the yellow parts buffy, and, in fact, most of the
under parts quite buffy.

The adults, in fall and winter, are similar to each other, except in the
purer and stronger yellow of the male, as at that season the peculiar black
and ashy markings of the head are wanting. Both sexes then resemble the
autumnal plumage of the young in the browner shade of the olive and
buffiness of the under parts.

312 SYNONYMY OF GEOTHLYPIS MACGILLIVRAYI

A BUND ANT as the Maryland Yellow-throat is in the East,
-£-*- it is scarcely less so in suitable places in the Colorado
Basin, though much of that country is too dry and open to
be inviting. It is one of the few Warblers that range indiffer-
ently across the continent. la Arizona,
I found it occasionally about Fort
Whipple, where it arrives early in
April and remains until October, when
it either goes south, or elsewhere seeks
less elevated places. Henshaw found
it in the thickets of the lowlands in
FIG. 40.— Maryland Yellow- various parts of Colorado and Utah,
throat. an(j more seldom in Arizona; differ-

ent observers have left their records of its presence in other
portions of the same general area. There is no occasion
to enlarge upon its habits, as these are much the same under
all the varying circumstances in which we find that the bird
places itself, and have been repeatedly described with sufficient
particularity.

IHacgillivray's Warbler

Geothlypis macgillivrayi

Sylvia macglllivrayi, Aud. OB. v. 1839, 75, pi. 399, f. 4, 5.

Trie-lias macgillivrayi, Aud. Syn. 1839, 64.-J.wd. BA. ii. 1841, 74, pi. 100.— Gray, G.of B.
i. 1848, 197.— Bp. C A. i. 1850, 310.— M axim. J. f. 0. 1858, 118.

Geothlypis macgillivrayi, Bd. BNA. 1858, 244 ; ed. of I860, pi. 99, f. 4.— Bd. U. S. Hex. B.
Snrv. ii. pt. ii. Birds, 1859, 10.— Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. xi. 1859, 191 (California).— Henry,
ibid. 106 (New Mexico).— Coop. & Suck. NHWT. 1860, 177.— Cab. J. f. 0. 1861, 84 (Costa
Rica).— Coues, Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 163 (Arizona).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 227.— Coues, Pr.
Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 70 (Fort Whipple).— Brown, Ibis, 2d ser. iv. 1868, 420 (Vancou-
ver).—Law. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 94 (Costa Kica).— v. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, 294
(Costa Rica).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 32, 299.— Coop. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1870, 75. -Coop.
B. Cal. i. 1870, 96.— Stev. U. S. Geol. Sarv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 463.— Coues, Key, 1872,
107.— Salv. Ibis, 3d ser. ii. 1872, 149 ( monographic). -M err. U. S. Geol. Sarv. Terr, for
1872, 1873, 713.— Coojp. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 16.—Trippeapud Coues, BNW. 1874, 232.—
B. B. <£ E. NAB. i. 1874, 303, pi. 15, f. 4, 5.-Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 59, 75, 103.—
Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 205.

Geotblypis macgillivrayii, S. <& S. Ibis, i. 1859, 10 (Guatemala).— Aiken, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv.
1872, 197.

Geothlypis macgillivraii, Scl. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 373 (Oaxaca).

Geothlj pis mcGilllvrayl, Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 477.

Geothlypis Philadelphia var. macgillvrayi, Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. July, 1872, 175 (Colo,
rado).— Ridgw. Am. Journ. Sci. Dec. 1872, 459.— Bidgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180.—
Allen, Pr. Bosk Soc. xvii. 1874, 52 (Dakota).— Yarr. & Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874,
10.— Hensh. ibid. 42.— Nelson, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 339, 357 (Utah and California).

Geothlypis Philadelphia b. macgillivrayi, Coues, BNW. 1874, 75.

Sylvia tolmo-i, Towns. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 149 (read April 2, 1839) ; also, pp. 153,
159 (read Sept. 10, 1839 ; the vol. for 1839 not pub. till 1840).

Trichas tolmiei, Towns. Narr. 1839, 343.— Heerm. Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 1853, 263.— Henry,
Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 309.

SYNONYMY OF GEOTHLYPIS PHILADELPHIA 313

Trichas tolmaei, Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 460.
Trichas tolmieii, Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 40.
Sylvia vegeta, Licht. "Mus. Berol." (cf. J.f.0. 1861,84).
Trichas vegeta, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 310.

McGillivray's Warbler, McGillivray's Ground Warbler, Tolmie's Ground Warbler,
Authors.

HAB.— Middle and Western Provinces of the United States, and British
Columbia. East to the limit of arboreal vegetation along the Rocky Mount-
ains. South in winter through Mexico to Central America (Guatemala and
Costa Rica). Breeds throughout its United States range.

OH. SP. — $ 9 OUvaceuSj infrti Jlavus; capite et collo cano-
plumbeis, palpebris albis.

$ 9 : Upprr parts, including exposed surfaces of wings and tail, clear olive-
green ; below bright yellow, shaded with olive on the sides. Head and neck
all around, and throat and fore breast clear ashy, the eyelids white, and the
loral region usually dusky, the throat with blackish centres to the feathers,
veiled by their gray skirting. Upper mandible blackish ; under mandible
and feet flesh-colored or pale yellowish. Length, 5£ ; extent, 7f-8 ; wing
and tail each about 2J.

Unlike the species of the G. trichas group, the sexes in the present case are
nearly alike, the chief difference between the adults being in the paler and
more hoary ash of the throat of the $ , without any of the concealed black.
In autumn, both sexes have the head more or less glossed with an extension
of the olive of the back.

This bird differs chiefly from G. Philadelphia,* its Eastern representative,

*Geothlypis Philadelphia,— Mourning Warbler.

Sylvia Philadelphia, Wils. AO. ii. 1810, 101, pi. 14, f. 6.— V. Ency. Me~th. ii. 1823, 449, n.

105.— .Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 189.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 85.— Nutt.

Man. i. 1832, 404.— Brew. Journ. Bost. Soc. i. 1837, 436.— And. OB. v. 1839, 78.— Pedb.

Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 312.— Thomps. N. H. Vermont, 1853, App. 23.
Trichas Philadelphia, Jard. " ed. Wilt-. 1832 ".—Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1836, 1837,

172.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 20 (includes Oporornis agilis).—Aud. Syn. 1839, 65.— And. BA.

ii. 1841, 76, pi. 101.— Nutt. Man. i. 1840, 459.-Gfr. BLI. 1844, 65.— Gray, G. of B. L 1848,

197.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 310.— Cabot, Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 66 (Lake Superior).— Hoy,

Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 312 ( Wisconsin ).- Reinh. Ved. Meddel. for 1853, 1854, 73

(Greenland).— Reinh. J. f. O. 1854,427 (Greenland).— Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc.

i. 1855, 5e3.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 226.— Reinh. Ibis, iii. 1861, 6 (Greenland).—

Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst, vi. 1871, 114.
Trichas philadelphica, Wtttis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 282 (Nova Scotia).— Hoy, Smiths.

Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri).
Geothlypis Philadelphia, Bd. BNA. 1858, 243; ed. of 18CO, pi. 79, f. 3.— Wheat. Ohio Agric.

Rep. for 1860, 1861, 373.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1861, 322 (New Granada).— 8cL

Cat. AB. 1861, 27 (Orizaba).— A lien, Pr. Ess. lust iv. 1864, 59 (Massachusetts).— Bd.

Rev. AB. 1865, 226.— Dress. Ibis, 2d aer. i. 1865, 476 (Texas).— tfamlin, Rep. Sec'y

Maine Board Agric. 1865 (Waterville, Me., breeding).— Mcllwr. Pr. ESP. InsL v.

1866, 85 (Canada "West). — Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 2fe3.— Lawr. Ann. Lye.

N. Y. ix. 1868, 94 (Costa Rica).-<7<m«?, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 269.— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii.

1868, 175.— Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 149 (Laredo, Tex.).— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc.

xii. 1868, 110 (South Carolina).— v. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, 294 (Costa Rica).— Turrib. B.

E. Pa. 1869, 23; Phila. ed. 16.— Mayn. Guide, 1870, 99 (Massachusetts).— Wyatt,

Ibis, 3d eer. i. 1871, 322 (Ocana).— Mayn. Pr. Bost Soc. xiv. 1872, 362 (New Hamp-

shire and Maine).— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 126 (Kansas).— Salv. Ibis, 3d ser. ii.

1872, 149 (monographic) —Coues, Key, 1872, 107.— Ridgw. Am. Journ, Sci. 1872,459.—

314 HABITS OF MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER

in having white eyelids, and in never showing a decided black patch on the
breast, which is conspicuous in highly plumaged males of the other form.
Whether we are to regard it as a good species or as a geographical race,
seems to have settled into a matter of individual preference in nomenclature.

IN the United States, the two species or varieties of the
Mourning Warbler are separated by a considerable inter-
val— that of the treeless Plains, where neither occurs. The
same is the case, for aught we have learned to the contrary,
throughout Mexico, where the Philadelphia has not been found.
In Central America, however, the two come together, and both
are recorded from Costa Eica. Throughout the wooded and
watered regions of the West, from the eastern slopes of the
Eockies quite to the Pacific, and north at least to British Co-
lumbia, Macgillivray's Warbler is sometimes as common as the
Maryland Yellow-throat is in the East, and decidedly outnum-
bers the latter in its own region. It appears to breed fairly
over the whole of this great extent of country, wherever suita-
able shrubbery and underbrush grow. I think it has not been
shown to winter over our border, although it may very possibly
do so in the warmer parts of Southern California, as suggested
by Dr. Cooper, and in corresponding localities in Arizona and
New Mexico. It has been traced through Mexico to Costa Eica
and Guatemala, where Mr. Salvin found that it was a common
bird in certain districts. I observed its arrival about Fort
Whipple, where it is a not very common summer resident, during
the latter part of April, and occasionally noticed it until late in
September. Henshaw has seen it in the same Territory and in
each of the three neighboring ones, and found that any patch
of shrubbery or tangled growth of bushes may be selected as
a summer home by one or more pairs, from the lower valleys
up to an altitude of about 9,000 feet. In Eastern Colorado,

Eidgw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 199.— Goues, BNW. 1874, 75.— B. B. <£ R. NAB. i. 1874, 301,
pi. 15, f. 6.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.— Gentry, Life-Hist. i. 1876, 157.— ffinot,
B. N. Engl. 1877, fft.-Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 23.

Fanvette petit-deull, V. 1. c. 1823.

Mourning Warbler, Mourning Ground-warbler, Authors.

HAB. — Eastern Province of the United States and British America, casually
to Greenland. West to Kansas, Missouri, and Dakota. South to Costa Rica
and New Granada, but no Mexican nor West Indian quotations. No United
States wintering record. Breeds in the northern portions of its habitat, as
New England, and very abundantly in Minnesota and Eastern Dakota.
Common in the Mississippi Valley, but rare along the Atlantic States. (See
"Birds of the Northwest", p. 75, for other items.)

HABITS OF MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER 315

Tdppe noted its arrival in May, arid its disappearance in Sep-
tember or even in August 5 it is there common, he states, up to
about the altitude just given, and closely resembles the Mourn-
ing Warbler in its habits.

I am myself not very familiar with the traits of this species,
excepting one, namely, its timidity and love of seclusion during
the breeding season, for I have never seen it under other cir-
cumstances, and its shyness stands greatly in the way of close
acquaintance. I usually had to wait when I wanted to secure
a specimen until the bird had recovered from the first alarm,
which sent it into the closest cover j then, watching narrowly,
I might see it again, creeping furtively about to get a better
look at the cause of the trouble, and perhaps to scold about it.
I do not remember to have ever seen a Macgillivray's Warbler
more than a few feet from the ground, nor elsewhere than in
thick brush ; but the Mourning Warbler, which 1 once closely
studied in June, along the Eed Eiver of the North, where it was
breeding abundantly, has a habit of clambering up quite high
trees to forage and sing while its mate is nestling below. I
scarcely think, however, that there is any material difference in
the habits of the two species. As to the song of Macgillivray's
Warbler, I have nothing to say, for if I ever heard it, I have
forgotten what it is like, and I am writing far away from any
chance of refreshing my memory. Nearly all that has ever been
said on this score, however, lies before me on the table as I
write. Townsend, who discovered the bird on the Columbia
Eiver, says it warbles a very sprightly and pleasant little song,
raising its head until its bill is almost vertical, swelling its
throat in the manner of its relatives. Nuttall, whose ear for
bird music was certainly unlike any one's else, is more elaborate
in his description. He speaks of a " loud snapping clink " which
is uttered when the bird is skulking off, shy and jealous ; he
likens another note to the "hurried rattling sound of Turdus
aurocapillus" ; another male " called out at intervals vish visktyu,
changing to vitvit vitvityu"; another still "had a call of visht
vislit, visht e visht fshew " — and so forth. One late writer alludes
to a "complete loss of musical power" that Macgillivray's
Warbler has suffered in comparison with the Mourning Warbler;
another likens its notes to those of the Maryland Yellow-throat ;
and another writes of its "sweet notes" and of the "warbling
melody" occasionally poured forth, "almost unrivalled in sweet-
ness by that of any other of the forest songsters". Evidently

316 THE GENUS ICTERIA

the differences of musical critics are as hard to reconcile in some
cases as in certain others with which we are all familiar ; but
I have no doubt the bird sings very well indeed.

Many nests of this bird have come to the notice of natural-
ists. They are usually built on the ground in close covert,
though said to be sometimes placed in a bush a foot or so high —
in one instance, given by Nuttall, "near the ground, in the dead
mossy limbs of a fallen oak, and further partly hidden by a long
tuft of Usnea". The shape differs much according to the situ-
ation, the ground-built specimens being quite broad and flattish,
not more than half as high as wide, with a shallow cavity, and
quite uniformly thick walls. Those placed in bushes were more
cup-like. Some have been described as consisting almost en-
tirely of mosses; others, among them one I examined, are built of
various soft, fibrous materials, especially bark-strips and frayed-
out plant-stems, with fine grasses, mostly circularly arranged, and
lined with slender rootlets. The eggs, four or five in number,
are white, doubtless with a flesh-tint when fresh, and are vari-
ously blotched, in a wholly irregular manner, with very dark
brown, almost blaekish ; and further spotted and smirched with
several shades of lighter, more reddish-brown, together with the
usual shell-markings of undefinable neutral tint. Some of the
blotches, especially the darker ones, are remarkably large ; and
the whole aspect of the egg is different from that usually seen
in this family, where fine speckling with reddish is the rule.
The eggs I describe were collected by Mr. Eidgway in Nevada,
and I presume there is no question of their identification. The
extremes measure 0.70x0.50 and 0.65x0.52. As the bird ranges
so widely in the breeding season, the period of laying must vary;
but June appears to be the usual time. We are not informed
whether more than one brood may be reared by the same pair
during a summer. Fully fledged birds have been seen by the
21st of July.

Genus ICTERIA Vieillot

Icterla, Vimll. OAS. i. 1807, pp. iii. and 85. (Type Mu*ciw,pa viridis Gm.)
Jctcriu, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 63, and some other German writers.
Peteria, Hoy, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1853, 309. (Typographical error.)

CHARS. — Bill stout, high at the base (higher than broad at
nostrils), thence compressed; unnotched, unbristled, with much
curved culmen and commissure. Frontal feathers reaching the
nostrils, which are subcircular and scaled. Wings much
rounded, shorter or not longer than the graduated tail. Tarsus

THE GENUS ICTERIA 317

partly booted, longer than middle toe; feet stout. Inner toe
cleft to the degree usually seen in this family. Of largest size
for this family. Form stout. Coloration simple, chiefly olive,
yellow and white. Nest in bushes. Eggs white, spotted.

This is a genus which was usually assigned to the neighbor-
hood of the Vireos and Shrikes until Baird referred it to
Sylvicolidce, and some of the leading systematists retain it in
the former association. The structure of the wing and foot,
however, is rather Sylvicoline than Yireonine, and may serve
to turn the balance in favor of the present assignment. There is
no very closely related North American genus; but Granatellus,*
from the warmer parts of America, and the Cuban Teretristis,
are near extralimital allies.

Only one species of Icteria can be regarded as established
among the several indicated by authors; and as the habits of
the two recognized races are the same, a sketch of the genus
may include those notices that will enable me to confine the
account of the Western race to its specialties.

Chats being abundant birds, conspicuous for their bright col-
oring and the singularity of their
habits, they early attracted atten-
tion. Catesby may have been
the first to give a detailed ac-
count, with a figure; though I do
not suppose that earlier reference
to the Eastern species is not to

be found. His notice is the basis, FIG. 41.- Yellow-breasted Chat, natural

wholly or in part, of many sub- 8ize*

sequent ones, and is especially noteworthy in the fact that
upon it is primarily grounded the original LinnaBan name of
the bird, Turdus virens, the latter half of this term having
been lately and, I think, properly revived by Baird, though
the specific name viridis, from Gmelin's Muscicapa viridis, has
been oftener employed. Bartram and Wilson both bestowed
generic and specific names of their own ; and Vieillot renamed
the bird in 1807, inventing the two terms of his new designa-
tion. In later times, there have been other and less unques-
tionable names; for the Mexican bird was renamed by both
Lichtenstein and Bonaparte. It is somewhat uncertain to
which race of the species these names apply; but it is most
probable that they indicate simply the resident Mexican indi-

* For monographic sketch, cf. Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 230 ; Scl PZS. 1864, 607. ,

318 HABITS OF CHATS

viduals of true virens, rather than the grayer and longer-
tailed form later called longicauda by Lawrence.

The common Chat is a migratory bird of general diffusion
during the movement and in the breeding season throughout
the Eastern United States, as far north at least as Massachu-
setts and Dakota, though it is not abundant north of the Mid-
dle States. Wherever Chats may be found, they are of this
species, excepting in the Middle and Western Provinces. No
Chats are known in the West Indies; but the birds migrate in
the fall beyond our limits, through Mexico and into Central
America. On their return, they reach the Middle districts
usually the latter part of April, and complete their migration
by the early part of the month following ; they remain until
about the middle of September, when, after rearing their one
or two broods, they betake themselves away. It is difficult to
observe their arrival with precision, unless the collector is care-
fully on the watch for them, for they come furtively, and for
some little time keep most sedulously concealed in their favor-
ite retreats amidst dense shrubbery. Such period of conceal-
ment probably corresponds to the interval between the arrival
of the males and the following after of their more dilatory
mates, which may be several days or even a week. Their man-
ner of migration is somewhat uncertain ; we do not know that
they ever make long-continued flights overhead, and rather pre-
sume that they come skulking through the bushes. But the
fact that their ordinary flight is wayward, desultory, and never
long- con tinned, is no proof that the emergency of the migration
does not develop different and much better sustained powers
of the wing.

However this may be, no sooner is the ardor of occasion stim-
ulated by the presence of the females than the gay and gaudy
Chats develop those eccentricities that make them famous.
They grow too restless to abide the covert they have chosen
for their home, and are seen incessantly in motion, flitting with
jerky movement from one bush and brier-patch to another,
giving vent to long-pent emotions in the oddest notes imagina-
ble. Such a medley of whistling, chuckling, barking, and mew-
ing sounds proceeds from no other bird, unless it be the Mocking-
bird itself, to whom all possibilities of song are open. During
such performances, the Chats seem sedulous to keep concealed,
displaying ingenuity and perversity in thwarting our best efforts
to catch them at their tricks. The notes, in all their infinite

HABITS OF CHATS H19

variety, come now from this and now from that spot in the
bushes, shifting from point to point as we peer eagerly into the
tangled underbrush to catch a glimpse of the tantalizing musi-
cian. Such restlessness, and all this variation in the rendering,
have much the effect of ventriloquism, and we have not seldom
to acknowledge that the Chat has fairly beaten us. But his
coloring is brilliant 5 he has, moreover, a fancy to return again
to some particular spot already chosen as his stage ; so that if
we discover it, and keep so still as not to cause the bird anxiety,
nor yet to rouse his ire, we shall most likely see him take his
stand again to swell his golden throat afresh with the fantasy
of song.

His nuptial song, I should observe, is something very different
from the medley of sounds, not all of which are pleasing, that
are heard when each Chat, as one performer in the orchestra,
first tunes his curious pipe. Such prelude, after several days7
essay, is changed into the rich, voluminous ode with which the
bird inaugurates a new order of events, in bursts of almost
startling eloquence and fervor. For the nesting-place is fixed
upon, the fabric hastens to completion j and the exultant bird,
no longer constrained to the lowliness of the coverts, mounts
buoyantly from bough to bough of some tall sentinel that
guards the leafy undergrowth, to sound his exultation from the
very tree-top. Yet once more : the nest now bears its precious
burden ; the brooding bird assumes her patient place, and
presses down her golden breast upon her hopes. Then this
strange bird goes fairly wild with joy ; he spurns the ground,
the favorite singing-post no longer bids him welcome, he rises
on the wing, and in mid-air above the nest, with fluttering pin-
ions, down-stretched legs, and open beak, he poises, hovers, and
performs a thousand antics in the sheer abandon of his
eccentricity.

Such are the Chat's most characteristic actions during the
heyday of his life ; and when we see him cutting such capers,
we may be sure the nest is not far off. It is one of the birds-
nests most easily found — as easily as a Catbird's or a Thrasher's.
You can hardly miss it if you go carefully through the brier-
patch or blackberry field, the tangle of smilax and grape-vine,
or the old pasture grown up to oak bushes. It is a rather bulky
and decidedly primitive affair, set in the bush so low you may
usually look down into it, and made up of withered leaves,
bark-strips, rootlets, and hay — not unlike a Catbird's, — smaller

320 WESTERN YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT

and deeper than a Thrasher's, and perhaps more compact than
either of these. Besides, you may know it by the eggs, which
are more globular, brilliantly white or pink-blushed, prettily
speckled all over with rich reddish-brown and some neutral-tint
spots, and measuring about nine-tenths of an inch long by two-
thirds in diameter — the Catbird's eggs are emerald-green, while
the Thrasher's are elongated and speckled in a different way.
The eggs are commonly lour or five in number j the young are
said to hatch in eleven or twelve days, and to remain in the
nest only about as many more. Such a nest and eggs as I have
described may be found during the latter part of May and in
June, in the Middle districts ; somewhat earlier and at subse-
quent intervals during the rest of the summer, at least in the
more southerly regions the bird inhabits. In Pennsylvania,
and thence northward, one brood each season is the rule,
perhaps without exception.

Notwithstanding its vivacity and ardor, the Chat seems
rather a delicately organized bird, susceptible to cold j and it
consequently leaves us rather early in the fall. As to its food,
we remark that it is insectivorous, like all of its family, but
that it feeds much upon small soft fruits, such as strawberries,
blackberries, and huckleberries. Several stomachs of the bird
which were examined by Mr. Gentry with reference to this
matter contained coleopterous insects of numerous kinds,
butterflies and moths with their larvae, spiders, ants, and other
insects.

The Western Yellow-breasted Chat

Icteria virens longicnnda

a. virens

Turdus virens, L. SN. i. 1758, 10th ed. 171, n. 16 (Catesby, i. 50).

Icteria virens, Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 228.— Lawr. Ann. Lyo. N. Y. ix. 1868, 95 (Costa Rica).—
Sumich. Mem. Bost, Soc. i 1869, 54 (Vera Cruz).— v. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, 294 (Costa
Rica).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. ix. 1869, 200 (Yucatan).— Turrib. B. E. Pa. 1869, 23;
Phila. ed. 16.— ? Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 175.— Goues, Key, 1872, 108, f. 48.— Scott,
Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 1872, 222.— Allen, Am. Nat vi. 1872, 265.— Pur die, Am. Nat rii. 1873,
692, 693.— Ridgw. Am. Nat vii. 1873, 198.— Allen, Pr. Bost Soc. xvii. 1874, 52 (Dakota
and Montana).— Ooues, BNW. 1874,77.— B..B. <6 R. NAB. i. 1874, 307, fig. pi. 15, f. 12.—
Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.— Gentry, Life-Hist i. 1876, 160.— Minot, B. N. Engl.
1877, 132.-Merr. Tr. Conn. Acad. 1877, 24.

Mnsclcapa viridis, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 936, n. 35 (Briss. and Gates.).— Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 482, n.
58. -Turt. SN. i. 1806, 574.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 356.

Icteria viridis, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1825, 252.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 69.-
Nutt. Man. i. 1832,299.— And. OB. ii. 1834, 223; v. 1839, 433; pi. 137.— Bp. PZS. 1837,
111 (Mexico).— Bp. CGL. 1838, 25.-Pea6. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 297 (occasional).— Aud.
Syn. 1839, 163,-Nutt. Man. 2d ed. 1840, 339.— Aud. BA. iv. 1842, 160, pi. 244.— Gir. BLI.
1844, 162.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 331.— Read, ibid. 397 (Ohio).—? Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. Zufii,

SYNONYMY OF I. VIRENS LONGICAUDA 321

1853, 73.— Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 582.— Pratten, ibid. 603.— Maxim.

J. f. O. 1858, 122.— Bd. BN\. 1858, 248.— Cab. J. f. O. I860, 403 (Costa Rica).— Barr,.

Smiths. Rep. for I860, 1861, 435.— Coues dk Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 18C1, 1862, 406.— Allen,

Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 59.— Scl. PZS. 1804, 173 (City of Mexico).— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for

1864, 1865, W.-Lawr. Ann. . Ly c. N.Y. viii. 1866, 285.- Coues, Pr. Bost, Soc. xii. 1868,

110.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 186*, 270.— Jackson, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 490.— Coop. Am.

Nat, iii. 1869, 295, 477, 479 (Dakota).— Abbott, Am. Nat iv. 1870, 540.— S. & S. PZS.

1870, 836 (Honduras).— Trippc, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 1873, 234.
Jcteria viridis, Cab. MIL i. 1850, 63.

Peteria viridis, Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 309 (Wisconsin).
Garrul us aust rails, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. 1791. 290.
Motacilla trochilus, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. 1791, 302 (nee auct.).
Icteria dumicola, V. OAS.i. 1807, 85, pi. 55.— F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 702.— V. Gal. Ois. i.

1834, 119, pi. 85.

luteus, "Sparrm." (fide Gray).

Pipra polyglotta, Wilt. AO. i. 1803, 90, pi. 6, f. l.—Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1825, 251.

Tanagra auricollis, Licht. •• Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1830, 2 " ; J. f. 0. 1863, 57.

Icteria auricoilis, Bp. CA. i. 1850, sai.—Bp. Compt. Rend. 1854, 380, 382.

Icteria velasquezi, Bp. PZS. 1837, 117 (Guatemala).—^. CA. i. 18CO, 331.— Scl. PZS. 1856,

298 (Mexico).— ScL PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa), 375 (Oaxaca).— S. & S. Ibis, i. 1859, 12

(Guatemala).

Merle verd de la Caroline, Buff. " Hist Nat Ois. iii. 396 ".
Turdus pectore luteo, Klein. " Av. 69, n.26".
Merida viridis carolinensis, Briss. Om. ii. 1760, 315, n. 55.

Yellow-breasted Chat, Uenantbe americana pectore luteo, Gates. Car. i. 1771, 50, pi. 50.
Chattering Flycatcher, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 385, n. 266.— Lath. Syn. ii. pt, i. 1783, 350, 11. 48.
icteric dumicole, V. 1. c.
Chat, Yellow-breasted Chat, Yellow-breasted Icteria, Authors. —Lyman, Pr. Bost. Soc.

1851, 67 (New England, breeding).

b. longicauda

Icteria viridis, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153 (Northwestern United States).—
Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1847, 157 (California).— Gamb. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847,
44 (California).— Heerm. Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 1853, 269 (California). -Henry, Pr.
Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 313 (New Mexico). -Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. xl 1859, 106 (New
Mexico).

Icteria velasquezii, Bd. Stausb. Rep. GSL. 1852, 328 (California).

Icteria longicauda, Lawr. Ann. Lyc.N. Y. vi. 1853, 4 (California).— Newb. PRRR. vi. 1857,
81.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 249 ; ed. of 1860, pi. 34, f. 2.—Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 191 (Cali-
fornia).—Bd. U. S. Mex. B. Surv. ii. pt ii. 1859, Birds, 10.- Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 55.—
Scl. Cat. AB. 1861, 42.—Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 160.— Bd Rev. AB. 1865,
230.— Coues, Ibis, 2il ser. L 1865, 163.— Coues, Pr. Phila, Acad. xviii. 1866, n. — Coues, Pr.
Phila, Acad. xx. 1868, 83.— Coop. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1870, 75.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 98.—
Finsch, Abhand. Bremen, 1870, 331 (Mazatlan).— Coop. Am. Nat iiL 1869, 4W.—Aiken,
Pr. Bost Soc. 1872, 197.— Merr. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1673, 674, 713.

Icteria virens var. longicauda, Coues, Key, 1872, 108.— B. B. <& R. NAB. i. 1874, 309.—
Tarr. & Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 10.— Hensh. ibid. 1874, 42, 103.— Her>*h. List B.
Ariz. 1875, 156.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 206.

Icteria virens b. longicauda, Coues, BNW. 1874,77.

HAB. — Middle and "Western Provinces of the United States ; Lower Cali-
fornia, and Western Mexico.

CH. SP. — $ 9 Griseo-olivacea, infra flavo et albo dimidiata ;
loris nigris, strigd maxillari et superciliary necnon palpebris,
albis ; rostro nigro-plumbeo.

3 $ : Entire upper parts, including exposed surfaces of the wings and
tail, grayibh-olive. Quills of the wings and tail fuscous. Fore half of body
21 B C

322 THE WESTERN LONG-TAILED CHAT

below, including lining of the wings, rich yellow ; hinder half white, shaded
with gray on the sides. Loral region black ; a sharp maxillary line, another
from nostril over the eye, and the under eyelid, white. Bill blackish-plum-
beous; feet plumbeous. Length, 7£ or more; extent about 10; wing, 3;
tail, 3*.

There is very little difference with sex, age, or season in this bird, except-
ing in the purity and intensity of the tints. The yellow of the breast is
sometimes heightened to orange, or may show golden as usual, with stains
of intense orange here and there. Immature specimens have the under man-
dible light plumbeous or plumbeous-white. In very young birds, the yellow
may appear only as slashing in the white, and the peculiar markings of the
side of the head are defective.

This form, in its typical manifestation, such as is presented in the Colo-
radan region, is decidedly different from true virens in the shade of the upper
parts— quite grayish instead of pure olive-green. But in both cases the
shade is liable to variation. In the dullest colored Coloradan birds there
is scarcely a tinge of olive in the gray of the upper parts. The yellow of
the breast is as rich, however, as that of the Eastern representatives. As
in the cases of so many other birds from the same region, the tail averages
longer than that of Eastern representatives of the same species.

THE best examples of the Western or Long-tailed Chat come
from the arid regions of the Great Basin, and the Colorado
watershed in general, the bird being there usually duller colored
than it is about the confines of its range. Birds more or less
properly referable to this form, however, occur throughout the
Middle and Western Provinces of the United States, and also
in Western Mexico, though the ordinary Mexican bird is rather
I. virens. Owing to the remarkable surface-irregularities of the
region this race inhabits, its movements can scarcely be traced
with the precision we have acquired in noting the passages of
the Eastern relative, and can only say in general terms that the
movements of the two are correspondent. We hear of arrivals
in Southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico by the
middle or latter part of April ; of nests within a month subse-
quently; and of departures in September. Such dates corre-
spond with my observations at Fort Whipple, and may be used
for calculation. In these latitudes, it ascends mountains prob-
ably not higher than about 9,000 feet, and is generally distrib-
uted at all lower levels. It is said, doubtless rightly, to extend
to the Columbia and Upper Missouri region, but it is certainly
less abundant in the northerly portions of its range than in the
latitudes of Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and southward. Our in-
formation respecting its dispersion in winter is deficient ; one
author ascribes a winter range extending to the vicinity of
Sacramento, California, but it may be doubted that any of these

THE GENUS MYIODIOCTES 323

birds winter much if any over our Mexican border. The full
extent of their dispersion in Western Mexico remains to be
ascertained, our advices from that country, excepting Lower
California, being altogether insufficient. I saw nothing during
my acquaintance with the bird to indicate any peculiarity of
character or habits in comparison with its Eastern congener,
and the experience of others is to the same effect.

Genus MYIODIOCTES Audubon

Wllsonia, Bp. CGL. 1838, 23. (Preoccupied in botany ; used also in entomology.)

Myiofl fortes, And. Syn. 1839, 48. (Type Motadlla mitrata Gm.)—Bd. BNA. 1858, 291.— Bd.

Rev. AB. 1865, 238.— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 313.
Myioctonus, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 18. (Same type.)

CHARS. — Bill Muscicapine, though with the lateral outlines
a little concave, broad and depressed at the base, with many
obvious rictal bristles reaching decidedly beyond the nostrils ;
culmen and commissure nearly straight. Wings pointed, as in
most Sylvicolidce, longer than the tail, the 1st quill longer than
the 5th, the 3d equalling or exceeding the 4th. Tail narrow,
even or little rounded. Middle toe without claw about three-
fifths as long as the tarsus. Coloration indeterminate. Tail
unmarked, or with white blotches as in Dendrceca. No red or
flame-color; always yellow below.

This genus comprehends three or four species, well distin-
guished by the development of the rictal bristles and the
depressed shape of the bill, though the Muscicapine characters
are not pushed to the extreme seen in Selophaga. The tail is
narrow, lacking the fan-shaped contour of that of Setophaga,
and the feet are stouter, with longer toes. In Cardellina, a near
ally, the bill is narrow and conoidal, somewhat Parine in appear-
ance, with curved culmen. In Basileuterus, and in fact in all
the extralimital forms of the Flycatching Warblers, the wing
is rounded, with the 1st quill shorter than the 5th.

All the recognized species of Myiodi>ctes are natives of the
United States; only one, however, is known to occur in the
Colorado Valley. The others are as follows : —

Myiodioctes canadensis.— Canadian Flycatching: Warbler.

MuSCicapa canadensls, L. SN. i. 1766, 327, n. 13 (Briss. ii. 406, pi. 39, f. 4).— Gm. SN. i. 1788,
937, n. l3.-Turt. SN. i. 1806, 575.— Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 484, n. 65.— Wils. AO. iii. 1811, 100,
pL 26, f. 2.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 350.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 810.— Bp. Journ.
Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 178.— And. OB. ii. 1834, 17, pi. 103.— Brew. Journ. Boat, Soc. i.
1837, 436.— Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, W7.—Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 77.

Setophaga canadcnsis, "Sw."—Jard. "ed. Wila. 1832 ".—Rich. Rep. Brit Asaoc.for 1836,
1837, —.—Gray, "G. of B."— Cabot, Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 66.— Hoy, Pr. Phila, Acad.
vi. 1853. 309.

324 SYNONYMY OF MYIODIOCTES CANADENSIS

Myiodioctes canadensis, And. Syn. 1839, 49.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 14, pi. 1<2.-Sd. PZS. 1854,
111 (Quijos).— Scl. PZS. 1855, 143 (Bogota).— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 206 (Massachu-
setts, in summer).— Dry. Pr. Boat. Soc. vi. 1857, 116 (Nova Scotia).— Scl. PZS. 1858,
64 <Rio Napo); 451 (Ecuador). —Bd. BNA. 1858, 294.— 8. <£• S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guate-
mala).— Willis, Smiths. Hep. for 1858, 1859, 282 (Nova Scotia).— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for
1860, 1861, 436.— Coues & Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 409.— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst.
iii. 1862, 147.— Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1S6-2, 125.— L'.wr. Aun. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1862,
468 (New Granada).— Blak. Ibis. v. 1863, 63 (Saskatchewan).— Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i.
1865, 478 (Texas).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 239.— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, £6.—La,wr.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 285.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868,95 (Costa Rica).—
Trippe, Am. N"at. ii. 1868, 176.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 111. — Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst.
v. 1868, 274.— v. Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 294 (Costa Rica).— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 261 ; Phila.
ed. 19.— Cope, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 395, 396.— Mayn. Guide, 1870, 105.— Mayn. Pr. Bost.
Soc. xiv. 1872,369.— Coues, Key, 1872, 109, f. 51.— Packard, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 271.—
B. B. <6 R. NAB. i. 1874, 320, pi. 16, f. 6.— Coues, BNA. 1874, 80 —Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc.
xvii. 1875, 440. -Gentry, Life-Hist. i. 1876, 169.— Minot, B. K Engl. 1877, 127.

Euthlypis canadensis, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 18 (not type).— Cab. J. f. 0. 1863, 326 (Costa Rica).—
Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 65.

Sylvia pardalina, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 179.—
Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 79.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832,
irtl.—Linsley, Am. Journ. Sci. xliv. 1843, 256.—
Thomps. Vermont, 1853, App. 23.

Sylvicola pardalina, Bp. CGL. 1838, 22.— Read, Pr.
Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 398.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc.
vi. 1856, 5 (rest and eggs).

Myiodioctes pardalina, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 315.

Myodioctes pardalina, Pratten, Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc.
1855, 601.

Muscicapa bonapartii, And. OB. i. 1831, 27, pi. 5 (young).

Setophaga bonapartii, Sw. rf Rich. Fn. Bor. Am. ii.

1831, 225, pi. 47. -Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1836, FlG- 42,-Canadian Flycatching
1837, 172. Warbler, natural size.

Wilsonia bonapartii, Bp. CGL. 1838, 23.

Myiodioctes bonapartii, And. Syn. 1839, 49.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 17, pi. 73.— Bd. BNA.
1858, 295.

Sylvan iii bonapartii, Nutt. Man. i. 23 ed. 1840,332.

Setophaga nigro-cincta, Lafres. Rev. Zool. 1843, 292 ; 1844, 79.

Gobe-mouche cendre de Canada, Muscicapa canadensis cincrea, Briss. On. ii. 1760, 406,
n. 25, pi. 39, f. 4 (descr. orig. ; Canada).

Canada Flycatcher, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. i. 1783, 354, n. 5.— Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 388, n. 273.

Moucberolle du Canada, Le Moiue, Ois. Canad. 1861, 163.

Canadian Flycatching Warbler, Bonaparte's Flycatching Warbler, Spotted Fly-
catcher, Authors.

HAB. — Eastern North America and the British Provinces. West only to
the edge of the Plains. South through Mexico and Central America to
Ecuador. No West Indian record'. Breeds from the Middle States occasion-
ally, from the Northern States regularly, northward ; its precise limits not
ascertained, but perhaps coinciding with limit of trees (lat. 54° N., Eichard-
sow). Winters entirely beyond the United States. Abundant in the Atlantic
States during the migrations.

Myiodioctes mitratns.— Hooded Flycatching- Warbler.

Motadlla mitrata, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 977, n. 128 (Briss. iii. 578 ; Buff. v. 452, PE. 666, f. 2, &c.).—

Turt. SN. i. 1£08, 601.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 418.
Sylvia mitrata, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 528, n. 71.— F. OAS. ii. 1607, 23, pi. 77.— F. Nouv.Dict.

d'Hist. Nat. xi. 1817, 203.- Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1624, 178.— Pp. Ann. Lye. N. Y.

ii. 1^2S, 79,—^utt. Man. i. 1832, 373.— And. OB. ii. 1834, 68, pi. 60.

SYNONYMY OF MYIODIOCTES MITRATUS 325

Setophaga mitratn, Jard. "ed. Wils. 1832".— dray, '"J. of B."— Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc.

Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 172.— D'Orb. Ois. Cuba, 1839, 89.— Boy, Pr. Phila. Acad.vi.

1853, 309 (Wisconsin).— Brew. Pr. Boat. Soc. vii. 1800, 307 (Cuba).
Wilsonia mitrata, Bp. CGL. 1838, 23.— Allen, Pr. Ess. lust. iv. 1864, 83 (Massachusetts).—

Atten, Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1868, 516.— A lien, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 175 (Kansas).— Scott,

Pr. Bost. Soo. xv. 1872, 223 (West Virginia, breeding).
Sylvan iti mitrata, Nutt. Man. i.2ded. 1840,333.— Woodh. Sitgr.Rep. Zuni, 1853, 69.— Head,

Pr. Phila. Acad. vi. 1853, 397.

Myiodioctes mitrata, And. BA. ii. 1841, 12, pi. 11.— Bp. C A. i. 1850, 315.
Myiodioctes mi (rat us, Aud. Syn. 1839, 48.— Gir. BLI. 1844, 47.— Scl. PZS. 1856, 291 (Cor-
dova).—Bd. BNA. 1858, 292.— £ & S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemala).— v. Martens, J. f. O.

1859, 212 (Bermudas).— Bland, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 287 (Bermudas).— TayZor,

Ibis, ii. 1860, 110 (Honduras).— Oundl. J. f. O. 1861, 326 (Cuba).— Barn. Smiths. Rep.

for 1860, 1861, 436 (Pennsylvania).— Wheat. Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 364.— S. & S.

PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— Samuels, Orn. and Ool. N. E. 245 (Connecticut).— Sam. Cat.

B. Mass. 1864, 7 (Massachusetts ?).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 239.— Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865,

478 (San Antonio).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 284.— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868,

118.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 110.— Coues, Pr.Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 275.— Lawr. Ann.

Lye. N. Y. ix. 1869, 200 (Yucatan).— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 26 ; Phila. ed. 19.— Sumich.

Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 547 (Orizaba).— Abbott, Am. Nat, iv. 1870, 543.— Cope, ibid.

395 —Coues, Key, 1872, 109, f. 49.— Gundl. J. f. O. 1872, 419 (Cuba).— Purdie, Am. Nat.

vii. 1873, 692.— Snow, B.Kans. 1873, 5.—Trippe,Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 235 (Iowa).—

Coues, BNW. 1874, 78.— B. B. & E. NAB. i. 1874, 314, pi. 15, f. 10, 11.— Brew. Pr. Boet.

Soc. xvii. 1875, 440 (Connecticut).— Gentry, Life-Hist. i. 1876, 165.— Merr. Tr. Conn.

Acad. i. 1877, 25 (Connecticut ; abundant).
Myodioctes mitrata, Pratten, Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 601.
Myiidioctes niitratus, Sd. PZS. 1858, 358 (Honduras).
Myiodioctes mitralus, Cope, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 395.
Myioctonus mitratus, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 18 (type).— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 472 (Cuba).— Gundl.

J. f. O. 1861, 407 (Cuba).
Sylvicola mitrata, Maxim. J. f. 0. 1858, 113.
Muscicapa cucullata, WUs. AO. iii. 1811, 101, pi. 26, f. 3.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv.

1824, 177.

Muscicapa pileata, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 399 (= Sylvia mitrata Lath.).
Muscicapa selbyii, Aud. ' ' OB. i. 1831, 46, pi. 9".
Muscicapa selbii, Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 296.

Hooded Titmouse, Parus cucullo nigro, Catesby, Car.i. 1771, 60, pi. 60.
Mesange a collier de la Caroline, Parus carolinensis torquatus, Briss. Orn. iii. 1760

578, n. 16.
Gobe-mouche, de la Louisiane, name on PE. 666,

f 2 (basis of Mot. mitrata var. p. Gm.).
Gobe-mouche citrin de la Louisiane, Buff. " Hist.

Nat. Ois. iv. 538" (PE. 666, f. 2).
Hooded Warbler, Perm. AZ. ii. 1785, 400, n. 287.—

Lath. Syn. ii pt. ii. 1783, 462, n. 68.
Setophaga mitre, D'Or&. I.e.
Fauvette mitre'e, V. 11. cv.—Le Maine, Ois. Canad.

1861, 189.

Hooded Flycatcbing Warbler, Aud. 1. c,
Hooded or Mitred Warbler, Selby's Sylvan Fly-
catcher, Mitred Sylvan Flycatcher, Nutt. FlG' 43.-Hooded Flycatching War-

u cc bier, natural size.

HAB. — Eastern United States, rather southerly ; north regularly to the
Middle States and the Connecticut Valley (Linsley, Am. Journ. Sci. 1843,
257 ; Merriam, 1. c.) and casually to ? Massachusetts (Samuels, I. c.). West to
Kansas. Bermudas, Cuba, Jamaica. Eastern Mexico and Central America.
Breeds at large in its United States range. Winters extralimital.

326 SYNONYMY OP MYIODIOCTES PUSILLUS

«• Myiodioctes ? minntus.— Small-headed Flycatcher."

Muscicapa minuta, Wils. AO. vi. 1812, 62, pL 50, f. 5.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1624,
179.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 29C.— And. OB. v. 1839, 291, pi. 434, f. 2.— And. Syn. 1839, 44.—
Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 296 (Massachusetts, auct. Brewer).- And. BA. i. 1840,
238, pi. 67.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst i. 1856, 226.

Sylvia minuta, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 197.

Wilsonia minuta, Bp. CGL. 1838, 23.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 83.— Allen, Am. Nat. iii.
1869, 577.

Ketophaga minuta, Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 112.— Hoy, Pr. Phila.
Acad. 1853, 309 (Wisconsin).

Myiodioctes minutUS, Bd. BNA. 1858, 293.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 241.— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 18C9,
53 ; Phila. ed. 42.— B. B. & E. NAB. i. 1874, 316.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.

Muscicapa or Myiodioctes " minuta ", Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 275.

Sylvania pumilia, Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 334.

Small-beaded Flycatcher of Wilson and Audubon.

Small-headed Sylvan Flycatcher, Nutt. 1. c. 183-2.

HAB. — "Eastern United States." — The above synonymy is nearly all mere
compilation, the several authors, excepting Wilson, Nuttall, and Audubon,
not claiming to know the species. The existence of any such bird is doubt-
ful, and its reference to Myiodioctes by Baird and others is wholly conjectural.
Bonaparte first put it here, i. e.} in his genus Wilsonia, but in 1850 queerly
identified it with Empidonax flaviventris of Baird. The history of the bird
begins with a misunderstanding between Wilson and Audubon, and the whole
record from that day to this is a tissue of surmises.

Wilson's Green Black-capped Fly catching
Warbler

Myiodioctes pnsillus

Muscicapa pusilla, Wils. AO. iii. 1811, 103, pi. 26, f. 4.—Bp. Journ. Phila, Acad. iv. 1824, 179,
Wl.—Thomps. Vermont, 1853, App. 22.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 308 (New
Mexico).— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 281 (Nova Scotia).

Wilsonia pusilla, Bp. CGL. 1838, 23.— AUen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 64.— Allen, Bull. MCZ.
iii. 1872, 175.— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 346, 348.

Sylvania pusilla, Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 335.— Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1847, 156 (Cali-
fornia).— Gamb. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 38.

Myiodioctes pusilla, Bp. C A. i. 1850, 315.

Myioctonus pusillus, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 18.

Myiodioctes pUSillUS, Scl. PZS. 1856, 291.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 293.— Bd. TL S. Mex. B. Surv. ii.
pt. ii. 1859, Birds, 10.— Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 39 — Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. xL 1859, 191
(California).— ScZ. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa). — 8. <& S. Ibis, i. 1859, 11 (Guatemala).— Coop.
& Suck. NHWT. 1860, 182.— Wheat. Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 364.— Cab. J. f. O.
1860, 325 (Costa Rica).— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Terr. Pr. Ess. Inst.
iii. 1862, 147.— Coues <& Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 409.— Blak. Ibis, v. 1863, 63
(Mackenzie River).— Lord, Pr. Roy. Arty. Inst. iv. 1864, 115.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1665,
240.— Coues, Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 163.— Dress, ibid. 478 (Texas).— Lawr. Ann. Lye.
N.T. viii. 1866, 285.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple).— Mcllwr. Pr.
Ess. lust v. 1866, 86.— Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 170, 175.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868,
83.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 274.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 95 (Co^ta
Rica).— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 111 (South Carolina).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad.
1868,83 (Arizona).— Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 149 (Texas).— Dall & Bann. Tr.
Chicago Acad. i. 1869, 278 (Alaska).— v. Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 294 (Costa R ca).— Turnb.
B. E. Pa. 1869, 26; Phila. ed. 19.— Scl. PZS. 1869, 374 (Oaxaca).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii.
1869, 480.— Coop. Pr. Gal. Acad. 1870, 75.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 101.— Salv. PZS. Is70, 183
(Veragua).— Stev. TJ. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 463.— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv.
1872, 369.— Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 197.— Finsch, Abh. Nat. iii. 1872, 36.— Coues,
Key, 1872, 109, f. 50.— Salv. Ibis, 3d ser. iii. 1873, 334 (San Domingo).— Ridgw. Am. Nat.

CHARACTERS OF MYIODIOCTES PUSILLUS 327

vii. 1873, 608.— Merr. TT. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 675, 713.— Coop. Am. Nat.

viii. 1874, 16.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 79, «32.— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 317, pi. 16, f. 3, 4.—

Yarr. & Hensh. Kep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 10.— Hensh. ibid. 42, 103.— Hensh. List B. Ariz.

1875, 156.— Nelson, Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1875, 343, 357.— Brew. ibid. 440.— Hensh. Zool.

Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, Ml.— Gentry, Life-Hist. i. 1876, 161.~Minot, B. N. Engl.

1877, 129.

Myiidioctes pusillus, Scl. FZS. 1858, 299 (Parada).
Motacilla pileolata, Pall. ZEA. i. 1831, 497.
Myiodioctes pusillus var. pileolatus, Ridgw. Am. Journ. Sci. 1872, 457.— Ridgw. Am. Nat.

vii. 1873, 608.— Coues, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 417.— B. B. & U. NAB. i. 1874, 319.
Sylvia Wilsonii, Bp. Joura. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 179.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 86.—

Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 438.— Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153.
Setophaga Wilsonii, Jard. "ed. Wils. 1832 ".— Gabot, Naum. ii. Heft iiL 1852, 66.- Hoy,

Pr. Phila, Acad. vi. 1853, 309.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 437.
Muscicapa wilsonii, And. OB. ii. 1834, 148, pi. 124.-Pea&. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 297.
Myiodioctes wilsonii, And. Syn. 1839, 50.— And. BA. ii. 1841, 21, pi. 75.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst.

i. 1856, 206.— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 282.
My Ivania wilsonii, Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. Zuni R. 1853, 69.

Abrornis atricapilla !, Blyth, Ibis, 1870, 169, from " China " (see Finsch, PZS. Dec. 7, 1875).
Sylvia petasodes, ? Licht. " Preis-Verz. 1830 " (others quote 8. petesoda).
Green Black-capt Warbler, Xutt. 1. c.

Wilson's Green Black-capped Flycatcbing Warbler, Coues, 1. c. 1874.
Green Black-capped Flycatcher, or Flycatcbing Warbler, Wilson's Flycatcbing War-

bier, Authors.

HAB. — The whole of North America, Mexico, and Central America, in suit-
able localities. No West Indian record. Breeds probably from the latitude
of Massachusetts northward, and in the higher mountains of the West as far
south at least as Colorado, if not farther. Winters extralimital.

Var. pileolatus from the moist Pacific slopes, and quotations of "pusillus"
from this region are referable to it. Bonaparte first noticed the brighter
coloration of the western race (Compt. Rend. 1854, — ).

OH. SP. — $ OlivaceuSj infra flavus ; f route superclliisque cum
lateribus capitis flavis, pileo nitente-atro ; 2 pileo dor so concolore.

4, adult : Upper parts, including exposed edgings of the wings and tail,
bright yellowish-olive ; under parts, including front and sides of the head
and superciliary line, rich yellow, somewhat shaded with olive. A squarish,
glossy blue-black patch on the crown. Wings and tail plain fuscous, with
greenish edgings, unmarked with other color. Upper mandible dark;
under mandible and feet pale. Length, 4f ; extent, 7 ; wing, 2-2£ : tail, 2.

$ , and young : Exactly like the male, except in lacking the black cap, the
crown being colored like the back.

There is very little variation in this species, according to age or season,
though the adult summer birds are the more richly colored. Western speci-
mens are frequently of a brighter yellow, almost orange, on the fore parts
below and on the head, constituting var. pileolatus. This latter is not con-
fined to the Pacific coast region ; the brightest specimen before me, in the
large series examined, among which are Mr. Ridgway's typos of pileolatus,
being from New Mexico. My Arizona specimens are precisely like Pennsyl-
vania ones.

SO far as my knowledge of the record enables me to say, this
pretty bird was discovered iii the extreme northwestern
corner of America by the celebrated traveller and naturalist
Pallas, whose description was printed in the "Zoographia" in

328 HABITS OF WILSON'S BLACKCAP

1811, but not published till 1831. He called it Motacilla pileo-
lata; but Wilson, in 1811, published it as a new species under
the style of Muscicapa pusilla, the specific portion of which
name will stand, for Bonaparte's alteration to wilsonii is not
required after the removal of the species from the genus in
which Wilson wrongly placed it.

It is a rather common bird of passage through the Eastern
portions of the United States, and decidedly more abundant in
the West, in all wooded regions from the
Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. Its com-
parative numbers on the different sides of
the continent help to an understanding of
the apparent absence from the West Indies
of a bird so widely distributed. For, from
FJo744.-wiison;8 Green its winter home in Central America, where
Black-capped Fiycatching it is represented to be very numerous, it
warbler, natural size. n,jgrates through Mexico and perhaps
across the Gulf, the greater number of individuals passing
straight north, while but a small proportion spread easterly
along the Atlantic States. In the Mississippi Valley and
eastward, it is not known to stop to breed short of the latitude
of Massachusetts, and I think that its nesting even so far south
as this is not positively determined, but rather inferred from
the presence of the bird in August, as recorded by Mr. Allen.
In Maine, however, it is noted without question as a summer
resident by no less conservative an ornithologist than Dr.
Brewer, whose aim latterly has been to present a list of New
England birds from which all logical induction as well as all
error should be rigidly excluded. But I am not aware that the
nest has been found even in Northern New England, nor indeed
anywhere in the United States, unless the Nutfcall's ad vices from
Oregon be considered satisfactory. The bird passes through
chiefly during the month of May in the spring, and in Septem-
ber and October of the following migratory season. It proceeds
as far at least as Labrador, where it was found breeding by
Audubou, as it also was in Newfoundland, and whence it begins
to migrate during the latter part of August, according to the
Fame authority. Audubon's description of a Labrador nest,
and NuttalPs notice of one he found in Oregon, are still our
only sources of information respecting the nidification of the
bird. The former's nest was placed at the end of a small hori-
zontal branch of a dwarf fir, in the dense terminal foliage, three
feet or so from the ground, in the centre of one of the thickets

HABITS OF WILSON'S BLACKCAP 329

of these trees so common in Labrador. It was composed of dry
moss and delicate pine twigs " agglutinated" together and to
the support from which it was suspended, and was lined with
" extremely fine and transparent fibres". It measured not over
3J inches in greatest diameter, with a depth of not more than
1J inches. The eggs were four, "dull white, sprinkled with
reddish and brown dots towards the larger end, where the mark-
ings form a circle, leaving the extremity plain". NuttalFs
Oregon nest, which contained four fresh eggs on the 16th of
May, though fully-fledged young had already been observed,
was laid on a bunch of Usnea on the branch of a small service-
bush, and was built chiefly of Hypnum moss, with a lining of
slender grasses. It will be observed that these accounts do not
tally well, leaving room for conjecture whether both, if either,
really refer to the present species. Dr. Brewer mentions, but
does not describe, a nest obtained on the Yukon River, May 20,
containing four eggs, ranging from 0.60 to 0.63 in length by 0.45
to 0.49 in breadth, pure white in ground-color, finely sprinkled
round the larger end with brownish-red and lilac; and sur-
mises by logical induction, from what premises I know not, that
this bird builds upon the ground.

The case of Blackcap's migrations and nestlings is very dif-
ferent in the West, where range after range of lofty mountains
invites a southerly summer residence, in the selection of which
altitude answers to latitude. The bird certainly breeds in the
mountains of Colorado, and probably does so in those of New
Mexico, Arizona, and corresponding portions of California. For
Mr. J. A. Allen found it in summer in the first-mentioned State,
in alpine and subalpine districts, from an altitude of about
8,000 feet to beyond timber-line, "evidently breeding", though
he failed to discover its nest. In the dwarfed willows and other
shrubs that extend above the limit of trees, it was found to be
the most numerous by far of all the small insectivorous birds;
and the alpine character thus exhibited by the species accords
completely with the known facts of its summer distribution
elsewhere. In Nevada or Utah, Mr. Eidgway found the bird
common "during the summer" in the canons of the higher
ranges ; and in September it was one of the most abundant of
the Sylvicolidce in the East Hum bold t Mountains and in Ruby
Valley, without regard to altitude. In the mountains of Ari-
zona, at the altitude of Fort Whipple, I found it to be a common
summer resident, arriving early in May and remaining through
part of September ; but I was no more fortunate than Allen

330 THE GENUS CARDELLINA

and the rest have been in the search for its nest. Mr. Henshaw
has a paragraph in his late work confirmatory of the probable
breeding of the Blackcap in Arizona : — " That some remain in
Arizona to breed, retiring for this purpose to the summits of
the high mountain ranges, seeias quite probable ; for I have
met with individuals early in August which could hardly at
this date have made their way from very far north, while, by the
middle of this month, the species abounds everywhere, being
much more widely diffused and in greater numbers than it ever
is in the East." Finally, I may refer to a note given by Dr.
Cooper, who observed the arrival of the birds at Santa Cruz
about the 20th of April, and saw them "apparently gathering
materials for nests'7 about the same time. Farther north, near
and beyond the boundary of the United States, the breeding-
range of the bird drops down to sea-level, as it does in North-
ern New England.

There is nothing to show that the Blackcap ever winters over
our border, notwithstanding the great lengths to which it
pushes its spring migration. It will be remembered that it
belongs to an essentially semi-tropical group of birds, compara-
tively few of which enter the United States at all. Its extra-
limital range has been already mentioned.

Though the distribution and movements of the species are
thus satisfactorily made out, its special habits or distinctive
traits, if it have any, do not appear to have been very carefully
studied by any one. — Since penning the last sentence, I have
looked over a dozen or more of the fragmentary notices we
possess, without finding anything to justify transcription,- and
my own observations serve me with nothing particularly to

the point.

Genus CARDELLINA Dubus

Cardellina, "Dubus, Esq. Orn. 1850, — ".— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 318. (Type O. amicta Dabus

= Muscicapa rubrifrons Giraud.)— Bd. Kev. AB. 1865, 263.
ErgatiCUS, Bd. Kev. AB. 1865, 264. (As subgenus of Cardellina ; type Setophaga rubra Sw.)

CHARS. — "Bill Parine in appearance, much shorter than head,
high at base, and the culmen considerably decurved through-
out; the commissure curved and somewhat angulated in the
middle. Rictal bristles stiff, but not very long, hardly reaching
half way from the nostrils to tip of bill, which exhibits scarcely
any trace of notch. Wings long and pointed ; the 2d, 3d, and
4th quills nearly equal and longest ; the 1st a little longer than
the 5th. The tail is shorter than the wings, nearly even, a very
little rounded. Feet small j tarsi short, the scutellar divisions

CARDELLINA RUBRA C. RUBRIFRONS 331

indistinct externally ; the middle toe without claw little more
than half the tarsus." — Baird, I. c.

I copy the diagnosis of this genus from Baird, whose critical
studies of this group furnish very nice discriminations between
the several sections of the Flycatching Warblers. As restricted
by him, the genus contains but two species, for one of which he
proposed a new subgenus, Ergaticus. The latter, the Vermilion
Flycatcher, Cardellina (Ergaticus) rubra* has been attributed
to Texas since 1841, but is not positively known to have ever
occurred over our border; it inhabits Mexico, and may yet
be detected in Southern Arizona or New Mexico, as well as,
more probably, in Southern Texas. It is a beautiful bird, of
carmine-red color all over, with silvery-white ear-tufts. The
type of the genus, C. rubrifrons, is one of the many interesting
additions to our fauna lately made by Mr. Henshaw.

Red-faced Warbler

Cardellina rubrifroiis

Muscicapa rubrifrons, 6ir. Sixt. Sp. Tex. B. 1841, pi. 7, f. 1.

Setophaga rubrifrons, Bd. Stansb. Rep. GSL. 1852, 329.

Cardellina rubrifrons, Scl. PZS. 1855, 66.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 306.— Scl. PZS. 1858, 299

(Parada).— Sd. PZS. 1859, 374 (Oaxaca).— Scl Cat. AB. 1861, 37.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865,

264.— Salv. Ibis, 2d ser. ii. 1866, 192 (Guatemala).— Hewh. ZooL Expl. W. 100 Merid.

1876,211 (Arizona).

Basileuterus rubrifrons, / Scl. PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).
Cardellina rubrifrons, Salv. Ibis, 3d ser. iv. 1874, 99 (Guatemala).— Hensh. List B. Ariz.

1875, 156 (Arizona).

Cardellina amicta, Dubus, "Esq.Orn.l850,pl.25".— Bp. C A. i. 1850, 312.
Parus erythropis, Licht. "Mas. Berol."

HAB. — From Southern Arizona through Mexico to Guatemala.

CH. SP. — $ 9 Cinerea ; nuchd, uropygio, partibusque inferior I-
bus albis,plus minusve rosaceo tinctis; capite rubro, cucullo nigro ;
alls cauddque fusco griseis, albido limbatis, alls albo fasciatis.

$ 9 : Upper parts ash, the wings and tail rather darker, and edged with
ashy- white ; a broader and whiter bar across the ends of the median coverts.
Below from the breast, white, more or less shaded with ashy on the sides,
and tinged with rosy. Rump and a nuchal patch white, or rosy-white.

* Cardellina (Ergaticus) rubra.— Vermilion Flycatcher.

Setopbaga rubra, Sw. Philos. Mag. L 1827, 368 ; Isis, 1834, 784.— Bp. PZS. 1837, iii (Guate-
mala).—.Bd. Stansb. Rep. GCL. 1852, 329.— Scl. PZS. 1855, 65.

Cardellina rubra, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 3i2.—Cass. 111. i. 1854, 265, pi. 43.— Scl. PZS. 1856, 292
(El Jacale) ; 1858, 299 (Paroda) ; 1859, 363 (Xalapa) ; 1859, 374 (Oaxaca).— Sd. BNA.
1858, 296.— Scl. Cat. AB. 1861, 38.— Scl. PZS. 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).— Bd. Rev. AB.
1865, 264 (type of subg. Ergaticus).

Basileuterus ruber, Cab. MIL i. 1850, 18.

Sylvia miniata, Lafr. " Mag. de Zool. 1836, pi. 54" (not Setophaga miniate of Swainson).

White-cheeked Titmouse, Parus leucotis, Gir. 16 Sp. Tex. Birds, 1841, not paged, folio 17,
pi. 4, f. 1.— Leib, Pr. Phila. Acad. i. 1842, 140 (identifies it with Setophaga rubra Sw.).

Sylvia argyrotis, "Illiger".

Vermilion Flycatcher, Cats. 1. c.— Bd 1. c.

332 HABITS OF THE RED-FACED WARBLER

Whole head, throat, sides of the neck, and fore breast bright red, with a
broad black cap extending down on the sides of the head, involving the eyes
and ears, ending in a point below the auriculars. The border of this cap is
squarely transverse against the red of the forehead from eye to eye ; behind
it, the red reaches up the sides of neck, but not across the back of the neck,
the white nuchal area there meeting the ashy of the back. Bill and feet
dark.— In the highest summer plumage, the red is rich and carmine in hue,
the cap glossy-black ; the under parts are much tinged with rosy ; the rump
is snowy-white. Less richly feathered specimens have the head plain red,
the cap sooty-black. There is much difference in the character of the white
on the nape.— Length, 5 ; wing, 2£ ; tail, 2$ ; tarsus, £ ; bill, i, quite differ-
ent in shape from that of Setophaga, being of a Parine contour, stout at
base, with high arched ridge.

Young, newly fledged : A.sh of the upper parts much shaded with brown,
and white of the under parts the same. Rump snowy-white, as in the adult,
but the nuchal patch obscure or inappreciable. Wings and tail as in the
adult, but with browner edgings. Black cap restricted to top of head, and
of a dull sooty cast. Red parts of the adult, including those parts of the
side of the head which are occupied in the adult with the extension of the
black cap, dull grayish-brown, tinged or irregularly slashed with red, espe-
cially on the forehead and throat. Bill light brown ; feet pale.

THIS is another one of Mr. J. P. Giraud's " Sixteen Species"
alleged to have been procured in Texas. Since the time
of its original description, in 1841, it has become well known as
a bird of Mexico and of parts of Central America ; but its
occurrence in the United States has only very recently been
confirmed, when the bird was rediscovered by Mr. Henshaw,
not in Texas indeed, but in Southern Arizona. This assiduous
ornithologist secured, in 1874, a fine large suite of specimens
illustrating the adult plumages of both sexes, and also that of
the young ; while his field-notes furnish most of the information
we possess respecting the habits of the bird.

As he remarks, its occurrence in Arizona is not surprising,
as the species is a common inhabitant of the mountains of
Mexico, doubtless following the trend of the ranges northward
into our territory. He found his birds at two points in Arizona,
about a hundred miles apart, — near Camp Apache and on
Mount Graham ; and he anticipates their occurrence through-
out the higher districts of Southern Arizona as far north as
the White Mountains at least. His Camp Apache specimens
include some in the nestling plumage, indicating that they
were reared in the vicinity. The extracts from his note-books
that he prints in his final (quarto) report are as follows: —

" July 1.* 1874.— While collecting in the early evening in the
* Misprint for July 12, as the author informs me verbally.

HABITS OF THE RED-FACED WARBLER 333

piue woods, a few aDgry chirps coining from the thick foliage
of a spruce attracted iny attention, and in a moment a robin
flew out in hot haste closely followed by a small bird, which
after a short chase returned, and with a few satisfied chirps
called together several young, whose presence I for the first time
was thus made aware of. The old bird immediately began to
search for food, moving like a Chickadee over the limbs, flying
out now and then for a short distance to snap up an insect,
which was instantly given to one or the other of several young
that, with beseeching notes and cries, followed the old one about
as it moved from one part of the tree to another. Soon per-
ceiving that the birds were entire strangers to me, I shot first
the old bird, which proved to be a male, and then two of the
young, when the female appeared on the scene, and led away
the two remaining members of the brood in safety. The fol-
lowing day a careful search revealed but two more individuals,
both adult.

" Just [half] a month later, on visiting Mount Graham, I not
only saw the species again, but it proved to be a common bird
of this locality, flocks of ten or fifteen being not unusual among
the pines and spruces ; it frequented these trees almost exclu-
sively, only rarely being seen on the bushes that fringed the
streams. Its habits are a rather strange compound, now resem-
bling those of Warblers, again recalling the Eedstarts, but more
often perhaps bringing to mind the less graceful motions of the
familiar Titmice. Their favorite hunting places appeared to
be the extremities of the limbs of the spruces, over the branches
of which they passed with quick motion, and a peculiar and
constant sidewise jerk of the tail,

"When thus engaged, especially when high overhead, they
might easily be passed by, as a busy group of Titmice intent
only on satisfying their hunger. They appear to obtain most
of their food from the branches, seizing the insects when at
rest ; but they are abundantly able to take their prey on the
wing, and accomplish this much after the style of the Redstarts.
Their disposition seems to prompt them to sociability with other
species, and occasionally I found them accompanying the Au-
dubon's Warblers, and imitating them in their short flights
from tree to tree, occasionally paying flying visits to the fallen
logs and even to the ground. Save in being rather louder and
harsher, their chirps resemble the notes of the Yellow-rump
Warblers."

334 THE GENUS SETOPHAGA

The bird thus introduced by Mr. Heushaw with some partic-
ularity to American ornithologists as one of their newest acqui-
sitions, is left as found to my readers, — some one of whom,
perhaps, may hereafter have his own story to tell of its nest,
its eggs, and its nuptial song.

Genus SETOPHAGA Swainson

Setophaga, Sw. Zool. Joura. iii. Deo. 1827, 360. (Type Muscicapa ruticilla L.)— Bd. BNA.

1858, 297.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 253.
Cetophaga, "Less. 1828 ",fide Gray.
Erythrosoma, Sw. 182-, fide Gray.
Sylvania, Nutt. Man. Orn. i. Isted. 1832, 290. (Type Muscicapa ruticitta L., but includes

species of Myiodioctes and Polioptila.)

Euthlypis, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 18. (Type Sylvia lachrymosa Licht.)
Myioborus, Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 237, 257. (Separate subgenus.)

CHARS. — Bill thoroughly Muscicapine in its depression and
breadth at base, where it is wider than high, the straightness
of both superior and lateral outlines, and the development of
the rictal bristles, which reach far beyond the nostrils. Wings
pointed, not shorter than the tail, the 2d, 3d, and 4th quills
nearly equal and longest, the 1st intermediate between the 4th
and 5th. Tail rather long and fan-shaped, with broad flat
feathers, widening at their ends. Feet slender, with long tarsi
indistinctly scutellate externally, and short toes, the middle one
without its claw being about half as long as the tarsus. Col-
oration indeterminate. Habits arboricole and Muscicapine.

The genus Setophaga, based by Swainson, in 1827, on Musci-
capa ruticilla, has been made to cover considerable variety in
form among the numerous species of Flycatching Warblers of
subtropical and tropical America, where the genus is best rep-
resented. The foregoing diagnosis is drawn up from 8. ruti-
cilla, and may require some little modification in order to its
applicability even to 8. picta. All the extralimital species, as
pointed out by Baird, differ in the shorter and more rounded
wing and other characters ; and he has combined them all into
a separate subgenus, Myioborus, excepting 8. lachrymosa, for
which Cabanis had already proposed the name Euthlypis.

8. ruticilla is the only species in which the sexes are decidedly
dissimilar in color ; even in S. picta, the nearest ally, the sexes
are substantially alike ; and in all the rest of the group, in which
the coloration is very various, there is no substantial difference
between the sexes. Species of Setophaga (including Myioborus
and Euthlypis), to the number of twelve or more, are recognized
by late authors. S. ruticilla is the only one that is generally

SYNONYMY OF SETOPHAGA PICTA 335

distributed in this country. 8. picta reaches just over our
border. A third, & miniata, has been ascribed to Texas, as
have also two species of the allied genus Basileuterus, B. culici-
vorus and B. belli; the synonymy of which three species is
subjoined, as any of them may be hereafter found in the region
under present consideration : —

Setophaga miniata.

Setophaga miniata, Sw. "Philos. Mag. i. 1827, 368"; Isis, 1834, 784; Anim. Menag. 1838,

293. (Not of Lafresnaye.)— Scl. PZS. 185G, 292 (Cordova); 1858, 299 (Oaxaca).— Bd.

BNA. 1858, 299; Atlas, 1860, pi. 58, f. 1.— Scl PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa) .— Scl. Cat. AB.

1861, 31.— Scl. PZS. 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 259.-B. B. <& R.

NAB. i. 1874, 32-2.

Muscicapa viilnerata, Wagler, Isis, 1831, 520.
Setophaga vulnerata, "Gray".— Cab. MH. i. 1850, 18.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 313.— Bd. Rep.

Great Salt Lake, 1852, 329 (" Texas").
Setophaga castanea, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, 42.
Muscicapa derhamii, Giraud, Sixt. Sp. Tex. B. 1841, notptged, folio 13, pi. 3, f. 2 (named for

C. H. De Rham; printed derhamii, amended in MS. in copy examined to De-rhamii;

named Derahm's Flycatcher on plate). (See Scl. PZS. 1855, 65.)

HAB. — Mexico. " Texas " ( Giraud").
Basilenterns cullcivorus.

Sylvia CUlicivora, Licht. " Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1830, n. 78 " ; J. f. 0. 1863, 57.
Basileuterus CUlicivoniS, Cab. Mas. Hein. i. 1850, ll.-Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 245.— B. B. <fi R.
NAB. i. 1874, 312.

Basileuterus culicivora, Bp. C A. i. 1850, 313.

Muscicapa brasierii, Giraud. Sixt. Sp. B. Tex. 1841, not paged, folio 25, pi. 6, f. 2.— Scl. PZS.

1855, 66.
Basileuterus brasieri, Scl. PZS. 1856, 292 (Oaxaca) ; 1859, 374 (Oaxaca).-S. 6 S. Ibis, 1860,

274 (Guatemala.)— ,SM. Cat. AB. 1861, 34.

HAB. — Mexico and Central America. "Texas" (Giraud).

Basilenterns belli.

Muscicapa belli, Giraud, Sixt. Sp. Tex. B. 1841, not paged, folio 15, pi. 4, f. 2.— Scl. PZS.

1855, 65.

Setophaga belli, Bd. Rep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 329 (" Texas ").
Basileuterus belli, Scl. PZS. 1855, 65 — Scl. PZS. 1859, 374 (Oaxaca).— /SW. <£ Salv. Ibis,

1860, 31 (Guatemala).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 250.— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 313.
Basileuterus bellii, Scl. Cat. AB. 1861, 35 (Orizaba).
Sylvia chrysophrys, Licht. "Mus. Berol."
Myiodioctes chrysophrys, Licht. "Nomencl. 32".
Basileuterns chrysophrys, Bp. CA.i. 1850, 314.— Scl. PZS. 1857, 202 (Xalapa).

HAB.— Mexico and Guatemala. " Texas" (Giraud").

Painted Flycatcher

Setophaga picta

Setophaga picta, Sw. "Zool.I11.2dser.i.l829,pl.3"; Anim. Menag. 1838,293.— Bp. C A. i.
1850, 312.— Kaup, PZS. 1851, 50,— Bd. Stansb. Rep. GSL. 1852, 329.— Scl. PZS. 1855, 66.—
Scl. PZS. 1856, 292 (Honduras).— £cf. PZS. 1858, 299.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 298 ; ed. of 1860,
pi. 76, f. 2.— Bd. U. S. Mex. B. Surv. ii. pt. ii. 1859, Birds, 11 (Naevo Leon).— S. <£ S.
Ibis, i. 1859, 12 (Guatemala).— Taj/Z. Ibis, ii. 1860, 110 (Honduras).-^. Cat. AB. 1861,
36.— Bd. Rev. AB. i. 1865, 256.— Scl. PZS. 1869, 374.— Coues, Key, 1872, 110.— Ridgw.
Am. Nat. vi. 1872,436.— Coues, Am. Nat vii. 1873, 325 (Arizona).— Hensh. Rep. Orn.
Specs. 1874, 104 (Arizona).— B. B. & R. NAB. iii. 1874, App. 507.— Hensh. List B. Ariz.
1875, 156.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 209.

336 CHARACTERS OF SETOPHAGA PICTA.

White Shouldered Flycatcher, Aluscicapa leucomus, Gir. Sixt. Sp. Tex. B. 1841, not paged,

folio 23, pi. 6, f. 1. (See Scl. PZS. 1855, 66.)
Muscicapa tricolor, Licht. " Mas. Berol.1'
Painted Fly-snapper, Tayl. 1. c.
Painted Flycatcher, Authors.

HAD. — Mexico and Central America. North into Arizona.

CH. SP. — c£ 2 Nigra^ pectore media el abdomine coccineis ; pal-
pebris, specula atari rectricibusque lateralibus albis.

$ $ : Lustrous black ; middle of the breast and belly rich carmine-red ;
eyelids, a large patch on the wings formed by the greater and middle coverts,
broad edging of inner secondaries, edging of inner webs of primaries toward
the base, lining of wings, nearly all the outer tail-feather, and a diminishing
space on the next two or three, together with the crissum, white. Bill and
feet black. Length, 5 inches ; wing and tail, each 2£ ; tarsus, £ ; bill, £-f .
The 9 is not particularly different from the $ , though rather less richly
colored. In poor plumages, the black is not so lustrous, the red of the belly
less extensive and of a more bricky-red tone, while the white of the wings
and tail is more restricted. I have not seen the very young bird. It is
described by Henshaw as follows :— " Upper parts dull black, only slightly
lustrous ; white nearly as in the adult, vie, a spot on the lower eye lid, a
patch on the wing, including the greater and middle coverts, the outer edge
of first primary only, the outer edges of the secondaries, the inside of wings,
axillars, crissum, tibia3, outer tail feathers except at base, and a diminishing
space on the second and third, white."

A LTHOUGH the Painted Flycatcher was included among
f\- the birds of this country by Baird in the Pacific Eailroad
Eeport, and also in that of the Mexican Boundary, this was
done on the strength of its occurrence in New Leon, Mexico,
close to our border, where the bird was found by Lieut. D. N.
Couch, with many others of special interest to American orni-
thologists. It will undoubtedly be found in the lower valley of
the Eio Grande ; but it has not yet been taken over our border,
excepting in Arizona, where it was discovered by Lieut. Charles
Bendire, United States Army, near Tucson, April 4, 1872, as
first recorded by Mr. Eidgway in the "American Naturalist"
for July, 1872, p. 436, and as noted by me about the same time
in the "Key", p. 110. As I shortly afterward said, in the peri-
odical just mentioned (June, 1873, p. 325), the same observer
saw it: again about the middle of September, 1872, when it ap-
peared to be retiring into Mexico from its presumed summer
home in the mountain fastnesses of the Territory.

During the two following years, in 1873 and 1874, Mr. Hen-
shaw found it common in different portions of Southern Arizona,
where it unquestionably breeds, as he secured specimens in
July, August, and September. This ornithologist has left

HABITS OF THE PAINTED FLYCATCHER 337

us the following notes respecting the distribution and habits
of the bird — one which, though long since entered upon the
scientific records, has only just now found a biographer : —

"This beautiful flycatcher has as yet been observed in our
territory only in the southeastern portion of Arizona, where it
is diffused over a considerable extent of country as a summer
resident. It appears not to inhabit the high mountains nor the
extreme lowlands, but to occupy an intermediate position, and
to find the rocky hills covered with a sparse growth of oak most
congenial to its habits. Of its breeding habits, nothing is
known ; though that it rears its young in such localities as
above mentioned there can be no doubt, since I have taken the
young birds in the first plumage, and still under charge of the
parents, at Eock Canon, July 21, and again of the same age at
Camp Crittenden, August 29. During the latter part of Au-
gust they appear to become more numerous j this being due to
their more general distribution at the close of the nesting sea-
son. By the latter part of September, very few remain ; and
probably the species winters far to the southward.

" Their motions are an almost exact reflection of those of
the common Eedstart, which they so much resemble in form.
With half shut wings and outspread tail, they pass rapidly
along the limbs of trees, now and then making a sudden dart
for a passing fly, which secured they again alight and resume
their search. They are constantly in motion, and rarely remain
in the same tree many moments. It not unfrequently may be
seen clinging to the trunk of a tree while it seizes a grub or
minute insect which its sharp eyes have detected hidden in the
bark."

For the rest, we may hope that the nesting and singing of
the bird may be brought to our notice by the same person who
is to tell us of those particulars in the case of Cardellina rubri-
frons, which breeds in the same region.

The Redstart

Setophaga rnticilla

Motacilla rntldlla, L. SN. i. 1758, 10th ed. 186, n. 15 (Gates, i. 67, etc.).

MllSCicapa rnticilla, L. SN. i. 1766, 326 n. 10.— Bodd. Tabl. 1783, 33 (pi. 566).— Gm. SN. i.
1788, 935, n. 10.— Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 473, n. 22.— Turt. SX. i. 1806, 574.— V. OAS. i. 1807, 66,
pis. 35, 36.— Wils. AO. i. 1808, 103, pi. 6, f. 6 ; v. 119, pi. 45, f. 2,—Steph. Shaw's GZ. xi. 1817,
362.— Up. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 170.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 68.— And. OB.
i. 1831, 202; v. 1839, 428, pi. 40.— And. Syn. 1839, 44.—Aud. BA. i. 1840, 240, pi. GQ.-Peab.
Rep. Oru. Mass. 1839, 296.— If Orb. Ois. Cuba, 1839, 81.—Gir. BLI. 1844, 45.— Denny,
PZS. 1847, 38.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, App. 21.— Pratten Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855,
600.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst i. 1856, 206. -Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 281 (Nova
Scotia). -Gosse, Alabama, 1859, 22.— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 114.

22 B 0

338 SYNONYMY OF SETOPHAGA RUTECILLA

Muscicapa (Sylvania) ruticilla, Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 291, fig. (type of genus).

Setophaga ruticilla, Sw. Zool. Journ. iii. 1827, 360 ; Isis, 1830, 1156.— S. & R. FBA. ii. 1831,
223.— Bp. PZS. 1837, 118 (Guatemala).— JBp. CGL. 1838, 24.— Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840,
327.— Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 164.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 312.— Cabot, Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 66.—
Hoy, Pr. Philn. A cad. vi. 1853, 309.— Read, ibid. 397.— Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. Zufii R. 1853,
75.— Scl. PZS. 1854, 111 (Quijos).— Scl. PZS. 1855, 144 (Bogota).— Qundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 472
(Cuba).— Scl. PZS. 1856, 289 (Mexico).— Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 289.— Bry.
Pr. Bost.Soc.vi.1857, 116 (Nova Scotia).— Kned. Pr. Boat Soc. vi. 1857, 234.— Salle, PZS.
1857, 231 (San Domingo).— Maxim. J. f. 0. 1858, 186.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 297.— Bry. Pr.
Bosk Soc. vii. 1859, 111 (Bahamas).— ,SW. PZS. 1859, 374 (Oaxaca).— S. &S. Ibis, i. 1859,
12 (Guatemala).— A.<&E.Newt. Ibis, i. 1859, 144 (Saint Croix).— Brew. Pr. Boat Soc.
vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).- Cab. J. f. 0. I860, 325 (Costa Rica).— Scl. PZS. 1860, 84 (Ecuador) ;
292(Esmeraldas).— Scl. PZS. 1861, 72 (Jamaica).— Albrecht J. f. 0. 1661, 53 (Bahamas).—
Gundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 326 (Cuba). -.Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Lawr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. vii. 1861, 322 (New Granada).-JSayeZ. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 161.-
Blak.IbiB, iv. 1862, 4 (Saskatchewan).— Coues <6 Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 409.—
Boardm. Pr. Bost Soc. ix. 1862, 125.— Verr. ibid. 137 (Anticosti).— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst.
iii. 1862, 147.— Albrecht, J. f. O. 1862, 194 (Jamaica).— Blak. Ibis, v. 1863, 63 (British
America).— March, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, 293 (Jamaica).— Tayl. Ibis, vi. 1864, 81
(Trinidad).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1864, 97 (Sombrero).— Scl. PZS. 1864, 172
(City of Mexico).— 8. <& S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst, iv. 1864, 65.—
Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 256.— Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865,479 (Texas).— Hoy, Smiths. Rep.
for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missouri).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1865, 174 (Chiriqui).— Lawr.
Ann, Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 285. -Bry. Pr. Bost Soc. x. 1866, 251 (Porto Rico) ; J.f.O.
1866, 184 (Porto Rico).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1866, 86.— Bry. Pr Bost. Soc. xi. 1867,
91 (San Domingo). -Salv. PZS. 1867, 136 (Veragua).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.ix.1866,
96 (Costa Rica).— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 275.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868,
Ul.—Trippe, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, ISO.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 33 (Dakota).— Coop. ibid.
295.— Turrib. B. E. Pa. 1869,26; Phila. ed. 19.— v. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, 294 (Costa
Rica).-.FwwcJi, PZS. 1870, 564 (Trinidad).— £ <& S. PZS. 1870, 780 (Merida).— Salv.
PZS. 1870, 183 (Veragua).— Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 538.— Coop. Am. Nat. iv. 1870,
395, 396, 399.— Wyatt, Ibis, 3d ser. i. 1871, 323 (Colombia).— Stev. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr,
for 1870, 1871, 463.— Coues, Key, 1872, 110.— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 223.— Mayn.
Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 369.— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 265.— Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv.
1872, 197 (Colorado).— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 419 (Cuba).— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 175
(Kansas, Colorado, Utah). —Jferr.U. S. Geol. Snrv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 713.— Ridgw.
Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 180.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 235.— Coues, BNW. 1874,
81, 232.— Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 53 (Dakota).— Merr. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 87.—
Packard, ibid. 271.— B. B. & E. NAB. i. 1874, 322, figs. pi. 16, f. 1, 5.— Yarr. & Hensh.
Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 11 (Utah).— Hensh. ibid. 42, 75— Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. xvii.
1875, 440.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 209.- Gentry, Life-Hist. i. 1876, 172.—
Minot, B. N. Engl. 1877, 130.— Merr. Tr. Conn. Acad. i. 1877, 27.

Setophaga ruticella, Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. for 1854, 1855, 582.

Motacilla ilavicauda, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 997, n. 172 (Edw. pi. 257).— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 615 (?).

Ruticllla amerlcana, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1st Am. ed. 1791, 292.

Muscicapa flaveola, "Pr.Paulv. Wiirtt."

Small American Redstart, Edw. pi. 80.

Small Black and Orange coloured Bird, Sloane, " Jam. 312, n. 50".

Red-Start, Ruticllla amerlcana, Gates. Car. i. 1771, 67, pi. 67.

Gobe-mouche d'Amerique, Muscicapa americana, JSriss. ii. 1760, 383, n. 14.

Petit noir-aurore, Buff. " iv. 546 ". (PE. 566, f. i, 2.)

Gobe-mouche d'Amerique, Buff. PE. 566, f. 1, 2.

Black-headed Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 427, n. 18.— Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 398, n. 282.

Yellow-tailed Flycatcher, Edw. pi. 257 ( ? ).

Yellow-tail Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 406, n. 301.

Moucherolle dore', V. OAS. 1. c.

Gobe-mouche noir et aurore, D'Or&.Lc.

American Flycatcher, Steph. 1. c.

? Sylvia russeicauda, V. OAS. ii. 1807, 17, pi. 71.— F. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 266.— Steph Gen.
Zool. x. 1817, 675.

CHARACTERS OF SETOPHAOA. RUTICILLA 339

? Sylvia russlcauda, V. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 476, n. 191.

?Setophaga russeiciiuda, Gray, Handlist, i. 1869, 243, n. 3517.

t Fauvcttc a queue rousse, V. OAS. 1. c.

Rouge-queue des Etats-lnis, V. II cc. 1817 and 1823.

Reddish-tailed Warbler, Steph. 1. c.

Redstart, American Redstart, Redstart Flycatcher, Authors.

[NOTE.— The Figuier noir etjaunc dc Cayenne, PE. 391, f. 2 (= Figuier noir, Buff, v. 314 =
Rufous and Black Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 493, n. 121 = Motadlla multicolor, Gm. SX.
i. 972, n. 109), seems to be near the present species.]

HAB. — The greater part of temperate North America, especially the East-
ern Province. North to Fort Simpson. West to Utah. South through
Mexico and Central America, and in South America to Ecuador. Most of
the West India Islands. Breeds in most of its United States and all of its
British American range. Winters extralimital.

CH. SP. — $ Nigra, abdomine crissoque albis, lateribus rubro-
aurantiacis, alis cauddque rubro-aurantio dimidiatis. 9 Olivacea,
capite cinerascente, infra alba, lateribus, alis cauddque flavo
notatis.

$ , adult : Lustrous blue-black, the belly, flanks, and crissum white. Sides
of the body and lining of wings rich flame-color, which also often tinges
the breast quite across. Basal portions of all the wing-quills, excepting the
innermost secondaries, the same rich reddish-orange, brightest on the outer
webs, where it forms a conspicuous exposed spot, paler and more extensive
on the inner webs. All the lateral tail-feathers similarly colored for half or
more of their length, the orange meeting the black abruptly with transverse
outline. Bill and feet black. Length, 5-5J; extent, 7f-8; wing, 2±-2|;
tail the same ; bill, £ ; tarsus, f .

$ , adult : The black of the male replaced on the upper parts with olive,
growing more ashy on the head, on the wings with fuscous, ard below with
white. Sides rich yellow where the male is orange, the color often tinging
the breast across. Orange markings of the wings and tail of the male re-
placed by clear yellow. Lores dusky ; eyelids and slight stripe from nostrils
to eye whitish. Rather smaller than the male, about equal to the lesser sev-
eral dimensions above given.

<£ , young : Like the female, but the upper parts more brownish, the tail
quite black, and the yellow of the sides brighter. Males changing in the
spring to their final plumage are irregularly patched with black in the gen-
eral olivaceous and white.

WHILE the different plumages of this lovely bird are well
known, the progress and periods of the changes which
the male undergoes remain matters for more precise determina-
tion. The female does not change materially in color with the
successive moults. The plumage of the young just from the
nest is not known. Discrepant statements of authors begin
with the first full autumnal feathering. Audubon states that
the first year is spent in the garb of the female, the black mot-
tling and the vermilion tints not appearing until toward the

340 DIFFERENT PLUMAGES OF THE REDSTART

second autumn ; that the brilliancy of the perfect dress is
acquired the second year; but that they breed and sing the
first spring after hatching, just like the full-dress males. Nut-
tall says that three years are required to perfect the change,
probably basing his remark on Wilson's more detailed observa-
tions. The last-named author describes the young males of a
year old as almost exactly like the females, but differing in
some particulars which he specifies, and adds: — "on the third
season, they receive their complete colors ; and, as males of
the second year, in nearly the dress of the female, are often seen
in the woods, having the same notes as the full-plumaged
males, . . . n &c. In another place, he speaks of finding " both
parents of the same nest in the same dress nearly ". Baird and
Ridgway, on the other hand, while agreeing that the male is
not full-dressed "until about the third year", distinguish the
sexes from the very first autumn.

It is doubtless true, that all the individuals of this species do
not go through the successive changes at exactly the same
periods ; but, aside from individual perturbations of the pro-
cess, the following seems to be the usual course of events : — A
male hatched in June, say of 1877, leaves the nest in a plum-
age unknown to us. With the first fall moult of 1877, he appears
in the garb of the female. At the first spring change, of 1878,
he acquires an intensity of coloration that distinguishes him
from the female, but has as yet no black or vermilion ; he breeds
in this dress at a year old. In the second autumn, of 1878,
black appears with the fall change, the tail becoming black.
In the spring of 1879, being then not quite two years old, he
comes to us in a patchy garb, pure black feathers being inter-
spersed among the brown, olive, or slaty of the general plum-
age, and the former yellow being heightened to orange. He
breeds again in this dress ; the autumnal plumage of the same
year, 1879, is not materially different 5 and the spring of 1880,
his second spring^ when he is nearly three years old, gives him
the full black, white, and orange attire. Such, at any rate, is
the inference from the facts, that each vernal migration em-
braces three sets of males : those substantially like the female,
without any black or orange ; those like the female, but irreg-
ularly patched with pure black, and with heightened yellow ;
and those in perfect dress. It does not appear, therefore, that
the male gets any pure black until he is a little over a year old,
nor that, like the Bobolink, he has a transitory wedding dress,

BEHAVIOR OP THE REDSTART 341

to be put on and off each year j but that the change is pro-
gressive from the first, and completed toward the end of the
third year.

The Eedstart shines among the birds that throng the woods
in spring, when his transparent beauty flashes like a lambent
tongue of flame at play imidst the tender pale green foliage of
the trees. The brilliant little meteor glances here and there in
seeming sport, with most exuberant vivacity, as if delighted to
display in every action of his tiny body the full effect of color-
contrast, shifting every moment into novel combinations with
the cool shade of the background, himself the foremost figure
of an animated picture. But with all this grace and elegance,
this revelry and waywardness, when color plays the pleasing
part of a continual surprise, the Kedstart has an eye to busi-
ness, and incessantly pursues the gauzy creatures that furnish
food to him and all his kind. You may know him even in his
early incompleted dress, and never fail to recognize his less con-
spicuous mate, by several characteristic traits. In their unceas-
ing forays on the insect world, they have a fashion of skipping
rapidly along the larger horizontal boughs of trees, with lowered
head and drooping wings, and with incessant sidewise flirting
of the fan-shaped tail, that best displays its pretty parti-color-
ation, the attitude and action being exactly those you have
observed in the poultry-yard, when the sultan of the harem
pursues a reluctant fugitive. These headstrong raids along the
limbs are changed at intervals, when still more buoyant and
more dexterous action absorbs the ceaseless stream of the Bed-
start's energy ; without a moment's pause, the birds shoot out,
to this side or to that, and capture insects on the wing in the
most spirited manner; they dart in zigzag, generally downward,
while the repeated clicking of their mandibles, as turn after
turn is executed at seeming random, yet with admirable precis-
ion, tells with what success these dashing guerillas wage their
warfare. Such raids are made right through the ranks of the
airy little insects that swarm in the sunbeams, and at every
descent into their midst not one, but many, of the midges meet
their fate ; the Flycatcher regains his foothold with marvellous
celerity, and races as before along the limb, with many a twitter
of delight, till he is lost to view.

The Eedstart's notes are very curious ; though scarcely de-
scribable, they are easily learned, and not likely to be forgotten
after they have been heard a few times j and indeed one may

342 SINGING OF THE REDSTART

listen to them without the slightest difficulty, so incessantly are
they uttered during the breeding season. The actions I have
endeavored to portray are invariably accompanied by these
queer sounds in the intervals between the side-raids after flying
insects. They are rather feeble notes to come from so sprightly
and energetic a performer, though delivered with much anima-
tion and endless repetition. Wilson rendered their ordinary
song by the syllables weese, weese, weese, and alludes to several
variations of this twitter his ear had learned to distinguish.
"Many of these tones," says Nuttall, "as they are mere trills
of harmony cannot be recalled by any words. Their song on
their first arrival is however nearly uniform, and greatly resem-
bles the Hsh 7tsh tshee, tshd, tshe, tshe tshea, or Hsli 7tsh Hsli Hshitshee
of the summer Yellow-bird (Sylvia cestiva), uttered in a piercing
and rather slender tone ; now and then also agreeably varied
with a somewhat plaintive flowing 'tslie 'tshe 'tacke, or a more
agreeable 'tshit 'tshit tftshee, given almost in the tones of the
Common Yellow-bird (Fringilla tristis). I have likewise heard
individuals warble out a variety of sweet, and tender, trilling,
rather loud and shrill notes, so superior to the ordinary lay of
incubation, that the performer would scarcely be supposed the
same bird. On some occasions the male also, when angry or
alarmed, utters a loud and snapping chirp." It is probably to
such notes as these last that Wilson alludes in rendering the
sound by sic, sic, mic. Audubon attempts to indicate the
sounds in still a different way : I quote the whole paragraph,
which gives a pleasing glimpse of the bird again. "It keeps
in perpetual motion," he says, "hunting along the branches
sidewise, jumping to either side in search of insects and larvae,
opening its beautiful tail at every movement which it makes,
then closing it. and flirting it from side to side, just allowing
the transparent beauty of the feathers to be seen for a moment.
The wings are observed gently drooping during these motions,
and its pleasing notes, which resemble the sounds of teetee-whee,
teetee-ichee, are then emitted. Should it observe an insect on
the wing, it immediately flies in pursuit of it, either mounts into
the air in its wake, or comes towards the ground spirally and
in many zig-zags. The insect secured, the lovely Eedstart reas-
cends, perches, and sings a different note, equally clear, and
which may be expressed by the syllables wizz, icizz, wizz.
While following insects on the wing, it keeps its bill constantly
open, snapping as if it procured several of them on the same
excursion. It is frequently observed balancing itself in the air,

FOOD OF THE REDSTAKT 343

opposite the extremity of a bunch of leaves, and darting into
the inidst of them 'after the insects there concealed." Gentry
likens the song of the Eedstart to that of the Black-and-white
Creeper, less prolonged and in a sharper key, and expresses it
by the syllables tsi-tsi-tsiwe', the last ending very abruptly.

The writer last mentioned seems to be the only one who has
examined the menu of the Eedstart in detail. He states that
he has found the bird feeding at times on fallow ground, and
in small bushes as well as among the branches of trees. This
novel fact of somewhat terrestrial proclivities on the part of
the Eedstart is also attested by a recent writer, Mr. H. D. Miuot,
who observes that the female obtains much of the food for her
young from the ground. Mr. Gentry alludes to the immense
numbers of beetles destroyed at first, and to subsequent change
of the bill of fare to various other orders of insects, following
with the results of his actual examination of the contents of
the stomach.* Audubon speaks of its inability to capture
wasps, and has drawn his beautiful plate to represent the in-
effectual attempts of a Eedstart to seize a wasp which defied
the bird by protruding its sting.

Belonging as it does to a semi-tropical group of Warblers,
the Eedstart would be supposed neither to linger with us during
the winter, nor to be among the earlier spring arrivals of the
country at large. I have no information of the bird as an in-
habitant of any part of the United States in winter 5 on the
contrary, at that season it is present in tropical America as far

* "We have detected the remains of Rhynchcenus pini, Bostrichus pini, Cra-
tonychus clnereus, C. pertinax, Platynus cupripennis, Harpalus compar, Donacia
confluenta, Chrysomela cceruleipennia, among coleoptera; Formica sanguined,
F. subterranea, Apia mellifica, Selandria rosce, S. viti, Megachile centuncularis,
several Helicti and Andrence, among hymenoptera ; Musca domestica, Syrphus
obscurus, Culex tceniorhynchus, Stomoxys calcitrans, Tabanus lineola, Tipula fer-
ruginea, among diptera ; Aphis rosce, A. mail, and other Aphides, the small
spiders that infest the bark, leaves, and flowers of plants ; Tegenaria domes-
tica, Epeira diadema, and mature forms of the lepidoptera Harrisina Ameri-
cana, Lithosia miniata, Spilosoma Firginica, Penthina pomonella, Orgya leuco-
stigma, many of the Noctuidce, Tortricidce, Lyccenidce, and Tineidce, with the
larvae of Anisopteryx vernata, Eufitchia ribearia, Pieris rapes, Colias philodice,
Pieris brassicce, Utetheisa bella, Eudryas grata, Catocolce, cutworms of the genus
Agrotis, and others,"— yet no hint of indigestion ! We must admit that the
Eedstart is not only a good hunter, but a voracious and indiscriminate
feeder, like some other beauties we may know of. Dr. Brewer attests another
curious parallel between this bird and other reigning belles : — "Even when
lamenting the loss of a part of her brood, and flying round with cries of
distress, the sight of passing insects is a temptation not to be resisted,
and the parent bird will stop her lamentations to catch small flies."

344 MOVEMENTS OP THE REDSTART

south even as Ecuador. From such resorts it moves probably
in February, as we hear of its reaching our southern border
at the beginning of the following month. It does not become
generally distributed in this country, however, until some time
in April, becoming numerous in the Middle districts after the
middle of this month, reaching New England and our northern
border about the first week in May, and then soon gaining the
limits of its northward migration. Its movements are quite
regular, and at the height of the season the bird is too abun-
dant in all suitable localities to be overlooked. The return
movement is rather early, all the birds, as a rule, passing through
the Middle districts during the month of September. It is not
so common a bird, apparently, in the West as the East, and
the nature of the Eocky Mountain region either interferes with
the orderly north and south movement, or else obscures our
recognition of the periods of migration. It is well known to
occur westward into the Middle Province, but has not been
observed in the Pacific slopes. North, its range is probably
nearly coincident with the limit of large trees ; such extreme
of distribution does not seem to be gained until the latter part
of May, and its coming must be immediately followed by pairing
and nesting, as the eggs have been found at Fort Resolution by
the middle of June. While I was collecting at Pembina, on the
Red Eiver of the North, latitude 49°, during the whole month
of June the Eedstarts were very abundant in the heavy timber
of the river-bottom, in full song, pairing and nesting, and at
the height of their sexual irritability. I never saw it in Ari-
zona, nor have the later students of the ornithology of that
Territory found it, though we have advices of its occasional
appearance in New Mexico, and of its presence in considerable
numbers in Colorado and Utah, where it unquestionably breeds
at the higher elevations.

In general, the breeding range may be given as rather more
than the northern half of the United States, and all that por-
tion of British America which falls within the limits of its
migration. It builds a neat, even an elegant nest, usually in
an upright crotch formed by several small twigs, like the Least
Flycatcher for instance, at an elevation of from five to twenty
or more feet from the ground. Nests which I have examined
varied greatly, as most birds7 nests do, in the materials of which
they were composed, though sufficiently similar to preserve
their character of small compact structures, with neatly turned
brim and deep cavity, about two and a half inches across out-

NEST AND EGGS OP THE REDSTART 345

side, and the same in height. The material is chiefly fine and
soft, such as plant-down and perfectly disintegrated vegetable
fibre, and the nests built of such substances are exquisitely
soft and homogeneous. There is usually, however, a consider-
able mixture of coarser fibrous material, such as bark-strips,
with a lining of fine grasses, rootlets, in some cases hair, in
others pine-needles.

A rather curious nest, taken at Eacine, Wisconsin, by Dr. P.
E. Hoy, and now preserved in the National Museum, is attached
entirely to one side of an upright fork, and setting away from
the support altogether, excepting a small part of its circum-
ference, which reaches down into the crotch. Another remark-
able nest, taken in Massachusetts by Mr. George O. Welch, and
described by Dr. Brewer, is a reconstruction of one begun by
a pair of Summer Warblers, and either abandoned by the origin-
ators, or from which they had been driven away. The Eedstarts
built upon this basis, constructing a nest of their own. The
base was composed of the downy covering of the under side of
fern-leaves, with a few herbaceous stems and leaves; within
this was built an entirely distinct nest, composed of long slen-
der strips of bark, pine-needles, and grass-stems. In a third nest,
found by the same writer in Hingham, Mass., the more usual
bark-strips were replaced by hempen fibres, thistle-down, bits
of newspaper, and other matters. This nest was in a tree stand-
ing in an open space near a dwelling-house ; another was in a
swampy thicket, five feet from the ground ; one of the northern
nests Dr. Brewer notices was built in low willow-bushes.

The Eedstart appears to lay usually only four eggs, this being
the number in most of the nests I have seen ; but five are often
found. The ground-color of the shell is white, and this is quite
thickly sprinkled over, but especially spotted at and around
the larger end, with usual shades of brown, lilac, and purplish.
They have been likened to those of the Summer Warbler, and
there is probably nothing about them, or the nest either, that
enables one to distinguish them with certainty from those of
some other Sylvicoliues. My measurements of several speci-
mens at the Smithsonian give the rangre of variation in size from
0.60 x 0.49 to 0.70 x 0.51. Dr. Brewer's indicate rather smaller
samples; he states that they vary in length from 0.55 to 0.68
of an inch, and in breadth from 0.45 to 0.53. Mr. Minot says
that the "four or five eggs of each set usually average .65 X .50
of an inch'7 — a statement that exactly bears out my mea-
surements, and is possibly deduced from them.

346 UNCERTAIN SYLVICOLID^, ETC.

ADDENDUM TO CHAPTER XII.

The foregoing pages, in which the Sylvicolidce are treated, account for very
nearly all the species, real or nominal, of this family, which have been
attributed by authors to North America. There remain, however, a few
names, alleged or supposed to belong to Sylvicolidoe, which I have not been
able to identify, or which indicate species wrongly ascribed to North America.
These are as follows : —

Motacilla semitorquata, Om. SN. i. 1788, 972, u. 112.— Tare. SN. i. 1806, 598.

Sylvia semftorquata, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 542, n. 129.— V. OAS. ii. 1807, 43.— Steph. Gen. Zool.

x. 1817, 594.

Sylvia semi-torquata, F. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 181.— V. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 445, n. 91.
Mniotilta semitorquata, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 197.
Figuier a demi-collier, Buff. "v. 316".
Half-collar Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 494, n. 124.

Half-collared Warbler, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 410, n. 3ll.-Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 594.
Fauvette a demi-collier, v. 11. cc.
HAB. — " Louisiana."

Motacilla fulva, Om. SN. i. 1783, 973, n. 113.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 598.

Sylvia fulva, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 542, n. 130.— V. OAS. ii. 1807, 46.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817,

726.— 7. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 188.— V. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 447, n. 98.
Mniotilta fulva, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 197.
Figuier a gorge Jaune, Bu/. " v. 317".

Orange-bellied Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 495, n. 125.— Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 410, n. 312.
Fauvette a gorge jaune, v. 1. c.
HAB. — "Louisiana." Possibly young or autumnal Geothlyp'w trichas.

Motacilla fusca, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 973, u. 114.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 598.

Sylvia fusca, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 543, n. 131.

Sylvia grisei COlliS, V. OAS. ii. 1807, 29, pi. 87.— V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 187.— Steph. Gen.

Zool. x. 1817, 685.— V. Ency. Meth. ii. 182J, 447, n. 97.
Mniotilta fusca, Gray, G. of B. i. 1843, 197.
Figuier brim-olive, Buff. "v. 318".
Olive-brown Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 495, n. 126.— Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 411, n. 313.

Fauvette a gorge grlse, V. 11. cc.

Grey-throated Warbler, Steph. L c. (Not of earlier authors, which is Mot. cana Gm. ==
Polioptila cosrulea.)

HAB. — "Louisiana." Vieillot says his griseicollis is the same as fusca of
earlier authors, and assigns San Domingo and Porto Rico as habitat, besides
" Louisiana ".

Fauvette verdatre de la Louisiane, Buff. "v. 162".

Black-cap Warbler var. C, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 417, n. 5.

Sylvia atricapilla, 6, Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 509, n. 6.

Sylvia virescens, V. OAS. ii. 1807, 42.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 650.

Sylvia viridicans, V. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 435, n. 56.

Greenish Warbler, Steph. 1. c.

Fauvette verdatre, V. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 435.

"Bill dusky : top of the head blackish : hind part of neck deep ash-colour:
sides and back pale brown, with a tinge of green : wings and tail blackish,
edged with brownish green : above the eye a streak of white : throat white :
under parts of the body gray. Inhabits Louisiana."

UNCERTAIN SYLVICOLID^, ETC. 347

Sylvia pumilia, V. OAS. ii. 1807, 39, pi. 100.— V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 239 (referred to S.

trochilus var. Lath.).— V. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 467, n. 175 (ref. to Edw. pL 278, f. 2).
Mniotilta pumila, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196 (= V. OAS. pi. 100).
Sy Ivlcola pumila, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 308.
Fauvette naine, V. 1. c. 1807.
Pouillot naiii, V. 11. cc. 1817 and 1823.

HAB.— North America.— See anted,, p. 254, note.

Sylvia blcolOP, V. OAS. ii. 1807, 31, pi. 90 bis.—V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 167.— Steph. Gen.

Zool. x. 1817, 665.— F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 431, n. 41.
Mniotilta bicolor, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 196.
Fauvette bicolor, V. 1. c. 1817.
Fauvette bicolore, V. 1. c. 1823.
Bicoloured Warbler, Steph. 1. c.

HAB.— North America. Description indicates a bird like Dendrccca coerulea
or Polioptila cwrulea.

Motacilla jrquhioctialis, Gm. SK i. 1788, 972.

Sylvia iequinoctialis, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 542, 127.— F. OAS. ii. 1807, 26, pi. 81.— Steph. Gen.

Zool. x. 1817, 606.— F. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 205.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 458, n. 141.
Trichas ivquinoctialis, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 197.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 310.
Geothlypis aequinoctialis, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 16.— Sd. Cat. AB. 1861, 27.— Taylor, "Ibis,

1864, 81 " (Trinidad).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 224.— B. B. <£• R. NAB. i. 1874, 296.
Sylvia delafleldii, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1839, 153 (" California " or " Oregon ").—

And. OB. v. 1839, 307.
Tricbas delafleldii, And. Syn.1839,65 ("Northern California ").—Aud. BA. ii. 1841, 81, pi.

103.— Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 197.

Trichus delafleldi, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 310 ("California").
Quid Tricbas delafleldii, Heerm. Journ. Phila. Acad. ii. 1853, 263; PURR. x. 1859, 40?

(G. trichas?).

Geothlypis velatus, Bd. BNA. 1858, 243.
Figuier olive de Cayenne, Buff. "v.315"; PE.685,f.l.
Equatorial Warbler, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 493, n. 122.
Fauvette olive, F. 11. cc.

HAB.— Cayenne, Trinidad, &c. Ascribed to North America by Vieillot and
others.

Sylvia velata, F. OAS. ii. 1807, 22, pL 74.— F. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 232.— F. Ency. Meth. ii.

1823, 434, n. 54.
Tricbas velata, Sw. Class. B. ii. 1837, 247.— Bp. CA. L 1850, 310.— Burm. " Syst. TJebers.

iii. 1856, 115 ".

Tricbas velatus, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 197.

Geothlypis velatus, Cab. MH. i. 1850, l6.-Scl. Cat AB. 1861, 27.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 223.
Geotblypis icquinoctialis var. velata, B. B. <& Ii. NAB. i. 1874, 296.
Tanagra canicapilla, Sw. " Zool. 111. iii. 18— , pi. 174 ".
Sylvia canicapilla, Pr.Max. " Beit. iii. 18— , 701" (Brazil).
Trichas caniicapilla, Lesson, RZ. iii. 1840, 134.
Fauvette voile"e, F. 11. cc.

HAB. — Brazil. Ascribed to North America by Vieillot.
Aegithina leucoptera.

Sylvia leucoptera, F. OAS. ii. 1807, 28, pi. 84.
Aegithina leucoptera, V.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 311.
Mniotilta leucoptera, Gray, G. of B.L 1848, 196.

Not American, and not a Sylvicoline.

CHAPTER XIII.— TANAGEBS

FAM. TANAGBIDJE

TANAGERS are amongst the most characteristic birds of the
Western Hemisphere, being strictly confined to America,
like their near relatives the Sylvicolidce — like the Icteridce, an-
other Oscine family — like the Clamatorial family Tyrannidce, or
the Picarian tribe of the Hummingbirds, Trochilidce. Though
poorly represented in North America, by only a single genus,
Pyranga, they abound in species and individuals in the warmer
parts of both continents. More than three hundred species are
recognized by late authorities, and these are ranged under some
sixty or seventy of the genera of modern systematists, or sched-
ule-draugkters. These birds are famed for the beauty and
variety of their coloration, being among those most frequently
exhibited in the show-cases of the bird-stuffers and milliners,
as well as on the head-wear of fashionable ladies, who have
degenerated into walking advertisements of wretched taxi-
dermy in their rage for barbaric ornamentation of their persons.
The style used to be to wear plumes selected either for their
beauty of coloration or their gracefulness of shape ; but the
itch of savagery has broken out with aggravated symptoms, to
be appeased with nothing short of an ornithological museum. I
once counted the feathers of no fewer than fifteen different
kinds of birds on the dress of an Indian squaw ; but then her
alleged husband had one necklace of grizzly-bear claws and
another of human finger-tips ; and circumstances alter cases,
you know. It seemed to me less singular than the case of
another woman whom 1 examined with some care shortly after-
ward, on whose bosom rested a gilt tipped tiger's-claw, from
whose ears depended two claws of the same animal, in whoso
hair nestled the greater part of the external anatomy of tho
bird known as the shitepoke, and to whose loins a live poodle-
dog was tied by a long blue string. Such a toilet, I think,
would be still more effective with the rouge and lily-white in
streaks instead of layers, and a fish-bone through the nose.

348
I

EUPHONIA ELEGANTISSIMA 349

It is not that Tanagers are not highly ornamental, but that
they are sometimes out of place. — I have already remarked
(p. 196) upon the intimacy of relationship between these birds
and the Sylvicolidce and Fringillidce, and I know of no charac-
ters whereby a family Tanagridce can be distinguished from
these and one or two other recognized families of nine-prima-
ried Oscines. Tanagers ordinarily lack the truly conic shape
of the bill and angulation of the commissure so often seen in
Fringillidce ; but in both families the form of bill is endlessly
varied. The bill is usually stouter and more conoidal than it
is in the Sylvicolidce, but the exceptions to any such assumed
rule are too numerous to warrant its recogition as a means of
diagnosis. The wings, tail, and feet offer nothing distinctive;
there are nine primaries, twelve rectrices, and a thoroughly
Oscine structure of the tarsal envelope in both of the reputed
families, while the proportionate lengths and details of shape
of these members are distinctive of neither group.

The North American representative of the family, Pyranga, is
easily distinguished from any other genus of this country, how-
ever the case may be inside its own family ranks.

A beautiful Tanager of the genus Euplionia has been ascribed
to the United States, but on insufficient evidence of its actual
occurrence over our border. It was originally described by the
Prince Bonaparte as a bird of Mexico, and shortly afterward
figured by J. P. Giraud as one of his sixteen new species of
birds of "Texas". We are likely to hear of it again, however,
at any moment, as an inhabitant of the valley of the Lower
Rio Grande or that of the Lower Colorado.*

*Eu5»Iioiiia elegantissima.— C celestial Tanager.

Pipra elegantissima, Bp. PZS. 1837, 112 (Mexico).

Euphonia elegantissima, Gray, "G. of B. — , App. 17".— Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad.iv. 1848,

90 (Xalapa).— Scl "Contr. Orn. 1851, 83 ".— Bd. Eep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 330.— Scl.

PZS. 1855, 66.— Scl. PZS. 1856, 272 (synonyms, &c.).— Scl. PZS. 1858, 303 (La Parada).—

Bd. BNA. 1858, 304 ; ed. of 1860, Atlas, pi. 71, f. — —Scl. PZS. 1859, 364, 378.— 8. & S.

Ibis, 1859, 16.— Cab. J. f. 0. 1860, 331 (Costa Rica).— Scl. Cat. AB. 1861, 56.— Law. Ann.

Lye. N. T. ix. 1868, 98 (Costa Rica).— Scl. PZS. 1870, 185 (Veragua).— Orton, Am. Nat,

iv. 1871, 714.

Euphona elegantissima, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 332.— Gieb. Nomencl. Av. 1874, 135.
Eupbonia coelestls, Less. Kev. Zool. 1839, 42.— Dubus, "Esq. Ornith. 1850, pi. 14" (others

quote "pi. 8").
Azure-capped Manakin, Pipra galericnlata, Giraud, Sixt. Sp. Tex. B. 1841, not paged,

folio 21, n. 10. pi. 5, f. 2.

HAS.— Mexico and Central America. Said to have occurred in Southern
Texas and near San Francisco, Cal.

350 THE GENUS PYRANGA

Genus PYEANGA Vieillot

Tanagra, in part, of early authors.

Piranga, VieMot, OAS. i. 1807, p. iv.—Gray, Handlist^ ii. 1870, 60, n. 1731.

Pyranga, Vieillot, "Analyse, 1816,32".— V. Gal. Ois. i. 1834, lll.-Scl. PZS. 1856, 123.-

Bd. BNA. 1858, 300.— B. B. <& R. NAB. i. 1874, 432.
Phcenlsoma, Sw. Class. B. ii. 1837, 284.
Phtenisoma, Bp.
Phoenlcosoma, Cab. " Arch. f. Naturg. xiii. 1847, 316 " ; Mas. Hein. i. 1850, 24.

CHARS. — Bill stout, turgid, conoidal, usually notched at the
tip, and with one or more denticulations of the cutting edge of
the upper mandible near the middle of the commissure. Eictal
bristles well developed. Nostrils basal, the frontal antise
reaching them. Wings lengthened and pointed, the first four
feathers subequal and longest. Tail moderate in length, shorter
than the wings, slightly forked, but nearly even. Tarsus not
longer than the middle toe ; lateral toes about equal, the outer
coherent with the middle by nearly all of the length of its basal
joint. Sexes more or less unlike in color 5 red usually prevail-
ing in the male sex. Habits migratory, insectivorous, arboreal ;
voice not musical. Eggs spotted (as far as known).

Four species of this beautiful genus inhabit the United States,
three of them representing as many of the sections into which the
genus is divisible according to pattern of coloration. Numerous
others are found in the warmer parts of America. These birds
have been specially studied of late by Mr. Kobert Eidgway ,* who
has analyzed their characters — more particularly those of the
group which includes P. cestiva — with his usual discrimination.

One of the best known of these birds is the Scarlet Tanager,
Pyrangarubraj whose encrimsoned body, contrasting with wings

* On the Uniformly Red Species of Pyranga, with Description of a New North
American Species or Variety [oooperi]. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. June,
1869, pp. 129-133. See also the excellent schedule of the whole genus, by
the same talented writer, in the History of North American Birds, vol. i. pp.
432, 435 (1874).

t Pyranga rufora.— Scarlet Tanager.

Tanagra rubra, L. SN. L 1766, 314, n. 3 (from Cardinalis canadensis Briss. iii. 48, pi. 2, £ 5).—
Bodd. TabL PE. 1783, 10, pi. 156, f. 1.— Gm. SK i. pt ii. 1788, 889, n. 3.— Lath. IO. i. 1790,
420, n. 3.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 545.— Wife. AO. ii. 1810, 42, pi. 11, f. 3, 4.— Bp. Journ. Phila.
Acad. iv. 1824, 53.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 105.— Fox, Newc. Mus. 1827, 158.—
Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 465.- Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 465.— And. OB. iv. 1838, 388, pi. 354, f. 3. 4.—
Peak. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 319.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, App. 24.— Read, Pr. Phila.
Acad. vi. 1853. 400.

Pyranga rubra, 7. "OAS. i. 1807, p. iv. pi. 1, f. 12 (head)".— S. <&E. FBA. ii. 1831, 273,
fig.— Jard. ed. Wils. i. 1832, 192.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 35.— D'Orb. Ois. Cuba, 1839, 78.— And.
Syn. 1839, 136.— Aud. B. Amer. iii. 1841, 226, pi. 209.— Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 235.— Gir.
BLL 1844,135.— Bp.C A. i. 1850, 241.— Woodh. Rep. Zufii R. 1853, 82.— Hoy, Pr. Phila.
Acad. vi. 1853, 383 (Wisconsin).— Jennie. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc.i. 1855, 585.— Pratten,
ibid. 605.— /SW. PZS. 1855, 156 (Bogota) ; 1856, 123 (synonymy, &c.).— Putn. Pr. Ess.
Inst i 1856, 212.— Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. viii. 1856, 292 (Indiana).— Maxim. J. f. O. vi.
1858, 270— ScL PZS. 1858, 73 (Rio Napo, Ecuador). -Bd. BNA. 1858, 30.— Willis,

SYNONYMY OF PYRANGA RUBRA 351

and tail as black as night, makes him only too conspicuous an
object, the never-failing bait to the greed of the mere collector

Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 233(Nova Scotia).— Martens, J. f. 0. 1859, 215 (Bermudas).—
Brew. Pr. Boat Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861,436.—
Lawr. Ann. Lyc.N.Y. vii. 1861, 331 (New Granada).— Gundl. J. f.O. 1861, 328.— Scl
CAB. 1862,80 (Bogota).— Vcrr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 148.— AlbrecJit, J. f. 0. 1862, 197
(Jamaica).— Tayl Ibis, iv. 1862, 128 (F.'orida).— Boardm. Pr. Bost, Soc. ix. 1862, 125
(Maine).— March, Pr. Phila. Acad. xv. 1863, 296 (Jamaica).— Scl PZS. 1864, 350
(Panama).— Allen, Pr. Ess. lust. iv. 1864, 65.— Roy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438
(Missouri).— Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 18C5, 479 (El Paso, Tex ).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v.
1866, 86 (Canada West).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. 1ST. T. viii. 1866, 286; ix. 1868, 99 (Costa
Rica).— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst, v. 1868, 275.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 113 (South
Carolina).— Jackson, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 490.— Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 550 (Vera
Cruz).— v. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, 229 (Costa Rica).— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 26 ; Phila. ed.
19.— Salv. PZS. 1870, 187 (Veragua).— Bruhin, Zool. Gart. 1871, 17 (Wisconsin).—
Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst, vi. 1871,117 (Minnesota).— Salv. Ibis, 3d ser. ii. 1872, 316 (Chon-
tales).— Gundl. J. f. O. 1872, 421 (Cuba) —Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 370.— Scott.
Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 223.— Coues, Key, 1872, 111.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 175
(Eastern Kansas).— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 2.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 235.—
Packard, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 271.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 82.—!?. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874,
435, pi. 20, f. 7, 8.— Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. xvii. 1875, 441.— Gentry, Life-Hist. i. 1876, 177.-
Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, W.-Minot, B. N. Engl. 1677, 134.

Piranga rubra, Gray, Handlist, ii. 1870, 60, n. 6835.

Pyrouga rubra, Bruhin, Zool. Gart. xii. 1872, 221.

Pfaoenisoma rubra, Sw. Class. B. ii. 1837, 284.

Phoenicosoma rubra, Cab. HH. i. 1850, 24.— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 477; 1861, 409 (Cuba).

Phoenicosoina rubrum, Gieb. Nomenc. Av. iii. 1876, 110.

? Tanagra olivacea, 6m. SN. i. 1788, 889, n. 6 (in part, perhaps. Based on the Olivet of
Buff. iv. 269, and the Olive Tanager of Lath. Syn. ii. pt i. 218, n. 4, and Penn. AZ.ii.
1785, 369, n. 238. " Cayenne and New York ").

Pyranga erythromelas, V. N. D. d'H. N. 2d ed. xxviii. 1819, 293.

Pyranga etythromelas, V. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 800.

Cardinal de Canada, Cardinalis canadensis, Briss. Orn. iii. 17CO, 48, pi. 2, f. 5 (sole baeis
of Tanagra rubra L.).

Tangara du Canada, Buff. " vii. 350 " ; PE. 156, f. 1.— Less. Man. i. 1828, 164. [Compare
PE.127,f.l.]

Scarlet Sparrow, Edw. pi. 343.

Bed Tanager, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. i. 1783, 217, n. 3.

Canada Tanager, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 369, n. 237.

? Olive Tanager, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. i. 1783, 218, n. 4.— Penn. AZ. ii. 1765, 369, n. 238. (" New
York." A basis of T. olivacea Gm. ; may be ? of this or T. (estiva.)

Fyranga rouge et nolr, V. 1. c. 1823.— D'Orb. I.e.

Scarlet Black-winged Tanager, S. & K. 1. c.

Scarlet Tanager or Black-winged Red-bird, Aud. 1. c.

Tangara ecarlate, Le Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 278.

HAB. — Eastern Province of North America, strictly. United States and
adjoining border of the British Provinces (Lake Huron, lat. 49° N.— not 59°,
as misprinted in my BNW.). West to the borders of the Plains (Kansas
and Indian Territory ; El Paso, Heermanri). Cuba. Jamaica. Mexico. Cen-
tral America and South America to Ecuador. Breeds throughout its United
States range. Winters extralimital. Not common north of Massachusetts.

NOTE,— There is a hitch in the nomenclature of our two Eastern Tanagers, if we must
take Linnaeus at 1758. He applied the name rubra to each of them in 1766, calling the
Scarlet Tanager Tanagra rubra on p. 314, and the Summer Redbird Muscicapa rubra on
p. 326. This would leave the term rubra as it stands now, for the Scarlet Tanager ; but
he had before called the Summer Redbird Fringilla rubra, in 1758, p. 181. In strictness,
therefore, the name rubra should stand in place of cestiva, for the Summer ttedbird. But
this is a case in which it seems desirable to relax the stringency of a rule which, if hero
put in force, would result in a confusing change of nomenclature.

352 SYNONYMY OF PYRANGA JESTIVA

and dealer in bird-skins. I hold this bird in particular, almost
superstitious, recollection, as the very first of all the feathered
tribe to stir within me those emotions that have never ceased
to stimulate and gratify my love for birds. More years have
passed than I care to remember since a little child was strolling
through an orchard one bright morning in June, filled with
mute wonder at beauties felt, but neither questioned nor under-
stood. A shout from an older companion — "There goes a
Scarlet Tanager!" — and the child was straining eager, wistful
eyes after something that had flashed upon his senses for a mo-
ment as if from another world, it seemed so bright, so beauti-
ful, so strange. "What is a Scarlet Tanagerf mused the
child, whose consciousness had flown with the wonderful appa-
rition on wings of ecstasy 5 but the bees hummed on, the scent
of flowers floated by, the sunbeam passed across the green-
sward, and there was no reply — nothing but the echo of a mute
appeal to Nature, stirring the very depths with an inward thrill.
That night the vision came again in dreamland, where the
strangest things are truest and known the best; the child
was startled by a ball of fire, and fanned to rest again by a
sable wing. The wax was soft then, and the impress grew in-
delible. Nor would I blur it if I could — not though the flight
of years has borne sad answers to reiterated questionings — not
though the wings of hope are tipped with lead and brush
the very earth, instead of soaring in scented sunlight. . . .

The Summer Eedbird, Pyranga cestiva, though chiefly East-
ern in its distribution within the United States, is represented
in the Colorado Basin by a variety recently discriminated by
Mr. Ridgway ; and the same region affords two other species of
this brilliant genus, the histories of which I hope to give with
precision and sufficient detail.

Western Summer Redbird

Pyranga {estiva cooper!

a. cestiva

Fringilla rubra !, L. SN. i. 10th ed. 1758, 181, n. 13 (from Gates, i. 56).

Mnsclcapa rubra, L. SK i. 12th ed. 1766, 326, n. 8 (Gates, i. 56 ; Edw. 63, pi. 239, f. 2 ; Briss.

ii. 432).
Tanagra testiva \or aestiva], Gm. SS. i. 1788, 889, n. 25.— Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 422, n. 7.— Turt.

SJSf. i. 1806, 545.— Wife. AO. i. 95, pi. 6, f. 3.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. 1824, 53.— Bp. Ann.

Lye. IS". T. ii. 1826, 105.— Licht. "Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog. 1830, 2" ; J. f. 0. 1863, 56.— Nutt.

Man. i. 1832, 469.— Aud. OB. i. 1831, 232 ; v. 1839, 518 ; pi. 44.— Read, Pr. Phila, Acad.

vi. 1853, 400.— Gosse, Alabama, 1859, 36.

SYNONYMY OF PYRANGA JESTIVA 353

Pyranga jestiva [or aestiva], V. N. D.d'H. N. 2d ed. xxviii. 1819, 291; Ency. Meth. ii.
1823, 799.— Bp. PZS. 1837, 117 (Guatemala).— Bp. CGL. 1838, 35.— D'Orb. Ois. Cuba,
1839, 76.— And. Syn. 1839, 136.— And. BA. iii. 1841, 222, pi. 2Q8.-Linsley, Am. Journ. Sci.
xliv. 1843, 261 (Connecticut).— Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. iv. 1848, 90 (Xalapa).— Bp. CA.
i. 1850, 241 (includes hepatica) .—Burnett, Pr. Eost. Soc. iv. 1851, 11C.— Wailes, Rep.
Missis. 1854, 319.— Scl. PZS. 1855, 156 (Bogota).— Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855,
585.— Pratten, ibid. 605.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 224.— Scl. PZS. 1856, 123 (syno-
nymy, &c.) ; 142 (Chiriqni) ; 303 (Cordova) ; 1858, 73 (Ecuador) ; 358 (Honduras) ; 1859,
364 (Xalapa) ; 377 (Oaxaca).— Bd. BNA. 1858, 301.-S. <& S. Ibis, i. 1859, 15 (Guate-
mala).— Martens, J. f. O. 1859, 215 (Bermudas).— Scl. PZS. 18GO, 65 (Pallatanga) ; 293
(Esmereldas).— Taylor, Ibis, ii. 1860, 111 (Honduras) -Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. xii. 18CO,
140 (Isthmus Darien).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— Oundl J. f. 0. 1861,
328 (Cuba).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1861, 297 (New Granada).— Scl. CAB. 1861,
80.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436 (Pennsylvania).— Ooues & Prent. Smiths.
Rep. for 1861, 1862, 409.— Scl. PZS. 1864, 350 (Panama).— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864,
83.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438 (Missouri).— Dress. Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 479
(San Antonio) —Lawr. Ann. Lye. 1ST. Y. viii. 1865, 175 (Chiriqui) ; viii. 1866, 286 (New
York).— Scl. PZS. 1867, 139 (Veragua) ; 278 (Mosquito Coast).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
ix. 1868, 99 (Costa Rica).— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 18C8, 113 (South Carolina).— Coues,
Pr. Ess. Inst, v. 1868, 275 (New England).— Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad. xx. 1868, 149
(Laredo, Tex.).— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1569, 518—Ridgw. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 130
(critical; "N. to Nova Scotia").— v. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, 299 (Costa ~Rica).-Tumb.
B. E. Pa. 1869, 26 ; Phila. ed. 19.— Coop. Am. Nat iii. 18C9, 478 —Sumich. Mem. Bost.
Soc. i. 1869, 548 (Vera Cruz) — Mayn. Guide, 1870, 109 (Massachusetts) — S. & S. PZS.
1870, 836 (Honduras).— Salv. PZS. 1870, 187 (Veragua).— Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870.
536.— Allen, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 56.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xxiii. 1871, 21 (North Caro-
lina).— Wyatt, Ibis, 3d ser. i. 1871, 326 (Colombia).— Gundl. J.f.O. 1872,421 (Cuba).—
Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 223.— Salv. Ibis, 3d ser. ii. 1872, 316 (Chontales).— Coues,
Key, 1872, 111, fig. 52% pi. 2, f. 19, 20.— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 5.— Ridgw. Am. Nat. vii.
1873, 199 ; viii. 1874, 201.— Merr. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 87.— Coues, B3fW. 1874, 82.— Merr.
Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 27 (Connecticut and Rhode Island).— McCauley, Bull. U. S.
. Geol. Surv. iii. 1877, 662 (Wolf and Canadian Rivers, Texas).— Minot, B. N. Engl.
1877, 136.

Pyranga aestiva var. aestiva, B. B. & R. NAB. xvii. 1875, 441, pi. 20, f. 5, 6.

Piranga {estiva, Gray, Handlist, ii. 1870, €0, n. 6836.

Pboenisoma aestiva, Sw. Class. B. ii. 1837, 284.— Cab. J. f. 0. 1860, 329 (Costa R\ca). .

Phoenicosoma aestiva, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. 1850, 25 — Gundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 477 (Cuba) ; 1861,
409 (Cuba).

Phoenicosoma aestivnm, Gieb. Nomencl. Av. iii. 1876, 109.

Tanagra rudis, Sparrm. "Mus. Carls. 178-, pi. 94".

Tanagra coccinea, Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 46 (name based on PE. 741).

Pyranga coccinea, Gray, " G. of B. ii. 184-, 363 ".

loxia virginica, <3m. SN. i. 1788, 849, n. 58 (based on the Yellow-bellied Grosbeak of Lath,
and Penn., male changing).— Daudin, Tr. Orn. ii. 1800, 383.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 518.

Tanagra mississipensis, Gm. SN. i. 1788,889, n. 23 (based on Buff, "iv.252"; PE.741).—
Turt. SN. i. 1806, 545.— Licht. " Verz. Doubl. 30 ".— Brehai, Hdbh. Stub. ti. Hausvog.
1832, 392.

Pyranga missisipensis, Maxim. J. f. 0. 1858, 272.

Tanagra variegita, Lath. 10. ii. 1790, 421, n. 6 (male changing).

Meruln marilandica, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, 290 bis.

? Fyranga livida, Sw. " Philos. Mag. i. 1827, 438, n. 70 " (fide Gray and Cabanis).

Summer Redbird, Edw. " Gl. — , 60, chap. 29, pi. 239, f. 2 ".—And of authors.

Summer Red-bird, Muscicapa rubra, Catesby, Car. i. 1771, 56, pi. 56.

Gobe-mouche rouge de la Caroline, Muscicapa Carolinensis rubra, Briss. Orn. ii. 1760,
432. (Quotes Fringilla rubra Klein. Av. 97, n. 9.)

Tangara du Mississipi, Buff. "iv. 252"; or, "v. 63"; or, "vii. 353" (PE.741).

Mlssissipi Tanager, Lath. Syn. ii. pt i. 1783, 218, n. 5.

Summer Tanager, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 369, n. 236.

Yellow-bellied Grosbeak, Lath. Syn.ii.pt. i. 1783, 125, n.22.— Perw.AZ.ii. 1785, 351, n. 215.

Variegated Tanager, Lath. Syn. ii. pt i. 1783, 219, n. 5, pi. 46.
*3 B C

354 CHARACTERS OF PYRANGA ESTIVA COOPERI

Red Bird, Carver, Trav. ed. of 1796, 315.

Pyranga rouge, V. 1. c.— D Orb. 1. c.

Mississipi merle, Brehm, 1. c.

Tangara vermilion, Le Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 280.

HAB. — Eastern Province of the United States. West only to Kansas, the
Indian Territory, and Texas, being replaced beyond by var. cooperi. North
regularly to the Connecticut Valley (Limley, Merriam), casually to Massa-
chusetts (Jillson, as quoted by various authors), and even Nova Scotia (auct.
Bidgway, spec, in Nat. Mus.). Cuba. Jamaica. Eastern Mexico. Central
America, and South America to Ecuador and Peru. Breeds throughout its
United States range. Winters wholly extralimital.

6. cooperi

Pyranga jcstiva, f Woodh. Eep. Zufii R. 1853, 82 (probably, in part at least).—? Henry, Pr.

Phila. Acad. vii. 1855, 312 (New Mexico) ; xi. 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— Coop. Pr. Cal.

Acad. 1861, 162 (Arizona).— Coues, Ibis, 2d ser. i. 1865, 159 (New Mexico).— Ooues, Pr.

Cal. Acad. xviii. 1866, 71 (Arizona, in part).
Pyranga hepatica, Ooues, Pr. Phila, Acad. xviii. 1866, 71 (excl. syns. In part. Intended

for true hepatica, but wrongly includes the type-specimens of var. cooperi).
Pyranga cooperi, Ridgw. Pr. Phila. Acad. xxi. 1869, 130, fig. (New Mexico and Southern

Kocky Mountains).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 142.
Piranga cooperi, Gray, Handlist, ii. 1870, 61, n. 6847.
Pyranga {estiva var. cooperii, Coues, Key, 1872, iii. fig. 52 b.
Pyranga lestiva b. cooperi, Coues, BN~W. 1874, 82.
Pyranga {estiva var. cooperi, B. B. <& R. NAB. i. 1874, 444, pi. 20, f. 1, 2.— Hensh. Rep. Orn.

Specs. 1874, 60 (Colorado) ; 108 (Arizona).— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 157.— Hensh.

Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. " 1875 " = 1876, 239, pis. 2 (d1) and 3 ( $ ).

HAB. — Southern portion of the Middle Province of the United States, and
southward through Western Mexico.

CH. SP. — $ Rubra, dorso aliquantulum obscuriore, remigibus
intus fuseis. 9 Flavo-olivacea, subtus ochraceo-flava, remigibus
intus fuseis. A $ Major P. cestivd, rostro robustiore, alis cauda-
que longioribus.

J , adult : Red, more rosy or more vermilion according to age, season, or
vigor, paler below than above, the back rather darker than the head. Tail-
feathers about like the back. Inner webs of the wing-quills and ends of
the longer ones fuscous. Rather larger than typical cestiva, the wings and
tail longer, the bill rather larger and inclining to be of a darker color.
Length, 8-8$; extent, 13-13$; wing about 4; tail about 3£ ; bill, f-f;
tarsus, f .

9 , adult : Yellowish-olive above, buffy-yellow below ; tail nearly like the
back ; wings fuscous, edged with the color of the back. Rather less than
the male.

The young male resembles the female. Males changing are irregularly
patched with the colors of the two sexes.

This form is extremely near true cestiva, and some of the diagnoses which
have been prepared seem to rather force the distinguishing marks. These
consist in the rather superior size, seen chiefly in the dimensions of length
and extent, the tail being on an average about half an inch longer than that
of P. cestiva. and the wing differing not quite so much. The bill is rather
larger, and especially longer, nearly or quite equalling the length of the
tarsus, instead of decidedly less. Specimens from Texas and Middle Mexico
are conceded to be intermediate.

SYNONYMY OF PYRANGA HEPATICA 355

Tanager had been noticed by several observers
who considered it identical with the common Summer
Redbird, before its peculiarities were pointed out by Mr. Ridg-
way. The basis of his original description was a pair of adult
birds, male and female, which I collected on the Rio Grande,
near Albuquerque, in June, 1864: and from the same specimens
the handsome plates which illustrate Mr. Henshaw's report above
quoted were prepared. Dr. Cooper had previously foand the
bird to be u quite common" at Fort Mojave after the latter part
of April, among the tall cottonwoods along the Colorado River.
It has also been noticed in Arizona by Mr. Henshaw, who found
it on the Gila River, and among the San Francisco Mountains.
The bird unquestionably breeds in Arizona and New Mexico,
and in fact these Territories represent nearly its northern limit ;
Mr. Henshaw, however, records a specimen procured at Denver,
Colorado. Southward, the bird is said to extend along the west
coast of Mexico to Colima. The notes that we possess respect-
ing its habits are fragmentary 5 and, as far as they go, indicate
no difference in such regard from the ordinary Summer
Redbird.

The Hepatic Tanager

Pyrang-a hepatica

Pyranga bepatica, Sw, "Philos. Mag. i. 1827, 438, n.71 ".-Scl. PZS. 1856, 124 (synonymy,
&c.) ; 1857, 213 (Orizaba) ; 1858, 303 (Parada) ; 1859, 364 (Xalapa) ; 377 (Oaxaca).—
Bd. BNA. 1858, 302 ; atlas to ed. of 1860, pi. — .-Kenn. PRRR. x. 1859, Whipple's Route,
Birds, 30, pi. 31 (San Francisco Mountains, Arizona).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859,
106 (New Mexico).— 8. & 8. Ibis, 1859, 15 (Guatemala). —Sel. PZS. 1864, 173 (City of
Mexico).— Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple, Arizona. In part; in-
cludes cooperi).— Salv. PZS. 1867, 139 (Veragua).— Ridgw. Pr. Phila, Acad. 1869, 132
(monographic).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 144, figs.— Coues, Key, 1872, 112, fig. 53.— Brew.
Pr. Bost. Soc. xvi. 1873, 108 (eggs?).— B. B. dk R. NAB. i. 1874, 440, pi. 20, f. 9, 10 ; iii.
1874, 508 (eggs?).— Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 108 (Southern Arizona).— Hensh.
List R Ariz. 1875, 157.— Hensh. Zool. ExpL W. 100 Merid. " 1875 " = 1876, 237.

Piranga hepatica, Gray, Handlist, ii. 1870, 60, n. 6838.

Phoenicosoma hepatica, Cab. Mns. Hem. i. 1850, 25.

Phocn icosoma hepaticum, Qieb. Nomencl. Av. iii. 1876, 110.

Pyranga azarae, Woodh. Rep. Zufii R. 1853, 82 (San Francisco Mountains, Arizona ; first
introduced to U. S. fauna. Not of authors).

Tanagra dentata, Licht. " Mus. Berol."

Liver-colored Tanager, Coop. 1. c.

Hepatic Tanager, Coues, 1. c.

HAB. — Southern Rocky Mountain region of the United States (New Mexico
and Arizona). Southward through Mexico to Guatemala.

CH. SP. — $ 2 Rostro nigro-plumbeo, tomio maxillari dentato.
$ Dorso griseo-fusco rubricate, pileo brunneo-rubro, alls caudd-
que fuscis rftbro-limbatis ; infrct rubra, lateribus obscurioribus.

356 CHARACTERS OF PYRANGA HEPATICA

? Griseo olivacea, alls cauddque fuscis, pileo, uropygio, margini-
busque alarum et caudce flamcantibus ; infra flavicam, lateraliter
obscurior.

$, adult: Upper parts brownish-ashy, intimately mixed with dull red;
top of the head, upper tail-coverts, and edgings of the wings and tail

brighter brownish-red. Inner webs
and endb of the wing-quills dusky;
tail-feathers throughout decidedly
tinged with red. Sides of the head
like the back; edges of eyelids red.
Below bright red, the sides and flanks
shaded with the color of the back,
many feathers often also with ashy
FIG. 45.-Hepatic Tanager, nat size. skirting. Bill and feet blackish-plum-
beous, the cutting edge of the upper mandible furnished with a tooth more
prominent than in most species. Length about 8 inches ; wing, 4 ; tail, 3£ ;
bill, £ ; tarsus, f .

$ , adult : Bill and feet as in the $ . Upper parts greenish-olive, with an
ashy-gray tinge, the crown and rump clearer and more yellowish-olive. Sides
of the head like the back. Beneath yellow, clear and nearly pure medially,
shaded on the sides with the color of the back, sometimes brightening almost
into orange on the throat. Quills and tail fuscous, with olivaceous-yellow
edgings, the former darker than the latter.

Y,pnng $ : Like the $ ; in males changing, the characters of the two sexes
are confused.

Very young : There is an earlier streaky stage, before the assumption of a
plumage like that of the female. The upper parts are grayish-brown with
an olive tinge, the lower parts grayish- white with a yellowish shade, both
everywhere streaked with dusky. Wings and tail like those of the adult $ ,
but the former with ochraceous bands across the ends of the greater and
middle coverts.

DURING Capt. L. Sitgreaves's expedition down the Zuni and
Colorado Elvers — an excursion well known to ornitholo-
gists through the important article on birds which forms part
of the published report — Dr. S. W. Woodhouse observed this
beautiful Tanager in the San Francisco Mountains, and secured
a full-plumaged male, adding to the then recognized fauna of
the United States a species long before described by Mr. Swain-
son as a bird of Mexico. In 1858, Baird recorded a second
specimen from Fort Thorn, New Mexico ; and, in 1866, 1 wrote
of the bird as a summer resident in the vicinity of Fort Whip-
pie, Arizona, where it arrives during the latter part of April.
In 1874, Dr. Brewer spoke of Woodhouse's original as the only
specimen known at that time to have been found within the
limits of the United States, adding, by a still more curious lapse,

HABITS OF THE HEPATIC TANAGER 357

that the species "probably" extends into the mountainous por-
tions of the United States.

Meanwhile, however, in 1873, Mr. Henshaw had been busy
with birds in Arizona, and had taken a female specimen at
Camp Apache, Arizona, as noted by Mr. Ridgway in the appen-
dix of the work last mentioned. There this Tanager was not
rare ; perhaps half a dozen individuals were seen in the course
of one afternoon, in a grove of oaks that skirted some pine
woods. The birds were very shy, and seemed to be gleaning
insects amidst the foliage of the oaks. The following year,
when Mr. Henshaw was again upon the spot, he made the Tan-
ager out to be an abundant inhabitant of the pineries, and his
observations represent nearly all that we know of its habits.
At the date of his enquiries into its mode of life, July 12, it was
doubtless nesting; but he was not successful, after a Jong
search, in discovering the nest, though he carefully watched
the birds as they moved about the tops of the pines in their
search for insects, occasionally sallying out to capture them on
the wing. He heard no song, nor indeed any notes whatever,
excepting the call-note of both sexes, resembling a repetition
of the syllables chuck, cliuck. On the 21st of the same month,
young just from the nest were taken, in oak woods near Rock
Canon; and the Tauagers were seen at short intervals along his
line of travel from Camp Apache to Camp Crittenden, near the
Mexican line, during the rest of July and the whole of August.
These Tanagers showed affectionate solicitude for their unfor-
tunate brood; after an angry remonstrance against his sum-
mary proceedings, during which they flew close to him amongst
the lower branches, they led the survivors tenderly away to a
place of safety. Some old nests which Mr. Heushaw found at
Bock Canon closely resembled those of the Scarlet Tanager in
their situation and structure, being composed mainly of coarse
rootlets and dried plant-stems, with lining of similar but finer
materials; and the rather slight unsubstantial fabrics were
placed at the end of low horizontal branches of oaks. During
the latter part of August, the birds seemed to leave the pine
woods and to become more generally dispersed, some among
the deciduous trees along the streams, but the majority amidst
groves of oaks. They all appeared to have left for the South
by the end of September; but Mr. Henshaw had improved the
occasion by securing some twenty specimens.

The known range of the Hepatic Tanager in the United

358 SYNONYMY OF PYEANGA LUDOVICIANA

States is thus limited to a small portion of our Western terri-
tory, in the Colorado Basin, and near the Mexican boundary
line. In the opposite direction, the record I have compiled
shows that the bird has been found as far south as Guatemala,
and in various Mexican localities, as Orizaba, Xalapa, Oaxaca,
and elsewhere.

In the Boston Society's "Proceedings" for May 21, 1873, p.
108, Dr. Brewer describes two eggs from Captain Bendire's
collection, attributed to Pyranga hepatica. These are noted as
being of "an oblong oval shape, rounded and nearly equal at
either end", one measuring 1.02 by 0,67, the other 0.95 by 0.70;
the ground-color pale light green ; in one case sparingly marked
all over with distinct and conspicuous blotches of purplish-
brown, in the other instance covered with finer dottings of the
same color, so numerous as to obscure the green. So runs the
ostensible record; but in the Appendix to the "History of
North American Birds" (iii. 1874, 508), the resemblance of these
eggs, as well as of the nest, to those of P. cestiva is noted ; and,
as no skins of the parent were preserved, it is not improbable
that the specimens may have really appertained to P. cooperi,
and have been wrongly identified as those of P. hepatica.

Crimson-headed Tanager

Pyranga ludoviciana

Tanagra ludoviciana, Wils. AO. iii. 1811, 27, pi. 20, f. 1.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824,
54 (critical).— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1326, 105 (subg. Pyranga) .—Nutt. Man. i. 1832,
471.— Ornith. Comm. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii 1837, 193 (Columbia Hi ver).— Attd. OB.
iv. 1838, 385 ; v. 1839, 90 ; pi. 354, figs. 1, 2, 400, f. 4.— Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii.
1839, 154.

Pyranga ludoviciana, Rich. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1836, 1837, 175.— Bp. PZS.
1837, 116 (Guatemala).— Bp. CGL. 1838, 35.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 137.— And. BA. iii. 1841,
231, pi. 210.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 241.— Scl. PZS. 1856, 124 (synonymy, &c.) ; 1857, 213
(Orizaba) ; 1859, 377 (Oaxaca).— Bd. BNA. 1858, 303.— Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859,
191.— 8. & 8. Ibis, i. 1859, 15 (Guatemala).— Heerm. PEER. x. 1859, 52.— Coop. & SucTcL
NHWT. 1860, 182.— Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 161.— Scl. PZS. 1862, 19
(Parada).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. xviii. 1866, 71 (Fort Whipple) ; 1868, 83 — Brown,
Ibis, 2d ser. iv. 1868, 420 (Vancover).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 33.— Sumich. Mem.
Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 550 (Vera Cruz).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 145, fig.— Allen, Bull. MCZ.
iii. 1872, 175.— Goucs, Key, 1872, 112.— Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 198.— Merr. U. S.
Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 678, 712, 714.— Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 17.— Comstock,
Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 76.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 83, 232.— .B. B. & R. NAB. ii. 1874, 437, pi.
20, f. 3, 4.— Tarr. <& Hensh. Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 13.— Hensh. Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 43,
60, 78, 107.— Nels. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 357 (California).— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875,
157.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1876, 235.

Piranga ludoviciana, Gray, Handlist, ii. 1870, 60, n. 6839.

Phoenicosoma ludovicianum, Gieb. Nomencl. Av. iii. 1876, 110.

Pyranga erythropis, Vieill. N. D. d'H. N. 2d ed. xxviii. 1819, 291.— F. Ency. Meth. ii
1823, 799.

CHARACTERS OF PYRANGA LUDOVICIANA 359

Tanagra columbiana, Jard. " ed. Wils. i. 317 " (Me Scl.).

Tanagra columbianus, Brewer's ed. Wils. 12nio. Boston, 1840, p. 207, flg. 93.

Louisiana Tanager, And.

Pyranga a face rouge, V. 1. c. 1823.

HAD.— Upper Missouri region and eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mount-
ains to the Pacific. South through Mexico to Guatemala. Scarcely observed
north of the United States (Vancouver, Brown). Breeds in its United States
range. Winters extralimital.

CH. SP. — $ Flava; dorso medio, caudd alisque nigris, alls
flavo bifasciatis; capiterubro. $ Olivacea, infra flava later aliter
obscurior, caudd alisque fuscis oUvaceo-limbatis, alis albo-notatis.

$ , adult : Middle of the back, wings, and tail black, the wings crossed
by two yellow or yellowish-white bars on the ends of the greater and middle
coverts, and the inner secondaries marked with white or yellowish. Head all
around scarlet or even crimson, the color extending diluted on the breast.
Other parts bright yellow, generally purest on the rump. Iris brown ; bill
horn-color; legs livid bluish. Length about 7 inches; wing, 3^-4; tail,
2|_3£ ; bill, £ ; tarsus, £ .

9 , adult : Above olive, darker and somewhat ashy-shaded on the middle
of the back, clearer and brighter on the rump and crown. Below greenish-
yellow, shaded with olive on the sides. Wings and tail fuscous, with edg-
ings of the color of the upper parts, the greater and median coverts tipped
with white or yellowish, and the inner secondaries edged with the same.
Averaging rather less than the $ . The bird lacks the buffy shades charac-
teristic of the $> of the P. cestiva group, besides being decidedly smaller.
The general coloration, in its clear olive and yellow, is exactly that of P.
rubra 9 , from which it is distinguished by the conspicuous white or yellow
markings on the wings, EO trace of which occurs in P. rubra, though the
latter not seldom has red bars across the ends of the coverts.

The $ at first resembles the 9 , and in the progress toward maturity every
possible gradation between the two is presented. The distinctive dark dorsal
area, and traces at least of the red of the head, soon appear. In a usual
condition of incomplete dress, the black of the back is mixed with gray or
olive, the yellow of the back of the neck is obscured, that of the under parts
is shaded with olive, and the head is only partly red. The adult 9 differs
less ; but some dull summer specimens are found with the back quite gray,
and the pale yellowish of the under parts overlaid with gray. It does not
appear that the 9 ever acquires a trace of red on the head.

LONG before Nuttall and Townsend's journey to the Colum-
bia had contributed so many new species of birds to the
respective publications of these authors and of Audubon, the
still more venturesome and memorable travels of Lewis and
Clarke had resulted in enriching Wilson's Ornithology with
three remarkable novelties — Clarke's Crow, Lewis's Wood-
pecker, and the Louisiana Tanager. These birds, Wilson says,
"were discovered in the remote regions of Louisiana "j that is,

360 DISTRIBUTION OF CRIMSON-HEADED TANAGER

"the extensive plains or prairies of the Missouri, between the
Osage and the Mandan nations", and were given a "distin-
guished place" in his work, ''both as being, until now, alto-
gether unknown to naturalists, and as natives of what is, or at
least icill be, and that at no distant period, part of the western
territory of the United States". Wilson seems to have handled
three specimens of the Tanager, one of which has gone on record
as "Peale's Museum, No. 6236". With the mutations of poli-
tics, and the shifting of political boundaries, the name of the
Louisiana Tauager, like that of some other animals called ludo-
viciana, has become inappropriate; but in maps of the period,
the letters "Louisiana" stretched clear across the present
northern boundary of the United States into British America.

Wilson had no information to the point, respecting the habits
of this Tanager, nor does the locality in which Lewis and Clarke
discovered it appear to be known with precision. It was prob-
ably farther west than Wilson indicated ; for the bird is not
known to extend eastward beyond the extreme foot-hills of the
Rocky Mountains, being a woodland inhabitant to which the
prairie stretches offer a barrier not likely to be surpassed.
While connected with Lieutenant (now General) G. K. Warren's
Exploration, Dr. F. Y. Hay den took the bird in the Black Hills
of Dakota and at Laramie Peak ; these points representing its
easternmost extension, for all that we know to the contrary.
Westward it stretches to the Pacific, at least in all suitable
localities ; but its attachment to mountainous tracts is wit-
nessed in its apparent absence from large areas within the gen-
eral limits of its distribution. It has not been ascertained to
penetrate much, if any, beyond the northern borders of the
United States ; but in the other direction it extends through
Mexico, in suitable tracts of country, and into Central America,
where Mr. Salvin has found it at elevations of some five
thousand feet.

It is migratory, like all the other Tanagers of this country,
and withdraws altogether from our territory in the autumn,
probably during the latter part of September and early in the
following month, to reenter the United States in the month of
April. Its summer home or breeding range is coextensive with
the whole of our country, as far as latitude alone is concerned,
and its winter resorts include a considerable portion of Mexico,
as well as of regions farther south. I do not know whether or
not any of the birds nestle in Mexico, but presume that some

DISTRIBUTION OP CRIMSON-HEADED TANAGER 361

may do so, in higher or northerly portions at least. The gen-
eral tide of the spring migration, however, brings the species
over our border, and distributes the individuals composing it
from the mountainous portions of New Mexico and Arizona to
latitude 49° north at least, if not a little farther in slightly ele-
vated districts near the Pacific coast.

We had no news of this Tanager for a long while after Wilson
figured and described it from the "frail remains" that Lewis
and Clarke furnished him. In editing Wilson's work, Sir
William Jardiue found it "impossible to decide the generic
station of this bird"; and thought it probable that British col-
lections possessed no example of the rare species. In fact, the
first additional specimens known to naturalists appear to have
been those brought in by Nuttall and Townsend j while the
accounts which these naturalists gave are nearly the whole basis
of Audubou's article upon "the subject. In later times, Drs.
Cooper and Suckley came to be our principal authorities on the
habits and distribution of the species; their observations were
published in full in the twelfth volume of the Pacific Railroad
Eeports, or the "Natural History of Washington Territory",
and the first-named of these authors also gave a supplement-
ary notice in the "Ornithology of California". I extracted
the gist of these accounts for the "Birds of the Northwest",
having very little information of my own to offer, and would
refer to that publication for the details in question.

The records just mentioned, to which that left by the late Mr.
J. K. Lord, from observations in the extreme Northwest, may be
added, represent nearly all the written history of the beautiful
bird — one conspicuous even among this brilliant family for the
striking color-contrasts which the rich yellow, intense crimson,
and jet-black afford — down to a most recent period. Within
the past few years, Mr. Allen, Mr. Ridgway, Mr. Henshaw, and
Mr. Trippe are among those who have contributed to the full
exposition of the economy of the species. The memoranda of
both the first and last-named of these gentlemen already enrich
the pages of the "Birds of the Northwest", through the per-
sonal attentions of these valued correspondents of mine.

In Southern Colorado, Mr. Henshaw found the Louisiana
Tanager in small numbers among cottonwoods along the
streams, at an elevation of about 7,500 feet, and much more
abundantly among the pines, up to 9,000 and even 10,000 feet
above sea-level. He afterward observed that it was common in

362 HABITS OF THE CRIMSON-HEADED TANAGER

Southern Arizona, and found it lingering along the Gila Kiver
even so late as the middle of October, at which time nearly all
these birds had migrated southward. As others had done, he
noted the close similarity that obtains between this and the
Scarlet Tanager : — " It is busy the whole time gleaning from
among the pines and spruces the larger beetles and insects which
infest them, and generally keeps well up among the higher
branches, whence it makes its presence known by occasional
bursts of melody."

Mr. Eidgway's interesting observations, made during his con-
nection with the important survey of the 40th parallel, conducted
by Clarence King, esq., were communicated to Dr. Brewer. The
sweet song of the Western Tanager, which sounded quite like
that of the Scarlet Tanager, attracted his attention whilst he
was amidst the pines of the Sierras Nevadas, and he constantly
met with the bird in wooded districts, whether among the wil-
lows and cottonwoods of the river valleys, or the cedars and
pinones of mountain ranges. It was abundant in May among
the thickets of Salix and "buffalo-berries" of the Truckee
Valley, near Pyramid Lake, where it feeds upon the buds of
the "grease- wood" (a species of Obione, perhaps 0. canescens),
with the Black-headed Grosbeak and Bullock's Oriole. Later
in the summer, the peculiar querulous notes of young birds were
heard in the coniferous woods of the East Humboldt Mountains;
and in September the birds were noticed in the thickets along
the tributaries of the Humboldt Eiver, where they were feed-
ing upon the pulpy fruit of a kind of haw (Cratcegus), which
grows plentifully in that region, in company with Picus gaird-
nerij Colaptes mexicanus, Cedarbirds, both kinds of Crossbills,
and various other species. The close correspondence in habits
and manners which exists between this Tanager and P. rubra
was noted, as was also the similarity of the songs of the two
species; but, regarding the call-notes of P. ludoviciana, Mr. Eidg-
way observes that "its usual note of plit-it is quite different
from the chip a-ra'-ree of the P. rubra".

The same ornithologist found a nest and eggs of the Louis-
iana Tanager in Parley's Park, Utah, on the 9th of June, 1869.
This nest, says Dr. Brewer, " was on the extreme end of a hor-
izontal branch of a pine, in a grove, flat, and with only a slight
depression having a diameter of four and a half inches, with a
height of only an inch. It was composed externally of only a
few twigs and dry wiry sterns, and lined almost entirely with

HABITS OF THE CRIMSON-HEADED TANAGER 363

fine vegetable rootlets ". Such description of the nidification
shows that the nesting is quite the same as that of the Scarlet
Tanager. A set of eggs collected by Mr. Eidgway, and exam-
ined by me in the National Museum, differs noticeably from those
of other Tanagers of this genus, the ground-color being much
clearer green, and more sparingly marked by mere dots of very
dark purplish-brown. A few points appear over the whole sur-
face, but the tendency of the markings is to aggregate at the
larger end, where the spots nevertheless remain perfectly dis-
tinct, though so numerous. In size and shape, these eggs are
not very different from those of P. rubra, though appearing
rather more rounded if not actually larger. Dr. Brewer's mea-
surements give a length of 0.95, with a greatest breadth of
0.66 j eggs of P. rubra, he states^ range from 0.90 to 1.00 in
length, with an average diameter of 0.65. The number of eggs
laid by the Louisiana Tanager is said by the same author to
be usually three ; but as the number of instances from which
this average is deduced is not stated, we are free to infer that
the clutch may ordinarily consist of four or five eggs, as is the
cape with the Scarlet Tanager.

Thus it seems to be established that the habits and manners
of the Louisiana Tanager differ in no wise from those of the
Scarlet Tanager, and that its singing and nesting are much the
same, though there may be some peculiarity of its call-note,
and though the eggs, to judge from the few that have fallen
under the notice of naturalists, are recognizably different. It
is scarcely necessary, therefore, to add my own experiences with
this bird : these would only confirm the conclusions drawn from
what has gone before. But in closing another chapter of the
" Birds of the Colorado Basin" — a work that has haunted and
besought me for a decade of years, since the destruction of my
old Arizona manuscripts, as a spirit that would not be laid, and
is now become embodied — I am happy to recall, with something
of its early freshness, the picture of this brilliant bird, set in
the sad-hued foliage of the pine trees, just as a sunny spot
breaks here and there amongst the closely-crowded memories
of a sombre past.

CHAPTElt XIV.— SWALLOWS

EAM.

CHARS. — Swallows are Jissirostral Oscine Passeres with nine
primaries. — Bill short, broad, flat, somewhat triangular, deeply
cleft, the gape wide and about twice as long as the culmen, the
mouth thus opening to about beneath the eyes. This is the
strongest character of the family in comparison with its Oscine
allies, and one perfectly distinctive, though some genera of
Hirundines, especially Progne, approch the Ampelidce in the
form of the bill. The bill narrows rapidly to the compressed
acute tip. Nasal fossa3 short and wide ; nostrils directed later-
ally or upward, sometimes circular and completely exposed,
sometimes scaled over. Culmen convex, scarcely a third as
long as the head ; tip of upper mandible overhanging, usually
nicked. Eictus smooth (or with a few inconspicuous bristles?).
Wings extremely long and strong, the pinion bearing only nine
primaries, the first of which equals or exceeds the second in
length, the rest being so rapidly graduated that the ninth is
scarcely or not half as long as the first ; secondaries and
their coverts also very short ; all these quill-feathers broad and
stout. An acute, thin-bladed, and somewhat falcate wing, of
surpassing volatorial power, results from these modifications.
Tail of 12 rectrices, perhaps abnormally only 10, usually forked,
or at least emarginate, and often deeply forficate, the outer-
most feathers being in this latter case narrowly linear in shape
for a considerable distance. Feet short, small, and weak, ill-
adapted to secure foothold, and very badly formed for walking
— Swallows scarcely use their feet for locomotion, relying
mainly upon their prowess of pinion. The tarsal envelope
thoroughly Oscine in structure, being scutellate in front and
laminate behind ; it is sometimes partially, or almost entirely
feathered j the tarsi are commonly shorter than the lateral

364

CHARACTERS OF HIRUNDINID^E 365

toes. The digits possess the normal number of phalanges 5
the basal phalanx of the middle digit is commonly coherent
with one or both lateral toes 5 the hallux is ordinary, and not
reversible. The digits are commonly naked and scutellate,
rarely feathered to the claws. The claws are comparatively
strong, compressed, well-curved, and acute, apt for clinging.
The plumage is soft, smooth, and blended, most frequently
glossy or even iridescent, but sometimes lustreless. Head
short, broad, and depressed ; neck short. Mouth capacious,
its greatest width equalling that of the head. The tongue is
short and not extensible. The pharynx and O3sophagus are
large, the latter having no crop. The syrinx or lower larynx
is perfectly Oscine, and said to possess four pairs of muscles.
The voice is sharp and rather thin, though melodious and sus-
ceptible of rapid and various modulation. The stomach is
elliptical or roundish, moderately muscular, and lined with
thick rugose epithelium ; the co3ca are very small.

Such characters distinguish the Hirundinidce as a perfectly
natural family of Oscines, which may, indeed, be recognized
on sight by the combination of fissured bill, lengthened wings,
and weakened feet. The group scarcely inosculates with any
other, so perfectly is the Swallow type circumscribed. Its re-
lationships appear to be, on the one hand, with the Old World
Muscicapidce, and on the other, through Progne, with the Am-
pelidce. Within the family, the extremes of modification are
seen in the genus Hirundo, of which the Barn Swallow is
typical, and in Progne, which includes the Purple Martin and
its allies. The minor characters have been made by some
ornithologists the basis for separating the species into twenty
or thirty different genera, while other writers retain them all
under the single genus Hirundo. Between these extremes
there seems to be a more judicious middle course, following
which the hundred or more Swallows which have been de-
scribed may be thrown into a few generic or subgeneric groups,
founded on certain ulterior modifications of structure.

As pertinent to this portion of the subject, I here introduce
SundevalPs method of arranging the Swallows, which will
give a good idea of the leading modifications of structure
throughout the family. The schedule is abridged from the
famous Methodi Naturalis Avium Disponendarum Tentamen
(8vo, Holmiae, 1872, pp. 51-53).

366 SUNDEVALL'S ARRANGEMENT OF HIRUNDINID.E

Cohere 6. CHELIDONOMORPH^.
Fam. HIRUNDININJE.
Genus Hirundo L.

1. Hir undines genuinoe, or furcicaudw, with the tail deeply forficate,

and its lateral feathers linear, the bill at a minimum, the
nostrils valvate, placed low down, and opening laterally ;
the dorsal feathers white below the surface. (This group
comprehends the true " Barn Swallows " and their immediate
allies, and is subdivided according to pattern of coloration.)

2. Hirundines variiformes. Bill and dorsal plumage as before. Nostrils

low down, opening laterally; tail either forked (but with-
out narrowly elongate lateral feathers), or else nearly even.
*Valvinare8; the nostrils partly closed with a soft scale,
t Highly-colored species with the belly white, and the lateral tail-
feathers acute.

a) &) Tarsi naked. Tachycineta Cab.
c) Tarsi feathered. Chclidon Boie.
tt Opaque grayish species,
a) Tail emarginate, unspotted [ ; a tuft of feathers at base of

tarsus]. Cotyle Boie.

6) Rectrices obtuse, spotted. Ptyonoprogne Reich,
c) Tail rounded, unspotted (R. dncta Scop.),
ttt Black-bellied species, with unspotted, scarcely forked tail.

Hypurolepsis Gould.

**di)e!rlinare8 ; the nostrils rounded, with an imperfect scale, or none,
t Species black above ; tail deeply forked, with acute feathers,
a) Dark above and below, the first primary serrate. Psalido-

proene Cab.
Z>) Glossy blue-black above and below. Atticora Boie.

c) Black above, white below. Pygochelidon Bd.

tt Species dark colored ; tail little forked, with acute feathers.

d) Uniform dark gray, the first primary serrate. Stelgidopteryx
Bd.

e) With variegated dark colors, the rump rufous. Petrochelidon
Cab.

/) Grayish above and below, streaked, the rump concolor.
Phedina Bp.

3. Hirundines fortirostres, with the bill comparatively stout and high,

rather compressed from the middle, the whole gape curved ;

nostrils rounded, not valvular, placed high, opening upward,
a) Blue-black species with moderately forked tail. Progne Boie.
6) Gray species, with little forked tail. Phceoprogne Bd.

The American forms of Hirundinidce have been closely
studied by Baird, who, in 1865 (Bev. AB. pp. 267 seq.), gave a
careful analysis of the genera and subgenera. The following
is his synopsis, somewhat abridged, expressing very clearly
the minor modifications of structure, although, as he observes,
the succession is not strictly natural : —

BAIRD'S ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN HIRUNDINID^; 367

Nostrils broadly oval, or circular, opening upwards and forwards, and with-
out overhanging membrane.
Edge of wing smooth. Tarsus short, stout, equal to middle toe without

claw, feathered on inner side above.

Bill stout; culmen and commissure much curved; frontal feathers
without bristles; tail deeply forked; color lustrous blue-black,

sometimes with belly and crissum white Progne.

Like the last ; culmen straight to near tip ; fork of tail shallow ; color

mouse-brown above, white beneath Pkceoprogne.

Bill weaker; culmen and commissure above straight to near tip.
Frontal feathers bristly; tail nearly even; throat, rump, and

crissum rufous ; belly white Petrochelidon.

Edge of wing smooth ; tarsus longer than in the last, equalling middle
toe and half its claw ; nostrils bordered posteriorly with membrane,
but not overhung internally ; bill very small; tail forked.
Basal and whole of next joint of middle toe adherent to outer toe ; tail
very deeply forked; tarsus feathered above on inner side ..Atlicora.
Basal and half the next joint of middle toe adherent to outer toe.

Tarsus entirely bare Notiochelidon.

Tarsus feathered above internally Neochelidon.

Basal joint only of middle toe to outer toe Pygochelidon.

Edge of wing armed with stiff, recurved hooks Stelgidopteryx.

Nostrils lateral; bordered behind and inside, or overhung, by membrane,
the outer edge of which is straight, parallel with or diverging from
axis of bill.

Tarsus about equal to middle toe without claw; tibio-tarsal joint feath-
ered, the feathers extending on tarsus along inner side.
Tarsus bare below ; lateral claws reaching only to base of middle claw.
Tail longer than wings, very deeply forked, with linear lateral feath-
ers Hirundo.

Tail shorter than wings, lightly forked Tachycineta.

Tarsus with a tuft of feathers at lower end; lateral claws reaching
beyond base of middle claw ; tail lightly forked ; color dull brown

above, white below Cotyle.

Tarsus equal to middle toe and half its claw, entirely bare. Tail deeply
forked, about equal to the wing; color green above, white
beneath Callichelidon.

Of the groups thus established, Phceoprogne is ranked by
Baird as a subgenus of Progne; Notiochelidon, Neochelidon,
and Pygoclielidon are considered as subgenera of Atticora,
while Tachycineta and Callichelidon are placed under Hirundo
proper.

In handling the North American sections in 1872, I only
differed from Baird in restricting Hirundo to the species with
deeply forked tail not shorter than the wings, which required
the raising of Tachycineta to generic rank. This left each
North American species in a genus by itself, excepting the

368 ANALYSIS OF GENERA AND SPECIES

White-bellied and Violet-green Swallows, which I ranged
together under Tachycineta. Though this may seem exces-
sive subdivision, it is difficult to get along with fewer genera,
if we are to accept even such as Cotyle and Petrochelidon ; for
the ultimate modifications of structure and details of form are
as appreciable here as in the cases in which, in other families,
generic groups are established. Eespecting the extralimital
forms, I may remark, that CallicheUdon includes two beautiful
velvety or lustrous greenish and golden species, white below,
C. cyaneiviridis and C. euchrysea, allied to our T. bicolor and
T. thalassina; Atticora and its subdivisions embrace a number
of diminutive and very plainly colored species, somewhat re-
sembling Swifts; while Pliceoprogne includes some large South
American Martins, like Cotyle in dullness of coloration, but
near Progne in form.

The seven established North American species all occur in
the Colorado Basin. They may readily be determined by the

following

Analysis of North American Genera and Species

1. Tail deeply forficate, with linear lateral feathers; lustrous steel-blue

above, rufous below Hirundo erythrogastra.

2. Tail simply emarginate ; lustrous green ; beneath white.

Tachycineta bicolor.

3. Tail simply emarginate ; opaque velvety-green ; beneath white.

Tachycineta thalassina.

4. Tail nearly even ; lustrous steel-blue ; rump rufous.

Petrochelidon lunifrons.

5. Tarsus with tuft of feathers below; lustreless gray; below white.

Cotyle riparia.

6. Outer edge of first primary serrate ; lustreless brownish ; paler below.

Stelgidopteryx serripennis.

7. Bill very stout, curved ; male entirely lustrous blue-black.

Progne purpurea.

Now that the thoroughly unnatural order "Fissirostres"
has been abolished by nearly universal consent, after enduring
long in the teeth of frequent protests from scientific ornithol-
ogists, it is unnecessary to more than allude to the prepos-
terous notions of classification which caused these strictly
Oscine Passeres to be classed with the Swifts and Goatsuckers
(Cypselidce and Caprimulgidce). What little resemblance may
be traced between the strictly Passerine Hirundinidce and the
Picarian families just named, results from purely adaptive
modification, the respective types of structure being radically
diverse.

EXCURSUS ON THE NAMES OF SWALLOWS 369

Names of Swallows

There are two common English names of birds of this family,
" Swallow " and " Martin " or " Marten ", the derivation of
neither of which is obvious. The latter of these, " Martin ", is
undoubtedly the same as the name of certain quadrupeds of
the family Mustelidw, which runs through many languages in
various forms, and which has occasioned much discussion. A
criticism of this subject will be found in my "Fur-bearing
Animals ", pp. 23, 24, translated from von Martens. Swallow
appears, with no more than the usual variation as to either
consonants or vowels, in many North European languages, as
the Anglo-Saxon swalewe, swealvce, swalwe, the Danish svale,
Swedish svala, Dutch zwaluw, modern German schwalbe —
some earlier forms of the latter being identical with the Anglo-
Saxon. We may seek to establish a connection between
swalewe and the Anglo-Saxon verb swcelan, which signifies to
ascend, to fly upward, the flight of Swallows being a notorious
characteristic of these birds. There is another relation which
may be suggested, and which seems plausible at least, be-
tween stcalewe and the Anglo-Saxon verb swelgan, to swallow
(take into the throat) ; this, if substantiable, would show that
there is really a connection between swallow, the name of the
bird, and the verb to swallow — words now literally identical in
English, though seemingly without the slightest connection.*

Such relation of the words will appear less strained, and in
fact strengthened, if not confirmed, on examination of the
entirely different set of words which mean Swallow in the
South European languages: Greek, %shd<I>v ; Latin, hirundo;
Italian, rondin ; Spanish, golondrina ; Portuguese, ando-
rinha; French, hirondelle. It is admitted by the highest
authorities, as for example Curtius, that the Latin hirundo is
the same as the Greek %£h5<bv, an earlier Greek form %£psvdo»
being supposed to render more evident the relation between
hir-undo and xe^-tdwv. In carrying out the etymology of these
two words, Corssen refers them to the Sanscrit root liar, ghar,
to take, whence comes the Greek %iip, the hand, considered as
a thing that takes, and the archaic Latin Mr, hand. On this
supposition, £sAc<5<uv, hirundo, hirondelle^ and the other similar
names of the Swallow, signify a bird that takes insects ; and
the act of seizing is with them followed by deglutition. It is
plausible, then, that the two sets of names by which these

* Bensen, Vocab. Aug. Sax. Ozonise, 1701.
24 B 0

370 EXCURSUS ON THE NAMES OF SWALLOWS

birds are known in so many different languages, are both
rooted in the idea of capturing insects, as these birds do on
the wing.*

Most of the late technical names of genera of Swallows, like
Tacliycineta, Petrochelidon, and Stelgidopteryx, are of course com-
pounds derived from the Greek, invented by writers. Tachy-
cineta, for instance, is simply ra^iv^ro<;, a swift runner ; Petro-
chelidon is rock-swallow (irirpa, a rock ) ; and Stelgidopteryx
means rough-wing (ffretyfc, a scraper; T:T^OU£, wing). The
Greek generic name for the Swallows, first revived in technical
nomenclature by Boie (1826? Isis, 1828, 316), for the European
House Martin, was Chelidon (%shdd)v), of probably the same
etymology with, and having precisely the same signification
as, the Latin Hirundo, which latter was established as a genus
by Linnaeus in 1766 or earlier. Xehddn was used by Aristotle
for the Swallows in general, with special reference to the two
mud-builders, Hirundo rustica and Chelidon urbica, the best-
known European species. Aristotle also knew the Bank Swal-
low, but confounded it with certain Swifts, Cypselidce. The
Greek xorbty, or Latin cotula or cotyla, signified a cavity, such
as the hollow of the hand or a vessel or measure ; it is an old
anatomical term for the socket of the thigh-bone, as is the
Latin acetabulum (a vinegar -cruet), but was probably not used
for birds until 1822, when Boie established his genus Cotile
(Isis, 1822, 550), afterward more correctly written Cotyle (Isis,
1844, 170). The obvious application here is to the holes in the
ground in which these birds nest. Procne or Progne, Boie's
genus established for our Purple Martins, is a classical proper
name, also used by Ovid and Virgil for some kind of Swallow,
and, like Chelidon, Herse, and Cecrops, is found in some of the
myths of the ancients. Boie's genus Cecropis is obviously the
same as Cecrops or K4xpanf>, who was the founder and most
ancient king of Attica. After the probably imaginary person-
age known as Ogyges, Cecrops was the autochthon to whom
the Attics traced their origin, though popularly represented as
half man, half serpent. Herse was one of his daughters,
beloved by Mercury, and mother of Cephalus. Chelidonia was
a festival at Ehodes, in which persons went begging, and sing-
ing a song called Chelidonisma,t which began with an allusion

* Littre*, Diet. Fran?. Paris, 1863.

t According to other authority, the beggars went about having swallows
perched upon their fingers. Chelidonias (x&tdoviafi was the west wind of
early spring, which brought Swallows.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF SWALLOWS 371

to swallows, and the approach of spring: "7/A0',

xaXaq upas ayouaa.) xat xa&obs iviaurooq • u Venit, venit hirundo

pulcras ducens horas et annos pulcros."

The story of Procne is very differently told by writers.
Procne was sister of Philomela, daughter of Pandion, king of
Athens, and wife of Tereus, king of Thrace. Procne became
by Tereus mother of a son, Itys. After living some time in
Thrace, she wished to see her sister, and induced Tereus to go
to Athens and prevail upon Pandion to allow him to bring
Philomela. On the way, Tereus violated Philomela, cut out
her tongue that she might not betray him, and then came to
Procne with the story that her sister had died on the way.
But Philomela contrived to communicate to Procne the story
of the outrage ; and Procue thereupon killed her son Itys,
and served up his flesh to his father. Then the two sisters
fled, pursued by Tereus with an axe, and finding themselves
about to be overtaken, they prayed to the gods to change them
into birds. Philomela thereupon became a nightingale (efy<?<wv),
and Procne a swallow (%£hd<bv). Tereus himself was turned
into a hoopoo (snay). Authorities reverse the respective situa-
tions of the sisters, before and after their transformation ; but
this account accords best with the signification of the words.
" The legend we have been giving is one of those invented to
account mythically for the habits and properties of animals.
The twitter cf the swallow sounds like itys, itys ; the note of
the nightingale was regarded as lugubrious, and the hoopoo
chases these birds."*

General Distribution of Swallows

Swallows are thoroughly cosmopolitan. Their range north-
ward carries them beyond the arctic circle, both in America
and in Europe, and they straggle toward the pole as far as any
birds are known to go. The Bank Swallow has been observed
in the Parry Islands, while the common European Barn Swal-
low has been seen both in Spitzbergeu and Nova Zembla.
Cotyle riparia and Chelidon urlica both breed in numbers in
Lapland, up to latitude 70° N. Many of the species, likewise,
have an enormous range ; thus, Hirundo rustica inhabits
Europe, Asia, and Africa, from Lapland to the Cape of Good
Hope and the Moluccas.

*This is simply the outline of the myth, abridged from Anthon, Class.
Diet. 1041. [New York, 1876.] The classic story is told at great length and
with profuse embellishment by some, €. g. Geener, De Avibus, 1617, pp. 503-505,

372 MIGRATION OF SWALLOWS

The species of the Old and New World, with probably the
single exception of Cotyle riparia, are distinct from each other.
Species of the genus Hirundo and its immediate allies have
the range of the entire family, and Cotyle is also of very exten-
sive distribution, inhabiting all the great continental areas,
unless Australia is to be excepted, as well as the Antilles.
Progne and Stelgidopteryx are confined to America ; Petroche-
lidon and Atticora are also characteristic of the Western Hem-
isphere, though both are said to occur in the Old World ; Che-
lidon is exclusively Old World ; Psalidoprogne is confined to
Africa ; and the single species of Phedina inhabits Madagascar
and the Mascarene Islands.*

Migration of Swallows

Being insectivorous birds that take their prey on the wing,
Swallows necessarily migrate through the cold and temperate
zones of the northern hemisphere. Their recession from the
north is urged as well by the delicacy of their organization
and their susceptibility to cold as by the periodical failure of
the sources of their food-supply. The prowess of their pinion
is equal to the emergency of the longest journeys — no birds
whatsoever fly better or farther than some of the Swallows do ;
and their movements are pre-eminent in the qualities of ease,
of speed, and of regularity. These facts are matters of com-
mon knowledge ; the comings of Swallows have passed into
proverb, and their leave-takings been rehearsed in folk-lore
among the signs of the waning times. Swallows have long
been held for weather-prophets; and with reason enough in
the quick response of their organization to the influence of
atmospheric changes. Swallows have figured in augury ; their
appearance has been noted among auspicia ; and truly their
flight is barometric, for they soar on clear warm days, and
skim the surface of the ground in heavy falling weather, per-
haps neither always nor entirely in the wake of winged insects
on which they prey. These mercurial birds are also thermome-
tric ; they are gauges of temperature, if less precise than the
column of the fluid metal itself. It takes but a few warm
days, even in our midwinters, to send Swallows trooping north-
ward from the orange and the cypress of the South; and the
uncertain days, when capricious young spring pours delicious
balm on the wounds of winter, are sure to lure some Swallows

* Wallace, Geogr. Dist. Anim. ii. 281.

MIGRATION OF SWALLOWS 373

on beyond their usual bounds, like skirmishers thrown out be-
fore the oncome of the host of occupation.

There is concert, too, in the campaigns of the Swallows ;
they act as if by consultation, and carry out agreement under
leadership. One may witness, in the autumn more particularly,
before the Swallows leave us, that they gather in noisy thou-
sand, still uncertain of their future movements, eager for the
council to determine their line of march. Great throngs fly
aimlessly about, with incessant twittering, or string along the
lines of telegraph, the eaves of houses, or the combs of clifits.
In all their talk and argument, their restlessness and great con-
cern, we see how weighty is the subject that occupies their minds ;
we may fancy all the levity and impulse of the younger heads,
their lack of sober judgment, the incessant flippancy with
which they urge their novel schemes, and we may well believe
their departure is delayed by wiser tongues of those taught by
experience to make haste slowly. Days pass, sometimes, in
animated debate, till delay becomes dangerous. The gather-
ing dissolves, the sinews are strung, no breath is wasted now
— the coming storm may work its will now, the Swallows have
escaped its wrath, and are gone to a winter's revelry in the
land where winter's hand is weakened till its touch is scarcely
felt.

All this, and more that might be written, is no news. Keck-
less of space, these animated time-slaying wings, these mer-
curial embodiments of buoyancy, have long been favored
objects of the ornithologist's speculation. Conspicuous, notori-
ous, familiar as they are among all feather- bearers, in the ex-
tension of their flights, in the multitudes of individuals that
twice a year fly past our very face and eyes in going to and
from the winter quarters we have learned as well as we have
their summer sojourn in our midst — with all these attributes, I
say, Swallows are prodigies, phenomenal and problematical
still. Their flights have been closely watched and studied,
furnishing large basis for our general inductions respecting the
whole subject of the migrations of birds. Swallows are taken
as the typical migrants, whose dates of arrival and departure
are fixed points in the ornithologist's calendar, and known
factors in the great equation of birds' movements. In short,
no birds are better known in all that pertains to their regular
and normal migrations.

Thus, the competent observer in each locality in the United

374 DO SWALLOWS HIBERNATE?

States knows exactly when to expect the Swallows, and can
predicate their arrival within a few days — the probable error
being due to advance or retardation of the season. This local
observer knows as well how long the birds will stay. Then,
those of us who make a business of the matter, and supple-
ment our individual observations with the recorded experiences
of all the rest, in all other countries, trace the movements of
the birds into warmer parts of America ; we map the distribu-
tion of each species, and account for every day in the lives of
Swallows during the period of their absence from our midst.
We know just where they go and what they do. We know,
for instance, that countless thousands of White-bellied Swal-
lows disport all winter long in Florida, as bright and active
then and there as during their summer sojourn in New Eng-
land. We know that myriads of Swallows are then at play in
the air in Mexico, in the West Indies, and in Central America,
just the same as at any other season of the year.

Yet it was gravely asserted centuries ago, and it has been
steadily reiterated at intervals ever since, that Swallows plunge
into the mud, become torpid, and hibernate like frogs. Learned
bodies like the French Academy in Paris and the Eoyal
Society of London have discussed this matter, printed the
evidence in their official publications, and looked as wise after
as before their meditations on the subject. Ornithologists in
general fight shy of the thing; it savors too much of the
marvellous, the mythical and supernatural, and seems too in-
credible to be entertained for a moment. It is as much as a
virtuous ornithologist's name is worth to whisper hibernation,
torpidity, and mud. " Pooh ! Nonsense ! We know all about
the migrations of Swallows. Don't we know exactly where
they go, and how they get there, and how they get back f
Haven't we accounted for every day of their absence ? Be-
sides, no Swallow could live in the mud — the thing is prepos-
terous— can't be done, you know ! "

The orthodoxy of the subject is, that Swallows never fly into
the mud and lie there torpid, because they cannot do so. But
it is always unsafe to ignore the cumulative wisdom of the
past, and it is never wise to speak of the impossible outside of
mathematics. The most difficult point to accept, or to attempt
to explain, is the suddenness of the alleged transition from a
high state of animation to a degree of lethargy, and the
abruptness with which the activity of vital functions is said to

DO SWALLOWS HIBERNATE! 375

be arrested. For the rests I see no reason why a Swallow-
should not stay a while in the mud in a state of suspended
animation, or greatly lowered degree of vital activity. The
thing is physically and physiologically feasible 5 it is in strict
analogy with observed phenomena in the cases of many other
animals; and it is not more marvelous than catalepsy, trance,
and several other conditions of life, the rationale of which is
still obscure. Finally, it is attested by the most positive,
direct, and explicit testimony of eye-witnesses, whose veracity
is unimpeached, whose competency is unchallenged, and who,
being neither knaves nor dupes, have reiterated the evidence
for a period of several centuries. The rebutting testimony is
necessarily negative and inconclusive, for it consists, in effect,
of mere denial, or statement of disbelief, on the ground that the
allegations of fact are improbable or impossible. The evidence
has never been successfully refuted or satisfactorily explained
away ; * and the witnesses, nothing bullied nor disconcerted,
continue to tell what they have seen.

They say, that they have seen hundreds of Swallows, in full
flight, suddenly dive under water and disappear beneath
the surface. They say, that they have dug Swallows out of
the mud, found them lethargic, and seen them revive and fly
away. They say, they have found torpid Swallows in. holes,
in caves, in various odd nooks, sometimes singly, sometimes
clustered like bees swarming, and have picked them up appar-
ently dead, and have reanimated them by the warmth of the
hunds. They say much more to the same effect, and give full
particulars.

I have never seen anything of the sort, nor have I ever
known one who had seen it ; consequently, I know nothing of
the case but what I have read about it. But I have no means
of refuting the evidence, and consequently cannot refuse to
recognize its validity. Nor have I aught to urge against it,
beyond the degree of incredibility that attaches to highly ex-
ceptional and improbable allegations in general, and in partic-

* In his critical commentary on Aristotle, iSuudevall remarks that the north-
ern stories of the subaqueous hibernation of Swallows find no place, but
that, instead, the author speaks of their retiring to holes, probably, says
Sundevall, confounding them with bats. Sundevall brings in the Dipper to
account for the alUged phenomena: — ,,Es ist gezeigt worden dassdie erstere
Sage dadurch eutstanden sei, dass Cinclus aquaticus zuweilen beim Zuge
mit dem Eisnetze gefangtn \vurde " (p. 123 of the German translation,
Stockholm, 1863).

376 DO SWALLOWS HIBERNATE?

ular the difficulty of understanding the alleged abruptness
of the transition from activity to torpor. I cannot consider
the evidence as inadmissible, and must admit that the alleged
facts .are as well attested, according to ordinary rules of evi-
dence, as any in ornithology. It is useless as well as unscien-
tific to pooh-pooh the notion. The asserted facts are nearly
identical with the known cases of many reptiles and batra-
chians. They are strikingly like the known cases of many bats.
They accord in general with the recognized conditions of
hibernation in many mammals.

It is well to remember that this thing was started in very
early times, before there was such a thing as a science of orni-
thology, and before anything was fully explained respecting
the migrations of birds. Swallows were among the first birds
whose movements were noted with particularity. Their abund-
ance rendered them favorable as well as familiar objects of
study in this regard ; and the regularity of their movements,
as well as the suddenness of their disappearance and reappear-
ance, gave rise to the wildest speculation. This was at a time
when nothing was too absurd or too preposterous to be counte-
nanced by the best science that the times afforded. I can lay
jiy hand, for instance, on papers of the period discussing the
migration of birds to the moon — the falling of the little quad-
rupeds called lemmings in showers from the clouds — the origin
of Brant Geese from barnacles that grew on trees — el id genus
omne. Some people still argued that the earth was flat, still
sought perpetual motion and the square of the circle. Just
as soon, then, as the actual and normal migration of Swallows
was determined, the alleged accounts of the torpidity and
hibernation of Swallows were naturally consigned to the same
limbo that held the barnacle-geese and the cloudy lemmings,
and the mud-theorists were hooted out of court. But one
swallow does not make a summer ; * nor does the migration of a
million Swallows into Africa or South America prove that some
other Swallows cannot hibernate in the mud. This, however,

* This familiar saying has an application far beyond its literal and most
obvious signification. " Vna hirundo non faclt ver, Mia #e/U<5wv lap ov noiel •
hoc est, vntis dies non sat est ad parandam virtutem aut eruditionem : aut
non vnum aliquod benefactum, benedictumve dufiScit ad hoc, vt viri boni,
aut boni oratoris cognome promearis : plurimis enim virtutib. ea res costat.
Aut vt certum aliquid cognoscas, non satis est vnica couiectura. Siquidem
fieri potest vt vna quapiani hirundo casu maturius appareat. Sumptum ab
hirundinis natura quse veris est nuncia." GESN., De Avilus, ed. 1617, p. 506.

DO SWALLOWS HIBERNATE! 377

is the gist of the whole counter argument. I repeat, that it is
not scientific to deny the alleged hibernation ^ priori; and
that the testimony, so far from ceasing with the irresponsible
infancy of science, is reiterated to-day with the full voice of
mature science, in terms that have not been successfully re-
futed. We may always suspend judgment, and such tentative
attitude is worthy of respect ; but it is not permitted us, in the
present aspect of the case, to rule out the evidence.

Swallows, moreover, are not the only birds that are alleged,
on equally good grounds, to swarm in close retreats, become
torpid, lethargic, and so hibernate. In fact, precisely the same
allegations are current in the cases of Swifts (Gypselidce).
These birds, so similar to Swallows in many respects, physical
and physiological, are perfectly well known and admitted to
nest habitually in close retreats — to nightly gather by thousands
in similar places, streaming in at dusk, and streaming out at
daylight— to swarm in myriads in hollow trees, and perish there
in such numbers that in time their remains form solid masses
of bones, feathers, excrement, and decayed soft tissues several
feet in thickness at the bottom. Again : the winter retreats of
some of the commonest Swifts are unknown. Our ordinary
Chimney Swift (ChcRtura pelagica), unless I am greatly mistaken,
is not recorded as occurring anywhere beyond the United
States in winter. Nor is it a recognized inhabitant of any por-
tion of the United States in winter, except possibly along our
extreme southern border. Where does this bird go and stay in
winter? I suppose that it hibernates in hollow trees, and
could give reasons for the supposition.

As equally pertinent to this exceptional subject, I may allude
to the popular belief that the Common Eail, Sora, or so-called
Ortolan, Porzana Carolina, sinks in the mud and hibernates
with the frogs. So far as I am aware, this is a popular delu-
sion, taking its origin in the silence and celerity of the bird's
regular migrations, and the suddenness of its appearance and
disappearance. It seems to be a very weak- winged bird ; one
day it throngs the marshes, and the next there are none to
be found j the hasty assumptions of ignorant and credulous
persons rest upon these premises ; and some visionaries go so
far as to assert, that the rails turn into frogs. As already
said, in this case I do not know that there is any acceptable
testimony on scientific record.

The literature of the migrations and alleged hibernations of

378 THE LITERATURE OP THIS SUBJECT

Swallows is extensive, and some of it is very curious. In order
that the reader may avail himself of all the sources of infor-
mation I possess, and form his own conclusions, I present him
with such portion of the bibliography of the subject as I happen
to have already compiled. Having at present writing only
about half finished my " Bibliography of Ornithology ", I sup-
pose there may be extant about twice as many articles on the
subject as are here given. Most of these titles relate merely to
irregularities observed in the ordinary migrations of Swallows
in England ; but there is a fair sprinkling of references to the
particular crux of hibernation. The most wary or the most
timid student may be assured that he will find himself in per-
fectly respectable company whichever side of the fence he may
fall on. The notes which I have appended in many cases sup-
port my assertions regarding the character of the evidence we
possess, and warrant my statement that the allegations, respect-
ing which ornithologists must sooner or later come to some
understanding, are well attested. For the rest, I may add,
that I will not ignore, do not deny, and can not vouch for the
statements of authors.

1630. SCHWALBACH, J. G. " Dissertatio de Ciconiis, Gruibus, et Hirundinibus,
eorumque Hybernaculis. Spirae, 1630. 4to. pp. 23."
Not seen— others quote the title differently.

1658. THOMASIUS, J. Dissertatio de Hibernaculis Hirundinuin. Thoma-
sius, J., prses. resp. Chr. Schmidichen. 4to. Lipsiae, 1658; 1671;
1702, pp. 32.— Deutsche Uebers.. Von der Schwalben Winterquartier.
8vo. Dresden, 1702.
Not seen— Bohm, Bibl. ii. i. p. 521. Title compiled from different sources.

1666. SCHEFFERUS, J. ["That it is most certain, that Swallows sink them-
selves towards Autumne into Lakes, no otherwise than Frogs ; " etc.]
< Philos. Trans, i. 1660, p. 350.

1702. GOEDING, A. "Diss. phil. brevem exhibens descriptionem Abitus
Domiciliique hibernalis Hirundinuin ; Praes. And. Goeding, Resp. E.
Aurelius, Dalek. Upsaliae, 1702. 8vo. pp. 4, 52."
Not seen — title taken from v. Friesen.

1761. COLLINSON, P. A Letter to the Honourable J. Th. Klein, Secretary to
the City of Dantzick, from Mr. Peter Collinson, F. R. S. concerning
the Migration of Swallows. < Philos. Trans, for 1760, li. pt. ii. 1761,
pp. 459-464.
Refuting the notion of torpid hibernation.

1764. ACHAHD, F. C. Remarks on Swallows on the Rhine. < Philos.
Trans, for 1763, liii. 1764, pp. 101, 102.

Statement of their being found in holes in a eandy cliff; they "seemed 8tiff
and lifeless ", but subsequently revived.

THE LITERATURE OF THIS SUBJECT 379

1764. LECHE, J. "Diss. Acad. de Coinmemoratione hybernali et peregrina-
tionibus Hirundinum. Press. Job. Leche, Resp. Job. Grysselius,
Neric. Aboae, 1764. 4to. pp. 34."
Not seen— title from v. Friesen.

1772. HARRINGTON, D. An Essay on tbe periodical Appearing and Disap-
pearing of certain Birds, at different Times of tbe Year. In a Letter
from the Honourable Daines Barriugton, Vice-Pres. R. S. to William
Watson, M. D. F. R. S. < Philos. Trans. Ixii. 1772, art. xx. pp.
265-326.

Eeprinted, considerably augmented, in Barrington's Miscellanies, p. 174.
Refers especially to Swallows. Quotes Harl. Misc. ii. 561, for supposed migra-
tion of birds to the moon. Quotes Shaw, Phys. Obs. Algiers, chap. 2. Quotes
Martin, Edinb. 1771, 12mo, for thermometrical experiments. Adanson, Voy.
Senegal, pp. 13, 15, 67. Forster's Translation of Kalm. Translation of Osbeck.
Burch's Hist, of the Roy. Soc. iii. 189. Edwards, Essays, p. 197 (migration of sea
fowl).

1774. WAHRMUND, C. W. " Ueber den Winteraufentbalt der Scbwalben,

Storcbe und andere Vogel. <^Neues Hambgr. Magaz. Ixxxi. 1774,
p. 195."
Not seen— source of title not remembered.

1775. CORNISH, J. Of the Torpidity of Swallows and Martins. < Philos.

Trans. Ixv. pt. ii. 1775, pp. 343-352.
Affirmed and discussed.

1785. DEXTER, S. A Letter on the Retreat of House-Swallows in Winter,
from the Honourable Samuel Dexter, Esq; to the Honourable
James Bowdoin, Esq ; Pres. A. A. < Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts and
Sci. i. pt, ii. 1785, pp. 494-496.
Asserting the subaqueous torpid hibernation as a fact.

1789. CARLSON, G. v. •' Anmarkningar om, Svalor. <^Kongl. Fetensk.-
Akad. Nya Handl. 1789, x. pp. 315-317."
Not seen— title from v. Friesen, Ofv. Sver. Orn. Litt. 1860, 31.

1793. PACKARD, A. A Letter on the Retreat of Swallows in Winter.
< Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. ii. pt. i. 1793, pp. 93-95.
Letter to S. Dexter, confirming his statements by additional observations.

1799. COLE, P. On the Disappearance of Swallows in Autumn j in a Letter
irom Mr. Peter Cole to Dr. Mitchill, dated New- York, September 25,
1798. < Tilloch'a Philos. Mag. iv. 1799, pp. 414-417.

Article taken from the American Medical Repository. Original not seen.

"Some of these birds" (Cotyle riparia) "appeared to run on the surface of the
water with great rapidity, and, in the twinkling of an eye, disappeared under the

water and rose no more I am now become a proselyte to the swallows

remaining in a torpid state during the winter, not only from speculative re-
searches but from ocular demonstration." Quotes also passages to the same effect
from p. 735, vol. ii. of the "Christian's, Scholar's and Farmer's Magazine", and
from a letter from Mr. Josiah Blakeley to Mr. Carey, dated Baltimore, Jan. 7,
1788, in "American Museum ", iii. pp. 451, 452.

18—. S. O— N. [ODMANN, S.] " Om S valors drankning." < Lak. o. Naturf.
ix. Bd. pp. 178, 179.
Not seen— title from v. Friesen, p. 30.

380 THE LITERATURE OF THIS SUBJECT

1800. POLLOCK, H. On the Submersion of Swallows in Autumn. < Til-
loch's Philos. Mag. viii. 1800, pp. 107-109.

Testimony of eye-witness to the fact that " they plunged into the water and
disappeared ", to the number of about 200, within 30 yards of the observer.

1804. ANTES, P. On the Hybernation of Swallows, by the late Colonel

Antes. Communicated by Dr. Barton. < Trans. Amer. Philos. tioc.
vi. pt. i. 1804, pp. 59, 60.

1805. BARTON, B. S. Letter to M. Lacepede, of Paris, on the Natural His-

tory of North America. <Tilloch's Philos. Mag. xxii. 1805, pp.
204-211.
Asserts the torpid hibernation of Swallows as a fact.

Prior to 1810. REEVE, H. " An Essay on the Torpidity of Animals. By
Henry Reeve, M. D."

Not seen— cf. Philos. Mag. xxxv. 1810, p. 241, whenco the above imperfect title
is extracted. Said to relate in part to migration and torpidity of various birds.

1810. BARTON, B. S. On the Torpidity of Animals. < Tilloch's Philos. Mag.
xxxv. 1810, pp. 241-247.

Discussing the matter chiefly in the cases of Swallows and Hummingbirds.
"There is no fact in ornithology better established than the fact of the occasional
torpidity of" Ootyle riparia and Ohcetura pelasgia.

1813. FORSTER, T. " Observations on the brumal retreat of the Swallow
[etc.]. 8vo. London, 1813."

Not seen.— The same or another tract by the same author is said to have
reached its 6th ed. in J 817.— See also Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. pt. ii. p. 590.

1824. AUDUBON, J. J. Facts and Observations connected with the perma-
nent residence of Swallows in the United States. <^ Ann. Lye. Nat.
Hist. New York, i. pt. i. 1824, pp. 166-168. (Read Aug. 11, 1824.)
H. lunifrons, Say, is heYe renamed H. respublicana, sp. n.

1824. CLINTON, DE W. On the Hirundo fulva of Vieillot, with some gen-
eral remarks on the birds of this genus. <^ Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
New York, i. pt. i. 1824, pp. 156-166. (Read Aug. 9, 1824.)
"H. fulva Vieill.", i. e. H. lunifrons, Say; here renamed H. opifex, sp. n.

1827. SMITH, COLIN. Facts in regard to the Hybernation of the Chimney
Swallow, (Hirundo rustica). <^ Edinb. New Philos. Journ. iii. 1827,
pp. 231-234.

Five individuals captured in torpid state on rafters of an out-house. They
revived and flew away. Supposition that Ootyle riparia might be found dor-
mant in its holes.

1829. BREE, W. T. On the Arrival and Retreat of the British Hirundines,
with a Table of Arrivals and Departures, from 1800 to 1828. < Lou-
don's Mag. Nat. Hist. ii. 1829, pp. 16-20.

1829. " L. E. O." Swallows remaining in this Country [England] during
the Winter. < London's Mag. Nat. Hist. ii. 1829, p. 458.

1839. SWEET, R. A Swallow in November [near Fulham, Engl.].
^London's Mag. Nat. Hist. ii. 1829, p. 101.

THE LITERATURE OF THIS SUBJECT 331

1830. BREE, W. T. Dates of the first and last Appearances of the Hirun-
dines in the Neighbourhood of Allesley Rectory [England], for the
Year 1829, with Remarks. < London's Mag. Nat. Hist. iii. 1830, pp.
130-132.

1830. " J. H. N." Migration and Breeding of Swallows ; in answer to W. H.

White (p. 194). < London's Mag. Nat. Hist. iii. 1830, p. 474.

1831. COUCH, J. Notes on the Chimney Swallow (Hirundo rustica), and on

the Window Swallow, or Marten (Hirundo urbica). < London's
Mag. Nat. Hist. iv. 1831, pp. 520-523.
Migrations and habits.

1831. LOEFFLER, H. " Ueber den Winterschlaf der Schwalben. < Preus-

sisch. Provinzialbl. v. 1831, p. 63."

Not seen — scarce of title forgotten.

1832. AUDUBON, J. J. Ueber das Verbleiben der Schwalben. < Oken's Isis,

Bd. xxv. 1832, p. 1071.
Aus d. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, i. 1824, p. 166.

1832. CLINTON, DEWITT. Ueber Hirundo fulva Vieill. [i. e. H. lunifrons
Say]. < Oken's Isis, Bd. xxv. 1832, p. 1071.
Aus d. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, i. 1821, p. 156.

1832. SMITH, C. Ueberwinterung der Rauchschwalbe, Hirundo rustica.

< Oken's Isis, Bd. xxv. 1832, p. 693.

Auszug aus d. Edinb. New Philos. Journ. Bd. ii. 1827, Heft vi. p. 231.

1833. "LL. CON." The Swallow near the Conway, Caernarvonshire.

< London's Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 1833, p. 72.

1833. TATEM, J. G. The Departure of the Swallow. < London's Mag. Nat.
Hist. vi. 1833, p. 72.

1833. WOODRUFF, S. On Hyberna'ion and other topics of Natural History.

< Sillim. Am. Journ. xxiv. 1833, pp. 363-369.

Toncbes on supposed hibernation of tbe Swallow, in separate sub-heads, pp.

1834. . "Svalans [Hirundo] flyttning. < Tidsk. f. Jagare o. Naturf.

iii. 1834, pp. 881-885."
Not seen— title from v. Friesen.

1838. DUTROCHET, H. Hibernation des hirondelles. < Compt. Eend. de
I'Acad. Sci. vi. 1838, p. 673.

Extrait d'uno lettre. " Un fait dont j'ai 6t6 temoin : Au milieu de 1'hiver deux
hirondelles ont 6te trouv6es engourdies dans un enfoncement qui existait dans
une muraille et dans 1'interieur d'nn batiment. Entre les mains de ceux qni
1'avaient prises, elles ne tarderent pas a se rechauffer et elles s'en volerent."

1838. DUTROCHET, H. [Lettre adresse'e a M. Is. Geoffrey St. Hilaire, relative
& 1'hibernation des Hirondelles.] < Revue Zoologique, i. 1838, p. 66.
Extrait du Compt. Rend. vi. 1838, p. 673.

382 THE LITERATURE OF THIS SUBJECT

1838. LARREY, Baron. Hibernation des Hirondelles. < Compt. Rend, de
I'Acad. Sci. vi. 1838, p. 703.

"H raconte dans sa Campagne d'ltalie (tome I"), qne, passant a la fin de
1'hiver de 1792 dans la val!6e de Maurienne, il avait d6couvert dans nne grotte
profonde d'une montagne, nomro6e VHirondellUre, une grande quantit6 de ces
oiseaux suspendns comme nn essaim d'abeilles dans 1'un des coins de la voute
de cette grotte."

1838. GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, ISIDORE. [Reflexions a 1'occasion de

cette communication. ] < Compt. Rend, de I'Acad. Sci. vi. 1838, p. 703.

1839. DUTROCHET, H. Ueberwinterung der Schwalben. < Oken's Isis, Bd.

xxxii. 1839, pp. 367, 368.
L'Institut, Nr. 229, 1838, p. 157.

1839. PELLETERIE, H. DE LA. [Sur la pr^tendue hibernation des Hiron-
delles.] < Revue Zoologique, ii. 1839, p. 344.

1843. ATKINSON, J. C. Note on the migration of Martins [Chelidon urbica]
and Sand-martins [Cotyle riparia]. < Zoologist, i. 1843, pp. 354, 355.

1843. BREE, W. T. Note on the late departure [from Dover] of the Swallow
[H. rustica] in 1842. < Zoologist, i. 1843, pp. 101, 102.

1843. JORDAN, R. C. R. Note on the late departure [from Teigninouth] of
Swallows, &c. in 1842. < Zoologist, i. 1843, p. 76.

1843. NEWMAN, E. Note on the late departure [from Peckham] of the Swal-
low in 1842. < Zoologist, i. 1843, p. 77.

1843. NORMAN, G. Note on the late departure of the Swallow [H. rustica,
from Hull] in 1841. < Zoologist, i. 1843, p. 102.

1843. TRATHAN, J. T. Note on the late departure [from Falmouth] of Swal-
lows in 1842. < Zoologist, i. 1843, p. 76.

1843. WILCOX, W. Note on the early arrival of Martins [Chelidon urbica,

at Devon] in 1843. <. Zoologist, i. 1843. pp. 145, 146.

1844. BELL, R. J. Note on the late occurrence of the Swallow at Goole in

December. < Zoologist, ii. 1844, p. 565.

1844. CLIFFE, H. F. Note on the Swallow's course over the Atlantic.

< Zoologist, ii. 1844, p. 565.

1844. GURNEY, S., JR. Note on the early arrival of the Swallow or Martin.

< Zoologist, ii. 1844, p. 565.

1844. HUSSEY, A. Enquiry as to the arrival of the Swallow, &c. <. Zoologist,
ii. 1844, p. 650.

1844. SLADEN, E. H. M. Note on the Migration of the Swallow. < Zoologist,

ii. 1844, pp. 762, 763.

1845. HUSSEY, A. Migration of House Martins [Chelidon urbica] about

Brighton. < Zoologist, iii. 1845, p. 870.

1845. " J. A. S." Swallows. A fact in Ornithology. < Lit. Rcc. and Journ.
Linn. Assoc. of Penna. College, i. 1845, pp. 269, 270.
Their gathering iu multitudes at times.

THE LITERATURE OF THIS SUBJECT 383

1845. SLADEN, E. H. M. Flight of the Swallow. < Zoologist, iii. 1845, p. 939.

1845. WEBSTER, T. Partial Migration of [Hirundine] Birds. < Zoologist,

iii. 1845, pp. 1191, 1192.

1846. DAWSOX, J. Swallows never seen at the Carron Iron-works in Winter.

< Zoologist, iv. 1846, pp. 1297, 1298.
Compare seventh title following.

1846. FORSTER, T. " On the Migration of the Swallows. <Proc. Linn. Soc.
i. 1846, p 296 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xviii. 18—, p. 195."
Not aeon— title derived from Agassiz and Strickland.

1846. RICHARDSON, F. Migration of the Swallow. < Zoologist, iv. 1846,
p. 1211.

1846. ROOD, E. H. Late stay of the Swallow at Penzance. < Zoologist, iv.

1846, p. 1247.

1846. RODD, E. H. Early arrival of the Swallow in Cornwall. < Zoologist,
iv. 1846, p. 1368.

1846. RUDD, T. S. Late departure of the Swallow at Redcar. < Zoologist,
iv. 1846, p, 1368.

1846. SMITH, H.E. Late stay of the House-martin [Chelidon urhica] at
Alton. < Zoologist, iv. 1846, p. 1247.

1846. SMITH, S. Swallows at the Carron Iron- works in winter. -^Zoologist,

iv. 1846, p. 1247.
From Sydney Smith's "Principles of Phrenology ".

1847. BIRD, W. F. W. Early Arrival of the Sand-Martin [Cotyle riparia].

< Zoologist, v. 1847, p. 1777.

1847. BREE, W. Late stay of Swallows and Martins at Springfield, War-
wickshire. < Zoologist, v. 1847, pp. 1638, 1639.

1847. JOHNSON, J., jr. Swallows in January [in England]. < Zoologist, v.

1847, p. 1639.

1847. ROOD, E. H. Early appearance of the Sand Martin [Cotyle riparia]

near Penzance. < Zoologist, v. 1847, p. 1696.

1848. BOSWELL, J. Scientific dictum of Dr. Johnson respecting [torpid

subaqueous hibernation of] Swallows. < Zoologist, vi. 1848, p. 2064.
From Boswell's Life of Johnson.

1848. ELLMAN, J. B. Swallows (Hirurdo rustica) dug out of Hedge-banks
[in winter]. < Zoologist, vi. 1848, pp. 2302, 2303.

1848. HARDY, J. Disappearance of Swallows at Penmanshiel, Berwickshire.

< Zoologist, vi. 1848, p. 1968.

1849. BREE, C. R. Late appearance of the Swallow (1 Firundo rusiica) in

1848 [at Slowmarket]. < Zoologist, vii. 1849, p. 2455.

1849. BREE, W. T. Remarks on the Migration of Swallows (Hirundo
rustica). < Zoologist, vii. 1849, pp. 2391, 2392.

384 THE LITERATURE OF THIS SUBJECT

1849. COLMAN, J. F. Late stay of the Martin (Hirundo urbica) in Suffolk.

< Zoologist, vii. 1849, p. 2392.

1849. ELLMAN.J. B. Late stay of Swallows (Hirundo rustica) at Rye.

< Zoologist, vii. 1849, p. 2352.

1849. FITTON, E. B. Swallows [? Swifts] Hibernating in the Cliff at Hast-
ings. < Zoologist, vii. 1849, p. 2590.

1849. HULKE, J. W. Late appearance of the House Martin (Hirundo urbica)
near Deal. < Zoologist, vii. 1849, p. 2392.

1849. SUNDEVALL, C. J. " Svalornas [Hirundo] hibernation. <^6fv.E. Vet.-

Akad. Fork. 1849, pp. 181-185."
Not seen— cf. v. Friesen, Ofv. Sver. Orn. Litt. 1860, 31.

1850. BREE, W. T. On the Autumnal Stay of Martins [Chelidon urbica].

< Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2800.

1850. NORMAN, G. Early Appearance of the Martin (Hirundo urbica) near

Hull. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2800.

1850-54. SUNDEVALL, C. J. "Om Svalans [Hirundo] hibernation. < Offers.
E. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1850, pp. 6-11 ; 1854, pp. 135-140."
Not seen— cf. v. Friesen, Ofv. Sver. Orn. Litt. 1860, 31.

1851. HARPER, J. Observations on the Arrival of HirundinidaB in Norfolk

this [1851] Spring. < Zoologist, ix. 1851, p. 3173.

1852. BREE, W. T. Arrival of Hirundines [in England] in 1852. < Zoologist,

x. 1852, p. 351 2.

1852. BRYANT, G. Late appearance of the Swallow [in Britain]. < Ann.

Mag. Nat. Hist. 2d ser. x. 1852, p. 465.

1853. HEWITSON, W. C. Swallows in November [in England]. < Zoologist,

xi. 1853, p. 3753.

1853. WAKEFIELD, R. Swallows [Chelidon urbica] in November. < Zoologist,
xi. 1853, p. 3806.

1853. WOLLEY, J. Supposed occurrence of a specimen of the Severn Swal-

low (Hirundo bicolor, Vieill.), at Derby, in 1850. < Zoologift, xi.
1853, pp. 3806, 3807.

1854. GLOGER, C. W. L. Das lange Verspaten der Schwalben [Hirundo

rustica] im jetzigen Herbste (1853) [u. s. w.]. <J.f> 0. ii. 1854,
pp. 284, 285.
Cf. torn. cit. 190.

1854. HOMEYER, E. VON. Hirundo rufula Temm., die rothhalsige Gebirgs-

schwalbe als europaischer Brutvogel. < J.f. 0. ii. 1854, pp. 174, 175.

1855. BRIGGS, J. J. Note on the congregation of Swallows. < Zoologist,

xiii. 1855, pp. 4558, 4559.

1856. GUYON, G. Late stay of Swallows [in the Isle of Wight] in 1855.

Zoologist, xiv. 1856, p. 4943.

1856. HADFIELD, H. W. Late stay of the Swallow Tribe [in Isle of Wight].

< Zoologist, xiv. 1856, pp. 4994, 4995.

THE LITERATURE OF THIS SUBJECT 385

185C. HADFIELD, H. W. Migration of the Swallow Tribe [in Isle of Wight].

< Zoologist, xiv. 1856, pp. 5060, 5061.

1856. HARCOURT, E. V. Late Stay of Swallows and Martins in 1855

[Hastings]. < Zoologist, xiv. 1856, p. 4945.
1856. LOGAN, R. F. Note on the Late Stay of Swallows [Hirundo rustica,

urbica, in Scotland] in 1855. < Edirib. New Philos. Journ. new ser.

iii. 1856, p. 350.
1856. LOWE, E. J. Singular Mortality amongst the Swallow Tribe. < Eep.

Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci.for 1855, 1856, (Misc. Comm.), pp. 112, 113.
Due to cold weather, occasioning the death of thousands. Meteorological data

furnished.

1856. RODD, E. H. Late Appearance of the Swallow Tribe at Penzance,

Dec. 1855. < Zoologist, xiv. 1856, p. 4945.

1857. HADFIELD, H. W. Migration of the Swallow Tribe. < Zoologist, xv.

1857, p. 5364.

1857. HADFIELD, H. W. Note on the Migration of the Swallow Tribe [in

the Isle of Wight]. < Zoologist, xv. 1857, pp. 5751, 5752.

1858. FORSTKR, T. " On the irregularity in the return of the Swallows and

other vernal migratorial birds in the season 1857. < Journ. Proc.
Linn. Soc. ii. 1858, p. 40."
Not seen— title from Giebel, and doubtless literally incorrect.

1859. GURNEY, S. Swallows in November [at Carshalton]. <^Zoologist,

xvii. 1859, p. 6328.

1859. HENSMAN, A. Late Swallows [Northampton, November 13]. < Zool-
ogist, xvii. 1859, p. 6492.

1859. NEWMAN, H. W. Disappearance of Swallows and Martins [from Chel-

tenham.] ^Zoologist, xvii. 1859, p. 6779.

1860. CLARK, T. Late Stay of Martins [near Bridgwater]. < Zoologist,

xviii. 1860, p. 6808.
1860. COUCH, J. Martins [Chelidon urbica, in Cornwall] near Christmas.

< Zoologist, xviii. 1860, p. 6891.

1860. NEWTON, A. Note on the supposed occurrence of the Hirundo bicolor

of North America in England. < P. Z. S. xxviii. 1860, pp. 131, 132.
1860. NEWTON, A. Note on the supposed Occurrence of the Hirundo bicolor

of North America in England. < Zoologist, xviii. 1860, pp. 7145, 7146.
1860. NEWTON, A. Note on the supposed occurrence of the Hirundo bicolor

of North America in England. < Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. vi.

1860, pp. 130, 131.
From P. Z. S. Feb. 28, 1860, pp. 131, 132 ; cf. Zoologist, 1860, p. 7145.

1860. SAVILLE, S. P. Disappearance of Swallows and Martins [from Cam-
bridgeshire]. < Zoologist, xviii. 1860, p. 6808.

1862. HADFIELD, H. Migration of Swallows. < Zoologist, xx. 1862, pp.
7937, 7938.

1362. HADFIELD, H. Migration of Swallows, &c. < Zoologist, xs. 1862,
p. 8162.

1862. PARKE, G. H. Early Appearance of the Swallow [in Yorkshire].

< Zoologist, xx. 1862, p. 7938.
25 B 0

386 THE LITERATURE OF THIS SUBJECT

18G2. RANSOM, J. Appearauce of the Swallow [at York] in 1862. < Zool-
ogist, xx. 1862, p. 8035.
1863. ATKINSON, J. C. Early Occurrence of the Swallow fin Britain].

< Zoologist, xxi. 1863, p. 8524.

1863. GIGLIOTJ, H. H. [Letter on Cotyle rupestris as a migrant.] < Ibis,
v. 1863, p. 474.

1863. NBWMAN, H. W. Scarcity of Swallows [in Cheltenham]. < Zool-
ogist, xxi. 1863, pp. 8824, 8825.

1863. RANSON, J. Irregular Appearance of the Swallow [at York]. < Zool-

ogist, xxi. 1863, pp. 8681, 8682.

1864. DELAHARPE, J. " Renseignements sur la migration des hirondelles.

< Bull. Soc. Vaud. 1864, pp. 111-126, and 1865, p. 168."
Not seen— title from Zool. Rec. for 1865, p. 105.

1864. FRAUENFELD, G. v. "Ueber Wanderung und Flug der Vogel.

< Jo-urn, f. Ornith. pp. 101 Ms— 108 Us (potius pp. 101-108) ; and Verb.
Zool.-Bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1864, pp. 156, 157."

Not seen— title from Zool. Rec. for 1864, p. 40.— " The author sets himself to
answer three sets of questions respecting the direction taken by migrating
Swallows, put by Dr. J. de la Harpe." See preceding title.

1864. HADFIELD, H. Martins congregating in August [in the Isle of Wight].

< Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 9329.

1864. HADFIELD, H. Scarcity of Swallows. < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 8886.

1864. HEWITSON, W. C. Late Stay of the Swallows. < Zoologist, xxii. 1864,
p. 8886.

18C4. HUTCHINSON, M. Arrival of Swallows, Martins and Sand Martins at
Blackheath. ^Zoologist, xxii. 1864, pp. 9112, 9113.

1864. MATHEWS, G. F. Extraordinary Flight ["many thousands"] of Swal-
lows. < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 9112.

1864. MONCREAFF, H. Immense Flight of Swallows [over island of Portsea].

< Zoologist, xxiii. 1864, p. 9112.

1864. RAKE, T. B. Notes on the Swallow Tribe, their Stay and Departure.

< Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 8955.

1864. RANSON, J. Swallows [at York]. < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 9328.

1864. SAUNDERS, W. C. Arrival of the Willow Wren and Swallow [in
Great Britain]. < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 9108.

1864. VERRILL, A. E. [Observations on the supposed eastward migration
of the Cliff Swallow (Hirundo lunifrons).] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist. ix. 1864, pp. 276-278.

1864. WHARTON, C. B. Martins congregating in August. < Zoologist, xxii.
1864, p. 9282.

1864. WHEELER, A. The late Stay of Swallows [at Torquay]. < Zoologist,

xxii. 1864, p. 8955.

1865. BUTTON, J. Late Stay of Swallows [at Hammersmith]. < Zoologist,

xxiii. 1865, p. 9418.

THE LITERATURE OF THIS SUBJECT 387

1865. HADFIELD, H. Migration of the Swallow and Martin [in the Isle of
Wight]. < Zoologist, xxiii. 1865, p. 9434.

1865. HAMEL, E. D. Late Swallow [at Bole Hall]. < Zoologist, xxiii.
1865, p. 9418.

1865. HUTCHINSON, M. Arrival of Hirundine Immigrants at Blackheath.

< Zoologist, xxiii. 1865, p. 9617.

1866. CLOGG, S. Martins inDecember [at Millandreath, near Looe]. < Zool-

ogist, 2d ser. i. 1866, p. 33.

1866. CLOGG, S. Arrival of Hirundines at Looe, Cornwall. < Zoologist, 2d
ser. i. 1866, pp. 309, 310.

1866. CLOGG, S. Martins at Christmas [East Looe, Liskeard]. < Zoologist,
2d ser. i. 1866, p. 96.

1866. DOUBLEDAY, H. Late Stay of Martins [at Epping]. < Zoologist, 2d

ser. i. 1866, p. 523.

1867. CLARK-KENNEDY, A. Early Arrival of Swallows and Martins. < Zool-

ogist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 827.

1867. PLANT, J. Swallows at Salford. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 1015.

1868. . [Fable of the subaqueous Hibernation of] Swallows. -^Zool-
ogist, 2d ser. iii. 1868, pp. 1219, 1220.

From the "Morning Advertiser ", Feb. 4, 1868.

1868. BELL, T. Scarcity of Hirundines [in Hants]. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iii.
1868, p. 1378.

1868. CLARK-KENNEDY, A. Swallows in November [near Windsor].
< Zoologist, 2d ser. iii. 1868, p. 1058.

1868. CLERMONT, Lord. Scarcity of the House Martin [at Eatington
Park]. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iii. 1868, p. 1343.

1868. DUTTON, J. Late Stay of Martins [Nov. 28; Eastbourne]. < Zool-
ogist, 2d ser. iii. 1868, p. 1097.

1868. GURNEY, J. H. On the Departure of the Swallows from Devonshire
in 1868. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iii. 1868, p. 1479.

1868. RANSON, J. Scarcity of Hirundines [in York]. < Zoologist, 2d ser.
iii. 1868, p. 1422.

1868. SMITH, C. Late Appearance of the Swallow [Taunton]. ^Zoologist,

2d ser. iii. 1868, p. 1058.

1869. BRIGGS, T. R. A. Late stay of Martins. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iv. 1869,

p. 1516.

1869. CLOGG, S. Scarcity of Martins in 1868 in the Neighbourhood of East
Love. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iv. 1869, p. 1516.

1869. EDELEN, — . " Aus dem Wanderleben einer Schwalbe. < Bhein. Ferh.
Correspondenzll. xxvi. 1869, p. 78."
Not seen.

1869. MATHEWS, G. F. Late stay of Swallows. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iv. 1869,
p. 1516.

388 THE LITERATURE OF THIS SUBJECT

1869. PAPILLON, P. O. Late Swallows. < Zoologist, 2d. ser. iv. 1869, p.
1562.

1869. WALSH, W. H. Martins and Swallows. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iv. 1869,

p. 1802.

1870. BLAKE-KNOX, H. Migration of Swallows. < Zoologist, 2d ser. v.

1870, p. 2182.

1870. SMEE, A. H. Note on the Migration of Swallows. < Zoologist, 2d

ser. v. 1870, pp. 2140, 2141.

1871. BOND, F. Late-staying Hirundines [at Brighton]. < Zoologist, 2d ser.

vi. 1871, p. 2440.
1871. GOEBEL, H. Curiosa. <J.f. 0. xix. 1871, pp. 26, 27.

Notices statements which had been made respecting the breeding of Ostriches
and the movements of Swallows.

1871. LABOUCHERE, H. M. Arrival of the Martin and Swallow [at Hamp-
stead]. < Zoologist, 2d ser. vi. 1871, p. 2609.

1871. MOOR, E. C. Late Swallows [in Ipswich]. ^Zoologist, 2d ser. vi.

1871, p. 2440.

1872. MEYER, R. Ankunft und Abzug der Schwalbenarten [in Deutsch-

land] in diesem Jahre. < ZooL Gart. xiii. 1872, pp. 337-339.
1872. RODD, E. H. Arrival of Swallows [at Land's End]. < Zoologist, 2d
ser. vii. 1872, p. 3064.

1872. WAYNE, W. H. Swallow and Martin, or Chimney Swallow and Eave

Swallow. < Zoologist, 2d ser. vii. 1872, p. 3234.
Note on their vernacular names and on their appearances, &c.

1873. THOMASSON, J. P. Late Swallows [Oct. 29; Lancashire]. < Zoologist,

2d ser. viii. 1873, p. 3369.

1874. CLOGG, S. Early Congregation of Martins. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ix.

1874, p. 4157.

1874. BELL, T. Scarcity and Late Stay of Martins and Swallows at Sel-
borue. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ix. 1874, pp. 3833, 3834.

1874. CAMBRIDGE, O. P. Late Stay of House Martins [Nov. 22d, in Great
Britain]. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ix. 1874, p. 3833.

1874. CLOGG, S. Martins and Swallows; is their Late Stay dependent on
the Wind ? < Zoologist, 2d ser. ix. 1874, p. 3834.

1874. CREWE, H. H. House Martin near Aylesbury on the 5th of Decem-
ber. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ix. 1874, p. 3833.

1874. CROSFIELD, A. J. Late Martins and Swallows [Nov. 2, Reigate].
< Zoologist, 2d ser. ix. 1874, p. 3881.

1877. ANON. Palme"n on the Migration of Birds <^ Nature, xv. no. 387,
Mar. 29, 1877, pp. 465-467.

Review of Ueber die Zugstrassen der Vogel von J. A. Palm6n, Leipzig, 1876.—
Handles without gloves those " who still hanker after the ancient faith in 'hiber-
nation.' It may be said that it is but lost labour to attempt to bring such people
to reason, and so, possibly, it is. Still, the apparent gravity with which this
absurd notion is from time to time propounded, renders it necessary that its folly
should be as often exposed, . . . ."

THE LITEBATUEE OF THIS SUBJECT 389

1877. ARGYLL, Duke of. Hibernation of Birds < Nature, xv. no. 390, Apr.
19, 1877, pp. 527, 528.

Transmits letter from Sir John McNeill, who says :— " I have stated and I now
repeat that I have seen swallows in large numbers hibernating." Then he gives
the particulars.

1877. McLEOD, K. E. Correspondence. < Field and Forest, iii. no. 2, Aug.
1877, pp. 35, 36.

2. propos of some pleasantries lately published in Nature against the idea that
birds hibernate, the writer, whom the well-known Mr. G. A. Boardman, of Calais,
Me., represents to me as a proper person, sends the editor the following, in
substance :—

Mr. John T. Gross, " a gentleman of intelligence and veracity ", informed him
that when lumbering in the woods in New Brunswick, in winter, with a great
depth of snow, his cook, who was digging out a spring of black mud, came upon
"two bank Swallows apparently dead, but dry ". These birds were handled by
several men full of curiosity ; they soon began to revive in the warmth of the
camp, and after a little while one of them flew out of the smoke -hole and fell
upon the snow ; the other was reburied in the mud by the cook.

The writer encloses a letter from A. S. Freeman, of Presque Isle, detailing
circumstances of finding birds, said to be Bank Swallows (but which may have
been Swifts), " frozen stiff" in the hollow of a felled maple-tree ; some of which
birds, taken to a warm room, revived and flew about, but were found dead next
morning. " They were of a brownish color with white or light bellies, such as
we find around holes in the sand banks in the summer."

1877. "THE EEVIEWER OF PALMEN'S WORK." The "Hibernation" of
Birds < Nature, xvi. no. 395, May 24, 1877, p. 61.

Regards the incident Sir John McNeill relates as " miraculous ", without im-
pugning the relator's veracity ; dismisses Herr Rohweder's account to the
" limbo of legends ", and still appears pleased with himself — O fortunatos
nimiuml

1877. SPALDING, D. A. The First Swallow at Menton [France] < Nature,
xv. no. 388, Apr. 5, 1877, p. 488.

1877. SPALDING, D. A. The Swallows and Cnckoo at Menton [France]
< Nature, xv. no. 390, Apr. 19, 1877, p. 528.

1877. « X." The Hibernation of Swallows < Nature, xvi. no. 394, May 17,
1877, p. 43.

Cites note in Ornithologisches Centralblatt of May 1, 1877, from J. Eohweder,
who certifies to the competency and trustworthiness of the observer who com-
municated to him the facts here given. Many hibernating Swallows were found
and handled.

The foregoing titles, it will be observed, are only of special papers on the
subject — the bulk of the literature being found in works or tracts of more
general character. I will give two instances of the style in which the sub-
ject appears in literature. Peter Kalm, the celebrated traveller, wrote from
New Jersey in 1750, that he had observed Barn Swallows on the 10th of
April (new style), sitting on planks and posts, as wet as if they had just
come out of the sea ; and the famous John Eeinhold Forster, editor and
translator of Kalra, adds very explicit testimony of his own, ho being an
eye-witness. Dr. Wallerius, the distinguished Swedish chemist, wrote in
1748, that he had more than once seen Swallows assembling on a reed, till
they were all immersed ; and that he had likewise seen a Swallow caught

390 THE LITERATURE OF THIS SUBJECT

in a net under water, revived in a warm room, where it fluttered about
and then died. Mr. Klein, secretary of Dantzick, procured many sworn
affidavits of such occurences. The mother of the Countess Lehndorf said
she had seen a bundle of Swallows brought from Lake Frith- Haff, which
were revived in a room and flew about. Count Schlieben gave a stamped
instrument importing that he had seen Swallows caught in a net, had taken
one of them in hand, brought it into a warm room, where it lay about an
hour, when it began to stir, and soon after flew about. Fermier-G6ne*ral
Witkowski made affidavit that in 1740 three Swallows had been netted in a
pond at Didlaeken, and that in 1741 he got two Swallows from this pond,
where they were caught in his presence, and took them home, where they
revived, fluttered about, and died three hours after. Aintmanii Bonke saw
nine Swallows brought up in a net from under the ice, and distinctly ob-
served their reanimation. Forster rehearses more testimony to the same
effect, and continues : — " 7thly, I can reckon myself among the eye-witnesses
of this paradoxon of natural history. In the year 1735, being a little boy, I
saw several Swallows brought in winter by fishermen, from the river Vistula
to my father's house, where two of them were brought into a warm room,
revived and flew about. I saw them several times settling on the warm
stone, (which the Northern nations have in their rooms) and I recollect well
that the same forenoon they died, and I had them, when dead in my band.
... In January [1754] the lake of Lybshau, belonging to these estates,
being covered with ice, I ordered the fishermen to fish therein, and in my
presence several Swallows were taken ; which the fishermen threw in again ;
but one I took up myself, brought it home, which was five miles from thence,
and it revived, but died about an hour after its reviving." *

Williams, writing of the Swallows of Vermont in 1794, says that at Danby
in that State, there were reports that some of these birds had been taken
out of a pond in that town some years previously. A man in digging up roots
of the pond lily found several Swallows " enclosed in the mud j alive, but in
a torpid state". He continues : — " I saw an instance which puts the possi-
bility of the fact beyond all room for doubt. About the year 1760, two men
were digging in the Salt marsh, at Cambridge, in Massachusetts, on the
bank of the Charles River, about two feet below the surface of the ground,
they dug up a Swallow, wholly surrounded and covered with mud. The
Swallow was in a torpid state, but being held in their hands, it revived in
about half an hour. The place where this Swallow was dug up was every
day covered with the salt water, which at every high tide, was four or five
feet deep. The time when this Swallow was found was the latter part of
the month of February."!

I might go on almost indefinitely with this sort of thing, but I have ad-
duced enough to show the character of the evidence we possess, and this is
my only object.

* Peter Kalm's Travels into North America, Forster's Ed., vol. ii. pp.
140-144, 1771. [Quoted at second hand and abridged from Merriam, Trans.
Conn. Acad. i. 1877, pp. 28, 29.]

tThe Natural and Civil History of Vermont. By Samuel Williams. Wai-
pole, N. H. 1794. pp. 115, 116. [Quoted after Merriam, I. c.]

THE ARCHITECTURE OF SWALLOWS 391

Architecture of Swallows

Next after the migration, the nidification of Swallows is the
best-known point in their natural history. The nesting and
the eggs of all the "North American species have become per-
fectly well known, such is the abundance of the birds, such
their familiarity with man. Their buildings illustrate two
striking propositions: —

1. The versatility of architectural genius within the limits of
a small and perfectly natural group of birds.

2. The influence of man in modifying the architectural cus-
toms of birds.

Every one of the North American species nests in a way
peculiar to itself, even those which are most alike being dis-
tinguished by some circumstance, either of the nest itself, or
of the freight it bears ; and all the species, with a single prob-
able exception, have successively yielded to the modifying
influences of the gradual settlement of the country by man.
The Violet-green Swallow has held out the longest, and it is
only very recently, in fact, that we have learned of its accept-
ance of the new order of things. The time when the Barn
Swallow forsook its primitive custom of building has passed
out of mind ; the modification is so profound, that this bird
now very rarely nests elsewhere than in artificial resorts which
man presents to its choice. In some cases, the change is com-
plete in settled portions of the country, while elsewhere the
same species retains its primitive habits. Thus the Cliff or
Eave Swallow now nests habitually on buildings in the East-
ern United States, though it still glues its curious rnud fabrics
to the faces of cliffs in the West 5 and the Purple Martin nests
indifferently in boxes set up for its use, and in holes in trees.
In the case of the Cliff Swallow, another curious result of the
settlement of the country is seen in the gradual extension of
the range of the species. Formerly restricted to regions
abounding in natural nesting-sites, it has spread into populous
districts, where the eaves of buildings afford a convenient
substitute for the original breeding-places. The Rough-winged
Swallow originally nested, and generally still nests, like the
Bank, in holes dug by itself in the ground ; but it now often
avails itself of the nooks afforded by bridges, piers, and other
contrivances of man. I should not be surprised if this bird
were an immigrant, into some parts at least of North America,

392 THE ARCHITECTURE OF SWALLOWS

of comparatively recent naturalization among us, attracted at
length by conveniences for nesting. The Bank Swallow, the
most cosmopolitan species of the whole family, seems to retain
its wonted ways most sturdily of any — a fact perhaps explained
by the highly exceptional character of its nidification.

To all this there is no parallel among our birds. Various
species, indeed, now regularly accept the artificial nesting-
places man provides, whether by design or otherwise. Such is
notably the case with several kinds of Wrens, with at least one
kind of Owl, with the Bluebird, the Pewit Flycatcher, and
especially the House Spai cow. Various other birds occasion-
ally avail themselves of like privileges, still retaining in the
main their original habits. But in no other case than that of
Swallows is the modification of habit so profound, or so nearly
without exception throughout an entire family. Next alter
the Swallows, the Wrens appear to yield the most readily, and
all of our species will probably become modified in due time
after the fashion of the House Wren. But the geographical
distribution of no other birds than Swallows has been thus
far affected by increased facilities for nesting.

As architects, our Swallows are separable into several cate-
gories, according to the order of the structures they build. It
will be remembered that they are weak-billed, feeble-footed
birds, without the instruments required for the weaving of
intricate fabrics, or the elaboration of ornate and highly
finished dwelling-places. So varied is their workmanship, so
curious are some specimens of their art, that we can hardly
refer their structures to any single plan ; yet, in general, we
may discern in their nesting the tendency, usually seen in weak-
footed birds, to retire into holes, into which are brought, and
artlessly arranged, the materials that are to receive the eggs.
At least, such seems to betheprimitivecustom ; and it is still the
wont of the Purple Martin and of the Violet-green and Rough-
winged and Bank Swallows. A modification of this is wit-
nessed in the Barn Swallow, which builds by preference in
corners, in any angle between converging plane surfaces.
The most remarkable extreme is that the Cliff Swallow fur-
nishes, where we can trace the most elaborate retort-shaped
mud receptacles, back through less perfected purse-like struc-
tures, to the early idea of the bird, which was simply the wall-
ing-up of chinks and crannies on the face of cliffs, or the
formation of a cup like projection. In the material employed,

THE ARCHITECTURE OF SWALLOWS 393

we likewise see the progressive steps by which, from the mere
deposit of soft material in a natural hollow, the Swallows began
to project their fabrics out beyond the base of support; secur-
ing the required coherence of the materials, not by weaving,
which to them was impracticable, but by plastering with mud.
Thus we gradually reach those wonderful structures which the
Cliff Swallow builds entirely of mud, with only a little hay or
a few feathers for a lining. The case of the Bank Swallows
(Cotylesiud Stelgidopteryx) is peculiar. It is the rule with weak-
billed and small-footed hole-in habiters that they accept natu-
ral cavities ready-made to their purposes. Yet some of the
feeblest of the Swallow tribe dig their own holes in the ground,
exactly as the Kingfisher excavates its gallery, or the Wood-
peckers chisel out their nesting-places in trees. The fact, then,
that Swallows are naturally hole- breeders, taking possession
of such cavities as come to hand, serves to explain (heir readi-
ness to accept the convenient artificial nesting-sites that man
provides. Even the Cliff Swallow, when nesting on buildings,
selects a site under eaves, and thus in a quasi cavity. The
fact that the Bank Swallow habitually excavates a hole for
itself, instead of accepting a ready-made retreat, renders intel-
ligible the fact that it still maintains its primitive ways,
instead of yielding, like the others, to modifying surroundings.
But the Bough-winged Swallow, which normally breeds quite
like the Bank Swallow, is already yielding to the times, and in
the East now generally nests in or about buildings, such as
bridges and piers; and we may confidently anticipate the time
when the Bank Swallow shall go and do likewise.

The nesting of our Swallows now presents the following
categories of method : —

1. Holes in the ground, dug by the bird itself, slightly fur-
nished with soft material : Cotyle riparia, Stelgidopteryx serri-
pennis.

2. Holes in trees or rocks not made by the birds, fairly fur-
nished with soft material: Progne subis, Tachycineta bicolor,
Tachycineta thalassina.

3. Holes, or their equivalents, not made by the birds, but
secured through human agency, and more or less fully fur-
nished with soft material, according to the shallowness or
depth of the retreat. (Formerly, no species ; now, all the species
excepting Cotyle riparia.)

4. Holes constructed by the birds, of mud, plastered to sur-

394 THE ARCHITECTURE OF SWALLOWS

faces, whether artificial or natural, and loosely furnished with
soft material. This is seen in perfection in the nesting of
Petrochelidon lunifrons, and is imperfectly illustrated by the
nidification of Hirundo horreorum. It has every appearance of
an acquired trick, by which these hole-breeders carry out their
original instincts on a greatly improved plan.

It should be observed that all of our Swallows have been
modified by human agency excepting the Bank Swallow, nest-
ing differently at successive periods; that some of them, like
the Purple Martin and the Violet-green Swallow, are still
serving their apprenticeship under the new regime which the
settlement of the country has brought about ; and that even
the Barn Swallow, which seems so thoroughly changed, still
sometimes nests in the West in its primitive fashion. Those
whose acquired habits have become thoroughly ingrained are
now pretty constant in their adherence to a single plan of
architecture; but the Violet-green Swallow, for instance, at
present nests in a very loose fashion, according to circum-
stances.

There is no question of the fact, that some of the Swallows
which in the East now invariably avail themselves of the
accommodations man furnishes, in the West live still in holes
in trees, rocks, or the ground. Thus I have found Purple
Martins breeding in Arizona nowhere but in the hollows of
trees, chiefly deserted Woodpeckers' holes ; and I have known
Barn Swallows to nest on embankments of earth. In the
West, again, where the Cliff Swallows habitually affix their
nests to the irregular surfaces of cliffs, retort-shaped structures
are not so often perfected as when the birds build against the
smooth sides of houses. In this case, however, it may be a
question which is the original method, which the later modifi-
cation. For in many special cases, the Eave Swallows have
been known to build mere open cup shaped nests affixed to
buildings, quite like the rafter-nests of the Barn Swallow,
when they had similar bases of support to work upon.

There is another curious fact, which shows that the nidifica-
tion of Swallows may be changed and improved, without any
variation in the character of the site selected, but apparently
as the result of reflection and some degree of ratiocination.
This is the case with the common House Martin, Chelidon urbica.
1 quote the words of Dr. Brewer (Am. Nat. xii. 1878, 36) : — " A
few years ago it was discovered by accident that within fifty

THE ARCHITECTURE OF SWALLOWS 395

years there has been a wonderful change in the manner in
which the common house martin of Europe builds its nest.
Formerly their nests were globular in shape, with a small
rounded opening hardly large enough to admit the parent
birds comfortably. Such are all the old nests in museums,
such the descriptions of all writers, half a century ago. These
nests were inconvenient, only one bird could come at a time
to the opening to be fed. Long before the young could leave
their nest they must have been uncomfortably crowded in
their ill- ventilated and close quarters. Some time within the
half century this entire species has made a great advance and
wonderful changes in the whole style of their nest. Instead of
a sphere, the nest is simply hollow, semi-oval, roomy, airy, and
comfortable, stronger in its attachments, with increased facili-
ties for access, better protected, both from the rain and from
enemies. Unfortunately, no one observed just when this
remarkable change in their architecture took place. We know
not if it was gradual or sudden, or how long it was in becom-
ing general. But surely no one can pretend that all this was
the result of mere instinct I"

Connected both with the migration and nidification of Swal-
lows are some remarkable facts relating to the return of the
same pair of birds to the same nest year after year. In the
nature of the case, this is difficult to determine with cer-
tainty; but observations which have not seldom been made
on birds that were marked by some recognizable peculiarity
have established the fact beyond question. Far from being
singular, however, it accords with many observations made
upon birds of other families. How marvellous, how admirable,
how complex and subtile, must be the mental faculties of such
humble creatures, who can find their homes again with unerr-
ing precision, after journeying for thousands of miles !

The eggs of Swallows differ as much as their modes of nest-
ing. As might be expected from consideration of the slender-
bodied form of the birds, the eggs are rather narrow, elongate,
and pointed. In the typical hole diggers, who retain their
original habits most tenaciously, the eggs are pure white, as
in the case of the Bank Swallow, and as the rule is with birds
which, like Owls, Kingfishers, Woodpeckers, and many others,
lay in holes. Many Swallows' eggs, however, are colored, and,
in fact, profusely speckled with reddish and brown shades. I
presume, without the slightest proof, but judging by reason-

396 LITERATURE OF SWALLOW ARCHITECTURE

able analogy, that Swallows' eggs were originally or primitively
white, and that they became colored somewhat according to
increasing degree of exposure to which they may have been
subjected during the long time in which the nesting habits of
the birds have undergone modification.

1. Eggs pure white, unmarked : Tachycineta bicolor, T. tha-
lassina, Cotyle riparia, Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Prague pur-
purea.

2. Eggs thickly speckled : Hirundo horreorum, Petrochelidon
lunifrons.

I have at hand the following titles of articles relating to the
habits of Swallows, with special reference to their nidification : —

1774. WHITE, G. Account of the House Martin, or Martlet. < Philos.

Trans. Ixiv. pt. i. 1774, pp. 196-201.
Habits of Chelidon urbica.

1775. WHITE, G. Of the House-Swallow, Swift, and Sand-Martin. <PMlo8.

Trans. Ixv. pt. ii. 1775, pp. 258-276.
Habits.

1831. STEEL, J. W. Swallows. < Am. Journ. Sci. xix. 1831, pp. 356, 357.
Nidification of Hirundo lunifrons.

1831. WOODRUFF, S. Notice of a Barn Swallow in a letter to the Editor

dated Windsor, Turky [sic] Hill, June 7th, 1830, from Samuel Wood-
ruff. < Sillim. Am. Journ. Sci. xix. 1831, pp. 172, 173.
Description and nidification of Hirundo lunifrons.

1832. CARMICHAEL, Capt. Capitain Carmichael iiber Schwalben. < Oken's

Ms, Bd. xxv. 1832, p. 589.
Auszug aus d. Edinb. Philos. Journ. 1819, p. 421.

1832. COUCH, J. Nests of the Swallow and Martin. < London's Mag. Nat.
Hist. v. 1832, pp. 735, 736.

1832. "H. B." Eemarks on [habits of] Swallows. < London's Mag. Nat.
Hist. v. 1832, pp. 285-287.

1832. "H. B." Instinct in the Martin (Hirundo urbica). < London's Mag.
Nat. Hist. v. 1832, p. 735.

1832. NORMAN, A. " Strodda Underattelser. [OmSvalorsparning.] <Tidsk.

f. Jagare o. Naturf. i. 1832, p. 320."
Not seen— title from von Friesen, O'fv. Sver. Orn. Litt

1833. " A FRIEND OF C. P.'s." The Swallow, a capricious Architect. < Lou-

don's Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 1833, pp. 454-456.

1833. BREE, W. T. A late Brood of young Martins. < London's Mag. Nat.
Hist. vi. 1833, pp. 70-72.

1833. CLARKE, W. B. Birds' Nests in singular Places. <^Loudon's Mag. Nat.
Hist. vi. 1833, pp. 523, 524.
Swallow's nest in heel of a shoe in an inhabited apartment.

LITERATURE OF SWALLOW ARCHITECTURE 397

1833. "J. D." On Martins and Swallows. <Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. vi.
1833, p. 524.
Swallow's nest in crunk of a bell-wire, in passage of an inhabited house.

1833. " R. Y." Pertinacious Perseverance in the Martin (Hirundo urbica L.)
in renewing its Nest in one Place. <^ London's Mag. Nat. Hist. vi.
1833, p. 153.

1833. WHIDDON, W. By what harmless Means can Martins and Swallows

be induced to cease building and breeding in the Places in which
they have been long allowed to build and breed ? < London's Mag.
Nat. Hist. vi. 1833, p. 456.

1834. FENNELL, J. To prevent Martins and Swallows affixing their Nests.

< London's Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 1834, p. 82.
Soap the place.

1836. Moss, S. Martin's Nest occupied by a House Sparrow. ^London's
Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 1836, p. 545.

1836. TAYLOR, S. What is the Most Effectual Method of Preventing the
House Martin (Hirundo urbica Lin.) from Building in Particular
Spots? < London's Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 1836, p. 484.
Soap, says the editor.

1840. BREWER, T. M. [On the habits of Hirundo fulva (i. c., of Petroche-

lidon lunifrons).] < Sillim. Am. J&nrn. Sci. xxxviii. 1840, pp. 392, 393.

1841. ROBERT, E. [Note sur les nids des Hirondelles a rivage (Cotyle

riparia).] < Compt. Rend, de VAcad. Sci. xiii. 1841, p. 1034.

1842. ROBERT, E. Nests of the Hirundo riparia. < Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

viii. 1842, p. 476.

1843. ATKINSON, J. C. Note on tho Nests of Martins [Chelidon urbica] on

Sand-stone Rocks. < Zoologist, i. 1843, pp. 246, 247.

1843. ATKINSON,.!. C. Note on certain Nests of the Swallow [Hirundo
rustica] at Kelvedon. < Zoologist, i. 1843, p. 354.

1843. ATKINSON, J. C. Note on the Nesting-place of the Swallow. < Zoolo-
gist, i. 1843, p. 354.

1843. HEPBURN, A. Notes on the Swallow [ ; its breeding in chimneys].

< Zoologist, i. 1843, p. 147.

1843. HEPBURN, A. Note on [the nests of] the Sand-martin [Cotyle riparia].

< Zoologist, i. 1843, pp. 146, 147.

1843. HEWETT, W. Note on the Nesting-place of Swallows. < Zoologist, i.
1843, pp. 353, 354.

1843. TARRAGON, L. DE Note sur les mreurs de 1'Hirondelle de fenetre

[Chelidon urbica]. < Revue Zoologique, vi. 1843, pp. 323-325.

1844. " ANON." " Curious Locality for a Nest " [of the Swallow]. < Zool-

ogist, ii. 1844, p. 657.
From the Hampshire Advertiser, July 13, 1844.

1844. BARTLETT, J. P. Note on the Nesting-places of the Swallow. < Zool-
ogist, ii. 1844, pp. 446, 447.

398 LITERATURE OF SWALLOW ARCHITECTURE

1844. DUNCAN, R. D. Note on the Swallow. < Zoologist, ii. 1844, p. 447.

1844. SLADEN, E. H. M. Note on the Martin (Hirundo urbica). < Zoologist,

ii. 1844, p. 763.

1845. BOLD, T. J. Nidification of the Swallows. < Zoologist, in. 1845, pp.

939.940.

1845. HARDY, J. Nesting of the Swallow. < Zoologist, iii. 1845, pp. 868-870.
1845. HUSSEY, A. Nesting of the House Martin. < Zoologist, iii. 1845. p. 870.

1851. HAZARD, J. P. [On the habits of the Rocky Mountain Swallow

(Petrochelidon lunifrons).] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 1851,
pp. 141, 142.

1852. BREWER, T. M. [On the Distribution and Habits of the Cliff Swallow,

Hirundo lunifrons.] < Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 1852, pp. 270,271.

1853. JAECKEL, — . Ein vereinzelt nistendes Uferschwalben-Paar [Cotyle

riparia]. Zusatz vom Herausgeber. < J. f. 0. 1853, i. pp. 367, 368.

1854. RINDFLEISCH, A. Ein Brutplatz der Hirundo rupestris in Deutsch-

land. < Naumannia, iv. 1854, pp. 191, 192.

1857. PASSLER, W. Zur Naturgeschichte der Sylvia cisticola und Hirundo
rufula. < J.f. 0. 1857, v. pp. 115-118, Taf . i. Fig. A und B.
The plate represents the nests of H. rufula.

1857. ROHNERT, — , Dr. Nistkolonie von Hirundo rupeatris. < Naumannia,
vii. 1867, Hft. i. pp. 78, 79.

1857. SLANEY, W. H. [Habits of] Swallows. < Zoologist, xv. 1857, pp. 5755,
5756.

1857. SMITH, R. B. Swallows building against a House. < Zoologist, xv.
1857, p. 5790.

1857. WEIR, J. J. Note on the Nidification of the Swallow (Hirundo rustica).

< Zoologist, xv. 1857, p. 5832.

1858. HADFIELD, H. W. Nidification of Swallows. < Zoologist, xvi. 1858.

pp. 6241, 6242.

1858. HEWITSON, W. C. Notes on the [habits of the] Swallow. < Zoologist,

xvi. 1858, p. 5921.

1859. COUCH, J. Nidification of Birds: the Common Martin [Chelidon

urbica]. < Zoologist, xvii. 1859, p. 6535.

1860. KKUPER, T. Die Schwalben Griechenlands. <«7. /. 0. 1860, viii.pp.

271-2d4.

Extended account of the habits of H. rufula, H. rustica, H. baitsonneaui, H.
urbica, H. rupestris, H. riparia.

1862. D ALTON, J. Sand Martins' [Cotyle riparia] Nests in the Walls of
an Old Priory. < Zoologist, xx. 1862, pp. 7844, 7845.

1862. RANSON, J. Nesting of the Chimney Swallow [Hirundo rustica].

< Zoologist, xx. 1862, p. 7937.

1863. CARTER, S. Late Breeding of the House Martin [Chelidon urbica].

< Zoologist, xxi. 18C3, p. 8846.

LITERATURE OF SWALLOW ARCHITECTURE 399

1867. CLARK-KENNEDY, A. Martins " building-in " a Sparrow. < Zoologist,
2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 915.

1867. CLIFTON, Lord. A strange Trap for Swallows [weathercocks].

< Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 990.

1867. CLIFTON, Lord. Martins and Wagtails [their antipathy]. < Zool-
ogist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 990.

1867. KING, S. Late [latter part of November] Swallow's nest. < Zoologist,
2d ser. ii. 1867, pp. 606, 607.

1867. SCHACHT,H. Merkwilrdiges Schwalbennest [H. urbica.] <ZooZ.

Gart. viii. 1867, p. 444.

1868. MEYER, R. Doppelehe einer mannlichen Rauchschwalbe (Cecropis

rustica L.) < Zool. Gart. ix. 1868, pp. 77, 78.
A case of bigamy.

1869. FOWLER, A. The Sand Martin. < Am. Nat. iii. 1869, pp. 116-119.

Account of the habits of Cotyle riparia.

1869. HOY, P. R. [On the Habits of Cotyle serripennis and Empidonax
flaviventris.] < Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xii. 1869, p. 400.

1869. NICHOLLS, H.j/r. Cuckoo in a Swallow's Nest. < Zoologist, 2d ser.

iv. 1869, p. 1866.

1870. BEHN, — . [Ueber eine abweichende Form von Nestern der Fen-

sterschwalbe (Hirundo urbica, L.).] <^Zool. Gart. xi. 1870, pp. 160,
161.
Auszug aus d. Comptes Rendits, Ixx. 1870, p. 492.

1870. NOULET, J. B. Our two Swallows and their Nests. < Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. (4), vi. 1870, pp. 270, 271.

1870. POUCHET, A. On the Transformation of the Nests of the House-Mar-
tin (Hirundo urbica, Linn.). < Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. v. 1870,
pp. 307, 308.
From Comptes Rendus, Ixx. 1870, pp. 492-496.

1870. SHARPE, R. B., and DRESSER, H. E. On some new or little-known
points in the Economy of the Common Swallow (Hirundo rustica).

< Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. xxxviii. 1870, pp. 244-249.

1870. WHARTON,C.B. Sand Martin [Cotyle riparia] Nesting in a Tree.

< Zoologist, 2d ser. v. 1870, p. 2344.

1872. HUDSON, W. H. On the Habits of the Swallows of the Genus Progne
met with in the Argentine Republic. With notes by P. L. Sclater.

< Proc. Zool Soc. Lond. 1872, pp. 605-609.

Allows only four American spp., P. purpurea, P. chalybea, P. dominicensia, P.
taper a.

1872. HUDSON, W. H. Further Observations on the Swallows of Buenos
Ayres. < Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, pp. 844-846.

Of. P. Z. S. 1871, 326 5 1872, 605.

400 ABNORMAL COLORATION OF SWALLOWS

Abnormal Coloration of Swallows

These birds are so constantly under observation, that it is
no wonder that many instances of albinism have been observed
and recorded, without indicating, however, that Swallows are
susceptible of this abnormality to any unusual extent. The
only white Swallow that ever fell under my own observation
was a specimen of Cotyle riparia, shot at Washington, D. C.,
by my brother, Louis D. Coues, on the 23d of August, 1859, as
recorded by me in the American Naturalist, ii. 1868, p. 161. This
individual was not pure white, however, merely presenting an
extremely faded or bleached-out appearance, the normal pattern
of coloration being still discernible. This bird was flying in
company with hundreds of others, of several species, who seemed
to be pursuing and harassing it, on account of its unenviable
distinction. This was a very human occurrence — for singu-
larity of dress is always the signal for attack, and distinction
of any kind usually invites target- practice,

Mr. Kuthven Deane, in a paper (Bull. Nutt. Club, i. 1876, 21)
on a Albinism and Melanism among North American Birds",
remarks that albinism among the Hirundinidce is generally of
a pure white, or a strong yellowish cast, and instances albinotic
specimens he has seen of Hirundo horreorum, Tachycineta
bicolor, Petrochelidon lunifrons, and Progne purpurea.

The following are titles of a few papers specially bearing on
the subject of albinism among Swallows: —

1731. WALLIN, G. " De Hirundine alba, Regi nostro Friderico I oblata anno
1727, brevis dissertatio. Auctore G. Wallin, Fil. < Acta. Liter, et
Sclent. Svecice, 1731, pp. 98-111."
Atven S&som Disput. Upsaliae, 1733. 4to. pp. 15, enl. Warmholtz.— (v. Friesen.)

1820. TRAILL, T. S. White Swallow [Hirundo rustica]. <Edirib. Philos.
Journ. ii. 1820, p. 391.

1846. ANON. Note on a White Swallow. < Zoologist, iv. 1846, p. 1500.

1848. ELLMAN, J. B. White Variety of the Swallow (Hirundo rustica) and
Pale Variety of the Martin (H. urbica). < Zoologist, vi. 1848, p.
2021.

1848. WOLLEY, G. A Martin (Hirundo urbica) with the Middle Tail-feather

white. < Zoologist, vi. 1848, p. 2303.

1849. COLMAN, J. F. White Variety of the Swallow. ^Zoologist, vii. 1849,

p. 2392.

1849. GARTH, J. C. Albino Variety of the Swallow (Hirundo rustica).
< Zoologist, vii. 1849, p. 2568.

GENERAL HABITS AND TRAITS OF SWALLOWS 401

1850. CURTLEU, M. [ Albinotic] Variety of the Swallow (Hirundo rustica).

< Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2700.

1855. DOUBLKDAY,H. White Swallow. < Zoologist, xiii, 1855, p. 4871.

1855. HUSSEY, A. A White Swallow obtained in East Kent. < Zoologist,
xi .1.1855, p. 4559.

1863. SAVILLE,S. P. Slate-coloured Variety of the Chimney Swallow.

< Zoologist, xxi. 1863, p. 8824.

1864. ANON. Weissb Schwalben. < Zool. Gart. v. 1864, p. 269.
1864. ANON. A White Swallow. < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 8887.

1864. BOULTON,W.W. White Swallow (Hirundo rustica) near Beverley.

< Zoologist, xxi. 1863, p. 8825.

1866. CLOGG, S. White Martin. < Zoologist, 2d ser. i. 1866, p. 33.

1866. WATKINS, C. White Swallows. < Zoologist, 2d ser. i. 1866, pp. 455,

456.

1867. HESSE, B. Creaincoloured Sand Martin. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867,

p. 561.

1868. CORNALIA, E. Sopra due casi di Albinismo negli Uccelli. < Atti

della Soc. Ital. di Sc. Nat. x. pp. 449-458.
Not seen— title from Zool. Rec. Passer montanut and Ohelidon urbica.

1868. SMITH, C. Curious Variety of the House Martin. < Zoologist, 2d ser.

iii. 1868, p. 1058.

1869. BARRINGTON, R. M. Albino Sand Martin. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iv.

1869, pp. 1847, 1848.

1870. ATKINSON, F. P. Albino Barn Swallow [Hiruudo horreorum J. < Am.

Nat. iv. 1870, p. 127.

1871. BHOOKE, A. B. White Hand Martin. ^Zoologist, 2d ser. vi. 1871, p.

2440.

1871. WALSH, W. H. White House Martin. < Zoologist, 2d ser. vi. 1871, p.
2806.

1872. WniTAKERjJ.jyww. White Swallow. < Zoologist, 2d ser. vii. 1872, p.
3314.

1874. WHITAKER, J. White Swallow in Nottinghamshire. < Zoologist,
2d ser. ix. 1874, pp. 4238, 4239.

General Habits and Traits of Swallows

Having already spoken at some length of tho two most
noticeable points in the economy of Swallows — their migra-
tions and their architecture — I may continue with some of the
other habits which birds of this family possess in common ; for
the group is so homogeneous that much of the material we have
acquired for separate biographies of the species furnishes the
occasion for remarks applicable to all.
26 B c

402 GENERAL HABITS AND TRAITS OF SWALLOWS

The flight of Swallows might bo inferred from inspection of
the perfected wing-structure, not only as to the lengths to
which the act can be sustained without fatigue or injury, but
to the peculiar ease, grace, and buoyancy of the aerial evolu-
tions so characteristic of Swallows. The birds of no other
group of Passeres fly quite like Swallows, but the Swifts
(Cypselidce) are nearly identical with Swallows in this respect,
and so are the Terns, or Sternince, which, indeed, are com-
monly called u Sea Swallows " from this very circumstance.
The Hummingbirds have wings constructed on much the same
plan as those of Swallows, and are among the few birds, if
they be not the only ones, that surpass Swallows in volatorial
exploits. The type of the wing is quite different from that fur-
nished by the great ocean wanderers like the Procellarlidce, or
Petrels, the flight of which is practically limitless in duration.
The wing of such birds — especially of the Albatrosses — is inordi-
nately lengthened in all its segments — the upper arm and fore-
arm as well as in the pinion or hand ; a conformation which
results in long, strong, measured wing-beats, as the end of the
wing traverses the arc of too large a circle to move with great
celerity. The upper segment of the Swallows' wing, on the
contrary, is shortened, the development of wing being in-
creased in the terminal segment, or pinion, and the large
leathers it bears. Such a wing is more deftly handled, and
wonderful power of arresting or directing as well as of accelera-
ting the bird's course, is assured by this means. The most
graceful flyers among the Swallows are the lashing-tailed
species of Hirundo proper, like the Barn Swallow, which glides,
soars, and sweeps with extraordinary facility, and instantane-
ously arrests or diverts its flight at a touch of the guiding
helm. The motion of the Swallow skimming the ground, and
u quartering" in zigzag after its prey, has been aptly compared
to the coursing of the greyhound. No one who has attentively
observed the flight of Swallows can have failed to notice their
peculiar " towering", when they rise abruptly with few vigor-
ous strokes, and seem to hang suspended for a moment, before
falling with great velocity through the beautiful curve of the
cycloid — with half-gathered wings, and at such little loss of
impetus by friction that they avail themselves of this peculiar
line to rise nearly to their former level without muscular
effort. Sometimes their course is as straight as an arrow's,
and only less swift — sometimes they hover and flutter at seem-

GENERAL HABITS AND TRAITS OF SWALLOWS 403

ing random, and not the least marvellous of their feats is the
spirited dash they make, with unerring aim, to enter the
narrow window or belfry, and settle, as light as a feather, with
joyous twittering, on the nest.

The feeding of Swallows is almost an inference from the
structure of the bill, wings, and feet. These delicate birds have
very weak bills, but very capacious mouths, and seem not very
dainty in their choice of food. They would soon be starved if
forced to gather food on foot — on the wing, no one of the
smaller flying insects is safe from that gaping bill, split to the
very eyes, propelled with enormous velocity into their ranks,
and capable of following after, to close on the most agile and
devious bug. Swallows feed on the wing, and this prime point
in the economy of these indefatigable insect-hunters is signal-
ized in the very names the birds have acquired in various lan-
guages. Not only the mode of flight, but its direction, whether
high or low, and the entire migrations of the birds, turn upon
the prime point of food-supply; and upon this hinges, second
arily, the recognized relation between the movements of Swal-
lows and the weather and seasons. The numbers of insects
that Swa.llows destroy in the aggregate is simply incalcu-
lable— in fact, beyond the reach of our usual notions of numer-
ation— and the holocaust includes a large proportion of annoy-
ing or injurious kinds. The loquacity of the birds, and the
unseemly hours they keep, babbling to an unaired world,
together with the litter they make about the premises, some-
times brings them into disfavor, or even causes them to be
summarily dispossessed. The tempting targets they offer
when in flight, taxing the skill of the most expert marksman,
is another cause of their wanton and cruel destruction. But
the most determined and calculating utilitarian should be
brought to see the impolicy of killing Swallows, and the sports-
man be besought to consider its inhumanity. Needless taking
of any life is a crime against nature — we may well pause at this,
even if no spark of sentiment should kindle indignation at the
thought of cutting short such useful, bright, and joyous life.
Things both useful and beautiful are not so common that we
can afford to sacrifice them in vain. The rowdy boys and all
the crew of tramps and potters of the gun who shoot Swallows
for sport may be seriously admonished that these birds are
worth more to society than their idle, vicious selves.

The song of Swallows strikes a single key-note — the theme

404 GENERAL HABITS AND TRAITS OF SWALLOWS

runs through the entire fugue — the fry?, fro?, of the Greek
mythology is reiterated forever. Among our species, at any
rate — and I presume the exotics are much the same in this
respect — the Swallow's voice is unmistakable. The tone is
rather thin and sharp, and the pitch is high; the method of
delivery is quick, nervous, and even jerky — it is mere twitter-
ing, indeed, as always called, rather than any higher art of
singing. But the pieces are given with such volubility, vigor,
and verve — they are so earnest, artless, and spontaneous, ani-
mated with such a bright and joyous spirit, that we forget to
criticise, and even own the Swallow has a sympathetic voice.
The simple notes are susceptible of much modulation, and
capable of intoning the varied passions that these sanguine
birds experience momentarily; while the different species,
moreover, have each their own tone and inflections, easily dis-
criminated by the accustomed ear. If I may add, that our
Swallow medley touches a very secret chord of home associa-
tions, there is no wonder that it often moves us when more
ambitious music fails to please.

Among the leading traits of the Swallow tribe, no one can
fail to recognize their sociability. " Troops of Swallows r> is a
familiar phrase. The birds are not gregarious, in one sense, —
not like Blackbirds for example, or Bobolinks in the autumn,
flying in compact flocks, as if animated by a common impulse,
— for no two Swallows bend their flight alike. But in places
where, for any reason, the attraction is common, Swallows
swarm. In foraging for insects on their "happy hunting
ground ", thousands eddy and whirl inextricably confused in
flying currents, each one the vortex of a tiny maelstrom. In
the consultation over a projected journey, thousands seek
each others7 countenance, perching in long lines upon the
ridge-pole, the telegraph, the picket-fence. On warm dry days,
the Swallows flock to the pools by the wayside, enclosing the
grateful water with a pretty frame, or dallying over the sur-
face with the yellow butterflies. But in nothing is the strength
of social instincts more apparent — in nothing is the amiability
of these cheery, genial birds displayed to more advantage —
than in their nesting. Every rafter of the barn may possess
its pair in peace, and every box beneath the eaves its contented,
orderly inmates. The stretch of river-bank, the loamy crest of
the quarry, may be honey-combed with burrows, and never a
sign of strife in the settlement. Nay, more : among the Swal-

GENERAL HABITS AND TRAITS OF SWALLOWS 405

lows, perhaps alone of our birds, do we find that rare climax
of sociability which the actual clustering of nests betokens;
and a colony of Cliff Swallows shows that a high degree of
communism is not incompatible with perfect decency and
decorum. Such free, impatient, and impulsive birds as Swal-
lows, one might fear, could not sustain too close relations with-
out at least occasional breaches of the peace ; but the harmony
remains unbroken. This surely speaks well for the disposition
of the birds, arguing many a good quality beyond mere amia-
bility j it indicates forbearance, self-respect, fidelity in all re-
lations, and regard for another's rights ; it reasserts that liberty
does not mean license, and that freedom is to will to do right.

Some who may be less interested in Swallows than I admit
myself to be, or lack a sentiment I am willing to betray, may
think the picture overdrawn, and ask for the other side of a
shield that seems to me golden. If by this is meant, What are
the bad qualities of Swallows ! I must admit my incompeteucy
to reply. These birds are said by some to be irascible and
pugnacious. But quarrelsome they certainly are not, and their
quickness of temper is resolvable into the admirable spirit
they display in defence of their home and family. They are
said to show special animosity against cats — quite an antipathy,
in fact. Who wouldn't, under the circumstances? Which
one of us, being a Swallow, could be expected to be fond of
cats ! These timid and delicate birds sometimes make Puss
retire discomfited, such are the spirit and the vigor of their
onset against this prowling enemy. Their courage is nowadays
often called into action in defence of their homes against those
wretched interlopers, the European Sparrows. There is a dead-
lock here, and the feud is both bitter and relentless, in natural
consequence of the Sparrows' total depravity. The Purple
Martins, as I know, defend themselves against spoliation of
their homes with success, and I hear that even the much weaker
White-bellied Swallows; whose action in protecting themselves
against outrage I have had no opportunity of studying, have
proven no less valiant. I wish that the same could be said of
some other birds which the Sparrows attack, harass, and turn
out of doors j and to the Swallows in particular,— to every pair
of these lovable birds that may nestle with us, — I wish success
in resisting invasion, peace, plenty, and every joy that can fill
their gentle breasts.

406 CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS HIRUNDO

Genus HIRUNDO Linnaeus

Hirundo, L. SN. 1735-1766. (Included originally all the family, and some birds of another

order.)
Cecropis, partly, Boie, Isis, 1826.

As here restricted to include only species like the European
and American " Barn " Swallows, Hirundo is distinguished by
the deeply forflcate tail, which is nearly or about as long as the
wings, and has the lateral feather on each side linear-attenuate
and about twice as long as the middle feather. The tail-
feathers are spotted. The tarsi are shorter than the middle
toe and claw, covered above by feathers for a little distance.
The basal joint of the middle toe is partly adherent to both
the lateral toes. The bill is of moderate size for this family,
of the usual shape, with straight commissure ; and the nostrils
are lateral and overarched by a membranous scale. The upper
parts are glossy and dark-colored. There is a dark pectoral
collar. The forehead and under parts are rufous. The tail is
spotted with white. The eggs are colored.

The single North American species of Hirundo is distinct
from H. rustica of Europe, but not from the Barn Swallow of
Middle and South America. The relationships of the latter
have been in question. Baird, in 1865, was u much inclined to
doubt whether there is any specific difference ", at a time, too,
when he pushed distinctions further than is now usually done.
In 1872, I admitted Barton's name horreorum, which had been
current since Baird adopted it in 1858, and in 1874 I suggested
the term erythrogaster var. horreorum, " though even the varietal
distinctions are very slight " ; but I have now no confidence that
the implied distinction from erythrogaster Bodd. (=rufa Gm.
auct.) will hold. Mr. Ridgway appears to be of the same mind,
to judge from his latest publication on the subject.*

* Rep. Geol. Surv. Fortieth Parallel (Clarence King), vol. iv. pt. iii. Orni-
thology. By Robert Ridgway. pp. 303-669. Washington: Government
Printing Office. 1877. — This important work, long announced, and occa-
sionally cited during the past few years, has at length appeared. The orni-
thological fascicle, being pt. iii. of vol. iv., issued separately, bears no date,
but was published late in 1877. I received my copy Feb. 25, 1878. — See
an important bibliographical note on p. 392. It appears that the work,
as originally prepared, was stereotyped in 1871-72 (not 1870, as the note
states), but never published, the citation of the work having been made
meanwhile by Mr. Ridgway, myself, and others from proof-impressions.
The original was suppressed, and the stereotype plates were melted in 1876.
A single, much-mutilated set of proofs, now (Feb. 28, 1878) in my posses-
sion, is the only evidence in existence of the original report.

SYNONYMY OF HIRUNDO ERYTHROGA8TRA 407

The American Barn Swalflow

Hirnndo erytbrogastra

lllrundn erythrogaster, Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 45 ; PE. 724, f. 1 (South America).— Sd. Cat.
AB. 1862, 39.— Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 295.— Sd. PZS. 1870, 340.

Hirundo erythrogaster var. horreorum, Coues, BNW. 1874, 85 (in text).

Hirundo erythrogaster, ff. horreorum, Ridgw. Eep. Surv. 40tb Par. iv. 1877, 441.

Hirundo rufa, Ghn. SN. i. 1788, 1018, D. 18 (= PE. 724, f. 1 = erythrogaster Bodd. " Cayenne
to New York").— Lath. IO. i. 1790, 574, n. 5 (= Gm. 1018).— F. OAS. i. 1807, 60,
pi. 30.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 88.— F. Ency. Metb. ii. 1823, 529, n. 44.— Bp. Journ.
Phila. Acad. iv. 1825, 257.— .Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 64.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 601.—
Bp. CGL. 1838, 9.— Towns. Journ. Phila, Acad. viii. 1839, 155.— £p. CA. i. 1850, 339.—
McCall, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 215.— Cabot, Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 65.— Woodh. Eep.
Zuui and Colo. K. 1853, M.—Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 97, fig.— Read, Pr. Phila, Acad. vi.
1833, 401. -Bp. Compt Eend. xxxviii. 1854, 651.— Wailes, Eep. Mississippi, 1854, 318.—
Reinh. J. f. 0. 1854, 438 (Greenland).— Cass. Illust. 1855, 243.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad.
1855, 308.— Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1856, 288.-Gundl. J. f. O. 1856, 3 (Cnba).— Kneel.
Pr. Boat. Soc. vi. 1857, 233.-5ry. Pr. Boat Soc. vi. 1857, 115 (Nova Scotia).— Brew. N.
Am. Ool. 1857, 91, pi. 5, f. 63-67.— Maxim. J. f. O. 1858, 101.— Brew. Pr. Boat. Soc. vii.
1860, 306 (Cuba).— Gundl. J. f. O. 1861, 328, 411 (Cuba).— Reinh. Ibis, 1861, 5 (Green-
land).— Kirtland, Pr. Cleveland Acad. i. 1874, 265.

Cecropis rufa, Bole, Isis, 1844, 175.

Hirnndo horreorum, Barton, " Fiagm. Nat. Hist. Penna. 1799, 17".— Bd. BNA. 1858, 308.—
Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 106.— S. <& S. Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).— A. <& E. Newt.
Ibis, 1859, 66 (Saint Croix).— Coop. & Suck. N. H. Wash. Terr. 1860, 184.— Wheat. Ohio
Agric. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 364.— Barn. Smiths. Eep. for I860, 1861, 436.— Lawr. Ann. Lye.

N. T. vii. 1861, 317 (New Granada).— Coues & Prent. Smiths. Eep. for 1801, 1862, 409

Hayd. Tr. Amor. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 161.— Vcrr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 148.— Boardm.
Pr. Boat. Soc. ix. 1862, 125.— Blak. Ibis, 1863, 63 (British America).— ScZ. PZS. 1864, 173
(City of Mexico).— S. <& S. PZS. 1864, 347 (Panama).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1864,
97 (Sombrero).— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst, iv. 1864, 65.— Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 294.— Dress. Ibis,
1865, 479.— Coues, Ibis, 1865, 159.— Coues, Pr. Phila, Acad. 1666, 72 (Arizona).— Lawr.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 285.— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst, v. 1866, 86 (Canada West).—
Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 275.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 111.— Brown, Ibis,
1863, 420 (Vancouver).— Sumich. Mem. Bost Soc. i. 1869, 547 (Vera Cruz).— Doll &
Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. 1869, 279 (Alaska). -Turrib. B. E. Pa, 1869, 19 ; Phila. ed. 12.—
Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 33 (Montana).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 103.— Atkinson, Am. Nat.
iv. 1870, 127.— Salv. PZS. 1870, 184 (Veragua).— Coues, Pr. Pbila, Acad. 1871, 21— Coop.
Am. Nat iv. 1871, 758.— Coues, Key, 1872, 113, f. 54.— Finsch, Abb. Nat Ver. Bremen,
iii. 1872,28 (Alaska).— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 176 (Colorado, up to timber-line).—
Woodh. Am. Natvi. 1872,173 (albino). -Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 431 (Cuba) — Aiken, Pr.
Bost. Soc, xv. 1872, 198.— Scott, Pr. Bost, Soc. xv. 1872, 223.— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv.
1872, 369.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 235.— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 5.— Sears, Am.
Nat. vii. 1873, 751 — Merr. Am: Eep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 676, 713.—
Coues, BN W. 1874, 85.— Merr. Am. Nat viii. 1874, 87, 361.— Ridgw. Am. Nat viii. 1874,
200.— Allen, Pr. Bost Soc. xvii. 1874, 53.— Dall, Pr. Cal. Acad. 1874, — (Aleutian
Islands).— B. B. dk R. NAB. i. 1874, 339, pi. 16, f. 9.— Tarr. & Hensh. Eep. Orn. Specs.
1874, 11.— Hensh. Eep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 42, 60, 76, 104.— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.—
Henih. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 216.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.— Nels.
Pr. Boat Soc. xvii. 1875, 353, 357.— Bailey, Bull. Nutt, Club, 1876, 25.— Lawr. Bull. Nat.
Mus. n. 4, 1876, 17 (Tehuantepec).— Gentry, Life-Hiat 1876, 184.— Minot, BNE. 1877, 142.

Hirundo rustica, in part, of some early authors.— Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 413, pi. 173.— And. Syn.
1839, 35.— Aud. BA. i. 1840, 181, pi. 48.— Giraud, BLI. 1844, 35.—Pratten, Tr. Illinois
Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 600.— Putn. Pr. Ess. lust i. 1856, 205.— Jones, "Nat Bermuda, 1859,
34 ".—Martens, J. f. O. 1859, 216 (Bermudas).— Bland, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 287
(Bermudas).— Willis, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 281 (Nova Scotia).— Fowler, Am. Nat.
iii. 1869, 12.

408 CHARACTERS OF ITIRUNDO ERYTHROGASTRA

Hirundo amerieana, Wils. " AO. i. 1812, 34, pi. 38, f. l, 2".— DeWitt Clint. Ann. Lyc.N. Y.
i. 1824, 159.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1825, 256.— Sw. <£ Rich. FBA. ii. 1831, 329.—
Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 344.— Lcmbeye, Av. Cuba, 1850, 44, pi. 7, f. 2 —Hoy, Pr.
Phila. Acad. 1853, 307.— Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 581.— Bry. Pi\ Boat. Soc.
vL 1857, 115 (Nova Scotia).— Gieb. Vog. 1860, 73, f. 13:..

Cecropis amerieana, l>oie, isis, 1844, 174.

Hirundo cyanopyrrba, 7. "N. D. d'H. N. xiv. 1817, 510 ",- Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 528, n. 41.

? Hirundo fumaria, ? Licht. "Preis-Verz. Mex. V6g. 1830,2"; J. f. O. 1863, 58 (quotes
"ameriana "Wils.").

Chimney Swallow, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 429, n. 330 (in part ; excl. refs. to Eur. sp.).

Hirondelle u ventre roux de Cayenne, Buf. "Hist. Nat. Ois. vi. 607"; PE. 704, f. 1.
(Basis of H. erythrogaster.)

Rufous-bellied Swallow, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 566 (based on Buff. PE. 704, f. 1). (Cay-
enne and New York.)

Hirondelle rousse, Le Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 142.

Barn Swallow, of authors.

HAB.— America. The North American bird inhabits in summer more par-
ticularly the United States and adjoining portions of British America, strag-
gling far north, however, to Alaska and Greenland ; in winter, Middle Amer-
ica, including the West Indies. Breeds at large in its United States range,
in Mexico, and doubtless elsewhere.

OH. SP. — $ 9 Chalybea, infra rufa,pectore semitorquato ; f route
rufa; caudd forficata, albo-notatd.

£ , adult : Deep lustrous steel-
blue ; the forehead and entire
under parts rufous, generally
deepest on the forehead and
throat ; an imperfect steel-blue
collar. Wings and tail blackish,
with steel-blue or somewhat
greenish gloss ; the lateral pair
of tail-feathers much length-
ened and filiform at the end,
all but the central pair with a
white spot. Length, 6-7 inches,
very variable, according to the
development of the tail ; extent,
12£-13i ; wing, 4f-5 ; tail, 3 to
5 inches, the fork 2-3 inches
deep.

9 , adult : Quite like the $ ,
but the colors rather less intense
and lustrous.

Young: Lacking in great
measure the elongation and

FIG. 46.— Details of structure of Barn Swallow, attenuation of the lateral tail-
natural size. feathers, the fork being an inch
or lees in depth. Similar to the adults, but much duller, and with rather a
greenish than steel-blue lustre — at an early age quite brown, with scarcely
any lustre, and the rump and upper tail-coverts skirted with rusty. Front-
let obscurely marked, or reduced to a mere tawny line, and under parts,
especially behind the dark collar, very pale, even brownish-white.

HABITS OF THE BARN SWALLOW 409

IN tbe case of this Swallow, whose name is a u household
word " alike with the learned and the ignorant of ornithol-
ogy, it is unnecessary to rehearse the items which have
formed staples of biography since Wilson wrote truly " that
the light of heaven itself, the sky, the trees or any other
common objects of Nature, are not better known than the
Swallows. We welcome their first appearance with delight,
as the faithful harbingers of flowery spring and ruddy sum-
mer; and when, after a long, frost-bound, and boisterous
winter, we hear it announced, that 'the Swallows are come,7
what a train of charming ideas are associated with the
simple tidings!" But almost all the written history of the
bird has the savor of home ; we think of Swallows and
the city street, the farm -yard, the bursting barn, the new-
mown hay, the flocks and herds, and all the changes of
the seasons that come to us when comfortably housed — for-
getting, perhaps, the trackless waste of the West, where Swal-
lows are still as wild and primitive as any birds, bounden
by no human ties, and no associates of civilization. Let us
see the Swallow as he was before there were houses in this
country — as he still remains in some parts of the world : we
shall find him living in caverns, like the primitive cave-dwell-
ers of our race ; in holes in the ground like the foxes of
Scripture ; in hollow trees, like the hamadryads of mythology
— so lowly is the habitation of this winged messenger of the
changeful seasons. And yet, no sooner does the sound of the
woodsman's axe in the clearing foretell the new day, than the
twitter of the Swallow responds like an echo, and the glad
bird hastens to fold his wings beneath a sheltering roof.

Along the parallel of 49° I occasionally observed Barn Swal-
lows at various places from the Red Kiver of the North to the
Eocky Mountains, during July and August of 1873-74. Except-
ing at Pernbina, Dakota, where, however, I do not think that any
of these Swallows were breeding among the numbers of Eave
and White- bellied that I saw during my visit, there were no hu-
man habitations for the birds to occupy : and as eligible breeding-
places were few and far between, Barn Swallows were compara-
tively rare. A small colony which had settled along a stream
near the Sweetgrass Hills, gave the opportunity of observing
one of the many modifications of their breeding habits. Here
the nests were built on the ground, in little holes and crevasses
in the perpendicular face of a cut-bank. I could not satisfy

410 HABITS OF THE BARN SWALLOW

myself that the holes were dug by the birds, though my as-
sistant thought so ; but they were probably refitted for the
reception of the nests.

In New Mexico, I once saw large numbers of Barn Swallows
near Albuquerque, on the Rio Grande ; and at, Los Pinos, a
little further along the same mighty river, these ubiquitous
birds were breeding about the town, in close association with
the gay and familiar little Burions (Carpodacus frontalis).
The adobe buildings furnished both these birds with inviting
homesteads, and there was a good deal of argument at times
between them, going to prove that no house is large enough
for two families. I never saw Barn Swallows at Fort Whipple,
where were plenty of White-bellies and Violet-greens and
Purple Martins among the pineries ; but those were days in
the infancy of the Territory, and things may have since
changed. Dr. Cooper relates that he saw many Barn Swallows
migrating past Fort Mojave on the Colorado Eiver in May,
1861; and he observed their arrival at San Diego and Santa
Cruz, California, late in March. He remarks that in this State
they frequent the sea-coast rather than inland localities, prob-
ably for their well-known delight in skimming the surface for
insects ; and that in wild districts they build in caves, which
abound along the sea-shore from San Diego to the Columbia
Eiver. Henshaw speaks of the very general distribution of
the species in the Middle Province. Eidgway found it most
abundant about Pyramid Lake, Nevada, where it nested among
the tufa-domes, each nest being attached to the ceiling of a
cave among the rocks, and each cave having generally but a
single pair. He also found nests in caverns of the limestone
cliffs on the eastern side of the Euby Mountains ; and others
elsewhere, attached as usual in the East to rafters of buildings.
These " tufa-domes", as described by the same writer, are rocks
of remarkable form and structure, usually having rounded or
domed tops, being thickly incrusted with calcareous tufa, and
honey-combed beneath with winding passages and deep grot-
toes, in which various birds nested, such as the Burion, Say's
Pewee, and the Barn Swallow. Various other advices we have
from the West, particulary from the Pacific coast, attest that
this Swallow is primitively a troglodyte, or cave-dweller ; and
even in the East we have similar evidence in the "Swallow.
Cave " at Nahant, which Dr. Brewer mentions as once a favorite
resort. In thus rehearsing the nestings of the Barn Swallow,

NESTING OP THE BARN SWALLOW 411

aside from its DOW habitual choice of rafters, I may finally
note that it sometimes takes forcible possession of the nests of
other species, for Mr. Allen has known a pair to turn Cliff Swal-
lows out of doors, and occupy the premises.

I suppose I hardly need describe the nest itself — an object
as familiar to most persons as a cobweb or a pitch-fork, — an
untidy mass of raw material, fresh from the bosom of mother
earth, with " hay seed in the hair", and a smell of the stable,
like the typical Granger himself. These nests are composed
ordinarily of little pellets of mud stuck together in layers, with
hay intervening ; for these birds have never learned, it seems,
to make " bricks without straw ", like their more ingenious
cousins of the eaves. Outside, the hay hangs unkempt ; in-
side these stout adobe walls, there is a good soft stuffing of fine
grasses, and a thick warm bed of feathers. The nests vary
endlessly in size, shape, and degree of finish, according to the
character of the site selected, the kind of materials most
available, the facility of gathering them, and doubtless also
the stress of impregnation under which the female may be
laboring.

One point about this Swallow's nest-building, however, may
not be generally known. I give it in the words of my respected
friend Dr. Brewer, with whose life- long observation of our
birds I have too frequent occasion to differ: — UA striking
peculiarity of these nests is frequently an extra platform built
against, but distinct from the nest itself, designed as a roosting-
place for the parents, used by one during incubation at night
or when not engaged in procuring food, and by both when the
young are large enough to occupy the whole nest. One of these
I found to be a separate structure from the nest, but of similar
materials, three inches in length and one and a half in breadth.
The nest had been for several years occupied by the same pair,
though none of their offspring ever returned to the same roof to
breed in their turn. Yet in some instances as many as fifty
pairs have been known to occupy the rafters of the same barn."

Under ordinary circumstances, these Swallows raise more
than one brood each year, and usually four, five, or six are a
nestful. Notwithstanding the notorious regularity of their
migration, their breeding is rather an arbitrary matter, and it
is not uncommon to find at the same time nests containing
fresh eggs and others with fledglings. At this season, the
activity of the parents is at its maximum, and their energy is

412 CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS TACHYCINETA

taxed to supply voracious throats with insects captured on
tireless wing. The rate of speed in flying, the distances tra-
versed in a given period, and the numbers of insects destroyed,
have all been the subjects of some curious calculations, — or
rather speculations, for these matters scarcely admit of mathe-
matics. Wilson supposed a Swallow to fly about a mile a
minute, for ten hours a day, for ten years, — equivalent to more
than eighty-seven times around the world ! However this may
be, let us trust that these matchless wings may bring the Swal-
lows again next year, as they have this ; and let us look leni-
ently, even encouragingly, upon the various superstitions of
folk-lore, which tend to protect and foster these amiable, these
charming and useful creatures — even though we may not fear
that to kill them is to make the cows give bloody milk !

Genus TACHYCINETA Cab.

HirundO, p., of authors.

Chelidon, Boie, Isis, 1826, nee 1822 (originally applied to H. urbica).

Tachycineta, Oo.b. Mus. Hein. i. 1850, 48 (type H. thalassina,).

This group was established in 1850 by Cabanis upon R.
thalassina of Swainson, and is now commonly allowed to
include H. bicolor. These species agree closely with each other,
both in form and pattern of coloration, and differ from Hirundo
proper chiefly in lacking the disproportionate length, attenua-
tion and forfication of the tail, this member being much shorter
than the wings, and simply einarginate or with shallow fork.
All the species are entirely white below, and the extraliinital
ones, of which there are several, have the rump white. The
eggs of our species are pure white, unmarked. H. thalassina
stands alone in the soft velvety plumage of the upper parts,
without metallic gloss, and much variegated in color. The
other species, including T. bicolor, have more compact, silky
plumage, with rich metallic sheen. A difference was noticed
by Cabauis, who speaks of T. bicolor „ als 2te, jedoch vom
Typus mehrfach abweichende Art." None of the many
generic names bestowed of late upon Swallows have been
based upon T. bicolor, which seems at least as worthy as some
others to stand as type of a subgenus (!BIDOPROCNE). This
includes, besides /. bicolor, the extralimital species J. albiven-
tris, I meyeni, I. leucorrhoa, I. albilinea, and probably some
others. The whole group is confined to America. Both of the
North American species occur in the Colorado Basin.

SYNONYMY OF TACHYCINETA BICOLOR 413

White-bellied Swallow

Tachycineta bicolor

Hirundo bicolor, V. OAS. i. 1807, 61, pi. 31.— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 105.— V. Ency. M6th.
ii. 1823, 520 — Bp. Journ. Phila, Acad. iv. 1825, 257.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 65.—
And. OB. i. 1831, 491, pi. m.-Sw. dRich. FBA. ii. 1831, 328.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 605.—
Pcab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 346.— Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 155.— Aud. Syn.
1839, 35.— Aud. BA. i. 1840, 175, pi. 46.— Giraud, BLI. 1844, 36.—Lembeye, Av.Caba,
1850, 46.— Cabot, Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1853, 65 (Lake Superior).— Wottey, Zoologist, xi.
1853, 3806 (Derby, England).— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 98.— Woodh. Rep. Zufii and
Colo. R. 1853, 65.- Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 401.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 308.—
Eennic Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 581.— Pratten, ibid. 600.— Cats. Illust. B. Cul.and
Tex. 1855, 244.— Henry, Pr. Phila, Acad. 1855, 308 (New Mexico).— Haym. Pr. Phila.
Acad. 1856, 288 — Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 205.— Bry. Pr. Boat. Soc. vi. 1857, 115 (Nov*
Scotia).— Brew. Pr. Bost, Soc. vi. 1857, 148 (California).— Kneel. Pr. Boet. Soc. vi. 1857,
233.— Brew. N. A. Ool. 1857, 100, pi. 4 (egg).— Newb. PRRR. vi. 1857, 78.— Wolley, Zool-
ogist, 1858, 3806.— M axim. J. f. O. 1858, 102.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 310.— Xant. Pr. Phila.
Aead. 1859, 191 (California).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— Willis,
Smiths. Rep. for 185', 1859, 281 (Nova Scotia).— Bland, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859,
287 (Bermudas).— Martens, J. f. O. 1859, 316 (Bermudas).— Jones, "Nat. Bermuda,
34".— Coop. <6 Suck. NHWT. 1860, 185.— Newton, Zoologist, xviii. 1860, 7145 (Derby,
England).— Newton, PZS. 1860, 131 (England).— Newt. Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist.3dser.
vi. I860, 130 (same).— Wheat. Ohio Agric. Hep. for I860, 1861, 364.— Barn. Smiths. Rep.
for 1860, 1861, 436.— Coues <6 Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 409.— Verr. Pr. Ess.
Inst. iii. 1862,148.— Verr. Pr. Bos*. Soc. ix. 1862, 138 (Anticosti).— Boardm. Pr. Bost.
Soc. ix. 1862, 125.— Blak. Ibis, 1862, 4 ; 1863, 64 (Saskatchewan).— Lord, Pr. Roy. Arty.
Inst. iv. 1864, 115 (British Columbia).— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 65.— Bd. Rev. AB.
1865, 297.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 285.— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, £6
(Canada West).— Brown, Ibis, 1868, 420 (Vancouver).— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868,
111 (South Carolina).— Doll <& Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. 1869, 279 (Alaska) —Fowler,
Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 116.— Coop. Am. Nat iii. 1869, 33, 474.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 106.—
Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi 1871, 114.— Cones, Pr. Phila. Acnd. 1871, 21 (Fort Macon,
N. C. January).— Harting, Man. Brit. B. 1872, 125 (England).— AUen, Bnll. MCZ.
iii. 1872, 176 (Colorado, up to timber-line).— Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen, iii. 1872,
29 (Alaska).— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 5.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873. 235.— Kirtl. Pr.
Cleveland Acad. i. 1874, 267.— B. B. <£• R. NAB. i. 1874, 344, pL 16, f. 8.— Brew. Pr. Bost.
Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.— Rensh. List. B. Ariz. 1875, 156.

Chelidon bicolor, "Lesson".— Bp. CGL. 1838, 8.— Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 110.—
Oamb. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 31.— McCall, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 215.

Herse bicolor, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 341.

Tachyclneta bicolor, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. 1850, 48.— Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxviii. 1854, 651.—
Gundl. J. f. O. 1856, 4 (Cuba).— Gundl. J. f. O. 1861, 330 (Cuba).— Coues, Pr. Ess. lust.
v. 1868, 27fi.— Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 547 (Mexico, plateau).— A lien, Bull.
MCZ. ii. 1871, 269 (Florid*, in winter).— Coues, Key, 1872, 113.— Mayn. Pr. Bost, Soc.
xiy. 1872, 369.— Merr. Ann. Rep. TJ. S. Geol. Surv. for 1872, 1873, 112,-Ridgw. Am. Nat.
viii. 1874, 199.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 86.— Tarr. <£ Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 11.—
Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 42, 76.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 217.—
Gentry, Life-Hist. 1876, 188.— Minot BNE. 1877, 146.-Btd.qrw;. Rep. Surv. 40th P*r. iv.
1877, 441.

Petrocbelidoil bicolor, Scl. PZS. 1857, 201 (Xalapa); 1859, 364 (Xalapa).— S. d- S. Ibis, 1859,
13 (Guatemala).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 18CO, 306 (Cuba).— Scl. Cat. AB. 1862, 40.

Hirundo Viridis, W;ls. AO. v. 1812, 49, pi. 38, f.3.— DeWitt Clint. Ann. Lye. N. Y.i. 1824,
159.— Aud. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 1824, 161.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1825, 257.— Bruhin,
Zool. Gart. 1871, 15.

Chelidon viridis, Boie, "— , 1826, — ".-^Bofe, Isis.1828, 316.

Hirundo leucogaster, Steph. "Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 106" (based on Wilson

Chelidon leucogastra, Boie, Isis, 1844, 171.

414 CHARACTERS OF WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW
Hirundo prasina, Licht. "Preie-Verz. Mex. Vog.1830,2"; J. f. 0. 1863, 58 (quotes "viridte

Hirondelle bicolore, V. 1. c.

Black and White Swallow, fiteph. 1. c. (= bicolor V.).

Green-blue Swallow, Steph. 1. c.— S. & R. 1. c.

Hironde le bicolore ou a ventre blanc, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 143.

White-bellied Swallow, of authors.

HAB.— Temperate America. In North America, north to Great Slave
Lake and Alaska. Breeds indifferently in its United States and British
American range and on the highlands of Mexico. Winters abundantly in
the southernmost United States, Bermuda, Cuba, Mexico, and south to Cen-
tral America at least. Accidental in England.

Cn. SP. — 9 J Viridi-nitens, infra alia ; alls cauddque fusco-
nitentibuSj loris nigris.

$ , adult : Entire upper parts lustrous dark green ; wings and tail black-
ish, lustrous ; lores black. Entire under parts pure white. Bill black ; feet
dark. Length about 6 inches; extent, 13; wing, 4$-5; tail, 2£, slightly
forked.

9 : Similar, the colors rather less intense and lustrous.

Young : Birds of the year slowly acquire a plumage differing only in the
less lustre and intensity from that of the adults ; but, on leaving the nest,
they are dark mouse-gray or slate-color above, including the wings and tail,
the interscapulars and inner quills tipped with rusty; and white below,
dightly shaded with ashy; thus curiously similar to Cotyle riparia. The
feet yellow. According to Mr. Brewster's observations, the first plumage is
worn longer than usual, the autumnal dress being slowly gained — one or
two of the metallic-tinted feathers at a time. The quills of the wing are
moulted by the young as well as by the adult, and in both, in autumn, the
inner secondaries are white-tipped.

SWALLOWS are not seldom seen at sea, being among the
birds that most frequently alight on the rigging of vessels,

beyond sight of land, to rest
and recruit before pushing
on their trackless way. The
pretty White-bellied Swallow,
in dress-suit of snowy vest
and literal " swallow-tail'7 — for
have we not such & name for a
particular garment? — has been
known to accomplish a trail s-
Atlantic voyage successfully,
and reach the shores of the old
country only to be captured and made a paragraph of. This
shows what he can do when he really tries to fly ; his move-
ments over the land are the veriest sauntering in comparison.

HABITS OF THE WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW 415

The White-belly seems, from another circumstance, to be one
of the hardiest of our Swallows; for it is conspicuous among
the winter birds of Florida, and doubtless other parts of the
Gulf coast. Mr. Boardimm tells me, viva voce, that countless
thousands enjoy the serenity of the Floridan winters; and, like
the Bluebird, the White-belly is not seldom tempted by the
treachery of the " January thaw" to come unguardedly north-
ward, being the species which, perhaps oftener than tiny other
of the family, is noted as occurring unexpectedly beyond its
usual range in winter, and thus by no means making a summer.
A case of this sort came within my experience at Fort Macon,
North Carolina, where numbers of these Swallows appeared
one warm day early in January, though there had been a smart
freeze just before. The flock played about the fort, but were
soon driven off by bad weather; they were next seen again on
the 20th of the mouth, and occasionally from that time until
the regular migration. From their winter-homes, not only in
the Gulf States and in Southern California, but iu Mexico,
the West Indies, and Central America, these birds spread
northward in March and April, from one side of the continent
to the other, and some proceed to the Arctic regions. They
breed independently of latitude, some on the highlands of
Mexico, and anywhere in the West ; but in the East, their
usual breeding-range is said to be north of the parallel of 38°.
How unexceptionally this may hold I do not know ; but these
Swallows are especially recognized as summer visitors in
northerly parts of the United States, as New England for
example, and in the British Provinces.

Unlike the Barn and Eave Swallows, the glossy viridis of
Wilson is a confirmed hole-breeder, rather jealous of the ancient
customs of its family, and slow to yield to the allurements
of civilization, even though the most tempting boxes be pre-
sented to its choice. When it will, it will, and when it won't,
the Purple Martins must be depended on to fill the neat little
houses that we build to entice the Swallows. In Eastern
Massachusetts, says Dr. Brewer, the change of habit is con-
firmed. In parts of Maine and New Brunswick, Mr. Board-
man tells me, the experiment is far from successful, as, ten
to one, Swallows still nest in holes in trees and stumps. The
hollow tree is the natural and still the usual resort, as we see
clearly from study of these birds in the West.

I do not think that I ever saw Mcolor in Arizona, where

416 HABITS OF THE WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW

thalassina is not uncommon. Others, however, have found it
in that Territory. Captain Bendire speaks of its breeding
about Tucson. In Southern Colorado, Mr. Henshaw found it
"not uncommon, though perhaps the rarest of the Swallows".
It is rarer in the Missouri region than the other Swallows are,
because most of that country, like the rest of the Great
Plateau, does not furnish many good breeding-places. In Cali-
fornia, Cooper found the Blue-greens on the summit of the
Coast Kange, replacing the Barn and Cliff Swallows, and saw
what he supposed were these birds flying over the Sierra
Nevada at an elevation of 9,000 feet. He speaks of their
wintering in some parts of the State, and this is confirmed by
the observations of Mr. Hepburn, who states a few reside dur-
ing the winter, being reinforced toward the close of February
and growing abundant by the end of March. They are a
month later still in British Columbia. I found them breeding
at Pembiuaearly in June, with great numbers of Cliff Swallows.

Mr. Eidgway has lately published some interesting observa-
tions on White-bellied Swallows, which he found more numer-
ous in certain portions of Nevada than these birds have usually
been supposed to be anywhere in the West. They abounded
among the cottonwoods of the Lower Truckee Eiver, near
Pyramid Lake, in May, and every knot-hole seemed to be pos-
sessed by a pair. They were just then building, and used to come
daily to the door-yard of the Reservation-house to gather mate-
rials. The object selected was usually a feather, but occasionally
a scrap of paper, or rag of cloth, or a piece of string was
picked up and borne to the nest, such conspicuous prizes being
generally the occasion of much twittering contention, as the
little laborer struggled off to the nest with his burden. But
the birds were not confined to the wooded river-valleys, being
equally numerous high up in the Wahsatch Mountains, among
the aspens, at an elevation of 8,000 or 9,000 feet. He also
found them in the Sacramento Valley, a few feet above sea-
level, among the oak-trees on the plains. At Carson City, he
observed that their manners had been already modified, for
they built their nests under eaves, behind the weather-board-
ing, or about the porches, and were quite familiar. In making
his collections, he observed that when one was brought down,
the survivors showed great concern, circling, with plaintive
twittering, above their dead or dying comrade.

I find no record of the nestling of this species in caves or

HABITS OF THE WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW 417

holes in rocks, though thalassina sometimes does so. Agree-
ably to its choice of nesting-site, which renders plastering need-
less, it uses no mud in building its nest, the fabric being loosely
constructed of fine soft hay, with a copious warm lining of
feathers. The latter are often so disposed as to curl prettily
over the treasure within, like the Acanthus that suggested the
Corinthian capital ; and the eggs are sometimes almost entirely
thus covered. It is attested that the same pair will reoccupy
their premises year after year; and Dr. Brewer witnesses that
they may come to such familiar terms with persons from whom
they are accustomed to receive materials for nest-building, as
to watch for him and fly toward him. "A pair which had
thus, year after year, received supplies of feathers for their
nests from the younger members of the family in whose yard
their nest was built, would almost take them from the hands
of their providers. This pair sat so close as to permit them-
selves to be taken from their nest, and when released would at
once fly back to their brood.'7

There are some points in the earlier history of this Swallow
that I wish to rehearse here. I may premise, that though the
species was named by Wilson viridis, it had before been called
bicolor by Vieillot; but that this even is not the root of the
matter ; for it was known to Latham and Gmelin as a variety
of the European House Martin, Chelidon urbica of Boie and
late naturalists. Next, this species is said to depart from the
insectivorous customs of its family so far as to feed at times
principally on the berries of the myrtle (Myrica cerifera). The
fact is attested by Wilson, and Audubon speaks of Mcolor as
roosting by night on the drier, as the French Louisianians
call this plant. Thirdly, in connection with the well-known
fact that these Swallows spend the winter in great numbers in
Florida and the Gulf States, some items respecting their enor-
mous congregations have been noted. I have already spoken
of the vast assemblages of Swallows of various kinds which
may be witnessed during the season of migration ; the books
are full of instances, and it seems that the present species is
no whit behind its better-known congeners in this respect.
Wilson saw hundreds of White-bellies on the sandy beach of
Great Egg Harbor. They " completely covered " the myrtle-
bushes of the low islands thereabouts; a man told him he had
seen a hundred and two killed at a shot, and we need not pre-
27 B c

418 HABITS OF THE WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW

sume tbat a person would prevaricate, just for two Swallows.
ID recording his observations made on these birds in Louisiana,
in winter, Audubon speaks of " thousands flying in different
flocks", but only mentions fourteen killed at a shot. During
the winter, he says, many were sheltered in holes about the
houses, but the greater number resorted to the lakes, to spend
the night among the myrtles. "About sunset," he continues,
u they began to flock together, calling to each other for that
purpose, and in a short time presented the appearance of
clouds moving towards the lakes, or the mouth of the Missis-
sippi, as the weather and wind suited. Their aerial evolutions
before they alight, are truly beautiful. They appear at first as
if reconnoitering the place 5 when, suddenly throwing them-
selves into a vortex of apparent confusion, they descend
spirally with astonishing quickness, and very much resemble
a trombe or water-spout. When within a few feet of the driers,
they disperse in all directions, and settle in a few moments.
Their twitterings, and the motion of their wings, are, however,
heard during the whole night. . . . The hunters who
resort to these places destroy great numbers of them, by knock-
ing them down with light paddles, used in propelling their
canoes." In another place, Audubon prints a note from Bach-
man, who states that on the 16th of October, 1833, in company
with Dr. Wilson and Mr. J. W. Audubon, he "saw euch an
immense quantity of this species of birds that the air was posi-
tively darkened. As far as the eye could reach, there were
Swallows crowded thickly together, and winging their way
southward ; there must have been many millions!"

In conclusion of this subject, and to give further idea of the
current accounts, I quote (at second-hand) the following pas-
sages from Henderson's Honduras, London, 1809, p. 119,
though I should add that the writer does not refer to any par-
ticular species : — "Myriads of Swallows are also the occasional
inhabitants of Honduras. The time of their residence is gener-
ally confined to the period of the rains, after which they totally
disappear. There is something remarkably curious and deserv-
ing of notice in the ascent of these birds. As soon as the dawn
appears, they quit their place of rest, which is usually chosen
amid the rushes of some watery savannah, and invariably rise
to a certain height, in a compact spiral form, and which at a
distance often occasions them to be taken for an immense
column of smoke. This attained, they are then seen separ-

SYNONYMY OF TACHYCINETA THALAS8INA 419

ately to disperse in search of food, the occupation of their day.
To those who may have had an opportunity of observing the
phenomenon of a waterspout, the similarity of evolution, in the
ascent of these birds, will be thought surprisingly striking.
The descent, which regularly takes place at sunset, is con-
ducted in much the same way, but with inconceivable rapidity.
And the noise which accompanies this can only be compared
to the falling of an immense torrent, or the rushing of a violent
gust of wind. Indeed, to an observer, it seems wonderful, that
thousands of these birds are not destroyed, in being thus
propelled to the earth with such irresistible force." The nar-
rative does not state whether or not it was a good day for
Swallows.

The Violet-green Swallow

Tachycineta thalassina

HirundO thalassinus, Sw. Philos. Mag. i.'l827, 366 (Mexico).— Sw. Isis, 1834, 783.— Denny,
PZS. 1847, 38 (wrongly attributed to Cuba and Jamaica).

HirundO thalassina, OrmU.Comm. Journ. Phila.Acad.vii. 1837, 193 ("Columbia River").—
And. OB. iv. 1838, 597, pi. 385, f. 4, 5.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 9.— And. Syn. 1839, 36.— And.
BA. i. 1840, 186, pi. 41).— Woodh.Rep. Zufiiand Colo. R. 1853, 64.— Coss.Illust. B. Cal. and
Tex. 1855, 245.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1855, 308 (New Mexico). -Brew. N. A. O61. i.
1857, 102 (not the alleged figure!— pi. 5, f. 74) — Newb. PRRR. vi. 1857, 78.— Bd. BNA.
1858, 311.— Maxim. J. f. O. 1858, 101 (Upper Missouri R.).— Bd. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859,
303.— Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 191.— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, IW.-Scl. PZS.
1859, 235.— Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 36.— Bd.F.S.Mex. B. Surv. ii.pt. ii. 1859, Birds, 11.—
Coop. <& Suck. NHWT. 1860, 185.— Lord, Pr. Roy. Arty. Inst. Woolwich, iv. 1864, 115
(British Columbia).— Bd. Rev. A B. 1865, 299.— Brew. Am. Nat. i. 1867, 122 (correction
of error in N. A. 061.).— Brown, Ibis, 1868, 421 (Vancouver).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869,
33.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 107.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 149 (Colorado, up to 8,000ft.).—
Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 274.- Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 17.— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874,
347, pi. 16, f. 11.

Hi run do thallassina, Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 155.— Gamb. Journ. Phila. Acad.
i. 1847, 31.— Oamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 110.

Hnrindo thalassina, Bd. Ives's Rep. Colorado, 1861, pt. v. 5.

Cecropis thalassina, "Less."

Chelidon thalassina, Boie, Isis, 1844, 171.

Herse t.;alassina, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 341.— Coues, Ibis, 1865, 159, 163 (N. Mex., Arizona).

Tacbycineta thalassina, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 4£.— Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxviii. 1854, €51.—
Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 72 (Fort Whipple, Arizona).— Sumich. Man. Bost. Soc. i.
1869, 547 (Vera Cruz, breeding).— Coues, Key, 1872, 113.— Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Inat. v.
1873, 181 (Colorado).— Merr. Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 713.—
Coues, BNW. 1874, 86.— Allen, Pr. Bost. Sbc. xvii. 1874, 53 (habits).— Ridgw. Am. Nat.
viii. 1874, 199.— Nels. Pr. Bost Soc. xvii. 1875, 339, 343 (Utah).— Ridgw. Rep. Surv. 40th
Par. iv. 1877, 443.

Tachycincta thalassina, Merr. Ann. Rep. IT. S. Geol. Surv. for 1872, 1873, 676.

Petrochelldon thalassina, S. & S. Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).— £c/. PZS. 1864, 173 (City of
Mexico).

Violet-green Swallow, of Authors.

HAB. — Middle and Western Provinces of the United States and adjoining
portions of British America. Eastward to the Upper Missouri. South

420 CHARACTERS OF TACHYCINETA THALASStNA

through Mexico to Guatemala at least. Breeds in its United States and
British American range and in higher portions of Mexico. Winters beyond
the United States.

CH. SP. — $ 9 Violaceomridis, pileo magis purpurescente,
torque cervicali et tectricibus caudalibus superioribus purpureo-
molaceis ; alis cauddque violaceofuscis ; infra sericeo-alba.

$ , adult : Entire tinder parts, including the sides of the head to just above
the eyes, and an enlarged fluffy tuft on the flanks tending to join its fellow
over the rump, pure silky white. Upper parts rich, soft, velvety -green,
mixed with a little violet-purple ; the crown of the head similar, but rather
greenish-brown, with a purplish tinge. Cervical region, in some cases a
well-defined though narrow cervical collar, and the upper tail-coverts violet-
purple. These rich colors without gloss or sheen ; wings and tail blackish,
with violet and purplish gloss. Bill black ; feet brownish-black, small ;
iris brown ; mouth pale yellow. Length, 4^-5 inches ; extent, 11£-12^ ; wing,
4^ ; tail, 2, lightly forked ; bill, i ; tarsus, f .

The 9 , and immature birds in general, differ simply in the less purity and
intensity of the colors of the upper parts. In the very highest plumaged
specimens, the back is nearly pure green, the cervical collar distinct, and
the several contrasts of crown, collar, back, and upper tail-coverts are
strong ; in general, the back has a brownish-purple shade, more like that of
the crown.

Very young birds, just from the nest, are exactly like those of T. bicolor,
though smaller, being dark mouse-gray above and white below. But traces
at least of the special tints ppeedily appear. Young or perhaps autumnal
birds usually have the inner secondaries white-tipped, as in T. Ucolor.

MR. BULLOCK appears to have discovered this bird in
Mexico prior to 1827, when Swaiuson published a syn-
opsis of the collection made by the Bullocks, sr. and jr., in the
Philosophical Magazine — an article famous for the number of
its new genera and species, among them many now well known,
the Swainsonian names of which are very familiar to us.
Among the genera are Setopliaga, Seiurus, Sialidj Sylvicola,
AmmodramuSi Chondesles, Dolichonyx, Agelceus (originally writ-
ten Agelaus], Guiraca. For all these new genera, and others
(none being here characterized), reference is made to the then
still unpublished no. 10 of vol. iii. of the Zoological Journal,
April-Sept., 1827, and the latter is generally cited as the source
of the names ; but this article in the Phil. Mag. has actual
priority by a short time. The real student of ornithology will
find it necessary, sooner or later, to consult this paper, and I
advise all who have not done so to lay hands on the book, in-
stead of stealing their quotations from Bd. BNA., as most have
done for twenty years.

ACCOUNTS OF THE VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW 421

Who may have been the first to find it in the United States
I do not know 5 but Townsend and Nuttall furnished tho
whole of Audubon's account, published in 1838, about vthe time
Towusend communicated his discoveries to the Philadelphia
Academy, as recorded in their " Journal " for 1837 and 1839.
These writers both speak of finding it on some tributaries
of the Colorado River, and the first named says that it builds
a nest of mud and hay on clay bluffs, and lays four eggs, "of a
dark clay colour, with a few spots of reddish- brown"; and
adds that on the Columbia Eiver it breeds in hollow trees.
The latter statement is correct ; in making the former, Town-
send seems to have got the species mixed with the Cliff Swal-
low. Nuttall says that they appeared to occupy nests of the
Cliff Swallow, instead of building for themselves, and sup-
poses them to sometimes breed in trees. Audubon supplied
Dr. Brewer with a drawing of an egg of this species, got by
Nuttall in Oregon, which Dr. Brewer says was the first knowl-
edge he acquired of the " markings " of the egg. The error
about the egg and nidification flourished beyond 1857, when
Dr. Brewer elaborated it with care, describing and figuring
the speckled egg of the Cliff or Barn Swallow as that of the
Violet-green, and discrediting Nuttall's observation respect-
ing the probable nesting of the species in trees. The fact is,
that the Violet-green Swallow nests in holes in trees and
elsewhere, and lays a pure white egg, exactly like T. bicolor.

Meanwhile, in 1846-47, Dr. William Gambel published the
species from his observations in California ; and in 1853 Dr. S.
W. Woodhouse spoke of it as abundant in New Mexico. Then
came the period of the observers of the Pacific Railroad and
Mexican Boundary Surveys, who severally added to the his-
tory of the bird, and enabled Professor Baird to place it on the
well-known footing of 1858. Drs. A. L. Heerinann and T. C.
Henry found it at Fort Thorne on the Rio Grande— the former
also at Tejon Pass in California. Drs. Cooper and Suckley
noted its arrival at Puget Sound early in May, about the 10th,
and observed its building in knot-holes of trees, especially
oaks, and in deserted woodpeckers' boles. Shortly afterward,
Dr. Hayden collected many specimens in the Wind River
Mountains, in the present Territory of Wyoming, furnishing
one of the most northeasterly records we possess — for some
writers of repute, who say that the bird u has been found as

422 DISTRIBUTION OF THE VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW

far east as Nebraska", may be reminded that the Territories of
Dakota, Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, and some others, have
since been formed at the expense of what was once " Nebraska "
and " Oregon ". In an article printed in 1864, Mr. J. K. Lord de-
tailed some observations of his made a few years before along
the parallel of 49° N. from the Eocky Mountains west. These
birds were among the earliest visitors at Colville. arriving in
small flocks in March, increasing in May, and building in June
in holes in trees, laying four or five eggs. This writer sur-
mised that the birds dug these holes for themselves in soft
wood 5 but this seems scarcely credible, though it is not un-
likely that they may do more or less refitting of knot-holes and
woodpeckers' nests. The Violet-green Swallow has been ob-
served little, if any, north of the scene of Mr. Lord's opera-
tions, and the very border of British America must, for the
present at least, be considered its limit of distribution in this
direction. The Great Plains seem to present an impassable
barrier to the eastward dispersion of even so excellent a flyer
as this ; but it does come a little beyond even the foothills
of the Eockies. Thus, on the 26th of June, 1874, being then
on the Upper Missouri, above the mouth of the Yellowstone,
near the Quaking Ash Eiver, I observed a few individuals ;
though no specimens were secured to attest the fact, 1 could
not have been mistaken, as I had long been familiar with the
lovely birds from my studies in New Mexico and Arizona.

In general terms, as far as the United States is concerned,
the Violet-green inhabits wooded regions from the Eocky
Mountains to the Pacific, spreading over all our territory dur-
ing March ; it is liable to be found breeding wherever suitable
trees occur, but, like other Swallows, is more or less locally
distributed. During September it retires southward, probably
none wintering amongst us. It is resident in Mexico, as Mr.
Sumichrast informs us, at almost all elevations, and is very
common. Mr. Salvin witnesses its abundance in Guatemala
during a portion of the year.

I am uncertain to whom we owe the discovery of the fact
that the eggs of the Violet-green Swallow are white and un-
marked. The information was long delayed in coming, partly
owing, no doubt, to the difficulty of getting at the eggs, even
when the artfully-hidden retreat is discovered. The nest may
be in honey-combed rocks, entirely out of reach ; or in the top
of a blasted tree, too rotten to be scaled with safety ; or out of

HABITS OF THE VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW 423

reach in a knot hole in strong sound wood. After they were
found out, and the hole-breeding character of the species was
established, it was natural that the subsequent accounts of
cliff and rock nests should be received with caution or mistrust ;
and so much has been said one way and an other, that it will
tend to put the history of the species in the best light to review
the testimony on the subject.

When in New Mexico, in 1864, 1 found the Violet-green Swal-
lows to be very common in the Katon Mountains. This was in
June, and 1 have no doubt that the birds were then nesting,
though I had no chance of observing them closely. I noticed
their close resemblance to White-bellied Swallows in general
appearance, and particularly in mode of flight ; and I ob-
served, then as subsequently, the curiously misleading circum-
stance that the birds appeared to have white rumps. In fact,
as is well known, the rump is like the rest of the upper parts in
color, but the fluffy white feathers of the flanks lie over the
part during flight, sometimes meeting over the root of the tail,
thus causing the appearance oberved. This .appearance of
tricoloration — violet, green, and white — is striking. The fol-
lowing year, at Fort Whipple, in Arizona, I made quite a study
of these birds, whose exquisite beauty could hardly fail to touch
even the most insensible observer. They nestled in considera-
ble numbers in the pine woods about the fort, usually preferring
the edges of the timber, and constructed their nests of hay and
feathers in the natural cavities of trees, or in old woodpecker-
holes. Sometimes isolated pairs occupied the deciduous trees
in the vicinity, as the cottonwoods along the creek and the
oaks of the open hillsides 5 but most of the birds gathered in
little colonies in clumps of pine-trees. The birds reached
this elevated locality the second or third week in March, and
remained until late in September. I considered them the
commonest of their tribe, quite characteristic, in fact, of the
Arizona pine-belt.

In Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico, agrees Mr. Henshaw,
this Swallow inhabits the higher regions, abundantly in all
suitable localities, preferring the open spaces or edges of the
pineries and groves of oaks, where it breeds in old wood-
pecker-holes. In Southern Colorado, he found it in large col-
onies at the great altitude of 10,000 feet, early in June, when
these ambitious little beauties were preparing to nest on high
pine-stubs. In the same Territory, Allen met with them at cor-

424 NESTING OF THE VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW

responding altitudes, generally nesting in the wonted wood-
pecker-holes, but sometimes also in holes in rocks, in company
with White-throated Swifts. Kidgway has given us our best
accounts of this rock-building, which I have myself never
witnessed. The birds, he says, were abundant during May at
Pyramid Lake, Nevada, where they were observed to enter the
fissures of the calcareous tufa cliffs, where they doubtless had
nests. In July he saw them again in the limestone canons of
the Euby Mountains, associated with Cliff Swallows and the
Swifts just mentioned. Here their nests were in horizontal
fissures of the rock, and mostly iuaccessibe. Two, however,
were in places admitting the hand ; and these were found to be
masses of sticks and straws, lined with feathers. One of these
contained five eggs ; the other, three broken eggs and the dead
parent. The writer continues with a pertinent remark on the
general subject : — " Although other observers, whose statements
we do not in the least doubt, have described the habits of this
bird as arboreal, like those of the White-bellied Swallow
(T. Mcolor) and the Purple Martin, we never found it so in any
locality during our trip, it being everywhere a strictly Saxi-
coline species, and an associate of Panyptila saxatilis, Petro-
chelidon lunifrons, and Hirundo horreorum rather than of the
species named, and to be found only where precipitous rocks,
affording suitable fissures, occurred."

This is enough to settle the question we asked each other
for some years, Where does the Violet-green breed ? We havei
here simply a hole-breeder, indifferent whether the cavity it
occupies be tree or rock ; and we need not be surprised to learn
any day that it has been found nestling in a bank of earth, in
a natural excavation, or even in a Kingfisher's or Bank or
Bough-winged Swallow's hole. One thing, however: it has
never learned the plasterer's trade, at which the Cliff and Barn
Swallows are such clever artisans ; and yet it has been stated
by me, in the "Birds of the Northwest ", p. 88, on the authority
of Mr. T. M. Trippe, to have been found "nesting under the eaves
of houses, like the Cliff Swallow ", the fact being adduced to
show that, like most others of its tribe, this bird had at length
paid its compliments to human civilization. The details of
the circumstance had not been communicated to me in 1874;
but Mr. Trippe yesterday (March 17, 1878) visited my study,
and we had some conversation on the subject. He described
the nests, in which Violet-green Swallows certainly had their

CHARACTERS OF THE GENUS PETROCHELIDON 425

eggs, as bulky structures of mud, and like those of Cliff Swal-
lows. Being perfectly familiar with the birds, he could not
have been mistaken in identifying the species ; and he agreed
with me that the birds must have occupied in these instances
the deserted nests of other Swallows. This brings up NuttalPs
early testimony to the same effect, and makes it seem much
more probable — if it may not indeed be regarded as confirma-
tory— though he or Towusend certainly got hold of the wrong
egg, a drawing of which subsequently came into Dr. Brewer's
possession through Audubon. We should expect the Violet-
greens, on yielding to civilization, to come to terms in the
same way the Martins and White-bellies have, by occupying
boxes set up for their use, or else to enter knot-holes or the
crevices behind weatherboards, as the Wrens ; but that their
habits will be modified in some way, and at no distant day,
there is no reasonable doubt. With which understanding, I
leave the wilful and capricious little creatures to enjoy their
hermitages, whether of tree or rock, as long as they please.

Genus PETROCHELIDON Cabanis

Hirundo, p., of Authors.

Petrochelidon, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 47 (type H. melanogaster Sw. = P. swainsoni Scl.).

This is one of the better-marked groups which have been
established as generically distinct from Hirundo. In some re-
spects, it rather approaches Progne. The bill is quite stout and
deep (for this family), and the nostrils are superior, opening
without nasal scale. The tail is unusually short, ths tips of
the folded wings reaching beyond it, and is about even, or only
slightly emarginate, with the feathers broad to their ends.
The feet are much as in Hirundo ; the tarsi are feathered above,
and the toes are extensively adherent at base. There is a
certain bristly appearance of the front and chin, different from
what is seen in other groups. The tuft of crissal feathers is
full, reaching nearly to the end of the tail. The species agree
well in a special pattern of coloration, being steel-blue above,
with rufous rump and nuchal band, and usually a frontlet of
different color from the rest of the upper parts; the under
parts are not continuously white, as in Tachycineta. The nidi-
fication of some, if not all, of the species, is peculiar. The eggs
are colored, as in Hirundo.

The species are characteristically American, though one has
been described from the Cape of Good Hope. An Australian
species referred to Petrochelidon by Cabauis is by Gray ranged

426 SYNONYMY OF PETROCHELIDON LUNIFRONS

in the different genus Hylochelidon Gould. Several species of
true Petrochelidon occur in Central and South America and the
West Indies, the actual number being in question. Pending
satisfactory answer, I continue to present our Cliff or Eave
Swallow, lunifrons of Say, as distinct from the West Indian
fulva of Vieillot, though not quite satisfied of specific distinc-
tion in this case 5 but I have little hesitation in assigning the
Mexican P. swainsoni Scl. (= melanogaster Sw.) as a synonym.
P.pceciloma of Jamaica and P. ruficollaris of Peru are closely
related.

The Eave, Cliff; or Crescent Swafllow

Pe trochel idon luiii Irons*

HlrnndO, 35, Forst. Philos. Trans. Ixii. 1772, 408 (Severn Eiver).

Hirundo lunifrons, Say, "Long's Exped. R. Mts. ii. 18-23, 47 ".-Su>. <& Rich. FBA. ii. 1831,
331.— Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. 1852, 270 (habits).— Woodh. Eep. Zuni & Colo. E. 1853, 64.—
Cass. Illust B. Gal. and Tex. 1855, 243.— Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1856, 287 (Indiana).—
Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 148.— Brew. IS. A. Ool. 1857, 94, pi. 5, f.. 68-73.— Newb.
PERR. vi. 1857, 78.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 309.— Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 191 (California).—
Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— Coop. & Suck. NHWT. 1860, 124.—
Wheat. Ohio Agric. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 374.— Barn. Smiths. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 436
(Pennsylvania).— Coues <6 Prent. Smiths. Eep. for 1861, 1862, 409.— Hayd. Tr. Amer.
Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 161.— Boar dm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 125 (Maine).— Verr. Pr. Bost.
Soc.ix. 1862, 137 (Anticosti).— Ferr.Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 148 (Maine).— Terr. Pr. Bost.
Soc. ix. 1863, 276 (on the migrations, &c.).— Blak. Ibis, 1863, 64 (Saskatchewan).—
Lord, Pr. Eoy. Arty. Inst. "Woolwich, iv. 1864, 116 (British Columbia).— Allen, Pr. Ess.
Inst iv. 1864, 65.— Coues, Ibis, 1865, 159, 163 (New Mexico and Arizona).— Drew. Ibis,

1865, 479 (Texas).— Coues, Ibis, 1866, 263 (Colorado Eiver).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess.Tnst. v.

1866, 86 (Canada West).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N". Y. viii. 1866, 285— Layard, Birds of
South Africa, 1867, 55 (Africa! spec, identified by Hartlanb).— Brew. Am. Nat. i.

1867, 122.— Haym. Cox's Geol. Surv. Indiana, 1869,218 (abundant since 1849).— Coop.
Am. Nat iii. 1869, 33 (Missouri Eiver, "in swarms").— Turrib. B. E. Pa, 1869, 19;
Phila. ed. 12.— Dall & Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. 1869, 279 (Alaska).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870,
104.— Stev. Ann. Eep. U. S. Geol. Surv. for 1870, 1871, 463.— Coop. Am. Nat iv. 1871,
758.— Woodh. Am. Nat vi. 1872, 173 (albino).— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, M4.—AUen,
Bull MCZ. iii. 1872, 176 (Colorado, up to timber-line).— Scott, Pr. Bost Soc. xv. 1872,
223.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 235.— .Herricfc, Bull. Ess. Inst, v. 1873, — (Grand
Menan).— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 5.— Merr. Ann. Eep. U. S. Geol. Surv. TetT. for*1872,
1873, 706.— Coop. Am. Nat viii. 1874, 17.— Coues, Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 599.— Kirtl. Pr.
Cleveland Acad. 1874, 268 (Ohio).

*Some references to the " fnlva" of the West Indies, a form scarcely if
at all different, are as follows : —

Ilil-undo fulva, Vieill. " OAS. i. 1807, 62, pi. 32 " (San Domingo).— F. N. D. d'H. N. xiv. 1817,
521.- F. EM. ii. 1823, 527, n. Vt.—Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, VZQ.-Thienem. J. f. 0. 1857,
149 (Cuba ; egg).— Gieb. Vog. 1860, 74, f. 126 (in part).— ? March, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1863,
295 (Jamaica).— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. x. 1866, 222 (Porto Eico).

Cecropis fulva, Boie, Isis, 1844, 175.

Petrochelidon fulva, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 47.— Gundl.J. f.O.1856,3 (Cuba).— Brew. Pr. Bost.
Soc. vii. 1860, 306 (Cuba).— Gundl. J. f. O. 1861, 328 (Cuba).— ? Scl. Cat AB. 1861, 40
(.Jamaica). —? Scl. PZS. 1861, 72.— Bd. Eev. AB. 1865, 291 (Cuba).

? Hirundo pceciloma, Oosse, B. Jam. 1847, 64.

? Petrochelidon pceciloma, Bd. Eev. AB. 1864, 292.

CHARACTERS OF PETROCHELIDON LUNIF5ONS 427

Cecropis lunifrons, Boie, Isis, 1828,315; 1844,175.

Petrochelidon lunifrons, —1—Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 1861, 317 (New Grenada).—
S.I. Cat. AB. 1862, 40.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 288.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 72
(Arizona) —Coues, Pr. Ess. last, v. 1868, 276 (Now England).— Cones, Key, 1872, 114.—
Trippe, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 48.— Aiken & Holden, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1872, IW.-Hayn.
Pr. Boit. Soc. xiv. 1872, 369 (New England).— Merr. Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr,
for 1872, 1873, 676, 713.— Coues, BNW. 1874, SS.—Ridgw. Am. Nat viii. 1874, 200.—
B. B. & It, NAB. i. 1874, 334, pi. 16, f. 13.— Brew. Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.— Nels.
Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 339 (Utah).— Yarr. & Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 11.— Hensh.
List B. Adz. 1875, 156.— Hensh. Zeol. Expl. TV. 100 Merid. Ib75, 215.— Hensh. Rep. Orn.
Specs. 1874, 42, 60, 75, 104.— Gentry, Life-Hist. 1876, 190.— Minot, BNE. 1877, 144.—
HcCaulty, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. iii. n. 3, 1877, 662 (Texas).— Eidgw. Rep. Surv. 40th
Par. iv. 1877, 440.

Hirundo opifex, De Witt Clint. Ann. Lyc.N.T.i. 1824,161.

Ilirumlo respublicana, And. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 1824, 164.

Hirundo fulva, De Witt Clint. Aun. Lye. N. Y. i. 1824, 156.— Bp. AO. i. 1825, 63, pi. 7, f. 1.—
Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. I82ti, 64.— Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 270.— Aud. OB. i. 1831, 353, pi. 58.—
Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 603.— Ornith. Comm. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 193 (Columbia,
River). -Bp. CGL. 1838, 9.-Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 345— Towns. Journ. Phila.
Acad. viii. 1839, 155.— Aud. BA. i. 1840, 177, pi. 41.—Giraud, BLT. 1844, 38.— Gamb. Pr.
Phila. Acad. iii. 1846, 110 (California).— Denny, PZS. 1847, 31.—Thomps. Vermont,
1853, 97.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, Wl.-Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 401.— Henry,
Pr. Phila. Acad. 1855, 308 (New Mexico). —Jennie. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 581.—
Pratten, ibid. 600.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst i. 1856, 205.— Maxim. J. f. 0. 1858, 100.— Heerm.
PRRR. x. 1859. 36.

Hirundo fulvus, Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 281 (Nova Scotia).

Herse fulva, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 341 (in part at least).

Petrochelidon fulva, Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxviii. 1854, 650 (in part at least).

Hirundo melanogaster, Sw. Philos. Mag. i. 1827, 366 ; Isis, 1834, 783 (name inept).

Petrocbelidon melanogastra, Cab. MH. i. 1850, 47.

Hirundo swainsoni, S.I. PZS. 1858, 296 (Oaxaca) ; 1859, 376 (Oaxaca. Mere change of
name from melanogaster).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 290.— Salv. Ibis, 1866, 192 (Guatemala).

Petrochelidon swainsonii, 8el. Cat. AB. 1862, 40.

Petrochelidon swainsoni, Lawr. Bull. Nat. Mus. n. 4, 1876, 17 (Tehuantepec).

Hirundo coronata, Licht. " Mus. Berol."

White-fronted Swallow, Sw. & Rich. 1. c.

Republican or Cliff Swallow, Aud. 1. c.

Rocky Mountain Swallow, Hazard, Pr. Phila, Acad. 1851, 141 (habits).

Cliff Swallow, Eave Swallow, Authors.

HAB — North America, at large, breeding in suitable localities. North to
Severn River (Forster, 1772) and the Arctic Ocean; northeast to Nova
Scotia ( Vieillot, 1823) ; northwest to the Yukon. Wrongly supposed to have
lately migrated into the Eastern United States. South through Mexico to
Panama at least (resident Mexican birds = swainsoni^ ? Not West Indies
(=fulva Vieillot).

CH. SP. — $ 9 Dorso, pileo, et macula gulari chalybeis ; f route
albicante ; gula, lateribus capitis, tectricibus caudalibus superiori-
bus rufis ; infra brunneo-grisea, abdomine albicante.

<? $ , adult : Back and top of head, with a spot on the throat, deep lus-
trous steel-blue, that of the crown and back separated by a grayish nuchal
collar. Frotitlet white or brownish-white. Shorter upper tail-coverts
rufous. Chin, throat, and sides of head intense rufous, sometimes purplish-
chestnuf, prolonged around the side of the nape. Under parts dull grayish-
brown, with usually a rufous tinge (rusty-gray), and dusky shaft-lines,

428 HISTORY OF THE CRESCENT SWALLOW

whitening on the belly, the under tail-coverts gray, whitish-edged and
tinged with rnfous. Wings and tail blackish, with flight gloss. Bill black;
feet brown. Length, 5-5 J; extent, 12 or more ; wing, 4J-4|; tail, 2£, nearly
square.

The sexes are not distinguishable. Both vary much in the tone of color-
ation, especially of the rufous parts, though the pattern is much the same.
The forehead is sometimes white, sometimes quite brown. In young birds,
the frontlet may be altogether wanting ; the upper parts are lustreless dark
brown, most of the feathers being skirted with whitish ; the rufous of the
throat and rump a mere tinge, the spot on the throat wanting, and the
parts often speckled with white.

DISCOVER Y of this notable Swallow, commonly attributed
to Say, was made long before Long's expedition to the
Eocky Mountains, though the species was first named in the
book which treats of that interesting journey. The bird may
have been discovered by the celebrated John Eeinhold Forster ;
at any rate, the earliest note I have in hand respecting the Cliff
Swallow is Forster's, dating 1772, when this naturalist pub-
lished in the Philosophical Transactions "An Account of the
Birds sent from Hudson's Bay ; with Observations relative to
their Natural History; and Latin Descriptions of some of the
most uncommon " — a rather noted paper, in which seven new
species, viz, Falco spadiceus, Strix nebulosa, Emberiza [i. e.
Zonotrichia] leucophrys, Fringilla [i. e. Junco] hudsonias, Mus-
cicapa [i. v. Dendrceca] striata, Parus hudsonicus, and Scolopax
[i. e. Numenias] borealis, are described, with references to various
other new birds by number, such as " Turdus no. 22", which is
Scolecophagus ferruginous, and "Hirundo no. 35", which is
Petrochelidon lunifrona. The next observer — in fact, a redis-
coverer — was, perhaps, Audubon, who says that he saw Republi-
can or Cliff Swallows for the first time in 1815 at Henderson,
on the Ohio ; that he drew up a description at the time, nam-
ing the species Hirundo republicana [sic] ; and that he again
saw the same bird in 1819 at Newport, Ky., where they usually
appeared about the 10th of April, and had that year finished
about fifty nests by the 20th of the same month. The next
year, namely, 1820, Major Long and Sir John Franklin found
these birds again, in widely remote regions, — the first named
during his expedition to the Eocky Mountains, and the latter
on the journey from Cumberland House to Fort Enterprise,
and on the banks of Point Lake, in latitude 65°, where its
earliest arrival was noted the following year on the 12th of
June. Dr. Eichardson says that their clustered nests are of

MOVEMENTS OF THE CRESCENT SWALLOW 429

frequent occurrence on the faces of cliffs of tbe Barren Grounds,
and not uncommon throughout the course of the Slave and
Mackenzie's Rivers ; and that their first appearance at Fort
Chipewyan was on the 25th of June, 1825. Major Long's dis-
covery was named Hirundo lunifrohs by Say in 18-3 ; and the
following year Audubon published his hitherto MS. name
respublicana in the Annals of the New York Lyceum of Natural
History, with some remarks on the species, in connection with
some observations of Governor DeWitt Clinton, who called
the bird Hirundo opifex. Meanwhile, Yieillot had described
the West Indian conspecies as Hirundo fulva ; and the future
Prince Bonaparte adopted this name for our species in 1825.
Thus, in the short space of two years, 1823-25, the interesting
Anonyma, "No. 35", before known only by number, like the
striped inmates of some of our penal establishments, suddenly
became quite a lion, with titles galore in the binomial /taut ton,
But it was not till 1850 that it was actually raised to the sub
lime degree of Petrochelidon, though it had long been taken
and held to be a master-mason.

The Cliff Swallow has been supposed by some to be an
immigrant of comparatively recent date in the Eastern United
States ; but it does not appear that any broad theory of a gen-
eral progressive eastward extension is fairly deducible from the
evidence we possess. On the contrary, much of the testimony
is merely indicative of the dates, when, in various parts of the
country, the birds began to build under eaves, and so estab-
lished colonies where none existed before j and some of the
evidence opposes tl;e view just mentioned. The Swallows, as
a rule, are birds of local distribution in the breeding season,
notwithstanding their pre-eminent migratory abilities ; they
tend to settle in particular places, and return year after year ;
and nothing is better known than that one town may be full of
Swallows of several kinds unknown in another town hard by.
1 suppose the real meaning of the record is " only this and
nothing more". Nevertheless, these accounts are interesting,
and all have their bearing on the natural history of this re-
markable bird. It was unknown to Wilson. In 1817, between
Audubon's times of observation in Kentucky, Clinton says he
first saw Eave Swallows at Whitehall, New York, at the south-
ern end of Lake Champlain. Zadock Thompson found them at
Randolph, Vt., about the same time. Mr. G. A. Boardman
tells me that they were no novelty at St. Stephens, New Bruns-

430 MOVEMENTS OF THE CRESCENT SWALLOW

wick, in 1828. Dr. Brewer received their eggs from Coventry,
Vt., in 1837, when they were new to him 5 but the date of their
appearance there was not determined. They are said by the
same writer to have appeared at Jaffrey, N. H., in 1838 ; o.t
Carlisle, Pa., in 1841 ; and the appearance of a large colony
which he observed at Attleborough, Mass., in 1842, indicated
that they had been there for several years. During the last-
mentioned year, they were present, apparently for the first
time, in Boston and neighboring metastatic foci of the globe.
The record also teaches that these birds do not necessarily
change from "Cliff" to uEave" Swallows in the East, for in
1861 Professor Yerrill discovered a large colony breeding on
limestone cliffs of Anticosti, remote from man, and in their
primitive fashion. That the settlement of the country has con-
duced to the general dispersion of the birds during the breed-
ing season in places that knew them not before is undoubted ;
but that any general eastward migration ever occurred, or that
there has been in recent times a progressive spread of the
birds across successive meridians, is less than doubtful — is
almost disproven. Birds that can fly like Swallows, and go
from South America to the Arctic Ocean, are not likely to cut
around via the Mississippi or the Eocky Mountains, houses or
no houses. Moreover, the scarcity or apparent absence of
these birds in the Southern States, or most portions thereof,
may be simply due to the iueligibility of the country, and only
true for a part of the year. It cannot be that the breeding
birds of Pennsylvania, New York, and New England come and
go by other than a direct route ; and if not detected in the
Southern States, it must be because they fly over the country in
their migrations, and do not stop to breed. It is authenticated
that they nest at least as far south as Washington, D. C.,
where Drs. Coues and Prentiss found them some twenty years
ago to be summer residents, arriving late in April and remain-
ing until the middle of September, though they were not as
abundant as some of the other Swallows.

It may be remembered in this connection that a happy con-
junction of circumstances is required to satisfy these birds.
Not only are cliffs or their substitutes necessary, but these must
be situated where clayey mud, possessing some degree of adhe-
siveness and plasticity, can be procured. The indication is
met at large in the West, along unnumbered streams, where
the birds most do congregate; and their very general dispersion

MASONRY OF THE CRESCENT SWALLOW 431

in the West, as compared with their rather sporadic distribu-
tion in the East, is thus readily explained. The great veins of
the West — the Missouri, the Columbia, and the Colorado, —
and most of their venous tributaries, returning the humors
from the clouds to their home in the sea, are supplied in pro-
fusion with animated congregations of the Swallows, often
vastly more extensive than those gatherings of the feathered
Sons of Temperance beneath our eaves, where the sign of the
order, — a bottle, neck downward, — is set for our edification.

All are familiar, doubtless, with the architecture of these
masons — if any be not. the books will remove their ignorance.
But there are many interesting details, perhaps insufficiently
elucidated in our standard treatises. It is generally under-
stood that the most perfect nest, that is, a nest fully finished
and furnished with a neck, resembling a decanter tilted over, —
that such a " bottle-nosed " or " retort-shaped " nest, is the
typical one, indicating the primitive fashion of building. But
I am by no means satisfied of this. Eemembering that the
Swallows are all natural hole-breeders, we may infer that their
early order of architecture was a wall, rampart, or breastwork,
which defended and perhaps enlarged a natural cavity on
the face of a cliff. Traces of such work are still evident
enough in those frequent instances in which they take a hole
in a wall, such as one left by a missing brick, and cover it in
eicher with a regular domed vestibule or a mere cup-like rim
of mud. It was probably not until they had served a long
apprenticeship that they acquired the sufficient skill to stick a
nest against a perfectly smooth, vertical support. Some kind
of domed nest was still requisite, to carry out the idea of hole-
breeding, a trait so thoroughly ingrained in Hirundine nature,
and implying perfect covering for the eggs; and the indication
is fully met in one of the very commonest forms of nest,
namely, a hemispherical affair, quite a " breastwork" in fact,
with a hole at the most protuberant part, or just below it. The
running on of a neck to the nest, as seen in those nests we
consider the most elaborate, seems to merely represent a sur-
plusage of building energy, like that which induces a House
Wren, for example, to accumulate a preposterous quantity of
trash in its cubby-holes. Such architecture reminds me of the
Irishman's notion of how cannon are made — by taking a hole
and pouring the melted metal around it. It is the rule, when
the nest is built in any exposed situation. But since the Swal-

432 OBSTINACY OF THE CRESCENT SWALLOW

lows have taken to building under eaves, or other projections
affording a degree of shelter, the bottle-necked, even the
simply globular nests, seem to be going out of fashion ; and
thousands of nests are now built as open as those of the Barn
Swallow, being simply half-cups attached to the wall, and in
fact chiefly distinguished from those of Bam Swallows by
containing little or no hay. 1 suppose this to be a piece of
atavism — a reversion to primitive ways. The Barn and Eave
Swallows are our only kinds that do not go into a hole or its
equivalent; and the indication of shelter or covering, in all
cases indispensable, being secured by the roof itself beneath
which they nestle, the special roofing of each nest becomes
superfluous. Hence the open cups these Swallows now con-
struct.

Considering how sedulously most birds strive to hide their
nests, and screen themselves during incubation, it becomes a
matter of curious speculation why these Swallows should ever
build beneath our eaves, in the most conspicuous manner, and
literally fly in the face of danger. Kichardson comments on
this singular and excessive confidence in man, too often
betrayed, and which cannot, on the whole, be conducive to the
best interests of their tribe. He speaks of a colony that per-
sisted in nesting just over a frequented promenade, where they
had actually to graze people's heads in passing to and from
their nests, and were exposed to the curiosity and depredations
of the children; yet they stuck to their first choice, even
though there were equally eligible and far safer locations just
at hand. Sir John wonders what cause could have thus sud-
denly called into action such confidence in the human race,
and queries what peculiarity of economy leads some birds to
put their offspring in the most exposed situation they can find.
We have all seen the same thing, and noted the pertinacity
with which these and other Swallows will cling to their
caprices, though subjected to every annoyance, and repeat-
edly ejected from the premises by destruction of their nests.
I have two notable cases in mind. At Fort Pembiua, Dakota,
a colony insisted on building beneath the low portico of the
soldiers' barracks, almost within arm's reach. Being noisy and
untidy, they were voted a nuisance, to be abated, but it was
uno use"; they stuck, and so did their nests. In the adjoining
British province of Manitoba, at one of the trading-posts I
visited, it was the same thing over again; their nests were

THE CRESCENT SWALLOW AT WORK 433

repeatedly demolished, on account of the racket and clutter
they made, till the irate lord of the manor found it cheaper in
the end to let the birds alone, and take his chances of the morn-
ing nap. I think such obstinacy is due to the bird's reluctance
to give up the much-needed shelter which the eaves provide
against the weather — indeed, this may have had something to
do with the change of habit in the beginning. The Cliff Swal-
low's nest is built entirely of mud, whick, when sun baked into
* adobe', is secure enough in dry weather, but liable to be loos-
ened or washed away during a storm. In fact, this accident
is of continual occurrence, just as it is in the cases of the Chim-
ney Swifts. The birds' instinct — whatever that may mean ; I
despise the word as a label of our ignorance and conceit —
say rather, their reason, teaches them to come in out of the
rain. This may also have something to do with the clustering
of nests, commonly observed when the birds build on the
faces of cliffs, for obviously such a mass would withstand
the weather better than a single edifice.

It is pleasant to watch the establishment and progress of a
colony of these birds. Suddenly they appear — quite animated
and enthusiastic, but undecided as yet; an impromptu debat-
ing society on the fly, with a good deal of sawing the air to
accomplish, before final resolutions are passed. The plot thick-
ens ; some Swallows are seen clinging to the slightest inequal-
ities beneath the eaves, others are couriers to and from the
nearest mud-puddle ; others again alight like feathers by the
water's side, and all are in a twitter of excitement. Watching
closely these curious sons and daughters of Israel at their inge-
nious trade of making bricks, we may chance to see a circle of
them gathered around the margin of the pool, insecurely bal-
anced on their tiny feet, tilting their tails and ducking their
heads to pick lip little " gobs" of mud. These are rolled round
in their mouths till tempered, and made like a quid into glob-
ular form, with a curious working of their jaws; then off go
the birds, and stick the pellet against the wall, as carefully as
ever a sailor, about to spin a yarn, deposited his chew on the
mantel-piece. The birds work indefatigably ; they are busy as
bees, and a steady stream flows back and forth for several hours
a day, with intervals for rest and refreshment, when the Swal-
lows swarm about promiscuously a-flycatching. In an incredi-
bly short time, the basement of the nest is laid, and the whole
form becomes clearly outlined ; the mud diies quickly, and
28 B c

434 RESULT OF THE CRESCENT SWALLOW7S WORK

there is a standing place. This is soon occupied by one of the
pair, probably the female, who now stays at home to welcome
her mate with redoubled cries of joy and ecstatic quivering of
the wings, as he brings fresh pellets, which the pair in closest
consultation dispose to their entire satisfaction. In three or
four days, perhaps, the deed is done ; the house is built, and
nothing remains but to furnish it. The poultry-yard is visited,
and laid under contribution of feathers ; hay, leaves, rags,
paper, string—Swallows are not very particular — may be
added ; and then the female does the rest of the "furnishing"
by her own particular self. Fot impossibly, just at this period,
a man comes with a pole, and demolishes the whole affair ; or
the enfant terrible of the premises appears, and removes the
eggs to enrich his sanded tray of like treasures ; or a tom-cat
reaches for his supper. But more probably matters are so
propitious that in due season the nest decants a full brood of
Swallows — and I wish that nothing more harmful ever came
out of the bottle.

Seeing how these birds work the mud in their mouths, some
have supposed that the nests are agglutinated, to some extent
at least, by the saliva of the birds. It is far from an unreason-
able idea — the Chimney Swift sticks her bits of twigs together,
and glues the frail cup to the wall with viscid saliva j and
some of the Old World Swifts build nests of gummy spittle,
which cakes on drying, not unlike gelatine. Undoubtedly
some saliva is mingled with the natural moisture of the mud j
but the readiness with which these Swallows7 nests crumble
on drying shows that saliva enters slightly into their composi-
tion— practically not at all — and that this fluid possesses no
special viscosity. Much more probably, the moisture of the
birds' mouths helps to soften and temper the pellets, rather
than to agglutinate the dried edifice itself.

In various parts of the West, especially along the Missouri
and the Colorado, where I have never failed to find clustering
nests of the Cliff Swallow, I have occasionally witnessed some
curious associates of these birds. In some of the navigable
canons of the Colorado, I have seen the bulky nests of the
Great Blue Heron on flat ledges of rock, the faces of which
were stuccoed with - Swallow-nests. How these frolicsome
creatures must have swarmed around the sedate and impertur-
bable Herodias, when she folded up her legs and closed her
eyes, and went off into the dreamland of incubation, undis-

THE GENUS COTYLE — COTYLE R1PARIA 435

turbed, iu a very Babel! Again, I have found a colony of
Swallows in what would seem to be a very dangerous neigh-
borhood— all about the nest of a Falcon, no other than the
valiant and merciless Falco potyagrus, on the very minarets
and buttresses of whose awe-inspiring castle, on the scowling
face of a precipice, a colony of Swallows was established in
apparent security. The big birds seemed to be very comforta-
ble ogres, with whom the multitude of hop-o'-my-thumbs had
evidently some sort of understanding, perhaps like that which
the Purple Grackles may be supposed to have with the Fish-
hawks when they set up housekeeping in the cellar of King
Pandion's palace. If it had only been a Fish-hawk in this
case instead Falco polyagrus, we could understand such amica-
ble relations better — for Cliff Swallows are cousins of Purple
Martins, and, if half we hear be true, Progne was Pandion's
daughter.

Genus COTYLE Boie

II ir undo, p., of Authors.

Cotile, Boie., Isis, 1822 (type H. riparia).

Cotyle, Boie, Isis, 1826.

Biblis, Less. "1837".

Tarsus with a tuft of feathers at the base below, near inser-
tion of the hind toe. Edge of wing not rough. Claws little
curved, the lateral reaching beyond the base of the middle one.
Bill very small, the nostrils opening laterally and overhung by
a membrane. Tail much shorter than wings, emarginate.
Coloration dull and simple — iu the type of the genus lustreless
brown above and across breast, white below. Eggs uncol-
ored, laid in holes in the ground excavated by the bird.

There is a single American species of this particular group,
not different from that of Europe, and one of the most nearly
cosmopolitan of Passerine birds, inhabiting Europe, Asia,
Africa, and America.

Bank Swallow, or Sand Martin

Cotyle riparia

HI run do riparia, of many pro-Linnaean writers, as Gesner, Jonst., Charlet., Willugby, Ray,
etc.— L, SK i. 10th ed. 1758, 192, n. 4 (exFn. Svec. n. 247, etc. ).— Briinn, OB. 1764,
74, D. 291.— L. SN. i. 12th ed. 1766, 344, n. 4.— Bodd. iabl. PE. 1783, 32; pi. 543, f. 2.—
Gm. SN. i. 1788, 1019, n. 4.—Schaeff. Mus. Orn. 1789, 23, n. 75.- Lath. IO. i. 1790, 575,
n. 10.— Wili. A O. v. 1812, 46, pi. 38, f. — .— V. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 517, n. 2.— De Witt Glint.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 1824, 159.— Bp. Journ. Phil.i. Acad. iv. 18C5, 258.— Bp. Ann. Lye.
X. Y.il. 18-26, t>5.— Less. Tr. Qrn. 1831, 2C9.— 8. & R. FBA. ii. 1831, 333.— Nutt. Man. i

436 SYNONYMY OF COTYLE RIPAR1A

1832, 607.— Temm. Man. i. — , — ; iii. 1835, 300.— Kaup, Thierr. ii. pt. i. 1836, 114.- And.
OB. iv. 1838, 584, pL 385.— Towns. Jonrn. Phila.Acad.viii. 1839, 155.— Peab. Rf p. Orn.
Mass. 1839, 346.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 36.— And. BA. i. 1840, 187 pi. 50.— M*cg. Man. Brit.
Orn. i. 1840, 16,—Blyth, PZ3. 1842,93 (Europe and India).— Sieih. Stubenv. Deutsch.
1845, 358.— Gir. BLI. 1844, 37.— Lemb. AT. Cuba, 1850, 47, pi. 7, f. 3.— Jones, "Nat, Berm.

1859, 34".— Brandt, Anim. Vert. Siberie, , 27.— Totias, Naum. i. 1851, 67 (Oberlau-

site).— Lilj. Nanm. ii. Heft ii. 1852, 94 (Northern Russia;.— P&ssl. J. f. 0. 1853, 258.-
Jackal, J. f. O. 1853, 367.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853. 88.— Head, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853,
401.— Radde, J. f. 0. 1854, 59 (Southern Russia).— Vangerow. J. f. 0. 1854, 190.— Pratten,
Tr. lUinoia Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 600.— H*nry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1855, 308.— Haym. Pr.
Phila. Acad. 1856, 288.— Pufn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 306.— Matter, J. f. O. 1856, 226
(Provence).— PassL J. f. 0. 1856, 41 (Anhalt).— Martens, J. f. 0. 1859, 216 (Bermudas).—
Finsch, J. f. O. 1859, 384 (Bulgaria).— Bland, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 387 (Ber-
muda).— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859,281 (Nora Scotia).— Powys, Ibis, 1860, 234
(Epirus).— Gieb. Vog. 1860, 73, f. 134.— Kniper, J. f. O. I860, S84 (Greece).— Hintz I.
J. f. 0. 1861, 224, 228 (migrations, &o.).— Zand. Arch. Mecklenb. xv. 1861, 60.— Hintz I.
J. f. 0. 1863, 424; 1864, 182; 1865, 933; 1866, 148; 1867, 166; 1868, 394 (Pomerauia).—
Nordm. J. f.O. 1864, 368 (Scandinavia).— Sperl. Ibis, 1864, 283 (Malta).- Wright, Ibis.
1864, 57 (Malta).— Pdssl. J. f. O. 1865, 32 (Anhalt).— Weiz, Pr. Boat. Soc. x. 1866, 267
(Labrador).— HoUz, J. f. 0. 1868, 156 (Gottska-Sando).— Brown, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1869,
207 (Madeira).— Fowler, Am. Nat. iii. 1869,116 (biography).— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi.
1871, 114.^-Rey, J. f. 0. 1872, 143 (Portugal).— Harting, Man. Br. B. 1872, 35.

11 ir undo (Cotyle) rlparSa, Schrmck, Amurl. 1860, 389.— Radde, Reisen, 1863,281.

Cotlle rlparla, Boie, Isis, 1822, 550.

Cotyle rlparla, Boie, Isis, 1826, —.—Brehm, Handb. Stub. Hausvog. 1832, 278.— Pp. CGL. 1838,
9.— Boie, Isis, 1844, 170.— Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1846, 111 (Cuba).— Bp. CA. i. 1850,
342.— Burnett, Pr. Bost. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— MeCatt, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 215.— Cabot,
Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 66.— Woodh. Rep. Zufii and Colo. R. 1853, 65. -.Hoy, Pr. Phila.
Acad. 1853, 308.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. iv. 1854, 325.— Jackal, J. f. 0. 1854, 496 (Bavaria).—
Mutter, J. f. 0. 1855, 5 (Northern Afiica).— Goes. Illust 1855, 247.— Kennic. Tr. Illinois
Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 582.— Gundl. J. f. O. 1856, 5 (Cuba).— Newb. PRRR. vi. 1857,78.—
Brew. N. A. O6L 1857, 105, pi. 4, f. 49.— Adams, PZS. 1858, 495 (India).— Bd. BNA. 1858,
313.— Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 36.— Henry, Pr. Phila, Acad. 1859, 106.— Tristran, Ibis,
1859, 27 (Palestine) ; 434 (Northern Africa) —Salv. Ibis, 1859, 302 (Eastern Atlas).—
Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. viii. 1860, 306 (Cuba).— Cab. J. f. 0. 1861, 93 (Costa Rica).— Gundl.
J. f. O. 1861, 330 (Cuba).— Bam. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Gouts A Prent.
Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862.— Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 162.— Homeyer,
J. £ 0. 1862, 254 (Balearics).— Verr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 138 (Anticotti).— Verr. Pr.
Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 148.— Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 125.-£Jafc. Ibis, 1862, 4 ; 1863,
65 (Saskatchewan).— R. Bias. Beigabe J. f. O. It63, 46 (Braunbchweig).— Swinh. PZS.
1863, 287 (China).— March, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1863, 296 ( Jamaica). -Tristr. PZS. 1864, 443
(Palestine).— v. Droste, J. f. 0. 1864, 423 (Borkum).— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inet.iv. 1864,65.—
Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 437.— Dress. Ibis, 1865, 479 (Texas).— M ore, Ibis, 1865,
139 (Great Britain).— Salvad. J. f. O. 1865, 131 (Sardinia).— -Bd. Rt v. AB. 1865, 319.—
Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1866, 86.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 72 (Ariaona).— Lawr.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 285.— v. Droste, J. f. O. 18C6, 390 (Borkum).— Salv. Ibis, 1866,
192 (Guatemala).— Drake, Ibis, 18(57, 425 (Northern Africa).— Tristr. Ibis, 1867, 359
(Palestine).— Tayl. Ibis, 1867, 57 (Egypt).— Dcgl.-Gerbe, OE. i. 1867, 596.— Lawr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 96 (Costa Rica).— Coues, Am. Nat ii. 1868, 161.— Coues, Pr. Ess.
Inst. v. 1868, 276.— Coues, Pr. Bos*. Soc. xii. 1868, 111 (South Carolina).— Turnb. B.E.
Pa, 1869, 20 ; Phila. ed. 13.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 474.— v. Frantz, J. f. 0. 1869, 295
(Costa Rica).— Dall & Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. 1869, 280 (Alaska).— Coop. B. Cal. i.
1870, 110.— Sharpe, PZS. 1870, 996 (Ethiopian region).— E. <& B. Ibis, 1870, 200 (Tur-
key).— Shelley, Ibis, 1871, 136 (Egypt).— Gurney, jr. Ibis, 1871, 74 (Algeria).— Jerdon,
Ibis, 1871, 353 ( India). -Baunders, Ibis, 1871, 905 (Spain).-JVitocA, J. f. O. 1871, 201
(Bohemia).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1871, 21 (Fort Macou, N. C.).— Allen, Bull. MCZ.
ii, 1871, 269 (Florida, in winter) ; iii. 1872, 176.— Coues, Key, 1872, 114.— Tactanowki,
J. f. O. 1872, 353 (Eastern Siberia).— Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc, xv. 1872, 198.— Mayn. Pr.
Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 369.— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 2^3.— Trippe, Pr. Bost Soc. xv.
1873, 235.— Merr. Aim. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for Ie7:>, 1873, 706, 713.— Aht. & Br

SYNONYMY AND CHARACTERS OF C. RIPARIA 437

Ibis, 1873,59 (Archangel).— Snow, B.Kans. 1873, 5.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 89.— Hancock,

R ofNorthumb. andDurh. 1874, 81.— Allen, Pr. Boat. Soc. xvii. 1874, 54.— Kirtl. Pr.

Cleveland Acad. i. 1874, 270.— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 333, pi. 16, f. 14.— Tarr. <6 Hensh,

Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874. 11.— Hensh. ibid. 42.— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 157.— Hensh.

Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 220.- Gentry, Life-Hist. 1876, 194.— Minot, BNE. 1877,

148.— Brew. Pr. Boat, Soc. xvii. 1875, 44Q.—Lawr. Bull. Nat Mas. n. 4, 1876, 17 (Tehuan

tepoc).— Ridgw. Rep. Surv. 40th Par. iv. 1877, 445.
Cotyle littoralis, Ehrerib. "Mus.Berol."
Hirundo riparia ainericana, Maxim. J. f. 0. 1858, 101.
Hirundo ciuerea, VieilL ' 'Nouv. Diet, d' Hist. Nat. xiv. 1817,526".
Cotyle flu vlat ills, Cotylo microrhynchos. Brehm, "Yog. Deutschl.i.142,143".
11 i rondel le de rlvage, Buff. " vi. 632 ; PE. 543, f. 2 ".-5ms. Orn. ii. 1760, 506, n. 12 (q. v. for a

long array of early synonyms).— Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 145.
Hirundo riparia ; sive Drepanis, Briss. 1. c. (Apt-Travis, Greek.)
Shore-bird, Willugby, "Orn. 213, pi. 39".
Sand Swallow, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 430, n. 332.
Sand Martin, Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 568, n. 10.
Cotyle riverain, Degl -Oerbe, 1. c.
Iferschwalbe, German.
Bank Swallow, of many English and American authors.— (Not of Coues, Am. Nat. x. 1876,

372, and Bull. Nutt. Club, i. 1876, 96, the actual reference being to Stelgidopteryx

serripennis.)

HAS. — Europe, Asia, Africa, America. In this country, the whole ot
North and Middle America, including West Indies. South America to Brazil
(Pelzeln). Breeds indifferently in its North American range. Winters from
the southern border of the United States southward.

OH. SP. — $ 9 Murina, alis cauddque obscurioribus ; infra alba,
torque pectorali murino.

$ $ : Lustreless mouse-brown, the wings and tail fuscous. Below
white, with a broad pectoral band of the color of the back. A dusky ante-
orbital spot. Length about 5 inches ; extent, 10£ ; wing, 4 ; tail, 2.

The sexes are quite similar, and the young differ chiefly in whitish edg-
ings of the feathers, especially of the wings and tail. Even in the adult, the
upper parts are apt to be not quite uniform, there being paler gray edgings
of most of the feathers. The dark pectoral band sometimes extends back-
ward along the middle of the under parts. Autumnal specimens have the
secondaries white-tipped. Very young birds have rather rusty than whit-
ish skirting of the dark feathers, and the white throat speckled with the

OF this cosmopolite, little remains to be said by any one at
the present day. One of our best writers wittily com-
plains that the poets have stolen our best thoughts; and I
might lament, that some of my best bird-biographies have been
plagiarized in the most shocking manner by ornithologists who
died before I was born. But I forgive them ; they contribute
to my Bibliography of the luminous and voluminous literature
of the science, in one or another corner of which the anxious
reader will find all that is known about Bank Swallows. I
have learned much about the bird from such sources, — more
perhaps from the much broader pages of another book, — yet

438 THE GENUS STELGIDOPTERYX

find myself unable to contribute anything of note to the com-
mon fund. Even regarding the specialties of the subject, as
far as the Colorado Basin is concerned, the appearance of the
bird's name in thick type, in the centre of the line, is sufficient.

Genus STELGIDOPTERYX Baird

Ilirundo, Cotyle, p. of Authors.

Stelgidopteryx, Bd. BNA. 1858, 312 ; Rev. AB. 1865, 312. (Type H. serripennis And.)

This genus has the general aspect of Cotyle, the form and
coloration being much the same; but it differs in several im-
portant particulars. The essential character is the roughness
of the edge of the wing, the outer web of the first primary
being converted into a series of stiff, recurved hooks. Other
Swallows, as Psalidoprocne Cab., have the peculiar wing struc-
ture, but are otherwise different. The design of the structure
is not clear, but we may readily suppose that the hooks assist
the birds in crawling into their holes, and in clinging to
vertical or hanging surfaces. The tarsus is slightly covered
with feathers above, but lacks the curious tuft seen at the base
of the hind toe in Cotyle. The lateral claws are curved, and
do not reach beyond the base of the middle. The basal joint
of the middle toe is extensively adherent to the outer, much
less so to the inner. The small bill shows oval superior nos-
trils margined by membrane behind, but not at all overhung.
The tail is short and slightly emarginate. The coloration is
dull and simple, much as in Cotyle, but there is a tendency to
fulvous not seen in the latter. The eggs are uncolored, and
laid in holes dug in the ground by the birds, or elsewhere.

The species are few, and confined to America, chiefly in its
warmer parts. Only one inhabits the United States.

The Rough-wanged Swallow

Stelgidopteryx serriponnis

Hirundo serripennis, And. OB. iv. 1838, 593, pi.— .— And. Syn. 1839, 37.— And. BA. i. 1840,
193, pi. 51.— Tan Fleet, Bull. Nutt. Club, i. 187fi, 9 (special paper on habits).

Cotyle serripennis, Boie, Isis, 1844, 170.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 342.— Cass, Illust. B. Cal. & Tex.
1855, 247.—; / Scl PZS. 1856, 285 (Cordova).— Newb. PRRR. vi. 1857, 79.— Brew. N. Am.
061. 1857, 106, pi. 4, f. 50.— Ed. BNA. 1858, 313.— Kenn. PRRR. x. 1859, 24.— Heerm.
PRRR. x. 1859, 36.— ? S. <& 8. Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).— ? Owen, Ibis, 1861, 61
(Guatemala, breeding).— Coop. <& Suckl. NHWT. 1860, 186.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for
1860, 1861, 436 (PennBylvania).-.Lcrd, Pr. Roy. Arty. Inst. iv. 1864, 116 (British Colum-
bia).— Cowes, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona).— Dress. Ibis, 1865, 479 (Texas).— Brown, Ibis,
1868, 421 (Vancouver).— Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 149 (Texas). -Eaym. Cox's Geol.
Surv. Indiana, 1869, 218 (Indiana).— Hoy, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1869, 400 (nesting).— Turrib.
B. E. Pa. 1869, 20; Phila. ed. 13.— Coop. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1870, 75.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870,
no.— Parker, Am. Nat. v. 1871, 168.— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 223.— Kirtl Pr
Cleveland Acad. i. 1874, 272 (Ohio).— Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 54 (Dakota).

Cotyle serrepennis, Gregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870.

SYNONYMY AND CHARACTERS OF S. SERRIPENNIS 430

Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Bd. Kev. AB. 1865, 314 (type of the genus).— Coues, Tr. Phila.
Acad. 1866, 72 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.).— Coues, Pr. Boat. Soc. xii. 1868, 111 (Sooth Caro-
lina).— Coues, Key, 1872, 114.— Merr. Ann. Rep. TJ. S. Geol. Snrv. Terr, for 1872, 1873,
113.— Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 181 (Colorado).— Ridgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874,
370 (Illinois).— M err. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 8, 87.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 90.— .B. B.&R.
NAB. i. 1874, 350, pi. 16, f. 12.— Tarr. <& Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 11.— Hensh. ibid.
42, 60, 77, 105.— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 157.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. ICO Merid.
1875, 219.— Brewst. Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. 1875, 139 (Virginia, habits).— Gentry, Life-Hist.
1876, 196.— Purdie, Ball. Nutt Club, ii. 1877, 21 (Connecticut).— Merr. Trans. Conn.
Acad. iv. 1877, 31.— Langdon, List B. Cincinnati, 1877, 7 (abundant; nesting in holes
in banks like O. riparia).— Ridgw. Rep. Surv. 40th Par. iv. 1877, 44&

Stelgidopterix serripennis, Wheat. Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1874, 1875, 565.

A closey related, if really different, species is Cotyle fulvipennis, Scl. PZS.
1859, 364 (Xalapa) ; Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 316 ; Salv. PZS. 1870, 184 (Veragua).

HAB. — United States, from Atlantic to Pacific, and probably adjoining
British Provinces. British Columbia (Lord). Rare or wanting in North-
eastern States (Connecticut, Merriam). South to Guatemala.

CH. SP. — $ 9 Murinus, alls cauddque obscurioribus ; infra
dilutior, postice albicam.

$ 9 : Lustreless mouse-brown or brownish-gray, paler below, gradually
whitening posteriorly. Wings and tail darker than the upper parts.
Rather larger than the last species. No dark pectoral band contrasting
with white. No tuft of feathers at the base of the hind toe. Outer web of
outer primary stiffened and converted into a series of little hooks.

Young : At a very early age, the feathers of the back, rump, and wings are
suffused or edged with rich rusty-brown, while the under parts are more or
less tinged with a paler shade of the same. The booklets of the wings are
only fully developed in adult birds, and are not appreciable at all in young

OE the Kough- winged Swallow, type of a notable genus and
an interesting species in many respects, no adequate
biography, reflecting all the information we have gradually
acquired, has yet appeared 5 though various original contribu-.
tions to such history, as those furnished by Audubon, Brewer,
Van Fleet, and others, have supplied the requisite material.
Our Bough-wing was not the first- discovered representative of
this curious group, superficially so similar to Cotyle, yet quite
distinct; for, many years before Audubon's discovery of serri-
pennis, Vieillot named a Hirundo rujicollis, or H. flavigastra,
an inhabitant of South America, subsequently determined to
be a Stelgidopteryx. In later times, several additional species
have been described ; the Cotyle fulvipennis of Sclater, 1859,
the C. uropygialis of Lawrence, 1803, and the S. fulvigula of
Biiird, 1865, all of which inhabit Middle America, and some of
which are probably not very distinct species.

440 DISTRIBUTION OF ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW

Audubon discovered his species near Bayou Sara, in Louisi-
ana, October 20, 1819, but at that time did not perhaps
recognize it as distinct from the Sand Martin ; for he did not
describe it for many years afterward, and then did so from a
pair procured in South Carolina. He noted that the bird was
like the Bank Swallow, u but readily distinguishable by draw-
ing the finger along the edge of the wing, when the stiff pro-
jecting tips of the filaments are felt like the edge of a fine saw."
He knew nothing of the bird's habits, and surmised that its
most habitual residence might prove to be far westward, per-
haps the Valley of the Columbia River, which was a famous
ultima Thule in ornithology of the Audubonian period. Its
distribution is now known to include the entire breadth of the
United States, excepting some portions of New England,
whence we have no record as yet. But the bird certainly
enters New England. This fact was first announced, so far as I
know, by Mr. H. A. Purdie, who states that an -individual was
shot at Suffield, Conn., bj Mr. Shores, June 6, 1874; and Mr.
Merriam states that Mr. E. P. Bicknell found the bird in numbers
at Eiverdale, New York, within a few miles of the Connecticut
line. I had written in 1868 that it was singular there should
be no New England instances on record, " as the species cer-
tainly ought to be found there"; and some of the New England
ornithologists may learn in the course of time that every bird
known in a certain portion of the Middle States will also be
found in the Connecticut Valley. Determining thus the north-
easternmost point at which the Rough-winged Swallow has
been found, we may turn in another direction along its sup-
posed northern boundary. Its name appears in Gregg's
Elmira list, but not in Mcllwraith's Canada West, nor in
Trippe's Minnesota. I never saw the bird in Dakota or Mon-
tana; but west of the Rocky Mountains, Mr. J. K. Lord seems
to have met with it along the same parallel of 49° ; and we
also have Brown's Vancouver record. This exhibits a northern
limit coincident with that of Tachycineta thalassina, and we
may suppose that the northern border of the United States is
nearly the terminus of the species, excepting in New England,
where the bird is not known to go so far.

In the other direction, the Rough-winged Swallow has been
traced through Mexico to Guatemala, though some of the
extraliinital quotations of " serripennis " may actually refer to
other species. In the Middle, Southern, and Western States,

NESTING OF THE ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW 441

the dispersion of the species is general, calling for no com-
ment ; but the various records from the West may be profit-
ably analyzed. Dr. A. L. Heermann early found the bird in
California, as recorded by himself and by Cassin in 1855, as
well as at other places in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
Audubon's original surmise respecting its extension to the
Columbia was verified by Dr. Newberry, and also by Drs.
Cooper and Suckley, who found the bird common in Oregon
and Washington Territories, especially coastwise, about the
cliffs of the bays and inlets. Dr. Cooper noted its arrival near
the Columbia in May, and its departure in August. In his
later work on Californian Birds, the latter records his first
observation of the bird at Fort Mojave, on the 27th of Feb-
ruary, but adds that he has seen them at San Diego on the
9th of November and 27th of January, " so that, if they do not
winter within the State, they do not go far beyond it." Dr.
Kennedy found it along the Colorado in February. Mr. H. E.
Dresser noted its arrival at Eagle Pass from the south the
21st of February, and observed its breeding at San Antonio
late in April. In higher portions of Arizona, I found it to be
a common summer resident, arriving at Fort Whipple late in
April, and remaining through the greater part of September.
Heushaw saw it in numbers in Southern Colorado during May,
and also about the pueblo of Zuni in New Mexico ; it was still
more abundant at Provo, Utah, and other points in the same
general area, where also Mr. Ridgway attests its presence in
great numbers. In some places, says the last-named, it was
the most numerous representative of the family next after the
Cliff and White-bellied Swallows. Other records might be
cited, but I have given enough to show that the Rough-winged
Swallow is generally distributed over the United States, ex-
cepting most of New England, but not much further north-
ward ; agreeing in this respect with the Yiolet-green, and
being, next after this species, more restricted in its habitat
than any other Swallow of North America.

Its breeding habits have been specially studied by Dr.
Brewer and one or two other persons, who have left us the
record of their observations. The nidification is substantially
like that of the Bank Swallow, but there are various discrep-
ancies, as Mr. Van Fleet has shown, even when the bird breeds
in holes in the ground, to say nothing of the wide departure it
makes in nesting about human habitations. In 1843 and 1844,
Professor Baird and Dr. Brewer made some observations, which

442 NESTING OF THE ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW

remain among the best we possess. The following account is
rendered by Dr. Brewer in his last work : —

" This species was first found breeding in Carlisle, Penn.,
by Professor Baird, in the summer of 1843. The following
year I visited the locality early in June, and had an oppor-
tunity to study its habits during the breeding season. We
found the bird rather common, and examined a number of
their nests. None that we met with were in places excavated
by the birds, although previously several had been found that
had apparently been excavated in banks in the same manner
with the Bank Swallow. All the nests (seven in number) that
we then met with were in situations accidentally adapted to
their need, and all were directly over running water. Some
were constructed in crevices between the stones in the walls
and arches of bridges. In several instances the nests were but
little above the surface of the stream. In one, the first laying
had been flooded, and the eggs chilled. The birds had con-
structed another nest above the first one, in which were six
fresh eggs, as many as in the other. One nest had been built
between the stones of the wall that formed one of the sides of
the flume of a mill. Two feet above it was a frequented foot-
path, and, at the same distance below, the water of the mill-
stream. Another nest was between the boards of a small
building in which revolved a water-wheel. The entrance to it
was through a knot-hole in the outer partition, and the nest
rested on a small rafter between the outer and the inner board-
ings. The nests were similar in their construction to those of
the Bank Swallow, composed of dry grasses, straw?, and
leaves, and lined with a few feathers ; but a much greater
amount of material was made use of, owing, perhaps, to the
exposed positions in which they were built."

In this picture of the bird at home we see it already modi-
fied in habits by contact with civilization, and require another
portraiture, which fortunately Mr. Walter Van Fleet has fur-
nished. In an interesting article entitled " Notes on the
Hough-winged Swallow (Hirundo serripennis), in Pennsyl-
vania", published in the periodical above cited, he gives the
results of two years' careful observation of the economy of the
bird, especially in comparison with Cotyle. I condense most of
his article in the following paragraph : —

The Eough-wing, unlike the Bank Swallow, is not gregari-
ous while nesting, the pairing being their only association.
The nests are not crowded together, but scattered at irregular

NESTING OF THE ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW 443

intervals along the banks of streams, wherever favorable sites
occur. The birds seldom excavate holes for themselves, pre-
ferring to take some suitable cavity and refit it to their taste ;
thus, they are often found in deserted Kingfishers' holes, where
the nest is placed a foot or so from the entrance. They will
also, on finding a decayed root of sufficient size leading in from
their favorite sand banks, remove the soft puuky wood, follow-
ing the winding of the root to a depth of about two feet, where
they place the nest in an enlarged cavity. Besides this, they
like to build in holes in masonry, near water. In the few
observed instances of their digging a hole for themselves, they
worked in rather a slovenly way, making holes larger than
appeared necessary, and invariably circular at the entrance —
the Bank Swallows' holes, on the contrary, being quite sym-
metrically elliptical, with the longer axis horizontal, and no
larger than required for the free passage of the birds — too small
to admit the hand, while the Rough-wings' nests may usually
be reached without difficulty, except when built in masonry, in
which latter case the birds may pass through a crevice barely
wide enough to admit them, providing the cavity within be
suitable for a nest. The nests of serripennis are more carelessly
constructed, as a rule, than those of riparia are ; the birds do
not seem to search at any distance for particular materials,
being satisfied with anything that may be at hand. One nest
built in a Kingfisher's hole in a sand bank about fifteen rods
from a poultry -yard, was composed entirely of the feathers of
domestic fowl. In another instance, three fresh eggs were
found on the bare sand, in a mere pocket barely six inches
deep, indicating that the mother bird was so pressed to lay
that she had no time to complete her nest. Not infrequently
fresh eggs are found in the same nest with others far advanced
in incubation, and occasionally fresh eggs, others newly
hatched, and young birds may be found together.

Other writers witness a still wider range of variation in the
nidification of the Bough-wings. Cooper speaks of their nest-
ing in California in burrows in sandy banks, two or three feet
deep, closely crowded together, and near the upper edge of
the embankment; as well as of their resorting sometimes to
natural clefts in banks, in adobe buildings, and even in knot-
holes. Their breeding in the last-named places is probably
exceptional, but it is known that even the Bank Swallow, the
most inveterate and conservative of the family, will sometimes
take to a tree, and Ileusbaw furnishes probable confirmation

444 THE GENUS PROGNE

of Cooper's statement. He noticed Bough- wings several times
in suspicious proximity to some dead stubs ; and though he
never saw one entering the cavities, he thought it probable
that the birds sometimes availed themselves of such retreats
in the absence of banks suitable for excavation.

The general presence and behavior of our Swallows is so
little varied, as well as so familiar, that nothing need be said
on this score ; the Eough-wing resembles the Bank Swallow
in these respects as closely as it does in coloration and phy-
sique. The eggs, as in all our species excepting the Barn and
the Cliff, are immaculate white, and about as large as the Bank
Swallow's, measuring about 0.75 in length by a trifle over 0.50
in breadth ; they are said to be rather more uniformly oblong
and pointed than those of the species just named, and com-
monly five or six in number.

I may conclude by referring to a note which I published
not long since, on a supposed change of habit of the Bank
Swallow, but which proves to have really been based on the
present species instead. As recorded in Am. Nat. x. June,
1876, 372, under head of " Notable Change of Habit of the
Bank Swallow", I was informed by Dr. Eufus Haymond that a
Bank Swallow had nested in a building in Brookville, Indiana.
Mr. Kidgway fairly questioned, in the August number of the
same periodical, p. 493, whether the species was not the Rough-
winged, which breeds exactly as Dr. Haymond described, and
as the two species are so similar as to be confounded some-
times, even by good observers. Dr. Haymond shortly sent me
a second communication to the same effect, which I published
in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Club, vol. i. n. 4, Nov. 1876, p. 96.
In this other instance, ua weather-board had become de-
tached from the building, leaving a small opening, in which I
watched for two days a Bank Swallow building a nest." Since
then, however, he informed me by letter, in answer to my
further enquiries, that Mr. Bidgway was right in supposing
that the birds were really Eough- wings, and not Bank Swallows.

Genus PROGNE Boie

Hirundo, p. of Authors.
Progne, Boie, Isis, 1826.
Pl-OCne, Des Murs, " 1852 ".

Of large size and robust form for this family. Bill long and
stout, with much-curved commissure and deflected tip; culmen
convex, its tomial edge concavo convex, like <s. Nostrils cir-

PROGNE SUBIS, THE PURPLE MARTIN 445

cular, opening upward, without nasal scale. Feet large, with
strong, much curved claws ; tarsus shorter than middle toe and
claw j lateral toes about equalling each other in length ; basal
joint of middle toe freer from lateral toes than usual. Tail
forked.

The size of these birds, and their stout, hooked bills, with
circular superior nostrils, distinguish the genus from any other
of the family. The eggs of our species are white, unmarked.
There are two groups to be recognized in Progne. Of one of
these, Progne proper, the species are glossy blue-black, with or
without snowy-white on some parts ; they have the tail deeply
forked, the tarsi nearly naked, and the bill at a maximum of
size and curvature. Other species, forming the subgenus or
genus Tapera of Bonaparte (1857; = Phceoprogne Baird, 1865),
are plain mouse-brown above, with merely emarginate tail,
weaker and more depressed bill, and the tarsus feathered along
the inner side for two-thirds its length.

The whole group is confined to America, and the species of
Tapera are exclusively South American. The " Purple" Martins
range over both divisions of the hemisphere, and one of them
is very common in the United States. In this species, and its
immediate allies, the adult male is uniform glossy blue-black,
with various reflections. In others, of the dominicensis style,
the belly and crissum are snow-white. The species to be
recognized become uncertain if we attempt to push our dis-
criminations to the lengths that some authors have done.

The Purple Hart in

Progne subis*

Hirundo SUbiS, L. SN. i. lOthed. 1758, 192, n. 6 (from Edw. 120).— L. SS. i. 12th ed. 1766, 344,
n. t.—Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 45, pi. 732.— Om. SN. i. 1788, 1021, n. 7 (H. freti-hudsonis
Briss. ; Hirondelle de la Baie $ Hudson Buff.).— Turt. SX. i. 1806, 629.

Progne subis, Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 274.— Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 72 (Arizona).— Coues,
Pr. Bost Soo. xii. 1868, 111 (South Carolina).— Cones, Pr. Ess. Inst, v. 1868, 276.— Turnb.

* The Cuban bird, also attributed to Florida, and probably identical with
the ordinary North American species, is : —

Progne purpurea, Z>'Or». Ois. Cuba, 1839, 94.— Oundl. J. f. 0. 1856, 3.—Thienem. J. f. 0. 1857,
149 (egg).— Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. viL 1860, 306.— Oundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 328.

Progne , Bd. BNA. 1858, 923 (Florida).

Progne cryptoleuca, Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 277.— Qundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 431.

Progne subis var. cryptoleuca, B. B. <&R. NAB. i. 1874,332 (Cuba, Florida?, and Baha-
mas?).

Hirondelle bleue, D'Orb. i.e.

Cuban Martin, B. B. & B. 1. o.

Other references to the same or a very closely allied bird of South Amer-

446 SYNONYMY OF PROGNE SUBIS

B. E. Pa. I860, 20; Phila. ed. IZ.—Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 547 (Orizaba).—
Mayn. Pr. Boat, Soc. xiv. 1872, 370.— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 223.— AUen, Am.
NL! vi. 1872, Wt.—Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 181 (Colorado).— Allen, Pr. Bost.
Soc. xvii. 1874, 54 (Yellowstone River).— Ridgw. Am. Nat viii. 1874, 199, 200.— B. B.
4 It. NAB.i. 1874,330, pi. 16, figs. 7, 10.— Yarr. & Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 12.—
Hensh. ibid. 1874, 42, 104.— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 156.- Hensh. Zoo}. Expl. TV. 100
Merid. 1875, 213.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440. — Ridgw. Rep. Surv. 40th Par. iv.
1877, 439.

Progue subis, Stev. Ann. Rep. TJ. S. Geol. Surv. for 1870, 1871, 463.

Hirundo purpurea, L. SN. i. 1766, 344, n. 5 (from Gates, i. 51 ; Kalm, iii. 88 ; Briss. ii. 515).—
Om. SN. i. 1788, 1020, n. 5.— Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 578.— Bart. Trav. 1791, 292.-Twr«. SN. i.
1800, 629.— Wils. "AO. v. 18—, 58, pi. 39, f. 2, 3 ".— Steph. Gen. ZooL x. 1817, 108.— De
Witt Clint. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 1824, 15).— And. Ann. Lye. i. 1824, 167.— Bp. Journ.
Phila. Acad. iv. 1825, 255.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 64.— Sw. <& Rich. FBA. ii. 1831,
335.— And. OB. i. 1831, 115, pi. 23.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 598.— Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad.
viii. 1839, 155.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 37.— And. BA. i. 1840, 170, pL 45.—Macg. Man. Brit, Orn.
i 1840, 245 \-Qiraud, BLI. 1844, 34.— Jones, "Nat. in Berin. 34 ".— Thomps. Vermont,
1853, 97.— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 401.— Wailes, Rep Mississippi, Id74, 318.— Henry,
Pr. Phila. Acad. 1855, 308 (New Mexico).— Pratten, Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. 1855, 600.—
Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1856, 288.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 205.— Maxim. J. f. O.
1858, 100.— Bland, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 287 (Bermuda).— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for
1858, 1859, 381 (Nova Scotia).— Martens, J. f. 0. 1859, 216 (Bermudas).— Gosse, Alabama,
1859, 195.— Oieb. V«g. I860, 74, pi. IM.—Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, Il4.-Hart. Man.
Brit. Birds, 1872, 125 (in two instances).

Progne purpurea, Boie, " Isis, 1826, 971 ".—Bp. CGL. 1838, 8.— Boie, Isis, 1844, 178.— Bp. CA.
i. 1850, 337.— Burnett, Pr. Bost. Soc. iv. 1851, J 16.— Boy, Pr. Phila, Acad. 1853, 307.—
Brew. Pr. Bost, Soc. iv. 1854, 325.— jKermic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 581.— Woodh.
Sitgr. Rep. 1853, 65.— Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxviii. 1854, 650 (California).— Oass. Illust.
1855, 243.— Nfwb. PRRR. vi. 1857, 79.— Brew. N. Am. O61. 1857, 103, pi. 4, f. 47.— Bd.
BNA. 1858, 314.— Bd. Pr. Phila, Acad. 1859, 303 (California) .—Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad.

1859, 191 (California).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— Heerm.
PRRR. x. 1859, 35.— Coop. & Suckl. NHWT. 1860, 186. — Wheat. Ohio Agric. Rep. for

1860, 1861, 364.— Born. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Coues <& Prent. Smiths. Rep.
for 1861, 1862, 409.— Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 162.- Terr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii.
1862, 14S.—Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 125.— Blakist. Ibis, 1862,4; 1 863, 65 (Sas-
katchewan).—Atten, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 66 — Coues, Ibis, 1865, 103 (Arizona).—
Dress. Ibis, 1865, 479 (Texas).— Hoy. Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 437.— Lawr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y.viii. 1866, 285.— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. lust. v. 1866, 87 (Canada West).— Degl-
Qerbe, OE. i. 1867, 594 (Europe).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 113.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad.
1871, 21.— Bruhin, Zool. Gart. 1871, 14 (Wisconsin).— Coues, Key, 1872, 114.— Trippe,
Pr. Bost Soo. xv. 1873, 235.— Kirtl. Pr. Cleveland Acad. 1874, 273.— Coop. Am. Nat. viii.
1874, 17.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 91.— Gentry, Life-Hist 1876, I9d.-Minot, BNE. 1877, 150.

ica will be found in my BNW. p. 91, and in Baird, Brewer and Ridgway's
Hist. NAB. i. p. 328.

The Progne dominicensis of authors differs decidedly in the white crissum.
It has the following synonymy : —

Grand Martinet noir et blanc, [or a ventre blanc], Buff. " vi. 669 ".

Hlrondelle d'Amerique, Buff. PE. 545, f. 1.

Hirondelle de S. Domi ngue, Briss. Orn. ii. 1760, 493, n. 3.

Hirundo dominicensis, Briss. 1. c.— Gm. SN. i. 1788, 1025.— F. " OAS. i. 1807, 59, pis. 28, 29 "

(St. Domingo).— ? Jard. "Ann. Mag. N. H. xviii. 1846, 120" (Tobago).— Tayl. Ibis,

1864, 166 (Porto Rico).
Progne dominicensis, Boie, "Isis, 1826, 971 ; 1844, 178".— Gosse, ~B. Jam. 1847, 69.— Bp.

CA. i. 1850, 337.— Scl. PZS. 1857, 201 ; 1859, 364; 1860, 292.— ? Salv. Ibis, 1859, 466.—

f £.<£<SMbis, 1859, 13.— ? Tayl. Ibis, 1860, 110.— SeZ. Cat AB. 1861, 38.— March, Pr. Phila.

Acad. 1863, 295 (Jamaica).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1865, 279.— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 328.
Hirnndo albiventris, V. N. D. d'H. N. xiv. 1817, 533.— F. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 531, n.49

(ascribed to North America).

St. Domingo Swallow, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 573, n. 18.
Hirondelle a ventre blanc, V. 1. c. 1823.

CHARACTERS OP PROGNE SUBIS 447

Htrundo vio acea, Gm. SN.i. 1788, 1026 (Bnff.vi. 674; PE. 722; Lath, ii.pt ii. 574, n.2l)._
Turt. SN. i. 1806, 632.— Less. " Compl. Buf£ viii. 498 ".

Cecropis Tiolacea, JBoie, Isis, 1823,316.

II ir undo Cierulea, V. GAS. i. 1807, 57, pis. 26, Vl.—Less. Tr. Orn. 1831, 269.

flirundo versicolor, F. " N. D. d'H. N. xiv. 1817, 509 ".— y. EM. ii. 1823, 522, n. 17.

Hirundo ludoviciana, Cuv. "RA. i. 1817, 374 ".

Purple Martin, Hirundo purpurea, Gates. Car. L 1771, 5t, pL si.

Martinet de la Caroline, Hirundo apos carolliiensis, Briss. Orn. ii. 1760, 515, n. 17
(quotes Cates. 51).

Martinet couleur de pourpre, Buff, "vi.676".

Purple Swallow, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 575, n. 23.

Purple Swift, Perm. AZ. ii. 1785, 431, n. 333.

Great American Martin, Edw. pi. 120. (Basis of H. mibis L. 1758.)

Hirondclle de la Baye de Hudson, Hirundo freti-hudsonis, Briss. Orn. vi. 1760, App.
56, n. 18 (quotes Edw. pi. 120, and H. subis ~L).—Bu/. " vi. 677 ".

Canada Swallow, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, 575, n. 24 (= subis L.).

Hirondclle bleue de la Louisiano, Buff. vi. 674 (PE. 722).— F. l.c.1823.

Violet Swallow, Lath. Syn. ii. pt ii. 1783, 574, n. 21 (quotes PE. 722, and Buff, vi 674. Loui-
siana).

Hirondelle bleue, Le Maine, Oia. Canad. 1861, 146.

Progne" pourprc, DegL-Gerbe, L c.

Purpurschwalbe, German.

HAB. —North America, to within the Arctic circle, breeding throughout
this range, wintering extralimital. Bermuda. Mexico and Lower Cali-
fornia. Accidental in Europe.

CH. SP. — $ Chalybeus ; alis cauddque nitenti-nigricantibus.
9 Chalybeofuscus, alis cauddque fuscis, infra exfusco albidus.

$ : Intense lustrous steel-blue. Wings and tail blackish, with bluish
lustre. Bill black; feet blackish. Length, 7£ inches; extent, 15£; wing,
5^-6; tail, 3-3£, forked; bill, £, very stout, broad at the base, somewhat
decurved at the end ; nostrils circular, exposed, opening upward.

$ : Dark grayish-brown, glossed on the back and head with steel-blue.
Wings and tail fuscous, paler on the inner webs, with narrow gray edgings.
Beneath, whitish, shaded with dark gray in most parts, the feathers very
generally with dusky shaft-line.

Young birds of both sexes resemble the adult female, though the young
males are rather darker. The steel-blue appears at first in patches.

THE question of the winter retreat of the Purple Martin is
still open, and not likely to be decided till we come to
some better understanding of the several whole-colored species
of Progne now recognized as inhabiting Middle and South
America. No bird of the United States is better known ; no
one is more positively ascertained to leave us in the fall and
return in the spring 5 millions of Martins are bred every year
in North America, and yet I find no unequivocal recognition
by late writers of Purple Martins beyond the United States,
excepting in Bermuda, Mexico, and Lower California. It is
true, we have plenty of references to " purpurea n as a Central
and South American bird ; but the present technical aspects

148 HABITS OF PURPLE MARTINS IN ARIZONA

of the case obscure the whole subject. It may be roundly
asserted that we have yet to discover where the great mass of
Martius bred each year in the United States stay in winter.
Our birds are known to come over our border very early in the
spring or in February, and gradually spread over the country,
reaching the highest latitudes by the middle or latter part of
May. Such early appearance subjects them to painful vicissi-
tudes of the weather, large numbers having been known to
perish in sudden storms or cold snaps. The return movement
is less regular j it begins early, in August as a rule, but is not
finished for a month or more. The breeding range of the
species coincides with the whole distribution in North America
wherever suitable nesting-places can be found, and the bird is
moreover resident in some portions.

But I need not enter upon the full history of so very familiar
a bird. Its natural nesting places are hollows of trees and
rocks $ the martin-box, or its equivalent, is an innovation to
which these progressive birds take very kindly, and hardly
any other way of nesting is known in populous districts, where
the Martin rivals the Barn and Eave Swallow in domesticity,
and surpasses the White- bellied by a long interval. In the
West, the case is different, or was when I studied Martins in
the then wilderness of Arizona. At Fort Whipple, these birds
were very abundant summer residents of that pine-girdled
locality, arriving early in April, and taking leave late in Sep-
tember. They lived in colonies, and had their being in what
might be called martin-houses, made by very industrious and
skilful carpinteros — the Woodpeckers. Many a towering pine
was dead at the top, like a senile ornithologist whose body had
outlived his head, and stood the picture of grotesque despair,
with a load of useless lumber in the upper story. Hither came
the Woodpeckers — especially Lewis's and the formicivorus — to
build baby-houses, like children trooping into the garret. No
more eligible martin houses could be found than such honey-
combed shafts, and the birds knew it. Many such picturesque
establishments were fully tenanted by numerous pairs of Mar-
tins, who did not seem to confine themselves to deserted Wood-
peckers' holes. When once a settlement was effected, the
Woodpeckers, who might be inclined to occupy some of their
own premises, had notice to quit, and they generally governed
themselves accordingly. Peace at any price seemed to be their
shrewd conclusion ; for though they might manage to live, as

UNIDENTIFIED NORTH AMERICAN SWALLOWS 449

a philosopher did with Xantippe, it was not worth while to
quarrel forever with these energetic and voluble birds, and
suffer for their sense of right. So the Martins had it all their
own way ; and they might be seen roosting on the ends of the
blasted boughs, with the nervous quiverings so characteristic
of the tribe, during which their burnished plumage glittered in
the sun, or more deliberately preening their feathers, making
the elaborate toilet required to free themselves from some of
their little guests, or sallying with redoubled volubility after
some Hawk or Kaven that ventured too near their metropolis.
They added much to the life of these sombre and treacherous
woods, where danger lurked in the very air at the time of which
I write, and the thickets screened many an atrocity from the
light of day. The later Arizonian, no doubt, will find the
Woodpeckers in undisputed possession of such trees as his ax
may spare, while the garrulous Martins cluster round his dwell-
ing. If he be fond of a morning nap, it may occur to him that
Tereus, though a reprobate, was not such a bad fellow after all;
and he may enquire again, between two yawns —

" Quid matutinos Progne mihi garrula somnos
Rurupis, et obstrepero Daulias ore canis ?
Dignus epops Terens, qui malnit ense putare
Qnam liuguam immodicatn stirpitus eruere."

NOTES TO THIS CHAPTER
I.

The following Swallows, ascribed to North America, have not been satis-
factorily identified : —

1. Hiruudo unalaschkensis, Gm. SN. L 1788, 1025, D. 30 (from Aoonalashka Swallow of

Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 571, n. 15).— V. " OAS. i. 1807, 64".— Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 117 —

Cats. Illust 1855, 250.

II ir undo noonalaschkcnsis, Lath. TO. ii. 1790, 577, n. 15.
Himndo aoonalasbkensis, Turt. Syst. Nat. L 1806, 631.
Hirundo aoonalaskensis, V. EM. ii. 1823, 526.
Chelidon unalaschkensis, Sole, Isis, 1844, 171.

Aoonalasbka Swallow, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. ii. 1783, n. 15 (orig. descr. Mas. Lev.).
Aoonalaschkan Swallow, Steph. 1. c.
Hlrondelle d'Ounalaska, V. 1. c.

2. Hirundo phenlccphala, Raf. Annals of Xature, 1820, 4 (Lexington, Ky.). (See espe-

cially Cassin, Illust. p. 251.)

3. Hirundo cinerea, Ord, Guthrie's Geogr. 2d Am. ed. ii. 1815, 317 (descr. nulla). (See

Cassin, op. cit. 252.)

4. Hirundo rupestris, Ord, Guthrie's Geogr. 2d Am. ed. ii. 1815, 317 (descr. nuUa). (See

Cassin, I. c.)

29 B 0

450 CASE OF A HYBRID SWALLOW

II.

Hirundo norreori-lunifrons* — In the July number of the Bulletin of the
Nuttall Ornithological Club, received just too late to make use of in the
proper connection, Mr. Spencer Trotter describes a remarkably interesting
Swallow, determined to be a hybrid between Hirundo horreorum and Petro-
chelidon lunifrom. The specimen, shot at Lin wood, Delaware County, Pa.,
May 22, 1878, by Mr. C. D. Wood, " has been examined by several competent
ornithologists, who all pronounce its hybrid nature as unquestionable";
and the description given by Mr. Trotter would seem to warrant such con-
clusion. Above, the bird is H. horreorum throughout, excepting the grayish-
fulvous rump ; below, it has the black throat-spot and general color of P.
lunifrons. The bill is rather thicker, the feet are stronger, and the tarsi
more feathered than in H. horreorum; the tail is shorter than in that
species, lees deeply forked, with less attenuated outer feathers, and with
the white spots not so well marked. — Hybridity is very seldom observed
among the Swallows, and this is the first recorded instance of its occur-
rence in this country. It has, however, been noted in the case of the
European Hirundo rustica X Chelidon urbica : see Gloger, Vogel Europas, i.
417 ; and Sundevall, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh. for ar 1845, p. 128.

III.

A correction. — At pp. 394, 395, 1 have quoted some remarks made by Dr.
Brewer on the improvement in the architecture of the European House Mar-
tin, Chelidon urbica. It appears from a note recently published by this
writer t that no such improvement as was alleged has occurred, the nest
that is now so well built being that of Hirundo rustica, while that of the
Martin continues the same.

* 1878. TROTTER, S. Description of a Hybrid (Hirundo horreori-lunifrons)

between two North American Swallows. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club,

iii. no. 3, July, 1878, pp. 135, 136.
1 1878. BREWER, T. M. [Correction of his error respecting nidification of

Chelidon urbica (Amer. Nat. Jan. 1878).] <^Amer.Nat. xii. no. 3,

May, 1878 (pub. about Apr. 19, 1878), p. 336.

FIG. 48.— The Crescent Swallow. (See p. 426.)

CHAPTER XV.— WAX WINGS

EAM. AMPELID^

As I observed in 1872, this appears to be an arbitrary and
unnatural association of a few genera that agree in some par-
ticulars, but are widely different in others. Hardly any writers
are agreed upon the composition of the group, or the disposi-
tion to be made of it in the series. It has been made to cover
the Myiadestince, Ptilogo nydince, Dulince, and Ampelince; but
the first-named I have already removed to the Turdidce, the
third may be a Yireoniue, and the other two do not seem to be
specially related. Under these circumstances, I do not attempt
to define the group.

The two genera which I shall treat here are Ampelis and
Phcenopepla, each representing one of the more isolated forms
of American Passeres. Ampelis stands quite alone, doubtless
typical of a subfamily at least. Phcenopepla is closely related
to the exotic Ptilogonys, — though not particularly near our
Myiadesles, which it will be remembered used to be called
Ptilogonys.

Genus AMPELIS Linnaeus

Ampelis, Linn. SN. 1735-1766. Type Lanius garrulus.

Bomb) cilia, Briss. 1760.— Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. i. 1807, 88. Type B. cedrorum.

Bombyciphora, Meyen, "— , 1810, — " (fide Gray).

Bombycivora, Temm. " — , 1815, — " (fide Gray).

Lanius p., Linn.

torvus p., lUiger, 1811.

CHARS. — Bill short, broad, flat, rather obtuse, plainly notched
near tip of each mandible, with wide and deeply cleft gap, the
convex culmen and gonys less than half as long as the nearly
straight commissure, the width of rictus more than two-thirds
the length of the gape. Nasal fossaB broad, but filled with
short, erect, or antrorse and close-set velvety feathers ; nostrils
narrowly elliptical, overarched by a (feathered) scale. Kictal
vibrissaB few and short. Wings long and pointed, much longer
than the tail, their point formed by the 3d primary, closely sup-
ported by the 2d and 4th, the 5th abruptly shorter and the rest
rapidly graduated. Primaries 10, but the 1st spurious, so very
short as readily to escape observation, and sometimes displaced
to the outer side of the 2d primary — a condition like that seen

451

452 THE GENUS AMPELIS

among the Vireos. Inner quills, as a rule, and sometimes the
tail-feathers, tipped with curious red, horny appendages, like
sealing wax. Tail short, narrow, even, two-thirds or less of
the length of the wing. Feet rather weak j tarsus shorter than
the middle toe and claw, distinctly scutellate with five or six
divisions anteriorly and somewhat receding from strict Osciue
character by subdivision of the lateral plates. Lateral toes of
nearly equal lengths, the ends of their claws scarcely reaching
the base of the middle claw j hallux about as long as the inner
lateral toe. Basal phalanx of middle toe coherent with outer
toe for about two-thirds its length, with inner toe for about
half its length. Body stout. Head conspicuously crested.
Plumage peculiarly soft, smooth, and silky. Tail tipped with
yeliow (or red). Sexes alike ; young different. Eggs spotted.
£fest on trees.

This notable genus consists of three species : A, garrulus,
of the northerly parts of the Northern Hemisphere j A. caro-
linemis, of America ; and the Japanese A. phoenicoptera, in
which the tail is tipped with red instead of yellow. The first-
named is celebrated for its nomadic disposition, whence its
soubriquet " Bohemian ". The general traits and habits of the
two American species are much the same, and very strongly
pronounced. They are insectivorous and frugivorous, gregari-
ous and irregularly migratory, and remarkably silent birds to
be called "Chatterers^, having only a weak and wheezy voice.
The disposition to be made of the genus is uncertain ; Baird
has called attention to the resemblance in many respects be-
tween Ampelis and Progne, adding that it would not be surpris-
ing if these genera should be more closely associated by authors
than has hitherto been the case.

The " sealing-wax" tips have been subjected to chemical and
microscopical examination by L.Stieda (Arch. Mikr. Anat. 1872,
639), and shown to be the enlarged, hardened, and peculiarly
modified prolongation of the shaft itself of the feather, com-
posed of central and peripheral substances differing in the
shape of the pigment-cells, which contain abundance of red
and yellow coloring matter.

Besides occupying due place in unnumbered systematic and
faunal publications, the birds of this genus, and especially
A. garrulus, have occasioned some literature of their own, the
following fragment of which is offered as a contribution to the
bibliography of this particular subject : —

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS AMPELIS 453

Special Bibliography of the genus Ampelis

1825. . De Historiie Naturalis in Japonia Statu, . . . [M.de Siebold].

Batavia 1824. < Ftruss. Bull. 2e sec. iv. J825, pp. 86-88.

Editorial notice of the work, only ornithological in giving description of Bom-
bycivora japonica.

Ib27. . De Historiae naturalis in Japonia statu, nee non de augmento

emolurnentisqtie in decnrsu perscrutationum exspectandis Disser-
tatio, cui accendunt spicilegia faunae Japonicae, auctore P. F. de
Siebold, Med. Doct. complurium societatum membro. Bataviae
1824. < Ofcen's Isis, Bd. xx. 1827, pp. 135-143.

Editorial notice of the work, only ornithological in reproducing the original
description of Bombycivora japonica, p. 141.

1831. BREE, W. T. The Waxen or Bohemian Chatterer [Ampelis garrulus in
Warwickshire]. < London's Mag. Nat. Hist. iv. 1831, pp. 164, 165.

1836. BROWN, J. S. The Bohemian Waxwing [Ampelis garrulus]. < Lou-
don's Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 1836, p. 201.

1843. JORDAN, W. R. H. Note on the occurrence of the Bohemian Chatterer

[Bomby cilia garrula] near Teignmouth. < Zoologist, i. 1843, p. 188.

1844. SLADEN, E. H. M. Note on the occurrence of the Waxen Chatterer

[Bombycilla garrula] in Sustex. < Zoologist, ii. 1844, p. 762.

1845. NORMAN, G. Occurrence of the Waxen Chatterer [Ampelis garrulus]

near Hull. < Zoologist, iii. 1845, p. 871.

1845. STORBR,D.H. [Occurrence of Bombycilla garrula in Ohio in July.]
< Proo. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. 1845, p. 52.

1847. BIRD, W. F. W. Capture of the Bohemian Waxv\ ing [Bombycilla gar-

rula] in Bedfordshire. < Zoologist, v. 1847, p. 1777.

1848. BOLD, T. J. Occurrence of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla gar-

rula] near Newcastle-on-Tyne. < Zoologist, vi. 1848, p. 201 9.

1848. BoLD,T.J. Occurrence of the Bohemian Waxwing (Bombycilla gar-
rula) at Earsdon, Northumberland. < Zoologist, vi. 1848, p. 2064.

1848. JOHNSON, F. W. Occurrence of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla
garrula] in Suffolk. < Zoologist, vi. 1848, p. 2064.

1848. STRANGEWAYS, R. Occurrence of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bomby-
cilla garrula] near Yarmouth. < Zoologist, vi. 1848, p. 2064.

1850. AMHERST, F. H. Occurrence of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla
garrula] near Coventry. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2799.

1850. BARCLAY, H. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at
Walthamstow. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, pp. 2767, 2768.

1850. BOLD,T. J. Occurrence of the Waxwiug [Bombycilla garrula] in
Northumberland and Durham. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768.

1850. BOND, F. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in Cam-
bridgeshire and Norfolk. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2767.

454 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS AMPELIS

1850. BOND, W. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in
Leicestershire. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2770.

1850. BORRER, W., JR. Occurrence of the Waxwiug [Bombycilla garrula]
near Horshara. -^Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2799.

1850. BURROUGHES, T. H. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla gar-
rula] in Norfolk. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 27C7.

1850. CURTLER, M. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near
Worcester. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768.

1850. DUFF,J. Occurrence of the Waxwing (Bombycilla garrula) in Eng-
land. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2766.

1850. ELLMAN, J. B. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at
Piddinghoe. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768.

1850. ELLMAN, J. B. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at
Pevensey, Sussex. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768.

1850. ELLMAN, J. B. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at
Newhaven, Sussex. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768.

1850. FOSTER, J. W. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near
Wisbeach. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, pp. 2766, 2767.

1850. GORDON, G. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in
various localities in Scotland. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, pp. 2769,
2770.

1850. GREY, J. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near
Stockton-on-Tees. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768.

1850. GURNEY, J. H. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in
Norfolk. < Zoologist, viii. 1650, p. 2768.

1850. HEPBURN, A. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in
Scotland. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2767.

1850. HODGKINSON, J. B. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla gar-
rula] near Preston. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768.

1850. HULKE, J. W. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near
Deal. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2767.

1850. JOHNSON, H. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] and
Black Redstart (Sylvia Tithys) near Liverpool. < Zoologist, viii.
1850, p. 2769.

1850. MATTHEWS, A. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in
Oxfordshire. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2799.

1850. MATTHEWS, H. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in
Lincolnshire. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2799.

1850. NAYLOR, W. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near
Whalley. ^Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2770.

1850. NEWMAN, E. Occurrence of the Waxwiug [Bombycilla garrula] near
London, &c. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2769.

BIBLIOGRAPIIY OF THE GENUS AMPELIS 455

1850. NEWMAN, E. Occurrence of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla
garrula] near London. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2767.

1850. NEWTON, A. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in
Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and Cornwall. < Zoologist, viii.
1850, p. 2769.

1850. NICHOLLS, H. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near
Kiugsbridge. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2767.

1850. NORMAN, G. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near
Hull. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2769.

1850. PLOMLEY, F. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula], &c.
in Kent. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2767.

1850. POTTER, C. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near
Lewes. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2769.

1850. REEVES, W. W. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula]
near Tunbridge Wells. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2769.

1850. RODD, E. H. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near
Penzance. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768.

1850. RUDD, T. S. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at
Redcar. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2767.

1850. SALMON, J. D. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near

Godalming. < Zoologist, viii. 1850, p. 2768.

1851. BOLD, T. J. Waxwings [Bombycilla garrula] killed in Northumber-

land. < Zoologist, ix. 1851, p. 3146.

1851. DUFF, J. Occurrence of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near
Bishop Auckland. < Zoologist, ix. 1851, p. 3146.

1851. DUNN, R. Occurrence of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla gar-
rula] in Shetland. < Zoologist, ix. l£51, p. 3174.

1851. GURNEY, J. H. Late appearance of the Waxwing [Bombycilla gar-
rula, near Norwich]. < Zoologist, ix. 1851, p. 3146.

1851. NEWTON, A. Occurrrence of the American Waxwing or Cedar Bird
(Bombycilla Carolinensis), in Great Britain. <^ Zoologist, ix. 1851,
p. 3277.

1851. SMITH, J. Observations on the [habits, etc. of the] Waxwing (Bom-

bycilla garrula). < Zoologist, ix. 1851, pp. 3049-3053.

1852. NEWTON, A. On the occurrence of the Cedar Bird (Ampelis Caroli-

nensis) in England. < Zoologist, x. 1852, pp. 3506-3511.
Full particulars of the case, with synonymy and description of the bird.

1854. GLOGER, C. W. L. Das Nisten und die Nahrungsweise der Seiden-
schwanze, Bombycilla [garrula]. < J.f. 0. ii. 1854, pp. 175-179.

1854. GLOGER, C.W. L. Das Nisten von Seidenschwanzen [Bombycilla gar-
rula] in Deutschland. < J. f. 0. ii. 1854, pp. 344-348.

Cf. torn. cit. pp. 175-179. Much quotation from Audubon respecting B.
cedrorum.

456 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS AMPELIS

1856. STEVENSON, H. The Bohemian Wa-xwing [Bombycilla gairula] in

Norfolk. < Zoologist, xiv. 1856, p. 4943.

1857. D'URBAN, W. S. M. Notice of the Occurrence of the Pine Grosbeak

and Bohemian Chatterer, near Montreal. < Canad. Nat. $• Geol. i.
1857, pp. 465-472, fig.
More extended notice, with figure of the latter, by E. Billings, appended.

1857. WOLLEY, J. On the Nest and Eggs of the Waxwing (Bombycilla gar-
rula, Temm.) < P. Z. S. xxv. 1857, pp. 55-f>7, pi. (Aves) cxxii.

This is the original article on this notable discovery ; it includes description
of the nestling, and accounts of the nests and eggs of two species of Strigidai.

1857. WOLLEY, J. On the Nest and Eggs of the Waxwiug (Bombycilla
garrula, Temm.). < Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), xx. 1857, pp. 308-310.
From P. Z. S. Mar. 24, 1857, pp. 55-57.

1857. WOLLEY, J. Nidification of the Bohemian Waxwing. (Bombycilla

garrula). < Zoologist, xv. Ib57, pp. 5754, 5755.
From P. Z. S. Mar. 24, 1857, pp. 55-57.

1858. BALDAMUS, E. Zur Naturgeschichte von Bombycilla Garrulus.

< Naumannia, viii. 1858, pp. 498-504.

1858. HARTLAUB, G. Beilage Nr. 4. < Naumannia, viii. 1858, pp. 199-201,
hierzu Taf. — , figg. 5-8.

Eier von Bombycilla garrula (Taf.). — Vogel im zoologischtn Garten zu
London.

1858. NORDMANN, A. VON. Zur Fortpflanzungsgeschichte des Seidenschwan-

zes, (Bombj cilia garrulus,) uiid iiber einige andere Vogel Finnlands.
(Mit Zusatzen von Dr. C. Gloger.) < J.f. 0. vi. 1858, pp. 307-311,
Taf. i. Fig. a und 6.

1859. ANDERSEN, C. H. Om de lackroda spetsarne pa armpennorna hos

sidensvansen [Ampelis garrulus]. < Ofvers. Kongl. ^etensk.-Akad.
Forh.for dr 1859, pp. 219-231, pi. ii.

An extended and important article on the microscopical structure of the
" sealing-wax " tips, illustrated with colored figures.

1859. BOLLE, C. Seidenschwanze [Ampelis garrulus] als Friihlingsgaste
in dor Mark Brandenburg. < J. f. 0. vii. 1859, pp. 125-128.

1859. KONIG-WARTHAUSEN, E. Zur Fortpflanzungsgeschichte des euro-
paeischen Seidenschwanzes, Ampelis Linn. Bombycilla garrula
Briss. < Bull Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou xxxii. pt, ii. 1859, pp. 411-417.

1859. THOMPSON, W. Occurrence of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla

garrula] at Weymouth. < Zoologist, xvii. 1859, pp. 6326, 6327.

1860. GLOGER, C. W. L. Wesshalb mag wohl die Fortpflanzung der Seiden-

schwiinze [Ampelis garrulus] erst so spat im Fruhjahre erfolgen ?
< J. f. 0. viii. 1860, pp. 465-467.

1861. ALBRECHT, R. Die Entdeckung der Nester des Seidenschwanzes

(Ampelis garrulus Lin.) durch John Wolley. < J.f. 0. ix. 1861, pp.
132-141.

Nach dem Englischen von E. Albrecht (Newton, Ibis, Jan. 1861). Berich-
tigungen, op. cit. 1862, p. 80.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS AMPELIS 457

1861. NEWTON, A. Particulars of Mr. J. Wolley's Discovery of the Breed-

ing of the Waxwing (Ampelis garrulus, Linn.). < Ibis, iii. 1861,
pp. 92-106, pi. iv (5 vars. of eggs figured).

The importance of the account is enhanced by many bibliographical refer-
ences, largely covering the written history of the subject.

1862. NEWTON, A. The Nest and Eggs of the Bohemian Waxwing [Ampe-

lis garrulus]. < Zoologist, xx. 1862, pp. 7837-7843.
Extract from the IUs, Jan. 1861.

1864. BOULTON, W. W. Notes on the Occurrence, Capture and Dissection
of the Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at Beverley. <^ Zoologist,
xxii. 1864, pp. 8881-8883.

1864. CHAPMAN, T. The Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] on the
West Coast of Argyllshire. < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 8881.

1864. COOKE, N. Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near Liscard.

< Zoologist, xxii. 1864, pp. 9023, 9024.

1864. COOPER, J. Waxwings [Bombycilla garrula] near Warrington.

< Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 8883.

1864. DOBREE, N. F. Waxwings [Bombycilla garrula] near Hull. < Zool-
ogist, xxii. 1864, p. 8880.

1864. M'LEAY, W. Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in Aberdeenshire.

< Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 8881.

1864. MEYER, R. Auftreten von Seidenschwanzen [Ampelis garrulus]
in der Gegend von Offenbach. < Zool. Gart. v. 1864, pp. 158, 159.

1864. OSBORNE, H., JR. Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at Wick. < Zool-
ogist, xxii. 1864, pp. 8880, 8881.

1864. REIFF, F. Fortpflanzung des Seidenschwanzes [Ampelis garrulus].

< Zool. Gart. v. 1864, pp. 126, 127.

1864. ROUNDELL, H. Bohemian Waxwiug [Bombycilla garrula] in the
West Riding of Yorkshire. < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 9023.

1864. SAVILLE, S. P. The Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in Norfolk.

< Zoologist, xxii. 1864, p. 8950.

1865. WILLEMOES-SUHM, R. VON. [Notiz tiber Ampelis garrulus u. s. w.]

< Zool. Gart. vi. 1865, pp. 192, 193.

1867. ALTUM, B. [Das Erscheiuen des Seidenschwanzes (Ampelis garrulus)
bei Miinster, Dec. 1866.] < Zool. Gart. viii. 1867, p. 197.

1867. BLACKMORE, H. Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in Wilt-
shire. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 704.

1867. BROWN, J. A. H. Waxwiugs [Bombycilla garrnla] in Peebleshire.

< Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 606.

1867. BRUCKLACHER, G. Das Erscheiuen des Seidenschwanzes (Bombycilla
Garrula) bei Freudenstadt, 1866-7. < Zool. Gart. viii. 1867, p. 197.

1867. CLARK-KENNEDY, A. Waxwings [Bombycilla garrula] near Wool-
wich. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 561.

458 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS AMPELIS

1867. GARRETT, G. Bohemian [Bombycilla garrula] Waxwing at Wither-
ingsett, Suffolk. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 633.

1867. GIRTANNER, [A.] [Das Erscheinen des Seidenschwanzes (Bombycilla
Garrula) bei St. Gallen.] < Zool. Gart. viii. 1860, pp. 159, 160, 280.

1867. GUNN, T. E. Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in Norfolk
and Suffolk. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 633.

1867. HERPELL, G. [Das Erscheinen des Seidenschwanzes (Bombycilla
Garrula) bei St. Goar am Rhein.] < Zool. Gart. viii. 1867, p. 159.

1867. NEWMAN, E. Visit of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula,
in Essex]. < Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, pp. 560, 561.

1867. NEWMAN, E. Wax wings [Bombycilla garrula, in Norfolk]. < Zool-
ogist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 561.

1867. SCHMIDT, MAX. Eine Auzahl Seidenschwanze (Bombycilla garrulus).

< Zool. Gart. viii. 1867, pp. 29, 30.

1867. [ANON.] Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in Somersetshire.

< Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 633.
From the Field, Jan. 12.

1867. [ANON.] Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] near Whitby.

< Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 633.
From the Field, Jan. 26.

1867. [ANON.] Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at Vienna.

< Zoologist, 2d ser. ii. 1867, p. 704.
From the Standard, Mar. 4, 1867.

1868. CLARK-KENNEDY, A. Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in

Yorkshire. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iii. 1868, p. 1132.

1868. HOWLETT, W. Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at New-
market. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iii. 1868, p. 1132.

1868. HUFNAGEL, — . [Vorkommen des Seidenschwanzes in den Nadelholz-
waldungen dem Riess benachbarten Gegend.] <\ Zool. Gart. ix.
1868, pp. 113, 114.

1868. MOSLEV, O. Nidification of the Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla
garrula] in England [! ?]. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iii. 1868, p. 1294.

1868. NEAVE, E. Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at Leiston,
Suffolk. < Zoologist, 2d ser. iii. 1868, p. 1097.

1868. STRICKER, W. Der Bohmer [Ampelis garrulus]. < Zool. Gart. ix.
1868, p. 222.
Etymological, with an account of the peculiar method of hunting the birds.

1871. ABBOTT, T. W. Waxwings [Bombycilla garrula] at West Hartle-
pool. < Zoologist, 2d ser. vi. 1871, pp. 2805, 2806.

1871. GILLMAN, H. Cedar Bird [Ampelis cedrorum] with Waxen Append-
ages on the Tail. < Am. Nat. iv. 1871, p. 692.

1871. HOCKER, J. Ueber das Nisten der Seidenschwanze [Ampelis gar-
rulus] in Deutschland. < J.f. O. xix. 1871, pp. 151, 152.

SYNONYMY OF AMPELIS GARRULUS 459

1872. BOYES, F. Waxwings [Bjmbycilla garrula] in East Yorkshire.

< Zoologist, 2<1 ser. vii. 1872, p. 29 3.

1872. STIEDA, L. Ueber den Bau der rothen Bliittchen an den Schwingen
des Seidenschwanzes. < Arch. Mikrosk. Anat. 1872, p. 639.
Abstract by E. Cones in New York Independent, Aug. 12, 1875.

1872. WHITAKER, J., JUN. Waxwings [Boinbycilla garrula] iu Notting-

hamshire. < Zoologist, 2d ser. vii. 1872, p. 3021.

1873. [ANON.] Bohemian Waxwiugs [Bombycilla garrula] near Picker-

ing. < Zoologist, 2d ser. viii. 1873, p. 3452.
From Leeds Mercury, Feb. 9, 1873.

1873. HttGEL, A. VON. Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] in Hampshire.

< Zoologist, 2d ser. viii. 1873, p. 33G8.

1873. MATHEW, M. A. Bohemian Waxwing [Bombycilla garrula] at
Bishop's Lydeard. < Zoologist, 2d ser. viii. 1873, p. 3452.

1873. MATIIEW, M. A. Waxwings [Bombycilla garrula] at Bishop's
Lydeard. ^Zoologist, 2d ser. viii. 1873, p. 3490.

1876. BENDIRE, CHARLES. The Bohemian Waxwing [Ampelis garrulus]

< Forest and Stream, vi. Feb. 17, 1876, p. 20.
Observations at Camp Harney, Oregon.

1877. HATCH, P. L. The Waxwing [Ampelis garrulus]. < Forest and

Stream, viii. Mar. 1, 1877, p. 50.
Question as to localities frequented during the winter of 1876-77.

The Bohemian Waxwing

Ampelis garrulus

Ampelis garrulus, L. SN. i. 10th ed. 1758, n. 10 (Fn. Svec. 179).— L. SN. i. 12th ed. 1766, 297,
n. 1.— Bodd. Tabl. PE. 1783, 16, pL 261.— Gm. SN. i. 1788, 838, n. I.— Lath. 10. i. 1790,
3G3, n. 1.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 511 — Fox, Newc. Mns. 1827, 58.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 336.—
Kneel Pr. Boat. Soc. vi. 1857, 234.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 307, 923 (Fort Riley, Kans., and
"millions" on Powder Kiver).— Wheat. Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 374 (Northern
Ohio, winter, frequent).— Coop. Pr. CaL Acad. ii. 1861, 122 (Fort Mojave, Ariz., south-
ernmost record).— Newt. Ibis, 1861, pp. 92-106, pi. 4 (eggs- first authentic).— Gloger,
J. f. O. 1861, 280 (history— from Meves).— Albrecht, J. f. O. 1861, 132 (breeding, from
Newton).— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 157 (Maine, in winter, rare or accidental).—
Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 126 (Calais, Me.).— Blakist. Ibis, 1863, 65 (British
America).— JR. Bias. Beigabe J. f. 0. 1863, 47 (Braunschweig).— Allen, Pr. Eia Inst. iv.
1864, 66 (Springfield, Mass.; winter, accidental).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 87
(Canada West).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1866,285 (near New York City).— Qoues,
Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 71 (Arizona, jWe Cooper).— Degl.-Gerbe, OE. i. 1867, 577.— Coues,
Pr. Essex Inst v. 1868, 276 (New England ; rare and irregular in the north, casual in
the south; Connecticut, fide Wood).— v. Droste, J. F. O. 1868, 38 (Borkum).— Allen,
Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 579 (Southern New England).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 473.— Turnb.
B. E. Pa. 1869, 53; Phila. ed. 42 (occasional near Philadelphia).— Dall & Bann. Tr.
Chic. Acad. i. 1869, 280 (breeding on the Yukon).— M ayn. Nat 1870, 107 (Massachu-
setts).—Coop. Pr. CaL Acad. 1870, 75.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 127.— Doll, Am.Nat.iv.
1870, 600 (Alaska).— Hart. Man. Br. B. 1872, 23.— Coues, Key, 1872,115,f.55.— Aiken,
Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1672, 198 (Colorado).— Eidgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 181 (Colo-
rado).— Eidgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 371 (Illinois).— Swinh. Ibis, 1874, 445 (Che-
foo).— Couts, BNW. 1874, 91.— Hancock, B. Northumb. &, Durh. 1874, 18.-B. B. <& R.
NAB. i. 1874, 396, pi. 18, f. 1.— Eidgw. Ann. Lye, N. Y. x. 1874, 371 (Illinois).— Hatch,

460 SYNONYMY OF AMPELIS GARRULUS

Bull. Minn. Acad. 1874, 57 (Minnesota, Nov.-Feb. ; sometimes numerous).— Snow,
Cat. B. Kans. 3d ed. 1875, 5 (one, Fort Riley, Hammond ; another, Ottawa, Nov. 1875,
Win. Wheeler).— Wheat. Rep. Ohio Agric. Soc. for 1874, 1875,565 (Northern Ohio).—
Brew. Pr. Bo^t. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440 (New England).— Coop. Pr. CaL Acad. 1875, —
(Mojave specimen confirmed).— Henah. LiatB. Ariz. 1875, 15? (rests on Cooper's speci-
men).— Hinot, BNE. 1877, 139.— Merr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 32 (Connecticut,
casual in winter).

AmpellS garrula, Swinh. PZS. 1863, 298 (China).— Bd. Kev. AB. 1866, 405, fig.— v. Droste,
J. f. 0. 18G9, 112 (Faio).— Swinh. PZS. 1871, 374 (Northern China).— Alston, Ibis, 1873,
60 (Archangel).— Swinh. Ibis, 1873, 362 (Shanghai).— Swinh. Ibis, 1874, 158 (Hakodadi).

Bombycivora garrula, Temm. Man. i. "1815", 124; iii. 1835, 71.— Naum. Vog. Deutschl.
ii. 1822, 143.

BombyciHa garrnla, Vieill. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 766.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826 (whole
volume dated 1828), 438, n. 65 bis.—Bp. Zool. Journ. iii. 1827, 51, n. 65 bis.—Bp. Am.
Orn. iiL 1828, — , pL 16, f. 2.— Less. Tr. Oru. 1831, 367.— 8. efi-R. FBA. ii. 1831, 237.—
Brehm, Hdbh. Stub. Hausv. 1832, 292.— Nutt. Man. ii. 1834, 579.— .Bp. CGL. 1838, 9.—
And. OB. iv. 1838, 412, pi. 363 (Philadelphia, Long Island, Massachusetts).— Peab. Rep.
Orn. Mass. 1839, 290 (Massachusetts, one instance).— And. Syn. 1839, 165.— Macg. Man.
Br. Orn. i. 1840, 183.— Keys. & Bias. Wirb. Eur. 1840, 167.— And. BA. iv. 1842, 165, pi.
245.— Oiraud, BLI. 1844, W5.-Siedh. Stubenv. Deutschl. 1845, 332.— Storer, Pr. Bost.

Soo. ii. 1845,52 (Ohio, in July).— Brandt, Anim. Vert. Sib6rie, , 25.— De<?Z. OE. i.

1849, 349.— Kjzrb. Naum. i. 1850, 41 (Denmark).— Tobias, Naum. L 1851, 55 (Ober-
lausitz).— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 397 (Ohio). -.Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 381
(Wisconsin).— Wentzel, J. f. O. 1853, 433.— Gloger,J.f. 0. 1854, 175.— Vang.J.f.0. 1855,
lS5.—Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 584 (Illinois).— Mutter, J. f. O. 1856, 220
(Provence).— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 228 (Massachusetts).— Wolley, PZS. 1857,
55, pi. 122 (nest and eggs— first authentic instance).— Oade, J. f. O. 1859, 436.— Cab.
J. f. 0. 1859, 80, pL 1 (eggs).— Maxim. 3. f. O. 1858, 189 (Upper Missouri River).— Bolle,
J. f. 0. 1859, 125 (Brandenburg).— Holland, J. f. O. 1859, 446.— Preen, J. f. O. 1859, 457.—
Dubois, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. xii. 1860, 64, pi. 2, f. 4 (egg ; name B. coerulea on plate).—
Oieb. Vog. 1860, 79, f. 143.— Zand. Arch. Mecklenburg, xv. 1861, 61.— Hintz 1,
J. f. O. 1861, 229 (migrations).— Radde, Reisen, 1863, 200.— Rei/, Zool. Gart. v. 1864,
126 (breeding).— Meyer, Zool. Gart. v. 1864, 155.— Holtz, J. f. O. 1864, 220 (Neu-Vor-
pommern).— Hintz I, J. f. 0. 1863, 414 ; 1864, 170 ; 1865, 88 ; 1866, 95 ; 1867, 156 ; 1868, 299
(Pomerania).— Strieker, Zool. Gart. ix. 1868, 222 (etymological).— Homeyer, J. f. O.
1869, 124 (Eastern Siberia).— Tacz. J. f. O. 1872,442 (Siberia).— Kneel Pr. Cleveland
Acad. 1874, 278 (Ohio, frequent in winter).

BombyciHa garrulus, Kaup, Thierr. ii. pt. i. 1836, 173.— Nordm. J. f. 0. 1858, 307 (breeding) ;
1864,363 (Lapland).

BombyciHa ccerulea, Dubois, Rev. Mag. Zool. xii. 1860, misprinted name on pi. 2.

Bombycipbora polioccelia, Meyer, "Vog. Liv.u.Estbl. 1815, !04".

BombyciHa, Schwenckfeld, Theriot. Silesise, 1603, 229 (a good account).

GnaphalYS, Gesner, De Avibus, ed. of 1617, 446 (orig. ed. 1555).

Garrulus bohemiCUS, Gesn. De Avibus, ed. of 1617, 636, with recognizable figure (orig.
ed. 1555, p. 703).— Aldrov. "Oru. i. 796, pi. 798 " .—Linn. Syst. Nat. 6th ed. gen. 78, sp. 1.—
Willugh. " Orn. 90, pi. 20 ".— Albin, Nat. Hist. Birds, ii. 1738, 25, pi. 26.

Ampelis, Moehr. "Gen. Av. 1752, 29 ".

BombyciHa bobcmica, Briss. Orn. ii. 1760, 333, n. 63.— Leach, " Cat. 181U, 18".—Steph. Gen.
Zool. x. 18 17, 421, pi. 34.— Eyton, "Cat. , 8".—Brchm, "Vog. Deutschl. 219".

Lanius garrulus, L. " Fn. Svec. 179 ".—Scop. Bemerk. ed. Gunth. 1770, 18, n. 20.

Turdus garrulus, Schaeff. Mus. Oru. 1789, 20, n. 67.

Parus bombyciLa, Pallas, Zoog. R.-A. i. 1831, 548.

European Chatterer, European Waxwing, Black -throated Waxwing, Bohemian Wax-
wing, Waxen Chatterer, English and American Authors.

Seidenschwantz, Frisch, Vog. 1739, pi. 32.

Seidenschwanz, Gemeiner Seidenschwanz, Europiiischer Seidenschwanz, German.

Grand Jascur, Jaseur de Boheme, Jaseur d'Europe, French.— Buff. "Hist.Nat.Ois.iii.
429, pi. 26"; PI. Enlum. 261.

HAB. — Northerly portions of the Northern Hemisphere. In America,
south regularly to the northern tier of States, and in the Rocky Mountains

CHARACTERS OF AMPELIS GARRULUS 461

to Colorado ; irregularly or casually to about 35° (Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, New Mexico, and Arizona). Only known to breed
in America on the Yukon and Anderson Rivers; believed to do so in the
Rocky Mountains at latitude 49° N. (Coues). Scarcely known on the
Pacific coast of the United States except in Alaska.

CH. SP. — $ 9 Crisso castaneo, dbdomine griseoplumbeo,f route
rubescente, alis albo ctflavo notatis.

$ 9 : General color brownish-ash, shading insensibly from the clear ash of
the tail and its upper coverts and rump into a reddish-tinged ash anteriorly,
this peculiar tint heightening on the head, especially on the forehead and
sides of the "head, into orange-brown. A narrow frontal line, and broader
bar through the eye, with the chin and throat, sooty-black, not or not
sharply bordered with white. No yellowish on belly. Under tail-coverts
orange-brown, or chestnut. Tail ash, deepening to blackish-ash toward the
end, broadly tipped with rich yellow. Wings ashy-blackish; primaries
tipped (chiefly on the outer webs) with sharp spaces of yellow, or white,
or both ; secondaries with white spaces at the ends of the outer webs,
the shaits usually ending with enlarged, horny, red appendages. Primary
coverts tipped with white. Bill blackish-plumbeous, often paler at base
below ; feet black. Length, 7 or 8 inches; wing, about 4£; tail, 2£.

The sexes of this beautiful bird are alike, and the principal variations,
aside from mere shade of the body-color, consist in the markings of the
wings. In the finest specimens before me, the ends of the primary quills
are rich yellow, like the tips of 1 he
tail-feathers, forming broad firm
spaces, in a continuous line when
the wing is closed, with narrower
offsets going around the ends of
the quills. In less perfect speci-
mens, these markings are simply
white, are less firm, and do not
appear on all the quills. The
secondaries may or may not show FIG. 49.— "Wing-tips of Ampelis garrulus.
the red "sealing-wax" tips, but in adult birds at least probably always
show white markings at the ends, and the same is the case with the prim-
ary coverts. These wing-markings, with the chestnut crissum, and absence
of yellowish on the belly, will always distinguish the species from A.
cedrorum, independently of its much superior size. Young : There is an
early streaked stage of plumage, exactly corresponding to that described
under head of A. cedrorum.

fTlHIS famous vagabond wandered into literature, with fine
X " Bohemian" instinct, at so remote a period in the history
of ornithology, that it is not easy to determine which was its
original nom deplume among the many aliases we find. The
derivation of each of the names it has borne is, however, well
determined. Ampelis, the current name of the genus, applied
to this bird by Linnaeus in 1735, is obviously from the Greek

462 NAMES OF THE WAXWING

, the grape- vine— the root of a set of words signifying
or relating to the vine and vineyard, as d/zTreAewv, a/xTre^wv,
dfjLxelwv, dpntttvos, and many others j the form d/wreAte itself
appears in some of the lexicons, not of the highest authority,
as a diminutive of a/^TreAo^, and I also find a^neXi^v itself given
as the name of some small unknown bird, " amcula qucedam
incerta," which either frequented vineyards, or was a noted
berry-eater. Ampelis, as the name of the bird, occurs in Aris-
tophanes, but what he meant by it is unknown; certainly, the
Waxwing never frequented the vineyards of the south of Europe
to any extent. The name does not occur in Aristotle, nor do I
find it used in connection with the Waxwing by the writers
of the 16th and 17th centuries ; Linnaeus may possibly have
first affixed it to this bird in 1735. Before this time, however,
the bird had, of course, been long and well known to the peo-
ple of Northern Europe, and had received a number of vernac-
ular or popular names, among which the equivalents of u silky-
tail" and " Bohemian w are conspicuous. The latter term doubt-
less had its original application in the appearances of the bird
in Bohemia, and stuck to it, as indicating its wandering dispo-
sition, in the tropical sense we now attach to the term. In any
event, our Waxwing became the u Bohemian Jay " of writers
of the 16th and 17th centuries, this book-name being generally
rendered Garrulus boliemicus, as by Gesner* and many others
who wrote their treatises in Latin, or gave birds Latin names.
The various equivalents of "silky-tail" are specially interest-
ing, as they are the source of the quasi-Latin name Bombycilla
(P6fj.,3i>£. bombyx. a worm — and species of Bombyx are the silk-
worms) by simple translation of sidenswantz, seydensclmanz,
seidenschwanz, and other forms of u silk-tail". This is used also

* Gesner (p. 446, ed. of 1617) treats very briefly " de gnaphalo " (Gnaplialvs,
rv60afa>?), which he says is the bird called Seydenschwanz in German, and
which is probably so named from the character of the plumage. He refers
to a subsequent page of his work (p. 636), where the same bird is described
and figured under the name of Garrvlvs Bohemicus. Here we read : — " Gar-
rvlum Bohemicum appello auem hanc, cuius picturam ab Argentoratensi
pictore accepi, qui nomen eius ignorabat, sed ab aliis postea didici hac
specie auem circa Norimbergam vocavi Behemle id est Bohemicam, . . ,
Alii alio Germanico Zinzerelle vocitant, hand scio an a vocis imitatioue."
From the way this paragraph opens, we are free to infer that this was the
original use of the term Garrulus bohemicus in this connection. He de-
scribes and figures the Waxwing unmistakably, even to the sealing-wax
tips ("' macula3 quinse egregie rubentes, quas natura corneas esse quidam
mihi retulit").

EARLY HISTORY OF THE WAXWING 463

by Schwenckfeld in 1603 in his u Theriotrophevm Silesise";
and it became a generic name with Brisson in 1760, and
later with Vieillot. It is interesting to observe, in this con-
nection, that a modern Greek name of the bird, f»6.<pa.\oq (or
Gnaphalvs, as rendered by Gesner), is of similar import, mean-
ing a lock of wool ; the obvious implication of all these terms
being the remarkably smooth, soft, as if fleecy, plumage of
the bird, as characteristic as the berry-eating habits, which the
set of words from a/j.xelo<; signalize. The impertinence of the
English term "chatterer" as applied to birds of this genus
has been frequently criticised by writers, the species being
notably silent, or only sibilant. I do not know when or by
whom the name may have been first used in this connection,
or what equivalents may be found in other languages. The
term may be simply rooted in Qarrulus, which, as we have
seen, was long in use for the bird, not considered as specially
loquacious, but simply as a species of Jay; yet we may readily
suppose that the enormous multitudes which sometimes ap-
pear make a great deal of noise, about the quality of which
people were not very particular when they came to call the
birds " chatterers ". The Linna3an use of garrulus as a trivial
designation may have been purely arbitrary, or by simple ver-
sion of an old generic into a new specific term ; his practice of
naming justifies either supposition. There is, however, as we
learn from Gesner (see note on a preceding page), among the
old vernacular names of the bird one derived from its voice ;
this is Zinzerelle, a word well formed to express the soft sibi-
lant notes of the bird. The meaning of our English name
" Waxwing " is obvious ; the period and circumstances of its
introduction I know not.

In olden times, when popular ignorance dreaded everything
extraordinary, the occasional apparitions of the Bohemian
Waxwing caused general consternation, and supernatural
powers of portent were attributed to the bird that came
whence no one knew, and departed as mysteriously. I could
fill many pages with the history of such occurrences, often
couched in the most exaggerated language 5 but a few ex-
amples must suffice. Thus, Gesner narrates that in the year
of our Lord 1552, these birds appeared between Mayence
and Biugen on the Rhine in such numbers that they darkened
the light of day as they flew — "inter Mogentiam & Biugam
iuxta Ehenum maximis examinibus apparuerunt in tanta copia,

464 HISTORY OF THE WAXWING IN AMERICA

vt subito qua transuolabant, ex vmbra earum veluti nox
appareret." Many, he says, were caught and eaten ; and
pictures of the unknown birds which caused such a prodigy
were published. " Kari sunt plerisque in locis, & cum ap-
parent pestilens aeris mutatio expectatur7-; and such phenom-
ena were long held to presage war, pestilence, and other public
calamities, or to foretell some national event soon to transpire.

In February, 1530, according to Aldrovandi, a visitation
occurred, marking the coronation of Charles V. at Bologna ;
in 1551, large flocks appeared, spreading in numbers through
the Modenese, the Plaisantiue, and other parts of Italy, but
apparently avoiding the Ferrarese, as if to escape the earth-
quake which was soon afterward felt ; and in 1571 flocks of
hundreds were seen flying about in the same country. Bona-
parte, in whose account of 1828 I find these items from Aldro-
vandi, states that they have of late years been extremely rare
in Italy, Germany, and especially France, being seen only
singly or in stray companies of small extent. In the winter
of 1810, large flocks were dispersed through England, from
which period, says Bonaparte, we do not find the bird re-
corded by English writers until February, 1822, when, as well
as during the following winter, a few were observed. In decker's
memoir on the birds of Germany, as quoted by the same
writer, it is stated that from the beginning of the present cen-
tury only two considerable flights had been observed in that
canton, one in January, 1807, the other in January, 1814, in
which year the birds were numerous, and did not depart until
March. In 1807, they were dispersed over much of Western
Europe; and they were seen near Edinburgh early in that
year. Of very late years, their appearances in Great Britain
have been frequently noticed, as may be gathered from the
number of references I present in the foregoing bibliography;
the year 1850 is specially prominent in these chronicles. They
also visited England, Germany, &c., in unusual abundance in
the winter of 1866-67, as testified by the various records I have
presented. Schoepff states (Zool. Gart. 1867, p. 160) that their
then appearance in Switzerland was for the first time since 1811.

The history of the Waxwing in America, to which we will now
confine our attention, has never been written in full. It was
unknown as an American bird to Yieillot and Wilson ; and any
early writer who may have attributed it to this country meant
the Cedar-bird, A. cedrorum, which was long regarded by some

HISTORY OF THE WAXWING IN AMERICA 465

as only a variety of the Bohemian Wax wing, though Catesby,
Brisson, and others knew better. The Bohemian appears to
have been first discovered in America " in the spring of 1826,
near the sources of the Athabasca, or Elk River, by Mr. Drum-
mond", as we are informed by Sir John Richardson, who says
that he saw it himself the same season at Great Bear Lake, in
latitude 65°. The Athabasca specimens were transmitted to
England, and communicated by Mr. Leadbeater to the Prince
of Musignano, who in 1828 described and figured the species
upon this material in his "American Ornithology". Richard-
son's account, in the "Fauna Boreali-Americana ", did not
appear until 1829, and doubtless the first well-founded publica-
tion of the species as an American bird was in the Appendix
of Bonaparte's " Synopsis '>, in the second volume of the Annals
of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, page 438, where
the species is numbered 65 Ms. In this place, Bonaparte simply
notes, "Inhabits near the Rocky Mountains"; but in his "Arner
ican Ornithology " he gives the long and interesting account
of the bird from which I have already extracted some items
bearing on its general history. Referring to the Athabasca
specimen described, he states that it was a female, taken on
the 20th of March, 1825, while Richardson gives the date as
1826. The last-named states that the bird appears in flocks at
Great Bear Lake about the 24th of May, when the spring thaw
exposes the berries on which it feeds; that it remains but a
few days; that its breeding-place was unknown to him, but
believed to be in the rugged and secluded mountain-limestone
districts in the 67th and 68th parallels, where the common
juniper, on the fruit of which it feeds, abounds. He adds a
note of his observation of a large flock on the Saskatchewan
early in May, 1827, when several hundred individuals alighted
with loud twittering on one or two trees of a poplar grove, and
stayed about an hour.

Such is the substance of our original advices, which, how-
ever, did not long remain unique. Townsend did not observe
the bird on the Columbia, and Nnttall's account was merely a
note derived from Richardson ; but Audubon, in 1838, gave
some additional particulars. This author states that the south-
ernmost locality where he has known the bird to be procured is
the vicinity of Philadelphia, where, as well as on Long Island,
several were shot in 1831 and 1832, and that a pair were seen
and pursued, but without success, by his sons near Boston in
30 B c

466 HISTORY OF THE WAXWING IN AMERICA

the latter year. His figures were drawn from Nova Scotian
specimens presented to him by Thomas McCulloch, of Pictou,
who procured several others in 1834, and contributed the very
graphic and touching biographical sketch with which Audu-
bon's account of the species concludes. The species appears in
Peabody and Giraud, and in the course of the next decade or
two we find it fairly represented in current literature through
reports of its presence in various northerly States: Ohio,
Storer, 1845; Wisconsin, Hoy, 1853; Ohio, Bead, the same
year; Illinois, Kennicott, 1854; Massachusetts, Kneeland,
1857; and there are doubtless other accounts of this period
which I have not at hand. Dr. Brewer's late notice mentions
a flock of twenty or thirty which appeared in Boston in mid-
winter, " somewhere about 1844 ".

Up to the year 1858, we had no evidence of the gathering of
American Bohemians in the enormous multitudes which early
made them famous in Europe. At that date, however, Profes-
sor Baird made known an instance of such prodigious flocking
of the species, giving us at the same time one of our western-
most records. u Mr. Drexler," he says, " saw 4 millions' of this
species while in the winter camp of the South Pass wagon road
party, at the head of Powder Eiver, Nebraska. Every tree for
miles was filled with them, the flock rivalling that of the wild
pigeon in its size" (BKA. p. 923). This record remains singular
to this date, as the numerous isolated notices of the bird we
have since acquired all relate to ordinary occurrences in par-
ticular localities; though it should be added that Mr. Mcllwraith
reports the irregular occurrence of " vast ?? flocks in Canada
West,

In 1861, Dr. J. G. Cooper presented the account of his cap-
ture of a single individual at Fort Mojave, Arizona, the first-
known instance of the occurence of the bird in the United
States west of the Rocky Mountains, and the southernmost on
record. " It appeared on January 10th, after a stormy period
which had whitened the tops of the mountains with snow, and
was alone, feeding on the berries of the mistletoe, when I shot
it." Doubtless, as Dr. Cooper surmises, this individual was a
straggler from some of the neighboring mountains. I under-
stand that the validity of the record has been suspected ; but,
in one of his late papers, Dr. Cooper states that the specimen
is preserved in the California Academy of Science to vouch for
the correctness of his identification. All the citations of " Ari-

RANGE OF THE WAXWING IN AMERICA 467

zonar for the species rest on tbis capture, and no other person
seems to have found the bird so far south and west.

Though the Bohemians have scarcely been found in the Pacific
Province of the United States, the Kocky Mountain region, as
might be supposed, seems to be the main line of migration along
which the birds push farthest, as well as most regularly, into
the United States in winter. In 1860, Dr. Hayden took such
a large series on Deer Creek that we may infer he found the
birds abundant. In Colorado, according to Mr. T. M. Trippe,
the Bohemians are " abundant n in certain mountainous locali-
ties, as at Idaho Springs, from November or December until
March. Baird and Kidgway state, in their portion of the His-
tory of "North American Birds ", that the bird extends along
the Eocky Mountains and the plains as far as Fort Massachu-
setts (New Mexico) and Fort Eiley, Kansas. In the East,
records have multiplied of late years, but it is unnecessary to
analyze the evidence, as it shows nothing but what we have
already seen. For the Pacific region, I possess but a single
record, that lately furnished by Captain Charles Bendire, from
observations made at Camp Harney, Oregon, and published in
" Forest and Stream » of February 17, 1876.

From all the facts we have acquired, we make out an extreme
southern range of the species in America to about 35° north ;
its regular or at least normal occurence in winter in the region
of the Great Lakes to Northern Ohio, and in the Eocky Mount-
ain region to the State of Colorado; its irregular but frequent
appearance in Northern New England ; its casual presence in
severe winters in Southern New England, the Middle States
to Philadelphia, Southern Ohio, Indiana. Illinois, and Kansas ;
and its apparent scarcity in the Pacific Province.

All this matter, it will be remembered, bears only on the south-
ward migration of the species in the fall from its boreal summer
home; we have seen how it wanders about, sometimes whirl-
ing in monstrous flocks over the country, and will turn to
consider a no less interesting aspect of its life. In days gone
by I used to ponder over the surmises I read respecting the
breeding-place of the Bohemian, gaining unconsciously a vague
idea that somewhere, perhaps in the very focus of the aurora
borealis, this mysterious bird swarmed to nest in a sort of
rookery ; but I have no doubt that when dispersed to breed in
the far North, it is no more conspicuous than the Cedar-bird is
with us under the same conditions. British America, to say

468 BREEDING OF THE WAX WING IN AMERICA

nothing of Alaska, is pretty broad and deep, requiring a great
many Bohemians to make any decided impress on its scenery.
We are all aware now how long it was before the breeding of
the Waxwing in Europe was established beyond dispute, as
announced by Mr. John Wolley, in 1857, before the Zoological
Society of London, and have read Professor Newton's " Par-
ticulars of Mr. J. Wolley's Discovery of the Breeding of the
Waxwing" in the "Ibis" of 1861. Shortly afterward, Messrs.
Kennicott and MacFarlane each discovered the breeding of the
bird in America — the former on the Yukon in 1861, the latter
on Anderson Eiver during the same or the following year.
Publication of this discovery, however, seems to have been
delayed until 1866, when it was announced by Professor Baird
in the following brief terms : —

u The only instance on record of their [i. e. the nest and eggs]
discovery in America are of a nest and one egg by Mr. Kenni-
cott, on the Yukon, in 1861, and a nest and single egg on the
Anderson Eiver, by Mr. MacFarlane, both of which, with the
female parents, are in the possession of the [Smithsonian] In-
stitution."—(Eev. AB. 1866, 406.)

This is the same material as that upon which Dr. Brewer
based his account of 1874 ; but the latter article disagrees with
Professor Baird's original and doubtless accurate note, and is
inconsistent in itself in several particulars, which I have itali-
cized in the following extract. Says Dr. Brewer : —

" Specimens of the bird were obtained on Anderson Eiver, in
1862, by Mr. MacFarlane, but he was not able to find the nest.
At Fort Yukon, July 4, [1861,] Mr Kennicott met with the nest
of this species. The nest, which contained but one egg, was
about eighteen feet from the ground, and was built on a side
branch of a small spruce that was growing at the outer edge of
a clump of thick spruces, on low ground. The nest was large,
the base being made of small, dry spruce twigs. Internally it
was constructed of fine grass and moose hair, and lined thickly
with large feathers. The female was shot as she rose from her
nest, by Mr. Kennicott's hunter, who had concealed himself
near the spot for that purpose. Mr. Kennicott had seen the
nest and both parents near it before it was taken, and had
thoroughly satisfied himself as to its complete identification"
(Hist. NAB. p. 398). On the page following, the author quotes,
without criticism, a statement that "its eggs have been obtained
at Fort Yukon". On page 400, Dr. Brewer redescribes the

BREEDING OF THE WAX WING IN AMERICA 469

same nest in somewhat discrepant terms : — " The nest from the
Yukon, obtained by Mr. Kennicott, (S. Coll. G, 326), is smaller,
and bears but little resemblance to the European. It is but
five inches in diameter, of irregular shape. In height and
cavity it nearly corresponds. In place of the lichens of the
European, this nest is made of fine grass-stems, strips of bark,
and a few feathers." Though the points here criticised be
really immaterial, in as far at least as the descriptions of the
nest are concerned, it would have been more satisfactory to
have had one good coherent account in this case, to which
unusual interest attaches. One of Mr. Wolley's nests, " obtained
in Finland, June 19, 1861 (S. I. 5, 327)," and generously pre-
sented to the Smithsonian Institution by Professor Newton, is
described by Dr. Brewer with evident care and particularity.
It contains five eggs, which is said to be the usual number,
though six were found in one instance. As described by Dr.
Brewer, the Smithsonian eggs measure each an inch in length
by 0.67 to 0.70 in breadth ; the ground-color varies from light
slate to yellowish stone-color, and is blotched and dotted with
markings of various shades and sizes, chiefly dark purple or
blackish, with others of a yellowish-brown, nearly all the spots
being shaded with the peculiar penumbra so conspicuous in the
eggs of the Common Cedar-bird. " The egg obtained by Ken-
nicott on the Yukon is smaller than the European specimen,
measuring .90 by .65 of an inch. Its ground is more of a
greenish-slate or stone-color, and the spots are of a dark-brown,
with a deep violet-shading" (Brewer, I. c.).

To these original accounts of the breeding of the Bohemian
in America, I have to add, from my own observations, that
the bird undoubtedly nests in the United States. While in
the Kocky Mountains, at latitude 49°, I secured a newly
fledged bird so young that there is no reasonable doubt that it
was bred in the vicinity. This specimen was shot in thick
coniferous woods, at an altitude of about 4,200 feet, on the 19th
of August, 1874. No migration had begun at the time, and
no other individuals were observed, as would most likely have
been the case had they been roving away from their summer
home.

In general terms, it may be asserted that the nest and eggs
of the Bohemian only differ materially from those of the Caro-
lina Waxwing in size, and that the two birds have substantially
the same breeding habits. The special natural history of the

470 SYNONYMY OF AMPELI8 CEDRORLTM

Bohemian involves nothing more than its geographical distri-
bution, including its boreal summer home, its erratic move-
ments, and its occasional multitudinous gatherings, for it shares
all those traits of the Cherry-bird which I will make the subject
of the following sketch.

The Carolina Waxwing

Ampelis eedrornin

Lanius garrnlus, 0, Linn. SN. i. 1758, 95, n. 10 0 (Gates, i. 46).

Ampelis garrulus, 0, L. SN. i. 17G6, 297, n. 2 0.—Gm. SN. i. 1768, 638, n. 1/7.— Lath. 10. i.
1790, 363, D. 1 0.

Ampelis garrulus, 2, Turt. SN. i. 1806, 511.

Ampelis garrulns, Bartr. Tr. Fla. 1791, 290, bis (fall account p. 298).

Bombycilla cedrorum, Vieitt. OAS. i. 1807, 88, pi. 57.— V. EM. ii. 1823, 766.— Less. Tr. Orn.
1831, 367.— Vieill. Gal. Oia. i. 1834, 186, pi. 118.— Cab. Mus. Hem. i. 1850, 55.— Oundl.
J.f.O. 1856, 3 (Cuba).— Maxim. J. f. O. 1858, 169.— Oundl. J. f. O. 1859, 350 (Cuba).—
Gundl J. f. 0. 1861, 410 (Cuba).

Ampelis cedrorum, Gray, G. ofB. i. 1849, 278.— Scl. PZS. 1856, 299 (Cordova).— Kneel.
Pr. Bost Soc. vi. 1857, 234.— Sd. BNA. 1858, 318.— Scl. PZS. 1858, 302 (Parada).— Scl.
PZS. 1859, 364 (Xalapa).— 8. & S. Ibis, 1859, 13 (Guatemala).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad.
1859, 106 (New Mexico).— Heerm. PRRR. x. 1859, 5Q.—Coop. & Suckl. NHWT. 1860,
187.— Tayl Ibis, 1860, 111 (Honduras).— Gundl. J. f. O. 1861, 328 (Cuba).— Wheat.
Ohio Agric. Eep. for 1860, 1861, 364.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Cones &
Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 409.— Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1862, 202 (Jamaica).— Vfirr. Pr.
Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 148.— Boardm. Pr. Bosk Soc. ix. 1862, 126.— Hayd. Tr. Ainer. Philos.
Soc. xii. 1862, 162.— Blak. Ibis, 1863, 65 (British America).— March, Pr. Phila. Acad.
1863, 294 (Jamaica).— Lord, Pr. Roy. Art. Inst. iv. 1864, 116 (British Columbia).— Scl
PZS. 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 18S4, 66.— Dress. Ibis, 1865, 479
fTexas).— G ifford, Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. v. 1865, 925 (habits).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1866,
407.— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1866, 87.— Lawr. Ann. N. T. Lye. via. 1866, 285.— Brovm,
Ibis, 1868, 421 ( Vancouver) .—Butch. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 149 (.Laredo, Tex.).— Coues,
Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 276.— Cones, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 112 (South Carolina).—
Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 547 (Vera Cruz, winter). — Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 34,
473.— Turnb. B. E. Pa, 1869, 26; Phila, ed. 19.— Coop. B. CaL i. 1870, 129.— Gillman, Am.
Nat. iv. 1870, 692.— Coues, Key, 1872, 115, f. 56 .—Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 176.- Scott,
Pr.Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 224.— Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 198 (Colorado).— Mayn. Pr.
Bost Soc. xiv. 1872, 370.— Gundl. J. f. O. 1872, 438 (Cuba).— Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Insk v.
1873, 181 (Colorado).— Merr. Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 714.—
Ridgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 371.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 235.— Kirtl. Pr.
Cleveland Acad. 1874, 277.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 93, 233.— Pact. Am. Nat viii. 1874,
271.— Allen, Pr. Bost Soc. xvii. 1874, 54 (Yellowstone River).— Hensh. Rep. Orn.
Spec. 1874, 43 (Utah); 106 (Arizona).— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 157.— Hensh. ZooL
ExpL W. 100 Morid. 1875, 229.— B. B. <6 R. NAB. i. 1874, 401, pi. 18, f. 2.— Brew. Pr. Bost
Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.— Lawr. Bull. Nat Mus. n. 4, 1876, 18 (Tehuantepec).— Gentry, Life-
Hist 1876, 205.— Minot, BNE. 1877, 137.-Jferr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 32.

Amphelis cedrorum, Gregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870.

Corvus cedrorum, Cabot, Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 65 (generic name slipped with " Ampelis "
cacalotl).

Ampelis americana, Wils. AO. i. 1808, 107, pi. 7, f. l.—Bp. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 37.

Bombycilla americana, Licht " Preis.-Verz. Mex. V6g. 1830, 1"; J. f. O. 1863, 56— Sw. &
Rich. FBA. ii 1831, 239.— Kaup, Thierr. ii. pt. i. 1836, 173.— Hartl. Naum. ii. 1852,52
(Cuba and Guayaquil).— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 382.— .Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric.
Soc. i. 1855, 584.— Jones, "Nat.inBerm. 1859, 29 ".—Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 438.

Bombycilla carolinensis, Briss. Orn. ii. 1760, 337.— Steph. Gen. ZooL x. 1817, 422.— Bp.
Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 37.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 59.— Fa^-Isis, 1831,
528.— Aud. OB. i. 1831, 227, pi. 43.— Nutt, Man. i. 1832, 248.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 9.— Peab.

CHARACTERS OF AMPELIS CEDRORUM 471

Hep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 289.— Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 152.— And. Syn. 1839,
165.— Aud. BA. iv. 1842, 169, pi. 246.— Giraud, BLL 1844, 163.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853,
74, fig.— Newt Zoologist, is. 1831, 3277 (Cambridgeshire, England).— Read, Pr. Phila.
Acad. 1853, 397.— Brew. Pr. Boat. Soc. iv. 1854, 325.— Gloger, J. f. 0. 1854, 175 (nest, &c.).—
Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1855, 313.— Pratten, Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 603.— Putn.
Pr. Ess. Inst i. 1856, 213.— Haym. Pr. Phila, Acad. 1856, 292.— Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi.
1857, 118 (Nova Scotia).— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 282 (Nova Scotia).—
Bland, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 287 (Bermudas).— Martins, J. f. 0. 1B59, 213 (same).—
Gieb. Vog. 1860, 80, fig.— Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— Williams, Am. Nat
iii. 1869, 384.— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vL 1871, 117.

Romb) cilia carolinaensis, Wailes, Rep. Miss. 1854, 318.

Ampclis carol inensis, Gosse, B. Jam. 1847, 196.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 336.— Newt. Zoologist,!.
1852, 3506 (Cambridgeshire, England).

Coquantototl, Fern. " Hisp. 55".

Oiseau lomotl, d'Ameriqne, hnppe, Seba, " ii. 66, pi. 65, f. 5 ".

Chatterer, Gates. " Car. i. 1754, 46, pi. 46 ".

Chatterer of Carolina, Edw. "Glean. 1758, 66, pi. 242".

Jaseur de la Caroline, Buff. " Hist. Nat Oi«. iiL 441 ".—Briss. Orn. ii 1760, 337, n. 64.

Prib Chatterer, Perm. AZ. ii. 1785, 346, n. 207.

Jaseur du ccdre, Vieill. 11. cc.— Le Maine. Ois. Canad. 1861, 219.

Amerikanischer Seidenschwanz, Kaup, 1. c.

Cedar-bird, Cedar Waxwing, Carolina Waxwing, Cherry-bird, Authors.

HAB. — North America at large, to lat. 54° N. or beyond ; south through
Mexico and Central America; Bermudas, Jamaica, and Cuba. Breeds in-
differently in its North American range, migrates or rather wanders irregu-
larly according to supply of food, and winters in much of the United States
as well as beyond. Accidental in England.

CH. SP. — $ 9 Crisso albo ; abdomine flamcante ; remigibus
fusco-cinereis, innotatis.

$ 9 , adult : General color of the body shading from clear pure ash on
the upper tail-coverts and rump through olivaceous-cinnamon into a richer
and somewhat purplish cinnamon on the fore parts and head. On the under
parts, the color shades through yellowish on the belly into white on the
under tail-coverts. There is no demarcation of color whatever on the body,
and the tints are scarcely susceptible of adequate description. Frontlet, lores,
and stripe through the eye velvety-black ; chin the same, soon shading into
the color of the breast. A sharp white line on the side of the under jaw,
and a narrower one bordering the black frontlet and lores ; lower eyelid
white. Quills of the wings slate-gray, blackening at the ends, paler along
the edges of the inner webs; without white or yellow markings; inner
quills tipped with red horny appendages. Tail-feathers like the primaries,
but tipped with yellow, and sometimes also showing red horny appendages.
Bill plumbeous-black, sometimes paler at base below ; feet black. Length,
6 or 7 inches ; extent, 11^-12 ; wing, 3i~3£ ; tail, 2J.

There is comparatively very little difference in the body-coloration. In
very high condition, there is sometimes just a trace of whitish tipping on
some of the primary quills.

Young: Brownish-gray, with a slight olive shade; paler below, and whit-
ening or becoming slightly yellowish on the belly; everywhere streaked with
dingy whitish ; the markings most evident on the breast and sides. Wings
and tail as in the adults, but usually lacking the red appendages. The vel-

472 CHARACTERS OF AMPELIS CEDRORUM

vety-black and white on the head imperfectly defined. Bill pale at base
below ; feet plumbeous. A specimen described by Brewster as a female in
the " first plumage " had two small wax tips ; the tail narrowly tipped with
yellow ; a dull black loral line from nostril to eye, including anterior half
of both eyelids; entire under parts "brownish-buff", palest about anal re-
gion, deepest on throat and chin ; breast and sides thickly streaked with
cinnamon-brown ; npper parts duller than in the adult, with obscure "dusky-
buff"; "rump grayish-brown with a tinge of olive".

Specimens apparently mature and full-feathered frequently lack the seal-
ing-wax tips. These are normally confined to the secondaries, but occasion-
ally appear on one or several primaries, and more or fewer or all of the
rectrices; a case is recorded in which an under tail-covert was similarly
embellished. Both sexes possess these ornaments, but as a rule they are
best developed in the male. The normal period of their appearance is not
known — it is probably not constant ; birds in the earliest known plumage
may possess one or more. They are possibly deciduous, independently of
moult of the feather. Their use is unknown, but surmised by some to pre-
vent fraying of the feathers, though other feathers not thus protected do
not fray more than usual.

The sexes are not obviously different. There is comparatively little vari-
ation in the body-coloration, chiefly in the shade of yellow on the belly.
The yellow tail-band may be reduced to a mere trace. Sometimes more or
fewer primaries are tipped with white, and these may acquire a touch of
yellow, indicating approach to the normal condition of A. garrulus. In a
case mentioned by Mr. William Brewster, all the primaries excepting the
first three were broadly tipped with white, and in the centre of each white
spot appeared a smaller yellow one.

A

T any time of the year, in almost any part of the country,
one may hear some curious wheezing, lisping notes, and,
on looking about him, may see
a dozen or a hundred little birds
in sight, flying in an easy, rather
undulating course, to alight in a
compact body on the nearest tree,
where they remain silent and
motionless for a few moments,
drawn up to their full heights,
displaying their long top-knots 5
then they begin to move about
and feed, unless some alarm sends
them off to another tree. When
the cedar ripens its glaucous-

FIG. 50. -The Cherry-bird, natural size. ,, , . ,, ,. ,

blue berries, these same birds

are sure to be found there, gorging themselves on this fruit
till they are literally choke-full— the last few berries sticking

TRICKS AND MANNERS OF THE CEDARBIRD 473

in their capacious throats for want of room below. These
gourmands grow extremely fat at times ; they are commonly
called Cedar-birds, and their flesh is accounted a delicacy.
They are also named Cherry-birds, from their fondness for
cherries; and might with equal propriety be known as Gum-
birds, or Huckleberry-birds, or by any other set of names
indicating that they feed on a great variety of edible small-
fruits. Naturally, the horticulturists dislike to see these
silky-feathered fruiterers come trooping as " thick as thieves ",
and kill so many that in some sections their numbers become
noticeably reduced. But we should always remember that
at certain seasons these indolent, easy-going gormandizers
display more agility and address in bug-catching than might
be expected from them, destroying vast numbers of noxious
insects. Let the irate gardener remember this when he
goes for his gun ; and let us all hope that people will learn,
in the course of time, that the indiscriminate slaughter of
birds, even of such noted thieves as Crows and Blackbirds,
necessarily turns a well-poised balance in favor of insect-pests
and by so much against the true interests of agriculture.

Like most well-fed persons, our satiny Wax wings offset their
gluttony and indolence with some nice, amiable traits. They
are tender hearted, affectionate birds, fond of each other, and
quite capable of showing a degree of heroism in their devo-
tion to one of their number who may be in difficulty. They
make pleasant cage- birds, sleek and jaunty in their general
bearing, with a certain nonchalance, which, however, it would
be indiscreet in a fly to presume on so far as to enter their
cage. They are either very innocent or unsuspicious birds, for
they suffer themselves to be killed or captured when a little
wit would have saved them. Their habitual indifference ex-
tends even to their courtships and housekeeping ; they make
cool love, seem in no hurry about it, and not much concerned
for its consequences. You may see them lounging about in
flocks all through the summer ; they scarcely nest until the
season is half over, and sometimes postpone their domestic
affairs until the fall. The migration is another irregular and
desultory matter with them ; they are not reliable passengers,
for, as if rivalling their larger cousins, these lesser Bohemians
roam at their convenience over the country, whenever food is
plenty and accessible. They retire from more northerly and
uninviting regions in the fall, but in most parts of the country

474 THE GENUS PH^NOPEPLA

some of them may be found at any time of the year, while
others are off in Mexico, Central America, or the West Indies.
In the Colorado region, as in the West at large, there are com-
paratively fewer Cedar-birds than in the eastern parts of the
United States, doubtless because fruit is, on the whole, less
abundant, and not on account of any geographical considera-
tions.

So they lead their idle, uneventful lives — these debonnaire
birds, sociable but not domestic, even a trifle dissipated, good-
natured enough to a friend in a scrape, very reliable diners-
out, and fond of showing off their dressy top-knots, on which
so much of their mind is fixed.

Genus PHJENOPEPLA Sclater

Phainopcpla, Scl PZS. 1858, 543. (Special paper : Note on the Genus Cictdopsis of Cabanis.

< PZS. xxvi. 1858, pp. 541-543.)

Pha-nopepla, Coues, Ibis, 1865, 163.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1866, 415.
Ptilogonys p., Cichlopsis p., Lepturus p. of Some.

CHARS. — Bill somewhat as in Ampelis, but slenderer for its
length ; nostrils naked, scaled ; antise bristly, reaching to
nostrils ; a few short rictal bristles. Tarsus scutellate anteri-
orly, and slightly subdivided on sides below. Hind toe very
short; middle toe and claw about as long as tarsus; lateral
toes a little unequal, outer the longer, reaching a little beyond
base of middle claw, its basal joint adherent to middle ; inner
lateral toe nearly free to the base ; claws all much curved.
Wings not longer than tail, rounded, of ten primaries, the 1st
spurious, though more than half as long as the 2d, which
about equals the length of the secondaries; point of wing
formed by the 4th, 5th, and 6th quills. Tail long and fan-
shaped, not emarginate, of broad plane feathers widening to
their obtuse ends. Head with a long, thin, occipital crest.
Sexes dissimilar : $ glossy black, with large white wing-patch;
$ dull-colored, young not spotted or streaked.

A notable genus, established upon the Ptilogonys nitens of
Swainson, our only representative of a group which includes
true Ptilogonys, though having nothing to do with the species
of Myiadestes, which have often been called " Ptilogonys ".

SYNONYMY AND CHARACTERS OF P. NITENS 475

Crested Shilling-black White-winged
Flysnapper

Pbsenopepla nitons

Ptilogonys nitons, Sw. " Anim. in Monag. in Lardner's Cab. Cyclop. Birds, pt. iii. 1838,
285" (orig. desar. ; some say 1837).— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 335 (synon. and diagn.).— Heerm.
Jouru. Phila. Acad. iL 1853, 262 (California ; note of habits).— Cos*. Illust. 1854, 169,
pi. 29 (general history).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1855, 303 (New Mexico).— Heerm.
PRRR. x. 1859, 33 (California).

Cichlopsis nitens, Bd. BNA. 1858, 320 (synonymy and description).

Phainopcpla niicns, Scl. PZS. 1858, 543 (t.ypeof genus).— Bd. BNA. 1858, 923 (description).—
Bd. U. S. Mex. B. Surv. ii. pt. ii. 1859, Birds, 11 (Arizona, etc.).— Kenn. PERK. x. 1859,
25 (New Mexico or Arizona).— Bd. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 303 (Cape St. Lucas).—
Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 191 (California).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 106 (New
Mexico).— Bd. Ives's Rep. Colo. R. 1861, pt. v. 5.— Scl. Cat. AB. 1862, 47 (synonymy).—
Scl. PZS. 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).— Dress. Ibis, 1865, 480 (Eagle Pass, Texas).—
Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 34, 183 (Cajon Pass, Cal.).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1670, 131 (general
account). — Yarrow, Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 34 (Nevada, Bischoff).

Phicnopepla nitens, Coues, Ibis, 1865, 163 (Arizona).— Coues, Pr. Phila, Acad. 1866, 71
(Arizona).— Cottes, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1863, 83 (Arizona).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1866, 416, fig.
(critical).— Coues, Key, 1872, 116 (description).— Coues, BNW. 1874, 95 (note on the
song).— Coues, Am. Nat. viiL 1874, 542 (correction of Brewer's error— see infrd,).—
Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 17 (Cuyamaca Mountains).— B. B. A R. NAB. i. 1874, 405,
figs. pi. 18, f. 3, 4 (general history); iii. 1874,507 (nest and eggs).— Hensh. Rep. Orn.
Specs. 1874, 106 (Arizona) —Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 157 (same).— Hensh. Zool. ExpL
\V. 100 Merid. 1875, 229 (habits). -Ridgw. Rep. Surv. 40th Par. 1877, 447 (Nevada;
habits).

fly pot by mis nitens, "ia/r."

Lepturus galeatus, Less. "Compl. Buffon, 1838, — ; Rev. Zool. 1849, 4".

" Myiadestes townsendi ", Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvi. 1873 (pub. 1874), 109 (error; nest and
eggs of Phcenopepla nitens described as those of M. townsendi).

Black Fly-catcher, Black Ptilogonys, Shining-crested Flycatcher, Shining Ptilogonys,
Aliq. locis passim supra citatis.

HAB. — Mexico ; Lower California ; southern portions of the Middle and
Western Provinces of the United States (Texas, New Mexico and Arizona,
Southern California, Southern Nevada, and probably portions of Utah and
Colorado).

CH. SP. — Cristata. $ Chalybeo-atra, remigibus spatio magno
albo. 9 griseo fusca, infra dilutior speculo alari obsolete, alis
cauddque nigricantibus, albido limbatis.

£ , adult : Entirely rich lustrous black, with steel-blue or greenish reflec-
tions. Primaries with a largo white space on the inner webs. Bill and feet
black. Length about 7£ inches; "extent, Hi"; wing, 3f-3f ; tail, 3£-4i;
bill, $-4- ; tarsus, £-§• ; middle toe and claw, |-f .

9 , adult : Crested, like the male. Entirely brownish-gray, paler beneath,
the wings and tail blackish, the white on the inner webs of the primaries
much reduced or extinguished, and in its stead much whitish edging of the
quills and coverts, tail-feathers, and crissum.

Young, $ : Like the $ ; and during the progress to maturity every grada-
tion between the characters of the two sexes is observed. Sometimes nearly
all the feathers are skirted with white.

476 MY ACQUAINTANCE WITH THE BIRD

WHILE roaming about in Arizona, sometimes hunting for
birds and sometimes for Indians, I used at intervals
to see a bird that I did not then know, and that I came to
regard at last as great " medicine", so persistently did it elude
me — now I could not get a shot at the shy thing — now a fair shot
offered, but we had orders not to shoot for fear of discovery.
It was a beautiful jet black creature, showing a pair of white
disks, one on each side, when it flew ; generally seen amidst
dense chaparral, dashing about with a nervous yet lightsome
flight, reminding one of the action of a Mockingbird ; now for
a moment balancing with expanding wings and tail on some
prominent spray, then darting into the air to secure a passing
insect, or hurrying out of sight in the safe recesses of the covert.
A rather harsh and querulous note, which I learned to asso-
ciate with this wild and restless bird, was sometimes heard 5
and once I listened to a superb piece of music which I am per-
fectly sure came from this mysterious stranger. It was growing
dusk : the scene, the camp of a scouting-party returning from
unsuccessful pursuit of some Indians, who had raided and
run off our beef, and men busy gathering for burial the charred
and dismembered body of a comrade, who had been killed and
burned a few days before on that very spot, where the wolves
had afterward fought for the remains. The bird of omen, for
good or bad, appeared in sombre cerements, and sang such a
requiem as touched every heart; the camp grew more quiet than
usual, and we went to bed early.

This was the last time I ever saw or heard this remarkable
bird, which was a rather uncommon summer resident in the
immediate vicinity of Fort Whipple, though abundant a little
lower down and farther south. I noticed its preference for
rather open country, and observed some of its traits, as just
said, but learned little to the point respecting its habits. It
was originally described from Mexico by the noted quinarian,
William Swainson, whose whimsical theories of classification
should not blind us to the value of his actual contributions
to ornithology — whose visions, indeed, have represented many
curious analogies that birds afford ; and appears to have been
first added to the fauna of the United States by Col. George A.
McCall, while travelling from Yallecita to El Chino in Cali-
fornia. In the course of a mountain brook, whose clear waters
were shaded at intervals with gnarled and scrubby oaks, this dis-
tinguished officer observed a dozen of the dark-hued birds pitch-

M'CALL'S AND OTHERS' NOTES ON THE BIRD 477

ing about the topmost branches in active pursuit of their insect
prey— light and graceful on the wing, though less swift and
decided in their motions than true Flycatchers, rising high in
the air, then gliding swiftly back to their perches, while the
bright white wing-spot gleamed in the sunshine in contrast
with the black body-color. On his closer approach, these slen-
der-bodied birds became alarmed, ceased their aerial evolutions,
and winged their way to the hillside, to resume their sport
among the scrawny bushes that struggled for foot-hold with
the deeply-rooted rocks. But he followed the wayward fugi-
tives, now thoroughly on the qui vive, and at length, after dis-
mounting and clambering over the rocks, secured his trophies.

This was in 1852. The year previous, however, Dr. A. L.
Heermann* had secured both adult and young bird on the
Cosumues River in California, and he subsequently found the
species again in the Colorado Desert, near the Little Lagoon,
where an individual " was perched on a Mesquite tree, jerking
its tail almost incessantly, as do various other species of Fly-
catchers, and dashing occasionally in irregular curves and
angles high into the air in pursuit of insects ". On nearing the
Colorado Eiver, the same gentleman saw gatherings of twenty
or thirty of these birds, many of which would be on the wing at
once, making a pretty spectacle.

I derive these items, much abridged, from Mr. Cassin's beau-
tiful book, which made the bird well known to American orni-
thologists by the faithful colored portraits of both sexes it
contains, and these excellent fragments of biography. The
curious creature, for which we have no very apt English name,
is evidently a well-marked character, so similarly are different
observers impressed at first sight. See what a later writer, Mr.
Eidgway, says, and how he reproduces a picture that we now
recognize at a glance : —

" On several occasions we heard, among the cedar and pinon
woods of the desert ranges in Western Nevada, a note so similar
to the prolonged, querulous, rattling call of NuttalPs Wood-
pecker (Picus nuttalli), that we entered the fact among our
notes as evidence of the occurrence of that species eastward of
the Sierra. We could never see the author of these notes, how-
ever, until, on the 27th of June, 1868, when exploring the Soda
Lakes of the Carson Desert, we heard near by, in a ravine of

*The substance of Dr. Heermann's account is inserted by Dr. Brewer in his
"History", but wrongly accredited to Dr. T. C. Henry.

478 ITS GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

that remarkable locality, the same familiar call and immedi-
ately started in search of the bird which produced it. It was
soon discovered, perched on the summit of a large grease-wood
bush, but at our approach immediately took wing, and, notwith-
standing every artifice and caution on our part, kept out of
gunshot range, although enticing us on by frequent halts, dur-
ing which it perched on the topmost branch of the most promi-
nent bushes. At each flight the peculiar rattling call referred to
was uttered, so that the bird so long sought was at last before
us. We were greatly surprised, however, to find that it was
not the species we had supposed, but one we had never seen
before."

This region, in Western Nevada, may be about the northern
limit of dispersion oi this geographically restricted species, the
true home of the romantic nitens being in the warmer parts
of the Colorado Valley. It was secured by Mr. Ferdinand
Bischoff in Southern Nevada. We have accounts of its pres-
ence in various parts of California, and my knowledge of these
faunal areas leads me to infer the presence of the bird in
corresponding latitudes in Utah and Colorado, where advices
are still lacking. The species is undoubtedly migratory from
the northerly and more elevated localities, where it resides in
summer, as it certainly is from such a southern, though still
elevated, spot as Fort Whipple. Yet, as I ventured to say in
1866, it is doubtless a permanent resident in the southern por-
tions of Arizona, and is consequently found over the Mexican
border in winter. Dr. Heermann had already seen it at Fort
Yuma late in November, and Kennedy in February and March
at various points along his westward journey to the Great
Colorado ; and Henshaw latterly, in 1874, found it in Arizona
under circumstances warranting the belief that it is resident
over a considerable area in this Territory. For New Mexico, we
have the observations of Dr. T. C. Henry, as well as Dr. Ken-
nerly's. For California, Dr. Cooper's memoranda form an inter-
esting supplement to Heermann's original entries. According
to these, the shining birds are numerous on the Colorado,
especially in winter, and are to be found along the Mojave
Eiver in December. Many leave the immediate valley of the
river in April, in which month the late Captain Feilner found
the bird at Fort Crook, California. Dr. Cooper, like the rest,
attests the wildness of the bird, its trick of jutting the tail and
erecting the crest, like a Flycatcher, the pains a wounded one

THE NATURE OF ITS FOOD 479

takes to conceal itself, and adds some other particulars, to
which I shall presently refer again. I remark here, however,
that he alone, besides myself, credits the bird with musical
ability, speaking of its u sweet notes ", as indicating its Oscine
rather than Clamatorial affinities. How does it happen, by the
way, that so many persons who speak of this illusive bird have
nothing to say of its song ?

Having seen this much of a remarkable bird, let us com-
plete its natural history. We have yet to learn of two impor-
tant matters — what the pretty creature lives upon and how it
nests. Thus far, we have only seen it in the role of an expert
and successful insect-hunter; but, though insects form much
of its food, it seems that berries form still more. We might
expect, if its assigned relationships be the true ones, to dis
cover a berry-eater in this relative of asthmatic Ampelis. I do
not know whom to credit with the discovery, but we have
known for years that nitens is fond of various berries, like a
Cedar-bird for instance, especially the fruit of the mistletoe,
which grows in abundance in the regions where the birds live.
Thus Dr. Cooper says : — " They prefer the vicinity of the trees
on which the mistletoe grows, as its berries form much of their
food during the whole year, . . ." So also Henshaw, no less
explicitly, and with more detail: — "Large numbers of this
species were found, on several occasions, in the canon back of
Camp Apache, Ariz. As they were noticed nowhere else in
this vicinity, I judged that the abundance of mistletoe ber-
ries here served as an attraction. These they were greedily
feeding upon. . , . At Camp Bowie, Ariz., large numbers
were found gathered together in the canon, attracted thither
by the abundance of the berries of the Prunus demissa and
Vitis incisa. Of these, the birds seemed very fond, and they
appeared to constitute their sole food ; though the period during
which their feast lasts must be necessarily short, as each bush
was fairly beset by scores of these birds, who seemed to have
entered into a rivalry with the Mockingbirds to sed which
could bear away most of the ripe juicy fruit.77 Specimens pro-
cured by Mr. H. E. Dresser at Eagle Pass, Texas, had the
stomach filled with the berries of a species of mistletoe that
grows abundantly on the mezquites ; and Captain JBendire wit-
nesses that these birds " are always found about the mistletoe,
on the berries of which they feed almost exclusively" — a rather
strong statement indeed, but no doubt substantially correct.

480 NEST AND EGGS OF MY1ADESTES TOWNSENDI

The nidification of nitens has occasioned much uncertainty
and confusion; thus, Dr. Brewer has described the nest and eggs
as those of Myiadestes toicnsendL* The earliest allusion to the
nest of Phcenopepla I have seen is that made by Cooper, who
states that he found a nest near Fort Mojaveon the 25th of April,

*When I prepared my account of this bird for earlier pages of the
present work, 12 sheets of which, up to p. 192, were printed in 1876,
the eggs were still1 unknown. The requisite information has since been
furnished by Mr. Wilbur F. Lamb, of Holyoke, Mass., whose interesting
narrative I will here transcribe entire from the Bulletin of the Nuttall
Ornithological Club, vol. ii. no. 3, July, 1877, p. 77.

"NEST AND EGGS OF TOWNSEND'S FLYCATCHER.— In July, 1876, while
rambling with my brother over the mountains of Summit County, Colorado,
it was my good fortune to find, at an altitude of about ten thousand feet, the
nest of Townsend's Flycatcher (Myiadestes townsendi'), and as no description of
its eggs has yet appeared, perhaps the following may not be uninteresting :
The nest was very loosely, and, externally, shabbily built of long dry grasses,
straggling two feet or more below it. It was placed on the upper bank of a
miner's ditch (running from the Bear River, above Breckenridge, to the Gold
Run and Buffalo Flat diggings), and was partly concealed by overhanging
roots ; yet it was rendered so conspicuous by the loose swaying material of
which it was composed, as well as by that which had become attached to
the overhanging roots during its construction, as to attract the eye of an
experienced collector when yet some rods away. On nearing the nest the
bird immediately took flight, and alighted on the topmost branch of the
nearest pine. Resting uneasily here for half a minute, it then, in short, uncer-
tain flights, worked its way down the mountain side and out of sight. With-
drawing to a convenient cover, we had only to wait a few moments for the
bird to return, perch herself on a branch a few feet from the nest, peer
anxiously into it, and then quickly resume her task of incubation. Moving
cautiously along the bank above the ditch, we tried to capture the bird by
placing a hat over the nest, but, miscalculating its location by a few inches,
the bird eluded the stroke and made good her escape, as she did also on our
second attempt to capture her. Again retreating to cover, we waited for
half an hour for the bird to return, when suddenly we espied it flying from
branch to branch, displaying by its restless motions more anxiety and sus-
picion than before, yet constantly working nearer its home, which it soon
reached and settled quietly again to business. After the last unsuccessful
attempt to catch the bird, a stick was placed on the bank directly over the
nest, to mark its exact locality, and this time moving with less haste and
more caution, we gained the desired position, lay down on the bank, and
taking a hat in each hand quickly covered the opening and secured the
unfortunate bird, and also the opportunity of giving to ornithologists an
authentic account of the number, size, and coloration of the eggs. The nest
contained four eggs, very closely resembling those of the Shrikes. The
ground color is dull white or bluish, thickly blotched or freckled with red-
dish-brown. The measurements of the three specimens preserved are 1.01 by
.66, .94 by .68, and .88 by .66. Incubation had been going on for about ten
days, and unfortunately one egg was destroyed in cleaning."

NEST AND EGGS OF PILENOPEPIA NITENS 481

which was built on a mczquite branch twelve feet from the
ground. He gives no further particulars. Dr. Brewer describes
this find in detail, and gives an account of the two eggs it con-
tained in the first volume of the " History of North American
Birds", page 407. About the time that this notice appeared,
Dr. Brewer described in the Boston Natural History Society's
Proceedings, a nest and contents received from Captain Ben-
dire, but unluckily called its owner "Myiadestes townsendi",
instead of Plicenopepla nitens. As we now know the nest and
eggs of Myiadestes, there is no question about the blunder.
Recurring to the subject for the third time, in the Appendix
(vol. iii, p. 507) of the "History", Dr. Brewer redescribed Ben-
dire's material, though in somewhat discrepant terms.

Passing by the notice of Dr. Cooper's nest as not free from
suspicion, though most probably authentic, I present the other
two, both based upon the Bendire material. Says Dr. Brewer: —

" The nest was found May 12th, 1872, built in a low tree. It
was a shallow, nearly flat structure, and contained two eggs.
These eggs are of very peculiar and well-marked characteristics,
resembling no other egg that I can now call to mind. They are
of an oblong oval shape, tapering slightly towards one end, and
measure, one .90 of an inch in length by .62 in breadth, the
other .90 by .70 of an inch. Their ground color is a dull white,
slightly tinged with green, and strongly marked over the entire
egg with small, but distinct spots of a dark purplish brown, so
dark as to be only distinguishable from black in a strong light.
Interspersed with these markings are other fine dottings, less
distinct and of a lighter shade, and of a dark slate color, with
a slight reflection of lilac. The nest and eggs closely correspond
with a nest and contents, taken by Dr. Cooper." — (From Proc.
Bost. Soc. xvi. 109.)

" The nest is saddled on a horizontal branch, generally of a
mezquite-tree. It is a shallow structure, about 4 inches across;
its diameter is 2J inches, depth j an inch. It is composed of
fine sticks, fibres of plants, and lined with a little cottouwood
down and a stray feather. The first nest was found May 16.
This was principally lined with the shells of empty cocoons.
The number of eggs was two. Though he [Captain Bendire]
found more than a dozen nests with eggs and young, he never
found more than two in a nest. Their ground color varies from
a greenish-white to a lavender and a grayish- white, spotted
31 B c

482 NEST AND EGGS OF PH^NOPEPLA NITENS

all over with different shades of brown. The spots are all small,
and most abundant about the larger end, and vary greatly in
their distributions. In size they [i. e. the eggs, not the spots]
range from .97 of an inch to .84 in length, and in breadth from
.66 to .60."— (From Hist. NAB. iii. 507.)

Vv^

FIG. 51 bis.—Setophagapicta.
(Omitted from p. 335, q. v.)

CHAPTER XVI.— GREENLETS

FAM. VIREONIDJl

CHAR. — Small dentirostral Oscines, related to the Shrikes,
with ten primaries and extensively coherent digits. Bill shorter
than head, moderately or very stout, compressed, distinctly
notched and hooked at tip. Kictus with conspicuous bristles.
Nostrils exposed, overhung with a scale j the short, bristly and
erect frontal feathers reaching to the nasal fossaB. Wing of
variable shape, of ten primaries, the 1st short and spurious,
one-half or less the length of the 2d, in one small group rudi-
mentary, displaced, and apparently wanting. Tail rather short,
nearly even, of narrow feathers. Tarsi Osciue, the lateral
laminaB being entire except at base below, the anterior aspect
scutellate; not shorter than the middle toe and claw. Toes
soldered at base for the whole length of the basal phalanx of
the middle digit, which is united with the basal joint of the
inner digit and basal and next joint of the outer one ; these
coherent phalanges very short. Size small ; coloration simple,
oftenest greenish ; young not spotted or streaked.

"In the adhesion of the toes at their bases there is some
resemblance to the Troglodytidce, but their structure is different.
In the latter family the joints are lengthened, the basal of the
middle, about as long as the 1st and 2d of the outer, and equal
to or a little longer than the basal inner. In Vireonidce the
basal joints are abbreviated 5 the basal of the middle about
equal to one and a half joints of the outer, and not quite as
long as the basal inner. This difference is, perhaps, related to
the more or less terrestrial habitat of the one, and the strictly
arboreal of the other. In Vireonidce^ too, there is a greater
tendency to having three rows of scales on the upper part of
the palm, on the three toes respectively, instead of having
the outer two rows united more into a single series." — (Baird.)

The members of this group, for the most part, used to form
a portion of the extensive family of the Shrikes (Laniidce),
chiefly on account of the stout hooked and notched bill ; but

483

484 THE FAMILY VIREONIDJE

they may, I think, be properly dissociated, and form a family
by themselves. Some of the less typical extralimital forms
have occasionally been referred to the Tanagridce, with which
nine-prirnaried Oscines, however, no
relationship is obvious. The genus
Icteria is still associated by some lead-
ing ornithologists with the Vireouines,
but this form seems decidedly Tana-
groid or Sylvicoline. As here consti-
tuted, the Vireonidce are a family
FIG. 51.-A vireo(V.giivus). peculiar to America, comprising six
or seven genera and some seventy alleged species, an unusual
proportion of which appear to be well established. Vireo, in its
broad sense, is the typical and principal genus, the only one
found in North America, and characteristic of that country,
though many other species occur in Middle and South America.
The leading extralimital genera are Hylophilus, Cyclarhis, and
VireolaniuSj each of a number of species of Mexico and Central
and South America. Neochloe brevipennis is a special Mex-
ican form. Laletes osburni is peculiar to Jamaica, being the
only exclusively West Indian genus, though several species of
Vireo are confined to the Antilles. To complete the list, I
should mention the lately described Phcenicomanes iora, of the
West Indies,* considered by Sharpe and Sclater as related to
PhcenicopMlus. The notable genus Dulnsi is by some placed
in Vireonidce, by others referred to Ampelidce.

I continue as heretofore to refer all the North American
species to the single genus Vireo, for reasons given under the
following head.

Genus VIREO Vieillot

Muscicapa, p., of earlier authors.

Vireo, Vieiil. Oia. Am. Sept. i. 1807, 83. (Type Muscicapa noveboracensis Gm.)— Ed. Rev.

AB. 1866, 350 (monographic).
Vireosylva, Bp. Comp. & Geog. List, 1838, 26 (evidently intended for Vireosylvia). (Type

Muscicapa olivacea ~L.)—Bd. Rev. AB. 1866, 326 (monographic).

* 1874. SHARPE, R. B. On a new Genus and Species of Bird from the West
Indies. < P. Z. 8. xlii. 1874, pp. 427, 428, woodcc. pi. liv.

Phcenicomanes iora. Considered related to Phcenicophilus, and referred with
the latter to Vireonidce rather than Tanagridce.

1 1851. LAFRESNAYE, F. DE. Sur Poiseau nomme* par Brisson Tangara de
Saint-Domingue, Tanagra Dominicensis, Tanagra Dominica, par
Linne", figure" par Buffon, pi, enl. 156, f. 2, et dout Vieillot a fait son
genre Esclave (Dulus), sous le nom de DuluS palmarum. < Eev. et
Mag. de Zool iii. 1851, pp. 583-590.

THE GENUS VIREO 485

Phyllomanes, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. 1847, Bd. i. 321 ; Mas. Hein. 1850, 63 (substituted for

Vireosylvia).

Lanivireo, Bd. BNA, 1858, 329. (Type Vireo flavifrons V.)
Ylreonella, Bd. Rev. AB. 1866, 326. (Type Vireo gundlachi Lemb.)

Bill like that of a Shrike in miniature, moderately or very
stout, shorter than the head, compressed at least toward the
end, distinctly hooked and notched at the tip, sometimes with
trace of a tooth behind the notch of the upper mandible, and
usually a nick in the under mandible too. Kietal bristles con-
spicuous, and others present among the frontal and mental
feathers. Nasal fossa3 nearly filled with short erect feathers.
Toes extensively coherent at base, as explained under head of
the family ; lateral toes of unequal lengths ; claws stout, nar-
rowly compressed, much curved and acute. Wings at least as
long as the tail, more or less rounded ; sometimes much longer
and quite pointed; of ten primaries, the 1st usually evident,
though short and spurious, but sometimes (in the section Vireo-
sylvia and in Vireo flavifrons] rudimentary and more or less
completely concealed (exceptionally obvious even in these spe-
cies). Tail short, even, of narrow feathers. Size small ; length
usually five or six inches. Coloration simple; above oliva-
ceous or grayish, the crown like the back, or ashy (in one case
brown, in another black), the under parts white, or white and
yellow, or partly olivaceous. Sexes alike indistinguishable;
young similar, not spotted or streaked. Migratory in North
America. Insectivorous, arboricole. Nest pendulous; eggs
white, spotted.

The Vireos were long supposed to be in the curious case, that
some species possessed ten primaries, and others only nine —
certainly a remarkable circumstance, considering how constant
the number of primaries is among Oscines, and how distinctive
of great groups this character is.

Baird first showed that all the supposed uine-primaried species
have really the full number, ten ; the first being reduced to
the extreme of the spurious state, in which it is usually entirely
hidden from view, and even displaced to the outer side of the
next quill, on the base of which it rests like a duplicate of one of
the tiny coverts of the point of the pinion. Such is normally
the case in Vireo flavifrons, in V. philadelphicus, and in all the
species of the V. olivaceus group ( Vireosylvia). We have lately,
however, discovered that even V. olivaceus may possess an
obvious spurious primary, fully exposed in the normal position.
Thus, in a specimen before me as I write, kindly submitted to

486 THE NUMBER OF PRIMARIES IN OSCINES

my inspection by Mr. J. A. Allen, the spurious primary is con-
spicuously displayed, exposed for a third of an inch.*

* Believing this to be an important matter deserving of further investiga-
tion, I was not long since led to examine the general question, with satisfac-
tory results. I verified Professor Baird's observations in many more cases,
extending them to include all our North American families excepting per-
haps Laniidce (in Lanius) and Ampelidce (in Ampelis). The clue to the
search for the apparently wanting primary was given by Baird (Review, pp.
160, 325), from which it appears that in all those Vireos which seem to have
only nine primaries, two little feathers, distinct in size and shape and some-
what so in position, are found at the base of the supposed first primary ;
while in Vireos, with obviously ten primaries, there is only one such little
feather. With the possible exception of Ampelis and Lanius, in which I
did not make out the state of the parts satisfactorily, I find that in all of
the numerous North American genera examined, those of ten primaries show
but one of these little feathers, while the rest have two. In the family Alau-
didce, as in Vireonidcs, some genera have ten primaries, others apparently
only nine ; and in our genus Eremophila, in which only nine are developed,
there are two of the little feathers just mentioned, the overlying one being
exactly like one of the primary coverts, the other, though not very similar,
more resembling an abortive primary. Alauda arvemis, which shows a
minute but obvious spurious quill, has but one such little feather; and in
Galerita cristata, with a spurious quill about two-thirds of an inch long, there
Is likewise but one. In Clamatorial Passeres, perhaps without exception,
there are ten fully developed primaries, the first of which may equal or
exceed the next in length ; and in the single North American Clamatorial
family, Tyrannidce, I find, as before, only one of these little featners. In a
Woodpecker, remarkable among Picariau birds for possessing only nine long
primaries, the first being short or spurious, there is also but one.

It thus seems to be established that among supposed nine-primaried birds,
the additional one, making ten in all, is normally represented by the second
one of these tiny quills which overlie the base of the outermost fully devel-
oped feather ; it being this same little quill which in ten-primaried Oscines,
in Clamator'fts, and probably other birds, comes to the front and constitutes
the first regular primary, either remaining quite short, when it is the so-called
"spurious" primary, or lengthening to equal or exceed the other primaries
in extent.

It becomes an interesting question whether both of these minute quills be
not rudimentary primaries, as one of them certainly is. I have failed to
detect any material difference between the two in size, shape, or position.
One overlies the other, indeed, as a covert should a primary, but the two are
together inserted side by side on the upper side of the first fully developed
quill ; both are rigid and acuminate, more like primaries than like coverts,
and both are abruptly shorter than the true primary coverts. So far, all
the evidence favors the supposition that both are rudimentary primaries.
On the other hand, coloration is against such hypothesis, as in the original
case of Vireo flavifrons, in which Baird determined the underlying one of
these two little feathers to be the missing primary, mainly because it was
colored like the primaries, the overlying one resembling the coverts in colora-

HISTORY OF THE GENUS VIEEO 487

The history of the genus began in 1807, when Vieillot estab-
lished Vireo upon species which had been referred by earlier
authors to Muscicapa — as MM. noveboracensis and olivacea — and
described the new species *' Muscicapa" gilva, UM." altiloqua,
and Vireo flavifrons, besides renaming the two earlier species,
which he called respectively Vireo " virescens " and Vireo
u musicus". It is curious that, in establishing the genus Vireo,
he should thus have, nevertheless, described two Vireos as
" Muscicapa". In 1810, Wilson named " Muscicapa77 solitaria,
"melodia", "sylvicola", and " cautatrix"j the first of these
holds, but the other three are respectively the same as gilvus V.,
flavifrons V., and noveboracensis Gm. ; the name cantatrix is
derived from Bartram, 1791. An extralimital species was
named bartramii by Swainson in 1831, under the wrong im-
pression that it was North American 5 the name gave trouble,
and was not eradicated from our lists until 1866. In 1838, Bona-
parte first proposed to divide the genus into Vireosylva and
Vireo, basing the former name on the long-billed, long-winged
V. olivaceus, with apparently only nine primaries. Vireosylva,
by which Bonaparte doubtless meant to say Vireosylvia (as G.
E. Gray wrote in 1848), was changed by Cabanis in 1847 into
Phyllomanes, for no obvious reason. Audubon added one
species, V. belli, in 1844. In 1848, William Gambel added a
species (the subsequent barbatulus) to our fauna under the
name of altiloquus. Cassin gave a monographic sketch of the
genus in 1851,* adding three new species, V. huttoni, V.phila-

tion. But the color test is often inapplicable, coverts and primaries being
usually like each other in this respect, and color sometimes points the other
way. Thus, in Sitta carolinensis, a ten-primaried Oscine with spurious first
primary, the single remaining little feather is white at base across both webs,
like the primaries, the true primary coverts being white only on the inner
web.

The subject is further discussed in my paper, from which this note is
extracted, " On the Number of Primaries in Oscines ", <^Bull. Nutt. Ornilh.
Club, i. no. 3, Sept. 1676, pp. 00-63. See also the following :—

1878. — BATCHELDER, C. F. Spurious Primaries in the Red-eyed Vireo [Vireo
olivaceus]. <Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii. no. 2, Apr. 1878, pp. 97, 98-
The -writer has apparently measured the quill from the carpal joint, giving
dimensions much above those of the exposed portion of the feather.

*1851. CASSIN, J. Sketch of the Birds composing the genera Vireo, Vieillot,
and Vireosylvia, Bonaparte, with a List of the previously known
and descriptions of three new species. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
v. 1851, pp. 149-154, pll. x, xi.

Vireo, 5 spp. ; V. huttoni, p. 150, pi. x. f. 1, sp. n. Vireosylvia, 6 spp. ; V. flavo-
viridis, p. 152, pi. xi. ; V. philadelphica, p. 153, pi. x. f. 2, spp. nn.

488 HISTORY OF THE GENUS VIREO

delphica, and V. flavomridis, the second of these being after-
ward made the subject of several special papers.* The following
year, Dr. (3. W. Woodhouse described the remarkable V. atri-
capillusj and Cabanis shortly afterward (1855) separated the
Floridan barlatulus by name from the Antillean species, with
which it had before been confounded. John Xantus dedicated
a new species to Cassin in 1858 j and in that year Baird gave
a new recension of the genus, which he divided into Vireo-
sylvia, Vireo, and Lanivireo, basing the last name on V.flavi-
frons; he also described the Western form of gilvus under the
varietal name swainsoni. A notable incident in the career of
Vireo was the appearance of one of its species in England, as
recorded in 1864.t In 1866, 1 increased the number of known
species by three, discovered in Arizona— plumbeus, vicinior,
and pmillus; and the same year appeard that portion of Baird's
" Eeview 7? treating of the Vireonidce — for Sclater had raised
Vireo and its allied genera to the rank of a family in 1862. In
this notable monograph, by far the most elaborate and satis-
factory we possess, Baird rearranged the subdivisions of Vireo,
and added a fourth subgenus, Vireonella, based upon the Cuban
V.gundlacM. He added no North American species, but
described several new extralimital ones, which, with others
already and since described, form the complement of the genus
Vireo as now known to us.

But the various attempts which have been made to sub-
divide the genus have met with only a succes d'estime — in
fact, the species of Vireo seem scarcely susceptible of grouping
in subgenera without some violence, especially since we have

* 1857. BREWER, T. M. [On the characters, habits and distribution of Vii eo-
sylvia philadelphica of Cassin.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, i .
1857, pp. 108-111.
Including a letter from Th. Kumlein, of Wisconsin.

1876. DEANE, R. The Philadelphia Vireo [V. philadelphicus] in New Eng-

land. < Bull. Nuttall Ornith. Club, i. no. 3, Sept. 1876, p. 74.
Summary of its recorded occurrences there.

1877. Fox, W. H. Capture of the Philadelphia Vireo [V. philadelphicus]

in New Hampshire. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii. no. 3, July, 1877,
p. 78.

1 1864. BROWN, E. Occurrence of the Redeyed Flycatcher [Vireo olivaceus]
in England. < Zoologist, xxii. 1864, pp. 8965-8967.
Extracted from " Natural History of Tutbury ", p. 385.

1864. HADFIELD, H. Notes on the Redeyecl Flycatcher [Vireo olivaceus].
< Zoologist, xxii. 1864, pp. 9020,9021.

VIREONINE TRAITS 489

learned that all are really 10-primaried. The most obvious
distinction is that which Bonaparte originally acted on in pro-
posing to range under " Vireosylva " such specimens as oliva-
ceus; but the arbitrary discrimination between those with an
obvious spurious quill, and those in which the 1st primary is
rudimentary, separates such intimately related species as gilvus
and philadelphicusj while it unites others as distinct as flamfrons
is from olivaceus in most respects. I am led to return all the
Yireos under the original head, in view of the fact that almost
every single species has its own particular details of form as
well as of color. The specific characters in this group are for
the most part very constant and tangible, though requiring in
many cases nice discrimination, so curiously interrelated are
these birds.

They are an interesting and agreeable tribe of little birds,
simply-colored, in harmony with the foliage amidst which they
live, and numerous enough, both in species and in individuals,
to form a marked feature of our sylvan Ornis. Most of the
Greenlets, including all the larger species, as the Ked-eyed, the
Blue-headed, the Yellow-throated, and the Warbling Vireos, in-
habit high open woods, and the shade- trees of our parks, lawns,
and public streets; while the smaller ones, like the White-eye
of the East, and BelPs, and the Least Greenlet, live down in
the shrubbery with the Chats, Thrashers, and Cat- birds. Be-
ing mainly insectivorous, though they also feed on berries, they
are migratory in our country, and appear with all the periodicity
of the Warblers themselves; different Vireos nestle anywhere
in the United States, and some of them are among our most
numerous and conspicuous summer visitors; few go much, if
any, beyond the United States, and only exceptionally reach
high latitudes. They are very agile and industrious birds,
indefatigable in the pursuit of insects, nervous and highly ani-
mated in bearing, voluble and versatile in song, each kind
having its own musical accomplishments. Though insignificant
in size, Greenlets are spirited birds — the plucky little Ked-eye,
for instance, will defend itself when wounded with all the cour-
age of a Hawk ; and some of the most touching scenes I have
ever witnessed among the birds have been those when Green-
lets sought to protect, encourage, and sympathize with a
stricken mate. The Greenlets all build one style of nests, a
rather slight and thin-walled, but neat and compact, pensile,
cup-like structure, suspended from the fork of a twig ; and the

490 DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS — V. FLAVOVIRIDIS

eggs are alike white, rather sparsely but sharply speckled with
dark markings.

Many species of Vireo, unknown to the United States,
inhabit Mexico, the West Indies, and Central and South
America as far at least as La Plata, some of them having a
closely restricted geographical range. The thirteen North
American species, in the main, are divided, like the Deudrre-
cas, into Eastern and Western sets of species, the former being
VV. barbatulus, olivaceus, solitarius, flavifrons, gilvus, philadel-
phicus, noveboracensis ; the latter are plumbeus, vicinior, liut-
toni, belli, pusillus, atricapillus, to which cassini may be added

if substantiated as a spe-
cies. But gilvus is repre-
sented throughout the
West by a very slightly
different variety, swain-
soni ; undoubted exam-
ples of solitarius occur on
the Pacific side, olivaceus

FIG 52.-Vireo flavoviridis, natural size. has been found in Utan>

and noveboracensis west to the Eocky Mountains, while belli
occurs as far east as Illinois. V. atricapillus is known within
our limits only from Texas, barbatulus from Florida, and
none fewer than four, namely, plumbeus, vicinior, huttoni, and
pusillus, seem confined to the Southwest. An addition to
these, V. flavoviridis,* has been admitted to our fauna, and
may be expected to occur over our southern border.

In the following pages I take note of all the North American
species, giving synonymy and habitat in all cases, with descrip-
tive and biographical matter relating to those of the Colorado
Basin ; all the species but one being illustrated with details of
structure of the wing and bill. The figures I am permitted to

* Vireo flavoviridis.— Yellow-green Vireo.

Vireosylvia flavoviridis, Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 152, pi. xi (Panama).— Scl. PZS. 1856,
298 (Mexico).— Scl. PZS. 1859, 375 (Oaxaca).— S. & S. Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).— ScL
Cat. AB. 1861, 44.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. vii. 1861, 323 (New Grenada).— J?rf. Kev. AB.
1866, 336, fig.— Salv. PZS. 1867, 137 (Veragua).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. ix. 1868, 96
(Costa Rica).— v. Frantz. J. f. O. 18(59, 295 (Costa Eica).— Salv. PZS. 1870, 184 (Vera-
gua).— B. B. <& JR. NAB. i. 1874, 366, tig.—Lawr. Bull. Nat. Mus. 1876, 17(Tehuantepec).

Vireo flavoviridis, Bd. BNA. 1858, 332.— Coues, Key, 1872, 120, f. 61.

Phyllomancs flavoviridis, Cab. J. f. 0. 1861, 93 (Costa Kica).

Since this article was prepared, and too late for the textual modification
required to treat formally of the species, its actual occurrence in Texas
has been announced. (Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii. no. 3, July, 1878, p. 152.)

ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES OP VIREO 491

use, as I did in the " Key ", through Professor Baird's kindness,
they having been originally prepared with reference to his
" Keview ".

The North American species of Vireo may ordinarily be dis-
tinguished by the following

Analysis of Species

A. Primaries apparently only 9, the 1st being rudimentary and usually con-

cealed or displaced (occasionally quite visible).

1. Throat and breast rich yellow V. FLAVIFRONS.

2. Throat and breast white.

a. Crown ashy, black-edged.

aa. Back olive; sides of chin streaked V. BARBATULUS.

6Z>. Back olive ; no streaks on chin ....V. OLIVACEUS.

6. Crown ashy, not black-edged, quite like the back, V. PHILADELPHICUS.

B. Primaries evidently 10, the 1st being obvious, though short and " spu-

rious".

3. Crown black V. ATRICAPILLUS.

4. Crown not black.

c. 1st primary at least •£ as long as 2d, and wing 2-J inches long.

V. VICINIOR.

d. 1st primary not •£ as long as 2d ; or, wing not 2£ inches long.

cc. Wiug-bands wanting : coloration as in philadelphicus . ..V. GILVUS.
dd. Wing-bands present : length over 5 inches.

e'. Back olive, contrasting with ashy-blue crown V. SOLITARIUS.

/'. Back plumbeous, crown scarcely different V. PLUMBEUS.

ee. Wiug-bands present : length 5 inches or less.
g'. Wing equal to tail, 2£ inches ; 1st primary •£ as long as 2d.

V. PUSILLUS.
h'. Wing longer than tail ; crown ashy ; chin and superciliary line

white V. BELLI.

i'. Wing longer than tail; crown olive; chin white; superciliary

line yellow V. NOVEBORACENSIS.

&'. Wing longer than tail; crown olive ; chin and under parts yel-
lowish V. HUTTONI.

The following North American species are not known to
occur in the Colorado Basin : —

Vireo calidris barbatnlns.— Monstachcd Greenlet.

Vireo gilvus, D'Or&. La Sagra's Cuba, 1839, 43. (Not of Authors.)

Vireo longirostris, ? Nutt. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 359.

Vireo Ultiloquus, Qamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1848, 127 (Florida).— Bd. BNA. 1858, 334, excl.

syn. (Florida). (Not Muscicapa altiloqua of Vieillot.)
Vireosylvia altiloqua, Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 152 (Florida).— Gass. Uluat. 1853-4,

231, pi. 37 (partly; includes true oMiloquus, "Florida").— Bry. Pr. Boat. Soc. vii. 1859,

113 (Bahamas).— Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1861, 206 (Cuba).
Vireosylva altiloqua, Bd. Eep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 328 (Florida).
Vireo Yirescens, Poey? (Cuba. Either this or olivaceus. Not of Vieill.)
Vireo olivaceus, Thicnemann, J. f. 0. 1857, 147 (Cuba ; egg).

492 VIREO BARBATULUS V. PHILADELPHICUS

Pbyllomanes barbatulus, Cab. J.f.0. 1855, 467 (Cuba).— Brew. Pr. Boat Soc. vii 1860, 307

(Cuba).— Gundl J. f. 0. 1861, 324, 404 (Cuba).

Vireosylvia barbatula, Bd. Rev. AB. 1666, 331, f. 25958 (Cuba, Bahamas, and Florida).
Vireo altiloquus var. barbatuius, Coues, Key, 1872, 120, f. 60 (Cuba, Bahamas, and

Florida).
Vireosylvia calidris var. barbatulus, B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 360, pi. 17, f. 1 (Cuba,

Bahamas, and Florida).
Virfrm venial re, D'Orb. l.c.
Black-whiskered Vireo, Whip-tom-kelly, Ooues, 1. c.
Florida Greenlet, B. B. & It. 1. c.
HAB. — Cuba ; Bahamas ; Florida.

NOTE. — The Black-whiskered Vireo, or "Whip-tom-kelly", which occurs
in Florida, has been identified with the species of Cuba and the Bahamas,

the first distinctive name of
which appears to be barba-
tulus of Cabanis, 1855, ap-
plied to the Cuban bird. It
had before been well known,
under a variety of names,
even excluding those per-
taining to the other variety
(calidria of Jamaica, &c.).
FJG. 53.— Vireo barbatulus, natural size. if we may presume Nuttall

to hive meant this species, he called it V. longirostris (Man. i. 2d ed. 1840,
359), supposing it to be the V. longirostris of Swainson, FBA.ii. 1831,237,
which, however, is the true V. altiloquus. Gambel attributed it to this coun-
try, under the erroneous name of V. altiloquus, which is the other variety
of Jamaica, &c. ( Vireosylvia altiloqua, Bp. CA. i. 1850, 320 ; Scl. PZS. 1861, 72 ;
March, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1863, 294). Some have also noticed it under the name
of Vireosylvia altiloqua — the original Muscicapa altiloqua of Vieillot, OAS. C7,
pi. 38 (St. Domingo), having been pretty generally applied to the West
Indian Black-whiskered Vireos. This is also probably the species meant
by Professor Poey's Cuban V. vircscens, and certainly the one whose eggs
Thienenmnn describes as those cf V. olivaceus. In 1666, Professor Baird
restricted the Linnaean name Motacilla calidris to the ordinary bird of
Jamaica, &c., adopting Cabanis's term barbatulus for the present species.
M. calidris appears in the 10th ed. 1758, 184, n. 2 ; as used in the 12th ed.
1766, 329, n. 2, it is compounded of Edwards^ plate 121, fig. 2, Sloane, Jam.
ii.299, Eay, 184, n. 27, and Briss. App. 101, though the balance of evidence
enables us to follow Baird in restricting the name. In 1872, 1 reduced bar-
batulm to the grade of a race of " altiloquus ", which course was endorsed
by Baird and Eidgway in 1874 ; and I now think it best to follow Baird in
his interpretation of the applicability of the Linnasan term calidris to the
stock-species.

Tireo philadelpbicus.— Brotherly-love Greenlet.

Vireosylvia Philadelphia, Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 153, pi. 10, f. 2 (Philadelphia).—
Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 109 (Wisconsin ; habits).— S. <£• S. Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guate-
mala).— Bd. Rev. AB. 186G, 340, fig.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. T. ix. 1868, 96 (Costa
Eica).— v. Frantz. J. f. O. 1669, 295 (Costa Rica).— Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 504.-
Salv. PZS. 1870, 184 (Veragua).

Vireosylva philadelpbica, Bd. Hep. Great Salt Lake, 1852. 328.

Vireosylvia philadelpbicus, B. B. <£• K NAB. i. 1874, 367, pL 17, f. 4.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc.
xvii. 1674, 440 (New England).

VIREO PHILADELPHICUS — V. FLAVIFRONS 493

Vireo (Vireosylvla) philadelpbicns, Jtidgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 370 (Illinois).

Vireo philadelphiCUS, Bd. BNA. 1858, 335; ed. of I860, pL78,f.3 (Wisconsin and Ohio).—

Wheat. Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 365, 374 —Coues & Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861,

1862, 410.— Hamlin, "Rep. Maine Board

of Agric. 1865, — " (Waterville, Me.;

first New England record). — Coues, Pr.

Ess. Inst v. 1868, 277.— Allen, Mem.

Bost Soc. i. 1868, 517 (Illinois).— Turnb.

B. E. Pa. 1869, 26 ; Phila. ed. 19 (rare).—

Coues, Key, 1872, 120, f. 62.— Coues,

BNW. 1874, 97.— Wheat, apud Coues,

BNW. 1874, 233.— Gentry, Life-Hist.

1876, 218.— Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Club, i. _

_ _ ' FIG. 54.— Vireo philadelphicus, natnral size.
1876, 19 (Cambridge, Mass.).— Fox, Bull.

Nutt. Club, ii. 1877, 78 (Now Hampshire).— Langdon, List B. Cincinnati, 1877, 7

(Ohio).— Minct, BNE. 1877, 159.— Merr. Trans. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 33 (Connecticut,

" undoubtedly").
Vlreosylvia cobanensls, Scl. PZS. I860, 463 (Coban, Vera Paz).— Scl. Ann. Mag. N. H. 1861,

328 (same).

Brotherly-love Vireo, Coues, 11. cc.
Philadelphia Greenlet, B. B. & R. 1. c.
Philadelphia Vireo, Deane, Bull. Nutt Club, i. 1876, 74 (resume of New England record).

HAB. — Eastern North America. North to Hudson's Bay. South to Cen-
tral America. No Mexican or West Indian record. The Mississippi Valley
appears to be the main line of migration of this species, where it is much
more nnmerous than it seems to be in tbe Atlantic States or New England ;
it is not recorded from any part of the West.

Vireo flavifrons.— Yellow-throated Greenlet.

?Musdcapa ochroleuca, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 946, n. 29.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 581.-Lath. 10. ii.
1790, 489, n. W.—Steph. Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 376 (quotes M.sylvicola Wils.).— F. N.D.
d'H. N. xxi. 471.— F. EM. ii. 1823, 814.

? Sylvia ochroleuca, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 187.-F. Ency. Meth, ii. 1823, 446, n. 96 (quotes
Muscicapa ochroleuca Gm., & Penn. AZ. n. 276).

? Mniotilta ochroleuca, Gray, G. of B. i. 1848, 195.

Vireo flavifrons, V. OAS. i. 1807, 85, pi. 54.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 174.— Bp.
Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 70.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 302.— Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 119, pi. 119.—
Bp. CGL. 1838, 25.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 160.— Peab. Rep. Orn.Mass. 1839, 298.-J.ud. BA.
iv. 1842, 141, pi. 238.— Gir. ELI. 1844, 159.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 330.— Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad.
1851, 149.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853,309 (Wisconsin).— Read, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853,
398 (Ohio).— Woodh. Rep. Zuni &Colo. R. 1853, 15.—Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 77.— Gundl.
J. f. 0. 1855, 468 (Cuba).— Pratten, Tr. 111. Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 603.-Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst.
i. 1856, 213.— Scl. PZS. 1857, 227 ( Vera Cruz).— Maxim. J. f. O. 1858, 188.— Bd. BNA.
1858, 341.— S A S. Ibis, 1859, 12 (Guatemala).— /SW. PZS. I860, 251 (Orizaba).— Cab.
J. f. 0. 1860, 405 (Costa Rica).— Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. vii. 1860, 307 (Cuba).— Lawr. Ann.
Lye. N.T. vii. 1861, 323 (New Grenada).— Gundl. J. f. O. 1861, 404 (Cuba).— Wheat.
Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 365.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Coues &
Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 410.— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst iii. 1862, 157. -Hoy, Smiths.
Rep. for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missouri).— Hamlin, "Rep. Maine Board Agric. 1865 " (Water-
ville, Me.).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inat v. 1866, 87 (Canada West).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
viii. 1866, 285.— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst v. 1868, 278 (New England).— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc.
xii. 1868, 111 (South Carolina). — Turnb. ~B."E. Pa. 1869,27; Phila. ed. 20.— Wyatt, Ibis,
1871, 324 (Pirieo).— t Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst vi. 1871, 117 (Minnesota?).— Parser, Am.
Nat v. 1871, 168.— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 403 (Cuba).— Coues, Key, 1872, 121, f. 65.— Scott,
Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 224.— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 5 (breeding).— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc.
xv. 1873, 236 (Iowa).— Coues, BNW. 1874, 99.— Snow, B. Kane. 3ded. 1875, 6 (Kansas).—
Gentry, Life-Hist 1876, 221.— Minot, BNE. 1877, 153.

494

NOTE ON MUSCICAPA OCHROLEUCA GM.

Vireo (Lanlvireo) flavifrons, Sd. 185$.-Gundl. J. f. O. 18G1, 324 (Cuba).— Allen, Pr.Esa.

lost. iv. 1864, M.—Ridgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1374, 370 (Illinois).
Lanlvireo flavifrons, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N.T. ix. 18C8, 96 (Costa Rica).— v. Frantz.J.f.O.

1869, 295 (Costa Rica).— Allen, Bull. MCZ. ii. 1871,279 (Florida, winter;.— B. B. <& R.

NAB. i. 1874, 379, pi. 17, f. 5.— Brew. Pr. Boat, Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.— Lawr. Bull. Nat.

Mus. n. 4, 1876, 17 (Southwest-
ern Mexico).
Vlreosylvla flavifrons, Bd. Rev. AB.

1866, 346, fig.— Scl PZS. 1870,

184 (Veragua).
Vireo flaviflorcs, Gregg, Pr. Elmira

Acad. 1870.

Hnscicapa sylvicola, Wils. AO. i.
1808, 117, pi. 7, f.3 (nee Bart.).—
Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824,

tGolden'.'throat Flycatcher, P<m*. FlG" 55- ^eo flavifrons, natural size.

AZ. ii. 1785, 389, n.276! (descr. orig.New York).
? Golden-throated Flycatcher, Lath. "Syn. Snpp. 17—, 173, n. 80".—Steph. Gen. Zool. x.

1817, 376.

Fauvette a gorge florae, V. EM. 1. c. 446.
Gobe-moiiche jaunatre de IS'ew- Yorck, V. EM. 1. c. 814.
Vireo a front jaune, Le Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 213.
Yellow-throated Vireo, Yellow-throated Greenlet, Authors.

HAB. — Eastern United States and British Provinces ; west only to Iowa
and Kansas. Breeds in most if not all of its North American range. Win-
ters in Florida and southward, Mexico, Central America, and British Colum-
bia. Cuba (rare).

NOTE. — It seems most likely that the proper name of this species is not
Vireo flavifrons V., as commonly supposed, but Vireo ochroleucus (Gm.). For,
as late critics of our nomenclature have generally failed to observe, Muscicapa
ochroleuca of Gmelin is based on the " Golden-throated Flycatcher n of Pen-
nant and Latham, which is described from " New York " in terms that can
hardly be misunderstood, and which is doubtless the present species. This
name ochroleuca^ now indeed obsolete, was current for many years, espe-
cially with Vieillot, who reproduces it in various of his books, making of it
now a " Muscicapa", now a " Sylvia"; Gray quotes it in 1848 under "Mni-
otilta ", and Stephens even goes so far as to quote " Muscicapa sylvicola Wils."
as its synonym I I think it as well established for the Yellow-throated Vireo
as either olivaceus or noveboracensis are for their respective species — better, in
fact, than olivaceua L. is, for that is a compound of Edwards and Catesby,
and unquestionably includes two species (see Baird, Rev. p. 335). We have
all accepted noveboracensis Gm., as based on the "Green Flycatcher" of
Pennant and the " Hanging Flycatcher " of Latham, which are scarcely or
not more satisfactorily identifiable with the White-eyed Vireo than this
"Golden-throated Flycatcher" of the same authors is with V. flavifrona ;
and I am strongly disposed to recommend that the above name, Vireo ochro-
leucua, be adopted.

SYNONYMY OF VIREO OLIVACEUS 495

The Red-eyed Greeiiflet

Tireo oil vacous

MuSCicapa Olivacea, L. SN. i. 1766, 327, n. 14 (in part ; from Cates. i. 54 ; Edw. v. 93 ; Briss.
ii. 410 ; thus including the Jamaican bird).— Gm. SN. i. 1788, 938, n. 14 (in part ; same
as Linn. ; also quotes Brown, Jamaica, 476).— Lath. IO. i. 1790, 482, n. 61.— Turt. SN. i.
1806, 575.— Wils. AO. ii. 1810, 55, pi. 10, f. 3.— Steph. Shaw's GZ. x. 1817, 379.— Bp. Journ.
Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 176.— Brown, Zool. 1864, 8965 (England). -Hadfield, Zool. 1864,
9020 (England).— Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 290.

Lanius olivurcus, Licht. " Verz. 1823, 49".

Vireo Olivaceus, "VieiU. "-Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 71.— S. <&R. FBA. ii. 1831, 233, fig. on
p. 235.— Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 312.— And. OB. ii. 1834, 287, pi. 150.— Pedb. Rep. Orn. Mass.
1839, 299.— And. Syn. 1839, 162.— And. BA. iv. 1842, 155, pi. 243.— fltr. BLI. 1844, 157.-
Oabot, Naum. ii. Heffc iii. 1852, 65 (Lake Superior).— Woodh. Rep. Znfii & Colo. R. 1853,
76.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acid. 1853, 309.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 213.— Kneel. Pr. Bost.
Soc. vi. 1857, 234.— Maxim. J. f. 0. 1858, 187.— Bd. BNA. 1658, 331.— Willis, Rep. Smiths.
Inst. for 1858, 1659, 282 (Nova Scotia).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. Ie60, 307 (Cuba).—
Wheat. Ohio Agric. Rep. for I860, 1861, 364.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for ie60, 1861,436.—
Coues <& Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 410.- Terr. Pr. Eas. Inst. iii. 1862, 148.-
Verr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 138 (Anticosti).— Boardm. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 126.—
Blak. Ibis, 1662,5; 1863, 66 (Saskatchewan).— Dress. Ibis, 1865, 480 (Texas).— Hoy,
Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missouri).— Mcllvrr. Tr. Ess. Inst, v. 1866, 87 (Canada
West).— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 277 — Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. 1868, 111 (South
Carolina).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 35.— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 26; Phila. ed. 19.—
tFinsch, PZS. 1870, 565 (Trinidad^-Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst vi. 1871, 117.— Parker, Am.
Nat. v. 1871, 168.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1871, 21.— Coues, Key, 1872, 120, f. 59.— Allen,
Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 176 (mountains of Colorado, up to 11,000 feet; Ogden, Utah).—
Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 370.— Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 223.— Trippe, Pr. Bost.
Soc. xv. 1873, 236.- -Merr. Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 714.— Coues,
BNW.1874,96.— Hensh.Hep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 42 (Utah, Allen).— Allen,Pr. Bost. Soc.

xvii. 1874, 54 (Upper Missouri River). , Am. Nat. viii. 187-J, Zll.-Ho/man,

Pr. Bost. Soc. xviii. 1877, 171 (Dakota).— Gentry, Life-Hist. 1876, 211.— Minot, BNE.
1877, 155.— Batch. Bull. Nutt, Club, iii. 1878, 97 (spurious primary).— Coues, Bull. Nutt.
Club, iii. 1878, 95 (nesting).

Vireo olivacea, Denny, PZS. 1847, 38.

Vireo Olivaceous, Thomps. Vermont, 1653, 77.— Pratten, Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 603.—
Merr. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 87.

Vireo Olivaceus, Gregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870.

Vlreosylva olivacea, Bp. CGL. 1838, 26.— Reinh. Ibis, 1861, 7 (Greenland).

Vireosylvia Olivacea, Bp. CA. 1. 1850, 329.— Reinh. "Vidensk. Meddel. for 1853, 1854,82"
(Greenland).— Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 151.— Burnett, Pr. Bost. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.—
Reinh. J. f. 0. 1854, 439 (Greenland).— Scl. PZS. 1855, 439 (Bogota).— S. <£ S. Ibis, 1859,
12 (Guatemala).— Scl PZS. 1859, 363 (Xalapa).— Mosley, " N. H. Tutb. 1863, 385, pi. 6 "
(Derby, England, May, 1859).— ScZ. Ibis, 1864,394 (England).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1866,333,
fig.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 285.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. 1868, 96 (Costa
Rica).— a Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, 295 (Costa Rica).— S. <& S. PZS. 1870, 836 (Honduras).—
Allen, Ball. MCZ. ii. 1871, 270 (Florida, in winter).— Harting, Man. Br. B. 1872, 99 (Eng-
land).— Ridgw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 198.— Layard, Ibis, 1873, 377 (Para ?).

Vireosylvia Olivaceus, B. B. <£ R. NAB. i. 1874, 363, pL 17, f. 2.-Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii.
1875, 440.

Vireo (Vireosylvia) oiivaceus, Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 66.

Phyllomanes olivacea, Cab. Mas. Hein. i. 1850, 63.— Cab. J. f. 0. 1860, 404 (Costa Rica).

Pbyllomanes Olivaceus, Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 403 (Cuba).

Muscicapa sylvicola, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, 290 bis (nee Wild.).

Vireo virescens, Vieitt. OAS. i. 1807, 84, pL 53 (Pennsylvania).— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 53;
Phila. ed. 42 (same).

Vireosylvia virescens, Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 151.

Vireo bogotensis, Bry. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1859, 227 (Bogota).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. viii. 1863,
6 (New Grenada).

496

CHARACTERS OF VIREO OLIVACEUS

Red-ey'd Fly-Catcher, Muscicapa oculls rubris, Gates. Car. i. 1771, 54, pi. 54 (lower fig.).
Olive-coloured Flycatcher, Edw. " Gl. 93, pi. 253 ".

Gobe-mouche de la Jamalque, Muscicapa Jamaicensis, Briss. ii. 1800, 410, n. 27 (in part).
Red-eyed Flycatcher, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 387, n. 271.— Lath. "Syn. ii. 351, n. 51".— Steph.

Gen. Zool. x. 1817, 379.

Moucberolle olive, Le Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 160.
Red-eyed Vireo, or Greenlet, And. & Authors.

HAB. — Chiefly Eastern North America to Hudson's Bay; Greenland (Rein-
hardt). West, however, to the Rocky Mountains, and even beycnd ; Wash-
ington Territory (Kennerly) ; Utah (Allen). South to New Grenada and
Trinidad (Finsch, PZS. 1870, 565). Cuba alone of the West Indies. In Mex-
ico, chiefly replaced by S. flavoviridis (Xalapa, Sclater). Extremely abundant
in Eastern United States. Breeds at large in its North American range, and
winters from Florida southward. Accidental in England (see the references
in foregoing synonymy).

FIG. 56. — Vireo olivaceus, natural size.

CH. SP. — g 9 Remigibus ix. Flavo-olivaceus, alls caudaque
fuscis flavo-olivaceo limbatis ; infra albus, lateribus mx virescen-
tibus; pileo cinereo-plumbeo fusco limbato, striga superciliari alba :
lor is plumbeo-fuscis; iridibus rubris.

$ $ : Entire upper parts and the edgings of the dusky wings and tail uni-
form yellowish-olive, extending on the sides of the neck and breast, but
well defined against the color of the crown. No bars across ends of wing-
coverts. Beneath pure white, a little shaded with greenish-yellow along
the sides ; no dusky maxillary stripes. Cfip ashy-plumbeous, bordered on
each side with a dusky line. A broad white superciliary stripe from nostrils
over the eye and ear ; below this a dusky loral line prolonged through the
eye ; lower eyelid whitish. Bill dusky plum beous above, pale horn-color
below ; feet plumbeous ; iris red. No obvious spurious first primary. Length,
extremes, 5f-6J, generally about 6; extent, 9f-10£ ; wing, 3-3£; tail, 2£-2£;
bill along culmen, over \ ; tarsus, f .

The sexes are indistinguishable, and the young resemble the old very
closely. Autumnal specimens, of both old and young, are more brightly
colored than old ones, with more decided yellowish-green shading on the
sides below, sometimes extended on the crissum. The young have the eyes
less decidedly red— rather reddish-brown. The species is readily recognized
by its large size, long bill, apparently only nine primaries, no maxillary
stripes, red eyes, and peculiar head-markings as above given. It is the only
species of its particular sub-group known to inhabit the West, though a
closely allied one, V. flavoviridis, has occured just over our southern border.

HABITS OF THE RED-EYED GREENLET 497

TOE Red-eyed is a Yireo of exceeding abundance in the
United States east of the Mississippi, yet one which
extends to the Eocky Mountains, and even beyond them. The
dispersion of this bird remains rather more extensive than that
of any other of the genus, even after excepting its casual occur-
rences in Greenland and England. In the Antilles, which pos-
sess their own Greenlets, it is only known in Cuba, where it is
rare ; and it seems to be mostly replaced in Mexico by the
closely-allied V. flavoviridis. Some representatives of the spe-
cies linger in winter along our southernmost shores, but the
true home of these birds at such season is in Central America,
where we have advices from Guatemala, Panama, and else-
where. Their breeding range apparently coincides with the
whole of their North American range ; but I think that in sum-
mer there are more Greenlets of this kind to the square mile
in the Middle States than anywhere else. The Red-eyes are
among the very commonest of all the birds that breed, for
instance, in the District of Columbia, where, during the heat
of summer, their energetic and voluble notes resound, no less
than the querulous plaints of the Wood Pewees, throughout
the woods. The persistency of these musicians is really remark-
able; they sing at all hours, even at the listless noon, which
invites most birds to rest in the shade, and prolong their ner-
vous notes to the very end of summer, long after the exal-
tation of other warblers has passed away. If we watch a
Red-eye, as we may easily do, in the nearest piece of wood, or in
the shade-tree close by the house, we shall see him performing
in a very nonchalant, almost mechanical way, as he goes about
his business of fly-catching, sometimes stopping in the midst of
a bar to snap at an insect, and resuming the note as soon as
he has fairly cleared his throat. No one of the sylvan choir is
more simple and unaffected than this modest performer, who
seems to sing unconsciously or as if absorbed in reverie, while
his daily work goes on.

As to the musical quality of this performance, there may be
two opinions. The Red-eye belongs, as we have seen, to the sec-
tion of the genus called Vlreosylma, and this includes V. calidris,
a bird known in Jamaica by the curious names of " Whip-tom-
kelly", or " John-to-whit", derived, like Whippoorwill, Chuck-
wilPs-widow, and many other designations of animals, from
the sound of its voice. The well-known and very true natural-
ist, Philip Henry Gosse, has described this curious ditty in his
32 B c

498 SONG OF THE RED-EYED GREENLET

wonted agreeable manner. The Jamaican Flycatchers in gen-
eral, he says, " are not very vociferous, but this is pertinacious
in its tritouous call, repeating it with energy every two or three
seconds. . . . On the 26th of March, on my return to Bluefields,
after a visit to Spanishtown, I heard its well-known voice, but
my lad had noticed it a week before. From this time, every
grove, I might almost say every tree, had its bird, uttering,
with incessant iteration and untiring energy, from its umbra-
geous concealment, — * Sweet John! — John-to-whit! — Sweet- John-
to-whit ! — John-fwhit ! — Sweet-John-to — whit ! 7 I can scarcely
understand how the call can be written ' Whip-tom-kelly ?, as the
accent, if I may say so, is most energetic on the last syllable.
Nor have I ever heard this appellation given to it in Jamaica.[*]
After July we rarely hear 'John-to-whit7 — , but, lto-ichit —
to-whoo7, and sometimes a soft, simple chirp, or sip, sip, whispered
so gently as scarcely to be audible." All this is as applicable
to the Red-eyed Greenlet, mut. mut., as if it had been written
for the latter — even to the criticism that ' Wbip-tom-kellyMs
an inept designation. Though Wilson says : " On attentively
listening for some time to this bird in his full ardor of song, it
requires but little of imagination to fancy that you hear it
pronounce these words," — Nutta»l has, to my way of thinking,
rendered the song in a much more graphic manner, in saying:
"... the most lively or accidental fit of imagination, never
yet, in this country, conceived of such an association of sounds.
I have already remarked, indeed, that this singular call is, in
fact, sometimes uttered by the Tufted Titmouse. When our
Yireo sings slow enough to be distinctly heard, the following
sweetly warbled phrases, variously transposed and tuned, may
often be caught by the attentive listener : 'tshotie pewee peeai
mtisik 7du Jd& 7du, 'tshotive Jh$re 'here, hear here, hear here, Wing
'ritshard, 'p'shfyru 'tshevii, Hsheevoo, 'tshuvee peeait 'ptroi. The
whole delivered almost without any sensible interval, with earn-
est animation, in a pathetic, tender and pleasing strain, well
calculated to produce calm and thoughtful reflection in the sen-
sitive mind." I witness the fidelity of this description, and I
can even catch the rhythm or movement of the piece in the
quaint syllables Nuttall uses, though I must confess that I fail
to gain from them the slightest notion of the timbre or quality

* The name is traditional, having come down from the fathers : see Sloane,
Browne, Edwards (who figures it unmistakably, pi. 253), and the rest.

NEST OF THE RED-EYED GREENLET 499

of the notes j others perhaps, of ulcer ear, may be more fortu-
nate.

There is one point about this Greenlet (shared to some ex-
tent by other Vireos) with which collectors are doubtless as
familiar as myself, but which has not been recorded in so many
words. I refer to the nicety of the plumage at all seasons.
There is something about the moult that keeps the bird in good
order. You may shoot Ked-eyes in July and August, young
and old, always in fair condition for preservation, when most
other birds are ragged or full of pin-feathers. The vernal
birds, in their best feather, seem to be peculiarly smooth,
something like the Black throated Bunting in comparison with
others of its family. 1 have recently learned another fact,
novel to me, from a Philadelphia correspondent, Mr. W. L.
Collins.* This young naturalist found a Red-eye's nest upon
which the female was sitting, though the frame-work of the
structure was barely completed. The male bird presently flew
to the nest bringing some material in his bill, which he gave
to his mate to arrange while he went after more. The nest
contained at this moment three eggs, and it was not until
three or four days afterward that the fabric was finished.
Laying in half built nests is a common thing, however, and
probably more so than we may suppose, though less often
witnessed in such an instance as the present, where the pensile
structure must needs be well advanced to hold the eggs
securely. This Vireo keeps for the most part in high, open
woods, and there forages for insects mainly among the upper
branches, where we oftenest see it tripping alone, and whence
its song oftenest falls on appreciative ears ; but in its choice of
a nesting-place it frequently descends within a few feet of the
ground. The smaller trees, especially those with slender,
straggling branchlets, are commonly selected, the neat cup
being suspended by the brim in the embrace of a forked
twig. The structure is usually very smooth and compact,
as if the materials were matted or even pasted together,
unlike the tough, but pliably woven, purses of the Orioles ; and
some have supposed, though without direct evidence as yet,
that the materials are agglutinated with the saliva of the bird.

* 1878. COUES, E. Nesting of Vireo olivaceus. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii.
no. 2, Apr. 1878, p. 95.

Communicated by W. L. Collins.— The bird laid in an unfinished
during its construction.

500 EGGS OF THE RED-EYED GREENLET

In any event, these nests are remarkably durable, hanging
for many months after they have been deserted; and when the
leaves have fallen, revealing the trees in their nakedness, these
structures become conspicuous along the roadside, around the
edges of clearings, and among the dogwoods and Judas-trees
that form the undergrowth of our noble oak forests. Wilson
says they are frequently used by mice, and that in one instance
a Yellowbird built its own nest in one of these deserted homes.
They are among the more frequent depositories of Cowbird
eggs ; and the owners seem to be as devoted as can be to the
incubation of the alien eggs and subsequent care of the
young. Dr. Brewer narrates that in one instance a Red-eye
hatched three Cowbird eggs without laying any of her own ;
and gives the particulars of another case, in which a Vireo
laid two eggs, and then stopped to incubate them, together
with two Cowbird eggs, which had meanwhile been deposited
with her own. The Vireo's eggs are usually four in number,
measuring about four-fifths of an inch in length by three-fifths
in breadth, and are not peculiar in shape ; the shell is pure
white, sparsely sprinkled with small and sharp markings of
reddish-brown or dark brown, chiefly about the larger end.
Two broods are often reared each season by the same pair, and
such is probably the rule in the Middle and Southern States,
to judge from the great abundance of the birds, as well as
from the periods when newly-feathered young may be found.
In the District of Columbia, where these Greenlets are ex-
tremely abundant, I used to note their arrival during the last
week in April, and have observed them as late as the 25th of
September, about which time they leave with one accord.
Nuttall, however, has witnessed their lingering in Massachu-
setts even so late as the 26th of October.

It is known that this Vireo is not exclusively insectivorous,
and the same is doubtless true of other Greenlets. Kuttall
observed them feeding greedily on the small berries of the
bitter cornel and the astringent Viburnum dentatum. The
same author gives some pleasant gossip about a young Vireo
which entered his chamber and became an inmate for a while.
He soon grew reconciled to the situation, became so gentle as
to take insects from the hand, and apparently used to seek
protection from an irascible Kingbird, who occupied the same
quarters, and who begrudged him his share of food. This
Greenlet used to eat viburnum- berries with a good appetite,

SYNONYMY OF VIREO GILVUS 501

and like the Flycatcher and birds of prey, regurgitated indi-
gestible portions of his food, as the skins and seeds of berries,
and the legs and wings of insects. He folded his head under
his wing to sleep, and rested soundly, unlike his fellow pris-
oner, who was never caught asleep for the period of eight
months during which he was under observation. But the little
Greenlet came to an untimely end, after the custom of pet
birds ; aud a lock of hair found in his stomach was supposed
to have been the cause of his death.

Western Warbling Greenlet

Vireo gilrus swainsoni

a. gilvus

Muscicapa gilva, V. " OAS. i. 1807, 65, pi. 34 ".—Steph. Gen. ZooL x. 1817, 387.

SylTia gllva, V. N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, 190.— V. Ency. Meth. ii. 1823, 453, n. 116.

Vireo tfilvus, Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1S24, 176.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 70.— Nutt.
Man. i. 1832, 309.— Aud. OB. ii. 1834, 114, pi. 118.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 26.— Aud. Syn. 1839,
161.— Aud. BA. iv. 1842, 149, pi. 241.— Oiraud, BLI. 1844, 161.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 330.—
Hoy, Pr. Phila, Acad. 1853, 309. -Bead, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 398.— Woodh. Rep. Zufii &
CoL R. 1853, 16.—Thomps. Vermont, 1853, App. "ZZ.—Kennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc.
i. 1855, 582.— Pratten, ibid. 603.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 213.— Scl. PZS. 1858, 302
(Oaxaca).— JSdBNA. 1858,335.— Willis, Smiths. Eep. for 1858, 1859, 282.— Wheat. Ohio
Agric. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 364.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 18GO, 1861, 436.— Coues & Prent.
Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1802, 410 — BlaHst. Ibis, 1862, 5 ; 1863, 66 (Saskatchewan).— Verr.
Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 148. — Verr. Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1863, 234 (Maine).— Allen, Pr. Ess.
Inst. iv. 1864, 67. —Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864 1865, 437 (Missouri).— Dress. Ibis, 1865,
480 (Texas).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. lust. v. 1866, 87.— Butch. Pr. Phila, Acad. 1868, 149
(Texas).— Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 277.— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1868, 111.— Brawn,
Ibis, 1868, 421 (Vancouver).— Turrib. B. E. Pa, 1869, 26 ; Phila. ed. 19.— / Trippe, Pr. Ess.
Inst vi. 1871, 117.— Coues, Key, 1872, 120, f. 63.— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 370.—
Scott, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 223.— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873,236 (Iowa).— Allen,
Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1874, 54 (Dakota).— Snow, B. Kans. 1873, 5.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 97.—
Gentry, Life-Hiat. 1876, 218.— Minot, BNE. 1877, 157.— McCauley, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv.
iii, n. 3, 1877, 662 (Texas).

Viero gilvus, Peab. Rep. Orn. Mats. 1839, 299.— Gregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1870, — .

Yireo gilva, Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vi. 1857, 109.

Vireosylvia gilTa, Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 153.— Scl. PZS. 1856, 298 (Mexico).— Bd. Rev.
AB. 1866, 342, fig.— Laurr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 285.— Sumich. Mem. Bost. Soc. i.
1869, 548 (Vera Cruz).— Ridg.
Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 198.

Vireosylvia gilvus, B. B. & R. NAB.
i. 1874, 368, pL 17, f. 3.— Brew.
Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.

Muscicapa melodia, Wils. AO. v. 1812,
85, pi. 42, f. 2.— Steph. Gen. Zool.
x. 1817, 382.— Bp. Journ. Phila.
Acad. iv. 1824, 176.

Grlseous Flycatcher, Steph. 1. c.

Moucherolle gris, F.^OAS. 1. c. FIG. 57.— Vireo gilvus, natural size.

Fauvette grrise des Etats-Unis, V. 11 cc. 1817 & 1823.

Vireo ou Moucherolle gris, Lc Moine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 2ia

Warbling Flycatcher, Warbling Vireo, Warbling Greenlet, Authors.

b. swainsoni

Vireo gilvus, Towns Journ. Phila, Acad. viii. 1839, 153.— Henry, Pr. Pbila. Acad. 1855, 313;
1859, 106 (New Mexico).— Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 191 (California).— Coop. <& SucJd

502 CHARACTERS OF VIREO GILVU8 SWAINSONI

N. H. Wash. Terr. 1860, 188.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 35 (Rocky Mountains).— A lien,

Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 156, 176 (Kansas, Colorado, Utah ; includes both varieties).
Vireo swainsoni, Ed. BNA. 1858, 336 (in text).— Coues, Ibis, 1865, 164 (Arizona).— Coues

Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 73 (Arizona).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 479.
VI reo SWainsonii, Merr. Ann. Rep. U. S. GeoL Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873, 714.
Vireosylvia swainsoDi, Bd. Rev. AB. 1866, 343, fig.— Aiken, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1872, 198

(Colorado).

Vireosylvia swainscnii, Stev. Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Snrv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 464.
Vireo gilvus var. swainsoni, Coues, Key, 1872, 121, f. 64.— M jrr. Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv.

Terr, for 1872, 1873, 712.— Tarr. & Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 12.— flemft. ibid. 43, 77,

105.— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 151.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 221.
Tireo gilvus b. swainsoni, Coues, BNW. 1874, 98.

Vireosylvia gilva var. swainsoni, Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. v. 1873, 181 (Colorado).
Vireosylvia gilvus var. swainsoni, B.B.&R. NAB. i. 1874, 371.— Later. Bull. Nat. Mus.

n. 4, 1876, 17 (Tehuan tepee).
Vireosylvia gilva /3. swainsoni, Ridgw. Rep. Surv. 40th Par. iv. pt. iii. 1877, 448.

HAB. — Of gilvus proper, temperate Eastern North America, to the high cen-
tral plains. Breeds throughout
its North American range ; win-
ters extralimital, in Mexico
and doubtless elsewhere, but
not known in the West Indies.
Of so-called "swainsoni", the
rest of the United States, in
wooded regions, from the plains
FIG. 58. — Vireo swainsoni, natural size. ^o ^jje Pacific.

' CH. SP. — S 9 Remigibus x. Cinereo-virescens, pileo sensim
cinerascente, necfuscolimbato; uropygio virente, striga superciliari
albidd, orbitis fuscis; loris albidis; infra albidus, sordide sub
flavivans, lateribus obscurioribus ; alls hand fasciatis.

£ $ , adult : With 10 primaries, the exposed portion of the first of which
is i or less of the length of the second, no obvious wing-bars, no blackish
stripe along the side of the crown, and no abrupt contrast between color of
back and crown. Upper parts greenish, with an ashy shade, rather brighter
on the rump and edgings of the wings and tail, anteriorly shading insensibly
into ashy on the crown. Ash of crown bordered immediately by a whitish
superciliary and loral line; region immediately before and behind the eye
dusky ash. Below, sordid white with faiut yellowish (sometimes creamy or
buffy) tinge, more obviously shaded along the sides with a dilution of the
the color of the back. Quills and tail-feathers fuscous, with narrow external
edgings as above said, and broader whitish edging of the inner webs; the
wing-coverts without obvious whitish tipping. Bill dark horn-color above,
paler below ; feet plumbeous. Iris brown. Length, 5 inches, or rather more ;
extent, about 8£; wing, 2f ; tail, 2£; bill, f- ; tarsus, £.

Specimens differ a good deal in the shade of the upper parts, and particu-
larly in the tint of the under parts. Birds of the year and autumnal speci-
mens generally are apt to be brighter than those of spring. It is a very plainly
marked species, but the above description should suffice for its discrimina-
tion among the species described in this work.

Western specimens were first doubtfully described as distinct under the
name of V. sivainsoni, then rated as a good species, and finally quoted as a

THE WABBLING OF THIS GBEENLET 503

geographical race. They average rather duller colored than their Eastern
representatives, like most birds, in fact, of this dry region. I fail to appre-
ciate any tangible difference in general dimensions, or in shape of the bill.
The character of more rounded wing, which has been chiefly relied upon, the
2d quill being shorter instead of longer than the 6th, does not hold as dis-
tinctive, for I find the same wing-formula in a specimen shot at Washington,
D. C. Without feeling much confidence in the reality of the distinction
which has been sought to be maintained, I have separated the synonymy
under two heads. The description is taken from Western specimens.

WARBLING Greenlets, whether of the Eastern or of the
Western type, inhabit all the woodland of temperate
North America. But in choosing their summer homes they
usually show good taste enough to seek the luxuries of city life,
displaying at the same time the force of character required to
escape its dangers. Neither disposed to undue familiarity, nor
given to over confidence, these urbane birds move in a quiet
circle of their own, in slight contact with less polished members
of society, quite apart from the vulgarity of the street and
market-place, and always with the easy self-possession that
marks the well-bred. We seldom see them, indeed; they are
oftener a voice than a visible presence— j ust a ripple of melody
threading its way through the mazes of verdure, now almost
absorbed in the sighing of foliage, now flowing released on its
grateful mission. Their's is a tender, gentle strain, with just
a touch of sadness, borne on the same breath that wafts us
the perfume of April's early blossoms; and these are all the
sweeter for the instillation of such song. From the poplar that
glances both silver and green as its tremulous verdure is
stirred — from the grand old halls of the stately, splendid-
flowered liriodendron — from the canopied shade-weaving elm,
and the redolent depths of magnolia — issues all summer long
the same exquisite refrain, while the singers glide through their
hermitage unseen. Who would know these splrituelle musi-
cians better must be quick to catch a glimpse of a very small
sober-colored bird whose tints are those of its leafy home, and
whose course in the heart of the trees is as devious as the play
of the sunbeam itself.

The Warbling Vireo is no less agile a bird than his cousin
the Red-eye, and equally tireless in the pursuit of his insect
prey ; both these birds sing as they go, with an unconscious
air, as if in a reverie; but the easy and wonderfully skilful
modulation of the former's flowing song contrasts to great ad-
vantage with the Red eye's abrupt and somewhat jerky notes.

504 THE GOOD OFFICES IT RENDERS

Both are among the most persistent of our musicians ; in the
Middle States, for example, their notes are heard from the latter
part of April until far into September, and at all hours of the
day. But much as we may admire Gilvus in the agreeable sen-
timent which his «ong inspires, we owe him a higher and more
respectful consideration for the good services he renders us in
a very practical way. Inhabiting by choice our parks, lawns,
and orchards, and even the shade-trees of our busiest streets,
rather than the untried depths of the forest, these birds collec-
tively render efficient service by ridding us of unnumbered
insects, whose presence is a pest, as well as a continual annoy-
ance to sensitive persons. They take a foremost place among
the useful birds for whose good services in this regard we have
reason to be grateful, being much more beneficial than the
European Sparrows, which we have imported for the same pur-
pose, and against whose insolent aggressions these tender birds
should be protected. The comparative abundance of these two
species being duly considered, there can be but one opinion in
the matter of their respective efficiency in destroying noxious
insects; for the Vireos are particularly insectivorous birds,
while Sparrows eat insects only at certain seasons, and then
only through caprice ; their natural food is seeds, and at pres-
ent, in this country, they feed for the most part on street-
garbage.*

There is nothing to distinguish the Eastern and Western
Warbling Vireos, so far as their habits and manners are con-
cerned. It is true that the former is more civilized just now ;
but this is a transitory circumstance, which will doubtless
yield to the settlement of the West, when we may expect
to find the Warbling Yireos of that portion of our country in-

* According to Mr. Gentry, who lias paid such particular attention to the
food of our birds, this Vireo feeds chiefly upon dipterous and lepidop'erous
insects, the larvae of many of which, as is well known, are among the most
injurious. This gentleman has found in their stomachs remains of Mwca
domestica, Tabanus lineola, T. tinctus, Tipula ferruginea, Culex tceniorhynchus,
and other Diptera; the lepidopterous Anisonyx vernata, A. pometaria, Zerene
catenaria, Ennomos subsignaria, Eufitchia ribearia Angcronia crocataria, and
Limacodes scopha ; with Apis mellifica, Selandria rosce, and MegacMle centun-
cularis among Hymenoptera ; together with various Aphides, or plant-lice.

Prof. Samuel Aughey gives the Warbling Vireo among the birds of Ne-
braska which destroy the scourge of that country — the grasshopper. " I
frequently saw it light down within a rod of me where locusts abounded
and feed on them. This species seemed to eat them in all stages of their
growth, and brought them constantly to their nests for their young. " — (First
Ann. Rep. U. S. Entom. Comm. for 1877. 1878, App. p. [27].)

THE NESTS AND EGGS OF WARBLING GREENLETS 505

crease in numbers until they are as abundant in the towns
as our own variety has long since become. They are already
numerous in all suitable situations, where their periods of mi-
gration and areas of distribution in the breeding season corre-
spond perfectly with those of the typical Eastern gilvus. Such
are my own observations as far as they go, and we have many
others, unnecessary to cite, to the same effect.

Nor is there any appreciable distinction between the nests of
the two varieties or between their eggs. We know how much
alike the Vireos all are in these respects, and it would be sur-
prising if there were any difference between such closely-
related — in fact scarcely separable — varieties as the Warbling
and Swainson's Greenlets. Audubon has left us an account of
their nest- building, in which he describes with great particu-
larity the actions of a pair whom he watched for several days
whilst they were busied in the construction of their pretty pen-
sile fabrics. The nest is hung in a forked twig, and is peculiar,
in comparison with that of other Vireos, neither in this respect,
nor in materials nor workmanship ; but it is commonly placed
higher up, sometimes fifty or a hundred feet from the ground,
right under the canopy of foliage of such large trees as the
elms, maples, and poplars, where it may sway in the breeze,
but is secure against ordinary accidents of the weather, and
remote from most enemies, the inevitable Cowbird alone ex-
cepted. Such high building, however, is not invariable, for Mr.
Kidgway speaks of several nests which he took in Utah, which
were built in aspens only about four feet from the ground. In
form, the nest is quite deeply cupped, with a somewhat con-
tracted brim, for the still greater safety of its precious freight,
firmly secured to its slender support, and with closely matted
walls. The eggs are usually four or five in number, pure white,
oftenest with the reddish- brown spots or even blotches, which
are the rule in this genus, but sometimes immaculate ; they are
nearly or quite three-fourths of an inch long, by a trifle over
half an inch broad, and of the ordinary shape.

The Blue-headed Greenlet

Virco solitarius

Muscicapa solitaria, Wils. " AO. ii. 1810, 43, pL 17, f. 6 ".—Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. x. 1817,

349.— Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 174.
Vireo solllnrius, VieUl. " N. D. d'H. N. xi. 1817, — ".—Bp. Journ. Phila. Acad. iv. 1824, 175.—

Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 70.— Aud. OB. i. 1831, 147, pL W.—Nutt. Man. i. 1832, 305.—

OrniJi. Comm. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii. 1837, 193 ("Columbia River").— Bp. CGKL.

1838, 26.— Towns. Journ. Phila. *Acad. viii. 1839, 153.— Aud. Syn. 1839, 160 — Aud. BA.

iv. 1842, 144, pi. 239.— Oir. BLL 1844, 160.— Qamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1847, 159 (Cali-

506 SYNONYMY OF VLREO SOLITARIUS

fornia.)— Gamb. Journ. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 44 (California).— Bp. CA. i. l&iO, 330.-
Cass. Pr. Phila, Acad. 1851, 150.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 18.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad.
1853, 309 (Wisconsin).— Eennic.Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1853, 582.— Pratien, ibid. 603.—
Oundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 468 (Cuba).— Scl. PZS. 1856, 298 (Mexico).— Brew. Pr. Boat. Soc. vi.
1856, 6 (Massachusetts).— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 213 (same).— Bd. B"NA. 1858,
340.— Scl. PZS. 1859, 375 (Oaxaca) ; 360 (Xalapa).— Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 191
(California).— Willis, Smiths. Hep. for 1858, 1859, 282 (Nova Scotia).— Coop. t£ Suckl.
NHWT. 1860, 189 (Washington Territory) —Wheat. Ohio Agric. Eep. for 1860, 1861,
365.— S. & S. Ibis, 1860, 31 (Coban, Vera Paz).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860, 307
(Cuba).— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436 (Pennsylvania).— Coues & Prent.
Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 410.— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 148 (Maine).— Board/n.
Pr. Bost. Soc. ix. 1862, 126 (Maine).— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864. 1865, 437 (Missouri).—
Dress. Ibis, 1865, 481 (San Antonio, Tex.).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1806,87 (Canada
West).— Lawr. Ann. Lye. K Y. viii. 1866, 285 (New York).— Brown, Ibis, 1868, 421
(Vancouver).— Cows, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 278 (New England) —Cones. Pr. Bost. Soc.
xii. 1868, 111 (South Carolina).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 479.— Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869,
26; Phila. ed. id. -Cope, Am. Nat. iv. 1£70, 395-6.— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst.vi. 1»71, 117
(Minnesota, breeding).— Coues, Key, 1872, 121, f. 66.— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1872, 403 (Cuba).—
Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 370.— Gentry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1873,354 (nest).- Merr.
Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 7-8.— Coop. Am. Nat. viii. 1874, 17.— Coues, Am. Nat. viii. 1874,
541.— Coues, BNW. 1874, W.—Hcnsh. List B. Ariz. 1875, 157 (Arizona).— Hensh. Zool.
Expl. TV. 100 M.erid. 1875, 222 (Arizona, as migrant, with both var. catusini and var. plum-
beus).— Gentry, Life-Hist. 1876, 223.— Minot, BNE. 1877, \te.-Brewkt. Aim. Lye. N. Y.
xi. 1875, 140 (Virginia).— McCauley, Bull. U. S. Geol. Suiv. iii. u. 3, 1877, 6b2 (Texas).

Vireo solitiareus, Mayn. Pr. Bost.
Soc. xiv. 1872,370.

Vicro soliiarius, Gregg, Pr. El-
mirn Acad. 1870, — .

tanius solitarius, Licht. ' Preis-
Verz. Mex. Vog. 1830, a";
J. £0.1863,58.

Vireo (Lanivireo) solitarius, Bd.
1858.— Gundl. J. f. O. 1861,

324 (Cuba).— Allen, Pr. Ess.

FIG. 59.— Vireo sohtanus, natural size.
Inst. iv. 18o4, 67.

Vireo (Lanivireo) solitaria, Ridgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 370 (Illinois).

Vireosylvia solitaria, Bd. Rev. AB. 1866, 347, fig.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 117 .— Sumich. Mem.
Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 548 (Vera Cruz).

LaniTirco SOlitarius, Allen, Am. 3fat. iii. 1869, 507, 579.— B B. <& R. NAB. i. 1874, 373, pi. 17,
f. 8.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.— Lawr. Bull. Nat. Mus. n. 4, 1876, 18 (Tehuan-
tepec).— Ridgw. Rep. Expl. 40th Par. iv. pt. iii. 1877, 450 (Humboldt Valley).

Solitary Flycatcher, Steph. L c.

Solitary or Blue-beaded Vireo or Greenlet, Authors.

HAD. — The whole of the United States, in wooded regions, and Canada.
South through Mexico to Central America. Cuba. Breeds at large ? in the
United States, but chiefly north of the 40th parallel; winters extraliinital,
with some probable exceptions.

CH. SP. — J 9 Eemigibus x. Flavo-olivaceus, vertice et late-
ribus capltis cceruleo-plumbeis^ orbitis albis, loris fuscis ; infra
albus, lateribus et axillaribus flavicantibus ; alls flavldalbido
limbatis necnon bifasciatis.

£ $ , adult : A large and very stoutly-built species, with short, stout bill,
a spurious primary one-fourth as long as the second quill, decided contrast
betwixt colors of back and head, and conspicuous wing-bars. Upper parts
yellowish-olive or olive-green (same shade as in V. olivaceus), the crown
and sides of the head bluish-ashy in marked contrast, with a white lino

DISTRIBUTION OF THE BLUE-HEADED GREENLET 507

from nostrils to and around (not behind) the eye, and dusky loral space.
Below pure white, the sides strongly washed with yellowish, with some
olive shading, the under wing- and tail-coverts quite yellowish. Quills and
tail-feathers blackish, strongly edged with white or with the color of the
back, or both, and the tips of the greater and middle coverts the same,
forming two conspicuous wing-bars. Bill blackish-plumbeous, not always
paler below; feet plumbeous; iris brown. Length about 5£; extent, 8^;
wing, 2f ; tail, 2£ ; bill about $ long, nearly half as deep at the base.

Immature specimens are rather brighter-colored. At any season there
may be rather less contrast than as above indicated between the color of the
back and head, either owing to a slight ashy dorsal wash as in spring ex-
amples, or to an olivaceous shading of the head in others. But there can
be no difficulty in recognizing the species by the characters above given.

THE movements of the Blue-headed Vireo are somewhat
difficult to trace with entire precision, and the mode of
its dispersion in this country has been much in question. The
bird appears to be of rather irregular or uncertain distribution,
quite common in some districts, and rare in others which seem
equally suited to its requirements. Its history has never yet
been fully presented, and it is only within two or three years
that some important advices, before wanting, have come to
hand, with respect more particularly to its occurrence in the
Colorado Valley, where it was long supposed to be absent,
though known to occur both in Texas and California. With
the materials now at our disposition, however, the history of
the species may be attempted with some confidence.

It was first described in 1810 by Wilson, who figured a speci-
men taken in October near Philadelphia, and saw altogether
no more than three individuals, though he also inspected a
drawing of one made in Georgia, where the bird was considered
to be rare. He simply remarks that it is a rare species and a
silent solitary bird, giving no further indication of its habits,
but surmising that it may have its headquarters in some por-
tion of the country unknown to him. Nothing whatever was
added to this meagre account until Audubon in 1831 gave some
further particulars, though in the mean while various compilers
and " systematizers " treated of the species. The short notice
in NuttalPs 'Manual7 is entirely drawn from these two sources.
Audubon's account, though extended and circumstantial, and
including an unmistakable description of the bird, is to be taken
neverthelesss with some allowance for confusion of memory or
other source of error. He represents the bird as an abundant
inhabitant of the cane-brakes of Louisiana, in which he says
it breeds. But, as both Mr. Gentry and Dr. Brewer have

508 DISTRIBUTION OF THE BLUE-HEADED GREENLET

observed, his account of the nest does not agree with the known
i'acts in the case, nor has the species been since ascertained to
breed in Louisiana. Such state of the case tends to throw
doubt on other portions of Audubon's narrative, in which the
actions of the birds are described minutely ; especially as what
is said might apply as well to other species as to the present.
We learn, however, from Audubon, what is undoubtedly true,
that he found the bird both in Texas and Nova Scotia, and
that Dr. Bachman had seen it in South Carolina, where " a
sweet and loud song of half a dozen notes" had been heard.
The same account includes, furthermore, the statements that
specimens had been procured by Townsend on the Columbia
Eiver, and a considerable notice by Nuttall of its nesting in the
same region. What is now known of the distribution of the
species confirms these observations, so far at least as the
locality is concerned.

We were thus put in possession of an outline of the geograph-
ical distribution of the species, — Texas to Nova Scotia and
Georgia to Oregon, — remaining to be filled in by subsequent
observers. The earliest of these was Dr. Gambel, who, in 1847,
in the papers above cited, speaks of the abundance of the
birds in thickets in California during the latter part of the
summer. Within a few years thereafter, the bird came to be
quite generally known from various localities in the United
States unnecessary to specify. In 1855, it was recorded by
Gundlach from Cuba, and in the following year by Sclater
from Mexico. Xantus and Heermann each shortly afterward
confirmed GambePs California record, as Cooper and Suckley
did the earlier indications which Audubon had given for the
extreme northwest of the United States; while, just on the
heels of these important notices, came Messrs. Sclater and
Salvin's announcement from Guatemala. Mcllwraith in 1866
placed Canada among the localities in which the bird had
been actually observed. We thus had advices from practically
all of the United States, excepting only the Southern Eocky
Mountain region, Valley of the Colorado, and of course the
Great Plains ; and from Nova Scotia, Canada, Cuba, Mexico,
and Guatemala. It only remained to cover the Southern
Eocky Mountain region, as was not done until the observa-
tions of Eidgway in Utah and Nevada and of Henshaw
in Arizona completed the picture. These were not made until
very recently ; I had never seen the bird in Arizona, where it

DISTRIBUTION OF THE BLUE-HEADED GREENLET 509

is largely replaced by V. plumbeus in the breeding season, and
even in 1874 I was obliged, according to the knowledge we
then possessed, to except the region in question from the habitat
of the bird, as was also done the same year by the authors of
the " History of North American Birds77. We now know, how-
ever, the exception was unnecessary, the apparent absence of the
species from the Colorado Valley being occasioned by the fact
that there it is rather a migrant than a breeder, and that V.
plumbeus is conspicuous in the breeding season in this region.
Mr. Henshaw's observations may be cited in support of these
statements : —

" The Solitary Vireo appears to occur in the Southern Rocky
Mountains only as a migrant, and to be wholly replaced there in
summer by the nearly allied variety, the Plumbeous Vireo (var.
plumbeus). In its course southward from its northern breeding
ground, it appears to follow the mountain ranges, and to con-
fine itself to the pine region. During the latter part of Septem-
ber I found the species occurring quite numerously at Mount
Graham, where it was seen only among the lofty pines, usually
accompanying other birds, as the Audubon's Warbler and Xut-
hatches. It could scarcely be said to be in song ; yet, as it
moved about from branch to branch, it occasionally paused to
give utterance to a few strains, which, though broken and
detached, were sufficient to bring to mind the beautiful melody
to be heard from this bird in the vernal season — in variety
and richness of notes not surpassed by the song of any of the
family."

Mr. Ridgway's recent paragraph is to like effect : — " This spe-
cies was met with only during its autumnal migrations, when it
seemed to be not uncommon in the month of September among
the canon thickets of the western slope of the Clover Mountains.
A single specimen was also shot in a buffalo-berry thicket
in Buena Vista Canon, on the eastern slope of the West Hum-
boldt Mountains in September of the preceding year. It is
still a question whether such individuals of this species were
migrants from the higher portions of the mountains, or from a
more northern region ; but that their migration was not vertical
is most probable." This seems to be a judicious query ; for,
though we cannot yet affirm that the Solitary Vireo actually
breeds in the Colorado Valley, we may remember that the evi-
dence against it is unly negative 5 and I infer, from our general
knowledge of the fauna of this region, that the bird will evi-

510 MIGRATIONS OF THE BLUE-HEADED GREENLET

dently be found to brerd in the higher portions of this water-
shed, where it is now only known as a migrant.

The two paragraphs just cited have already brought up the
next question to be considered — the method of the bird's dis-
tribution over the area already determined to be its habitat,
and the periods of its dispersal. It should be noted, in the first
place, that, though we have no satisfactory evidence of the
bird's wintering anywhere in the United States, and though
we know it well as a winter bird of Mexico and Guatemala, it
still seems probable that some individuals may linger along
our southern border during the season in question. In fact,
this is virtually attested by Bach man's early notice of the
species in South Carolina in February, if there be no mistake
about this ; and Gambel has something to the same effect for
Southern California. But there is no doubt whatever that the
great body of the birds pass beyond our limits in the fall. The
movement begins at the north in September, and by the end
of the following month the birds are already, as a rule, beyond
our confines. The return commences at the very opening of
spring, and by the middle of April these Vireos have already
become generally dispersed, though the limits of the migra-
tion, as in Maine, Canada, Wisconsin, and the Columbia River
region, are not attained until the first or second week in May.
Thus, at Washington, D. C., where this Yireo is the rarest of
its kind, Dr. Prentiss and myself noted its arrival on the 25th
of April, and its departure October 20th. The Rev. Dr.
Turnbnll's note for Eost Pennsylvania and New Jersey is sub-
stantially the same. In the vicinity of Philadelphia, says
Gentry, it usually arrives about the 15th of April, sometimes
not till the beginning of May, and retires during the latter
part of September or early in October. In Connecticut, where,
according to Merriam, it is not uncommon during the migra-
tions, and where a few breed, the same authority fixes the
time of its advent as the first week in May ; but he adds, that
it has been seen in the fall as late as the 13th of October.
Various New England writers agree upon the first or second
week in May as the time of appearance of the bird in their
midst. Mcllwraith's date for Hamilton, Canada West, is May
10th. The records from the Western States are less explicit,
but agree as far as they go ; and the same may be said of the
still fewer data we have received from the Rocky Mountain
region and the Pacific coast.

NESTING OP THE BLUE -HEADED GREENLET 511

Notwithstanding the regularity we may thus trace in the
movements of the Blue-head, the bird is by no means equably
distributed all over the great area it occupies; and the cause
of its rarity in some localities, no less than of its comparative
abundance in others, remains unexplained. On the whole, the
birds appear to pursue more especially two lines of migration
on opposite sides of the continent, where their numbers are
greater than they have ever been shown to be in the interior,
as the Mississippi watershed at large. This is the reverse of
the case which the Philadelphia Yireo offers ; it may be due,
in a measure, to the birds' inclination to follow along mount-
ain ranges rather than pass across stretches of low alluvium.
As already observed, it is only in the further half of the
United States that the Solitary Yireo ordinarily stops to breed.
The records we possess are unanimous in this regard, and it
would seem to be a very just statement of Dr. Brewer's that
" both at the East and the West it is undoubtedly only migra-
tory to about the 40th parallel, and does not, except in mount-
ainous localities, breed south of that lino."

Passing over several early accounts of its nidification, as not
entirely free from suspicion — though it should be immediately
conceded that we have no obvious occasion to challenge Nut-
tail's Columbia River account — we find it first stated by Baird,
in 1844, that the bird breeds near Carlisle in Pennsylvania.
The breeding-habits, so long in question, have been studied
more attentively by Mr. Gentry than by any one else, for all
that appears, as may be inferred from the rfoumt of his observa-
tions, which I take pleasure in laying before the reader.

The Blue-headed Vireo (says Mr. Gentry) delights to build
on the borders of dense forests, and along unfrequented roads,
its favorite trees being the red cedar and red maple — the former
by the roadside, the latter on the edges of the woods. Both
sexes reach thir breeding grounds together, though the more
retiring and quieter females are not so often observed as their
mates. The birds appear to have lately become more abundant,
with the modification of the face of the country, and were
one season nearly as numerous as the Red-eye. They began to
build in a week or two after their arrival, about the time when
the pin-oaks shed their catkins, which are largely, sometimes
exclusively, used in the construction of the nest. In other
cases, the nests are built chiefly of grasses. They are grace-

512 NESTING OF THE BLUE-HEADED GREENLET

fully fixed in a forked twig, presenting a neat and cozy appear-
ance, and symmetrically cup-shaped, though the exterior may
bristle with the projecting tassels of the pin-oak. The female
adjusts the materials which the male brings, and the structure
is completed in about three days. The eggs are laid one a day,
and incubation, which devolves solely upon the female, con-
tinues for 10 or 11 days, during which time the brooding
bird is supplied with nourishment by her dutiful mate. The
female is so unsuspicious, and so lacking in timidity, that persons
may pass and repass within ten feet of the nest without exciting
her distrust or causing alarm. Should her confidence, how-
ever, prove misplaced, and her home seem in danger of viola-
tion, she glides silently away, leaving to her valiant mate the
effort to resent the threatened intrusion and deter assault — to
whose credit be it said, that he defends his home at the hazard
of his life. Both parents attend to the young, and are kept
busy enough in providing sufficient food. They seek and bring
to the nest the larvas of the various geometrid moths which
infest our trees; different kinds of flies and gnats, among them
species of Cynips, or gall-flies, as well as a few beetles — a suffi-
ciently varied bill of fare, and one which attests the benefit
which these birds unconsciously confer upon us whilst they
care for their offspring. Only one brood is reared each season ;
the young are able to provide for themselves when they are
about 10 or 12 days old ; the female has then again to look
after herself, and the male becomes a selfish gourmand. Though
insects still form much of their fare, they now feed with gusto
on the berries of the Cornus and Viburnum, and reassert the
quiet and retiring disposition which the exigencies of the breed-
ing season temporarily hold in abeyance.

Observing that in places frequented by this Yireo he had
often seen masses of pin -oak catkins which closely resembled
the nests themselves, Mr. Gentry questions whether some
principle of "protective mimicry" (as it is called by a certain
school) may not underlie the use of these substances as mate-
rials for the nests. " The utilization of such substances in the
manner of nests, from their fancied resemblance to loose clus-
ters of catkins, are best adapted to the security and well-being
of the species, and now constitute in certain localities the typi-
cal structure."

Other and quite different styles of architecture are however

NESTING OF THE BLUE-HEADED GREENLET 513

described by Dr. Brewer, whose excellent opportunities for ex-
amination of these structures have been fully utilized in his
contribution to the history of the species. I extract his inter-
esting account in full : —

" Seven nests of this species, found in Lynn and Hingham,
Mass., exhibit peculiarities of structure substantially identical.
In comparison with the nests of other Yireos, they are all
loosely constructed, and seem to be not so securely fastened to
the twigs from which they are suspended. One of these nests,
typical of the general character, obtained in Lynn, May 27,
1859, by Mr. George O. Welch, was suspended from the
branches of a young oak, about twelve feet from the ground.
The external depth of this nest was only two and a half inches,
the diameter three and a quarter, and its cavity one and three
quarters deep, and two inches wide at the rim. It was con-
structed externally of strips of yellow and of gray birch-bark,
intermingled with bits of wood and dry grasses. The external
portion was quite loosely put together, but was lined, in a more
compact manner, with dry leaves of the white pine, arranged
in layers. Another nest, found in Hingham, was but two feet
from the ground, on a branch of a hickory sapling. In its
general structure it was the same, only differing in shape, being
made to conform to its position, and being twice as long as it
was broad. It contained four young, when found, about the
10th of June. One nest alone, built in a bush in Lynn, exhibits
an average degree of compactness in its external structure.
This is largely composed of cocoons, which are woven together
into a somewhat homogeneous and cloth-like substance. With-
in, decayed stems of grasses take the place of the usual pine-
needles. In the summer of 1870 a pair built their nest in a
dwarf pear-tree, within a few rods of my house. They were at
first very shy and would not permit themselves to be seen at
their work, and suspended all labor when any one was occupied
near their chosen tree. Soon after the construction of the nest
two Cowbird's eggs were deposited, which I removed, although
the female only laid two of her own before she began to sit
upon them. By this time she became more familiar, and would
not leave her nest unless I attempted to lay hands upon her.
She made no complaint in the manner of the White-eyed, nor
sought to attack like the Yellow-throated, but kept within a
few feet, and watched me with eager eyes, until I left her.
33 B 0

514 VIREO SOLITARIUS CASSINI

Unfortunately, her nest was pillaged by a Black-billed Cuckoo,
and I was unable to observe her feed her young, as I had hoped
to do."

The eggs are four or five in number, in no respect remarkable
on comparison with those of other large Vireos, being of the
usual shape, with a pure white ground-color, to which the con-
tents lend a slight blush when the egg is fresh, and speckled
with reddish, sometimes over the whole surface, but oftener
chiefly about the larger end ; they measure about three-fourths
of an inch in length by one-half of an inch in breadth — rather
over than under those dimensions.

It has never happened to me to hear the nuptial song of the
Blue-headed Vireo, to which Mr. Burroughs accords such high
and feeling praise. Dr. Brewer regards it as bearing no
resemblance to that of any other Greenlet. " It is a prolonged
and very peculiar ditty, repeated at frequent intervals and
always identical. It begins with a lively and pleasant warble,
of a gradually ascending scale, which at a certain pitch sud-
denly breaks down into a falsetto note. The song then rises
again in a single high note, and ceases. For several summers
the same bird has been heard, near my house in Hingham, in
a wild pasture, near the edge of a wood, always singing the
same refrain, during the month of June."

Greenlet

Tireo solitarius cassini

Vireo cassinii, Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1858, 117; 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cal.).— Bd. BNA.

1858, 340 ; ed. of 1860, pL 78, f. 1.— Bd. Rev. AB. 1866, 347 (in text).— Eidgw. Rep. Expl.

40th Par. iv. pt. iii. 1877, 449.

Lanivireo solitarius var. cassini, B. B. & E. NAB. i. 1874, 376.
Vireo solitarius var. cassini, Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 105 (Arizona).— tHensh. ListB.

Ariz. 1875, Il5.-Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 223 (Arizona).

In addition to typical solitarius, or what has not been in any way dis-
tinguished from it, the Coloradan region furnishes a somewhat peculiar,
though very closely allied, form, — the Vireo cassini of Xantus. This has lat-
terly been taken for the most part as a mere plumage of V. solitarius, and it is
not yet certain that it is anything more. Though quoted by Professor Baird
and myself as a simple synonym, it has been more recently distinguished
varietally by Mr. Ridgway, and some facts which he gives of its association
with V. solitarius seem to bear him out in this course. I deem it proper to
call attention to the matter, reserving an opinion until more material shall
have been examined. The points about the bird are its much duller and
more brownish olivaceous, with little contrast between the head and back,
impurity of the white loral line and orbital ring, together with a general
buffy or ochraceous tinge of the under parts, where solitarim is pure white.

SYNONYMY OF VIREO PLUMBEUS 515

I HAVE never recognized this supposed species as different
from solitarius, and have nothing to contribute to its
meagre history. Birds doubtfully supposed by Mr. Henshaw
to belong here fell under his observation in Arizona, appar-
ently only during the migration. "In 1873, it was observed
both by Dr. C. G. Newberry and myself; the earliest date being
September 12. It was not uncommon along the Gila River,
where it usually kept in the tall cottonwoods. In 1874, it was
again met with by Dr. Kothrock and myself at Mount Graham,
and under precisely the same circumstances as the preceding
species [V. solitarius]. They were, however, here quite rare as
compared with solitarius; but, near Camp Crittenden, the last
few days of August, quite a number were seen among the
deciduous trees. Their seeming preference for the deciduous
trees over the coniferous timber is the only point wherein their
habits seem to differ from those of the Solitary Vireo." Mr.
Bidgway has a note to the effect that this bird, which he char-
acterizes as " rare and little known ", was observed by him only
in the canons of the West Humboldt Mountains, where it was
not uncommon in September, having probably migrated thither
from some region lying northwestward.

The Plumbeous Greenlet

Vireo plumbcus

Vireo most like solitarius, Coues, Ibis, 1865, 164 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.).

Vireo plumbeus, Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 74 (Arizona).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 479.—

Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 187-2, 345.— Coues, Key, 1872, 351.— Merr. Ann. Rep. TJ. S. Geol. Surv.

Terr, for 1872, 1873, 714.
Vireosylvia plumbea, Bd. Rev. AB. 1866, 349, fig.— Aiken, Pr. Bosk Soc. xv. 1872, 198

(Colorado).
LaniTireo plumbens, Ridgw.

Rep. Expl. 40th Par. iv.

pt. iii. 1877, 451 (Rocky

Mountains).
Vireo solitarius var. plum-

beus, AUen, Bull. MCZ. \v\ jMLtf Jf$

iii. 1872, 176.— Coues,

BNW. 1874, 100.— Yarr.

<£ Hensh, Rep. Orn.

Specs. 1874, 12.— Hensh FlG- 60-~~ Vireo plumbeus, natural size.

ibid. 1874, 43, 77, 105 (Arizona, &c.).— Hensh. ListB. Ariz, 1875, 151,-Hensh. Zool. Expl.

W. 100 Merid. 1875, 224.

LaniTireo solitaria var. plumbea, Ridgw. Bull. Ess. InsK v. 1873, 181 (Colorado).
LaniTireo solitarius var. plumbeus, B. B. <fi R. NAB. i. 1874, 37, 377, pi. 17, f. 10.
Plumbeous Vireo, Coues, 11. cc.
Lead-colored Vireo, B. B. <& R. 1. c.
Western Solitary Vlreo, Hensh. l. c.

HAB. — Southern Rocky Mountain region of the United States, and south-
ward into Mexico.

516 CHARACTERS OF VIREO PLUMBEUS

CH. SP. — <? 9 Plumbeus, infra albus, lateribus virentiplumbeo
lavatis ; alts cauddque fuscis, albo limbatis, illis necnon albo
Mfasciatis ; loris fuscis ; orbitis albis.

$ $ , adult : With the form of V. solitarius ; rather larger, and nearly all
of the olivacous of that species replaced by plumbeous. Entire upper parts,
including crown and sides of neck and head, uniform plumbeous or bluish-
ash, gaining a faint olive shade on the rump. Below pure white, with a
slight ashy-olive shade on the side. Lores dusky. A white line from nos-
trils to and around the eye. Two cross-bars on the wings, and edges of most
of the quills pure white. Tail similarly edged with white. Bill blackish-
plumbeous, very robust; feet plumbeous. Length, 5£-6£; extent, 9f-10£;
wing, SiV^iV > tail, 2£ ; bill, £ ; tarsus, £ ; middle toe and claw, the same ;
spurious quill exposed f of an inch, or about a third of the length of the
second quill.

In freshly moulted specimens, the pure white edgings of the wings and
tail are very broad and conspicuous, as are also the markings on the sides
of the head. In some cases, the upper parts are more tinged with olive than
as above described, showing an approach to solitarius, up to which the
species grades very closely. In discussing its relationships with that form,
the larger size of V. plunibeus should be taken into consideration, as well as
the fact that typical solitarius, showing no approach to plumleus, is found in
the same region.

IN tbe mountainous parts of Arizona, where this bird was
discovered, it is an abundant inhabitant of the pine- belt
during the summer, apparently replacing the Solitary Vireo at
that period of the year. I observed its arrival at Fort Whipple
about the middle of April, and found it at frequent intervals
until October, when it disappeared from that elevated locality.
During the breeding season it is the characteristic species of
its family in the higher and northerly portions of the Territory,
as the Least Vireo is at the same season in lower portions of the
Colorado and Gila Valleys. These early observations respect-
ing the bird have been followed up by other naturalists, through
whose exertions we have become better acquainted with this
interesting species. It has been traced northward to Laramie
Peak by Dr. E. B. Hitz, and south to the plains of Colima by
Xantus. Mr. C. E. Aiken has found it in Colorado and New
Mexico, while both Eidgway and Henshaw have met with it in
Utah. Its range is thus clearly seen to include the whole of
the Middle Province, or Southern Eocky Mountain region,
where it is for the most part isolated from its relatives during
the breeding season, though associated with various birds of its
own kind, especially the Solitary and the Least Vireos, during
its migrations. Its habits have not yet been very attentively

SYNONYMY OF VIREO VICINIOR 517

studied, but, as far as known, they do not differ from those of
the Blue-headed Greenlet. The nest and eggs, taken by Aiken
in Colorado, are described by Henshaw as substantially identi-
cal with those of solitarius taken in New England. The nest
was composed of soft cottony substances, bound exteriorly
with strips of bark and other fibrous material, and lined with
fine dried grasses, and the eggs were white, spotted, chiefly at
the larger end, with reddish- brown.

A pair of these birds which I shot at Fort Whipple offered
one of the many touching spectacles it has been my fortune to
witness, in evidence of the devotion birds so often show to their
mates. The female, fatally wounded by my shot, crouched upon
a slender twig, where she balanced with the greatest difficulty,
breathing heavily in dire distress; and I could plainly perceive a
fold of intestines protruding from a rent in the abdomen. Her
mate in a few moments came flying to her assistance. He
alighted by her side, caressed her tenderly with his beak, and
seemed to beseech her, in low, sympathetic accents, to fly the
fatal spot. She gathered herself for the effort, but only flut-
tered fainting £o the ground, where she lay extended in the
agonies of death, with her bowels trailing in the dust; but her
brave mate, heedless of my presence, never left her side, nor
ceased his fond attentions, till he shared her fate. Let us
imagine them still together beyond the dark portals! Such
things are sad enough, and seem almost shameful, to look back
upon : it is the blot on a bright shield to remember, that quite
like tragedies are of incessant recurrence, and inseparable from
the practical pursuit of ornithology. Let us take what comfort
we may in the reflection that such acts of violence, committed
by men, are in the strict and evident order of Nature, who has
ordained that animals shall torture, murder, and devour each
other forever.

The Gray Greenlet

Vireo vicinior

Vireo vicinior, Coues, Pr. Phila, Acad. 1866, 75 (descr. orig. Fort "Whipple, Ariz.).-.Bd. Rev.
AB. 1866, 361, fig.— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 479.— Elliot, "Illust. BNA. pi. 7 ".-Coop.
B. Cal. i. 1870, V&.—Qoues, Key, 1872, 122.— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 393, pi. 17, f. 7.—
Hcnsh. List B. Ariz. 1875, IH.—Hensh. ZooL ExpL W. 100 Merid. 1875, 227 (habits).—
Steph. Bull. Nutt. Club, iii. n. 1, Jan. 1878, 42 (California).*— Stev. Bull. Nutt. Club, iii.
n. 2, April, 1878, 93 (Gila River).

Gray Vireo, Coues, L c.

Arizona Vireo, B. B. & R. 1. c. ; Hensh. L c.

HAB. — Arizona and New Mexico.

* Special paper : —

1876. STEPHENS, F. Vireo vicinior in California. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club,
iii. n. 1, Jan. 1878, p. 42.

518 CHARACTERS OF VIREO VICINIOR

CH. SP. — $ 9 Rcmigibus x, lmo 2di dimidiato, digilis brevissi-
mis, alts cauddque cequalibus. Cinereo-ptumbeus, uropygio vix
olivascente; infra albus, lateribus vix flavicantibus; loris orbi-
Usque albidis.

$ 9 : Wing much rounded, and no longer than the tail ; spurious quill half
as long as the second, which is about equal to the eighth or ninth ; fourth,
fifth, and sixth longest; third little shorter. Tail as long as the wings,
rounded, the feathers with very obtuse ends. Bill very short, robust. Toes
remarkably short, the middle, including its claw, much less than the tarsus,
and the tip of the inner claw falling short of the base of the middle one.
Entire upper parts dull grayish-ash, gaining a slight olivaceous tinge on the
rump. Below pure white, with the faintest possible yellowish wash on the
sides. Wings and tail grayish-fuscous, very slightly, if at all, bordered
with whitish. A whitish orbital ring and slight loral stripe ; no dusky oil
the lores ; no decided markings on the head. Bill and feet plumbeous ; iris
brown. Length, of; extent, 8£; wing and tail, each, 2|; exposed portion of
spurious quill, f; of second quill, 1<| ; bill, £ ; tarsus, £ ; middle toe and
claw, £ ; inner toe and claw, \ ; outer toe and claw, f .

Young : A specimen just from the nest is brownish-gray above, white below,
without a trace of olivaceous or yellowish on the body ; the quills and tail-
feathers have yellowish-olive edgings, rather stronger than in the adult,
and there is a slight whitish bar across the ends of the greater coverts.

Xhe bird bears a superficial resemblance to a small fatled specimen of V.
plumbeus, but is quite different, and belongs to typical Vireo (as restricted
to exclude Vireosylvia and Lanivireo} in the neighborhood of such species as
noveboracensis, belli, &c. It will easily be recognized by the above charac-
ters. For convenience of comparison, the characters are here contrasted
with those of V. plumbeus : —

V. plumbeus. — Wing, 3 ; tail, 2-J- ; spurious quill a third the length of the
second one, which is intermediate between fifth and sixth. Tail about even ;
the feathers obliquely truncate. Tarsus equalling the middle toe and claw
(£). Wing- coverts, quills, and tail-feathers broadly edged with pure white.
Sides of head with strong markings, the lores definitely dusky, interrupt-
ing the ring round eye.

V. vicinior. — Wing and tail, each, 2£. Spurious quill one-half the second
one, which is intermediate between eighth and ninth. Tail rounded, the
feathers with rounded ends. Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw
(§— i). Wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers scarcely edged with dull
white. Sides of head plain ; no dusky on lores ; white orbital ring uninter-
rupted.

THE type-specimen of Vireo vicinior, which I shot at Fort
Whipple on the 24th of May, 1865, remained unique for
nearly ten years, and nothing more was learned of the bird
until Mr. Henshaw gave us the welcome contribution to its his-
tory which I take pleasure in transferring to my page : —

u This Vireo was discovered by Dr. Coues at Prescott, Ariz.,
and described in 186(3, since which time the type of the species

HABITS OF VIREO VICINIOR 519

has remained unique till the rediscovery of the species during
the past season in New Mexico and Arizona. Judging from the
wide separation of the localities at which the six specimens
were taken, it appears to be a widely distributed species,
tbough everywhere rare. It would appear not to be a bird of
the mountains, but, in respect to elevation, to occupy a posi-
tion somewhat intermediate between the higher districts and
the low valleys. The rocky hills, covered with a scanty growth
of bushes and scrub, are its favorite haunts, and it was in such
localities that all our specimens were obtained. They are not
specially active in their motions, but glean their insect food from
among the branches with the same deliberation of movement and
ease that mark the habits of the vireos generally; but in their
choice of hunting ground they are rather peculiar. They do
not, like the Solitary Vireo and its allies, frequent the tops of the
larger trees, nor, like the White-eyed and Bell's Vireo, keep
close to the ground, but move about constantly in the tops of the
bushes from six to twelve feet in height. On the Colorado Chi-
quito River, in New Mexico, July 8, 1 found a family of these
birds, the young, though fledged, being still dependent on the
old for food. Upon approaching the bush in which they were
lodged, the parents manifested the utmost solicitude, and flew
to meet me, uttering a variety of notes, now flying to the edge
of the thicket, and remonstrating with me with harsh cries of
anger and alarm, now returning to their young, and with earn-
est warning notes endeavoring to lead them away from a spot
which to them seemed fraught with danger. My suspicions that
they were not the Plumbeous Yireos had at first been aroused
by hearing the song, which seemed to me one of the most beau-
tiful I had ever heard from any of the family. It might per-
haps be best compared with the finest efforts of the Solitary
Vireo, yet to the beauty and variety of notes of that bird it had
added all the charm and mellowness of expression which is
pre-eminent in the song of the Yellow-throated Vireo. During
the few moments I spent in observing their actions, the female
led away two of the brood, leaving the male with two of the
nestlings, which I secured. Fall specimens differ from the type
which is in summer dress only in having the lower dorsal sur-
face, rump, upper tail-coverts, and outer webs of the inner sec-
ondaries, except the exterior pair, washed faintly with green,
which is also just perceptible on the sides and flanks. The
young in the first plumage do not differ materially from the
adult."

520 SYNONYMY OF VIEEO NOVEBORACENSIS

The White-eyed Greenlet

Tireo noTefooracensis

Uuscicapa noTeboracensis, Gm. SN. i. 1788, 947, n. 81 (Green Flycatcher of Perm. AZ. 389,
n. 274).— Lath. IO. ii. 1790, 489, n. 92.— Turt. SN. i. 1806, 582.— Steph. Gen. ZooL x. 1817,
366.

Muscicapa novae-Boracensis, Less. Man. i. 1828, 153.

Vireo noveboracensis, Bp. Joura. Phila. Acad. iv. 182 1, 176.— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii.
1826, 70.— And. OB. i. 1831, 328, pi. 63.— Nutt. Man i. 1832, 306.— Bp. CGL. 1838, 26.—
9?f Towns. Journ. Phila. Acad. viii. 1839, 153 (" Col'imbia River"; not since verified).—
And. Syn. 1839, 1C1.— And. BA. iv. 1842, 146, pi. 240 (Nova Scotia; not since veri-
fied) .—Gir. BLI. 1844, 158.— Bp. CA. i. I?50, 330 (in part; includes Antillean species).—
Oass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 150.— Burnett, Pr. Best. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— Thomps. N. H.
Vermont, 1&53, 77.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 309 (Wisconsin).— Head, Pr. Phila.
Acad. 1853, 398 (Ohio).— Gerhardt, Naum. iii. 1853, 37.— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1855, 469
(Cuba).— Pratten, Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 603.— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 213.—
Scl PZS. 1857, 204 (Xalapa) ; 228 (Santecomapam).— Kneel Pr. Boat. Soc. vL 1857, 234.—
Maxim. J. f. O. 1858, 187.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 328.— Jones, "Nat in Bermuda, 1859, 71 "
(resident).— Martins, J. f. 0. 1859, 212 (Bermuda).— Bland, Smiths. Rep. for 1858, 1859, 287
(Bermudas).— S. <6S. Ibis, I860, 274 (Coban, Yera Paz).— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. vii. 1860,
307 (Cuba).— OundlJ.f. 0.1861,404 (Cuba).— Wheat. Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860,1861,
365.— Bam. Smiths. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 436.— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 157.— Allen,
Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. 1864, 83.-Dress.Ibis, 1865, 481 (San Antonio, Tex.).— Bd. Rev. AB. 1866,
354, fig.— Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 1866, 285 (New York).— Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc. xii.
1868, 111 (South Carolina) —Turnb. B. E. Pa. 1869, 26 ; Phila. ed. 19.— Parker, Am. Nat.
v. 1871, 168.- Allen, Bull MCZ. ii. 1871, 270 (Florida, winter).— Coues, Am. Nat. v. 1871,
197 (Kansas).— Coues, Key, 1872, 122, f. 68.— Allen, Am. Nat. vi. 1872, 359.— Scott, Pr.
Bost. Soc. xv. 1872, 223.— Oundl J. f. O. 1872, 404 (Cuba).— Ridgw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873,
199.— Merr. Am, Nat. viii. 1874, 7, 8.— Coues, BNW. 1874, 100.— .B. B. <&R. NAB. i. 1874,
385, pi. 17, f. ll.—Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.— Lawr. Bull. Nat. Mus. n. 4, 1876,
17 (Tehuantepec).— Gentry, Life-Hist. 1876, 229.— Minot, BNE. 1877, 160.

Vireo noveberacensis, Peab. Rep. Orn; Mass. 1839, 298.

Vireo nevoboracensis, Cabot, Naum. ii. Heft iii. 1852, 66 (Lake Superior).

Vireo noveboracencis, Woodh. Rep. Zuni & Colo. R 1853, 75.

Vireo novreboracensis, Coues, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 576 (Texas and Indian Territory).— J. Wen,
Am. Nat, iii. 1869, 507, 579.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1871, 21 (Fort Macon, N. C.) —
Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi. 1871, 117.

Viero novahoracensis, Gregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. 1670.

Lanius novebracensis, Licht. tl Preis-Verz. Mex. V6g. 1830, 2 " ; J. f. 0. 1863, 58.

Vireo (Lanivireo) coveboracensis, Bd. 1858.— Gundl. J. f. 0. 1861, 324 (Cuba).

Uuscicapa cantatrix, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, 290 bis.

Vireo cantatrix, Wils. AO. ii. 1810, 266, pi. 18, f. 6.—Bp. Jonrn. Phila, Acad. iv. 1824, 175.—
Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1856, 290.

Vireo musicus, V. OAS. i. 1807, 83, pL 52.

Green Flycatcher, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 389, n. 274.

Hanging Flycatcher, Lath. " Syn. Suppl. 174".— Steph. Gen. ZooL x. 1817, 366.

Little Domestic Flycatcher, or Green Wren, Bartr. 1. c.

White-eyed Vireo, or Greenlet, of Authors.

FIG. 61.— Vireo noveboracensis, natural size.

CHARACTERS OF VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS 521

HAS. — Eastern United States, excepting perhaps parts of New England ;
west regularly to Dakota, Iowa, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Western
Texas, occasionally to eastern bases of the Rocky Mountains. Minnesota
(Trippe). "Nova Scotia" and ? "Columbia River" (Audubon). Breeds in
its United States range at large. Winters from South Carolina, Georgia,
Florida, and the Gulf States south to Guatemala. Bermudas, common, resi-
dent. Cuba, rare.

SP. CH. — 9 & Olivaceo-virens, infra albidus lateribus et pec-
tore flavicantibus ; f route orbitisqueflavis, lorisfuscis; alisfuscis,
flavidalbido limbatis et b ifasciatis; caudd fused, virenti-olivaceo
limbatd, rostro pedibusque plumbeis, iridibus albis. Long. tot. 5;
alar. exp. 8; alee 2

$ $ , adult : A small, stoutly-built species, notable for the brightness of
the olive parts, and the richness of the yellow about the forehead and eyes
and along the sides ; furthermore, the iris is white. Length, 4f-5 ; extent,
7f-8£; wing, 2$-2£; spurious primary exposed about £ of an inch, and
about half as long as the 2d primary ; 4th and 5th quills longest ; 3d and
6th little shorter ; 2d about equal to 8th ; tail, 2£-2£ ; tarsus, £ ; middle toe
and claw, £ ; bill, along culmen, ^ or less. Upper parts bright olive-green,
including the crown, which, if anything, is more yellowish still; usually a
slight ashy shade on the hind neck; forehead and orbital region bright
yellow ; a dusky loral line ; under parts white, but brightly tinted on the
sides, axillars, crissum, and sometimes quite across the breast, with yellow.
Wings and tail dusky, the feathers of the latter edged with the color of the
back, the wing-coverts crossed with two broad and conspicuous white or
whitish bars, and the quills edged with the same, especially the three inner-
most secondaries, on which the edging is very broad. Bill and ieet blackish-
plumbeous ; the cutting edges of the mandibles, at least in dried skins, pale
horn-color. Iris white.

The sexes are indistinguishable in size or color, and the young are quite
similar. A newly-fledged bird which I shot August 11, 1850, is slightly
smaller than an adult, but not otherwise sufficiently different to require
separate notice.

NOW leaving the ornamental park, the mantling woodland
of deciduous trees, and the perpetual robe of green that
the mountains wear, and losing as we go the band of Greenlet
musicians that sing in these shades, let us push into more
lowly places — for we have not done with the Vireos yet. Indeed,
the species of this group might be classed according to their
life's station, almost as well as by those technicalities which the
ornithologist discovers in beak and wing. One set of Greenlets
are large and emuloas birds — the Eed-eye, the Yellow-throat,
the Solitary, Plumbeous, and Warbling Vireos — living in wood-
land high above the level of the ground ; and these we have
already seen in their native haunts. With the White-eyed

522 DISTRIBUTION OF THE WHITE-EYED GREENLET

Yireo we enter upon a group of smaller species, whose sur-
roundings we shall find to be quite different ; for these live in
the thickets, down among the Cat-birds, Thrashers, Sparrows,
Chats, and Wrens. This group of nearly-related, bush-loving
species includes the Black-capped, the Least, and BelFs Vireos,
besides the more familiar White-eye, whose turn comes first.

This neat and pleasing little bird does not belong at all to
the fauna of the Colorado Valley, but I make a place for ii>
here, because it reaches to the very feet of the majestic mount-
ains that environ this watershed on the east. It is one of
the most abundant and most generally diffused of its family in
the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and is among
the various species whose range has been latterly traced west-
ward to these mountains. There is indeed a Townsendiau
record of the occurrence of the White-eye in the Columbia
River region, but this lacks verification, and is presumed to be
erroneous. The same may be said respecting Audubon's
ascription of the species to Nova Scotia, though this is much
more likely to be confirmed. The New England writers are
nearly unanimous in deciding that the bird does not proceed
through their territory beyond Massachusetts, and it has
already become rare in some parts of that State. We may
therefore accept this as the usual terminus of the migration in
that direction j and it agrees somewhat, as a matter of latitude,
with what we know of the extension of the bird in correspond-
ing latitudes further west, though the bird is cited by Trippe
from Minnesota, and by Cabot from the Lake Superior region.*
The western line of distribution passes through Dakota, Iowa,
Kansas, Colorado, the Indian Territory, and Texas, — even
western portions of the latter. The bird is resident in the Ber-
mudas, and we have sundry advices of its occurrence in Cuba,
but in no other of the West Indies, if the Jamaican representa-
tive, Vireo modestus, be regarded as a distinct species. The
breeding-range is coextensive with the whole United States
distribution of the bird, and also includes Bermuda. The
species, moreover, differs from some of its allies in wintering
among us, as it does in numbers in the South Atlantic and
Gulf States, from South Carolina to Texas j though some indi-
viduals perform a much more extensive migration, making
Southern Mexico and Guatemala their winter residence.

* Whence it appears that Dr. Brewer's statement, that the bird has not been
found " north of the 42d parallel ", is incorrect. Mr. Trippe worked in the
region of the Mille Lacs, which lie between 46° and 47°.

NESTING OF THE WHITE-EYED GREENLET 523

This was one of the earliest known species of tlie genus,
having been described as the " Green Flycatcher" by Pennant,
and the "Hanging Flycatcher77 by Latham, upon which Gmelin
based his Muscicapa noveboracensis. Almost immediately after-
ward it was renamed by Bartram as Muscicapa cantatrix — a
term borrowed by Wilson, and which is commonly, though
wrongly, attributed to the latter writer. Wilson was familiar
with the bird, and with him appears to have originated the name
now current of "White-eyed", in allusion to the peculiar color
of the iris, by which single feature the species is distinguished
from any other treated in the present work. Wilson also calls
it the "Politician" by way of nickname, from the fact that it
is fond of newspapers — scraps of which are usually found
among the mass of odd materials that compose the nest. Au-
dubon adds that shreds of papery wasps7 nests are also used ;
and Brewer enumerates u fragments of dry leaves, bits of de-
cayed wood and bark, coarse blades of grass, various vegetable
fibres, lichens, fragments of insects, mosses, straws, stems, &c."
Of whatever materials it may be constructed, the nest is always
built after the usual Vireonine style of architecture, being a
closely-matted cup swung pensile from a forked twig, nearly
hemispherical in contour, and rather large in proportion to the
size of the bird, as seems to be the rule with nests that are
built on or even near the ground, in comparison with those
placed at great elevations. Various authors have noted, since
Wilson, that this nest is one of the regular receptacles of Cow-
birds7 eggs, and that the White-eye makes a faithful foster-
parent of the obnoxious parasite. The Vireo7s own eggs are
not to be distinguished with certainty from those of other
species of this genus, being, like them, pure white, speckled
chiefly about the larger end with dark dots of purplish and
reddish-brown. Though the bird is less in linear dimensions
than most of its relatives of the Vireosylvia group, it is rather
portly in shape, and its eggs consequently do not yield in size
to those of some of the larger species, being rather over three-
fourths of an inch in length, by nearly or quite three-fifths in
breadth ; the usual number is five. In places where the White-
eyes are numerous, as they are, for example, about Washing-
ton, these nests are among those we may most frequently brush
against in threading our way through the thickets, and they
are usually placed so low that one may look into them when
standing on the ground. The tangled ravines along the course

524 HABITS OF THE WHITE-EYED GREENLET

of Eock 'Creek, near the city just named, marking where num-
berless rivulets make into the main brook, are favorite resorts,
where the nests will be found in a bunch of sweet-brier, or on
the wreathy stem of a blackberry-bush, or, perhaps still oftener,
at the very terminal fork of a slender, swaying branch of the
sapling, whose lower limbs reach into some shady nook just
over the bed of the rivulet — in any event, in a thicket, where
the Catbirds, Thrashers, Chats, Cardinal Grosbeaks, Maryland
Yellow- throats, and Carolina Wrens are all each others' neigh-
bors. The White-eye's liking for low watery places is still fur-
ther witnessed by its frequent resort to the swamps that border
the Potomac, in the same locality, where it nests about the very
edges of the reedy tracts, and even in their midst, on the
various little knolls that rise somewhat above the water-level.
In August and September, when one goes shooting Eeedbirds,
Blackbirds, and Sora Kails, in the marshes that lie about
Arlington, and along the course of the Eastern Branch, he is
pretty sure to be scolded for his pains by one after another of
these petulant little birds, which still linger in such places as I
have described, in company with buffy-colored young Maryland
Yellow-throats, and numberless reed-ragged Marsh Wrens.

The White-eyed Yireo has always been notable, even in
groups of birds whose spirit is high, for its irritable tempera-
ment; and during the breeding season, nothing can surpass
the petulance and irascibility which it displays when its home
is too nearly approached, and the fuss it makes when its temper
is ruffled in this way. It skips about in a panicky state, as
regardless of exposure as a virago haranguing the crowd on a
street corner, seemingly at such loss for adequate expletives
that we may fancy it quite ready to say " Thank you ", if some-
body would only swear a little. Like the Wrens and Titmice —
like various birds, in fact, which live habitually in shrubbery,
where they have to peer and pry about to see well — these Yireos
show a good deal of curiosity and inquisitivenees when any-
thing is going on that they do not quite understand ; and if we
take care not to frighten them into a flutter of excitement,
they frequently come almost within arms7 reach by slow and
devious approaches, poising curiously on one twig after another,
and soliloquizing the while in their quaint fashion. Their
uneasiness, however, is chiefly exhibited during the breeding
season, and all their vehemence is but the excess of their con-
cern for their little families, which, as they seem to be aware,

SYNONYMY OF V1REO HUTTONI 525

are peculiarly exposed to danger in their lowly homes ; their
ardor exhausts itself when the occasion is past, and what had
been excessive solicitude gives way to the simple sprightliness
and vivacity, which then appears as an agreeable trait. In
the springtime they rival their relatives in brilliancy and ver-
satility of song, which must be heard to be appreciated ; it is
a curious medley, delivered with great earnestness and almost
endless variations, scarcely to be described in words, though
several authors have made the attempt — with what success the
reader who has listened to the performance may judge for him-
self on referring to the pages of Nuttall or of Mr. Gentry.

I have only to add to this sketch of a bird I learned as a boy
to know pleasantly, that it is in no wise behind its relatives of
the same genus in doing service by destroying noxious insects.
Dr. Brewer says that it feeds eagerly upon the destructive
canker-worm, and is doubtless of considerable service in
restricting the increase of this scourge in some portions of the
country. Prof. Aughey has it down in the long list of birds
that feed in Nebraska on the still more destructive locusts,
stating that he watched them with a field-glass, and saw them
tear a large 'hopper in pieces to give to their young ones. Mr.
Gentry observes that the nestlings are fed with the larvae of
Phalcenidce, as well as with diptera, spiders, aphides, and ants,
and that the birds devour immense numbers of coleopterous,
hymenopterous, lepidopterous. and dipterous insects — his for-
mal list of which is sufficiently extensive to prove that we owe
to this sprightly tenant of the shrubbery a debt of gratitude
that should privilege the bird to scold us, on occasion, as much

as it pleases.

Mutton's Oreenlet

Tireo huttoni

Vlreo button!, Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 150, pi. 10, f. 1 (Monterey, Gal.).— Bd. Great Salt

Lake, 1852, 328.— -Bd BNA. 1858, 339 ;

ed. of 1860, pi. 58, f. 2.-&J. PZS. 1858,

302 (Oaxaca).-£cZ. PZS. 1862, 19 (La

Parada, Southern Mexico).— #d. Rev.

AB.1866, 357, fig.— Coop.'B. Cal. i.1870,

121.— Coop. Am. Nat. riii. 1874, 17.-

Salv. Ibis, 1874, 99 (Guatemala).— B.

B. & R, NAB. i, 1874, 387, pi. 17, f. 12.
Vlreo huttonii, Coues, Key, 1872, 123, f. 69.
Hntton's Vireo, Cass. 1. c., and Authors. FIG. 62.— Vireo huttvui, natural size.

HAB.— Mexico, where resident ; north to Fort Tejon, California (Xo.ntus) ;
to lat. 38° (Cooper)^ south to Guatemala (Salvin).

526 CHARACTERS OF VIREO HUTTONI

$ $ : First quill rather less than half the second, which ahout equals the
tenth ; third a little longer than seventh ; fourth and fifth nearly equal and
longest. Tail slightly rounded, shorter than the wings. Bill very small.
Above olive-green ; brightest behind, especially on rump and edging of tail ;
duller and more ashy toward and on top and sides of head and neck. Wings
with two bands on coverts, and outer edges of innermost secondaries rather
broadly olivaceous-white; other quills edged externally with olive-green,
paler toward outer primary, internally with whitish. Lateral tail-feathers
edged externally with yellowish-white. Feathers of rump with much
concealed yellowish-gray. Under parts pale olivaceous-yellowish, purest
behind, lightest on throat and abdomen ; the breast more olivaceous, the
sides still deeper olive-green, the breast soiled with a slight buffy tinge.
Axillars and crissum yellowish, the inside of wings whitish. Loral region
and narrow space around eye dull yellowish, in faint contrast to the olive
of head. Bill horn-color above, paler below ; legs dusky. Total length,
4.70; wing, 2.40 ; tail, 2.05. (Description copied from Baird, Rev. AB. 1866,
p. 357.)

BUTTON'S Vireo is one of the three species which Mr.
Cassin added to the genus in 1851, and a very near
relative of V. noveboracensis and V. modestus. It was originally
described from Monterey, and has since been found to extend
on the one hand into certain portions of California, and on the
other to Guatemala. It is also cited from various localities in
Mexico, where it is stated to reside, according to Sumichrast,
in the Alpine region of Orizaba. I have never seen it alive,
and have no information to offer respecting its habits. A
memorandum of Mr. Xantus's is quoted by Dr. Brewer, to the
effect that a nest containing incubated eggs was found early in
May at Fort Tejon suspended from three high weed-stems, a
foot from the ground. Dr. J. G. Cooper has found this bird
wintering in California up to 38°, and supposed it to go further
north in summer, as he observed but few on the Coast Range
in May. One that was shot by him at San Diego on the 9th
of May contained an egg ready to be laid. His observations,
as for as they go, indicate a bird whose habits, as might be
expected, are much the same as those of the White-eyed Vireo.

Bell's Greenlet

Vireo belli

Vireo bellii, And. BA. vii. 1844, 333, pi. 485.— Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1851, 150.— Woodh. Rep.
Zufii & Col. R. 1853, 76.— Hoy, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missouri).— Bd. Rev.
AB. 1866, 358, fig.— CVwes, Key, 1872, 123, f. 70.— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 176.— Ridgw.
Am. Nat, vi. 1872, 430 ; 1873, 199 (Illinois).— Grippe, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1873, 236 (Iowa).—
Coues, BNW. 1874, 101.— Ridgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. 1874, 370 (Illinois).

A£A

SYNONYMY AND CHARACTERS OF V1REO BELLI 527

Virco bell!, Bp CA. i. 1850, 330.— Bd. Rep. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 328.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 337.
— Cowes.Ibis, 1865, 158 (Kansas).— Dress. Ibis, 1865, 481 (San Antonio, Tex.).— Butch.
Pr. Phila. Acad. 18C8, 149 (Texas).— Coues, Am. Xat. vi. 1871, 197.— A lien, Am. Nat. vii.

1873, 363.— Trippe, Am.
Nat. viL 1873, 498.—
B.B.& R. NAB. i. 1874,
389, pi. 17, f. 13.— Ames,

Bull. Minnesota Acad. A ' N. A ~^

1874, 57 (perhaps).—
Hcnsh. Rep. Orn. Specs.
1874, 105 (Gila River).—
H<nsh. List B. Ariz.

1875, 157 (Arizona, to- FlQ ^_Yireo lellij natural size,
g ether with pusilluj).—

Hensh. ZooL Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 225.— Nels. Bull. Nutt. Club, i. 1876, 42 (Illinois,
abundant).— Lawr. Bull. Nat. Mus. n. 4, 1876, 18 (Tehuantepec).
Bell's Vlreo or Greenlet, Aud. 1. c., and Authors.

HAB. — Western portions of the United States, and Mexico. East to
Illinois (Ridgway, Nelson); Dakota (Audubon) ; Kansas and Nebraska (Coues,
Goss) ; Iowa (Trippe) ; Missouri (Hoy) ; ? Minnesota (Ames) ; Texas (Dresser,
Butcher, Heermann) ; Arizona (Henshaw) ; California ( Cooper) ; Tehuantepec
(Sumichrast).

CH. SP. — $ 9 Eemigibus x. Flavo-olivaceus vertice aliquan-
tulum obscuriore, infr&flaricans, gulaalbida; lorisfuscis, orbitis
albis, alls flavo-albido limbatis etfasciatis, caudd longioribus.

$ $ : A very small species, quite a miniature of V. gilvus, the markings
of the head in particular being much the same ; but readily distinguished
by its smaller size, decidedly yellowish under parts, well-marked wing-bar,
aud different wing-formula. Above yellowish-olive or olive-green (much
as in olivaceus), darker and ashier on the head, but without abrupt contrast,
brightest on the rump. Below decidedly yellowish, olive-shaded on the
sides, whitening on the throat and belly. A white line from nostril to and
around the eye, but scarcely or not prolonged behind as in gilvus ; lores
dusky. Wings and tail dusky, with considerable edging of the color
of the back, or whitish ; the wings with two whitish cross-bars, that on the
end of the greater coverts stronger than the other. Length, under 5 inches ;
wing, 2-J- ; tail, less ; tarsus, f .

BELL'S Greenlet is one of the several species which
Audubon discovered on his excursion to the Upper
Missouri, and published in the Appendix to the last volume
of the octavo reprint of his splendid work, with Harris's
Finch, LeGonte's, Baird's, Smith's, and Shattuck's Buntings,
Brewer's Blackbird, Ayres's Woodpecker, Nuttall's Wood-
pecker, Sprague's Lark, and other species, dedicated by the
amiable naturalist to his friends, some of whom were his com-
panions on that memorable journey. He found it as far up
the river as the mouth of the Yellowstone, and noted that its
resorts were the shrubbery of the bottom-lands, as those of

528 HABITS OF BELL'S GREENLET

the White-eyed Vireo would be under the same circumstances.
A few years later, Dr. Woodhouse found it in Texas, where he
states that it was abundant ; and several observers afterward
noted its occurrence in that country. Among them were Mr.
Dresser and Dr. Heermann, both of whom ascertained that
the bird breeds in that State. Other naturalists meanwhile
filled in the interval between these two widely separated local-
ities ; but the still broader area of distribution of the species
was not determined until very recently. Among the most inter-
esting observations in this regard should be mentioned those
by Mr. Kidgway and Mr. Kelson in Illinois, Dr. Cooper in Cali-
fornia, and especially by Mr. Henshaw in Arizona.

"The Vireo Bellii," says Mr. Ridgway, in the first of the
places above cited in the American Naturalist, " was found to
be a common, or at least not rare, species in the thickets on
the prairies. It was first seen on the 8th of June, when speci-
mens were shot, and being then in full song, there can be
little doubt that the species breeds there."

His later note in the same periodical gives further particu-
lars : —

"... During a lull in the chorus we heard, from, the depths
of the thicket, a very curious gabbling, or sputtering song,
which was entirely new to us. We hastened to the thicket,
and, entering it as far as possible, lay in wait for the strange
songster to resume his vocal performance. In a few moments
a little grayish bird carefully approached, flitting cautiously
from twig to twig, now and then halting, and, after uttering
the peculiar notes which had attracted our attention, would
stretch out his neck and eye us with great curiosity and evi-
dent suspicion. After observing him carefully to our satisfac-
tion at a distance of hardly a rod, we found that he was Bell's
Greenlet (Vireo Bellii), a species of the plain east of the
Rocky Mountains from Texas northward, and not before
detected east of the Mississippi river. After we had become
satisfied of his identity we shot him ; but upon attempting to
secure our prize, we found the briary undergrowth too intricate
and powerful to allow a passage through it. In nearly all the
thickets others of the same species were frequently heard, so
that it appeared to be common in that locality. The little
White-eyed Greenlet ( V. noveboracensis] was also common in
the same thickets, and was easily distinguished by his well-
known notes, an attempted translation of which gives it the
local name of * chickty-beaver bird.'"

HABITS OF BELL'S GREENLET 529

Referring also to Illinois, Mr. E. W. Nelson states that Bell's
Greenlets were abundant in August, 1875, in the shrubbery of
Fox Prairie, Eichland County: — "They were exceedingly shy,
and although several could be heard uttering their curious song
and the same tune, and repealed efforts were made to secure
them, only two specimens were obtained." Mr. Nelson subse-
quently saw a specimen which had been taken near Chicago in
June of the same year, and considers that they will eventually
be found throughout the State. The bird is one of several
Western species which, belonging to prairie land, extend their
range to Illinois, where the surface-conditions are essentially
the same as those of the western sides of the Mississippi Basin.
Among others may be mentioned the Western Meadow Lark,
LeConte's Bunting, Cassin's Finch, and the Painted Lark-
bunting.

Whilst journeying across the Plains in 1864, en route to Ari-
zona, I was detained for some days in the vicinity of Fort Riley,
Kansas, by an "Indian scare "from the front, and employed
the time very profitably in observing and collecting birds along
the Republican Fork of the Kansas River. The season — late in
May — was propitious, and the place proved to be a famous one
for birds, which thronged the river-botton. Bell's Yireos were
then in full song and feather, and no one could enter the
shrubbery without being oddly saluted by these inquisitive
little busy-bodies, who seemed to have pre-empted the whole
water-front of the country, and were quite ready to insist upon
their squatter sovereignty. I found no nests, however, proba-
bly because there were none yet built, and was obliged to content
myself with watching the curious ways of the birds, and skin-
ning a few for the further purposes of science. For all that I
saw of their habits, they might as well have been White-eyes ;
but their notes are different.

In 1861, we had advices from Dr. Cooper of the presence of
Bell's Vireo in the Colorado Valley, where he stated that it
occurred at Fort Mojave. But when shortly afterward the
nearly related V.pusillus came to be described, it was presumed
that the latter had been mistaken for V. belli. The reference
to the supposed belli from California was therefore turned over
to pusillus in my original notice of the latter, and it was entirely
ignored by Cooper himself in his recent " Ornithology of Cali-
fornia ". This left us without satisfactory evidence of the pres-
ence of Bell's Vireo west of the Rocky Mountains. A habitat so
34 B 0

530 HABITS OF BELL'S GREENLET

restricted as to exclude the Cooper record was given by Baird,
Brewer, and Ridgway in 1874, and at the same time I stated in
the " Birds of the Northwest " that this species had not been
observed in the Southern Kocky Mountain Begion, " where re-
placed by V. pusillus". It seems, however, that we were all
wrong about this, the fact being that V. belli does inhabit Ari-
zona, whether the birds observed by Cooper were of this spe-
cies or the other. Such is shown to be the case by Mr. Hen-
shaw in the following paragraph : —

" This little Yireo appeared to be rather common along the
Gila River, inhabiting the dense thickets along the banks. At
this season, the middle of September, its quaiut song was heard
during most of the day, but more particularly in the hot hours
of noonday. In addition to the song, which somewhat resem-
bles the White-eyed Vireo's, it has a harsh scolding note, which
it often repeats as it searches among the dense undergrowth
for its food. But a single specimen was obtained, as it was
rather timid, and on hearing the slighest noise would instantly
cease its notes and dive into the brush. The single specimen
secured appears on comparison to be quite typical of the spe-
cies ..."

It seems most probable, from the date at which these obser-
vations were made, and the glimpse given of the manners of
the birds, that they were migrating at the time, and it may
be that Bell's Vireo comes into the Colorado Valley in the fall,
like the true Solitary Vireo, these two species being there repre-
sented in the breeding season by V. pusillus and V. plumbem
respectively. This much, at least, may be fairly surmised from
what little we have learned of the movements of Bell's Vireo.
We know that it breeds from our southern border in Texas
to its limits of distribution northward, and that it occurs in
Mexico as far south as Tehuantepec, where Sumichrast found
it ; but the periods of its migrations and the full extent of its
winter residence still remain to be ascertained.

The nest and eggs of BelPs Greeulet I have not taken occa-
sion to examine for myself, as they have been carefully described
by Dr. Brewer. A nest from Xeosbo Falls., Kaus., found in June
by Mr. B. F. Goss, is pensile, as usual, and suspended by three-
fourths of its brim from two small twigs. "Over these is
strongly bound a finely felted webbing of the flax-like fibres of
plants, interwoven with slender steins. With these are con-
nected and interwoven also the materials that make up the

SYNONYMY OF VIREO PUSILLUS 531

periphery of the nest itself. This is composed of long and slen-
der strips of bark, fragments of dry leaves, bits of wood, and
various other fragmentary substances. The nest, unlike others
of this family, is lined with down, and the fine long hair of
some animals, instead of with vegetable stems. The diameter
as well as the height of this nest is about two and a half
inches." Another nest, however, also described by Dr. Brewer,
was lined as usual with grasses and fine plant stems ; and this
one was of a different shape, being nearly twice as wide as deep,
and with a contracted brim, the opening being only half as much
as the outside diameter. The eggs, as described by the same
eminent oologist, are from 0.73 to 0.76 in length by 0.52 to 0.56
in breadth, pure white in color, sparsely dotted with red around
the larger end.

The Least Greenlet

Vireo pnsillns

Vireo bellii, ? Coop. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1861, 122 (Fort Mojave, Ariz.).

Tireo pusillus, Cones, Pr. Phila, Acad. 1866, 76 (descr. orig. ; near Fort Whipple, Ariz.).—

Bd. Kev. AB. 1866, 360, fig.— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1868, 83 (Arizona).— Coop. Am.

Nat. iii. 1869, 186, 479.— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 124.— Elliot, "Illust. BNA. pi. 7".— Coues,

Key, 1872, 123, f. 71.— Coop. Am. Nat viii.1874, 17.— B. B. <& E. NAB. i 1874, 391, pL 17,

f. 14.— Hensh. List B.

Ariz, 1875, 157.— Hensh.

Zool. ExpL W. 100

Merid. 1875, 226.—

Kidgw. Rep. Expl. 40th « A

Par. iv. pt iii. 1877, 451 / 1 A / \

(Sacramento, Cal.).—

Stevens, Bull. Nutt.

Club, iii. n. 2, apr. 1878,

93 (Gila River) . FIG. 64.— Vireo pusillus, natural size.

Least Vireo, Coues, I. c., and Authors.

HAB. — Arizona, chiefly in its lower portions, and California from Sacra-
mento to Cape St. Lucas. (Doubtless also portions of Mexico.)

OH. SP. — <£ $ Remigibus x, lmo 2di dimidiato ; minimus; alis
cauddque cequalibus; cinereo-plumbeus, vix olivaceus, infrct, albus,
lateribus vix flavicantibus.

$ 2 : A very small species, quite like a miniature of V. vidnior in the dull
coloration and relative lengths of wings and tail ; more nearly related to
V. belli, but differing in coloration, wing-formula, and relative lengths of
wing and tail. Above grayish-ash with slight olive shade ; below, including
under wing-coverts, white, slightly obscured on the breast, with faint yel-
lowish wash on the sides. A whitish line from nostrils over and around eye ;
lores slightly darkened ; two wing-bands — one stronger than the other— and
narrow edgings of wings and tail, dull white, sometimes faintly yellowish.

532 CHARACTERS OF V1REO PUSILLUS

Exposed portion of spurious quill half as long as the second quill ; fourth pri-
mary longest ; third and fifth subequal ; second about equal to eighth. Tril
very long, equalling the wings, with narrow acuminate feathers ; tarsus
decidedly longer than the middle toe and claw. Length, about 5 inches
(rather less); extent, 7£; wing,2£; tail, about the same; bill,£; tarsus, f;
middle toe and claw, £.

In its general pale dull coloration, with little trace of olive or yellowish
shades, this species is curiously similar to V. vidnior, and it shares with
that species the equality in the length of the wings and tail. The distinc-
tions, however, are too evident to require detailed comparison. From the
much brighter-colored V. belli, of about the same size and its nearest United
States relative, it may be d stinguished by the following comparative
diagnoses : —

V. belli. — Spurious primary £ the second one ; third longest ; second rather
longer than seventh. Wing decidedly longer than tail. Olive-green above,
and strongly yellowish below.

F.pusillus.— Spurious primary $ the second one; fourth longest ; second
equal to eighth. Gray, with a slight olive tinge ; only a trace of yellowish
below.

I WELL remember when a copy of "Audubon" first opened
up to me what seemed like a revelation — with what inten-
sity I set myself to master the wonderful history — and the
boyish despair I felt when I came to the Vireos ! The very
name was a mystery without a meaning, with a foreign sound,
unlike Thrush, Warbler, or Sparrow, and there was such a lot
of these little myths, all alike greenish ! I should have scouted
the idea, had any one presented it, that there were any more
Yireos in the world than Audubon knew j and that I should
ever discover a new one myself would have seemed like a
feverish dream.

The type-specimen of Vireo pusillus was shot on Date Creek,
in Arizona, June 6, 1865, but under circumstances that left me
no opportunity of observing it at my leisure; and I never saw
it again during my residence in tbe Territory. We were travel-
ling hastily and uncomfortably on one of the raids upon Apaches
that we occasionally made from headquarters at Fort Whipple,
when the loud and melodious song of a Vireo attracted my
attention, and I lost no time in securing the interesting bird.
It was a female, who doubtless had her eggs or young near by,
though the occasion was not one of the most propitious for
birds'-nesting. The same species had been previously taken by
Dr. Cooper at San Diego, and still earlier by Mr. Xantus at
Cape St. Lucas, but it remained undescribed until the follow-
ing year, when I overhauled my Arizona collections at the
Smithsonian in Washington.

SYNONYMY OF VIREO ATEICAPILLUS 533

Mr. Kidgway has since found the Least Vireo to be abundant
in the vicinity of Sacramento, where he discovered a nest; and
several other observers, notably Mr. Heushaw, have met with
it in various portions of Arizona. It does not appear to reach
the more elevated parts of that Territory, in the pine-belt of
which Vireo vicinior is found and V. plumbeus is abundant.
Its habits, as far as known, correspond closely with those of
BelPs and the White-eyed Yireo ; and Dr. Brewer describes two
nests from Arizona as substantially like those of the former
species. Each contained three eggs, and in one of them there
was also a Cowbird egg, supposed, from its small size, to have
been laid by Molothrus obscurus. The Vireo's eggs measured
0.69 by 0.56, and were of crystalline whiteness, speckled with
red and reddish-brown — the markings being very minute and
scarcely discernible in some cases, in others larger and more
distinct.

Black-capped Greenlet

Vireo atricapillus

Vireo atricapilla, Woodh. Pr. Phila, Acad. Apr. 1852, 60 (Rio San Pedro, Texas).— Bd. Rep.

Great Salt Lake, 1852, 328.— Woodh. Rep. Zuni & Colo. R. 1853, 75, pL 1.
Vireo atricapillus, Cass. Illust. B. Cal. & Tex. 1854, 153, pL 24.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 337.— Bd.

U. S. & Mex. B. Surv. ii. pt. ii. 1859 ; Birds, p. 12 (Devil's River, Texas).— Bd. Rev. AB.

1866, 353, fig.— Coop. B. Cal. L 1870, 121.— Corns, Key, 1872, 124.-5. B. & B. NAB. i. 1874,

383, pL 17, f. 6 (Mazatlan).
Black-headed or Black-capped Vireo, Authors.

HAB.— Texas to Mazatlan.

CH. SP. — Eemigibus x. $ olivaceus infra albus lateribus viren-
tibus, alis albido bifasciatls, rostra pileo genisque nigris, lor is
orbitisque albis. ? 9 pileo schistaceo.

$ : Top and side of the head black, excepting a white eye-ring and white
loral stripe. Upper parts olivaceous ; lower parts white, tinged with pale
greenish on the sides and flanks. Wings and tail blackish, edged with
olivaceous, the former with two dingy whitish bars across the ends of the
greater and median coverts j lining of wings yellowish. Bill black ; feet
dark ; iris red. Length, 4f ; extent, 7£ ; wing, 2J ; tail, nearly 2 ; bill, -J ;
tarsus, £ ; middle toe and claw, i ; first primary exposed for f- of an inch.

A specimen from Mazatlan, supposed to be a female, is described by Baird
and Ridgway as having the black of the head replaced by dark slate color,
the upper parts duller olive, the lower somewhat buffy. The black cap of
the male renders the species conspicuous among all its congeners.

NO more than four specimens of this very rare Vireo are
known to naturalists. Dr. S. W. Woodhouse, the dis-
coverer of the species, procured two males in Western Texas,
near the head of the Eio San Pedro, on tho 26th of May, 1851.

534 THE BLACK-CAPPED GEEENLET

The following year it was described by him in the Philadelphia
Academy's "Proceedings", and an indifferent figure was given
soon after in Captain Sitgreaves's Beport. In 1854, Mr, Cassin
published a handsome colored plate, of life size, taken from one
of the original specimens. About the same time, and in the
same locality, Mr. J. H. Clark, one of the naturalists of the
Mexican Boundary Commission, procured another specimen,
which was described by Baird in 1858. Our knowledge rested
entirely upon these data, supplemented by the brief field-notes
which each of the naturalists mentioned communicated to
Mr. Cassin, until Col. A. J. Graysou secured at Mazatlan a
fourth specimen, probably a female, which Baird and Kidgway
noted in the u History of North American Birds". This
example is interesting, not only as indicating probably some
sexual differences in this species, but also as extending the
known habitat, hitherto represented by a single locality in
Southwestern Texas. We may safely infer that the rare and
curious bird will yet be found at intermediate points in JSTew
Mexico and Arizona ; meanwhile, we await with interest fur-
ther contributions to its life-history.

CHAPTER XVII.— SHRIKES

FAM. LANIIDCE

THE present chapter concludes a series of families by some
called Dentirostres, from the circumstance that the bill
as a rule presents a more or less obvious nick in the cutting
edge of the upper mandible near the end, and sometimes quite
a "tooth" is developed just back of the nick. Such structure
is particularly well marked in the Vireos, which appear to be
closely related to the Shrikes, and it may be seen in most of
the Turdiue, Sylvicoline, and other birds we have already con-
sidered. In the Shrikes, which we now come to examine,
this character is found in its highest development; the
Laniidce being characterized by the notched, toothed, and
hooked bill, the size, shape, and strength of which make it
quite like that of a bird of prey, in combination with small,
weak, and thoroughly Passerine feet. Nevertheless, the family
is quite a large one, consisting of numerous genera and some
two hundred nominal species, which differ so much in details
of structure that strict definition of the family is scarcely
practicable. I find no satisfactory diagnosis of the group in
its entirety, nor am I prepared to furnish one; and authors
disagree very cordially respecting the natural limitation of
the family. It was formerly held to be much more extensive
than it is now usually admitted to be, having included the
Thamnophilince, Vireonidce, and some other groups which have
since been elsewhere assigned or allowed to stand by them-
selves. The Laniidce of Gray consist of three subfamilies,
the PachycephalincBj Laniince, and Malaconotince, the second of
which may be regarded as the central or typical group.
The family is thoroughly Old World, only two species of a
single genus occurring in America.

535

536

THE GENUS LANIUS

SUBFAMIY LANIIN^E: TYPICAL SHRIKES

This group is perfectly illustrated by its typical genus
j the only one with which we have here to do.

Genus LANIUS (Linnaeus)

Falco sp., Linn. Syst. Nat. 1735.

Ampelis sp., Linn. Syst. Nat. 1748.

Coll) rio, Mcehring, Gen. Av. 1752, 28 (not available).- Gray, G. of B.— Bd. BNA. 1858, 323.

Lanius p., Linn. Syst Nat. 1758.

Lanius p., Briss. Orn. ii. 1760, 140.

Lanius p., Linn. Syst. Nat. 1766.

Lanius of most Authors.

Collurio, Vigors, PZS. 1831, 42.— Bd. Eev. AB. 1866, 437. (Not of Kanp, 1829.)

CHARS. — Wing of ten primaries, and tail of twelve rectrices,
both rounded in shape, and of nearly equal lengths. Point of
the wing formed by the 3d, 4th, and 5th quills, the 2d not
longer than the 6th, and the 1st about half as long as the 3d.
Tarsus equalling or slightly exceeding in length the middle toe
and claw, strongly scutellate in front, and with the outer
lateral plate usually more or less subdivided, as is unusual
among Oscines. Lateral toes of about equal lengths, their claws
reaching to the base of the middle claw ; inner toe cleft nearly

to the base, the outer more
extensively coherent with the
basal joint of the middle toe.
Feet large and strong, but
without specially " raptorial "
development either of the
digits or of their claws. Bill
large and powerful, com-
pressed, deep, completely
notched and toothed, and
strongly hooked, presenting the full accomplishment of a
raptorial character. Bictus ample and deeply cleft, and
strongly bristled ; gonys short, only about half the length
of the lower mandible. Nostrils circular or nearly so, placed
well forward in the nasal fossa, more or less perfectly over-
hung and concealed by tufts of antrorse bristly feathers.

Body stout j neck short; head relatively large. Coloration
simple, the black, white, and bluish or grayish tints being
unrelieved by red or other bright color.

FIG. 65.— Bills of Shrikes.

EXCURSUS ON THE NAMES OF SHRIKES 537

Of the genus as restricted to include only the species that
conform to the foregoing diagnosis, there are about nine well-
determined species, inhabiting Europe, Asia, Africa, and
North America.

§ 1. — On the Use and Meaning of Shrikes' Names

It is a very nice question, What is the proper name of this
genus under the current rules of nomenclature ? The answer
depends upon two important points, neither of which has been
definitely determined. One of these points is, the date to which
we may be permitted to go back to find a tenable generic name 5
the other is, by what method we may discover the type of a
LinnaBan genus when, as in the present case, it covers more than
one LinnaBan species. The present instance may be made to
furnish an important precedent, as it certainly answers all the
requirements of a test case.

George Kobert Gray, who paid great attention to loosing
synonymatic knots according to certain consistent, if not the
most judicious, rules, adopts the name Collyrio, Mcehring, 1752,
and his example was followed by Baird in 1858. He goes back
for genera to 1735, the date of the first edition of the Systema
NaturaB, taking any applicable name he finds, of date 1735 or
later. As Linnasus named no genus of Shrikes until the 10th
edition of his System, 1758, Mcehring's term Collyrio, 1752,
clearly has priority.

The exceptions which most ornithologists, myself among the
number, would take to this course, are several. In the first
place, we are not to go back of the date of establishment of the
binomial nomenclature for any names, whether generic or
specific. Though the Linnasan rules were first definitely
promulgated in the Philosophia Botanica, published in 1751,
the first instance of the consistent use of the nomen triviale, or
the second term of the binomial nomenclature, is in the
LinnaBan Species Plantarum, 1753, which the botanists gen-
erally concur in adopting as their starting-point; but the bino-
mial nomenclature was not consistently applied by Linna3us to
zoology until the 10th edition of the Systema NaturaB, 1758. G.
E. Gray himself does not go behind this edition for his specific
names ; and most ornithologists are unwilling to go back of the
12th edition, 1766, for any names whatever, with one special
exception, in favor of Brisson's genera. It is urgently required

538 EXCURSUS ON THE NAMES OF SHRIKES

for the stability of scientific nomenclature to have some fixed
starting-point, what one being a matter of less consequence.
It is also highly desirable that the initial point should be the
same for both generic and specific terms. In the case of the
latter, the ornithologist cannot go back of 1758, which I
strongly recommend to be taken as our starting-point, there
being various sound reasons why it is more eligible than 17G6.
Ornithologists, and, in fact, naturalists at large, are about
equally divided on this special point j the present tendency in
this country is to "take Linna3us at 1758", and this is the
course I adopt in my own writings. Mo3hriug's genera are of
course thrown out by this limitation of time.

Supposing, however, that for generic names we may revert to
1751 or even to 1735, either of which dates leaves Mo3hriug in,
the question arises whether an author who does not conform to
the requirements of a system of nomenclature shall be allowed
to impose names to the prejudice of the names of others who do
conform to such system. With a saving clause for the genera,
but not the species, of Brisson (1760), ornithologists are nearly
unanimous that those who are not binomenclators have no
rights we are bound to respect in. nomenclature. By those who
hold to this ruling, Mcehring is to be thrown out of court on
this count also, as he did not deal at all with specific names*

Discarding Coltyrio of Mcehring, therefore, as untenable upon
one or both of the foregoing considerations, we take up the
next name in order, which is Lanius L., 1758. Admitting the
name as of this date, the question arises, For which one of
the modern genera of Shrikes must Lanius be retained? It
cannot, of course, be abolished, nor is it yet available in its
original acceptation, for Linnaeus made it cover not only all
the Shrikes he knew, but also the several other birds of differ-
ent families which he wrongly considered to be Shrikes; it
must, therefore, be used in a new and much restricted sense
for some one of the several valid genera of the family — for
which one, however, cannot be easily decided. Linnaeus speci-
fied no type, and he, moreover, made his generic characters
comprehensive enough to more than apply to the whole family.
Failing any criterion in this and other Linnaean cases, by which
the author's meaning can be ascertained with the precision
requisite for the purposes of modern classification, or the appli-
cability of his generic name be narrowed to the required limits,
we are driven to an entirely arbitrary course. This is, to elect

EXCURSUS ON THE NAMES OF SHRIKES 539

some one species as type of the genus, affix the original name
to this, and then apply other names to the other generic groups
at our discretion ; such being practically the universal custom.

Gray's rule appears to be, to select as the type the first
species given under the head of the genus ; and accordingly
he considers L. cristatus (which is an Indian species) as the
type of the genus Lanius Linn., 1758. The rule works well
enough in some cases, but obviously cannot be rigidly en-
forced. Dire confusion would follow the attempt to carry it
out to its full consequences. Scores, if not hundreds, of cases
might be cited, in which such a course is clearly impracticable.

It is impracticable, for instance, in this very case of Lanius,
for in 1766, in the 12th edition, the first species given under
Lanius is L. forficatus ; whence it is clear that Linna3us had
no particular type in view.

Eecognizing such points, naturalists agree that a writer who
subdivides a typeless genus may restrict the original name to
any section he chooses, and rename the rest, and that his action
in these premises shall be in effect the same as if he himself had
first proposed the name.

The genus Lanius continued for some years to be used in
substantially its LinnaBan acceptation ; but presently various
species of Linna3an Lanius were made the types of successive
new genera. Though the authors proposing these new names
did not formally subdivide the genus, we may concede that
their action was tantamount to this. In 1817, the Lanius forfi-
catus of Linnaeus, 1763, became the type of Edolius of Cuvier ;
in 1826, the Lanius collurio of Linna3us was made by Boie the
type of his genus Enneoctonus ; in 1829, Kaup used Collurio for
what Boie had called Enneoctonus, and also proposed Phoneus
for another closely related section ; in 1831, Vigors used
Collurio for the group of which L. excubitor Linn, is the type.
Not to go further into the record, it may be said, in fine, that
every name which authors have imposed upon species of the
LinnaBan Lanius has been based upon some other section of the
genius than that of which L. excubitor is typical, down to
Collurio Vigors, 1831, which latter is antedated by Collurio
Kaup, 1829. Whence it appears that if Lanius is not tenable
for L. excubitor, it is not tenable at all. Yet it cannot be
abolished entirely.

It is with no little satisfaction that I find myself able to
restore the name Lanius to the present genus, upon principles

540 EXCURSUS ON THE NAMES OF SHRIKES

of nomenclature which are recognized by the great majority of
naturalists. I submit the following resum6 of the argument : —

1. Collyrio Mrehring, 1752, is not available, being given by
a non-binomialist prior to the establishment of the binomial
nomenclature.

2. Lanius LinnaBus, 1758 and 1766, has no specified type ;
no type can be inferred except by the arbitrary method of
considering the first species given by LinnaBus as typical ; such
assumed type is different in 1758 and in 1766 ; in subdividing
the genus, an author is free to make any one of the LinnaBan
species of Lanius the type of a new genus.

3. All the genera which have in fact been proposed for species
which were included by Linnasus in Lanius are based upon
other species than L. excubitor and its allies, excepting Collurio
Yig., 1831, which is antedated by Collurio Kaup, 1829, the lat-
ter being based upon a species of a different genus, to wit,
Enneoctonus Boie, 1826.

4. Lanius therefore, in a restricted sense, becomes tenable
for the genus of which excubitor is typical, upon that exclusion
of the several heterogeneous elements which authors have
successively effected, and it is untenable for any other genus,
all the rest having been provided with other names.

From such considerations of the technical aspects of the case
which affect our nomenclature, the transition is easy and natural
to the signification of these names, and their original applica-
tion to the birds of the present genus.

KoMupiwv is used by Aristotle as the name of a bird, of what
kind, however, cannot be determined. Sundevall does not
identify the name, and the lexicons, some of which do not give
it at all, merely define it as the name of some bird — " avis
gucedam incerta". INor do I know the etymology of the word;
none of the authorities consulted give any derivation; it
has no obvious connection with the Greek xottuptov, which was
a kind of medicament, either an eye-salve or a suppository,
according to different definitions, and which in the Latin shape
of collyrium is now a common medical term for an eye-wash.
From xoMuptwv comes the familiar term Collyrio or Collurio,
used both in a generic and a specific sense in modern orni-
thology.

Gesner indeed treat* "de Collvrione", but only briefly, and
evidently without any clear idea of what Aristotle meant by the

EXCURSUS ON THE NAMES OF SHRIKES 541

term. He rather makes it out to be a kind of Thrush, and cites
the opinion of William Turner, to the effect that it was the bird
called by the English the Fieldfare. He treats of the European
Shrikes in another part of his work, under a name of his own.
The name "Lanius", which means a butcher or executioner,
was excellently well chosen by Gesner to designate these
sanguinary birds, which had at that early day already made
their reputation for rapacity. That this was the first use of
the term in such connection, for birds which Gesner could not
identify with those described by any previous author, appears
from the subjoined quotation.* Gesner distinguishes two
European species, giving a figure of each, one of his notices
being "de Laniis, et primvm de cinereo"; the other "de alio
Laiiiorvm genere inaiore". Of his Lanius cinereus, which is
cited by Linnaeus as one of the bases of his L. cxcubitor,
Gesner says that it was called in German Thorntraer or Thorn-
kresser, " quasi torquispinum vel spinilaniuin ", showing that
in his time one of the marked habits of the Shrike was already
a matter of common report. He also mentions that the bird
was called in some places N&nt6der or Nunmorder, that is to
say, Nine-killer, from the vulgar belief that this was exactly
the number of birds which the Shrike was wont to destroy
daily. This curious tradition survives to the present day, as
witness the name u Nine-killer ", still sometimes heard; and it
also gave rise to Boie's generic name Enneoctonus. Gesner is
less happy in his attempt to give the English equivalent of his
bird's name, which he renders ashirJce anymurder (sic in the
copy before me ; the fact being, that the Shrike does not shirk
anymurder it can commit! This author very often mistook
our indefinite article for a part of the word succeeding it, and
the printer may be answerable for the rest of the blunder). In
another place, however, we find the word " Shrike " under the
quasi-Latin form of schricum. The derivation of this English
word is from shriek, one of a set of words, like screak, squeak,
screech, and numberless others, in different languages and
under various forms, which signify shrill kinds of outcry. The
Anglo-Saxon name of the bird was Scric, and in the Danish

* " Lanivm cinereum nostrum, alij aliter Latine Grseceve nominal! posse
coniecerunt, ego cum nulli veterum description! satis earn accedere viderem,
nouo nomine lanium appellare malui : quod in alias aues non solum so
rainores, sed maiores etiam aliquas laniaudo saBuire soleat." (Quoted from
the ed. of 1617, which may not be literally true to the orig. ed. 1555.)

542 THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF LANIUS

we find Slirika. The ordinary French name, Piegrieche, is
simply pica grceca, or Greek Pie. The name excubitor, adopted
by LinuaBus for one of the species, is the Latin word meaning
a sentinel (literally, an " outlier"). It is no less happily chosen
than Lanius, referring as it does to a characteristic habit
of the Shrikes, which is to perch in wait for their prey, like
sentinels.

§2.— On the American Species of Lanius

No more than two American species of this genus (one of
them, however, being represented by two geographical races)
have been satisfactorily established, though a large number
have been successively ascribed to this country by different
writers. It is the object of the present article to pass these
several alleged species in critical review, in chronological
order, and see what they amount to.

1. LANIUS EXCUBITOR, L. The well-known European spe-
cies, wrongly ascribed to North America by Forster, Wilson,
and others, whose accounts are to be turned over to L. borealis
Vieill., to which they actually refer.

2. LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS, Briss. (See the full synonymy
givon beyond, p. 561.)

This name has had a checquered and rather curious history.
We first find it in Brisson, ii. 1760, 162, covering an excellent
description of a bird, now well known as the "Loggerhead
Shrike", said to be from the then extensive and rather indefi-
nite region of "Louisiana"; and the account is accompanied by
a figure (pi. xv. f. 2), which we have no difficulty in recognizing,
after we are informed what it is meant for. This same u Pie-
griesche de la Louisiana" of Brisson became the Liunsean
Lanius ludovicianus, and all is plain sailing so far, though
Linna3us did not give a quite accurate diagnosis. But the
compilers promptly attacked the bird, and made sad havoc with
their operations at second-hand. Thus, in Latham's Synopsis,
i. 162, where Brisson and Linna3us are both correctly cited, we
are wrongly referred to PL Enlurnine'e, no. 397, which is not
a Shrike at all, but apparently a species of Thamnophilus.
Gmelin naturally copies the mistake, through his habit of
indiscriminate compilation, and also misquotes Brisson, citing
the name canadensis, instead of ludoviclanus, though he gives
the page and plate of the latter correctly. Next, in the Index

THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF LANIUS 543

Ornithologicus, Latham proceeds to mix up the true L. ludomci-
amts with a third species, namely, the "Black-crowned Shrike"
of Pennant (= L. americanus Gm.), which he brings in here
probably because Pennant merely surmised that his own
Black-crowned Shrike "seems to be77 Brisson's L. ludomdanus.
Finally, all these mistakes are repeated by Latham in his general
History, with a climax of error in the surmise that his L. ludo-
vicianus (now become a thoroughly composite species, having
no existence in nature) might be a variety of his L. nengeta! —
which latter is itself an equally composite bird. This is,
indeed, " confusion worse confounded ".

Thus, as Swainson well remarks (FBA. ii. 119), "let us
remember that we first began to lose sight of the true L. Ludo-
mdanus by an unlucky error in the Sy sterna Natures [where
Linnseus gave a faulty description]; that it became more
obscure in Gmelin's compilation ; and that it was finally lost
in the Index Ornithologicus, the Ludovidanus of which work
and of the General History is an imaginary bird [i. e. a com-
posite species]."

It may be further observed, that there is in Gmelin another
"Lanius ludovicianus" (Lanius tyrannus, <5, ludomdanus), which
is an entirely different bird, namely, the Kingbird, Tyrannus
carolinensis.

3. LANIUS CANADENSIS, L. SN. i. 134, n. 4. (Pie-griesche de
Canada, Lanius canadensis, BRISS. Orn. ii. 171, pi. 18, f. 3. — Pie-
grieche Jiupp6e de Canada, BUFF. PL Enlum. 479, f. 2. — Four-
millier liuppe, BUFF. Hist. Nat. iv. 476. — Crested Shrike, LATH.
Syn. i. 182, n. 35; PENN. AZ. 239, n. 129.— Lanius cana-
densis, GM. SN. 298 (= Linn.); LATH. IO. ii. 72 (=Linn.).—
Lanius atricapillus, GM. SN. 303.— Turdus cirrhatus, GM. SN.
826. — Lanius pileatus, LATH. IO. i. 76. — Tyrannus atricapillus,
V. OAS. 78, pi. 48.— T. canadensis, V. OAS. 79, pi. 49.) This
is neither a Shrike nor a North American bird, being a species
of ThamnopMlus of Cayenne, &c., originally described by
Brisson from "Canada", probably by mistake for Cayenne.

4. LANIUS AMERICANUS, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 1788, 308, n. 48.
This is based upon the "Black-crowned Shrike r of Pennant,
AZ. ii. 1785, 238, n. 128, said to inhabit "North America".
Though Pennant says it "seems to be" the same as BETS-
SON, ii. 162 (=L. ludovicianus) and LATHAM, Synopsis, i. 162
( = Louisiane Shrike), his bird is clearly not a, Lanius; nor is it
a North American bird at all. Latham reproduces a "Lauiiis

544 THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF LANIUS

Americanos" in his Index Ornithologicus, i. 69, n. 9, basing
it, however, solely upon the Pie-griesche de la Louislane, PI.
Enlum. 397.

5. LANIUS NATKA, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 1788, 309, n. 50 (=!/.
nootka, LATH. TO. i. 1790, 80, n. 48 5 V. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 735).
This is based upon the "Natka Shrike77 of PENNANT, AZ. ii.
1785, 239, n. 130, described as from Nootka Sound. It has
never been satisfactorily identified, but is evidently not a true
Lanius, and probably not a North American bird at all.

6. LANIUS SEPTENTRIONALIS, Qm. Syst. Nat. i. 1788, 306, n.
37; LATH. IO. i. 1790, 76, n. 30; V. Ency. Me"th. ii. 1823, 732,
is based upon the " Northern Shrike" of LATHAM, Syn. i. 165,
n. 11, described from " the northern parts of America". Bona-
parte and some other authors revived the name for use in
connection with L. borealis, to which, however, it cannot be
properly referred. The species remains unidentified, and
probably cannot be now made out.

7. LANIUS GRISCUS, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, p. 289 Ms. This
name may have been intended to cover the larger of our two
species, L. borealis, as it is ascribed to Pennsylvania, in dis-
tinction from another species accredited to Florida; but the
account given does not suffice to decide the point.

8. LANIUS GARRULUS, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, p. 289 Ms. Un-
doubtedly intended for the Southern species, L. ludovicianus,
but insufficiently described.

9. LANIUS BOREALIS, Vieill. GAS. i. 1807, 90, pi. 50. (See the
full synonymy beyond, p. 558.) Here we have the first unmis-
takable and exclusive description of the larger of our two
species, which had long previously been known, indeed, but
referred to the European L. excuMtor. Vieillot's bird appears
to have been first taken up by Swain son, whose identification
has been accepted by Audubon, Baird, and later writers gen-
erally, though the bird was for a while called by the unavail-
able name of septentrionalis, which Swain son very properly
refused to recognize. Yieillot describes his bird minutely,
leaving no doubt of what he meant, and in the Encyclopedic
Me*thodique he cites Wilson's plate 5, f. 1.

10. LANIUS ARDOSIACUS, Vieill. OAS. i. 1807, 81, pi. 51.
This species is less satisfactorily characterized than the other
one which Vieillot describes, but the sum and substance of the
account leaves no necessary doubt that it is the Loggerhead
Shrike, L. ludomcianus of Brisson. Swainson indeed, who dis-

THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF LANIUS 545

cusses it elaborately, comes to the conclusion that it is "an im-
aginary species", that is to say, compounded of two; but his
argument in this case does not seem to me sound. He admits,
in fact, that were it not for a certain u if" which seems to me
quite immaterial, he "should have at once concluded that his
[Vieillot's] ardosiaceus was the same bird as Wilson's Caroli-
nensis ".

11. LANIUS CAROLINENSIS, Wils. Am. Orn. iii. 1811, 57, pi.
22, f. 5. Wilson gave us two species of Shrikes, one of which,
"L. excubitor" Wils., nee L., is the L. borealis of Vieillot ; and
the other, to which Wilson gave the new name of carolinensis,
is the L. ludovicianus of Brisson and Linnaeus.

12. LANIUS EXCUBITORIDES, Sw. FBA. ii. 1831, 115, pi. 34.
(See the full synonymy beyond, p. 562.) Swainson's descrip-
tion and beautiful figure first brought to notice the most
common and widely distributed species of Shrike of North
America — borealis being rather northerly, and typical ludovici-
anus being chiefly confined to the South Atlantic and Gulf
States. No doubt, Swainson's bird had been seen before, and
it may actually be involved in some of our accounts of each of
the other species, but without being recognized as different
from either one of them. It is, in fine, the usual style of
Shrike of the United States, and the only kind that is known
to extend into Mexico. It was currently rated as a good
species until very recently, when I reduced it to its proper
grade of a geographical variety, upon showing that the
ascribed characters are found to merge insensibly into those
of typical ludovicianus.

13. LANIUS ELEGANS, Sw. FBA. ii. 1831, 122. This species
has given much trouble. It is minutely described by its author
from a specimen in the British Museum, "to which it was pre-
sented, together with other birds from the fur-countries, by the
Hudson's Bay Company". The name occasionally occurs in
our literature (e. g. NUTT. Man. i. 2d ed. 1840, 287 ; BD. Eep.
Great Salt Lake, 1852, 328; BP. Eev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, 295)
entirely upon its original Swainsonian basis; and in 1870
(PZS. 595; see, also, EIDGW. Am Nat. vii. 1873, 609), Messrs.
Dresser and Sharpe announced, from examination of Swain-
son's type-specimen, that it was L. lahtora of Asia, described
by some mistake as North American. So much for L. elegans
of Swaiuson.

14. But Dr. Gambel, in 1843 (Pr. Phila. Acad. 1843, 261), de-

35 B C

546 SHRIKES IN A STATE OF NATURE

scribed a Shrike, supposed to be from " California ", which he iden-
tified with Swainson's bird, and called L. elegans. Oassin (Hr.
Phil. Acad.1857, 213) and Baird (BNA. 1858, 328, note; ed. of
18CO, atlas pi. 75, f. 1) accepted this identification of Gambel's
specimen, subsequently called Collyrio elegans by Baird (BNA.
1858, p. xxxv.) and Collurio elegans by Baird (Rev. A. B. 1866,
444 ; Hist. NAB. i. 1874, 414). On other pages of the last-cited
work, however, Baird renames Gambel's specimen Collurio lu-
dovicianus var. robustus, giving it a new designation in view of
the fact that the true elegans of Swain son had been shown, as
above stated, to be an Old World species, L. lahtora. All these
later citations of "elegans", resting solely upon Gambel's spe-
cimen, are, of course, to be carefully discriminated from those
which refer to Swainson's type. Gambel's bird is said by Baird
and Eidgway to be "very decidedly different from any of the
recognized North American species"; and they also state that
they have " no reason to discredit the alleged locality of the
specimen ". Under the circumstances, however, I shall decline
to take further notice of the supposed species in the present
work.

15. LANIUS MEXICANUS, Brehm, Journ. fur Ornith. 1854, 145,
148 (see SCL. PZS, 1864, 173). The Shrike of Mexico, described
as distinct by C. L. Brehm, seems to be reducible to L. excubito-
rides, with little probability of error. It may be noted, that
though Swainson identified the Mexican bird with L. caro-
linensis Wils., this was done before he had distinguished L. excu-
bitorides.

16. COLLYRIO CHEMUNGKENSIS, Or egg, Pr. Elmira Acad. for
1870. A name bestowed upon some plumage of L. borealis,
in which the rump is said to be "rufous".

§ 3. — Of Shrikes in a State of Nature

Having thus seen something of the figure Shrikes cut in the
books, let us turn to a fairer and a broader page, to seek for
those traits which have made these birds famous from time
out of mind. I doubt not that the natural history of these
"sentinels" and "executioners" is more attractive than what
has just preceded; for all this naming and renaming distorts
most grievously the clean-cut picture which the Shrikes pre-
sent in their native haunts. We will here take up the Logger-
head and the Northern Butcher-bird together — for they are as

THE SEAL OF THE SHRIKE ORDER 547

one in all essential particulars — reserving for after considera-
tion the few points that mark their respective histories.

Looking at the bold, defiant aspect of the Shrike, however
inadequately portrayed iu the accompaying sketch, we cannot
fail to recognize a bird of extraordinary spirit, — the stout,
booked beak, combining claw and tooth in one murderous
instrument, is surely the weapon of a Hawk, or other rapacious
bird! In one sense, we certainly have here a bird of prey;
yet, if the portrait
were finished at full
length, we should
find the feet as weak
and harmless as
those of a Thrush
or Sparrow, instead
of being furnished
with the talons
which confer such
raptorial prowess FlG. 66.-Asp«ct of a shrike.

upon the Falcon,

the Eagle, and the Owl. If, furthermore, we should examine
the anatomy of the Shrikes, it would be merely to discover
that the entire structure of the internal organs is modelled
after a strictly Passerine type. Though the bone and muscle
indicate unusual strength and vigor, the beak itself is the
seal of the Shrike order — a mark as plain and unmistakable
as that which stamps the tribes of Israel, wherever dispersed
over the earth T- the symbol of a spirit as bold and reckless
as ever dwelt in the breast of any one of the Hawks called
"noble" in the olden time, when falconry beguiled the leisure
hours of kings and royal mistresses.

Matching the bravest of the brave among birds of prey in
deeds of daring, and no less relentless than reckless, the
Shrike compels that sort of deference, not unmixed with indig-
nation, we are accustomed to accord to creatures of seeming
insignificance, whose exploits demand much strength, great
spirit, and insatiate love of carnage. We cannot be indifferent
to the marauder who takes his own wherever he finds it — a
feudal baron who holds his own with undisputed sway — an
ogre whose victims are so many more than he can eat, that he
actually keeps a private graveyard for the balance.

Lest such a picture may seem to be exaggerated, let me

548 THE SPIRIT OF THE SHRIKE

make good my statements. The Shrike's food consists of such
birds, quadrupeds, and reptiles as he can capture and over-
power, together with insects, chiefly of the larger kinds,
and especially grasshoppers. These he pursues, attacks, and
destroys quite as a Hawk does ; and he has the very curious
habit of impaling their bodies upon thorns.

Numberless illustrations of the spirit the Shrike displays
might be given. Though smaller in stature than the least of
our Hawks, he habitually destroys birds and other animals as
large as those upon which some Hawks subsist, and quite as
capable of resisting attack. Appropriating to himself suffi-
cient territory, where no other bird may safely intrude, he
becomes the terror of the neighborhood; and woe to the
unlucky Finch or Warbler that ventures to trespass on these
hunting-grounds! Like a veritable sentinel on guard, the
Shrike stands in wait upon his chosen post, ready to pounce
with unerring aim upon the first little bird that may dare to
rustle in the nearest bush. His impetuosity and temerity are
well displayed in the onslaught he sometimes makes upon
cage-birds hanging at our windows; and he has even been
known to enter an apartment, bolting through the open sash
with perfect recklessness. Dr. Brewer narrates the case of a
Shrike who dashed at a Canary without perceiving that the
window was closed. He struck the glass with all the momen-
tum of his impetuous flight, and fell to the ground, stunned
by the force of the blow.* He revived, however, and was
kept in confinement for some time, during which he continued
sullen and fearless, and greedily devoured small birds which
were offered him for food, though refusing to eat raw meat
of other kinds. Notwithstanding the protection that a cage
affords, Canaries are not seldom killed by the Shrike unless
speedily relieved from his attack. Sometimes they are so
terror-stricken that they fall fainting to the bottom of the
cage; but they oftener flutter and dash themselves against the
wires, till seized by the bird of prey, who scalps them, breaks
in their skull, or takes their heads off. The small birds that

*A similar instance of birds' inability to see glass is within my own
experience. Having on one occasion netted a large lot of Sparrows and
other small birds alive, I turned them loose in a vacant room. In their
terror and eagerness to escape, almost every one of them dashed against
the window in the course of a few moments, and successively fell stunned
and shivering to the floor — some to recover, others, more seriously hurt,
to die shortly.

THE WAY THE SHRIKE CARRIES HIMSELF 549

the Shrike destroys in a state of nature are either captured at
a single dash, or caught in open chase, and killed with a blow
of the beak. They are then devoured upon the spot, or
carried to the "cemetery" and stuck upon a thorn, as I shall
presently describe with more particularity.

As if conscious of his prowess, the Shrike shows little fear in
the presence of man. Under some circumstances, indeed, I
have found a Strike so wild that my endeavors to get a shot
were unavailing, but the very opposite is oftenest the case.
You may enter the thicket the Shrike has chosen as his hunt-
ing-ground, and the bird will regard you with contempt, return-
ing your regard with a gaze as steady and unflinching as if he
were the better man of the two and knew it. At such a time,
you will have a good opportunity to observe the easy noncha-
lant air with which he asserts himself. For all that the Shrike
is such a gallant marauder, it must not be inferred that he is
always on the war-path, intent on prodigies of valor. The
doughtiest knights lay aside their armor at times, and the
Shrike is fond of his ease in the intervals of his piratical enter-
prises. At such times, you may observe him lounging about
with his hands in his pockets, so to speak, and nothing on
his mind, when, as you approach, he will turn his head toward
you with languid curiosity, just for a moment, and then dismiss
you from further consideration. Sometimes you will see him
ready for business, scanning the neighborhood closely from
his watch-tower on the topmost twig of some bush or sapling,
where he stands stiffly, bolt upright, like a soldier on dress
parade, ready to move at a moment's warning. He makes a
rather imposing picture just then in his uniform of French
gray with black and white facings, which fits him "like a
dream": the next instant — whish! he is gone, and the piteous
cry of the Sparrow in yonder bush tells the rest of the story.

A good deal of the Shrike's business, however, is neither bril-
liant nor romantic. The green sward below his perch harbors
a great many field-mice of different kinds, according to the lay of
the land, and he has nothing to do but drop quietly down upon
these little innocents. At certain seasons of the year, more-
over, the fields swarm with grasshoppers, of which the Shrike
is very fond, as he is also of spiders, beetles, caterpillars, and, in
fact, almost any insect. In July and August, I have frequently
seen Shrikes skipping about in old weedy fields, apparently
amusing themselves; but I generally found, on watching them

550 THAT THE SHRIKE KEEPS A BUTCHER-SHOP

closely, that they were hunting for the 'hoppers, some of which
they devoured then and there, after beating off their long hind
legs, while others were carried to some tree near by and duly
impaled.

The tradition that the Shrike destroys exactly nine victims
a day, and which is preserved in the name " Nine-killer ", still
sometimes heard, is very ancient, and I do not know to what
source it may be traced back. It is a staple myth, which has
been current for centuries in folk-lore, and may be found related
with gravity in some of the older treatises. I should very much
like to learn its source and the circumstances under which it
was first stamped with authority. The Shrike's most notable
trait, — the habit of keeping a butcher-shop, where the bodies of
the slain are exposed, — has also been remarked for many hun-
dred years, and various ingenious theories have been proposed
to explain what has been considered a wholly exceptional and
anomalous habit. When fully considered, however, I think it
will be found less singular than it at first appears to be.

The Shrike is a veritable "butcher-bird", in as far as that
title may be given to a bird who kills what he does not eat,
and his operations in this line have been made the subject
of repeated observations, so that we are in possession of all the
facts in the case. The birds, mice, and insects are sometimes
impaled alive, and left to perish miserably 5 sometimes their
dead bodies are similarly stuck upon the sharp twigs. The
shambles of the pitiless butcher may be found in some thorny
tree or bush, which in the course of time presents a curious
spectacle, with the numerous creatures sticking here and there.
Quite a museum of anatomy is sometimes thus brought together
in one place, but as the Shrike is not particular about making
a collection of curiosities, we may recognize his work in single
specimens scattered anywhere about fields and shrubbery.

Some have surmised that the bodies are stuck up in this
conspicous way as decoys, to allure other victims within reach.
This "bait theory" in its fulness is set forth in the article
noted below,* which may be taken as a typical illustration of
this way of thinking. Mr. Heckewelder represents that whereas
the Shrike lives entirely upon mice and small birds (which is

* 1799. HECKEWELDER, J. A letter from Mr. John Heckewelder, to Dr. Bar-
ton, giving some account of the remarkable instinct of a bird called
the Nine-Killer [Lanius borealis]. < Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. iv.
1799, pp. 124, 127.

NOTIONS ABOUT THE SHRIKE'S SHAMBLES 551

Dot the case), and whereas the grasshoppers are all stuck up
in natural attitudes as if they were alive (though they are not
so fixed, in fact), therefore this is done to decoy birds that feed
upon grasshoppers ; for if this be not so, and if the insects be
stored up for future use, how long would one or even two grass-
hoppers last a Shrike f But if the intention be to seduce little
birds, then that number, or half as many, or fewer still, would
be good bait all winter. And so forth.

Wilson, with his usual good sense, has disposed of this theory*
"pretty fanciful," as he calls it, in a rather satirical as well as
practical way. He notes that grasshoppers themselves are the
favorite food of the Shrike, and that they would make the very
poorest bait for our small winter birds, which are mostly gra-
nivorous; that there is no necessity for a stratagem of such
refinement and cruelty, as the Shrike is abundantly able to
capture all the birds he wants in open chase ; and, finally, that
the Grow and Jay may be supposed with equal probability to
be laying baits for mice and flying squirrels, when they hoard
up their corn. The bait theory may be safely discarded.

Another idea is, that the Shrike avails himself of a thorn to
secure his prey whilst he is devouring it, just as a Hawk or
Owl would use his claws for the same purpose ; and that this
has become such a habit that the Shrike may spit, and then
leave untouched, the carcases he does not wish to devour. Un-
doubtedly, the bird's feet and claws are weak in comparison
with his stout beak, large head, and powerful muscles of the
neck and breast ; but no one can doubt the bird's ability to hold
his prey securely while he tears it to pieces. Any one who has
had a Shrike scratch him should be satisfied of this.

There is another notion, that the Shrike impales his victims
in the excess of his cruelty, from sheer love of inflicting pain.
But this argues a moral obliquity which we can ascribe to no
bird, — if indeed any moral quality whatever can be discovered
in their actions. It is true that a cat tortures a mouse, and
seems to delight in inflicting pain. I cannot but believe, how-
ever, that the cat is unconscious of the mouse's misery ; that
what she enjoys is not the suffering of her victim, but the
exercise of her natural powers. Excessive destrqctiveness, as
when cats or weasels kill more animals than they can devour,
is very frequent j but it implies neither cruelty (in a moral
sense) nor mere wantonness ; it is a legitimate result of their
rapacious nature, and for the rest, the animals may have a

552 IS IT A SORT OF STOREHOUSE?

natural preference for some part of their prey, as the blood or
brains, to secure enough of which they take more lives than they
would if they fed upon the whole of the flesh. In the case of
the Shrike, moreover, it is certainly the rule that the bodies
are impaled after death, not while still struggling in the
clutches of the captor.

Analogy goes for something in natural history; and the
analogy of the Shrikes7 shambles to the storehouses of various
birds is too obvious to have escaped attention. I think the
right clue to the curious habit is thus found. Many birds lay
up stores of provisions, like mice and squirrels. Among those
of this country, birds of the Corvine tribe, as Crows and Jays, are
conspicuous in this respect. The "thievishness" of the Raven
and Magpie in confinement is notorious ; but it is simply the
excessive development or perversion of their habit of hoarding
food that makes them steal and hide away articles of no possible
use to them, such as jewelry and silverware. The California!!
Woodpecker offers another notable instance of storing up food,
as it does sometimes with infinite pains. I have seen branches
of trees studded thickly with acorns, each stuck tightly by itself
in -a little hole bored by the bird for its reception. In other
instances, the same bird has been known to insert acorns in
the natural crevices of wood. These facts relate indeed only to
the hoarding of fruits or inanimate objects j but we see a still
closer resemblance to the habit of the Shrikes in the curious
practice of the Eed -headed Woodpecker, a versatile bird, one of
whose singular traits has just been told by Mr. H. B. Bailey, of
New York. This writer narrates* that a correspondent of his
observed a Woodpecker's frequent visits to an old oak post,
which on examination was found to present a large crack, in
which the bird had inserted about a hundred live grasshoppers,
and wedged them in so firmly that they could not escape.
Some farmers showed him other posts which had been put to
the same purpose. This was certainly a laying-up of stores for
future use, for the writer states that the Woodpecker later began
to eat hfs hoard, and that at length only a few shrivelled dead
'hoppers were left.

Wilson has observed, furthermore, that Jays and Shrikes
retain similar habits in confinement; the Jay filling every seam
and chink in his cage with grain and bread-crumbs, and the
* Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii. no. 2, April, 1878, p. 97.

THE FACT IS, THAT WE DO NOT KNOW 553

Shrike " Dailing " meat, insects, and the bodies of such birds
as may be thrown to him.

I have had my doubts in this matter ; and still, after observ-
ing Shrikes carefully in various parts of the country, must
admit that the matter is not finally narrowed down to a simple
question of hoarding. Too many bodies are stuck up, too
promiscuously, and too few are made use of afterward, for us
to consider it simply as a piece of the bird's thrift. I suppose
the habit of impaling, considered simply as such, and without
reference to ulterior purposes subserved, may have been grad-
ually acquired as the result of the Shrike's physical organiza-
tion— the relatively little force of grasping with his feet he
possesses, in comparison with the power of his beak. The
talons of a Hawk, for example, are very effective instruments,
not only for striking and killing prey, but also for holding it
while it is torn by the beak. The Shrike has much less pre-
hensile power; it strikes with the beak, and devours as best
it may. A Nuthatch, for example, will take an acorn to a
crack in the bark, and wedge it there while it hammers away
at it with the bill. Such a habit of fastening its prey having
been acquired, as something entirely unconnected with the
storing up of provisions, may then have been turned to account
as a means of securing its prey for future use, and thus become
the usual way of making a hoard.

It is certain, however, that the Shrike makes no great use of
his larder ; and that he sometimes impales and sometimes not,
apparently at his caprice. He is just as likely to eat a grass-
hopper as to stick one. He spits its victims as often when
food is plenty as when it is scarce; and the majority of the
bodies gibbeted are left to wither and be blown away, or be
eaten up by the bugs. On one occasion, when I watched a
Shrike closely for some time, I saw him impale a number of
grasshoppers in succession, and continue foraging for more,
which he ate upon the spot, as soon as caught. I never
witnessed the act of impaling a bird or mouse, but I suppose
it would be the same as for a grasshopper ; and in the instance
to which I refer the bird worked the unfortunate insect on
the thorn with his beak, pushing and pressing it down with
various strokes, until it was fixed to his satisfaction.

But we have not yet finished our study of Shrikes — having
still to consider their flight, their voice, and especially their
domestic habits.

554 THE SHRIKE WHEN ON THE" WING

There are two very different birds of this country which
the Shrike resembles in the relative proportions of the wings
and tail, as well as in the general conformation of the body.
These are the Mockingbird, Mimus polyglottus, and the Sharp-
shinned Hawk, Accipiter fuscus. Now if we picture to our-
selves a bird whose attitudes, movements, and especially
whose mode of flight, may partake on occasion of those of
either of the birds just named, we shall have no wrong idea
of the varied actions of which the Shrike is capable. The
close general resemblance of the Shrike to a Mockingbird is
really remarkable. The two are of about the same size, shape,
and color — in fact, it is not the easiest thing to tell them
apart at a little distance, especially when they are flying.
The similarity has long since been duly noted and commented
upon ; in fact, Swainson went so far as to make it the basis of
a strong argument in favor of his fanciful quinarian theory
of affinity. The mode of flight, then, of the. Shrike, under
ordinary circumstances, is necessarily much the same as that
of a Mockingbird, being light, wayward, and even undulatory,
when the bird is simply moving about at his ease, or foraging
for the humbler kinds of prey that contribute to his support.
Yet even under these conditions there is a certain dash about
it, giving hint of the spirit he can infuse into his actions when
he calls his powers to their full display. Then, in the manner
of the Hawk, his flight is strengthened, firmly sustained for
long distances, and on occasion quickened at a prodigious rate;
the climax of this exploiting being reached when he plunges
headlong after his prey, hurtling like a very Hawk. He is
said at times to hover in the air, just over his intended victim,
as if taking aim before he stoops to his quarry ; but this can
hardly be a characteristic habit, or it would not have escaped
my attention. I do not remember to have ever witnessed it,
though it need not be doubted that the action is sometimes
performed. When not on the wing, we may observe in the
Shrike's habitual attitudes the same blending of Mockingbird
and Hawk; or rather, the transition from one to the other,
when his air of indifference and rather " slouchy" appearance
give way to the martial bearing which indicates that his
attention is riveted upon intended conquest.

So versatile and animated a spirit as that which the Shrike
possesses necessarily seeks expression. There is no reticence
about this bird, whose harsh outcries we may in turn interpret

WHEN THE SHRIKE'S VOICE is HEARD 555

to mean anger and exultation — the challenge and the con-
quest— while the course of his passionate life runs on in almost
incessant warfare. These notes mean much the same as the
stridulation of the Kingbird, in whose temper there is much of
kinship with the Shrike, both being impatient and aggressive
birds. But notwithstanding the magnitude of his exploits, the
Shrike is not a very lofty character after all ; he picks many a
needless quarrel with his fretful fellows, and all the petulance
of a wilful, badly governed disposition may be traced in some
of the harshest of the cries that greet our ear. It is easy to
say, and quite safe to make the assertion, that nothing more
unmusical than the Shrike's notes is often heard 5 and it is
usual to compare the voice of this bird to the creaking of a
sign-board, or the gratiug of any other rusty hinge. But I
suspect, though I am not a competent witness in this case,
that those are right who ascribe to the Shrike some powers
of song, limited though they be. Technically speaking, the
Shrike is as truly Oscine as the Mockingbird itself; and no
& priori reason appears why his notes should not at times be
modulated with a tuneful quality. Several authors have in
fact asserted such to be the case, protesting fairly against any
sweeping denunciation in this particular. Thus, in speaking
of the Great Northern Shrike, Audubon says : — " This valiant
little warrior possesses the faculty of imitating the notes of
other birds, especially such as are indicative of pain. Thus
it will often mimic the cries of Sparrows and other small birds,
so as to make you believe you hear them screaming in the
claws of a Hawk ; and I strongly suspect this is done for the
purpose of inducing others to come out from their coverts to
the rescue of their suffering brethren. On several occasions I
have seen it in the act of screaming in this manner, when it
would suddenly dart from its perch into a thicket, from which
there would immediately issue the real cries of a bird on which it
had seized." Dr. Bachman further states that the Loggerhead
has other notes than the grating sounds Audubon attributes
to it: — u During the breeding season, and indeed nearly all
summer, the male ascends some cedar or other tree, and makes
an effort at a song, which I cannot compare to anything nearer
than the first attempts of a young Brown Thrush. He seems
to labour hard, making as it were almost painful exertions.
At times the notes are not unpleasing, but very irregular."
Many later observers concur in attributing moderate musical

556 THE SHRIKE'S NEST IN THE FOREGROUND

ability to the Shrike, and I consider the fact established,
though I have never myself heard a bird of this kind sing.
But I am very sceptical respecting his asserted powers of
mimicry j for the few allegations of mockery we possess seem
to be traceable to one or two sources, and to demand further
confirmation.

But we complete the portraiture of no bird's life and char-
acter until we place the nest in the foreground of the picture,
with all its natural surroundings. Our two kinds of Shrikes,
indeed, breed wide apart, and in some of the little details of
their domestic economy they may differ, but the general course
of events is the same in either case — " ccelum non animum mu-
tant", whether they be Loggerheads in South Carolina or
greater Butcher-birds in the northern wilderness. Knowing our
bird as we do now, we might suppose that he would make love
or war with equal assurance of success, and there is no doubt of
the fact that a Shrike is an impetuous and audacious wooer.
The main point is, however, that in operations of this kind he
has to deal with no shrinking, terrified Lark or Sparrow, glad
to make any terms with the tyrant, but with a bird who proves
to be his match in every particular. Set a Shrike to tame a
shrew — pit a pirate against a virago — and the whole neighbor-
hood may be congratulated when the stormy scene is over.
About the time the courtship grows a little monotonous, you
may look through the convenient thicket, where the saplings,
bushes, and weeds are grown up close together, or along yonder
hedgerow, with its lattice-work of creepers and greenbrier, to
find the nesting-place of the redoubtable couple. It will not be
hard to find, for the birds build low, and make a structure as
bulky in proportion to their size as a Hawk's nest. It is com-
monly built in a bush or sapling, within arms' reach from the
ground, the nest proper resting upon an extensive basement
of stout twigs, rather loosely laid together and bristling in all
directions. Upon such a support, the inner nest is built, of an
endless variety of soft, fibrous, vegetable substances, such as
grass-stems, weed tops, bark-strips, catkins, leaves, mosses,
lichens, &c., all matted together in such quantity that the
cavity within is greatly reduced by the thickness of the walls.
Some nests also contain feathers or fur felted in with the
rest of the materials. There seems to be a good deal of differ-
ence in the structure of the nest, not so much according to the
species, as to the climate. The northern-built nests are usually

THE SHRIKE A PUBLIC BENEFACTOR 557

found to be more compactly built, with a greater quantity of
soft, warm material, than those of the Loggerhead in the South-
ern States, which are smaller, more open, and rather loosely
woven than closely felted.

In such a bulky and rather rude receptacle, though a very sub-
stantial one, no fewer than five or six eggs may be deposited,
for a Shrike is as much in earnest in these matters as in the other
affairs of life. These vary in size, of course, according to the
species, the eggs of the Northern Shrike being about 1.10 by
0.80 inches, while those of the White-rumped, or Loggerhead,
only measure, on an average, little if any over an inch in length
by three-fourths as much in breadth. They are shaped and col-
ored exactly alike, however, being of rounded oval form, quite
blunt at the smaller end, and so profusely speckled or marbled
all over with various brownish, reddish, and purplish shades
that the greenish-gray ground-color is scarcely perceptible.
Should nothing go amiss, it is not long (Audubon says fifteen
days in the case of borealis] before the nest is crowded with a
clamorous and voracious brood, whose wants are an incesssant
tax upon the energy and devotion of the parent birds. The care
of the youngsters would seem to give them all they can attend
to, leaving no time for house-cleaning ; for, should you come
upon a family of Shrikes, well grown and soon to leave the nest,
you would find things in an extremely untidy condition.

One nestful after another being thus turned loose upon the
world, the tribe of Shrikes waxes. Being prolific, and having
few enemies besides man, they are common birds in most portions
of the country, and we readily perceive that they play an im-
portant role in nature's economy. I must confess that I have
not drawn altogether the most flattering picture, even though I
have given the doughty warriors full credit for their military
operations ; and I am therefore the more anxious to show what
extremely useful birds they are, from the most practical stand-
point possible. So far as the Shrike's relations with ourselves
are concerned, the balance is entirely on one side of the ledger.
We are enormously in debt to these efficient destroyers of nox-
ious insects and injurious quadrupeds. Though they kill many
a bird we should wish to live, the whole result in this regard is
practically nothing to offset the check they put in the aggregate
upon grasshoppers and other undesirable forms of insect life.

Nay, more, the Shrike is entitled to our special thanks and
most favorable consideration, for his interference in our behalf

558 SYNONYMY OF LANIUS BOREALIS

against the bird-pest of this country — the European Sparrow.
In taking counsel with herself, that she might right the balance
of her forces, which we so fatuously interfered with when the
Sparrow madness seized us, she bethought herself of the
Shrikes, and in her own mysterious way she summoned these
trusty allies to her aid. The Shrikes, nothing loth, went right
to work, and were abating the nuisance very perceptibly, when
Bostonese idiocy confronted them and cut short their righteous
warfare. Men shot them down in the very acts of destroying
Sparrow after Sparrow ; at each murderous discharge of the
gun, a noble Shrike was martyred in doing his best for the good
of the community. I do not know who is responsible for this
outrage. I hope that it was merely the blunder of some igno-
rant underling, not instigated by any one professing or reputed
to be an ornithologist. If the act was committed under the color
of legal authority, there is work for the Nuttall Ornithological
Club to do in enlightening the community respecting their real
interests. Boston could hardly do a wiser thing, as far as the
Sparrow plague is concerned, than support a colony of Shrikes.

The Great Northern Shrike

Lauins borealis

LaniUS excubitor, in part, of the early systematic writers, being partly based on Gates.
Car. A pp. 36.

LaniUS excubitor, Forst. Fn. Ainer. Sept. 1771,9; Philos. Trans. Ixii. 1772, 386, n. 9.— Wils.
AO. i. 1808, 74, pi. 5, f. 1.— Bp. Journ. Phila, Acad. iii. 1824, 357 ; iv. 1824, 272.— And. OB.
ii. 1834, 534, pi. 192.

? Lanius griscus, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, 289 bis.

LaniUS borealis, V. OAS. i. 1807, 90, pi. 50.— F. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 728, n. 5.— Sw. & Rich.
FBA. ii. 1831, 111, pi. 33.— Towns. Journ. Phil u Acad. viiL 1839, 152.— And. Syn. 1839,
157.— Aiid. BA. iv. 1842, 130, pi. 236.— Gir. BLL 1844, 155.— Gray, G.of B. 1847,294.—
Smith, Zoologist, vii. 1849, 2495 (Scotland).— Garth, Zoologist, viii. 1850, 2649 (same).—
Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 308.— Thomps. Vermont, 1853, 75, fig.— Kennic. Tr. Illinois
Agric. Soc. i. 1855, 582 (Illinois).— Pratten, ibid. 605 (same).— Putn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i.
1856, 213.— Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1857, 212.— Maxim. J. f. O. vi. 1858, 190.— Jones, Nat.
Bermuda, 1859, 51.— Martens, J. f. O. 1859, 212 (Bermudas).— Willis, Smiths. Rep. for
1858, 1859, 281 (Nova Scotia).— Turnb. B. E. Pa, 1869, 26 ; Phila. ed. 19 (Alleghanies,
breeding).— Dress. <& Sharpe, PZS. 1870, 591 (monographic).— Trippe, Pr. Ess. Inst. vi.
1871, 117.— Finsch, Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem. iii. 1872, 39 (Alaska).

Collyrio borealis, Bd. BNA. 1858, 324.— Coop. <& Suckl PURR. xii. pt. ii. 1859, 188. -Wheat.
Ohio Agric. Rep. for 1860, 1861, 364.— Barn. Smiths. Rep. for I860, 1861, 436 (Pennsyl-
vania) . — Coues <& Prent. Smiths. Rep. for 1861, 1862, 409 (Washington, D. C.; rare).—
Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 162.— Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. 1862, 148.— Boardm.
Pr. Bost. Soc. is. 1862, 126.— BlaJcist Ibis, 1862, 5 ; 1863, 65.— Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst iv.
1874, 66.— Feilner, Smiths. Rep. for 1864, 1865, 425 (California).— Coues, Pr. Phila. Acad.
1866, 73 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.).— Lord, Nat. in Vane. ii. 1866, 295.— Lawr. Ann. Lyo.
N. Y. viii. 1866, 285 (New York).— Mcllwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 87.— Allen, Am.
Nat. i. 1867, 42.— Woodh. Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 380.— Fowler, Am. Nat. ii. 1868, 659.— Coop.
Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 35.— Abbott, Am. Nat. iv. 1870, 545.— Lockwood, Am. Nat. vi. 1872,
236.— Haym. Cox's Geol. Surv. Indiana, 1869, 219 (habits).— Dall & Bann. Tr. Chicago
Acad. i. 1869, 280.— Stev. Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1870, 1871, 464.

CHARACTERS OF LANIUS BOREALI8 559

Collurlo borcalis, Bd. Kev. AB. 1866, UO.-Coues, Pr. Ess. last. v. 1868, 277. -Coop. B. Cal.
i. 1870, 137.— Coues, Key, 1872, 125, f. 73.— Aiken, Pr. Boat. Soc. xv. 1872, 198 (Colo-
rado).— Mayn. Pr. Bost. Soc. xiv. 1872, 370.— Ridgw. Bull. Eas. Instv. 1873, 181 (Colo-
rado).— Ridgw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 609.— Merr. TJ. S. Geol. Surv. for 1872, 1873,677.—
Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 235.— Ooues, BNW. 1874, 101.— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874,
415, pi. 19, f. 1, 2.— Tarr. & Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs. 1874, 13.— Hensh. ibid. 1874, 43.—
Hensh. List B. Ariz, 1875, 157.— Hensh. Zool. Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 233. — Gentry,
Life-Hist 1876, 234.— Minot, BNE. 1877, 161.— Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 440.

Lanius septentrlonalis, Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. 1826, 72, 438 (not Gmelin's bird of that
name, which is not identified).— Bp. CGL. 1838, 26.— Gamb. Journ. Phila. Acad. i.
1847, 44 (California).— Gamb. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1847, 44 (California).— Peab. Kep. Orn.
Mass. 1839, 291.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 363.— Bp. Rev. Mag. Zool. 1853, 294.— .Read, Pr. Phila.
Acad. 1853, 397 (Ohio).— Cass. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1857, 213.— Kneel. Pr. Bost Soc. vi. 1857,
234.— Murray, Edinb. N. Philos. Journ. xi. 1859, 223.

Collyrio cbemungensis, Gregg, Pr. Elmira Acad. i. 1870, — (p. 9 of reprint).

Great Butcher Shrike, White Whiskijohn, Font. 1. c.

Great Shrike, Penn. AZ. ii. 1785, 238, n. 127 (in part; but also includes L. excubitor).

Pie-grieche boreale, V. 1. c.

Grand Ecorcheur, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 222.

Great American Shrike, Northern Shrike, Butcher-bird, Authors.

HAB.— North America, northerly ; south in winter to about 35°. Allegha-
nies, breeding (Turnbull). Bermudas (Jones).

CH. SP. — $ $ Cceruleo-canus,fronte, strigd supereiliari, scapu-
laribus tectricibusque caudalibus superioribus albicantibus ; infrh
albus, fusco transversim undulatus; alls cauddque nigris albo-
notatis; vittd transoculari nigrd.

$ 9 , adult : Upper parts clear bluish-ash, bleaching on the ends of the
scapulars and on the upper tail-coverts. Below white, more or less vermi-
culated with fine, wavy, transverse, dusky lines. A black bar from the base
of the upper mandible past the eye to the ends of the auriculars, not meeting
its fellow on the forehead, and not enclosing the eye ; this stripe bordered
above with hoary white, which extends across the extreme forehead ; lower
eye-lid white. Wings black, many or most of the quills tipped with whitish,
and a large white spot at the base of the primaries. Tail black, the outer
feather with its outer web and half or more of the inner web white, the
next three or four white at the end for successively decreasing distances.
Bill and feet plumbeous-black; eye blackish. Length, about 10 inches;
extent, 14^; wing, &J; tail rather more; bill, f; tarsus, 1 or less; middle
toe and claw, f .

Young: The colors much less pure and clear. Above grayish-brown,
scarcely or not whitening on the scapulars, tail-coverts, and forehead. The
younger the browner, sometimes almost with a rusty tinge ; grayer accord-
ing to age. Below brownish-white (the younger the browner), the wavy
dark markings stronger than in the adult. The bar along the head poorly
defined, merely dusky, or quite obsolete. Wings and tail brownish-black,
with less white than in the adult. Bill plumbeous-brown, flesh-colored at
base below.

At a very early age, the upper parts are probably vermiculated somewhat
like the lower, as in the same stage of L. ludovidanus ; but this state I have
not observed. In old age, the dusky vermiculation of the under parts is

560 DISTRIBUTION OF THE NORTHERN SHRIKE

much diminished, but I have never seen it absent altogether. This feature,
coupled with the particular character of the head-markings and the large
size and compartively short tarsi, will always distinguish the species from
L. ludovidanus or excubitorides, and although the upper parts are paler than
in the last, there is less white on the scapulars and tail-coverts.

THIS species is very properly called the Northern Shrike,
or Butcher-bird, since its boreal habitat is the principal
point in its history in comparison with the Loggerhead and
White-rumped Shrikes. It is found in all portions of the Fur
Countries up to the limits of arboreal vegetation, if not still
farther north. In those regions, it is said to be called the
" White Whiskey- John " from its resemblance to the Canada
Jay, Perisoreus canadensis, commonly known as the " Whiskey-
John ", by a corruption of its Indian name WiskacJion. Some
individuals not only pass the breeding season in these high
latitudes, but reside there throughout the year. The greater
number, however, migrate in the fall, and become generally
dispersed through the United States during the winter. This
migration is nevertheless restricted to some extent, Shrikes
of this species being far more numerous in the Northern and
Middle than in the Southern States. On the Atlantic side, I
have traced the Butcher-bird no farther south than Wash-
ington, where it is rare, though a few may be seen in the
course of a winter, especially in severe weather. At Prescott,
Arizona, I once secured a specimen which I found dead in a
house, behind a piece of furniture, where it had taken refuge
during a storm. This occurred at the residence of Dr. G. C.
Leib, whom I was then called to attend in his last illness. His
name will be remembered by ornithologists in connection with
his papers in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy on
Fuligula u grisea" and on the nest and eggs of the Coot and
Blue-winged Teal. Ridgway found it in Nevada, and Henshaw
in Southern Utah ; while both Mr. Aiken and Mr. Trippe
attest its regular appearence in Colorado. Audubon speaks of
the occurrence of the species as far south as Natchez, Missis-
sippi, and states that it is not rare in Kentucky during the
winter. We have also many advices from the interior States ;
but I never saw anything of the bird in either of the Caro-
linas, and I believe that it has never been heard of in the
South Atlantic States. It has occurred in the Bermudas.

Though thus decidedly Northern, and chiefly a migrant into
the United States, this Shrike is well known to nestle occa-

SYNONYMY OF LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS 561

sionally in mountainous districts from the Middle States north-
ward ; and I make no sort of doubt that it will also be found
to breed in various of the mountain ranges of the West. In
narrating an instance of its nesting on the last of April on a
low spruce-tree in New Brunswick, within twelve miles of
St. Stephen, Dr. Brewer is certainly mistaken in asserting
that " we know of a single recent instance in which this bird
has bred within the limits of the United States". If the
testimony of competent observers is to go for anything, its
nesting in mountainous parts of our country is a regular occur-
rence. Thus, "many nestle on the mountain ridges of the
Alleghanies," says the Rev. Dr. Turnbull (1869). Mr. Miuot
also states, without qualification, that u they breed in the forests
of Northern Maine ", and such is unquestionably the fact.

The Common American Shrike

I, an lus 1 ndo vi claims excnbi tor Ides

a. ludovicianus

Lanius ludovicianus, Briss. Orn. ii. 1760, 162, pL 15, f. 2 (" Louisiana "; descr. orig.).— L.
SN. i. 1766, 134, n. 6 (based on Briss. ii. 162, pi. 15, f. 2).— Qm. SN. i. 1788, 298, n. 6 (in part
only ; same primary basis, but also quotes PE. 397. Not to be confounded with Gmelin,
p. 302, n. 138, which is Tyrannus).—Lath. IO. i. 1790, 69, n. 8 (in part).— Turt. SN. i.
1806, 174 (= Gm.).— Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 1826, 26, 72.— And. OB. i. 1831, 300, pL 37.—
Bp. CGL. 1838, 26.— And. BA. iv. 1842, 135, pi. 237.— Bp. CA. i. 1850, 363.— Burnett,
Pr. Boat. Soc. iv. 1851, 116.— Oerhardt, Naum. iii. 1853, 38.— Pp. Eev. Mag. Zool. 1853,
295.— C. L. Brehm, J. f. O. 1854, 145, 148 (monographic).— Gundl J. f. O. 1855, 469
(Cuba [???; cf. J. f. O. 1861, 404]).— Eennic. Tr. Illinois Agric. Soc. i.1855, 582 (Illi-
nois).—Pwfn. Pr. Ess. Inst. i. 1856, 228 (attributed at second-hand to Massachusetts). —
Case. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1857, 213 (monographic).— Bland, Kep. Smiths. Inst. for 1858,
1859, 287 (Bermuda).— Dress, dk Sharpe, PZS. 1870, 595 (monographic; includes excitbi-
torides).

Collyrlo ludovicianus, Bd. BNA. 1858, 325.— Tayl Ibis, 1862, 128 (Florida).— Gedney, Am.
Nat. iii. 1869, 159.

Collurio ludovicianus, Bd. Eev. AB. 1866, 443.—Coues, Pr. Boat. Soc. xii. 1868, 112 (South
Carolina ; habits).— Allen, Am. Nat iii. 1869, 579, 580 ; vi. 1872, 266.— Purdie, Am. Nat.
vii. 1873, 115 (Massachusetts, typical— see Bull. Nntt. Club. ii. 1877, 21).— Ridgw. Am.
Nat vii. 1873, 609.— Merr. Am. Nat viii. 1874, 8, 87.— Wheat, apud Coues, BNW. 1874,
233.— B. B. <6 R. NAB. i. 1874, 418, pi. 19, f. 4.— Brew. Pr. Bost Soc. xvii. 1875, 441 (New
England).— Merr. Tr. Conn. Acad. iv. 1877, 34 (Connecticut).— Langd. List B. Cin-
cinnati, 1877, 8 (Ohio).— Allen, Bull Ess. Inst. x. 1878, 15 (Massachusetts ; three authen-
tic instances).

Lanius garrulus, Bartr. Trav. Fla. 1791, p. 289 bis (Florida).

Lanius ardosiacus, Vieill. OAS. i. 1807, 81, pi. 51.

Lanius ardosiaceus, V. Ency. M6th. ii. 1823, 729, n. 8.

Lanius ardesiaceus, f Bp. PZS. 1837, 112.

Lanius carolinensis, Wils. AO. iii. 1811, 57, pi. 22, f. 5.— Bp. Joura. Phila. Acad. iii. 1824,
358; iv. 1824, 272.-£e*s. Tr. Orn. 1831, 373 (= Wils.).— Hartl. Naum. ii. 1852, 52
(Cuba [???]).

Pie-griesche de la Loulsiane, Briss. Orn. ii. 1760, 162, n. 8, pi. 15, n. 2.

Louisiane Shrike, Lath. Syn. i. pt i. 1781, 162, n. 5 (based on Briss. & Linn. ; exc. the
ref. to PE. 397).

36 B C

562 SYNONYMY OF LANIUS EXCUBITORIDES

Pie-grieche ardoisee, V. 1. c.

Pie-grieche de la Loulsiane, Le Maine, Ois. Canad. 1861, 224.

Loggerhead Shrike, Loggerhead, Southern Shrike, Louisiana Shrike, Carolina Shrike,

Authors,

&. excubitorideg

Lanins carolinensis, Sw. Pbilos. Mag. i. 1827, 368 (Mexico).— Licht "Preis-Verz. Mex. Vog.
1830, 2 " ; J. f. 0. 1863, 58 (Mexico).— Sw. Isis, 1834, 784.

LaniUS excubitorides, Sw.<£Rich. FBA. ii. 1831, 115, pi. 34.— f Tomes, ZooLviii. 1850,2734
(England).— Gags. Pr. Phila, Acad. 1857, 213 (monographic).— ScZ. PZS. 1857, 126
(California).

LaniUS excubitroides, Peab. Rep. Orn. Mass. 1839, 292 (Boston, in winter, fide Nuttall).

LaniUS excubitoroides, Ed. Rep. Great Salt Lake, 1850, 328.— Woodh. Rep. Zuni & Colo. R.
1853, 77.— Hoy, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 308 (Wisconsin).— Haym. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1836,
290 (Indiana).— Scl. PZS. 1864, 173 (City of Mexico).— Coop. Am. Nat iii. 1869, 476.—
Allen, Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 579.

Colljrio excubitoroides, Bd. BNA. 1858, 527 ; ed. of 1860, pi. 75, f. 2.— Kenn. PRRR. x. 1859,
25.— Xant. Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 191 (California).—^. Ives's Rep. Colo. R. 1861, pt. v.
5.—Hayd. Tr. Amer. Philos. Soc. xii. 1862, 162.— Blakist. Ibis, iv. 1862, 5 ; 1863, 66 (Sas-
katchewan).— Coues, Ibis, 1865, 164 (Arizona).— Ooues, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1866, 73 (Fort
Whipple, Ariz.).— Mellwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1866, 87 (Canada West). —Butch. Pr. Phila.
Acad. 1868, 149 (Texas).— Coop. Am. Nat. iii. 1869, 34, 295.— Coop. Pr. Cal. Acad. 1870,
75.— Stev. Ann. Rep. TJ. S. Geol. Snrv. for 1870, 1871, 464.

Collurio excubitoroides, Bd. Rev. AB. 1866, 445.— Ccues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. 1868, 277 (New
England, on other authority).— Aifen, Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1868, 504, 517.— Sumich. Mem.
Bost. Soc. i. 1869, 548 (Vera Cruz).— Coop. B. Cal. i. 1870, 138.— Aiken, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv.
1872, 198 (Colorado).— Merr. Ann. Rep. TJ. S. Geol. Surv. Terr, for 1872, 1873. 677, 714.—
Ridgw. Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 609.— Iriy>pe, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 497.

LaniUS ludOYicianus, Bp PZS. 1837, 112 (Mexico).— Ornith. Comm. Journ. Phila. Acad. vii.
. 1837, 193 (" Columbia River").— Town*. Journ. Pbila. Acad. viii. 1839, 152 (same).—
? Vigors, Zool. Voy. Blossom, 1839, 17.— Garni. Jonrn. Phila. Acad. i. 1847, 44 (Califor-
nia).— Garni. P<-. Phila. Acad. 1847, 200 (California).—? Woodh. Rep. Znfii & Colo. R.
1853,76.— Hoy Pr. Phila. Acad. 1853, 308 (Wisconsin).— Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1855,
312 (New Mexico) .—Maxim. 3. f. O. 1858,191 (Missouri River). —Hoy, Smiths. Rep.
for 1864, 1865, 437 (Missouri).— Minot, BNE. 1877, 106 (north to Massachusetts).

CollyriO ludovicianus, Henry, Pr. Phila. Acad. 1859, 106 (New Mexico) .-Dress. Ibis, 1865,
480 (San Antonio, Tex.).— Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc. xv. 1873, 235.

Collurio ludovlcianus, Allen, Mem. Bost. Soc. i. 1868, 499.— Allen, Am. Nat. 1869, 579 (New
York and Canadian examples).— Allen, Bull. MCZ. iii. 1872, 176 (Kansas, Colorado,
and Utah).— Purdie, Am. Nat. vii. 1873, 115 (Massachusetts).

Collurio ludovicianus var. excubitoroides, Ooues, Key, 1872, 185.— Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Inst.
v. 1873, 181 (Colorado).— Coues, BNW. 1874, 102.— Allen, Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii 1874, 54
(Dakota).— B. B. & R. NAB. i. 1874, 421, pi. 19, f. 3.— Tarr. <& Hensh. Rep. Orn. Specs.
1874, 13.— Hensh. ibid. 43, 60, 78, 107.— Hensh. List B. Ariz. 1875, \yi.-Hensh. Zool.
Expl. W. 100 Merid. 1875, 233.— Nels. Pr. Bost. Soc. xvii. 1875, 340, 346, 353 (Nevada and
Utah).— Lawr. Bull. Nat. Mus. n. 4, 1876, 18 (Tehuantepec).— Purdie, Bull. Nutt.
Club, ii. 1877, 21 (Rhode Island).

Collurio ludovicianus 0, excubitoroides, Ridgw. Rep. Surv. 40th Par. iv. pt. iii. 1877, 453.

? Lanlus mexicanus, O. L. Brehm, J. f. 0. 1854, 145, 148.— Scl. PZS. 1859, 375 (Oaxaca).— (See
Scl. PZS. 1864, 173.)

American Grey Shrike, Sw. 1. o.

White-ramped Shrike, Authors.

HAB. — Of ludovicianus proper, chiefly the South Atlantic and Gulf States,
from Carolina to Florida and Mississippi ; but also extending north into
the Valley of the Connecticut River, and west to that of the Ohio and
the Mississippi. Of excubitorides, the rest of the United States, excepting
most of New England ; northeast to Canada, north in other British prov-
inces to 54° N. at least, and south into Mexico.

CHARACTERS OF LANIUS EXCUBITORIDES 563

CH. SP. — 3 $ Plumbeocanus, in/via, albus ; fronte et fascia
laid per latus capitis duotd, oculum amplectante, cum alls cau-
ddque, nigrin^ his albo notatis ; scapularibus et tectricibus cau-
dalibus superioribus albis.

$ 9 , adult : Leaden-gray or light slate color, whitening on the scapulars
and upper tail-coverts. Beneath white, slightly shaded with the French
gray on the sides, but without dusky vermiculation. A narrow stripe across
the forehead, continuous with a broad bar along the side of the head, em-
bracing the eye, black, slightly, if at all, bordered with whitish. Lower
eyelid not white. Wings and tail black, with white markings, much as in
the last species. Bill and feet plumbeous-black; length usually under 9
inches ; extent, 12-13 ; wing and tail each about 4 ; bill, f ; tarsus, 1 or more.

Young : Vermiculated below with dusky, upon a brownish ground, about
to the same extent as is seen in very old examples of C. borealis. General
tone of the upper parts less pure than in the adult ; scapulars and tail-cov-
erts not purely white; black bar of head less firm, but as far as it goes
maintaining the characters of the species. At a very early age, the upper
parts, including the whitish of the scapulars and tail-coverts, is finely ver-
miculated with dusky waves. The ends of the quills, wing-coverts, and tail-
feathers often have rusty or rufous markings.

There will be no difficulty whatever in distinguishing this species from
the preceding by the foregoing description. Only the young birds are ver-
miculated below like C. borealis. The species shades directly into the partic-
ular form of the South Atlantic States (ludovicianus), which is darker and
otherwise somewhat peculiar on an average.

DURING the greater part of the year, and ill nearly all por-
tions of the United States, the smaller species of Shrike
replaces the Northern Butcher-bird. The true Loggerhead has
been supposed to be confined to the South Atlantic and Gulf
States, and the White-rumped variety to range over the rest
of the country, especially the West 5 but I have gradually
become satisfied that no such trenchant line can be drawn
between the supposed habitats of the two varieties. With
every desire to be precise in this matter, we need not be
" holier than the Pope ", nor attempt to establish distinctions
that have no actual existence in Nature. It is certain that the
two alleged species grade into each other by insensible degrees j
and the same is true of the geographical areas they respect-
ively inhabit. I am not aware that anything but typical ludo-
vicianus — by which I mean the extreme of small size and dark
color, little, if any, relieved by hoariness — occurs in the South
Atlantic and Gulf States ; but "ludovicianus" has been quoted
from such remote quarters as New England, Oregon, and
Mexico, and I have examined different specimens from Ohio,

564 DISTRIBUTION OF LANIUS LUDOVICIANUS

which were certainly referable to both species, if our technical
characters are to be relied upon in the least.

The real Loggerheads, such as Wilson, Audubon, and Bach-
man talk about, are developed to the highest degree in the
South Atlantic States. I found them common in South Caro-
lina, and others attest their occurrence along the whole of the
same seaboard, where they seem to be specially numerous. But
they are not confined to this area ; for, as just stated, they occur
in the Mississippi Valley and in New England, if not also in the
still more distant countries to which they have been accredited
by some writers.

The New England record is specially interesting. It has
long been asserted that a Shrike, not L. borealis, occurs occa-
sionally in this quarter j but we have only recently acquired
satisfactory evidence that such is the case. L. excubitorides was
originally given as a New England bird by Emmons and Pea-
body, apparently upon the authority of Nuttall, who stated it
to be a species "which in winter is seen in the vicinity of Bos-
ton " (Man. ii. 564). But this seemed so hypothetical that I
retained the species in my New England List of 1868 as one
" of very doubtful occurrence, though known in New York and
Canada West". Putnam's citation of "C. ludovicianus" rests
upon no more. sufficient evidence, as it refers in fact to the same
authorities, and Linsley's " Lanius carolinensis " is in no better
plight. Dr. Brewer was therefore right in excluding excubi-
torides from his category of observed inhabitants of New
England, until its occurrence there should be established by
positive proof. The required evidence has lately been fur-
nished by Mr. H. A. Purdie, who states (Bull. Nutt. Club, ii.
1877, 21) that "a typical example of this variety was shot by
Mr. Jencks in Cranston, E. I., September 2, 1873, and is now
in his collection."

So far as I am acquainted with the record, the occurrence of
any other Shrike than L. borealis in New England was first
established in 1873 by Mr. H. A. Purdie (Am. Nat. vii. 115),
who speaks of a specimen, considered to be a true Loggerhead,
procured in West Newton, Mass., October 21, 1872. This occur-
rence authorized Dr. Brewer to include ludovicianus in his list,
as he did, with the remark " accidental, (Mass.) " The next New
England specimen, referred to the same variety, was also taken
in Massachusetts, at Newtonville, in 1874, as recorded by Mr.
C. J. Maynard (Amer. Sportsm. v. Feb. 13, 1875, p. 313). A

DISTRIBUTION OF LANIUS EXCUBITORIDES 565

third was shot by Mr. W. W. Coe near Portland, Conn., in
November of 1876, as Mr. C. H. Merriam informs us in his
admirable treatise on the birds of Connecticut. Mr. Merriam
also refers to another individual seen near New Haven in May,
1873, and which "might have been this species". In his late
List of the birds of Massachusetts, by far the most authoritative
we possess, Mr. J. A. Allen speaks of still another individual
there first recorded, which was taken in Lynn, in November,
1877, by Mr. N. Vickary. This is the sum of the New England
record, so far as I am acquainted with it, and it warrants the
inference that the Loggerhead frequently pushes northward
into the Valley of the Connecticut River, though it does not
appear to have been noted at intermediate points thence to
its well-known Southern home. It is neither in Lawrence's
nor in TurnbulPs list, nor did I ever meet with it about
Washington.

Both varieties, as I have said, occur in the Western States
east of the Mississippi with regularity and frequency, and
the White-rumped form pushes eastward into New York and
Canada. The northern limit of the latter is stated by Swain-
son and Richardson to be the 54th parallel. I have myself
found it breeding in Dakota at 49°. It is said to occur in the
region of the Saskatchewan, where, however, I did not see it;
and it is very generally distributed in suitable places through-
out the West, extending even into Mexico, whence we have
sundry advices of its presence. Like its Northern congener, it
is an imperfectly migratory bird; a movement occurs each
season with some individuals, while others do not remove;
so that Shrikes of this variety may be found over the whole
area they inhabit at any season of the year, unless it be along
the northern border of their range. They appear to be most
numerous in intermediate regions, decreasing in numbers as
we proceed either way. The local records we possess for
various parts of the West are numerous and explicit, but
scarcely require to be set forth in detail upon the present
page.

BIBLIOGKAPHICAL APPENDIX

LIST OF FAUNAT, PUBLICATIONS BELATINO TO IYO14 I II
AITIEBICAN ORNITHOLOGY

A certain portion of my Bibliography of Ornithology has
advanced so far toward completion that it becomes available
in its present state for all practical purposes. It is accordingly
published in advance of the whole work, as an appropriate and
desirable Appendix to the present treatise on North American
Ornithology. The plan and scope of this piece of bibliography
should be stated explicitly, in order that those who wish to
use it may know exactly what it does, and what it does not,
contain.

It consists of the packet of titles representing the North
American section of the "Faunal Publications" series, includ-
ing titles and digests of works and papers relating solely to
Birds of North America indiscriminately, collectively, or in
general. In short, the titles are those that relate to the Birds
of North America as such — not as components of any genus or
family. Hence are excluded, for example, all such titles as
UA Monograph of the Tringece of North America", which
might seem to belong here; for such a title comes, in the
" Systematic " portion of my Bibliography, under Scolopacidce.
All general treatises on the birds of larger geographical areas,
even if including North America (like Sclater's " Catalogue of
American ' Birds " for example), are excluded, as are also all
general works on ornithology. By this means, the scope of
the present article is conveniently narrowed and rendered per-
fectly definite j and only in a few instances, for one or another
particular reason, is the rigidity of the rule of exclusion relaxed.

The bulk of the titles of course consists of "local lists" and
allied kinds of articles. As a " faunal publication" may relate
to any geographical area, from that of North America itself
to that of a single locality, the titles embrace a range of publi-
cations from the works of Wilson or Audubon down to the

567

568 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX [2

least note on the subject; and with them are also given, as
separate titles, the reviews and notices which appertain. As
already hinted, I give the benefit of the doubt to a few titles
whose claim to a place here is doubtful, or which arc of such
mixed character that arbitrary decision is required ; for it is
well understood that a perfect classification of titles by sub-
ject-matter is a bibliographical impossibility.

For present purposes, " North America " is held to include
Greenland, Mexico, and the Bahamas and Bermudas; but
neither the West Indies nor America south of Mexico.

The titles herewith presented, nearly or about one thousand
in number, are simply those which I have thus far compiled for
my Universal Bibliography of Ornithology; but they are sup-
posed to be about 95 per cent, of all that are extant on this
particular subject, and to represent some three or four per
cent, of the whole literature of ornithology. The whole num-
ber of titles I have in hand at present writing is believed to be
about 18,000. The present set of titles is arranged chronolo-
gically, with secondary alphabetization under each date. This
method, I am persuaded, tends to the best exhibit of the sub-
ject in its natural connections and bearings, because the move-
ment of the bibliography corresponds with the progress of the
science ; and any objections to such an arrangement are re-
moved by the two indexes, of authors and of localities, by
which any desired title may be found at once.

There is little to be said of the way in which the work has
been done ; for if it cannot speak for itself, the less said the
better. It should be stated, however, that the compiler has
habitually regarded THE TITLE as a thing no more to be
mutilated than a man's name ; and that he has taken the
utmost pains to secure transcription of titles verbatim, lite-
ratim et punctuatim. It may be added, that, excepting in
certain specified cases, no title in this Bibliography has been
taken at second-hand.

The remarks which follow most of the titles have been made
at the compiler's discretion, and are of the most miscellaneous
description. In general, however, they are in amplification
or explanation of the title, rather than in the way of criticism.
They are in general brief, and more so than might be expected
in a case like the present; but it will be remembered that they
form part of a commentary on many thousand titles, no one
set of which is given preference — such extensive commentary
demanding of course the utmost condensation.

3] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1612-1615 569

Bibliography is never finished, and always more or less
defective, even on ground long gone over. It is earnestly
hoped that the errors and omissions of this piece of work may
be brought by those interested to the compiler's notice. In
fact, one object in printing the present batch of titles is to in-
vite criticism, to the end that the final Bibliography may be
bettered. The writer would be accurate 5 yet he feels the
weight of Stevens's satire : " If you are troubled with a pride
of accuracy, and would have it completely taken out of you,
print a catalogue."

With few exceptions, the books and papers here cited are in
the Library of Congress at Washington. It is a pleasure to
add, that I have enjoyed every possible facility of handling
them, through the courteous attentions of Mr. A. E. Spofford.

In the course of the preparation of the whole Bibliography,
the compiler has had, at different times, the assistance of Mr.
S. W. Keen of Washington, Mr. Ernest Ingersoll of New
York, and Dr. W. J. Hoffman of Beading, Pa., to each of
whom he returns thanks for faithful service. During the print-
ing of the present collection of titles, he has enjoyed the kind
and valuable attentions of Mr. J. A. Allen, and has had the
benefit of revision by a finished proof-reader, Mr. William
Young of the Government Printing Office.

1612. SMITH, J. A Map of Virginia. | With a Descripti- | on of the Covn-
trey, the | Commodities, People, Govern- | ment and Religion, j
Written by Captaine Smith, sometimes Go- | veruour of the Covn-
trey. | Wherevnto is annexed the | . . . . [etc., 14 lines]. | By
W[illiam]. S[trachoy]. | [Design.] | At Oxford, | Printed by
Joseph Barnes. 1612. Sm. 4to in shape and by printer's sigs., sq.
16mo size. 4 p. 11., pp. 1-39, map of Virginia, 2 11. (second title and
"To the reader"), pp. 1-110.
"Birds": a paragraph beginning on p. 14 and ending on p. 15.

1615. HAMOR, R. A trve | Discovrse of the | present Estate of Vir- |
ginia, and the successe of the affaires | there till the 18 of lune. 1614.
| Together j With a Relation of the | seuerall Euglish Townes and
forts, theassu- | red hopes of that countrie and the peace | concluded
with the Indians. | The Christening of Powhatans daughter | and
her inariage with an English-man. | Writtn by Raphe Hamor the
yon- | ger, late Secretarie in that Colony. | Alget, qui non ardet.
| [Arms.] | Printed at London by lohn Beale for Wil- | liam
Welby dwelling at the signe of the | Swanne in Pauls Church-yard.
1615. 1 vol. 4to in shape and sigs., 16mo size. 4 p. 11. (title and

"Epistle"), pp. 1-69 + 1.
Paragraph on "Foule of diners sorts", p. 21.

570 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 162O-1628 [4

1620. WHITBOURNE, R. A | Discovrse | and Discovery | of Nevv-fovnd-
land, with | many reasons to prooue how worthy and be- | neficiall
a Plantation may there be made, | after a far better manner than |
now it is. | Together with the lay- | ing open of certain enor- j mities
and abuses committed by some that trade | to that countrey, and the
meanes laide | downe for reformation | thereof. | Written by Cap-
taine Richard Whitbourne of | Exmouth, in the County of Deuon,
and pub- | lished by Authority. | [Design.] | Imprinted at London
by Felix Kyngston, for | William Barret, 1620. 1 vol. sm. 4to. 9 p.
1J. (title, arms on reverse 1 1., "To his Majesty" 2 11., " To his Majesty's
subjects" 2 11., " Preface" 4 11.), pp. 1-69, one blank page, -f 4 pp.

I have handled another ed., 1622; there is another, 1623. In both the two
first, on pp. 8, 9, are noticed " Land-fowle " and " Water-fowle ", among the latter
being a notice of Alca impennis: — " These Penguins are as bigge as Geese, and
flye not, for they haue bnt a little short wing, and they multiply so infinitely
vpon a certaine flat Hand, that men driue them from thence upon a boord, into
their boates by hundreds at a time."

1622. WHITBOURNE, R. A Discourse and Discovery of Newfoundland, [etc.]
London, 1622.
See the orig. ed., 1620.

1624. SMITH, J. The | Generall Historic | of | Virginia, | New-England,
and the Summer | Isles : with the names of the Adventurers, | Plant-
ers, and Governours from their | first beginning An0 : 1584. to this
present 1624. | With the Procedings of those Severall Colonies | and
the Accidents that befell them in all their | Journyes and Discov-
eries. | Also the Maps and Descriptions of all those | Countryes,
their Commodities, people, | Government, Customes, and Religion J
yet knowne. | Divided into sixe Bookes. I By Captain lohn Smith |
Sometymes Governour | in those Countryes &Admirall | of New Eng-
land. | London. | Printed by L D. and | I. H. for Michael | Sparkes. |
1624. 1 vol. folio. Eng. title, 6 p. 11., pp. 1-96, 105-248, 4 maps.
For the bird-matter, see the ed. of 1632.

1628. HERNANDEZ, F. Rerum Medicarum Nova3 Hispanise Thesaurus, sou
Plantarum Animaliuin Mineralium Mexicanornm historia ex Fran-
cisci Hernandi Noui orbis medici Primary relationibus in ipsa Mexi-
cana vrbe conscriptis a Nardo Antonio Reecho. . . . Collecta ac in
ordinem digesta a Joanne Terrentio Lynceo notis illustrata; cum
Indice, et Historic Animalium et Mineralium libro. Nunc primum
in naturaliu reru studiosor. gratia et utilitat« studio et impensis
Lynceorum Publici iuris facta Philippo magno dicata. Romae.
M. DC. XXVIII Ex Tjpographeio Jacobi Mascardi. Folio. En-
graved title, pp. 950, 17 11. ; " Historiae Animalium ", pp. 90, (6).

Not seen— title from Sabin's Diet., where it is said :— " This edition was abridged,
and edited from the author's MS. by Dr. Reecho of Naples ; pp. 345-455 are addi-
tions by Terrentius de Constance, pp. 460-840 by John Faber, pp. 841-899 are
annotations by Fabio Colonno, the tables by Prince Cesi." Sabin describes an-
other ed., sm. 4to, Mexico, 1615, which he says is probably the work referred to
by Henry Stevens's Bibliotheca Historica, No. 891, where the date is said to be
1604.— The "Historiae Animalium", etc., forming the latter 90 +6 pp. of the whole,
separately paged, is sometimes cited as a separate work, and even attributed to
"Fernandez ", aa if to a different author from Hernandez. See the ed. fully col-
lated beyond, 165L

5] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 16aO-1632 571

1630. [HIGGINSOX, FRANCIS.] New England's | Plantation. Or, | a Short
and trve | description of the commodities | and discommodities of
that Countrey. | — | Written by a reuerend Diuine now | there
resident. | — | [Seal.] | — | London, Printed by T. C. and R. C. for
Michael Sparke, | dwelling at the Signe of the Blew Bible in | Greene
Arbor in the little Old Bailey. 1630. 1 vol. 4to in shape and by sigs.,
sq. 16mo size, consisting of 11 unpaged leaves.

On the 7th leaf begins, "Of the Aire of New England with the Temper of the
Creatures in it " ; and on the next leaf comes some bird-matter, amounting to just
one page.— Reprinted in Force's Historical Tracts, voL i, Tract 12.

1632. MORTON, T. New English Canaan ; Or New Canaan, containing An
Abstract of New England. Composed in three Bookes, [etc.] Writ-
ten by Thomas Morton, of Cliffords Inn, Gent. Upon ten Yeers
Knowledge and Experiment of the Country. Printed by Charles
Green. 1632.

Not seen.— Eeprinted in Force's Hist. Tracts, vol. ii, Tracts, 1838.— See ed. of 1637.

1632. SAGARD THEODAT, G. Le Grand Voyage | Dv pays des Hvrons, |
situe" en 1'Amerique vers la Mer | douce, 6s derniers confins | de la
nouuelle France, | dite Canada. | Ou il est amplement traite" de tout
ce qui est du pays, des | mceurs & du naturel des Sauuages, de leur
gouuernement | & fafons de faire, tant dedans leurs pays, qu'allans
en voya- | ges : De leur foy & croyance; De leurs conseils & guerres,
&. | de quel genre de tourmens ils font mourir leurs prisonniers. |
Coinme ilsse marient & esteuent leurs enfans: De leurs Me- | decins,
& des remedes dont ils vsent a leurs maladies : | De leurs dances
& chansons : De la chasse, de la pesche & des | oyseaux & animaux
terrestres & aquatiques qu'ils ont. Des | richesses du pays : Comme
ils cultiuent les terres, & accom- | modent leur Menestre. De leur
deiiil, pleurs & lamenta- | tions, & comme ils enseuelissent & en-
terrent leurs morts. | Auec vn Dictionnaire de la langue Huronne,
pour la commodi- j t6 de ceux qui ont a voyager dans le pays, &
n'ont | Intelligence d'icelle languo. | Par F. Gabriel Sagard
Theodat, Recollet de | S. Francois, de la Prouince de S. Denys en
France. | — | A Paris, | Chez Denys Moreav, rue S. lacques, a | la
Salamandre d' Argent. | — | M. DC. XXXII. | Auec Priuilege du
Roy. 1 vol. 16mo, with 12 prel. 11. (eng. title (1 1.), plain title
(1 1.), invocation to Jesus Christ (2 11.), to Henry de Lorraine (2 11.),
to reader (3 11.), contents and royal privilege, &c. (3 11.)), and
pp. 1-380, whereof pp. 295-380 are of Part Second.— Dictionary of
the Huron language, pp. 1-12, 1-132 (being 66 leaves, unpaged),
1-13 (being 7 leaves, unpaged).

Seconde Partie, Chapitre I, pp. 296-304, Des Oyseaux.— There is a copy of this
extremely rare work in the Congressional Library at Washington. There is a
late textual reprint, 1865, giving facsimile of the original title-pages, indication
of the original pagination, etc., q. v. The work is not to be confounded with the
same author's History of Canada, 1636, of which there is a similar late reprint.

1632. SMITH, J. The | General Historie | of | Virginia, . . . [etc.] | Lon-
don. | Printed by I. D. and | I. H. for Edward Blackmore | Anno
1632.

Excepting date and imprint, this is identical with the orig. ed., 1624, q. v., even
to the break in the pagination between pp. 96 and 105; also same 4 maps.

572 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1632-1636 [0

1632. SMITH, J. — Continued.

Book 2, Of Virginia, paragraph on Birds at p. 27.— Book 5, Of the Bermudas, 2
paragrapbson Birdsatp. 171, describing, among others, the " Cahow" (see Jones's
Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, p. — ) and Tropicke-bird. — Book 6, Of New England, para-
graph on Birds at p. 216.

1634. WOOD, W. New Englands Prospect. A true, lively, and experiment-

all description of that part of America, commonly called New Eng-
land : discovering the state of that Countrie, both as it stands to
our new-come English Planters; and to the old Native Inhabitants.
Laying downe that which may both enrich the knowledge of the
mind-travelling Reader, or benefit the future Voyager. By William
Wood. Printed at London by Tho. Cotes, for lohn Bellamie, and
are to be sold at his shop, at the three Golden Lyons in Corne-hill,
neere the Royall Exchange. 1634. Sm. 4to. pp.112.

Not seen.— Title taken as found in Young's Chronicles (8vo, Boston, 1846).
Tho treatise is said to contain, Chap. VIII, a considerable and curious account of
New England birds.

1635. WOOD, W. New | Englands | Prospect. | A true, lively, and experi-

men- | tall description of that part of America, | commonly called
New England : | discovering the state of that Coun- | trie, both as
it stands to our new-come | English Planters ; and to the old j Na-'
tive Inhabitants. | Laying downe that which may both enrich
the | knowledge of the mind-travelling Reader, | or benefit the
future Voyager. | — | By William Wood. | — | [Design.] | Printed
at London by Tho. Cotes, for lohn Bellamie, and are to be sold | at
his shop, at the three Golden Lyons in Corne-hillj neere the | Royall
Exchange. 1635. 1 vol. 4to in shape and in sigs., about 16mo size.
4 p. 11., pp. 1-83 -f- 5, map.

Stevens's Eibl. Amer. gives two other eds., of 1634 and 1639 ; they appear to be
very similar, but not identical. Copy of the present ed. in Congr. Libr.

Chap. VIII, pp. 22-27, " Of the Birds and Fowle both of Land and Water ", both
in prose and verse. Numerous species are cursorily treated.

1636. SAGARD THEODAT, G. Histoire | du Canada | et Voyages | que lea

freres mineurs recollects y ont faicts pour | la conuersion des infi-
delles | divisez en quatre liures | Oil est anaplement traicte" des choses
principales arriu6es | dans le pays depuis 1'an 1615 iusques a la
prise qui en | a estefaicte paries Auglois. — Desbieus&commoditez j
qu'on en peut esperer.— Des moeurs, ceremonies, crean- | ce, loix &
coustumes merueilleuses de ses inhabitans. — | De la conuersion &
baptesme de plusieurs, & des moyens | necessaires pour les amener
& la cognoissance de Dieu. | L'eutretieu ordinaire de nos Mariniers,
& autres parti- | cularitez que se remarquent en la suite de 1'his-
toire. | Fait et compose" par le | F. Gabriel Sagard Theodat, | Mi-
neur Recollect de la Prouince | de Paris. | A Paris | Chez Claude
Sonnius, rue S. Jacques a PEscu de I Basle & au Compas d'or. |
M. DC. XXXVI | Auec Priuilege & Approbation.

This is the title of the orig. ed., very rare ; there is a textual reprint, indi-
cating pagination of the original, 4 vols. 12mo, Paris, 1866, q. v. — "Des oyseaux
plus coinmuns du Canada," Chap. II, pp. 732-741 ; a brief notice of a few leading
species, as the Hummingbird, Jay, Eaglo, Crane.

7] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1637-1651 573

1637. MORTON, T. New English Canaan | or | New Canaan. | Containing
an Abstract of New England, | Composed in three Bookes. | The
first Booke setting forth the originall of the Natives, their | Manners
and Customes, together with their tractable Nature and Love
towards the English. | The second Booke setting forth the naturall
endowments of the | Country, and what staple Commodities it |
yealdeth. \ The third Booke setting forth, what people are planted
there, | their prosperity, what remarkable accidents have happened
since the first | planting of it, together with their Tenents and
practise of their Church. | Written by Thomas Morton, of Cliffords
Inne gent, upon tenne | yeares knowledge and experiment of the
| Country. | Printed at Amsterdam, | By Jacob Frederick Stam. |
In the yeare 1637. 1 vol. very small 4to by printer's sig., nearer
16mo size. pp. 1-188, -f- 2 11. ("contents).

Copy in Congr. Libr., but title-page gone; above title copied from Stevens' s
Bibl. Amer. This is a 2d ed., orig. 1632.

The second Booke, Chap. IV, pp. 67-73, "Of Birds, and fetbered fovvles,"
Swannes, Geese, Ducks, Teales, "Widggens, Simpes (=• Snipes) Sanderlings,
Cranes, Turkies, Pheisauts, Partridges, Qnailes, Owles, Crowes, a Lannaret,
Fawcons, Goshawkes, Martins, Sparhawkes, A hunning bird, "as small as a
Beetle," etc.

.1649. [UNKNOWN.] Perfect Description of Virginia, [etc.] Pamph. 4to.
1649.
Not seen.— Said to end with a catalogue of " Beasts, Birds, Fish, and Trees ".

1651. HERNANDEZ, F. Rervm Medicarvm | Nova} Hispanic | Thesavrvs |
sev | Plantarvm Animalivm | Mineralivm Mexicanorvm | His-
toria | ex Francisci Hernandez | Noui Orbis Medici Primary rela-
tionibus | in ipsa Mexicana Vrbe conscriptis | a Nardo Antonio
Reecho | Monte Coruinate Cath. Maiest. Medico | Et Neap. Regni
Archiatro Generali | lussu Philippi II. Hisp. Ind. etc. Regis | Col-
lecta ac in ordineni digesta | A loanne Terrentio Lynceo | Con-
stantiense Germ0. Pho. ac Medico | Notis Illustrata | Nuuc primu in
Naturaliu rer. Studiosor. gratia | lucubrationibus Lynceoru publici
iuris facta. | Quibus Jam excussis accessere demum alia | quor.
omnium Synopsis sequent! pagina ponitur | Opus duobus volumini-
bus diuisum | Philippo IIII. Regi Catholico Magno | Hispaniar.
vtriusq.Sicilia3etIndiaruetcMonarchae | dicatum. | CumPriuilegijs.
| Romse Superior, permissu. Ex Typographeio Vitalis Mascardi.
M.DC.XXXXXI. [Or,]

Nova | Plantarvm, Animalivm | et Mineralivm Mexicanorvm |
Historia | a Francisco Hernandez Medico | In Indijs pra3stantissimo
primum compilata, | dein a Nardo Antonio Reecho in volvmen
digesta, | a lo. Terentio, lo. Fabro, et Fabio Colvmna Lynceis |
Notis, & additionibus longe doctissimis illustrata. | Cui demum ac-
cessere | aliqvot ex principis Federici Caesii Frontispiciis | Theatri
Naturalis Phytosophicsa Tabula3 | Vua cum quamplurimis Iconibus,
ad octingentas, quibus singula | contemplanda graphice exhibentur,
| [Tabula.] | Romae MDCLI. | Sumptibus Blasij Deuersini, & Za-
nobij Masotti Bibliopolarum. | Typis Vitalis Mascardi. Superiorum
permissu. 1 vol. folio. Eng. title (first, above given), back blank,
ilium, title (second, just given), back blank, dedication to the king,

574 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1651-1672 [s

1651. HERNANDEZ, F. — COD tinned.

1 1., printer to reader etc. 2 11., "Index plantarvm" etc. 7 11., "Index
Authorvm " etc. 3 11. (= total of 30 unpaged p. 11.), pp. 1-950 (main
text), -f- 5 unpaged 11. (Indexes) ; with unnumbered illustrations
in the text. [Then follows, separately paged,]

Historian Animalivm | et Mineralivm Novae Hispaniae | Liber
Vnicus | in sex Tractatvs divisvs | Francisco Fernandez Philippi
Secundi primario Medico | avthore. pp. 1-90, + 3 unpaged 11. (In-
dices and Errata).

Kervm medicarvm Novae Hispaniae Nardi Antonii Recchi Liber norms. Ani-
malia exhibet, pp. 313-334 : Cap. vi, p. 317, De Ave paradisea, with a cut of a
Bird of Paradise, from some old author. Cap. viii, p. 319, De Cozcaqvavhtli,
Regina aurarum. Capp. ix-xi, pp. 320-322, various birds, with 7 cuts. Cap. xix,
p. 331, De Tzopilotl, siue Aura, with cut.

Aliorum Novae Hispaniae Animalivm, Nardi Antonii Recchi imagines et nomina.
loannis Fabri Lyncei . . . expositione, pp. 460-840 ; birds being treated at pp.
672-720.— Alcatraz, Onocrotalus Mexicanus dentatus, p. 672, cut ; Onoc.Mex.non
dentatus, p. 673, cut ; scholia eiusdem to p. 685. Acitli, Mergus americanus, p.
686, cut ; scholia eiusd. to p. 696. Picus americanus, p. 697, cut ; scholia eius-
dem to p. 704. Hoitzitziltototl, Auispicta americana, p. 705, cut; scholia eiusdem
to p. *09. Avis mexicana Psittaci colore, p. 709, cut. Avis anonyma, Nouae His-
paniae, p. 710, cut; scholia eiusdem to p. 720.

Historiae Animalivm . . . Liber Vnicus . . . Francisco Fernandez . . .
avthore, Tractatvs Secundvs, De Historiae Avivm Novae Hispaniae, pp. 13-58,
Cap. i-ccxxix, treats of some 229 birds of Mexico, giving short descriptions, etc.,
of each. 4

This famous work is cited by bibliographers and naturalists in such uncertain
ways, occasioning so much confusion, that I have thought best to give a reason-
ably full collation of the volume, and a complete exposition of the ornithological
matter it contains. It will be observed that the volume has two very different
titles for the same work, in the composition of which several authors are con-
cerned ; and that there are two very different works, separately paged, in the
same volume. The copy examined is lettered on the cover "Recchi Hist. Mexici ".
The date, 1651, is that of a later ed., as I find the work cited r.s of 1628, q. v.

1672. JOSSELYN, J. New-Englands | Rarities | Discovered : | In | Birds,
Beasts, Fishes, Serpents, | and Plants of that Country. | Together
with | The Physical and Chyrurgical Reme- | dies wherewith the
Natives con- | stantly used to Cure their Distem- | pers, Wounds,
and Sores. | Also | A perfect Description of an Indian | Squa, in
all her Bravery ; with a | Poem not improperly conferr'd | upon her. |
Lastly | A Chronological Table | of the most remarkable Passages
in that | Country amongst the English. | — | Illustrated with Cuts.
| — | By John Josselyn, Gent. | — | London, Printed for G. Wid-
dowes at the | Green Dragon in St. Pauls Church yard, 1672.

The foregoing title is taken from what is supposed to be a facsimile of the
original, in the Archceologia Americana, or Trans, and Coll. Amer. Antiq. Soc.
vol. iv, where the literal reprint occupies pp. 133-238. The collation of the origi-
nal is given by Field as " 24° Frontispiece, a dragon. Title and dedication, each
1 leaf. Text pp. 1 to 114. Advertisement, 1 leaf."

Pages 6-13 treat "First, of Birds", giving an account, more curious than edi-
fying, of a number of New England species, ending with "What Birds are not
to be found in New England ". The account is interlarded with fanciful recipes
for curing diseases— and indeed the ornithology itself is not much less imagin-
ary. Among other species are treated the " Troculus" (Ghcetura), " Pilhannaw ",
and the " Wobble". The last is interesting as attesting the then occurrence of
Alca impennis in New England.

9] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1674-1676 575

1674. JOSSELVN, J. An | Account | of two | Voyages | to | New-England |

Wherein you have the setting out of a Ship, | with the charges ;
The prices of all necessaries for | furnishing a Planter and his
Family at his first com- | ing, A Description of the Countrey, Na-
tives and | Creatures, with their Merchantil and Pysical use ; The
Government of the Countrey as it is now pos- | sessed by the Eng-
lish, &c. | A large Chronological Ta- | ble of the most remarkable
passages, from the first | discovering of the Continent of America,
to the year 1673. | — | By John Josselyn Gent. | — | [Quotation.]
| — | London, Printed for Giles Widdows, at the Green-Dragon | in
St. Pauls-Church-yard. 1674. 1 vol. sm. 18mo, 8 leaves to a sig.
4 p. 1. (license 1 1., title 11., to the President & Fellows of the Royal
Soc. 1 1., to the Reader 1 1.), pp. 1-279 -f- 3 pp.
Birds at pp. 95-108. See the other ed., of 1675.

1675. JOSSELYN, J. An | Account | of two | Voyages | to New-England. |

Wherein you have the setting out of a Ship, | With the charges ; |
The prices of all necessaries for | furnishing a Planter & his Fam-
ily at his first com- | ing ; A Description of the Country, Natives and
| Creatures; The Government of the Countrey as | it is now pos-
sessed by the English, &c. A large | Chronological Table of the
most remarkable | passages from the first discovering of the Conti- |
nent of America, to the year 1673. | — | By John Josselyn Gent.
| — | The Second Addition. | — | [Quotation, 6 lines.] | London
Printed forG. Widdowes at the Green Dragon in St. | Pauls Church-
yard, 1675.

Reprinted in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. iii, of the
third series, 1833, pp. 211-396, whence the above title is taken, and where occurs
this remark :— " In the 12mo. volume from which this is printed, the title is pre-
ceded by a leaf, on the first page of which is the printer's device, viz. a dragon
with the letters G- TV over it ; and in the middle of the second page is ' Licensed
by Roger L'estrange Novemb. the 28, 1673.' The title-leaf (which is substituted
for one cut out, doubtless to give the book the appearance of a second edition) is
followed by two leaves, one bearing the Dedication, the other a list of Errata
. . . ." See the orig. ed., 1674.

Bird-matter occurs at pp. 95-103 of the original (pp. 274-280 of this reprint), in
the shape of some curious remarks of no earthly account (though I observe that
some of Josselyn's commentators attempt to interpret him), opening thus:— "Of
birds there are not many more than 120 kinds as our Naturalists have conjec-
tured, but I think they are deceived ; they are divided into land-birds and water-
birds, the land birds again into birds of prey, birds for meat, singing-birds and
others." A good many kinds of birds are gossiped about} e.gr.,the Pilhannaw,
" the biggest bird that is, except the Ostrich".

1675. JOSSELYN, J. New England's Rarities Discovered in Birds, Fishes,

Serpents, and Plants of that Country. Together with the Physical
and Chyrurgical Remedies, wherewith the Natives constantly use
[etc.]. By John Josselyn, Gent. 2d Addition. London. 1675.
Not seen. See the orig. ed., 1672.

1676. GLOVER, T. An Account of Virginia, its Scituation, Temperature,

Productions, Inhabitants, and their manner of planting and ordering
Tobacco, &c. < Philos. Trans., xi, 1676, pp. 623-636.

Page 631 notices " Turkies, Turkie Buzzards, Turtle- Doves, Partridges, Hawks
of several sorts ", and more particularly the Mocking-bird, Red-bird, and Hum-
ming-bird, of which latter it is stated that it is "not much bigger than a Hornet
and yet hath all the parts of a bird entire ".

576 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1693-1714 [lO

1693. CLAYTON, J. Mr. John Clayton, Rector of Crofton at Wakefield, his
Letter to the Royal Society, giving a farther Account of the Soil,
and other Observables of Virginia. < Philos. Trans., xvii, 1693,
pp. 978-999.

Pages 988-999, " Of the Birds", consist of a running commentary on quite a
large number of species, considering the early date.

1703. LA HONTAN, — , BARON DE. Vpyages dans 1'Ame'rique .... 2 vols.
12mo. LaHaye. 1703.

The original, which I have not seen ; see the English ed., 1703.

1703. LA HONTAN, — , BARON DB. New | Voyages | to North-America. | Con-
taining | [etc. etc.]. | — | Illustrated with Twenty Three Mapps and
Cutts. | — | Written in French | By the Baron Lahontan, Lord
Lievtenant | of the French Colony at Placentia in New- | f oundland,
now in England. | — | Done into English. | — | In Two Volumes.
| A great part of which never Printed in the Original.
I — | London : Printed for H. Bonwicke in St. Paul's Church-
yard ; | T. Goodwin, M. Wotton, B. Tooke, in Fleetstreet ; and S.
Manship | in Cornhill, 1703. 2 vols. sm. 8vo. Vol. I, 12 prel. 11.
(Title, Dedication, Preface, Contents), pp. 1-280, 12 maps and cuts.
At pp. 237-242 of voL I occurs an annotated "List of the Fowl or Birds that
frequent the South Countries of Canada"; a second List of the "Birds of the
North Countries of Canada" ; followed by " A Description of such Birds as
are not accounted for in my Letters ".

1709. LAWSON, J. A New | Voyage | to | Carolina ; | Containing the | Exact
Description and Natural History | of that | Country: | Together with
the Present State thereof | and | A Journal | Of a | Thousand Miles
Travel'd thro' several | Nations of Indians. | Giving a particular Ac-
count of their Customs, | Manners &c. | By John Lawson, Gent,
Surveyor | -General of North Carolina. | London, | printed in the
year 1709. [No publisher.] 1 vol. sm. 4to.

This is the orig. ed., issued in numbers as a part of Stevens's Collection of
Voyages, 1709. The copy examined in the Congressional Library lacks the title-
leaf and the map; otherwise the collation is: Dedication, 1 leaf; Preface,
1 leaf; Introduction and Journal, pp. 1-60 ; A Description of North Carolina,
pp. 61-258 ; Advertisement, 1 leaf; Animal plate at p. 181. The size is sm. 4to by
printer's sigs., or sq. 8vo. The bird-matter is at pp. 135-151. The work was re-
printed, with new title, beginning "The History of Carolina", etc., but in other
respects identical, 1714; another ed., precisely similar to the last, 1718 ; a 4th ed.,
Dublin, 1737, attributed to Brickell. q. v. The 5th and last ed. was issued at Ka-
leigh in 1860, q. v. There is also a German version, ,,Beschreibung der Provinz
Carolina" u. s. w., 8vo, Hamburg, 1712. "Neither of the first three editions of
Lawson's work is often found complete, with the map, and animal plate." For
the ornithology of this work, see what is said under heads of BRICKELL, 1737, and
of the edition of 1860.

1714. LAWSON, J. The | History | of | Carolina ; | containing the | Exact
Description and Natural History | of that Country : | Together with
the Present State thereof. | And | A Journal | of a Thousand Miles,
Travel'd thro' several | Nations of Indians. | Giving a particular Ac-
count of their Customs, | Manners, &c. | — | By John Lawson, Gent.
Surveyor General | of North-Carolina. | — | London : | Printed foi
W. Taylor at the Ship, and T. Baker at the Black- | Boy, in Pater-
Naster-Row, 1714.

Identical in every respect, excepting the title, with the orig. ed., 1709, q. v.
On actual comparison, this seems to be only other copies of the original, furnished
with a new title-leaf.

11]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 171§-1737 577

1718. LAWSON, J. The | History | of | Carolina ; | containing the | Exact
Description and Natural History of that Country; | Together with
the Present State thereof. | And A Journal | Of a Thousand Miles,
Traveled thro' several | Nations of Indians. | Giving a particular Ac-
count of their Customs, Manners, &c. | By John Lawson, Gent. Sur-
veyor-General | of North-Carolina. | London, | printed for T. Warner,
at the Black-Boy in Pater-Noster | Row, 1718. Price Bound Five
Shillings.

Not seen— title from Field, who states that the collation ia the same as that of
the ed. of 1714 or 1709. Is it anything more than other copies ?

1730. MORTIMER, [C.] An Account of Mr. Mark Catesby's Essay towards

the Natural His'ory of Carolina and the Bahama Islands, with
some Extracts out of the first three Sets. < Philos. Trans., xxxvi,

1730, pp. 425-434.

The commentary includes Catesby's birds, Nos. 1-60.

1731. MORTIMER, [C.] A Continuation of an Account of Mr. Mark Catesby's

Essay towards a Natural History of Carolina and the Bahama
Islands, with some Extracts out of the fourth Set. < Philos. Trans.,
xxxvii, 1731, pp. 174-178.

The commentary proceeds with Nos. 61-80.

1731-48. CATESBY, M. The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the
Bahama Islands : containing .... 2 vols. folio. London. Vol. I,

1731. Vol.11, 1743. 200 plates, and map. Appendix, 1748.

This is the ed/itio princeps, which I have not seen. There is a 2d ed. by G.
Edwards, 1754 ; a 3d ed. by the same, folio, 2 vols., London, 1771, with the appendix
and I/.nEaean index, which see, infra. See, also, Philos. Trans., xxxvi, 1730, pp. 425-
434; xxxvii, 1731, pp. 174-178; xxxvii, 1732, pp. 447-450 ; xxxviii, 1734, pp. 315-318;
xxxix, 1735, pp. 11-2-117; xxxix, 1736, pp. 251-258; xl, 1738, pp. 343-350; xlv,
1748, pp. 157-173. Seligmanris Sammlung, 9 vols. 4to, Niirnberg, 1749-1776, re-
produces Catesby, together with Edwards.

1732. MORTIMER, C. A Continuation of an Account of an Essay towards a

Natural History of Carolina and the Bahama Islands, by Mark
Catesby, F. R. S. with some Extracts oat of tne fifth Set. < Philos.
Trans., xxxvii, 1732, pp. 447-450.

Commentary continues with Nos. 81-100, concluding the birds of vol. I, the
five next papars relating to vol. II, which has birds only in the Appendix.

1737. BRICKELL, J. The Natural | History | of | North Carolina. | With
an | Account | of the | Trade, Manners, and Customs of the | Chris-
tian and Indian Inhabitants. II- | lustrated with Copper-Plates,
whereon are | curiously Engraved the Map of the Country, | several
strange Beasts, Birds, Fishes, Snakes, | Insects, Trees, and Plants,
&c. | — | By John Brickell, M. D. | — | Nostra nos in urbe pere-
grinamur. Cic. | Dublin. | Printed by James Carson, in CoghilPs-
Court, Dame- | street, opposite to the Castle-Market. For the Au-
thor, | 1737. 1 vol. 8vo. Title, reverse blank, pp. i-vii, 1-408, wood-
cuts, folding map, and 2 folding plates of animals.

" Of the Birds", pp. 171-213.— A cursory but detailed account, descriptive and
general, of the species known to Lawson. several of which are figured on the plates
above cited. This was at the time, as the alleged author claimed, "the most exact
Account that is [was] yet known of the Birds that are [were] to be met with in
North Carolina"; and it constitutes one of the most notable faunal lists of Ameri-
can birds of the last century, comparable to Bartram's on Florida Birds, Belknap'«

37 B c

578 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1737-1745 [l2

1737. BRICKELL, J. — Continued.

on those of New Hampshire, etc. The names naed are all vernacular. "The
material for this work was stolen from Lawson with scarcely the disguise of
change of form."

1741. EGEDE, H. Det gamle Gr^nlands | Nye | Perlustration, | Eller | Na-
turel-Historie, | Og | Beskrivelse over det gamle Gr^nlands Situa-
tion, | Loft, Temperament og Bcskaffenhed ; | De gamle Norske
Coloniers Begyndelse og Undergang der | Samme-Steds, de itzige
Indbyggeres Opriudelse, Vaesen, Leve-Maade og Handtseringor,
saint Hvad ellers Landet | Yder og giver af sig, | saasom Dyer, Fiske
og Fugle &c. med | hos f^yet nyt Land-Caart og andre Kaaber-
Stykker | over Landets Naturalier og Indbyggernis | HandtaBrin-
ger, | Forfattet af Hans Egede, | Forhen Missionair udi Gr^n-
land. | — | Kj^benhavn, 1741. | Trykt hos Johan Christoph Groth,
hvende paa Ulfelds-platz. 1 vol. sm. 4to. 6 p. 11., pp. 1-131, -f- 1 1.,
map, and 11 pll.

This is the editit princeps of Egede's celehrated work on Greenland, though
there are some earlier (1729 and 1730) essays leading up to it, and the titles of
which begin similarly. There are very numerous editions, in various languages.
An English ed. of 1745, q. v., is fully cited below.— ,, Adskillig slags S^e Fugler",
Cap. vi, pp. 51-55.

1744. CHARLEVOIX, F. X. DE. Histoire | et | Description generale do la

Nouvelle France, | avec | le journal historique | d'un Voyage fait
par 1'ordre du Roi dans | l'Ame*rique Septtentrionnale. | Par le P. De
Charlevoix,de la Compagnie de Jesus. | Tome premier [-troisieme].
| [Vignette.] | A Paris, | Chez Nyon Fils, Libraire, Quai des Augus-
tins, a recession. | — | M. DCC. XLIV. \ Avec approbation et privi-
lege du roi. 3 vols. 4to. Vol. I, 4 p. 11. (2 titles and dedication),
pp. i-xxvj, 1-664, 9 maps. Vol. 11,2 p.U., pp.i-xvj, 1-582,1-56, 8
maps and 22 pll. (botanical). Vol. Ill, 2 p. 11., pp. i-xix, j-xiv,
1-543, 10 maps.

VoL III, Des principals especea des Oiseaux, qu'on voit en Canada, pp. 155 et
suiv. Aigles,pp. 155,207; Canards, p. 156; Chathuant, p. 155; Corbeaux, p. 155 ;
Grues, 15fi ; Oiseaux Mouches, pp. 157,158; Perdrix, p. 155; Perroquets, p. 284;
Picverts, p. 156 ; Koitelets, p. 156.

1745. EGEDE, H. A | Description J of | Greenland. | Shewing | The Natural

History, Situation, Boundaries, | and face of the Country ; the Na-
ture of the | Soil ; the Rise and Progress of the old Nor- | wegian
Colonies ; the ancient and modern | Inhabitants ; their Genius and
Way of Life, | and Produce of the Soil ; their Plants, Beasts, |
Fishes, &c. | with | A new Map of Greenland. | And | Several Cop-
per Plates representing different Animals, | Birds and Fishes, the
Greenlanders Way of Hunting | and Fishing ; their Habitations,
Dress, Sports | and Diversions, &c. | — | By Mr. Hans Egede, ,
Missionary in that Country for twenty five Years. | — | Translated
from the Danish. | — | London : I Printed for C. Hitch in Pater-
noster Row ; S. Austen in | Newgate-Street ; and J. Jackson near
St. James's Gate. | MDCCXLV. 1 vol. sm. 8vo. pp. xvi, -f- 2 11., 220,
with 12 copperpll.

Chap. V, pp. 59-65, " Of the Land Animals, and Land Fowls or Birds of Green-
land ; and how they hunt and kill them." Chap. VI, pp. 65-99, " Of the Green-
land Sea Animals, and Sea Fowl and Fishes"; especially "Of Greenland Sea
Birds", pp. 92-99.— See the orig. ed., 1741.

18]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1746-1748 579

1746. ANDERSON, J. Herrn Johann Anderson, | I. V. D. | und weyland
ersten Bnrgermeisters der freyen Kayserlichen | Reichstadt Ham-
burg, | Nachrichten | von Island, | Gronland und der Strasse Davis, |
zum wahreu Nutzen der Wissenschaften | uud der Handlung. | Mit
Kupfern, und einer nach den neuesten und in diesem Werke ange- |
gedenen Entdeckungen, genau eingerichteten Landcharte. | Nebst
einem Vorberichte | von den Lebensumstauden des Herrn Verfas-
sers. | [Vignette.] | Hamburg, | verlegts Georg Christian Grund,
Buchdr. 1746. 1 vol. sm. 8vo, 8 leaves to a sig. Vignette facing
title, title, reverse blank, 14 unpaged 11. (" Vorrede " and " Vor-
bericht ")> PP- 1-328, 3 unpaged 11. (" Register ") ; map, and 4 pll., at
pp. 43 (birds), 204, 224, 254.

The author's name may have been Andersen, but is printed Anderson in
three different editions I have examined. There are numerous editions ; besides
the three I here give (see 1750 and 1756), there are these: German, Frankfurt u.
Leipzig, 1747 ; Danish, Copenhagen, 1748; Engjish, London, 1758, folio ; and two
or three French versions of later dates than 1730.— See Guv., R. A., iii, 331; BOHM.,
Bibl, i, 769 ; AG. & STRICKL., Sibl., i, 127.

Nachrichten von Island, Vogel, pp. 39-49, Taf. (Tauben, Snoriper [Lagopus], Ad-
ler, Habichte, Falken, Eulen, Rabon, See-Meve, Ganse, Enten, Lumme, Geyervo-
gel [Alca impennis] u. s. w.). Nachrichten von Gronland und der Straat Davis,
Vogel, pp. 173-184 (Landvogel, Wasservogel ; Beschreibnng einer Mallemucke
u.s. w.).

1748. ELLIS, H. A | Voyage | to | Hudson's-Bay, | by the | Dobbs Galley
and California, j In the Years 1746 and 1747, | For Discovering a
North West Passage; | with | An Accurate Survey of the Coast, and
a short | Natural History of the Country. | Together with | A fair
View of the Facts and Arguments from | which future finding of
such a Passage is | rendered probable. | By Henry Ellis, Gent. |
Agent for the Proprietors of said Expedition. | To which is pre-
fixed, | An Historical Account of the Attempts hitherto made | for
the finding a Passage that Way to the East-Indies. | Illustrated
with proper Cuts, and a new and correct Chart | of Hudson's-Bay,
with the Countries adjacent. 1 — | London : | Printed for H. Whit-
ridge, at the Royal Exchange. | M. DCC. XL VIII. 1 vol. sm. 8vo.
pp. xxviii, 336, map, and cuts.

There is also a German translation, Reise nach HiuLsons Meerbnsen, 8vo,
Gottingen, 1750. —At pp. 36-41 are described a few species of birds— the Pelican,
Heathcock, Horned Owl, and White-tailed Eagle being figured on two copper-
plates.

1748. MORTIMER, C. A Continuation of an Account of an Essay towards a
Natural History of Carolina, and the Bahama Islands ; by Mark
Catesby, F. R. S. with some Extracts out of the Appendix. <^ Philos.
Trans., xlv, 1748, pp. 157-173.

This concludes Mortimer's Commentary on Catesby ; it treats of the few birds
given in the Appendix, vol. H.

1748. [SWAINE, CHARLES.] An j account | of a | Voyage | For the Dis-
covery of a | North- West Passage | by | Hudson's Streights, | to
the | Western and Southern Ocean | of | America. | Performed in
the Year 1746 and 1747, in the Ship | California, Capt. Francis
Smith, Commander. | By the Clerk of the California. | Adorned with
Cuts and Maps. J Vol. I [II]. | London, Printed ; | And Sold by Mr

580 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1T48-1754 []4

1748. [SWAINE, CHARLES.]— Continued.

Jolliffe, in St. James's-street ; Mr. Corbett, | in Fleet-street ; and
Mr. Clarke, under the Royal Exchange. | M. DCC. XLVIII. 2 vols.
sm. 8vo. Vol. I, 1 p. 1., pp. vii, 237. Vol. II, 1 p. 1., pp. 326, -f 9 11.
Maps and cuts in both vols.
Somewhat ornithological passim.

1750. ANDERSON, J. Histoire | Naturelle | deL'Islande, | du Greenland, | du
Detroit de Davis, | Et d'autres Pays situe's sous le Nord, | Tra-
duite de PAllemand | De M. Anderson, de I'Acaddmie | Impe"riale,
Bourg-mestre en Chef | de la Ville de Hambourg. | Par M * *, de
l'Acade"mie Impe'riale, & | de la Societe" Royale de Londres. | Tome
Premier [Second]. | [Device.] | A Paris, | Chez Sebastien Jony,
Imprimeur- | Libraire, Quai des Augustins, pres | le Pont S. Michel,
aux Cigognes. | — | M. DCC. L. | Avec Approbation & Privilege du
Roi. 2 vols. 18mo.' Vol. I, vignette facing title, pp. i-xl, map, pp.
1-314, folding pll. i, ii, opp. p. 84 (birds) and p. 188. Vol. II, 1 p. 1.
(title), pp. i-iv, 1-391, unnumbered pll. opp. pp. 54 (birds), 78, 108,
168, 220.

See the orig. ed., 1746 ; there are said to be later French eds., of 1754 and 1764.
In the present French ed., the bird-matter of voL I, relating to Iceland, is at pp.
77-97, with the same plate of the Hawk and Owl as in the original ; in vol. II,
the bird-matter of Greenland is at pp. 49-68, with a large folding plate of birds,
which is not in the copy of the original edition examined.

1753-61. KALM,?. En | Resa | Til | Norra America, | Pa | Kongl. | Swenska
Wetenskaps | Academiens befallning, | Och | Publici Kostnad, |
Forrattad | Af Pehr Kalm, | Oeconomise Professor i Abo, samtLeda-
mot af | Kongl. Swenska Wetenskaps- Academien. | Tom. I [-III].
| — | Med Kongl. Majrts Allernadigste Privilegio. | — | Stockholm,
| Tryckt pa Lars Salvii Kostnad 1753 [1756, 1761]. 3 vols. 16mo size,
Svobysigs. Vol. 1, 1753, 2 p. 11., pp. 1-484, -f 10 11., cuts in text. Vol.
II, 1756, title, pp. 1-526, + 11 11., cuts. Vol. Ill, 1761, title, pp. 1-538,
-f 7 11., cuts, and folded pi. opp. p. 200.

This is the editio princeps. There are various other eds., q. v., infrd; German,
1754-64; English, 1770-71, 1772, and 1812; Belgic, 2 v.4to, Utrecht, 1772. "Ho
published the account of his journey by intervals, for want of encouragement,
and fearing the expences of publishing at once, in a country where few booksell-
ers are found."

1754. CATESBY, M. The Natural History of Carolina, [etc.] 2 vols. folio.
London, 1754.

Not seen. This is the 2d ed., by Edwards. See the orig. ed., 1731-48, and the 3d
ed., 1771.

1754-64. KALM, P. Des Herren | Peter Kalms | Professors der Haus-
haltungskunst in Aobo, und Mitglie- | des der Koniglichen schwe-
dischen Akademie der | Wissenshaften | Beschreibung | der Reise j
die er | nach dem | nordlichen Amerika | auf den Befehl gedachter
Akademie | und offentliche Kosten | unternommen hat, | der erste
[-dritte] Theil. | Eine Uebersetzung. | — | Unter dem Koniglichen
Pohlnischen und Chur- | furstl. Sachsischen allergnadigsten Privi-
legio. | — | Gottingen | im Verlage der Wittwe Abrams Vanden*
hoek, 1754 [1757, 1764]. 3 vols. 8vo. Vol.1, 1754, 10 prell. 11., pp.
1-568, Taf. i-v. Vol. II, 1757, 1 p. 1., pp. 1-592, Taf. i, ii. Vol. Ill,
1764, 3 p. 11., pp. 1-648, Taf. i.

15] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1754-1758 581

1754-64. KALM P.— Continued.

The vols. of this German translation severally appeared shortly after the
successive publications of the original Swedish, 3 vols., 1753-1761. There is a Bel-
gian version, 2 vols. 4to, 1772, and at least three English ones, by Forster, with his
notes and additional plates (mammals and birds), 3 vols., London, 1770-1771, and 2
vols., London, 1772; also, 4to, 1812, in Pinkertoris Voyages, vol. xiii. See these.
The present German version is said to be faithful and exact.

1756. ANDERSON, J. Beschry ving | vaii | Yslaud, j Greenland | en de Straat
Davis. | Bevattende zo wel ene bestipte bepaling van de liggiug
en | grote van die Eilanden, als een volledige ontvouwing van hun-
ne j inwendige gesteltenis, vuurbrakende Bergen, heete en war- | me
Bronuen enz. eeu omstaudig Bericht van de Vruchten | en Kruiden
des Lauds ; van de wilde en tauime Landdie- | ren, Vogelen en
Visschen, de Visvaugst der Yslanders | en bunne onderscheide
bebandeliug, toebereiding en | drogen der Visscben, voorts bet
getal der Inwoon- | ders, bunnen Aart, Levenswyze en Bezighe-
deu, j Woningen, | Klediugen, Handteering, Arbeid, | Veehoe-
dery, | Koophandel, Maten en Ge- | wichten, Huwelyks Plechtighe-
den, Opvoe- | ding bunner Kindereu, Godsdieust, Ker- | ken en Ker-
keubestuur, Burgerlyke Rege- | ring, Wetten, Strafoeffeningen en
wat | wyders tot de Kennis van een Laud | vereiscbt word. | Door
denHeer | Job an Anderson, | Doctor der Beide Recbten, eninLeven
eerste Burgermeester | der vryeKeizerlykaRyksstad Hamburg. | Ver-
rykt met Platen en een nieuwe naauwkeurige Landkaart der | out-
dekkinge, waar van in dit Werk gesproken word. | Uit bet
Hoogduits vertaalt. | Door | J. D. J. | Waar by gevoegt zyn de
Verbeteringen | Door den Heer Niels Horrebow, | Opgemaakt in
zyn tweejarig verblyf op Ysland. | [Designs.] | Te Amsterdam, | By
Jan van Dalen, Boekverkoper op de Colveniersburgwal | by de
Staalstraat. 1756. 1 vol. sm. 4to. Full-page vignette, title, both
backed blank, 7 more unpaged 11. (" Voorbericbt "), map, pp. 1-286,
•4-3 11. ("Bladwyzer"); with 5 pll. at pp. 34 (birds), 149 (birds),
172, 189, 216. To which to appended : Verbeteringen | Wegens de | Be-
scbryving | Van bet Groot Eyland | Ysland, | Bescbreven | Door
den Heer | Joban Anderson. | Opgemaakt in een tweejarig ver-
blyf | op dat Eyland, | Door den Heer | Niels Horrebow. 5 unpaged
11., pp. 1-158.

See the orig. ed., 1746, and the French version, 1750. In this Dutch version,
the bird-matter relating to Iceland is at pp. 33-41, with the original plate of the
Hawk and Owl; that relating to Greenland is at pp. 146-155, with a plate of the
" Mallemuk", which I do not find in my copy of the original.

1758. Du PRATZ, LE P. Histoire | de la | Louisiane, j Contenant la De*cou-
verte de ce vaste Pays ; | sa Description ge"ograpbique ; un Voyage
| dans les Terres; 1'Histoire Naturelle; les | Mreurs, Coutumes &
Religion des Natu- | rels, avec leurs Origines ; deux Voyages | dans
le Nord du nouveau Mexique, dont | un jusqu'a la Mer du Sud ;
orne'e de deux | Cartes & de 40 Planches en Taille douce. | Par M.
Le Page du Pratz. | Tome premier [-troisieme]. | A Paris, | Chez |
... | — | M. DCC. LVIII. 3 vols. 12mo. Vol. I, pp. i-xvj, 1-358.
Vol. II, 2 p. 11., pp. 1-441. Vol. Ill, 2 p. 11., pp. 1-451 + 5. With 42
maps and pll. in all.

This is the orig. ed. ; there are several others ; see 1763 and 1774.

Vol. II, pp. 109-143, contains a commentary en various birds : Chap. IX, pp. 103-

582 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 175§-1767 [lC

1758. Du PRATZ, LE P.— Continued.

123, Des Oiseaux Carnaciers et Aquatiques. Chap. X, pp. 124-136, Des Oiseaux des
Bois ; Chasse aux Pigeons Kamiers ; Lear quantite prodigieuse ; Chasse aux
Etourneaux. Chap. XI (lettered IV), p. 136, aeq., Suite des Oiseaux: des armes
et de la nourriture du Pic-bois ; da Colibri ou Oiseau-Houche ; des Insectes
volans. Several of these species are rudely illustrated. The matter is very wild,
and of no account.

1761. CHARLEVOIX, F. X. DE. Journal of a Voyage to North America ....
In a series of Letters to the Duchess of Lesdiguierres. Translated
from the French of P. de Charlevoix. In two volumes. London,
printed for R. and J. Dodsley in Pall Mall, 1761. Vol. I, half-title,
title, and table, pp. viii + map -f pp. 382. Vol. II, half-title, title,
and table, pp. viii + 380 + (xxvi).

Not seen— title abridged from Field, who says:—" This is a translation of the
third volume of the Histoire de la Nouvelle France. Another edition, and an
entirely independent translation of Charlevoix's work, was printed in London,
1763, entitled Letters to the Duchess of Lesdiguicres. It is printed in a much infe-
rior manner, and somewhat less complete." Whence it appears that the present
work should contain the bird-matter mentioned at 1744, q. v.

1763. Du PRATZ, LE P. The | History | of | Louisiana, | or of | The Western
Parts | of | Virginia and Carolina : | containing | A Description of the
Countries that lye | on both sides of the River Missisipi : | with | An
Account of the settlements, Inhabitants, | Soil, Climate, and Pro-
ducts. | — | Translated from the French, | (lately published.) | By
M. Le Page Du Pratz ; | with | Some Notes and Observations | re-
lating to our Colonies. | — | In Two Volumes. | — j Vol. I [II]. | — |
London, | Printed f.r T. Becket and P. A. De Hondt | in the Strand.
MDCCLXII1. 2 vols. 16mo. Vol. 1, 2 p. 1L, pp. i-viii, i-1, map, pp.
1-368. Vol. II, 4 p. 11., map, pp. 1-272.
Vol. II, Chap. VII,pp. 75-9C," Of Birds,andFlyiugInsect8." Seetbeorig. ed.,1758.

1765. CRANZ, D. David Cranz | Historie | von | Gronland | enthaltend |
Die Beschreibung des Landes und | der Emwohuer &c. | insbeson-
dere | die | Geschichte | der dortigen | Mission | der j Evangelischeu
.Briider | zu | Neu-Herrnhut | und | Lichteufels. | — | Mit acht
Kupfertafeln und einem Register. | — j Barby bey Heinrich Detlef
Ebers, und in Leipzig | in Commission bey Weidmauns Erben uud
Reich. | 1765. 2 vols. 16mo size, 8 leaves to a s^g. Vol. I, 17 p. 11.,
pp. 1-512. Vol. II, half-title 1., pp. 513-1132, + 13 11. Maps and
pll. in both vols.

This is the editio princeps. For the bird-matter, see later eds., 1767 and 1820.
The author's name is David Cranz here ; David Crantz in all the other editions
I have handled.

1767. CRANTZ, D. Historie van Greenland .... 3 vols. 8vo. Harl. 1767.
Kot seen. — See the English ed. of this date, and especially of 1820.

1767. CRANTZ, D. The History of Greenland, containing .... By David
Crantz. Translated from the High-Dutch, and illustrated with
Maps and other Copper-plates. In two Volumes. London, printed
for the Brethren's Society for the Furtherance cf the Gospel among
the Heathen, 1767. Vol. I, pp. lix, 405, 2 maps, 5 pll. Vol. II, 1
p. 1., pp. 498, 2 pll.

Not seen— title abridged from Field, who says that this first English ed.
is a literal translation of the German, and vastly superior to the late English ed.
of Ic20, stated to be not only abridged, but interpolated. Field refers to an
ed, by La Trobe, 1760. For the bird-matter, see the ed. of 18£0.

ITj

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 17G8-1??! 583

1768. Bossu, — . Nouveaux Voyages aux Indes Occidentales ; Conteuant
une Relation des differens Peoples qui habitent les environs du
grand Fleuve Saint-Louis, appele vulgairement le Mississipi ; leur
religion ; leur gouvernement, leurs moeurs ; leurs guerres & leur
commerce. Par M. Bossu, Capitaine dans les Troupes de la Marine.
A Paris, 17G8. 2 vols. 12mo. Vol. 1, pp. xx, 244, pi. Vol. II, pp.
262, 2 pll.

Not seen— title and collation from Field. This is the orig. ed. See the Eng-
lish version, 1771.

1770-71. KALM, P. Travels | into | North America; | containing | Its
Natural History, and | A circumstantial Account of its Planta-
tions | and Agriculture in general, | with the | civil, ecclesiastical,
and commercial | state of the Country, | The manners of the in-
habitants, and several curious | and important remarks on various
subjects. | By Peter Kalm, | Professor of Oeconomy in the Univer-
sity of Aobo in Swedish | Finland, and Member of the Swedish
Royal Academy of Sciences. | Translated into English | By John
Reinhold Forster, F. A. S. | Enriched with a Map, several Cuts for
the Illustration of | Natural History, and some additional Notes.
| — | Vol. I [-III]. | — | Warrington : Printed by William Eyres. |
MDCCLXX. [London: Printed for the Editor; | And Sold by T.
Lowndes, in Fleet-street. MDCCLXXL] 3 vols. 8vo. Vol. I, War-
riugton, 1770, pp. i-xvi, 1-400 + 1 p., 1 pi. at p. 322. Vol. II, London,
1771, pp. 1-352, 4 pll. (3 pll. of birds, not in the orig., nor in the Ger-
man). Vol. Ill, London, 1771, pp. i-viii, 4 11., 1-310, 6 11., no pll.
This is the first English ed. There is another, 2 v. 8°, London, 1772, q. v.

1771. Bossu, — . Travels | through that part of | North America | for-
merly called | Louisiana. | By Mr. Bossu, Captain in the | French
Marines. | Translated from the French, | By John Reinhold Forster,
F. A. S. | Illustrated with Notes relative chiefly to | Natural His-
tory. To which is added by the translator | . . . | — | Vol. I [II].
| — | [Quotation.] | — | London : | Printed for T. Davies in Russel-
street, Covent-Garden. | M DCC LXXI. 2 vols. 8vo. Vol. I, pp.
i-viii, 1-407. Vol. II, 1 p. 1., pp. 1-432.

Vol. I, pp. 94-97, is a formal list of a few birds, by the editor, as footnote to a
mere paragraph of the author's. At pp. 368-375, the author describes a few
species, as the Karancro (i. e., Carrion Urow), Flamingo, Stares, Parrots, The Pope
(Cyanospiza ciris), Cardinal-bird, Hummingbird, Pelican, Spoonbill, etc. The
matter is not of the slightest consequence.

1771. CATESBY, M. The | Natural History | of | Carolina, Florida, | and |
The Bahama Islands : | containing the figures of | Birds, Beasts,
Fishes, Serpents, Insects, and Plants : | Particularly, those not
hitherto described, or incorrectly figured by former Authors, | with
their Descriptions in English and French. | To which is prefixed, |
A new and Correct Map of the Countries ; with Observations on
their Natural State, | Inhabitants, and Productions. | By the late
Mark Catesby, F. R. S. | Revised by Mr. Edwards, of the Royal Col-
lege of Physicians, London. | To the whole is now added a Lin-
nssan Index of the Animals and Plants. | Volume the First [Sec-
ond]. | [French version of the title follows.] | London. | Printed
for Benjamin White, at Horace's Head in Fleetstreet. | MDCCLXXL

584 BIBLIOGEAPHICAL APPENDIX. ITTl-lWa [l8

1771. CATESBY, M. — Continued.

Folio. Vol. I, containing the Birds and Plants, 2 p. 11., pp. i-vii, 1-100, -f- 2 pp.
of Linnaean Index, with pll. 1-100 intercalated with text opposite each page —
the numeration of the pll. being same as the pagination. Vol. II contains the
Mammals, etc. ; but the Appendix, pp. 101-120, -f- 3 pp., contains a few additional
birds, raising the total number treated to 113. Text in English and French,
in parallel columns ; birds presented under names in both these languages,
but primarily under Latin polynomial names. This is a later "revised" and
bettered edition (original edition, 1731-48), with Linnasan concordance at end of
each volume. The plates, though violent both in drawing and coloring, like
the PI. Erilum., are recognizable almost without exception ; most of the species
treated were described and figured for the first time in the original edition,
which furnished the source of many Linnsean species. The work is classic,
conspicuous in merit inter congeneres sui temporis, and indispensable for occa-
sional consultation.

1771. FORSTER, J. R. A | Catalogue | of the | Animals | of | North America.

| Containing, | An Enumeration of the known Quadrupeds, Birds,
| Reptiles, Fish, Insects, Crustaceous and | Testaceous Animals ;
many of which are New, and | never described before, j To which
are added, | Short Directions | for Collecting, Preserving, and
Transporting, | all Kinds of | Natural History Curiosities. | By John
ReinholdForster,F.A. S. | — | [Quotation.] | — j London: | Sold by
B. White, at Horace's Head, in Fleet-Street. | — | M. DCC. LXXI.
8vo. pp. 43, pi. i (frontispiece). > Birds, pp. 8-17, 36, 37.

A scarce tract. It contains, of birds, a nominal list of 302 spp., some
named binomially, others not, with references to Pennant, Catesby, Edwards, etc.
The list, in connection with those of other classes of animals, is surprisingly
extensive, besides being the first of its kind. Many of the birds are marked
"n. s."; these names are given by permission from Pennant's MSS., and this
is actually the original appearance in print of various species subsequently
described by Pennant; but as neither scientific names are imposed upon them,
nor descriptions appended, the brochure remains simply a literary curiosity,
which need not be referred to except as such. The plate is a fair likeness of
Falco sparverius.

1772. FORSTER, J. R. An Account of the Birds sent from Hudson's Bay ; with
Observations relative to their Natural History ; and Latin Descrip-
tions of some of the most uncommon. \ Philos. Trans. Lond., Ixii,
1772, art. xxix, pp. 382-433.

Fifty-eight species noticed, with descriptive and biographical matter. The
second part of the article, containing the above-mentioned Latin descriptions, is
separately entitled " Descriptiones Avium Kariorum e Sinu Hudsonis", and is
at pp. 423-433. The following seven are new species :— Falco S; adicens, p. 383 ;
Strix Nebulosa, pp. 386, 424 ; Emberiza Leucophrys, pp. 403, 426 ; Fringilla Hud-
sonias, pp. 406, 428 ; Muscicapa Striata, pp. 406, 428 ; Parus Hudsonicus, pp. 408,
430 ; Scolopax Borealis, pp. 411, 431. Several other actually new species are indi-
cated varietally without names, or under names of other known species to which
they are wrongly referred. " Turdus no. 22 ", p. 400, is an early, if not the first, no-
tice of Scolecophagus fcrrugineus, as "Hirundo, 35" is of Petrochelidon lunifrons.

1772. KALM, P. Travels | into | North America; | containing | its Nat-

ural History, and | A circumstantial Account of its Plantations |
and Agriculture in general, | with the j civil, ecclesiastical and com-
mercial | state of the country, | The manners of the inhabitants,
and several curious and | important remarks on various subjects. |
By Peter Kalm, | Professor of Oeconomy in the University of Aobo
in Swedish Finland, | and Member of the Swedish Royal Academy

19] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1772-1778 585

1772. KALM, P.— Continued.

of Sciences. | Translated into English | By John Reinhold Forster,
F. A. S. | Enriched with a Map, several Cuts for the Illustration of
Natural | History, and some additional Notes. | — | The second edi-
tion. | — | In two volumes, | Vol. I [II]. | — | London, | Printed for
T. Lowndes, N° 77, in Fleet-street. 1772. 2 vols. sm. 8vo. Vol. I,
pp. i-xii, 1-414, 6 pll. Vol. II, map, pp. i-iv, 1-423, with 4 11. of
index.

This edition followed immediately after the first English version of 3 vols. 8vo,
1770-1771. " No circumstance interesting to natural history or to any other part
of literature has been omitted." The illustrations, as well as Forster's notes,
are additional to the original Swedish. Xalm was a good observer, and told
what he saw in a straightforward simple way. The book is full of zoological
matter passim, in which ornithology is fairly represented, not under any special
head; and these accounts are among the bases of several Linnaean species,
though largely anticipated by Catesby and Edwards. Among the species noticed
are the Bluebird, Catbird, Crow, Gull, Hummingbird, Maize-thief (Agelceus),
Martin, Mockingbird, Partridge, Wild Pigeon, Cardinal Redbird, Snow Bunt-
ing, Ptarmigan, Swallow (with editor's excursus on the subaqueous torpidity of
these birds), Titmouse, Turkey, Whippoorwill, "Woodpeckers (list of the latter,
I, pp. 377-379), etc. Figured in vol. I, Mockingbird and Robin, pi. opp. p. 170 ;
Purple Grakle and Red-shouldered Blackbird, pi. opp. p. 368 ; Wild Pigeon, pi.
opp. p. 374.— Of. the ong. ed., 1753-61 ; and German version, 1754-64.

1774. CURTIS, R. Particulars of the Country of Labradore, extracted from
the Papers of Lieutenant Roger Curtis, of His Majesty's Sloop the
Otter, with a Plane-Chart of the Coast. < Philos. Trans, for 1774,
Ixiv, pt. ii, 1774, pp. 372-388.
Short account of the birds, pp. 377, 378.

1774. Du PRATZ, LE P. The | History | of | Louisiana, | or of | the western
parts | of | Virginia and Carolina: | Containing a Description of
the I Countries that lie on hoth Sides of the River Missisippi : |
With an Account of the | settlements, inhabitants, soil, climate,
and products. | — | Translated from the French | Of M. Le Page
Du Pratz ; | With some Notes and Observations relating to our
Colonies. | — | A new edition. | — | London, | Printed forT. Becket,
Corner of the Adelphi, in the Strand. | — | MDCCLXXIV. 1 vol.
8vo. 4 p. 11., pp. i-xxxvi, 1-387, 2 maps.

In this edition, Chap. VII, " Of Birds and Flying Insects ", is at pp. 271-283.
See orig. ed., 1758.

1776. KALM, P. Beskrifning pa Norr-Americanske Mulbarstradet, Morus

rubra kalladt. < Kongl. Svensk. Vetens. Acad. HandL, xxxvii, 1776,
pp. 143-163.

Mulberries as food of various birds, etc., p. 155.

1777. CHARLEVOIX, F. X. DE. Histoire de la Nouvelle France Paris,

1777. 12mo.

Kot seen.

1778. CARVER, J. [Travels, etc.]

The editio princeps ; not seen by me. There are several others, two of which are
fully cited below, 1781 and 1796. The work of the celebrated traveller presents
formal notice and description of about 40 spp. of birds, including the tradi-
tional " "Wakon-bird ", about which various Indian superstitions cluster.

586 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 17§O-1782 [20

1780. FABRICIUS, O. Favna | Groenlandica, | systematice sistens | Animalia

Groenlandiae occiden- | tails hactenvs indagata, qvoad nomen | spe-
cificvm, triviale, vernacvlvmqve; synonyma avcto- | rvm plvrivm,
descriptionem, locvm, victvm, genera- | tionem, mores, vsvm, captv-
ramqve singvli, provt | detegendi occasio fvit, maximaqve parte
secvn- | dvm proprias observationes | Othonis Fabricii | ministri
evangelii, qvondam Groen- | landis ad Coloniam Friderichshaab,
posthac Norvagis | Drangedaliae, nvnc vero Danis Hopvnti ivtias,
mem- | bri societatis scientiarvm qvae est Hafniae. | [Design.] | — |
Hafniae et Lipsiae, | Impeusis Joanuis Gottlob Rothe, | avlae atqve
vnivers. Reg. Bibliopolae. | MDCCLXXX. | 1 vol. 8vo. pp. xvi,
452, with 1 folded pi. > II. Aves. pp. 53-124.

The title is sufficiently explicit. Classification chiefly according to Miiller's
Prodrome. Species ostensibly 53 (54); none new; "Species hactenaa ignotas,
vel saltern a scriptoribus classicis, quatenus mihi notum, nondum descriptas,
asterisco (*) notaui. ... A me vel nnnquam visae, vel minns rite lustratae, sod
secundum effatum aliorum allatae signum crucis (t) sibi adiunctum habent"
(p. xi).

1781. CARVER, J. Travels | through the | interior parts | of | North Amer-

ica, | in the | years 1766, 1767, and 1768. | By J. Carver, Esq. | Cap-
tain of a company of provincial | troops during the late | war with
France. | Illustrated with Copper plates, | coloured. | The third edi-
tion. | To which is added, Some Account of the | Author, and a
Copious Index. | London : Printed for C. Dilly, in the Poultry ; H.
Payne, in | Pall-mall ; and J. Phillips, in George- Yard, | Lombard-
Street. | MDCCLXXXI. 1 vol. 8vo. Eng. portrait, 2 p. 11., pp. 1-22,
+ 1 1 11., i-xvi, 1-543 + 10 11., 2 maps, 5 pll. > Chap. XVIII. Of the
Beasts, Birds, Fishes, Reptiles, and Insects, which are found in the
interior Parts of North America, pp. 441-494.
Birds, pp. 466-476.— For notice of this publication, see eds. of 1778 and 1796.

1782. JEFFERSON, T. Notes on the state of Virginia ; written in the year

1781, somewhat corrected and enlarged in the winter of 1782, for
the use of a foreigner of distinction, in answer to certain queries
proposed by him respecting 1. Its Boundaries. 2. Rivers. 3. Sea
Ports. 4. Mountains, &c. [Paris.] MDCCLXXXII. 8vo. pp.391.
This first edition of Jefferson's "Notes" was printed in Paris for private cir-
culation (200 copies), "without title-page, and is not to be regarded as published.
I have not seen a copy. Above title is quoted from Bartlett's Catalogue of the
Library of John C arter Brown. From this came a French version, 1786 ; some say
also 1785. For circumstances of the work prior to the regular publication of the
English edition, see Bartlett, op. cit., 192; and especially Randall's Life of Jeffer-
son, vol. i, p. 414 (8vo, New York, 1858).— The date, 1782, is supposed to be that of
preparation, not of printing, of tho work. There have been numerous imprints ;
O'Callaghan's list of them (with some additional data) is as follows :— Ed. of 1782,
without a title-page, 200 copies [privately printed] .—Philadelphia, 1785 [sup-
posed to be merely circulation there of some of the copies of 1762 ed.]. — French
version, 8vo, Paris, 1785, and Paris, Barrois, 1786.— 8vo, London, Stockdale, 1787
[the first properly published edition, from which Jefferson's List of Birds acquires
date].— 8vo, Philadelphia, Prichard & Hall, 1788.— Philadelphia, ^^-Philadel-
phia, Carey, 1794.— 8vo, Baltimore, 1800.— 8vo, New York, Davis, 1801 [called the
"3d Arner. ed.", which itisnot].— 8vo, Philadelphia, Rawle, 1801, "1st hot pressed
ed."— Boston, Carlisle, 1801, the 8th Amer. ed.— 18mo, Boston, Sprague. 1802, the
9th Amer. ed.— 16mo, Trenton, Wilson & Blackwell, 1803.— New York, 1804.—

21]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 17§2-1787 587

1732. JEFFERSON, T. — Continued.

12mo, Philadelphia, Ilogaii & Thompson, 1815.— Boston, 1829.— 16mo, Boston,
1832.— 8vo, Richmond, Randolph, 1853. Also, 8vo, Washington, 1854, being in vol.
viii of Jefferson's ""Works". Many of these eds. are entered in the present
bibliography ; see some of them, especially 1786 and 1787.

1785. PENNANT, T. Arctic Zoology. | Vol.11. | Class II. Birds. | [Engraving.]

| Pied Duck, N° 488. | London : | Printed by Henry Hughs. |
M.DCC.LXXXV. [Author's name not on title-page.] 4to. pp.
187-586, with 7 additional 11. of " Index " and " Errata"; pagination
and numeration of species continued from vol. I, which consists of
the mammals. Pll. ix-xxiii.

The whole work, in 3 vols., dates 1784-1787 ; there is a German translation,
2 vols. 4to, Leipzig, 17b7, and a 3d ed., 2 vols. 4to, 1792.— "Designed as a sketch
of the Zoology of North America .... supplemented by a description
of the Quadrupeds and Birds of the north of Europe and Asia, from latitude
60° to the farthest known parts of the Arctic World, together with those of Kam-
tschaika and the parts of America visited on the last voyage of the illustrious
Cook .... in the form of an Appendix to each genus, and distinguished by a
fieur de lis; and the species by literal instead of numeral marks which distin-
guish those of North America" (extract from advertisement in 1st vol.). Two
Divisions, of Land and Water Birds ; 8 Orders, 59 genera, ostensibly 510 num-
bered North American species, with one additional under " Errata," and numerous
others of Europe and Asia not enumerated ; all given only under English names —
more's the pity !— with moderately full Latin and other synonymy and references ;
text descriptive, geographical, historical, and biographical, inventoried with
marginal annotations. Many of the species are the bases of subsequent
binomial names of Gmelin and Latham ; important in this regard ! The plates
are as follows :— pi. ix, St. John's and Chocolate-colored Falcons; pi. x, Swallow-
tailed Falcon ; pl.xi, Red, Mottled, and Barred Owls ; pi. xii, Baltimore Oriole,
cf, ?, nest; pi. xiii, Ferrugineous Woodpeck and " Canada" [but the figure and
description are clearly of those of the Carolina] Nuthatch ; pi. xiv, Passenger
and Carolina Pigeon ; pL xv, Varied Thrush ; pi. xvi, Spotted Grosbeak and
White Crowned Bunting; pi. xvii, Black Throated and Cinereous Bunting; pi.
xviii, Aculeated Swallow and Long-winged Goatsucker; pi. xix, Eskimaux Cur-
lew and Little Woodcock ; pi. xx, Clapper Rail and Semipalmated Snipe ; pL xxi,
American Avocet ; pi. xxii, Pied-billed Grebe and Marbled Guillemot ; pi. xxiii,
Falcated Duck and Western Duck.

1786. JEFFERSON, T. Observations | sur | La Virginie, | Par M. J * * * . |

Traduites de 1'anglois | [par 1'Abbe" Morellet]. | [Vignette.] j A
Paris, | Chez Barrois, [etc.] | — | 1786. 12mo. 2 p. 11., pp. viii, 290,
1 1., map, table.

A copy of the privately printed edition of 1782 having been surreptitiously
obtained, this French version was made, printed, and published in advance of
the authentic English edition of 1787. See what is said under heads of the edi-
tions of 1782 and 1787. The French revision is utterly condemned by Jefferson
(see Randalls Life, vol. i, p. 414). The bird-matter in this ed. is at pp. 92-99.

1787. CLAVIGERO, F. S. The | History | of | Mexico. | Collected from |

Spanish and Mexican Historians, | from | Manuscripts, and Ancient
Paintings of the Indians. | Illustrated by | Charts, and other Copper
Plates. | To which are added, | Critical Dissertations | on the |
Laud, | the Animals, | and Inhabitants of Mexico. | By Abbe" D.
Francesco Saverio Clavigero. | Translated from the Original Ital-
ian, | By Charles Cullen, Esq. | In Two Volumes. | Vol. I [II]. |
London, | Printed for G. G. J. and J. Robinson, No. 25, Pater-noster

588 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1787-1791 [22

1787. CLAVIGERO, F. S.— Continued.

Bow. | MDCCLXXXVII. 2 vols. 4to. Title-1., pp. i-xxxii, 2 11., pp.
1-476. Vol. II, 2 11., pp. 1-463. 2 maps and 25 pll.

Vol. I, Book 1, Sect, xi, pp. 46-56, " Birds of Mexico ", -with figure of the "King
of the Zopilots " on pi. iv.

The " second edition " of Cullen's translation is cited beyond, 1807; there is a
Philadelphia ed., 3 vols. 8vo, Dobson, 1817, and doubtless others. — According to
the Bibliographies accessible as I write, the orig. ed., in Italian, dates 1780-81,
4 vols. 4to. There is a German ed., Geschichte von Mexico, etc., 2 vols. 8vo,
Leipzig, 1789-90 ; and several Spanish ones.

1787. JEFFERSON, T. Notes | on the | State of Virginia. | Written by
Thomas Jefferson. | Illustrated with | A Map, including the States
of Virginia, | Mary- | land, Delaware and Pennsylvania. | — | Lon-
don: | printed for John Stockdale, opposite | Burlington-House,
Piccadilly. | M. DCC. LXXXVII. 1 vol. 8vo. 2 p. 11., pp. 382, map,
and folded table.

Contains, pp. 113-118, a nominal list of the birds of the State, 77 in number,
under Linnaean, Catesbyan, and popular names, with references to Brissoris
Oiseaux; a few others mentioned at end of the list.— The original draft of the
work, which bears date 1782, was printed (200 copies) for private circulation,
without title-page, and cannot be considered as published. There was an anony-
mous French version in 1786. The English edition of 1767 being the first one
published with sanction oftheauthor, and avowed by him, is the one from which
Jefferson's List of the Birds acquires its proper date (see the eds. of 1782 and 1786).

1787. PENNANT, T. Pennant's Arktische Zoologie. — Thiergeschichte der

nordliehen Polarlander aus dem Englischen des Herrn Thorn. Pen-
nant, mit Anmerkungen und Zusatzen durch E. A. W. Zimmermann.
2 vols. 4to. Leipzig. 1787.
Not seen — title at second-hand, illiteral and defective.

1788. JEFFERSON, T. Notes | on the | State | of Virginia. | Written by

Thomas Jefferson. | — | Philadelphia : | Printed and Sold by Prich-
ard and Hall, [etc.] | — | M. DCC. LXXXVIII. 1 vol. 8vo. 2 p. 11.,
pp. 244, 1 table.
A scarce edition. The bird-matter is at pp. 71-77

1788. LOSKIEL, G. H. [History of his mission, etc.] . . .

Not seen.— This is the date of the German orig. ed. ; see the English ed., 1794.

1791. BARTRAM, W. Travels | through | North & South Carolina, | Geor-
gia, | East & West Florida, | the Cherokee Country, the extensive |
Territories of the Muscogulges, | or Creek Confederacy, and the |
Country of the Chactaws; | containing | an account of the soil and
natural | productions of those regions, toge- | ther with observations
on the | manners of the Indians. | Embellished with copper-plates.
| — I By WiUiam Bartram. | Philadelphia : | printed by James &
Johnson, | M,DCC,XCI. 1 vol. 8vo. 1 p. 1., pp. i-xxiv, 1-522, pll.

The next edition was issued at London, and there was a second London ed., dated
1794. The ed. of Dublin, 1793, was a mere reprint of the 1st London ed. The
work was translated into German, and published at Berlin, in 1793, as thexth vol.
of the Magazin von merkwurdigen ntuen Keisebeschreibungen, with the editor's
(Zimmerman's) commentary. A French version appeared in 1799. I give all
these except the 1st London ed.

Contains ornithological matter passim, and especially, at pp. 288-296, a Cata-
logue of Birds of Eastern United States, in which many species are named
as new. For a complete exposition of the ornithology of this work, cf. COUES,

23]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1791-1792 581)

1791. BARTRAM, W.— Continued.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875, pp. 333-358; ALLEN, Am. Nat., x, Jan., 1875;
COUES, Am. Nat., x, Feb., 1875. Among Bartram's new binomial names are the
following :— Strix arcticus, 8. acclamator, S. peregrinator, Vultur sacra, V. atratus,
p. 289 ; Faleo regalis, F. piscatorius, F. aquilinus, F. gallinarius, F. pullarius, F.
niger, F. ranivorus, F. glaucus, F. subcerulius, Gorvus carnivorus, O. maritimus,
O.frugivorus, O. Jloridanus, p. 290 ; Gracula purpurea, Guculus carolinensis, Sitta
varia, Certhia rufa, O. picti, Lanius griscus, L. garrulus, Muscicapa nunciola, M.
cristata, M. rapax, M. subviridis, p. 289 bis ; M. cantatrix, M. sylvicola, Alaudacam-
pestris, A. migratoria, Turdus melodes, T. minimus, Merula flammula, M. mari-
landica, Garrulus australis, Lucar (n. g.) lioidus, Meleagris americanus (called M.
occidentalis at p. 83), Tetrao tympanus, T. minor, p. 290 bis; JEmberiza livida,E.
varia, Carduelus americanus, O. pinus, O. pusilus, Fringilla rufa, F. fusca, Passer
domesticus, P.palustris, P. agrestis, Oalandra pratensis, Steruus predatorius, S. ster-
corarius, Motacilla fluviatilis, M. domestica, M. palustris, M. caroliniana, Regulus
griceus, p. 291; R. peregrimis, Ruticilla americana, Parus cristatm, P. luteus, P.
vanus, P. cedrus, P. peregrimis, P. aureus, P. mridis, P. griceus, Hirundo ccrdo,
Caprimulgus lucifugus, O. americanus, Orus clamator, p. 292 ; G. pratensis, Ardea
immaculata, A. mugitans, A. clamator, A. parva, Tantalus pictus, T. ichthyophagus,
p. 293; Numenius americana, N. fluvialis, N. cinereus, Tringa rufa,'T. cinwea, T.
maculata, T. fusca, T. parva, Morinella americana, Anser branta, Anas subcerulea,
A. leucocephala, A. caudacuta, A. principalis, p. £94 ("492"); A. migratoria, A.
fistulosa, Colymbus migratorius, C. floridanus, O. colubrinus, G. musicus, Larus
alber, L. gricrius, Onocratalus americanus, Petrella pintada, p. 295 ; Charadrius
maculatus, C. minor, Fulica floridana, p. 296, spp. nn. — some of wbich are tenable
by all the rules, while others I never claimed to be so. Barton's "Fragments",
1799, q. v., is a valuable commentary on Bartram.

1791. MEARES, J. Voyages | Made in the Years 1788 and 1789, | from China

to the N. W. coast of America : | with | an introductory narrative |
of | a voyage | Performed in 1786, from Bengal, | in the Ship
Nootka. | To which are annexed, | observations on the probable ex-
istence | of | a north west passage. | And some account of | the trade
between the north west coast of America | and China ; and the latter
country and | Great Britain. | — | By John Meares, Esq. | — | Vol. I
[II]. | — | London : | printed at the Logographic Press ; J and sold
by | J. Walter, No. 169, Piccadilly, opposite Old Bond Street. | 1791.
2 vols. sm. 8vo. pp. i-xii, i-lxxii, 1-363, maps, pll. Vol. II, 2 p. 11.,
pp. 1-332, -f 32 unpaged 11. (Appendix), maps.

Slightly ornithological passim; e. g., Vol. II, Chap. XXII, " Various Kinda of
Birds.— Aquatic Fowls ", p. 29.

1792. BELKNAP, J. The | History ! of j New-Hampshire. | Vol. III. j Con-

taining a geographical description of | the State ; | with sketches of
its natural | history, productions, | improvements, and | present
state of Society and Manners, | laws and government, j By Jeremy
Belknap, A. M. | Member of the Philosophical Society in Phila-
del- | phia, and of the Academy of Arts and Sciences | in Massachu-
setts. | Printed at Boston, for the Author, | by Belknap and Young, J
State street. | — | MDCCXCII. Sm.Svo. pp. 1-480, 1-8. > Chapter
X. Native Animals : Birds, pp. 165-174.

The whole work is in 3 vols., of which vol. HI alone is here cited. There is
said to be another ed., 8vb, Boston, 1813.

Annotated list of 123 spp. of birds of New Hampshire. " The most full, which
has been collected, but cannot boast of perfection." Picus maculosus," p. 166;
Charadrius maculatus, p. 169 ; Fringilla grisea, Muscicapa fusca, p. 173, spp. nn.,
but no descriptions. I have seldom seen this work mentioned with reference to
ornithology, its connection with which is scarcely recognized.

590 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1792-1794 [24

1792. CARTWRIGHT, G. A | Journal | of | Transactions and Events, | during
a | residence of nearly sixteen years | on the | Coast of Labrador ; |
containing ! many interesting particulars, I both of the | Country
and its Inhabitants, | not hitherto known. | Illustrated with proper
charts. | — | By George Cartwright, Esq. j — | In three volumes.
| — | Vol. I [-III]. | — | Newark : | . . . . | — | 1792. 3 vols. 4to.
Vol. 1, 1 p. 1., pp. i-viii, 1-287. Vol. II, pp. i-x, 1-505. Vol. Ill, pp. i-x,
1-248, [1]-[15].
Contains informal notices of mammals and birds passim.

1792. PENNANT, T. Arctic Zoology, etc. . . . London, 1792. 2 vols. 4to.

This I have not seen, and can say nothing about. See the orig. ed., 1785.

1793. BARTRAM, W. Travels | through | North and South Carolina, | Geor-

gia, | East and West Florida, | the Cherokee Country, | the exten-
sive Territories of the Muscogulges | or Creek confederacy, | and the
country of the Chactaws. | Containing an account of the soil and
natural produc- | tions of those regions ; | together with observa-
tions on the manners of the Indians. | Embellished with copper-
plates. | — | By William Bartram. | — | Dublin : | for J. Moore, W.
Jones, R. McAllister, and J. Rice. | — | 1793. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. xxiv,
520, with 6 11. index, pll.

See the orig. ed., 1791. This Dublin ed. is said to be a mere reprint of the first
London ed., identical therewith in title, size, pagination, plates, and index.

1793. BARTRAM, W. William Bartram's | Reisen | durch | Nord- und Siid-

Karolina, | Georgien, Ost- und West-Florida, | das Gebiet | der
Tscherokesen, Krihks und Tschaktahs, | nebst umstandlichen
Nachrichten | von den Einwohneru, dem Boden und den Natur-
produkten j dieser wenig bekannten grossen Lander. | — | Ans
dem Englischen. | — | Mit erlauternden Anmerkungen | von | E.
A. W. Zimmermann, | Hofrath und Professor in Braunschweig.
1 vol. sm.Svo. pp. i-xxvi, 1 1., 1-469, pi. = Magazin von merk-
wurdigen neuen Reisebeschreibungen u. s. w. Zehnter Band. Ber-
lin, 1793.

See the orig. ed., 1791. In this edition, Bartram's list of Birds is at pp. 279-294,
and other bird-matter follows to p. 301. The list is partly given in the English,
partly translated, annotated with references to Seligmann's Catesby, and other-
wise bedevilled by the editor, who undertakes to identify most of Bartram's
species, and succeeds in many cases. Of Bartram's genus Lucar he remarks
very pertinently, "Dies Wort ist mir unbekannt, vielleicht ein Druckfehler."

1794. BARTRAM, W. Travels | through | North and South Carolina, | Geor-

gia, | East and West Florida, | the Cherokee country, | the ex-
tensive Territories of the Muscogulges | or Creek confederacy, | and
the country of the Chactaws. | Containing | an account of the soil
and natural produc- ] tions of those regions ; | together with | ob-
servations on the manners of the Indians. | Embellished with
copper-plates. | — (By William Bartram. | — | The second edition
in London. | — | Philadelphia: Printed by James and Johnson.
1791. | London : | Reprinted for J. Johnson, in St. Paul's Church-
. Yard. | — | 1794. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. i-xxiv, 1-520, -f 4 11. j map,
frontispiece, and 7 pll.

See the orig. ed., 1791. In the present edition, which is substantially the
same as the original, the list of birds is at pp. 285-294, and bird-matter continues
to p. 300 ; also occurs passim, as in the original.

25] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1794-1790 591

1794. LOSKIEL, G. H. History | of the | Mission | of the | United Breth-
ren | among the | Indians in North America. | — | In Three
Parts. | — | By | George Henry Loskiel. | — | Translated from the
German | by Christian Ignatius La Trobe. | — | London : | printed
for the Brethren's Society for the | Furtherance of the Gospel : | sold
at No. 10, NeviPs Court, Fetter Lane; | and by John Stockdale,
opposite Burlington House, | Piccadilly. | — | 1794. 1 vol. sm. 8vo.
Part I, pp. i-xii, map, 1-159. Part II, pp. 1-234. Part III, pp. 1-233,
-|- 11 unpaged 11. of index and ads.

Orig. German ed., 1788; in the present one, Part I, Chap. VII, " Birds ", pp. 89-94,
there are remarks upon a few large or otherwise conspicuous species, such as
would be likely to attract the casual observation of a missionary. These are
presented for the most part under binomial Latin as well as vernacular names.
The ubiquitous " Wakon bird", here called "the bird of the Great Spirit, and
probably a species of the bird of paradise ", reappears, clothed in a very gorgeous
description.

1794. WILLIAMS, S. Natural and Civil History of Vermont. . . .

Walpole,N.H. 1794. 8vo.

Not seen. There is a later edition, 1809, q. v. About a dozen pages are said to
be devoted to the birds of the State, some 50 species being treated, under tech-
nical names, with various notes.

1795. HEARNE, S. A | Journey | from | Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's

Bay, | to | the Northern Ocean. | Undertaken | by order of the Hud-
son's Bay Company, | for the Discovery | of copper mines, A North-
west passage, &c. | In the years 1769, 1770, 1771, & 1772. | — | By
Samuel Hearne. | — | London: | printed for A. Strahan and T.
Cadell : | And Sold by T. Cadell Jun. and W. Davis, (Successors to |
Mr. Cadell,) in the Strand. | 1795. 1 vol. large 4to. pp. i-xliv, 1-458,
1 1., 9 maps and views. > Birds. Chap. X. pp. 398-448.

" The account of the principal quadrupeds and birds that frequent those North-
ern regions in summer, as well as those which never migrate, though not de-
scribed in a scientific manner, may not be entirely unacceptable to the most sci-
entific zoologists," says the author modestly, in his preface ; and I entirely agree
with him. He gives a good, faithful account of his observations on some fifty
or more species, among them the notable " Horned "Wavey " (p. 442), which after-
ward became Anser rossii of Baird. The whole story of " honest old Hearne "
is interesting as well as veracious, and may be profitably consulted to this day.

1796. CARVER, J. Three years | Travels | through the | interior parts | of |

North America, | for more than | five thousand miles ; | containing j
an account of the great lakes, and all the lakes, islands, | and rivers,
Cataracts, mountains, minerals, | soil and vegetable productions of
the North- | west regions of that vast continent ; | with a | descrip-
tion of the Birds, beasts, | reptiles, insects, and fishes | peculiar to
the country. | Together with a concise | history of the genius, man-
ners, and customs | of the Indians inhabiting the lands that lie | ad-
jacent to the heads and to the westward | of the great river Missis-
sippi ; | and an appendix, | describing the uncultivated parts of
America that | are the most proper for forming settlements. | — •
By Captain Jonathan Carver, | of the provincial troops in Amer-
ica. | — | Philadelphia : | Published by Key & Simpson ;— 1796.
1 vol. "8vo" (half-sheets, 4 1. to a sig.). pp. i-xx, 1-360, 1-20.
> Chap. XVIII. > Of the Birds, pp. 309-316.

592 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1796-1799 [26

1796. CARVER, J. — Continued.

A list of about 40 species, with formal notice of half as many, most of which
are identifiable. Here, as in some other works of the period, appears the cele-
brated "Wakon bird" (p. 314), an object of superstition among the Indians,
which has taxed the guessing faculty of ornithologists to no avail. Parts of
the description suit Milvulus ; but the bird is probably fictitious, the account
being drawn from " made-up " specimens used for religious or ornamental pur-
poses.—See earlier eds., 1773, 1781.

1796. HEAKNE, S. A | Journey | from | Prince of Wales's Fort, | in Hudson's

Bay, | to | the Northern Ocean. | Undertaken | by order of the Hud-
son's Bay Company. | For the discovery of | copper mines, a north
west passage, &c. | In the Years 1769, 1770, 1771, & 1772. | — | By
Samuel Hearne. | — | Dublin : | Printed for P. Byrne, No. 108, and
J. Rice, No. Ill, | Grafton-street. | — | 1796. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. i-1,
1-459, 1 p., 9 maps and plans.

See the orig. ed., 1795. In the present ed., the bird-matter is at pp. 399-450.
Same as the original, excepting in form. There is said to be another ed., 1807.

1797. Bosc, L. A. G. Description des objets nouveaux d'Histoire Naturelle

trouve's dans une traverse'e de Bordeaux a Charlestown [S. Car.].
< Bull. Soc. Philom., 1797, p. 9.

Not seen.

1799. BARTON, B. S. Fragments | of the | Natural History | of | Pennsyl-
vania. | — | By Benjamin Smith Barton, M. D. | Correspondent-
Member of the Society of the Antiquaries of Scotland ; Member | of
the American Philosophical Society ; Fellow of the American Acad-
emy | of Arts and Sciences of Boston ; Corresponding Member of
the | Massachusetts Historical Society ; Member of the Phy- | sical
Society of Jena ; one of the Foreign Members | of the Linnaean
Society of London ; | and | Professor of Materia Medica, Natural
History and Botany, | in the | University of Pennsylvania. | — |
Part First. | — | Neglecta, — sparsa colligit, utilia seligit — . | Bag-
livi. | Quae Prasenti Opusculo desunt suppleat ^Etas. | Quintilian. ,
— | Philadelphia : | Printed, for the author, by Way & Groff, | No.
48, North Third-Street. | 1799. Folio. Paper- cover title; other title,
dedication, introduction, = pp. i-xviii ; and pp. 1-24 of main text.

No more published. Very scarce. Copy in Congressional Library, formerly
presented to the National Institute of Washington by the author's son, Thomas
Pennant Barton. This tract, a mere "fragment", as the author says, is one of
the most notable special treatises on North American ornithology of the last cen-
tury. The author had every qualification of a great naturalist except success,
his actual achievements being far from commensurate with his eminent ability
and erudition. Ho seems to have lacked the faculty of utilizing what he knew ;
like a saturated solution wanting some slight circumstance to crystallize, the
result was never realized. Had Barton reaped what he sowed, the fatherhood of
American ornithology would be put back of "Wilaon. As it is, his work remains
about on a par with that of Bartram in present significance, and its author is to-
day chiefly known in ornithology by having proposed for the Barn Swallow the
name Hirundo horreorum, which has been current since Baird revived it in 1858.

The whole tract is ornithological— a bird-picture drawn in the vicinity of Penn-
sylvania. The ' ' Introduction ' ', in effect, is chiefly an essay on migration, alleged
torpidity, etc., based on extensive personal observation, set forth with elegance,
erudition, and veracity. The main text consists, for the most part, of a calendary
enumeration of the migratory birds of Pennsylvania, collated with the progress
of vegetation and various meteorological and miscellaneous observations. The
birds are treated in two categories: Sect I. The Spring and Summer Birds of

27] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1799 593

1799. BARTON, B. S.— Continued.

Passage. Sect. II. Autumnal and "Winter Birds of Passage. Sect. Ill is an an-
notated List of the resident Birds of Pennsylvania, occupying two folios. Then
follow occasional or accidental residents, occasional visitants, and "Additions ".
The "Appendix", pp. 15-24, contains observations on the greater number of the
birds which are mentioned in the preceding tables.

Barton was a strict binomialist ; his nomenclature, however, is very imperfect,
being modelled closely after Bartram ; his tract, in fact, furnishes a valuable
commentary on Bartram, and a quasi-concordance of the Bartramian nomencla-
.ture. Some new names are given to birds, in Secta I and II, as follows, though
mostly without proper description, if any :— Fringilla domestica, p. 1, nodescr.,
= Spizella socialis ; F. exilis,ip. I, no descr. (undetermined); F. pinus [Bartram],
p. 1, nodescr., = Chrysomitris pinus ; Certhia familiaris, p. 3 [necauct.], nodescr.,
= Troglodytes aedon V., = Motacilla domestica Bartram ; Certhia floridana, p. 5, no
descr., == Thryothorus ludovicianus ; Strix diurnalis, p. 9, no descr., indet. ; these
being those which are marked " mihi"in the calendar, though some of them are
Bartram's, and though the calendar also includes some other names I never saw
elsewhere. None of these are described at all. In Sect. Ill, where the birds are
noted " in the order of the Linnsean arrangement ", and especially in the "Appen-
dix", we find a much better state of things; some new names occurring accom-
panied by sufficient description to entitle them to recognition, like Hirundo hor-
reorum for example, and many other species of Bartram's being here identified
and described under their Bartramian names. Whence it is obvious, that those
who fight shy of Bartram's names, for whatever reason, must take a number of
them on Barton's characterization. The following commentary will make the
point clear at which I aim :—

Page 11.

" FALCO REGALIS of Bartram. Travels. Great Gray Eagle. This is our largest
Eagle." (Obviously = Haliaetus leucocephalus, juv.)

"FALCO AQUiLiNUSof Bartram. Travels. Great Red-Tailed Hawk. This is
the largest species of Hawk hitherto discovered in Pennsylvania. The tail is of
a red brick color." (Now, those who refuse to accept the specific term aquilinus
from Bartram, 1791, may say BUTEO AQUILINUS (Barton, 1799) ! instead of
B. borealis Vieill.)

" FALCO GLAUCUS of Bartram. Travels." (Bartram's description is repeated.
Now, those who decline to have anything to do with Bartram, on the ground of
his untenable nomenclature, will necessarily observe that ELANDS GLAUCUS
(Barton, 1799)! must replace E. leucurus Teinm.)

" STRIX VARIUS of Bartram. MS." (The description clearly indicates that
this is a synonym of S. nebulosa Forster, 1772.)

"LANIUS COLLURIO? Red-backed Shrike." (Apparently intended for the
young plumage of L. borealis. )

" CORVUS CORONK. Carrion Crow. (Crow) This is the Corvus frugivorus of
Bartram." (As I recently contended in Pr. PhUa. Acad., 1875, 346.)

"CERTHIA FUSCA of Bartram. MS. Brown-Creeper." (Fully described. A
synonym of Certhia rufa Bartram, Trav., 1791, = C. familiaris auct.)

Page 13.

" PSITTACUS PERTINAX ? Illinois Parrot ? Either this or some other species of
the genus deserves to be mentioned among the birds of Pennsylvania." (Obvi-
ously referring to Conurus carolinensis.)

Page 15.

" MUSCICAPA FUSCA. This is the Muscicapa nunciola of Bartram. Travels."

"ALAUDA RUBRA. The Alanda migratoria of Bartram. Travels. The Alauda
fusca of the same gentleman."

" FRINGILLA DOMESTICA (mihi). Motacilla domestica, or Regulus rufus of Bar-
tram. Travels. In very mild winters, this sociable domestic little bird continues
with us. It is the earliest of our spring singing birds. Its note is tremulous
and agreeable. Catesby has figured it, Vol. i, P. 35." (This is very uncertain ;
Catesby's pi. 35 has been supposed to be Spizella pusitta, but never satisfactorily
identified, and Bartram's Motacilla domestica is the House Wren.)

38 BO

594 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. ITO^-ISOO [2fi

1799. BARTON, B. S.— Continued.

" FRINGILLA FERRUGINEA. I suspect this is the Hedge-Sparrow of Lawson, P
144. It is the Fringilla rufa of Bartram. Travels. Edwards calls it Little Spar-
row. PL 354. In New-York it is called the Shepard." (Wilson calls the Fox
Sparrow ( Passer ellailiaca) "rnfa" in one place, after Bartram, and "ferruginea"
in another, probably after Barton. But what bird Barton means here is not
evident.)

" FBINGILLA EXILIS [sp. n.]. This a good deal resembles the Motacilla Regains,
or Golden- crested Wren. Perhaps, they are the same." (Not identifiable.)

"GRACULA QUISCULA?" (The author carefully distinguishes two. species of
Grakles, one being the common Crow Blackbird (Q.purpureus), the other, here
called " G. qniscnla? ", after Bartram, being evidently the Q. major of authors,
or the Boat-tailed Grakle.)

Page 17.

"HlRUNDO RUSTICA? This is not the Himndo rustica of Europe. It wants a
name. It may be called Hirundo horreorum, from its so generally frequenting
our barns to build its nest."

Page 18.

" MOTACILLA TROGLODYTES ? This is the Motacilla palustris, or Regulus mi-
nor, of Bartram. Travels." (That is, Cutothorus paluatris.)

"CERTHIA FAMILIARIS (mihi). I now suspect, that this is no other than the
Certhia familiaris of Linna3us," . . . (But it certainly is not, if he means the
same bird he called " C. familiaris " on p. 3.)

" LANIUS TYRANNUS. This I rather consider as a species of Muscicapa. It may
be called Muscicapa rex " (sp. n. =carolinen$is Gm.).

Page 20.

"CERTHIA FLORID ANA (mihi). This bird I do not find figured or described. It
is mentioned by Mr. Bartram (Travels), under the name of Motacilla coroliuiaua,
or Eegulus magnus," etc. (Full description follows. The bird is evidently Thry-
othorus ludovicianus (Lath.).)

"Fringilla pinns (mihi)." (Given as a new species; but the name Carduelus
pinus occurs in Bartram for the same species.)

1799. BARTRAM, W. Voyage | daus les parties sud | de l'Ame"rique | septen-

trionale ; | Savoir : les Carolines septentrionale et nie'ridio- | nale,
la Georgie, les Florides orientale et | occidentale, le pays des Chero-
k6es, le vaste | territoire des Muscogulges ou de la confe'de"- | ration
Creek, et le pays des Chactaws; | Contenant des details sur le sol et
les productions natu- | relies de ces contre"es, et des observations sur
les moeurs des Sauvages qui les habitent. | Par Williams [sic] Bar-
tram. | Imprime' a Philadelphie, en 1791, et a Londres, | en 1792,
et trad, de 1'angl. par P. V. Benoist. | Tome Premier [Second]. | A
Paris, | Chez jCarteret et Brosson, libraires, rue Pierre- | San-asm,
nos!3 et7. | jDugour et Durand, rue et maison Serpente. | An VII.
[1799.] 2 vols. sm. 8vo. Vol. I, half-title, frontispiece, title, pp.
1-457, 1 1., map, and pll. Vol. II, half-title, title, pp. 1-436, 1 1., pi.

See the orig. ed., 1791. In this French version, the list of birds is in vol. II, at
pp. 40-56, and bird-matter continues to p. 66 ; also occurs elsewhere, as in the
original.

1800. D'ERES, C. D. R. Memoirs | of | Charles Dennis Rusoe D'Eres, |

A Native of Canada: | Who was with the Scanyawtauragahroo-
ote | Indians eleven years, with a particular | account of his Suf-
erings, &c. during | his tarry with them, and his safe | return
to his Family Connec- | tions in Canada ; j to which is added | An
Appendix, | containing | A brief account of their Persons, Dress,

29] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18O<>-1§03 5L'5

1800. D'ERES, C. D. R.— Continued.

| Manners, Reckoning, Time, Mode of Govern- | ment, &c. Feasts,
Dances, Hunting, Wea- | pons of War, &c. Making Peace, Diversions,
| Courtship, Marriage, Religious Tenets, | Mode of Worship, Dis-
eases, Method of | Cure, Burying their Dead, Character | of the
Scanyawtauragahrooote Indians, | Particular Description of the
Quadra- J peds, Birds, Fishes, Reptiles and Insects, | which are to
be met with on and in the | vicinity of Scanyawtauragahrooote |
Island. | — | Copy Right Secured. | — | Printed for, and Sold by
Henry Ranlet, Exeter. | — j 1800. 1 vol. sm. 12mo. pp. i-vi, 7-176.
Chapter XV, on the quadrupeds, birds, etc. (pp. 170-173), names many kinds of
the latter, and describes more particularly the Blackbird, Hummingbird, the
Whetsaw (Coccygus erythrophthalmits?), and the famous " Wacon-bird". The
description of the latter is not reconcilable with any known species, but, in the
light of other accounts of the same bird, may be doubtfully considered a hint of
Milvulus forficatus. Field says of our author that " his narrative is at all events
little better than a fiction".

1800. JEFFERSON, T. Jefferson's | Notes, | on the State of Virginia; | with

the j Appendixes — complete. | — [To which is subjoined, | [etc.]
| — I Baltimore : | Printed by W. Pechin, [etc.] | 1800. 1 vol. 8vo.
pp. 1-194, (l)-(53), [1]-[21] (three separate paginations).
In this edition, the list of the birds is at pp. 72-77.

1801. JEFFERSON, T. Notes | on the | State of Virginia. | — | By Thomas

Jefferson. | — | First hot-pressed edition. | — | Philadelphia. | R. T.
Rawle, Publisher,— June, 1801. | John Thompson, Printer. 1 vol.
8vo. 2 p. 1., pp. 436, 56, frontisp., 1 pi., and maps.
Birds in this edition at pp. 133-137.

1801. JEFFERSON, T. Notes | on the | State of Virginia. | With an | Appen-

dix. | — | By Thomas Jefferson. | — | Third American Edition. | —
| — j New- York : | Printed by M. L. & W. A. Davis.— For Furman
& London, | [etc.] | — | 1801. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 392, frontisp., map,
and folded leaf.

Though this is called the "3d", there were certainly more than two previous
editions. Birds at pp. 102-107.

1802. JEFFERSON, T. Notes | on the | State of Virginia. | With an |

Appendix. | — | By Thomas Jefferson. | -- | Ninth American
edition. [ — | Boston : | Printed by H. Sprague, No. 44, Marlboro'
Street. | 1802. 1 vol. 18mo. pp. 368, map, tab., and pi.
Birds at pp. 95-100.

1802. SEWASTIANOFF, — . Description d'uue nouvelle espece de Canard et

d'une variete* de 1'buitrier, qni se trouvent dai^s le cabinet d'histoire
naturelle de 1'Academie Imperiale des Sciences. < Nova Ada Acad.
Stient. Imp. Petrop.for 1800, xiii, 1802, pp. 346-351, pi. x.

Anas canagica, sp. n., p. 349, pi. x, and a black Hcematopus, not named (after-
ward R. niger Pall.), both from Northwestern America.

1803. JEFFERSON, T. Notes | on the | State of Virginia. | With an | Ap-

pendix | relative to the murder of Logan's family. | By Thomas
Jefferson. | — | — | Trenton : | Printed by Wilson & Blackwell,
for Mathew Carey, No. 118 Market-st, | Philadelphia. | — \ 1803. 1
vol. 16mo. pp. 356, no illustr.
Birds at pp. 94-98.

596 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§O5-1§©? [30

1805. BARTON, B. S. Letter to M. Lacepede, of Paris, on the Natural His-
tory of North America. < Tilloch's PJiilos. Mag.,xxn, 1805, pp. 97-
103, 204-211.

Only the second instalment of the article relates to birds. It notices the
migrations of a few North American species, asserts the torpidity in winter of
Swallows, Swifts, and Hummingbirds, and the breeding of Aix sponsa in trees.

1307. BARTON, B. S. A | Discourse | on | some of the principal desiderata |
in | Natural History, | and on | the best means of promoting the
study | of this | Science, | in the United States. | — | Read before the
Philadelphia Linnean Society, | on the 10th of June, 1807. | — | By
Benjamin Smith Barton, M. D., | President of the Society ; one of
the vice-Presidents of the | American Philosophical Society ; ?nd
Professor of | Materia Med.ca, Natural History and Botany, | in the
University of Pennsylvania. | — | Philadelphia : | Printed by Den-
ham & Town, No. 278, South Second-street. | — | 1807. "8vo"
(half-sheets). 3 p. 11., pp. 9-90.
A rare tract. Ornithological matter at pp. 20-22, 68, 79, 88-90.

1807. CLAVIGERO, F. S. The | History | of | Mexico. | Collected from j
Spanish and Mexican historians, | from | Manuscripts and ancient
paintings of the Indians. | Illustrated by | charts, aud other copper
plates. | To which are added, | critical dissertations | on the | land,
the animals, and inhabitants of Mexico. | By Abbe" D. Francesco
Saverio Clavigero. | Translated .from the original Italian, | By
Charles Cullen, Esq. | The second edition. | In two volumes. | Vol.
I [II]. | London: | printed for J. Johnson, St. Paul's Churchyard,
| by Joyce Gold, Shoe Lane. | — | 1807. 2 vols. 4to. Vol. I, map,
titles, pp. v-xxxii, 2 11. , pp. 1-476, pll. 24. Vol. II, 2 p. 11., pp. 1-463.
Vol. I, Book I, Sect. XI, Birds of Mexico, in this edition at pp. 46-56; a summary
account of sundry kinds, of no special value now, unless it be for the Mexican
and Spanish names under which such as are identifiable are presented.

1807. HEARNE, S. Journey to the Northern Ocean, etc. London, 1807.
Not seen.— See the earlier eds., 1795 and 1796.

1807. VIEILLOT,-L. P. Histoire Naturelle | des Oiseaux | de | L'Ame'rique
Septentrionale, | contenaut un grand nombre d'especes de"crites ou
figure'es | pour la premiere fois. | Par M. L. P. Vieillot, | continua-
teur de 1'Histoire des Colibris et des Oiseaux- Mouches; auteur de
celle des Jacamars, | des Grimpereaux, des Promerops, des Oiseaux
de Paradis et de la plupart des articles d'Ornithologie | du nouveau
Dictionaire d'Histoire Naturelle, etc. | Tome premier [second]. | — |
A Paris, | chez Desray, Libraire, Rue Hautefeuille, N° 4. j
M. DCCC. VII. | De 1'Imprimerie de Crapelet. | 2 vols. folio, pll.
Vol. I, 2 p. 11., pp. iv, 90, pll. ]-57. Vol. II, 1 p. L, pp. ii, 74, pll. 57
&is-124 (in each vol. some numbers of the pll. duplicated). Stated
to have been published in 22 livraisons of 6 pll. each. Pretre pinx.
Bouquet sculp. Langlois imp.

"C'est done cet Ouvrage, fruit d'une longue suite derecherches sur les mceurs
et le genre de vie des Oiseaux de 1'Amerique septentrionale et de Saint-Domin-
gue, qne je presente au public. II contient 1'histoire de prds de quatre cents
especes, dont cinquante au moins sont nouvelles, et dont environ cent soixante
n'ont point et6 d6crites par Catesby, Edwards et Buffon." (Avertissement.)
Plusieures de ces especes tiennent la priorit6 sur celles d^crites par Wilson

31]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§O7-I8O8 597

1807. VIEILLOT. L. P. — Continued.

Lea nouvelles eapecea aont indiqu6ea dans la liate auivante.— Vol. L PL 1, bees
de plusieures especes. 2, Vultur urubu, n. s., p. 23. 2 bis, V. aura. 3, Aquila
leucocephala. 3 bis, A. maculosa, n. s., p. 28. 4, A. piscatrix, n. s., p. 29. 5, Buteo
fascus, n. s., p. 31. 6, B. ferruginicaudua, n. s., p. 32. (B. gallinivorua, n. s., p. 33, no
pi.) (B. fulvus, n. s., p. 34, no pi.) 7, Circus hiemalis. 8, C. europogistus. 9, C.
hudsonius. (C. variegatus, n. s., p. 37, no pi.) 10, Milvus furcatus. 10 bis, Mil-
vus cenchris, n. s., p. 38. 11, Tinnunculus coluinbarius. 12, 13, T. sparverius.
14, Accipiter atriatua, n. s.,p. 42. 14 bis, Accipiter ruficaudus, n. s.,p. 43. 15,
Strix phalaenoides. 16, S. nudipes. 17, S. nebulosa. 18, S. nyctea. 19, Bubo
pinicola, n. s., p. 51. 20, B. clainator, n. s., p. 52. 21, B. asio. 22, B. nudipes, n. s.,
p. 53. (B. striatus, n. s., p. 54, no pi.) 23, Caprimulgus virginianus [= Antrostomua] .
24, C. popetue, n. s., p. 56. 25, C. rufus [ VieilL, nee Bodd., = Antroat. carolinensis],
p. 57. 26, 27, Hirundo caeraloa, n. s.,p.57. 28, 29, H. dominicensis. 30, H. rnfa,
n. s., p. 60. 31, H. bicolor, n. s., p. 61. 32, H. fulva, n. s., p. 62. 33, H. pelasgia. 34,
Muscicapa gilva, n. s., p. 65. 35, 36, M. ruticilla. 37, M. albicapilla, n. a., p. 66.
38, M. altiloqua, n. s., p. 67. 39, M. querula, n. s., p. 68. 40, M. fusca. 41, M. flava,
n. s., p. 69. 42, M. armillata, n. s., p. 69. (M. flaviventris, n. s., p. 70, no pi.) 43, Ty-
rannus savana, n. s., p. 72. 44, T. pipiri, n. s., p. 73. 45, T. ludovicianus, n. s., p. 75.
46, T. griseus, n. s., p. 76. 47, T. sulphuratus. 48, T. atricapillus, n. s., p. 78. 49, T.
canadenaia. 50, Lauius borealis, n. s., p. 80. 51, L. ardosiacus, n. s., p. 81. 52, Vireo
musicus, n. a., p. 83. 53, V. virescens, n. s., p. 84. 54, V. flavifrons, n. s., p. 85.
55, Icteria dumicola, n. s., p. 85. 56, Todus viridis. 57, Bombycilla cedroruiu,
n. s., p. 88.— Vol. II. PI. 57 &i«, Turdus fuscatus, n.s.,p. 1. 58, T. plumbeus. 59, T.
rafus. 60, 61, T. migratorius. 62, T. mnstelinus. 63, T. minor "Gm." [-j-fuscus
"Gin."]. 64, T. coronatus, n. s., p. 8. 65, T. motacilla, n. s.,p. 9. 66, T. naevins.
67, T. felivox, n. s., p. 10. 68, T. orpheus. 68 bis, T. gilvus, n. s., p. 15. 69, 70, T.
palmarum. 71, Sylvia russeicauda, n. s., p. 17. 72, S. pensilis. 73, S. palmarum.
74, S. velata, n. s., p. 22. 75, 76, S. atriata. 77, S. mitrata. 78, 79, S. coronata. 80, S.
cceruleacena. 81, S. aequinoctialia. 82, S. noveboracensis. 83, S. protouotariua.
84, S. leucoptera, n. s., p. 28. 85, 86, S. trichas. 87, S. griseicollis, n. a., p. 29. 88, S.
caerulea. 89, S. flava, n. s., p. 31. 90, S. icterocephala. 90 bis, S. bicolor, n. a., p. 32.
91, S. petechia. 92, S. virens. 93, S. maculosa. 94, S. tigrina "Lath." 95, S.
aestiva. 96, S. blackburniae. 97, S. cbrysoptera. 98, S. discolor. 99, S. torquata,
n. s., p. 38. 100, S. purailia, n. a., p. 39. 101, 102, 103, S. aialia. (S. vireaceus, n. s.,
p. 42, no pi.) (S. flavopygia, n. s., p. 47, no pi.) 104, 105, Regulus rubineus, n. s ,
p. 49. 106, R. cristatus [V., nee Lath.]. 107, Trogl. sedon, n. s., p. 52. 108, T. arundi-
naceus, n. a., p. 55. 109, Picus principalia. 1 10, P. pileatua. Ill, P. cinnaraomeus.
112, 113, P. erythrocephalus. 114, P. atriatua. 115, P. passerina. 116, P. griaens,
n. s., p.62. 117, P. rubidicollia, n. a., p. 63. 118, 119, P. variua. 120, P. villoaua.
121, P. puboacens. 122, P. borealis, n. a., p. 66. Isfl, P. auratus. (P. flaviventris,
n. a., p. 67, no pi.) 124, P. hirsutus, n. s., p. 68. (P. undulatua, n. a., p. 69, no pi.)

1808-14. WILSON, A. American Ornithology ; | or, | the Natural History | of
the | Birds of the United States : | Illustrated with Plates | En-
graved and Colored from Original Drawings taken from Nature. |
By Alexander Wilson. | Vol.1 [-IX]. | Philadelphia: | Published by
Bradford and Inskeep. | Printed by Robert Carr [mut. mut.]. | — |
1808 [1810, 1811, 1811, 181-2, 1812, 1813, 1814, 1814]. 9 vols., imp.
4to. Vol. I, 1808, pp. i-vi, 1-158, pll. 1-9. Vol. II, 1810, pp. iii-
xii, 13-167, pll. 10-18. Vol. Ill, 1811, pp. iii-xvi, 17-120, pll. 19-27.
Vol. IV, 1811, pp. iii-xii, 13-100, pll. 28-36. Vol.V, 1812, pp.iii-
xii, 13-122, pll. 37-45. Vol. VI, 1812, pp. iii-xx, 13-102, pll. 46-54.
Vol. VII, 1813, pp. iii-xii, 13-132, pll. 55-63. Vol. VIII, 1814, pp. i-xi,
13-146, pll. 64-72, woodcc. opp. pp. 117, 118. Vol. IX, 1814, pp. iii-
Ivii, 1 1., pp. 61-133, + 11 1., pll. 73-76.

Vol. I, 1808.— Oorvuft cristatus, pi. 1, f. i ; Fringilla tristis, f. 2 ; Icterus balti-
more, f. 3 ; Turdus melodus (sp. n., p. 29), pi. 2, f. 1 ; T. migratorius, f. 2 ; Sitta caro

598 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX, 1§O8 [32

1808-14. WILSON, A.— Continued.

linensis, f. 3; Sitta varia (Bartr.), p. 43, pi. 2, f. 4 ; Picus auratus, pi. 3, f. 1; Em-
beriza americana, f. 2 ; Sylvia sialis, f. 3 ; Oriolus mutatus (sp. n., p. G4), pi. 4, cf ? ,
yg., egg ; Lanius excubitor, pL 5, f. 1 ; Loxia enucleater, f. 2 ; Sylvia calendula
f. 3 ; JJawda alpestris, f. 4 ; Sylvia marilandica (sp. n., p. 88), pi. 6, f. 1 ; Piprapoly-
glotta (sp. n., p. 90), f. 2 ; Tanagra cestiva, f. 3, 4 ; Fringilla eyanea, f. 5 ; Jluscicapa
ruticilla, f. 6; JLmpeKs americana (sp. n., p. 107), pi. 7, f. 1; Picus carolinus, f.
2 ; Muscicapa sylvicola (sp. n., p. 117), f. 3 ; Fringilla purpurea, f. 4 ; Certhia famili-
aris, pi. 8, f. 1 ; Sylvia regulus, f. 2 ; House "Wren (not hero named biuomially, but
with ref. to Motacilla domestica Bartr.), f . 3 ; Partis atricapillus, f. 4 ; P.bicolor,
f. 5 ; Sylvia troglodytes ? [Winter Wren], f. 6 ; Picus erythrocephalus, pi. 9, f. 1 ; P.
varius, f. 2 ; P. villosus, f. 3 ; P. pubescens, f. 4.

Vol. II, 1810.— Turdus polyglottus, pi. 10, f. 1,2; Trochilus colubris, f. 3, 4; Embe-
riza erythropthalma [sic], f. 5, 6; Loxia cardinalis, pL 11, f. 1,2; Tanagra rubra,
f. 3, 4; Emberiza oryzivora, pi. 12, f. 1,2; Sylvia [Vireo] olivacea, f . 3 (text disa-
prees) ; Certhia palustris (sp. n. [Bartram], p. 58), f. 4; C. caroliniana, sp. n.
(Bartr.), p. 61, f. 5; Sylvia Jlavicollis, f. 6 ; Lanius tyrannus, pi. 13, f. 1 ; Muscicapa
crinita, f. 2; M. querula (sp. n., p. 77), f. 3; M. nun'ciola (sp. n. [Bartr.], p. 78), f. 4 ; M.
rapax (sp. n., p. 81), f. 5 ; Turdus rufus, pi. 14, f . 1 ; T. aurocapilla, f. 2 ; T. lividus (sp.
n., p. 00), f. 3 ; Sylvia castanea (sp. n., p. 97), f. 4; S. pennsylvanica, f. 5 ; S. Philadel-
phia (sp. n., p. 101), f. <' ; Picus querulus (sp. n., p. 103), pi. 15, f. 1 ; Sitta pustlla (sp. n.,
p. 105), f. 2 ; Falco columbarius, f. 3 ; Sylvia sclitaria (sp. n., p. 109), f. 4 ; S. citrinella
(sp. n., p. Ill), f. 5 ; S. chrysoptcra, f.G; S. canadensis, f. 67 ; Falco sparverius, pi. 16,
f. 1 ; Fringilla pusilla (sp. n., p. 121), f. 2 ; F. arborfa (sp. n., p. 123), f. 3 ; F. melodia
(sp. n., p. 125), f. 4 ; F. socialis (sp. n., p. 127), f. 5; F. nivalis (sp. n. (Bartr.), p. 129),
f.6; F.pinus (sp.n., p. 133, Bartr.), pi. 17, f. 1 ; Loxia rosea (sp. n., p. 135), f.2;
Sylvia virens,f.3; S.coronata, f.4; S. cerulea (sp. n.,p. 141), f. 5; Muscicapa soli-
taria (sp. n., p. 143), f. 6 ; Emberiza pecoris, pi. 18, f. 1, 2, 3 ; Sylvia mardandica, ?,
f. 4 ; Muscicapa ccerulta, f . 5 ; If. cantatrix (sp. n. (Bartr.), p. 166), 1'. 6.

Vol. Ill, 1811.— Strix ncevia, pi. 19, f. 1; Alauda ma^na, f. 2; Certhia maculata
(sp. n., p. 23), f. 3 ; Sylvia pinus, f. 4 ; Tanagra ludoviciana (sp. n., p. 27), pi. 20, f. 1 ;
Corvus columbianus (sp.n., p. 29), f. 2; Picus torquatus (sp. n., p. 31), f. 3 ; Corvus
canadensi's, pi. 21, f. 1; Emberiza nivalis, f. 2 ; Gracula f?rru<,inea, f. 3; Gracula
quiscala, f. 4 ; Fringilla palustris (Bartr.) (sp. n., p. 49), pi 22, f . 1 ; F. albicollis, f. 2 ;
F. rufa (Bartr.) (sp. n., p. 53), f.4; F. savanna (^p. n., p. 55), f. 3 ; Lanius carolinensis
(sp. n., p. 57), f. 5 ; Alcedo alcyon, pi. 23, f. 1 ; Sylvia magnolia (sp. n.. p. 63), f. 2 ; 8.
blackburnia, f . 3 ; S. autumnalis (sp. n , p. 65), f. 4 ; Turdus aquaticus (sp. n., p. 66),
f. 5; Emberiza ciris, pi. 24, f. 1, 2 ; Sylvia protonotarius, f. 3; S.vermivora, f. 4;
Fringilla passerina, f. 5; Loxia ccerulea, f. 6; Falco misisippiensis (sp.n., p. 80),
pi. 25, f. 1 ; Sylvia peregrina (sp. n., p. 83), f. 2 ; S.formosa (sp. n., p. 85), f. 3 ; S. mi-
nuta (sp.n., p. 87), f.4; Psittacus carolinensis, pi. *6, f. 1; Muscicapa canadensis,
f. 2 ; M . cucullata, f. 3 ; M. pusilla (sp. n., p. 103), f. 4 ; Tetrao cupido, pi. 27, f. 1 ; Syl-
via rara (sp. n , p. 119), f. 2 ; S. ruficapitta, f. 3.

Vol. IV, 1811.— Cuculus carolinensis (sp. n. [Bartr.J, p. 13), pi. 28, f. 1; O. ery-
thropthalma [sic] (sp. n., p. 14), f.2 ; Sylvia pusilla (sp. n., p. 17), f. 3; S.petechia,
f. 4 ; Picus principalis, pi. 29, f. 1 ; P.pileatus, f. 2 (text disagrees) ; Sturnus preda-
torius (sp. n. [Bartr.], p. 30), pi. 30, f. 1, 2 ; Sylvia striata, f. 3 ; Fringilla linaiia, f. 4 ;
Curvirostra americana, pi. 31, f. 1, 2 ; G. leucoptera, f. 3 ; Emberiza Icucophrys, f. 4 ;
E. graminea, f. 5 ; Strix nyctea, pi. 32, f. 1 ; Falco sparverius, f. 2 ; Falco lagopus, pi.
33, f. 1 ; Strix nebulosa, f. 2 ; S. brachyotos, f. 3 ; Strix passerina, pi. 34, f. 1 ; Fringilla
maritima (sp. n., p. 68), f. 2 ; F. caudacuta, f. 3 ; F. savanna, f. 4 ; Falco hyemalis,
pi. 35, f. 1 ; Corvus pica, f. 2 ; 'C. corone, f. 3 ; Falco leucocephdlus, pi. 36.

Vol. V, 1812. — Falco halicetus, pi. 37, f. 1 ; Corvus ossifragus (sp. n., p. 27), f. 2;
Charadrius hiaticula, f. 3 ; Tringa pusilla, f. 4 ; Hirundo americana (sp. n., p. 34),
f. 1, 2; H. viridis (sp. n., p. 44), f . 3 ; H. n'paria, f. 4 ; H.pelasgia, pi. 39, f. 1 ; H.
purpurea, f. 2, 3 ; Sylvia agilis (sp. n., p. 64>, f. 4 ; Caprimulgus americanus (sp. n.,
p. 65), pi. 40, f. 1, 2 ; Caprimulgus vociferus (sp. n., p. 71 ), pi. 41, f. 1, 2, 3 ; Strix asio,
pi. 42, f. 1 ; Miiscicapa melodia (sp. n., p. 85), f. 2 ; Fringilla purpurea, f. 3 ; Alauda
rufa, f. 4 ; Columba carolinensis, pi. 43, f. 1 ; Turdtis solitarius (sp. n., p. 95), f. 2 ;
T. mustelinus (nee Gm., sp.n., p. 98), f. 3; Sylvia pusilla (sp. n., p. ICO), f.4; Co-
lumba migratoria, pi. 44, f. 1 ; Sylvia montana (sp. n., p. 113 — never has been iden-

33j BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18O8 599

1808-14. WILSON, A.— Continued.

tified — is it not young D. virent ?), f. 2 ; S. parus (sp. n., p. 114), f. 3 ; Falco velox,
pi. 45, f. 1 ; Muscicapa ruticilla, f. 2 ; Sylvia coronata, f. 3.

VoL VI, 1812.— Preface contains a "List of the Land Birds of the United
States, with their generic characters, according to the arrangement of Latham".
In a few cases, the names do not agree with those in the text. The list is stated
to indicate tho new species by italics ; but it does not thus mark the many old
species to which Wilson gave new names, and which are thus de jure new.—
Falco pennsylvanicus (sp. B , p. 13), pi. 46, f. 1 (this is Accipiter, afterward cooperi
Bp. , nv t Buteo) ; Columba passerina, f. 2, 3 ; Scolopax gaUinago, pL 47, f. 1 ; Teirao
virginianus, f. 2 ; Rattus virgmianus [—Porzana Carolina}, pi. 48, f. 1; Scolopax
minor, f. 2 ; Tetrao umbtllus, pi. 49 ; Strix virginiana, pi. 50, f. 1 ; S. flammea, f. 2 ;
Muscicapa minuta, f. 5 (sp. n., p. 62— never identified) ; Strix hudsoma, f. 6 (figs. 3
and 4 of this plate are quadrupeds) ; Falco uliginosus, pi. 51, f. 1; Falco furca-
tus, f. 2 ; Strix otus, f. 3 ; Falco borealis, pL 52, f . 1 ; F, leverianus ?, f. 2 (young
of borealis) ; F. atricapillus (sp. u., p. 80), f. 3; F. niger (sp. n., p. 80), pi. 53, f.
1 ; var., f. 2 ; F. lineatus, f. 3 ; Oriolus baltimorus, f. 4 ; Emberiza erythropthalma
[sic], f. 4 ; Falco pennsylvanicus bis, pi. 54, f. 1 (this is the Buteo— not the Ac-
cipiter which is also called pennsylvanicus earlier in this volume) ; Caprimul-
gus Caroline in>is, f. 2 ; Sylvia maritima (sp. n., p. 99), f. 3 ; S. atriata, f. 4.

Vol. VII, 1813— the last published by the author himself.— Falco fulvus, pi. 55,
f. 1; Falco oss-ifragus, f. 2; Scolopax borealis (nee Lath., sp. n., p. 22), pi. 56, f. 1;
Tringa alpina, f. 2 ; Scolopax semi-palmata, f. 3 ; S. fedoa, f. 4 ; Tringa interpret, pi.
57, f. 1 ; T. cinerea, f. 2 ; 2\ cinclus, f. 3 ; Charadrius apricarius, f. 4 ; Tringa rufa
(sp. n., p. 43), f. 5: Scolopax noveboracensis, p. 58, f. I ; Itecurvirostra himantopus, f.
2; Tringa solitaria (sp. n., p. 53), f. 3 ; Scolopax flavipes, f. 4 ; S. vociferus (sp. u., p.
57), f. 5; Tringa macularia, pi. 59, f. 1 ; T. bartramia (sp. n., p. 63), f. 2 ; T. hiaticula
f. 3; Charadriuscalidris,f.4; C.pluvialis,f.5; C. vocifera, f. 6 ; Sterna hirundo, pi.
60, f. 1 ; S. minuta, f. 2 ; S. plumbea (sp. n., p. 83), f. 3 ; Rhynchops nigra, f. 4 ; Procel-
laria pelagica, f. 6 — there is no fig. 5 ; Ardea virescens, pi. 61, f . 1 ; A. nyclicorax, f. 2,
3 ; A.egretta, f. 4 ; Rallus virginianus bis, pi. 62, f. 1 (this is rightly so named) ; It.
crepitans, f. 2 ; Ardea ccerulea, 13; A. candidissima, f. 4 ; Platalea ajaja, pi. 63, f. 1 ;
Itecurvirostra americana, f. 2 ; Charadrius rubidvs (sp. n., p. 129), f. 3 ; Tringa, semi-
palmata (sp. n., p. 131), f. 4.

Vol. VIII, 1814—" which was left unfinished by its ingenious and indefatigable
author", and appeared under the editorship of G. Ord, who furnished the preface.
"The historical part of the present volume was fully completed and printed off;
and all th^ plates, except one, were engraved, under tho superintendence i>f the
author himself." — Ardea ludoviciana (sp. n., p. 13), pi. 64, f. 1 ; Haematopus ostro-
legus, f. 2; Ardea [ Grus] americana, f. 3 ; Numenius longirostra (sp. n., p. 23), f. 4 ;
Ardea violacea, pi. 65, f. 1 ; A. herodias, f. 2 ; A. minor, f. 3 ; A. ex.lis, f. 4 ; Tantalus
loculator, pi. 66, f. 1; T. ruber, f. 2; T. albus,f.3; Fhoenicopteros ruber, f. 4: Anas
perspicillata, pi. 67, f. 1 ; A. albeola, f. 2, 3; Anas canadensis, f. 4 ; A. fuligula, f. 5;
A. clangula, f. 6 ; A. clypeata, f. 7 ; Hergus merganser, pL 68, f. I, "Z;Anasacuta, f. 3; A.
discors, f. 4; A. hyperborea, f. 5; Mergus cucullatus, pi. 69, f. 1 ; M. serrator, f. 2; Anas
marila, f. 3 ; A. americana, f. 4; A. hyperborea, yg., f. 5 ; A. labradora, f. 6 ; A. glaci-
alis, pi. 70, f. 1, 2 ; A. sponsa, f. 3 ; A. crecca, f. 4 ; A. valisimria ([sic], sp. n., p. 103), f.
5 ; A.fenna ?, f. 6 ; A. boschas, f.l;A. strepera, pL 71, f. 1 ; A. mollissima, f. 2, 3 ; Mer-
gus albettus, f. 4 ; Anas rubidus (sp. n., p. 128), f. 5, 6 ; A. bernicla, pi. 72, f. I ; A.
nigra, f. 2 ; A.fusca, f. 3 ; A. histrionica, f. 4 ; A. obscura, f. 5 ; Sterna aranea (sp. n.,
p. 143), f. 6 ; S. ful-ginosa, f. 7.

Vol. IX, 1814— published, like VIII, under editorship of G. Ord, who signed the
preface, and furnished the "Biographical Sketch of Alexander Wilson", pp.
xiii-xlviii. A " List of the Water Birds of the United States, with their generic

Characters, according to the arrangement of Latham", follows (pp. xlix-lv:i).

Fulica atra (sp. n., p. 61), pL 73, f. 1 ; Gallinula porphyrio, f. 2 ; Pnalaropus lobata,
f. 3; Phalaropus hyperborea, f. 4; Charadrius Wilsonia (Ord, sp. n., p. 77), f. 5;
Plotus melanogaster, pi. 74, f. 1, 2 ; Colymbus glacialis, f. 3 ; Larus rudibundus,
f. 4 ; Alca alle, f. 5 ; Vultur aura, pi. 75, f. 1 ; Vultur atratus, f. 2 ; Corvus corax,
f.3; Fako ptregrinus, pi. 76. (Fringilla linaria, ref. topi. 333, f. 4; Falco leuco-

600 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18°8 [34

1808-14. WILSON, A. — Continued.

cepkalus, ref. to pi. 36 ; Mergus merganser, ref. to pi. 68, f. 1.) " General Index " and
"List of Subscribers" conclude the volume and the work. It is not necessary,
though often done, to call this work Wilson's Ornithology " with Ord's Con-
tinuation ". Wilson's work was simply completed under Ord's editorship, hut the
latter did not " continue " it. Some of the text in vol. VIII, and IX, are by Ord,
but the editor himself would have been the last person to claim joint-authorship.

No other work on American ornithology has been so much talked and vr. itten
about as this; and the time for comment on its character is long gone by. The
" melancholy poet-naturalist " occupies a place as changeless as the hills, and
wholly peculiar. He stands toward American ornithologists in a position corre-
sponding somewhat to that which is occupied in England by White of Selbourne,
in Germany by Bechstein, and, I will add, among anglers by Iziak Walton.
Perhaps no other work on ornithology of equal extent is equally free from error ;
and its truthfulness is illumined by a spark of the " fire divine ". This means
immortality. Among the disproportionately large number of new species de-
scribed by Wilson, there are but two (Sylvia montana and Muscicapa ininuta)
remaining unidentified. Being no scholar, in fact a very unlearned man, he
labored under the usual disadvantage of insufficient knowledge of his predeces-
sors' labors ; consequently he renamed many species as new which were not
such, and wrongly referred many that were new to previously described ones.
Science would lose little, but, on the contrary, would gain much, if every scrap
of pre-Wilsoniiin writing about United States birds could be annihilated.

What is, or at least long was, the most valuable commentary on " Wilson ", is
Bonaparte's "Observations on the Nomenclature of Wilson's Ornithology"
(1824-25 and 1826, q. v.). The total number of species described and figured by
Wilson is said to be 278.

There are said to be, and there doubtless are, a " Supplement" by Ord, "Phila.
1825", and a "2d ed., Phila. 1824-28, 3 vols. 4to" ; neither of which have I seen.

The editions and continuations of " Wilson " which have come to my knowl-
edge are as follows :—

1808-14. WILSON : editio princeps, as given above. 9 vols. 4to. Philadelphia.

1825-33. BONAPARTE -.American Ornithology. 4 vols. 4to. New York. An en-
tirely different work, but in similar style, and incorporated by subsequent
editors with " Wilson".

1828-29. ORU'S ed. 3 vols. 8vo. 1 folio atlas. New York and Philadelphia.
Does not contain " Bonaparte ". There are later issues of this.

1831. JAMESON'S ed., forming part of Constable's Miscellany. 4 vols. 18mo.
Edinburgh. Contains "Bonaparte", and much irrelevant matter.

1832. JARDINE'S ed. 3 vols. 8vo. London and Edinburgh. Contains " Bona-
parte".

1840. BREWER'S ed. 1 vol. 12mo. Boston. Contains "Bonaparte", and an
original synopsis by the editor. There are later issues of this.

(date unknown). EDITOR unknown. An edition published in London, by

W. Spooner. 16mo? 18mo? No. 1, containing 8 plates. (.1840 or later?)

18 — . WILSON, A. American Ornithology. | Illustrations | of ] American Or-
nithology ; | reduced from the | original work of Alexander Wil-
son. | London : | published by William Spooner, 259, Regent Street,
| Oxford Street; | Hurst, Chance, and Co., 65 St. Paul's Church-
Yard; | and Constable and Co., Edinburgh. | [No date.] 16mo?
18mo ? (say 4x6 inches). No. 1, containing 8 plates.

I am favored, through the attentions of my friend Prof. A. Newton, of Cam-
bridge, England, with the above title of an edition of Wilson I never otherwise
heard of. Prof. N. has no further information to convey respecting it. It would
seem to indicate an undertaking, which may not have been carried out to com-
pletion, of an edition of the work (but this is only a guess of mine, quite in the
dark). Will any bibliomaniac or sane person resolve the uncertainty 3

35]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1809-1814 601

1809. WILLIAMS, S. The | Natural and Civil | History | of | Vermont. | — |
By Samuel Williams, LL. D. | Member of the Meteorological Society
in Germany, of the Philosophical Society in Philadelphia, and of
the | Academy of Arts aud Sciences in Massachusetts. | — | In two
volumes. | :::::: | Volume I [II]. | :::::] The second edition,
corrected and | much enlarged, f — | Burlington, Vt. | Printed by
Samuel Mills. | Sold at his Bookstore in Burlington, by Mills and
White, | Middlebury, Isaiah Thomas, Jun. Worcester, Thomas | and
Andrews, Boston, Thomas and Whipple and | S. Sawyer and Co.

Newburyport. | | 1809. 2 vols. 12mo size, but only 4 11. to a

sig. Vol. I, map, pp. 1-514, 1 1. Vol. II, pp. 1-487 + 1 p.

Orig. ed., 1794, q. v. Vol. I, Chap. VI, pp. 93-159, Birds, pp. 134-146. A cursory
account, in which the birds are treated by lists in several categories, as " birds
of passage ", " singing birds ", " water fowl ", and those " which do not fall under
either of the above descriptions" (!). There are also miscellaneous accounts of
several species, as the Snow Bird [Junco hyemalis], "Wild Goose, Passenger
Pigeon, and especially sundry kinds of Swallows— direct and circumstantial evi-
dence being offered of the subaqueous torpidity of Swallows, and of the hiberna-
tion of the Chimney " Swallow " [Chcetura pelagica] in hollow trees. "From
these accounts," says the author, referring to what he has just narrated, "I am
led to believe that the house swallow [by which he means the Chcetura] gene-
rally resides during the winter, in the hollow of trees; and that the ground
swallows [Cotyle riparia], find security in the mud, at the bottom of lakes,
rivers, and ponds " (p. 143).

1812. KALM, P. Travels into North America ; | containing | its Natural His-
tory, and a circumstantial account of its | plantations and agricul-
ture in general, | . . . . < PinJcerton's Voyages, vol. xiii, pp. 374-700.
4to. London, 1812.

This is from the 2d London ed., Forster's translation, 2 vols. 8vo, 1772.— See
above for various earlier eds., 1753-61, 1754-64, 1770-71, 1772.

1814. LEWIS, M., and CLARKE, W. History j of | The Expedition | under the
command of | Captains Lewis and Clark, | to | the sources of the
Missouri, | thence | across the Rocky Mountains | and down the ]
River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean. | Performed during the years
1804-5-6. V| By order of the | Government of the United States, j
Prepared for the press | by Paul Allen, Esquire. | In two Volumes, j
Vol. I [II]. | Philadelphia: | Published by Bradford and Inskeep;
and | Abm. H. Inskeep, Newyork. | J. Maxwell, Printer. | 1814. 2
vols. 8vo. Vol. I, pp. i-xxviii, 1-470, maps. Vol. II, pp. i-ix, 1-522,
maps. > Vol. II, Chap. VII, " A general description of the beasts,
birds, and plants, &c. found by the party in this expedition," pp.
148-201.

Thisis the editio princeps of the authentic narrative.— See especially COUES, Butt.
~U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., 2dser., No. 6, Feb. 8, 1876, pp. 417-444, giving an
account of the books of this series, and a commentary on the zoology they con-
tain. There are sundry accounts of birds, passim, in these volumes ; and a
formal notice of the birds at the place above marked. None of the species are
given under technical names ; but here we have the first accounts of various spe-
cies, subsequently, in 1815, named by G. Ord, in Guthrie's Geography. See be-
yond for various later editions and versions of this work, under 1814, 1815, 1816-18,
1817, and 1842-75.

1814. LEWIS, M., and CLARKE, W. Travels | to the | Source of the Missouri
River 1 and across the | American Continent | to the | Pacific Ocean.

602 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. I §14-1 81 j [36

1814. LEWIS M., and CLARKE, W. — Continued.

| Performed | by order of the Government of the United States, j in
the Years 1804, 1805, and 1806. j — | By Captains Lewis and Clarke.
| — | Published from the Official Report, | and | illustrated by a map
of the route, | and other maps. | — | London : Printed for Long-
man, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, | Paternoster-Row. | — | 1814.
I vol. 4to. pp. i-xxiv, 1-663, 1 folding and 2 full-page maps. ^> Chap.
XXIV, "A general Description of the Beasts, Birds, and Plants, &c.,
found by the Party in this Expedition," pp. 450-489.

"The present edition is printed nearly verbatim irom the original ; the fliects
of which were forwarded to this country by the American proprietors: the only
liberty that has been taken with the language, has been merely the correction of a
few inadvertent grammatical or typographical errors. The American copy con-
tained an Appendix drawn up by Captain Lewis on the Slate cf the Indian Xa- .
tions ; . . . . but as the subject is altogether of a local nature, and the observa-
tions possess little interest for the British reader, it has been omitted." Besides
the whole of the Appendix, which occupies 89 pages of tho original, the Lifo cf
Lewis and the American editor's Preface are also omitted ; in place of tho latter
being introduced a new preface by the English editor. Excepting these points
and those mentioned above in quotation-marks, this English 4to ed. is identical
with the original iJ vol. 8vo American one, q. v.

1815. CLINTON, DE WITT. An Introductory Discourse delivered en tho 4th of

May, 1814. < Trans. Lit. $ Philos. Soc. New York, i, 1815, pp. 21-184.
The character of the discourse may be inferred from the man and the occasion.
The paper is ornithological at pp. 60-G3, and in tho following particulars :— Xote
E, pp. 121-125, review of Wilson's Ornithology and eulogy of its author. Koto S,
pp. 125-128, on the origin of the Turkey, and on the plumages and migrations
of tDe Bobolink. Note T, p. 129, on the Raven. Note Y, pp. 131-133, on the mi-
gration of birds. Note W, estimates of the total number of birds known.
Note X, pp. 134-137, on various birds which are or may be domesticated for useful
or ornamental purposes.

1815. LEWIS, M., and CLARKE, W. Travels | to the sour* e of | the Missouri
River | and across the | American Continent | to | the Pacific
Ocean. | Performed by order of | the Government of the United
States, | in the years 1804, 1805, and 1806. | — | By Captains Lewis
and Clarke. | — | Published from the Official Report, | and illus-
trated by a map of the route, | and other maps. | — [ A i ew edition,
in three volumes. | Vol. I [II, III]. | — | London : | Printed for
Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, | Paternoster-Row. | 1815.
3 vols. 8vo. Vol. I, pp. i-xxvi, 1 1. not p^ged, 1-411, 3 maps. Vol. II,
pp. i-xii, 1-434, 3 maps. Vol. Ill, pp. i-xii, 1-394. > Vol. Ill, Chnp.
XXIV, " A general description cf the beasts, birds, plants, &c.,
found by the party in this expedition," pp. 1-73.

Except in form, and in some minor details of typography incident to resetting
of tho type, this is identical with the 4to ed. of 1814. This edition, conveni-
ent in form, and otherwiso unexceptiorable, is a favorite one, perhaps oftener
met with, even in this country, than the original of 1814. It was reissued under
date of 1817, apparently from the same plates ; though I observe, on the last two
pages of vol. I, a slight discrepancy in the set of the type.

1815. LEWIS, M., and CLARKE, W. "Tagebuch e. Entdeckungsreise durch
Nord-Amerika in d. Jahren 1804-6. Aus d. Engl. v. Weylaud. Mit
1 Karte." <^ Neue Bibliothek der wichtiguten Beschreibungen u. s. w,
(Weimar, gr.-8°, Bd. I. 1815).
Title of a German version, quoted from Kayser. See the original, 1814.

37]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18 15-1 §1? 603

1815. ORD, G. A New | Geographical, Historical, | and | Commercial Gram-
mar ; | and present state of the | several Kingdoms of the world. |
Containing | .... | to which are added j . . . . | Second American
Edition. Philadelphia. Johnson & Warner. 1815. " 2 vols." Svo.
Vol. II, 2 p. 11. (title and contents), pp. 603, maps. > Ornithology,
pp. 313-357.

Above title defective after the first two lines, the only copy I ever handled
having part of the title-page torn off.

This edition of "Guthrio's Geography " contains articles, important in some
respects, on the zoology of North America, by George Ord. The work does not
appear to be common, and the zoological articles can scarcely be said to have
come into current quotation until 1857-58, when S. F. Baird's citation and
necessary adoption of some of Ord's names called attention to then). The ornitho-
logical portion consists of a bare list of vernacular and binomial names, appar-
ently compiled from Turton's (at any rate, from some) edition of Linnaeus, with
addition of two new species, and a few others described by Lewis and Clarke.
To these latter, scientific names are now for the first time given. This list, pp.
315-311J, is followed, pp. 320-337, with biographical sketches of a number of lead-
ing species (under vernacular names only), mainly drawn directly from Wilson,
and is preceded, pp. 313-315, by a few general remarks, chiefly from the same
source. The folio wing: are the "new species": — Vultur columbiamts, p. 315 (Lewis
and Clark, ii, 183) ; Falco ccesius, p. 315 (no description or reference) ; Pieus rnon-
tanus,p. 316 (L. & C., i, 398); Phaaianus columbianus, p. 317 (L. & C., ii, 180);
Tetrao phaAanellus, p. 317 (L. & C., ii, 181) ; T. fuxca, p. 317 (L. & C., ii, 182) ;
Sterna Philadelphia and Larus delawarensis, p. 319, descrr. origg.; Anas coiumbi-
anus, p. 319 (L. & C., ii, 192). The last named is a Cygnus. The list contains,
besides numerous nominal species of the older writers, quite a number that are
certainly not North American.

1816-18. LEWIS, M., and CLARKE, W. Reize | naar | de Bronneu van den
Missouri, | en door het vaste laud van America | nar de Zuidzee. |
Gedaau op last van de regeriug der Vereenigde Staten van America, j
in de jaren 1804, 1805' en 1805. | Door de Kapiteius | Lewis en
Clarke, j Met eene kaart. | — | Hit het Engelsch vertaald door | N.
G. Van Kariipen. | — | Eerst^, [tweede, derdo en laatste,] deel. | * |
Te Dordrecht, | bij A. Bluest & Zoon, | 1816 [1817, 1818]. 3 vols. 8vo.
Vol. I, 1816, pp. i-xxxii, 1-398, map. Vol. II, 1817, pp. i-viii, 1-390.
Vol. Ill, 1818, pp. i-xii, 1-335.

This appear* to be a fair and complete version, probably made from the Lon-
don 3-vol. ed. of 1815, q. v.

1817. BRADBURY, J. Travels | in | the interior of America, | in the | Years
1809, 1810, and 1811 ; | including | a description of Upper Louisiana,
| together with | the States of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and | Ten-
nessee, | with the | Illinois and Western T» rritories, | and contain-
ing | remarks and observations | useful | to | persons emigrating to
those countries. | — | By John Bradbury, F. L. S. London, | [etc.]
| — j Liverpool : | printed for the author, | By Smith and Galway,
| and published by Sherwood, Neely, and Jones, London. | — | 1817.
1 vol. Svo. pp. i-xii, 9-364.
Very slightly ornithological passim ,• Wood Pigeon described, p. 44.

1817. LEWIS, M., and CLARKE, W. Travels, etc.

Merely a reissue of the 3-vol. Svo London ed. of 1815, q. v.

1817. LEWIS, M., and CLARKE, W. Travels, etc.

An Irish ed. of the work, which I have not seen; "2 vols. 8°, Dublin, J.
Christie. 1817." Said to be like the original.

604 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§1§-1 §19 [38

1818. O'REILLY, B. Greenland, | the | Adjacent Seas, | and | the North-west
Passage | to | The Pacific Ocean, | illustrated in a voyage to Davjs's
Strait, | during the Summer of 1817. | — | With charts and numer-
ous plates, | from drawings of the author taken on the spot. | — | By
I Bernard O'Reilly, Esq. | — | London : | printed for Baldwin, Cra-
dock, and Joy, | 47, Paternoster-Row. | — | 1818. 1vol. 4to. pp.
viij,293,pll.

I have nowhere seen this work cited in ornithology ; nevertheless, it gives a
formal account (pp. 135-147) of various (15 spp.) birds, several of which are de-
scribed as new, and figured ; the narrative portion of the work, moreover, abounds
with allusions to birds. PL xii, f. 2, Procellaria glacialis,- p. 140, pi. xii, f. 1, Procel-

toria gravis, n. sp. ( = Pujfinus ); p. 141, pi. xiii, Larus maximus, n. sp.

( = L. glaucus) ; pi. xiv, f.2, Colymlus grylle; p. 146, pi. xiv, f. 1, Colymbus gloti-
tans, n. sp. ( = Mergulus alle).

1818. RAFINESQUE, C. S. Further Account of Discoveries in Natural His-
tory, in the Western States, by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque,
Esq. communicated in a Letter from that Gentleman to the Editor.
< Am. Monthly Mag., iv, 1818, pp. 39-42.

The only ornithological matter is Rimamphvs (usually quoted Rhimanphiis)
dtrinus, gen. sp. n., p. 41, supposed to be the MotaciUa cestiva Gin.

1818. RAFINESQUE, C. S. General Account of the Discoveries made in the
Zoology of the Western States. < Am. Monthly Mag., iv, 1818, pp.
106, 107.
On p. 106 are named, but not described, Ramphosteon and Symphemia, genn. nn.

1818. SABINE, E. A Memoir on the Birds of Greenland ; with Descriptions

and Notes on the Species observed in ihe late Voyage of Discovery
in Davis's Straits and Baffin's Bay. < Trans. Linn. &oc., xii, pt. ii,

1818, pp. 527-559, pi. 30.

A notable paper, well known and often cited, giving extended field-notes, de-
scriptions, synonymy, etc., of 28 spp. Concordance of the 54 spp. given by
Fabricius. Tracheae of Somateria spectabilis and Alias glacialis figured, pL 30.

1819. [ANON.] Americanische Ornithologie, oder Naturgeschichte der Vogel

der vereinten Staaten. Hit nach der Natur ges;ochenen und ausge-
malten Kupfern ; von Alex. Wilson. 9 Bde in Folio. Philadelphia.
1809 bis 1814. (Bibl. univ. 18.) < Oken's Ms, Jahrg. iii, 1819, pp.
116-130.
An extended editorial notice.

1819. LEACH, W. E. Notice of some Animals from the Arctic Regions.
< Thomson's Annals of Philos., xiii, 1819, pp. 60, 61.

Aves, p. 61. A "hasty list" (the author says) of 23 spp., among them Grylle
scapularis, Uria francsii, spp. nn. Leach introduces the Fork- tailed Gull in the

following letters and figures:—" 19. ? Sabini.— A paper on this bird

(which forms an intermediate genus between Larus .and Sterna) has been read to
the Linnean Society, by Joseph Sabine, Esq. who named it Lariis aabini, after
his brother who first killed it." He also says in a foot-note, " See Linnasan So-
ciety report, p. 67." This may be actually the first publication of the species,
though it appears to have been first formally described and figured in Trans.
Linn. S< c. xii, 1818, 520, pi. 29.

1819. RAFINESQUE,- C. S. Prodrome de 70 Nouveaux genres d'animaux
d£couverts dans 1'inte'rieur des fitats-Unis d'Ame'rique duraut
l'ann€e 1818. < Journ. de Phys. Chim. et dJHist. Nat., Ixxxviii, juin

1819, p.4l7,8e<z.

Not seen— cited from Baird. Genera Rimamphus. Helmitheros, Symphemia.

39]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§19-182O 605

1819. Ross, J. ? A | Voyage of Discovery, | made under the orders of the
Admiralty, | in | His Majesty's ships | Isabella and Alexander, | for
the purpose of | exploring Baffin's Bay, | and inquiring into the
probability of a | Northwest Passage. | — | By John Ross, K. S.
Captain Royal Navy. | — | London : | — | John Murray, Albemarle-
street. | — | 1819. 1 vol. 4to. 2 p. 11., pp. i-xl, 1-252, 1 1., pp.
i-cxxxvi, maps, plates.

Appendix II, pp. xlviii-lx, contains an article on the birds observed, about 20
in number. The authorship is not clear. Ross acknowledges his indebtedness
"for the article" to J. Edwards and C. J. Beverley, respectively surgeon and
assistant surgeon of the ' Isabella'; but the birds are apparently treated by E.
or J. Sabine and W. E. Leach. Grylle scapularis "Leach", p.li; Uria francsii
"Leach ", p. lii ; Xema (" Leach ", but named first in 1816) sabini " Sabine ", "non-
descript", p. Ivii, plate (but with reference to Thomson's Ann. of Philos., vol. xiii),
are described as if spp. nn., but were named elsewhere earlier.

1819. SCORESBY, W., JUN. Narrative of an Excursion upon the Island of Jan

Mayeu ; containing some Account of its Appearance and Produc-
tions. < Edinb. Philos. Journ., i, 1819, pp. 121-126.
Contains slight allusions to the birds.

1820. [ANON.] Die Expedition des Kapitaus Ross zu Erforschung der Baf-

finsbai und Untersuchung der Moglichkeit einer nordwestlichen
Durchfahrt. < Oken's Isis, Jahrg. iv, 1820, Litter. Anzeig., pp.
120-127.

Bemerkungen des Herausgebers, nebst des Leach'schen Verzeichnisses von
25 Arten, pp. 115-119, mit Anmerkungen von dem Originale. Grylle scapularis
Leach, p. 116 ; TTria francsii Leach, p. 116 ; Xema sabini Leach, p. 118.

1820. CRANTZ, D. The | History of Greenland : j including | an account of
the Mission | carried on by the | United Brethren | in that country.
J — | From the German of David Crantz. | — | With | a continua-
tion to the present time; | illustrative notes; | and an appendix,
containing a sketch of the Mission | of the brethren in Labrador.
| _ | [Quotation.] | — | In Two Volumes. | Vol. I [II]. | London:
| printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, | Paternos-
ter-row. | 1820. 8vo. Vol. I, frontisp., pp. xi, 359, map, plates.
Vol. II, frontisp., pp. vi, 323.

VoL I, Book II, Chap. I, pp. 66-84.— III. Land birds. IV. Different varieties of
sea-fowl. V. First class, with spoon-shaped bills. YI. Second class, with short
wings. VII. Third class, with long wings. VILE. Nourishment of sea-fowl and
their propagation. This bird-matter occupies pp. 71-84, being a very respectable
treatise on Greenland ornithology, considering when it was written ; the species
are readily identifiable, for the most part, and the remarks are those of an actual
observer. This is a late edition ; see 1765, and especially what is said at 1767 ; I
am unable to make an actual comparison.

1820. HARMON, D. W. A | Journal | of | Voyages and Travels | in the | In-
teriour of North America, | between the 47th and 58th Degrees of
Latitude, . . . [etc., 11 lines]. | Illustrated by a map of the coun-
try. | By Daniel Williams Harmon, | a Partner in the North West
Company. | — | Andover : | Printed by Flagg and Gould. | 1820. 1
vol. sm. 8vo. pp. i-xxiii, 25-432, portrait, map.

Ends with "A concise account of the principnl animals which are found in the
northwestern part of North America", pp. 415-432; but this is confined to mam-
mals, and the book is scarcely citable as to ornithology ; still it contains some
slight notices of birds, here and there.

600 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. I82O-1§23 [40

1820. LEACH, [W. E.] Leach hat, zu gleicher Zeit folgendes Verzeiehniss in
Thomson's Annals of Philosophy 1819. mitgetheilr. < Olcen'* Isia,
Jahrg. iv, 1820, pp. 127, 128.

Die auf der des Kapitans Ross Reise naoli dem Nordpol gesammelton Vogeln ;
22 AT ten. Vergl. 1819, LEACH, W. E.

1820. [OiiD, G.] A | Universal Geography; | or, | a view of the present
state of | the known world. | Containing | . . . | To which are
added, (...) Originally compiled | By William Guthrie, Esq. | The
astronomical part by James Ferguson, F. R. S. | To which have heen
added | . . . | Accompanied with twenty-one correct maps. | Third
American edition, | with extensive additions and alterations, by
several American editors. | In Two Volumes — Vol. I [II]. | — |
Philadelphia : | Published by Benjamin Warner, No. 171, High street.
| ... | — | 1820. 2 vols. 8vo. Vol. I, Title, Contents, (pp. i-iv),
Adv. (1 1.), pp. 1-514. Vol. II, Title (1 1.), Contents (1 1.), pp. 9-640.
1 vol. of maps.

Vol. I, Zoology, pp. 141-189 ; Birds, pp. 155-187 —This matter consists of that
given in the second ed., 1815, q. v., but with the omission of the systematic lists,
which represented the whole of the technical value of the matter. Ord's name
does not appear in connection with this performance.

1822. MANBY, G. W. Journal | of a | Voyage to Greenland, | in the year

1821. | — | With graphic illustrations. | By George William Manby,
E q. | — | London: | Printed for G. and W. B. Whittaker, | 13,Ave-
Maria Lane. | 1822. pp. viii, 143, maps, pll., and woodcc.

Orig. ed. — see also 2d ed., 1823. Plate of Lestria parasitica opp. p. 90; cut of
Fratercula arctiea on p. 106.

1823. [ANON.] Journey to the shores of the Polar Sea ; . . . par J. Franklin.

. . . Appendice Zoologiqne ; par J. Sabine, eeq. . . . Londres ;

1822. . . . < F6ru*8. Bull, 2e sect., iii, 1823, pp. 406, 407.
Une revue anonyme de 1'ouvrage ; voir 1823, SABINE, J.

1823. CORMACK, W. E. Account of a Journey across the Island of Newfound-
land. < Edinb. Philos. Journ., x, 1823, pp. 156-162.
Mere allusion to some of the birds seen.

1823. MANBY, G. W. Journal | of a | Voyage to Greenland, | in the year
1821. | With graphic illustrations. | — | By George William Manby,
Esq. | — | The Second Edition. | London : | Printed for G. and W. B.
Whittaker, | Ave-maria Lane. | — | MDCCCXXIII. 1 vol. 8vo.
pp. xi, 225, maps, pll., and woodcc.

Ornithological passim. Plate of Lestris parasitica facing p. 141. Orig. ed. 4to,
London, same imprint, 1822, q. v.

1823. REINHARDT, J. Sur I'e'tat actuel de nos Connaissances relativement &
1'Ornithologie du Greenland. < Tidskr. Nat. Videnslc.^ii, 1823, pp.

52 . (Ftru*8. Bull, 2e sect., i, 1824, p. 86.)

Not seen — above French version of the title derived from AG. & STRICKL. Bibl.

1823. SABINE, J. Narrative of a Journey | to the shores of | the Polar Sea, |
in the years 1819, 20, 21, and 22. | By | John Franklin, Captain R. N.,
F. R. S., | and commander of the expedition. | — | With an appen-
dix on various subjects relating to | science and natural history. |
Illustrated by numerous plates and maps. | — | Published by
authority of the right honorable the earl Bathurst. | — | London : |

4l] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. t §23-1 §24 G07

1823. SABINE, J.— Continued.

John Murray, Albemarle-street. | — | MDCCCXXIII. 1 vol. 4to.
pp. xv, 783, maps, & pll. > Zoological Appendix, by Joseph
Sabine, Esq. Birds, pp. 669-703.

An extended and important contribution to North American Ornithology.
The collection upon which the report is based was chiefly procured at Cumber-
land House ; but many of the specimens were from the route to Great Slave
Lake, and on its borders. Corvus hudsonius, p. 671, sp. n.

1823. SAY, T. Account | of | an Expedition | from | Pittsburgh to the Rocky
Mountains, | perfor ued in the years 1819 and '20, | by order of |
the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Sec'y of War : | under the command of
| Major Stephen H. Long. | From the Notes of Major Long, Mr. T.
Say, and other gen- | tlemen of the exploring party. | — | Compiled
| by Edwin James, | botanist and geologist for the expedition. | — |
In two Vols.— With an Atlas. | Vol. I [II]. | — | Philadelphia: | H.C.
Carey and I. Lea, Chestnut st. | 1823. 2 vols. 8vo. Vol. 1, 2 p. 11., pp.
1-503. Vol. II, 3 p. 11., pp. 1-442, i-xcviii.

Long's Expedition bore excellent ornithological fruit, in the shape of the many
important notices and descriptions of new species by Thomas Say, which are
scattered inconveniently through the book in foot-notes. Vol. I, Fringilla gram-
maca, p. 139 ; Sylvia celatus !, p. 1 69 ; S. bifasciata, Limosa scolopacea, p. 170 ; Pelidna
pectoralis, p. 171 ; Pelidna cinclus var. [= bonapartii Schleg.], p. 172. List of Birds,
pp. 370-375. Observations on Birds at Engineer Cantonment, pp. 376-378. Vol.
II, Troglodytes obsoleta, p. 4 ; Columbafasciata, p. 10 ; Tetrao obscurits, p. 14 ; FringHla
psaltria, F.frontalis, p. 40 ; Hirundo lunifrons, Emberiza amoena, p. 47 ; Tyrannus
vertically, p. 60. ( A 11 good spp. except : S. bifasciata = Dendrceca coerulea ; Limosa
scolopacea, = Macrorhamphus grisaus ; Pelidna pectoralis = Tringa maculata.)

1823. SAY, T. Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky
Mountains. ... 3 vols. 8vo. London. 1823.

An English edition, not handled by me. There are also various other accounts
of Say's zoological matter, which will be found fully cited in this Bibliography.

1823. SCORESBY, W., JR. Journal | of a voyage to the | Northern Whale-

fishery ; | including | researches and discoveries on the eastern
Coast | of | West Greenland, | made in the summer of 1822, in the
ship | Baffin of Liverpool. | By William Scoresby, Junior, | F. R.
S. E., M. W. S. <fec. &c. | Commander. | — | Edinburgh : j printed
for Archibald Constable and Co. Edinburgh: | and Hurst,
Robinson and Co. Cheapside, London. | — | 1823, 1 vol. sm. Hvo.
pp. xliii, 472, maps, and pll. > App. No. III. List of Animals met
with on the Eastern Coast of West Greenland, with Notes and
Memoranda, pp. 416-429. II. Aves, pp. 421, 422.
Annotated list of 17 spp.

1824. [ANON.] Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky-moun-

tains. 1819, 20. compiled by Edwin James, botanist and geologist.
3 Vol. London, 1823. 8. < Oken's /sis, Jahrg. viii, 1824, Litter.
Anzeig., pp. 225-291.

An extended review of Long's Expedition, with copious extracts, and repro-
ducing Say's descriptions of r.ew species in German.— Fringilla grammaca, Sylvia
celatus /, p. 252 ; S. bifasciata, Limosa scolopacea, p. 253 ; Pelidna pectoralis, P.
cinclus var., p. 254. Nominal list of 146 spp., pp. 257-260. Troglodytes obsoleta, p.
271; Columbafasciata, p. 272; Tetrao obscurus, p. 273 ; Fringilla psaltria, p. 273 :
Fringilla frontalis, p. 274; Emberiza amoena, p. 277; Hirundo lunifro'ns, p. 277;
Tyrannus vcrticalis, p. 231.

608 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1824-1825 [43

1824. DESM . . ST, [DESMAREST, A. G.] Ameri can Ornithology or the History
of the birds of the United States, etc. . . par Alex. Wilson. . . .
<Ffruss. Bull, 2e sect., iii, 1824, pp. 77-79.
TJne revue de 1'ouvrage.

1824. SABINE, E. A | Supplement | to | the Appendix of Captain Parry's

Voyage for the | Discovery of a north-west passage, | in the years
1819-20. | Containing | an account of the subjects j of | Natural
History. | — | London ; | John Murray, Albemarle-street. | — j
MDCCCXXIV. 4to. 5 p. 11. each backed blank, pp. clxxxiii-cccx,
with 6 pll.

The copy examined of this Supplement to the Appendix of Parry's First
Voyage is bound together with the Appendix to Parry's Second Voyage. A
good deal of confusion exists in citing the zoological matter of Parry's several
Voyages, and writers may be cautioned that they can hardly be too careful to
say what they mean, and, if possible, to handle the volumes instead of guessing
at second-hand. The present article, as far as the Birds go, is by Capt, E. Sabine ;
it occupies pp. cxciii-ccx, and treats of 32 spp., with descriptive matter, field-
notes, and some little synonymy. It refers to the same collection upon which
was based E. Sabine's Memoir on the Birds of Greenland, in vol. xii of the
Trans. Linn. Soc., 1818, q. v.

1824-25. BONAPARTE, C. L. Observations on the Nomenclature of Wilson's
Ornithology. < Jaurn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. , iii-v, 1824-1825, in sev-
eral parts, published at different times, as follows :— Part 1st : III, ii,
pp. 340-352 (read Mar. 9, pub. Apr. 5, 1824, containing Nos. 1-22 of
Wilson's list in vol. vi of Am. Orn.), pp. 353-371 (read Mar. 9, pub.
Apr. 27, 1824, Noe. 23-58). Part 2d : IV, i, pp. 25-32 (read Mar. 2b,
pub. July, 1824, Nos. 59-69), pp. 33-66 (read Mar. 23, pub. Aug. 1824,
Nos. 70-112). Part 3d : IV, i, pp. 1&3-200 (read Nov. 9, pub. Dec. 1824,
Nos. 113-167). Part 4th : IV, ii, pp. 251-277 (read Nov. 23, 1824, pub.
Feb. 1825, Nos. 168-184, with various Nos. previously treated re-
viewed). Part 5th : V, i, pp. 57-64 (read May 31, pub. July, 18£5, Nos.
185-194), pp. 65-106 (read May 31, pub. Aug. 1825, Nos. 195-227).

Marked "to be continued"; but there is no more of it in this publication. Also
published separately, 1 vol. 8vo, Philadelphia, Finley, 1826— See F&russ. Bull.,iv,
1825,115; vii, 1826, 244, 375 ; xi, 1827, 110.

A critical commentary on 227 of Wilson's species, seriatim,- and as such one of
the most notable and in some respects the most important of early American
papers. Vieillot comes in also for a large share of criticism, chiefly unfavorable
to him. Contains many new identifications and much rectification of synonymy.
Spiza, iv, 45, Hcmipalama, v, 87, genn. nn. No new species are propose J, but
many species her« appear under new combinations of gem ric and specific terms,
and several are renamed specifically for one reason or another, constituting de
jure new species. Such are : Falco wilsonii, iii, 348 ; Turdus wilsonii, iv, 34 ; Icterus
agripennis, iv, 48 ; Fringilla locustella, iv, 51 ; Sylvia pardalina, iv, 179 ; Sylvia
wilsonii, iv, 179 ; Sylvia sphagnosa, iv, 199; Charadrius semipalmatus, v, 98.

1825. BONAPARTE, C. [L.] Descriptions of two new species of Mexican

Birds. < Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1825, pp. 387-390.
Corpus ultramarinus, p. 367 ; Icterus melanicterus, p. 389.

1825. BONAPARTE, C. [L.] Additions to the Ornithology of the United
States. < Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1825, pp. 28-31.

Falco melanopterus. Sylvia palmarum, Cohmba leucocephala, C. zenaida (n. sp.,
p. 30); Rallus gifjantcus (n. sp.,p. 31); Sterna cayana — G spp. collected in Florida
by T. R. Peale.

43]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1825 609

1825. DESM . . ST, [DESMAREST, A. G.] Observations sur la nomenclature
de 1'ornithologie de Wilson ; par Charles Bonaparte. . . < Fdrusa.
Bull, 2« sect., iv, 1825, pp. 115-117.
Extrait. Yoir 1824-25, BONAPARTE, C. L.

1825. MM. LES PROFESSEURS. Extrait D'un Rapport fait a FAdministration
du Musdura par une Commission composed de plusieurs de MM. les
Professeurs, sur les re'sultats de la mission que M. Milbert a remplie"
aux ^tats-Unis d'Ame'rique pendant sept ans (de 1817 a la fin de
1823). < M6m. du Mm. ffHist. Nat., xii, 1825, pp. 18-29.
Oiseaux, 2,000. Voir pp. 21, 23, 29.

1825. RICHARDSON, J. Appendix | to | Captain Parry's Journal | of a |
Second Voyage | for | the discovery of a northwest passage from j
the Atlantic to the Pacific, | performed in | his Majesty's Ships Fury
and Hecla, | in | the years 1821-22-23. | — | Published by authority
of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. | — | London : | John
Murray, | Publisher to the Admiralty and Board of Longitude. | — |
MDCCCXXV. 4to. 2 p. 11., pp. 1-432. > Zoological Appendix.—
No. I. Account of the Quadrupeds and Birds, by John Richardson,
M. D., M. W. S. pp. 287-399.

Birds, pp. 342-379. An extended and formal notice of 38 spp. , with synonymatic,
descriptive, and miscellaneous matter. The page looks wonderfully like that of
the Fauna Boreali- Americana, and doubtless Bichardson drew upon this article
for that work.

1825-33. BONAPARTE, C. L. American | Ornithology ; | or, | The Natural
History | of | Birds inhabiting the United States, | not given by
Wilson. | With figures drawn, engraved, and coloured, from Na-
ture. 1 By | Charles Lucian Bonaparte. | Vol. I [-IV]. | Philadel-
phia : | Carey, Lea, & Carey — Chestnut Street. | London : — John
Miller, 40 Pall Mall. | William Brown, Printer. | 1825 [ 1828, 1828,
1833]. 4 vols. imp. 4to. Vol. 1, 1825, pp. i-vi, 1 1., pp. 1-105, pll. 1-9.
Vol. II, 1828, pp. i-vii, 1 1. , 1-94, pll. 10-15. Vol. Ill, 1828, 2 p. 11., pp.
1-60, pll. 16-21. Vol. IV, 1833, 2 p. 11., pp. 1-142, pll 22-27.

This is a quasi-continuation of Wilson, gotten up in similar style, if not spirit ;
it is united with Wilson by several of the editors of the latter, making a " WiU
son and Bonaparte's " American Ornithology. But the original distinction and
complete separation of the two works must be fully recognized. See Jameson's,
Jardine's and Brewer's "Wilson ", 1831, 1832, 1840.

Vol. 1, 1825.— PI. 1, f. 1, Muscicapa savana,- f. 2, MyiotJicra obsolete/,,- f. 3, Sylvia
chrysoptera ?. PL 2, f. 1, Muscicapa forficata ; f.2, M. verticalis ; f. 3, M. &ayaY
sp. n., p. 20 ; f. 4, Regulus cristatus. P.i. 3, f. 1 <f , 2 $ , Icterus wterocephalus, sp. n. !
(nee L. ; excl. the synonymy here given !), p. 27 ; f. 3, Sylvia maritima <j> . PL 4t
f. 1 cf , 2 ? , Quiscalus major. PL 5, f. 1, Q. versicolor; f. 2, Sylvia celata; f. 3, Frin-
gilla grammaca. PL 6, f. 1 rf, 2 ?, Pyrrhula frontalis; f. 3, Fringilla psaltria ,•
f. 4 9 , F. tristis; f. 5, F. amcena. PL 7, f. 1, Hirun< o luni/rons ; f. 2, Strix cunicu-
laria. PL 8, f. 1, 2, Picus varivs / f. 3, Columbafasciata. PL 9, Meleagris gallopavo.

Vol. II, 1828.— PL 10, f. 1, Falco coopcrii, sp. n., p. 1 ; f. 2, Sylvia palmarum. PL 11,
Falco dispar; f. 2 9, Sylvia azurca. PL 12, Falco cyaneus. PL 13, f. 1, Garnilus
ttdleri; f.2rf, 3 ?, Embeiiza lapponica. PL 14, f. 1, Garrulus floridanw ; f. 2,
Picus tridactylus ; f. 3, Picus erythrocephalus. PL 15, f. 1, Fringilla vespertina,-
f. 2 ?, Fringilla ludoviciana; f. 3 ?, Loxia leucoptera,- f. 4 $, Fringilla cyanea.

VoL III, 1828.— PL 16, f. 1, Cinclus pattasii; f. 2, Bombycilla garrula ,• f. 3 ?,
Pyrrhula enucleator. PL 17, f. 1, Oolumba leucocephala ,• f. 2, C. zcnaida. PL 18 ? ,
Tetrao obscurus. PL 19, T. phasianellug. PL 20, Tetrao canadcnsis tf [this isfrank-
lini .']. PL 21, f. 2, the same, ? . PL 21, f. 1, T. urophasianus (text and number of
figg. on this pi. disagree).

39 B c

610 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1825-1826 [44

1825-33. BONAPARTE, C. L. — Continued.

VoL IV, 1833.— PL 22, Cathartes gryphus. PL 23, f. 1, Ibisfalcinellus ; f. 2, Tringo,
pcctoralis; f. 3, Scolopax giisea. PL 24, f. 1, Phalaropuo wilsonii ; f. 2, Tr.nga
schinzii; f. 3, Charadrius melodus. PL 25. f. 1, Phalaropus wilsoni juv. ; f. 2, P.
hyperboreus ; f. 3, Tringa himantopus; f. 4, Charadrius semipilmatus. PL 26,
f. l,Ardea pealii; f.^Aramus scolopaceus; f. 3, Numenius borealis. PL 27, f. 1,
Gallinula galeata ; f. 2, Eallus noveboracensis.

1826. [ANON.] Vogel von Gronland, von E. Sabine, beobacbtet im Jahr
1818. < Oken's Ms, Jahrg. x, 1826, pp. 97-99.

Aus Linn. Trans., xii, pt. ii, pp. 527-559, q. v., 1818. „ Synonymie und Beschrei-
bungen sind sehr ausfiihrlich ; wir geben nur den Auszug."

1826. BONAPARTE, C. L. [Catalogue of tbe Birds of tbe United States, etc.]
"8vo, London, 1826."

Not seen. If tbero is any such tract, it must bo a mere reissue, or different
imprint, of one given elsewhere.

1826. BONAPARTE, C. L. [Comparative Catalogue, in parallel columns, of
tbe Birds of Rome and Philadelphia.] " 8vo, London, 1826."
Not seen. Is there any such tract ? Compare beyond, 1827-32.

1826. BONAPARTE, C. L. Observations | on the | Nomenclature j of | Wil-
son's Ornithology. | — j By Charles Lucian Bonaparte. | — | Phila-
delphia: | Published by Anthony Finley. | — | 1826. 1vol. 8 vo. 125
unpaged 11.

Reissued, -without pagination, from the Journ. Phila. Acad., which see, 1824-25.
The observations relate to 278 spp. of Wilson's; 119 of Wilson's rames are
changed ; only 8 of his species are rejected as nominal. Bonaparte here raises
the total number of United States species to 360, which he disposes in 80 genera.

1826. DESM . . . ST, [DESMAREST, A. G.] American ornithology or the nat-
ural history of the Birds etc. . . . par Charles Lucien Bonaparte.
Tom. 1 . . . < F&U88. Bull., 2e sect., vii, 1826, pp. 100, 101.
Revue dn tome ler de cet ouvrage.

1826. LESSON, [R.] P. Observations sur la nomenclature de 1'Ornithologie
de Wilson ; par Charles Bonaparte. ... <C Ffrws. Bull., 2e sect.,
vii, 1826, pp. 244, 245.
Journ. Acad. Phila., iv, 1824-25, q. v.

1826. LESS[ON, R. P.] Observations sur la nomenclature de 1'Ornithologie
de Wilson ; par Ch. Bonaparte. . . . < Ftruss. Bull, 2* sect., vii,
1826, p. 375.
Journ. Acad. Phila., v, 1825, q. v.

1626. LESS[ON, R. P.] Supplement to the American Ornithology, . . : par
George Ord. . . . < Ffrms. Bull., 2e sect., vii, 1826, pp. 438-440.

1826. Ross, J. C. Journal | of a | Third Voyage for the discovery of a |
North-west Passage | from the Atlantic to the Pacific ; | performed in
the years 1824-25, | in His Majesty's Ships | Hecla and Fury, | under
the orders of | Captain William Edward Parry, R. N., F. R. S., | and
commander of the expedition. | — | Illustrated by plates and
charts. | — | Published by authority of the Lords Commissioners |
of the Admiralty. | — | London : | — | John Murray, | publisher to
the Admiralty, and Board of Longitude. | — | MDCCCXXVI. 1 vol.
4to. pp. i-xxviii, 1-186,1 1.,- 1-151, maps, pll., and woodcc. ^Ap-
pendix. Zoology. By Lieut. James Clark Ross. Birds, pp. 96
(&is)-108 (bis).
A formal treatise ; synonymy and field-notes on 29 spp. of birds.

45]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 182? 611

1827. [ANON.] Mr. Audubon's Ornithology of the United States of America.

< Edinb. Journ. Sci., vi, 1827, p. 184.
A short anticipatory notice.

1827. BONAPARTE, C. L. Catalogue of the Birds of the United States, sys-
tematically arranged in Orders, Families, Genera, and Subgenera.

< Contrib. Maclurian Lye. Arts and Sci., i, 1827, pp. 8-34.

Nominal list of 362 species under 81 genera, 28 families, 5 orders, with some
little synonymy and a few notes.

1827. BUONAPARTE, C. L. Supplement to the Genera of North American
Birds, and to the Synopsis of the Species found within the territory
of the United States. < Zoological Journ., iii, 1827, pp. 49-53.

The number of genera named raised from 80 to 83 ; of species to 366.— Phaleri.8
cerorhynca (sic), p. 53, sp. n.

1827. LESSON, [R. P.] Addition a 1'ornithologie des Etats-Unis ; par Ch.
Bonaparte. . . . < JFVfru**. Bull, 2« sect., x, 1827, pp. 399-400.
Journ. Phila. Acad., 1825, p. 28.

1827. LESSON, [R. P.] Genera des Oiseaux de l'Ame"rique-Septentrionale, et
Synopsis des especes . . . j par Charles Lucien Bonaparte. . . .

< Ffrusa. Bull., 2e sect., xi, 1827, pp. 108-110.
Precis de cet ouvrage : Ann. N. Y. Lye., voL ii, p. 7.

1827. LESSON, [R. P.] Observations on the nomenclature of Wilson's Orni-
thology . . .; par Charles-Luoien Bonaparte. . . . <^F6rw8. Bull.,
2° sect., xi, 1827, pp. 110, 111.

Seulement une notice de son article : Journ. Phila. Acad.

1827. LESSON, [R. P.] Genera des oiseaux du nord de l'Ame"riqne et Sy-
nopsis des especes qui vivent aux Etats-Unis ; par Charles-Lucien
Bonaparte. . . . < Feruss. Bull, 2e sect., xii, 1827, pp. 337, 338.
Analyse de son travail : Ann. Lye. N. Y., ii, p. 101.

1827. SWAINSON, W. A Synopsis of the Birds discovered in Mexico by W.
Bullock, F. L. S. and H. S., and Mr. William Bullock, jun. < Philos.
Mag., i, 1^27, pp. 364-369, 433-442.

Important from the number of new species described ; 101 species in all arc
given. The descriptions of the new ones are all short, and in many cases insuf-
ficient ; they have given much trouble. A large number of new genera are also
here named, bat not characterized ; these names actually anticipate in point of
date (May and June) their publication with characters in Zool. Journ., Xo. 10
(which is here referred to, before its publication), but the year is the same (1827),
and they are generally accredited to the latter journal. Hirundo melanogaster,
H. thalassinus, PlatyrhyncTius pusillus, p. 3(i6 ; Tyrannula (g. n.) obscura, T. affl-
nis, T. barbirostris (not Mexican, but West Indian), T. nigricans, T. pallida, p.
367; T. musica, Setophaga (g. n.) miniata, S. rubra, Ptiliogonys (g. n.) cincreus,
Cinclus mexicanus, p. 368; Merula flamrostris, M. triatis, M. silens, Orpheus (g. n.)
curvirostris, O. ccerulescens, Seiurus (g. n.) tenuirostris. Sialia (g. n ) azurea (descr.
nulld), p. 369; Trichas (g. n.) personalus (renaming of old sp.),p. 433; Sylvicola
(g. n., p. 433) inornata, Vermivcra (g. n.), Pipilo macronyx, P. maculata, P. fusca,
P. rufescens, p. 434 ; Ammodramus (sr. n.) bimazulatus, Chondestes (g. n ) strigatus,
Fringilla cinerea, Carduelis mexicanus, Dolichonyx (g. n.), p. 435; AgcJaus (sic)
(g. n.) lonyipes, Xctnthornus bullockii, Cassiculusfa.n.) coronatua, Icterus cucullatun,
p. 436 ; Scaphidurus (g. n.)palu^tris, Garrulus sordid-its, O. coronatus, Pica formosa,
Spcrmaj^a (g. n.) erythrocephala, p. 437 ; Pyranga livida, P. hepatica. P. bidentata,
Tiaris (jr. n.) pusillus, Guiraca (g. n.) melanocephala, Pxittacus leuccrhynchus, p.
438; Macrocercuspachyrhynchus, Picufiform'civorua, P. dcyans, P. albifrons, p. 439;

612 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§27-1§2§ [46

1827. SWAINSON, W. — Continued.

Colaptes (g. n.) mexicanus, Xiphorhynchus (g. n.) leucogaster, O. flavigaster, Oxy-
glossus (g. n.) maculatus, Ouculus maculatus, Crotophaga sulcirostris, Trogon mexi-
canus,p. 440; Trochilus fulgens, T. thalassinus, T. melanotus, T. platyccrcus, Cynan-
thus (g. n.) latirontris, O. bifurcatutt, C. minimus, p. 441 ; 0. lucifcr, Lampornis (g.
n.) amethystinus, Momotus mexicanus, p. 442, spp. nn. For all the new genera,
excepting Scaphidurus, which is simply proposed as a substitute for Quiscalus,
preoccupied in botany, reference is made to the then still unpublished No. 10 of
Zool. Journ.for 1827.

1827-32. BONAPARTE, C. L. Specchio comparative delle Ornitologie di
Roma e di Filadelfia. 8vo. Pisa, Nistri, 1827. — Supplement© alia
Specchio comparative, etc. 1832.
Not seen— cited from BAIRD.

1827-38. AUDUBON, J. J. The | Birds of America ; | from Original Draw-
ings | By John James Audubon, | [etc., etc.] | London. | Published
by the Author. [Mut. mut.] 4 vols., double elephant folio, size
about 38 X 28 inches. Vol. I, 1827-1830, title-leaf and Plates I-C.
Vol. II, 1831-1834, title-leaf and Plates CI-CC. Vol. Ill, 1834-1835,
title-loaf and Plates CCI-CCC. Vol. IIII, title-leaf and Plates
CCCI-CCCCXXXV. 435 colored plates (1065 figures).

Originally published in 87 parts, supposed to be of 5 pll. each ( = 435 pll.),
during the years specified ; subsequently bound in 4 vols., each furnished with
a title-leaf, but no other tost. More strict tf ates of some of the earlier parts are : —
Parts i-v, pll. 1-25, 1827. Parts vi-x, pll. 26-50, 1828. Parts xi-xv, pll. 51-75, 1829.
Parts xvi-xx, pll. 76-100, 1830. The series was completed June 20,1838. "The
plates were published without any text, to avoid the necessity of furnishing
copies gratis to the public libraries in England, agreeably to the laws of copy-
right. Triibner, p. 174, quotes the work with plain plates. I have never seen one
in that condition. Owing to the destruction by fire of the stock and copper-
plates the work has become extremely rare, and even small sections command
high prices" (Sabin). A perfect copy now fetches about $1,000. Purchasers
should see that the size is not. much, if any, less than above given, otherwise
the Turkey's head may be trimmed off. There are some defective copies of the
original in the market, containing selections of some of the smaller plates, or
with some of the larger ones folded or mutilated, or lacking title-leaf, etc. There
is a late smaller folio ed. of 1861, containing only 140 pll., to be carefully distin-
guished from the original.

This is by far the most sumptuous ornithological work ever published. The
accompanying text, entitled "Ornithological Biography", etc., is in 5 large 8vo
vols., 1831-1839, q. v.

1828. AUDUBON, J. J. Account of the Method of Drawing Birds employed

by J. J. Audubon, Esq. F. R. S. E. < Edinb. Journ. Sd., viii, 1828,
pp. 48-54.

1828. BONAPARTE, C. L. The Genera of North American Birds, and a Synopsis
of the Species found within the territory of the United States;
systematically arranged in Orders and Families. <[ Ann. Lye.
Nat. Hist. New York, ii, 1828, pp. 7-128, 293-451. (Read Jan. 24,
1826.)

This is the ostensible date, being that of the completed volume of the Annals;
and the separate issue of the paper is also dated 1828. But it is certain that the
paper, or parts of it, appeared earlier, for iris reviewed iu Ferussac's Bid etm, 1827.
The actual date, of a part of the paper at least, is probably Ib26 ; but my efforts
to fix it with precision have been nn availing.

A notable article, occupying the greater part of the volume. 382 spp. ; charac-
ters of the higher groups as well as of the species ; synonymy and much miscel-
laneous critical matter ; distribution, and notes on habits. An Appendix (pp.

47]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1828-1829 613

1828. BONAPARTE, C. L.— Continued.

433-451) retraces the ground, giving additional particulars. Accounts of various
species, not North American, are interpolated. I find no new specific names in
these articles, Bonaparte's new species having been just previously character-
ized. Cerorhinca, g. n., p. 4J7. The article was republished in one vol. 8vo, New
York, Seymour, 1828.

1828. BONAPARTE, C. L. The Genera of North American Birds. ... By
Charles Lucian Bonaparte. 1 vol. 8vo. New York, Seymour, 1828.
pp. 1-12H, 293-451.

Not seen. — The work commonly quoted as " Bonaparte's Synopsis " ; consisting
of his paper in the Ann. Lye. N. Y., separately issued, without repagination.

1828. BONAPARTE, C. L. Further Additions to the Ornithology of the
United States ; and Observations on the Nomenclature of certain
Species. < Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, ii, 1828, pp. 154-161.
(Read Nov. 6, 1826.)

Ardea pealii. p. 154 (Florida); Tringa himantopus, p. 157 (New Jersey), spp.
nn. Allied species treated for comparison. Synopsis of the genus Phalaropus.

1828. LESSON, [R. P.] Genera des Oiseaux du Nord de VAme'rique, et

Synopsis des especes qui vivent aux fitats-Unis; par Charles-
Lucien Bonaparte. . . . <F£rMas.JBjtM.,2esect.,xiii, 1828, pp. 122-125.
"Dans un premier article, nous avons presente les especes decrites par M.
Ch. B. ; dans celui-ci, nous reunirons celles que cet auteur signals comme nou-
velles, ou comme ayant ete mal d6crites ou peu connues."— 18 espdces.

1828. LESSON, [R. P.] Birds of America from drawings made during a resi-
dence of twenty-five years in the United States and its territories.
. . . par John James Audubon. < .Ferns*. Bull., 2e sect., xv, 1828,
pp. 301-303.
TJne courte notice du commencement do I'ouvrage.

1828-29. WILSON, A. (ed. ORD, G.) American Ornithology ; | or, | the Natural
History | of the | Birds of the United States. | Illustrated with
plates | engraved and coloured from original drawings taken | from
nature. | By Alexander Wilson. | — | With a sketch of the author's
life, | by George Ord, F. L. S. &c. | — | In three vols.— Vol. I [-III].
| — | Published by Collins &, Co., New York, | and | Harrison
Hall, Philadelphia. | 1828 [1829]. 3 vols. 8vo. Vol. I, pp. i-cxcix,
1-231, 1828 ; II, 1828 ; III, 1829. With a folio atlas of 76 pll., 1829.

In this edition, which consists of three 8vo. vols. of text and one folio atlas, the
species are rearranged in systematic order, with synonymy and references to the
plates. The preliminary matter consists of contents (pp. iii, iv), editor's preface
(pp. v, vi), preface to life of "Wilson (pp. vi-viii),and Ord's sketch of the author's
life (pp. ix-cxcix). It does not appear who was the editor. The text appears to
be that of the original in full, and many notes, some of them signed 'G. Ord', are
interpolated.— The folio atlas has no text except the title .-—American Orni-
thology; | or, | the Natural History | of the | Birds of the United States. | — | By
Alexander Wilson. I Plates | Engraved and Coloured from Original Drawings
taken from Nature. | — | Published by Collins & Co. New York, | and | Harri-
son Hall, Philadelphia. | 1829. It consists of 76 colored plates. This is the editio
princeps ( 1 What was a " 3 vol. 4to ed. Phila. 1824-1828 " ?) of " OBD'S Wilson " ;
there are later issues of the same.

1829. [ANON.] Sur les oiseaux chanteurs de l'Ame"rique [du nord] ; par

M. Rennie. ... < Fdmss. Bull, 2e sect., xviii, 1829, p. 454.

Extrait du Magaz. Nat. Hist., mars 1829, pp. 414-421.

1829. COMMITTEE. Report of a committee appointed by the Lyceum of Nat-
*ral History af [sic] New York to examine the splendid work of Mr.

614 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1829-lSdl [48

1829. COMMITTEE. — Continued.

Audubon upon the Birds of North America. May, 1829. < Sillim.

Am. Journ. Sti., xvi, 1829, pp. 353, 354.
1829. DOUGLAS, D. Observations on some Species of the Genera Tetrao and

Ortyx, natives of North America; with Descriptions of Four new

Species of the former, and Two of the latter Genus. < Trans. Linn.

Soc., xvi, 1829, pp. 133-149. ("Read" Dec. 16, 1828. Published

in 1829. Whole vol. dated 1833.)
Tetrao urophasianus, p. 133 (not new ; see BP., Zool. Journ., iii, 212) ; T. uropha-

sianellus, p. 136 ; T. sabini, p. 137 ; T. franklinii, p. 139; T. richardsonii ("Sabine

MSS."), p. 141 ; Ortyx picta, p. 143; O. douglassii (" Vigors MSS."), p. 145, spp. nn.

1829. DOUGLAS, D. Observations on some species of the Genera Tetrao and
Ortyx, natives of North America, with descriptions of four [lately]
new species of the former, and two of the latter genus. <[ Philos.
Mag., v, 1829, pp. 73, 74.
From Trans. Linn. Soc., xvi, 1829, pp. 133-149, q. v.

1829. RENNIE, J. Sketches of Twenty-four [North] American Song Birds.

< London's Mag. Nat. Hist., i, 1829, pp. 414-421.

In evidence against a prejudice of their inferiority as songsters.

1829. SWAINSON, W. Some Account of the Work now publishing by M.
Audubon, entitled The Birds of America. < London's Mag. Nat.
Hist., i, 1829, pp. 43-52, figg. 19,20.
Highly commendatory.

1829. VIGORS, N. A. On some species of Birds from the North-west Coast of

America. < Zool. Journ., iv, Oct. 1828— Jan. 1829 (1829), pp. 352-358.
A sub-head of Art. XLVII, "Sketches in Ornithology, &c.", p. 345.— Birds of
Beechey's Voyage. Pica beecheii, Pica collieii, p. 353; Coccothraustes ferreo-
rostris, Picus icapularis, Colaptes collar-is, Ortyx douglasii, p. 354 ; Streps-Has
tnelanocephalus, Numenius rufiventris, Recurv^rostra occidentalis, p. 356 ; Anas
urophasianus, Uria brevirostris, p. 357 ; Fratercula carinata, Larus beJaheri, p. 358,
spp. nn.

1830. BONAPARTE, C. L. Nachtrag zu den nordaniericanischen Vogeln.

< Oken's Isis, Bd. xxiii, 1830, p. 1068.
Aus d. Zool. Journ., iii, 1827, pp. 49-53, q. v.

1830. DOUGLAS, D. Ueber einige nordamericanische Ga.ttuugen von Tetrao
u. Ortyx. < Oken's Ms, Bd. xxiii, 1830, pp. 917-921 .
Uebersetzt aus d. Linn. Trans., xvi, 1829, pp. 133-149, q. v.

1830. LESSON, [R. P.] Observations surquelquesespecesdes genres Tetrao

et Ortyx, de PAme'rique septentrionale, . . . par M. David
Douglas. . . . < Feruss. Bull., 2e sect., xx, 1830, pp. 326-331.
Les descriptions originales se trouvent r6produites ici. Voir 1829, DOUGLAS, D.

1831. [ANON.] Ueber einige Vogelgattungen von den nordwestkuste von

America. < Oken's Isis, Bd. xxiv, 1831, pp. 218-220.

Zool. Journ., iv, 1829, pp. 352-358; vergl. 1829, VIGORS, N. A.

1831. [EDITOR.] Compendium of American Ornithology, by Thomas Nut-
tall, A. M., F. L. S., &c. <Sillim.Am. Journ. Sci., xx, 1831, pp. 154, 155.

Announcement of the work.

1831. LESS[ON, R. P.] Les genres des oiseaux du nord de 1'Arne'rique, avec
un synopsis dcs especes qui vivent sur la territoire des Stats-Unis;
par Charles-Lucien Bonaparte. < Feruss. Bull., 2e sect., 1831, pp. — .

Tin tableau des families, des genres et des especes, en commenc.ant au 4e ordre,
aux Grallos ou fichassiers, tire des Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1827, pp. 293 et suiv.

49]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1831 615

1831. " ORNITHOPHILUS." [SwAiN3ON,W.f] Remarks on Audubon- a "Birds
of America," and tl Ornithological Biography." <^Edinb. New Philoa.
Journ., x, 1831, pp. 317-332.

A very elaborate and extended review, intended to be impartially critical, and
evincing a very just appreciation of the great work.

(1811) 1831. PALLAS, P. S. Zoographia | Rosso-Asiatica, | sistens | omnium
auimalium | in extenso Imperio Rossico | et | adjacentibus maribus
observatorum | recensionein, domicilia, mores et descriptiones, | ana-
tomen atque icones plurimorum. | Auctore | Petro Pallas, | Eq.
Aur. Academico Petropolitano. | — | Volumen primum [secun-
dum]. | — | — | Petropoli | in officina Caes. Academies Scientiarum
impress. MDCCCXI. | Edit. MDCCCXXXI. | 3 vols. 4to (with folio
atlas?). Vol.1. > Imperil Rossici | Aves. | — | Pars prinia. pp.
297-568, pll. 9. Vol. II. Imperil Rossici | Aves. | — | Pars altera.
pp. vii, 374, pll. 15.

This celebrated work is differently quoted at 1811 and 1831 ; but, as it clearly
appears upon the title-page that it was not published until 1831, though printed
in 1811, the later date must be taken as that of the introduction of the new
species, what'ever may have been the actual opportunities for consulting and
quoting the pages during the twenty years they remained ined. The title-page
sufficiently indicates the scope of this general systematic account of the birds of
the Asiatic-Russian Empire, 425 in number. In consequence of the previous
writings of this author covering much the same ground, it is difficult to say
which are the new names of this work. The following are figured on the (un-
numbered) 4to colored plates accompanying:— (Vol. I.) Stryx barbata, p. 318;
Aquila pelagica, p. 343 ; Corvus dauricus, p. 387 ; C.cyanus, p. 391 ; Turdusfuscatus,
p. 451 ; T. ruficollis, p. 452 ; Muscicapa albidlla, p. 462 ; Motadlla cyanura, p. 490 ;
Alauda mongolica, p. 516 ; Hirundo alpestris, p. 534. (Vol. II.) Passer puaillus, p.
28 ; P. roseus, p. 42 ; Emberiza fuscata <f $ , p. 41 ; E. rustica, p. 43 ; E. coronata, p.
44; E. chrysophrys, p. 46; E. chrysops, p. 45; Tetrao arenaria, p. 73; T.caucasica,
p. 76 ; Charadrius caspius, p. 136 ; Trynga giareola, p. 194 ; Anser cynoides ferus, <•
p. 218; A. hyperboreus, p. 227; A. pictus, p. 233; Phalacrocorax pygmceus, p. 300;
Larus niveus, p. 320 ; Cepphus perdix, p. 351.

The following are the references to plates given in the text ( ? to the folio atlas
accompanying the work, not seen by me; it is quoted as fa*c. 1-6, Petrop. 1834-
1842, fol.):— PL i, Stryx doliata. ii, S. barbata. ii\,Falcogyrfalco. iv, v, F. peregri-
nus. vi, F. vespertinus. vii, jP. aesalon. viii, Aquila nobilis. —1 A.pelagica. x,
Accipiter lagopus. xi, A. a-atur. xii, A. nisus. xiii, Vultur barbatus. xiv, V.
tneleagris. xv, Corvus dauricus. xvi, C. cyanus. xvii, C. stetteri. xviii, Sturnus
cinclus. xix, Xanthornus caucasicus. — ? Merops per&ica, xxi, Tardus leucocellus.
xxii ("xii"), T.fuscatus. xxiii, T. ruficollis. xxiv, A. muscicapa grisola. — ? fig.

1, M. albidlla. xxv, Motacdla rubicola. xxvi, M. montanella. xxvi, f. 1, M. cyanea.
xxvii, M. aurorea. xxviii, M . leucomela. xxix, M. calliope, xxx, f. 1, M. cyanura.
xxiv, f. 2, M. melanope. xxxi, M. citrinella. xxxii, Alauda tartarica. xxxiii, f . 2,
A. leucoptera. xxx, f. 2, Hirundo alpestris. — ? Paruy cyanus. xxxiv, f. 2, P. pa-
lustris. xxxvi, Pyrrhula erythrina. xxxvii, P. caudata. xxxviii, Passer carduelis.
xxxix, P. calcaratus. xl, xii, P. arctous. xlii, P. roseu*. xliii, f. 1, P. pusillus. f.

2, Emberizd hyperborea. xliv, E. pithyonds. xlv, E. da. xlvi, E. fucata. xlvii,
f.l,E.pusilla. f.2,E.rust;ca. xlviii,f. I.E. chryg'ps. f. 2, E chrysophrys. xlix,
f. 1, E. pyrrhuloides. f . 2, E. spodocephala. I, E. aureola. li,E.rutila. Hi, Tetrao
tetrix. **, T. caucaaica. liv, Grus Icucogeranus. Iv, Ardea comcta. Ivi, Cliara-
drius gregarius. Ivii, C. morinellus. Iviii, C. caspius. lix, C. hypomelanun. Ixi,
Trynga salina. — ? Trynga cinclus. Ixii, Ihalaropus rvficdhs. Ixiii, P. rufux.
1 xiv, Anser cygnoidex. Ixv, A. hyperboreus. "Ixvii" (=lxvi?), Anxer ruficuLis.
Ixvii, A.pictus. lx\-u},Anassteileri. Ixix, A. rufina. Ixx, A.falcata. l\Ki,A.glO'
dtans. Ixxii, A. hyemalis. Ixxiii, A. mersa. Ixiv, f. 1, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus.
Ixv, f. 2, P. bicristatus. \x.xv\,P.pelagicus. Ixxvi, Larus niveus. Ixx vii, L. ict, thy-

616 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1831 [50

(1811) 1831. PALLAS, P. S.— Continued.

aetus. Ixxviii, Sterna caspia. Ixxx, Gepphus perdix. Ixxxii, Lunda cirrhata.
Ixxxiii, Lunda arctica. Ixxxiv, Lunda psittacula. Ixxxv, "Uria senicula. Ixxxvi,
Z7. cristutella. Ixxxvii, Z7. dubia. Ixxxviii, U. tetracula. Ixxxix, U. mystacea.
xc, V. pusilla.—l cannot resolve the uncertainty about these plates and should
be thankful for information. They are said to have appeared (some or all of
them), and I have seen them quoted as "Icones ad Zoographiaiu Rosso-Asiati-
cam, fasc. i-vii, 1834 et seq."

1831. RICHARDSON, J. [Exhibition of New Species of Birds from. British
America, about to be described in the forthcoming ' Fauna Boreali-
Americana'.] < P. Z. S., i, 1831, p. 132.
Twenty-three species ; names only.

1831. SWAINSON, W., and RICHARDSON, J. Fauna | Boreali-Americana ; | or
the j Zoology | of the | northern parts | of | British America : | con-
taining | descriptions of the objects of natural history collected
by the late northern land | expeditions under command of Captain
Sir John Franklin, R. N. | Part Second, | The Birds. | By William
Swainson, Esq., F. R. S., F. L. S., | honorary or corresponding mem-
ber of several foreign societies. | And John Richardson, M. D., F. R.
S., F. L. S., | member of the geographical and zoological societies of
London, of the Wernerian natural history society of Edinburgh, of
the | literary and historical society of Quebec, and foreign member
of the geographical society of Paris, | Surgeon and Naturalist to
the Expeditions. | — | Illustrated by numerous plates and wood-
cuts. | — | Published under the authority of the right honourable
the Secretary of State | for colonial affairs. | — | London : | John
Murray, Albemarle-street. | — | MDCCCXXXI. 1 vol. 4to. pp.
lxvi,524, pll. 24-73 (cont. from vol.1), and 41 woodcc.

The influence which this work exerted cannot well be overstated. It occu-
pied in the present century the place previously filled by the works of Edwards,
Forster, Pennant, and Latham, so far as the birds of America north of 49° N.
lat. are concerned; for forty years following its publication, it was the chief
source of inspiration of numberless writers upon the same subject, and it con-
tinues to be a standard authority. The book has considerable unwritten his-
tory, touching its joint-authorship and (some other matters, scraps of which
have come to the surface, as, for instance, in a passage of the memorable contro-
versy between Mr. Swainson and N. A. Vigors ; but Dr. Richardson's policy
seems to have always kept the surface smooth, whatever went on underneath.

The work has a twofold character — it is an account of the Birds of the Fur
Countries, interspersed with contributions from Mr. Swainson to general orni-
thology—the latter in the shape of disquisitions, foreign to the scope "and
purpose of the book, upon the quinary, miscalled the natural, system; wildly
speculative articles which, though in the fashion at the time, add considerably to
the bulk of the volume without perceptibly increasing its value, and are chiefly
noticed now because they include several new tenable generic names.

Dr. Richardson's Introduction (pp. i-xl), constituting a treatise by itself, opens
with a historical sketch of the subject. The collectiois made on the Arctic
coasts during the voyages of Ross and Parry are described along with those
made in the interior on the Franklin expeditions which Tr. Richardson accom
panied. The circumstances under which the latter were made arc detailed, and
the general character of the avifauna ia sketched. Various elaborate tables
follow, displaying the several categories of species, their movements, etc. The
remainder of the Introduction is occupied by Mr. Swaiuson, more suo; the Pre-
face is from the same hand, though it is less distinctively quinarian. The body
of the work treats formally of 238 species, giving detailed descriptions, miscel-

51]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§31 617

1831. SWAINSON, W.,and RICHARDSON, J. — Continued.

laneons biographical items, and considerable synonymy, together with the fcr-
eiga disquisitions above commented upon, which are discontinued, however-, at
page 342. The nomenclature, as well as the classification, appears to bo Mr.
Swainson's for the land birds; for the rest, Temminck's Manual is followed.
The minute descriptions suffice for the identification of nearly every species of
the work, while Swainsou's plates have long been famous for their faithfulness
both in drawing and coloring , copies vary, however, in the latter respect

The following appear to be new names (some of extralimital species), de-
scribed for the moat part by Mr. Swainson, some being, however, by Dr. Rich-
ardson, and two or three by the authors conjointly :— Accipiter mexicanus, p. 45;
Buteo (Circus) cyaneusf var.f Americanus, p. 55; Lanius excubitorides, p. 115;
L. elegans, p. 122 ; Tyrannus borealis, p. 141 ; Tyrannula, pusilla, p. 144 ; T. richard-
aoni, p. 146 ; Oinclus Americanus, p. 173 [altered name from C. mexicanus of 1827] ;
Orpheus meruloides, p. 187 [renamed from confessedly beforenamed species] ;
Sialia mexicana, p. 202; Erythaca (Sialia) arctica, p. 209 ; Vireo Bartramii, p. 235 ;
V, longirostris, p. 237 ; Emberiza (Plectrophanes) picta, p. 250 ; Emberiza pallida,
p. 251 ; Pyrgita (Pipilo) arctica, p. 260 ; Linaria (Leucosticte) tephrocotis, p. 265 ;
Garrulusbrachyrynchus,'p.2d6; Picus auduboni, p. 306 ', Picus (Apternus) arcticus,
p. 313; Tetrao Franklinii, p. 348 ; Tetrao (Lagopus) leucurus, p. 356 ; Tringa Don-
glasii, p. 379 ; Limosa Edwardsii, p. 398 ; Scolopax Drummondii, S. Dovglasii, and
8. Braziliensis, p. 400 ; Larus Hutchinsii, p. 419 (note) ; L. zonorhynchus, p. 421 ;
L. brachyrhynchus, p. 422; L. Franklinii, p. 424; L. Bonapartii, p. 425; Lestris
Richardsonii, p. 433; Oidemia americana, p. 450 ; Cygnus buccinator, p. 464 ; Anser
Hutchiwii, p. 470 ; Pelecanus (Carbo) dilophus, p. 473.

The work closes with two appendices by Mr. Swainson, in which a number
of new genera and other groups are characterized. Appendix No. 1, "Charac-
ters of genera and sub-genera hitherto undefined," pp. 481-497. New generic
names, many of which were, however, used in earlier pages of the work, are
ostensibly as follows (but all of them are not actually new here) -.—Telophorus,
Laniellus, p. 481 ; Platylophus, Teprodornis, Analcipus, p. 482; Erucivora, Oxynotus,
p. 483; Saurophagus, Tyrannula, p. 484; Brachypus, Andrnpadus, Hcematomis,
p. 485; Micropus, Phyllastrephus, JDasyccphala, Chaetops, p. 486 (C. Burchelli,
n. s., p. 487) ; Pellorneum (P. ruficeps, n. s.), Crateropus, p. 487; Aipuneinia, Ery-
thaca, p. 483 ; Phcenicura, Thamnobia, Dumecola (D. ruficauda, n. s.), p. 489 ; Pari-
soma, Lessonia, Leiothrix, p. 4'JO; Pteruthius, Calyptura, Metopia, Phcenicircus,
p. 91; Chrysopteryx (C. erythrorhynchus, n. s.), Laniisoma, Eopsaltria, p. 492;
Zonotrichia, Leucosticte, p. 493; Scaphidurus, Scolecophagus, Molothrus, p. 494;
Dysornithia, Cyanurus (u, composite group, embracing several more recent gen-
eric forms ; no type named, C. cristatus mentioned first), Anthreptes, p. 495 ; Selas-
phorus, Ohordeiles, Centrocercus, p. 496 ; Lyrurus, Dendronessa, p. 497. Appendix
No. II, pp. 498-501, discusses aflinities.and presents Scolopax leucurus, sp. n., p. 501.

The plates, mainly representing new species, are as follows (they are not
bound consecutively) :— 24, Falco sparverius; 25, F. aesalon,- 26, Accipiter (Astur)
palumbarius ; 27, Buteo vulgaris ; 28, B. lagopus ; 29, Circus cyaneus var. Ameri-
canus ; 30, Bubo arcticus ; 31, Strix cinerea ; 32, S. tengmalmi ; 33, Lanius borealis ;
34, L. excubitorides ; 35, Tyrannus borealis; 36,Merula, minor,- 37, Merula solita-
ria [marked "35"]; 38, Orpheus meruloiries; 39, Erythaca (Sialia) arctica; 40,
Sylvicola maculosa ; 41, Sylvicola petechia ; 42, Sylvicola (Termivora) rubricapilla,
np. fig., and S. (F.) per<grina, low. fig.; 43, Seiurus aquatints ,- 44, Anthus aquati-
cus; 45, Tyrannula say a ; 46, T. pusilla, up. fig., T. richardsonii, low. fig.; 47, Scto-
phaga Bonapartii; 48, Plectrophanes lappoi,ica ,- 49, P. picta; 50, Linaria tephro-
cotis ; 51, Pyrgita (Pipilo) arctica cf; 52, eadem, $; 53, Pyrrhula (Corythus) em-
flcator ; 54, Garrulus stelleri ; 55, <?. brachyrhynchus ; 56, Picus tridzctylus ; 57.
P. arcticus ; 58, Centrocercus urophanianus ; 59, Tetrao obscuru»- cf ; 60, idem, $ ;
61, T. Franklinii, marked T. " canadensis cf"; 60, T. canadeusis $; 63, Lagopus
leucurus; 64, L. rupestris ; 65,Numeniui borealis; 66, Tringa Douglasii; 67, To-
tanus semipalmatas ,- 68, Coccothraustes vespcrtina, ; 69, Phalaropus Wilsonii ,- 70,
Clangula Barrovii ; 71, Larus Franklinii ; 72, L. Bonapartii; 73, Lcntris Richo.rd-
sonii.

618 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1831 [52

1831. WAGLER, J* Einige Mittheilungen iiber Thiere Mexicos. < Ofaw's
Isis, Bd. xxiv, 1831, pp. 510-535.

II, Aves, pp. 515-533, 74 spp. Larus pipixcan, p. 515 ; Parra gjmnostoma, p. 517 ;
Fulica iKicopyga, p. 518 ; Columba flavirostris, p. 519 ; Scolopax trachydactyla, p.
521 ; Phalaropus atenodactylus, p. 523 ; Geococcyx variegata (— Cuculus viaticus
Licht, Mns. Berol.), p. 524 ; Fringilla haemorrh' a (Licht., M. B.) ; F. xanthoma-
schalis, p. 525; Atlapetes (g. n.) pileatus, lunco phaeonotus, p. 526; Corwus cacalotl,
p. 527 ; Toxostoma (g. n.) vetula, p. 528 ; Muscicapa vulnerata, p. 5C9 ; Alauda chry-
solaema,p.530; Ardealessonii,p. 531, spp. nn. Sowie O^srujicollin^p. 520, sp. n.,
aus Sudafrika.

1831. WILSON, A., and BONAPARTE, C. L. (ed. JAMESON, R.) American
Ornithology; | or the | Natural History | of | the Birds of the United
States. | By Alexander Wilson, | and Charles Lucian Bonaparte. |
Edited by Robert Jameson, Esq. F. R. S. E. & L. F. L. S. M. W. S. |
Regius Professor of Natural History in the University | of Edin-
burgh, &c. | In four volumes. | Vol. I [-IV"]. | Edinburgh: |
Printed for Constable and Co. Edinburgh ; | and Hurst, Chance, and
Co. London. | 1831. 4 vols. 18mo. Vol. I, pp. xcvi, 271. Vol. II, pp.
ix, 334. Vol. Ill, pp. viii, 320. Vol. IV, pp. x, 362. Each vol. with
engr. title, and the 1st with portrait of Wilson. (No other illustra-
tions.) Forming vols. LXVIII-LXXI of Constable's Miscellany.

The first European edition of " Wilson ", including Ord's additions and Bona-
parte's continuation, with rearrangement in systematic order of the matter by
the editor, and frequent commentary by him ; with a memoir of Wilson, by
W. M. Hetherington, prefixed to the 1st vol. The concluding volume contains
"Bonaparte " ; also, an Appendix, in which are given some extracts from Audu-
bon, considerable matter from Swainson and Richardson, and outlines of Brehm's
arrangement of various groups.

1831-39. AUDUBON, J. J. Ornithological Biography, | or an account of the
habits of the | Birds of the United States of America; J accom-
panied by descriptions of the objects represented | in the work en-
titled | The Birds of America, | and interspersed with delineations
of American | scenery and manners. | By John James Audubon,
F.R.SS. L. & E. | [etc., 5 lines.] | [Vol. L] Edinburgh: | Adam
Black, 55. | North Bridge, Edinburgh ; | [etc., 5 lines.] | — |
MDCCCXXXI.

Vol. I, as above, pp. i-xxiv, 512, -f- 15 pp. of Prospectus, &c. It
is the text to plates I-C of the elephant folios. The date is 1831.
This same 1st vol. (other copies) is said to also bear the imprint
" Philadelphia, E. L. Carey and A. Hart, MDCCCXXX1I," and to be
often missing.
Vol.11. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, . . . MDCCC-

XXXIV. pp. i-xxxii, 1-588. Date 1834. The text to plates CI-CC.
Other copies said to also bear the imprint u Boston, Hilliard, Gray,
and Company, MDCCCXXXV."

Vol. III. Edinburgh : Adam and Charles Black, . . . MDCC-

XXXV. pp. i-xvi, 1-638, 9 woodcuts in text. Date 1835. The text
to plates CCI-CCC.

Vol. IV. Edinburgh : Adum & Charles Black, . . . MDCCC-
XXXVIII. pp. i-xxviii, 1-618, with 39 woodcuts in text. Date 1838.
The text to plates CCCI-CCCLXXXVII.

Vol. V. Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black,. . . MDCCC-
XXXXIX [sic/], pp. i-xl, 1-664, with 93 v oodcuts in text. Date

53]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1831-1832 619

1831-39. AUDUBON, J. J. — Continued.

1839. The text to plates CCCLXXXVIII-CCCCXXXV, ending at
p. 304. Vol. continues with " Descriptions of species found in
North America, but not figured in the ' Birds of America'", pp. 305-
336; and with an "Appendix; comprising additional observations
on the habits, geographical distribution, and anatomical structure
of the Birds described in this work ; together with corrections of
errors relative to the species ", pp. 337-646.

Five vols. roy. 3vo, printed by Neill & Co., Old Fishmarket, Edin-
burgh.

The work above described is the editio princeps of the text belonging to the
elephant folio plates. In 1840-44, the whole text was systematically rearranged,
with omission of the " Delineations of American scenery and manners", the
addition of some new matter, and the renaming of the species to agree with the
"Synopsis" of Id39. With the text thus modified were intercalated the folio
plates, reduced by camera lucida, and renumbered to agree with the rearrange-
ment; and the whole work, thus modified, became the 7-vol. roy. 8vo ed.,
entitled "The Birds of America", etc., 1840-44, q. v.

Vol. I, 1831.— Muscicapa bonapartii, p. 27, pi. 5 (pub. 1827) ; M. selbii, p. 46, pi. 9
(pub. 1827) ; Falco washingtonii, p. 58, pi. 11 (pub. 1827) ; Troglodytes bewickii, p.
96, pi. 18 (pub. 1827) ; Turdus ludovicianus, p. 99, pi. 19 (pub. 1827) ; Sylvia roscoe,
p. 124, pi. 24 (pub. 1827) ; Sylvia vigorsii, p. 153, pi. 30 (pub. 1828) ; Sylvia childrenii,
p. 180, pi. 35 (pub. 1*23) ; Falco stanleii, p. 186, pi. 36 (pub. 1828) ; Muscicapa traillii,
p. 236, pi. 45 (pub. 1823) ; Regulus cuvierii, p. 288, pi. 55 (pub. 182!») ; Sylvia car-
bonata, p. 308, pi. 60 (pub. 1829) ; Sylvia rathbonia, p. 333, pi. 65 (pub. 1829) ; Embe-
riza henslowii, p. 360, pi. 70 (pub. 1829) ; Falco temerarius, p. 381, pi. 75 (marked 85
in text) (pub. 1829) ; Anthus pipiens, p. 408, pi. 60 (pub. 1830); Falco harlani, p.
441, pi. 86 (pub. 1830), spp. nn.

Vol. II, 1834.— Emberiza townsendii, p. 183 (pi. 400, fig. 4) ; FringiUa rnacgil-
livraii, p. 285 (pi. 355); Corvus americanus, p. 317, pi. 156; Pants caroiinensis, p.
341, pi. 160 ; FringiUa bachmami, p. 366, pi. 165 ; Troglodytes americana, p. 452, pi.
179; Sylvia bachmanii, p. 483, pi. 185; FringiUa lincolnii, p. 539, pi. 193; Sylvia
swainsonii, p. 563, pi. 198, spp. nu.

Vol. Ill, 1835.— Rallm elegans, p. 27, pi. 203; Phalacrocorax floridanus, p. 387,
pi. 252 ; Ardea occidentalis, p. 542, pi. 281, spp. nn.

Vol. IV, 1838.— Pelecanus americanus, p. 88, pi. 311 ; Anas brewcri, p. 302, pi.
338 ; Corvus nuttaUi, p. 450, pi. 362 ; Hirundo serripennte, p. 593, figs. 1, 2, 3, in text,
no pi., spp. nn.

Vol. V, 1839.— Falco harrisii, p. 30, pi. 392; Sylvia macgittivrayi, p. 75, pi. 399;
Diornedea fusca, p. 116, pi. 407 ; Sterna havelli, p. 122, pi. 409, fig. 1 ; S. trudeani, p.
125, pi. 409, f. 2 ; Phalacrocorax resplendens, p. 148, pi. 412, f. 1; P. townsendii, p.
149, pi. 412, f. 2; Picus martince, p. 181, pi. 417, figs. 1,2; P. phiUipsii, p. 186, pi.
417, f. 5, 6 ; P. harrisii, p. 191, pi. 417, figs. 8, 9 ; Ptilogonys townsendi, p. 206, pi. 419,
f. 2 ; FringiUa townsendi, p. 236, pL 424, f. 7 ; Hcematopus bachmani, p. 245, pi. 427,
f . 1 ; H. townsendi, p. 247, pi. 427, f. 3; Aphriza (g. n.) townsendi, p. 249, pi. 438;
Uria townsendi, p. 251, pi. 429, f. 1 ; Sylvia delafieldii, p. 307, no pi. ; Troglodytes
parkmanii, p. 310, no pi. ; FringiUa mortonii, p. 312, no pi. ; Picus gairdnerii, p. 317,
no pi. ; Larus occidentalis, p. 320, no pi. ; Diornedea nigripes, p. 327, no pi. ; Pro-
cellaria, pacijica, p. 321, no pi. ; P. tcnuirostris, p. 333, no pi., spp. nn. ; and the fol-
lowing, "not characterized": Falco bachmanii, Strix forficata, Tantalus fuscus,
p. 334; Phasianus americanus, Caprimulgus nuttallii, Picus pyrrhonotus, p. 335;
Frinfjilla chlorura, Turdus townsendi, Phalacrocorax Icucurus, P. leuconotus, p. 336.
1832. [ANON.] American Ornithology or the natural history of the birds of
the united States. Illustrated with plates, engraved and coloured
from original Drawings taken from Nature, by Al. Wilson. Phila-
delphia by Bradford, i-ix, 1808-1814. 4. 76 pi. < Oken's Ms, Bd.
xxv, 1832, pp. 979-987.

Uebersicht. Inhaltsverzeichniss. Stiick der Classification bier mitgetheilt.

620 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1832 [54

1832. [ANON.] American Ornithology or the natural history of Birds inhab-
iting the United States, not given by Wilson. With figures drawn,
engraved and coloured from nature. By Charles Lucian Bona-
parte ; gr. 4. Philadelphia. <OArew's Ms, Bd. xxv, 1832, pp. 987-991.
Inhaltsverzeichniss. Beschreibung der neuen Arteru

1832. [ANON.] [Review of Swainson and Richardson's Fauna Boreali-Ameri-
cana. Part. II., containing the Birds. London, Murray, 1831.]
^London's Mag. Nat. Hist., v, 1832, pp. 360-364.

1832. BONAPARTE, C. L. L. C. Bonaparte. Die Sippen der nordamericani-
schen Vogel und eine Synopsis der Gattungen in den vereinigten
Staaten. Gelesen am 24. Jann. 1826 (Annals of the Lyceum of nat.
history of New- York. Vol. II, 1828, p. 1-128 et 293-451. < Oken's
Ms, Bd. xxv, 1832, pp. 1135-1197.
Vollatandig, nach dem Originals.

1832. [EDITOR.] A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and
Canada. By Thomas Nuttall, A. M. F. L. S. Cambridge, Hilliard
& Brown, pp. 682. <Sillim. Am. Journ. Sd., xxii, 1832, pp. 178, 179.
Keview of the first volume of Nuttall 'a work.

1832. GREEN, J. Fragmente zur Thiergeschichte. < Oken's Ms, Bd. xxv,
1832, p. 1042.
Fringilla tristis, Oriolus phceniceus ; Am. Journ. Science, vol. iv, 1822, p. 309.

1832. JAMESON, W. Reise in der Davisstrasse 1820. <^0ken's Ms, Bd. xxv,
1832, p. 594.

Auszug aus The Edinb. Philos. Journ., Bd. iii, 1821, Heft 5, p. 309.

1832. RICHARDSON, J. Ueber Clima und Vegetation an der Hudsonsbay.
<0fcen's Ms, Bd. xxv, 1832, p. 607, 608.

Auszug aus The Edinb. Philos. Journ., Bd. xii, 1825, Heft 24, p. 197.
1832. WILSON, A. American Ornithology, or the Natural History of the
birds of the United States. . . . The illustrative notes and life of
Wilson by Sir Wm. Jardine, Bart. 3 vols. 8vo. London and Edin-
burgh. 1832.

Not seen ! Above title quoted from memory of a catalogue.

1832. WILSON, J. Ueber einige neue Tetrao (Grouse), von D. Douglas in den
Rockygebirgen von Nordamerica entdeckt. ^Oken's Ms, Bd. xxv,
1832, p. 919.
Auszng aus The Edinburgh New Philos. Journ., 1830, Bd. viii, Heft 16, p. 372.

1832-34. NUTTALL, T. A | Manual | of the | Ornithology | of the | United
States and of Canada. | By | Thomas Nuttall, A. M., F.L. S. | — |
[Vol. L] The Land Birds. | — | — | Cambridge: | Hilliard and
Brown, | booksellers to the university. | — | MDCCCXXXIL | 12mo.
pp. viii, 683, 53 woodcc. [Vol. II.] The Water Birds. | — | — | Eos-
ton : | Hilliard, Gray, and Company. | — | MDCCCXXXIV. 12mo.
pp. vii, 627, woodcc.

The original edition, long out of print, and not common. Vol. I: Sylvania, g
n., p. 290 ; Falco butenidea, p. 100; Muscicapa cooperi sive M. inornata, p. 282 ; Regu-
lus tricolor, p. 420 ; Troglodytes brevirostris, p. 43R ; Fringilla ambigua, p. 484 ; F.
littoralis, p. 504, spp. nn. Vol. II : Beteropoda, p. 135 ; Euliga, p. 167 ; Microptera,
p. 192; Amblyrhynchus, p. 247; Hydroka, p. 259; Gymnathus, p. 403; Gymnura,
p. 425, genn. nn. ; Ardea discors, p. 54; Numenius intermedius, p. 100; Tringa
wilsonii, p. 121 ; Tringa audubonii, p. 140, spp. nn.— Nuttull, like good wine, does
not deteriorate with age, and needs none of my bush here.

55]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL API ENDIX. 1833 621

1833. AUDCBOX, V. G. Mr.Audubou, Juu., in Reply to Mr. Waterton's
Remarks on Audubou's Biography of Birds. ^London's Mag. Nat.
Hist., vi, 1833, p. 369.

1833. DOUGLAS, D. Observations on some Species of the Genera Tetrao and
Ortyx, natives of North America ; with Desciiptious of Four new
Species of the former, and Two of the latter Genus. <C Trans. Linn.
Soc., xvi, pt. iii, 1833, pp. 133-140. (Read Dec. 1828 ; pub. 18?9.)

T. urophasianus Bp. fully described ; T. urophasianellus, p. 126 ; T. sabini, p.
137; T.franklinii, p. 139; T. richardsonii "Sab. MSS.", p. 141; Ortyx picta, p.
143; O. douglassii " Vig. MSS.", p. 145, spp. nn. Account of habits of some
of these is full; followed by field-notes on various other North American
Tetraonidce. (See same title, under its actual date, 18-29.)

1833. EMMONS. E. A Catalogue of the Animals and Plants of Massachusetts.
II. Birds. By Ebenezer Emruons, M. D. etc. < .Hite/icocfc's Rep.
Geol. Min. Bot. and Zool. Mass., Aniherst, 1833, pp. 545-551.

"A list cf 160 species, sparingly annotated; symbols employed if) indicate
whether rare or common, resident or migratory, and whether known to breed in
the State. The list includes two synonyms, but only one species (Rhynchops
nigra), not confirmed as an inhabitant of the State. Very incomplete, but, so
far as it goes, trustworthy and important. The first attempt at a scientific
enumeration of the birds of Massachusetts."— (J. A. ALLEN, in epist.)

1833. JOSSELYN, J. An Account of Two Voyages to New England. . . .

< Collect. Mass. Historical Soc., 3d ser., iii, 1833, pp. 211-396.
A reprjnt — see the original, 1674.

1833 ? NUTTALL, T. Remarks and Inquiries concerning the Birds of Massa-
chusetts. <[ Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., new ser., i, 1833, pp.
91-106, fig. on p. 98. (Actual date probably 1831.)

44 spp. treated. Troglodytes brevirostris, p. 98, fig., Musdcapa inornata, p. 102,
marked as nn. spp., and articlo dated April, 1831 ; the pagination is quoted
in Man. Orn. [1<332], so that this may be the original notice of these spp., though
the vol. containing it is dated 1833.

1833. "R. B." Observations on Mr. Waterton's attacks on Mr. Audubon.

< London's Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, 1833, pp. 369-372.

1833. VIGORS, N. A. [On a Collection of Skins of Birds from California.]

< P. Z. S., i, 1833, p. 65.
Only a short paragraph.

1833. WATERTON, C. On the " Biography of Birds " of J. J. Audubon.

< London's Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, 1833, pp. 215-218.

"Waterton appears to ha.ve been satisfied that Audubon was a lying charlatan,
and accordingly attacked him with a very pointed pen. Audubon's friends ral-
lied to his vindication, and Waterton then abused him worse than ever. I have
probably missed some of the papers, but most of the controversy is duly entered
here.

1833. WILSON, J. Historical view | of | the progress of discovery | on
the | more northern Coasts | of | America, | from the earliest period
to the present time. | By Patrick Fraser Tytlcr, Esq., | P. R. S. &
F. S. A. | With | descriptive sketches | of the | Natural History
of the North American | Regions. | By James Wilson, Esq.,
F. R. S. E. & M. W. S. | — | To which is added an appendix, con-
taining | remarks on a late memoir of Sebastian Cabot, with | a

622 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§33-1§35 t [56

1833. WILSON, J.— Continued.

vindication of Richard Hakluyt. | — | Illustrated by a map, and
nine engravings by Jackson. | Second Edition. | — | Edinburgh : |
Oliver & Boyd, Tvveeddale-court ; | and Simpkiu & Marshall. Lon-
don. | MDCCCXXXIII. IGuio. pp.444. > Chap. VII. The Birds of
the Northern Regions of America, pp. 357-382, pi.

Summary and cursory sketch of North American ornithology, treating
various leading species at some length. The plate represents Larus sabinei.

1834. [ANON.] Audubon's " Birds of America," and " Ornithological Biogra-

phy." < Edinl. New PMlos. Journ., xviii, 1834, pp. 131-144.

Highly laudatory review.

1834. BACHMAN, J. Remarks in defence of the author of the "Birds of
America." < Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, pt. i, 1834, pp. 15-31.

Chiefly occupied in a discussion of the scansorial ability of Crotalus, repre-
sented by Auduhon as attacking the nest of M imus polyglottus, and in estimat-
ing the value of Andubcn's experiments on the senses of sight and smell in
Cathartes.

1834. EMMONS, E. Observations on the time of the appearance of the
Spring Birds, in Williamstown, (Mass.) in the years 1831, 1832 &
1833. < Sillim. Am. Journ. Sci., xxvi, 1 834, p. 208.

Twenty-three species.

1834. GOULD, J. [On a Collection of Birds from North America, presented
by Mr. Folliott.] < P. Z. S., ii, 1834, pp. 14, 15.
Critical remarks on a few species.

1834. GOULD, J. [Remarks on exhibition of some Birds from the United
States. 1 < Lond. and Edinb. PMlos. Mag., v, 1834, pp. 72, 73.
From P. Z. S., Feb. 25, 1834.

1834. " O." Notices on [sic] a few of the Birds of Lower Canada. < Low-
don's Mag. Nat. Hist., vii, 1834, pp. 508-511.

1834. SWAINSON, W. Synopsis von Bullocks Vogeln aus Mexico. <^ OJcen's
Isis, Bd. xxvii, 1834, pp. 783-788.

Auszug aus d. PMlos. Magaz., Bd. i, 1827, pp. 364-369, 433-442, q. v.— 103 Arten.

1834. WATERTON, C. Mr. Audubon and his Work, the Biography of Birds.

< London's Mag. Nat. Hist., vii, 1834, pp. 66-74.

Further instalment of this person's flippant and supercilious animadversion.

1835. [ANON.] Audubon'd Biography of Birds. < North American Review,

July, 1835, pp. 194-231.

One of the most extended and minute accounts (formal biographies aside) ex-
tant of the "American backwoodsman" and his great work.

1835. [ANON.] Manuel of the Ornithology of the united states and of Canada,
by Thomas Nuttall. Cambridge by Hilliard. Vol. I. 1832. 8. 683.
II. 1834. 627. fig. 296. < Oken's Ms, Bd. xxviii, 1835, pp. 68-72.
Hier nur ein Verzeichniss der beschriebenen Arten.

1835. B. [Review of Audubon's Ornithological Biography.] <^Loudon's
Mag. Nat. Hist., viii, 1835, pp. 184-190.

1835. BROWN, THOMAS. Illustrations of the American Ornithology of Alex.
Wilson and Charles Lucien Bonaparte, with all the new discoveries,
and the addition of the whole Forest Sylvia. Folio, Edinburgh, 1835.
Not seen— title from AG. & STRICKL. Bill

f,7] BTBLIOGRAPniCAL APPENDIX. 1§35-I§36 623

1835. FRANKLIN, J. [Verzeichniss cler neuen Arten von seiner Polfahrt.]
< Oken's Ms, Bd. xxviii, 1835, pp. 351, 352.
Auszug ans P. Z. S., Sept. 27, 1931, p; 132.

1835. Ross, J. C. Appendix | to the Narrative | of a | Second Voyage in
search | of a | North-west Passage, | and of a | Residence in the Arc-
tic regions | during the years 1829, 1831, 1832, 1833. | By | Sir John
Ross, C. B., K. S. A., K. C. S., &c. &c. | Captain in the Royal
Navy. | Including the reports of | Commander, now Captain, James
Clark Ross, R. N., F. R. S., F. L. S., &c. | and | the discovery of the
northern magnetic pole. | — | London : | A. W. Webster, 156, Re-
gent street. | — | 1835. 1 vol. 4to. pp. i-xii, 1-120, I-CIII, pll.
> Birds, pp. xxv-xlv.

This Appendix forms a separate vol., treating of various matters. Of birds, 41
species are given, with local synonymy and field-notes. Of. Arch. f. Naturg.,
1836, (I), pp. 193-201.

1835. TAYLOR, R. C. On the Geology and Natural History of the North-

Eastern Extremity of the Alleghany Mountain Range in Pennsyl-
vania, United States. ^London's Mag. Nat. Hist., viii, 1835, pp.
529-541.

Contains, pp. 539, 540, list of 56 spp.

1836. BACHMAN, J. On the Migration of the Birds of North America. Read

before the Literary and Philosophical Society of Charleston, (S. C.)
March 15th, 1833. <Sillim. Am. Journ. Sd., xxx, 1836, pp. 81-100.

One of the earliest, if not the first, of the scientific treatises on this subject.
1836. Fox, C. Notice of some American Birds. <^Sillim. Am. Journ. Sd.j
xxix, 1836, pp. 291-294.

Scolopax pygmcea ? (=Tringa subarquata) shot on Long Island, May 27, 1835;
Phalaropus hyperboreus ; Corvus canadensis ; Emberiza peeoris ; with list of about
40 spp. of birds seen in Fulton Market, New York City.

1836. KING, R. Narrative | of a | Journey to the shores | of | The Arctic
Ocean, | in 1833, 1834, and 1835 ; | under the command of Capt. Back,
R. N. | By Richard King, M. R. C. S., &c. j surgeon and naturalist
to the Expedition. | In two volumes, j Vol. I [II]. London : | Rich-
ard Bentley, | Publisher in Ordinary to His Majesty. | New Burling-
ton street. | 1836. 2 vols. 12mo. Vol. I, pp. ix, 312., pll. Vol. II,
pp. viii, 321, pU.
Ornithological notes passim.

1836. KING, R. Temperature of Quadrupeds, Birds, Fishes, Plants, Trees,
and Earth, as ascertained at different times and places in Arctic
America, during Captain Back's Expedition. <^Edirib. New Philos.
Journ., xxi, 1836, pp. 150, 151.

1836. RICHAKDSON, J. Narrative | of the | Arctic Land Expedition | to the
mouth of | the great Fish river, | and | along the shores of the arc-
tic Ocean, | in the years 1833, 1834, and 1835 ; | by | Captain Back,
R. N., j commander of the Expedition. | — | Illustrated by a map
and plates. | — | London : | John Murray, Albemarle street. |
MDCCCXXXVI. 1 vol. 8vo. (other copies in 4to). pp. i-x, 1 1., 1-
663, map, and pll. > Appendix No. 1. Zoological Remarks, by John
Richardson, M. D. F. R. S. &c. pp. 477 et seq.

Nominal list of 81 spp. of birds, pp. 482-485; followed, pp. 502-518, by a com-
mentary on many of them. There is also, pp. 590-594, a table giving the temper-
ature of mammals, birds, etc., at different times and places, by Mr. King.

624 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§36-I837 [s-J

1836. TAYLOR, R. C. A Supplement to the List of Species of Birds occurrent
on the North-eastern extremity of the Alleghany Mountain Range,
printed in [op. cit.] VIII. 539, 540 ; and Information on Traits in the
Habits of the Passenger Pigeon (Columba migratoria), and of the
Wolf (Canis Lupus). ^London's Mag. Nat. Hist., ix, 1836, pp. 72-74.

1836. WIEGMANN, A. F. A. Zoolcgische Resultate von John Ross zweiter

Nordpol-Reise. <Jrc/i./. Naturg., ii, (1), 1836, pp. 183-203.
Vogel, pp. 192-201 ; 41 Arten.

1837. [ANON.] American ornithology by Alex. Wilson, with a continuations

by Ch. Lucian Bonaparte. The illustrative notes et life of Wilson
by W. Jardine, in three volumes. London Whittaker. 1832. 8.
408, 390, 507. Tab. 1-76. 1-21. < Oken's Ms, Bd. xxx, 1837, p. 261 .
Take this and the next as samples of the hideous manner in which the 7*w
reviewers used to compound their titles.

1837. [ANON.] Ornithological Biography, or an account of the habits of the
birds of the united States of America by John James Audubon.
Edinburgh, Black ; London, Havell, Longman etc. I. 1831. 8. 512.
II. 1834. 588. III. 1835. 638. <0ken'a Isis, Bd. xxx, 1837, pp. 922-928.

1837. BREWER, T. M. Some additions to the catalogue of the Birds of Mas-
sachusetts in Prof. Hitchcock's Report, &c. <^Journ. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., i, pt. iv, 1837, pp. 435-439. (Read Dec. 6, 1836.)
Eorty-five species.

1837. EDITORIAL. [Summary of J. Richardson's Report on North American

""•K Birds, sixth meeting of Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci.] <^Mag. of Zool. and
Bot., i, 1837, p. 300.
See the Report itself, this date, RICHARDSON, J.

1837. GRAAH, W. A. Narrative of an Expedition | to the | East Coast of
Greenland, | sent by order of the King of Denmark, | in search
of | the lost colonies, | under the command of | Captn W. A. Graah,
of the Danish Royal Navy, | Knight of Dannebrog, &c. | — | Trans-
lated from the Danish, | by | the late G. Gordon Macdougall, F. R.
S. N. A , | for the | Royal Geographical Society of London. | With
the | original Danish chart completed by the Expedition. | — | Lon-
don : | John W. Parker, West Strand. | — | M.DCCC. XXXVII. 1 vol.
8vo. pp. xvi, 199, map.

The Appendix contains, pp. 178, 179, a list of Greenland birds, 24 in number,
among them Cygnus musicus.

1837. RICHARDSON, J. Report on North American Zoology. < Eep. Sixth
Meeting Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci. for 1836, v, 1837, pp. 121-224.

Important. In its scope arc included an enumeration of the animals inhabit-
ing North America ; the peculiarities of the fauna which they constitute ; the
geographical range of groups or individual species, with influencing circum-
stances, such as configuration of the land, climate, vegetation, etc. Aves,pp.
164-197 : annotated list of the species inhabiting N. A. (including Mexico), un-
fortunately classified in a fanciful manner, caught from Swainson, and inter-
spe-sed with reflections on "quinary" matters. The historical portion oi the
paper and that relating to the migration of species are full of interest. This
paper was probably also published separately, under a different title, as I have
seen it quoted simply "List", and I think with a different pagination.

1837. TOWNSEND, J. K. Description of Twelve New Species of Birds, chiefly
from the vicinity of the Columbia river. < Journ. Acad. Nat. Kd.
Phila., vii, 1837, pp. 187-193.

59]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1837-1839 625

1837. TOWNSEND, S. K.~ Continued.

Bead Nov. 15, 1?36. Sialia occidentals, Fringilla orcgana, p. 188; F.Ucolor,
Plectrophanes ornata, p. 189 ; Parus rufescens, P. minimus, Sylvia occidentalis, p.
190 ; £ nigrescent, S. auduboni, S. townsendi il Nutt.", p. 191 ; Orpheus montanus,
Charadrius montanus (quotes AUDUB., Ora. Biog., pi. 350), p. 192. Concludes with
a list of 7;i spp., " prepared by the Ornithological Committee" , from the Colum-
bia IJiver.

1838. [ANON.] Reise des Prinzen Maximilian von Wied durch Nordamerica.

Coblenz bey Holscher. 1838. Heft 3. 4. 4. Bogen 13-33. 8 Tafeln
in Fol. < OkenJ8 Ms, Bd. xxxi, 1838, pp. 794-796.

1838. BONAPARTE, C. L. A | Geographical and Comparative | List | of the |
Birds | of | Europe and North America. | — | By Charles Lucian Bo-
naparte, | Prince of Musignano. | — | London : | John Van Voorst,
7, Paternoster-Row. | 1838. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. vii, 67.

Systematic list of names, with a few references and indication of habitata, in
parallel columns. European, 503 spp. ; American, 471 sp. European, not North
American, 403 ; American, not European, 371; 100 spp. thus peculiar to each
country. The list was much uped and quoted, especially by American writers,
for several years.

There are a number of new names, generic and specific, in the list ; but as
there is no indication which are newly proposed, it is the business of the orni-
thologist, and not the duty of the bibliographer, to find them out. The familiar
Bonapartean "Nobs" are with lavish impartiality distributed through the
list, not necessarily, however, indicating a new name, but merely that method,
happily characterized by Temminck as "amoi la cargaison", in which Bona-
parte was an expert beyond other men. The list has proven full of errors and
omissions, though it was perhaps up to the then times, at least as far as Amer-
ica was concerned. Cf. Ann. Mag. Nat Hist., vol. i, 1839, 318 ; Arch, fur Naturg.,
1839, (2), pp. 395, 396.

1838. REINHAKDT, J. Ichthyologiske Bidrag til den Gronlandiske Fauna

.... Indledning, indeholdeude Tillseg og Forandringer i den
fabriciske Fortegnelse paa gronlandske Hvirveldyr. <^Kongel.
Damlce Fid. Selslc. Naturvid. og Math. Afh., vii. Deel, 1838, pp. 85-105,
pll. 1-3.

B. Fugle. 1. Tilva3xt af Fuglearter som ere faelleds for Europa og Nord-
amerika, 22 spp. 2. Tilvasxt af Fuglearter, som ere ebendommelige for den
ostlige Hemisphere, 2 spp. 3. Tilvaext af Fuglearter, som ere ebendommelige
for Nordamerika eller fortrinsviis forekommeder, 9 spp. PI. I, f. 1, Helmintho-
phaga " ruficapilla" (1). PI. I, f. 2, Zonotrichia leucophrys. PL II, Numenius
hudsonicus (borealis Wils.). PL III, Platypus tarrowu.— Uebersetz. Isis, 1848,
pp. 247-258. See 1848, REINHARDT, J.

1839. AUDUBON, J. J. A | Synopsis of the Birds | of | North America.

| By | John James Audubon, F. R. SS. L. & E. | Member of various
scientific associations in | Europe and America. | Edinburgh : |
Adam and Charles Black. Edinburgh; | Longman, Rees, Brown,
Green, and Longman, London. | MDCCCXXXIX. | 1 vol. 8vo. pp.
xii, 359 -f 1.

A descriptive, synonymatic, and geographical list of 491 species systematically
arranged, with characters of the genera and higher groups, tho main reference
being to the plates of the folio ed. of the Birds of Americ •, to which the
present publication serves as a methodical index. The very notable changes
throughout in classification and nomenclature from those adopted in the work
just mentioned have obviously their source in W. Macgillivray ; but as the
arrangement between him and Audubon was presumedly mutually satisfactory,
it is no part of the public's to enquire into thoir respective shares in tho author-
ship of the present volume.

40 B c

626 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. l§39 [60

1839. [EDITORIAL.] Ornithology of the United States. <^Sillim. Am.
Journ. Sci., xxxvi, 1839, p. 201.
J. K. Townsend's proposed work — notice of Part I.

1839. LICHTENSTEIN, H. Beitrag zur ornithologischen Fauna von Califoruien
nebst Bemerkungen iiber die Artkennzeichen der Pelikane und iiber
einige Vogel von den Sandwich-Inselu. <^ AWiand. Konlgl. Akad.
Wi88. Berlin aus dem Jahre 183H, 1839, pp. 417-451, pll. 1-5. (Gelesen
Juni 1837.)

Vultus calif ornianus, p. 424, pi. 1. Falco (Buteo) ferruginous, -p. 428, 8i>.n. Strix
frontalis, p. 430, sp. n. Fringilla hudsonia, Forat., p. 4'J2. Pelecanus trachyrynchus,
p. 433, pi. 2, p. 440, pi. 3, f. 5. P. mitratus, p. 436, pi. 3, f. 2, sp. n. P. onocrotalus, p.
436, pi. 3, f. 1. P. crispus, p. 437, pi. 3, f. 4. P. rvfescens, p. 439, pi. 3, f. 3. P.fuscus,
p. 441, pi. 3, f. 6. P. conspicillatus, p. 444, sp. n. Hylomancs momotula, p. 449, pi. 4,
sp. n. (Mexico) ; Hcmignathus obscurus, p. 449, pi. 5, f. 1 (Oahu) ; H. lucidus, p. 451,
pi. 5, f. 2,3 (Oahu), spp. nn.— Noch eine spatere in der Isis erschienene Ausgabe
dieses Artikels geben wir, 1844.

1839. PEABODY, W. B. O. Reports | on the | Fishes, Reptiles and Birds |
of | Massachusetts. | — | Published agreeably t^ an order of | the
Legislature, | by the Commissioners on the Zoological and Botanical
| Survey of the State. | — | Boston : | Button & Wentworth, State
printers. | — | 1839. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. xii, 426, pll. iv. > A | Report
| on the | Ornithology of Massachusetts. | By | William B. O. Pea-
body. pp. 255-404.

Biographical notices, more or less extended, of 265 spp. known or believed to
occur in Massachusetts, given in form of a communication to the Governor of
Massachusetts, dated and signed in conclusion. Ihe author was one of several
persons commissioned to take charge of the State Survey above mentioned,
according to resolution of the Legislature of 12th April, 1837. His report, with
the two others, together constituting the present volume, was presented to
Governor Everett, February 11, 1839, and the volume ordered to be printed by
Legislature, resolution of April 9, 1839, in an edition of 1,500 copies. Tho book
has become somewhat scarce. In consequence, perhaps, of difficulty of consul-
tation, the ornithological portion has been quoted as if it appertained to Tro-
fessor Hitchcock's later report on the Mineralogical and Geological Survey of the
State, the continuation of which was directed by the Legislature at the same
time that the Zoological and Botanical Survey was ordered. Hitchcock's origi-
nal report was published in 1833, which see. Hitchcock was appointed by act
of Legislature of June 5, 1830, to make a geological examination of the Common-
wealth of Massachusetts in connection with the general Trigonometrical Survey
ordered by act of March 3, 1830, and by act of February 2, 1831, was directed to
cause to be annexed to his report a list of the native mineralogical, botanical,
and zoological productions of the Commonwealth, as far as practicable and
within the limits of the appropriation.

1839. TOWNSEND, J. K. List of the Birds Inhabiting ihe Region of the
Rocky Mountains, the Territory of the Oregon, and the North West
Coast of America. < Journ. Acad. Nat. &ci. Phila., viii, 1839, pp.
151-158.

231 spp.— names only. A few names occur which had not apparently up to that
time been described, some of which have not since been described.

1839? TOWNSEND, J. K. Ornithology of the United States. The descrip-
tive part by J. K. Towusend. The drawings from nature by French
Artists. 8vo. Philadelphia. J. B. Chevalier. (About 1839?)

Not seen — cited from Baird, who says, — " This was apparently only a specimen
number." See infra, 1849, same author.

61]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1839 62

1839. TOWNSEND, J. K. Narra ive | of a | Journey across the Rocky Mount-
ains, | to | The Columbia River, | and | a visit to the Sandwich
Islands, Chili, &c. | With | a Scientific Appendix. | By John K. Town-
send, | Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia, j Philadelphia: | Henry Perkins, 134 Chestnut street. I Bos-
ton : Perkins & Marvin. | — | 1839. 8vo. pp. viii, 352. > Ap-
pendix: Catalogue of Birds found in the Territory of the Oregon,
pp. 331-352.

The personal narrative of a journey, performed by the author in 1834 under
Captain Wyeth, in company with Thomas Nuttall, which resulted in the addi-
tion of some 25 spp. of birds to the fauna of the United States. These were
described partly by (he author, partly by Audubon. There is ornithological mat-
ter passim ,- but the portion of the Appendix above quoted is the only part of
the work that foimally treats of birds. It consists of a nominal list of 208
spp., followed by descriptions of 24 "new" species. All of these discoveries,
however, had been previously named and described, either by the author himself,
in pt ii of voL vii (1837) cf the Philadelphia Academy's Journal, or by Mr. Au-
dubon, in vol. iv of the Orn. Biogr., these works being cited in every case. A
few others are indicated in the catalogue, but neither named nor described. It
is to be noted that the bird named Phalacrocorax " resplendens " by Audubon is
here given as P. "splendens" Towns. MS., making in fact a synonym ; and that
a curious generic term, Frinca, is applied to the Aphriza. It looks like a misprint
for Tringa, but is twice printed, with an asterisk, to indicate novelty. Audubon
dedicated no fewer than seven of the species to Mr. Townsend.

1839. VIGORS, N. A. The | Zoology | of | Captain Beechey's Voyage ; | com-
piled from the | collections and notes made by Captain Beechey, |
the officers and naturalist of the expedition, | during a voyage to
the Pacific and Behring's straits performed in | his majesty's ship
Blossom, | under the command of | Captain F. W. Beechey, R. N.,
F. R. S., &c. &c. | in the years 1825, 26. 27, and 28 | By | . . . . N. A.
Vigors, Esq., A. M., F. R. S., &c. ; [and others]. | — | Illustrated
with up wards of | fifty finely coloured plates by So werby. | — | Pub-
lished under the authority of the Lords Commissioners of the Ad-
miralty. | — | London : | Henry G. Bohn, 4, York Street, Covent
Garden. | — | MDCCCXXXIX. 1 vol. 4to. pp. xii, 1-11, 9*-13»,
13-180, pll. col'd i-xliv, 1-3. > Ornithology, pp. 13-40, pll. iii-xiv..
" The expedition touched at various points, without making a lengthened stay
at any; and the collection consequently consists of a variety of species met with
at detached and distant localities, rather than cf an extensive series which mi^ht
serve to illustrate the zoology of a particular spot " (p. 13). The specimens also
appear to have reached naturalists in poor state of preservation. The matter
appears to have been written about 1830, but the appearance of the volume wns de-
layed several years by J. E. Gray's dilatoriness in preparing the Mollusca. — Text
descriptive, synonymatic, and briefly biographical ; — it is a subject of lasting regret
that indications of locality are not more frequent aud more precise. Of about 100
spp. treated, three-fourths are North American, and the principal collections
appear to have been made on the coast of California. The collection afforded
Mr. Vigors numerous new species (few of which have proven really new) ; many
of these were previously described by him in the Zoological Journal, though
here marked "n. s." several years subsequently. Those so marked without
reference to this journal areas follows: — Muscicapa semiatra, Tyrannus cinereus,
Orpheus Icucopterua, p. 17; Slalia caeruleocollis (pi. iii), Motacilla leucoptera, Trog-
lodytes spilurus (pi. iv, f. 1), p. 18; JSaxiccla oenanthoides. Saltator rufiventris,
Fringilla crissalis, Fringilla meritloides, p. 19; P yrrhula inornata, p. 20 ; Garrulus
californicus (pi. v), p. 21 ; Pious chrysogenys, Colaptes collaris (pi. ix), p. 24 ; Sitta
pygmcea (pi. iv, f. 2), Columba metallica, p. 25; O. monilis (pi. x) , p. 26; Nycticorax
crassirostris, p. 27 ; Mergulus cirrocephalus, p. 32.— See 1829, VIGORS, N. A.

628 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1839-184O [62

1839. VIGORS, N. A.— Continued.

Plates additional to those just noted are -.—Pica beecheti, pi. vi ; P. colliei, pi. vii ;
Coccothraustes ferreo-rostris, pi. viii ; Ortyx douglasii, pi. xi ; Ilecurvirostra occi-
dentalis, pi. xii ; Anas carolinenkis, pL xiii ; A. urophasianus, pi. xiv.

1839-41. MAXIMILIAN, PRINZ zu WIED. Reise | in | das Innere Nord-
America | in den Jahren 1832 bis 1834 | von | Maximilian Prinz zu
Wied. | — | Mit 48 Kupfern, 33 Vignetten, vielen Holzschnitten
und einer Charte. | Erster [Zweiter] Baud. | — | Coblenz, 1839
[1841]. | Bei J. Hcelscher. 2 vols. 4to. Vol. I, 1839, pp. v-xvi, 2 11.,
pp. 1-654, 1 1. Vol. II, 1841, pp. i-xxiv, 1-688.

Ornithologisches passim. Vol. I, Anhang, Teilage B, Verzeiehniss der in den
Wintermonaten am Wabasch vorkoinmenden Vogel, pp. 643, 644. Vol. II,
Anhang, Beilage A, Vogelkalender liir die Gegeud der Mandau-Dorfer im
Winter 1833-34, pp. 654-637. Vol. I, Cathartes septentrionalia, p. 1(5-2, gp. n.
Vol. II, Gytnnorhinus (g. n.) cyanocephalus, sp. n., p. 22. Von dieser wichtigen
Arbeit kennt man verschiedene Auflagen und Uebersetzungen, franzosische
uud engliscbe.

1840. BACHMAN, J. Ueber den Zug der Vogel in Nordamerica, < OJcenb

Isis, Bd. xxxiii, 1840, pp. 171-176.

Uebers. aus d. Am. Jour. Sci. and Art*, Bd. xxx, 1836, pp. 81-100.

1840. [EDITORIAL.] A Synopsis of the Birds of North America . . . The
Birds of America, from drawings made in the United States and
their Territories. <Sillim. Am. Journ. Sci., xxxix, 1840, pp. 343-357.

Formal review.

1840. GOSSE, P. H. The | Canadian Naturalist. | A series of conversations |
on the | Natural Hi story of Lower Canada, j By | P. H. Gosse. | Corr.
Mem. of the Nat. Hist. Soc. of Montreal, and of the | Lit. and Hist.
Soc. of Quebec. | [Vignette ] | " Every kingdom, every province,
should have its own monographer." | Gilbert White. | Illustrated
' with forty-four engravings. | London : | John Van Voorst, 1 Pater-
noster Row. | M.DCCC.XL. 1 vol. 12mo. pp. iii-xii, 1-372, 44
woodcc. in text.

Pleasant gossip here and there about birds, several of -which are figured.
1840. NTJTTALL, T. A | Manual | of the | Ornithology | of the | United States
and of Canada. | By | Thomas Nuttall, A. M.,F.L.S. &c. | Second
edition, with additions | — | [Vol.1.] The Land Birds. | — | — |
Boston: | Hilliard, Gray, and Company. | — | MDCCCXL. [Vol. II.]
| The Water Birds. | [Same imprint and date.] 2 vols. 12mo.
Vol. I, pp. viii, 832. Vol. II, pp. — , — ; woodcc. in both vols.

While the general appearance and arrangement remain the same as in the
first edition, there aro a good many additional species, and other nf w matter,
derived partly from the journey -which the author and J. K. Townsend performed
across the continent, partly from Audubon, and Swainson and Richardson.

Vol. I. Buteo montana (=swainsoni Bp.), p. 112; Agelaiv* calacephalus, p.
186 ; Turdus cestulatus, p. 400 (ustulatus, corrected, p. vi) ; Trichas tcphrocotis, p.
462; Troglodytes maculosa, p. 492; Fringilla querula, p. 555: F. aurocapilla, p.
555; F.gambelii, p. 556; F.guttata, p. 581; Picus septentrionalis, p. 684; P.rubri-
capttlus, p. 685; Mniotilta borealis, p. 705; Trochilus icterocephalus, p. 712; Peiulope
borealis, p. 780, spp. nn.

1840. PEABODY, W. B. O. A report on the Birds of Massachusetts made to
the Legislature in the Session of 1838-9. < Journ. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., iii, pts. i-ii, 1840, pp. 65-266.

The same as that in the State Eeport, 1839, q. v.

63]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§4O 629

1840. WILSON, A. (ed. BREWER, T. M.) Wilson's | American Ornithology, |
with | notes by Jardine : | to which is added | A synopsis of Ameri-
can Birds, | including those described | by | Bonaparte, Audubon,
Nuttall, and | Richardson ; j by T. M. Brewer. | — | Boston : | Otis,
Broaders, and Company. | — | 1840. 1 vol. 12mo. pp. viii, 746, pll.
(not numbered), figg. 315 on the pll., and a few woodcc. in text.

Out of print for several years, and now rather scarce. The only American
edition of Wilson except the original and one other (ORD's). The original text
and nomenclature are followed, with interpolation of the nomenclature and com-
mentary of .Jardine. The illustrations are the originals, but uncolored, and so
greatly reduced that three of Wilson's 4to plates generally constitute one
plate of the present 12mo edition ; the pll. are not numbered, but the numera-
tion of the individual figg. is consecutive, 1-315 ; figg. 316, 317, 318, 322, are wood-
cuts in text. The special feature of the edition is the editor's synopsis of the
Birds of North America (pp. 682-746), 491 spp. ; those aot givue by Wilson
being briefly described, with additional biographical items in many cases. The
classification and nomenclature of this synopsis are 1839 Audubonian.

There is another issue of this work, " 8vo, Now York, 1852 ". Communicat-
ing with the editor, respecting this issue, not seen by me, I am informed by
him that " when Weeks and Jordan failed the plates were bought by some per-
sons in New York and a cheap edition was printed and sold for awhile ; it was
identically the same."

1840-43. MAXIMILIEN, PRINCE DE WIED-NEUWIED. Voyage | dans Pinte'-
rieur | de | I'Amdrique du Nord, | exe'cute' pendant les anne*es 1832,
1833 et 1834, | par | le prince Maximilien de Wied-Neuwied. | Ou-
vrage | accompagndd'un Atlas de 80 planches environ, | format demi-
colombier, | dessinees sur les lieux | par M. Charles Bodmer, | et |
grave"es par les plus habiles artistes de Paris etdeLondres. | — | Tome
premier [deuxieme, troisieme]. | — | Paris, | chez Arthus Bertrand,
e*diteur, | Libraire de la Socie'te' de Geographic de Paris, | et de la
Soci6t6 royale des antiquaires du Nord, | Rue Hautefeuille, 25. | — |
1840 [1841, 1843]. 3 vols. 8vo. Vol. 1, 1840, 2 p. 11., pp. 383. Vol. II,
1841, 2 p. 11., pp. 487. Vol. Ill, 1843, 2 p. 11., pp. 407, deux cartes.

Dans cette 6dition frangaise, l«s notes zoologiques originalement affix6es anx
chapitres sont reunies au fin du tome III.

1840-44. AUDUBON, J. J. The | Birds of America, | from | drawings made
in the United States | and their Territories. | By John James Audu-
bon, F. R. SS. L. & E. | [etc. etc.] | — | Vol. I [-VII]. | — | New
York: | published by J. J. Audubon. | Philadelphia: | J.B. Cheva-
lier. | 1840 [-1844]. 7 vols. large 8vo. Vol. 1, 1840, pp. i-viii, 9-256,
pll. 1-70. Vol. II, 1841, pp. i-viii, 9-205, pll. 71-140. Vol. Ill, 1841,
pp. i-viii, 9-233, pll. 141-210. Vol. IV, 1842, pp. i-viii, 9-321, + 1 1.,
pll. 21 1-280. Vol. V, 1842, pp. i-viii, 9-346, + 11., pll. 281-350. Vol.
VI, 1843, pp. i-viii, 9-457, + 1 1., pll. 351-420. Vol. VII, 1844, pp.
i-ix, 9-371, -f 1 1., pll. 421-500.

This is the first 8vo ed., which may be distinguished from subsequent 8vo re-
issues by the different dates of the vols.. number of vols., allotment of plates to
each vol., the double imprint (Chevalier's name not in vols. vi and vii), and
other particulars above given. There are several later 8vo issues, some of a
different number of vols., some without plates, some not dated. Seo 1856, 1856
again, 1861, 1861 again, 18C5, and 1871. The present is the only 8vo ed. published
by the author himself; it was issued in 100 parts, to be bound in 7 vols., at the
dates above given. Since "Audubon " was reduced to this 8vo shape, there has
been no material change in the text of his work, no matter what changes in the

630 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 184O-1§41 [61

1840-44. ATJDUBON, J. J.— Continued.

make-up of the volumes were introduced in successive issues ; und the numera
tion of all the 8vo plates is the same, however indifferent tho coloring may be
found in some of the late issues.

This work consists of the original "Ornithological Biography" ; with omission
of the "Delineations of American scenery and manners", which were interpo-
lated in the original; with systematic rearrangement of the articles ; with changes
in nomenclature of the genera and species to conform with the author's Synopsis
of 1839; and with addition, in the 7th vol., of an appendix containing a number of
species not described or figured in the original. The plates are reduced by tho
camera lucida from the originals. in folio, systematically rearranged and renum-
bered, conformably with the sequence of the species in the text, in which they are
interpolated. In quoting Audubon's plated, therefore, it is necessary to state
whether the numbering of the foLo or 8vo series is meant. In the original folios,
there are only 435 pll. ; in the present 8vo ed., there are 483, exclusive of the 17
additional ones in the Appendix (500 in all). The discrepancy arises from the
fact that in the original several species were occasionally introduced on the same
plate, but all such being given a separate plate in this edition. The additional
species of this edition are the following, being chiefly those procured during
the author's journey to the Upper Missouri in 1843 : — Fringilla harrisii, p. 331,
pi. 484; Yireo bellii, p. 333, pL485; Alaudaspragueii, p. 334, pi. 486 ; Plectropkanes
smithii, p. 336, pi. 487 ; Emberiza LcConteii, p. 3J8. pi. 488 ; Sturndla neglecta, p. 339,
pi. 489 ; Muscicapa flaviventris (Baird, not sp. u.), p. 341, pi. 490 ; M. minima (Baird,
not sp. n.), p. 343, pi. 491 ; Quiscalus brewcrii, p. 345, pi. 492; Emberiza shattuckii,
p. 347, pi. 493; Picus ayresii, p. 348, pi. 494; Caprimulgus nuttallii, p. 330, pL 495
(named in the Orn. Biogr., v, p. 335) ; Colv.mba trudeauii, p. 352, pi. 496 ; Alauda
rufa (" Lath."), p. 353, pi. 497 ; Fuligula marila (auct.), p. 355, pi. 498 ; Icterus vul-
garis Daud., p. 357, pi. 499 ; Emberiza bairdii, p. 359, pi. 500 ; all of which, with the
six exceptions noted, are spp. nn. An index to the whole work concludes vol. VII.

If a trace of sentiment be permissible in bibliography, I should say that the
completion of this splendid series of plates with the name bairdii was significant;
the glorious Audubonian sun had bet indeed, but in the dedicating of the species
to "his young friend SPENCER F. BAIRD" the sceptre was handed to one who was
to wield it with a force that no other ornithologist of America has ever exercised.

1841. BARNSTON, G. Observations on the Progress of the Seasons as affect-
ing Animals and Vegetables at Martin's Falls, Albany River, Hud-
son's Bay. < Edinl. New PMlos. Journ., xxx, 1841, pp. 252-256.
General observations, and calendar of natural phenomena, Mar. 15-Nov. 20.

1841. BONAPARTE, C. L. Neue Vogel aus Mexico und Sudamerica. <C Oken's
Isis, Bd. xxxiv, 1841, pp. 937-939. [Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837 (Nov.
14), p. 107.]

Verzeichniss dor Alien, nebst Anmerkungen iiber die neuen Arten und
Gattungen.

[To AUTHOR :— You have omitted the original in P. Z. S., 1837, and also the
Italian version in Nuovi Atti Sc. Bologna.— PROOFREADER]

1841. GIRAI D, J. P. A Description | of | Sixteen new Species | of | North
American Birds, | described in the Annals | of the New York Ly-
ceum. | of Natural History. | By J acob P. Giraud, Jr. | Collected in
Texas, 1838. | — | New York, j George F. Nesbit!. printer, Tontine
Building, | corner of Wall and Water streets. | — | 1841. 1 vol.
folio, not paged (18 11.), pll. (not numbered) viii.

The 16 spp. were never described in the "Annals", as stated, and are therefore
here spp. nn They are Ic erus audubonii, folio 3, no pi. ; Muscicapa texemis, fol. 5,
pi. 1 ; M. lawrenceii, fol. 7, pi. 2, f. 1 ; M.fulvifrons, fol. 9, pi. 2, f. 2 ; Sylvia halseii,
fol. 11, pi. 3, f . 1 ; Muscicapa " derhamii" (should be De lihami; named on pi.
"Derahias" Flycatcher, aad sometimes quoted '• Durhanri";. iol. 13, pl.3,f.2;

65]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1 §11-1 §12 631

1841. GIRAUD, J. P.— Continued.

M. belli, fol. 15, pL 4, f. a ; Paivs Icucotifi, fol. 17, pi. 4, f. 1 ; Fringilla texensis, iol. 19,
pi. 5, f. 1 ; Pipra galericulata, fol. 21, pi. 5, f. 2 ; Muscicapa leucow,us, fol. 23, pi, 6, f. 1 ;
M . brasierii, fol. 25, pi. 6, f. 2 ; M. rubrifrons, fol. 27, pi. 7, f. 1 ; Sylvia olivacea, foL 29,
pi. 7, f. 2; Certhia albifrons, Iol. 31, pi. 8; Alauda minor, fol. 33, no pi. Doubt is
usually entertained that these birds were taken in Texas ; but the author stoutly
so maintained to the day of his death, and recent discoveries along our southwest
border render it more probable than it formerly seemed. Most of the species
have been identified with earlier named ones ; the work has been made the sub-
ject of several special critiques; cf. especially SCLATER, P. Z. £, 1855, pp. 65, 66.

1841. HALDEMAN, S. S. [Note on Habits of four species of North American
Birds.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1841, p. 54.

Falco peregrinus, Quiscalns versicolor, Anser hyperboreus, Cygnus americanus.

1841. KIRTLAND, J. P. Fragments of Natural History. No. II. Ornithology.
< Sillim. Am. Journ. Sci., xl, 1841, pp. 19-24.
Desultory field-notes on a dozen species of North American birds.

1841. LEIB, G. C. [Description of the nest and eggs of Fulica Americana
and Anas discors.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1841, pp. 124, 125.

1841. MOORE, E. [Exhibition of some Newfoundland Birds.] < P. Z. S., ix,

1841, p. 24.

1842. ABBOTT, S. L. [Remarks on exhibition of some Birds from Connecti-

cut.] < Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1842, p. 56.

1842. ABBOTT, S. L. [Remarks on exhibition of 3 spp. of United States
birds — Larus tridactylus, L. atricapilla, Numeuius longirostris.]
<Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1842, p. 61.

1842. [ANON.] Ornithological Biography, or an account of the habits of the
birds of the united-States of America, by J. J. Audubon. Edin-
burgh by Adam. iv. 1838. gr. 8. 618. < Oken'8 Ms, Bd. xxxv, 1842,
pp. 157, 158.

1842. BRANDT, J. F. " Dissertatio inauguralis sistens topographiam medicam
portus novarchaugelcensis," auct. Blaschke. St. Petersburg. 1842.

Not seen — cited from Baird, who took it from Baer and Helmerson, who are
said to state that it contains a list of the birds of Russian America by Brandt.

1842. CABOT, S., JR. [Remarks on Meleagris and other Gallinas of North
America,] < Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, 1»42, pp. 80, 81.

1842. [EDITORIAL.] The Birds of America, from drawings made in the
United States and their Territories ; . . . <^ Sillim. Am. Journ. Sci.,
xlii, 1842, pp. 130-136.
Review of vol. II of Audubon's work.

1842. HALDEMAN, S. S. Notice of the Zoological Writings of the late C. S.
Rafinesque. < Sillim. Am. Journ. Sci., xlii, 1842, pp. 280-291.

A very useful summary and commentary for those who have to refer to the
writings of this enigmatical man.

1842. REINHARDT, J. Meddelelse af nogle hidindtil i Gronland ikke trufne
Fugle. < Krtfyer's Naturh. Tidskrift, iv, Heft 1, 1842, pp. 72-75.
Compare 1843, same author.

1842-75. LEWIS, M., and CLARKE, W. History | of | the Expedition | under
the command of | Captaius Lewis and Clarke, ! to | the sources of
the Missouri, thence across the Rocky | Mountains, uud down the
River Columbia to the | Pacific ocean : performed during the | years
1804, 1805, 1806, | by order of the j Government of the United

632 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1842-1843 [66

1842-75. LEWIS, M., and CLARKE, W.— Continued.

States. | Prepared for the press | by Paul Allen, Esq. | Revised and
abridged by the omission of unimportant de- | tails, with an intro-
duction and notes, j by Archibald M'Vickar. | In two volumes. | Vol.
I [II]. | New York : | Harper & Brothers, Publishers, Franklin
Square. | 1868. Two vols. 18mo, some of the issues forming part of
Harpers' series, "The Family Library." Vol. I, pp. i-vi, i*-v*, vii-
li, 53-371, 3 maps*. Vol. II, pp. i-x, 11-395, 3 maps. > Vol. II, Ap-
pendix, "Further enumeration and description of the Quadrupeds,
Birds, Fishes, and Plants noticed during the Expedition," pp. 339-
378.

Memoranda of the dates of the successive issues, most of which consisted of
250 copies :— September, 1842; January, 1843; May, 1843; January, 1844 ; July,
1845; April, 1847; May, 1850; August, 1851; June, 1855; April, 18r>8; Novem-
ber, I860; February, 1868; March, 1871 (vol. II); April, 1872 (voLI); February,
1874 (vol. II) ; December, 1875 (vol. I)— in all, fourteen issues of the whole work,
under sixteen different dates.

This is an editorial abridgment, or digest, of the original; the natural-history
chapter, besides being relegated to an appendix, is transposed as to its botanical
and zoological portions, the botany coming first in the original, the zoology in
the present edition ; it is, furthermore, like the rest of the work, abridged at the
editor's discretion, the omissions being indicated by asterisks ; a new feature,
moreover, is introduced, being' foot-note references to the pages of the body of
the work on which the various species were before mentioned. This is a valu-
able set of cross-references, for the narrative accounts scattered through the
work are often no less important than the formal notices themselves.

1843. GAMBEL, W. Descriptions of some new and rare Birds of the Rocky
Mountains and California. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1843,
pp. 259-262.

Picus nuttalii, Parus montanua, Fringilla blandingiana, LopJiortyx gambdii
" Nutt.", p. 260, spp. nn. Six other species treated.

1843. HALDEMAN, S. S. A | Geography of Pennsylvania : | containing | an
account | of the | . . . | to which is appended | . . . | — | By Charles
B. Trego, | . . . | — | Philadelphia : | Edward C. Biddle, 6 South
Fifth street. | Stereotyped by C. W. Murray & Co. | — | 1843. 1 vol.
sm. 12mo. pp. 384, map, cuts.

At pp. 77, 78, occurs a short note on the birds of the State by Professor Halde-
man (as appears by Preface, p. 6). Here occurs the first use of the term SMia
sialis for the Bluebird.

1843. HOLBOLL, C. Bemaerkninger over nogle Pattedyrs og Fugles Dyk-
keevne. < Krjyer's Naturhist. TidsJc., iv, 1843, pp. 277, 278.

1843. HOLBOLL, C. Ornithologiske Bidrag til den gr^nlanditske Fauna.
< Krfaier'8 Naturh. Tidslc., iv, 1843, pp. 361-457.

An extended and one of the more important of the earlier contributions to this
subject, the species, nearly or about 90 in number, being treated in detail. Gorvus
corax var. littoralis, n. v., p. 390 ; Linota hornnemanni, p. 398 ; Larus brachytarsus,
p. 422, spp. nn. ; Zema for Xema, p. 423. — A German translation, by Dr. Paulsen,
was published at Leipsic in 1846, and reissued in 1854. See 1845, sarno author.

1843. LINSLEY, J. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Connecticut, arranged
according to their natural families. <\ Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, xliv,
No. 2, Apr. 1843, pp. 249-274.

302 spp., including, with those actually detected in the State, those presumed
to occur, and also domesticated species ; this list is reduced by Merriam's analy-
sis to 239, eliminating 63 spp. See especially MEKHIAM, Trans. Conn. Acad., iv,
1874, pp. 144-147. Obituary of the author, op. cit., xlvi, 1844, 216.

6?J BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX 1843-1844 633

1843. REINIIARDT, J. Mittbeiluiig iiber einige bisher in Gronland nicht
angetroffene Vogel. < Okw's Ms, Bd. xxxvi, 1843, pp. 59, 60.

Xrfyer's Tidskrtft, Bd. iv, Heft 1, 1642, pp. 72-75.— Tyrannula phoebe, Sylvicola
coronata, Icterus frenatus, Kylvia " tnexicana Liclit."

1843. RICHARDSON, R. Geographical Distribution of Some [Nortb] Amer-

ican Birds. < Ann. $ Mag. Nat. Hist, xi, 1843, p. 484.

Merely a list of 12 spp. collected at Port Simpson, McKenzie's K., lat. 62° 11'
N., by M. McPherson. Nothing on geographical distribution beyond what the
collection indicates.

1844. [ANON.] Reise in das innere Nordamerica in den Jabren 1832 bis 1834,

von Maximilian, Prinz zu Wied. Coblenz bey Holscher. I. 1839
gr. 4° 654. II. 1841. 687. Taf.33. in fol., 48 in gr. fol.; neue
Charte nebst vielen Holzschnitten. < Oken's /sis, Bd. xxxvii, 1844,
pp. 297-299.

1844. [ANON.] Ch. L.Bonaparte, a geographical and comparative List of the
Birds of Europe and North-America. London 1838. 8. < Oken's
Ms, Bd. xxxvii, 1844, p. 604.

1844. [ANON.] A Synopsis of the Birds of North- America by J. J. Audubon.
London 1839. 8. 359. < Ofccn's Ms, Bd. xxxvii, 1844, pp. 713-718.
Verzeichniss der Arten.

1844. BAIRD, W. M., and BAIRD, S. F. List of Birds found in the vicinity of
Carlisle, Cumberland County, Penn., about Lat. 40° 12 N., Lon. 77°
11' W. <Sillim. Am. Journ., xlvi, 1844, pp. 261-273.

201 spp., annotated; breeders marked and times of appearance given. Sum-
mer visitors, 112; permanent residents, 38 ; winter visitors, 14; 4 other spp.
indicated.

1844. BRANDT, J. F. Eine Liste von Thieren, welche der Gouverneur Ku-
prianoff aus den russisch americanischen Colonien geschenkt hat,
<0ken's Ms, Bd. xxxvii, 1844, p. 133.
JBuU. Sci. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Peters., Bd. ix, 1841, p. 281. 10 Arten der Vogel.

1844. DE KAY, J. E. Zoology | of New- York, [ or the | New- York Fauna ; |
comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed
within the | State of New- York, with brief notices of those occa-
sionally found near | its borders, and accompanied by appropriate
illustrations. | — | By James E. De Kay. | — | Pa,rt II. Birds. | Al-
bany: | printed by Carroll and Cook, prinrers to the Assembly. | . . . .
| 1844. 1 vol. 4to. Eng. title-p., pp. xii, 380, 1 1., pll. col'd 141.

A systematic treatise, the species nnd higher groups formally characterized, the
former treated also with synonymy and general account of habits, distribution,
etc. At the conclusion of each genus, the North American species not found in
the State are enumerated and briefly characterized. 308 spp. formally treated in
the work are figured in colored lithographs, each plate containing two or three fig-
ures. The plates are all recognizable illustrations, but not of the highest order of
artistic merit, the drawing being especially defective. Appearing at a time when
American works on ornithology of similar magnitude were very few, the work
held for a time a high place ; but its scientific character is not such as to per-
manently maintain that position. Though still constantly quoted— and properly
to be referred to— it has ceased to be regarded as an authority.

1844. GIRAUD, J. P. The | Birds of Long Island. | — | By J. P. Giraud,
Jr., | Member of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York, corre-
sponding | member of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel-
phia, &c. | — | New York : | published by Wiley & Putnam, 161

634 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1841 1846 [68

1844. GIKAUD, J. P.— Continued.

Broadway. | Tobitt's Print, 9 Spruce st. | 1844. I vol. 8vo. (4 11. to
a sig.). pp. xxiv, 397.

The book has become scarce. Audubon's classification and nomenclature.
Some little synonymy, from Audubon. Short characters of genera and species,
and general .account of the latter.

1844. LAFRESNAYE, F. de. Oiseaux uouveaux du Mexique. <^Rtvue Zoolo-
gique, vii, 1844, pp. 41-43.

Merula ivfvscata, Saltator magnoides, S. icterophr^s, S. rubico'ides, p. 41 ; Colaptes
mexicanoides, p. 42.

1844. LICHTENSTEIN, H. Beytrag zur ornitbologiscben Fauna von Cali-
fornien, nebst Bemerkungen iiber die Artkennzeicheu der Pelicane
uud iiber einige Vogel von den Sandwicbiuseln. < Oken's Isis, Bd.
xxx vii, 1844, p. 851.

Aus Abhand. Berlin. Acad., xxii, Jahrg. 1838, erschienen 1839, pp. 417-451, mit 5
Taf. Vultur californiauus, Falco (Buteo) ferrugineus, Strix frontalis, Friugilla
hudsonia, Pelecanus trachyrhynchus u. s. w. Yergl. 1839, LICHTEXSTEIX, H.

1844. [UNKNOWN.] Verzeicbuiss der in Labrador befindlicbeu Landsauge-

tbiere und Vogel. < Bullet. Akad. Munchen, 1844, pp. 122, 129.
Not seen— title from Giebel.

1845. BAIRD, S. F. Catalogue of Birds found in tbe neigbbourbood of Car-

lisle, Cumberland County, Pa. < Lit. Eec. and Joarn. Linn. Assoc. of
Penna. College, i, 1845, pp. 249-257.

Annotated list of 202 + 1 spp. Breeding, 104 ; summer visitors, 66 , resident,
38 ; transitory in spring and autumn, 90; seen in autumn only, 8. Compare Am.
Journ. Sci. xlvi, 1844, pp. 261-273.

1845. CABOT, S., JR. [List of 5 species of Birds observed to breed on tbe Mar
galloway River.] <^ Proc. Bost. Soc. Nai. Hist., ii, 1845, p. 55.

1845. GAMBEL, W. Descriptions of new and little known Birds, collected in
Upper California. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1H45, pp. 263-266.
Harpes (g. n.) redivivus, p. 264; Parus inornatus, p. 265 ; Hergulus cassinii,p.
266, spp. nn.; with note on Leptosoma longicauda Sw.

1845. HOLBOLL, C. Ornitbologiscber Beytrag zur giouliindiscbeu Fauna.
< Oken's Isis, Bd. xxxviii, 1845, pp. 739-792.
Krjyer's Naturh. Tidtk., Bd. iv, 1843, pp. 361-457, q. v.—88 Arten.

1845. STOKER, D. H. [Occurrence of Fringilla pinea (sic) and Bombycilla

garrula in Obio, in July.] < Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, 1845, p. 52.

1846. ABADIE, E. H. List of Nortb American Birds [collected and pre-

sented by bim to tbe Institute]. Arranged in accordance witb tbe
nomenclature of C. L. Bonaparte. < Fourth Bull, of the National
Institute of Washington, 1846, pp. 526^530.

Merely a list of names, preceded (p. 525) by letters from Dr. Abadie and Surg.
Gen. Lawson relative to the collection.

1846. [ANON.] Ornitbologiscber Beytrag zur Fauna Gronlands von C. Hoi-
boll, iibersetzt von Dr. J. H. Paulseu. Leipzig bey E. Fleiscber.
1846. 8. 102. < Oken's Isis, Bd. xxxix, 1846, p. 794.

1846. GAMBEL, W. Remarks on tbe Birds observed in Upper California.
<Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1846, pp. 44-48, 110-115, 154-158,
200-205.

Extended field-notes on numerous species, with some little critical matter,
constituting one of the most important of our earlier advices on the habits and
distribution of Ca'ifomian birds.

69] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1846-1818 635

184G. HOLBOLL, C. Ornithologischer Beitrag zur Fauna Gronlands

Uebersetzt und mit einem Anhange von Paulsen. Leipzig, 1846.
8vo. 2d ed. Leipzig, 1854. pp. 102, pi. 1.

Not seen.— A German translation of " Ornithologiske Bidrag til den grb'nland-
iske Fauna", Krjyer's Naturh. Tidsk., 1843, pp. 361-457.

1846. PARKER, S. Journal | of an Exploring Tour | beyond the Rocky
Mountains, | under the direction of the | A. B. C. F. M. | containing |
[etc.] | with a map of Oregon Territory. | — | By Rev. Samuel Par-
ker, A. M. | — | Fifth edition. | — | Auburn : | J. C. Derby & Co. ;
| [etc.] | 1846. 1 vol. 12mo. pp. i-xvi, 17-422, map, cut.

Chap. XV, pp. 216-219, brief and unimportant summary of Oregon birds.
1847-49. GAMBEL, W. Remarks on tbe Birds observed in Upper California,
with descriptions of New Species. <^Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
i, pt. i, Dec. 1-S47, pp. 25-56, pll. viii, ix ; pt. iii, Aug. 1849, pp. 215-229.

176 spp., extensively and variously annotated with descriptive, critical, and
biographical matter. The said "new species" were before described in Proc.
Acad. Phila., except Saurophagus bairdii, p. 40. Chamcea, p. 34, Cleptcs, p. 46,
genn. nn. PI. viii, f. 1, Parus montanus ; f. 2, P. inornatus ; f. 3, Chamcea fasciata ;
pi. ix, f. 1, Zonotrichia chlorura ; f. 2, Picus " scalaris " rf ; f . 2, do. $ ( = nuttalli).

1848. ABERT, J. W. Notes of a military reconnoissance, | from Fort Leaven-
worth, in Missouri, | to | San Diego, in California | . . . . | By W. H.
Emory | . . . . | Washington: | Wendell and Van Benthuysen, Print-
ers. | — [ 1848. 1 vol. 8vo. > Appendix No. 6. Notes of Lieuten-
ant J. W. Abert, pp. 386-405.

An itinerary, with continual reference to plants and animals observed en route.
The birds collected on this journey perhaps — at any rate by Lieut. Abert in Now
Mexico about this time— are elaborated by S. F. BAIBD (Pipilo abcrti, etc.) in H.
STANSBURY'S Rep. Expl. Great Salt Lake, 1852, q. v.

1848. [ANON.] Zoology of New York. Part. II. Birds, by James J.E.de
Kay. Albany 1844. 4. 380. tab. 141. < Oken's Isis, Bd. xli, 1848,
pp. 1035-1040.
Gives a list of the species treated in De Kay's work.

1848. CASSIN, J. Catalogue of Birds collected by Mr. Wm. S. Pease, during
tbe March of the Army of the United States from Vera Cruz to the
City of Mexico. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1848, pp. 87-91.

45 spp., with brief critical and field notes. Micrastur guerilla, p. 87, sp. n.
The article is marked, " To be continued."

1848. GAMBEL, W. Contributions to American Ornithology. <Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1848, pp. 126-129.

Rostrhamus sociabilis, Vireo altiloquus, Egretta pealei, p. 127. Sterna frcnata, p.
128; S. regia, p. 128 ; S. elegans, p. 129, spp. nn.

1848". GAMBEL, W. Ueber die in Oberkalifornien beobachteten Vogel.
< Arch.f. Naturg., 1848, (1), pp. 82-117.

Aus den Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, 1846, q. v. Mit Bemerkungen von J.
Cabanis.

1848. GIBBES, L. R. Report | on the | Geology of South Carolina ; | by | M.
Tuomey, [etc.] | — | Columbia, S. C. | Printed and published, for
the State, by | A. S. Jobnston. | 1848. 1 vol. 4to. 2 p. 11., pp. i-vi, 1-
293, i-lvi, maps and pll. > Appendix. Catalogue of the Fauna of
South Carolina. (By Lewis R. Gibbes). 2. Class. Birds, pp.iii-viii.
Nominal list of the birds of the Srate (271 spp. under 111 genera), with short
characters of the families and higher groups. The list appears to be a mere

636 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1848-1849 [;

1848. GIBBES, L. R.— Continued.

compilation of species whose range is given as including South Carolina by An-
dubon in his Synopsis of 1839.

1848. McCALL, G. A. Some notes on Mexican Birds [Orpheus curvirostiis,
Columba leucoptera], heretofore not fully described. <^ Proc. Acad.
Ifat. Sci. Phila., iv, 1848, pp. 63, 64.

1848. REINHARDT, J. [Ueber Vogel aus Gronland.] < Oken's Ms, Bd. xli,
1848, pp. 129, 130.

" K. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Eopenh., vi, 1836-37, pp. xxi-xxii."

1848. REINHARDT, J. Ichthyologische Beytrage zur gronlandischen Fauna ;
Einleitung, enthaltend Zusiitze und Veranderungen zu dem Fabri-
cius'schen Verzeichnisse gronlaudischer Wirbelthiere. <^ Oken's
Isis, Bd. xli, 1848, pp. 247-299.

Uebers. aus d. Kongel. Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Nat og Math. Afhand., Deel vii, 1838,
pp. 83-196. — Vogel, pp. 248-258. I. Einleitung, enthaltend Zusatze und Ver-
andernngen zu dem Fabricius'schen Verzeichnisse gronlandischer Wirbel-
thiere. B. Vogel. 1. Zuwaohs an Vogelarten, welche Europa uud Nordarnerika
gemeinschaftlich sind— 22 Arten. 2. Zuwachs an Vogelarten, wtlche der
ostlichen Hemisphere eigenthiimlich acgehoren— 2 Arten. 3. Zuwachs an Vo-
golarten, welche Nordamerika eigenthiimlich sind oder dort vorzugsweise
vorkommen— 9 Arten. Vergl. 1838, REINHARDT, J.

1848. SIEDHOF, CARL. Naturgeschichtliches aus den Vereinigten Staatei

von Nordamerica. < Oken's Ms, Bd. xli, 1848, pp. 409-421.
Behandelt Procellariidce, Turdidce, Corvidce, FringiUidce u. s. w.

1849. McCALL, G. A. Some Notes on Mexican Birds, heretofore not fully

described. < Am. Journ. Sei., vii, 1849, pp. 114, 115.

Orpheus curvirostris / Columba leucoptera. From Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1848, pp. 63, 64.

1849. STRACHEY, W. The | Historic of Travaile | into I Virginia Britannia ;
| expressing the | cosmogra.phie and comodities of the country, |
togither with the manners and | customes of the people. | Gathered
and observed as well by those who went | first thither as collected
by | William Strachey, Gent., | the First Secretary of the Colony. |
— | Now first edited from the original manuscript, in the | British
Museum, by | R. H. Major, Esq., ] of the British Museum. | London :
| Printed for the Hakluyt Society. | M.DCCC.XLIX 1 vol. 8vo. pp.
i-viii, i-xxxvi, 3 11., 1-203, map, plL

Caput x, Of the commodities of the country, &c., pp. 125, 126, mentions various
birds — Turkeys, Partridges, Parakitoes, a kind of Wood Pigeon, and others. Cf.
1612, SMITH, J.

1849. TOWNSEND, J. K. Ornithology of the United States of North America,
or descriptions of the Birds inhabiting the States and Territories of
the Union, -with an accurate figure of each drawn from nature.
Edited by John K. Townsend, Vol.1. Philadelphia: J. B. Cheva-
lier. 1849. 8vo. pp. 12, pll. 4.

Not seen. — " Of this volume and work only the first number of 12 pp. and 4
plates (Cathartes 3 species and Pnlyborus) was published. It was then super-
seded by the work of Mr. Audubon, in 8vo."

1849-50. [JARDINE, W.] Ornithology of the Bermudas. < Jard. Contrib.
Om., 1849, pp. 76-87 ; 1850, pp. 5-14, 35-38, 67.

From notes and observations of Lieut. Wedderburn and H. B. Tristram. Gen-
eral sketch of the subject, and several extended annotated lists of species.

7l] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§5O-1§52 637

1850. CABOT, J. E. Lake Superior : | its physical Character, Vegetation, and
Animals, | compared with those of other and similar Regions. | By |
Louis Agassiz. j With a narrative of the Tour. | By | J. Elliot Ca-
bot. | [Woodcut.] | And | contributions by other Scientific Gentle-
men. | Elegantly illustrated. | Boston : | Gould, Kendall and Lin-
coln, | 59 Washington Street. | [Apr.] 1850. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. x + 2,
9-428, pU. > Chap. VIII. Report of the Birds collected and ob-
served at Lake Superior. By J.E.Cabot, pp. 383-385. *

Curt general observations ; nominal list of C9 spp. Corvus cedrorum, n. sp.
(error for Ampelis cedrorum) ; Ampelis cacalotl, n. sp. (error for Oorvus cacalotl).
There is a German transl. by Zuchold, Naumanma, ii, Heft iii, 1852, pp. 64-66.

1850. GRAY, G. R. Narrative | of an | Expedition to the Shores | of | the

Arctic Sea | in 1846 and 1847. | — | By John Rae, | Hudson Bay
Company's Service, commander of the Expedition. | — | With
Maps. | London : | T. & W. Boone, 29, New Bond Street. | — | 1850.
1 vol. 8vo. pp. viii, 247, maps.

Contains, pp. 201-204, " List of the species of Birds Collected by Mr. Kae during
his late Expedition, named according to the 'Fauna Boreali- Americana', by G. B.
Gray, Esq., F. L. S." ; being a nominal list of 81 spp,

1851. BURNETT, W. I. [Notes on the Fauna of the Pine Barrens of upper

South Carolina.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, 1851, pp. 115-118.
List of numerous spp. of birds observed, with a few words on the " confor-
mability of individuals of the Fauna to each other "—whatever that may be.

1851. GURNEY, J. H. Notes on the Zoology of California. < Zoologist, ix,

1851, pp. 3297-3299.

Communicated by Mr. Gurney ; anonymous (by A. S. Taylor?), from Mon-
terey ; brief, no scientific names.

1851. HARRIS, E. List of Birds and Mammalia found on the Missouri River
from Fort Leaven worth to Fort Union, at the mouth of the Yellow-
stone River. <FifthAnn. Rep. Smiths. Inst. for 1850, 1851, pp. 136-138.
Merely a nominal list of about 120 spp.

1851. McCALL, G. A. Some Remarks on the Habits, &c., of Birds met with

in Western Texas, between San Antonio and the Rio Graide, and in
New Mexico; with descriptions of several species believed to have
been hitherto undescribed. <^Proc.Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1851,
pp. 213-224.

68 spp. Cyanocorax cassinii, p. 216 ; Otocoris occidental™, p. 218 ; Garpodacu*
obscurus, p. 220, spp. nn.

1852. BAIRD,S.F. Special Session, > genate> < Executive. , _ ( Ex_

March, 1851. ) ( No. 3.

ploration and Survey | of the | Valley | of the | Great Solt Lake of
Utah, | including | a reconnoissauce of a new route through | the
Rocky Mountains. | By Howard Stansbury, | Captain Corps Topo-
graphical Engineers, | U. S. Army. | Printed by order of the Senate
of the United States. | Philadelphia : | Lippincott, Grambo & Co. |

1852. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 487, pll. > Appendix C.— Birds. By
Spencer F. Baird. pp. 314-335.

31 spp. (one, Sialia macroptera, p. 314, n. s.), with field-notes and some synonymy,
followed by a similar list of 9 spp. of birds collected in New Mexico by Lt. Abert
(Pipilo aberti, p. 325, n. s.) ; supplemented by a nominal " List of Birds inhabiting
America West of the Mississippi, not described in Audubou's Ornithology " (a
few species from enst of the Mississippi being included). This list of 153 spp.

638 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1852 [72

1852. BAIRD, S. F.— Continued.

contains a large proportion of synonyms or species not since satisfactorily de-
termined to inhabit North America north of Mexico. The list makes no appa-
rent claim to critical precision, ostensibly showing what species have been
ascribed to the region in question, bnt not necessarily vouching for their occur-
rence there. "California " long remained a vpgue term with ornithologists.

1852. BAIRD, S. F. An | Expedition | to the | Valley of the Great Salt
Lake | of | Utah : | including | a description of its Geography, Na-
• tural History, and | Minerals, and an analysis of its waters : | with

an | Authentic Account of the Mormon Settlement. | Illustrated by
numerous beautiful plates, | from Drawings taken on the spot. |
Also, | A Reconnoissance of a New Route through the | Rocky
Mountains, | and | two large and accurate maps of that region. | — |
By Howard Stansbury, | Captain Corps Topographical Engineers,
United States Army. | — | Philadelphia : | Lippincott, Grarabo &
Co. | 1852. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 487, pll.

This is merely a reissue, from the same stereotypes, of the original official
publication, under a modified title ; the text and illustrations being identical.

1852. BAIRD, S. F. Zoology of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah.
. . . Extracted from Capt. H. Stansbury's Report. . . . 8vo.
Philadelphia, 1852.

Not seen in this form, which is merely a pamphlet ed., separate, of Baird's
zoological matter, published and distributed in June, 1852.

1852. BREWER, T. M. A few Ornithological Facts, gathered in a hasty
Trip through portions of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, in June,
1850. < Jourrt. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, pt. iii, 1852, pp. 297-308.

On habits of Somateria mollissima, Clangula histrionica, Thalassidroma leachii,
Larus argentatus, Turdus brunneus (pallaai auct. recent), Plectrophanes nivalis,
Zonotrichia (i. e. Spizella) monticola.

1852. BREWER, T. M. [On some Species of North American Birds' Eggs.]
< Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, 1852, p. 167. [ Cf. p. 168.]
Turdidce, 2 spp.— Empidonax "traillii", TJria brunnichii.

1852. CABOT, J. E. Btricht iiber die am Obersee gesammelten und beo-
bachteten Vogel. < Naumannia, ii, Heft iii, 1«52, pp. 64-66.
Deutsch von Zuchold, aus Louis Agassiz's ,,Lake Superior", Boston, 1850, q. v.

1852. CASSIN, J. [Remarks on the Birds of the Arctic Regions, presented
by Dr. E. K. Kane.] < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PMla., vi, 1852, p. 107.

1852. HARTLAUB, G. Ueber einige neue oder weniger bekannte Vogel
Amerika's. Aus brieflichen Mittheilungen des Herzogs Paul Wil-
helm von Wiirttemberg mitgetheilt und mit Anmerkungen verse-
hen von Dr. G. Hartlaub. < Naumannia, ii, Heft ii, 1852, pp.
50-56.

50 spp. Nos. 1-35, Lebensweise, Lokalitat. Falco mercurialis, F. plumbiceps,
p. 52 ; Strix dominicensis, Corvus erythrophthalmus, p. 54 ; Corvus solitarius, Picits
leucurus, Ooccyzus rufigularis, Saurothera domingeiisis, Coccyzus viridirostris,
p. 55; Plectrophanes atrolo.rvatus, Certhiola clusice, Ohamaepelia hortulana, Tyran-
nuseximius, Dafila caribaea, p. 56.— "Herz. v. Wiirtt."

L852. LAWRENCE, G. N. Descriptions of new species of Birds of the genera
Conirostrum, D'Orb. et Lafr., Embernagra, Less., and Xanthornus,
Briss., together with a List of other species not heretofore noticed
as being found within the limits of the United States. < Ann. Lye.
Nat. Hist. New York, v, 1852, pp. 112-117, pi. v. (Read Apr. 28, 1851 )

73]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1852-1853 639

1852. LAWRENCE, G. N. — Continued.

G. ornatum, p. 112, pi. v, f . 1 ; E. rufivirgata, p. 112, pi. v, f. 2; X. ajfinis, p. 113.—
Concludes with a "List of Birds from Texas with short specific descriptions",
giving 11 spp. new to U. S. fauna.

1852. LAWRENCE, G. N. Additions to North American Ornithology. No. 1.

< Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, v, 1852, pp. 117-119. (Read 1851.)

Thalassidroma fregetta, Geryle americana.

1852. LAWRENCE, G. N. Descriptions of New Species of Birds, of the Gen-
era Toxostoma Wagler, Tyrannula Swainson, and Plectrophanes
Meyer. < Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, v, 1852, pp. 121-123.
(Read Sept. 8, 1851.)
Toxostoma Le Contei, Tyrannula cinerascens, p. 121 ; P. McOownii, p. 122.

1852. LAWRENCE, G. N. Additions to North American Ornithology. No. 2.

< Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. Neiv York, v, 1852, pp. 123, 124. (Read 1851.)
Centurus Santa Cruzi, Oulidvora atricapilla, Spermophila albinularis.

1852. LAWRENCE, G. N. Ornithological Notes. [No. 1.] < Ann. Lye. Nat.
Hist. New York, v, 1852, pp. 220-223.
On 9 spp. of North American birds.

1852. WOODHOUSE, S. W. Descriptions of new species of Birds of the gen-

era Vireo, Vieill., and Zonotrichia, Swains. <^ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., vi, 1852, pp. 60, 61.
V. atricapUla, Z. eassinii, p. 60.

1853. ALLAN, G. W. " On the Land-birds wintering in the neighbourhood

of Toronto." < Canad. Journ., i, 1853, pp. 169-172.
Good running commentary on the whole series, with some descriptive matter.

1853. BONAPARTE, C. L. Notes stir les collections rapporte'es en 1853 par
M. A. Delattre, de son voyage en Californie et dans le Nicaragua.

< Rev. el Mag. de Zool, v, 1853, pp. 577-579.

Resume d'un "remarquable" travail ornithologiqne In le 28 Nov. 1853 a
1'Acad. de Paris. Premiere communication, Perroquets et Rapaces, Accipiter
fontanieri, A. castanilius, p. 578. Secondo Partie, lu le 5 D6c. 1853, Passereaux
cultrirostres. Ostinops guatimozinus, Thilius major, p. 583. Continuation, 19
Dec. 1853, Passereaux conirostres, Chondestes rnficauda, Passerculus elaudi-
nus, p. 583 ; P. anthinus, Chlorospingus spodocephalus, p. 584, spp. nn. (Plu-
sieures lectures en suite; la lecture du 3 Avril 1854 forme la fin des communi-
cations sur ce sujet. Le travail complet se trouve tire a part, Paris, in-4°, 1854.)

1853. CASSIN, J. [Untitled fasciculus of his Illustrations of the Birds of
Texas, California, etc.]

The first part issued of this work was a trial or specimen number, which was
cancelled as unsatisfactory, and is therefore scarcely citable. Several bound
copies, however, are extant : they bear no title, date, or imprint, and are not
paged. They consist of 15 11. of text and 5 pll., representing Xanthura luxuosa,
Melanerpes formicivorus, Chamcea fasciata, Lophophanes atricristatus, and
Oyrtonyx massena. See 1853-55, and 1856, CASSIN, J.

1853. GERHARDT, A. Etwas iiber den Vogelgesang im sudlichen Nord-
Amerika. <Naumannia, iii, 1853, pp. 37-39.

Kurze unbedeutende Bemerkungen iiber circa 30 Arten. Einige dieser Arten
konnen nicht identifizirt werden ; ais, Regulus mihi, R. americanus, Parus cana-
denote.

1853. GERHARDT, A. Die jagdbaren Vogel der Vereinigten Staaten von
Nord-Amerika. <^Naumannia, iii, 1853, pp. 378-391.
Bemerkungen iiber verschiedene Gallince, Limicolce, und Anserres.

640 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1853 [74

1853. HARTLAUB, G. [Notiz fiber das zu erscheinende Werk J. Cassin's:
„ Birds of Texas, California " u. s. w.] < J.f. 0., i, 1853, p. 80.

1853. HEERMANN, A. L. Notes on the Birds of California, observed during
a residence of three years in that country. <^Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
PMla., ii, pt. iii, Jan. 1853, Art. xxv, pp. 259-272.

Systematic list of about 130 spp. of land birds, with notes of habits, distribu-
tion, etc.

1853. HOY, P. R. Notes on the Ornithology of Wisconsin. <Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. PJtila., vi, 1853, pp. 304-313, 381-385, 425-429.

Annotated systematic list of 283 spp. It was reissued, with additions, in the
Trans. Wife. State Agric. Soc. of same date. Peteria (lege Icteria) ! g. n.

1853. HOY, P. R. Notes on the Ornithology of Wisconsin. < Trans. Wis-
consin State Agric. Soc. for 1852, vol. ii, (1853), pp. 341-364.
283 spp. From Pr . PhUa. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1853, q. t?., with additions.

1853. JEFFERSON, T. Notes | on the | State of Virginia, | by | Thomas
Jefferson : | illustrated with | a map, including the States of Vir-
ginia, Maryland, | Delaware and Pennsylvania. | A new edition, |
prepared by the author, | containing notes and plates never before
published. | — | J. W. Randolph, | 121 Main street, Richmond, Va. |
1833. 1vol. 8vo. pp. vi, 1 1., pp. 275, cuts, pll., maps, and fold. tab.
The list of birds, pp. 73-77, is reprinted from one of the old editions without
ostensible alteration, being thus one of the most curiously antiquated of Lite
ornithological lists— matching the 1860 ed. of LAWSON'S Carolina, for example.

1853. LAWRENCE, G. N. Descriptions of New Species of Birds of the Gen-
era Ortyx Stephens, Sterna Linn., and Icteria Vieillot. <^Ann. Lye.
Nat. Hist. New York, vi, 1853, pp. 1-4.

Ortyx texanus, p. 1 ; Sterna pikei, p. 3 ; Icteria longicauda, p. 4.

1853. LAWRENCE, G. N. Additions to North American Ornithology.— No. 3.
<Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vi, 1853, pp. 4-7.

Bphialtes choliba, Pujfimis ? (i.e.Adamastortypus'Bp.), Procellaria capensis.

1853. LAWRENCE, G. N. Ornithological Notes, No. 2. <^Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
New York, vi, 1853, pp. 7-9.

On Stercorarius catarractcs, Sylvia pensilis, Buteo pennsylvanicus.

1853. McCowN, J. P. Facts and Observations from Notes taken when in
Texas. <Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vi, 1853, pp. 9-14.

Field-notes on 18 spp.

1853. READ, M. C. Catalogue of the Birds of Northern Ohio. <^Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, 1853, pp. 395-402.

Shortly annotated list of 145 spp. ; land birds only. Marked " To be con-
tinued." No continuation found.

1853. THOMPSON, Z. Natural | History of Vermont, | with | numerous En-
gravings, | and an | Appendix. | 1853. | — | By Zadock Thompson.
| — | [State Arms.] | Burlington: | published by the Author. | Stacy
& Jameson, Printers. | 1853. 1 vol. " 8vo " (half-sheets, 4 11. to a Big.,
double columns). 2 p. 11., pp. 1-224, 1-63 (Appendix), with 1| 11.
(Indexes). > Chapter III. Birds of Vermont, pp. 56-112, with
additions a,t pp. 20-28 of the App.

The volume above described appears to be a reissue of Part I (on the Natural
History) of the author's "Natural, Civil and Political History of Vermont",
which was published in 1842; the copies thus reissued being famished vritb a

75]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1853 641

1853. THOMPSON, Z.— Continued.

new title-page, preface, and a separately-paged Appendix, relating chiefly to nat-
ural history. The preface states the circumstances which resulted in this mode
of publication. The Appendix may very likely be found separate.— Chap. Ill
is devoted to the Ornithology, and there is supplementary matter of the same
kind at pp. 20-28 of the Appendix ; 161 spp. altogether (being about three-fourths
the avifauna of the State) are described, with brief biographical items, and illus-
trated by numerous small woodcuts, reduced from various well-known originals.
The nomenclature of NUTTALL'S Manual is followed.

{ Erte> \ - \ *»

port of an Expedition | down the | Zuni and Colorado Rivers, | by |
Captain L. Sitgreaves, | Corps Topographical Engineers. | — | Ac-
companied by maps, sketches, views and illustrations. | — | Wash-
ington : | Robert Armstrong, Public Printer, j 1853. 1 vol. 8vo. pp.
198, pll., map. > Birds. By S. W. Woodhouse, M. D. pp. 58-105,
pll. i-vi.

The report of the Expedition occupies only the first 29 pages, the remainder
being devoted to natural history. Ornithology occupies, besides the pages above
given, portions of pp. 33-40 ; 219 spp. are given, with field-notes and some syno-
nymy. As the ground actually passed over is greater than appears from the
title of the book (Indian Territory and Texas to California), including portions
of different faunal provinces, ornithologists have had frequent occasion to regret
that geographical discriminations were not more strictly made. Various species
discovered on this expedition were previously named in tho Philadelphia Acad-
emy's Proceedings, vol. vi, excepting Acanthylis saxatalis (sic), here n. sp., p 64.
PL I, Vireo atricapillus; II, missing; III, Struthus caniceps; IV, Passerculus
cassini / V, Ectopistes marginellus ; VI, Numenius occidentalis.

1853-54. BONAPARTE, C. L. Notes sur les collections rapporte*es en 1853, par
M. A. Delattre, de son voyage en Californie et dans le Nicaragua.
< Compt. Bend, de VAcad. Sci., xxxvii, 1853, pp. 806-810, 827-835, 913-
925 ; xxxviii, 1854, pp. 1-11, 53-66, 258-266, 378-389, 533-541, 650-665.

The Delattre collections are but a slender thread of text, on which to string
an intricate running commentary and criticism on the classification and nomen-
clature of birds of the groups represented and of others. The paper is a notable
one, containing indications of many of the classificatory changes which Bona-
parte was in the habit of making toward the end of his life ; remarkable for
its numerous impressive and authoritative blunders, and the saroamss directed
against Cabanis, who published early parts of the Mv&. Hein. about the time of
BP.'B Consp. Av. Many new genera and species are named in this paper, but
generally indicated in such loose way as not to show whether they are really
new, or lately described by him elsewhere. I indicate the names that may
be new : the species are from all parts of the world. The paper is also separately
published, 4to, Paris, 1854.

Premiere communication, 1853, pp. 806-810 ; Perroquets et Rapaces : Sittace
primoli, Psittacula pyrilia, p. 807.— Accipiter (leraspizia) fontanieri, Ace. cas-
tanilius, p. 810.

2° comm., pp. 827-835 ; Passereaux cultrirostres.— Garrulus cervicalis, Gazzola
typica, p. 828. Physocorax, Amblycorax, Lycocorax, p. 829. Lamprocorax,
Hartlaubins, p. 830. Melanopyrrhus, p. 831. Ostinops guatimozinus, p. 833. Ba-
nanivorus, p. 834.

3° comm., pp. 913-925 ; Pass, conirostres. Passer pallasi, Passer Confucius, p.
914. Pyrgitopsis, p. 915. Chlorospiza aurantiiventris, Gymnoris petria, p. 916.
Auripasser mulleri, Sycalis aureipectus, Metoponia, p. 917. Passerculus alaudi-
nus. Chondestes ruficauda, p. 918. Passerculus anthinus, p. 920. P. geospizopsis,
p. 921. Chlorospingus spodocephalus, p. 922. Hemispingus vencris, p. 922, Salta-
tor plumbeus, p. 923. Melopyrrha, p. 924.— Fulica cornuta !, p. 925 (19 Dec. 1853).

41 B C

642 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1853-1854 [?6

1853-54. BONAPARTE, C. L.— Continued.

4° comm., 1854, pp. 1-11; Chanteurs snbulirostres. Turdus densus, p. 2; Pla-
nesticus, p. 3 ; Turdus (Plan.) lereboulleti, Plan, albiventer, p. 3 ; PI. cabaniei, p. 4 ;
Cichlalopia, Cichlopasser, Agricola, Oreicola, Gervaisia, p. 6 ; Thamnolsea casio-
gastra, Myrmecocichla quartini, Saxicola stricklandi, p. 7; Bernieria, Drymoi-
pus, p. 11.

5°, pp. 53-66, les memes. Leucodioptron "Schiff", p. 55; Malacias, p. 56; Bug-
lodytes (g. n.) albicilius, p. 57 ; Meropixus, Ixocherus, p. 53 ; Apalopteron " Schiff",
Trichophoropsis typus, p. 59 ; T. viridis ; Troglodytes bonapartei " Mus. Francf.",
Campylorhynchus pardus (Verr., descr. nulla), p. 61.

6», pp. 258-266, Chanteurs curvirostres. Caereba trinitatis, p. 258; Certhiola
minima, C. minor, C. albigula, p. 259 ; Xanthoraelus, p. 262 ; Myzomela melano-
gastra, p. 263 ; M. major, Oreosterops, Malacirops, Cyclopterops, p. 264.

7°, pp. 378-389, Chant, dentirostret*. Vireolanius icterophrys, V. chlorogaster,
p. 380 ; Basileuterue delatrii, p. 383 ; B. medins, B. majusculus, B. maximus, Seto-
phaga minor, p. 384 (decrits, "sans les nommer"); Thaumasioptera "Schiff", p.
389 (type inconnu).

8°, pp. 533-541, les memes. Caiicalicus, p. 535 ; Balicassius, p. 539 ; Dicrurus
ooracinus, Gruncalus lagunensis, p. 540; Lalage uropygialis, p. 541.

9°, pp. 650-665, Chant, fissirostres, etc. Metabolus, Pomarea, Symposiachrua
[sic], HyJeota violacea, p. 650; Charidhylas, p. 651; Erythrosterna tricolor (Kuhl
et Van Hass. ined.), Uromitris, Artomyias, Xeocephus, Elminia, Todopsis, p.
652 ; Dasycephala citreopygia, Myiodynastes luteiventris, p. 657 ; Picolaptes ver-
reanxorum, Dendrocincla delatrii, Pachyramphus latirostris, p. 658 ; Procellaria
melania, p. 662; Antigone montignesiana, p. 661 ; Tinamus delatrii, T. Julius, p. 663.

1853-55. CASSIN, J. Illustrations of the Birds of California, . . .

These are the dates of issue of the 10 parts of vol. I of the work, completed
and bound in 1856, q. v. See also 1853, CASSIX, J.

1854. BARRY, A. C. [On the Ornithological Fauna of Wisconsin.] <Proc.
Boston 8oc. Nat. Hist.y\, 1854, pp. 1-13.
Systematic list of 218 spp., annotated. Anser bruchi, sp. n. ?

1854. BREWER, T. M. [List of Birds, found both in Europe and Americi,
with others not identical, but confounded together from close re-
semblances.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, 1854, pp. 324-328.
113 spp., including the stragglers from either country. .

1854. COUCH, D. N. Descriptions of New Birds of Northern Mexico. <Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sti. Phila., vii, 1854, pp. 66, 67.

Cvrvus cryptoleucus, Icterus scottii, p. 66 ; Struthus atrimentalis, p. 67.

1854. GERHARDT, A. Skizzen aus dem Vogelleben Nordamerika's. < Nau-
mannia, iv, 1854, pp. 192-194.
Kurze Bemerkungen iiber einige Vogel des nordlichcn Floridas.

1854. HOPKINS, W. [Letter containing a List of eight Birds of Auburn,
N. Y.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v, 1854, p. 13.

1854. LECONTE, J. Notice of American Animals, formerly known, but now
forgotten or lost. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1854, pp. 8-14.

Of birds, Vultur sacra, Bartr. ; Ferruginous "Woodpecker, Lath. ; Florida
Pheasant, p. 20 of Stork's Introd., Bartram's Trav. ; Norton Sound Bustard,
Penn. ; Bed-billed Heron, Penn.

1854. REINHARDT, J. Notitser til Gronlauds Ornithologie. < Fidensk. Mcd-
del. Naturh. Foren.for Aaret 1853, 1854, pp. 69-65.

A. Europteiske Arter, 5 ; B. Nord Amerikaniske Arter, 12— Podiceps holbollii.
p. 76 ; Larus affinis, p. 78, spp. nn. C. Arter, som forekomme i begge Hemispha>
rer, 1. Arter fundne i Gronland, 107.

77] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1854-1§5,5 643

1854. RKIXIIARDT, J. Bemerkungeu zur OrnithologieGronlands. <«/./. O.,
ii, 1854, pp. 423-443.

Aus dem Videnskabeligc Mtddclclser fra den naturhistoriske Fvrcning i Kjobcn-
havn fur das Jahr 1853, 1854, S. 69 u. fgg., q. v.— Mit Bemerkuugen von J. Cabanis
und C. W. L. Gloger.

1854. WAILES, B. L. C. Report | on the | Agriculture and Geology | of | Mis-

sissippi. | Embracing a sketch of the | Social and Natural History
of the State. | By B. L. C. Wailes, | Geologist of Mississippi ; | [etc.
etc.] | — | Published by order of the legislature. | — | Lippincott,
Grambo, and Co., | for E. Barksdale, | State printer. | [No place of
publication given.] | 1854. 1vol. 8vo. pp. xx, 371, map and pll.
> VI, Fauna. > Class II. Aves, or Birds, pp. 317-327.

Very defective nominal list of 89 spp., followed by brief general commentary
on the avifauna of the State.

1855. HEAD, J. F. Some Remarks on the Natural History of the country

about Fort Ripley, Minnesota. < Ninth Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inat. (for
1854), 1855, pp. 291-293.

List of about 60 spp. of birds observed, with brief remarks.

1855. HENRY, T. C. Notes derived from observations made on the Birds of
New Mexico during the years 1853 and 1854. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., vii, 1855, pp. 306-317.

Field-notes of habits; 170 spp.

1855. KENNICOTT, R. Catalogue of Animals observed in Cock County,
Illinois. < Trans. III. Stale Agric. Soc. for 1853-54, i, 1855, pp. 577-
595. > Birds, pp. 580-591.

List, briefly annotated, of 187 spp., to which are added a few speciea (22) of
Middle and Southern Illinois omitted from H. Pratten's List, 1855, q. v.

1855. LE BARON, W. Observations upon some of the Birds of Illinois most
interesting to the agriculturist. < Trans. III. State Agric. Soc. for
1853-54, i, 1855, pp. 559-565.

"I have thus hastily run over those families of land birds which are most
interesting to the agriculturist, either for the depredations they commit, or for
the benefits they confer . . . ." — (Author.)

1855. PRATTEN, H. Catalogue of South Illinois Birds. A contribution to
the Natural History of Illinois. < Trans. III. State Agric. Soc. for
1853-54, i, 1855, pp. 596-609.

Nominal list of 184 spp. " The following catalogue of the birds of the State
is, by no means, a complete one. With the exception of a few of the water birds,
which were shot on the Ohio River, they were all obtained in the two conn-
ties of "Wayne and Edwards." — (Author's preface.)

1855. SCLATER, P. L. Note on the Sixteen Species of Texan Birds named
by Mr. Giraud of New York, in 1841. <P.Z.S., xxiii, 1855, pp.
65, 66.

Identifications and rectifications of nomenclature in cases of nearly all of them.
1855. STRANG, J. J. Some Remarks on the Natural History of Beaver
Islands, Michigan. <Ninth Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst. (for 1854), 1855,
pp. 282-288.

Birds merely mentioned in a paragraph of throe lines.
1855. WOLFORD, H. L. On the Importation and Protection of useful Birds.

< Agric. Rep. U. S. Patent Office for 1854, 1855, pp. 71 .

Not seen.

644 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1855-1856 [78

1855-56. GERHARDT, A. Ueber die Lebensweise der Vogel Nordamerikas,
welche im Staate Georgia vorkommeD. < Nauminnia, v, 1855, pp.
380-397, 458-469 ; vi, 1856, pp. 1-18.
Nebst einem Verzeichnisse der Vb'gel Georgias nach "White. 273 Arten.

1856. AUDUBON, J. J. The | Birds of America, | from | drawings made in
the United States | and their Territories. | By | John James Audu-
bon, F. R. S., &c., &c. \ Vol. I [-VII]. | New York : | Published by V.
G. Audubon, | 1856. 7 vols.roy.8vo. Vol. I, pp. i-viii, 1 1. (signed
J. J. Audubon, and dated New York, Nov., 1839), pp. 11-246, pll. 1-70.
Vol. II, pp. i-viii, 1 1. (J. J. A., N. Y., August, 1840), 11-199, pll. 71-140.
Vol. Ill, pp. i-viii, 9-233, pll. 141-210. Vol. IV, pp. i-viii, 9-321, pll.
211-280. Vol. V, pp. i-viii, 9-346, pll. 281-350. Vol. VI, pp. i-viii,
9-457, pll. 351-420. Vol. VII, pp. i-x, 11-371, pll. 421-500.

This is the first republication of Audubon's 8vo ed. — a mere reissue, retitled,
nos. of vols. and the text and plates the same. It will be observed that the title-
page bears no regular publisher's imprint; nor does the person who occasioned
the reprint make any explanatory note. There are defective copies of this,
without any plates, same date, q. v.

1856. AUDUBON, J. J. The | Birds of America, | from | drawings made in
the United States | and their Territories. | By | John James Audu-
bon, F. R. S., &c., &c. | Vol. I [II, III, IV, ?, VI, VII]. | New York: |
Published by V. G. Audubon, | 1856. Roy. 8vo in size, 4to by printer's
sigs., ostensibly in seven vols. Vol. I, pp. iii-viii, 11-2-16. Vol. II,
pp. i-viii, 11-199. Vol. Ill, pp. i-viii, 9-233. Vol. IV, pp. iii-viii, 9-
321. Vol. V missing. Vol.VI, pp. iii-viii, 9-456. Vol. VII, pp. i-viii,
9-372. No plates.

This is the same as the last, without the plates. It is a singular circumstance
that the fifth volume of the set is missing, or at least not in general circulation;
I have never seen it. It may have been destroyed by accident, or, possibly, was
never reproduced. Owing to this imperfection of the set, and the absence of
illustrations, this edition is very cheap — it may be bought for about $1 a volume.
My copy has pencilled on the title of vol. VI what seems to be directions to
printer for getting up the 1861 ed., Now York, Lockwood & Son, as a reissue
by John "W. Audubon, q. v.

1856. [BILLINGS, E.] On some of the Game Birds of Canada. < Canad. Nat.
and Geol., i, 1856, pp. 284-305, fig.
Five species. The article is anonymous.

1856. BREWER, T. M. [Note on the occurrence of Plotus anhinga and Tan-
talus loculator in Illinois.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v, 1856,
p. 391.

1856. CABANIS, J. Die wissenschaftliche Ausbeute der neuesten Reise-
unternehmung des Herzogs P. W. v. Wiirttemberg [in Amerika].
< J. f. 0., iv, 1856, p. 336.

1856. CASSIN, J. Illustrations | of the | Birds | of | California, Texas, Oregon,
British and | Russian America. | Intended to contain descriptions
and figures | of all | North American Birds | not given by former
American authors, | and a | General Synopsis of North American Or-
nithology. | By John Cassin, | Member of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia; of the American Philosophical | Society;
of the Horticultural Society of Pennsylvania ; of the National Insti-
tute ; | of the South Carolina Natural History Society ; of the New

79]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§56 645

1856. CASSIN, J.— Continued.

York | Lyceum of Natural History ; of the Natural History | Society
of Montreal, etc. etc. | 1853 to 1855. | — | Philadelphia : | J. B. Lip-
pincott & Co. | 1856. 1 vol. large 8vo size, 4to by sigs. pp. viii,
298, pll. 50.

Issued in 10 " parts ", -with continuous pagination, during the years specified ;
collected in 1 vol. in 1856, with preface, contents, and index, forming the "first
series" of a work discontinued at this point. Text technical, descriptive, bio-
graphical (from field-notes of various correspondents, especially Gr. A. McCall
and A. L. Heermann), and general. 50 spp. described and figured in colors;
besides which all the then known North American species of Parince, Falco-
nidce, Strigidce, and Fiasirostres are systematically treated in the "General
Synopsis ", interpolated at pp. 17-20, 85-120, 175-197, 235-256. New species are :—
Falco nigriceps, p. 87 (Dec., 1853) ; Falco polyagrus, pp. 88, 121, pi. 16 ; Buteo insig-
natus, pp. 102, 198, pi. 31 (March, 1854). See 1853, and 1853-55, CASSIN, J.

1856. CASSIN, J. Notes on North American Birds in the Collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and National Museum,
Washington. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, pp. 39-42.

Critical and descriptive. 7 spp. • Spizella breweri, p. 40 ; Anser albatus, p. 41,
spp. nn.

1856. CASSIN, J. Ornithology of the United States, and British and Russian
America. < United States Magazine, iii, 1856, pp. 18-29, 109-114,
205-207, 481-484, figg. 13.

In consequence of the suspension of the Magazine, the contemplated series of
articles was discontinued with the fourth instalment. The matter consists of a
general popular, but strictly scientific, account of Cathartidce and Falconidce.

1856. HAYMOND, R. Birds of South-eastern Indiana. < Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., viii, 1856, pp. 286-298.
Systematic list of 139 spp., shortly annotated.

1856. HENRY, J. Registry of Periodical Phenomena. < Tenth Ann. Eep.
Smiths. Imt. (for 1855), 1856, pp. 259-263.

Includes a list of 16 spp. of birds whose movements, etc., should be noted in
connection with observation of meteorological phenomena.

KWNTNTTRTV f B T? 33d Congress, ? aftnnt« J Ex. Doc. , , _
KEH ,RLY, C. 13. K. > tte. | -

ports I of | Explorations and Surveys, | to | ascertain the most prac-
ticable and economical route for a railroad | from the | Mississippi
River to the Pacific Ocean. | Made under the direction of the Secre-
tary of War, in | 1853-4, \ according to acts of Congress of March 3,
1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | — | Volume IV. | — | Wash-
ington : | Bovcrley Tucker, printer. | 1856. 4to. > Part VI. Re-
port on the Zoology of the Expedition. No. I. Field Notes and
Explanations. By C. B. R. Keunerly, M. D., Physician and Natural-
ist to the Expedition, pp. 1-17.

This is simply a preliminary account of the game animals of Lt. Whipple's
Route near the thirty-fifth parallel, with a summary statement of the zoological
collections. A note appended states that "the remainder of the Zoological Re-
port [of this particular Route] will appear in a subsequent volume '". It ap*
peared in the x. vol. of the series of P. R. R. Reports, entirely superseding the
present article, which is scarcely citable for any practical purposes.

1856. McCLiNTOCK, [P. L.] Extracts from Captain M'Cliutock's Diary
(plate IV). < Nat. Hist. Rev. (Pr. Soc.), iii, 1856, pp. 40-42.

Kept in the Arctic regions during the search for Sir John Franklin. Many
allusions to the birds.

646 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§56-1857 [80

1856. MCSCHLER, — . Notiz zur Ornithologie Gronlands. < J. f. 0., iv,
1856, p. 335.

Alca cirrhata, Totanus flavipes, Picus auratus,

1856. MULLER, J. W. VON. Einige Notizen tiber die Vogel des hochsten
Nordens von Amerika. < J.f. 0., iv, 1856, pp. 304-306.

Von Dr. Elisha Kent Kane dem Verfasser mitgetheilt.

1856. PUTNAM, F. W. Catalogue of the Birds of Essex County, Massachu-
setts. < Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, pp. 201-231.

Annotated list of 235 spp. with 10 additional stragglers ; and appendix of 48
spp. given on other authority, of Massachusetts birds not observed in Essex
County. The classification and nomenclature accord with AUDUBCXN'S Synopsis.
1856. SCLATER, P. L. Note ou the Sixteen Species of Texan Birds named
by Mr. Giraud of New York, in 1841. < Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2),
xvii, 1856, pp. 426-427.

From P. Z. S., March 27, 1855, pp. 65, 66, q. v.

1856. SCLATER, P. L. Catalogue of the Birds collected by M. Auguste Salle*

in Southern Mexico, with Descriptions of New Species. < P. Z. S.,
xxiv, 1856, pp. 283-311, pll. (Aves) cxx, cxxi.

233 spp., with brief miscellaneous annotations. Certhiola mexicana, p. 286 ; Ana-
bates rubiginosus, A. cervinigularis, p. 288; Anabazenpps variegaticeps, Xenops
mexicanus, p. 289 ; Sclerurus mexicanus, Scytalopus prostheleucus, p. 290 ; Parus
meridionalis, p. 293; Formicarius rnoniliger, p. 294; Todirostrum eineregulare,
p. 295 ; TyrannuLa sulphureipygia, p. 296 ; Elaenia variegata, p. 297 ; Pipra men-
talis, p. 299, pi. cxxi ; Myiadestes unicolor, p. 299. The other plate represents
Granatellus sallcei.

1857. BAIRD, S. F. American Oology. < Edinb. New Phiko. Journ., new

ser., v, 1857, p. 374.
Extract from a letter relating to T. M. Brewer's work.

1857. BEESLEY, T. Geology | of | the County of Cape May, | State of | New
Jersey. | [State arms.] j Trenton : | printed at the office of the True
American. | 1857. 1 vol. 8vo. Frontisp., pp. 211, map. ]> Birds,
pp. 138-145.

At the pp. indicated, a " Catalogue of the Birds of the County of Cape May.
By Thomas Beesley, Esq." 196 spp., briefly annotated; the breeders marked
with an asterisk (*).

1857. BLAKISTON, T. Notes of a Naturalist on his Passage towards the Far
West, v Zoologist, xv, 1857, pp. 5840-5843.
Voyage from England to York Factory, Hudson's Bay.

1857. BRENDEL, F. Vogel der Umgegend Peorias in Illinois. <^Zeitschr.
gesammt. Naturw., ix, 1857, pi>. 420-425.

„ Nachfolgend theile ich das Verzeichniss der in der Gegend von Peoria von
mir bis jetzt beobachteten Vogel nebst einigen speziellen Untersuchungen mit,
indem ich mir vorbehalte, dasselbe durch spatere Mittheilungen zu vervoll-
standigeu." — Namenverzeichniss von circa 80 Arten, nebst kurzen Bemer-
kungen; auch anatomist-he Xotizen iiber Halicetus leucocephalus und Buteo
borealis.

1857. BREWER, T.M. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. | — | North
American | Oology. | By | Thomas M. Brewer, M. D. | — | Part L—
Raptores and Fissirostres. | — | [Accepted for publication, Febru-
ary, 1856.] | [Washington: 1857.] lvol.4to. pp. viii, 132, pll. v
(figg. 74). (Forming part of vol. xi, 1859, of Smithsonian Contributions
to Knowledge. Originally thus published separately, 1857.)

8l] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1857 647

1857. BREWER, T. M.— Continued.

The foregoing is the title of the work as it appears in the separate copies.
The fuller title of the work, as one of the papers of the Smithsonian Contribu-
tions, is, "North American Oology ; being an account of the geographical distri-
bution of the Birds of North America during their breeding season, with figures
and descriptions of their eggs." The work was not continued beyond Pait I,
which treats of the Raptores and the " Fissirostres" (i. e., Caprimulgidce, Hirun-
dinidce, Cypselidce, and Alcedinidce). The text is a general account of the habits,
to some extent, of the species during the breeding season, as well as of the sub-
jects mentioned in the full title, and includes a copious synonymy ; no descrip-
tive, technical, or critical matter. Sixty species are treated, the eggs of 49 of
them being beautifully figured, printed in colors, and touched up by hand— 74
figures, on 5 plates— too many to be here recapitulated. Only a small part of the
edition, however, is in colors ; the regular ed. in the S. I. Conk being plain,
printed from another set of stones. The work is notable as the only purely
oological treatise of any extent as yet produced in America, and is the standard
as far as it goes. It contains a fair proportion of blunders, most of wmhich have
been exposed in the critiques the work has called forth from time to time, though
no one has been more zealous than the author in setting them right. The egg
ofButeo borealis? is figured for that of Astur atticapillus ; of Accipiter cooperi?
for that of Falco columbarius; of Hirundo lunifrons? for that of H. thalassina ;
and that figured as Archibuteo ferrugineus is doubtful. Cf. BKEWER, Am. Nat., i,
1867, pp. 121-123 ; COUES, B. Colorado, i, 1878, 421.

1857. BREWER, T. M. List and Descriptions of Eggs obtained in California
by E. Samuels. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 1857, pp. 145-149.
[See p. 66.]
Sixteen specimens.

1857. BRYANT, H. A list of Birds observed at Grand Manan and at Yar-
mouth, N. S., from June 16 to July 8, 1856. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist, vi, 1857, pp. 114-123. [Continued by discussion, by several
ornithologists, on various points relative to North American Orni-
thology, pp. 123-125.]
55 spp. ; fully annotated.

1857. BRYANT, H. [Remark on the early migration of certain American
Birds ihis year.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 1857, p. 170.

1857. CASSIN, J. Notes on the North American species of Archibuteo and
Lanius, and description of a new specie? of Toucan, of the genus
Selenidera, Gould. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ix, 1857, pp. 211-214.
Archibuteo, 3 spp. ; Lanius, 5 spp. ; Selenidera spectabilis, p. 214.

1857. D'URBAN, W. S. M. Notes on the Land Birds observed round [sic]
Montreal during the winter of 1856-7. < Canad. Nat. $ Geol, ii,
1857, pp. 138-145.
Field-notes on a score of species.

1857. D'URBAN, W. S. M. Notice of the Occurrence of the Pine Grosbeak
and Bohemian Chatterer, near Montreal. <^ Canad. Nat. fy Geol., i,
1857, pp. 465-472, fig.
More extended notice, with figure of the latter, by E. Billings, appended.

Bemerkungen zu Vorigern [d. h. Vogel der Umgegend
Peorias in Illinois von Fr. Brendel] iiber Cathartes aura, Falco albi-
cilla, F. lagopus und F. buteo. <^Zdtschr. gesammt. Naturw., ix,
1857, pp. 426-433.

,, Die vorstehenden Mittheilungen Herrn Brendels . . . veranlassen mich aus
Chr. L. Nitzsch' handschriftlichem Nachlass bier die anatomischen Notizen
theils zur Erganzung, theils zur weitern Vergleichung der nacbst verwandten
Arten anzuschliessen." Vergl. 1857, BHEXDEL, F.

648 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1857 [82

1857. HADFIELD, H. W. Notes and Remarks on the Storm Petrel, American
Bittern, Night Hawk, &c. [i e., other birds of Canada.] <^ Zoolo-
gist, xv, 1857, pp. 5798-5804.

1857. HOLMES, E. Birds [of North America] injurious to Agriculture. <^Bep.
U. S. Patent Office, Agric.,for 1856, 1857, pp. 110-160, pll. 15-46.

1857. KNEELAND, S. On the Birds of Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior.
<Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 1857, pp. 231-241.

Partially annotated list of 147 spp.— Musical notation of song of Zonotrichia
albicoiiis.

1857. NEWBERRY,J. S. ^SoT' |House of Representatives, j ^.9lT'
| — | Reports | of | Explorations and Surveys, \ to | ascertain the
most practicable and economical route for a railroad | from the |
Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. | Made under the direction of
'the Secretary of War, in | 1854-5, | according to Acts of Congress
of March 3, 1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | — j Volume
VI. | — | Washington : | A. O. P. Nicholson, printer, | 1857. j 4to.
> Part IV. Zoological Report. No. 2. Report upon the Zoology of
the Route. By J. S. Newberry, M. D. > Chapter II Report upon
the Birds, pp. 73-110, pll. xxvi and xxxiv, with pp. i-iv of index.

This well-written and interesting article gives the ornithological results of
the California and Oregon routes ; it consists of field-notes on a large number
of species. Pious williamsonii, p. 89 (descr. nulld), pi. xxxiv, up. fig., sp. n. PI.
xxxiv, low. fig., Icteria longicauda. PI. xxvi, Pica nuttattii.

1857. REINHARDT, J. Naturhistoriske Bidrag | til | En Beskrivelse af Gr0n-
land, | af | J.Reinhardt,J. C.Scbi0dte,O. A.L. M0rch,C.F.Lutken, |
J. Lange, H. Rink. | — | Sa^rskilt Aftryk af Tillseggene til „ Gr^n-
landjgeographiskogstatistiskbeskrevet" af H. Ritk. | — | Kj^ben-
havn. | Louis Kleins Bogtrykkeri. | 1857. 1 vol. 12mo size (8 11.
to a sig.). 2 p. 11., pp. 3-172, map. > Tillaeg Nr. 1, Fortegnelse
over Gr<|>nland8 Pattedyr, Fugle og Fiske, af Professor J. Reinhardt.
pp. 3-27.

Pugle, pp. 12-20.— Nominal list of 111 sp., slightly annotated.

The same list, somewhat modified, was translated and published in Anton von
Etzel's Gronland geographisch und statistisch beschrieben. Aus danischen
Quellenschriften. Stuttgart, J. G. Cotta'scher Verlag, 1860.

1857. SCLATER, P. L. On some New Species of Birds collected by M. Au-
guste Salle" in Southern Mexico. < Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (2), xix,
1857, pp. 418-423.
From P. Z. S., July 8, 1856. See 1856, SCLATER, P. L., bis.

1857. SCLATER, P. L. On Parus meridionalis and some other species men-
tioned in the Catalogue of Birds collected by M. Sall6 in Southern
Mexico. < Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. , (2), xx, 1857, pp. 3»1, 382.

From P. Z. S., May 12, 1857.

1857. SCLATER, P. L. List of Birds collected by Mr. Thomas Bridges, Cor-
responding Member of the Society, in the Valley of San Jose", in the
State of California. < P. Z. S., xxv, 1857, pp. 125-127.

33 spp., shortly annotated.

1857. SCLATER, P. L. List of additional species of Mexican Birds, obtained
by M. Auguste Salle" from the environs of Jalapa and S. Andres
Tuxtla. < P. Z. S., xxv, 1857, pp. 201-207, woodcc.
62 spp., annotated.— Camptostoma imberbe, gen. sp. n., p. 203.

83]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1857-1858 649

1857. SCLATER, P. L. On a Collection of Birds made by Signer Matteo
Botteri in the vicinity of Orizaba in Soutbern Mexico. <^ P. Z. S.t
xxv, 1857, pp. 210-215.

38 spp., shortly annotated. Neochloe (g. n.) brevipennis, p. 213; Zonotiichia bot-
terii, p. 214, spp. nn.

1857. SCLATER, P. L. On a Collection of Birds received by M. Salle* from

Soutbern Mexico. < P. Z. &, xxv, 1857, pp. 226-230.
29 spp., annotated. Diplopterus excellens, p. 229, sp. n.

1858. BAIRD, S. F., CASSIN, J., and LAWRENCE, G. N. 3|^ Cs°eDJ ^ j House

of Representatives, j ^ D^1Ct | — | Reports | of | Explorations and

Surveys, | to | ascertain the most practicable and economical route
for a railroad | from the | Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. |
Made under the direction of tbe Secretary of War, in j, 1853-6, j
according to Acts of Congress of March 3, 1853, May 31, 1854, and
August 5, 1854. | — | Volume IX. I — | Washington : | A. O. P.
Nicholson, printer. | 1858. 4to. Subtitled as follows : Explorations
and Surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River to the
Pacific Ocean. | War Department. | — \ Birds: | by Spencor F. Baird,
| Assistant Secretary Smithsonian Institution. | With the co-opera-
tion of | John Cassiu and George N. Lawrence. | — | Washington,
D. C. | 1858. pp. i-lvi, 1-1005. (No illustrations.)

This work is ' ' Part II " of the " General Report upon the Zoology of the Several
Pacific Railroad Routes " (Part I being the corresponding report on the Mam-
mals, which constitutes the viii. vol. of the series, and Parts III and IV, on
Reptiles and Fishes respectively, being contained in the x. vol. of the series).
The preface states :— " The present report is a continuation of a systematic
account of the vertebrate animals of North America, collected or observed by
the different parties organized under the direction of the "War Department for
ascertaining the best route for a railroad from the Mississippi river to the Pacific
ocean. The collections of these expeditions having been deposited with the
Smithsonian Institution by the "War Department, in compliance with an act
of Congress, the undersigned was charged by the Secretary of the Institution
with the duty of furnishing the series of general reports upon them, as called
for by the Department. The account of the mammals having been published in
1857, that of the birds is herewith furnished, prepared according to the plan
announced in the preface to that volume. As in the volume on the mammals,
by the insertion of the comparatively few species not noticed by the expeditions,
this report becomes an exposition of the* present state of our knowledge of the
birds of North America, north of Mexico. This addition, while rendering the
work more valuable to the reader, waa absolutely necessary for the proper
understanding of the western launa, the species of which are generally so
closely allied to the eastern forms as to require in most; cases more minute and
detailed descriptions of the latter than have been published. Certain portions
of the report have been prepared by Mr. John Cassin, of Philadelphia, and Mr.
George N. Lawrence, of New York, well known as the leading ornithologists of
the United States. Mr. Cassin has furnished the entire account of the Raptores,
from p. 4 to 64, of the Grail® from p. 689 to 753, and of the Alcidae from p. 900 to
918, in all about 135 pages. Mr. Lawrence has written the article on the Longi-
pennes, Totipalmes, and Colymbidae from page 820 to 900, making 80 pages." The
preface continues with recapitulation of the different surveying parties and less
official or wholly individual sources whence the collections upon which the
report is based were received.

Contents :— Various titles, etc., pp. i-xvi. Table of the Higher Groups, pp. xvii-
xxiv. List of Species, pp. xxv-lvi, 738 in number, with geographical distribution.

650 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1858 [84

1858. BAIRD, S. F., CASSIN, J., and LAWRENCE, G. N.— Continued.

General text, pp. 1-920. Appendix A, Additional Remarks on North American
Birds, pp. 921-925 ; Appendix B, Birds found at Fort Bridger, Utah, pp. 926, P27 ;
Appendix C, List of Authorities referred to (an important piece of bibliography),
pp. 928-954 ; Indexes, pp. 955-1005.

This report is complete in itself, and entirely independent of the various
special articles by different naturalists of the several Surveys; an elaborate
formal treatise on all the birds of North America north of Mexico. It repre-
sents the most important single step ever taken in the progress of American
ornithology in all that relates to the technicalities. The nomenclature is
entirely remodelled from that of the immediately preceding Audubonian period,
and for the first time brought abreast of the then existing aspect of the case.
It was adopted by the Smithsonian Institution, and thousands of separately
printed (4to and 8vo) copies of the "List of Species " were distributed during
succeeding years to institutions and individuals ; the names came at once into
almost universal employ, and so continued, with scarcely appreciably diminished
force, until about 1872. The synonymy of the work is more extensive and elab-
orate and more reliable than any before presented ; the compilation was almost
entirely original, very few citations having been made at second-hand, and these
being indicated by quotation-marks. The general text consists of diagnoses or
descriptions of each species, with extended and elaborate criticisms, compari-
sons, and commentary, Of the general character of the specific determinations,
it may be said that the authors' tendency was to push specific discriminations
beyond a point now usual ; so that, though the work contains notably few purely
nominal species, it has many that have proven to be simply geographical races.
Tabular lists of the specimens examined, with localities where procured, col-
lector, date of collection, and many measurements, are given. The work includes
no biographical matter, nor is it illustrated.

The appearance of so great a work, from the hands of a most methodical,
learned, and sagacious naturalist, aided by two of the leading ornithologists of
America, exerted an influence perhaps stronger and more widely felt than that
of any of its predecessors, Audubon's and Wilson's not excepted, and marked
an epoch in the history of American ornithology. The synonymy and specific
characters, original in this work, have been used again and again by subsequent
writers, with various modification and abridgment, and are in fact a large basis
of the technical portion of the subsequent History of North A merican Birds by
BAIKD, BUEWER, and RIDGWAY. Such a monument of original research is likely
to remain for an indefinite period a source of inspiration to lesser writers, while
its authority as a work of reference will always endure.

Many of the novelties secured by the different surveying parties were pre-
viously described ; the following are the genn. and spp. nn. of this work : —
Picoides dorsalis, p. 100; Sphyrapicus, p. 101; S. nuchalis, p. 103; Hylatomus,
p. 107 ; Colaptes hybridus, p. 122 ; Nephocaetes, p. 142 ; Tyrannus couchii, p. 175 ;
Empidonax difidlis, p. 198; E. wrightii, p. 200 ; Turdus cdicice, p. 217 ; Protono-
taria, p. 239; Oporornis, p. 246; Oroscoptes, p. 346; Catherpes, p. 356 ; Thriothorus
belandieri "Couch", p. 362; Parus occidentalis, p. 391; Carpodacus californicus,
p. 413; Plectrophanes melanomus, p. 436; Centrouyx, p. 440; Pooccetes, p. 447;
Melospiza, p. 476 ; M. heermanni, p. 478: M. gouldii, p. 479; Passerella schistacea,
p. 490 ; Cyanospiza, p. 500 ; Pipilo megalonyx, p. 515 ; Corvus americanus var.
floridanus, p. 568; C. caurinus, p. 569; Cyanocitta woodhouseii, p. 585; Ortalida
McCallii,p.6ll; Pediocaetes, p. 625; Oreortyx, p. 642; Grius fraterculus Casw., p.
656 ; Hydranassa, p. 660 ; Herodias egretta var. californica, p. 667 ; Ardea wurde-
manni, p. 669 ; Florida, p. 671 ; Aegialitis nivosa Cass., p. 696 ; Arquatella, p. 714 ;
Tringa cooperi, p. 716; Micropalama, p. 726; Heteroscehts, p. 734 ; Anser frontalis,
p. 762; Ariatonetta, p. 793; Bucephala, p. 795; Pelionetta trowbridgii, p. 806;
Podiceps occidentalis Lawr., p. 894 ; P. clarkii Lawr., p. 895.

Many copies of this volume were reissued in 18GO under an entirely different
title (Birds of America, etc., q. v.), accompanied by a second vol. of pll.— these
plates being all those which belonged to the various detached ornithological
reports of the several naturalists of the Pacific Railroad Surveys, those of the
Mexican Boundary Survey, and many new ones, raising the total to 100.

8r>] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§58 651

1858. BAIRD, S. F., CASSIK, J., and LAWRENCE, G. N.— Continued.

In closing a short notice of this tlie General Report on the Ornithology of the
Pacific Railroad Surveys, it will be well to recapitulate the several special asso-
ciated reports, scattered through the series of volumes in such irregular fashion
that their accurate quotation becomes a matter of the greatest difficulty, — in fact, I
have never seen a full and precise citation made by any one not thoroughly con-
versant with the composition of the whole publication. In the present Biblio-
graphy, I Lave adopted the method of quoting in full the general title-page of
the whole volume iu which each report appears, following this with quotation of
the special sub-title page of the zoological portion, and this with quotation of the
particular title of the ornithological article, giving the pp. and pll. only of the
latter.

Bird-matter is found in the following volumes :—
Vol. IV, 1856. Part VI, No. 1. KENNERLY'S Report, pp. 1-17 (being preliminary

to his final report, which appeared in vol. X, 1859).
Vol. VI, 1857. Part IV, No. 2. NEWBERRY'S Report, pp. 73-110, + i-iv, pll.

(WILLIAMSON'S & ABBOT'S Routes in California and Oregon).
VoL IX, 1858. BAIRD'S General Report, occupying the whole vol.
Vol. X, 1859. The first half of this singularly composite vol. is occupied with
BAIRD'S General Report on Reptiles of all the Surveys (plates only— text
never published), and GIKARD'S General Report on the Fishes (text and
plates). The rest consists of a great number of detached deferred zoologi-
cal articles, huddled together pell-mell, belonging to reports which con-
stitute previous vols. of the series ; among them are four bird-articles, as
follows:— BAIRD'S, on Birds of Gunnison's and Beckwith's Routes near 38th,
39th, and 41st parallels, being No. 2, pp. 11-16, pll., and belonging to the
report published in the ii. vol. of the series; KENNERLY'S, on Birds of
Whipple-s Route near 35th parallel, being No. 2, pp. 19-35, pll., of Part VI of
report published in the iv. vol. of the series; HEERMANN'S, (1), on Birds of
Parke's Route near 30d parallel, being No. 1, pp. 9-20, pll., of report pub-
lished in the vii. vol. of thw series ; HEERMANN'S, (2), on Birds of William-
i>on?s Routes in California near 35th and 3%d parallels, being No. 2, pp. 29-80,
pll., of Part IV of report published in the v. vol. of the series. The dis-
continuous pagination of this vol. X, and the fact that the " Parts " which
appear to refer to it really refer to portions of previous vols., render it
impossible to cite these articles except by reference to the routes by
name, or to the printer's signatures at bottom of the pages.
Vol. XII, 1860. Book II. Part III, No. 3, Chaps. I, II. pp. 140-290, pll.
COOPER & SUCKLEY'S, en Birds of Governor Stevenn's Route near 41th and
4[)th parallels.

1858. BAIRD, S. F. Birds found at Fort Bridger, Utah. < Pacific K. E.
Hep., ix, 1858, App. B, pp. 926, 927.
Merely a list of 104 spp., collected by C. Drexler.

1858. BAIRD, S. F. Catalogue | of | North American Birds, | chiefly in the Mu-
seum of the | Smithsonian Institution. | By | Spencer F. Baird, | As-
sistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. | — | Washington :
Smithsonian Institution. | October, 1858. 4to, paper. 1 p. 1., pp.
xvii-lvi.

Separate reissue, v. I. p., with new title-page, of pp. xvii-lvi of the author's
main work. Besides the list of 7c8 spp., with habitats, these sheets contain a
table of the higher groups, list of extralimital species (23) which are included in
the work, and of those (31) claiming to be North American, but not so identified,
and a summary of the total number as variously given by Wilson, Bonaparte,
and Audubon. The species being all numbered, the brochure was much used
for several years for practically convenient reference to the species by number.

1858. BRIDGES, T. Notes on Californian Birds. With Remarks by P. L.
Sclatcr. < P. Z. S., xxvi, 1858, pp. 1-3, pi. (Aves) cxxxi.

11 spp.— Mdanerpes nibrigularis Scl., p. 2, pi cxxxi, sp. n.,=Picv,s williamsoni
Newb.,=P. thyroideus Cass., cf.

652 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1858 [86

1858. HAYDEN, F. V. Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and
Dakota, in the years 1855-'56-'57, by Lieut. G. K. Warren, ....
Washington, 1856. 8vo. pp. 125.

This title is taken from a separate repaged reprint, made in 1875, of Hayden'a
article in Warren's Report. The article, whether of 1858 or of 1875, contains an
extensive List of the Birds of the Upper Missouri Region, substantially the same
as that published in the 4to Report, Philadelphia, 186-2, q. v.

1858. HENRY, T. C. Descriptions of new Birds from Fort Thorn, New Mex-
ico. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., x, 1858, pp. 1 17, 118.
Toxostoma crissalis, Junco dorsalis, p. 117.

1858. KITTUTZ, F. H. VON. Denkwiirdigkeiten | einer Reise | nach dem
russischen Amerika, nach Micronesien | und durch Kamtschatka
Von F. H. v. Kittlitz. | — | Erster [zweiter] Band. | — | Gotha. |
Verlag von Justus Perthes. | 1858. 2 vols. 8vo. Vol. I, pp. xvi, 384.
Vol. II, 2 p. 11., pp. 464. Plates and cuts in both vols.

Contains much interesting matter relating to natural history, and ornithology
in particular, passim. Several birds are figured in the text. Cf. J. f. O., 1859, pp.
45-51.

1858. KJTTLITZ, F. H. VON. Nachtragliche Bemerkungen zu den im Verlage
von Justus Perthes in Gotha so eben erschienenen : „ Denkwiirdig-
keiten einer Reise nach dem russischen America, nach Mikronesien
und durch Kamtschatka." < J.f. 0., 1858, vi, pp. 387-390.
Nebst Anmerkungen des Herausgebers.

1858. SAUSSURE, H. DE. Observations | sur les | Mosurs de divers Oiseaux
| du Mexique | par M. H. de Saussure | — | Geneve | Imprimerie
Ramboz et Schuchardt | Rue de l'H6tel-de-Ville, 78 | — | 1858 8vo.
pp. 55, pi. 1.

Reissued repaged from the Bibl. Univ. G&n&oe, 1858-59 ?, q. v.

1858. SCLATER, P. L. Notes on some Birds from Southern Mexico. < P. Z. S.,
xxvi, 1858, pp. 95-99.

14 spp., with critical annotation.

1858. SCLATER, P. L. On a Collection of Birds received by M. Auguste
Sall6 from Oaxaca in Southern Mexico. < P. Z. S., xxvi, 1858, pp.
293, 294.

5 spp. Chlorospingus castaneicottis, p. 293 ; Calliste cyanotis, p. 294, spp. nn.
1858. SCLATER, P. L. On a Collection of Birds received by M. Auguste
Salle" from Oaxaca in Southern Mexico. < P. Z. S., xxvi, 1858, pp.
294-305.

86 spp., with critical annotation. Petrochelidon swainsoni, p. 296 ; Troglodytes
brunneicottis, p. 297 ; Formicivora boucardi, p. 300 ; Empidonax bairdi, p. 301 ;
Pipilo dlbicollis, p. 304, spp. nn. ; Chamaeospiza, p. 304, g. n.

1858. XANTUS, J. Descriptions of two new Species of Birds from the vicin-
is y of Fort Tejon, California. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., x, 1858,
p. 117.
Tyrannula hammondii, Vireo cassinii.

1858-59 ? SAUSSURE, H. DE. Observations sur les Moeurs de Divers Oiseaux
du Mexique. <Arch. des Sc. Phys. et Nat. (Bill. Univ. Geneve}, 2e s6r.,
i, 1858, pp. 331-338, pi. iv ; iii, 1858, pp. 14-25, 168-182 ; iv, 1859 (pub.
1858?), pp. 22-41.

I. Les Pics("Colaptes rubricatus", i.e. Melanerpes formicivorus). II. Les
Colibris. III. Les Oiseaux de Proie (Vauteurs, Aigles). IV. Les Troupiales
(Icteridae). V. Les Couroucous. VI. Sur les Anis, les Hoccos et les P6n61opes.

87]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1858-1§59 653

1858-59. WIED, MAX, PRINZ vo*. Verzeichniss der Vogel, welche auf einer
Reise in Nord-America beobachtet wurden. <</./. 0., vi, 1858, pp.
1_29, 97-124, 177-205, 257-284, 337-354, 417-445 ; vii, 1859, pp. 81-96.
A systematic account of very many species, with much descriptive matter, but
chiefly valuable for the indications of geographical distribution and accounts of
habits. Buteo gutturalis, p. 17 ; Sylvicola missuriensis, p. 117; Linaria americana,
p. 338, spp. nn.

1859. [ANON.] Birds of North America. < Harper's Neiv Monthly Mag., vol.
xviii, 1859, p. 692.

Advance notice of a proposal to repnblish Audnbon's Birds of North America ;
with comments upon Audubon and his labors.

1869. BAIBD, S. F. "* gjSS!"' \ House of K«P^«n^ive8. { ^ £,<?•
| — j Report | on the | United States and Mexican Boundary
Survey, j made under | the direction of the Secretary of the Inte-
rior, | by William H. Emory. | Major First Cavalry and United
States Commissioner. | — | Volume II. | — | Washiogton : | Corne-
lius Wendell, Printer. | 1859. 4to. > Part II. Zoology of the
Boundary. ^> [2d article.] Birds of the Boundary, by Spencer F.
Baird, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, with
notes by the Naturalists of the Survey, pp. 32, 1 ]., pll. col'd 25.

The whole work is in 2 vols. 4to, but the 2d vol. is usually found bound in 2
"parts", each of which is separately titled and paged; and the several articles
in each part are moreover separately titled and paged. Vol. I is the general
official report, with which we have here nothing to do. Vol. II, Part I, is the
Botany of the Boundary, to which no fewer than seven different title-pages are
prefixed in the copy examined. Vol. II, Part II, contains four independent,
separately paged and titled articles on the Zoology of the Boundary, the second
of which relates to the birds. This article is merely a list of the specimens col-
lected by the Commission, under the names given by Prof. Baird in the ix. vol.
of the Pacific Railroad Reports (where the species are all worked up), with field-
notes on some of them by various naturalists of the Survey. The text is there-
fore comparatively unimportant ; but it is accompanied by 25 beautiful colored
plates, which confer great value. PI. i, Scops McCalli; ii, Trogon " mcxicanus";
HI, f. 1, Picus scalaris; f. 2, P, nuttalli; iv, Centurus flaviventris ; v, f. 1,2, Selas-
phorus platycercus ; 3, Trochilus alexandri; vi, Chordeiles texensis; vii, Cesyle
americana; viii, Momotus coeruleiceps ; ix, f. 1, Pachyrhamphus aglaice ; f.2,
Bathmidurus major / f. 3, Myiarchus lawrencii; x, Tyraimus vociferans -, xi, f. 1,
T. couchii; f. 2, T. melancholicus ; f. 3, Empidonax obscurus ; xii, Toxostoma
lecontei; xiii, T. curvirostris ; xiv, T. longircstris ; xv, f. 1, Loph^phanes wolhoe-
beri ; f. 2, Aegithalus flaviceps ; f. 3, Psaltriparus melanotis ; xvi, f. l,Chrysomitris
mexicanus ; f. 2, 3, SpermophUa morelettii; xvii, f. 1, Spizella atrigularis ; f.2,
Embernagra rufivirgata ; xviii, f. 1, Cyanoloxia paretlina ; f. 2, Spiza versicolor ,•
xix, f. 1, Icterus parisorum ; f. 2, I. wagleri / xx, Quiscalus macrourus ; xxi, Cy-
anocUta woodhousei ; xxii, f. 1, C.sordida,- f.2, C. ultramarina / xxiii, Columba
flavirostris ; xxiv, Ortyxtexanus ; xxv, Dendrocygna autumnalis. This series of
illustrations subsequently formed part of the atlas of 100 plates of BAIKD'S Birds
of North America (1H60). In view of the several different title-pages preceding
this article, it will be advisable to quote it simply as " BAIRD, U. S. and Mex.
Bound. Surv. ii, pt ii, Birds, p. — , pi. — ."

1859. BAIKD, S. F. ^^ff- } Senate. { E^ °°°- | - | Reports | of

Explorations and Surveys, | to | ascertain the most practicable and
economical route for a railroad | from the ] Mississippi River to the
Pacific Ocean. | Made under the direction of the Secretary of War,

654 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX 1859 [88

1859. BAIRD, S. F.— Continued.

in | 1853-6, | according to acts of Congress of March 3, 1853, May
31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | — | Volume X. | - | Washington : |
Beverley Tucker, printer. | 1859. 4to. > Eoute near the 38th and
39th parallels, explored by Captain J. W. Gunnison, and near the
41st parallel, explored by Lieutenant E. G. Beckwith. Zoological
Eeport. > No. 2. Report on Birds collected on the Survey. By S.
F. Baird. pp. 11-16, pll. xii, xiii, xiv, xv, xvii, xxxii, xxxv.

The report to which this deferred zoological article pertains is in vol. II of the
series. The article is brief and unimportant, consisting of a short description of
most of the 25 spp. and list of specimens collected. Pll. xii, xiii, Buteo swain-
sonii; pi. xiv, Buteo calurug; pL xv, B. oxypterus ; pi. xvii, Ohordeiles henryi; pi.
xxxii, JEremophila cornuta var. ; pi. xxxv, Sialia occidentalis.

1859. BAIRD, S. F. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. | — | Catalogue
| of | North American Birds, | chiefly in the Museum of the | Smith-
sonian Institution. | By | Spencer F. Baird. | [First octavo edi-
tion.] | [Medallion.] | Washington: | Smithsonian Institution. |
1859. 8vo. 2 p. 11., pp. 19 + 2.

Constituting article IV of vol. H of the series of Smiths. Misc. Coll, but chiefly
known as a separate publication. It is a reprint, with some changes, from the
4to list which formed part of voL IX, Pacific Railroad Reports, and which was
published separately in 1858. There are also other separate copies, printed on
one side of the paper only, for labelling. Ostensibly 738. spp., but some of the
numbers are duplicated ; names only. The supplementary 2 pages are an alpha-
betical list of N. A. genera.

1859. BAIRD, S. F. Notes on a collection of Birds made by Mr. John Xantus,
at Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, and now in the Museum of the
Smithsonian Institute. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sd. Phila., xi, 1859, pp.
299-306.

42 spp. Myiarchus pertinax, pp. 301, 303 ; Cardinalis igneus, Pipilo albigula,
Ghamcepelia (passerina? var.) pallescens, p. 305, spp. nn.

1859. BLAKISTON, T. Scraps from the Far West. < Zoologist, xvii, 1859,
pp. 6318-6325, 6373-6376.

Cursory field-notes on birds observed from York Factory, Hudson's Bay, to
Fort Carlton on the Saskatchewan.

1859. BLAND, — . List of Birds of Bermuda. ^(Thirteenth) Ann. Rep. Smiths.
Inst. (for 1858), 1859, pp. 286-289,

Nominal list of 114 spp., with 12 'probabilities', and a note adding 35 spp. from
"Wedderburn and Hurdis (in JONES'S Nat. in Bermuda, 1859, q. v.). The list in-
cludes 4 European spp.

1859. BRYANT, H. [Notes on some of the Birds observed in East Florida.]
<Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vii, 1859, pp. 5-21.
Extended field observations of habits ; much description of nesting, eggs, etc.

1859. BRYANT, H. A List of Birds seen at the Bahamas, from Jan. 20th to
May 14th, 1859, with Descriptions of New or Little Known Species.
<Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vii, 1859, pp. 102-134.

Trochilus bahamensis, p. 106 ; Empidonax bahamenfds, p. 109 ; Hirundo cyaneow-
rid is, p. Ill, Lanivireo crassirostris, p. 112; Mimus bahamensis, p. 114, spp. nn. ;
Sula elegans, n. sp. proband., p. 125. The article is extensively annotated with
field observations of habits, especially such as relate to breeding, ob'logical and
anatomical descriptions, etc.

80] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1859 655

1859. COTTLE, T. A List of Birds found in Upper Canada. <^Canad. Nat.
and GeoL, iv, 1859, pp. 231-233.
Nominal list of 146 spp., with 7 short foot-notes.

1859. DBS MURS, O. Observations sur les Mceurs de divers Oiseaux du
Mexique, par M. de Saussure. < Rev. et Mag. de ZooL, xi, 1859, pp.
274-276.

R6sum6 du m6moire dans la Bibliotheque TJniverselle de Geneve, Archives,
1858, — observations concernant principalement une espece de Pic, & tort nomm6e
Colaptes rubricatus (i. e. Melanerpesformicivoruf').

1859. DES MuRS, O. North American Oology ; by Thomas M. Brewer, m. d.
<Rev. et Mag. de Zool, xi, 1859, pp. 450-454.

Revue de la premiere partie de cet ouvrage.

1859. D'URBAN, W. S. M. Observations on the Natural History of the Val-
ley of the River Rouge, and surrounding townships in the Counties
of Argenteuil and Ottawa. <^Canad. Nat. and Geol., iv, 1859, pp. 252-
276.
Contains, pp. 258-268, an annotated list of 75 spp. of birds.

1859. EDITORIAL. [S. F. Baird's re"sume* of ornithological field operations in
progress in America, -etc.] < Ibis, i, 1859, pp. 334, 335.

1859. FOWLER, S. P. Ornithology of the United States, its Past and Present
History. <Proc. Essex Inst., ii, 1859, pp. 327-334.

A short sketch of the subject ; with reference to Capt. J. Smith, A. "Wilson, T.
Morton, W. Wood, J. Josselyn, P. Collinson, La Hontan, Dn Pratz, Hennepin,
Charlevoix, Catesby, Kalm, Carrer, Loskiel, Bonapaite, DeKay, and sundry
later writers.

1859. GOSSE, P. H. Letters from Alabama, | (U. S.) | chiefly relating to |
Natural History. | — | By | Philip Henry Gosse, F. R. S. | — | Lon-
don : Morgan and Chase, | Tichborne court, 280, High Holborn. |
1859. 1 vol. 16mo (half-sheets f , 8 1. to a sig.). pp. xii, 306, with 1 1.
advts., many woodcc.

These letters appeared before in the form of contributions to a magazine enti-
tled " The Home Friend", from which they are reproduced, with revision. Though
chiefly relating to insects, the author of the "Birds of Jamaica" is in this
volume delightfully ornithological passim. I know of no other work treating
exclusively of the birds of this State. Many of the cuts represent birds.

1859. "A. G." Death of Mr. Nuttall. < Am. Journ. Sci., xxviii, 1859, p. 444 ;
xxix, 1860, pp. 441,442.

Born at Settle, Yorkshire, 1784 ; died September 10, 1859, near Preston, in Lan-
cashire, cet. 75. — The notice is by Asa Gray.

1859. HADFIELD, [H.] W. Birds of Canada observed near Kingston during
the Spring of 1858. < Zoologist, xvii, 1859, pp. 6701-6709, 6744-6752.
Original observations on the times of appearance, habits, etc., of a large
number of species.

1859. HADFIELD, H. [W.] Birds of Canada observed near Kirgston during
the latter part of the Summer and in the Autumn of 1857. < Zoolo-
gist, xvii, 1859, pp. 6781-6787 ; concluded, xxii, 1864, pp. 9297-9310.

1859. HEKRMAKN, A. L. *%<£$£> } Senate' { Na Ti' I ~ I EePort8 I
of I Explorations and Surveys, | to | ascertain the most practicable
and economical route for a railroad | from the | Mississippi River to

656 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§59 [90

1859. HEERMANN, A. L.— Continued.

the Pacific Ocean. | Made under the direction of the Secretary of
War, in | 1853-6, | according to acts of Congress of March 3, 1853,
May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | — | Volume X. | — | Washing-
ton : | Beverley Tucker, printer. | 1859. 4to. > Route near the
thirty-second parallel, from the Rio Grande to the Pimas Villages,
explored by Lieutenant J. G. Parke, Corps of Engineers, 1853-'54.
^> No. 1. Report upon Birds collected on the Survey. By A. L.
Heermann, M. D. pp. 9-20 -f- 1 L, pll. i, iv, vi.

A deferred article, pertaining to a report given in a previous volume. It con-
sists of specific chars, of, and field-notes on, 25 spp. PI. i, Hypotriorchis femo-
rali*. PI. iv, f. 1, Passerculus alaudinus ; f. 2, Peuccea cassini. PL vi, Actidwrus
ncevius.

1859. HEERMANN, A. L. ^ g^g^8' j Senate. | ^o^l' I ~ I ReP°rt8 '
of | Explorations and Surveys, | to j ascertain the most practicable
and economical route for a railroad | from the | Mississippi River to
the Pacific Ocean. | Made under the direction of the Secretary of
War, in | 1853-'6, | according to Acts of Congress of March 3, 1853,
May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | — | Volume X. | — | Washing-
ton: | Beverley Tucker, printer. | 1859. 4to. > Routes in Cali-
fornia, to connect with the Routes near the thirty-fifth and thirty-
second parallels, explored by Lieut. R. S. Williamson, Corps of Top.
Eng., in 1853. Zoological Report. > Part IV. No. 2. Report upon
Birds Collected on the Survey. By A. L. Heermann, M. D. pp. 29-80,
pi. ii, iii, v, vii-x.

A deferred article pertaining to the Report in vol. V of the series, being a por-
tion of Part IV of that Report. It consists of extended field-notes on a large
number (about 140) of species. Pll. ii, iii, Buteo elegans; pi. v, Myiarchus wtxi-
canus (of Baird) ; pi. vii, Strepsilas melanocephalus ; pi. viii, Podiceps calif ornicus /
pi. ix, Podilymbus lineatus; pi. x, Phalacrocorax penicillatus.

1859. HENRY, T. C. Catalogue of the Birds of New Mexico as compiled from
Notes and Observations made while in that Territory, during a resi-
dence of Six Years. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sd. Phila., xi, 1859, pp.
104-109.
198 spp., partially annotated.

1859. JONES, J. M., WEDDERBURN, J. W., and HURDIS, J. L. The | Natural-
ist in Bermuda ; | a sketch of the | Geology, Zoology, and Botany, |
of that remarkable group of islands j | together with | meteorologi-
cal observations. | By John Matthew Jones, Esq., | (Of the Middle
Temple.) | Assisted by | Major J. W. Wedderburn (Late 42nd Roy.
Highlanders), and J. L. Hurdis, Esq. | — | With a map and illustra-
tions. | — | [Quotation.] | London : | Reeves & Turner, 238, Strand.
| — | 1859. 1 vol. 12mo size. pp. i-xii, 1-200, map, 10 cuts in text.

More than half of this interesting treatise is devoted to birJ.s : it is claimed to
contain "the first account ever submitted to the public of the Natural His-
tory of the Bermudas", and certainly is the best authority we have on the birds
of those islands. Birds occupy pp. 23-97 ; the account consisting of "Notes and
Observations on the resident and migratory Birds of the Bermudas", by Major
"Wedderburn, pp. 23-56, and "Further Notes and Observations" on the same, by
J. L. Hurdis, pp. 56-97. The occurrence of the European Alaudz arvensis makes
perhaps the most notable single item ; other European stragglers are Saxicola

9,]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1859 657

1859. JONES, J. M., WEDDERBURN, J. W., and HURDIS, J. L. — Continued.

cenanthe and Crex praten#is. Unexpected American stragglers from the North
are Nyctea nivea, Lanius borealis, and Plectrophanes nivalis. There is an ex-
tended account of the migrations of Oharadrius virginicus, and an essay on the
"Cahow" of Smith (1624), which is identified as Pujffinus obscurus. (Cf. J.f. O.t
1859, pp. 211-226.)

1RKQ IT™VT?PTV P TC T? 33d Congress,? oftnflfft 5 Ex. Doc. , , R
859. KE> ,RLY, C. B. K. 2d Session. 5 b lte* } No. 78. '"

ports | of | Explorations ond Surveys, | to | ascertain the most prac-
ticable and economical route for a railroad | from the | Mississippi
River to the Pacific Ocean. | Made under the direction of the Secre-
tary of War, in | 1853-6, | according to acts of Congress of March 3,
1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | — | Volume X. | — | Wash-
ington : | Beverley Tucker, printer. | 1859. 4to. > Route near the
thirty-fifth parallel, explored by Lieutenant A. W. Whipple, topo-
graphical engineers, in 1853 and 1854. > No. 3. Report on Birds col-
lected on the Route, pp. 19-35, pll. xviii-xx, xxii, xxvii, xxix-xxxi,
xxxiii, xxxvi, xxxvii.

This is a deferred article belonging to the Report which appeared in the iv.
vol. of the series; it con&ists of field-notes on 88 spp., with list of specimens
of each collected. PI. xviii, up. fig., Chcetura vauxii ; low. fig., Panyptila melano-
leuca. PL xix, Atthis costce. PL xx, Corvus cacalotl. PL xxii, O. cryptoleucus.
PL xxvii, f. 1, Carpodacus cassini ; f. 2, Melospiza fallax. PL xxix, Pipilo meso-
leucus. PL xxx, P. a berti. PL xxxi, Pyranga hepatica. PI . xxxiii, f. 1 a-b, Poliop-
tila plumbed ; f. 2, Psaltriparus plumbeus ; f. 3, Sitta aculeata ; f. 4, S. carolinensis.
PL xxxvi, Genturus uropygialis. PL xxxvii, Grus fraterculvs.

1859. LE MOINE, J. M. Notes on Land and Sea Birds observed around
Quebec. < Canad. Nat. and GeoL, iv, 1859, pp. 411-414.

Very light.

1859. MARTENS, E. VON. Die Vogel der Bermuda-Inseln, nach Wedderburn
und Hurdis. < J.f. 0., vii, 1859, pp. 211-226.
A full account, compiled from J. M. JONES'S Naturalist in Bermuda, 1859, q. v.

1859. MULLER, J. W. VON. Reisen in Mexico. < J. f. 0., vii, 1859, pp.
226-237.

Reisebeschreibung, nebst zufalliger Erwahnung der Vogel.

1859. MURRAY, A. Contributions to the Natural History of the Hudson's
Bay Company's Territories. Part III.— Aves. < Edinb. New Philos.
Journ., new ser., ix, 1859, pp. 221-231, pi. iv, figg. 1-3.

Systematic annotated list of 82 spp. Bernicla leucolcema, p. 226, pi. iv, f. 1,
n. sp. Heads of B. canadenste (f. 2) and B. hutchinsi (f. 3) on the same plate.

1859. SAUSSURE, H. DE. Note sur quelques Oiseaux du Mexique. <^Eev. et
Mag. de ZooL, xi, 1859, pp. 117-122, pi. 3.

I. Description de trois especes nouvelles— Falco ferrugineus, p. 117, pL 3, f. 1 ;
Acanthylis semicollaris, p. 118, pi. 3, f. 6; Quiscalus sumichrasti, p. 119, pi. 3, f. 3, 4.
II. De la conleur des yeux, des pattes et du bee chez divers oiseaux de 1' Am6rique
6qninoxiale.

1859. SCLATER, P. L. [Exhibition of two rare Arctic Birds— Colymbus
adamsi and Eurinorhynchus pygmaeus.] < P. Z. S., xxvii, 1859,
p. 201.

1859. SCLATER, P. L. On a Collection of Birds from Vancouver's Island.
< P. Z. S., xxvii, 1859, pp. 235-237.
35 spp., briefly annotated.

42 B C

658 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1859-186O [92

1859. SCLATER, P. L. On a Series of Birds collected in the vicinity of Ja-
lapa, in Southern Mexico. < P. Z. S., xxvii, 1859, pp. 362-369.

226 spp., briefly annotated. Cotyle fulvipennis, p. 364 ; Dendrornis erythropygio,,
p. 366 ; Piaya thermophila, p. 368, spp. nn.

1859. SCLATER, P. L. List of Birds collected by M. A. Boucard in the State
of Oaxaca in South-western Mexico, with Descriptions of New
Species* < P. Z. S., xxvii, 1859, pp. 369-393.

236 spp., briefly annotated. Campylorhynchusjocosus, Thryothorus felix, p. 371;
Cyphorinus pusillus, p. 372 ; Hylophilus ochraceiceps, p. 375 ; Ccereba carneipes, p.
376; Oryzoborusfunerea,j).yit8; Sperimophilacorvina,'p.319; Dendromanes anaba-
tinus, D. homochrous, p. 382 ; Lipangus unirufus, p. 385 ; Columba nigrirostris, p.
390; Tinamus boucardi " Sall6 ", p. 391 ; Tinamus meserythrus, p. 392, spp. nn.

1859. WILLIS, J. R. List of Birds of Nova Scotia. Compiled from notes
by Lieutenant Blakiston, R. A., and Lieutenant Bland, R. E., made
in 1852-1855, by Professor J. R. Willis, of Halifax. < (Thirteenth)
Ann. Rep. Smiths. lust, (for 1858), 1859, pp. 280-286.
205 spp. ; the list briefly annotated.

1859. XANTUS, J. Catalogue of Birds collected in the vicinity of Fort
Tejon, California, with a description of a new species of Syrnium.
< Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859, pp. 189-193.

Nominal list of 144 spp. Syrnium occidental, p. 193. The identifications are
understood to have been made by S. F. Baird.

1859. XANTUS, J. Descriptions of supposed new species of Birds from Cape

St. Lucas, Lower California. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xi, 1859,
pp. 297-299.

Pints lucasanus, Campylorhynchus afflnis, Harporhynchus cinereus, p. 298;
Brachyrhamphus hypoleucus, p. 299.

1860. AMBROSE, I. [Extract from a letter containing an account of a visit

to Green Island, off the mouth of Chester Bay, Nova Scotia.] < Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vii, 1860, pp. 367-369.
The whole island was found perforated by Petrels ; species not mentioned.

1860. BAIRD, S. F. The Birds | of | North America ; | the descriptions of
species based chiefly on the collections | in the | Museum of the
Smithsonian Institution. | By | Spencer F. Baird, | Assistant Secre-
tary of the Smithsonian Institution, | with the co-operation of |
John Cassin, | of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
| and | George N. Lawrence, | of the Lyceum- of Natural History of
New York. J With an Atlas of One Hundred Plates. | Text. | — j
Philadelphia: | J. B. Lippincott & Co. | 1860. 4to. 2 p. 11. (Title,
Advt.), pp. i-lvi, 1-1005. Atlas, pll. 100.

A reissue, retitled, of vol. IX, Pacific Railroad Reports, 1858, q. v. The main
text is identical, apparently from the same plates ; and so the preliminary matter
seems to be, excepting new Title, Advt., Explanation of Plates (pp. vii-xii), and
Systematic List of Illustrations (pp. -xni-xvJ.—Helminthophfjga Virginia, p. xi
(pi. 79, f. 1), sp. n. The Atlas consists of 100 pll., about half of which are new,
the remainder being from the Pacific Railroad Reports and Mexican Boundary
Survey, retouched and relettered, in some cases redrawn, for this edition.

1860. COINDE, J. P. Notice sur la f aune ornithologique de Pile de Saint-
Paul, suivie de 1'e" numeration de quelques especes d'iusectes (Col6-
opteres) des Aldoutieunes et du Kamtschatka. < Rev. et Mag. de
Zool, xii, 1860, pp. 396-405.
9 spp.— Larus warnecki, p. 401, sp. n.

93]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. I860 659

1860. COLLINS, W. O. Report of Senate Select Committee, upon Senate
Bill No. 12, " For the protection of Birds and Game ". < Fifteenth
Ann. Rep. Ohio State Board of Agric., 1860, pp. 381-390.

Facts in the natural history of the birds, upon which are based recommenda-
tions for legislative action.

1860. COOPER, J. G., and SUCKLEY,G. Senate. Ex'Doc- | -

j Reports | of | Explorations and Surveys, | to | ascertain the most
practicable and economical route for a railroad | from the | Missis-
sippi River to the Pacific Oceo.n. | Made under the direction of the
Secretary of War, in | 1853-5, | according to acts of Congress of
March 3, 1853, May 31, 1854, and August 5, 1854. | — | Volume XII.
Book II. | — | Washington : | Thomas H. Ford, printer. | 1860. 4to.
]> Part III. Route near the forty-seventh and forty-ninth parallels,
explored by I. I. Stevens, Governor of Washington Territory, in
1853-'55. Zoological Report. > No. 3. Report upon the Birds col-
lected on the Survey. Chapter I. Land Birds, by J. G. Cooper, M.
D. Chapter II. Water Birds, by Dr. G. Suckley, U. S. A. pp. 140-
291, pll. xi, xvi, xxi, xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xxviii, xxxviii.

The whole vol. in which thia article appears is oftenest cited as Vol. XII, Part
II ; but its proper quotation is Vol. XII, Book II, as per general title-page. The
zoology, which occupies most of the vol., is officially Part III of Gov. Stevens's
Report, Part I (General, constituting Book I) and Part II (Botanical, constitut-
ing a portion of Book II) of which do not relate to zoology. Part III, then, of
Book II, of Vol. XII, is the zoological portion of this report, No. 3 being orni-
thological. It consists of field-notes by Cooper and Suckley, on the birds, accom-
panied by the specific characters and some synonymy of each species, copied
from Baird's General Report (Vol. IX). Each author contributes his field-
notes over his initials to both chapters ; this singular division of t-he ostensible
authorship of the Land and Water Birds having resulted from some personal
matters of which I am cognizant, but which need not be here published. Fol-
lowing the general account is a compiled " List of Birds heretofore reported as
found in the northwest part of America, but of which no specimens have been
procured by recent explorers " (pp. 288-291). The species figured are the follow-
ing: — PL xi, Falconigriceps ; pi. xvi, Buteo cooperi ,- pi. xxi, Corvus carnivorus / pi.
xxiii, 0. americanus ; pi. xxiv, C. caurinus ; pi. xxv, Pica hudsonica ; pi. xxviii, f. 1,
Jurtco dorsalis, f. 2, Passerculus sandwichensis ; pi. xxxviii, Podiceps occidental-is.

Copies of this book were reissued under an entirely different title (Natural
History of Washington Territory, etc.) ; but they are printed from the same plates,
and are substaptially identical. The copies examined, both of the original and
of the reissue, date 1860 ; but I think other impressions of the original date 1859.

1860. EDITORIAL. [Notice of Ornithological Operations in North America.

Note on Amazilia xantusi ( $ , = Heliopaedica castaneocauda <J),

and other Trochilidae lately described by G. N. Lawrence.] < Ibis,

ii, 1860, pp. 309, 310.
1860. FOWLER, S. P. Changes produced by Civilization in the Habits of our

[Massachusetts] common Birds. < Proc. Essex Imt., iii, 1860, pp.

31-36.

1860. JACKSON, R. M. S. The | Mountain. | By | R. M. S. Jackson, M. D.,
[etc.] | [Quotation.] | Philadelphia: | J. B. Lippincott & Co. |
1860. 1 vol. 12mo. > Chapter V. The Fauna of the Mountain,
pp. 288-427 : Mammals, pp. 289-316 ; Birds, pp. 317-360.

A work of some curiosity, perhaps never before cited in any ornithological
connection. Contains a long and fully annotated list of the Birds of the Alle-
gheny Mountains of Pennsylvania.

6GO BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. I860 [94

1860. JOSSELYN, J. New England's Rarities discovered : by John Josselyn,
Gent.— With an Introduction and Notes, by Edward Tuckerman,
A.M., [etc.] < Trans, and Coll. Amer. Antiquarian Soc., iv, 1860, pp.
105-238.

See the original, 1672. This is a literal reprint, indicating pagination, and
giving what seems to be a facsimile of the title of the original. In this volume,
the bird-matter, at pp. 142-148, is fully annotated by the editor.

1860. LAWSOX, J. The | History of Carolina, | containing the | exact
description | and | Natural History of that country, [etc.] | — | By
John Lawson, | Gent. Surveyor-General of North Carolina. | — |
London : | Printed for W. Taylor at the Ship, and F. Baker at the |
Black Boy, in Pater-Noster Row, 1714. j — | Raleigh [North Caro-
lina] : | printed by Strother and Marcom at their book and job
office, | 1860. 1 vol. 12mo. pp. i-xviii, 19-390.

This late reprint I have been unable to compare with the original. It has the
air of being faithfully done, though the text is literally modernized, pp. 222-
248, "Birds of Carolina", a nominal list of upward of 100 spp., followed by a
commentary on many of them. See the early eds., 1709, 1714, 1718.

1860. LE MOINE, J. M. Birds | observed round Quebec. | By J. M. Le Moine,
Esq. | After the System of the Smithsonian Institution. Hvo. pp. 3.

List, with brief annotation.

1860. LE MOINE, J. M. Ornithologie | du | Canada. | — | Quelques groupes
| d'apres la nomenclature du | Smithsonian Institution, | de Wash-
ington. | — | Par J. M. Le Moine, Avocat. | — | lere Partie. | — |
Quebec : imprime' par E. R. Frechette, | 21, Rue la Montague. | — |
1860. 1 vol. 12mo. 1 p. 1., pp. i-iv, 1-95.

Contenant les oiseanx de proie et les palmipedes.

1860. MclLWRAiTH, T. List of Birds observed in the vicinity of Hamilton,
C. W., arranged after the system of Audubon. < Canad. Journ.,
v, 1860, pp. 387-396.

Annotated.— Substantially the same as that published afterward in the Proe.
(Oomm.) Essex Inst., v, 1866, pp. 79-96.

1860. REINHARDT, J. [Ueber die Vogel Gronlands u. s. w.] < Anton von
Etzel's Gronland geogr. und statist, leschrieben. Am danischen Quellen-
schriften. Stuttgart, 1860.

Not seen — title from Gill and Coues. Said to be a translation of Reinhardt's
article of 1857, q. »., without the references to the authorities.

1860. SAUSSURE. H. DE. Skildringer af Fuglelivet i Mexiko. < Tidssk. Pop.
Fremst.af Naturv., 2en Rsekke, ii, 1860, pp. 220-257.

Bibl. Univ. de Gentve, 1858.— See 1853, and 1858-59?, REINHARDT, J., and 1859,
DBS Muns, O.

1860. SCLATER, P. L. Notes on a Collection of Birds from the Vicinity of
Orizaba and neighbouring parts of Southern Mexico. < P. Z. S.,
xxviii, 1860, pp. 250-254, pi. (Aves) clxiii.

44 spp. Coccothraustes maculipennis, p. 251, pi. clxiii ; Tinamus robust.us, p. 253.
1860. SCLATER, P. L. [Exhibition of some bird skins procured by Capt.
Herd at Fort Churchill, Hudson's Bay. ] < P. Z. S., xviii, 1860, p. 418.
1860. VENNOR, H. G., JR. Notes on Birds wintering in and around Montreal.
From Observations taken during the winters of 1856-57-58-59-60.
< Canad. Nat. and Geol., v, I860, pp. 425-430.
Annotation on 29 spp. ; 23 residents and 4 " loiterers ".

96]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 186O-1861 661

1860. WALKER, D. Ornithological Notes of the Voyage of 'The Fox' [final

search for Sir J. Franklin] in the Arctic Seas. < J&w, ii, 1860, pp.
165-168.
General narrative. 21 spp. observed at Godhavn.

1860-61. LE MOINE, J. M. Ornithologie | du | Canada. | — | [Quotation
from Michelet's L'Oiseau.] | — | Par J. M. Le Moine, Avocat. | — |
Premiere [Seconde] Partie. | — | Quebec: | imprime' par E. R. Fi6-
chette, | 21, rue la Montague. | — | 1860 [1861]. 12mo. Two parts
issued in paper, pagination continuous, probably to be bound in one.
I» PP- — > 100 ; II, 1 p. 1., pp. vi, 101-398, with 1 1. errata. The wrap-
per reads : Histoire Naturelle | du | Canada, j — | Les Oiseaux. | — |
[etc.] A few woodc. tail-pieces.

A work to which no ornithologist turns for information. Matter miscellane-
ous— descriptive, effusive, and poetical, with copious quotation. The notable fea-
ture is that for the first time since Vieillot, and probably for the first time in any
American publication, a large series of N. Am. birds receive French names.
Many of these are original, and the author will be chiefly remembered in this
connection. English equivalents are added in brackets, and the binomials of
Baird and Audubon in footnotes. "Cette lacune" [zoologique dans le champ
des lettres du Canada] " nous n'avons certes pas la pr6tension de 1'avoir com-
b!6e ; tant s'en faut" (extrait de 1'avant-propos, partie n, p. i).

1860-63. ALLEN, J. A. Birds of New England. < New England Farmer
(weekly"), for Aug. 11, 25, Sept. 22, Oct. 6,20, Nov. 3, 17, Dec.l,2«J,
1860 ; Jan. 5, 26, March 2, May 18, June 15, July 20, Sept. 21, Oct. 26,
Nov. 23, 1861 ; April 26, July 26, Aug. 16, Sept. 13, Oct. 18, 25, Nov. 8,
Dec. 6, 1862. Also, republished in the same newspaper (monthly), large
8vo,/or Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec., 1860, Jan., Feb., March, April, June,
July, Aug., Oct., Nov., Dec., 1861, June, July, Sept., Nov., Dec., 1862,
and Jan., 1863.

Twenty-five articles in all, taking the birds of ISTew England in order from
Acdpitres to the middle of the Fringillidce. Popular biographical accounts, writ-
ten tojnterest farmers in the feathered life of their fields.

1861. ALBRECHT, R. Die Vogel der Bahama-Inseln. Aus dem Englischen

mitgetheilt von R. Albrecht. < J.f. 0., 1861, ix, pp. 48-60.

Modifizirte TJeberzetznng, herausgegeben nach H. Bryant's Verzeichniss ent-
halten in Proc. Bost Soc.t vii, 1859, pp. 102-134, q. v.

1861. AUDUBON, J. J. The Birds of America. From Drawings made in the
United States and their Territories. By John James Audubon. Re-
issued by J. W. Audubon. New York, Roe Lockwood & Sou, Pub-
lishers, 1861.

Xot handled in preparing this bibliography. Sabin, from whom I copy the
title, says : — " This is a selection of one hundred and forty plates, only, from the
first edition, reproduced in colored lithographs ; much inferior to the former edi-
tion. The letter press to this selection forms 4 vols. royal 8vo, . . . Indeed,
this reissue is an unfinished publication, and the intelligent collector will only
accept it as a cheap substitute for the previous work." I have seen the single gr.
folio vol. of plates, to which I suppose reference is here made, and 4 roy. 8vo
vols. of text— the latter uniform with .audubon and Bachman's "Quadrupeds" (?).
The edition here meant is not to be confounded with the 7 vol. roy. 8vo ed. of
same date, q. v.

1861. AUDUBON, J. J. The Birds of America, . . . Re-issued by J. W. Audu-
bon. New York, Roe Lockwood & Son, 1861. 7 vols. imptr. 8vo.
Vol.I,pp.viii,246; II, pp. viii,200; III, pp. viii,234; IV,pp.viii,322;

662 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§61 [96

1861. AUDUBON,J. J.— Continued.

V, pp. viii, 346; VI, pp. viii, 456; VII, pp. viii, 372. 500 col'd pll.
10 X 7 inches.

Not seen — title and collation from Sabin. This is J. "W. Audubon's reissue, to
be distinguished from his folio pll. and 4 voL 8vo text of same date, and also
from V. G. Audubon's earlier reissue of 1856. See later reissues of this, 1865 and
1871, in 8 vols.

1861. BAIKD, S. F. Report | upon the | Colorado River of the West, | explored
in 1857 and 1858 by | Lieutenant Joseph C. Ives, | Corps of To-
pographical Engineers, | under the direction of the Office of Ex-
plorations and Surveys, | A. A. Humphreys, Captain Topographical
Engineers, in charge. | — | By order of the | Secretary of War. | — |
Washington : | Government Printing Office. | 1861. 1 vol. 4to.
> Zoology. By Professor S. F. Baird. pp. 1-6 (this part dated 1860).
List of Birds collected on the Expedition, pp. 5, 6 ; 65 spp. ; with localities.

1861. BARNARD, V. A Catalogue of the Birds of Chester County, Pennsyl-
vania, with their Times of Arrival in Spring, from observations
annually for Ten successive years. < (Fifteenth) Ann. Rep. Smiths.
Inst. (for 1860), 1861, pp. 434-438.
191 species.

1861. BELL, R. Catalogue of Birds collected and observed around Lakes
Superior and Huron in 1860. <Canad. Nat. and Geol., vi, 1861, pp.
270-275.

From the Report of the Geological Survey for 1860. 77 spp., annotated.

1861. BRYANT, H. Remarks on some of the Birds that breed in the Gulf of
St. Lawrence. <Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., viii, 1861, pp. 65-75.
Very full on the habits of a dozen species.— Cf. Ibis, 1862, pp. 110, 111.

1861. BRYANT, H. Remarks on some of the Birds that breed in the Gulf of
St. Lawrence. < Canad. Nat. and Geol., vi, 1861, pp. 255-267.
Reprinted from Proc. Bost. Soc., viii, 1861, pp. 65-75.

1861. COOPER, J. G. New Californian Animals. < Proc. Gala. Acad. Nat.
Sci., ii, 1861, pp. 118-123.

Athene whiineyi, p. 118; Helminthophaga lucice, p. 120, spp. nn. ; with 16 spp.
new to the State of California.

1861. COUES, E. Notes on the Ornithology of Labrador. <^Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., xiii, 1861, pp. 215-257.

Extended notes of habits, etc. ; critical and descriptive matter under Aegiothus
and Tringece. Aegiothus fuscescens, p. 222, sp. n. Cf. Ibis, 1862, pp. 85, 86.

1861. HOLDER, R.H. Birds of Illinois.— Catalogue. <2Va»s. Illinois State
Agric. Soc. for 1859-60, iv, 1861, pp. 605-613.
A nominal list of 247 spp.

1861. HOLMES, E. Zoology of Maine. Birds. <Sixth Ann. Rep. Sec*y Maine
Board of Agric., 1861, pp. 113-122.

Nominal list of 193 spp. Addenda (13 spp.) are found in Second Ann. Rep. Nat
Hist, and Geol. of Maine, 1862, p. 118.

1861. [KENNICOTT, R.] Catalogue | of the | Trowbridge Collection | of |
Natural History | in the museum of | the University of Michigan.
| — | Published by | the University of Michigan, | Ann Arbor. | 1861.
Pamphl. imp. 8vo. (4to according to printers' marks), pp. iv, 32.

97]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§61 663

1861. [KENNICOTT, R.]— Continued.

Pages 3-15, list of specimens of N. Am. Birds and their eggs, with locality, donor,
etc. Nomenclature according to Smithsonian Checklist. Page 24, a few exotic
birds catalogued. The specimens were from among duplicates of the Smithson-
ian collection, presented to the university in part to discharge obligations due to
Lieut W. P. Trowbridge, TT. S. A.

[1861.] KRIDER, J. Ornithological | and | Oological List | of | North Amer-
ica. | — | John Krider, | Taxidermist, | North-east corner of Second
and Walnut streets, | Philadelphia, U.S.A. [1861.] 4to. pp. 16.
738 spp. Merely a copy, on blue writing-paper, for working purposes, of BAIKD'S
Catalogue of 1858, q. v.

1861. LLAVE, PABLO DE LA. Me"moires d'histoire naturelle du docteur D.
Pablo de la Llave, extraits du Registro trimestre publie' a Mexico
en 1832. <Kev. et Mag. de ZooL, xiii, 1861, pp. 241-244.

Traduction frangaise par A. Sall6.— De la recherche des objets d'histoire natu-
relle dans les regions chaudes du Mexique.

1861. MclLWRAiTH, T. Notices of Birds observed near Hamilton, C. W.

< Canad. Journ., vi, 1861, pp. 6-18, 129-138.

Excellent running commentary on the habits, etc., of a large number of
species. Of. Proc. (Comm.) Essex Inst., v, 1866, pp. 79-96.

1861. MILES, M. A Catalogue of the Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and Mollusks,
of Michigan. < First Eep. Geol. Surv. Michigan, 1861, pp. 219-241.

Birds, pp. 222-232. List of 203 spp. , slightly annottaed.
1861. REINHARDT, J. List of the Birds hitherto observed in Greenland.

< Ibis, iii, 1861, pp. 1-19.

Historical introduction. 118 spp., with various critical and field notes, the
several categories of breeders, stragglers, etc., typographically distinguished.
This remains one of the chief authorities on the subject.

1861. RICHARDSON, J. The | Polar Regions | by | Sir John Richardson,
LL. D. | F. R. S. Lond. ; Hon. F. R. S. Edin. etc. etc. | Edinburgh : |
Adam and Charles Black. | 1861. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. ix, 1 1., 400.
> Chap. XVII. Zoology, pp. 274-284.
Cursory allusions to a few birds.

1861. Ross, B. R. An account of the Animals useful in an economic point
of view to the various Chipewyan Tribes. < Canad. Nat. and Geol.,
vi, 1861, pp. 433-444.

Of birds, mere mention of a few, chiefly Anatidce, in this connection; but the
article contains, p. 441 to end, a list of the birds collected in the Mackenzie
Kiver district during 1860-fil, 81 in number, with indication of those that winter.
Page 433, "Zonotrichia Bairdii (if new species)" (which it is not), no descr.

1861. Ross, B. R. Mammalia and Birds of Arctic [American] Regions.

< Edinl). New Philos. Journ., new ser., xiii, 1861, pp. 161-164.
Containing a nominal list of 94 spp. of birds.

1861. SALLE, A. Liste d'Oiseaux a vendre provenant des chasses faites
en Arne'rique. Par M. A. Salle", 13 Rue Guy de la Brosse, a Paris.
His sale-list of Mexican birds.

1861. WHEATON, J. M. Catalogue of the Birds of Ohio. < Fifteenth Ann.
Eep. Ohio Mate Board of Agric.for 1860, 1861, pp. 359-398. Addenda,
p 480.

285 spp., with 17 " probabilities " ; the rarer or more interesting species fully
annotated. Includes, p. 381, seg., reports of legislative action for protection of
birds. Also printed separately, repaged, without the legislative reports.

664 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1861-1862 [93

1861. WOOD, W. [Rapacious] Birds of Connecticut. < Hartford Times
(newspaper, daily and weekly;, Mar. 16, 23, 30, Apr. 13, 20, May 4,
11, 18, 25, June, 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, July 6, 20, 27, Aug. 10, 17, 24, 1861.

The foregoing dates are according to the weekly edition ; some of the articles
also appeared in the daily edition. Treats of the Accipitres only ; 26 spp. (includ-
ing Haliaetus " washingtoni " and Buteo " hyemalis").

1861. WURDEMAN[N], G. Letter relative to the obtaining of specimens of

Flamingoes and other Birds from South Florida. < (Fifteenth) Ann.
Rep. Smiths. Inst. (for 1860), 1861, pp. 426-430.

1861-62. BLAKISTON, T. On Birds collected and observed in the Interior
of British North America. < Ibis, iii, 1861, pp. 314-320 ; 1862, iv, pp.
3-10.

120 spp., "with field-notes on about one-fourth of them (of all the Raptores) -,
localities merely of the rest. The same subject is resumed by the writer, at
greater length, same journal for 1863, q. v.

1862. [ANON.] Catalogue of the Birds of Maine. < Proc. Portland Soc.

Nat. Hist., i, pt.i, 1862, pp. 66-71.

Names only of about 230 spp. Prefatory note states that the list is based
upon a catalogue in the Preliminary Report of the Scientific Survey of the State,
and information furnished by E. A. Samuels.

1862. BOARDMAN, G. A. Catalogue of the Birds found in the vicinity of
Calais, Maine, and about the Islands at the mouth of the Bay of
Fundy. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, 1862, pp. 122-132.
Edited by A. E. Verrill. 227 spp., annotated ; 4 others added by the editor.

1862. COUES, E. Synopsis of the North American Forms of the Colymbidae
and Podicipidw. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., April, 1862, pp.
226-233.

Article descriptive, synonymatic, and critical Colymbidce, 5 spp. ; Poditipidcc,
4 genn., 9 spp. ; ^Ichmophorus, g. n., p. 229.

1862. COUES, E. Supplementary note to a " Synopsis of the North American
Forms of the Colymbidse and Podicepidse [sic] ". <^ Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., Sept., 1862, p. 404.
On the breeding plumage of ^chmophorus clarkii.

1862. CODES, E., and PRENTISS, D. W. List of Birds ascertained to inhabit
the District of Columbia, with the times of Arrival and Departure
of such as are non-residents, and Brief Notices of Habits, etc.
< (Sixteenth) Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst. (for 1861), 1862, pp. 399-421.

226 spp. : residents, 44; winter visitants, 44; summer do., 59; migrants in
spring and fall, 54 ; stragglers, 25. Cf. Ibis, 1864, p. 125.

1862. EDITORIAL. [Notice of R. Kennicott's operations in the Yukon
Region.] < Ibis, iv, 1862, pp. 307, 308.

1862. GRUBER, F. Die Farallones-Inseln und deren Naturprodukte. < Cali-
fornia ChroniJc, 13. Juli 1862, 20. Juli 1862, 27. Juli 1862.
Enthalten ornithologische Kotizen.

1862. HADFIELD, H. Observations and Remarks on Scolopax gallinago and
Corvus corone of Wilson. < Zoologist, xx, 1862, pp. 8284-8287.

Differences from their respective European allies.

1862. HALL, ARCHIBALD. On the Mammals and Birds of the District of
Montreal. < Canad. Nat. and Geol, vii, 1862, pp. 44-78, 171-193,
289-316, 344-376, 401-430.

The first article, in vol. VI, relates only to the mammals. The whole of the
series quoted relates to the birds ; it is elaborate and painstaking, and by far

99]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1862 665

1862. HALL, ARCHIBALD. — Continued.

the most important Canadian contribution to ornithology extant ; notwithstand-
ing, it is seldom referred to. The matter is descriptive, biographical, and briefly
synonymatic. A table, pp. 44-49, gives the number and color of the eggs of the
breeders. 199 spp. are treated. An editorial preface states that the MS. of
153 pages was prepared in 1339 for the Natural History Society of Montreal,
receiving a silver medal ; that it was subsequently intrusted to Mr. Cassin, to be
used in the preparation of a work of his, and only returned by him a short time
before its publication. Falco dawsonis, n. sp., p. 68. Strix dalhousii Hall, p. 77,
was first published in Macgillivray's ed. of Cuvier, Edinburgh, 1839.

1862. HAYDEN, P. V. On the Geology and Natural History of the Upper
Missouri. < Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., (2), xii, 1863, pp. 1-218.

" Read July 19, 1861 "; and, though contained in the vol. for 1863, was published
in 1862, as appears from the retitled separate issue (4to, Philadelphia, C. Sher-
man & Son, 1862 ; 2 p. 11., pagination otherwise the same as in the original). Con-
tains, pp. 151-176, a fully annotated list of the birds of the region, from original
observations, the identification of the species resting upon Baird's examination
of the collection at the Smithsonian.

1862, HOLDER, R. H. Birds of Illinois.— Catalogue. < Trans. Illinois Nat.
Hist. Soc., 2d ed., 1862, pp. 77-85.

Merely a nominal list of 248 spp.

1862. HOLMES, E. Birds of Maine — (Addenda.) < Second Ann. Rep. Nat.
Hist, and Geol. of Maine, 1862, p. 118.

Adds 13 spp. to former catalogue. See 1861, HOLMES, E.

1862. REIN, J. G. [Briefliche Nachricht aus den Bermuda-Inseln.] < Zool.
Gart., iii, 1862, p. 143.

Erwahnt einige Vogelarten.

1862. Ross, B. R. List of Mammals, Birds, and Eggs, observed in the Mc-
Kenzie's River District, with Notices. < Canad.Nat. and Geol., vii,
1862, pp. 137-155.

Of birds, p. 142 to end, 192 spp., briefly annotated ; winter residents marked
with an asterisk (*), those of which eggs were procured with an obelisk (t).

1862. Ross, B. R. On the Mammals, Birds, etc., of the Mackenzie River
District. < Nat. Hist. Eev., 2d ser., ii, 162, pp. 269-290.

Birds, pp. 276-290 ; annotated list of 192 spp.

1862. SCLATER, P. L. On some Birds to be added to the Avi-fauna of Mex-
ico. < P. Z. S., xxx, 1862, pp. 368; 369, pi. xlvi.

8 spp. Vireo hypochryseus, p. 369, pi. xlvi, sp. n.

1862. S[TIMPSON], W. On the Ornithology of Labrador ; by Elliott Coues.
< Am. Journ. Sci., xxxiii, 1862, p. 298.

A short notice of the paper, by " W. S. "

1862. TAYLOR, G. C. Five Weeks in the Peninsula of Florida during the
Spring of 1861, with Notes on the Birds observed there. <^Ibis,
1862, iv, pp. 127-142, 197-207.

Narrative of observations : partial list of 61 spp.

1862. VERRILL, A. E. Notes on the Natural History of Anticosti. < Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, 1862, pp. 132-143.

Includes a catalogue, fully annotated, of the birds observed, 61 spp., p. 137 to
end. Cf. Ibis, 1863, p. 473.

1862. VERRILL, A. E. Catalogue of the Birds found at Norway, Oxford Co.,
Maine. < Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, pp. 136-160.

Annotated list of 159 spp., followed, pp. 156-160, by a similar list of 107 Maine
birds not observed at Norway ; 266 spp.

666 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§63 [lOO

1863. AUDUBON, J. J. The Birds of North America : a popular and scientific
description of the Birds of the United States and their Territories.
New edition. New York, 1863.

Not seen. — I know nothing of this ed., which I should suppose to be merely
a reissue of the ed. of 1856 or 1861, qq. vv.

1863. BAIRD, S. F. [Notice of R. Kennicott's and J. Xantus's movements
in North America,] < Ibis, v, 1863, pp. 238, 239.

1863. BAIRD, S. F. [Letter on J. Xantus's collections at Colima, Mexico.]

< Ibis, v, 1863, p. 476.

1863. BLAKISTON, T. On the Birds of the Interior of British America.

< IUs, v, 1863, pp. 39-87, 121-155.

A nearly complete list of Birds of British America east of the Rocky Mount-
ains, bringing the subject fairly up to date; with more or less elaborate field-
notes .and biographical and geographical items, chiefly from personal observa-
tions, but also reducing and including material from the Fn. Bor.-Am., MURRAY
(Edinburgh N. Phil. Journ., April, 1859), Ross (Nat Hist. Rev., July, 1862), and other
sources. The original matter has been found more reliable than that from either
of the last-mentioned sources. Neocorys spraguei is the focus of this important
contribution. Of. also the author's List of species collected in the same region,
Ibis, Dec. 1861, Jan. 1862.

1863. LIECHTENSTEIN, H. Lichtenstein's Preis-Verzeichniss mexicanischer
Vogel etc. vom Jahre 1830. <«/./. 0., xi, 1863, pp. 54-60.

"Auf mehrfachen Wunsch geben wir hier den Abdruck einer seltenen Druck-
schritt, welcbe iiir die Prioritat mancher mexikanischen Vogelart von Wichtig-
keit ist. Das Lichtensteinsche Verzeichniss ist auf 3 Quartseiten en thai ten,
deren jede in 2 Spalten getheilt ist. Der Druck ist dem Originate annahernd
ahnlich wiedergegeben. Eine Kritik der neuen Arten, nach den Typen des
Berliner Museums, wird in einem spateren Hefte dieses Journals geliefert
werden. D. Herauag." 153 Vogelarten.— Psittacus strenuus, Ramphastos poeci-
lorynchus, Trogon glocitans, Ouculus viaticus, Pious melampagon, P. aurifrons, P.
oleagineus, P. poliocephalus, Trochilus beryllinus, T. verticalis, T. cuculliger, T. curvi-
pennis, T. hemileucurus, T. coruscus, Sturnus holosericeus, Icterus gularis, Icterus
dives, Corvus morio, O. azureus, Fringilla epopoea, F. rhodocampter, F. super-
ciliaris, F. pusio, F. haemorrhoa, F. melanoxantha, Alauda glacialis, Euphone
tibicen, Tanagra ignioapilla, T. gnatho, T. grandis, T. auricollis, T. erythromelas,
T. abbas, T. rutila, T. celaeno, Sylvia flavicollis, S. petasodes, S. culicivora, Troglo-
dytes murarius, T. mexicartus, T. latifasciatus, Turdus erythrophthalmus, T. de-
flexus, T. helvolus, Muscicapa obsoleta, M. larvata, M. mesaleuca, M. atrata, Hi-
rundo prasina, H. cofonata, Falco anthrae>',nus, Tringa deppii. Alle diese Vogel
sind Lichtensteinsche Arten, ob neu oder nicht.

1863. MICHENER, E. Agricultural Ornithology. < Rep. Com'r of Agric. for
1863, 1863, pp. 287-307.
Substantially an annotated list of the Land Birds of Chester Co., Pa.

1863. SAMUELS, E. Mammalogy and Ornithology of New England, with
reference to Agricultural Economy. < Rep. of Com'r of Agric. for
1863, 1S63, pp. 265-286.
A general sketch of the subject.

1863. VERRILL, A. E. Additions to the Catalogue of the Birds found in the
Vicinity of Calais, Me., and about the Bay of Fundy. < Proo. Bos-
ton Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, 1863, pp. 233, 234.

Twelve species.

lOl] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1863-1864 667

1863. WALKER, D. Natural-History Notes made during a passage from Liv-

erpool to Vancouver Island (Dec. 1862 to June, 1863). <P.Z.&,
xxxi, 1863, pp. 378-380.

Cursory allusions to various birds.

1864. ALLEN, J. A. Catalogue of the Birds found at Springfield, Mass., with

Notes on their Migrations, Habits, &c. ; together with a List of
those Birds found in the State not yet observed at Springfield.

< Proc. Essex Inst., iv, art. iv, 1864, pp. 48-98.

195 spp. at Springfield ; 296 in Massachusetts, of which 131 breed, 28 are resi-
dent, 67 winter visitors, 75 migrants, 106 summer visitors, 35 stragglers.

1864. BRYANT, H. Description of two Birds from the Bahama Islands, hith-
erto undescribed. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. , ix, 1864, pp. 279, 280.
Pitangus bahamensis, p. 279 ; Saurothera bahamensis, p. 280.

1864. HITCHCOCK, C. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Maine. < Proc. Port-
land Soc. Nat. Hist., i, pt. i, 1864, pp. 66 .

Not seen.

1864. HOUGH, F. B. Results | of | Meteorological Observations, | made under
the direction of the | United States Patent Office and the Smithsonian
Institution, | from the | year 1854 to 1859, inclusive, | being a report
of the | Commissioner of Patents | made at the first session of ihe
thirty-sixth Congress. | — | Vol. H.— Part I. | — | Washington. |
Government Printing Office. | 1864. 4to. > Observations upon the
Periodical Phenomena in Plants and Animals, from 1851 to 1859,
with tables of the dates of opening and closing of lakes, rivers, har-
bours, etc. Arranged by Franklin B. Hough, M. D. pp. 1-232.

Includes, pp. 183-200, dates of appearance of 19 spp. of N. Amer. birds during
the period stated, from observations made at numerous points in the United
States ; being the most extended and elaborate set of statistics of this particular
kind ever made in this country.

1864. LORD, J. K. List of Birds collected and presented by the British North
American Boundary Commission to the Royal Artillery Institution.

< Proc. Roy. ArVy. Inst, 1864, pp. 110-126.

87 spp., shortly annotated, with localities of the specimens. "The paper is of
gome value in determining the geographical distribution of birds in North-western
North America."— Zool Rec.for 1864, p. 55.

1864. SAMUELS, E. A. Ornithology of Massachusetts — List of species.

< Eleventh Ann. Rep. Sec'y Mass. Board of Agric. for 1863, 1864, App.,
pp. xviii-xxix.

267 spp., annotated. Reprinted, repaged, retitled, and issued separately, as
follows:—

A | Descriptive Catalogue | of the | Birds of Massachusetts. | — |
By E. A. Samuels. | — | Boston : | Wright & Potter, Printers, 4
Spring Lane. | 1864. 8vo. pamphl. pp. 14 -f 1.

No descriptive matter. Many of the species here given do not reappear in his
later work. The additional page gives brief directions for collecting.

1864. SCLATER, P. L. List of a Collection of Birds procured by Mr. George
H. White in the vicinity of the City of Mexico. < P. Z. S., xxxii,
1864, pp. 172-179.
156 spp., with little annotation ; several new to Mexico ; no spp. nn.

6tJ8 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§64 [l02

1864-65. MULLER, J. W. VON. Reisen in den Vereinigten Staaten, Canada
und Mexico von Baron J. W. von Mtiller. Leipzig : 1864-5. 3 vols.
roy. 8vo.

Das Werk selbst war mir nicht zuganglich. Titel and Commentar sind dem
Zool. Rec. entnommen. Entbaltsystematiscbos Verzeichuiss der Vogel Mexico's,
Bd. in., SS. 551-594; 611 Arten. Trogon erythronotw, Tachyphonus schlagint-
weiti, Melospiza pectoralis, Aimophila tolteca, spp. nn. Bd. III. erschien besonders
unterdem Titel : „ Beitrage zur Gescbichte, Statistik und Zoologie von Mexico."

[1864-66.] BAIRD, S. F. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. | — 181 — |
Review | of j American Birds, in the Museum of the | Smithsonian
Institution. | By | S. F. Baird. | — | Part I. North and Middle Amer-
ica. | — | [Medallion.] | Washington : | Smithsonian Institution, j
[No date on title : June, 1864, to p. 33 ; July, 1864, to p. 81 ; Aug.,
1864, to p. 129; Sept., 1864, to p. 149; Oct., 1864, to p. 161; Nov.,
1864, to p. 177; Apr., 1865, to p. 241; May, 1865, to p. 321; May,
1866, to p. 417 ; June, 1866, to end.] 1 vol. 8vo, originally issued
in sheets as successively printed, at above dates, pp. iv, 450.

This work, which was discontinued before the completion of the 1st part, con-
sists of critical notices, synonymatic, descriptive, geographical, of the North
and Middle (and some South) American species, contained in the Smithsonian
Museum (and some others), of the families Turdidce, Oinclidce, Saxico*idee,
Sylviidce, Chamaeidce, Paridce (inch Sitta), Certhiidce, Troglodytidce, Motacillidce,
Sylvicolidce, Hirundinidce (1864-65), Vireonidce, Ampelidce,anALaniidce (1866, the
last three not being included in the table of contents, p. iv). It may be regarded
as complementary to the same author's well known work of 1856 (with J. Cassin
and G. N". Lawrence), and as having been suspended in anticipation of his later
work (1874, with T. M. Brewer and R. Ridgway), which latter amplifies its plan
and scope. Many new species or varieties and some new genera are described,
as follows:— Turdus auduboni, p. 16 ; T. confinis, p. 29 ; Platycichla (n. g.) brevipes
pp. 32, 436; Mimodchla schistacea, p. 37; Polioptila nigriceps, p. 69; Auri-
parus, n. g., p. 85 (type Aegithalus flaviceps Sund.) ; Thryophilus rufalbus var.
poliopleura, p. 128 ; T. sinaloa, p. 130 ; T. schottii, p. 133 ; Troglodytes cedon var.
aztecus, p. 139; T.inquietus (Lawr. MSS. = hypcedon Lawr. 1861, nee Scl.) ; T.
hyemalis var. pacificus, p. 145; Cistothorus palustris var. paludicola, p. 148; Notio-
corys et Pediocorys, nn. gg., p. 151 (Anthus rufuts and A . bogotensis respectively) ;
Parula inornate, p. 171 (brasiliana S. & S., nee Licht.) ; Perissoglossa, n. g. (type
Mot. tigrina Gm.), p. 180; Dendroica gundlachi, p, 197 (cestiva auct., ex Cuba) ; D.
rufigula, p. 204; D. gracice (Coues MSS.), p. 210; D. adelaidce, p. 2 12; Geothlypis
melanops, p. 222 ; G. poliocephala, p. 225 ; Granatellus francescce, p. 232 ; Idiotes, n. g.,
p. 237 (type Setophaga rufifrons Sw.) ; Myioborus, n. g., p. 237 (type Set. verticalis
Sw.) ; Sasileuterus melanogenys, p. 248 ; Setophaga aurantiaca and S. torquata,
p. 261; Progne elegans, p. 275; P. cryptoleuca, p. 277; P.furcata, p. 278; P. leuco-
gaster; Phceoprogne, n. g. (Hirundo fusca V.), p. 283; Callichelidon^ Bryant
MSS., n. g. (C. cyaneoviridis), p. 303; Notiochelidon, n. g. (type Atticora pilea.ta
Gould), p. 306 ; Pygochelidon, n. g. (type Hirundo cyanoleuca V.), p. 308 ; Atticora
cyanoleuca var. montana, p. 310 ; Stelgidopteryx fulvigula, p. 318; Vireonella, n. g.,
p. 326 (gundlachi, etc.) ; Vireosylvia propinqua, p. 348 ; Vireo carmioli, p. 356 ;
Vireo latimeri, p. 364 ; Vireolanius cximius, p. 398 ; Myiadestes solitarius, p. 421.
Most of the now generic names are proposed as merely subgenera ; many of the
new species are not, in point of fact, new, but are new names required through
rectifications of synonymy, or are proposed as varietal designations. The
analysis of linked forms is carried to an extreme. The last fascicle (1866) is illus-
trated with numerous woodcut outlines of head, feet, wings, and tail; these
figures are not numbered seriatim, but bear the Smithsonian numbers of the
specimens whence they are taken. Cf. Am. Journ. Sci , xxxviii, 303, 431 ; xxxix,
115; xl, 142; xlii, 134.

103J

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1864-1 §65 669

[1864-66.] BAIRD, S. F.— Continued.

There is another ed. of this, OH finally if sued altogether, with the title slightly
modified, dated 1864-72 ; it is identical in pp. 1-450 with original issue in sheets,
bat is preceded by redated pp. i-vi,and followed by additional pp. 451-478, these
being a " List of Species described ", and "Alphabetical Index of Species ".

1864-75. REINHARDT, J. [On Greenland Birds.] < Viaensk. Meddel, 1864,
246; 1865, 241 ; 1872, 131 ; 1875, 127.

Not seen ? — The above looks like one of my memoranda for private purposes,
which, however, I am unable to vertCy at present printing.

1865. AMBROSE, J. Observations on the Sea-birds frequenting the coast of
St. Margaret's Bay, N. S. <^ Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. ScL, i, pt.
iii, 1865, pp. 51-59.

Vernacular names of 29 spp., with their scientific equivalents in most cases,
followed by a general sketch of the subject.

1865. AUDUBON, J. J. The Birds of America, ... 8 vols. 8vo.

Merely a later edition of J. "W. Audubon's reissue, but with the pagination
changed, and the vols. made 8 instead of 7.

1865. CASSIN, J. [Letter relative to the engraved copper-plates of Vieillot's
' Ois. Ara.-Sept.' and Andebert and Vieillot's <Ois. DoreV, pro-
posed to be sold by the Philadelphia Academy for what they would
fetch as old copper.] < Ibis, 2d ser., i, 1865, p. 116.
Sic transit, etc.

1865. CLIFFORD, E. A. Birds [of Illinois] Injurious and Beneficial to the
Horticulturist. < Trans. Illinois State Agric. Soc.for 1861-64, v, 1865,
pp. 925-927.
Seven species.

1865. COUES, E. Ornithology of a Prairie-Journey, and Notes on the Birds
of Arizona, < Ibis, 1865, 2d ser., i, pp. 157-165.

Sketch of route ; running commentary on numerous spp. Cf. Zo I. Rec. for
1865, pp. 79, 80.

1865. COUES, E. [Notes on various birds observed at Fort Whipple, Arizona.]
< Ibis, 2d ser., i, 1865, pp. 535-538.

A letter to the editor giving a general commentary on the bird-fauna of this
locality.

1865. DODGE, J. R. Birds and Bird Laws. < Eep. U. S. Agric. Dept. for
1864, 1865, pp. 431-446.
Treating N. A. Birds in general from an economic and legislative standpoint.

1865. DUVAN, J. H. Some additions to the Game of Nova Scotia. < Trans.
Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Sci., i, pt. iii, 1865, pp. 59-69.

Suggestions for the naturalization of certain exotic Gallince, etc.

1865. ELLIOT, D. G. The " Game Birds " of the United States. < Keport
U. S. Agric. Dept. for 1864, 1865, pp. 356-385, pll. (woodcc.) xlii-xlvi.
GallincB; Columbce / some Limicolce ; (no Anatidce!).

1865. FEILNER, J. Exploration in Upper California in 1860, under the
Auspices of the Smithsonian Institution. < (Nineteenth) Ann. Rep.
Smiths. Inst. (for 1864), 1865, pp. 421-430.

Narrative, including extended notes on the habits of about a score of birds, pp.
425-429.

670 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. I §65 [l04

1865. HAMLIN, C. E. Catalogue of Birds found in the vicinity of Water-
ville, Kennebec County [Maine]. <^Tenth Ann. Rep. Sec'y Maine
Board of Agric., 1865, chap, v, pp. 168-173.

Nominal list of 135 spp., with brief introductory remarks.

1865. HOY, P. R. Journal of an Exploration of Western Missouri in 1854,
under the Auspices of the Smithsonian Institution. < (Nineteenth)
Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst. (for 1864), 1865, pp. 431-438.

The narrative relates largely to birds, and concludes with a nominal list of
153 spp.

1865. LORD, J. K. Catalogue of Birds' Nests and Eggs collected in North-
West America. < Proc. R. A. Inst. Woolwich, 1865, pp. 337-339.
The nidiflcatory habits of 18 spp. are briefly described (cf. Ibis, 1866, p. 208).

1865. MACFIE, M. Vancouver Island and | British Columbia. | Their
History, Resources, and Prospects. | By | Matthew Macfie, F. R.
G. S. | Five years resident in Victoria, V. I. | London : | Longman,
Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. | 1865. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. xii -f-
1 1., 574, maps, pll., and woodcc.

Chap. XII, p. 297, On the Animal and Vegetable Productions, contains, pp.
S01-303, a cursory notice of various birds.

1865. MULLER, J. W. Systematisches Verzeichniss der in Mexico beobach-
teten und gesammelten Vogel. 8vo. pp. 26.

" It appearsfrom Dr. Hartlaub's ' Bericht' for 1864 that this list, which is said to
be the fullest yet published of the birds of Mexico, is from the third volume of
the author's ' Reiaen in Mexico nnd den Yereinigten Staaten'. The separately-
printed copy we have seen bears no author's or printer's name or date or place
of publication: 621 spp. are enumerated, and a few synonyms added." (Xot
seen— title and comment from Zool. Eec.for 1865, p. 80.)

It appears from Zool. Rec.for 1866, p. 62, that this copy was only a proof; " for
several alterations appear to have been made in the list" as finally published in
"Eeisen in den Vereinigten Staaten" etc., vol. Ill, pp. 551-594.

1865. NEWTON, A. [Notice of movements of E. Cones.] <I6is, 2d ser.,
i, 1865, pp. 117, 118.

1865. NEWTON, A. [Notice of R. Kennicott's Alaskan projet.] < lUs, 2d
ser.,i, 1865, pp. 239, 240.

1865. SAGARD THEODAT, G. Le Grand Voyage ] du | Pays des Hurons |
Situe" en PAme"rique vers la Mer J douce, es derniers con fins | de
la | Nouvelle France | dite Canada | avec un Dictionnaire de la
langue Huronne | par F. Gabriel Sagard Theodot j Recollet de S.
Frangois, de la province de S. Denys en France | — | Nouvelle
6dition | publie'e par M. Emile Chevalier | — | Paris | Libralrie
Tross | 5, rue Neuve-des-petits Champs | — | 1865 1 vol. sm. 8vo.
4 prel. 11. (new titles, etc.), pp. i-xxvi (orig. titles, etc.), 1-268, and
1-12 -j- 74 11. (Huron dictionary, etc.).

This reprint is stated to be "une copie complete, exacte, materiellement
aussi fidele que possible"; it gives fac-similes of the original titles, and indicates
throughout the pagination of the original, which is now extremely rare. In this
edition, the bird-matter is at pp. 209-214 (= pp. 296-304 of the original).

1865. SAMUELS, E. A. Oology of some of the Land Birds of New England,
as a means of identifying injurious or beneficial species. < Rep.
U. S. Agric. Dept.for 1864, 1865, pp. 386-430.

Treats of a large number of species, on what principle of selection does not
appear.

105]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§65-]§G6 671

1865. SCLA.TER, P. L. [Exhibition of a collection of Birds' skins formed by
M. Adolph Boucard in the vicinity of Vera Cruz, Mexico. ] <^ P.Z.
S., xxxiii,1865, p. 397.

1865. WHITELY, H. Catalogue of North American Birds and Eggs, arranged

in cabinets in the museum of the Royal Artillery Institution, Wool-
wich. Woolwich: 1865. Roy. 8vo. pp.23.

Not seen— title from Zool. Eec. for 1865, p. 80, where A. Newton suggests the
character of the publication by stating that he notices it chiefly for the purpose
of drawing attention to the flourishing museum at Woolwich.

1865-66. DOWNS, A. On the Land Birds of Nova Scotia. < Trans. Nova
Scotian Imt. Nat. Sd., i, pt. iii, 1865, pp. 38-51 ; pt. iv, 1866, pp. 130-
136.

Field-notes on 91 spp. " Oinclus americanus ", in this list, means Siurus ncevius.

1865-66. DRESSER, H. E. Notes on the Birds of Southern Texas [and Mex-
ican vicinity]. </&is, 1865, 2d ser., i, pp. 312-330, 466-495; 1866,
2d ser., ii, pp. 23-46.

Narrative introduction. More or less extended field-notes, from original ob-
servations, on 272 species, being apparently most of those occurring there. In-
terspersed with notes of A. L. Heermann. Remains to date one of the chief
authorities for this locality.

1866. BAIRD. S. F. The Distribution and Migrations of North American

Birds . < Am. Journ. SGI., xli, 1866, pp. 78-90, 184-192, 337-347.

Abstract of a memoir presented to the National Academy of Sciences, Jan.,
1865. Reprinted, Ibis, 1867, pp. 257-293 ; translated, J". /. O., 1866, pp. 244-269, 338-
352 ; Extracts, Ann. Mag. N. H., xviii, 1866, pp. 141-144. Cf. especially Zool Eec.
for 1866, pp. 59, 60.

A very notable paper, in which the whole subject is elaborated with care upon
the data furnished by the enormous Smithsonian collections. There are many
comparative lists of species, in evidence of the facts of distribution presented.
To the six Sclaterian " Regions " the author adds a seventh, the West Indian.
North America is divided primarily into two great Zoological "Provinces ", the
"Eastern" and the "Western"; the latter subdivided to afford a third, the
"Middle". The dividing line of the two major divisions coincides approxi-
mately with long. 100 W. G. in the United States, but in higher latitudes trends
rapidly westward, gaining the Pacific in Northern Alaska. The Middle Province
extends to the Pacific Slope, which latter constitutes the Western Province
proper. The ornithological data accord with those derived from other branches
of zoology ; and subsequent investigation has only confirmed the main features
of the present mapping, whatever the modification in detail required. The
migrations of the birds are treated in the same thorough manner, the interchange
of species between Europe and America being perhaps the most interesting
aspect of this portion of the subject. Variation under climatic influences is also
discussed in its technical bearings on the questions of nomenclature ; the facts
of decrease in size with latitude and of lessened intensity of coloration with
aridity are also set forth.

1866. BAIRD, S. F. Prof. Spencer F. Baird. Die Verbreitung und Wande-
rungen der Vogel Nord-Amerika's. < J. f. 0., xiv, 1866, pp. 244-
269, 338-352.
Aus dem American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xli, 18G6, iibersetzt.

1866. BREWER, T. M. The Food of Birds. < Harper's Ntw Monthly Hag.,
xxxiii, 1866, pp. 241-244.

1866. COUES, E. From Arizona to the Pacific. </&is, 1866, 2d ser., ii,
pp. 259-275.

672 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§66 [l06

1866. COUES, E.— Continued.

Ornithological narrative of a journey from Fort Whipple, Arizona, to San
Pedro, California, with special reference to the birds of the last-named locality.
Of. Zool Eec.for 1866, pp. 60, 61.

1866. COUES, E. List of the Birds of Fort Wbipple, Arizona : with which
are incorporated all other species ascertained to inhabit the Terri-
tory ; with brief critical and field notes, descriptions of new species,
etc. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xviii, 1866, pp. 39-100.

245 8pp.,with critical and field notes, introduced with sketch of the locality.
Micralhene, p. 51 ; Asyndesmus, p. 55 ; Podasocys, p. 96, genn. nn. ; Mitrephorus pal-
lescens, p. 63 ; Vireo plumbeus, p. 74 ; V.vidnior, p. 75 ; V.pusillus, p. 76, spp. nn. ;
Ghrysomitris mexicanus var. arizonce, p. 82, var. n. Certhiola "flaveola" is a mis-
take. This paper was the first connected account of the hirds of the region.
It was reissued separately, v. I. p., hut repaged and under different title. Gf.
Ibis, 1867, pp. 130, 131, and 247; Zool. Eec.for 1866, p. 61.

1666. COUES, E. [Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences, January 1866.] | — | Prodrome of
a Work | on the | Ornithology | of | Arizona Territory. | By Elliott
Coues, M. A., M. D. | (Ass't Surgeon U. S. Army.) | — | Philadel-
phia : | Merrihew & Son, Printers, j 1866. 8vo. pp. 64.

Fifty copies repaged under this cover- title; no other change.

It is proper to remark, that the promise implied in the title of this little treatise
is fulfilled at length in the work to the first volume of which this present Bibli-
ography forms the Appendix. A thousand or more folios of MS., as originally
prepared, were destroyed by accident at Fort Macon, N. C., in 1869.

186- ? HINCKS, W. "Catalogue of Birds known to Inhabit Western Can-
ada, systematically arranged according to the method adopted in

the Museum of the University of Toronto." ?

Not seen.— Cf. Canad. Journ., xi, 1866, pp. 245-247.

1866. HINCKS, W. Notes of a few new and interesting Canadian Birds, ex-
hibited by George McKay, Esq., Mr.Passmore taxidermist, and from
the Museum of the University. <" Canad. Journ., xi, 1866, p. 72.

Centrocercus phaslanellus ; Anser hutchinsii. Cygnus passmori, sp. n.

1866. HINCKS, W. List of Birds observed near Hamilton, C. W., by Thomas
Mcllwraith. Extracted from the Proceedings of the Essex Institute,
Vol. Y. 1866. < Canad. Journ., xi, 1866, pp. 245-247.

Eeview— with addition of several species.

1866. KING, W. R. The Sportsman and Naturalist in Canada. By Major W.
Ross King, &c. &c. Illustrated with Coloured Plates and Woodcuts.
London : 1866. Roy. 8vo. pp. 334.

Not seen. — "Contains an account of some of the birds of Canada, drawn up
with more regard to scientific accuracy than is usual among sporting writers."
Of. Ibis, 1867, pp. 125, 126; Zool. Eec.for 1866, p. 62.

1866. LAWKENCE, G. N. Catalogue of Birds observed on New York, Long,
and Staten Islands, and the adjacent parts of New Jersey. < Ann.
Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, viii, 1866, pp. 279-300.

327 spp., many of which are annotated ; but otherwise the list makes no dis-
tinction of the several categories of residents, migrants, etc., under which the
species come. This is doubtless the first list of N. A. birds to include Passer
domesticus.

1866. LE MOINE, J. M. The Birds of Canada. < The Saturday Reader, ii,
June 16, 1866, pp. 229-231.

Substance of an address before Lit. and Hist. Soc. of Quebec, 25th April, 1866—
being a general survey of Canadian ornithology.

]07]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§66 673

1866. LORD, J. K. The Naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Colum-
bia. By John Keast Lord, F. L. S., Naturalist to the British North
American Boundary Commission. London : 1866. 2 vols. sm. 8vo.
woodcc. Vol. I, pp. 358 ; II, 375. >Vol. II. Appendix, pp. 291-301.

Not seen. — " Contains a good deal that is interesting respecting the habits of
many of the birds .... Mr. Lord has small reason to be grateful to his printer
or woodcutter." List of 226 spp. of birds at the place noted. Of. Ibis, 1867, p. 126 ;

1868, p. 116; Zool. Eec.for 1866, p. 62.

1866. MclLWRAiTH, T. List of Birds observed near Hamilton, Canada
West. < Proc. (Cowm.) Essex Inst., v, 1866, art. v, pp. 79-96.
Results of 10 years' observations ; annotated list of 241 spp.

1866. MURRAY, A. " Contributions to the Natural History of the Hudson's
Bay Company's Territories.— Birds. III. Edinburgh, 1866."
Not seen.— Compare 1859, MURRAY, A.

1866. EOOSEVELT, ROBERT B. The | Game-Birds | of the | Coasts and Lakes
of the Northern States | of America. | A full account of the sport-
ing along our sea- | shores and inland waters, with a com- | parison
of the merits of breech- | loaders and muzzle- | loaders. | By Robert
B. Roosevelt, | Author of " The Game-Fish of North America,"
" Superior Fishing," | "Country Life," etc., etc. | [Trade-mark.])
New York : | Carleton, Publisher, 413 Broadway. | M DCCC LXVI.
1 vol. 12mo. pp. i-vi, 7-536, woodc. on p. 139.

1866. SAGARD THEODAT, G. Histoire | du Canada | et Voyages | que les
freres Mineurs recollects y ont faicts | pour la conversion des infi-
deles | depuis Pan 1615 | par Gabriel Sagard Theodat | avec un dic-
tionnaire de la langue Huronne | Nouvelle Edition | publie"e par M.
Edwin Tross. | — | Premier [ — Quatrieme] Volume. | — | Paris |
Libraire Tross | 5, rue neuve-des-petits-champs, 5. | 1866 4 vols.
sm. 8vo. > Vol. III.

A textual reprint of the original of 1636, indicating pagination and typo-
graphy of title of the original. In this ed., the bird-matter is at pp. 666-674
(vol. III).

1866. VERRILL, A. E. Note on the Distribution of North American Birds.

< Am. Journ. Sci., xli, 1866, pp. 249, 250.

On the limits of the Canadian and Alleghanian faunae of the Eastern Province.

1866. VERRILL, A. E. [On the Geographical Distribution of North Amer-
ican Birds, with reference to the physical causes that determine
their limits in latitude.] < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., x, 1866, pp.
259-262.

1866. WEIZ, S. List of Vertebrates observed at Okak, Labrador, by Rev.
Samuel Weiz, with Annotations by A. S. Packard, Jr., M. D.

< Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., x, 1866, pp. 264-277.

89 spp. of birds, pp. 267-269, scarcely annotated ; chiefly valuable for the Esqui-
maux names given.

1866-69. ELLIOT, D. G. The | New and heretofore Unfigured Species of |
the Birds | of | North America. | By | Daniel Giraud Elliot, [etc.]
| Vol. I [II]. | New York: | published by the author. | [1866 to]

1869. 2 vols. imp. folio. Not paged ! pll. not numbered ! ! cuts
pasted in text.

Cover-title of the parts simply " The Birds of North America", etc.
43 B €

674 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1866-1867 [l08

1866-69. ELLIOT, D. G.— Continued.

This work, taking a foremost place among the great illustrated books of N. A.
birds, was issued originally in fifteen parts, 1S66-69, mostly of five plates each,
to be bound in two imp. folio vols., and furnished with 18 additional unpaged
leaves, being title-pages, Dedication to Wilson, List of subscribers, Preface, In-
troduction, Explanations, etc., List of plates and species. Parts i, ii, 1866 ; iii-viii,
1867; ix-xii, 1868; xiii-xv, 1869. Of. Ibis, 1866, p. 417; 1867, p. 376; 18C8, p. 345;
1870, p. 277 ; Zoot. Rec. for 1866, p. 61 ; 1867, p. 67 ; 1868, p. 54 ; 1869, p. 47.

The introduction treats of 114 spp., forming a critical commentary 011 most of
them, and contains 18 woodcuts. According to this, the species figured are as
follows : —

Vol. I, plate 1, HarporJiynchus cinereus; 2, Parus montanus ; 3, Lophophanes
inornatus ; 4, Campylorhynchus affinis ; 5, Helminthophaga lucice ; 6, Dendrceca
gracice ; 7, Vireo plumbeus, V. vicinior, V. swainsoni, V. pusillus ; 8, Chrysomitris
lawrencei; 9, Aegiothus exilipes; W,A.fusce8ceng; 11, Leucosticte yriseinucha ; 12,
Passer domesticus ,- 13, Passerculus alaudinus; 14, Zonotrichia belli; 15, Pipilo
albiguta; 16, Cardinalisigneus; 17, Cyanuramacrolophus,- 18, Oontopuspertinax;
19, Mitrephorus fulvifrons; 20, Nephcecetes niger; 21 Atthis heloisce; 22, Heliopce-
dica xantusi; 23, Stellula calliope; 24, Xenopicus albolarvatus ,• 25, Sphyrapicus
fhyroideus; 26, Oolaptes ckrysoides; 27, Scops Tcennicotti; 28, S. flammeola ; 29,
Microthene whitneyi.

Vol. II, plate 30, Falco candicans; 31, F. islandieus; 32, F. aurantius ; 33, jButeo
zonocercus; '34,Halicetuspelagicu8; 35, R. albicilla ; 36, Oathartes burrovianus; 37,
Scardafella inca; 38, Meleagris mexicana ; 39, Podasocys montanus ; 40, Macro-
rhamphus scolopaceus ; 41, Ereunetes occidentals ; 42, Chen albatus; 43, Chen caeru-
lescens ; 44, ExantJiemops (g. n.) rossii; 45, Chloephaga canagica; 46, Bucephala
islandica; 41, Lampronetta fischeri; 48, Somateria v-nigra; 49, Graculus bairdii ;
50, G. perspicillatus ; 51, G. cincinnatus; 5/2,Laruscalifornicus,L.occidentalis;53,
L. brachyrhynchus , L. hutchinsii; 54, Rissa kotzebui, JR. nivea; 55, Stercorarius
catarractes ; 56, Thalasseus caspius ; 57, Haliplana discolor ; 58, Diomedea chloro-
rhynchus; 59, Ossifraga gigantea ; 60, JEstrelata hcesitata ; 61, Cymochorea melania,
Halocyptena microsoma; 62, Nectrix amaurosoma, N. f uliginose ; 63, Golymbus
adavnsi; 64, Podiceps calif ornicus ; 65, Fratercula glacialis; 66, Sagmatorrhina
lathami; 67, Phaleris tetracula ; 68, P. pusillus ; 69, Ptychorhamphus aleuticus;
70, Ombria psittacula ; 71, Brachyrhamphus temnsinckii ; 72, B. hypoleucus. But
the assignment of plates to species by number, as here given, differs in the '• List
of plates and species ", and this again is different from the order in which they
were published ; so that, the pll. not being numbered on their face, the confusion
in citing them becomes complete and endless.

1867. ALLEN, J. A. Winter Notes of an Ornithologist. < Am. Nat., i, 1867,
pp. 38-48.

Relates to Massachusetts -55 or 60 spp. there in winter, consisting mainly of
permanent residents and visitors from the North.

1867. ALLEN, J. A. Ornithological Calendars. < Am. Nat., i, 1867, pp. 54
[for March], 109 [for April], 160 [for May].
Appearances of migratory birds in Massachusetts in the spring months.

1867. ALLEN, J. A. The Birds of Spring. < Am. Nat., i, 1867, pp. 141-144.
Relates to New England— 280 spp. there at the season named.

1867. [ANON.] Prodrome of a work on the Ornithology of Arizona Terri-
tory. By Elliott Coues, M. D., U. S. A. Philadelphia. 1866. 8vo.
pp. 64. < Am. Nat., i, 1867, pp. 209, 210.
A review of this paper, supposed to be by the editors of the journal cited.

1867. [ANON.] Ornithology and Oology of New England. By Edward A.
Samuels. Boston: Nichols & Noyes. 1867. 8vo. Illustrated.
< Am. Nat., i, 1867, pp. 318-320.
A review of this work, supposed to be by the editors of the journal cited.

109]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§67 675

1867. BAIRP, S. F. The Distribution and Migrations of North American
Birds. < Ibis, 1867, 2d ser., Hi, pp. 257-293.
Reprinted from Am. Journ, Sci. and Arts, xli, Jan., Mar., May, 1866.

1867. BREWER, T. M. Some Errors regarding the Habits of our [North
American ] Birds. < Am. Nat., i, 1867, pp. 113-123.

Cf. Ibis, 1868, p. 347. -Corrections of Wilson, Nuttall, Audubon, and Brewer.

1867. BOUVE, T. T. [Announcement of the death of Henry Bryant.]

< Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xi, 1867, pp. 134-136.

1867? BRYANT, H. Additions to a List of Birds Seen at the Bahamas.

< Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xi, 1867, pp. 63-70. [Pub. 1866 ?]

31 spp. Leucomimus, Skotiomimus, p. 68, genn. nn. ; Psittacus cottarius var.
bahamensis, p. 65 ; Tyrannula stolida var. lucaysiensis, p. 66 ; Geothlypis rostratus,
p. 67, woodc., epp. nn. Of. Pr. Bost. Soc., vii, p. 102 ; Ibis, 1868, pp. 229, 230 ; ZooL
Bee. for 1867, p. 68.

1867. [COUES, E.] The Birds of New England. < The Sound Table (news-
paper, New York), No. 140, Sept. 28, 1867, pp. 213, 214.
Extended review of Samuels's Ornithology and Oology of New England.

1867. COUPER, WM. [Annotated List of the Birds of Quebec, Lower Ca-
nada]. < E. A. Samuels's Ornith. and Ob'l. of New England, pp. 80, 81,
368-372, 396, 477, 478, 571-573.

1867. FOWLER, A. The breeding habits of [three New England] Birds.

< Am. Nat., i, 1867, pp. 496, 497.

Criticising E. A. Samuels's statements respecting Ceryle alcyon, Scops asio, and
Circus hudsonius.

1867. HARTT, C. F. The recent Bird Tracks of the Basin of Minas [in Nova
Scotia]. < Am. Nat., i, 1867, pp. 169-176, 234-243.

Popular observations, leading up to geological considerations, in similar style,
on the same subject.

1867. JONES, J. M. A Fortnight in the Backwoods of Shelburne and Wey-
mouth. < Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Sci., ii, pt. i, 1867, pp. 48-60.
Ornithological passim.

1867. SAMUELS, E. A. Ornithology and Oology | of | New England : | con-
taining | full description of the birds of New England, and adjoin-
ing | States and Provinces, j arranged by a long-approved classifi-
cation and nomenclature; | together with | a complete history of
their habits, times of arrival and departure, | their distribution,
food, song, time of breeding, and | a careful description of their
nests and eggs ; | with | Illustrations of many Species of the Birds,
and accurate Figures | of their Eggs. | By Edward A. Samuels, | Cu-
rator of Zoology in the Massachusetts State Cabinet. | Boston: | Nich-
ols and Noyes. | 117, Washington Street. | 1867. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. vii,
583, figg. (not numbered), pll. iv.

A popular book, received with general favor, except by ornithologists. Classi-
fication and nomenclature those of Prof. Baird, from whose work (S. N. A., 1858)
the whole of the technical and descriptive matter is taken. Main text largely
extracted from "Wilson, Nuttall, and Audubon. The illustrations consist of a
number of small woodcuts, some of them new, and a series of full-paged ones
(nearly the same that appeared in a Patent Office Keport— redrawn on wood from
Audubon's 8vo ed.). The 4 pll. are colored illustrations of the eggs of 30 spp.,
and constitute the leading feature of the work. Mr. "Wm. Couper contributes

676 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 186T-1868 [llO

1867. SAMUELS, E. A.— Continued.

an annotated List of the Birds of Quebec (see COUPER, 1867). Cf. Am. Nat., 1867,
pp. 318-320 ; " The Round Table ", newspaper (New York), No. 140, Sept. 28, 1867,
pp. 213,214; Pr. Essex Inst., v, 1868, p. 252 ; Zool Pec. for 1867, pp. 67.68. There
are sundry later editions, q. v.

1867. STIMPSON, W. Illustrations of North American Birds in the Museum
of the Chicago Academy of Science. < Trans. Chicago Acad., i, pt. i,
1867, pp. 128, 129, pll. xvi-xix.

4 spp. : Khamphoccelus passerinii, pi. xvi ; Chrysomitris bryantii, pi. xvii ; Qrus
americanus, pi. xix ; Anser ccerulescens, pi. xviii.

1867. TKIPPE, T. M. The Awakening of the Birds. < Am. Nat., i, 1867, pp.
401-403.
Hours of the day at which several species of N. Am. birds begin to sing.

1867. WYMAN, J. An account of some Kjo3kkenmoeddings, or Shell-heaps,

in Maine and Massachusetts. < Am. Nat., i, 1867, pp. 561-584 (espe-
cially p. 578, seq.), pll.

Remains of various birds noted, especially of Alca impennis.

1868. ABBOTT, C. C. Catalogue of Vertebrate Animals of New Jersey.

< Goalee's Geol of New Jersey, 1868, App. E., pp. 751-830.

Birds, pp. 761-798— an extensively annotated list of about 301 spp., forming
quite a treatise en the subject. The names are very badly printed.

1868. ALLEN, J. A. Notes on Birds observed in Western Iowa, in the months
of July, August and September ; also on Birds observed in Northern
Illinois in May and June, and at Richmond, Wayne Co., Indiana,
between June third and tenth. <[ Mem. Lost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i, pt.
iv, art. xiii, Dec., 1868 (read June, 1868), pp. 488-526. (Also issued
separately, 4to, paper.)

Very full : includes some critical commentary on geographical distribution in
general, and on relationships of certain disputed species. Iowa, 108 spp. ; Illi-
nois, a, Ogle Co., 84 spp. ; b, Cook Co., 94 spp., with monographic account of cer-
tain Turdidce ; Indiana, 72 ; the annotations in each case chiefly field-notes.

"Kange in the breeding-season must form the basis for defining the limits of
different ornithological districts .... Among migrants of the same species
the examples which arrive in spring the earliest are bigger and more brightly
tinted than those which come later, and, conversely, on their return the exam-
ples last seen are bigger than the summer specimens. Hence it would appear
that the largest individuals are those which go farthest north in summer, and,
he also adds, are those which live further north in winter. Some character-
istics of the ornithological provinces of North America are next briefly men-
tioned; and then follow the lists of the species observed, as stated in the
title. In Iowa about 108 or 110 species were seen, of which at least 100 breed in
the State. For Illinois two lists are given, one of 84 species in Ogle County, the
other of 94 species in Cook County. At Richmond 72 species were observed by
himself and Dr. Haymond. Some critical notes on supposed species (Turdidce,
Laridce) are added in the course of the paper." — From Zool. JRec.

1868. ALLEN, J. A. [Abstract of a paper on the Birds of Iowa and Illinois,
with special reference to their migration.] < Proc. Boston So& Nat.
Hist., xii, 1868, p. 85.

See the full memoir, cited above.

1868. [ANON.] The Ornithology and Oology of New England. < Harper's
New Monthly Mag., xxxvii, 1868, p. 712.
Being a review of E. A. Samuels's Birds of New England.

Ill] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APFZNDIX. 1868 677

1868. BREWER, T. M. Song-birds of North America. < Atlantic Almanac.

1868. BROWN, R. Synopsis of the Birds of Vancouver Island. < Ibis, 1868,
2d ser., iv, pp. 414-428.

List of 153 spp. (5 of which are doubtful), briefly annotated; preceded by
sketch of the locality and some slight bibliography; followed by a nominal list of
numerous (62 spp.) birds to be looked for on the island. Of. Zool Bee. for 1868,
p. 53.

1868. BUTCHER, H. B. List of Birds collected at Laredo, Texas, in 1866 and
1867. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xx, 1868, pp. 148-150.
A nominal list of 89 spp., with dates of observation.

1868. COUES, E. List of Birds collected in Southern Arizona by Dr. E. Palmer;
with remarks. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. , xx, 1868, pp. 81-85.

56 spp., 4 additional to former paper in Proc. Phila. Acad., 1866, q. v. Collector's
field-notes. Cf. Ibis, 1868, p. 485 ; Zool Bee. for 1868, p. 53.

1868. COUES, E. Synopsis of the Birds of South Carolina. < Proc. Boston
&oc. Nat. Hist., xii, 1868, pp. 104-127.

294 spp., folly annotated, partly compiled. Preliminary general considerations.
Peculiar species indicated. Cf. Ibis, 1869, pp. 11P-120 ; Zool. Bee. for 1868, p. 53.

1868. COUES, E. Catalogue of the Birds of North America contained in
the Museum of the Essex Institute ;— with which is incorporated A
List of the Birds of New England. With Brief Critical and Field
Notes. < Proc. (Comm.) Essex Inst, v, 1868, art. xii, pp. 249-314.

Preceded by bibliography and general considerations ; the Museum Catalogue
and Fannal List typographically distinguished. 335 New England spp., and vari-
ous probabilities indicated. Oversheets of this paper were issued separately,
repaged, with new title and index, giving the Fannal List the precedence over
the Museum Catalogue. Cf. Ibis, 1869, pp. 228, 229 ; Zool. Bee. for 1868, p. 53.

1868. COUES, E. A List | of the | Birds of New England. | By Elliott Coues,
| Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A. | — | [Reprinted from the Proceed-
ings of the Essex Institute, Vol. V.] | — | Salem, Mass. | Essex Insti-
tute Press. | 1868. 8vo. 1 vol., paper, pp. 71.

Pages 1-66 correspond with pp. 249-314 of the Essex Institute Proceedings; pp.
67-71 is an index, not in the original issue. Only 50 copies extant.

1868. DUGES, A. Apercu ge'ne'ral sur la faune de Guanajuato (Mexique).
< Bull. Soc. Acclim., 2e se"r., v, 1868, pp. 545-578, figg.
Oiseaux, pp. 558-560, 562-567. Cf. Zool. Bee. for 1868, pp. 5?, 54.

1868. [EDITORS.] The Distribution of our [North American] Birds in the
Breeding Season. < Am. Nat, ii, 1868, p. 329.

Editorial notice of a circular of Professor Agassiz's, asking for information in
the matter.

1868. FROST, S. T. Survivors of Civilization. < Harper's Neic Monthly Mag.,
xxxvi, 1868, pp. 471-475.

Wild birds lingering along the Hudson River.

1868. GUNN, D. Notes of an Egging Expedition to Shoal Lake, west of Lake
\V innepeg. <( Twenty-second) Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst. (for 1867), 1868,
pp. 427-432.

The ornithological matter, as apart from the personal narrative, relates chiefly
to habits of Podiceps occidentalis and some other water birds.

678 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1868-1869 []]2

1868. KINNEY, D. F. Report [to the Illinois State Horticultural Society]
on [6 spp. of fruit-eating] Birds. < Tran*. Illinois State Agric. Soc.
for 1865-66, vi, 1868, p. 371.

1868. MINIER, G. W. Report of Special Committee [ to the Illinois Horticul-
tural Society] on Birds [injurious or beneficial to Horticulture].
< Trans. Illinois State Agric. Soc. for 1865-66, vi, 1868, pp. 396-406.

Consisting mainly of letters addressed to him by various persons, and minutes
of a discussion in meeting.

1868. SAMUELS, E. A. Among the Birds : | A series of sketches for | young
folks, | illustrating the | Domestic Life of Our Feathered Friends. |
By | Edward A. Samuels, | author of " Ornithology and Oology of
New England," | "Mammalogy of New England," etc. | Boston: j
Nichols and Noyes. | 1868. 1 vol. 16mo. pp. viii, 223, pll. iv,
woodcc.

An agreeable little book, well adapted to interest the young folks in birds.

1868. SAMUELS, E. A. The Breeding Habits of [three species of] Birds.
Am. Nat., ii, 1868, pp. 47, 48.
Reply to A. Fowler's strictures, op. cit., i, 1867, 496.

1868. SAMUELS, E. [A.] Our Neighbors the Birds. < Harper's Neiv Monthly
Mag., xxxvii, Oct., 1868, pp. 661-666.

Biographical notes of some New England birds.
1868. SAMUELS, E. A. Value of Birds on the Farm. < Eep. U. S. Agric. Dept.

for 1867, 1868, pp. 201-208.

1868. SEARS, J. H. Return of the Birds. < Am. Nat., ii, 1868, p. 166.

Dates of arrival of 21 spp. at Danvers, Mass., spring of 1868.

1868. STRECKER, H. Albinism in Birds [Dolichonyx oryzivorus, Turdus
migratorius]. < Am. Nat., ii, 1868, pp. 491, 492.

1868. WOOD, W. A Review of home of the Articles published in this Jour-

nal respecting the Habits and Nesting of our [North American]
Birds, with Additional Facts. < Am. Nat., ii, 1868, pp. 377-380.
Refers chiefly to articles by Endicott, Fowler, and Samuels.

1869. A[LLEN], J. A. W. L. T., Minneapolis, Minn. < Am. Nat., iii,

1869, p. 504.
Notes on Vireosylvia philadelphica and Empidonax Jtaviventria.

1809. BAILY, W. L. Our own Birds | a familiar natural history | of the |
Birds | of | the United States. | By William L. Baily. | — | Re-
vised and edited by | Edward D. Cope, | Corresponding Secretary of
the Academy of Natural Sciences. | — | Philadelphia : | J. B. Lip-
pincott & Co. | 1869. 1 vol. 16mo. pp. i-x, 11-265, many cuts, in
text and on sep. pages.

' ' The object of this book is not to treat the subject of Ornithology scientifically,
but simply to present in a concise and familiar manner to the youthful reader,
some interesting facts relating to the birds of our own country " — (preface) — an
object accomplished in a very readable manner. The book is profusely illus-
trated with cuts, mostly from Audubon originally and from Samuels immedi-
ately, but many of them are original.

1869. BAIRD, S. F. On Additions to the Bird-Fauna of North America,
made by the Scientific Corps of the Russo-Americau Telegraph
Expedition. < Trans. Chicago Acad., i, pt. ii, 1869, pp. 311-325,
pll. xxvii-xxxiv.

113]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1869 679

1869. BAIRD, S. F.— Continued.

• Scops kevnicottii, pi. xxvii ; 13udytes flava, pi. xxx, f. 1 ; Phyllopneuate kc-r,ni-
cotti, sp. n., p. 313, pi. xxx, f. 2; Troglodytes alascenxis, sp. u., p. 315, pi. xxx, f. 3 j
Pyrrhula coccinea var. cassinii, var. n., pi. xxix, f. I ; Leuccsticte f/riseinucha, pi.
xxviii, f. 2; L. littoralis, sp. n., p. 318, pi. xxviii, f. 1 ; Melospiza innignis, sp. n., p.
319, pi. xxix, f. 2; Spermophila badiiventris " Lawr.", pi. xxviii, f. 3 ; Liinosa uro-
pygialis, pi. xxxii ; Sterno aleutica, sp. n., p. 321, pi. xxxi, f. 1 ; Grac.lus bicriataiiis,
pi. xxxiii ; Pujfinus temiiruntris, pi. xxxiv, f. 2 ; Fulmarus rodgersi, pi. xxiv, i. 1 ;
Larus borealia ; Simorhynchus cassini, pi. xxxi, f. 2.

An important paper, adding several Old World forms to the American fauna.
All the new species were named iu Dall and Bannister's immediately preceding
p.iper, but are here first characterized. The connection of the Spermophila with
the other subjects of the paper is not obvious ; it belongs to tropical America.
See 1869, DALL and BANNISTER.

1869. BENTON, M. B. Shy Friends. <[ Putnam's Magazine, iv (new series),
1869, pp. 85-92.

Biographical notes upon several birds, and comments upon the attraction civil-
ization has for them.

1869. BOARDMAN, G. A. Breeding of [five species of] Rare Birds fat Mill-
town, Maine]. < Am. Nat., iii, 1869, p. 222.

1869. BOARDMAN, G. A. The Black Vulture in Maine. < Am. Nat., iii, 1869,
p. 498.
Occurrence of Cathartes atratus, and also of GaUinula martinica, at Calais.

1869. BREWER, T. M. [Obituary notice of John Cassin. ] < Am. Journ. Sci.,
xlvii, 1869, pp. 291, 292, 435.

Born September 6, 1813, Upper Providence Township, Delaware County, Pa. ;
died January 10, 1869, at Philadelphia, Pa., cet. 57.

1869. BREWER, T. M. Sea-side Ornithology. < Am. Nat., iii, 1869, pp. 225-
235.

Remarks on the birds of the New England coast.

1869. [BREWER, T. M.] John Cassin. <BuU. Essex Inst., i, No. 1, 1869,
pp. 15, 16.

A short obituary.

1869. COOPER, J.G. The Fauna of Montana Territory. < Am. Nat., ii, 1869,
pp. 596-600 ; iii, 1869, pp. 31-35, 73-84. Corrections, p. 224.
About 110 spp. are included.

1869. COOPER, J. G. The Naturalist in California. < Am. Nat., iii, 1669, pp.
182-189, 479-481.

Contains notices of birds seen on the Plains of Los Angeles, the Cajon Pass,
the Desert, and the Colorado Valley.

1869. COOPER, J. G. Not< s on the Fauna of the Upper Missouri. < Am.
Nat., iii, 1869, pp. 294-299.
Includes a good many ornithological notes.

1869 ? COOPER, J. G. Some recent additions t<» the Fauna of California.

< Proc. Cal. Acad. Sd., iv, (1868), pp. 3-13. [Pub. 1869 ?]
"Ornithology occupies the most of this paper (pp 7-13) ; and it contains notes

on upward of 50 spp. out of 353 now known to occur within the limits of the
State, an increase of 33 since the author's former estimate in 1862 (op. cit., iii, p.
23)."— Zool Rec.for 1869, p. 46.

1869. COUES, E. Sea-side Homes [North Carolina] : and what lived in them.

< Am. Nat., iii, 1869, pp. 337-349.

Relates chiefly to the breeding of Sterna antittarum and jEgialitis wilsonia.

680 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§69 [l!4

). DALL, W. H., and BANNISTER H. M. List of the Birds of Alaska, with
Biographical Notes. < Trans. Chicago Acad. of Nat. Sci., i, 1869, pp.
267-310, pll. xxvii-xxxiv.

Also found separately, with or without the plates, original pagination pre-
served. 212 spp., extensively annotated. Several new species, named and figured
in this paper, are not described, however, until later in the same vol., in a special
paper by S. F. Baird (one of them is from Central America). Baird's article is
a continoation of the present. The plates belong to either article. This is a
very notable contribution to a little-known avi-fauna, the field-notes being
especially valuable. It gives some species new to science, and various others
new to the N. A. fauna. Of. Am. Nat, 1870, pp. 367-371 ; Ibis, 1870, pp. 520-522;
Zool Rec., vi, p. 47. See 1869, BAIRD, S. F.

1869. Duofcs, A. Catalogo de Animales Vertebrados observados en la
Republica Mexicana. <^ La Naturalesa, i, 1869, pp. 137-145.

Aves, pp. 138-143 ; 190 especies. — Los nombres cientificos, vulgares, y mexi-
canos (de la historia de Hernandez). En cuauto al lugar de cada pajaro, el nombre
de los Estados.

1869. FOWLER, A. The Butcher Bird [Lanius borealis] and Mottled Owl
[Scops asio]. < Am. Nat., ii, 1869, p. 659.
Biographical notes.

1869. JONES, C. M. The Breeding Habits of Birds .... <^w. Nat., iii,

1869, pp. 48, 49.

Notes on Oerylealcyon, Otus vidgaris, RaUuslongirostris, Bonasaunibellus, Circus
hudsonius.

1869. JONES, J. M. On some of the Rarer Birds of Nova Scotia. < Trans.
Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Sci., ii, pt. ii, 1868 (pub. 1869), pp. 70-73.

Generalities of the subject— 6 spp. in particular. Ardea alba (i. e., Herodia*
egretta), Ardea candidissima, and Tringa subarquata are the only notables.

1869. HAYMOND, R. Birds of Franklin County, Indiana. < Cotfs Geol.
Surv. Indiana, First Ann. Rep. for 1869, 1869, pp. 209-235.
An annotated list of 164 spp.

1869. MAURY, T. B. The Dumb Guides to the Pole. < Putnam's Mag.,
iv (new series), 1869, pp. 727-740.

Birds in boreal latitudes, indicating an open polar sea.

1869. [HUNGER, C. A. ] Four American Birds. < Putnam's Monthly Mag.,
iii (new series), June, 1869, pp. 725-731.

Popular account of Icterus baltimore, Dolichonyx oryzivora, Turdus mustelinus,
Antrostomus voriferus.

1869. NAUMAN, C. H. Ornithological. < Am. Nat., iii, 1869, p. 390.

22 eggs from a nest of Troglodytes aedon; 28 from a nest of Tyrannus caroli-
nensis, etc.

1869. [NEWTON, A.] [Obituary notice of J. Cassin.] < IUs, 2d ser., v, 1869,

p. 244.
1869. REEKS, H. Notes on the Zoology of Newfoundland. < Zoologist, 2d

ser., iv, 1869, pp. 1609-1614, 1689-1695, 1741-1759, 1849-1858.
Includes 212 spp.

1869. RIDGWAY, R. Notices of certain obscurely known Species of Ameri-
can Birds. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxi, 1869, pp. 125-135,
woodcc.

I. The North American Woodthrushes, Hylocichla, 7 spp. II. On the uni-
formly red species of Pyranga, 6 spp. ; P. cooperi, n. s., p. 130, fig. III. The
smaller Quiscali of the United States, 3 spp. ; Q. oenws, n. s., p. 134, f. 2. Cf. Ibis,
1870, pp. 281, 262.

us]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1869 681

1869. SCLATER, P, L., and SALVIN, O. On a Collection of Birds made by Mr.
H. S. le Strange near the city of Mexico. <; P. Z. S., xxxvii, 1869,
pp. 361.

Critical notes on 15 of the 262 spp. in the collection.

1669. SUMICHRAST, F. The Geographical Distribution of the Native Birds
of the Department of Vera Cruz, with a List of the migratory
species. By F. Sumichrast. Communicated to the Smithsonian
Institution, and published by permission of the Secretary. Trans-
lated from the French [MSS.], by T. M. Brewer. < Mem. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist., i, pt. iv, art. xvi, Mar. 1869 (read Dec. 1868), pp. 542-563,
woodc. 1. (Issued separately, 4to, paper.

175 spp., fully annotated ; with resume giving lists of the species of the hot,
temperate, and alpine regions respectively; with a special note on habits of
Melanerpes formiciwrus. Only land birds are treated. This article is the most
important one upon regional ornithology of Mexico. Cf. Zool Bee. for 1869, vi,
p. 48 ; Ibis, 1870, pp. 278-280.

1869. SUMICHRAST, F. [Abstract of a paper on the geographical distribu-
tion of the native birds of the Department of Vera Cruz, Mexico.]
< Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, 1869, pp. 222-225.

Nominal list of 74 spp. of the hot region, 27 of the temperate region, 52 of the
alpine region.

1869? TERRLLL, J. J. G. [Analytical chart of the Birds of Canada.]
Not seen. Cf. Canad. Nat and Geol., n. s., iv, 1869, p. 101. " 242 spp."

1869. TURNBULL, W. P. The | Birds of East Pennsylvania | and New Jer-
sey | By | William P. Turnbull. LL. D. | Author of the " Birds of
East Lothian ;" | Member of the Academy cf Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia ; | Of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York ; j Cor-
responding Member of the Natural History Society of Glasgow,
etc. | [Illustration of Sturnella magna.] | Glasgow : Printed for pri-
vate circulation [by A. K. Murray & Co.]. | 1869. 1 vol. roy. 8vo,
and also in 4to. pp. xii, 62, with 20 illustrations drawn on stone by
Frank Bott, some being from the portfolio of Alexander Wilson,
one of them bearing his autograph and date cf 1805.

" The object of the writer has been to present in a simple and compact form
the Ornithology of a small portion of North America, comprising that part of
Pennsylvania eastward of the Alleghany Mountains, and of New Jersey, in-
cluding the coast line which extends from Sandy Hook to Cape May" (p. vii).
A catalogue of 342 spp. —114 summer visitants, 57 winter visitants, 60 mi-
grants, 52 residents, 59 stragglers— with field-notes of times of appearance,
breeding, relative frequency, etc.

This is a sumptuous and elegant book— the best printed treatise on American
birds extant. One of my amanuenses, being set to the task, reported, " No typo-
graphical error found after close scrutiny." The book is scarce— there were
only 150 impressions of this lithographic edition, in 8vo (2 of them on vellum),
and 50 in 4to. The edition was bought up by J. Sabine & Sons, N. T., who ad-
vertise the 4to copies at $4. There is an American ed., Philadelphia, Grambo
&. Co., same date, which I believe appeared before the present Glasgow ed. ;
the two differ in the words "popetue" and " virginianus"; but this is the only
textual discrepancy I have found. The work was edited by Robert Gray, of
Glasgow, though the fact does not appear. Cf. Ibis, 1870, 126, and Zool. Rec.for
1869, p. 49.

682 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1869-187O [l!6

1869. TURNBULL, W. P. The | Birds of East Pennsylvania | and New Jer-
sey. | By | William P. Turnbull. LL.D. | Author of the "Birds of
East Lothian ;" | Member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia ; | of the Lyceum of Natural History, New York ; | Cor-
responding Member of the Natural History Society of Glasgow,

etc. | aves, solatia ruris, | Assuetum silvis, innocuumque

genus, | QUSB facitis nidos, quce plumis ova fovetis, | Et facili dulces
editis ore modos. — Ovid. | Philadelphia: | Henry Grambo & Co.,
Chestnut Street. | 1869. 1 vol. 8vo, pamphlet. 2 p. 11. (title, dedica-
tion), pp. v-viii (preface), 5-50; no illust.

The main text, pp. 5-50, is verb. lit. punct identical with that of the Glasgow
edition (apparently from the same plates), and is the same page for page; but
the pagination is different, owing to omission of the illustrations of the other
edition; the preface is abridged, and modified in one place ; the title-page is
altered by substitution of the quotation from Ovid for the picture of Sturnella
magnor of the original. The name of the Ohordiles is changed. This edition is
common, and sells for one-third the price of the other, to which it is inferior in
style, though still a handsome pamphlet. It was issued in paper covers, the
title on the wrapper being the sime as that inside, but without punctuation,
with omission of the author's titles, and substitution of an engraving of two birds
for the Latin quotation. The customary quotation of the work is according to
the pagination of this edition, the original not being generally accessible.

1869. VILLADA, M. M. Aves del Valle de Mexico. < La Naturaleza, i,

1869, pp. 94-100, 146-154.
Con la colaboracion de D. Antonio Penafiel y D. Jesus Sanchez.

1869-70. ALLEN, J. A. Notes on some of the Rarer Birds of Massachusetts.
< Am. Nat., iii, 1869, pp. 505-519 ; iii, 1870, pp. 568-585, 631-648.

315 spp. [c/. footnote, p. 647] in Massachusetts. The paper is supplementary to
the author's Massachusetts catalogue published five years before in Proc. Essex
Inst. ; it contains critical comments on the rarer or less generally known species,
and discusses the cases of some doubtful ones. The supposed Buteo "cooperi"
proved to be lineatus.

1870. ABBOTT, 0. C. Notes on certain inland Birds of New Jersey. < Am.

Nat., iv, 1870, pp. 536-550.
Miscellaneous observations on about 30 spp.

1870. ALLEN, J. A. Catalogue of the Birds of Iowa. < White's Geolog. Sur-
vey of Iowa, vol. ii, 1870, Appendix B, pp. 419-427. (Des Moines,
Iowa. 8vo. pp. viii, 443.)

Nominal list of 283 spp., those actually observed to breed within the limits of
the State being marked with an asterisk. A few of the species are to be regarded
rather as stragglers, chiefly winter visitors from the North ; some, however, from
the West and South.

1870. BAIRD, S. F. Fossil Birds of the United States. < Harper's New
Monthly Mag., xl, 1870, pp. 467, 469, and 470.
Brief notices of current discoveries.

1870. BAIRD, S. F. New link between Reptiles and Birds. < Harper's New
Monthly May., xl, 1870, p. 628. See, also, p. 469.

1870. BRENDEL, F. The Fauna of Peoria. Forming Chap, xxxix, pp. 217-
223, of u The History of Peoria, Illinois." By Chas. Ballance. 16mo ?
Peoria, 1870.
Barely annotated list of 176 spp. of birds.

117]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 187O 683

1870. BURLING, GILBERT. American Birds. <^AppletonJ8 Journ., iv, 1870,
pp. 256, 308, 408, 520 ; 6 illust. of common species.

1870. CHADBOURNE, P. A. Birds of the North. < Putnam's Magazine, v (new
series), 1870, pp. 636-639.

1870. COOPER, J. G. Geological Survey of California. | J. D. Whitney, State
Geologist. | — | Ornithology. | Volume I. | Land Birds. | Edited by
S. F. Baird, | from the manuscript and notes of | J. G. Cooper. | — |
Published by Authority of the Legislature. | 1870. 1 vol. (no2d vol.
has appeared to date) large 8vo. 1 p. 1., pp. xi, 591, many woodcc.

A general account of the birds of the State (and some others). System and
nomenclature closely according to Baird (1858), from which most of the syno-
nymy and much of the technical matter are taken. Dr. Cooper's biographical and
general matter. Introduction by J. D. Whitney. Illustrations consist of small
full figures of a species of each genus, with many life-size figures of heads and
other parts, together with outlines of generic details ; nearly all from nature,
.drawn by E. Sheppard, J. H. Richard, H. W. Elliott, and A. Schonborn, cut by H.
H. Nichols, the outline details engraved by the Jewett process. These cuts are
remarkable for artistic excellence and practical utility. Most of them reappear in
BAIRD, BREWER, and RIDGWAY'S History of N, A. Birds. Appendix by S. F. Baird,
containing 2 additional spp. (Dendrozca gracice Coues; Junco annectens, sp. n., p.
564) ; a copious glossary of technical terms, a list of Spanish names of Calif ornian
birds, the latter by J. Xantus; acd indexes of scientific and vernacular names.
The work has been pronounced rather du-appointing to the general student (c/.
Zool Rec.for 1870), and advances the science less than was to have been antici-
pated. Cf. Ibis, 1871, pp. 481, 482.

1870. COOPER, J. G. The Fauna of California and its geographical Distri-
bution. < Pr. Gala. Acad. Sci., iv, Feb., 1870, pp. 61-81.

1870. COPE, E. D. Observations on the Fauna of the Southern Alleghanies.
<4m. Nat., iv, 1870, pp. 392-402.
The remarks chiefly relate to distribution during the breeding season.

1870. [CouES, E.] Ornithological Results of the Exploration of the North-
west. <4w. Nat., iv, 1870, pp. 367-371.

An extended anonymous review of Messrs. "W. H. Dall and H. M. Bannister's
and S. F. Baird'a papers in vol. i, arts, ix, x, of the Chicago Academy's Transac-
tions, on the Birds of Alaska, q. v., 1869.

1870. DALL, W. H. Alaska | and | its Resources. | By \V. H. Dall, | Director
of the Scientific Corps of the late Western Union | Telegraph Ex-
pedition. | [Design.] | Boston : | Lee and Shepard. | 1870. 1 vol.
large 8vo. pp. xii, 627, map, engrs., and \voodcc. ^> Appendix, pp.
527-609.

Contains, pp. 580-586, an annotated list of the Birds of Alaska, with 3 figg.
Also slightly ornithological passim, e. g. , p. 235, fig.

1870. DALL, W.H. A Winter's Day in the Yukon Territory. <Am.Nat.,
iv, 1870, pp. 218-225.

1870. DUGES, A. CataUogo de Animales Vertebrados observados en la repti-
blica Mexicana. < Naturaleza, i, 1870, pp. 137-145.

Aves, pp. 138-143 ; 228 epp.— " Los nombres vulgares indicados son los que se
usan en Guanajuato ; los mexicanos los he sacado de la Historia de Hernandez.
En cuanto al lugar de cada animal, el nombre de los Estados, me he limitade &
dar el nombre de los Estados en que yo s6 nan encontrado." Este catalago fu6
hecho en Paris con la cooperacion del Sr. D. Julio Verreaux.

684 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18VO [l!8

1870. [EDITORIAL.] [Obituary notice of Jacob P. Giraud.] < Am. Journ.
Sci., 1, 1870, pp. 293, 294.

Died at Poughkeepsie, N. T., July 19, 1870, cet. 59.

1870. [EDITORS.] Alaska and its resources. < Am. Nat., iv, 1870, pp.
430-434.
A review of W. H. Dall's work of the same name (Boston, 1870, 8vo, pp. 627).

1870. FINSCH, O. UebereineVogelsammlungausNordwest Mexico. <^Alh.
Nat. Ver. zu Bremen, 1870, pp. 322-363.

44 spp.,many of great rarity, chiefly collected by A. J. Grayson at Mazatlan
and the Tres Marias ; Calodtta elegans, n. s. List of 26 papers on Mexican birds.
Monographic account of Otocorys. Cf. Ibis, 1871, 432.

1870. GREGG, W. H. Catalogue of the Birds of Chemung County, New York.
8vo pamph. Elmira, N. Y. 1870. pp. 13.

Ostensibly from the Proc.Elmira Acad. Sei. Gives 200 spp., annotated, includ-
ing several without evidence of their occurrence. Collyrio chemungensis, p. 9, sp.
n. (= Lanius borealis). The paper bristles with typographical errors.
1870. J. F. W[HITEAVES?]. Notes on Canadian Birds. <^Canad. Nat. and
Quart. Journ. (n. s.), v, 1870, p. 103.

Records occurrence of Falco "candicans" (1),Nyctale " albifrons ", and Car-
dinalis virginiana in Lower Canada.

1870. JONES, J. M. Rare Birds in Nova Scotia, <Am. Nat., iv, 1870, p. 253.
Stercorarius pomatorhinus and Gallinula martinica.

1870. MAR^H, O. C. Notice of some new Fossil Mammals and Birds, from
the Tertiary Formations of the West. < Am. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., ii,
1870, pp. 120-127.

Aquila dananus, Pliocene, Nebraska, p. 125 ; Meleagris antiquus, Post-pliocene,
New Jersey, p. 126 ; Bubo leptosteus, Lower Tertiary, "Wyoming, p. 126.

1870. MARSH, O. C. Notice of Some Fossil Birds, from the Cretaceous and

Tertiary formations of the United States. <^Am. Journ. Sci., xlix,

1870, pp. 205-217.
The remains of nine new species of fossil birds, five from the Cretaceous and

four from the Tertiary formations, are described. Those from the former belong

to extinct and now unrepresented forms; those from the latter are referred to

Pujjinus, Catarractes, Grus, and Graculus.
Laornis edwardsianus, g. sp. n., p. 206. Palaeotringa littoralis, g. sp. n., p. 208 ;

P. vetus, sp. n., p. 209. Telmatornis priscus, g. sp. n., p. 210; T. ajftnis, sp. n., p. 211.

Puffinus conradi, p. 212. Cat arractes antiquus, p. 213. Grushaydeni,p.%14. Gracu-

lus idahensis, p. 216, spp. nn.
1870. MARSH, O. C. Notice of the Fossil Birds from the Cretaceous and

Tertiary Formations of the United States. By Prof. O. C. Marsh.

1vol. 8vo. pp.16. (Reprinted from Am. Journ. Sci., Mar., 1870, q.v.)
1870. MAYNARD, C. J. Catalogue of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts,

with notes relative to their migration, habits, etc., etc., etc. <£ The

Naturalist's Guide, = Part II, pp. 81-170.

The above is the title of Part II of the taxidermal work entitled The Natural-

ists's Guide. It is a very good list of 299 spp., extensively annotated.
1870. REEKS, H. Rare Eggs from North America. < Zoologist, 2d ser., v,

1870, pp. 2326, 2327.

Descriptions and measurements of 8 spp.
1870. SAMUELS, E. A. The | Birds of New England. | By | Edward A.

Samuels. | . . . | Boston : | Noyes, Holmes, and Company, | 117,

Washington Street. | 1870. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. vii, 591, many woodcc..

pll. col'd viii.

119] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1 §70-1871 685

1870. SAMUELS, E. A. — Continued.

This is an edition of the "Ornithology and Oology of New England ", said to
be the 5th (?), with the letter-press and woodcc. the same as in the first, being
prints from the same stereotype-plates, but with the addition (pp. 575-583) of
an Appendix containing 70 (!) spp., mostly those of New England, omitted in
the orig. ed. ; with new title-page ; and with the full-page woodcut illustrations
of birds and plates of eggs of the orig. ed. here replaced by eight colored plates
of birds, of about six figures each.

1870. SCLATER, P. L., and SALVIN, O. On some recent Additions [5 spp.]
to the Avifauna of Mexico. < P. Z. S., xxxviii, 1870, pp. 550, 551.

1870. V[ERRILL, A. E.] Geological Survey of California ; Ornithology, vol.
I. < Am. Journ. Sci., i, 1870, p. 70,
Review of Dr. J. G. Cooper's work, 1870, q. v.

1870. WADDLE, W.,JUN. The Game Waterfowl of America. < Harper's

New Monthly Mag., xl, 1870, pp. 433-437.

1870-71. GOODHUE, D. Catalogue of and Observations on the Birds of Ver-
mont. < Arch. Sci. and Trans. Orleans Co. Soc., i, Nos. 1-3, Oct. 1870-
April, 1871.
Not seen — said to contain only the beginning of the article.

1870-71. REEKS, H. Notes on the Birds of Newfoundland. < Canad. Nat.
and Quart. Journ. Sci. (n. s.), v, 1870-71, pp. 38-47, 151-159, 289-
304, 406-416.
From the Zoologist, 1869, q. v. Field-notes on many spp.

1870-71. SUMICHRAST, F. E. Distribucion geografica de las aves del Estado
de Veracruz y lista de las especies einigrantes. < La Naturaleza, i,
1870, pp. 298-312 ; ii, 1871, pp. 29-39.

Traduccion del Sefior Don Aniceto Moreno: Mem. Host. Soc. Nat. Hist., i,
1869, pp. 542-563, q. v.

1870-74. [ANONYME. — VAbl6 PROVANCHER?] Faune Canadienne. Les
Oiseaux. < Naturaliste Canadien, ii, 1870, pp. 65-67, 97-103, 125-128,
157-162, 193-196, 224-230, 253-257, 285-288, pi. ii, 317-319, 349-351;
iii, 1870, pp. 8-13 ; iii, 1871, pp. 33-49, 65-69, 97-101, 225, 226, 257, 258,
289-291, 321-325, 355-356 ; iv, 1872, pp. 6-9, 38-42, 65-68, 96-100, 129-
132, 161-164, 192-197, 233-235, 257-260, 289-292, 321-327, 353-358 ; v,
1873, pp. 7-11,47-50, 79-84, 111-115, 145-149, 209-212, 342-345, 396-
398, 399-404, 431-435, 465-467 ; vi, 1874, pp. 9-12, 36-39, 68-72, 97-100,
129-133, 161-166, 193-200, 225-250.

Une revue systematique des Oiseaux Canadiens, donnant les caracteres spe-
cifiques, generiques, etc., avec quelques observations courtes sur les mceurs
appartenantes pour le plupart & la distribution geographique. En suite, une clef
systematique pour 1' identification des especes, etc.

1871. ALLEN, J. A. The Fauna of the Prairies [of the United States].

< Am. Nat., v, 1871, pp. 4-9.
Allusions to various birds at p. 6.

1871. ALLEN, J. A. On the Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida,
with an Examination of certain assumed Specific Characters in
Birds, and a Sketch of the Bird-Faunae of Eastern North America.

< Bull. Mm. Comp. Zool, ii, No. 3, 1871, pp. 161-450, pll. iv-viii.
Part I, The Topographical, Climatic, and Faunal Characteristics of East

Florida. (Part II, On Mammals.) Part III, On Individual and Geographical
Variation among Birds, considered in respect to its bearing upon the value of cor-

686 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18T1 [l20

1871. ALLEN, J. A. — Continued.

tain assumed specific characters — a highly important philosophic treatise upon
the general subject, which is discussed at length with force and logical con-
sistency ; the author's broad views upon this subject had at once a marked
influence upon ornithological thought. Variation in general size and proportion
of parts, both individual and climatic, are illustrated with numerous tables of
measurements. An essay on species and varieties follows. Part IV, List of the
Winter Birds of East Florida, with annotations,— field-notes, measurements, and
much synonymy and technical criticism. Part V, On the Geographical Distribu-
tion of the Birds of Eastern North America, with special reference to the number
and circumscription of the Ornithological Faunae. After general introductory
remarks, the natural Provinces of the North American Temperate Region are
discussed, and the Ornithological Fauna? of the Eastern Province are treated.
The following Fauna3 are laid down and characterized :— I. Floridan. 2. Louis-
ianian. 3. Carolinian. 4. Alleghanian. 5. Canadian. 6. Hudsonian. 7. Ameri-
can Arctic. Various tabular summaries follow, with general remarks on the
distribution and migration of the birds of the Eastern Province. A copious
bibliography of American Ornithological literature concludes. The plates illus-
trate the variation in the bill of many species. The article gained the Humboldt
Scholarship, and is one of the most important of American ornithological works.
Of. Ibis, 1872, pp. 189-191; Zool Eec. for 1871, pp. 24, 25; Am. Nat., v, 1871,
pp. 364-373.

187L [ANON.] [Biographical notices of certain Birds.] < Appleton's Journal,
iv, p. circ. 258.

1871. [ANON.] Die Leyigh [sic— lege Lehigh] Co., landwirthschaftliche Ge-
sellschaft in Pennsylvania setzte 1867 200 Dollar [sic] aus, um in-
sektenfressende Vogel aus Deatschland einzufuhren. < Zool. Gart.,
xii, 1871, p. 378.

1871. AUDUBON, J. J. The | Birds of America, | from | drawings made in
the United States | and their Territories. | By | John James Audu-
bon, F. R. S.,&c.; &c. | Vol. I L -VIII]. | New York: George R.
Lockwood, | late Roe Lock wood & Son, | 812 Broadway. [No date.
1871.] Eight vols. imp. 8vo. Vol. I, pp. i-viii, i-xv (memoir),
11-246, pll. 1-70. Vol. II, pp. i-vii, 11-199, pll. 71-140. Vol. Ill, pp.
i-viii, 9-233, pll. 141-210. Vol. IV, pp. i-viii, 9-321, pll. 211-280. Vol.
V, pp. i-viii, 9-346, pll. 281-350. Vol. VI, pp. i-vii, 9-298, pll. 351-394.
Vol. VII, pp. i-vii, 9-285, pll. 395-440. Vol. VIII, pp. i-viii, 9-256,
pll. 441-500.

A reissue of the 8vo 8-vol. ed. of 1865. In citing these 8- vol. eds. be careful to
so state, for the pagination changes from the orig. 7- vol. 8vo ed., 1840-44. The
numeration of the plates, however, is the same. "No one should cite Audubon
later than 1840-44 without specifying which of the several editions he means.

1871. BOAKDMAN, G. A. Ornithological Notes from Maine. < Am. Nat., v,
1871, p. 662.

Gallinula galeata at Calais, Me. ; melanotic Coliptes auratus; albino Fulix
afflnis ; Ay thy a americana breeding at Calais, Me.

1871. BRUHIN, T. A. Ueber Ankunft und Briitezeit einiger nordamerika-
nischen Zugvogel. < Zool. Gart., xii, 1871, pp. 10-18.

On the arrival and breeding of various birds in the vicinity of Milwaukee.
The article would not be regarded as authoritative by one familiar with the
matters treated.

1871. BURROUGHS, J. [Design.] | Wake-Robin | by | John Burroughs |
[Monogram.] | New York | published by Kurd and Houghton | Cam-
bridge : Riverside Press | 1871 1 vol. 16mo. 1 p. 1., pp. i-iv, 1 1.,
pp. 3-231.

121 ] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18?! 687

1871. BURROUGHS, J. — Continued.

" Though written less in the spirit of exact science than with the freedom of
lovo and old acquaintance, yet I have in no instance taken liberties with facts,"
. . . (Extr. from Preface.) It is a delightful book, mainly about birds of North
America, and " in fact," as the author claims, "is a careful and conscientious
record of actual observations and experiences, and is true as it stands written,
every word of it." There is at least one later edition.

1871. CHITTENDEN, L. E. Occurrence of Land Birds far out at Sea. < Am,
Nat., v, 1871, pp. 167, 168.

Six or eight species, 589 miles from New York, lat. 41° 40'N., long. 64° 9' W. G.
1871. COOPER, J. G. Monterey in the Dry Season. < Am. Nat., iv, 1871, pp.
756-758.

Allusions to numerous birds observed.

1871. COUES, E. Progress of American Ornithology. <^Am. Nat., v, 1871,
pp. 364-373.

An extended review of J. A. Allen's paper on Florida Birds (Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool, ii, 161, q. v., 1871). Pipilo alleni, sp. n., p. 366.

1871. COUES, E. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon, N. C., and
Vicinity. (No. 1.) < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PUla., xxiii, 1871, pp.
12-49. > II. Birds, pp. 18-47. (Addenda, op. cit., 1878, pp. 22-24.)

122 spp., which came under the writer's personal observation ; field-notes, in
some cases extended, of habits; little descriptive and no critical or synony-
matic matter; description of embryos of Rallus longirostris ; woodc. of asym-
metrical sternum of Puffinusfuliginosus. Eleven spp. added in 1878.

1871. EDITORS. Arrival of Birds [4 species, at Salem, Mass.]. <Am.Nat.,

v, 1871, p. 176.
1871. HARTING, J. E. Catalogue of an Arctic Collection of Birds presented

by Mr. John Barrow, F. R. S., to the University Museum at Oxford ;

with Notes on the Species. <P. Z. S., xxxix, 1871, pp. 110-123.
Most of the specimens obtained during the various Arctic expeditions between

1848 and 1855 came into Mr. Barrow's possession ; and this paper shows that many

species have a more northern range than was hitherto supposed. — Zool. Rec.

1871. J. F. W[HITEAVES?]. Notes on Canadian Birds. < Canad. Nat.
and Quart. Journ., v, 1871, pp. 230-231.
Occurrence of 8 spp. near Quebec.

1871. KNEELAND, S. [On the Habits of some of the Water Birds observed
between San Francisco and Panama.] <Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., xiv, 1871, pp. 137-139.

1871. LEWIS, E. J. The American Sportsman, containing hints to Sports-
men, notes on Shooting, and the Habits of the Game-birds. Phila-
delphia. 8vo. pp. 510, many cuts.

This is not the original edition, which appeared much earlier. The defective
title is abstracted from the Zool. Rec. The treatise is one of the best and most
nearly scientific of the sporting books; more than half the work is given to
birds, and a large number of species, particularly Gallince, Grallce, and Anseres,
are described and figured, with notes on their habits, and instructions for their
destruction.

1871. PALMER, C. Ornithological Notes. <4w. Nat., v, 1871, p. 120.

Ibis ordi, Perisoreus canadensis, Picoides arclicus, Pinicola canadensis, in
Maine; ref. to Allen, op. cit., Jan., 1870.

1871. PARKER, H. W. Iowa Birds. <Am. Nat., v, 1871, pp. 168-170.

Adds 54 spp. to the 108 given by J. A. Allen, in a paper on the same subject,
Mem. Boston Soc., pt. iv, vol. i, pp. 488-526, 1868, q. v.

688 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1871 [l22

1871. Ross, A. M. The | Birds of Canada : | with | Descriptions of their
Habits, Food, Nests, | Eggs, Times of Arrival and Departure. | By |
Alexander Milton Ross, | M. A., M. D., | Member of the Entomologi-
cal Society of London, England ; | Corresponding Member of the
Zoological Society of London, England ; | Member of the Entomo-
logical Society of Canada, etc. j With | Eight Plates and Thirty-
eight Woodcuts, expressly | engraved for this work. | Toronto: |
Henry Rowsell, King Street. | 1871. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. viii, 132,
frontispiece, and 1 1. advt.

A full description of this work is contained on the title-page. Text briefly
descriptive and biographical. The birds treated consist of the permanent and
summer residents, and also such as regularly or accidentally stop in Canada
during the spring and autumn migrations. 307 spp. are treated, 42 of them
being illustrated by woodcuts, a few of which are original, the rest being poorly
executed copies from Audubon and Wilson. " The text is valueless." — ZooL-Reo.

1871. [SOUBEIRAN, J. L.] Le commerce des Oiseaux en Am6rique. < Bull.
Soc. Acclim., 2e se"r., viii, 1871, p. 157.

1871. STEVENSON, J. A List of Mammals and Birds collected in Wyo-
ming Territory, by Mr. H. D. Smith and Mr. James Stevenson,
during the Expedition of 1870. < Ann. Rep. U. S. Geological Survey
of the Territories (Hay den's) for 1870, 1871, pp. 461-466.

Birds at pp. 462-466; nominal list of 124 spp., with localities of the specimens
collected and their number. The list is understood to have Smithsonian au-
thority.

1871. THORPE, T. B. Bird [wildfowl] shooting on the coast of New Jersey.

< Appletons' Journ., vi, Sept., 1871, p. 379, eight illust.

1871. TRIPPE, T. M. Some Differences between Eastern and Western [North
American] Birds. < Am. Nat., v, 1871, pp. 632-636.

Contrasts the habits and manners of a certain few well-known species in
populous and thinly settled regions.

1871. TRIPPE, T. M. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. <[ Proc. (Comm.)
Essex Inst., vi, 1871, art. vi, pp. 113-119.

An annotated list of 138 spp. ; nomenclature and classification of AUDUBON'S
Synopsis, 1839.
1871. TRISTRAM, H. B. Notes on some Passerine Birds, chiefly PalsBarctic.

< The Ibis, 3d ser., vol. i, No. 2, April, 1871, pp. 231-234.

Contains notes on Alaskan birds collected by Kennicott, Dall, and Bannister.
Saxicola cenanthe and Budytes flava are identical with Palaearctic specimens;
Phyllopneuste kennicotti, Baird, = P. borealis, Bias. A synopsis of the known
species of Pyrrhula (including P. cassini, Baird— a good species) is given. Also,
notes on Anthus cervinus and its affines.

1871. WALKER, B. Two Ornithological Items. < Am. Nat., v, 1871, pp.
437, 438.

Hesperiphona vespertina, Jan. 12, and newly fledged Eremophila alpestris, April
15, at Detroit, Mich. Comments by E. C[oues].

[1871.] WILSON, A., and BONAPARTE, C. L. Wilson and Bonaparte. | — |
American Ornithology ; | or, | The Natural History | of the [ Birds of
the United States. | Illustrated with Plates | engraved and colored
from original drawings from Nature. | By Alexander Wilson | and |
Charles Lucian Bonaparte. | With a Sketch of the Life of Wil-
son, | By George Ord, F. L. S., | and | A Classification of the genera
and species of American Birds, | By Spencer F. Baird, | of the Smith-
sonian Institution. | Vol. I [II, III]. | Philadelphia: | Porter and
Coates. | [No date. 1871.] 3 vols. imp. 8vo, with folio atlas in 2

123]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1871-1872 689

[1871.] WILSON, A., and BONAPARTE, C. L. — Continued.

vols. of 76 + 27 pll. (nearly 400 figg.). Vol. I, pp. cxxxii, 214; II,
pp. viii, 9-390 ; III, pp. viii, i*-xvi*, 9-426.

This late edition of "Ord's "Wilson" and "Bonaparte" is a very fine one.
Ord's Memoir on "Wilson, pp. xi-cxxxii. Bonaparte's portion occupies pp. 135 to
end of voL III. The species are systematically arranged. A novel feature is the
interpolation, pp. i*-xvi* of vol. Ill, of Prof. Baird's Catalogue of N. Am. Birds,
reprinted from the 8vo ed., 1858. Editor's preface states:— "In preparing for
the press this edition of Wilson's Ornithology, the editor has adhered to the
original text, correcting only some erroneous references, and a few verbal inac-
curacies. . . . The original plates, engraved under the eye of "Wilson, are
employed in this edition, after having been carefully examined and retouched
by Mr. Alexander Lawson, by whom most of them were executed ; and who as
an engraver of objects of natural history, stands unrivalled. The birds have
been colored by skilful artists, from recent specimens, or from the beautiful pre-
parations belonging to the Philadelphia Museum."

The atlas of plates accompanying this edition is in 2 vols. folio, each sepa-
rately entitled, and both titles are different from that of the vols. of text ; so
that they will doubtless yet be found quoted in catalogues as different works.
The atlas to "Wilson's 76 plates is entitled :— American Ornithology; | or, | the
Natural History | of the | Birds of the United States. | Plates | engraved and
colored from original Drawings taken from Nature. | By | Alexander "Wil-
son. | [Trademark.] | Philadelphia: | Porter &Coates, | 822 Chestnut street. The
other atlas, of 27 pll., is simply entitled : — Bonaparte's Ornithology | Plates.
Each atlas has a leaf of text (index). The two will probably be found bound
together in some cases.

1872. ALLEN, J. A. Ornithological Notes from the West. < Am. Nat., 1872,
pp. 263-275, 342-351, 394-404.
These articles contain a summary of a paper in Bull. Mus. C. Z., iii, pp. 113-183.

1872. A[LLEN], J. A. Birds of Kansas. < Am. Nat., vi, 1872, pp. 359, 360.
A review of F. H. Snow's Birds of Kansas (8vo, 1872, pp. 8).

1872. A[LLEN], J. A. Ornithological Works in Prospect. <Am. Nat., vi,
1872, pp. 478-482.

Anticipatory notices of E. Coues's Key to North American Birds, S. F. Baird,
T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway's History of North American Birds, and C. J.
Maynard's Birds of Florida.

1872. A[LLEN], J. A. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macou, N. C.,
and Vicinity. < Am. Nat., vi, 1872, pp. 546-549.

An extended review of E. Coues's paper, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871,
pp. 12-49, 120-148.

1872. A[LLEN]? J. A. The Birds of the Tres Marias and Socorro Islands.
< Am. Nat., vi, 1872, pp. 681, 682.

A review of A. J. Gray son, ed. G. N.Lawrence, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
xiv, 1872, pp. 26 1-303.

1872. A[LLEN], J. A. Birds of Kansas. < Am. Nat., vi. 1872, p. 765.

A favorable notice of the second edition of F. H. Snow's Lint of Kansas Birds
(8vo, pp. 16, Oct., 1872).

1872. ALLEN, J. A. Notes of an Ornithological Reconnoissance of Portions
of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. < Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool,
iii, No, 6, July, 1872, pp. 113-183. (Also sep. pamph.)

After general introductory, the author gives :— 1. List of Birds observed at Fort
Leavenworth and Topeka, Kansas, spring of 1872 (121 spp.) ; 2. At Fort Hays,
Kansas, May-July, 1871 (61 spp.) ; 3. In Northwestern Kansas, Dec., 1871, Jan.,
1872 (25 spp.); 4. At Cheyenne, Wyoming, Aug., 1871 (41 spp.); 5. In Colorado,
July- August, 1871 (81 spp.) ; 6. In South Park, Colorado, July, 1871 (54 spp.); 7.
OnMount Lincoln, Colorado, July, 1871 (36 spp.) ; 8. Ogden, Utah, Sept.-Oct., 1871
(137 spp.) ; 9. General Summary or Combination of all the Observations (228 spp.).

44 BC

690 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1872 [l24

1872. ALLKN, J. A.— Continued.

Besides the extended field-notes, there is ranch critical annotation. The article
is very complete, and highly interesting from its bearing on general questions.

1872. ALLEN, J. A. [On Geographical Variation in Mammals and Birds."]

< Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xv, 1872, pp. 156-159.

1872. ALLEN, J. A. Geographical Variation in North American Birds.

< Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xv, 1872, pp. 212-219.
In amplification of a previous verbal communication.

1872. [ANON.] Some Western Birds. < Am. Sportsman, ii, 1872, pp. 50, 51.

Biographical notices of Cupidonia cupido, Pedioecetes phasianettus, Corvus
cor ax, Steganopus wilsoni, and Orus canadensis.

1872. B[ HEWER], T. M., A[LLEN], J. A., and SNOW, F. H. Prof. Snow's List
of Kansas Birds. < Am. Nat., vi, Aug., 1872, pp. 482-484.

T. M. Brewer's observations on F. H. Snow's List, with implied ref. to J. A.
Allen's former critique (torn, cit , p. 359), J. A. Allen's rejoinder, and the author's
addition to his List of 45 spp., upon information received from S. F. Baird and J.
A. Allen.

1872. BREWSTER, W. Birds new to Massachusetts Fauna. < Am. Nat., vi,
1872, pp. 306, 307.
Of the 6 spp. given, one, Tringa bairdi, is now to Massachusetts.

1872. BRUHIN, T. A. Unsere getiederten Wintergaste. < Zool. Gart., xiii,
1872, pp. 157, 158.
Brief desultory remarks on about 20 spp. of the winter birds of Wisconsin.

1872. BRUHIN, T. A. Zur nordamerikanischen Vogelsprache. < Zool. Gart.,
xiii, 1872, pp. 187, 188.
Phonetic word-rendering of the notes of some half dozen Wisconsin birds.

1872. BRUHIN, T. A. Ankunft von Vogeln. < Zool. Gart., xiii, 1872, pp.
221,222.
"Unimportant note on 3 spp. of Wisconsin birds.

1872. BURROUGHS, J. Birds' nesting. < Appletons1 Journ., viii, July, 1872,
p. 41.

1872. COOKE, JOSHUA. Autumn Game on the Prairies. < Scribner's Monthly,
iv, 1872, pp. 697-705, 7 woodcc.

1872. COPE, E. D. Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves of
North America. < Tr. Am. Philos. Soc., xiv, pp. 1-250, pll. i-xiv.
Meleagris euperbus, p. 239 ; Sula loxostyla, p. 236, spp. nn.

1872. COUES, E. Key | to | North American Birds : | containing a concise
account of every species of | living and fossil Bird | at present
known from the continent north of the Mexican | and United States
Boundary. | Illustrated by 6 steel plates, and upwards of 250
woodcuts. | By | Elliott Coues, | Assistant Surgeon United States
Army. | — | Salem : Naturalists' Agency. | New York : Dodd and
Mead. | Boston : | Estes and Lauriat. | 1872. 1 vol. imp. 8vo. 4 p.
11., pp. 361 + 1 1., pll. 6, figg. 238. (Pub. Oct., 1872.)

Designed as a manual or text-book of the birds of North America, and claim-
ing to be an exponent of late views on classification and nomenclature. The
introductory part gives a general account of the structure, and more particu-
larly the external characters, of birds, with special reference to their classifica-
tion, and an explanation of the technical terms usually employed in description.
An artificial "Key" or analysis of the North American genera follows, pre-
pared upon a plan found practically useful in botany, but seldom applied to
zoology, whereby a specimen may be readily referred to its proper place. The
body of the work consists of brief diagnoses of the North American species,

125]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18*2 691

1872. COUES, E. — Continued.

with references to a few leading authorities ; the families and higher groups
being also characterized. The work introduces the first decided changes that
were made in the nomenclature of the North American species since 1858,
mainly by the recognition as geographical races of a great many previously
accredited species. It also contains the first systematic account ever given of
the fossil species, prepared under the revision of Prof. O. C. Marsh. The plates
illustrate details of external form. The woodcuts, of miscellaneous character,
are, with some exceptions, very poorly executed, adding little to the value, and
detracting from the general appearance of the work.

Of. Nature, May 8, 1873 ; Saturday Review, Feb. 22, 1873 ; Atlantic Monthly,
, 1873; American Sportsman, Nov. 22, 1873; Nation, Apr. —,1873; Ports-
mouth Journal, Apr. 26, 1873 ; Independent, Mar. 13, 1873 ; Army and Navy
Journal, Nov. 30, 1872, Mar. 15, 1873 ; Golden Age, July 5, 1873, and Sept, 7, 14, 21,
1872; Literary Bulletin, Oct. and Nov., 1872 ; Am. Nat., vi, 1873, pp. 478, 479 ; Zool.
Rec. for 1872, p. 33; Am. Journ. Sci., v, 1873, pp. 314, 315; Pop. Sci. Monthly, 1873,
p. 751 ; Turf, Field and Farm, Mar. 6, 1874; Forest and Stream, Jan. 29, 1874, Mar.
12, 26, 1874; Field and Stream, Apr. 4, 1874.

1872. FINSCH, O. Zur Ornithologie Nordwest-Anierikas. <^Abhand.Naturw.
Ver. Brem., iii, 1872, pp. 17-86.

Sehr wichtig; behandelt 113 Arten der Yogel Alaska's, einschliesslich der-
jenigen von Kittlitz, Baird, Dall und Bannister; nebst Beschreibungen, Mes-
sungen, Synonymik und Kritik; auch ein genaues Verzeichniss der nicht pub-
lizirten Kupfertafeln Brandt's, die derselbe als eine Fortsetzung zu Pallas'
Zoograph. Rosso- As. vorbereitete.

1872. GRAYSON, A. J. On the Physical Geography and Natural History < f
the Islands of the Tres Marias and of Socorro, off the Western Coast
of Mexico. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xiv, 1872, pp. 261-302.

Edited by Gr. N. Lawrence. Of birds of Tres Marias, 52 spp., treated with ex-
tended field-notes of habits— Haliplana fuliginosa var. crissalis Baird, MSS., p.
285. Of Socorro Island birds, 14 spp. The article also includes a personal nar-
rative, with much allusion to ornithology. Cf. Am. Nat., vi, 1872, p. 681.

1872. HOLDEN, C. H. Notes on the Birds of Wyoming and Colorado Terri-
tories. By C. H. Holdeu, Jr. ; with additional Memoranda by C.
E. Aiken. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xv, 1872, pp. 193-210.

Edited by T. M. Brewer, who neglected to discriminate properly between the
two categories of species, or to preserve indications of locality. 142 spp., fully
annotated. First appearance of Junco hyemalis var, aikeni , n. T., p. 201, no descr.

1872. MARSH, O. C. Discovery of a remarkable Fossil Bird [Hesperornis
regalis]. < Am. Journ. Sci., iii, 1872, pp. 56, 57.

1872. MARSH, O. C. Notice of some New Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Birds.
<^Am. Journ. Sci., iv, 1872, pp. 256-262.

Aletornis (g. n.) nobilis, A.pernix, p. 256; A. vemistus, p. 257; A. gratilis, A.
bettus, p. 258; Uintornis (g. n.) lucaris, Catarractes ajfinis, p. 259; Melcagris altus,
p. 260 ; M. celer, Grus proavus, p, 261, spp. nn,

1872. MARSH, O. C. [Ichthyornis dispar.] < Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 3d
ser., iv, p. 344.

1872. MARSH, O. C, Preliminary Description of Hesperornis regalis, with
Notices of four other new Species of Cretaceous Birds. < Am.
Journ. Sci., iii, 1872, pp. 360-365.

Hesperornis regalis, " g. sp. n." (but already noticed, torn, cit., p. 56), p. 360 ; Grab-
culavus (g. n.)velox, p. 363; G.pumiius, G. anceps, p, 364; Pakeotringa vagans, p.
365, spp. nn.

692 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1872 [126

1872. MARSH, O. C. Discovery of a remarkable Fossil Bird [Hesperornis
regalis]. < Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4), ix, 1872, p. 326.

From Sillimaris Journ., Jan., 1872, pp. 56, 57.

1872. MARSH, O. C. Description of Hesperornis regalis, with notices of four
other new Species of Cretaceous Birds. < Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4),
x, 1872, pp. 212-217.
From Am. Journ. Sci., n. s., iii, May, 1872, pp. 360-365.

1872. MAYNARD, C. J. A Catalogue of the Birds of Coos Co., N. H., and Ox-
ford Co., Me., with annotations relative to the breeding habits,
migrations, etc. By C. J Maynard. With Notes by Wm. Brewster.
< Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xiv, for Oct., 1871, pub. 1872, pp.
356-385.
164 spp., very fully annotated, with field-notes of habits, movements, etc.

1872. REINHARDT, J. Et Tillseg til Gronlands Fuglefauna. < Notiser Sallsk.
pro Fn. et Fl. Fenn. Fork., 1872, pp. 132-134.

Pandion haliaetus, Botaurus stellaris.

1872. REINHARDT, J. Et Tillseg til Gronlands Fuglefauna. < Vid. Medd.,
1872, pp. 132-134.

Adds Pandion haliaetus and Botaurus stettaris, bringing the number up to 125,
inclusive of 56 stragglers.

1872. RIDGWAY, R. New Birds in Southern Illinois. < Am. Nat., vi, 1872,
pp. 430, 431.

Vireo belli, Peuccea cestivalis, Cyanotplza ciris, Asturina plagiata, and Falco
mexicanus — five additions to fauna of the State.

1872. Ross, A. M. A Classified Catalogue of the Birds of Canada. Toronto.
18. 2. 8vo. pp. 9.
Not seen— said to be a mere list of names.

1872. SNOW, F. H. Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas. -^Kansas Educa-
tional Journal (newspaper — since dead) for April, 1872. Also, a few
separate copies, supposed to be perfect reprint, for private distri-
bution, pp. 8, 1872.

An annotated list, defective and replete with typographical errors, of 239 spp.,
the breeders marked by an asterisk. This, which may be called the first edition,
was the one severely criticised by J. A. Allen, and inconsiderately defended by
T. M. Brewer, Am. Nat, vi, pp. 359, 482. One good result of the criticism was the
almost immediate addition by the author of 45 spp. to the list, in Am. Nat., vi,
pp. 484, 485, and the issue of a second edition, as follows :—

1872. SNOW, F. H. A Catalogue | of the | Birds of Kansas | contributed to
the | Kansas Academy of Science | by | Frank H. Snow, | Professor
of Natural History and Meteorology, in the University | of Kansas,
at Lawrence. J — | Second Edition, | October, 1872. | — | Kansas
City: | Bulletin Steam Book and Job Printers and Engravers. | 1872.
Small 8vo pamph., tinted paper, pp. 16.

282 spp., annotated as in the 1st ed., but with 45 additions and one subtraction,
and the serious typographical blunders of the original corrected. This was the
original shape of the 2d ed., published independently by the author; it was
immediately communicated to the Kansas Academy of Science, and reprinted in
the Transactions of that body. See 1873, SNOW, F. H.

1872. TRIPPE, T. M. Birds Found Breeding in the Catskill Mountains.
<4m. Nat., vi, 1872, pp. 47, 48.
7 spp. of Oscines, with a note on Petrochelidon lunifrons.

127]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1872-9373 693

1872-73. RIDGWAY, R. On the relation between Color and Geographical Dis-
tribution in Birds, as illustrated in Melanism and Hyperchromism.
< Am. Journ. Sd., iv, Dec., 1872, pp. 454-460 ; v, Jan., 1873, pp. 39-44.

Myiodioctes pusillus var. pileolata, p. 457 ; Helminthophaga celatav&T.lutescens,
p. 457 ; Oeothlypis poliocephala var. caninucha, p. 459 ; Cardinalis virginianus var.
coccineus (descr. nulla), p. 39 ; Cyamirastetterivar.frontalis, p. 43, nn. varr. Of.
COUES, Am. Nat., vii, July, 1873, pp. 415-41« ; EIDGWAY, Am. Nat., vii, Sept., 1873,
pp. 548-555.

1872-78. MAYNARD, C. J. The | Birds of Florida : | containing | original de-
scriptions of upwards of Two hundred and fifty species, | with notes
on their habits, etc., | by C. J. Maynard. | With five [mut.] plates
drawn and colored from nature. | By Helen S. Farley. | — | Part One
[mut. niut.]. | — | Salem : | Naturalists Agency [mut. mat.]. | 1872
[-1878]. 4to. Part One, 1872, pp. 1-32, pi. i. Part Two, 1873, pp.
33-64. Part Three, Ipswich, Mass., C. J. Maynard, 1874, pp. 65-88, pi.
ii. Part Four, title changed to The | Birds | of | Florida | with the |
Water and Game | Birds | of | Eastern North America, | by C. J.
Maynard. | — | Illustrated. | C.A. Walker, Boston. | — | C. J. May-
nard & Co., | Newtonville, Mass. | 1878. pp. 89-112, pi. [iii]; pub.
May, 1878. Part Five, July, 1878, pp. 113-136, pll. iv, v. Part Six,

Sept., 1878, pp. 137 , pi. vi.

A prospectus, issued in 1872, contained 8 pp. of letter-press on Eostrhamus
soeiabilis, -with pi. i of same. New prospectus with Part Four, 1878.— PI. ii, Pho-
niparazena; pi. [iii], Passerculus princeps ; pi. iv, Pipilo leucopsis (— P. alleni
Coues); pi. v, Ammodromus melanoleucus (= A. maritimus var. nigrescens
Ridgw.) ; pi. vi, 23 figs, of anatomical and other details ; pi. vii, 66 figs, of eggs.

Publication continues ; a later prospectus, issued with Part Four when the
work was resumed, announces completion in 15 parts, of about 400 pp. ; perma-
nent title may differ from each of the above cover-titles. The above six parts
carry the subject nearly through Oseines— into Corvidce. The work is a system-
atic treatise, thus far with brief technic, partly anatomical, and much new and
interesting biography from original investigations.

1873. ADAMS, A. L. Field and Forest Rambles, with Notes and Observations
on the Natural History of Eastern Canada. London, 1873. 8vo.
pp. 333.

Not seen — said to contain an account of the birds of New Brunswick, a list of
which is given in the Appendix, pp. 296-302.

1873. AIKEN, C.E. A Glimpse at Colorado and its Birds. <Am.Nat., vii,
1873, pp. 13-16.

Field-notes on a few species of Oseines.

1873. A[LLEN], J. A. The Birds of Florida. < Am. Nat., vii, 1873, pp.
165, 166.

A review of Part I of C. J. Maynard's work of that name (4to, Salem, 1872).
1873. A[LLEN], J. A. A Text Book of North American Ornithology. < Am.
Nat., vii, 1873, pp. 308, 309.

A review of E. COUES'S Key to North American Birds.
1873. [ANOX.] Taming Birds. < Am. Sportsman, ii, 1873, p. 59.
Note of a lady in Florida taming the wild birds about her house.
1873. [ANON.] The Birds of April. < Am. Sportsman, ii, 1873, p. 104.

Quoted from The Atlantic Monthly.
1873. [ANON.] The Importation of Foreign Birds. < Am. Sportsman, ii,

1873, p. 137.

[ANON.] "Key to North American Birds." < Am. Sportsman, iii,
1873, p. 113, fig. 1.
Being a review of E. COUES'S Key to North American Birds.

694 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1873 [l28

1873. [ANON.] Bail or Ortolan. < Am. Sportsman, iii, 1873, p. 141.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus and Porzana Carolina known as "Ortolans ", but shown
to be distinct from the true Ortolan (Emberiza hortulana).

1873. [ANON.] [Birds of Florida.] < Am. Sportsman, iii, 1873, p. 165; see,
also, iv, 1874, p. 41.
Advance notice of C. J. MAYNARD'S Birds of Florida.

1873. [ANON.] The Buds of Florida. < Forest and Stream, i, Oct. 16, 1873,
p. 158.
Review of first two parts of The Birds of Florida, by C. J. Maynard.

1873. [ANON.] [Instances of albinism.] < Forest and Stream, i, Dec. 4,

1873, p. 263.
1873. [ANON. — HALLOCK, C.] Migrations of Birds and the Telegraph.

< Forest and Stream, i, Dec. 24, 1873, p. 312.

1873. [ANON.] Introduction of European Birds in the United States for
Economic Purposes. < Zoologist, 2d ser., viii, 1873, p. 3696.
From Nature, Aug. 14, 1873.

1873. BAIRD, S. F., and RIDGWAY, R. On some new Forms of American
Birds. < Bull. Essex Inst., v, No. 12, Dec., 1873, pp. 197-201.

"Continued from the October number of the American Naturalist, vii, 1873."
We have here the original preliminary notices, published to secure priority, of
various spp. ostensibly described as new in the History of North American Birds,
which appeared very shortly afterward. The paper was prepared by the junior
author, and the following new names are his, with three exceptions : — Leucosticte
tephrocotis var. australis Allen, Ammodromus maritimus var. nigrescens, Zono-
trichia leucophrys var. intermedia, Pooapiza belli var. nevadensis, Dolichonyx ory-
zivorus var. albinucha, p. 198 ; Perisoreus canadensis var. capitalis Bd., P. cana-
densis var. obscurus, Cyanocitta ultramarina var. arizonce, O. Jloridana var. sumi-
chrasti, Canace obscura \ar.fuliginosa, Cupidonia cupido var. pallidicincta, p. 199;
Strix flammea var. guatemalce, Syrnium nebidosum var. sartorii, Scops asio var.
floridanus, S. asio var. enano Lawr., MS., p. 200 ; Falco communis var. pealei, F.
columbarium var. suckleyi, p. 201.— See 1873, RIDGWAY, R.

1873. BATTY, J. H. The U. S. Geological Survey. < Forest and Stream, i,
Aug. 28, 1873, p. 35.
Some rare birds of Colorado.

1873. BREWER, T. M. The Avifauna of Colorado. < Am. Nat, vii, 1873,
pp. 631, 632.

Reply to E. Coues's criticism of his editorship of the paper on this subject,
Proc. Bost. Soc., xv, 1872, pp. 193-210.— See 1872, HOLDEN, C. H.

1873. BREWER, T. M. Description of some Nests and Eggs of Arizona Birds.
< Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 1873, pp. 106-111.

From Lieut. C. Bendire's collection. 14 spp., several described for the first
time. For " Myiadestes townsendii" read Phcenopepla nitens ; for " Carpodacua
cassinii " read C.frontalis. Cf. COUES, Am. Nat., viii, Sept., 1874, p. 542.

1873. BRUHIN, T. A. Zoologische Mittheilungen aus Wisconsin. < Zool.
Gart., xiv, 1875, pp. 431, 432.

Mentions a very few birds.

1873. COUES, E. A | Check List | of | North American Birds. | — | By | El-
liott Coues. | — | Salem. | Naturalists' Agency. | 1873. 8vo pamph.
2 p. 11., pp. 1-137 + 2 11.

The body of the list was printed, and some early copies were distributed, in
Dec., 1873; but its full publication was held over until 1874, to insert in an ap-

129]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1873 695

1873. COUES, E. — Continued.

pendix some species then about being published. It is issued in two forms;
one, as separate pamphlet, with title as above; the other, as forming the latter
half, separately paged, of the same author's Field Ornithology (1874). The spe-
cies are numbered consecutively from 1 to 635, the numerous "varieties" not
being numbered, excepting when a variety is the only North American repre-
sentative of a species. The fossil spp. are 29 in number. The List contains a
very few species discovered since the author's Key to North American Birds
was published; otherwise, the arrangement and nomenclature are identical with
those of that work. Various additions and corrections, however, are given in
the appendix. The names are printed only on one side of the page, to leave
room for MS. notes and in order that the List may be cut up for labelling pur-
poses if desired.

1873. COUES, E. Report | on the | Prybilov Group, or Seal Islands, of
Alaska. | By | Henry W. Elliott, | Assistant Agent Treasury De-
partment. | — | Washington : | Government Printing Office. | 1873.

1 vol. oblong 4to (bound to open portfolio-wise, size of type-bed
5J X 8| inches), not paged, 48 full-page photographic illustrations,

2 woodcc. > Appendix. Ornithology of the Prybilov Islands.
By Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A.

The ornithological portion, based on Mr. Elliott's MSS. and collections, con-
sists of a formal treatise on the birds of the island, with considerable synonymy
and other technicality, but with special reference to the habits of the species.
Tringa ptilocnemis (nota, sub T. "crassirostris"), sp. n. The article is literally
reprinted in Elliott's "A Report upon the Condition of Affairs in the Territory
of Alaska" (8vo, Washington, 1875). A digest of the zoological matter, includ-
ing the ornithology, with some extraneous matter, was published by J. E. Hart-
ing (8vo, London, 1874, from letters to The Field newspaper). The original
edition is very scarce, fetching $50 to $75. The impression was of only 125
copies, "75 to the Secretary of the Treasury, 50 to the Library of Congress,"
and the types wore distributed without stereotyping. The work was never in
the trade, the few copies purchasable mainly coming from a very particular
source. The 8vo leprint of the ornithology is the same as the original, e. & o. e.

1873. C[OUES], E. New England Ornithology. < Am. Nat., vii, 1873, pp.
42, 43.

A review of C. J. Maynard's paper, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.' Hist., xiv, 1872, pp,
356-385, q. V.

1873. C[OUES],E. Ornithology of the West. < Am. Nat., vii, 1873, pp.
221-223.

A review of J. A. Allen's paper, Butt. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, pp. 113-183.

1873. COUES, E. Some United States Birds, New to Science, and other

Things Ornithological. < Am. Nat., vii, 1873, pp. 321-331, figg. 65-70.

Based on MSS. and collections of C. Bendire. Peuccea carpalis, p. 322 ; Harpo-

rhynchus bendirei, p. 330, spp. nil., with field -notes on a dozen or more species,

and a sketch of the genus Harporhynchus, with figg. of heads of 6 spp.

1873. C[OUES],E. New Avian Subclass [Odontoruithes]. <Am.Nat.,\iit
1873, p. 364.
Cf. MARSH, torn, tit., 115; Am.J<nirn.Sci., Feb., 1873.

1873. C[OUES], E. Color-variation in Birds Dependent upon Climatic Influ-
ences. < Am. Nat., vii, July, 1873, pp. 415-418.

A criticism of R. Ridgway's paper on this subject, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, 1872, pp.
454-460, and v, 1873, pp. 39-44, g. v.

696 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1873 [l30

1873. C[OUES], E. Late Local Lists. <Am. Nat., vii, 1873, pp. 418-421.

Reviews of W. H. Ball, Proc. Gala. Acad., Feb , 1873 ; and of C. J. Holden, Jr.,
and C. E. Aiken, ed. T. M. Brewer, Proc. Boston Soc., xv, 1872, p. 193, and of "W.
D. Scott, ibid., p. 219.

1873. COUES, E. Notes OD Two little-known Birds of the United States.
< Am. Nat., vii, Nov., 1873, pp. 695-697.

Field observations on Centronyx bairdi and Neocorys spraguii.

1873. COUES, E. Specimens of Bird Architecture. <^Am. Sportsman, iii,
1873, pp. 129, 245, 313 ; iv, p. 19.

Nests of Icterus baltimore, Ginclus mexicanus, Chcetura pelasgia, and the group
of burrow-nesters.

1873. DALL, W. H. Notes on the Avifauna of the Aleutian Islands, from
Unalashka Eastward. <Proc. California Acad. Nat. Sci., v,>April,
1873 (pub. in advance separately with different pagination, Feb.,
1873), pp. 25-35.

Field-notes on 54 spp., chiefly water birds. See 1874, DALL, W. H.
1873. EDITORS. The Game Birds of the Northwest [United States]. < Am.
Nat., vii, 1873, pp. 314, 315.

Notice of a circular on this subject distributed by E. Coues to officers of the
U. S. Army, calling for information.

1873. FINSCH, O. [Reisebericbt tiber Nord-Amerika.] < J.f. 0., 1873, pp.

458-460.
1873. GENTRY, T. G. [On the molestation of certain Birds by Sciurus hud-

sonius. ] <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxv, 1873, pp. 101, 102.
1873. HERRICK, HAROLD. A partial Catalogue of the Birds of Grand

Menan, N. B. < Bull. Essex Inst., v, No. 2, Mar., 1873, pp. 28-41.
194 spp., fully annotated.

1873. LOCKWOOD, S. Our native Birds [i e. of the United States] acquiring
new habits. <Pop. Sci. Monthly, Mar., 1873, p. 633.

1873. MARSH, O. C. Notice of a new Species of Ichthyornis [I. celer]. <^Am.
Journ. Sci., v, 1873, p. 74.
Afterward made the basis of the genus Apatornis.

1873. MARSH, O. C. On a New Subclass of Fossil Birds (Odontornithes).
<Am. Journ. Scl, v, 1873, App., pp. 161-163.

Based on Ichthyornis dispar. The former Ichthyornis celer of Marsh is made
the type of a new genus, Apatornis, p. 162.

1873. MARSH, O. C. Fossil Birds from the Cretaceous of North America.
<Am. Journ. Sci., v, 1873, pp. 229, 230.

List from COUES'B Key to N. Am. Birds, with additions to date, 13 spp. Gracit-
lavus agttis, p. 230, sp. n.

1873. MARSH, O. C. Notice of a New and Eemarkable Fossil Bird [Ichthy-
ornis dispar]. <Am. Nat., vii, 1873, p. 50.

Editorial extract from Am. Journ. Sci.

1873. MARSH, O. C. On a New Sub-class of Fossil Birds (Odontornithes).
<Am. Nat., vii, 1873, pp. 115-117.

Reprinted from Am. Journ. Sci. for Feb., 1873, pp. 161-163.

1873. MAYNARD, C. J. The Strange and Rare Birds of North America.
<Jw. Sportsman, ii, 1873, p. 155 ; iii, 1873, pp. 10, 36, 66, 115.

Plotus anhinga, Sula bassana, Utamania torda, Tachypetes aquilus, TJiia troite,
Larus tridactylus.

13l] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1873 697

1873. MERRIAM, C. H. Report on the Mammals and Birds of the Expedi-
tion [Hayden's, of 1872, which surveyed portions of Montana, Idaho,
Wyoming, and Utah]. < Sixth Annual Rep. U. S. Geological Survey
of the Territories for 1872, 1873, pp. 661-715.

Birds at pp. 670-715. A systematic list of the species, with tables of speci-
mens procured, annotated extensively with field-notes, to p. 704. Follows a
similar article on the nests and eggs collected, to p. 712. Succeeded by separate
nominal lists of species found in Idaho and "Wyoming respectively, pp. 712, 713.
Concluded with a compiled nominal list of all the species known to occur in
Utah, 176 in number. The determinations are understood to have been made
under Smithsonian supervision.

1873. MONTEBELLO, G. DE. Sur quelques aiiiinaux de 1'Ame'rique du Nord.
Extrait d'une lettre adresse"e a M. A. Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire.

< Bull. Soc. Acclim., 2e s^r., x, 1873, pp. 381-384.

Traite presque entierement de divers Oiseaux, Tetrao cnpido, T. umbellus,
Meleagris, Ortyx, quelqueB 6chassiers et canards.

1873. N[EWCOMB], R. L. [Rare birds on the Massachusetts coast.]

< Forest and Stream, i, Dec. 11, 1873, p. 278.

1873. PURDIE, H. A. Notes on some of the Rarer Birds of Massachusetts.

< Am. Nat., vii, 1873, pp. 692, 693.
Mention of about 25 spp.

1873. RIDGWAY, R. The Prairie Birds of Southern Illinois. < Am. Nat.,
vii, 1873, pp. 195-203.

95 spp. observed in two visits; about 140, of which 25 are water birds, breed
in the locality.

1873. RIDGWAY, R. The Relation between the Color and the Geographical
Distribution of Birds. < Am. Nat., vii, Sept., 1873, pp. 548-555.

Chiefly controversial, being a rejoinder to E. Coues's criticism, op. cit., pp. 415-
418, of the paper in Am. Jour. Sci., iv, 1872, pp. 454-460; v, Jan., 1873, pp. 39-44,
q.v.

1873. RIDGWAY, R. On some New Forms of [chiefly North] American
Birds. < Am. Nat., vii, Oct., 1873, pp. 602-619.

CatherpesmexicanusvSiT. conspersus, p. 603; Helminthophagacclatav&r. lute-^cens,
p. 606 ; Dendroica vieillotii var. bryanti, p. 606 ; Dendroica dominica var. albilora
"Baird", p. 606; Dendroica gracice var. decora, p. 608; Myiodioctes pusillus var.
pileolata (ex Pallas), p. 608; Collurio ludovicianus var. robustus "Baird" [— ele-
gans Bd., nee Sw.], p. 609; Certhiola newtoni "Baird", p. 611; C.caboti, C.barba-
densis, C. frontalis Baird, p. C12; Junco aikeni, p. 613 [in type before, but not
described, from Ridgway's MSS., Pr. Bost. Soc., xv, 1872, p. 201]; Peuccea cesti-
valis var. arizonce, p. 616, are the new species or varieties. Analytical synopses
of Certhiola, Junco, and Cardinalis are introduced, the former being by S. F. Baird.
—These novelties are those then about to appear in the Hist. N. A. Birds, the
notices being anticipatory, to secure priority ; the article is virtually continued in
Bull. Essex Inst., v, Dec., 1873, pp. 197-201. See 1873, BAIED, S. F., and RIDG-
WAY, R.

1873. RIDGWAY, R. Notes on the Bird-fauna of the Salt Lake Valley and
the adjacent portions of the Wahsatch Mountains. <^ Bull. Essex
Inst., v, No. 11, Nov., 1873, pp. 168-173.

Based on the same material that was afterward fully elaborated in Clarence
King's Report of the Survey of the Fortieth Parallel. See 1877, same author.

1873. RIDGWAY, R. The Birds of Colorado. < Bull. Essex Inst., v, No. 11,
Nov., 1873, pp. 174-195.

An elaborate paper, giving a resume of our present knowledge. 1. Eastern
species found in Colorado, 30. 2. Others found at more western points, not yet

698 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1873 [i32

1873. RIDGWAY, R.— Continued.

detected in Colorado, 15. 3. Species of the southern border of the United States
found in Colorado, 10. Western species found in Colorado not occurring in cor-
responding latitudes in the Great Basin, 5. Complete catalogue of Colorado
birds, distinguishing the breeders, and indicating their range in the breeding
season, 243 spp. Critical notes on sundry spp., pp. 189-195.

1873. RIDGWAY, R. The grouse and quails of North America. Discussed
in relation to their variation with habitat. < Forest and Stream, i,
Dec. 18, 1873, p. 289.

1873. RIDGWAY, R. The Relation between the Colour and Geographical
Distribution of Birds. < Zoologist, 2d ser., viii, 1873, pp. 3790-3797.
Reprinted from the American Naturalist, Sept., 1873, pp. 548-555, q. v.

1873. SCOTT, W. D. Partial List of the Summer Birds of Kanawha County,
West Virginia ; with Annotations. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
xv, 1873, pp. 219-227.

86 species.

1873. " SNAP SHOT." Quail vs. Partridge— Esquimaux Curlew. < Am.
Sportsman, iii, 1873, p. 11. See, also, p. 106.

Inquiries concerning proper name of Ortyx virginiana, answered by Prof. S.
F. Baird.— Numenlus borealis breeds in Wyoming.

1873. SNOW, F. H. Harlan's Hawk and the Mexican Cormorant. < Am.
Nat., vii, 1873, pp. 172, 173.

The birds named Harlan's Hawk and Florida Cormorant in his catalogue of
Kansas birds prove, upon examination by S. F. Baird, to be Buteo harlani indeed,
but Graculus mexicanus instead of Q. Jloridanus.

1873. SNOW, F. H. Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas. < Trans. Kansas
State Board of Agriculture (comprising Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci.)for

1872, April, 1873, pp. 375-386. Also, a few separate overshoots, re-
paged, pp. 12.

The only change from the previous "second edition" (of which this is a re-
print) is at No. 41, by insertion of Colaptes mexicanus ; O, hybridus, No. 41 of 2d
ed., being reduced to No. 40". 282 spp. ; to this state of the list additions were
made in 1874, q. v.

1873. TRIPPE, T. M. The Irregular Migrations of Birds. < Am. Nat., vii,

1873, pp. 389-394.

On some of the causes of disturbances in the movements of birds, with refer-
ence to North American spp.

1873. TRIPPE, T. M. Ornithological Queries. < Am. Nat., vii, 1873, p. 498.
Asks for information on the geographical distribution of 9 N. Am. birds.

1873. TRIPPE, T. M. Notes on the Birds of Southern Iowa. < Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., xv, 1873, pp. 229-242.

162 spp., annotated with many interesting observations.

1873. VERKILL, A. E. Key to North American Birds. ... By Dr. Elliott
Coues, U. S. A. < Am. Journ. Sci., v, 1873, pp. 314, 315.

Review of the work of* that name.

1873. " VETERAN." Our Game Birds. < Am. Sportsman, ii, 1873, p. 170 (see,
also, iii, 1873, p. 11) ; iii, 1873, pp. 6, 124, 326.

On Nuineniws borealis, Charadrius marmoratus (i. e. 0. fulvus var. virginicus),
Meleagris gallopavo, Cygnus buccinator, etc.

133]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1874 699

1874. " ALASKA." [H. W. ELLIOTT.] A Ton of Bird's Eggs Picked up in an
Hour. < Am. Sportsman, iv, 1874, p. 170.

Visit to the breeding grounds of Laridce, Oraculidaz, etc., along the shores of
Behring's Strait.

1874. ALLEN, J. A. Laws of Geographical Variation in North American
Mammals and Birds. < Am. Nat., viii, 1874, pp. 227-229.

Chiefly controversial, with reference to E. Cones, op. cit., July, 1873, pp. 415-418,
and R. Ridgway, ibid., Sept., 1873, pp. 548-555.

1874. ALLEN, J. A. Geographical Variation in North American Birds.
< Am. Nat., viii, 1874, pp. 534-541.
Reprinted from Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xv, 1872, pp. 212-219.

1874. ALLEN, J. A. Notes on the Natural History of Portions of Dakota
and Montana Territories, being the substance of a Report to the
Secretary of War on the Collections made by the North Pacific Rail-
road expedition of 1873, Gen. D. S. Stanley, Commander. < Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1874, pp. 33-86. Also separately published,
8vo, Boston, 1874, pp. 1-61.

Ill, Report on the Birds, pp. 44-68. 118 spp., fully annotated ; the list preceded
by general considerations of the avifauna of the region, and several partial local
lists. An important contribution. Cf. Zool. Rec.for 1874, p. 31.

1874. A[LLEN], J. A. Field Ornithology. < Am Nat., viii, 1874, pp. 418-420.
A review of E. Coues's work of that name (8vo, Salem, 1874).

1874. [ANON.] [Birds of North America.] < Am. Sportsman, iii, 1874,
pp. 229,265.

Notices of first four parts of Birds of North America, by Theodore Jasper.
The second notice expresses opinions diametrically opposed to those of the first.

1874. [ANON.] [A History of North American Birds.] <^Am. Sportsman,
iii, 1873-74, p. 349. See, also, p. 412.

Being a review of A History of North American Birds, by Baird, Brewer, and
Ridgway, 4to, vols. I-III, Boston, 1874.

1874. [ANON.] [Field Ornithology.] <T Am. Sportsman, iv, 1874, p. 25.
Review of Dr. Elliott Coues's Meld Ornithology, 8vo, Salem, 1874.

1874. [ANON.] [Review of] An Annotated History of the Birds of Utah.
By H. W. Henshaw. < Am. Sportsman, iv, 1874, p. 235.

1874. [ANON.] [Painstaking persistence of Audubon.J <^ Am. Sportsman,
iv, 1874, p. 394.

Anecdote copied from Trenton (N. J.) State Gazette.

1874. [ANON.] American Wild-fowl Shooting, [etc.] <^Am. Sportsman,
v, Nov. 7, 1874, p. 89.

Review of American Wild-fowl Shooting, by Joseph W. Long, New York,
1874, 12mo, pp. 285.

1874. [ANON. 3 [Food of various insectivorous birds, with remarks on
the utility of Turdus migratorius and Corvus americanus.] < Am.
Sportsman, v, Nov. 21, 1874, p. 124.

1874. [ANON.] A new work on Ornithology. < Am. Sportsman, v, Dec. 5,
1874, p. 145.
Preliminary notice of COUES'S Birds of the Northwest.

700 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1874 [l34

1874. [ANON.] The Birds of North America. < Forest and Stream, i, Jan. 1,
1874, p. 333. See, also, p. 348.
Eeview of The Birds of North America, by Theodore Jasper.

1874. [ANON.] Key to North American Birds, [etc.] < Forest and Stream, \,
Jan. 29, 1874, p. 398.

Eeview of Key to North American Birds, by Dr. Elliott Cones, 8vo, Salem, 1873.
1874. [ANON.] Field Ornithology. < Forest and Stream, ii, April 9, 1874,
p. 141.

Review of Field Ornithology, a Manual, etc., by Dr. Elliott Coues, 8vo,
Salem, 1874.

1874. [ANON.] History of North American Birds. <^ Forest and Stream, ii,
April 30, 1874, p. 179.

Eeview of vol. Ill of the History of North American Birds, by S. F. Baird, E.
Eidgway, and T. M. Brewer.

1874. [ANON.] The Introduction of Singing Birds into the Country [i. e., the
United States]. < Forest and Stream, ii, June 4, 1874, p. 264.

Account of labors of Cincinnati (Ohio) Acclimation Society.

1874. [ANON.] Field Ornithology. < Forest and Stream, ii, July 2, 1874,
p. 332.
Eeview of Field Ornithology, by Elliott Coues, 8vo, Salem, 1874.

1874. [ANON.] An Annotated List of the Birds of Utah. ^Forest and
Stream, ii, July 30, 1874, p. 387.
Eeview of pamphlet (title as above), by H. W. Henshaw, 8vo, Salem, 1874.

1874. [ANON.] Les Oiseaux Insectivores. < Naturallste Canad., vi, 1874, pp.
205-2^4,250-253.

1874. BAIRD, S. F., BREWER, TM.,and RIDGWAY,R. A | History | of | North
American Birds | by | S. F. Baird, T. M. Brewer, and R. Ridgway |
Land Birds | Illustrated by 64 colored plates and 593 woodcuts j
Volume I [-III]. | [Vignette.] | Boston | Little, Brown, and Com-
pany | 1874 3vols. sm.4to. Vol. I, pp. i-xxviii, 1-596, i-vi, cuts,
and pll. i-xxvi. Vol. II, 3 p. 11., pp. 1-590, i-vi, cuts, and pll. xxvii-lvi.
Vol. Ill, 3 p. 11., pp. 1-560, 1 1., i-xxviii, cuts, and pll. Ivii-lxiv.

The whole dates 1874, and appeared about December of that year. The work
has not been completed by the voL or vols. on the Water Birds. It is issued
with plain or colored plates ; in some copies, the woodcuts in text are also colored.
A considerable portion of the woodcuts are the same as those of Baird ed.
Cooper's Ornithology of California, for which they were originally prepared ;
most of the rest are original ; but some, drawn by Wolf and engraved by
Whymper, first published in ' ' British Birds and their Haunts ", were furnished by
the London Soc. for Diff. Christian Knowledge ; and others, prepared for an ined.
work on the birds of Germany, by Blasius, were obtained from Messrs. Vieweg &
Sohn of Braunschweig. Nearly all the drawings of the full-length figures were
made on wood by E. L. Sheppard of Philadelphia, while the heads were exe-
cuted mostly by H. W. Elliott and E. Eidgway ; both series were engraved by
H. H. Nichols of Washington. The generic outlines (cuts in text) were drawn
by A. L. Schonborn and engraved by the Jewett process. " The technical or
descriptive matter of the present work has been prepared by Messrs. Baird and
Eidgway, that relating to the Raptores entirely by Mr. Eidgway ; and all the
accounts of the habits of the species are from the pen of Dr. Brewer. In addi-
tion to the matter supplied by these gentlemen, Professor Theodore N. Gill has
furnished that portion of the Introduction defining the class of Birds as compared
with other vertebrates j while to Dr. Coues is to be given the entire credit for

135]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§?4 701

1874. BAIRD, S. F., BREWER, T. M., and RIDGWAY, R.— Continued.

the pages embracing the tables of Orders and Families, as well as for the Glos-
sary beginning on page 535 of Vol. III."— (Extract from Preface.)

For the biographies of the species, the most productive source of informa-
tion "has been the great amount of manuscript contained in the archives of
the Smithsonian Institution in the form of correspondence, elaborate reports, and
the field notes of collectors and travellers, the use of which for the present work,
has been liberally allowed by Professor Henry. By far the most important of
these consist of notes made by the late Robert Kennicott in British America,
and received from him and other gentlemen in the Hudson Bay Territory, who
were brought into intimate relationship with the Smithsonian Institution through
Mr. Kennicott's efforts. . . . Equally serviceable has been the information re-
ceived from the region of the Yukon River and Alaska generally, including the
Aleutian Islands, . . . "—(Preface.) In elaborating these materials, Dr. Brewer
further supplements his own knowledge with information derived from the pub-
lished notes of the naturalists of the Pacific Rail road and other Western Surveys,
and from the general literature of the subject, with less thorough digestion of
these materials than might be desired.

It has apparently been deemed advisable, in a work of this character, to reduce
the synonymatic and bibliographical matter to its lowest terms.

The technical matter (diagnostic and descriptive) is based, and for the most
part derived, from BAIRD'S B. N. A., 1858, and Review, 1864-66 ; the specific char-
acters, etc., being often directly transferred from those works to the present, with
such addition or modification as might be required. To this statement is to be
excepted the whole of Mr. Ridgway's extensive monograph of the Kaptores, and
Prof. Baird's article on Certhiola, which latter apparently represents a before
unpublished continuation of his Review ; with the further and principal excep-
tion of Mr. Ridgway's numerous elaborate analytical tables, which include, as
a rule, not only the N. Am. species, but also their Cent, and S. Am. allies.

The classification and general arrangement accord in the main with those
previously used by Baird ; but the nomenclature and details of the handling of
the birds are very different, numerous reputed species being reduced to " vari-
eties", according to the prevalent views of what is sometimes called in Eng-
land the ''American School". The result in this regard agrees more closely
with that exhibited in the present writer's Key of 1872, Checklist of 1873, and
B. N. W. of 1874. In addition to the various novel combinations of generic, specific,
and varietal terms resulting from this, the following species or varieties are
named as new ; but most of them were actually published previously by Mr.
Ridgway in the Amer. Nat., vii, 1873, pp. 602-619, and Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873,
pp. 197-201, qq. vv. :—

Vol. I. — Harporhynchus curvirostris vaf.palmeri R., p. 36; Catherpes mexicanus
var. conspersus R., p. 138 ; Helminthophaga ruficapilla varr. ocularis and gutturalis
R., p. 191 ; H. celata varr. lutescens and obscura R., p. 192; Dendroica vieilloti var.
bryanti R., p. 218 ; D. dominica var. albilora R., p. 220 ; D. gracice var. decora R.,
p. 220 ; Qeoihlypis poliocephala var. caninucha R., p. 296 ; Vireosylvia calidris var.
barbadense R., p. 359; V. magister'B., p. 359; Collurio ludovicianus var. robustus
B.,p. 413 (= clcgans Bd., 1858-66) ; Certhiola caboti, O. newtoni B, p. 427; C. bar-
badensis frontalis B., p. 428; Hesperiphona vetpertina var. montana R., p. 449;
Coturniculus passerinus var. perpallidus R., p. 549 ; Junco hyemalis var. aikeni R.,
p. 579 (first published by Aiken in I'r. Bost Soc., 1872) ; Poospiza belli var. neva-
densis R., p. 590.

Vol. II.—Melo8piza melodia var. mexicana R., p. 18; Peuccea cestivalis var.
arizonce R., p. 38 ; Hedymeles melanocephalus var. capitalis R., p. 70 ; Cardinalis
virginianus var. coccineus R., p. 99 ; Cyanurus stelleri var. frontalis R., p. 272 ;
Cyanocitta californica var. sumichrasti R., p. 283; O. ultramarina var. sordida R.,
p. 284; Perisoreus canadensis var. obscurus R., p. 298; var. capitalis B., p. 298;
Empidonax brunneus R., p. 363 (= Empidochanes fuscus) ; E. axillaris R., p. 363
(= Empid. atbigularis Scl.) ; Helanerpesformicivorus var. striatipectus R., p. 561.

Vol. III.— Strix flammea var. guatemalce R., p. 11 ; Syrnum nebulosum var.
sartorii R., p. 29; Seeps asio var. floridanus R., p. 48; S. asio var. enanoLawr.,

702 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1874 [l36

1874. BAIRD, S. F., BREWER, T. M., and RIDGWAY, R.— Continued.

MSS.,p. 48; Spheotyto (sic) cunicularia var. guadeloupensis R.,p. 90; Antenor R.,
g. n., p. 105; Rhynchofalco R., g. n., p. 107; Falco communis var. pealei R., p. 129 ;
F. lithofalco var. suckleyi R., p. 143 ; " Parabuteo " (= Antenor) R., p. 250 ; Pseudo-
gryphus, Rhinogryphus, gg. nn., R., p. 337 ; Dendragapus obscurus var. fuliginosus
R., p. 421 ; Cupidonia cupido var. pallidicinetus R., p. 440. Appendix I, " Addi-
tions and Corrections," reviews the matter of all three vols. Zonotrichia leu-
cophrys var. intermedia R., p. 514. Appendix II, Explanation of terms used in
describing the external form of birds (after Sundevall). — Glossary of technical
terms used in descriptive ornithology (by Cones).— Indexes.

1874. "BOONE." [JOSHUA COOKE.] An April Morning on the Prairie.
< Am. Sportsman, iv, 1874, p. 131.

1874. BREWSTER, W. Some Observations on the Birds of Ritchie County,
West Virginia. < Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. T., xi, 1874, pp. 129-146.

100 spp., well annotated, with field-notes, in some cases amounting to biograph-
ical sketches. Cf. COUES, Am. Nat., ix, 1875, p. 570, 571.

1874. COOK, A. J. Birds and Caterpillars. < Am. Nat., viii, 1874, p. 368.

Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, Turdus migratorius, Cyanura cristata, what larvae
they respectively devour.

1874. COTJES, E. Department of the Interior. | United States Geologi-
cal Survey of the Territories, j F. V. Hay den, U. S. Geologist-in-
Charge. | — | Miscellaneous Publications — No. 3. | — | Birds of the
Northwest : j A Hand-book | of | The Ornithology | of the | Region
drained by the Missouri River | and its Tributaries. | — | By Elliott
Coues, Captain and Assistant Sargeon U. S. Army. | — | Washing-
ton : | Government Printing Office. | 1874. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. xii, 791.
A general account, chiefly biographical, in greater or less detail, of about 450
spp. of the Missouri region, and various others, being a large majority of North
American birds ; with special reference to geographical distribution, very exten-
sive synonynaatic tables, and lists of specimens collected on various expeditions
to which F. V. Hayden was attached, or of which he was in charge. The matter
is sufficiently miscellaneous to partake somewhat of an encyclopedic character.
The families Laridce, Colymbidce, and Podicipidce are treated monographically
with reference to the North American species. The classification and nomen-
clature are substantially those of the same author's Key and Checklist. The Intro-
duction is dated at Fort Randall, Dakota, May 13, 1873; the work, how-
ever, was almost entirely penned at Washington, D. C., in the winter of 1873-74,
and run through the press by December, 1874. New genera are -.—Amphispiza, p.
234, type Emberiza bilineata Cass. ; JEchmorhynchus, p. 506, type Tringa parviros-
trig Peale. — Eremophila leucolcema, n. v., p. 38. Many new names result from
rectification of t-ynonymy, some of which only occur in the Index. Cf. Amer.
Sportsm., Dec. 5, 1874 ; Denver (Col.) Daily News, Dec. 3, 1874 ; Washington (D. C.)
Capital, MAT. 21, 1815; Chicago Inter Ocean, Mar. 20, 1875 ; Frank Cowan's Paper,
May 22, 1875; Forest and Stream, Apr. 15, 1875; Eod and Gun, Apr. 17, 1875; Har-
per's Weekly, Apr. 10, 1875; The Nation, Apr. 8, 1875; Rod and Gun, May 22, 1875 ;
N. T. Independent, Aug. 12, 1875; Atlantic Monthly, Sept., 1875; London Saturday
Review, Aug. 28, 1875 ; Popular Science Review, late in 1875 ; Ibis, 1875, pp. 494-498 ;
Zool. Rec. for 1874, p. 31.

1874. COUES, E. Fit Id | Ornithology. | Comprising a | Manual of instruc-
tion | for | procuring, preparing and preserving Birds, and a | Check
List of North American Birds. | By | Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S.
A. | [Monogram.] | Salem: | Naturalists' Agency. | Boston: Estes
& Lauriat. j New York: Dodd & Mead. | 1874. 8vo. pp.i-iv,
1-116, 1-137, + 2 11.

137]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18T4 703

1874. COUES, E. — Continued.

The scope and plan of this work are sufficiently indicated by the title ; it con-
tains, however, much matter not ordinarily found in works on taxidermy, the
mere preparation of bird skins being a minor consideration. The Checklist,
forming the latter half of the volume, is also issued as a separate pamphlet, 1873,
q. v. It gives ostensibly 635 spp. of recent North American birds (exclusive of
numerous local races) and 29 spp. fossil. Various additions and corrections are
found in the Appendix. Cf. Albany Cultivator, Apr. 2, 1874 ; Springfield Republi-
can, Apr. 1, 1874; Amer. Sportsm., Apr. 4, 1874 ; Boston Traveller, Apr. 7, 1874 ; Bos-
ton Post, Apr. 8, 1874 ; Amer. Sportsm., Apr. 11, 1874 ; Forest and Stream, Apr. 9,
1874; Daily American (Lawrence, Mass.), Apr. 15, 1674; N. Y. Tribune, about
Apr. 18, 1874 ; Army and Navy Journal, Apr. 11, 1874 ; Field and Stream, Apr. 18,
1874; Washington Republican, May 20, 1874 ; Forest and Stream, July 2, 1874 ; At-
lantic Monthly, Nov., 1874, besides other notices cited in this Bibliography.

1874. COUES, E. Avifauna of Colorado and Wyoming. < Am. Nat., viii,
1874, p. 240.

Controversial, with reference to T. M. Brewer, op. cit., vii, 1873, p. 631.

1874. COUES, E. Recent publications on Ornithology. < Am. Nat., viii,
1874, pp. 541-546.

Reviews or shorter notices of :— T. G. GENTRY, Proc. Phila. Acad., 1873, pp.
292,354; B. A. HOOPES, ibid., p. 238 ; T. M. BREWER, Proc. Boat. Soc., 1873, p. 106,
and ibid., xvi, pt. ii, p. — ; R.RIDGWAY, ibid., p. 43, and Butt. Essex Inst., v, pp.
168-174,197; Ann. Lye. N. Y., 1874, p. 364; H. TV. HENSHAW, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
N. Y., 1874, p. 1; P.L. HATCH, Butt. Minnesota Acad., i, 1874, p. 50; G. N. LAW-
RENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc., ii, 1874, p. 265 ; J. REINHARDT, Afh. Vid. Mtd. Nat Foren.
Kjdb., 1873, p. 123 ; and JORDAN & VAN VLECK'B Key (am. 16mo, 1874).

1874. COUES, E. On the Nesting of Certain Hawks, etc. < Am. Nat., viii,
1874, pp. 596-G03.

Field-notes on 3 Falconidce (Falco communis, Buteo swainsoni, Archibuteoferrugi-
neus) and numerous other species observed in Montana Territory, U. S. The
notes on Falco "communis" refer in part to F.polyagrus.

1874. COUES, E. The New Work on Birds. < Am. Sportsman, iii, 1873-74,
p. 412.

Review of A History of North American Birds by Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-
way, giving basis and history of the work.

1874. COUES, E. Birds of Illinois. < Field and Stream (newspaper, Chi-
cago, 111.), May 2, 1874.

A review of R. RIDGWAY, Ann. Lye. N. T., x, 1874, pp. 364-394.

1874. DALL, W. H. Notes on the Avifauna of the Aleutian Islands, espe-
cially those West of Unalashka. < Proc. Gala. Acad. ScL, pub. in
advance, Mar. 14, 1874, 8vo, Salem, Mass., pp. 12.

Excellent field-notes on 45 spp. See 1873, DALL, W. H.

1874. [DEANE, RUTHVEN. J [Letter concerning the origin of the Nuttall Or-
nithological Club.] < Am. Sportsman, iii, 1873-74, p. 264.

1874. DOLE, A. G. Odds and Ends. < Am. Sportsman, iv, 1874, p. 3.

Observations upon several game-birds of Maine and vicinity; note upon drum-
ming of Bonasa umbellus.

1874. FINSCH, O. "Diezweite deutsche Nordpolarfahrt." (8vo. Leipzig,
1874. ii. Zoologie, 4, pp. 178-279.) With notes by Adolf Pansch.

"Adds 11 species to Graah's 23 from East Greenland. Of these, nearly all are
found in Iceland, 21 in Spitzbergen, 29 in Arctic America, and 26 in Northern
Asia. Very detailed descriptions with synonymy are given in some instances.
See also tout. cit. pp. 240-243 for notes by Prof. Newton on the eggs found during
this expedition." Not seen— title and commentary from Zool Rec.for 1874, p. 32.
(Pub. 1873 ?)

704 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§74 [l38

1874. FINSCH, O. Ueber eine Vogelsainmlung aus Siidwest-Groulaud.
< Alhand. Nat. Ver. Bremen, 1874, pp. 99-117.
Vortreffliche Bemerkungen iiber die 28 Arten der Sammlung.

1874. "F.S.B." What some birds eat. < Forest and Stream, ii, July 7, 1874,
p. 341.

Contents of stomachs of various birds in Kansas ; with remarks on habits.

1874. GENTRY, T. G. On Habits of some American Species of Birds. <T Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., xxvi, 1874, pp. 96-109.

Mplothrus pecoris, Agelceus phceniceus, Sturnella magnet,, Icterus spurius, Corvus
americanus, C. ossifragus, Tyrannus carolinensis, Myiarchus crinitus, Antrosto-
mus vociferus, Trochilus colubris, Coccyzus americanus, treated at some length.

1874. HAMMERTON, P. G. Chapters on Animals. Boston, 1874. 8vo. pp.
253. Illustrated by J. Veyrassat and Karl Bodiner.
Not seen.

1874. HARVIE-BROWN, J. A. On a Collection of North American Birds'
Eggs and Skins, formed principally by the Rev. C. M. Jones, Conn.,
U. S. America, and forwarded by the same gentleman. < Proc. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Glasgow, Dec., 1874, pp. 264-288.

Also separately, -with title-page, but not repaged. Notes mostly extracted
from the correspondence of C. M. Jones, giving some idea of the niditication of
the 86 spp. represented in the collection and of their habita during the breeding
season ; geographical distribution of each according to Baird's work of 1858.
Measurements and descriptions of many of the eggs are also given.

1874. HASKINS, C. C. For the Birds. < St. Nicholas Mag., i, 1874, pp. 72-74,
figg. 1-5.

An appeal for mercy to birds.

1874. HATCH, P. L. Report on the Birds of Minnesota. <Bull. Minn. Acad.
Nat. Sci., i, 1874, pp. 43-68.

Annotated list of 230 spp., very badly printed. Qf> Am.Nat.> viii, Sept., 1874,
pp. 544, 545.

1874. HENSHAW, H. W. On a Hummingbird new to our Fauna, with cer-
tain other facts ornithological. < Am. Nat, viii, 1874, pp. 241-243.

Eugenes fulgens in Arizona ; field-notes on Centronyx bairdi and Podiceps cali-
fornicus ; Sphyrapicus williamsoni is cf of S. tkyroideus.

1874. HENSHAW, H. W. An annotated List of the Birds of Utah. < Ann.
Lye. Nat. Hist. N. ¥., xi, 1874, pp. 1-14.

214 spp., those known to breed indicated by asterisk. The list rests upon the
writer's and H. C. Yarrow's observations in 1872 for 160 spp., the rest being com-
piled from J. A. Allen's list (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, p. 113, seq.), and MS.
communications of R. Ridgway. — (Reprinted in Report upon Ornith. Specimens,
<£c., Lt. Wheeler's Expl., 1874, pp. 39-54. See 1874, YARROW, H. C., and HENSHAW,
H.W.

1874. " HOMO." [C. S.WESTCOTT.] The Migration of Birds. < Am. Sports-
man, iv, 1874, p. 243. See, also, p. 339.

Includes, under sub-heads, a biography of Porzana Carolina, and remarks upon
the scarcity of Philohela minor.

Among the Waterfowl of the West. < Harper's
New Monthly Mag., xlix, pp. 790-800, 11 illustrations.
Biographical, hunting, and humorous sketch.

139]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§74 705

1874. HOY, P. R. Some of the peculiarities of the Fauna near Racine.

< Trans. Wisconsin Acad., ii, for 1873-74, 1874, pp. 120-122.

8 spp. birds from the south, 10 from the north, showing the meeting of distinct
faunae at this point.
1874. "J.E.M." Early Birds [at Columbia, Pa.]. < Am. Sportsman, iii,

1874, p. 411.

1874. JENKS, J. W. P. Instinct or Reason ? < Am. Sportsman, v, Dec. 5,
1874, p. 145.

Sagacity of Orioles (Icterus baltimore) in giving extra support to their nest
after experience had proved that its fastenings were weak ; departure from type
of architecture to meet an emergency in the Boat-tailed Grakle (Quiscalus major).

1874. JORDAN, D. S., and VAN VLECK, B. H. A Popular Key | to the | Birds,
Reptiles, | Batrachians and Fishes, | of the | Northern United
States, | East of the Mississippi River. | By | Prof. David S. Jordan,
M. S., | and Balfour H. Van Vleck. | Appleton, Wis. : | Reid & Mil-
ler, Printers and Publishers. | 1874. sq. 16mo pamph. 2 p. 11., pp.
85 + 3.

The less said of this crude production the better. But it proved to be the ini-
tial step toward Prof. Jordan's admirable Manual of Vertebrates, etc., 1876, q. v.

1874. KIRTLAND, J. P. Letter from Prof. Kirtland [dated 1857, on the
natural history of Indiana — mention of various birds]. <^ Proc.
Cleveland Acad. Nat. Sri., 1874, pp. 131-132. .

1874. KIRTLANDJ J. P. Peculiarities of Climate, Flora and Fauna of the
South Shore of Lake Erie, in the vicinity of Cleveland, Ohio.

< Proc. Cleveland Acad. Nat. Sri., 1874, pp. 165-171.
Head 1851, and originally published in Am. Journ. Sci., xiii, 1852.

1874. KIRTLAND, J. P. Mounted Birds from Northern Ohio, in the Academy's
Museum. < Proc. Cleveland Acad. Nat. Sci., 1874, pp. 200-287.

The article includes only the Accipitreg and a few Insessores, but is quite full,
as far as it goes, with characters cf the genera and higher groups, and descrip-
tions and biographies of the species. It is annotated by Thomas Brown, editor
of the Ohio Farmer, in which the descriptions originally appeared, and was
prepared in 1858-59.

[1874.] KRIDER, J. Ornithological | and Oological List | of | North Amer-
ica. | — | John Krider, | Taxidermist, | N.E. corner Second and Wal-
nut sts., I Philadelphia, U. S. A. [1874.] Sm. 4to. pp. 20.
Same as the list of 1861, with addition of 24 a, Buteo kriderii.

1874. LAWRENCE, G. N. The Birds of Western and Northwestern Mexico,
based upon Collections made by Col. A. J. Grayson, Capt. J. Xantus,
and Ferd. Bischoff, now in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, at Washington, D. C. <^ Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, pt. iii,
art. ix, 1874, pp. 265-319. (Also issued separately, 4to, paper.)

Important. 316 spp., the list fully annotated, with extracts from MSS.
biographies of Col. Grayson's, and author's critical commentary. Various new
species contained in the several collections had shortly before been described
elsewhere by the author or S. F. Baird.

1874. LOCKINGTON, W. N. [Notice of a communication containing notes
on the Mammals and Birds of Humboldt Co., California.] < P. Z.
S., 1874, p. 129.

1874. LONG, J. W. American Wild-fowl Shooting, [etc.] By Joseph W.
Long. 1 vol. 12mo. New York, 1874. pp. 285.
Above title defective and inexact.

45 B 0

706 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1874 [l40

1874. MAYNARD, C. J. A Naturalist's trip to Florida. < Am. Sportsman,
iv, 1874, pp. 2, 22, 66, 114, 162, 226; v,pp. 34, 81, 193, 226, 342.

1874. MERRIAM, C. H. Ornithological Notes from the South. < Am. Nat,
viii,1874,pp.6-9.

Field observations in South Carolina, with list of 54 spp. noticed.

1874. MERRIAM, C. H. Ornithological Notes from the South. II. Florida.

< Am. Nat., viii, Feb., 1874, pp. 85-89.
1874. MERRILL, J. " 8." Ii. e., C.] History of North American Birds. < Am.

Nat., viii, 1874, pp. 546-552.
A notice of S. F. BAIRD, T. M. BREWER, and K. EIDGWAY'S History of North

American Birds.
1874. "MERRIMACK." [Movements of migratory birds at Manchester,

N. H.] <\ Am. Sportsman, iv, 1874, p. 5.
1874. NEWTON, A. " Die zweite deutsche Nordpolarfahrt." (8vo. Leipzig,

1874. ii, Zoologie, 5, pp. 240-24.3.)
Not seen— title from Zool. Sec., where it appears that eggs of 8 spp. of birds

from East Greenland are described in this article.

1874. OBER, F. A. Birds [60 spp.] of Lake Okeechobee [Florida]. < For-
es* and Stream, ii, April 23, 1874, p. 162.

1874. PALMER, F. H. Insect-eating Birds. < Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Sec'y
Maine Board Agric. for 1873 (papers accompanying), 1874, pp. 203-
216, figg.

Prize essay of Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,
by which it is also published separately. It treats of food of various N. Am.
birds beneficial to agriculture, etc. ; means for their protection, etc.

1874. REINHARDT, J. Notitser til Gronlands Ornithologi. < Vidensk. Medd.
fra den naturh. For. Kjolen., 1874, Nr. 12-16, p. 188.

Not seen.

1874. RIDGWAY, R. The Wabash Valley and its Avian Fauna. <Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, 1874, pp. 304-332.

Total of spp. 288; found irrespective of season, 77; in summer, 92; in winter
47 ; in spring and fall, 72 ; number of spp. breeding, about 155 ; wintering, 155.
Cf. Zool Rec.for 1874, p. 32.

1874. RIDGWAY, R. The Lower Wabash Valley, Considered in its relation to
the Faunal Districts of the Eastern Region of North America : with
a Synopsis of its Avian Fauna. By Robert Ridgway. Boston.
1874. 8vo. pp.31.
Repaged oversheets from Proc. Bost Soc. Nat. Hist., xvi, Feb. 18, 1874.

1874. RIDGWAY, R. Notes upon American Water Birds. <Am. Nat., viii,
Feb., 1874, pp. 108-111.

Critical and nomenclatural. jEgialitis microrhynchtis, ^}. melodus var. circum-
cinctus, <32. urilsonius var.rufinucha,p.lQ9; Ibis thalassinus ^guaraunajuv.],}).
110; Rallus elegans var. obsoletus, It. e. var. tenuirostris (Lawr.), Porzana jamai'
censis var. coturniculus (Baird), Anas obscura var.fulvigula, p. Ill, are apparently
nn. spp. or varr.

1874. RIDGWAY, R. On Local Variations in the Notes and Nesting Habits
of Birds [of North America], < Am. Nat., viii, 1874, pp. 197-201.

1874. RIDGWAY, R. Two Rare Owls from Arizona. < Am. Nat., vii, No. 4,
April, 1874, pp. 239, 240.

Syrnium occidentals and Micrathene whitneyi; also, notice of Asturina plagi-
ata from Arizona.

14l] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1874 707

1874. RIDGWAY, R. Birds New to the Fauna of North America. < Am.
Nat., viii, 1874, pp. 434, 435.

Falco gyrfalco (since determined by Mr. Kidgway to \>eF. communis var.pealei),
Numeniusfemoralis, both from Alaska.

1874. RIDGWAY, R. The Nomenclature of American Game Birds. < Am.
Sportsman, iii, 1874, pp. 210, 211, figg. 1-3 ; pp. 226, 227.

Explaining classification of Gattince and stating principles and valne of scien-
tific nomenclature. Letters are appended from Prof. S. F. Baird and J. Ham-
mond Trumbull concerning Indian names for game-birds.

1874. RIDGWAY, R. Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to occur in Illinois.
< Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, 1874, pp. 364-394.

By far the best of the several Illinois State lists hitherto published. The anno-
tation brief, but to the point. 311 spp. ; breeders, 176; 48 more spp. indicated
as of probable though unascertained occurrence. Various combinations of gen-
eric, specific, and varietal names are here for the first time used.— Of. Am. Nat.,
viii, Sept., 1874, p. 543 ; Field and Stream (newspaper, Chicago), May 2, 1874.

1874. " ROAMER." Reamers. < Forest and Stream, iii, Dec. 31, 1874, p. 324.
Various birds at an unusually northern latitude in winter; chiefly waterfowl.

1874. SIM, GEORGE. The Food and Use of Oar Rapacious Birds. < Am.
Sportsman, iv, 1874, p. 259.

Examinations of contents of stomachs of predatory birds, and plea for their
preservation. Quoted from the Scottish Naturalist.

1874. SLACK, HENRY J. Birds as Architects. < Scribner's Monthly Mag., vii,
1874, p. 252.

1874. "SNAP." [Notes upon] Birds and Snakes [at Sidney, Ohio]. <Jm.
Sportsman, iv, 1874, p. 10.

1874. SNOW, F. H. Birds of Kansas. < Trans. Eans. Acad. Sci., 1874, pp.
30, 31.

1874. SNOW, F. H. Birds of Kansas. < Am. Nat., viii, 1874, p. 757.
Adds 6 spp. to his list of 1872.

1874. SNOW, F. H. Birds of Kansas. < Observer of Nature (newspaper),
for April 1, 1874.

Of these 6 spp., 5 are additional to former lists, raising the number to 287 ; see
1873 and 1872, SNOW, F. H.

1874. TRIPPE, T. M. The Migration of Birds. <^4m. Nat., viii, 1874, pp.
338-348.

A short essay on the general subject, with special reference to North Ameri-
can species.

1874. TRUMBULL, J. H. [Indian names of Game Birds.] < Am. Sportsman,
iii, 1874, p. 227.

1874. TRUMBULL, J. H. Letters and extracts on Game Nomenclature.
< Am. Sportsman, iii, 1874, p. 243.

Extracts from early writers, showing names applied to game-birda in New
England in the 17th century.

1874. V[ERRILL, A. E.] Field Ornithology. ... By Dr. Elliott Coues,
U. S. A. < Am. Journ. Sci., vii, 1874, p. 603.
Notice of the work.

708 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§74 [l42

1874. YARROW, H. C. Engineer Department, United States Army. | — |
Progress-report | upon j Geographical and Geological | Explorations
and Surveys | west of the one hundredth meridian, | in 1872, | under
the direction of | Brig. Gen. A. A. Humphreys, | Chief of Engineers,
United States Army, | by First Lieut. George M. Wheeler, | Corps of
Engineers, in charge. | — | Washington : | Government Printing
Office. | 1874. 1 vol. 4to, paper, pp. 56. > Appendix E, pp. 52-55.
A report of progress in natural history collections, largely ornithological, made
by Dr. Yarrow and Mr. H. W. Henshaw.

1874. YARROW, H. C., and HENSHAW, H. W. Engineer Department, U. S.
Army. | = \ Geographical and Geological Explorations and Surveys
| west of the one hundredth meridian. | First Lieutenant Geo. M.
Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, in charge. | — | Report | upon | Orni-
thological Specimens | collected in | the years 1871, 1872, and 1873. |
— | Washington: | Government Printing Office. | 1874. 8vo pamph.
1 p. 1., pp. 148.

Contains 4 separate articles, namely : — (1) " Report upon and List of Birds col-
lected by the Expedition for Explorations west of the One hundredth Meridian in
1872", &c., by Dr. H. C. Yarrow and Henry "W. Henshaw, pp. 5-33. (2) ' List of
Birds collected by Lieut, G. M. Wheeler's Expedition, 1871 ", pp. 34-38. (3) " An
Annotated List of the Birds of Utah", by H. W". Henshaw, pp. 39-54 (reprinted
from Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. T., xi, 1874, pp. 1-14). (4) " Report upon and List of
Birds collected by the Expedition for Geographical and Geological Explorations
and Surveys west of the One hundredth Meridian in 1873 ", &c., by H. W. Hen-
shaw, pp. 55-148. (1) is an annotated list of numerous species of Utah and Nevada.
(2) is a nominal list of various species collected in Nevada and Arizona. (3) is
reprinted from Ann. Lye., which see. (4) is divided into three sections : — Sect. I,
Observations on 82 spp. found at Denver, in May ; II, on 104 spp. at Fort Gar-
land, Colorado ; III, on 185 spp. of Western New Mexico and Eastern Arizona.
All the matter of these several papers rests upon original observations, and the
series is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the avifauna of the South-
west. Of. Zool. Rec.for 1875, p. 58.

1874. YOUNT, HARRY. Sporting Life in Wyoming Territory. < Am. Sports-
man, iv, 1874, p. 114.
Notes on some birds of the Rocky Mountains.

1874-75. HARVEY, M. The Birds of Newfoundland. < Forest and Stream, iii,
1874, pp. 53, 196 ; 1875, 341.

1874-75. RIDGWAY, R. Lists of Birds observed at various localities contigu-
ous to the Central Pacific Railroad, from Sacramento City, Califor-
nia, to Salt Lake Valley, Utah. < Bull. Essex Inst., vi, No. 10, Oct.,
1874, pp. 169-174 ; vii, Nos. 1 and 2, Jan. and Feb., 1875, pp. 10-40.

Observations made during the survey of the 40th parallel, Clarence King.
" The present paper is a mere abstract of that portion of the zoological report
of the survey relating to the character and distribution of the local avifaunae
encountered along the route of exploration, and is published in its present form
in order to acquaint ornithologists, as soon as possible, with the results of orni-
thological investigations made by the Expedition." (See the final report, 1877.)
Cf. Zool. Eec.for 1875, p. 49.

1874-78. JASPER, T. The Birds of North America drawn from Life and uni-
formly Reduced to One-Quarter their Natural Size by Theodore Jas-
per, A. M., M. D— Jacob H. Studer, Publisher Columbus, Ohio . . .
Folio. Publ. in parts, n. d. Parts i-v, Jan. 29, 1874 ; vi, Apr. 8, 1874 ;
vii, June 9, 1874 ; viii, July 16, 1874 ; ix, Aug. 18, 1874 ; s, Sept. 23, 1874 ;
xi, Oct. 22, 1874 : xii, Mar. 2, 1875 ; xiii, Mar. 24, 1875 ; xiv, xv, June

143]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1874-1875 709

1874-78. JASPER, T.— Continued.

29, 1875 ; xvi, xvii, Sept. 18, 1875 ; xviii, xix, Jan. 26, 1876 ; xx, xxi,
Apr. 20, 1876 ; xxii, xxiii, July 26, 1876 ; xxiv, xxv, Oct. 7, 1876 ; xxvi,
xxvii, Jan. 3, 1877; xxviii, xxix, May 12,1877; xxx, xxxi, Aug. 6,
1877; xxxii,xxxiii, Nov. 5, 1877; xxxiv, xxxv, Mar. 8, 1878; xxxvi,
xxxvii, June 8, 1878 ; xxxviii, xxxix, Sept. 23, 1878 ; xl, announced for
Oct., 1878 ; each part consisting of 3 colored and 1 flat-tinted plate,
and 8 pages (or 4 folios) of text ; plates in 2 series, and text in 2
sets of pagination ; the whole designed to form 2 vi Is.

The work is really two works in one, each of them to form a separate volume.
One set of plates, colored, numbered in Roman, I-CXX? (or I-CXIX?) is
accompanied by the general letter-press, treating of the North American birds
represented on these plates. The other set of plates, Arabic Nos., 1-40, flat-
tinted, has also its letter-press, separately paged. Three of the colored plates
and their text and one of the plain plates and its text form together each
number. I cannot give the exact pagination, etc., as the work is not finished,
and the above is only the cover-title, moreover modified in some respects with
successive parts; the permanent title may be literally different again; title-
pages, indexes, frontispieces, etc., are announced for the concluding number.

On its first appearance, this work was promptly set upon by the critics, with
such effect that it has scarcely been recognized, and has seldom, if ever, been
cited by the " regular " ornithologists. But the publication has nevertheless stead-
ily progressed to a successful conclusion, and now forms a really notable work,
open to much less serious objections than at first seemed imminent, and worthy
of all proper consideration. As a business enterprise, the affair has apparently
been a success; five "editions" (issues of additional impressions) Lave been
called for, showing that the work answers the popular demand. It seems better
suited to the tastes and wants of the populace than any other ornithological
work which has ever appeared in this country, though it will never be conceded
to have any weight or authority with ornithologists. Of the illustrations, much
might be said according to the perspective in which we choose to regard them ;
the truest perspective is perhaps the price at which they are issued— four of
them, 12 X IS inches, with 8 pp. of text, for a dollar. They maintain the same
character throughout the series. The text, on the contrary, has steadily im-
proved from the first; it consists of a general account of the objects delineated,
beginning usually with a few original words, arid for the rest consisting of copi-
ous extracts from authors, from Wilson, Audubon, and Nuttall to those of to-day.
This is the Birds of North America part ; the other part of the work, separately
paged, and with its 40 plain plates, is a general treatise on ornithology, the
classification, etc., of which is modelled after Brehm ; it is less satisfactory than
the main part of the work.

1875. ABBOTT, C. C. The Migration of inland Birds. < Rod and Gun, vi,
July 10, 1875, p. 230 ; and July 17, p. 243.

Reprinted from Pop. Sci. Monthly.

1875. "ALASKA." [H. W. ELLIOTT.] Disappearance of certain song-birds.

< Rod and Gun, vi, May 15, 1875, p. 97.
1875. A[LLEN], J. A. Dr. Coues's Birds of the Northwest. < Am. Nat., ix, No.

8, Aug., 1875, pp. 466-468.
1875. ALLEN, J. A. Coues's Birds of the Northwest. < Atlantic Monthly,

xxxvi, Sept., 1875, pp. 365-368.
Review of the work.

1875. ALLEN, J. A. " Birds of the Northwest." < Rod and Gun, vi, May 22,
1875, p. 119.

Protesting against the position taken by the reviewer of the work, torn, cit., p.
39, in regard to the inside history of the publication. The editor (W. F. Parker)
defends the previous criticism in a note appended to the letter.

710 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18*5 [l44

1875. [ANON.] [Review of Wilson Flagg's " Birds and Seasons of New Eng-
land ".3 < Appleton's Journ., xiii, June, 1875, p. 788.

1875. [ANON. J Fauna of Eastern Florida. [Birds.] < Forest and Stream,
iii, Jan. 7, 1875, p. 340.

1875. [ANON.] [Birds of the Northwest.] <^Forest and Stream, iv, March

18, 1875, p. 92.

Notice of the work of that name.
1875. [ANON.] The Arrival of Birds as observed at Utica. < Oologist, \,

1875, p. 38.

1875. [ ANON.— H. C. YARROW.] Dr. Cones' New Book— u Birds of the North-
west." < Bod and Gun, vi, April 17, 1875, p. 39. See, also, p. 119.

While speaking very pleasantly of the work itself, the writer of this review
reflects severely upon the U. S. Geological Survey, under which it was published,
and the circumstances ostensibly attending its publication. The reviewer's
attitude is promptly resented by J. A. ALLEN, torn, cit., p. 119.

1875. [ANON.] [Announcement of intended catalogue of the birds of South-
ern Michigan, by A. H. Boies.] < Eod and Gun, vi, May 22, 1875, p.
119.

1875. [ANON.] Killing insectivorous Birds. < Eod and Gun, vi, July 10,
1875, p. 23-2.

1875. [ANON.] [Dates of] Arrival of Birds at Grafton, Canada. <.Eod and
Gun, vi, July 10, 1875, p. 234.

1875. [ANON.] Some Observations on the Birds of Ritchie Co., W. Va.
< Eod and Gun, vi, Aug. 14, 1875, p. 295.

Notice of "W. Brewster's paper in Ann. N. Y. Lye. N. H., vol. xi, June, 1875,
pp. 129-146, q. v.

1875. [ANON.] The Bird Question. < Eod and Gun, vi, Sept. 18, 1875, p. 375.
Abstract of paper in Proc. Illinois Hort. Soc., showing utility of birds in agri-
culture.

1875. ARNOLD, W. W. A history of my pets. <Eod and Gun, vi, April 10
and Aug. 14, 1875, pp. 22 and 249.
Various American birds included.

1875. BAILEY, J. S. The Migration of Birds. < Forest and Stream, iv, April,
22, 1875, p. 172.

1875. BATTY, J. H. Winter collecting in Minnesota. < Am. Sportsman, v,
1875, Jan. 23, p. 262.
List of birds included.

1875. BATTY, J. H. Our Hawks and Owls. < Forest and Stream, iv, July 15,
1875, p. 374.

1875. BOIES, A.H. Catalogue of the Birds | ascertained to occur in j South-
ern Michigan ; | together with | the Game and Fish Laws | of Mich-
igan, | and | Miscellaneous Articles for Sportsmen. | By A. H. Boies.
| — | Hudson, Mich. : j W. T. B. Schermerhorn printer, j 1875. 8vo
pamphl., not paged (foil. 12). -
211 spp., briefly annotated.

1875. "BOONE." [ JOSHUA COOKE.] A Blizzard. < Eod and Gun, vi, April 3,
1875, p. 2.

How prairie birds survive the rigorous climate and icy gales on the plains of
the Xorthwest.

145]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1875 711

1875. BREWER, T. M. Catalogue of the Birds of New England, with brief
notes indicating the manner and character of their presence ; with
a list of species included in previous catalogues believed to have
been wrongly classed as Birds of New England. < Proc. Boat. Soc.
Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, pp. 436-454. Also sep. pub. 8vo pamph., 1875,
pp.21.

336 spp., fully annotated ; followed by a critical commentary on the claims of
29 more to be included in the fauna of New England. The writer eliminates
from the New England list 29 spp. which had been admitted by other writers,
especially Coues ; these being " in his judgment" not entitled to place. A very
few species are given additional to Coues's List of 1868. Stragglers are marked
by asterisk. " It has been my sole aim to furnish a list that shall be reliable so
far as it goes. I may have omitted some that are entitled to a place. Be it so ;
I had rather omit ten .that may be found, than include one that never has been."
Such stringency is unfavorable to a scientific method of compiling a local avi-
fauna. Cf. The Independent (newspaper), Oct. 7, 1875.

1875. BREWSTER, W. Some observations on the Birds of Ritchie County,
West Virginia. < Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1875, pp. 129-146.

Very fully annotated, and an extensive list, containing some valuable informa-
tion.

1875. BROWN, N. C. Ornithological Notes from Portland, Maine. < Rod
and Gun, vi, May 8, 1875, p. 81.

Notes upon deformity in Plectrophanes nivalis ; occurrence of Passerculus prin-
ceps and Ardea egretta ; also, note on H. egretta, by Ruthven Deane. Bead before
Nuttall Ornith. Club, April 24, 1875.

1875. BRUHIN, T. A. Die Vogel von New Coeln im Staate Wisconsin.
< Zool. Gart., 1875, p. 414.

Not seen— title from Zool. Sec. "A bare list of about a hundred species
with a few notes giving the time of year in which some of them were observed."

1875. BURROUGHS, J. Birds and Seasons of New England. < £cri&wer'«
Monthly, xi, 1875, p. 293.
Review of Wilson Flagg's Birds and Seasons of New England.

1875. CHICKERING, J. J. Notice of White Mountain [N. H.] Birds and
Insects. < Field and Forest, i, No. 6, Nov., 1875, p. 48.
Mere mention of some half dozen species.

1875. COOPER, J. G. New Facts relating to Californian Ornithology. <^Proc.
Cala. Acad. Nat. Sci., Dec. 6, 1875, pp. . Also, repaged over-
sheets, 8vo, pp. 14.

Critical commentary on about 50 spp., with special reference to latest informa-
tion secured respecting them.

1875. COPE, [E. D.] On an Extinct Vulturine Bird. < Proc. Phila. Acad.
Nat. Sci., 1875, p. 271.

Vultur umbrosus, formerly described as Cathartes umbrosus, now referred to
Vulturidce.

1875. COUES, E. A Report | upon the | Condition of Affairs | in the | Terri-
tory of Alaska. | — | By | Henry W. Elliott, | Special Agent Treas-
ury Department. | — | Washington : | Government Printing Office. |
1875. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. 277. > Chapter IX. Ornithology of the
Prybilov Islands. By Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A. pp. 166-212.

A reprint verbatim of the original which formed the Ornithological Appendix
of Elliott's 4to "portfolio " ed. of the same work, 1873, q. v.

712 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1875 [l46

1875. COUES, E. On the Breeding of certain Birds. <^Am. Nat., ix,No. 2,
Feb., 1875, pp. 75-78.

Of Montana Territory, TJ. S. Aquila chrysaetos, Histrionicus torquatus, Ampe-
lis garrulus, Neocorys spraguii, etc.

1875. C[OUES], E. A Late Paper on Birds. < Am. Nat., ix, No. 10, 1875,
pp. 570, 571.
W. firewater's on West Virginia birds, in Ann. Lye., xi, 1875, pp. 129-146.

]875. [ COUES, E.] [Notice of T. M. Brewer's Catalogue of the Birds of
New England (Pr. Bost. Soc., xvii, pp. 436-454).] < The New York
Independent (newspaper), Oct. 7, 1875.

1875. COUES, E. Fasti Ornithologist) Redivivi.— No. 1. Bartram's 'Travels.'
< Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1875, pp. 338-358.

An extended review of Bartram as an ornithologist, claiming that this author's
names are available ; 215 spp., 52 left undetermined, 163 identified. Of the iden-
tified binomial names, 20 are considered tenable, 5 of them being already in
general employ. The article, likethose of Cassin's, whose title is appropriated,
was received with disfavor, mainly, it would seem, on account of the trouble it
would make in the way of nomenclatural changes, should the position assumed
be considered tenable. Cf. Zool. Bee. for 1875, p. 30 ; Am. Nat., x, 1876, pp. 21, 98, 176.

1875. DAWSON, G. M. British North American Boundary Commission |
Report | on the | Geology and Resources | of the | region in the
vicinity of j the forty-ninth parallel, | from the Lake of the Woods
to the Rocky Mountains. | With | lists of plants and animals col-
lected, and notes | on the fossils. | By | George Mercer Dawson,
Assoc. R. S. M., F. G. S., | Geologist and Botanist to the Commis-
sion, | addressed to Major J. D. Cameron, R. A., | H. M. Boundary
Commissioner. | [Arms.] | Montreal: | Dawson Brothers, St. James
street. | London : Sampson, Low & Co. | New York : B. Wester-
mann & Co. | 1875. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. i-xi, 1-397, pll. i-xviii, 3 col'd
fold'd maps.

Pages 280-283, list of arrivals of birds in spring of 1874, at Dufferiu, Manitoba,
near Pembina, Dakota, with extracts from Sir John Richardson's observations
for Cumberland House and Carleton House.

1875. DEANE, R. The Nuttall Ornithological Club. < Am. Sportsman, v,
1874-75, Feb. 13, p. 312.

Circular of the Club, signed by Ruthven Deane, sec'y, and Ernest Ingersoll
and Walter "Wood, publication committee, with reference to publication of pro-
ceedings.

1875. FLAGG, W. The | Birds and Seasons | of New England. | By Wilson
Flagg, | author of " The Woods and By-ways of New England." |
With Illustrations. | [Quotation.] | [Trademark.] j Boston: |
James R. Osgood and Company, | Late Ticknor & Fields, and Fields,
Osgood, & Co. | 1875. 1 vol. sm. 8vo. pp. i-vi, 1 1., pp. 1-457, 12
heliotype pll.

"The title of this work does not give the reader a full understanding of its
scope and contents, as it treats of Scenes and Flowers as well as of Birds and
Seasons. . . . My essays are not biographies of the Birds. I treat of them
chiefly as songsters, and speak only of those habits which render them useful,
interesting, or picturesque. ... I would remind the reader that some parts of
my book have already appeared in print." — (Extracts from Introduction.) The
author writes like a close observer, as well as a lover of birds who has discov-
ered that they may subserve other than ornithological purposes ; though the
fullest appreciation of the poetry of their lives is not incompatible with the
power to discriminate between the genera Antrostomus and Ohordiles ; nor does

147] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX 1§75 713

1875. FLAGG, W.— Continued.

this latter ability make one quite an "extraordinary pedant" (seep. 288). The
delightful treatise may touch elbows on the shelf with Burroughs's Wake Robin;
they both refresh and recreate whom the galling of the technic-harness has
made sore.

1875. GARDNER, DORSEY. Wilson the Ornithologist. < Seribner's Monthly,
xi, 1875, pp. 690-703 ; four illustrations.
Biographical notice of Alexander Wilson.

1875. GAUMER, G. F. Ornithological notes [upon 12 spp. of Kansas birds,
with list of 36 other spp. observed Mar. 13, 1875]. < Observer of
Nature (newspaper), Mar. 24, 1875.

1875. GRINNELL, G. B. Engineer Department, U. S. Army. | — | Report I of
a | Reconnaissance | of the | Black Hills of Dakota, | made in | the
summer of 1874. | By William Ludlow, | Captain of Engineers, Bvt.
Lieut. Colonel U. S. Army, | Chief Engineer Department of Da-
kota. | — | Washington : | Government Printing Office. | 1875. 1
vol. 4to. pp. 121. > Zoological Report. By George Bird Grin-
nell. Chap. II. Birds, pp. 85-102.

Consists of excellent field-notes on the birds observed on the expedition, 110 in
number, being a large majority of those inhabiting the locality.

1875. GRINNELL, G. B. The Frigate Bird [Tachypetes aquila] and White
Ibis [Ibis alba] in Connecticut. < Am. Nat., ix, No. 8, Aug., 1875,
p. 470.

1875. " H." The Close Season for Game Birds. < Rod and Gun, vi, May 15,
1875, p. 106.

Facts concerning growth and habits of game-birds ; see also letter " Times and
Seasons " on the same page, and much elsewhere.

1875. HARTING, J. E. The Fauna | of the | Prybilov Islands | abridged from
the | " Report on the Prybilov Group or Seal Islands of Alaska," |
by Henry W. Elliott ; with an Appendix on the | Ornithology by
Dr. Elliott Coues (Washington, 1873). | By J. E. Harting, F. L. S.
F. Z. S. | London | reprinted irom the Natural History columns of |
" The Field " for private circulation | 1875 Painph. pp. 38, pi. 1.

Aves, pp. 15-36, thus occupying the greater part of this excellent digest of the
original. Tringa ptilocnemis Coues (= T. graeilis Hart.) is rediscussed. The pi.
(from P.Z.S.) shows bill, feet, and tail of this species, and of T. alpina and T.
crassirostris. See the original, 1873, COUES, E.

1875. HENSHAW, H. W., and AIKEN, C. E. Annual Report | upon the | Geo-
graphical Explorations and Surveys west of the | one hundredth
meridian, in California, Nevada, | Nebraska, Utah, Arizona, Colorado,
New | Mexico, Wyoming, and Montana, by George M. Wheeler, |
First Lieutenant of Engineers, U. S. A. ; | being | Appendix L L | of
the | Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1^75. | — |
Washington : | Government Printing Office. | 1875. 8vo. pp. i-iv, 1
L, pp. 1-196, maps, views, etc. > App. 1 1, I 2, pp. 139-166.

This publication contains three ornithological papers, namely :—" Notes upon
the Ornithology of the Region traversed", by Mr. Henshaw, pp. 149, 150, relating
to New Mexico and Arizona ; " Notes on the Ornithology observed by Mr. C. E.
Aiken, assistant", pp. 150-153, relating to Colorado; and, especially, an 'iAnco-
tated List of the Birds of Arizona", by Mr. Henshaw. The latter treats of
" 291 " (i. e., 293) spp., and is by far the most complete enumeration extant, besides
being fully annotated with field-notes of local distribution, abundance or scarcity,
times of appearance, etc. The breeders are marked with an asterisk. The list

714 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1875 [l48

1875. HENSHAW, H. W., and AIKEN, C. E.— Continued.

is of excellent authority, being based upon the author's personal observations,
supplemented by those of Dr. Coues, Dr. Cooper, Captain Bendire, and others,
•which are freely quoted. The two minor papers call for no remark.

1875. HOFFMAN, W. J. List of Birds observed at Grand River Agency,
Dakota Ter., from October 7th, 1872, to June 7th, 1873. < Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xviii, 1875, pp. 169-175.

79 spp., annotated.

1875. INGERSOLL, E. The Autumnal Migration of Birds. <^ Forest and
Stream, v, Nov. 4, 1875, p. 195.
Reprinted from The Christian Union.

1875. INGERSOLL, E. [List of various birds which have flown at night

into the upper windows of The Tribune office, New York City.]

<^ Forest and Stream, v, Nov. 4, 1875, p. 195.
1875. INGERSOLL, E. The Ornithology of the Black Hills. < Forest and

Stream, v, Dec. 2, 1875, p. 260.
Review, with copious extracts, of G-. B. Grinnell's Zooological Report, in Capt.

Ludlow's Report of a Reconnaissance of the Black Hills, etc., 1875, q. v.

1875. [INGERSOLL, E.] Birds with Teeth. < Forest and Stream, v, Dec.
30, 1875, p. 323.
Statement of Prof. O. C. Marsh's palaeontological discoveries of Odontornithes.

1875. "INGHE." [E. INGERSOLL. J The Vacation of an Ornithologist.

< Forest and Stream, iv, July 15, 1875, p. 358.

Experiences in Ritchie Co., West Virginia.
1875. "K." [Early spring birds at Perth Amboy, N. J.] < Forest and

Stream, iv, March 25, 1875, p. 101.
1875. K[EENE], S. W. Birds of the Northwest. < Forest and Stream, iv,

April 15, 1875, p. 157.

Review of Birds of the Northwest, etc.

1875. L[E MOINE], J. M. Winter Birds [at Quebec, C. E.] < Am. Sports-
man, v, Jan. 2, 1875, p. 219.
1875. MARSH, O. C. Odoutornithes, or Birds with Teeth. <^Am. Nat., ix,

No. 12, 1875, pp. 625-631, y 11. 2, 3.
Pub. in part in Am. Journ. Sci., x, Nov., 1815,—Ichthyornis dispar, pi. 2 ; Hesper-

ornis regalis, pi. 3— former type of order Odontormce, latter of order Odontolcce ,•

Odontormce vice Ichthyornithes, preoccupied.

1875. MAYNARD, C. J. A Naturalist's Vacation. < Eod and Gun, vii, Oct.
30, 1875, p. 65.
Field-notes, Aug. 27-Sept. 21, in Pennsylvania.

1875. MA-YNARD, C. J. Birds observed during a few hours stroll about Wil-
mington, N. C. < The Scientific Monthly (Toledo, Ohio), i, No. 1,
Oct., 1875, pp. 32-34.
An interesting though small list of 19 spp.

1875. NELSON, E. W. Notes on Birds observed in portions of Utah, Nevada,
and California. < Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xvii, 1875, pp. 338-365.
I. Vicinity of Fort Bridger, Utah, June 22-July 24, 1872, 19 spp. II. Near
Salt Lake City, July 27- Aug. 8, 1872, 41 spp. III. A. Vicinity of Elko, Nevada,
Aug. 9-14, 1872, 33 spp. ; B. 25 miles north of Eiko, August, 72 spp. The several
lists well annotated.

149]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1875 715

1875. NEWTON, A. Notes on Birds which have been found in Greenland.
By Alfred Newton, M. A., F. R. S., Professor of Zoology and Compara-
tive Anatomy in the University of Cambridge. London. 1875.
8vo pamphlet, pp. 94-115.

This article, of which I have only seen a separately printed copy, constitutes
No. vi, pp. 94-115, of a " Manual of the Natural History [etc.] of Greenland and
the neighbouring regions, 8vo, London, 1875 ", ordered by the English Admiralty
to be drawn up in view of the expedition of the same year, and is compiled in
accordance with official instructions, which accounts for its form. Spp. 63 -f- 62,
summarily treated as to geographical distribution, etc. Cf. Zool. Rec.for 1875.

1875. " OOLOGIST." Reminiscences of a Collector. < Oologist, i, 1875, pp.
50,51,57-59,65,66.
A boy's narrative, containing some items respecting North American birds.

1875. " OVUM." Migration of Birds. < Oologist, i, 1875, pp. 13, 14.

1875. RIDGWAY, R. Snow Birds and Little Owls. < Am. Sportsman, v,
Mur.20,1875,p.393.
Information upon Junco, Plectrophanes, etc., and Scops asio.

1875. RIDGWAY, R. First impressions of the Bird-fauna of California, and
general remarks on western Ornithology. < The Scientific Monthly
(Toledo, Ohio), i, No. 1, Oct., 1875, pp. 2-13.

Based on the same material as that elaborated afterward in Clarence King's
report, 1877, q. v., with more regard to the popular aspects of the case.

1875. ROBERTS, T. S. New Birds from Minnesota. < Forest and Stream, v,
Dec. 16, 1875, p. 292.

Remarks on rare species, and list of 18 spp. not enumerated by Dr. Hatch
in his Catalogue of the Birds of Minnesota, 1874. This article was also printed
in The Scientific Monthly for Feb., 1876, p. 231, q. v.

1875. ROBINSON, W. R. A List of Albino Birds [of North America]. <Forest
and Stream, v, Dec. 30, 1875, p. 323.

1875. [SALVIN, O.] [Ornithological advices from Disco, Greenland, on
affairs of the Arctic Expedition.] <^Ibis, v, 3d series, 1875, pp.
520, 521.

1875. SAMUELS, E. A. The | Birds of New England | and | adjacent states : |

| With an appendix containing supplementary notes. ;

Sixth edition, revised and enlarged. | Boston: | Noyes, Holmes, and
company, | 219, Washington Street. | 1875. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. i-vii,
1-591, col'd frontisp. (Quiscalus purpureus), many full-page un-
colored woodcc. and others in text, and pll. i-iv of eggs.

Grig. ed. 1867. This ed. from the orig. stereos. ; illustrations the same, with
addition of the col'd frontisp. The Appendix, pp. 575-583, gives many species
omitted from the orig. ed. There have been several editions of this work, all
from the orig. stereos., and substantially the same, but differing in the illustra-
tions and size of paper, one in small 4to, many colored plates additional to those
of the regular editions. The "Appendix" was introduced soon after the first
ed., perhaps in the 2d.

1875. SCLATER, P, L. Instructions for collecting and observing the Birds
of Greenland. < Instructions for Use of Sci. Exped. to Arct. Regions,
1875, pp. 45, 46. (8vo, London, 1875.)

1875. SCOTT, G. C. Spring Birds and Fishes. <^Eod and Gun, vi, April
17, 1875, p. 33.

716 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§75 [l50

1875. SNOW, F. H. Birds of Kansas. < Observer of Nature, ii, Mar. 24, 1875
(newspaper, not paged).

Adds 4 spp. to his various previous lists, and mentions several others as prob-
able or possible additions to the avifauna of the State.

1875. SNOW, F. H. New Birds in Kansas. < Am. Nat., ix, No. 8, Aug., 1875,
p. 470.

Micropalama himantopus, Calidris arenaria, Aegiothus linaria, Dendroeca pal-
marum, Ampelis garrulus.

1875. SNOW, F. H. Birds of Kansas. < Trans. Kans. Acad. Science for 1874
(pamphlet, pub. separately from Trans. State Board of Agric., with
which formerly included), 1875, pp. 30, 31.

Of these 9 spp., 3 are additional to former lists, raising the number to 290. See
1875, 1874, 1873, 1872, SNOW, F. H.

1875. SNOW, F. H. A | Catalogue | of the | Birds of Kansas | contributed
to the | Kansas Academy of Science | by | F. H. Snow, | Professor
of Natural History and Meteorology, in the University | of Kansas, |
at Lawrence. | — | Third Edition. | November, 1875. 8vo. pamph.
pp. 14.

23 spp. and one var. added since the pub. of the 2d ed. in Oct., 1872. List now
contains 295 &pp. ; the 23 additions would have increased the number to 305, but
for reduction of several spp. to varr. 136 spp., known to breed, marked with
asterisk.

1875. STEARNS, W. Birds Breeding on Penikese Island [Massachusetts].

< Am. Nat., ix, No. 9, 1875, pp. 514, 515.
Annotated list of 14 spp.

1875. STEPHENS, F. A collector's rambles [in New Mexico]. <[ Rod and
Gun, vi, June 5, 1875, p. 146 ; June 12, 1875, p. 171.
Birds observed in Sangre de Cristo Mountains and vicinity in March.

1875. TABER, E. B. The life of winter Birds. < Forest and Stream, v, Dec.
9, 1875, p. 275.

1875. [TILESTON, W. M.] Birds in extremis [through rigors of winter].
<[ Forest and Stream, iv, Mar. 4, 1875, p. 40.

1875. [TILESTON, W. M.] Spare the Birds. < Forest and Stream, iv, Mar.
25, 1875, p. 104,

1875. TREAT, [MRS.] MARY. Do Birds improve as architects? < Harper's
New Monthly Mag., li, pp. 127-130.

Answered affirmatively and cases cited from personal observation.

1875. WHEATON, J. M. The food of Birds as related to agriculture.

< Twenty-ninth Ann. Eep. Ohio State Board of Agric. for 1874, (no
date) 1875, pp. 561-578.

Also separately, 8vo, pp. 18, same title.— This is, in effect, a corrected and com-
pleted list of the birds of Ohio (the author's original list appeared in same pub-
lication for 1860), briefly annotated, and with the general food-regimen of each
family given ; being a well-conceived essay of much practical utility.

1875-77. "OvuM." Birds' Nests and Eggs. <0ologist, i, No. 1, Mar., 1875,
p. 2 ; No. 2, Apr., 1875, pp. 9-11, with 2 figg. ; No. 5, July, 1875, pp. 33.
34, 6 figg. ; No. 6, Aug., 1875, pp. 41, 42, + suppl. sheet, for Sept., Oct.,
pp. 1, 2, figg. 1-4 ; No. 9, Nov., 1875, p. 59,+ suppl. sheet; No. 10, Dec.,

151 ]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§7S-1§Y6 717

1875-77. " OVUM."— Continued.

1875, p. 67,+ suppl. sheet, with 5 figg. ; No. 11, Jan., 1876, pp. 73-75;
ii, No. 3, May, 1876, pp. 18, 19; No. 4, June, 1876, pp. 26, 27; No. 5, July,

1876, pp. 33, 34 ; No. 6, Aug., 1876, pp. 42, 43 ; No. 7, Sept., 1876, pp. 49,
50; No. 8, Oct., 1876, pp. 58, 59; Nos. 9, 10, Nov.-Dec., 1876, pp. 66, 67 ;
No. 11, Jan., 1877, pp. 76, 77 ; No. 12, Feb., 1877, pp. 86, 87.

A series of descriptions of the nests and eggs of various North American
birds, several of which are figured. My file of this "amateur" periodical is
incomplete. The series continues with same major caption, over a different
pseudonyme, "Avis", following articles being rather citable separately by their
respective sub-heads.

1876. ABBOTT, C. C. Repetition of Nesting in Birds. <^ Forest and Stream,
v, Jan. 6, 1876, p. 340.
List of species breeding twice in a season.

1876. ABBOTT, C. C. My February Field Notes. < Forest and Stream, vi,
Mar. 23, 1876, pp. 99, 114.
Ornithological journal near Trenton, N. J.

1876. ABBOTT, C. C. March Field Notes— Birds [at Trenton, N. J.] < Forest
and Stream, vi, April 20, 1876, p. 163.

1876. ABBOTT, C. C. Three months of Field Notes. < Forest and Stream, vii,
Aug. 10, 1876, pp. 3, 20.

Ornithological field-notes made at Trenton, N. J. Remarks on influences
affecting migrations.

1876. " AGATE." Game [Birds] in Western New York. < Forest and Stream,
vi, Feb. 17, 1876, p. 18.

1876. ALLEN, C. A. Notes from California. < Forest and Stream, vii, Aug.
10, 1876, p. 4.
Arrival and nesting of birds at Nicasio, Marin County.

1876. ALLEN, MRS. C. A. [List of 6 Californian birds nesting on a single tree,
with details.] < Forest and Stream, v, Feb. 3, 1876, p. 404.

1876. ALLEN, J. A. The availability of certain Bartramian names in orni-
thology. < Am. Nat., x, No. 1 , 1876, pp. 21-29.
Adverse to Dr. Coues's views, Pr. Phila. Acad., 1875, pp. 338-358.

1876. ALLEN, J. A. Bartramian Names again: An Explanation. <^Am.
Nat., x, No. 3, 1876, pp. 176, 177.
The last word in this short and amiable discussion.

1876. ALLEN, J. A. Progress in Ornithology in the United States during the
last, Century. < Am. Nat., x, No. 9, 1876, pp. 536-550.

A very valuable historical digest and commentary. It is one of the "Centen-
nial" reports of progress in zoology which the Naturalist published this year.

1876. A[LLEN], J. A. Birds of Kansas. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, i, No. 2,
July, 1876, pp. 47, 48.
Notice of F. H. Snow's later catalogue of Kansas birds.

1876. A[LLEN], J. A. Extinct Birds with teeth. <Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club,
i, No. 2, July, 1876, p. 49.

Note on Marsh' s papers on Ichthyornis, Apatomis, Hesperornig, and Lestornis, in
Am. Journ. Sd., 1875 and 1876.

718 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§76 [lH2

1876. A[LLEN],J. A. Life-Histories of the Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania.

< Bull Nutt. Ornith. Club, i, No. 2, July, 1876, pp. 49, 50.
Review of T. G. Gentry's work of that name, voL I.

1876. ALLEN, J. A. Decrease of Birds in Massachusetts. < Bull, Nutt.
Ornith. Club, i, No. 3, Sept., 1876, pp. 53-60.
Statement of the case, and discussion of the causes.

1876. A[LLEN], J. A. The Birds of Ritchie County, West Virginia. < Bull.
Nutt. Ornith. Club, i, No. 3, Sept., 1876, p. 72.
Brief note on Brewster's paper, Ann. Lye. N. T., xi, 129.

1876. ALLEN, J. A. Geographical variation in the number and size of the
eggs of [certain North American] birds. <. Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club,
i, No. 3, Sept., 1876, pp. 74, 75.

1876. A[LLEN], J. A. Birds of Southwestern Mexico. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith.
Club, i, No. iv, Nov., 1876, p. 93.
Note on G. N. Lawrence's paper, Bull. V. S. Nat. Mm., No. 4, 1876, q. v.

1876. A[LLEN], J. A. Jordan's Manual of Vertebrate Animals. < Bull. Nutt.
Ornith. Club, i, No. iv, Nov., 1876, pp. 93, 94.
Eeview of the work.

1876. [ALLEN, J. A.] Ornithological Calendar for March. < Forest and
Stream, vi, Mar. 16, 1876, p. 84.

1876. ALLEN, J. A. Send in the reports. < Forest and Stream, vi, March 30,
1876, p. 115.

Importance of secnring data on migrations and habits of birds, and sugges-
tions therefor.

1876. ALLEN, J. A. Calendar [for birds in Massachusetts, March 20-31].

< Forest and Stream, vi, March 30, 1876, p. 116.

1876. ALLEN, J. A. Calendar [of birds of Massachusetts for April 1-20].

< Forest and Stream, vi, April 6, 1876, p. 132.

1876. ALLEN, J. A. On the Decrease of Birds in the United States. < Penn
Monthly, Dec., 1876, pp. 931-944.

Refers especially to Alca impennis, Cupidonia cupido, Meleagris gallopavo,
Oonurus carolinensis, Hylotomus pileatus, Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Grus spp. ,
Gygnus spp., Pelecanus spp., Laridce, Grallce, Ectopistes migratorius, Quiscalus
purpureus, Agelceus phceniceus, and in more general terms to various other species.

1876. [ANON.] Rare birds for Canada. < Forest and Stream, vii, Nov. 9,
1876, p. 212.
Pelican (sp.?).and Sand-hill Crane at London, Ontario.

1876. [ANON.— G. B. GRINNELL.] Nuttall Bulletin [vol. I, No. 4, reviewed].

< Forest and Stream, vii, Dec. 28, 1876, p. 327.

1876. [ANON.] Report upon Geographical and Geological Explorations and
Surveys in charge of First Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers
U. S. A., Chap. Ill, Vol. V, Zoology, Washington. < Rod and Gun,
viii, Aug. 26, 1876, p. 344.
Review of the ornithology of Arizona and vicinity, by H. "W. Henshaw.

1876. [ANON.] The Traffic in Birds. < Eod and Gun, ix, Dec. 16, 1876, p. 172.
Statements from the New York World concerning the importation of foreign
singing and fancy birds to the United States.

153] ' BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§176 719

1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. < Forest and Stream, vi,

Feb. 10, 1876, p. 3.

Eagles on the Hudson river; Pine Grosbeak in confinement; White Pelican
common in Florida ; Gulls as scavengers.

1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. < Forest and Stream, vi,

March 16, 1876, p. 84.

Ampelis garrulus; bird arrivals in Berks Co., Pa.; Gambol's and Massena
Quails.

1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. < Forest and Stream, vi,

March 23, 1876, p. 99.

Spring birds at Salem, Mass., Tonkers, N. T., Waterville, N. Y., and Peo-
tone, HI.

1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. < Forest and Stream, vi,

April 6, 1876, p. 132.
Albinos ; Bluebird and Meadow Lark in Louisiana.

1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. < Forest and Stream, vi,

April 13, 1876, p. 148.

"Woodcock breeding in Duplin Co., N. C. ; March birds, including Whippoor-
will, at Glen's Falls, and at Niagara Falls, N. T.

1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. <[ Forest and Stream, vi,

April 27, 1876, p. 180.

Spring birds in New England ; albino Robin and Sora Bail.

1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. <[ Forest and Stream, vi,

May 18, 1876, p. 233.
Drumming of Snipe ; habits of Chimney Swifts.

1876. . Letters from Ornithologists. < Forest and Stream, vi, May

18, 1876, p. 233 ; June 1, 1876, p. 266.

Dendroeca coronata in Eastern Mass. (AKTHUB F. GRAY) ; spring migrants at
Montpelier, Yt. (W. A. BBIGGS), and at Peotone, 111. (D. H. EATON) ; ornithology
of Rogue Island, Me. (G. LONGFELLOW).

1876. . Letters from Ornithologists. < Forest and Stream, vi, June

1, 1876, p. 266.

Warblers in Eastern Massachusetts .(CHAS. A. HOUGHTON) ; spring birds at
Newport, R. I. (J. S. COULAND = Rowland), at Gainesville, Texas (G. H. RAGS-
DALE), and at Lake City, Minn. (D. C. ESTES).

1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. < Forest and Stream, vi,

June 15, 1876, p. 300.
Accidental death of birds; " Rusty-headed Fisher " = Female Gooseander ?

1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. < Forest and Stream, vi,

July 6, 1876, p. 355.
Birds feeding on maggots ; " White Crane " at Lynch burg, Va.; Toeless Robin.

1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. < Forest and Stream, vi,

July 20, 1876, p. 387.

Bird caught in a mussel ; Black-throated Buntings, etc., in Illinois ; Upland
Plover breeding at Gainesville, Texas ; sex of Pigeons ; habits of Catbird.

1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. < Forest and Stream, vii,

Oct. 12, 1876, p. 148.

Gulls at Hornellsville, N. Y. ; Bald Eagle weighing 18 pounds ; Red-headed
Woodpeckers in Northern New Jersey ; Wood Ducks reared in the barn-yard.

?20 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§76 [l54

1876. . Notes from our Correspondents. < Forest and Stream, vii,

Oct. 19, 1876, p. 164.

Collurio borealis seizing its prey with its talons; Zencedura carolinensis at
Machias, Me., Oct. 9, etc.

1876. "ARCHER." [G. A. STOCKWELL.] Game of Michigan. Wild Turkey.—
Meleagris gallipavo, Meleagris mexicana. < Bod and Gun, ix, Nov.
4, 1876, p. 65.

1876. AUDUBON, Miss [MARIA R.] Reminiscences of Audubon, by a Grand-
daughter. < Scribner>8 Monthly, xii, 1876, pp. 333-338.

1876. BAILEY, H. B. Notes on Birds found breeding on Cobb's Island, Va.
Between May 25th and May 29th, 1875. < Bull. Nutt. OrnitJi. Club,
i, No. 1, 1876, pp. 24-28.
21 spp., mostly waders and swimmers.

1876. BAIRD, S. F. Engineer Department, U. S. Army. | = | Report | of |
Explorations | across the | Great Basin of the Territory of Utah | for
a | direct wagon-route from Camp Floyd to Genoa, in Carson Valley,
| in 1859, | by | Captain J. H. Simpson, ] Corps of Topographical
Engineers, U. S. Army, | [now Colonel of Engineers, Bvt. Brig. Gen.,
U. S. A.] | made | by authority of the Secretary of War, and under
instructions from Bvt. Brig. Gen. A. S. Johnston, | U. S. Army,
commanding the Department of Utah. | — j Washington : | Govern-
ment Printing Office. | 1876. 1 vol. 4to. pp. 518, maps and pll.
> Appendix K. List of Birds collected by Charles S. McCarthy,
Taxidermist. Classified by Prof. Spencer F.Baird. pp. 375-381.
Perfunctory ; 114 spp., with number of specimens procured and localities.

1876. BICKNELL, E. P. A comparison of winter Birds. < Forest and Stream,
vi, April 6, 1876, p. 133.

1876. BICKNELL, E. P. Early spring [Birds, etc.] on the Hudson. < Forest
and Stream, vi, April 13, 1876, p. 149.

1876. BICKNELL, E. P. Field Notes [on Birds, etc.] at Riverdale [N. Y.J
<[ Forest and Stream, vi, May 18, p. 233.

1876. BICKNELL, E. P. The birds of our suburbs [i. e., at Riverdale-on-Hud-
son, N. Y.] < Forest and Stream, vi, July 20, 1876, p. 386. See p. 402.
Ornithological journal, May 1-31.

1876. BOIES, A. H. [Additions to a catalogue of] Michigan birds. < Pod
and Gun, vii, Jan. 15, 1876, p. 248.
For the Catalogue, see 1875, BOIES, A. H.

1876. BREWER, T. M. Birds of New England. < Bull Nutt. Ornith. Club,
i, No. iv, Nov., 1876, pp. 89-93.

A defence of his catalogue against the criticisms of "H. A. Pfurdie] ", torn,
tit., p. 72.

1876. BREWSTER, W. On the occurrence of certain Birds in the New Eng-
land states. < Bull. Nutt. OrnitJi. Club, i, No. 1, 1876, pp. 17-20.

Junco oregonus, Corvus ossifragus, Vireo phttadelphicus, Tringa bairdi, Philoma-
chus pugnax.

1876. B [REWSTER], W. Ornithology of the Wheeler Expedition. < Bull
Nutt. Ornith. Club, i, No. 3, Sept., 1876, pp. 70, 71.

Review of Henshaw's ornithological papers in the publications of the expedi-
tion mentioned.

155] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1876 721

1876. BRIGGS, W. A., and "R." Two letters from northern Vermont.
< Forest and Stream, vi, Mar. 23, 1876, p. 100.

List of resident and winter birds at Montpelier, Vt., including liuteo pennsyl-
vanicus ,• notes from Addison Co., Vt., with editorial remarks.

1876. BROWN, N. C. Variable Abundance of Birds at the same Localities
[in North America] in different years. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, i,
No. iv, Nov., 1876, pp. 95, 96.

1876. [BROWNE, C. F.] Local nomenclature. < Forest and Stream, vii,
Nov. 9, 1876, p. 212. See pp. 245, 276.
Gunner's names for sea-birds at Plymouth Bay, Mass., with editorial remarks.

1876. BRO[W]NE, F. C. [Cf. p. 212.] Gunner's Names [for sea-birds and
wild fowl on the Massachusetts coast]. < Forest and Stream, vii,
Nov. 23, 1876, p. 245. See pp. 212, 276.

1876. BURROUGHS, J. Notes from the North River [at Esopus, N. Y.]. ^For-
est and Stream, vi, April 20, 1876, p. 164.

1876. BURROUGHS, J. A Bird Medley. < Scribner's Monthly, xii, 1876,
pp. 479-489; nine illustrations [by Miss Fidelia Bridges].
Poetic treatment of some birds of the Northern States.

1876. CARPENTER, W. L. Field Notes on the Natural History of the Big
Horn Mountains [Montana]. < Forest and Stream, vii, Nov. 2, Ib76,
p. 196.

1876. C. F. P. Birds of Southern Pennsylvania. < Forest and Stream, vi,
March 9, 1876, p. 67.

1876. "CILIBILI." [WM. GOODYER.] Birds and late snow storms. < Forest
and Stream, vi, April 20, 1876, p. 164.

1876. COLVIN, V. The winter fauna of Mt. Marcy. < Eod and Gun, viii,
April 8, 1876, p. 22.
From Eeport to State Legislature of Survey of the Adirondack "Wilderness.

1876. COOPER, J. G. Californian Garden Birds. < Am. Nat., x, No. 2, 1876,.
pp. 90-96.
Notes on the habits of numerous species observed near San Francisco.

1876. COPE, E. D. On a Gigantic Bird from the Eocene of New Mexico [Diar
tryma gigantea]. < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.for April 1876.

1876. COUES, E. An Account of the various Publications relating to the
Travels of Lewis and Clarke, with a Commentary on the Zoologi-
cal Results of their Expedition. < Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 6, 2d
set., Feb. 8, 1876, pp. 417-444.
2.— Birds, pp. 439-444. Identification of the species described by these authors.

1876. COUES, E. Reply to Mr. J. A. Allen's "Availability of certain Bar-
tramian names in Ornithology." < Am. Nat., x, No. 2, 1876, pp.
98-102.

Maintaining the position he assumed in his Fasti Ornithologies Eedivivi, against
Allen, in Am. Nat., 1876, pp. 21-29.

1876. COUES, E. Unusual Nesting Sites of the Night Hawk and Towhee
Bun ting. < Am. Nat., x, No. 4, 1876, p. 239.
Chordiles popetue on a roof; Pipilo erythrophthalmus in a tree.

46 B C

722 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1876 [l56

1876. COUES, E. The Destruction of Birds by Telegraph Wire. < Am.
Nat., x, No. 12, 1«76, pp. 734-736.

Detailed account, from observations in Colorado. The article reappears, under
various editorial guises and abstracts, in numberless newspapers.

1876. COUES, E. On the Number of Primaries in Oscines. < Bull. Nutt.
Ornith. Club, i, No. 3, Sept., 1876, pp. 60-63.

Results of examination of many supposed nine-primaried birds, in which a
rudimentary first primary, making ten in all, was found.

1876. COUES, E. A correction. < Forest and Stream, vi, Feb. 24, 1876, p. 36.

Of a statement respecting the " Birds of the Colorado ", loc. cit., p. 20.
1876. COUES, E. Mr. Gentry's Book about Birds. < Rod and Gun, viii,
April 29, 1876, p. 71.

Review of Life -Histories of the Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania, vol. I.
1876. COUES, E. Dr. Coues on "Partridge", "Quail", etc. <Rod and
Gun, ix, Nov. 11, 1876, p. 88.

Systematic relations inter se, scientific names, and habitats of American Oallince.
1876. COVERT, A. B. A Letter of Promise. < Forest and Stream, vi, March
2, 1876, p. 52.

Spring birds in Michigan ; ability of birds to foresee atmospheric changes.

1876. COVKRT, A. B. Birds of Lower Michigan. < Forest and Stream,
vi, 1876, pp. 99, 132, 163, 214, 266, 318, 354.

Catalogue, with annotations, of birds observed in the Lower Peninsula of
Michigan during several years.

1876. DEANE, RUTHVEN. Albinism and melanism among North American
birds. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, i, No. 1, 1876, pp. 20-24.
Commentary on the many instances of this affection observed by the writer.

1876. DE KAY, CHARLES. Winter Sunshine. <Scribner's Monthly, xi,
1875-76, p. 749.
Review of John Bnrroughs's Winter Sunshine.

1876. EATON, D. H. Prairie Ornithology [at Peotone, 111.]. < Forest and
Stream, vi, June 15, 1876, p. 301.

1876. EATON, D. H. Egg collecting in Illinois. <[ Forest and Stream, vi,
June 29, 1876, p. 337.

1876. [EDITORIAL.] TheNuttall Ornithological Club. < Bull Nutt. Ornith.
Club, i, No. 2, July, 1876, pp. 29-32.

Historical sketch, including list of the principal papers, by members of the
club, published elsewhere (chiefly in the American Sportsman) prior to establish-
ment of the Bulletin.

1876. [EDITORIAL.] Correction [of article "Birds of our Suburbs", p. 386].
< Forest and Stream, vi, July 27, 1876, p. 402.

1876. ESTES, D. C. Winter notes from Lake Pepin [Minn.]. < Forest and

Stream, vi, April 20, 1876, 164.

1876. FISH, GEORGE T. Birds and their uses. < Bod and Gun, viii, July
29, 1876, p. 281.

Read before the "Western New York Horticultural Society.

1876. FISHER, A. K. Small Birds caught by the Burdock. < Am. Nat.t
x, No. 4, 1876, pp. 239, 240.
Gbrysomitarig tristis, Dendroeca coronata.

157] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1876 723

1876. FOWLER, H. G. Birds of Central New York. < Forest and Stream, vi,
Apr., 1876, p. 180 ; May 18, p. 233 ; June 8, p. 284 ; June 29, p. 337 ;

,p.402; vii, Aug. 24, 1876, p. 36; Aug. 31, p. 52; Sept. 14, p. 84;

Nov. 16, p. 230.

List of 150 spp., of Caynga, Seneca, and Wayne Cos., N. Y. The first instal-
ment is ascribed b\ error to " H. "W. Candee". See 1877, RATHBUN, F. R.

1876. FOWLER, H. G. Additional Birds of Central New York. < Forest and

Stream, Oct. 26, 1876, p. 180.

Adding 19 spp. to above list.
1876. Fox, W. H. Three migrations [1874-5-6, at Hollis,New Hampshire]

compared [in a table]. < Forest and Stream, vi, July 6, 1876, p. 354.

1876. FULLER, A. R. Spring [arrivals of birds] at Meacham Lake, New
York. <^ Forest and Stream, vi, June 15, 1876, p. 301.

1876. GILBERT, J. B. The rarer birds of Western New York. < Forest
and Stream, vii, Dec. 28, 1876, p. 324.
Remarks on 35 spp. of birds of Yates Co., New York.

1876. GLADWIX, CHARLES O. [Notes on some] Birds of Southern Connec-
ticut. < Forest and Stream, vi, March 30, 1876, p. 116.

1876. GRAY, ARTHUR F. Resident [land] Birds [25 spp.] of Danvers
[Mass.] < Forest and Stream, vi, April 27, 1876, p. 181.

1876. [GRINNELL,G. B.] [Notice of a "Catalogue of the Birds of South-
western Mexico, collected by F. E. Sumichrast " ; in Bulletin of the
National Museum, No. 4.] < Forest and Stream, vii, Nov. 23, 1876,
p. 245.

1876. HOFFMAN, W. J. Habits of Western [North American] Birds. <^Am.
Nat., x, No. 4, 1876, pp. 238, 23! '.

Buteo swainsoni, Stellitla calliope, etc., in California and Nevada.

1876. HOLBERTON, W. Local names of bay-birds [Limicolse]. < Forest
and Stream, vii, Sept. 7, 1876, p. 68.

1876. INGERSOLL, E. Three April Birds [Sialia sialis, Troglodytes aedon,
Zensedura caroliuensis]. < Appleton's Journal, xv, April, 1876, p.
526.

1876. [INGERSOLL, E.] An Invitation [to observe and record daily occur-
rences in natural history, mainly in ornithology]. <^ Forest and
Stream, vi, Feb. 17, 1876, p. 19. See p. 37.

1876. [INGERSOLL, E.] Birds of Arizona. < Forest and Stream, vi, Feb. 17,
1876, p. 20.

Notice of H. "W. Henshaw's List of tbe Birds of Arizona, in Report of Explora-
tions West of 100th Meridian.

1876. [INGERSOLL, E.] [Notice of the work on the " Birds of the Colorado ",
to be written by Dr. Elliott Coues.] <^ Forest and Stream, vi, Feb.
17, 1876, p. 20. See pp. 36, 387.

1876. [INGERSOLL, E.] Our " Invitation " heard from. < Forest and Stream,
vi, Feb. 24, 1876, p. 36.

Comments and criticisms by S. F. Baird, C. C. Abbott, and otbers, upon the
text and proposal in the article "An Invitation", on p. 19. Information upon
migrations of birds in Central New Jersey.

724 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1876 [l58

1876. [INGERSOLL, E.] Recent pamphlets. < Forest and Stream, vi,Mar.
9, 1876, p. 67.

Notices of papers by Dr. Elliott Coues on Lewis and Clarke's Travels, on the
Zapodidce, and on breeding of Lagopus leucurus, in Suit. U. S. Geol. and Geog.
Survey.

1876. [INGERSOLL, E.] [Winter birds of Eastern Maine.] < Forest and

Stream, vi, March 9, 1876, p. 68.
1876. [INGERSOLL, E.] [Suggestions as to] Formulating Field Notes.

< Forest and Stream, vi, April 6, 1876, p. 132.

1876. [INGERSOLL, E.] Schoolboys as naturalists. < Forest and Stream,
vi, April 20, 1876, p. 163.

1876. [INGERSOLL, E.] At Home with the Birds. < Forest and Stream,
vi,May 11, 1876, p. 214.

Eeview of vol. I, Life-Histories of the Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania, by
Thomas G. Gentry.

1876. [INGERSOLL, E.] The Nuttall Club. < Forest and Stream, vi, May
25, 1876, p. 250.

Historical sketch of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, and review of their
Bulletin, vol. I, No. 1.

1876. [INGERSOLL, E.] New Work by Dr. Coues. < Forest and Stream,
vi, July 20, 1876, p. 387. See pp. 20, 36.
Advance notice of the Birds of the Colorado.

1876. [INGERSOLL, E.] Dr. Hayden and Ornithology. < Forest and Stream,
vi, July 20, 1876, p. 390.

Sketch of ornithological results from the U. S. Geological and Geographical
Survey of the Territories.

1876. [INGERSOLL, E.] Wheeler's " Birds". < Forest and Stream, vi, July
27, 1876, p. 402.

Notice of chap. Ill, vol. V, Rep. of U. S. Geol. Sure. W. of IQOth Her. (Lieut,
Geo. M. Wheeler in charge), by H. W. Henshaw.

1876. [INGERSOLL, E.] A key to our Shore Birds [LimicolsB]. < Forest and
Stream, vi, Aug. 3, 1876, p. 417; and vii, Aug. 10, 1876, p. 3.
Introduction by Ingersoll ; the key from D. S. Jordan's Manual of Vertebrates.

1876. [INGERSOLL, E.] Ornithology, etc. < Forest and Stream, vii, Aug.
17, 1876, p. 23.

Review of H. "W. Henshaw's memoir in vol. V of the Reports of Explorations
and Surveys West of 100$. Meridian, pp. 131-508, 15 colored pll.

1876. INGERSOLL, E. The Migrations of Birds. < Forest and Stream, vii,
Sept. 14, 1876, p. 84.
From Scribner's Monthly, Sept., 1876.

1876. [INGERSOLL, E.] A second "Birds of New England". < Forest and
Stream, vii, Oct. 5, 1876, p. 132.

Advance announcement of H. D. Minot's Land and Game Birds of New Eng-
land.

1876. [INGERSOLL, E.] Two Lists of Birds. < Forest and Stream, vii, Oct.
. 19, 1876, p. 164.

Comments upon a list of the birds of Lower Michigan, and a list of the birds
of Central New York.

159] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 18V6 725

1876. INGERSOLL, E. Something About Birds. < Scribner's Monthly, xii,

1876, pp. 689-693, figg. 1-17.
Features of bird-character generally; illustrations taken from Sanboru

Tenney's Zoology, and Baird, Brewer, and Kidgway'a History of North American

Birds.
1876. I[NGERSOLL], MRS. E. Kinglets and Warblers in captivity. < Forest

and Stream, v, Jan. 6, 1876, p. 340.
1876. JONES, WM. L. March Memoranda [from St. Clair Co., 111.]. < Forest

and Stream, vi, June 29, 1876, p. 338.

1876. JONES, WM. L. April Birds [at Lebanon] in Illinois. <^ Forest and
Stream, vi, Aug. 3, 1876, p. 418.

1876. JORDAN, D. S. Manual | of the | Vertebrates | of the | Northern
United States, | including | the District east of the Mississippi
River, | and north of | North Carolina and Tennessee, exclusive |
of marine species. | By | David Starr Jordan, M. S., M. D. | Profes-
sor of Natural History in N. W. C. University, and in Indiana |
State Medical College. | — | Chicago: | Jansen, McClurg & Com-
pany. | 1876. 1 vol. 12mo. pp. 342.

" This book has been written to give collectors and students who are not spe-
cialists, a ready means of identifying the families, genera and species of our
Vertebrate Animals. In deference to the uniform experience of botanists, and
in view of the remarkable success achieved by Dr. COUES, in the application of
the method to Ornithology, the author has adopted the system of artificial keys."
(Extract from Preface.)— Birds are treated at pp. 36-156, with useful artificial
keys to the higher groups, analyses of the genera, and concise diagnoses of the
species. It has proven a very useful and valuable help to the student, and has
already passed to a 2d td., 1878, q. v.

1876. JOUY, P. L. Birds of the District of Columbia. < Field and Forest,
i, No. 10, Mar., 1876, pp. 79, 80.

Nominal list of 38 "common permanent residents" and 29 " common winter
residents". Article ascribed to E, W. Shufeldt; error corrected op. cit., ii, No.
1, p. 18.

1876. KEYES, F. H. May Songsters at Springfield [Mass.]. < Forest and
Stream, vi, June 29, 1876, p. 338.

1876. KUMLEIN, A. J. Unusual Accidents to Birds. < Field and Forest, ii,
No. 6, Dec., 1876, p. 106.

Chordeiles popetue with a beetle (Lachnosterna) which had worked partly
through the gullet and skin of the neck. — Pigeon impaled on a beech twig.

1876. LAWRENCE, G. N. Birds | of | Southwestern Mexico. | Collected by
Francis E. Sumichrast | for the | United States National Museum. |
— | Prepared by | George N. Lawrence. | — | Washington : J Gov-
ernment Printing Office. | 1876. =Bull. U. S. Nat. Mm., No. 4. 8vo
pamph. Cover and pp. 56.

There is the cover-title, the full-page title (above given), and a third one, all
worded differently. — An important paper, treating of 321 spp., with author's
critical and collector's field-notes, preceded by Sumichrast's "Notes on the
geographical division of the birds in theSithmns [lege Isthmus] of Tehuantepec".
The novelties contained in this splendid collection were earlier published else-
where.

1876. LB BARON, J. F. The naturalist and sportsman in Florida. < Mod
and Gun, ix, 1876, pp. 21, 29, 53, 69, 83, 97, 113.

726 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1876 [l60

1876. LONGFELLOW, G. A persecuted Ornithologist. < Forest and Stream,
vi, June 22, 1876, p. 319.
Enormous abundance of sea-birds in Englishman's Bay, Maine. See p. 233.

1876. MARSH, O. C. Notice of New Odontornithes. < Am. Journ. Sci., (3),
xi, 1876, pp. 509-511.

Not seen.—Lestorniscrassipes, g. sp. n., p. 509; Hespcromis gracilis, p. 510, ep.
n. ; Ichthyornis (?) victor, p. 511, sp. n.

1876. MARSH, O. C. Note sur de nouveaux Odontornithes. <[ Gervais'
Journ. de Zool, v, 1876, pp. 304-306.
Not seen — from Am. Journ. Sci., (3), xi, pp. 509-511, q. v.

1876. MAYNARD, C. J. Variation in the breeding habits of certain Birds
[of Florida]. < Bod and Gun, viii, Aug. 12, 1876, p. 314.

1876. MERRIAM, C. H. < Passerculus princeps and Parus hudsonicus in
Connecticut. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, i, No. 2, July, 1876, p. 52.

1876. MERRILL, J. C. Notes on Texan Birds. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, i,
No. iv, Nov., 1876, pp. h8, 89.

I. Molothrus ceneus, Nyctidromus albicollis, Pyrrhophcena riefferi, Parra gymno-
stoma, Podiceps dominicus, from Fort Brown, Texas— all but the last new to the
IT. S. fauna. II. On the breeding habits, previously unknown, of two species of
North American birds (Embernagra rufivirgata, Xanthura luxuosa).

1876. MINOT, H. D. The Summer birds of the White Mountain Region.

< Am. Nat., x, No. 2, 1876, pp. 75-80.

Banning commentary on various species of that part of New Hampshire.

1876. MORRIS, R. T. Reflections upon reflections. < Forest and Stream, vi,
May 1, 1876, p. 197.
Adverse criticism of Theo. Jasper's book, 1874-78. q. v.

1876. MORRIS, R. T. Game Birds of Connecticut. < Forest and Stream, vii,
Sept, 28, 1876, p. 116.

53 spp., with notes upon relative abundance.

1876. MORRIS, R. T. Local nomenclature [for wildfowl on the Connecticut
coast]. < Forest and Stream,\n,~Dec.7 ,1876, p. 276. See pp. 212, 245.

1876. NELSON, E. W. Additions to the Avi-fauua of Illinois, with notes on
other species of Illinois Birds. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, i, No. 2,
July, 1876, pp. 39-44.

15 spp., fully annotated, with further notes on 14 other spp. still imperfectly
known as birds of Illinois.

1876. NELSON, E. W. Birds observed in the vicinity of Oakland, Cal., De-
cember 23, 1872. < The Scientific. Monthly (Toledo, Ohio), vol. i,
No. 5, Feb., 1876, pp. 232-234.

Running commentary on the varied results of one day's .observations.

1876. PARKER, S. S. A report [of spring Birds] from New Hampshire.

< Forest and Stream, vi, April 27, 1876, p. 180.

1876. PHILLIPS, C. H, The fauna of Nebraska [including game birds].

< Forest and Stream, vi, June 8, 1876, p. 284.

1876. PIERCE, M. P. Scarcity of Birds in New Jersey. < Forest and Stream,
vi, Mar. 16, 1876, p. 84.

16l] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1876 727

1876. P[URDIE], H. A. Birds of New England. < Bull. Nutt. Ornitk. Club,
i, No. 3, Sept., 1876, pp. 72, 73.

Critical review of T. M. Brewer's Catalogue, Pr. Best. Soc., xvii, pp. 436-454,
noting some of the required additions and making many necessary corrections.

1876. RAGSDALE, G. H. Texan Ornithology. <^Forest and Stream, vi, July
13, 1876, p. 370.

Journal from April 24 to June 5 of ornithological occurrences at Gainesville,
Cooke Co., Texas.

1876 RIDGWAY, R. Ornithology of Guadeloupe Island based on notes and
collections made by Dr. Edward Palmer. < Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv.
Terr., vol. ii, 1876, pp. 183-195.

The land birds ascertained to inhabit the island during the breeding season are
Megulus calendula obscurus, p. 184 ; Salpinctes obsoletus guadeloupensis, p. 185 ;
Thryomanes brevicauda, p. 186 ; Carpodacus amplus, p. 187 ; Junco insularis, p. 188 ;
Pipilo maculatus consobrinus, p. 189 ; Cvlaptes mexicanus rufipileus, p. 191 ; Poly-
borua lutosus, p. 192— all new spp. or varr., excepting the Polyborus, which had
just before been described (op. tit., 2d ser., No. 6, 1876, p. 459). "Guadeloupe"
(so spelled) lies off the coast of Lower California, and must not be confounded
with an Antillean island of same name and similar orthography.

1876. ROBERTS, T. S. Winter rarities in Minnesota. < Forest and Stream,
vi, April 13, 1876, p. 148.

Hesperiphona vespertina, Carpodacus purpureus, Pinicola enucleator, Bucephala
americana.

1876. ROBERTS, T. S. A list cf some Birds observed in the vicinity of Min-
neapolis, Minn., not enumerated in Dr. Hatch's list. < The Scientific
Monthly (Toledo, Ohio), vol. i, No. 5, Feb., 1876, p. 231.

Annotated list of 20 spp., communicated by Mr. Ridgway.
1876. ROBINSON, R. E. Spring birds of [Addison County] Vermont.

< Forest and Stream, vi, June 22, 1876, p. 318.

1876. SMITH, G. AUG. Birds of Fort Wayne, Ind[iana]. < Forest and
Stream, vi, April 13, 1876, p. 148.

50 spp. observed in winter during 16 years. There are some glaring errors ; as,
Glaucidium gnoma for Nyciale acadiea.

1876. SNOW, F. H. New Kansas Birds. < Observer of Nature (newspaper),
iii, No. 6, April 26, 1876.

Adds 11 spp. to the fauna of the State, among them Myiadestea townsendi,
Coturniculus lecontii, and Gymnokitta cyanocephala.

1876. " SPECULATOR." [ROBERT T. MORRIS. ] Birds resident at New Haven.

< Forest and Stream, vi, March 2, 1876, p. 52.

1876. " SPECULATOR." [ROBERT T. MORRIS.] Effect of cold on small Birds.

< Forest and Stream, vi, March 30, 1876, p. 115.

1876. [SPERA, W. H.] The coming of the Birds. < Forest and Stream, vi,

March 2, 1876, p. 52.
List of dates of arrivals of birdg at Ephrata, Pa., by W. H. Spera ; quoted from

Ephrata Times.
1876. STEVENS, W. G. Bird arrivals on the Harlem [in April]. < Forest

and Stream, vi, May 11, 1876, p. 215.
1876. "TEAL." [R. L.NEWCOMB.] The Massachusetts coast. < Forest and

Stream, vi, Aug. 3, 1876, p. 417.

Ornithological diary, March 9 to May 17.
1876. THOMPSON, [J.] M. Some of our game-birds. < Appleton's Journ.,

new ser., i, 1876, pp. 481-490, 12 illustrations.

728 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1876-18V7 [l62

1876. THOMPSON, [J.] M.— Continued.

These spirited woodcuts also accompanied a series of brief articles on game-
birds (anonymous) in Appleton's Almanac for 1869. This annual, published
in small 4to, tor 1869, 1870, and 1871, contained many woodcuts of birds and much
pleasant descriptive matter, having, however, little ornithological interest,
although generally accurate.

1876. WARRBN, T. R. Bay Snooting. < Scribner*s Monthly, xiii, 1876,
pp. 145-159 ; fifteen illustrations.
Humorous account of hunting sea-sho»e fowl.

1876. WHEELER, W. B. A Maryland calendar. < Forest and Stream, vi,

April 27, 1876, p. 181.
Spring arrivals at Boonsboro, Md.

1876-77. GENTRY, T. G. Life-Histories of the Birds of Eastern Pennsylva-
nia, by Thomas G. Gentry, [etc.] In two volumes. Vol. I. Phila-
delphia : published by the author. 1876. Vol. II. Salem, Mass.
The Naturalists' Agency. 1877. Sm.Svo. Vol. I, pp. xvi, 399. Vol.
II, 4 p. 11., pp. 336.

The typography of the title differs in the two vols. Though announced in two
vols., the second vol. only carries the subject through the land-birds, and another
is expected. In spite of the literary execution, these "Life-Histories" are
an acceptable contribution, being especially full and important on the subject
of the food of the birds, inventories of the contents of the stomach being given
in most cases.

1876-77. WILSON, A., and BONAPARTE, C. L. American Ornithology ... by
Sir William Jardine. London: 1876. New York: J. W. Bouton,
1877. 3vols.4to.

I gather from some trade-lists that there has been a reissue, as above barely
indicated, of this edition— the "Jardine"— but I have not seen a copy.

1877. ABBOTT, C. C. Glimpses of Mind in Birds. < Am. Nat., xi, No. 5,

1877, pp. 276-286.
Said to be furnished to the writer by certain N. A. birds.

1877. " AHWAHSOOSE." Our winter visitors [among birds]. < Forest and
Stream, viii, May 3, 1877, p. 191.

1877. ALDRICH, C. Destruction of Birds by Telegraph Wires. < Am. Nat.,
xi, No. 11, 1877, pp. 686, 687.
Further evidence, in case of Cupidonia cupido. Cf. Amer Nat, x, 1876, p. 734.

1877. A[LLEN],J.A. Californian Ornithology. <Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club,
ii, No. 3, July, 1877, p. 76.

Review of J. G. Cooper's paper, Proc. Gal. Acad., 1876 (separates dated Dec. 5,
1875).

1877. A[LLEN], J. A. McCauley's Notes on Texan Ornithology.
Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii, No. 3, July, 1877, pp. 76, 77.
Review of paper in Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., iii, No. 3, pp. 655-695, May 15,

1877.

1877. ALLEN, J. A. Occurrence of the Western Nonpareil [Cyanospiza versi-
color] and Berlandier's Wren [Thryothorus ludovicianus var. ber-
landieri] at Fort Brown, Texas. <Bull. Nutt. Ornith. C7w&,ii,No.
4, Oct., 1877, pp. 109, 110.

163] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 187? 729

1877. ALLEN, J. A. The Influence of physical Conditions in the Genesis of
Species. < Radical Review, i, May, 1877, pp. 108-140.

Devoted largely to geographical variation in North American mammals and
birds (pp. 121-126 devoted exclusively to birds, with other references passim),
giving a general resume of the subject.

1877. [ANON.] Recent Ornithological Papers. < Am. Nat., xi, 1877, pp.
615-617.

Reviews Nelson's papers on Illinois Birds in Bull. Essex Inst, viii, 1877, pp.
90-155; ix, pp. 32-65; McCauley's on Texan Birds, in Bull. V. S. Oeol. Suro. Terr.,
iii, 1877, pp. 655-695, and others.

1877. [ANON.] [Review of the " Nuttall Bulletin" for January, 1877.]
< Forest and Stream, viii, Feb. 8, 1877, p. 10.

1877. [ANON.— R. F. BOISBAU.] Our Washington Letter, [etc.] < Forest
and Stream, viii, May 31, 1877, p. 267.

List, with remarks, of birds of District of Columbia, derived from Coues and
Prentiss's List of 1862, q. v.

1877. [ANON.] Venuor's Birds of Prey. < Forest and Stream, viii, June
14, 1877, p. 300.

Review of Vennor's Our Birds of Prey ; or, The Eagles, Hawks and Owls of
Canada. Reprinted from Toronto Mail.

1877. [ANON. G. B. GRINNELL. Review of E. W. Nelson's "Birds of
North-eastern Illinois".] < Forest and Stream, viii, June 21, 1877,
p. 331.

1877. "ARCHER." [G.A. STOCKWELL.] The Fauna of Michigan. [Birds.]
< Forest and Stream, viii, 1877, pp. 224, 241, 261, 281, 300, 360, 380.
Merely a nominal, incomplete list, containing no news.

1877. BACON, G. R. Notes on some Oregon Birds. < Am. Nat., xi, No. 1,
1877, p. 44.
Field-notes on 6 spp.

1877. BAGG, E. A Cuckoo's [Coccygus erythrophthalmus] Egg in a Cedar-
Bird's [Ampelis cedrorum] Nest. < Bull. Nutt. Ornitli. Clul, ii, No.
4, Oct., 1877, p. 110.

With an editorial note by J. A. Allen, on other instances of parasitism of the
American Cuckoos.

1877. BENDIRE, C. Notes on some of the Birds found in Southeastern Ore-
gon, particularly in the Vicinity of Camp Harney, from November,
1874, to January, 1877. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, 1877,
pp. 109-149.

An interesting list of 191 spp., fully annotated ; includes some rarities, and
many novel observations, especially with reference to breeding.

1877. BENTON, J. John Burroughs. < Scribner's Monthly, xiii, 1877, pp.
336-341, with portrait.

Includes extracts from Burroughs's ornithological writings.

1877. B[oiSEAU], R. F. Our Washington letter. < Forest and Stream, ix,
Nov. 22, 1877, p. 314.

Game-birds about Chesapeake Bay; wildfowl shooting ; habits of "jacksnipe ".

1877. BRACKETT, A. G. The Birds of Wyoming. < Forest and Stream, vii,
1877, pp. 388, 404.

Partial list, made in the vicinity of Fort Sanders ; editorial remarks ap-
pended. See vol. vii, p. 4.

730 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENIDX. 1877 [lG4

1877. B[REWER], T. M. Vennor's Rapacious Birds of Canada. < Bull.
Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii, No. 1, Jan., 1877, pp. 24, 25.
Review of the work.

1877. BREWER, T. M. [Another] Defense of his Catalogue of the Birds of
New England. <Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii,No. 2, April, 1877, pp.
44-48.

Continuation of the controversy, now degenerated to a personal issue. Cf. op
cit.t i, p. 72 and p. 89 ; ii, p. 11 and p. 44.

1877. BREWER, T. M. How to Rightly Estimate the Economical Value of
Birds. < Oologist, iii, No. 1, 1877, pp. 6, 7.

1877. B[REWSTER], W. Nelson's " Birds of Northeastern Illinois." <Bull.
Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii, No. 3, July, 1877, pp. 68, 69.
Review of paper in Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, p. 90.

1877. B[REWSTER], W. Merriam's "Review of the Birds of Connecticut."

< Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii, No. 4, Oct., 1877, pp. 107, 108.

Review of Merriam's important paper in Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, 1877, pp. 1-165.

1877. BROWN, N. C. Notes on [five species of] Birds new to the Fauna of
Maine, etc. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii, No. 1, Jan., 1877, pp. 27, 28.

1877. BROWNE, F. C. A list of Birds observed on and around Clark's Island,
Plymouth, Mass. < Forest and Stream, viii, March 22, 1877, p. 96.

1877. BURROUGHS, J. April. < Scribner's Monthly, xiii, 1877, pp. 799-803.
Includes some birds found along the Hudson River in that month.

1877. " C." Some Newfoundland birds. < Forest and Stream, viii, April 12,
1877, p. 145.

1877. COOPER, J. G. On seventy-five doubtful West-coast Birds. < Bull.
Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii, No. 4, Oct., 1877, pp. 88-97.

This is an important commentary and criticism on this large number of birds
ascribed by various writers to the region in question, but which have not been
satisfactorily determined to occur there.

1877. COUES, E. Birds of the North-West : | A Hand-book | of | American
Ornithology, | containing accounts of all the birds inhabiting the |
Great Missouri Valley, | and many others, together representing a
large majority of the | Birds of North America, | with copious bio-
graphical details from personal | observation, and an extensive
synonymy. | — | By Elliott Coues, | Captain and Assistant Surgeon
U. S. Army : — Secretary U. S. | Geological Survey : — Member of the
National Acadamy [sic] of Sciences, etc : — Author of " Key to North |
American Birds," "Field Ornithology," etc. | — | [Monogram.])
Boston : | Estes & Lauriat, | Salem Naturalists' Agency, | 1877. 1
vol. 8vo. pp. xi,791.

This is simply 214 copies of the original Birds of the North -Weft, 1874, q. v.,
reissued, rebound with publishers' new title-leaf as above.

1877. C[OUES], E. Minot's " Birds of New England." < Bull. Nutt. Ornith.
Club, ii, No. 2, April, 1877, pp. 49, 50.
Review of the work.

1877. [COUES, E.] The Land Birds and Game Birds of New England.

< Forest and Stream, vii, Jan. 25, 1877, p. 391.
Review of H. D. Minot'a book of that name.

165] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1877 731

1877. COUES, E. Land Birds and Game Birds of New England. < Rod and
Gun, ix, Jan. 27, 1877, p. 263.

Review of work with above title.

1877. COUES, E., and PRENTISS, D. W. Remarks on Birds of the District of
Columbia. < Field and Forest, ii, No. 11, May, 1877, pp. 191-193.

Somewhat in the nature of a critique on P. L. Joay's Catalogue, op cit., Mar.
and Apr., 1877, q. v. Some of the questionable points are discussed. The article
was afterward appended to Jouy's in the separate reprint of the latter.

1877. FEILDEN, H. W. On the Birds of the North Polar Basin. < P. Z. S.,

1877, pp. 28-32.
1877. FEILDEN, H. W. List of Buds observed in Smith Sound, and in the

Polar Basin during the Arctic Expedition of 1875-76. < Ibis, 4th

series, i, Oct., 1877, pp. 401-412.

24 spp., well annotated. Cf. Bull Nutt. Ornilh. Club, Hi, No. 2, April, 1878, p. 86.
1877. GOODHUE, C. F. The Birds cf Webster and adjoining towns [of New

Hampshire]. < Forest and Stream, viii, 1877, pp. 33, 49, 98, 113, 146.
An annotated list, by an accurate observer. The titles of parts succeeding the

first instalment vary slightly in wording from the first caption.

1877. HALLOCK,C. The | Sportsman's Gazetteer | and | General Guide. | The
game animals, birds and fishes of North America : | their habits and
various methods of capture, j Copious instructions | in shooting, fish-
ing, taxidermy, woodcraft, etc. | Together with | a directory to the
principal game resorts of the | country ; illustrated with maps. | By
Charles Hallock, | [etc.] | New York: | "Forest and Stream" Pub-
lishing Company, | American News Company, Agents. | 1877. 1 vol.
thick 12mo. pp. 1-688, 1-208, frontisp. (portrait of author), cuts,
maps.

Pages 103-237, a concise systematic treatise on the game birds of North America,
some of which are treated at considerable length. The nomenclature and tech-
nicalities are from authentic sources.

1877. HATCH, P. L. Report on Ornithology [of Minnesota]. <^Bull. Min-
nesota Acad. Nat. Sci., 1877, pp. 305-309.

Additions to the list of Minnesota birds given in his previous paper in the
same publication, 1874, q. v,

1877. HUTCHINS, J. P. Something about Birds of Central New York.
<[ Forest and Stream, viii, April 19, 1877, p. 160.
Biographical notes and short list of arrivals.

1877. INGERSOLL, E. Our Winter Birds [in the vicinity of New York City].
<^AppletonJs Journ., new ser., ii, Feb., 1877, p. 97; 11 illust.

Biographical notes on a few birds of the United States ; remarks on protective
mimicry in birds.

1877. ![NGERSOLL], E. Burroughs's " Wake-Robin." < Bull. Nutt. Ornith.

Club, ii, No. 2, April, 1877, pp. 48, 49.

Keview of that delightful book.
1877. [INGERSOLL E.] [Review of Vol. II of] Gentry's Life Histories of the

Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania. < The Country, i, Dec. 22, 1877,

p. 103.

1877. JONES, W. L. Arrivals of Birds. <^Field and Forest, Hi, No. 1, July,
1877, pp. 17, 18.
At Lebanon, Illinois, spring of 1877.

732 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. !§?? [l66

1877. JOUY, P. L. Catalogue of the Birds of the District of Columbia.
< Field and Forest, ii, No. 9, Mar., 1877, pp. 154-156; No. 10, Apr.,
1877, pp. 178-181.

Nominal list of 240 spp., those additional to Coues and Prentiss's List of 1862 in
italics ; stragglers marked with asterisk.

1877. JOUY, P. L. Field Notes OD some of the Birds of the District of Co-
lumbia. < Field and Forest, iii, No. 3, Sept., 1877, pp. 51, 52.

Dendrceca coerulea, Siurus motacilla, Chondestes grammica /, Pipilo erythroph-
thalmus, Strix flammea, Florida coerulea.

1877. JOUY, P. L., COUES, E., and PRENTISS, D. W. Catalogue | of the |
Birds of the District of Columbia, | Prepared by Pierre Louis Jouy, |
with | Remarks on the Birds of the District, | by Drs. Coues and
Prentiss. | 1877. 8vo pamphl. pp. 11.

Reissued, repaged, in an edition of 200 copies, from Field and Forest, Mar.-May,
1877. It consists of Jouy's Catalogue, q. v., with the Remarks of Goues and
Prentiss appended.

1877. KUMLEIN, L. Ornithological Notes from Texas. < Field and Forest,
ii, No. 8, Feb., 1877, pp. 127-132.

Good running commentary on numerous spp. from the Brazos River Valley,
Waller Co., Texas.

1877. KUMLEIN, L. [Notes on Texan Birds.] < Field and Forest, ii, No. 12,
June, 1877, pp. 219, 220.

Reply to Ragsdale, op. cit., p. 183.

1877. LAMBERTON, A. B. The Birds. < Bod and Gun, ix, March 17, 1877,
p. 375.

Record of arrivals of birds at Rochester, N". Y.

1877. LANGDON, F. W. A Catalogue | of the | Birds of the Vicinity of Cin-
cinnati [Ohio], | with Notes. | — | By Frank W. Langdon. | — |
Salem, Mass.: | The Naturalist's Agency. | 1877. 8vo pamph.
pp. 18.

279 spp., with notes ; breeders indicated by asterisk ; species included on
strength of their known range have their numbers in parentheses. — A good list.

1877. LITTLETON, J. T. Southern [Ornithological] Notes. < Forest and
Stream, viii, May 17, 1877, p. 224.

1877. MCCAULEY, C. A. H. Notes on the Ornithology of the Region about
the Source of the Red River of Texas, from Observations made during
the Exploration conducted by Lieut. E. H. RufFner, Corps of En-
gineers, U. S. A. — By C. A. H. McCauley, Lieutenant Third United
States Artillery.— Annotated by Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A. < null.
U. S. Geol. Surv., iii, 1877, pp. 655-695.

Very full and interesting field-notes on the habits of the birds of a particular
tract of which we knew very little. The general drift of the list reminds us of
"Woodhouse's in Sitgreaves's Report, though the latter contains various species
from farther southwest than Lieutenant McCauley went. This region is interest-
ing from the number of characteristic Eastern species represented along with
thoroughly "Western ones, resulting in a novel fades. The nomenclature and
technic of the article are by Dr. Coues.

1877. MCCHESNEY, C. E. Birds of the Coteau des Prairies of Eastern
Dakota. < Forest and Stream, viii, No. 12, April 26, 1877, pp. 176,
177; No. 13, May 3, 1877, p. 192; No. 15, May 17, 1877, pp. 224, 225 ;
No. 16, May 24, 1877, pp. 241, 242; No. 17, May 31, 1877, p. 261.
Annotated list of species.

167]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§7? 733

1877. MARSH, O. C. Introduction and Succession | of | Vertebrate Life in
America. | An Address | delivered before the | American Association
for the Advancement of Science, | at Nashville, Tenn., August 30,
1877, j by Professor O. C. Marsh, | Vice President. 8vo. pp. 57,
large-paper copies, separate from Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., n. p.,
n.d. [1877.]

Birds especially at pp. 18-22. — A masterly review of the "whole subject, with
especial reference, however, to mammals.

1877. MARSH, O. C. Recent PalaBontological Discoveries in the West. <^ Am.
Nat., xi, No. 8, 1877, p. 500, tig. 84.
Notice and figure of restored Hesperornis regalis,

1877. "M. E. B." Blue-birds [Sialia sialis] besieged by Martins [Progne
subis]. <Field and Forest, ii, No, 12, June, 1877, pp. 215, 216.

1877. MERRIAM, C. H. A Review of the Birds of Connecticut, with Remarks
on their Habits. < Trans. Conn. Acad., iv, July-Oct., 1877, pp. 1-165.
Also separate, pamphlet and bound, A Review | of the | Birds of
Connecticut. | By | C. Hart Merriam. | — | New Haven : | Tuttle,
Morehouse & Taylor, Printers, | 1877. Large 8vo. 1 p. 1., pp. 1-166.
An important article, very critical, complete and workmanlike, bringing the
subject up to date, from the imperfect condition in which it was left 34 years
before by LIXSLEY, Am. Journ. Sri., xliv, No. 2, 1843, pp. 249-274, which paper is
carefully analyzed. I hold it for a model of this sort of work. 291 spp., fully
annotated, with copious references. Summer residents known to breed, 135;
permanent residents, 41; migrants not known to breed, 90; winter residents,
regular, 36; irregular, 31; summer visitants, irregular, 30; rare and accidental
visitors, 46 ; rare and irregular migrants, 9.

1877. MINOT, H. D. The | Land-Birds and Game-Birds | of | New England |
with | Descriptions of the Birds, their Nests and Eggs, | their Hab-
its and Notes. | With Illustrations. | — | By | H. D. Minot. | — |
[Quotation.] | Salem, Mass. | Naturalists' Agency. | Boston: | Estes
& Lauriat. | 1877. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. xvi, 456, with 29 woodcc. on 1 pi.
(frontisp.) and 22 in text.

Published in December, 1876. Cf. Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii, 1877, p. 49 ; Forest
and Stream, vii, Jan. 25, 1877, p. 391 ; Rod and Gun, ix, Jan. 27, 1877, p. 263.

1877. MINOT, H. D. Minot's New England Birds ; Additions. < Am. Nat.,
xi, No. 3, 1877, p. 175.

Note of his "careless" (as he calls it) omission of Nauclerus forficatus, Buteo
swainsoni, Tyrannus verticalis, and Helminthophaga pinus from his work.

1877. MINOT, H. D. Birds' Nests. < Harper's New Monthly Mag., Iv, 1877,
pp. 90-97, 256-259, 9 illustrations.

Description of various forms of nest-architecture ; illustrated very finely by
woodcuts from photographs.

1877. NELSON, E. W. Birds of Northeastern Illinois. < Bull. Essex Inst.,
viii, April, 1877, pp. 90-155.

A thoroughly good list, annotated, of 316 spp. and several vars. Cf. Am. Nat.,
xi, 1877, p. 615.

1877. NELSON, E. W. Notes upon Birds observed in Southern Illinois
between July 17 and September 4, 1875. < Bull. Essex Inst., ix,
June, 1877, pp. 32-65.
Notices of about a hundred species.

734 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 187"? [lC8

1877. PURDIE, H. A. Distribution of New England Birds. — A reply to Dr.
T. M. Brewer. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii, No. 1, Jan., 1877, pp.
11-17.

Continuation of the controversy from op. tit., i, pp. 72 and 89. Quiscalu* major,
Corvus ossifragus, ^gialitis wilsonia, Nettion crecca, Sula fiber, and others, claimed
for New England, on apparently good grounds.

1877. PURDIE, H. A. Notice of a few Birds of rare or accidental Occurrence
in New England. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii, No. 1, Jan., 1877,
pp. 20-22.
14 spp., annotated.

1877. RAGSDALE, G. H. [Notes on Texan Birds.] <^Field and Forest, ii,
No. 10, April, 1877, p. 183.
Reflecting on Kumlein, op. tit., pp. 127-132.

1877. RATHBUN, F. R. A Partial Catalogue of the Birds of Central New
York, from observations taken in the Counties of Cayuga, Seneca,
and Wayne by Mr. H. G. Fowler, of Auburn, N. Y., and from the
Cabinet of Skins of New York Birds collected by Mr. J. B. Gilbert,
of Penn Yan, Yates County. Divided and arranged in accordance
with the "Check List of North American Birds" by Elliott Coues,
M. D.,U. S. A., and dedicated to the Cayuga Historical Society.
<^A\iburn [N. Y.] Daily Advertiser [newspaper] of August 14, 1877.
Annotated list of 191 spp. — Anthus ludovicianus given as breeding. " The
compiler of this list makes due grace to ' Forest and Stream ', in the columns of
•which publication it first appeared by instalments, void the classification and
occasional notes."— Additional note on same, by same, ibid., Sept. 6, 1877.— See
1876, FOWLER, H. G.

1877. REYNOLDS, H. S. (Miss or Mrs.) Winter Birds of Arkansas. < Am.
Nat., xi, No. 5, 1877, pp. 307, 308.
Desultory observations on a few species.

1877. RHODES, W. Imported Birds for our woods and parks. <[ Forest and
Stream, viii, April 19, 1877, p. 165.
Narrative of experiments in acclimatization of European birds in Canada.

1877. RIDGWAY, R. United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth
Parallel. Clarence King, Geologist-in-charge. — Part III. Ornithol-
ogy. By Robert Ridgway. Washington: Government Printing
Office. 1877. 4to. 1 cover-!., pp. 303-669.

The above is the half-title of the ornithological .portion of the Report of the Ex-
ploration of the Fortieth Parallel, being Part III of Vol. IV of the series of
reports, separately issued in paper cover, but with the original pagination ; the
cover-title only differs in beginning "Extract from Vol. IV. Report of", etc.
This separate issue is not dated ; the date is 1877, probably December. I got
my copy Fob. 25, 1878. See important bibliogr. note on p. 392 of the report.
This work, as originally prepared, was stereotyped in 1871-72 (not 1870, as the
note just mentioned states), but never published, citations of the work prior to
1878 having all been made from proof-impressions. This original draft of the
work was suppressed, and the stereo, plates were -melted in 1876. There is a
single much mutilated set of proofs in my possession (Feb. 28, 1878K Meanwhile,
the report was entirely rewritten, and the various citations of the original sup-
pressed report which are extant do not apply to the actual report as published,
many changes of nomenclature, and others, having been made. See Bull. Nuttall
Club, in, April, 1878, pp. 81-83.

This important memoir contains a description of the route traversed, physical
features of the Great Basin, various local avifauuse of the same, special descrip-

169]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1§?7 735

1877. EIDGWAY, R.— Continued.

tions of the localities where collections and observations were made, general
remarks on the avifaunas of the Great Basin, and a catalogue of the 2C2 species
collected or observed— all this interesting matter being preliminary to the report
proper. In the latter, the birds are treated at full length, with brief synonymy
and extended critical and field notes; the whole forming one of the most valu-
able contributions we possess to the bird-history of Utah, Nevada, and adjacent
portions of California. The articles are specially notable for the many meas-
urements of fresh specimens, and notes of the life-colors of the bill, feet, and eyes.
The specimens collected are all individually catalogued with these notes, in
addition to the general text. There are no new species in this report ; but the
nomenclature differs in many instances from that previously used by Mr. Ridg-
way in the History of North American Birds and elsewhere, during 1873-77.

1877. RIDGWAY, R. The Birds of Guadalupe Island, discussed with refer-
ence to the present Genesis of Species. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club,
ii, No. 3, July, 1877, pp. 58-66.

The material here discussed is the same as that upon which was based a prior
descriptive paper, Bull U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., ii, 1876, pp. 183-195, q. v.

1877. RIDGWAY, R. Mrs. Maxwell's Colorado museum. Catalogue of the
Birds. < Field and Forest, ii, No. 11, May, 1877, pp. 195-198 : No. 12,
June, 1877, pp. 208-214.

List of 234 spp. represented in this fine collection, with little annotation.—
Scops oiio, «, maxwellice, p. 213, n. v.

1877. RIDGWAY, R. Mrs. Maxwell's Colorado Museum. Additional Notes.

< Field and Forest, iii, No. 1, July, 1877, p. 11.

On Junco caniceps and J. annectens.

1877. ROOSEVELDT, T., and MINOT, H. D. The Summer Birds of the Adiron-
dacks in Franklin County, N. Y. By Theodore Rooseveldt, Jr., and
H.D.Minot. 1877. 8vo. pp.4.
97 spp., shortly annotated.

1877. ST. CLAIR, J. W. Some Southern wood notes [Georgia]. < Forest
and Stream, viii, May 24, 1877, p. 240.

1877. SCOTT, DAVID. The Tendency in Birds to Vary their Habits. < Field
and Forest, vol. ii, No. 7, Jan., 1877, pp. 107-114.

Nearly all the illustrations of the well-known fact are drawn from North
American birds. Two generalizations are suggested: I. "The influencing
agent which prompts the bird to build its domicile is instinct." II. "Nearly all
birds modify their habitations to accord with exteral [sic] influences." That is
to say internal influences prompt them to build, and external influences make
them build in different ways.

187-7. |] SCOTT, W. E. D.] [On Albinism, and other Notes from New Jersey.]

< The Country, i, Nov. 17, 1877, p. 43.

1877. [ScoTT, W. E. D.] [Rare Occurrences in Southern New Jersey.]

< The Country, i, Dec. 8, 1877, p. 79.

1877. [ScoiT, W. E. D.] [Ornithological] Notes from Central New York.

< The Country, i, Dec. 29, 1877, p. 11 5. See p. 165.

1877. STEVENS, W. B. Ornithological Notes [of Arrivals of Birds at West
Farms, N. Y. ] < Forest and Stream, viii, July 19, 1877, p. 400.

1877. STREETS, T. H. Contributions to the Natural History of the Hawaiian
and Fanning Islands and Lower California, made in connection
with the United States North Pacific Surveying Expedition,

736 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1877-1878 [l70

1877. STREETS, T. H.— Continued.

1873-75. By Thos. H. Streets, M. D., Passed Assistant Surgeon,
U.S. Navy. — Washington: Government Printing Office. 1877. 8vo.
pp. 172. = Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 7.

Ornithology, pp. 9-33. Identifications of the species ascribed to Dr. Coues by
the author. The matter is synonymatic, descriptive, and miscellaneous, includ-
ing critical and field notes. The most interesting species noted are Ooriphilus
kuhli, QaUinula sandvicensis, Chaulelasmus couesi, and Puflinus nativitatis, sp.
n., p. 29.

1877. TENNEY, S. The Raven [Corvus carnivorus] and the Sooty Tern
[Sterna fuliginosa] in Williamstown, Mass. < Am. JVot,xi,No. 4,
1877, p. 243.

1877. THOMPSON, M. Hunting with the long bow. < Harper's New Monthly
Mag., pp. 238-255, 13 illustrations.
Biographies of waterfowl and other game birds, with exquisite drawings of each.

1877. VENNOR, H. G. Our Birds of Prey ; or, the Eagles, Hawks, and Owls
of Canada. By Henry G. Vennor. Montreal, Dawson Brothers,
1877. Roy. 8vo or sm. 4to. pp. 154, with 30 photog. pll.

Title defective ; from my review of the book, The Nation, xxiv, No. 623, June 7,
1877, p. 341

1877. WARD, L. P. A Congress of Birds. < Field and Forest, ii, No. 7, Jan.,
1877, pp. 122, 123.

Gathering of numerous spp. in one spot along Rock Creek, near "Washington,
D. C.

1877. WHEATON, J. M. The Ruff [Philomachus pugnax] and the Purple Gal-
liuule [Porphyrio martinica] in Ohio. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, ii,
No. 3, July, 1877, p. 83.

1877. WILSON, T. J. Ornithological. < Daily Advertiser (newspaper of Au-
burn, N. Y.) of Sept. 6, 1877.

A few annotations of F. B. Kathbun's list, which appeared in same paper for
Aug. 14, 1877.

1877. " WOLVERENE." Protect the Birds. < Rod and Gun, ix, Jan. 6, 1877,

p. 216.

1878. ABBOTT, C. C. Birds' Architecture. < The Country, i, Mar. 9, 1878, p.

276.

Discussing "Wallace's Theory of Birds' Nests, and Allen's criticism thereon.
1878. ALLEN, J. A. A List of the Birds of Massachusetts, with Annotations.
< Bull. Essex Inst., x, 1878, pp. 3-37.

This may be considered to supersede the various previous tracts on the same
subject, both by the same and other authors, as it completely sums our knowl-
edge of the subject. The paper opens with summary considerations, followed
by a valuable historical resume. 1. Species of authentic occurrence within the
State, 317. 2. Extirpated, 4. 3. Of probable occurrence, 24. 4. Hypothetical
and doubtf al species, 3 (Mywdioctes minutus, Empidonax pygmceus of Minot,
Thaumatias linncei). 5. Introduced un domesticated species, 6. "Considered as
fairly entitled to recognition as Massachusetts birds ", 340. Known to breed in
the State, about 135. Extremely rare or accidental visitors, 90. North Amer-
ican species added since 1867, 35.

1878. ALLEN, J. A. An inadequate '* Theory of Birds' Nests." < Bull. Nutt.
Ornith. Club, iii, No. 1, Jan., 1878, pp. 23-32.

A critique upon Wallace's well-known essay entitled " Theory of Birds' Nests "
(Intellectual Observer, July, 1867, and numerous subsequent reprints) ; its appli-
cability tested by reference to the breeding habits of North American birds.

17,]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1878 737

1878. A[LLEN], J. A. Birds of the Vicinity of Cincinnati. < Bull. Nutt.
Ornith. Club, iii, No. 1, Jan., 1878, p. 34.

Review of P. W. Langdou's List, 8vo, Salem, 1877, pp. 18.

1878. A[LLEN],J.A. Birds of Central New York. <Bull Nutt. Ornith.
Club, iii, No. 1, Jan., 1878, pp. 34, 35.

Review of F. B. Rathbun's List, in Auburn Daily Advertiser, Aug. 14, 1877.
1878. A[LLEN], J. A. Summer Birds of the Adirondacks. <^Bull Nutt.
Ornith. Club, iii, No. 1, Jan., 1878, p. 36.
Notice of Rooseveldt and Minot's paper, 8vo, 1877, pp. 4.

1878. A[LLEN], J. A. Birds of Southern Illinois. < Bull Nutt. Ornith. Club,
iii, No. l,Jan., 1878, p. 36.

Review of E. "W. Nelson's paper, Bull Essex Inst., ix, p. 32.

1878. A[LLEN], J. A. Gentry's " Life-Histories of the Birds of Eastern Penn-
sylvania." < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 1, Jan., 1878, pp. 36, 37.

Review of the 2d vol. of this work.

1878. AI.LLEN], J. A. Streets's Notes on the Birds of Lower California and
the Hawaiian and Fanning Islands. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith.Club, iii,
No. 2, April, 1878, pp. 80, 81.

Review of the paper in Bull. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 1877, pp. 9-33.

1878. A[LLEN], J. A. Bendire's Notes on the Birds of Southeastern Oregon.
< Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 2, April, 1878, p. 81.
Review of the paper in Pr. Boat Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, pp. 109-149.

1878. A[LLEN], J. A. Ridgway's Report on the Ornithology of the Fortieth
Parallel. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 2, April, 1878, pp. 81-83.
Review of this publication, 4to, "Washington, pp. 303-670, 1877. With note
by E. C[oues].

1878. A[LLEN], J. A. Feilden's " List of Birds observed in Smith Sound,"
etc. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 2, April, 1878, p. 86.

Review of his paper in the Ibis, i, 4th ser., 1877, pp. 401-412.

1878. A[LLEN], J. A. Maynard's Birds of Florida. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith.
Club, iii, No. 3, July, 1878, p. 145.

Notice of appearance of Part IV of the work— 4to, C. J. Maynard & Co., New-
tonville, Mass., pp. 89-112, one pi. The title appears to have been modified to
"The Birds of Florida, with the Water and Game Birds of Eastern North
A merica " . See 1872-78, M A YN ABD, C. J.

1878. A[LLEN], J. A. Jordan's Manual of Vertebrated Animals. < Bull
Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 3, July, 1878, pp. 145, 146.
Short notice of the 2d ed. of this work.

1878. ALLEN, J. A. Occurrence of three Species of Sea-Ducks at St. Louis,
• Missouri. < Bull Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 3, July, 1878, pp. 148, 149.
CEdemia americana, (E.fusca, (E. perspiciMata.

1878. ALLEN, J. A. The Carolinian Fauna. < Bull Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii,
No. 3, July, 1878, pp. 149, 150.
Continuing the subject from BICKNELL, op. torn, cit., pp. 128-132.

1878. A[LLEN], J. A. Brewer's Supplement to his Catalogue of New Eng-
land Birds. < Bull Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 4, Oct., 1878, p. 185.

It appears from this notice, that the ultra-conservatism with which Dr. Brewer's
Catalogue of 1875 was drawn up resulted in the necessity for this supplement,
there being twenty-one species to add.

47 B C

738 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. IS78 [l72

1878. ALLEN, J. A. Description of a Fossil Passerine Bird from the Insect-
bearing Shales of Colorado. < Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Swrv. Terr.,
iv, No. 2, May 3, 1878, art. xix, pp. 443-445, pi. 1, figg. 1, 2.

Palceospiza bella, g. sp. n., p. 443 — the first fossil Passerine discovered in N. A.
It bears distinct impressions of feathers. N. B.— A few copies of this No. of the
Hull, were in private circulation from about April 14, and some electros, of the
plate were sent out during this month. Thus, the cut appeared in a Californian
newspaper, with a compiled account of the bird, April 27. The article was im-
mediately reprinted in the Am. Journ. Sci. for May, 1878.
1878. [ANON.] A Remarkable Fossil Bird [Palseospiza bella, Allen J.

< Pacific Rural Press (newspaper), vol. xv, No. 17, April 27, 1878,
p. 257, fig.

Anonymous, but contributed to the paper by the TJ. S. Geological Survey. It
is an abstract of the original account, accompanied by an electro., and actually
antedates the regular publication of the article by six days.

1878. [ANON.] Ridgway's Ornithology of the Fortieth Parallel. < Amer.
Nat., xii, No. 7, July, 1878, p. 469.
Short notice of the work.

1878. [ANON.] American Ornithology, [etc.] < Forest and Stream, x, Feb.
7, 1878, p. 12.

Notice of reissue of an ed. of Wilson and Bonaparte, 3 vols. 8vo, New York,
J. W. Bouton.

1878. [ANON.] [Notice of A. Pope's] Upland Game Birds and Water-fowl of
the United States, [etc.] < Forest and Stream, x, May 9, 1878, p. 266 ;
2d notice, title modified, May 30, 1878, p. 325.

1678. AUGHEY, S. Department of the Interior. | United States Geological
Survey. | F. V. Hayden,U. S. Geologist-in-charge. | — | First Annual
Report | of the | United States | Entomological Commission | for |
The Year 1877 | relating to the | Rocky Mountain Locust | and | the
best methods of preventing its injuries and of guarding against its
invasions, in pursuance of an appropria- | tion made by Congress for
this purpose. | With maps and illustrations. | — | Washington : |
Government Printing Office. 1878. 1 vol. 8vo. pp. i-xvi, 1-477,
[l]-[294], 6 11., pll. i-v, maps, cuts. > Appendix II. Notes on the
Nature of the Food of the Birds of Nebraska. By Prof. Samuel
Aughey. pp. [13]-[62].

A considerable paper, giving a nearly complete list of the birds of the State,
fully annotated from the special perspective implied in the title of the book, and
including tabular exhibits of contents of stomachs in a thousand cases or more.
Other remarks are those ordinarily making part of a local list. It would seem
that nearly all birds eat grasshoppers under some circumstance, if not habit-
ually. The nomenclature of the paper is revised by E. Cones.

1878. BALLOU, W. H. The Natural History of the Islands of Lake Erie.

< Field and Forest, iii, No. 9, Mar., 1878, pp. 135-137.

Chiefly ornithological, and includes a nominal list of birds; the breeders
marked with an asterisk.

1878. BARBER, E. A. Ornithological Notes. < Amer. Nat., xii, No. 7, July,
1878, pp. 477, 478.
On peculiarities in oviposition of Molothrus pecoris and Sturnella magna.

1878. BENNER, F. Bird Notes from Long Island. < Forest and Stream, x,
1878, pp. 174, 215.

173]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1878 739

1878. BICKNELL, E. P. On the animal and vegetable life of the past winter
[at Riverdale, N. Y.]. < The Country, i, Mar. 30, 1878, p. 324.

1878. BICKNELL, E. P. Evidences of the Carolinian Fauna in the lower
Hudson Valley. Principally from Observations taken at Riverdale,
N. Y. < Bull Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 3, July, 1878, pp. 128-132.
Remarks on 13 spp. the presence of which attests the main proposition.

1878. BLACHEY, C. P. Birds of Kansas. < The Valley Naturalist, i, No. 9,
Sept., 1878, p. 42 ; No. 10, Oct., 1878, p. 53 : to be continued.
Annotated list of species.

1878. BRACE, L. J. K. Notes of a few Birds observed at New Providence,
Bahamas, not included in Dr. Bryant's List of 1859. < Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, for 1877, 1878, pp. 240, 241.

7 spp., among them one called "Athene cunicnlaria ". Passer domesticiis
" introduced within a few years".

1878. BREWER, T. M. Variations in the Nests of the same Species of Birds.

< Am. Nat., xii, No. 1, 1878, pp. 35-40.

The instances are North American — notably Dendrosca dominica, Icterus
cucuttatits, Empidonax acadicus.

1878. BREWER, T. M. Changes in our North American Fauna. < Bull.
Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 2, April, 1878, pp. 49-52.

Addition of Totanus ochropus, ^gialitis hiaticula, and Larus canus, and sub-
traction of Podiceps cristatui. The several cases are fully discussed.

1878. BREWER, T. M. [Note on Florida ca3rulea and Dendrocygna fulva.]

< Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, 1878, p. 259.

1878. BREWER, T. M. Notes on certain Species of New England Birds, with
Additions to his Catalogue of the Birds of New England. <[ Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xix, April, 1878, pp. 301-309.
Twenty-one additions to his list of 1875.

1878. B[REWER], T. M. Allen's Birds of Massachusetts. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith.
Club, iii, No. 3, July, 1878, pp. 138-140.
Review of J. A. Allen's paper, Bull. Essex Inst., x, 1878, pp. 3-37, q. v.

1878. BREWER, T. M. Apologetic. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 3, July,
1878, pp. 147-148.
To N. C. Brown, in re Ammodromus caudacutus et Micropalama himantopus.

1878. BREWER, T. M. Interesting Captures [of Ibis falciuellus and Phalaro-
pus hyperboreus in Massachusetts]. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii,
No. 3, July, 1878, p. 151.

Note by "W. Brewster of common occurrence of the Phalarope in Massa-
chusetts.

1878. BREWER, T. M. Two more Birds new to the Fauna of North America.

< Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 3, July, 1878, p. 152.

Vireo ftavoviridis, Stumella mexicana, taken by Dr. J. C. Merrill at Fort
Brown, Texas.

1878. BREWER, T. M. Bird Architecture, I [II, III]. < Scribner's Monthly
Magazine, xvii, 1878, pp. 47-53, 257-269, 305-315 ; 33 illust.
Popular accounts of birds' nests, partly derived from North American birds

740 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1878 []74

1878. BREWSTER, W. Descriptions of the First Plumage in Various Species
of North American Birds. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 1, Jan. ,
1878, pp. 15-23 ; No. 2, April, 1878, pp. 56-64 ; No. 3, July, 1878, pp.
115-123; No. 4, Oct., 1878, pp. 175-182.

An important contribution, describing the first plumages, some of wh'ch
were before unknown, of various species. — I. This portion of the article handles
Turdidce, Sylviidce, Paridce, Sittidce, Troglodytidce, Sylvicolidce. II. Sylvicolidce
continued, Tanagridce, Hirundinidce, Ampelidce. III. Vireonidce, Laniidce, Frin-
gillidce. IV. Icteridce, Tyrannidce, Oaprimulgidce, Cueulidce, Pitidce ; in all, 98 sp p.

1878. B[REWSTER], W. Ornithology of the Wheeler Expeditions of 1876
and 1877. < Bull Nutt. OrnUh. Club, iii, No. 3, July, 1878, pp. 136-138.

Review of Hensbaw's papers in the publication referred to in the title.
1878. BROWN, N. C. A List of Birds observed at Coosada, Central Alabama.

< Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 4, Oct., 1878, pp. 168-174 : to be
continued.

This part of the paper treats of 40 spp., annotated.

1878. BROWNE, F. C. Spring Migration of Birds. <[ Forest and Stream,*,
Mar. 7, 1878, p. 76.

Tabular exhibit of dates of arrival of 20 common spp. in Eastern Massachu-
setts from 1853 to 1877.

1878 ? BURROUGHS, J. Wake-Robin

I hear of an edition of about this date, perhaps 1877, which, however, I have
never seen. See the orig. ed., 1871. See 1877, I[NGERSOLL], E.

1878. "BUSHWHACKER." Brant and quail [various species] in Texas. ^For-
est and Stream, ix, Jan. 31, 1878, p. 489.

1878. CARNIFEX, JOHN (pseudonyme). Some Western Sparrows [and other
birds]. < The Country, July 20, 1878.

Various Fr< ngillidce, as Plectrophanes spp. , Passerculus bairdi, Calamospiza
bicolor; also, Anthus spraguii. — Notes on their habits, largely derived from Coues.

1878. CfLARKE],S. C. Notes on the Birds of Halifax Inlet, East Florida.

< Forest and Stream, x, 1878, pp. 255.

1878. COE, W. W. Spring Notes [at Portland, Ct.]. < Forest and Stream, x,

April 4, 1878, p. 156.
1878. COOPER, W. A. Notes on the breeding habits of Huttdn's Vireo (Vire;>

huttoni) and the Gray Titmouse (Lophophanes inornatus), with a

description of their Nests and Eggs. < Bull Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii,

No. 2, April, 1878, pp. 68, 69.
1878. COUES, E. Field-Notes on Birds observed in Dakota and Montana

along the forty-ninth parallel during the seasons of 1873 and 1874.

< Bull' U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., iv, No. 3, July, 29, 1878, pp.
545-661.

The author was attached to the TJ. S. Northern Boundary Commission, which
in 1873 and 1874 surveyed the Boundary Line on the -9th parallel from the Red
River of the North to the Rocky Mountains, a distance of 850 miles along the
northern borders of the Territories of Dakota and Montana ; and this paper pre-
sents at considerable length the results of his actual observations in the field.
There are tabular lists of the specimens collected, with dates, localities, measure-
ments, &c. ; pretty full biographies of some of the species, and shorter notes on
the rest ; preceded by a comparison of the faunal characteristics of different por-
tions of the country examined, and concluded with a slight special bibliography.
A much more elaborate presentation of the subject was contemplated, but this
paper is doubtless the only outcome of the affair we shall have. Also published
separately, 200 copies, " author's edition ", being merely oversheets, same title
and pagination.

175]

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1878 741

1878. COUES, E. New Birds for the United States Fauna. < The Country
(newspaper, New York — since dead), July 13, 1878, p. 184.

Buieo albocaudatus, Scops enano, Crotophaga sulcirostris, Pitangus derbyanus,
Ornithion incanescens [error for O.imberbe], collected in Texas by George B.
Sennett.

1878. COUES, E., and YARROW, H. C. Notes on the Natural History of Fort
Macon, N. C., and Vicinity. (No. 4.) < Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1878, pp. 21-28.

II. Birds, pp. 22-24. This article is supplementary to that in Pr. Phila. Acad.,
1871, pp. 12-49, q. v., adding 11 spp. to the former list.

1878. " D. L. B." Spring Arrivals [iu Western Long Island]. < Forest and

Stream, x, April 25, 1878, p. 216.
1878. EAGLE, C. H. The Capture of several Rare Birds near West Point,

New York. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 1, Jan., 1878, pp. 45-47.

Corvus ossifragus, Helminthophaga celata, Dendrceca ceerulea, Vireo philadel-
phicus, Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Ampelis garndus.

1878. EATON, D. H. List of Birds in Peotone [Illinois] and vicinity.
< Forest and Stream, xi, Aug. 22, 1878, p. 47.
65 spp., with brief notes; should be accepted with caution.

1878. GREEN, F. C. Birds of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin]. < The Val-
ley Naturalist (newspaper of St. Louis, Mo.), vol. i, No. 6, June,
1878, p. 23 ; No. 7, July 1878, p. 27 : to be continued.
Annotated list of species.

1878. [GRINNELL, G. B.] [Review of] The Birds of Southeastern Oregon [by

Capt. Chas. Bendire, U. S. A.] < Forest and Stream, ix, Jan. 31,

1878, p. 489.
1878. [GRINNELL, G. B.] [Notice of charts by J. M. Le Moine, entitled]

Les Oiseaux du Canada. < Forest and Stream, x, Feb. 7, 1878, p. 3.
1878. [GRINNELL, G.B.] Birds with teeth. < Forest and Stream, x, Feb. 21,

1878, p. 35, 3 fig.
Account of fossil Odontornithes discovered by Prof. O. C. Marsh in Cretaceous

deposits of the West.
1878. [GRINNELL, G. B.] The Birds of Connecticut. < Forest and Stream,

x, May 16, 1878, p. 275.
Review of C. H. Merriam's "Review of the Birds of Connecticut".]

1878. HAMLIN, MARY A. Our Birds of Prey. <\ Familiar Science and Fanciers'
Journal, i (new series), Feb., 1878, p. 29.

1878. HOFFMAN, W. J. Remarks upon Albinism in several of our [North
American] Birds. < Am. Nat., xii, No. 7, July, 1878, pp. 474-476.

Gorvus americanus, Turdus migratorius, Hirundo korreorum, Passer domesticus,
Buteo borealis, Agelceus phceniceus, Stumella magna, Galamcspiza bicolor.

1878. HUGHES, W. H. Birds of Michigan. < The Valley Naturalist (monthly
newspaper of St. Louis, Mo.), i,No. 3, Mar., 1878, p. 11; No. 4, Apr.,
1878, pp. 14, 15 ; No. 8, Aug., 1878, pp. 34, 35 ; No. 10, Oct., 1878 : to be
continued.
Annotated list of species.

1878. HUYLER, A. I. Winter birds on the Hackensack [River, N. J.]. < The
Country, i, Jan. 12, 1878, p. 149.

742 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1878 [l?C

1878. [INGERSOLL, E.] [Review of] The Birds of Southeastern Oregon [by
Capt. Chas. Bendire]. < The Country, i, Jan. 12, 1878, p. 149.

1878. [INGERSOLL, E.] An Aged Naturalist Gone. < The Country, i, Jan.
19, 1878, p. 160.
Obituary notice of Dr. Jared P. Kirtland.

1878. INGERSOLL, E. [Notice of Coues's forthcoming "Birds of the Colorado
Valley ". < The Country, i, March 9, 1878, p. 272. See p. 310.

1878. INGERSOLL, E. [Review of] " Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande."
By George B. Senuett. < The Country, i, March 9, 1878, p. 283.

1878. INGERSOLL, E. Linnean Society. < The Country, i, March 30, 1878,
p. 325.

Secretary's report of proceedings, including notes on birds of Long Island,
Adirondack region, and vicinity of New York City.

1878. INGERSOLL, E. Ornithological News from the United States. < The
[London] Field, li, March 16, 1878, p. 323.
Keview (f column) of K. Ridgway's Ornithology of the Survey of the 40th Parallel.

1878. "J. M.W." Professional Oologists. < Familiar Science and Fanciers'
Journ., new ser , v, April, 1878, p. 75.
Instances of despoilation of nests by various animals and birds.

1878. JONES, WM. L. Birds of St. Clair County, Illinois]. < The Valley
Naturalist (monthly newspaper, St. Louis, Mo.), i, No. 1, Jan., 1878, p.
3 ; No. 2, Feb., 1878, p. 6 ; No. 3, Mar., 1878, p. 11 ; No. 6, June, 1878, p.
23; No. 7, July, 1878, pp. 26-27; No. 8, Aug., 1878, p. 35; No. 9, Sept.,
1878, p. 42; No. 10, Oct., 1878, p. 53 : to be continued.
Annotated list of species ; the parts noted here only carry it into Ampelidce.

1878. JORDAN, D. S. Manual | of the | Vertebrates | of the | Northern
United States, | including | the district east of the Mississippi river,
and north of | North Carolina and Tennessee, exclusive | of ma-
rine species. | By | David Starr Jordan, Ph. D., M. D. | Professor of
Natural History in Butler University. | — | Second edition, revised
and enlarged. | — | Chicago : Jansen, McClnrg & Company. | 1878.
1 vol. squarish 12mo. pp. 407.

The bird-matter of this admirable manual is nearly the same as in the orig. ed.,
1876, q. v. ; but there are addenda at pp. 353, 354, 403.

1878. LAWRENCE, N. T. Notes on several rare Birds taken on Long Island,
N. Y. < Forest and Stream, x, May 2, 1878, p. 235.

1878. [LENTE, W. K.] Florida Notes [concerning certain Birds]. < For-
est and Stream, ix, Jan. 31, 1878, p. 489. See p. 327.

1878. MAYNARD, C. J. Modifications in the Breeding Habits of Birds Caused
by the Persecutions of Man. < Familiar Science and Fanciers' Jour-
nal, v (new series), Jan., 1878, p. 7.

1878. MEARNS, E. A. The Capture of several Rare Birds near West Point,
New York. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 1, Jan., 1878, pp. 45, 46.

Corvus ossifragus, Helminthoptiaga celata, Dendraeca ccerulea, Vireo philadclphi-
cus, Stelgidopteryx serripennis, Ampelis garrulus.

177] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1878 743

1878. MEARNS. E. A. A Description of unusually developed individuals of
three Species, and remarks on uncommon plumages of several others,
taken near West Point, N. Y. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 2,
April, 1878, pp. 69-72.

1, Geothlypis Philadelphia,- 2, Setophaga ruticilla; 3, Ampelis cedrorum,- with
remarks on Helminthophaga peregrina, Dendroeca pennsylvanica, Corvus amen-
canus, Picus pubescens, Myiodioctes mitratus, Siurus motacilla.

1878. MEARNS, E. A. Capture of Two Rare Birds in the Hudson River Val-
ley. < BulL Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 3, July, 1878, p. 146.
Centurus carolinus, Colymbus septentrionalis.

1878. MERRTAM, C. H. Correction. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 1,
Jan., 1878, p. 47.

Of his Review of Connecticut Birds, where Podiceps cristatus should read P.
griseigena var. holbolli.

1878. MERRIAM, C. H. Remarks on some of the Birds of Lewis County,
Northern New York. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 2, April,
1878, pp. 52-56 ; No. 3, July, 1878, pp. 125-128.

1878. M[ERRIAM], C. H. Recent Lists of the Birds of Central New York.

< Bull. Nutt. Ornith, Club, iii, No. 2, April, 1878, pp. &J-86.

In S. L. Willard's Directory of the Ornithologists of the United States and else-
where. Some judicious remarks on "local lists" in general

1878. MOORE, N. B. List of Birds, chiefly visitors from N. America, seen
and killed in the Bahamas in July, Aug., Oct., Nov., and Dec., 1876.

< Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, for 1877, xix, 1878, pp. 241-243.
30 spp., briefly annotated.

1878. MOORE, N. B. Observations on some Birds seen near Nassau, N. Provi-
dence, in the Bahama Islands. < Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, for

1877, xix, 1878, pp. 243-247.

Remarks on "Athene (Spheotyto) cunicularia" ', " Stryxfurcata?", Certhiola baha-
mensis, and a few others.

1878. MURDOCH, J. Effects of the warm winter on the migration of Birds
[in Massachusetts]. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 2, April,

1878, pp. 75,76.

1878. [NEWCOMB, R. L.] Extracts from a naturalist's note-hook [at Salem,
Mass.]. < Forest and Stream, x, Apr. 4, 1878, p. 155.

1878. NEWCOMB, R. L. Field Notes [on Birds at Salem, Mass.]. < The
Country, i, Apr. 13, 1878, p. 354.

1878. NEWCOMB, R. L. [Occurrence of rare Birds at Salem, Mass.] < The
Country, ii, June 29, 1878, p. 152.

1878. " P. B." Our Salem Letter.— No. 6. < Familiar Science and Fanciers'
Journal, i (new series), Feb., 1878, p. 23.

Contains notes upon Mergulus alle in winter at Salem, Mass., and the domesti-
cation of Melospiza melodia, with other matters.

1878. PENNOCK, C. J. Field Notes [made in the Adirondacks, May 23 — June
14, 1878]. < The Country, ii, June 29, 1878, p. 152.

744 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1878 [l78

1878. POPE, A. Upland Game Birds | and Water Fowl^~ | United States. |
By A Pope Jr I Published by | Charles Scribner's Sons, Naw
York, | Successors to Scribner, Armstrong & Co. [No date. Copy-
right dated 1877 for Part I, for the rest 1878.] Oblong folio, size
22x28 inches, not paged ; pub. in 10 parts, stiff paper covers, 2 folios
of letter-press and 2 chromolithogr. pll. to each, uusewed, at irregu-
lar intervals in (1877 and ?) 1878. Pll. not numbered.

Above is the cover-title of this publication, which forms a handsome centre-
table book for the sporting public. The execution of the plates is excellent. The
plates are as follows :— Part I, 1. Green-winged Teal, 2. American Snipe. Pt.
II, 3. Woodcock, 4. Mallard. Pt. Ill, 5. American Quail, 6. Black Duck. Pt.
IV, 7. Ruffed Grouse, 8. Blue-billed Duck. Pt. V, 9. Pinnated Grouse, 10. Red-
headed Duck. Pt.VI, 11. Canada Grouse, 12. Wood Duck. Pt. VII, 13. Valley
Quail of California, 14. Buffle-headed Duck. Pt. VIII, 15. Upland Plover, 16.
Golden-eyed Duck. Pt. IX, 17. Mountain Quail of California, 18. American Wid-
geon. Pt. X (not out yet). The text, prepared by Ernest Ingereoll, is largely
compiled from the usual sources, and is very good.

1878. P[UKDIE], H. A. Sennett's Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower
Eio Grande, Texas. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 3, July, 1878,
pp. 144, 145.
Review of paper in Bull. TJ. S. Geol. $urv., iv, No. 1, Feb. 5, 1878, pp. 1-66, q. v.

1878. PURDIE, H. A. Capture of the Yellow- throated Warbler in Massachu-
setts, and Notes on other Rare Massachusetts Birds. < Bull. Nutt.
Ornith. Club, iii, No. 3, July, 1878, p. 146.
Dendioeca dominica, Eallus elegans, Anser hyberboreus.

1878. RIDGWAY, R. Three additions to the Avifauna of North t America.
< Bull Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 1, Jan., 1878, pp. 37, 38.'

Part** cinctus, Syrnium lapponicum, Surnia ulula, all from Norton's Sound,
Alaska.

1878. KIDGWAY, R. Notes on some of the birds of Calaveras County, Cali-
fornia, and adjoining localities. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No.
2, April, 1878, pp. 64-68. •

Annotated list of 47 spp. (including the subspp.).

1878. RIDGWAY, R. Notes on Birds observed at Mount Carmel, Southern
Illinois, in the Spring of 1878. < Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 4,
Oct., 1878, pp. 162-166.
Annotated list of 25 spp. Nesting of Falco communis.

1878. [RIDGWAY, R.] Song Birds of the West. < Harper's New Monthly
Magazine, Ivi, 1878, pp. 857-880, 19 very fine illustrations.

1878. RIDGWAY, R. On the Plains, | and | Among the Peaks ; | or, | how
Mrs. Maxwell | made her | Natural History Collection. | — | By |
Mary Dartt. | — | Philadelphia : | Claxton, Rernsen & Haffelfinger, |
624,626 & 628 Market Street. | 1879 [sic]. 1 vol.sm.16mo. pp.237,
frontisp. \ Appendix. Mrs. Maxwell's Colorado Museum. Cata-
logue of the Birds. (By Robert Ridgway.) pp. 226-237.

Pub. 1878 (my copy received Oct., 1878),— The bird-matter is a reprint of the
two papers published in Field and Forest. See 1877, RIDGWAY, R.

1878. SAGE, J. H. Birds of the Garden and Orchard. < Familiar Science and
Fanciers' Journ., new ser., v, March, 1878, p. 50.

Read before Middletown (Conn.) Scientific Association, Feb. 12, 1878.

179] BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1878 745

1878. [SCOTT, W. E. D.] Winter Notes [on] birds about Princeton, [N. J.]

< The Country, i, 1878, pp. 164, 196, 212, 229, 244.

1878. [SCOTT, W.E. D.] Notes from Ithaca, N. Y. < The Country, i,Jan.
19, 1878, p. 165. See p. 115.

1878. [ScoTT, W. E. D.] Notes about some of the rarer birds about Prince-
ton, N. J. < The Country, i, April 13, p. 354 ; ii, April 27, p. 9.

1878. [SCOTT, W. E. D.] Birds about Denver [Col.]. < The Country, ii,
June 22, 1878, p. 136.

Remarks upon the ornithology of the season ; Eudromias montanus ; Speotyto
cunicularia var. hypogcea; hawks and others.

1878. [ScoTT, W. E. D.] A mountain drive. < The Country, ii, 1878, pp.
152, 168.
Observations upon birds in the foot-hills near Denver, Col.

1878. SCOTT, W. E. D. Some Birds breeding about the Twin Lakes, Colorado.

< The Country (newspaper, N. Y.), July 20, 1878.

Sphyrapicus thyroideus, Zonotrichia leucophrys (var. intermedia?), Regulus
calendula! The latter specially interesting— nest and eggs described.

1878. " S. E. B." Late and Early Birds. < Forest and Stream, x, Feb. 28,

1878, p. 55.

Gallinago wilsoni wintering in Central New York ; song birds wintering in
New England.

1878. SENNETT, G. B. Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande of
Texas, from Observations made during the Season of 1877. By
George B. Sennett, of Erie, Pa. Edited, with Annotations, by Dr.
Elliott Coues, U. S. A. < Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., iv, No. 1, 1878,
pp. 1-66.

A specially important memoir, containing valuable and interesting observations
on the habits of Texan birds. Much of the matter is entirely new. The author
made a large collection of birds, and closely studied their habits in the breeding
season. He was enabled to add several epeciesto the fauna of the United States.
The nomenclature and technic of the article are by the editor.— Parula nigrilora
Coues, p. 11, n. sp. JEchmoptila Coues, p. 48, g. n., =Leptoptila auct. nee Less.

1878. STEVENS, F. Notes on a few Birds [20 spp.] observed in New Mexico

and Arizona in 1876. < Bull Nutt. Ornith. Club, iii, No. 2, April, 1878,

pp. 92-94.
1878. TIFFANY, W.L. Notes on Three Rare Birds of Minnesota. <Am.Nat.,

xii, No. 7, July, 1878, pp. 470-472.

Interesting observations on Ampelis gatrulw, Hesperiphona vespertina, Cotur-

niculv.s lecontii.

1878. WILSON, A., and BONAPARTE, C. L. American Ornithology ; | or, the |
Natural History | of the | Birds of the United States. | Illustrated
with plates | engraved from drawings from nature. | By | Alexan-
der Wilson | and Charles Lucian Bonaparte. | — | Popular Edition.
| — | Vol. I[-III]. | [Monogram.] | Philadelphia: | Porter & Coates,g
! 822 Chestnut street. | [No date— 1878.] 3 vols. in 1, large 8vo. pp.*
iii-vi (Title and Contents of Vol. I), ix-cxxxii (Ord's Life of Wil-
son), i-xvi (Baird's Catalogue of N. A. Birds), 1-214 (to end of Vol.
I); pp. iii-viii (Title and Contents of Vol. II), 9-390 (to end of Vol.
II); pp. v-viii (Title and Contents of Vol. Ill), 9-134 (to end of

746 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX. 1878 [l60

1878. WILSON, A., and BONAPARTE, C. L. — Continued.

"Wilson"), 11., PP. 139-420 (being "Bonaparte", with Index to
both); "plates" (i. e. collections of figures on 28 leaves) 1-70 (Wil-
son's) -{- B 1-B 27 (Bonaparte's), uncolored.

This is the latest edition of " Wilson and Bonaparte ", and one which has
came to my knowledge since most of this Bibliography has been in type. It is a
cheap popular edition, selling for $7.50, and should take well with the public, as
it answers all practical purposes. The text is substantially identical with
the same publishers' 3 vol. 8vo ed. of 1871, q. v., the vols. here being bound in one,
with the repeatedly broken pagination above indicated. Each of these reissues
by Porter & Coates may be identified by the presence of Baird's 8vo Catalogue of
1858,0.0.; but I note no other addition to the matter of the earlier eds. The
"plates", uncolored, are reduced from those of the 2 folio vols. which belong to
the ed. of 1871 down to nearly the size of those in Brewer's 12mo ed. of 1840, q. v.,
maintaining the same grouping of figures as in the originals; these groups, not
the sheets on which they are printed, being numbered 1 to 76 for Wilson's, and
B 1 to B 27 for Bonaparte's. The execution is rather coarse, but the figures
retain to a degree the characteristics of the original models.

1878. WINKLE, N. Heralds of Spring. < The Country, i, Mar. 16, 1878, p. 293.

1878. WINKLE, N. [Spring birds at Summit, N. J.] < The Country, ii, May
18, 1878, p. 57.

1878. WOOD, W. Tee Birds of Connecticut. < Familiar Science and Fan-
ciers' Journal, v (new series), 1878, pp. 6, 26, 49, 73.
Still in progress.

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY

[NOTE. — "With catch-titles. Chronological arrangement under each head. Joint-
authorships under leading name. Figures refer to dates under which titles are alpha-
betized : double dates are found in the Bibliography at end of series of single dates ; thus,
1877-78 at end of 1877. Anonymous, pseudonymous, editorial, and initial titles mostly
omitted.]

ABADIE.

List of North American Birds pre-
sented to the National Institute,
1846.
ABBOTT, (C. C.)

List of Vertebrates of New Jersey,
1868.

Inland Birds of New Jersey, 1870.

Migration of Inland Birds, 1875.

Repetition of Nesting, 1876.

February Field Notes, 1876.

March Field Notes, 1876.

Three months of Field Notes, 1876.

Glimpses of Mind in Birds, 1877.
ABBOTT, (S. L.)

Birds from Connecticut, 1842.

Three Species of United States

Birds, 1842.
ABERT.

Notes of a Military Reconnoissauce,

1848.
ADAMS.

Field and Forest Rambles, 1873.
AIKEN.

Glimpse of Colorado Birds, 1873.
ALBRECHT.

Vogel der Bahama-Inseln, 1861.
ALDRICH.

Destruction of Birds by Telegraph

Wire, 1877.
ALLAN.

Land Birds of Toronto, 1853.
ALLEN, (C. A.)

Notes from California, 1876.

Six Californian Birds, 1876.
ALLEN, (J. A.)

Birds of New England, 1860-63.
181]

ALLEN, (J. A.)— Continued.
Catalogue of Birds of Springfield,

Mass., 1864.
Winter Notes of an Ornithologist,

1867.

Ornithological Calendars, 1867.
Birds of Spring, 1867.
Birds of Western Iowa, Illinois,

and Indiana, 1868, 1868.
Note on Vireosylvia philadelphica

and Empidonax flaviventris,

1869.
Rarer Birds of Massachusetts, 1869-

70.

Catalogue of Birds of Iowa, 1870.
Fauna of the Prairies, 1871.
Mammals and Winter Birds of

Florida, 1871.
Ornithological Notes from the West,

1872.
Snow's Birds of Kansas, 1872, 1872,

1872.
Ornithological Works in Prospect,

1872.
Coues's Natural History of Fort

Macon, 1872.
Grayson's Birds of Tres Marias and

Socorro, 1872.
Ornithological Recounoissance in

Kansas, etc., 1872.
Geographical Variation in Birds,

1872, 1872.

Maynard's Birds of Florida, 1873.
Coues's Key to North American

Birds, 1873.
Laws of Geographical Variation,

1874, 1874.

747

748

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS

[182

ALLEN, ( j. A.)— Continued.
Coues's Field Ornithology, 1874.
Natural History of Portions of Da-
kota and Montana, 1874.
Coues's Birds of the Northwest,

1875, 1875, 1875.
Jordan's Manual of Vertebrates,

1876.

Calendar for March, 1876, 1876.
Send in the Reports, 1876.
Calendar for April, 1876.
Decrease of Birds in the U. S., 1876.
Availability of Bartramian Names,

1876.

Bartramian Names again, 1876.
Progress in Ornithology during the

Century, 1876.

Snow's Birds of Kansas, 1876.
Extinct Birds with Teeth, 1876.
Gentry's Life-Histories, 1876.
Decrease of Birds in Mass., 1876.
Brewster's Birds of Ritchie County,

West Virginia, 1876.
Geographical Variation in Eggs,

1876.
Lawrence's Birds of Southwestern

Mexico, 1876.
Cooper's Californian Ornithology,

1877.

McCauley's notes on Texan Orni-
thology, 1877.
Cyanospiza versicolor and Thryo-

thorus berlandieri in Texas, 1877.
Influence of Physical Conditions in

the Genesis of Species, 1877.
List of Massachusetts Birds, 1878.
Inadequate Theory of Birds' Nests,

1878.
Langdon's Birds of Cincinnati,

1878.
Rathbun's Birds of Central New

York, 1878.
Rooseveldt and Minot's Birds of

the Adirondacks, 1878.
Nelson's Birds of S. Illinois, 1878.
Gentry's Life-Histories, 1878.
Streets's Notes on Birds of Lower

California, 1878.
Bendire's Notes on Birds of Oregon,

1878.

ALLEN, (J. A.)— Continued.
Ridgway's Report on Survey of

Fortieth Parallel, 1878.
Feilden's Birds of Smith's Sound,

1878.

Mayuard's Birds of Florida, 1878.
Jordan's Manual of Vertebrates,

1878.

Sea Ducks at St. Louis, Mo., 1878.
Carolinian Fauna, 1878.
Brewer's New England Birds, 1878.
New Fossil Passerine, 1878.
AMBROSE.
Visit to Green Island, Nova Scotia,

1860.
Sea Birds of St. Margaret's Bay,

Nova Scotia, 1865.
ANDERSON.
Iceland, Greenland, etc., 1746, 1750,

1758.
ARNOLD.

History of my Pets, 1875.
AUDUBON, (J. J.)
Birds of America, orig. folios, 1627-

38 ; later folios, 1861.
Method of Drawing, 1828.
Ornithological Biography, orig.

ed., 1831-39.
Synopsis, 1839.
Birds of America, orig. 8vo, 1840-

44 ; later 8vo, 1856, 1856, 1861,

1863, 1865, 1871.
AUDUBON, (M. R.)

Reminiscences of Audubon, 1876.
AUDUBON, (V. G.)
Reply to Waterton, 1833.

AUGHEY.

Food of Birds of Nebraska, 1878.
BACHMAN.

Defence of Audubon, 1834.
Migration of Birdn of North Amer-
ica, 1836, 1840.
BACON.

Notes on Oregon Birds, 1877.
BAGG.

Cuckoo's Egg in Cedar-bird's Nest,

1877.

BAILEY, (H. B.)

Birds Breeding on Cobb's Island,
Va., 1876.

163]

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS

749

BAILEY, (J. S.)

Migration of Birds, 1875.
BAILY, (W.L.)

Our Own Birds, 1869.
BAIKD, (S. F.)

Catalogue of Birds found in neigh-
borhood of Carlisle, Pa., 1845.
Stansbury's Great Salt Lake, 1852,

1852, 1852.

Brewer's American Oology, 1857.
Catalogue of North American

Birds, 1858, 1859.
Birds found at Fort Bridger, Utah,

1858.
Birds collected by Xantus at Cape

St. Lucas, 1859.

Pacific R. R. Reports, vol. x, 1859.
U. S. and Mexican Boundary, 1859.
Birds of North America, 1860.
Report on Ives's Exploration of the

Colorado River, 1861.
Notice of Kennicott's and Xantus's

Movements, 1863.
Review of American Birds, 1864-66.
Distribution and Migrations of

North American Birds, 1866,

1866, 1867.
Additions to Bird Fauna of North

America, 1869.

Fossil Birds of the U. S., 1870.
Link between Reptiles and Birds,

1870.
Birds collected by McCarthy in

Utah, 1876.
BAIRD, (W. M. and S. F.)

List of Birds of Carlitle, Pa., 1844.
BAIRD, BREWER, and RIDGWAY.

History of N. A. Birds, 1874.
BAIRD, CASSIN, and LAWRENCE.
Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. ix,

1858.
BAIRD and RIDGWAY.

New Forms of American Birds, 1873.
BALLOU.

Birds of Lake Erie, 1878.
BARBER.

Ornithological Notes, 1878.
BARNARD.
Catalogue of Birds of Chester Co.,

Pennsylvania, 1861.

BARNSTON.

Progress of Seasons, 1841.
BARRY.

Ornithological Fauna of Wisconsin,

1854.
BARTON.

Fragments, 1799.

Letter to Lace"pede, 1805.

Discourse on Natural History, 1807.
BARTRAM.

Travels, 1791, 1793, 1793, 1794, 1799.
BATTY.

Winter collecting in Minnesota,
1875.

Our Hawks and Owls, 1875.
BEESLEY.

Geology of Cape May, N. J., 1857.
BELKNAP.

New Hampshire, 1792.
BELL.

Birds around Lakes Superior and

Huron, 1861.
BENDIRE.

Notes on Birds of Southeastern

Oregon, 1877.
BENNER.

Notes from Long Island, 1878.

Notes from Riverdale, N. Y., 1878.
BENTON.

Shy Friends, 1869.

John Burroughs, 1877.

BlCKNELL.

Comparison of Winter Birds, 1876.

Early Birds on the Hudson, 1876.

Field Notes at Riverdale, N. Y.,
1876.

Birds of our Suburbs, 1876.

Carolinian Fauna in the Hudson

Valley, 1878.
BILLINGS.

Game Birds of Canada, 1856.
BLACHEY

Birds of Kansas, 1878.
BLAKISTON.

Notes of a Naturalist, 1857.

Scraps from the Far West, 1859.

Birds of the Interior of British

America, 1861-62, 1863.
BLAND.

List of Birds of Bermuda, 1859.

750

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS

[184

BOARDMAN.

Catalogue of Birds of Calais, Maine,

1862.
Rare Birds at Milltown, Maine,

1869.
Black Vulture and Purple Gallinule

in Maine, 1869.
Ornithological Notes from Maine,

1871.
BOIES.

Catalogue of Birds of Southern

Michigan, 1875.
Additions to Catalogue, 1876.
BONAPARTE.
Observations on the Nomencla< ure

of Wilson, 1824-25, 1826.
Two new Species of Mexican Birds,

1825.
Additions to Ornithology of the

United States, 1825.
American Ornithology, 1825-33.
Catalogue of the Birds of the United

States, "1826."

Comparative Catalogue, "1826."
Supplement to the Genera of North

American Birds, 1827.
Catalogue of theBirdsof the United

States, 1827.

Specchio Comparative, 1827-32.
Genera of North American Birds,

and Synopsis of U. S. Species, 1828.
Further Additions to the Ornitho-
logy of the United States, 1828.
Nachtrag zu den nordamerica-

nischen Vogeln, 1830.
Sippen der nordamericanischen

Vogel und Synopsis, 1832.
Geographical and Comparative

List, 1838.
New Birds from Mexico and South

America, 1841.
Notes on the Delattre Collections,

1853, 1853-54.
Bosc.

Description of New Objects of Nat-
ural History from South Caro-
lina, 1797.
Bossu.
New Voyages to West Indies, 1768,

1771.

BOUVB.

Death of Henry Bryant, 1867.
BRACE.

Birds observed at New Providence,
Bahamas, not given by Bryant,
1878.
BRACKETT.

Birds of Wyoming, 1877.
BRADBURY.

Travels, 1817.
BRANDT.

Dissertatio inauguralis, 1842.

Eine Liste von Thieren, 1844.
BRENDEL.

Vogel derUmgegendPeorias in Illi-
nois, 1857.

Fauna of Peoria, 1870.
BREWER.

Additions to Catalogue of Massa-
chusetts Birds in Hitchcock's Re-
port, 1837.

Some North American Birds7 Eggs,
1852.

A few Ornithological Facts, New
Brunswick, 1852.

List of Birds common to Europe
and America, 1854.

Plotus anhinga and Tantalus locu-
lator in Illinois, 1856.

Eggs obtained in California by
Samuels, 1857.

North American Oology, 1857.

Food of Birds, 1866.

Errors regarding Habits of Birds,
1867.

Song Birds of North America, 1868.

Obituary of Cassin, 1869, 1869.

Seaside Ornithology, 1869.

Snow's List of Kansas Birds, 1872.

Avifauna of Colorado, 1873.

Nest and Eggs of Arizona Birds,
1873.

Catalogue of New England Birds,
1875.

Birds of New England, 1876.

Vennor's Rapacious Birds of Can-
ada, 1877.

Defence of his Catalogue of New
England Birds, 1877.

185]

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS

751

BREWER.— Continued.

Estimation of Economical Value
of Birds, 1877.

Variations in Nesting, 1878.

Changes in North American Fauna,
1878.

Florida ccerulea and Dendrocygna
fulva, 1878.

Additions to his New England Cat-
alogue, 1878.

Allen's Birds of Massachusetts,
1878.

Apologetic, 1878.

Ibis falcinellus and Phalaropus
hyperboreus in Massachusetts,
1878.

Bird Architecture, 1878.
BREWSTER.

Birds new to Massachusetts, 1872.

Observations on Birds of Ritchie
County ,West Virginia, 1874,[and
duplicated] 1875 [other date
wrong].

Occurrence of certain Birds in New
England, 1876.

Nelson's Birds of Illinois, 1877.

Merriam's Review of Connecticut
Birds, 1877.

Descriptions of First Plumages,
1878.

Ornithology of the Wheeler Expe-
ditions, 1878.
BRICKELL.

Carolina, 1737.
BRIDGES.

Notes on California Birds, 1858.

BRIGGS.
Letters from Northern Vermont,

1876.

BROWN, (N. C.)

Ornithological Notes from Port-
land, Me., 1875.

Variable Abundance of Birds, 1876.
Birds new to Maine, 1877.
List of Birds of Central Alabama,

1878.

BROWN, (R.)

Synopsis of Birds of Vancouver,
1868.

BROWN, (Thos.)

Illustrations of Wilson and Bona-
parte, and whole Forest Sylvia,
1835.

BROWNE, (F. C.)
Local names of Birds in Massa-

' chusetts, 1876.
List of Birds observed on Clark's

Island, Massachusetts, 1877.
Migration of Birds, 1878.

BRUHIN.
Aukunft nnd Briitezeit einiger

Vogel, 1871.
Unsere gefiederten Wintergaste,

1872.
Zur nordamerikanischen Vogel-

sprache, 1872.
Ankunft von Vogeln, 1872.
Mittheilungen aus Wisconsin, 1873.
Vogel aus Wisconsin, 1875.

BRYANT, (H.)
Birds observed at Grand Manan

and Yarmouth, N. S., 1857.
Early Migration of Birds, 1857.
List of Birds of the Bahamas, 1859.
On Birds of East Florida, 1859.
Remarks on Birds that breed in

the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1861,

1861.
Two New Birds from the Bahamas,

1864.
Additions to List of Bahaman Birds,

1867?
BURLING.
American Birds, 1870.

BURNETT.

Fauna of Pine Barrens of South

Carolina, 1851.
BURROUGHS.

Wake-Robin, 1871, 1878?

Birds' Nesting, 1872.

Flagg's Birds of New England,
1875.

Notes from the North River, 1876.

Bird Medley, 1876.

April, 1877.
BUTCHER.

List of Birds of Laredo, Texas, 1868.

752

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS

[186

CABANIS.

Ausbeute der neuesten Reiseunter-
nehmung des Herzogs P. W. v.
Wiirttemberg, 1856.
CABOT, (J. E.)

Agassiz's Lake Superior, 1850, 1852.
CABOT, (S., jr.)

Meleagris and other Grllinse, 1842.
Five species of Birds breeding on

Magalloway River, 1845.
CARPENTER.

Natural History of Big Horn Moun-
tains, 1876.
CARTWRIGHT.

Labrador, 1792.
CARVER.

Travels, 1778, 1781, 1796.
CASSIN.
Catalogue of Pease's Mexican Birds,

1848.

Remarks on Arctic Birds, 1852.
Illustrations of the Birds of Texas,
California, etc., 1853, 1853-55,
1856.

Notes on North American Birds in

the Philadelphia Academy, 1856.

Ornithology of the United States,

1856.
On Archibuteo, Lanius, and Seleni-

dera, 1857.
Copperplates of Vieillot's Ois. Am.

Sept., etc., 1865.
CATESBY.

Carolina, 1731-48, 1754, 1771.
CHADBOURNE.

Birds of the North, 1870.
CHARLEVOIX.

Nouvelle France, 1744, 1761, 1777.
CHICKERING.
Notice of New Hampshire Birds,

1875.
CHITTENDEN.

Land Birds far out at Sea, 1871.
CLARKE.
Notes from Halifax Inlet, Florida,

1878.
CLAVIGERO.

History of Mexico, 1787, 1807.
CLAYTON.
Account of Virginia, 1693.

CLIFFORD.

Birds of Illinois injurious and bene-
ficial, 1865.
CLINTON.

Discourse, 1815.
COE.

Notes from Portland, Conn., 1878.
COINDE.

Faune ornithologique de Saint-
Paul, 1860.
COLLINS.

Report on Bill for protecting Birds,
1860.

COLVIN.

Winter Fauna of Mt. Marcy, N. Y.,

1876.
COOK, (A. J.)

Birds and Caterpillars, 1874.
COOKE, (J.)

Autumn Game on the Prairies, 1872.
COOPER, (J. G.)

Pacific R. R. Rep., vol. xii, 1860.
New Californian Animals, 1861.
Naturalist in California, 1869.
Fauna of Montana, 1869.
Additions to Fauna of California,

1869.

Fauna of California and its Geo-
graphical Distribution, 1870.
Ornithology of California, 1870.
Monterey in the Dry Season, 187 J.
New Facts in Californian Orni-
thology, 1875.

California Garden Birds, 1876.
Seventy-five doubtful West Coast

Birds, 1877.
COOPER, W. A.
Button's Vireo and Gray Titmouse,

1878.
COPE.
Fauna of Southern Alleghanies,

1870.
Synopsis of Extinct Aves of North

America, 1872.

Extinct Vulturine Bird, 1875.
Gigantic Eocene Bird, 1876.

CORMACK.

Journey across Newfoundland, 1823.

COTTLE.

List of Birds of Upper Canada, 1859.

187]

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS

753

Coucn.

New Birds of Northern Mexico,

1854.
COUES.

Notes on the Ornithology of La-
brador, 1861.

Synopsis of Colymbidse and Podi-
cipida), 1862.

Note to the same, 1862.

Ornithology of a Prairie- Journey,
1865.

Notes on Birds of Fort Whipple,
Arizona, 1865.

From Arizona to the Pacific, 1866.

List of Birds of Fort Whipple,
Arizona, 1866.

Prodrome, 1866.

Birds of New England, 1867.

List of Palmer's Birds of Southern
Arizona, 1868.

Catalogue of Birdsof North America
in Museum of Essex Institute,
1868.

List of Birds of New England, 1868.

Synopsis of Birds of South Carolina,
1868.

Results of Exploration of the North-
west, 1870.

Progress of American Ornithology,
1871.

Natural History of Fort Macon,
N. C., 1871.

Key to North American Birds, 1872.

Checklist of North American Birds,
1873.

Report on the Prybilov Islands,
1873, 1875.

Two little-known Birds of United
States, 1873.

Maynard's New England Orni-
thology, 1873.

Allen's Ornithology of the West,
1873.

United States Birds new to Science
and other things ornithological,
1873.

Odontornithes, 1873.

Color-variation dependent on Cli-
matic Influences, 1873.

Late Local Lists, 1873.
48 B 0

COUES.— Continued.

Specimens of Bird Architecture,
1873.

Birds of the Northwest, 187-1, 1877.

Field Ornithology, 1874.

Avifauna of Colorado and Wy-
oming, 1874.

Recent Publications in Orni-
thology, 1874.

The Nesting of Certain Hawks, etc.,
1874.

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway's
Work, 1874.

Ridgway's Birds of Illinois, 1874.

Breeding of certain Birds of Mon-
tana, 1875.

Brewster's paper on West Virginia
Birds, 1875.

Brewer's Catalogue of New Eng-
land Birds, 1875.

Fasti Ornithologist Redivivi, 1875.

Reply to Allen's Availability of Bar-
tramian Names, 1876.

Nesting Sites of Night Hawk and
Towhee Bunting, 1876.

Destruction of Birds by Telegraph
Wire, 1876.

Number of Primaries in Oscines,
1876.

Gentry's Book about Birds, 1876.

On "Partridge," " Quail," etc., 1876.

Minot's Birds of New England,
1877, 1877, 1877.

Field-Notes on Birds observed in
Dakota and Montana, 1878.

New Birds for the United States

Fauna, 1878.
COUES and PRENTISS.

List of Birds of District of Co-
lumbia, 1862.

Remarks on Birds of the District

of Columbia, 1877.
COUES and YARROW.

Notes on Natural History of Fort
Macon, N. C. (No. 4), 1878.

COUPER.

List of the Birds of Quebec, 1867.
COVERT.

Letter of Promise, 1876.
Birds of Lower Michigan, 1876.

754

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS

[188

CRANTZ.

Greenland, 1765, 1767, 1767, 1820.
CURTIS.

Particulars of Labrador, 1772.
DALL.

List of Birds of Alaska, 1869.

Alaska and its Resources, 1870.

Winter's Day in the Yukon Terri-
tory, 1870.

Avifauna of the Aleutians, 1873,

1874.
DAWSON.

Report British North American

Boundary Commission, 1875.
DEANE.

Origin of the Nuttall Club, 1874.

Nuttall Ornithological Club, 1875.

Albinism and Melanism in North

American Birds, 1876.
DEKAY, (C.)

Burroughs's Winter Sunshine, 1876.
DEKAY, (J. E.)

New York Zoology, 1844.

D'ERES.

Memoirs, 1800.
DESMAREST.
Review of Wilson's Ornithology,

1824.

Review of Bonaparte's "Observa-
tions", 1825.
Review of Bonaparte's American

Ornithology, 1826.
DES MURS.

On De Saussure's Habits of Mexi-
can Birds, 1859.

Review of Brewer's Oology, 1859.
DOLE.

Odds and Ends, 1874.
DOUGLAS.

Species of Tetrao and Ortyx, 1829,

1829, 1830, 1833.
DOWNS.

Land Birds of Nova Scotia, 1865-66.
DRESSER.

Birds of Southern Texas, 1865-66.
DUGES.
Faune de Guanajuato, Mexique,

1868.

Catalogue of Mexican Vertebrates,
1869, 1870.

Du PRATZ.

Louisiana, 1758, 1763, 1774.

D'URBAN.

Birds observed around Montreal,

1857.
Natural History of the Valley of

the River Rouge, 1859.
DUVAN.
Additions to Game of Nova Scotia,

1865.
EAGLE.
Rare Birds near West Point, N. Y.,

1878.
EATON.

Prairie Ornithology in Illinois,1876.
Egg collecting in Illinois, 1876.
List of Birds from Peotone, 111.,

1878.
EGEDE.

Greenland, 1741, 1745.
ELLIOT.

Game Birds of the United States,

1865.
Birds of North America, folio,

1866-69.
ELLIS.

Hudson's Bay, 1748.
EMMONS.
Catalogue of Animals and Plants

of Massachusetts, 1833.
Observations on Spring Birds of

Massachusetts, 1834.
ESTES.

Winter Notes from Wisconsin,1876.
FABRICIUS.

Favna Groenlandica, 1780.
FEILDEN.

Birds observed on Smith's Sound,

1877.

Birds of North Polar Basin, 1877.
FEILNER.
Exploration in Upper California,

1865.
FINSCH.
Vogelsammlung aus Nordwest

Mexico, 1870.
Zur Ornithologie Nordwest- Ameri-

kas, 1872.

Reisebericht fiber Nord-Amerika,
1873.

189]

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS

755

FINSCIL— Continued.
Die zweite dentsche Nordpolfahrt,

1874.
Vogelsammlung aus Siidwest-

Gronland, 1874.
FISH.

Birds and their Uses, 1876.
FISHER.
Small Birds caught by the Burdock,

1876.
FLAGG.

Birds and Seasons of New England,
1875.

FORSTER.

Catalogue of Animals of North

America, 1771.
Account of Birds from Hudson's

Bay, 1772.
FOWLER, (A.)

Three New England Birds, 1867.
Butcher Bird and Mottled Owl,

1869.

FOWLER, (H. G.)
Birds of Central New York, 1876.
Additional Note, 1876.
FOWLER, (S. P.)
Past and Present History of United

States Ornithology, 1859.
Changes made by Civilization in

Massachusetts Birds, 1860.
Fox.
Notice of some American Birds,

1836.

Three Migrations in New Hamp-
shire, 1876.
FRANKLIN.
Verzeichniss der Arten von seiner

Polfahrt, 1835.
FROST.

Survivors of Civilization, 1868.
FULLER.
Spring Arrivals at Meacham Lake,

N. Y., 1876.
GAMBEL.
New and Rare Birds of the Rocky

Mountains, 1843.
New and Little-known Birds of

Upper California, 1845.
Remarks on Birds observed in
Upper California, 1846, 1848.

GAMBEL. — Continued.

Remarks on Tipper California
Birds and Descriptions of New
Species, 1847-49.

Contributions to American Orni-
thology, 1848.
GARDNER.

Wilson the Ornithologist, 1875.
GAUMER,

On Kansas Birds, 1875.
GENTRY.

Molestation of Birds by Squirrels,
1873.

Habits of some American Birds,
1874.

Life-Histories of Birds of Eastern

Pennsylvania, 1876-77.
GERHARDT.

Vogelgesang im siidlichen Nord-
Amerika, 1853.

Jagdbare VSgel der Yereinigten
Staaten, 1853.

Skizzen aus dem Vogelleben Nord-
Amerika's, 1854.

Zur Lebensweise der Vogel Geor-
gia's, 1855-56.

GlBBES.

Tuomey's Geology of South Caro-
lina, 1848.

GlEBEL.

Bemerkungen zu Brendel's Vogel

Peorias, 1857.
GILBERT.

Rarer Birds of Western New York,
1876.

GlRAUD.

Sixteen New Species, 1841.

Birds of Long Island, 1844.
GLADWIN.

Birds of Southern Connecticut,

1876.
GLOVER.

Account of Virginia, 1676.
GOODHUE.

On Birds of Vermont, 1870-71.

Birds of Webster, N. H., 1877.
GOSSE.

Canadian Naturalist, 1840.

Letters from Alabama, 1859.

756

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS

[190

GOULD.

On a Collection of Birds from
America, 1834, 1834.

GRAAH.
Expedition to Greenland, 1837.

GRAY, (Asa.)

Death of Nuttall, 1859.
GRAY, (A. F.)

Birds of Danvers, Mass., 1876.

GRAY, (G. R.)
Narrative of Rae's Expedition,1850.

GRAYSON.

Physical Geography and Natural
History of the Tres Marias and
Socorro, 1872.

GREEN, (F. C.)
Birds of Milwaukee Co., Wis., 1878.

GREEN, (J.)
Fragmente zur Thiergeschichte,

1832.
GREGG.

Birds cf Chemnng Co., N. Y., 1870.
GRINNELL.
Report of Reconnoissance of Black

Hills of Dakota, 1875.
Frigate Bird and White Ibis in

Connecticut, 1875.
Sumichrast's Birds of Southwest-
ern Mexico, 1876.
Bendire's Birds of Oregon, 1878.
GRUBER.
Die Farallones Inseln, 1862.

GUNN.

Egging Expedition to Shoal Lake,
1868.

GURNEY.

Zoology of California, 1851.
HADFIELD.

Notes on Canada Birds, 1857.

Birds of Canada near Kingston,
1859, 1H59.

On Scolopax gallinago and Cor-

vus corone of Wilson, 1862.
HALDEMAN.

Habits of Four Species, 1841.

On Rafinesque, 1842.

Trego's Geography of Pennsylva-
nia, 1843.

HALL.

Birds of Montreal, 1862.
HALLOCK.

Sportsman's Gazetteer, 1877.
HAMLIN.

Catalogue of Birds of Waterville,

Me., 1865.
HAMLIN, (Mrs. M. A.)

Our Birds of Prey, 1878.
HAMMERTON.

Chapters on Animals, 1874.
HAMOR.

Discourse of the Estate of Virginia,

1615.
HARMON.

Voyages and Travels, 1820.
HARRIS.

Birds of the Missouri River, 1851.
HARTLAUB.

Neue oder weniger bekannte Vogel
Amerika's, 1852.

Ueber Cassin's „ Birds of Texas"

n. s. w., 1853.
HARTING.

Barrow's Arctic Collection, 1871.

Coues's Fauna of the Prybilov

Islands abridged, 1875.
HARTT.

Bird-Tracks of Basin of Minus,
1867.

HARVEY.

Birds of Newfoundland, 1874-75.
HAR VIE -BROWN.

On a Collection of North American
Birds' Eggs and Skins, 1874.

HASKINS.

For the Birds, 1874.
HATCH.

Report on Birds of Minnesota, 1874.
Report on Minnesota Ornithology,

1877.
HAYDEN.

Report of Explorations in Nebras-
ka and Dakota, 1858.
Natural History of the Upper Mis-
souri, 1862.
RAYMOND.

Birds of Southeastern Indiana,
1856.

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS

757

HAYMOND. — Continued.
Birds of Franklin Co., Indiana,

1869.
HEAD.
Natural History of Fort Ripley,

Minn., 1855, 1855.
HEARNE.

Journey, 1795, 1796, 1807.
HEERMANN.

Notes on Birds of California, 1853.
Pacific R. R. Reports, vol. x, 1859,

1859.

HENRY, (J.)
Registry of Periodical Phenomena,

1856.

HENRY, (T. C.)
Notes on Birds of New Mexico,

1855.
New Birds from Fort Thorn, N. M.,

1858.
Catalogue of Birds of New Mexico,

1859.

HENSHAW.

Hummingbird new to our Fauna
and other Ornithological Facts,
1874.
Annotated List of the Birds of

Utah, 1874.

List of Birds of Arizona, 1875 [last
title on p. 713].

HENSHAW and AIKEN.
Report on Birds of the Wheeler

Exploration, 1875.
HERNANDEZ.

Thesaurus, 1628, 1651.
HERRICK.

Catalogue of Birds of Grand Me-
nan, 1873.

HlGGINSON.

New England's Plantation, 1630.
HINCKS.
Catalogue of Birds of Western

Canada, 1866?
Notes of a few Canadian Birds^

1866.
Review of Mcllwraith's Hamilton

(C. W.) List, 1866.
HITCHCOCK.
Catalogue of Birds of Maine, 1864.

HOFFMAN.

List of Birds of Grand River Agen-
cy, Dakota, 1875.
Habits of Western Birds, 1876.
Remarks on Albinism, 1878.

HOLBERTON.

Local Names of Limicolae, 1876.

HOLB5LL.

Gronlandisk Fauna, 1843, 1845,

1846.
Bemserkninger over nogle Fugles,

1843.

HOLDEN.

Birds of Wyoming and Colorado,

1872.
HOLDER.

Birds of Illinois, 1861, 1862,
HOLMES.

Birds Injurious to Agriculture,
1857.

Birds of Maine, 1861.
HOPKINS.

List of Birds of Auburn, N. Y., 1854.
HOUGH.

Meteorological Observations, 1864.

HOWELL.

Among the Waterfowl of the

West, 1874.
HOY.

Notes on the Ornithology of Wis-
consin, 1853, 1853.
Exploration of Western Missouri,

1865.
Peculiarities of Fauna near Racine,

1874.
HUGHES.

Birds of Michigan, 1878.
HUTCHINS.
Birds of Central New York, 1877.

HUYLER.

Winter Birds on the Hackensack,

N. J., 1878.
INGERSOLL.

Autumnal Migrations, 1875.
Birds flying into Windows, 1875.
Grinnell's Ornithology of the Black

Hills, 1875.

Birds with Teeth, 1875.
Three April Birds, 1876.
Something about Birds, 1876.

758

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS.

[192

INGERSOLL. — Continued.

Winter Birds of New York City,
1877.

Burroughs's Wake-Robin, 1877.

Ornithological News from the
United States, 1878.

Coues's Birds of the Colorado, 1878.

Sennett's Ornithology of the Lower
Rio Grande, 1878.

Linnsean Society, 1878.

An aged Naturalist gone, 1878.

Bendire's Birds of Oregon, 1878.

Gentry's Life-Histories, 1878.
JACKSON.

The Mountain, 1860.
JAMESON.

Reise in der Davisstrasse, 1832.
JARDINE.

Ornithology of the Bermudas, 1849-

50.
JASPER.

Birds of North America, 1874-78.
JEFFERSON.

Notes on Virginia, 1782, 1786, 1787,
1788, 1800, 1801, 1801, 1802, 1803,
1853.
JENKS.

Instinct or Reason ? 1874.
JONES, (C. M.)

Breeding Habits of Birds, 1869.
JONES, (J. M.)

Naturalist in Bermuda, 1859.

Fortnight in Nova Scotia, 1867.

Rarer Birds of Nova Scotia, 1869.

Rare B irds in Nova Scotia, 1870.
JONES, (W. L.)

March Memoranda in Illinois, 1876.

April Birds in Illinois, 1876.

Arrivals of Birds in Illinois, 1877.

Birds of St. Clair Co., 111., 1878.
JORDAN.

Manual of Vertebrates, 1876, 1878.
JORDAN and VAN VLECK.

Popular Key, 1874.

JOSSELYN.

New England's Rarities, 1672, 1675,

1860.
Account of Two Voyages, 1674,

1675, 1833.

JOUY.

Birds of the District of Columbia,

1876.
Fieldnotes on Birds of District of

Columbia, 1877.
Catalogue of Birds of District of

Columbia, 1877.
JOUY, COUES, aud PRENTISS.
List of and Remarks on Birds of

District of Columbia, 1877.
KALM.

Travels in North America, 1753-61,
1754-64, 1770-71, 1772, 1776, 1812.
KENNERLY.

Pacific R. R. Reports, vol. iv, 1856.
Pacific R. R. Reports, vol. x, 1859.
KENNICOTT.
Catalogue of Animals of Cook Co.,

111., 1855.

Catalogue of the Trowbridge Col-
lection, 1861.
KEYES.

May Songsters at Springfield,

Mass., 1876.
KING, (R.)

Narrative of Back's Journey, 1836.
KiNG,(VV.R.)

Sportsman and Naturalist in Can-
ada, 1866.

KlNNEY.

Report on Illinois Birds, 1868.

KlRTLAND.

Fragments of Natural History, ii,

1841.

On Indiana Birds, 1874.
On Ohio Birds, 1874, 1874.

KlTTLlTZ.

Denkwiirdigkeiten einer Reise,

1858.
Nachtriigliche Bemerkungen zu

dem Vorigeu, 1858.
KNEELAND.

Birds of Lake Superior, 1857.
Habits of some Water Birds, Ib71.
KRIDER.
Ornithological and Oological List,

1861, 1874.

KUMLEIN.

Unusual Accidents to Birds, 1876.
Notes from Texas, 1877.

193]

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS

759

LAFRESNAYE.

New Mexican Birds, 1844.
LA HONTAN.

Voyages, 1703.
LAMBERTOX.

Birds of Rochester, N. Y., 1877.

LANGDON.

Catalogue of Birds of Cincinnati,

Ohio, 1877.
LAWRENCE, (G. N.)

New Species of Conirostrum, Em-
bernagra, and Xanthornus, 1852.

Additions to North American Orni-
thology, 1852, 1852, 1853.

New Species of Toxostoma,Tyran-
nula, and Plectrophanes, 1852.

Ornithological Notes, 1852, 1853.

New Species of Ortyx, Sterna, and
Icteria, 1853.

Catalogue of Birds of New York,
Long and Staten Islands, 1866.

Birds of Western and Northwestern
Mexico, 1874.

Birds of Southwestern Mexico col-
lected by Sumichrast, 1876.

LAWRENCE, (N. T.)

Rare Birds from Long Island, 1878

LAWSON.

Carolina, 1709, 1714, 1718, 1860.

LEACH.

Animals from Arctic Regions, 1819

1820.
LE BARON.

On Illinois Birds interesting to the

Agriculturist, 1855.
Naturalist and Sportsman in Flo-
rida, 1876.

LECONTE.

Forgotten or Lost American Ani-
mals, 1854.

LEIB.
Fulica araericana, Anas discors,

1841.

LE MOINE.

Land and Sea Birds around Que-
bec, 1859.

Birds observed around Quebec,
1860.

LE MOINE. — Continued.
Ornithologie du Canada, 1860,

1860-61.

Birds of Canada, 1866.
LESSON.

Review of Bonaparte's Observa-
tions, 1826.
Review of Ord's Supplement to

Wilson, 1826.

Reviews of Bonaparte, 1827.
Review of Bonaparte's Genera,

1828, 1831.

Notice of Audubon's folios, 1828.
On Douglas's Species of Tetrao and

Ortyx, 1830.
LEWIS, (E.J.)

American Sportsman, 1871
LEWIS and CLARKE.
Travels, 1814, 1814, 1815, 1815, 1816-
18, 1817, 1817, 1842-75.

LlCHTENSTEIN.

Ornithologische Fauna von Cali-

fornien, 1839, 1844.
Preis-Verzeichniss vom Jahre 1830,

1863.

LINSLEY.

Catalogue of Connecticut Birds,
1843.

LITTLETON.
Southern Ornithological .Notes,

1877.

LLAVE.

Me'moire d'histoire naturelle, 1861.

LOCKINGTON.

Birds of Humboldt Co., Cal., 1874.
LOCKWOOD.
United States Birds acquiring new

habits, 1873.
LONG.

American Wildfowl Shooting, 1874.
LONGFELLOW.

A Persecuted Ornithologist, 1876.
LORD.
Birds of British North American

Boundary Commission, 1864.
Catalogue of Birds' Nests and Eggs,

1865.

Naturalist in Vancouver Island,
1866.

760

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS

[194

LOSKIEL.

History of his Mission, 1788, 1794.

MCCALL.

Notes on Mexican Birds, 1848, 1849.
Habits -of Birds of Western Texas,
1851.

McCAULEY.

Notes on Ornithology of Red River
of Texas, 1877.

MCCHESNEY.

Birds of tho Coteau des Prairies of
Dakota, 1877.

MCCLINTOCK.

Extracts from his Diary, 1856.
McCoWN.

Notes taken in Texas, 1853.
MACFIE.

Vancouver Island, 1865.

MCILWRAITH.

Birds of Hamilton, C. W., 1860.
Notices of Birds near Hamilton,

C. W., 1861.
List of Birds of Hamilton, C. W.,

1866.
MANBY.

Voyage to Greenland, 1822, 1823.
MARTENS.

Vogel der Bermuda-Inseln, 1859.
MAURY.

Dumb Guides to the Pole, 1869.
MARSH.
Fossil Birds from Cretaceous and

Tertiary, 1870, 1870, 1870.
Hesperornis regalis, 1872, 1872.
New Tertiary and Post-Tertiary

Birds, 1872.

Ichthyornis dispar, 1872, 1873.
Hesperornis regalis and four new

Cretaceous Birds, 1872, 1872.
On Ichthyornis celer, 1873.
On Odontornithes, 1873, 1873, 1875,

1876, 1876.
List of Fossil Cretaceous Birds,

1873.

Vertebrate Life in America, 1877.
Recent Pala3ontological Discov-
eries, 1877.
MAXIMILIAN.
Reise in das innere Nord-America,

1839-41, 1840-43,

MAYNARD.

Catalogue of Birds of Eastern

Massachusetts, 1870.
Catalogue of Birds of Coos Co., N.

H., and Oxford Co., Me., 1872.
Birds of Florida, 1872-78.
Strange and Rare Birds of North

America, 1873.

Naturalist's Trip to Florida, 1874.
A Naturalist's Vacation, 1875.
Birds about Wilmington, N. C.,

1875.
Variation in Habits of Florida

Birds, 1876.
Modifications in Breeding Habits,

1878.

MEARES.

Voyages, 1791.
MEARNS.
Rare Birds near West Point, N. Y.,

1878.
Rare Birds in the Hudson River

Valley, 1878.
Descriptions of and Notes on Birds

from West Point, N. Y., 1878.
MERRIAM.
Report on Birds of Montana, etc.,

1873.
Ornithological Notes from the

South, 1874, 1874.
Passerculus princeps and Parus

hudsonicus in Connecticut, 1876.
Review of Birds of Connecticut,

1877.

Correction of his Review of Con-
necticut Birds, 1878.
Remarks on Birds of Lewis Co., N.

Y., 1878.
Recent Lists of Birds of Central

New York, 1878.

MERRILL.

Notes on Texan Birds, 1876.
MINIER.

Report on Illinois Birds, 1868.

MINOT.
Summer Birds of White Mountains,

New Hampshire, 1876.
Land and Game Birds of New Eng-
land, 1877.

195]

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS

761

MINOT. — Continued.
Minot's New England Birds, addi-
tions, 1877.
Birds' Nests, 1877.

MOXTEBELLO.

Sur quelques animaux de 1'Anie'-

rique du Nord, 1873.
MOORE, (E.)

Newfoundland Birds, 1841.
MOORE, (N. B.)
List of Bahaman Birds, 1878.
Observations on Bahaman Birds,

1878.
MORRIS.

On Jasper's Work, 1876.
Game Birds of Connecticut, 1876.
Local Nomenclature in Connecti-
cut, 1876.
MORTIMER.
Account of Catesby's Carolina,

1730, 1731, 1732, 1748.
MORTON.
New English Canaan, 1632, 1637.

MOSCHLER.

Notiz zur Ornithologie Gronlands,

1856.

MULLER, (J. v.)
Notizen iiber die Vogel des hoch-

sten Nordens, 1856.
MULLER, (J. W. von.)
Reisen in Mexico, 1859.
Reisen in den Vereinigten Staaten,

1864-65.
Verzeichniss der Vogel Mexico's,

1865.

MUNGER.

Four American Birds, 1869.
MURDOCH.

Migration of Birds in Massachu-
setts, 1878.
MURRAY.
Natural History of Hudson's Bay,

1859.

Contributions to the Natural His-
tory of Hudson's Bay Company's
Territory, 1866.
NAUMAN.

Troglodytes aedon, Tyrannus caro-
linensis, etc., 1869.

NELSON.
Birds observed in Utah, Nevada,

and California, 1875.
Additions to Avifauna of Illinois,

1876.
Birds observed in Oakland, Cal.,

1876.

Birds of Northeastern Illinois, 1877.
Birds observed in Southern Illinois,

1877.
NEWBERRY.

Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. vi,

1857.

NEWCOMB.

Rare Massachusetts Birds, 1873.
Notes from Salem, Mass., 1877.
NEWTON.
Notice of Movements of E. Coues,

1865.
Notice of R. Kenuicott's Alaskan

Projet, 1865.

Obituary of J. Cassin, 1869.
Z weite deutsche Nordpolfahrt,1874.
Birds which have been found in

Greenland, 1875.
NUTTALL.

Manual, 1832-34, 18'40.

Remarks and Inquiries concerning

Massachusetts Birds, 1833 ?
OBER.
Birds of Lake Okeechobee, Florida,

1874.
ORD.
Guthrie's Geography, 1815, 1820.

O'REILLY.

Greenland, 1818.
PALLAS.

Zoographia Rosso- Asiatica, 1831.
PALMER, (C.)

Ornithological Notes, 1871.
PALMER, (F. H.)

Insect-eating Birds, 1874.
PARKER, (H. W.)

Iowa Birds, 1871.
PARKER, (S.)

Journal of Tour beyond the Rocky

Mountains, 1846.
PARKER, (S. S.)

Spring Birds of New Hampshire,
1876.

762

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS

[196

PEABODY.

Massachusetts Report, 1839, 1840.
PENNANT.

Arctic Zoology, 1785, 1787, 1792.
PHILLIPS.

Fauna of Nebraska, 1876.
PIERCE.
Scarcity of Birds in New Jeryey,

1876.
POPE.

Upland Game Birds and Water
Fowl of the United States, 1878.
PRATTEN.
Catalogue of South Illinois Birds,

1855.
PROVANCHER ?

Fauue Canadienne, 1870-74.
PURDIE.

Rarer Massachusetts Birds, 1873.
Brewer's Birds of New England,

1876.
Distribution of New England Birds,

1877.
Notice of Rare New England Birds,

1877.

Sennett's Notes on the Ornithology
of the Lower Rio Grande of
Texas, 1878.

On Rare Massachusetts Birds, 1878.
PUTNAM.

Birds of Essex Co., Mass., 1856.
RAFINESQUE.
Discoveries in Natural History,

1818, 1818.

Prodrome of 70 New Genera, 1819.
RAGSDALE.

Texan Ornithology, 1876.
RATHBUN.

Birds of Cayuga, Seneca, and

Wayne Counties, N. Y., 1877.
READ.

Catalogue of Birds of Northern

Ohio, 1853.
REEKS.

Zoology of Newfoundland, 1869.
Rare Eggs from North America,

1870.

Notes on the Birds of Newfound-
land, 1870-71.

REIN.
Briefliches aus den Bermuda-Inseln,

1862.
REINHARDT.

Present State of our Knowledge of

Greenland Ornithology, 1823.
Ichthyologiske Bidrag til den

Griinlandiske Fauna, 1838.
Meddelelse af nogle hidintil i Gron-

land ikke trufue Fugle, 1842,

1843.
On Greenland Birds, 1848, 1860,

lb'64-75.
IchthyologischeBeytriige zur gron-

liindischen Fauna, 1848.
NotitsertilGioulandsOrnithologie,

1854, 1854, 1874.
Naturhistoriske Bidrag til en

Beskrivelse af Gr0nland, 1857.
List of Greenland Birds, 1861.
E t Tillaeg til Gronlands Fuglefauna,

1872, 1872.
RENNIE.

Sketches of Song Birds, 1829.
REYNOLDS.

Winter Birds of Arkansas, 1877.
RHODES.

Imported Birds, 1877.
RICHARDSON, (J.)
Appendix to Parry's Second Voy-
age, 1825.

Exhibition of New Birds, 1831.
Ueber Cliina und Vegetation an der

Hudsonsbay, 1832.
Appendix to Narrative of Back's

Journey, 1836.
Report on North American Zoology,

1837.

The Polar Regions, 1861.
RICHARDSON, (R.)
Geographical Distribution of some
North American Birds, 1843.

RlDGWAY.

Obscurely known Species of Ameri-
can Birds, 1869.

New Birds in Southern Illinois,
1872.

Relation between Color and Geo-
graphical Distribution, 1872-73,

1873. 1873.

197]

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS

763

RIDGWAY.— Continued.

Prairio Birds of Southern Illinois,
1873.

New Forms of American Birds,
1873.

Bird Fauna of the Salt Lake
Valley, 1873.

The Birds of Colorado, 1873.

Grouse and Quails of North Amer-
ica, 1873.

Wabash Valley and its Avifauna,
1874, 1874.

Local Variations in Notes and Nest-
ing Habits, 1874.

Nomenclature of American Game
Birds, 1874.

Catalogue of Illinois Birds, 1874.

Notes on American Water Birds,
1874.

Birds observed from Sacramento,
Cal., to Salt Lake, Utah, 1874-75

Two Rare Owls from Arizona,
1875.

Snow Birds and Little Owls, 1875.

Impressions of Bird Fauna of Cali-
fornia, 1875.

Ornithology of Guadeloupe Island,
1876.

Ornithology of the Survey of the
40th Parallel, 1877.

Birds of Guadaloupe Island dis-
cussed, 1877.

Mrs. Maxwell's Colorado Museum,
1877, 1877, 1878.

Three Additions to Avifauna of
North America, 1878.

Notes on Birds of Calaveras County,
California, 1878.

Song Birds of the West, 1878.

Birds observed at Mt. Carmel, 111.,

1878.
ROBERTS.

New Birds from Minnesota, 1875.

Winter Varieties in Minnesota, 1876.

List of Birds observed at Minne-
apolis, Minn., 1876.
ROBINSON, (R. E.)

Birds of Addison County, Vt., 1876.
ROBINSON, (W. R.)

List of Albino Birds, 1875.

ROOSE VELDT and MINOT.
Summer Birds of the Adirondacks,

1877.

ROOSEVELT, (R. B.)
Game-Birds of the Northern States,

1866.

Ross, (A. M.)

The Birds of Canada, 1871.
Catalogue of the Birds of Canada,

1872.

Ross, (B. R.)
Animals useful to the Chipewyan

Tribes, 1861.
Mammals and Birds of the Arctic

Regions, 1861.
Birds and Eggs of the McKenzie's

River, 1862, 1862.
Ross, (.!.)?

Voyage of Discovery, 1819.
Ross, (J. C.)
Journal of Parry's Third Voyage,

1826.
Appendix to Narrative of Second

Voyage of Sir John Ross, 1835.
SABINE, (E.)

Memoir on Birds of Greenland, 1818.
Supplement to Appendix of Parry's

Voyage, 1824.
SABINE, (J.)
Appendix to Franklin's Journal,

1823.

SAGARD THEODAT.
Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons,

1632, 1865.

Histpire du Canada, 1636, 1866.
SAGE.

Birds of Garden and Orchard, 1878.
ST. CLAIR,

Notes from Georgia, 1877.
SALLE.

List d'Oiseaux a vendre, 1861.
SALVIN.
Collection made by Le Strange

near City of Mexico, 1869.
Ornithological Advices from Disco,

Greenland, 1875.
SAMUELS.

Ornithology of Massachusetts, 1864.
Descriptive Catalogue of Birds of
Massachusetts, 1864.

704

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORS

[198

SAMUELS. — C\ ntinued.
Oology of some New England Land

Birds, 1865.
Ornithology and Oology of New

England, 1867, 1870, 1875.
Among the Birds, 1868.
Breeding Habits of Three Birds,

1868.

Our Neighbors the Birds, 1868.
SAUSSURE.
Sur les Moeurs des Oiseaux du

Mexique, 1858, 1858-59?
Note sur quelques Oiseaux du

Mexique, 1859.
Skildringer af Fuglelivet i Mexiko,

1860.
SAY.
Long's Expedition, 1823; (ANON.)

1824.

iSCLATER.

On Giraud's Sixteen New Birds,
1855, 1856.

Catalogue of Sailers Southern Mex-
ican Birds, 1856.

Birds collected by Bridges in Cali-
fornia, 1857.

Additional Mexican Birds collected
by Sall6, 1857.

Birds collected by Botteri in Mex-
ico, 1857.

Collection of Birds by Sall6 in
Mexico, 1857.

New Birds by Salle" in Mexico, 1857.

Notes on Birds from Southern Mex-
ico, 1858.

On Birds received by Salle" from
Southern Mexico, 1858, 1858.

Exhibition of Arctic Birds, 1859.

Collection of Birds from Van-
couver's Island, 1859.

Series of Birds from Jalapa, 1859.

List of Boucard's Birds from
Oaxaca, 1859.

Notes on Birds from Orizaba, 1860.

Exhibition of Skins from Hudson's
Bay, 1860.

Birds to be added to Avifauna of
Mexico, 1862.

Birds procured by G. H. White near
City of Mexico, 1864.

SCLATER.— Continued.
Exhibition of Birds collected by
Boucard near Vera Cruz, Mexico,
1865.
Collection made by Le Strange near

City of Mexico, 1869.
Instructions for Collecting, 1875.
SCLATER and SALVIN.
Additions to Avifauna of Mexico,
1870.

SCORESBY.

Excursion to Island of Jan May en,

1819.

Northern Whale-fishery, 1823.
SCOTT, (David).
Tendency to Variation in Habits,

1877.

SCOTT (G. C.)

Spring Birds and Fishes, 1875.
SCOTT, (W. E. D.)
Summer Birds of Kanawha Co.,

W. Va., 1873.

Birds Breeding at Twin Lakes,
Colorado, 1878.

SEARS.

Return of the Birds, 1868.
SENNETT.

Notes on the Ornithology of the
Lower Rio Grande of Texas, 1878.
SEWASTIANOFF.

New Duck and Oyster Catcher,
1802.

SlEDHOFF.

Naturgeschichtliches aus den Ver-

einigten Staaten, 1848.
SIM.
Food and Use of Rapacious Birds,

1874.
SLACK.

Birds as Architects, 1874.
SMITH, (G. A.)

Birds of Fort Wayne, Ind., 1876.
SMITH, (J.)

Virginia, 1612, 1624, 1632.
SNOW.
Catalogue of Birds of Kansas, 1872

1872, 1873, 1875.

On Kansas Birds, 1872, 1874, 1874,
1875, 1875, 1875.

199]

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS

765

SNOW. — Continued.

Harlan's Hawk and Mexican Cor-
morant, 1873.
SOUBEIRAN.

Commerce des Oiseaux, 1871.
STEARNS.

Birds of Penikese Island, 1875.
STEPHENS or STEVENS, (F.)

Rambles in New Mexico, 1875.

Notes on New Mexican Birds, 1878.
STEVENS, (W. G. or W. B.)

Bird Arrivals on the Harlem, 1876.

Notes from West Farms, N. Y., 1877.
STEVENSON, (J.)

List of Birds of Wyoming, 1871.
STIMPSON.

Notice of Coues's Ornithology of
Labrador, 1862.

Illustrations of North American

Birds, 1867.
STOKER.

Fringilla pinea and Bombycilla

garrula in Ohio, 1845.
STRACHEY.

Virginia Britannia, 1849.
STRANG.

Natural History of Beaver Island,

Michigan, 1855.
STRECKER.

Albinism in Birds, 1868.

STREETS.

Birds of Hawaiian and Fanning
Islands and Lower California,
1877.

SUCKLEY.
Pacific R. R. Reports, vol. xii, 1860.

SUMICHRAST.

Geographical Distribution of Birds
of Vera Cruz, Mexico, 1869, 1869.

Distribucion de las Aves de Vera
Cruz, 1870-71.

[SWAINE,(C.)]

Voyage of the Ship California, 1748.
SWAINSON, (W.)

Synopsis of Mexican Birds, 1827,
1834.

Account of Audubon's work, 1829.
SWAINSON and RICHARDSON.

Fauna Boreali-Americana, 1831.

TABER.

Life of Winter Birds, 1875.
TAYLOR, (G. C.)

Five Weeks in Florida, 1862.
TAYLOR, (R. C.)

Natural History of the Alleghanies,
1835.

Supplement to same, 1836.
TENNEY.

Raven and Sooty Tern in Massa-
chusetts, 1877.
TERRILL.

Chart of Canada Birds, 1869?
THOMPSON, (J. M.)
* Some of our Game Birds, 1876.
THOMPSON, (M.)

Hunting with the Long Bow, 1877.
THOMPSON, (Z.)

Natural History of Vermont, 1853.
THORPE.

Bird Shooting in New Jersey, 1871.
TIFFANY.

Three Rare Birds of Minnesota,
1878.

TlLESTON.

Birds in extremis, 1875.

Spare the Birds, 1875.
TOWNSEND.

Twelve New Species of Birds, 1837.

List of Birds from Oregon, etc.,
1839.

Narrative of a Journey, 1839.

Ornithology of the United States,

1839 ?, 1849.
TKEAT, (Mrs. M.)

Birds as Architects, 1875.
TRIPPE.

Awakening of the Birds, 1867.

Differences between Eastern and
Western Birds, 1871.

Notes on Birds of Minnesota, 1871.

Birds Breeding in the Catskills,
1872.

Irregular Migrations of Birds, 1873.

Ornithological Queries, 1873.

Birds of Southern Iowa, 1873.

Migration of Birds, 1874.
TRISTRAM.

Notes on some Passerine Birds,
1871.

766

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — AUTHORS

[200

TRUMBULL.
Indian Names of Birds. 1874, 1874.

TURNBULL.

Birds of East Pennsylvania and

New Jersey, 1869, 1869.
VENNOR.
Birds wintering around Montreal,

1860.
Our Birds of Prey (Canada), 1877.

VERRILL.
Catalogue of Birds of Norway,

Maine, 1862.

Natural History of Anticosti, 1862.
Additions to Catalogue of Birds of.

Calais, Maine, 1863.
Notes on Distribution of North

American Birds, 1866, 1866.
Coues's Key to North American

Birds, 1873.

VlEILLOT.

Oiseaux de l'Ame"rique Septentrio-

nale, 1807.
VIGORS.
Birds from the Northwest Coast of

America, 1829.
On a Collection from California,

1833.
Zoology of Beechey's Voyage, 1839.

VlLLADA.

Aves del Valle de Mexico, 1869.
WADDLE.

Game Waterfowl of America, 1870-
WAGLER.

Ueber Thiere Mexicos, 1831.
WAILES.

Agriculture and Geology of Missis-
sippi, 1854.
WALKER, (B.)

Two Ornithological Items, 1871.
WALKER, (D.)

Notes of the Voyage of the Fox,
1860.

Notes from Liverpool to Vancouver

Island, 1863.
WARD.

A Congress of Birds, 1877.
WARREN.

Bay Shooting, 1876.

WATERTON.

On Audnbon's Biography, 1833.
On Audubon's Work, 1835.
WEIZ.
List of Vertebrates Observed at

Okak, Labrador, 1866.
WHEATON.

Catalogue of Birds of Ohio, 1861.
Food of Birds as related to Agricul-
ture, 1875.
Ruff and Purple Gallinule in Ohio,

1877.
WHEELER.

A Maryland Calendar, 1876.
WHITBOURNE.
Discourse of Newfoundland, 1620,

1622.

WHITELY.
Catalogue of North American Birds

and Eggs at Woolwich, 1865.
WIED.
Verzeichniss der Vogel, 1858-59.

WlEGMANN.

Zoological Results of Ross's Second

Voyage, 1836.
WILLIAMS.

. Vermont, 1794, 1809.
WILLIS.

List of Birds of Nova Scotia, 1859.
WILSON, (A.)

American Ornithology, 1808-14,
1828-29, 1831, 1832, 1840, 1871,
1876-77, 1878.
WILSON, (J.)
On Douglas's Species of Tetrao and

Ortyx, 1832.
Progress of Discovery on Coasts of

America, 1833.
WILSON, (T.J.)
Notes on Rathbun's New York List,

1877.
WINKLE.

Heralds of Spring, 1878.
Spring Birds at Summit, N. J., 1878.

WOLFORD.

Importation and Protection of Use-
ful Birds, 1855.
WOOD, (W.)

New England's Prospect, 1634, 1635.

201 ]

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES

767

WOOD, (W.) (Ms.)
Rapacious Birds of Connecticut,

1861.
Review of Articles on Habits of

North American Birds, 1868.
Birds of Connecticut, 1878.
WOODHOUSE.
New Species of Vireo and Zono-

trichia, 1852.
Sitgreaves's Report, Zuni, 1853.

WURDEMANN.

Letter relating to Birds of Florida,

1861.
WYMAN.
Kjcekkenmceddings of Maine and

New Hampshire, 1867.

XANTUS.
New Birds from Fort Tejon, Cal.,

1858.

Catalogue of Birds from Fort Tejon,
Cal., 1859.

YARROW.
Birds of the Wheeler Explorations,

1874.

YARROW and HENSHAW.

Report on Ornithological Speci-
mens, 1874.

YOUNT.

Sporting Life in Wyoming, 1874.

[NOTE.— In the nature of the case, many of the titles cannot be indexed here, and
anonymous, pseudonymous, and ephemeral titles are also mostly omitted, the intention
being mainly to give a ready clue to the Faunal Lists, etc., of States, Territories, and
other considerable areas.]

ALABAMA.

Gosse. Letters from, 1859.

Brown, List of Birds observed at Coosada, 1878.
ALASKA.

Meares. Voyages to Northwest Coast of America, 1791.

Pallas. Zoographia Rosso- Asiatica, 1831.

Brandt. Dissertatio inauguralis, 1842.

Brandt. List of Birds sent from, 1844.

EittlHz. Denkwiirdigkeiten einer Reise nach dem russ. Amerika, 1858.

Eittlitz. Nachtragliche Bemerkungen zu dem Vorigen, 1858.

Coinde. Faune de Tile de St. Paul, 1860.

Baird. Additions to Bird Fauna of, 1869.

Dall and Bannister. List of Birds of, 1869.

Coues. Ornithological Results of Exploration of the Northwest, 1870.

Dall. Alaska and its Resources, 1870.

Dall. Winter's Day on the Yukon, 1870.

FinscJt. Zur Ornithologie Nordwest-Amerikas, 1872.

Dall. Notes on the Avifauna of the Aleutian Islands, 1873, 1874.

Coues. Report on the Prybilov Islands, 1873, 1875.

Harting. Coues's Report on the Prybilov Islands, 1875.
ANTICOSTI.

Verrill. Notes on the Natural History of, 1863.
ARCTIC REGIONS. (See, also, BRITISH AMERICA, and GREENLAND.)

Pennant. Arctic Zoology, 1785, 1787, 1792.

Hearne. Journey to, 1795, 1796, 1807.

Leach. Notice of Animals from, 1818.

768 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES [202

ARCTIC REGIONS. — Continued.

Leach. Birds of Ross's Voyage, 1820.

Sabine, (J.) Appendix to Franklin's Voyage, 1823, 1823.

Saline, (E.) Supplement to Appendix to Parry's First Voyage, 1824.

Richardson, Appendix to Parry's Second Voyage, 1825.

Boss, (J. C.) Appendix to Parry's Third Voyage, 1826.

Wilson, (J.) View of Progress of Discovery on Northern Coasts, 1833.

Ross, (J. C.) Appendix to Narrative of Ross's Second Voyage, 1835.

King. Narrative of Journey to Shore of the Arctic Ocean, 1836.

King. Temperature of Quadrupeds, Birds, etc., 1836.

Richardson. Appendix to Back's Arctic Laud Expedition, 1836.

Wiegmann. Zoological Results of Ross's Second Voyage, 1836.

Gray. Rae's Expedition to Arctic Shores, 1850.

Cassin. Remarks on Kane's Birds from, 1852.

McCUntoclc. Extracts from his Diary, 1856.

Miiller. Notizen tiber die Vogel des hochsten Nordens, 1856.

Sclater. Exhibition of rare Birds from, 1859.

Walker. Ornithological Notes from the Arctic Seas, 1860.

Richardson. The Polar Regions, 1861.

Ross, (B. R.) Mammals and Birds of, 1861.

Maury. Dumb Guides to the Pole, 1869.

Harting. Catalogue of the Barrow Collection from, 1871.

Feilden. Lists of Birds observed in Smith's Sound, 1877.

Feilden. Birds of North Polar Basin, 1877.
ARIZONA.

Baird. Report on Colorado of the West, 1861.

Coues. Notes on Birds of Fort Whipple, 1865.

Couos. List of Birds of Fort Whipple, 1866.

Coues. Prodrome of a work on the Ornithology of, 1866.

Coues. Palmer's Birds of Southern, 1868.

Brewer. Nests and Eggs of some Birds of, 1873.

Henshatv. List of Birds of, 1875 [on p. 713],
ARKANSAS.

Reynolds. Winter Birds of, 1877.
BAHAMAS.

Bryant. List of Birds seen at the, 1859.

Albrecht. Die Vogel der, 1861.

Bryant. Two Birds from, 1864.

Bryant. Additions to List of Birds seen at the, 1867.

Brace. Notes on a. few Birds of New Providence, 1878.

Moort. List of Birds seen and killed in, 1878.
BERMUDAS.

Jardine. Ornithology of the, 1849-50.

Bland. List of Birds of, 1 859.

Jones, Wedderlmrn, and Hurdis. The Naturalist in, 1859.

Martens. Die Vogel der, 1859.

Rein. Briefliches aus den, 1862.
BRITISH AMERICA. (See, also, CANADA.)

Ellis. Voyage to Hudson's Bay, 1748.

[Swaine.] Voyage of Ship California, 1748.

203] INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES 769

BRITISH AMERICA. — Continued.

Forster. Account of Birds sent from Hudson's Bay, 1772.

Richardson. Exhibition of new Birds from, 1831.

Swainson and Richardson. Fauna Boreali-Americana, 1831.

Barnston. Progress of Seasons at Hudson's Bay, 1841.

Richardson. Distribution of some Birds of, 1843.

Blakiston. Notes of a Naturalist, 1857.

Blakiston. Scraps from the Far West, 1859.

Murray. Contributions to Natural History of, 1859.

Sclater. Bird-skins from Hudson's Bay, 1860.

Ross. Animals useful to Chipewyans, 1861.

Blakiston. Birds from the Interior of, 1861-62, 1863.

Ross. Birds of the Mackenzie River, 1862, 1862.

Murray. A Contribution to Natural History of Hudson's Bay Company's
Territory, 1866.

Gunn. Egging Expedition to Shoal Lake, 1868.

Dawson. British North American Boundary Commission, 1875.
CALIFORNIA.

Vigors. Note on Bird Skins from, 1833.

lAchtenstein. Beitrag zur ornithologischen Fauna von, 1839, 1844.

Gambel. New and little known Birds collected in Upper, 1845.

Ganibel. Remarks on Birds observed in Upper, 1846, 1848.

Gamlel. Remarks on Birds observed in Upper, with Descriptions of new
species, 1847-49.

Gurney. Notes on the Zoology of, 1851.

Heermann. Notes on the Birds of, 1853.

Bonaparte. Notes on the Delattre Collections, 1853, 1853-54.

Brewer. Descriptions of Eggs obtained by Samuels in, 1857.

Sclater. List of Birds collected by Bridges in, 1857.

Xantus. New Birds from Fort Tejon, 1858.

Bridges. Notes on Birds of, 1858.

Baird. On Xantus's Birds from Cape St. Lucas, 1859.

Xantus. Catalogue of Birds from Fort Tejon, 1859.

Cooper. New Californian Animals, 1861.

Gruber. Productions of the Farallones, 1862.

Feilner. Explorations in, 1865.

Cooper. The Naturalist in, 1869.

Cooper. Additions to Fauna of, 1869.

Cooper. Geological Survey of, 1870.

Cooper. Monterey in the Dry Season, 1871.

Lockington. Notes on Birds of Humboldt County, 1874.

Cooper. New Facts relating to the Ornithology of, 1875.

Allen. Notes from, 1876.

Cooper. Garden Birds, 1876.

Nelson. Birds observed in Vicinity of Oakland, 1876.

Ridgway. Ornithology of Guadeloupe Island, 1876.

Ridgway. Birds of Guadaloupe Island discussed, 1877.

Streets. Nat. Hist, of Hawaiian and Fanning Islands and Lower, 1877.

Ridgway. Notes on some Birds of Calaveras County, 1878.
49 BO

770 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES [204

CANADA.

Sagard TJieodat. Grand Voyage, 1632, 1865.
Sagard Theodat. Histoire, du 1636, 1866.
Charlevoix. Histoire et Description Ge'ne'rale de la Nouvelle France, 1744,

1761, 1777.

Gosse. The Canadian Naturalist, 1840.
Allan. Birds wintering in Neighbourhood of Toronto, 1853.
Hillings. On some of the Game Birds of, 1856.
Hadfield. Notes and remarks on Birds of, 1857.
If Urban. Notes on Birds of Montreal, 1857.
Cottle. List of Birds found in Upper, 1859.
If Urban. Observations on Natural History of Argenteuil and Ottawa,

1859.

Hadfield. Birds of, observed near Kingston, 1859, 1859.
Le Moine. Land and Sea Birds around Quebec, 1859.
Le Moine. Birds observed around Quebec, 1860.
Tennor. Notes on Winter Birds of Montreal, 1860.
Le Moine. Ornithologie du, 1860-61.
Mcllwraith. Birds of Hamilton, C. W., 1860, 1861.
Bryant. Birds breeding in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1861, 1861.
Hall. Birds of the District of Montreal, 1862.
Mcllwraith. List of Birds of Hamilton, 1866.
King. Sportsman and Naturalist in, 1866.
Le Moine. The Birds of, 1866.
HincJcs. Catalogue of Birds of Western, 1866 ?
Hincks. Notes on a few Birds of, 1866.
Hincks. Review of Mcllwraith' s Birds of Hamilton, 1866.
Couper. List of Birds of Quebec, 1867.
Terrill. Analytical Chart of Birds of, 1869.
Provancher ? Faune Canadienne, 1870-74.
Whiteaves ? Notes on Birds of, 1870, 1871.
Eoss. The Birds of, 1871.
Boss. Catalogue of Birds of, 1872.
Adams. Field and Forest Rambles, 1873.
Le Moine. Winter Birds of Quebec, 1875.
Vennor. Eagles, Hawks, and Owls of, 1877.
'CAROLINA. (See, also, NORTH, and SOUTH.)

Bartram. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,

1791, 1793, 1793, 1794, 1799.

Mortimer. Account of Catesby's, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1748.
Catesby. Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahamas, 1731-48,

1754, 1771.
COLORADO.

Aiken. Glimpse of Birds of, 1873.
Batty. On some Birds of, 1873.
Ridgway. The Birds of, 1873.
Coues. Destruction of Birds by Telegraph, 1876.
Ridgway. Mrs. Maxwell's Museum, 1877, 1877, 1878.
Allen-. Fossil Passerine from Shales of, 1878.
Scott. Birds breeding about Twin Lakes, 1878.
Scott. Birds about Denver, 1878, 1878.

205] INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES 771

CONNECTICUT.

Abbott. Exhibition of some Birds from, 1841.

Linsley. Catalogue of Birds of, 1843.

Wood. Rapacious Birds of, 1861.

Grinnell Frigate Bird and White Ibis in, 1875.

Gladwin. Notes on Birds of Southern, 1876.

Merriam. Passerculus princeps and Parus hudsonicus in, 1876.

Morris. Game Birds of, 1876.

Morris. Local Nomenclature in, 1876.

Merriam. Review of the Birds of, 1877.

Coe. Spring Notes at Portland, 1878.

Wood. Birds of, 1878.
DAKOTA.

Hayden. Explorations in Nebraska and, 1858, 1862, 1875.

Hoffman, Birds observed at Grand River Agency, 1875.

Grinnell. Report of Reconnoissance of the Black Hills, 1875.

McChesney. Birds of the Coteau des Prairies, 1877.
DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA.

Coues and Prentiss. List of the Birds of, 1862.

Jouy. Birds of, 1876.

Boiseau. List of Birds of, 1877.

Coues and Prentiss. Remarks on Birds of, 1877.

Jouy. Fieldnotes on some of the Birds of, 1877.

Jouy, Coues, and Prentiss. Catalogue and Remarks on Birds of, 1877.
FLORIDA.

Bonaparte. Additions to United States Ornithology from, 1825.

Gerhardt. Skizzen aue dem Vogelleben, 1854.

Bryant. Notes on Birds of East, 1859.

Wilrdemann. On Birds from South, 1861.

Taylor. Five Weeks in, 1862.

Allen. Mammals and Winter Birds of Eastern, 1871.

Coues. Review of Allen's paper on Birds of Eastern, 1871.

Maynard. The Birds of, 1872-78.

Maynard. Naturalist's Trip to, 1874.

Oler. Birds of Lake Okeechobee, 1874.

Le Baron. Naturalist and Sportsman in, 1876.

Maynard. Variation in Breeding of Certain Birds of, 1876.

Clarice. Notes on Birds of Halifax Inlet, 1878.

Lente. Florida Notes, 1878.
GEORGIA.

Gerhardt. Etwas tiber den Vogelgesang, 1853,

Gerhardt. Die jagdbaren Vogel, 1853.

GerJiardt. Ueber die Lebensweise der Vogel, 1855-56.

St. Clair. Southern Wood Notes, 1877.
GREENLAND.

Egede. Det gamle Grtfmlands, 1741, 1745.

Anderson. Nachrichten von Island, Gronland und der Strasse Davis, 1746.

Anderson. Histoire Naturelle de 1'Islande, etc., 1750.

Anderson. Beschryving van Ysland, etc., 1756.

Crantz. History of, 1765, 1767, 1767.

772 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES [206

GREENLAND. — Continued.
Falricius. Favna Groenlandica, 1780.
WEtilly. Greenland, 1818.
Saline, (E.) Memoir on Birds of, 1818.
Scoresly. Voyage to Northern Whale Fishery, 1819.
Manly. Journal of Voyage to, 1822, 1823.
Reinhardt. Actual State of our Knowledge of Birds of, 1623.
Saline. Memoir on Greenland Birds, 1826.
Oradh. Expedition to East Coast of, 1837.

Reirihardt. Ichthyologiske Bidrag til den Groulandiske Fauna, 1838, 1848.
Reinhardt. Middelelse af nogle hidintil i Gronland ikke trufue Fugle,

1842, 1843.
Holloll. Ornithologiske Bidrag til den gr^nlandiske Fauna, 1843, 1845.

1846.

Reinhardt. Notitser til Gronlands Ornithologie, 1854, 1854.
Moschler. Notiz zur Ornithologie Gronlands, 1856.
Reinhardt. Naturhistoriske Bidrag til en Beskrivelse af Gronland, 1857.
Reinhardt. On Birds of, 1860.
Reinhardt. List of Birds observed in, 1861.
Reinhardt. On Greenland Birds, 1864-75.
Reinhardt. Et Tillaeg til Gronlands Fuglefauna, 1872, 1872.
Finsch. Die zweite deutsche Nordpolfahrt, 1874.
Finsch. Ueber eine Vogelsammlung aus Siidwest-Gronland, 1874.
Newton. Die zweite deutsche Nordpolfahrt, 1874.
Newton. Notes on Birds which have been found in, 1875.
Salvin. Advices from Disco, 1875.
Sclater. Instructions for collecting Birds of, 1875.
ILLINOIS.

.Kennicott. Catalogue of Animals of Cook County, 1855.
Le Baron. Observations on Birds of, interesting to Agriculturists, 1855,
Pratten. Catalogue of Birds of Southern, 1855.
Brewer. Plotus anhinga and Tantalus loculator in, 1856.
Brendel. Vogel der Umgegend Peorias, 1857.

Gielel. Bemerkungen iiber BrendePs Vogel der Umgegend Peorias, 1857.
Holder. Catalogue of Birds of, 1861, 1862.
Clifford. Injurious and Beneficial Birds of, 1865.
Allen. On Birds observed in Northern, 1868.
Kinney. Report on Frugivorous Birds of, 1868.
Minier. Report on Injurious and Beneficial Birds of, 1868.
Brendel. The Fauna of Peoria, 1870.
Ridgway. New Birds in Southern, 1872.
Ridgway. Prairie Birds of Southern, 1873.
Ridgway. Catalogue of Birds ascertained to occur in, 1874.
Ridgway. The Wabash Valley and its Avian Fauna, 1874, 1874.
Eaton. Prairie Ornithology in, 1876.
Eaton. Egg collecting in, 1876.
Jones. March and April notes, 1876, 1876.
Nelson. Additions to Avifauna of, 1876.
Jones. Arrivals at Lebanon, 1877.
Nelson. Birds of Northeastern, 1877.

207]

INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES 773

ILLINOIS. — Continued.

Nelson. Notes on Birds observed in Southern, 1877.

Eaton. List of Birds of Peotone, 1878.
. Jones. Birds of Sinclair County, 1878.

Ridgway. Notes on Birdti observed at Mt. Carmel, 1878.
INDIANA.

Raymond. Birds of Southeastern, 1856.

Allen. On Birds observed at Richmond, 1868.

Raymond. Birds of Franklin County, 1869.

Kirtland. Letter from, 1874.

Smith. Birds of, 1876.
IOWA.

Allen. On Birds observed in Western, 1868.

Allen. Catalogue of Birds of, 1870.

Parker. Iowa Birds, 1871.

Trippe. Notes on Birds of Southern, 1873.
KANSAS.

Snow. Catalogue of Birds of, 1872, 1872, 1873, 1875.

Snow. Harlan's Hawk and Mexican Cormorant in, 1873.

Snow. Birds of, 1874, 1874, 1875, 1875, 1875, 1876.

Gaumer. Notes on Birds of, 1875.

Blacliey. Birds of, 1878.
LABRADOR.

Curtis. Particulars of the Country of, 1774.

Cartwright. Journal, 1792.

Unknown. List of Birds found in, 1844.

Coues. Notes on Ornithology of, 1861.

Weiz. List of Vertebrates observed at Okak, 1866.

LAKE SUPERIOR.

Cabot. Agassiz's Lake Superior, 1850, 1852.

Kneeland. Birds of Keweenaw Point, 1857.

Bell. Catalogue of Birds of Lakes Superior and Huron, 1861.
LONG ISLAND.

Giraud. The Birds of, 1844.

Benner. Notes from, 1878.

Lawrence. Note on rare Birds taken in, 1878.
LOUISIANA.

Du Pratz. Histoire de la, 1758, 1763, 1774.

B088U. Travels in, 1768, 1771.
MAINE.

Holmes. Birds of, 1861.

Anon. Catalogue of the Birds of, 1862.

Boardman. Catalogue of Birds of Calais, 1862.

Verrill. Catalogue of Birds of Norway, Oxford Co., 1862.

Verrill. Additions to Catalogue of Birds of Calais, 1863.

Hitchcock. Catalogue of the Birds of, 1664.

Hamlin. Catalogue of Birds of Waterville, 1865.

Boardman. Rare Birds in, 1869.

Boardman. Ornithological Notes from, 1871.

774 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES [208

MAINE.— Continued.

Palmer. Ornithological Notes from, 1871.

Brown. Ornithological Notes from Portland, 1875.

Broicn. Five Birds new to Fauna of, 1877.
MARYLAND. ,

Wheeler. Spring Arrivals at Boonesboro, 1876.
MASSACHUSETTS.

Emmons. Catalogue of Plants and Animals of, 1833.

Nuttall. Remarks and Inquiries concerning Birds of, 1833 ?

Emmons. Time of Appearance of Spring Birds at Williamstown, 1834.

Brewer. Additions to Einmons's Catalogue of Birds of, 1837.

Pedbody. Reports on the Fishes, Reptiles, and Birds of, 1839, 1840.

Putnam. Catalogue of Birds of Essex County, 1856.

Fowler. Changes by Civilization in Birds of, I860.

Allen. Catalogue of Birds of Springfield, 1864.

Samuels. List of Birds of, 1864, 1864.

Allen. Winter Notes, 1867.

Allen. Ornithological Calendars, 1867.

Sears. Return of the Birds to3 1868.

Allen. Notes on Rarer Birds of, 1869-70.

Allen. Notes on some Rare Birds of, 1869-70.

Maynard. Catalogue of Birds of Eastern, 1870.

Brewster. Birds new to Fauna of, 1872.

Newcomb. Rare Birds on the Coast of, 1873.

Purdie. Notes on some of the Rarer Birds of, 1873.

Stearns. Birds breeding on Penikese Island, 1875.

Allen. Calendars, 1876, 1876, 1876.

Allen. Decrease of Birds in, 1876.

Browne. Local Nomenclature, 1876.

Gray. Resident Birds of Danvers, 1876.

Keyes. May Songsters at Springfield, 1876.

Browne. List of Birds of Clarke's Island, 1877.

Tenney. Raven and Sooty Tern in, 1877.

Allen. List of the Birds of, with Annotations, 1878.

Browne. Tables of Arrivals in Eastern, 1878.

Murdoch. Effects of warm Winter ou Migration in, 1878.

Newcomb. Notes on Birds at Salem, 1878, 1878, 1878.

Purdie. Notes on rare Birds of, 1878.
MEXICO.

Hernandez. Thesaurus, 1628, 1651.

Clavigero. History of, 1787, 1807.

Bonaparte. Two new Birds from, 1825.

Swaimon. Synopsis of Birds collected by Bullock in, 1827, 1834.

Wagler. Mittheilungen iiber Thiere Mexico's, 1831.

Bonaparte. New Birds from South America and, 1841.

Lafresnaye. New Birds of, 1844.

Cassin. Catalogue of Birds collected by Pease in, 1848.

McCall. On two Birds of, 1848.

McCall. Notes on some Birds of, 1849.

Couch. New Birds of Northern, 1854.

209] INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES 775

MEXICO. — Continued.

Sclater. Catalogue of Birds collected by Salle" in Southern, 1856.

Sclater. Collection of Birds made by Bofcteri in Southern, 1857.

Sclater. New Birds collected by Salld in Southern, 1857.

Sclater. Birds collected by Salld in Southern, 1857.

Sclater. Additional Species collected by SalleMn Southern, 1857.

Sclater. Collection of Birds received by Salle" from Southern, 1857.

Sclater. Notes on Birds from Southern, 1858.

Sclater. On Salle's Collections from Oaxaca, 1858, 1858.

Saussure. Sur les McBurs de Divers Oiseaux du, 1858, 1858-59 ?, 1859.

Mullei'. Eeisen in, 1859.

Saussure. Sur quelques Oiseaux du Mexique, 1859.

Sclater. Series of Birds from Xalapa, 1859.

Sclater. List of Boucard's Birds from Oaxaca, 1859.

Saussure. Skildringer af Fuglelivet i Mexiko, 1860.

Sclater. Collection of Birds from Orizaba, 1860.

Llave. M6moires d'histoire naturelle, 1861.

Salle. Sale List of Birds of, 1861.

Sclater. Additions to Avifauna of, 1862.

Liclitemtein. Price-list of Birds of, 1863.

Sclater. List of White's Birds of City of, 1864.

Miiller. Systematic List of Birds observed, 1865.

Sclater. Boucard's Birds from Vera Cruz, 1865.

Duges. Faune de Guanajuato, 1868.

Duges. Catalogue of Vertebrates observed in, 1869.

Sclater and Salvin. Le Strange's Birds from City of, 1869.

Sumichrast. Distribution of Birds of Vera Cruz, 1869, 1869.

Villada. Aves del Valle de, 1869.

Finsch. Ueber erne Vogelsaminlung aus Nordwest-Mexico, 1870.

Duges. Catalogo de Animales Vortebrados, 1870.

Sclater and Salvin. Recent Additions to Fauna of, 1870.

Sumichrast. Distribution of Birds of Vera Cruz, 1870-71.

Gray son. Natural History of the Tres Marias and Socorro Islands, 1872.

Lawrence. Grayson's Birds of Western and Northwestern, 1874.

Lawrence. Sumichrast's Birds of Southwestern, 1876.
MICHIGAN.

Strang. Remarks on Natural History of Beaver Islands, 1855.

Walker. Two Ornithological Items from, 1871.

Boies. Catalogue of the Birds of Southern, 1875.

Boles. Additions to Catalogue of Birds of, 1876.

Covert. Catalogue of Birds of Lower, 1876.

Stockwell. Game of, 1876.

Stockwell. Fauna of, 1877.

Hughes. Birds of, 1878.
MINNESOTA.

Head. Natural History of the Country about Fort Ripley, 1855.

Allen. Vireosylvia philadelphica and Empidonax flaviventris, 1869.

Trippe. Notes on the Birds of, 1871.

Hatch. Report on Birds of, 1874.

Batty. Winter collecting in, 1875.

776 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES [210

MINNESOTA. — Continued.

Eolerts. New Birds from, 1875.

Estes. Winter Notes from Lake Pepin, 1876.

Eoberts. Winter Earities in, 1876.

Roberta. Some Birds observed near Minneapolis, 1876.

Hatch. Report on Ornithology of, 1877.

Tiffany. Three Rare Birds of, 1878.
MISSISSIPPI.

Wailes. Report on Agriculture and Geology of, 1854.
MISSOURI.

Hoy. Journal of Exploration in Western, 1865.

Allen. Three Sea Ducks at St. Louis, 1878.
MONTANA.

Cooper. The Fauna of, 1869, 1869.

Coues. On the Nesting of certain Hawks, etc., 1874.

Coues. On the Breeding of certain Birds of, 1875.

Carpenter. Field Notes from, 1876.
NEBRASKA.

Phillips. Game Birds of, 1876.

Augney. Nature of Food of Birds of, 1878.
NEW BRUNSWICK.

Brewer. Hasty Trip through New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, 1852.

Herrick. Catalogue of Birds of Grand Menan, 1873.
NEW ENGLAND.

Higginson. New England's Plantation, 1630.

Morton. New English Canaan, 1632, 1637.

Wood. New England's Prospect, 1634, 1635.

Josselyn. New England's Rarities, 1672, 1675, 1860.

Josselyn. Two Voyages to, 1674, 1675, 1833.

Allen. Birds of, 1860-63.

Samuels. Oology of some Land Birds of, 1865.

Allen. Birds of Spring, 1867.

Coues. Review of Samuels's Birds of, 1867.

Fowler. Habits of three Birds of, 1867.

Coues. List of the Birds of, 1868.

Samuels. Ornithology and Oology of, 1867, 1870, 1875.

Wyman. Shell-heaps in Maine and Massachusetts, 1867.

Samuels. Our Neighbors the Birds, 1868.

Samuels. Among the Birds, 1868.

Samuels. Habits of three Species of Birds of, 1868.

Brewer. Sea-side Ornithology, 1869.

Brewer. Catalogue of .the Birds of, 1875.

Flagg. Birds and Seasons of, 1875.

Maynard. Catalogue of Birds of Coos Co., N. H., and Oxford Co., Me., 1872.

Brewster. Occurrence of certain Birds in, 1876.

Purdie. Brewer's Catalogue of Birds of, 1876.

Minot. Land and Game Birds of, 1877.

Minot. Additions to Land and Game Birds of, 1877.

Purdie. Distribution of Birds in, 1877.

Purdie. A few Rare or Accidental Birds of, 1877.

2il] INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY — LOCALITIES 777

NEW ENGLAND. — Continued.

Breiver. Additions to bis Catalogue of Birds of, 1878.

Brewer. Ibis falcinellus and Phalaropus hyperboreus in, 1878.
NEWFOUNDLAND.

JTMtbourne. Discourse and Discovery of, 1620, 1622.

Cormack. Journey across, 1823.

Moore. Exhibition of some Birds from, 1841.

Reeks. Notes on the Zoology of, 1869.

Seeks. Notes on Birds of, 1870-71.

Harvey. The Birds of, 1874.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Belknap. History of, 1792.

Maynard. Catalogue of Birds of Coos Co., etc., 1872.

Checkering. Notice of White Mountain Birds, 1875.

Fox. Three Migrations at Hollis, 1876.

Minot. Summer Birds of the White Mountains, 1876.

Parker. Report of Spring Birds from, 1876.

Goodhue. Birds of Webster, 1877.
NEW JERSEY.

Beesley. Geology of the County of Cape May, 1857.

Abbott. List of Vertebrates of, 1868.

Turnbull. Birds of East Pennsylvania and, 1869.

Abbott. Notes on inland Birds of, 1870.

Thorpe. Wildfowl Shooting on Coast of, 1871.

Abbott. Fieldnotes on Birds of, 1876, 1876, 1876.

Pierce. Scarcity of Birds in, 1876.

Huyler. Winter Birds on the Hackensack, 1878.

Scott. Notes from Princeton, 1878, 1878.

Winkle. Spring Birds at Summit, 1878.
NEW MEXICO.

Henry. Observations on the Birds of, 1855.

Henry. New Birds from Fort Thorn, 1858.

Henry. Catalogue of the Birds of, 1859.

Stephens. Collector's Rambles in, 1875.
NEW YORK.

Fox. Notice of Some American Birds, 1836.

DeKay. Zoology of, 1844.

Hopkins. Eight Birds of Auburn, 1854.

Lawrence. Catalogue of Birds of New York, Long and Staten Island, etc.,
1866.

Bicknell. Notes on Birds of, 1876, 1876, 1876, 1876.

Burroughs. Winter Observations at Esopus, 1876.

Foicler. List of Birds of Central, 1876.

Fuller. Spring Arrivals at Meacham Lake, 1876.

Gilbert. Rarer Birds of Western, 1876,

Trippe. Birds breeding in the Catskills, 1872.

Hutchins. Something about Birds of Central, 1877.

Ingersoll. Winter Birds of New York City, 1877.

Lamberton. Record of Arrivals at Rochester, 1877.

Eathbun. List of Birds of Cayuga, Seneca, and Wayne Counties, 1877.

Eooseveldt and Minot. Summer Birds of the Adirondacks, 1877.

778 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES [212

NEW YORK. — Continued.

Stevens. Arrivals at West Farms, 1877.
Wilson. Annotations of Rathbun's List, 1877.
Bicknell. Bird-life at Rivcrdale, 1878.
Bicknell. Carolinian Fauna in, 1878.
Mearns. Rare Birds near West Point, 1878.
Mearns. Two Rare Birds on the Hudson, 1878.
Mearns. Unusually Developed Individuals, etc., 1878.
Merriam. Remarks on some of the Birds of Lewis County, 1878
Pennock. Fieldnotes from the Adirondacks; 1878.
Scott. Notes from Ithaca, 1878.
NORTH AMERICA.

La Hontan. Voyages to, 1703, 1703.
Carver, Travels in, 1778, 1781, 1796.
Forster. Catalogue of Animals of, 1771.
Kalm. Travels in, 1753-61, 1754-64, 1770-71, 1772, 1812.
LosTciel. History of his Mission in, 1788, 1794.
Barton. Letter on the Natural History of, 1805.
Barton. Discourse on Desiderata in Natural History, 1807.
Vieillot. Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux de PAme'rique Septentrionale,1807.
Wilson. American Ornithology, 1808-14, 1828-29, 1831, 1832, 1840, 1871,

1876-77, 1878.

Ord. Guthrie's Geography, 1815, 1820.
Bradbury. Travels in Interior of, 1817.
Bonaparte. American Ornithology, 1825-33.

Bonaparte. Catalogue of Birds of the United States, " 1826", 1827.
Bonaparte. Supplement to Genera of North American Birds, 1827.
Bonaparte. Genera of North American Birds and Synopsis of United

States Species, 1828, 1828.
Audubon. Birds of America, orig. folios, 1827-38 ; later folios, 1861 ; orig.

8vo, 1840-44 ; later 8vos, 1856, 1856, 1861, 1863, 1865, 1871.
Bonaparte. Further Additions to the Ornithology of the United States,

1828.

Eennie. Sketches of twenty-four Song Birds of, 1829.
Audubon. Ornithological Biography, 1831-39.
Nuttall. Manual of Ornithology of the United States and Canada, 1832-34,

1840.

Gould. Remarks on Folliott's Birds from, 1834, 1834.
Brown. Wilson and Bonaparte's American Ornithology, with addition of

Forest Sylvia, 1835.

Bachman. Migrations of Birds of, 1836, 1840.
Eicliardson. Report on Zoology of, 1837.
Bonaparte. Geographical and Comparative List of Birds of Europe and,

1838.

Audubon. Synopsis of the Birds of, 1839.
Townsend. Ornithology of the United States, 1839 ?, 1849.
Maximilian. Reise in das innere Nord-America, 1839-41, 1840-43.
Haldeman. Habits of Four Species of Birds of, 1841.
Kirtland. Fragments of Natural History, 1841.
Cabot. Remarks on GallinsB of, 1842.

213] INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES 779

NORTH AMERICA. — Continued.

Abadie. List of Birds of, presented to National Institute, 1846.

Gamlel. Contributions to American Ornithology, 1848.

Siedhof. Naturgeschichtliches aus den Vereinigten Staaten, 1848.

Brewer. On some Eggs of Birds of, 1852.

Hartlaub. Ueber eiuige neue oder weniger bekannte Vogel Amerika's, 1852.

Laivrence. Additions to Ornithology of, 1852, 1852, 1853.

Lawrence. Ornithological Notes, 1852, 1853.

Braver. List of Birds found both in Europe and America, etc., 1854.

LeConte. List of Animals now forgotten or lost, 1854.

Cassln. Notes on some Birds in the Philadelphia Academy, 1856.

Cassin. Ornithology of the United States and British and Russian America,
1856.

Brewer. North American Oology, 1857.

Cassin. North American Species of Archibuteo and Lanius, 1857.

Baird. Catalogue of North American Birds, 1858, 1859.

Baird, Cassin, and Laivrence. Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. ix, 1858.

Wied, (Prinz von.) Verzeichniss der Vogel einer Reise in Nord-Ainerica,
1858-59.

Des Murs. On Brewer's Oology of, 1859.

Fowler. History of Ornithology in the United States, 1859.

Baird, Cassin, and Lawrence. Birds of, 1860.

Kennicoti. Catalogue of Birds of, in Trowbridge Collection, 1861.

Krider, Ornithological and Oological List of, 1861.

Coues. Colymbidse and Podicipidse of, 1862.

Coues. Supplement to same, 1862.

Hough. Meteorological Observations, 1864.

Milller. Reisen in den Vereinigten Staaten, Canada und Mexico, 1864-65.

Elliot. Game Birds of the United States, 1865.

Whitely. Catalogue of Birds and Eggs from, 1865.

Baird. Review of American Birds, 1864-66.

Baird. Distribution and Migrations of Birds of, 1866, 1866, 1867.

Elliot. Birds of, folio, 1866-69.

• Roosevelt. Game Birds of the Northern States, 1866.
Verrill. Notes on Distribution of Birds of, 1866, 1866.

Brewer. Errors Respecting the Habits of some Birds of, 1867.

Stimpson. Illustrations of Birds of, 1867.

Trippe. Awakening of the Birds, 1867.

Brewer. Song Birds of, 1868.

Coues. Catalogue of Birds of, in Essex Institute, 1868.

Wood. Review of Articles on Habits of Birds of, 1868.

Baily. Our own Birds, 1869.

Manger. Four Birds of, 1869.

Eidgway. Obscurely known Birds of, 1869.

Marsh. Notice of Fossil Cretaceous and Tertiary Birds of, 1870, 1870, 1870.

Reeks. Rare Eggs from, 1870.
Waddle. Game Waterfowl of, 1870.

Lewis. American Sportsman, 1871.

Soubeiran. Commerce des Oiseaux en Arne~rique, 1871.

Trippe. Differences between Eastern and Western Birds of, 1871.

780 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES [214

NORTH AMERICA.— Continued.
Allen. Geographical Variation in Birds of, 1872.
Cope. Synopsis of Extinct Aves of, 1872.
Coues. Key to North American Birds, 1872.
Marsh. New Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Birds, 1872.
Marsh. New Species of Cretaceous Birds, 1872, 1872.
Eidgway. Relation between Color and Geographical Distribution of Birds

of, 1872-73, 1873, 1873.

Coues. Checklist of North American Birds, 1873.
Baird and Ridgway. New Forms of American Birds, 1873.
Coues. Two little known Birds of, 1873.
Coues. United States Birds new to Science, etc., 1873.
Coues. Color- variation in Birds of, 1873.
Coues. Specimens of Bird Architecture, 1873.
Finsch. Reisebericht iiber, 1873.
Marsh. Fossil Birds from the Cretaceous, 1873.
Maynard. Strange and Rare Birds of, 1873.
Montebello. Sur quelques animaux de, 1873.
Eidgway. On some New Forms of Birds of, 1873.
Eidgway. The Grouse and Quails of, 1873.
Trippe. Irregular Migrations of Birds of, 1873.
Trippe. Queries concerning Birds of, 1873.

Allen. Geographical Variation in Mammals and Birds of, 1874, 1874.
Baird, Brewer, and Eidgway. History of North American Birds, 1874.
Coues. Birds of the Northwest, 1874, 1877.
Coues. Field Ornithology and Checklist, 1874.
Gentry. Habits of some Birds of, 1874.

Harcie-Brown. On Jones's Collection of North American Birds, 1874.
Jordan and Van Vleck. Popular Key to Birds of Northern United States,

1874.

Krider. Ornithological and Oological List, 1874.
Long. American Wildfowl Shooting, 1874.
Palmer. Insect-eating Birds, 1874.
Trippe. Migration of Birds in, 1874.
Trumbull. Nomenclature of Game Birds of, 1874.
Jasper. The Birds of, 1874-78.

Eidgway. Local Variations in Notes and Nesting Habits, 1874.
Eidgway. Birds new to the Fauna of, 1874.
Eidgway. Nomenclature of Game Birds of, 1874.
EoUnson. List of Albino Birds of, 1875.
"Ovum." Birds' Nests and Eggs, 1875-77.
Allen. Progress of Ornithology for a Century in, 1876.
Allen. Decrease of Birds in, 1876.

Allen. Geographical Variation in Nests and Eggs of Birds, of, 1876.
Brown. Variable Abundance of Birds in same Localities, 1876.
Deane. Albinism and Melanism in Birds of, 1876.
Jordan. Manual of Vertebrates, 1876, 1878.
Eallock. Sportsman's Gazetteer, 1877.

Marsh. Introduction and Succession of Vertebrate Life in, 1877.
Scott. Tendency to vary Habits, 1877.

215] INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES 781

NORTH AMERICA. — Continued.

Brewer. Two Birds new to Fauna of, 1878.

Brewer. Biid Architecture, 1878.

Brewer. Variations in Nesting of Birds of, 1878.

Brewer. Changes in the Fauna of, 1878.

Brcirster. First Plumage of Birds of, 1878.

Cones. New Birds for the United States Fauna, 1878.

Hoffman. Albinism in several Birds of, 1878.

Ingersoll. Ornithological News from, 1878.

Pope. Upland Game Birds and Waterfowl of, 1878.

Bidgway. Additions to Avifauna of, 1878.
NORTH CAROLINA.

Laivson. New Voyage to, 1709.

Lawson. History of, 1714, 1718, 1860.

BricMl. Natural History of, 1737.

Coues. Sea-side Homes, 1869.

Coues. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon, 1871.

Maynard. Birds observed about Wilmington, 1875.

Coues and Farrow. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon, 1878.
NOVA SCOTIA.

Bryant. List of Birds observed at Grand Menan and at Yarmouth, 1857.

Willis. List of Birds of, 1859.

Ambrose. Visit to Green Island, 1860.

Ambrose. Sea Birds of St. Margaret's Bay, 1865.

Duvan. Additions to Game of, 1365.

Hartt. Bird Tracks in Basin of Minas, 1867.

Jones. Fortnight in Backwoods of, 1867.

Jones. On some Eare Birds of, 1869.

Jones. Rare Birds in, 1870.
OHIO.

Storer. Fringillapinea and Bombycilla garrula in July in, 1845.

Bead. Catalogue of the Birds of Northern, 1853.

Collins. Report on Bill for Protecting Birds, 1860.

Wlieaton. Catalogue of Birds of, 1861.

Kirtland. Peculiarities of Fauna of Lake Erie and near Cleveland, 1874.

Kirtland. Mounted Birds from Northern, 1874.

Wlieaton. Food of Birds as related to Agriculture, with List, 1875.

Langdon. Catalogue of the Birds of Cincinnati, 1877.

Wheaton. Ruff and Purple Gallinule in, 1877.
OREGON.

Parker. Summary of Birds of, 1846.

Bacon. Notes on some Birds of, 1877.

Bendire. Notes on some Birds of Southeastern, 1877.
PENNSYLVANIA.

Barton\ Fragments of Natural History of, 1799.

Bonaparte. Comparative Catalogue of Birds of Rome and Philadelphia,
1826.

Bonaparte. Specchio Comparative, 1827-32.

Taylor. Geology and Natural History of Alleghany Range, 1835.

Taylor. Supplement to same, 1836.

782 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES [216

PENNSYLVANIA. — Continued.

Haldeman. Trego's Geography of, 1843.

Baird, (Win. M. and S. F.) List of Birds of Carlisle, Cumberland Co., 1844.

Baird. Catalogue of Birds of Carlisle, 1845.

Jackson. The Mountain, 1860.

Barnard. Catalogue of Birds of Chester County, 1861.

Turribull. Birds of Eastern, and New Jersey, 1869.

C. & P. Birds of Southern, 1876.

Gentry. Life- Histories of the Birds of Eastern, 1876-77.
SOUTH CAROLINA.

Bosc. New Natural History Objecto from, 1797.

Gibles. Catalogue of Birds of, 1848.

Burnett. Notes on Fauna of the Pine Barrens of, 1851.

Coues. Synopsis of Birds of, 1868.

Merriam. Ornithological Notes from, 1874.
TEXAS.

McCown. Facts and Observations taken in, 1853.

Giraud. Sixteen New Species, 1841.

Lawrence. New Birds from, 1852.

Sclater. Note on Giraud's Sixteen Species, 1855, 1856.

Dresser. Notes on Birds of Southern, 1865-66.

Butcher. List of Birds of Laredo, 1868.

Merrill. Notes on Texan Birds, 1876.

Eagsdale. Texan Ornithology, 1876.

McCauley. Notes on the Ornithology of the Red River of, 1877.

Allen. Western Nonpareil and Berlandier's Wren in, 1877.

Kumlein. Notes from, 1877, 1877.

Bennett. Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande, 1878.
UNITED STATES. See NORTH AMERICA.
UTAH.

Baird. Stansbury's Report on the Great Salt Lake, 1852, 1852, 1852.

Baird. Birds found at Fort Bridger, 1858.

Eidgway. Notes on the Bird Fauna of the Salt Lake Valley, 1873.

Henshaw. Annotated List of Birds of, 1874.

Baird. Birds collected by McCarthy in, 1876.
VANCOUVER.

Sclater. On a Collection of Birds from, 1859.

Walker. Voyage from Liverpool to, 1863.

Macfie. Vancouver and British Columbia, 1865.

Lord. The Naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Columbia, 1866.

Brown. Synopsis of Birds of, 1868.
VERMONT.

Williams. Natural and Civil History of, 1794, 1809.

Thompson. Natural History of, 1853.

Goodhue. Catalogue of and Observations on Birds of, 1871.

Briggs. List of Birds at Montpelier, 1876.

Eolinson. Spring Birds of Addison County, 1876.
VIRGINIA.

Smith. A Map of, 1612.

Hamor. True Discourse of Present Estate of, 1615.

217] INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES 783

VIRGINIA.— Continued.

Smith. General History of, 1624, 1632.

Glover. Account of, 1676.

Clayton. Account of, 1693.

Jefferson. Notes on, 1782, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1800, 1801, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1853.

Stracney. Historic of Travaile into, 1849.

Bailey. Birds found Breeding on Cobb's Island, 1876.
WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

Cooper and Suckley. Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. xii, book ii, 1860.
WEST VIRGINIA.

Scott. List of Summer Birds of Kanawha County, 1873.

Breicster. Observations on the Birds of Ritchie County, 1874 and 1875.
WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES AT LARGE.

Lewis and Clarice. Travels, 1814, 1814, 1815, 1815, 1816-18; 1817, 1817,

• 1842-75.

Eqfinesque. Account of Discoveries in, 1818, 1818.

Rafinesque. Prodrome of Seventy New Genera, 1819.

Say. Long's Expedition, 1823, 1823, 1824.

Vigors. On Species from the Northwest Coast of America, 1829.

Vigors. Zoology of Beechey's Voyage, 1839.

Totvnsend. Twelve New Birds from the Columbia River, 1837.

Townsend* List of Birds from the Rocky Mountains, Oregon, etc., 1839.

Toicnsend. Narrative of Journey across Rocky Mountains, 1839.

Gambel. New and Rare Birds of Rocky Mountains and California, 1843.

Abert. Notes of a Reconnoissance, 1848.

McCall. Remarks on Birds of Western Texas and New Mexico, 1851.

McCall. List of Birds on the Missouri from Fort Leavenworth to Fort
Union, 1851.

Laurence. Descriptions of Three New Birds, 1852.

Woodhouse. Sitgroaves's Report, 1853.

Cassin. Illustrations of the Birds of Texas, California, etc., 1853, 1853-55,
1856.

Lawrence. Three New Species of Birds, 1853.

Kennerly. Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. iv, 1856.

Neicberry. Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. vi, 1857.

Hayden. Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota, 1858, 1862, 1875.

Ba ird. Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. x, 1859.

Heermann. Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. x, 1859. .

Kennerly. Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. x, 1859.

Baird. Mexican Boundary Survey, 1859.

Hayden. Geology and Natural History of the Upper Missouri, 1862.

Lord. Birds of British North American Boundary Commission, 1864.

Lord. Catalogue of Nests and Eggs from Northwestern America, 1865.

Coues. Ornithology of a Prairie Journey, 1865.

Coues. From Arizona to the Pacific, 1866.

Allen. Fauna of the Prairies, 1871.

Allen. Ornithological Notes from, 1872.

Allen. Notes of Ornithological Reconnoissance of Kansas, Colorado, Wy-
oming, and Utah, 1872.

CooTce. Autumn Game on the Prairies, 1872.

784 INDEX TO BIBLIOGRAPHY LOCALITIES [218

WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES AT LARGE. — Continued.

Holden and AiTcen. Notes on Birds of Wyoming and Colorado, 1872.

Merriam. Report on Birds of Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah, 1873.

Allen. Notes on the Natural History of Dakota and Montana, 1874.

Hensliaw. Hummingbird new to our Fauna and other facts, 1874.

Howell. Among the Waterfowl of the, 1874.

Bidgway. Lists of Birds observed from Sacramento, Cal.} to Salt Lake
City, Utah, 1874-75.

Yarrow. Progress Report of the Wheeler Survey, 1874.

Yarrow and Hensliaw. Report on Ornithological Specimens of the Wheeler
Survey, 1874.

Hensnaw and Aiken. Report on Explorations West of the 100th Meridian,
1875.

Nelson. Notes on Birds observed in Utah, Nevada, and California, 1875.

Eidgway. First Impressions of the Bird Fauna of California, 1875.

Coues. Travels of Lewis and Clarke, 1876.

Hoffman. Habits of some Western Birds, 1876.

Cooper. Seventy-five doubtful West Coast Birds, 1877.

Marsh. Recent PalsBontological Discoveries in, 1877.

Eidgway. Geological Exploration of the 40th Parallel, 1877.

Coues. Field-Notes on Birds observed in Dakota and Montana, 1878.

Stevens. Notes on a few Birds observed in New Mexico and Arizona, 1878.
WISCONSIN.

Hoy. Notes on the Ornithology of, 1853, 1853.

Barry. List of Birds of, 1854.

BruMn. Ankunft und Briitezeit einiger Vogel Milwaukee's, 1871.

Bruliin. Unsere gefiederten Wintergiiste, 1872.

Bruliin. Zur Vogelsprache, 1872.

Bruliin. Ankunft von Vogelu, 1872.

Bruliin. Zoologische Mittheilungen aus, 1873.

Hoy. Peculiarities of the Fauna near Racine, 1874.

Bruliin. Vogel von New Coeln, 1875.

Green. Birds of Milwaukee County, 1878.
WYOMING.

Stevenson. List of Birds collected in, 1871.

BracJcett. Birds of, 1877.

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

(Exclusive of the Bibliographical Appendix)

[NOTE.— The technical names of families, genera, and species, and the vernacular names
of the latter, are indexed, together with their respective synonyms, so that a bird may be
found under any name which has been applied to it. Some merely typographical syno-
nyms which no one would look for are omitted. Subgeneric and subspecifio terms are
respectively treated as generic and specific.]

Abrornis atricapilla 327
Accentor auricapillus 298
Aegithalus flaviceps 129
Aegithina leucoptera 347
Agrodoma spraguei 193
Alauda

alpestris 186

chrysolsema 187

cornuta 186

flava 186

glacialis 187

ludoviciana 103

migratoria 194

minor 187

nivalis 186

pensilvanica 194

rubra 194

rufa 187, 194

spraguii 193

virginiana 186
Alaudidaj 182
Alice's Thrush 35
Alouette

a hausse-col noir 186

aux joues brunes de Pensilvanie
194

de Sibe~rie 186

de Virginie 187

pipe" 194
American

Barn Swallow 407

Bluebird 78

Creeper 146

Dipper 89

Fieldfare 9

Flycatcher 338
50 BO

American

Golden-crested Kinglet 96, 97

Grey Shrike 562

Pipit 193

Redbreast 9

Redstart 339

Robin 9

Amerikanischer Seidenschwanz 471
Ampelis 451, 460, 536

americana 470

carolinensis 471

cedrorum 470

garrulus 459, 470

sialis 77
Anorthura

hyemalis 176

troglodytes 176
AnthinsB 192
Anthus 192

aquaticus 194

coronatns 298

Therminieri 301

ludovicianus 193

pensylvanicus 194

pipiens 194

reinhardtii 194

rubens 194

spinoletta 194

spraguii 193
Antimimus rufus 62
Aoonalashka Swallow 449
Aquatic

Accentor 299, 301

Thrush 301

Wood- wagtail 301
Arctic Bluebird 82
Arizona Gnatcatcher 105

785

786

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

Arizona

Thrasher 67

Vireo 517
Audubon's

Thrush 21

Warbler 271
Auriparus 129

flaviceps 129
Autumnal Warbler 244
Avis marylandica, gutture luteo 311
Azure Warbler 268
Azure-capped Manakin 349

Bachman's

Swamp Warbler 214

Warbler 214
Baeolophus bicolor 113
Bahama

Creeper 197

Honey-creeper 197

Titmouse 197
Bank Swallow 435, 437
Barn Swallow 408
Bay-breasted Warbler 243
Basileuterus

belli 335

brasieri 335

chrysophrys 335

culicivorus 335

ruber 331

rubrifrons 331
Bee-fin

a gorge jaune 248

a t£te cendrde 291

aux joues rousses 246

bimble* 250

bleuatre 243

couronn6 279
Bell's

Greenlet 526

Yireo 527

Belted Warbler 279
Bendire's Thrush 67
Bessy Kick-up 301
Bewick's Wren 169
Biblis 435

Bicoloured Warbler 347
Biinbel6 ou Fausse Linote 250
Black Fly-catcher 475

Black Ptilogonys 475
Black-and-white

Creeper 205

Creeping Warbler 205

Swallow 414

Warbler 204, 205
Black-and-yellow Warbler 290
Blackburnian Warbler 284
Black-cap Warbler 346
Black-capped

Gnatcatcher 106

Greenlet 533

Vireo 533

Black-cheeked Yellow-throat 311
Black-crested Titmouse 116
Black-headed Vireo 533
Black-headed Warbler 338
Black-masked Ground Warbler 311
Black-poll Warbler 288
Black-throated

Blue Warbler 241

Gray Warbler 263

Green Flycatcher 241

Green Warbler 240

Warbler 243

Waxwing 460
Black-winged Red-bird 351
Blaue

Eoth-Kehlein 78

Sanger 78

Bloody-side Warbler 256
Blue

Flycatcher 242

Golden-winged Warbler 216

Mountain Warbler 237

Eedbreast 78

Warbler 78

Yellow-backed Warbler 208
Blue-backed Red-breast Warbler 78
Bluebird 78

Blue-eyed Yellow Warbler 253
Blue-gray

Flycatcher 102

Gnatcatcher 101
Blue-green Warbler 268
Blue-grey Warbler 243
Blue-headed

Greenlet 505

Vireo 506
Blue-winged Yellow Warbler 214

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

787

Bohemian Waxwing 459, 460
Bonaparte's Flycatcliing Warbler 324
Bomby cilia 451, 460

americana 470

bob e mica 460

carolinensis 470

cedrorum 470

cosrulea 460

garrula 460
Bombycipbora 451

poliocoelia 460
Bombycivora 451

garrula 460
Brown

Creeper 145, 146

Lark 194

Tbrasber 61, 62

Tbrush 34, 62

Brown-beaded Creeper 156
Bridled Titmouse 117
Brotherly-love

Greenlet 492

Vireo 493
Butcher-bird 559

Cactus Wren 156
Cserulean Warbler 102, 268
Californian

Cactus-wren 156

Nuthatch 139

Titmouse 114
Campylorhynchus 154

brunneicapillus 156
Canada

Flycatcher 324

Flycatching Warbler 323

Nuthatch 136

Swallow 447

Tanager 351

Warbler, 243
Canon Wren 164
Cape May

Warbler 245

Wood Warbler 246
Carbonated

Swamp Warbler 237

Warbler 237
Cardellina 330

amicta 331

Cardellina

rubra 331

rubrifrons 331
Cardinal de Canada 351
Cardinalis canadensis 351
Carolina

Waxwing 470

Wren 168

Cassin's Greenlet 514
Cat Flycatcher 57
Catbird 56, 57
Catherpes 163

conspersus 164

inexicanus 164
Cecropis 406

americana 408

f ulva 426

lunifrons 427

rufa 407

thalassiua 419

violacea 447
Cedar Waxwing 471
Cedar-bird 471
Certhia 143

albifrons 164

americana 145, 146

bahamensis 197

brachydactyla 145

brachyrhynchus 145

caroliniana 168

costoe 145

f amiliaris 145, 146

flaveola 197

fusca 145

hodgsoni 145

macrodactyla 145

maculata 205

major 145

megarhynchos 145

mexicana 146

minor 145

nattereri 145

palustris 178

paradoxa 145

picta 205

piuus 214

rufa 145

rufidorsalis 145

scandulaca 145

septentrionalis 145

788

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

Certhia varia 204
Certhiola

bahamensis 197

bairdi 197

flaveola 197

maritima 246
Cerulean Warbler 268
Cetophaga 334
Chamsea 108

fasciata 108, 109
Chat 57, 321
Chatterer 471

of Carolina 471
Chattering Flycatcher 321
Chelidon 412

bicolor 413

lencogastra 413

tmalaschkensis 449

viridis 413
Cherry-bird 471

Chestnut-crowned Titmouse 124
Chestnut-sided Warbler 244
Children's Warbler 253
Chimney Swallow 408
Chloris 206

erythachorides 255
Cichlopsis 474

nitens 475
Cinclus

americanus 89

mexicanus 89

mortoni 89

pallasii 89

townsendii 89

unicolor 89
Cistothorus

elegans 180

paludicola 179

palustris 178

stellaris 180
Citron

Open-bill 253

Warbler 253
Cliff Swallow 426, 427
Ccelestial Tanager 349
Ccerulean Warbler 267, 268
Collurio or Collyrio 536

borealis 558

chemungensis 546, 559

excubitoroides 562

Collurio or Collyrio

ludovicianus 561

robustus 545
Collyrio 536

borealis 558
Columbia Robin 14
Common

Bluebird 78

Creeper 146
Compsothlypis 206

arnericana 209
Conirostrum ornatum 129
Connecticut

Warbler 308

Wood- warbler 309
Coquantototl 471
Corthylio calendula 93
Corvus 451

cedrorum 470
Cou-jaune 248
Cotile 435
Cotyle 435, 438

fluviatilis 437

littoralis 437

microrhynchos 437

riparia 435, 436

serripennis 438
Creeper 146
Creeping

Titmouse 209

Warbler 205
Crescent Swallow 426
Crested

Shining -black White --winged
Flysnapper 475

Titmouse 113

Crimson-headed Tanager 358
Crissal Thrasher 73
Cuban Martin 445
Culicivora

atricapilla 106

co3rulea 101

mexicana 102, 107

townsendi 44
Culicivore gris de fer 102
Curve-billed Thrasher 64

Dacnis vermivora 212
Demi-fin Mangeur de vers 212

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

789

Dendrseca, Dendrceca, or Dendroica

235,256
sestiva 252, 256
albicollis 255
albilora 248
atricapilla 288
auduboni 271
aureola 256
barbadensis 256
bartholemica 256
blackburnise 284
bryanti 256
caerula 267
canadensis 242
capitalis 256
carbon ata 237
castanea 243
chrysoparia 241,258
coerulea 267
ccerulescens 241
corouata 271, 278
cruciana 256
cabana 255
decora 292
discolor 246
dominica 247
eoa 256

erihtacborides 256
gallapageusis 256
graciaB 292
gundlachi 255
hypochrysea 250
icterocepbala 244
jamaicensis 255
kirtlandi 249
maculosa 290
maritima 246
montana 237
nigrescens 263
niveiventris 258
occidentalis 258
olivacea 233
palmarum 249
panamensis 256
paunosa 242
pennsylvanica 244
pensilis 248
petecbia 255
pbaretra 296
pina 251

Deudraca, Dendrceca, or Dendroica

pinus251,288

pityopbila 296

ruficapilla 255, 256

rufigula 256

striata 288

superciliosa 247

tigrina 245

townsendi 260

vieilloti 256

virens 240
Drepanis 437
Dusky Warbler 237, 279
Dwarf

Hermit Thrush 21

Thrush 21

E

Eastern Bluebird 78
Eave Swallow 426
Enicocichla. See Henicocichla
Equatorial Warbler 347
Ergaticus 330

rubra 331
Eremophila 185

alpestris 186

chrysolsema 187

cornuta 186

leucolsema 187

minor 187
Erythaca

arctica 82

wilsonii 78
Erythrosoma 334
Euphonia

co3lestis 349

elegantissima 349
Europaischer Seidenschwanz 460
European

Chatterer 460

Creeper 146

Waxwing 460
Euthlypis 334

canadensis 324
Exochocichla 296

F

Farlouzanne 194
Fauvette

a collier 209

acou jaune248

790

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

Fauvette

& cravate noire 241

a croupion jaune 279

a croupion noir 285

a demi-collier 346

a gorge baie 244

a gorge dore"e 494

a gorge jaune 346

a gorge grise 346

a gorge orange"e 211

& poitrine jaune de Louisiane 311

a poitrine rougeatre 244

& queue rousse 339

& tete cendre"e 291

a tete grise 284

a tete jaune 245

d, tete rouge 250

a t£te rouge de Pensylvanie 255

a tete rousse 256

agile 309

aux c6te"s chataines 245

aux joues noires 311

bicolore 347

bimbele"250

Blackburn 285

bleuatre243,268

bleuatre de S. Domingue 242

bleue et rousse 78

brune 301

chrysoptere 217

couronn6e 279

couronne"e d'or 279

d'autoinne 244, 285

des Montagues Bleues 237

des Peupliers 268

des Pins 251

des Pins mare'cageux 243

des Sapins 251

discolor 247

du Cape May 246

du Kentucky 310

du Tennessee 230

grise a cou jaune 248

grise a gorge jaune 248

grise des fitats-Unis 501

Hemlock 285

jaune 253

jaune aux ailes bleues 215

mitre"e 325

naine 347

Fauvette

nashville 224

olive 347

ombre'e de la Louisiane 279

orange"e 284

petit-deuil 314

pipi 301

raye"e 288

stride 288

tachetee de la Louisiane 279, 301

tachetde de rougeatre 253

tailor 288

tigre"e 246

trichas311

verdatre 346

verdatre de la Louisiane 346

voilee 347

Felivox carolinensis 57
Ferruginous

Mockingbird 62

Thrush 62
Ficedula 206

canadensis 253

canadensis cinerea 279

cacadensis cinerea minor 242

canadensis fusca 246

canadensis icterocephalos 245

canadensis major 211

carolinensis cinerea 209

dominicensis 255

dominicensis cinerea 248

dominicensis fusca 300

dominicensis minor 255

dominicensis varia 205

ludoviciana 209

marilandica 311

martinicana 255

pensilvanica 212

pensilvanica auro-capilla 298

pensylvanica cinerea 102

pensilvanica cinerea gutture ni-

. gro 217

pensilvanica cinerea nsevia 279

pensilvanica erythrocephalos 255

pensilvanica gutture nigro 241

pensilvauica icterocephalos 245

pensilvanica nsevia 291

salis 77

Fieldfare of Carolina 9
Fiery-crowned Wren 97

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

791

Figuier

a ceinture 279
a cravatte noir 241
a demi-collier 346
a gorge blanche 255
a gorge jaune 346
a gorge noir de Pensilvanie 241
a gorge oraugde 211
a poitrine rouge 245
a teste d'or de Peusilvanie 298
a teste jaune de Canada 245
a teste jaune de Pensilvanie 245
a teste rouge de Pensilvanie 255
a tete cendre~e 291
a tete jaune de Canada 245
a tete rouge de Pensylvanie 255
a tete rousse 255
a ventre et tete jauiies 211
aux ailes dore~es 217
aux joues noires 311
bleu 242

bran de Canada 246
brun de S. Domingue 300
bran-olive 346
cendre" a collier 209
cendre" a gorge ceudre"e 102
cendre" a gorge noir de Pensilva-
nie 217

cendre" de Canada 279
cendre" de S. Domingue 248
cendre" du Canada 242
cendre" tachete" de Pensilvanie 279
couronne' d'or 279
de Canada 253
de la Caroline 253
delaLouisiane 215
de la Martinique 255
de Mariland 311
de Pensilvanie 212
de S. Domingue 255
des Sapins 215
du Mississipi 279
Stranger 284
grasset 279
gris-de-fer 102
olive de Cayenne 347
orang6 284
protonotaire 211
tachete" 253
tachete" de jaune 246

Figuier

tachete" de Peneilvanie 291
vari6 de S. Domingue 205
vert et blanc 255

Finch Creeper 209

Florida Greenlet 492

Flute 28

Fox-coloured Mock-bird 62

French Mockingbird 62

Fringilla rubra 352

O

Galeoscoptes carolinensis 56
Garrulus

australis 321

bohemicus 460
Gemeiner Seidenschwanz 460
Geothlypis 308

aequinoctialis 347

agilis 309

macgillivrayi 312

Philadelphia 312

tephrocotis 309

trichas 309

velata 347
Gnaphalvs 460
Gobe-mouche

cendre* de Canada 324

citrin de la Louisiane 325

d'Ame"rique 338

de la Jamaique 496

de la Louisiane 325

jaunatre de New-Yorck 494

noire et aurore 338

rouge de la Caroline 353
Golden

Warbler 253

Swamp Warbler 211
Golden-cheeked Warbler 241
Golden-crested Warbler 97
Golden-crowned

Accentor 297

Flycatcher 279

Thrush 298

Wagtail 298

Warbler 279

Golden-throated Flycatcher 494
Golden-winged

Flycatcher 216

Swamp Warbler 217

792

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

Golden-winged Warbler 217
Grace's Warbler 292
Grand

Ecoreheur 559
Figuier de Canada 211
Jaseur 460

Martinet a ventre blanc 446
Martinet noir et blanc 446
Grasset Warbler 279
Gray

Vireo 517

Greenlet 517
Gray-cheeked Thrush 35
Gray-tufted Titmouse 114
Great American

Shrike 559

Martin 447

Great Carolina Wren 168
Green

and White Warbler 255

Black-capped Flycatcher 327

Black-capt Warbler 327

Flycatcher 520

Warbler 241

Wren 520

Green-blue Swallow 414
Greenish Warbler 346
Grey-poll Warbler 284
Grey-throat Warbler 102
Grey-throated Warbler 346
Grinipereau

comnmn 146

de Bahama 197

varie* 205

Griseous Flycatcher 501
Grive

couronne'e 298

de Canada 9

de rouisseaux ou Hochequeue 301

de Swainson 35

des Bois 28

grivelette 298

hochequeue 299

rousse 62
Grive solitaire 21
Grivelette de S. Domingue 298
Ground

Swamp Robin 21

Wren 109
Ground-tit 109

Half-collared Warbler 346
Hanging Flycatcher 520
Harpes rediviva 71
Harporhynchus 60

bendirii 67

cinereus 67

crissalis 73

curvirostris 64

lecontei 70

longicauda 62

palmeri 64, 65

redivivus 71

rufus 61
Helinaia

bachmani 214

carbon a ta 237

celata 226

chrysoptera 216

peregrina 230

protonotarius 211

rubricapilla 224

solitaria 215

swainsonii 212

vermivora 212

Helmintheros, Helmintherus, or Hel
mitherus

bachmani 214

carbon ata 237

celatus 226

chrysoptera 216

migratorius 212

peregrina 230

rubricapillus 224

solitarius 215

swainsoni 212

vermivorus 211
Helminthophaga 210

bachmani 214

carbonata 237

celata 226

chrysoptera 216

citrsea 210

gutturalis 224

lawrencii 214

leucobronchialis 213

lucife 219

lutescens 227

obscura 227

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

793

Helminthopbaga

ocularis 224

peregrina 230

pinus 214

protonotarius 211

ruficapilla 224

solitaria 215

swainsonii 212

Virginias 222
Hemlock Warbler 285
Henicocicbla 296

aurocapilla 297

ludoviciaua 299

major 299

motacilla 299

noveboracensis 300

sulpburascens 301
Hepatic Tanager 355
Hermit

Tbrush20,21

Warbler 258
Herat

bicolor 413

fulva 427

Ilesperocicbla nsevia 14
Hirondelle

a ventre blanc 414, 446

& ventre roux de Cayenne 408

bicolore 414

bleue 445, 447

bleue de la Louisiane 447

d'Anie'rique 446

de la Baye de Hudson 447

de rivage 437

de S. Domingue 446

d'Ounalaska 449

rousse 408
Hirundo 3C6, 412, 426, 435, 444

albiventris 446

americana 408, 437

aoonalaschkensis 449

apos carolinensis 447

bicolor 413

cserulea 447

cinerea 437, 449

coronata 427

cyanopyrrha 408

dominicensis 446

erytbrogastra 407

freti-hudsonis 447

Hirundo

fulva 426

fumaria 408

horreorum 407

leucogaster 413

ludoviciana 447

lunifrons 426

melanogaster 427

opifex 427

phenicephala 449

p03ciloma 426

prasina 414

purpurea 446, 447

respublicana 427

riparia 435

rufa 407

rupestris 449

rustica 407

serripennis 438

subis 445

swainsoni 427

thalassina 419

unalascbkensis 449

versicolor 447

violacea 447

viridis 413

Hochequeue de la baie d'Hudson 194
Honey Creeper 197
Hooded

Flycatcbing Warbler 325

Titmouse 325

Warbler 324
Horned Lark 186
House Wren 171
Hudsonian Wagtail 194
Button's

Greenlet 525

Vireo 525

Hydrobata mexicana 89
Hylemathrous

aedon 171

americanus 171
Hylocicbla

fuscescens 39

mustelina 28

nana 21

pallasi 20

swainsoni 84

Hylophilus vermivora 212
Hypotbymis or Hy potbimis azarea 268

794

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

Hypothymis or Hypothimis nitens 475

Icteria 316

auricollis 321
dumicola 321
longicauda 321
velasquezi 321
virens 320
viridis 320
Icte'rie dumicole 321
Iridoprocne 412
Ixoreus naevius 14

Jamaica Warbler 248

Jaseur

d'Europe 460
de Boheme 460
de la Caroline 471
du cedre 471

Kentucky

Flycatching Warbler 310

Warbler 309
Kirtland's Warbler 249

Lanius

canadensis 543
carolinensis 545, 561, 562
elegans 545
excubitor 542, 558
excubitorides 545, 562
garrulus 460, 470, 544, 561
griscus 544, 558
ludovicianus 542, 561
mexicanus 545, 562
natka 544
noveboracensis 520
olivaceus 495
septentrionalis 544, 559
solitarius 506

Lanivireo

•sassini 514
flavifrons 494
noveboracensis 520
plumbeus 515

Lanivireo solitarias 506, 514, 515
Large -billed

Accentor 299

Water Thrush 299
Lark from Pensylvania 194
Lawrence's Warbler 214
Lead-colored

Bush-titmouse 125

Flycatcher 105

Gnatcatcher 105

Titmouse 125

Vireo 515

Leaden Titmouse 125
Least

Bush-tit 124

Greenlet 531

Titmouse 124

Vireo 531

LeConte's Thrasher 70
Lepturus 474

galeatus 475
Litorne de Canada 9
Little

Blue-grey Fly-catcher 102

Domestic Flycatcher 520

Thrush 34, 39
Liver-colored Tanager 355
Loggerhead Shrike 562
Long-billed Marsh Wren 178
Long-tailed

Chickadee 120

House Wren 169
Lophophanes 112

atrocristatus 116

bicolor 113

galeatus 117

inornatus 114

missouriensis 113

septentrionalis 120

wollweberi 117
Louisiana

Lark 194

Shrike 561

Tanager 359

Warbler 168, 209

Water Thrush 299
Loxia virginica 353
Lucar lividus 57
Lucy's Warbler 219
Luscinia eialis 78

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

795

Luscinia uropygio luteo 279

Macgillivray's Warbler 312
Marsh Wren 178
Martinet

couleur de pourpre 447

de la Caroline 447
Maryland Yellow-throat 309
McGillivray's

Ground Warbler 313

Warbler 313
Merle

a derriere roux 57

Catbird 57

de Swainson 35

erratique 9

grivette 39

moqueur 54

on Rouge-gorge du Canada 9

solitaire 21

tanne* 28

verd de la Caroline 321
Merula

marilandica 353

migratoria 9

minor 39

mustelina 28

olivacea 34

silens 21

solitaria 20

viridis carolinensis 321

wilsonii 34, 39
Melange

& collier de la Caroline 325

a croupion jaune 279

bicolore 113

d'Am<5rique 251

de Yirginie 279

grise a gorge jaune 248

grise de la Caroline 248
Mexican Bluebird 80
Migratory Thrush 9
Mimic Thrush 54
Mimus 53

carolinensis 56

caudatus 54

curvirostris 64

f elivox 57

leucopterus 54

Mimus

meruloides 14

montanus 48

polyglottus 53

rufus 62

Mississipimerle 354
Mississippi Tanager 353
Missouri Skylark 193
Mitred

Sylvan Flycatcher 325

Warbler 325
Mniotilta

sestiva252

americana 209

auduboni 271

aurantia 284

aureola 256

bachmani 214

bicolor 347

blackburnisB 285

borealis 205

canadensis 242

carbonata 237

carolinensis 253

castanea 243

celata 226

chrysopareia 241

chrysoptera 216

citrea 210

ccerulea 267

coerulescens 242

coronata 278

discolor 246

dominica 247

eoa 256

formosa 309

fulva 346

fusca 346

graciae 292

icterocephala 245

incana 284

kirtlandi 249

leucoptera 347

longirostris 205

luciaj 219

macropus 242

maculosa 290

maritima 246

melanorhoa 285

montana 237

796

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

Mniotilta

nigrescens 263
occidentals 258
ochroleuca 493
olivacea 233
palm arum 249

pannosa 242

parus 285

pennsylvanica 244

peregrina 230

petechia 250

pharetra 296

pinus 251

pityophila 296

pumilia 347

rara 268

rathbonia 253

rubricapilla 224

ruficapilla 224

ruficeps 256

semitorquata 346

solitaria 215

striata 288

superciliosa 247

swainsoni 213

tamiata 233

tigrina 245

townsendii 260

varia 204, 205

vermivora 212

virens 241

virginiae 222
Mockingbird 53, 54
Motacilla235

sequinoctialis 347

sestiva 252

albicollis 255

americana 208

aurantia 284

auricollis 211

aurocapilla 297

blackburnise 284

cserulea 101

cserulescens 242

calendula 92

cana 102

canadensis 241, 252, 279, 298

carolinensis 253

caroliniana 168

chloroleuca 255

Motacilla

chrysocephala 284

chrysoptera 216

cincta 279

citrea 210

coronata 278

domestica 171

dominica 247

eques 209

flavicauda 338

flavicollis 248

flavifrons 216

fluviatilis 300

fulva 346

fusca 284, 346

hudsonica 194

incana 284

ludoviciana 168, 209

maculosa 290

mitrata 324

nsevia 299

noveboracensis 300

palm arum 249

palustris 178

pensilvanica 244

pensilis 247

petechia 255

pileolata 327

pinguis 279

pinus 214

protonotarius 210

rubiginosa 253

ruficapiUa 255

ruticilla 337

scolopacina 145

semitorquata 346

sialis 77

striata 288

superciliosa 247

tigriua 245, 300

trichias 310

trochilus 321

troglodytes 168, 176

umbria 279

varia 204

vermivora 211

virens 240
MotacillidsB 191
Moucherolle

dor6 338

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

7^7

Moucherolle

du Canada 324

gris 501

olive 496
Mountain

Chickadee 122

Mockingbird 48, 49
Mourning

Ground-warbler 314

Warbler 313, 314
Moustacbed Greenlet 491
Muscicapa 484

americana 338

belli 335

bonapartii 324

brasierii 335

canadensis 323

canadensis cinerea 324

cantatrix 520

carolinensis 56

carolinensis rubra 353

ccerulea 101

cucullata 325

derbamii 335

flaveola 338

gilva 501

guttata 21

jamaicensis 496

leucomus 336

melodia 501

minuta 326

noveboracensis 520

ochroleuca 493

oculis rubris 496

olivacea 495

pileata 325

pusilla 326

rubra 352

rubrifron8 331

ruticilla 337

selbyii 325

solitaria 505

striata 288

sylvicola 494

tricolor 336

viridis 320

vulnerata 335

wilsonii 327
Myiadestes 43

obscurus 44

Myiadestes townsendi 44, 475
Myioborus 334
Myioctonus 323

formosus 309

mitratua 325

pusillus 326
Myiodioctes 323

bonapartii 324

canadensis 323

chrysophrys 335

formosus 309

miuutus 326

mitratus 324

pardalina 324

pileolatus 327

pusillus 326

towusendi 480

wilsonii 327
Myiothera obsoleta 159
Myrtle-bird 279

R

Nashville

Swamp Warbler 224

Vermivora 224

Warbler 224

Worm-eater 224
Nectarinia varia 205
Neocorys spraguii 193
New York

Thrush 301

Warbler 301
Northern

Creeping Warbler 205

Shrike 559
Nuthatch du Canada 136

Oenanthe americana pectore luteo 321
Oiseau Xomotl, d'Ame*rique, huppe*

471
Olive

Tanager 351

Warbler 233, 243, 253
Olive-backed

Thrush 34, 35

Warbler 233

Olive-brown Warbler 346
Olive-coloured Flycatcher 496
Orange-bellied Warbler 346

798

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

Orange-breasted Warbler 233
Orange-colored Warbler 227
Oran ge-cro w n ed

Accentor 298

Swamp Warbler 227

Vermivora 227

Warbler 226

Orange-headed Warbler 233, 284
Orange-thighed Warbler 311
Orange-tbroated Warbler 211, 285
Oroscoptes 48

montanus 48
Orphea rufa 61
Orpheus
. carolinensis 56

curvirostris 64

fell vox 57

leucopterus 54

lividus 57

meruloides 14

montanus 48

polyglottus 54

rufus 61
Oporornis

agilis 308

formosa 309

varius 309
Otocoris or Otocorys

alpestris 186

chrysolsema 187

cornuta 186

occidentalis 187

rufa 187

sprangeri 193
Oven-bird 298
Oxyglossus maculatus 205

Pacific Orange-crowned Warbler 227
Painted

Flycatcher 335, 336

Fly-snapper 336
Palm Warbler 250
Paroides flaviceps 129
Parkman's Wren 172
Particolored Warbler 209, 247
Parula 206

americana 208

nigrilora 206

Parus 119

albescens 120

alis aureis 216

americanus 208, 251

americanus gutture luteo 248

americanus lutescens 251

annexus 117

atricapillus 120

atricristatus 116

aureus alis ceruleis 215

bahamiensis 197

bicolor 113

bombycilla 460

carolinensis griseus 248

carolineusis luteus 253

carolinensis torquatus 325

cedrus 279

cristatus 113

erythropis 331

fasciatus 108

fringillaris 209

galeatus 117

griccus gutture luteo 248

inornatus 114

leucotis 331

luteus 253

minimus 124

montanus 122

satrapa 96

septentrionalis 120

uropygeo luteo 279

virginianus 279

viridis gutture nigro 241

varius 209

wollweberi 117
Pensile Warbler 248
Perissoglossa

carbon ata 237

tigrina 245
Peteria 316
Petit

Figuier cendr6 de Canada 242

Figuier de S. Dorningue 255

noir-aurore 338

Petite Grive de St. Domingue 298
Petrochelidon 425

bicolor 413

f ulva 426, 427

lunifrons 426, 427

melanogastra 427

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

799

Petrochelidon

poeciloma 426

swainsoni 427

thalassina 419
Pencedramus olivaceus 233
Phsenisoina 350
Phtenopepla or Phainopepla 474

nitens 475
Philadelphia

Greenlet 493

Yireo 493
Phileremos or Phileremus

alpestris 186

cornutus 187

rufescens 186

striatus 186
Phcenicosoma 350

aestiva 353

hepatica 355

ludoviciana 358

rubra 351
Phcenisoma 350

aestiva 353

rubra 351

Phyllobasileus calendula 93
Phyllomanes

barbatulus 492

flavoviridis 490

olivaceus 495
Phyllopneuste

canadensis 242

minuta 247

petechia 250

rara 268

Picolaptea brnnneicapillus 156
Pie-grieche bor<Sale 559
Pie-griesche de la Louisiane 561
Pine

Creeper 215, 251

Warbler 215

Pine-creeping Warbler 251
Pine-swamp Warbler 243
Pipra

elegantissima 349

galericulata 349

polyglotta 321
Piranga. See Pyranga
Pitpit vermivore 212
Plain Titmouse 114
Planesticus migratorius 8

Plumbeous

Bush-tit 125

Gnatcatcher 105

Greenlet 515

Titmouse 125

Vireo 515
Poecila or Poecile

minimus 124

montanus 122
Polarpieper 194
Polioptila 101

cserulea 101

melanura 106

mexicana 102

plumbea 105

Pomatorhinus turdinus 64
Pouillot nain 347
Prairie

Titlark 194

Warbler 246, 247
Prib Chatterer 471
Procne or Progue 444

cryptoleuca 445

domiuicensis 446

purpurea 445, 446

subis 445, 446
Progn6 pourpre 447
Prothonotary

Swamp Warbler 211

Warbler 210
Protonotaria

citraea 210

citrea210
Psaltria

flaviceps 129

minima 124

plumbea 125
Psaltriparus 123

flaviceps 129

minimus 124, 125

plumbeus 125
Ptilogonys 474

nitens 475

townsendi 44
Purple

Martin 445, 447

Swallow 447

Swift 447

Purpurschwalbe 447
Pygmy Nuthatch 139

800

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

Pyranga 350

a face rouge 359
sestiva 353
azarae 355
coccinea 353
cooperi 354
erythromelas 351
erythropis 358
hepatica 354
livida 353
ludoviciana 358
rouge 354
rouge et noir 351
rubra 350

Quebec Warbler 245

R

Rathbone's Warbler 253
Red Bird 354
Red Lark 194
Bed-backed Warbler 247
Red-bellied Nuthatch 136
Red-breasted

Bluebird 78

Thrush 9

Reddish-brown Titlark 194
Reddish-tailed Warbler 339
Red-eyed

Flycatcher 496

Greenlet 495, 496

Vireo 496

Red-faced Warbler 331
Red-headed Warbler 255
Redstart 337, 338, 339
Red-throated

Flycatcher 245

Warbler 245
Red-vented Thrasher 73
Reguloides calendula 92, 93
Regulus 92

americanus 97

calendula 92

cristatus 96

cristatus alter vertice rubini co-
loris 93

griceus 102

mystaceus 311

Regulus

olivascens 97

peregrinus 310

rubineus 93

satrapa 96, 97

tricolor 97

Republican Swallow 427
Rhimamphus, Rhiuianphus, or Ri-
inamphus 235

sestivus 252, 255

blackburniae 285

cseruleus 267

canadensis 242

castaneus 243

chryseolus 253

citrinus 253

coronatus 278

discolor 246

macuiosus 290

maritiinus 246

nigrescens 263

olivaceus 233

parus 285

pinus 251

pityophilus 296

pensilis 248

rathbonia 253

ruficapilla 256

ruficapillus 250

ruficeps 256

striatus 288

virens 241
River Pink 301
Robin 8
Rock Wren 159
Rocky Mountain

Bluebird 82

Hermit Thrush 21

Swallow 427

Warbler 222

Wren 160
Roitelet

de la Louisiane 168

hupp6 97

rubis 93

Rouge-gorge bleue de la Caroline 78
Rouge-queue des Etats-Unis 339
Rough- winged Swallow 438
Rubecula caroliuensis 78
Ruby-crowned Kinglet 92

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

801

Ruby-crowned

Warbler 93

Wren 93

Eufons-bellied Swallow 408
Rufous-tailed Thrush 21
Ruticilla americana 338

Sage Thrasher 49
Salpinctes

mexicanus 164

obsoletus 159
Sand

Martin 435,

Swallow 437
Sandy Mockingbird 62
Saxicola sialis 77
Scarlet Tanager 350
Schneelerche 186
Sciurus. See Seiurus
Seidenschwanz 460
Seiurus. See Siurus.
Sejurus 296

Selby's Sylvan Flycatcher 325
Sennett's Warbler 206
Setophaga 334

belli 335

bonapartii 324

canadensis 323

castanea 335

formosa 309

miniata 335

minuta 326

mitrata 325

mitre" 325

nigricincta 324

picta 335

rubra 331

rubrifrons 331

russicauda 339

ruticilla 337

vulnerata 335

wilsonii 327
Shining Ptilogonys 475
Shining-crested Flycatcher 475
Shore Lark 186
Shore-bird 437

Short-billed Marsh Wren 180
Sialia76

51 B 0

Sialia

arctica 82

azurea 78

csBruleocollis 80

macroptera 82

mexicana 80

occidentalis 80

sialis 77

wilsoni 78
Sitta 133

aculeata 134

canadensis 136

carolinensis 134

pusilla 139

pygmaBa 139

stulta 136

varia 136

Sittelle de Canada 136
Siurus 296

agilis 309

auricapillus 297

gossii 301

ludovicianus 299

motacilla 299

nsevius 298

noveboracensis 300

sulphurascens 301

tenuirostris 301
Slender- billed Nuthatch 134
SmaU

American Redstart 338

Black and Orange coloured Bird
338

Black and White Bird 205
Small-billed Water Thrush 301
Small-headed Flycatcher 326
Solitary

Flycatcher 506

Greenlet 506

Thrush 21

Vireo 506
Spotted

Creeper 246

Flycatcher 324
Thrush 14

Warbler 246, 291
Yellow Flycatcher 246
Yellow Warbler 246, 300
Spottvogel 54
Sprague's Missouri Lark 193

802

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

Sprague's Pipit 193
St. Domingo

Swallow 446

Warbler 248,255
Stelgidopteryx 438

serripennis 438, 439
Striped Flycatcher 288
Summer

Eedbird 353

Tanager 353

Yellowbird252,253
Swainson's

Swamp Warbler 213

Thrush 35

Warbler 212
Swamp Robin 35
Swamp Warbler 215
Sylvania 334

bonapartii 324

formosa 309

mitrata 325

pumilia 326

pusilla 326

ruticilla 338

wilsonii 327
Sylvia 235

americana 208

sestiva 252, 255

sequinoetialis 347

agilis 308

albicollis 255

anthoiides 300

arctica 82

argyrotis 331

atricapilla 346

auduboni 271

aureola 256

auricollis 211

aurocapilla 297

autumnalis 243

azurea 268

bachmani 214

bicolor347

bifasciata 268

blackburnise 284

casrulea 101, 267

cssrulescens 242

calendula 92

cana 102

canadensis 242

Sylvia

canicapilla 347
carbonata 237
carolinensis 253
castanea 243
celata 226
childrenii 253
chloroleuca 255
chrysocephala 284
chrysophrys 335
chrysoptera 216
citrinolla 253
coerulea 267
coarulescens 242
coronata 278
culicivora 335
delafieldii 347
discolor 246
domestica 171
dominica 247
flava 253
flavicollis 248
flavifrons 216
flavopygia 279
formosa 309
fulva 346
fusca 346
gilva 501
griseicollis 346
luilseii 263
icterocephala 244
incana 284
leucogastra 224
leucoptera 242, 347
ludoviciana 168, 209
inacgillivrayi 312
macropos 242
maculosa 290
magnolia 291
maritima 245
marylandica 310
melanorhoa 285
melanocausta 260
mexicana 224
miniata 331
minuta 247, 326
mitrata 324
montana 237
nashvilli 224
nigrescens 263

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

803

Sylvia

noveboracensis 300
occidental is 80, 258
ochroleuca 493
olivacea 233
palmarum 249
palpebralis 263
palustris 242
pardalina 324
parus 285
pensilis 247
pensylvanica 244
peregrina 230
petasodes 327
petecliia 250, 255
Philadelphia 313
pinguis 279
pinus 214, 251
populorum 268
protonotarius 211
pumilia 346
pusiUa209,242
rara 268
rathbonia 253
regulus 96
roscoe 311
rubricapilla 224
ruficapilla224,255,256
russoicauda 338
semitorquata 346
sialis 77
solitaria 215
sphagnosa 242
striata 288
swainsonii 212
tseniata 233
tennesssBi 230
tigrina237,245,300
torqnata 209
townsendi 260
trichas 310
trochilus 253
troglodytes 176
umbria 279
varia 204
vegeta 313
velata 347
vermivora 211
vigorsii 251
virens 240

Sylvia

virescens 346
viridicans 346
wilsonii 327
xanthorhoa 279

Sylvicola206,235
aistiva252,255
agilis 308
americana 203
auduboni 271
aureola 256
auricollis 211
bachmani 214
blackburuioo 284
csBrulea 267
canadensis 242
carbonata 237
castanea 243
celata 226
childrenii 253
chrysocephala 284
chrysoptera 216
coronata 278
discolor 246
eoa 256
flavicollis 248
formosa 309
icterocepbala 244
kirtlandii 249
maculosa 290
maritima 246
minuta 247
missuriensis 230
mitrata 325.
montana 237
nigrescens 263
nigricans 263
occidentalis 258
olivacea 233
palmarum 249
paimosa 242
pardalina 324
parus 285
pensilis 248
pennsylvanica 244
peregrina 230
petechia 250
pbaretra 296
pinus 251
pityopbila 296

804

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

Sylvicola

pumila 347
pusilla 209, 242
protonotaria 211
rathbonia 253
rubricapilla 224
ruficapilla 250
striata 288
swainsonii 212
tseniata 233
tigrina237,245
townsendi 260
tristis 263
raria 205
vermivora 212
Yirens 240

Tachycineta 412

bicolor 413

thalassina 419
Tanagra 350

sestiva 352

auricollis 321

canicapilla 347

coccinea 353

columbiana 359

dentata 355

ludoviciana 358

mississipensis 353

oliyacea 351

rubra 350

rudis 353

rariegata 353

virginica 353
Tangara

du Canada 351

du Mississipi 353

6carlate 351

Termillion 354
Tawny Thrush 28
Telmatodytes

arundinaceus 179

bewicki!69

paludicola 179

palustris 178
Tennessee

Swamp Warbler 230

Warbler 230
Texas Titmouse 116

Thrasher 62

Thriothorus. See Thryothorns

Thrush-like Mock-bird 14

Thryomanes leucogaster 169

Thryothorus

arundinaceus 168

arnudineus 179

bewickii 169

guttulatus 164

latifasciatus 160

leucogaster 170

littoralis 168

louisianse 168

ludovicianus 168

inexicanus 164

obsoletus 159

palustris 178

pinns 251

spilurus 170

stellaris 180

torquatus 209
Titlark 193, 194
Tolmie's Ground Warbler 313
Torchepot du Canada 136
Toupet Titmouse 113
Town sen d's

Flycatching Thrush 44

Ptilogonys 44

Solitaire 44

Warbler 260

Wood- Warbler' 260
Toxostoma

crissalis 73

curvirostris 64

lecontei 70

redivivus 71

rufa 62

vetula 64

Traquet Blackburn 285
Tree Creeper 146
Trichas 308

sequinoctialis 347

agilis 308

brachydactylus 311

caniicephala 347

delafieldii 311

formosa 309

macgillivrayi 312

marylandica 310

personatus 311

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

805

Trichas

Philadelphia 313

roscoe 311

tephrocotis 309

tolmiei 312

vegeta 313

velata 347
Troglodyte

SBdon 171

de la Louisiane 168

d'hiver 177

des Roseaux 168
Troglodytes

aedon 171

albicollis 164

albifrons 164

americanus 171

arundinaceus 168

bewickii 169

brevirostris 180

domesticus 171

europaeus 177

fulvus 171,172

furvus 171

hyemalis 176, 177

ludovicianus 168

mexicanus 164

murarius 164

obsoletus 159

pacificus 177

palustris 177, 178

parkmani 172

parvulus 178

spilurus 170

stellaris 180

sylvestris 172
Tufted Titmouse 113
Turdus 7

alicise 35

aonalaschkae 21

aquaticus 300

auduboni 21

aurocapillus 297

auroreus 14

brunnens 39

canadensis 9

carolineiisis 56

citreus 298

confinis 9

coronatus 298

Turdus

densns 28
felivox 57
fuscescens 39
fuscus 34
garrulu8 460
guttatus 20
lividus 57
ludovicianuo 299
migratorius 8
minimus 35, 298
molodus 28
minor 20, 21, 34, 39
montanus 48
motacilla 299, 301
mustelinus 28, 39
nsevius 14
nanus 21

noveboracensis 300
olivaceus 34
pallasi 20
pectore luteo 321
pilaris migratorius 9
polyglottus 53
rufus 61
si lens 21, 39
solitarius20,21,34
swainsoni 34
townsendii 89
trichas 309
tistulatus 35
virens 320
wilsonii 35, 39

U

Uferschwalbe 437
Umbrose Warbler 279
Unalascha Thrush 21

Varied Thrush 14
Veery 39

Vermillion Flycatcher 331
Vigor's Vireo 251
Violet Swallow 447
Violet-green Swallow 419
Virginian Titmouse 279
Virginia's Warbler 222
Vermivora bachmani 214

806

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

Vermivora

carbonata 237

celata 226

chrysoptera 216

fulvicapilla 212

nigrescens 263

pennsylvanica 212

peregrina 230

protonotariua 211

rara 268

rabricapilla 224

solitaria 215

swainsoni 212
Vireo 484

a front jaune 494

altiloquus 491

atricapillus 533

barbatulus 492

belli 526, 531

bogotensis 495

calidris 491

cantatrix 520

cassinii 514

flavifrons 493

flavoviridis 490

gilvus 491, 501

gris 501

huttoni 525

longirostris 491

musicus 520

noveboracensis 520

olivaceus491,495

philadelphicus 492

plumbeus 515

pusillus 531

solitarius 505

sphagnosa 242

swainsoni 501

vicinior 517

vigorsii 251

virescens 491, 495
Vire'on verdatre 492
Vireosylvia or Vireosylva 484

altiloqua 491

barbatula 492

cobanensis 493

calidris 492

flavifrons 494

flavoviridis 490

gilva 501

Vireosylvia or Vireosylva
olivacea 495
philadelphica 492
plumbea 515
solitaria 506
swainsoni 502
virescens 495

W

Wagtails 191
Warbler Thrush 299
Warbling

Flycatcher 501

Greenlet 501

Vireo 501
Water

Ouzel 89

Thrush 301
Waxen Chatterer 460
Western

Bluebird 80

House Wren 171

Solitary Vireo 515

Summer Redbird 352

Warbler 258

Warbling Greenlet 501

Yellow-breasted Chat 320

Yellow-rump 271
White-bellied

Swallow 413

Wren 169

White-browed Chickadee 122
White-cheeked Titmouse 331
White-eyed

Greenlet 520

Vireo 520

White-fronted Swallow 427
White-poll Warbler 205
White- rumped Shrike 562
White-shouldered Flycatcher 336
White-throated

Blue Warbler 268

Warbler 213

Rock Wren 164

Wren 164
Wilsonia 323

bonapartii 324

minuta 326

mitrata 325

pusilla 326

INDEX TO THE WHOLE VOLUME

807

Wilson's

Bluebird 77, 78

Flycatcliing Warbler 327

Green Black-capped Flycatching
Warbler 326

Thrush 39
Willow Wren 253
Winter Wren 176
Wood Thrush 28
Wood-Warbler 268
Worm-eater 212

Warbler 212
Worni-eating

Swamp Warbler 212

Warbler 211
Wren-tit 108

Yellow

Red-poll 255

Red-poll Warbler 249

Titmouse 253

Warbler 253

Wren 253

Yellow-backed Warbler 209
Yellow-bellied Grosbeak 353
Yellow-breast Warbler 311
Yellow-breasted Chat 321

Yellow-breasted

Icteria 321

Warbler 311
Yellow-crowned

Warbler 245, 279

Wood Warbler 279
Yellow-fronted Warbler 217
Yellow-green Vireo 490
Yellow-headed Verdin 129
Yellow-poll Warbler 253
Yellow-rump 279

Warbler 291
Yellow-rumped

Flycatcher 291

Warbler 278,291
Yellow-tail Warbler 338
Yellow-tailed Flycatcher 338
Yellow-throated

Creeper 248

Gray Warbler 248

Greenlet 493

Vireo 494

Warbler 247

Wood Warbler 248
Yuma Thrasher 70

Zorzal gato 57

Dan. xii. 4.

Hccles. xii. 8, 12.

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