V ^vxseuni of j\^^ ^ ^ r^ 1869 THE LIBRARY V The Birds EASTERN NORTH AMERICA PART II. LAND BIRDS KEY TO THE FAMILIES AND SPECIES BY CHARLES B. CORY Curator of Department of Ornithology in the Field Columbian Museum Sf=»B01KL. EDITION PBINTKl) FOR THK FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM CHICAGO, ELL. 1899 Tr:£ PAGHS IN THIS VOLU.ME HAVE BEEN INTERLEAVED WITH AN ACID FaZE PAPER TO PERy.iT BINDING AND TO REDUCE FURTHER DETERI- ORATION. • I- .'^ YORK, ^, ''^^VVW^^*^ 1^' Under Primary , Coverts Uiidcr Wiiig Coverts Carpus —I' -_- Culmen Superciliary Strijje Upper Mandible ^orcs \Cro.wn Forehead ' ^' " ^ Carpal Joint ''' Lesser Wing Cooerts Middle Wing Coverts ■' Greater Coverts - — Speeuluu culars or Ear Coverts .^ IFing of Duck showing speculum^ -Malar Region or Cheek 'ide of Neck Back --■' Interscapular Region Scapular* Rump Tertials / Upper Tail Coverts Tail Fcathei\ \Uiuler Tail Coverts or Crissum. ffasol Tubes Unguis \ Tf Nail ]ill of Fulmar Petrel, Outer^ Middle Toe Black - breast Plover, — Sind 2'o» TOPOGRAPHY OF A BIRD. /^ THE BIRDS OF Eastern North America KNOWN TO OCCUR EAST OF THE NINETIETH MERIDIAN PART II LAND BIRDS KEY rO THE FAMILIES AND SPECIES BY CHARLES B. CORY Curator of the Department of Ornithology in the Field Columbian Museum, Chicaqo ; Vice-President oj the American Ornithologists' Union ; Fello:u of the Linntean and Zoological Societies of London ; Member of the British Ornithologies' Union ; Honorary Member of the California Academy of Sciences ; Cor. Member New York Academy of Sciences, etc., etc. Author of ''Tuk Beautikui. and Curious Birds of the World," "The Birds ok the Bahama Islands," "The Birds oi- Haiti and San Domingo," "The Birds of the West Indies," "A Naturalisi- in the Magdalen Islands," "Hunting and Fishing IN Florida," "Key to the Water Birds of Florida," "How to know the Shore Birds of North America," " How to KNOW THE Ducks, Geese, and Swans," etc., etc. SPEPIAI, KDITION rUINTED FOR Till-. FIELD COLUMBIAN MUSEUM, CHICAGO, ILL. 1899 Copyrighted, CHARLES B. CORY BOSTON, 1899. ALFRED MUDGE & SON, PRINTERS, 24 FRANKLIN STREET. TO VICE-PKESIDEXT OK THE FIELD COLUAUUAX .AIUSEIM AND I'RESIOENT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OI'' THE UNIVERSITY OF CIIICACiO IN RECOGNITION OF HIS MANY SERVICES TO SCIENCE THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED CONTENTS. TlTLEPAGE ........•••• DlCDICATlOX ........••• Contents ........•••• How TO Measiue a IjIKD ......••• Index to Key to Families .....••• Key to Families of Land liiitos ....••• Grolf 1. Birds having wings less thiui 1.75 iuchos long; niotisuivd IkmhI o wing (carpus) to tip of longest feather .... (Uwvv 2. Birds having wings from 1.75 to 2.75 inches long Section 1. First primary, less than half as long as third Part 1. Tip of upper mandible with small but distinct hook oi notch .....••• Part 2. Upper mandible without notch or hoolc at tip Section 2. First primary more than half as long as third . Part 1. Tip of upper mandible witli small but distinct liook o notcli .....••• Part 2. Tip of upper mandible not notched or hooked Giiori' o. P>irds having wings measuring from 2.75 to 3.25 inches long Section 1. First primary, less than half as long as third . Part 1. A small but distinct hook or notch at tip of uppe mandible ....••• Part 2. Ti[) of upper mandible not notched or hooked Section 2. First i)rimary, not sliort, always more th:in h:df a long as third ,...••• Part 1. Tip of upper mandil)lt' with sm:ill l>ut distinct hook o notch ....•••• Part 2. Tip of upper mandible not notched or hook('(l (v) I'AGE i iii V viii i:U 133 i:l;i i;;3 l;53 133 131 135 135 1 35 13(5 130 13G i:'.7 137 137 13H VI BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Groli' 4. Birds having wings from 3.25 to 9.50 inches long Section 1 . Bill with strong hook claws armed with talons Section 2. Upper mandible with distinct hook or notch at tip, but feet not armed with talons . Section 3. Upper mandible not notched or hooked at tip Part 1. First primary less than half as long as third Part 2. First primary more than half as long as tliird Groui' 5. Birds having wings over 9.50 inches long Key to the species of Land Birds op Eastern North America Family Tetraonid^.. Grouse, Quail, etc. Family Phasianid^. Turkeys, etc. Subfamily. Meleagrin^ Family Columbid^.. Pigeons and Doves . Family CATMARTiDyi:. American Vultures Family Falconid^. Hawks, Falcons, Eagles, etc. Family Strigid^. Owls . Family Psittacid^e. Parrots Family Cuculid^. Cuckoos Family Alcedinid^. Kingfishers Family PiciDiE. "Woodpeckers . Family Caprimulgid^. Nigiit-hawks Family Micropodidje. Swifts . Family Trociiilid.e. Humming-birds Family Tyrannid^. Flycatchers Family Alaudid^.. Larks Family Corvid^c Subfamily Garrulin^e. Jays and Magpies Subfamily Corvine. Crows and Ravens Family IcTERiDiE. Blackbirds, Orioles, Meadow Larks, etc Family FRiNGiLLiDiE. Sparrows, Finches, Crossbills, Buntings, etc. Family Tanagrid^:. Tanagers Family Hirundinid.e. Swallows Family Ampelid^.. Waxwings and Cedar Birds Family Laniid^. Shrikes , , . . Family Yireonid^e. Vireos .... , Whip-poor-wills, CONTENTS. Family CfEREBiD/E. Honf.y Creepers . . = * Family Mxiotiltid.e. Warblers . . . . ^ Family MoTACiLLiDyE. Pipits and Wa(;tails Family TROf;LODYTiD.E. Wrens and Thrashers Subfamily Troolodytin^e. Wrens Slbfamily Mimin.e. Thrashers, Cat-birds, Mocking-b Family Certhiid.e. Creepers ...... P^A^MiLY Parid.e. Nuthatches, Titmice, etc. Subfamily Sittinte, Nuthatches .... Subfamily Parin.e. Titmice and Chickadees Family Sylviid.e. Kinglets and Gnatcatchers Family Turdid^. Thrushes, Blue-birds, etc. A List of the Birds of Eastern North America IRDS, etc. Vll PAGE 274 275 311 312 312 315 316 317 317 318 320 321 325 Vlll BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. HOW TO MEASURE A BIRD. Wing. — Distance from carpal joint C (bend of wing) to the tip of tlie longest primary D. See cut on page 8. Length. — Distance in a straight line from the end of the bill to the tip of the longest tail feather. (Occasionally the middle feathers are much elong- ated, as in the Old Squaw and Pintail Duclc, and in otlier families of birds, such as Phitthon and Stercorarius. In such cases it is well to give the length from bill to longest tail feather, and also to end of outer tail feather.) Tail. — Distance from the tip of the longest tail feather to its base (the point where it enters the body) . Bill. — The distance in a straight line from where the bill (upper mandible) joins the skin of the forehead (A) to the tip (B). (There are a few excep- tions to this rule, in other families, such as birds with frontal plate, etc. Some curved bills are measured along the curve of the culmen, and at, times it is advisable to measure from the nostril to the tip of the bill, but in such cases it should always be so stated.) Tarsus. — Distance in front of the leg from what appears to be the knee joint (end of tibia) to the root of the middle toe. All measurements are given in inches and fractions of an inch. HOW TO MEASURE A BIRD, HOW TO MEASURE A BIRD. Length Wing Bitt INDEX TO KEY TO FAMILIES. LAND BIRDS. PAGE 133 133 Group 1. Birds having wings less than 1.75 inches long Group 2. Birds having wings from 1.75 to 2.75 inches long . Section 1. First primary less than half as long as third . . 133 Part 1. Tip of upper mandible with small but distinct hook or notch . • • 133 Part 2. L'i)i)er mandible witliout notch or hook at tip l-''i Section 2. Fiisl primary more than lialf as long as third . 13.) Part 1. Tip of upper mandible witli small but distinct hook or notch . . • l-">'> I'art 2. Tip of upper mandible not notclied or hooked l-^-") Group 3. Birds having wings measuring from 2.75 to 3.25 inches long l-'^''' Section 1. First primary less than lialf as long as third . 13(> Part 1. A small but distinct hook or i\otch at tip of upper mandible .... 130 Part 2. Tip of upper maudibU' not notclied or hooked 1-^^ Section 2. First primary not short, always mori- thiiii half as long as third . . . • • • . 1 •> < Part 1 . Tip of upi)er mandible with small but distinct hook or notch . . . '•'" Part 2. Tip of upper mandible not notclud t)r hooked . . . . ^■^'^ (1:J1) 132 INDEX TO KEY TO FAMILIES. BAGE Group 4. Birds having wings measuring from 3.25 to 9.50 inches long 139 Section 1. Bill witli strong hook, toes armed with talons . 139 Section 2. Upper mandible with more or less hook, but toes not armed with talons . . . . -140 Section 3. Tip of upper mandible not notched or hooked . 141 Part 1. First primary less than half as long as third, sometimes ver}' small . . •14] Part 2. First primary more tbaa half as long as third ....... 143 Group 5. Birds having wings over 9.50 inches long , „ I47 KEY TO FAMILIES. LAND BIRDS. GROUP 1. Birds having wings less than 1.75 inches long.* i^^^ (1. ) Smallest of our birds ; bill, very slender ; primaries, 10; rectices, 10; feet, very small and weak. Family TROCHILID/E. Humming Birds. See page 199. (2.) Tail, rounded; the outer feathers, shorter than n)id- (lle ones; first pi-imary, less tlian two thirds as long as third; second primary, mueh shcn-ter than third; tarsus, seutellate. "^° Family TROGLODYTID^. Wrens, Thrashers, etc. Subfamily TROQLODYTIN/E. Wrens. 8ee page ^i]2. GROUP 2. Birds having wings from 1.75 to 2.75 inches long.'^ Section 1. First primary, less than half as long as third. Part 1. Tip of upper mandible, with small but distinct hook or notch. (1.) Toes, joined at base. Tlain colored birds, usually -ireenish or grayish, but often show 11 faint wash of yellow on underparts; tail, always without white spots. Family VIREONID.-E. Vlreos. Sec page 171. •For dlrectious for measurement, (133) 134 THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 2. Upper mandible without notcli or hook at tip. n.) Bill, as illustrated; back, grayer bluish gray; bill, over .50; nostrils, conocaled bj- bristly tufts ; tarsus, scutellate; tail feathers, not still'or pointed. Family PARID/^. Subfamily SITTIN/E. Nuthatches. See page 317. (2.) Bill, as illustrated; back, bluish gray; bill, less than .50 ; size, small; length, less tliiin 5.50 ; lirsl i)rini:iry. 557 very short. Family SYLVIID/E. Subfamily POLIOPTILIN/E. Gnatcatchers. See pag e 320. (3.) Bill, as illustrated; throat, black ; nostrils, roiKcale.l by tufts of bristly feathers. Family PARID/E. Chickadees, Titmice, 552 See page 31 S (4.) Bill, as illustrated; .Jback, brown or brown streaked; tail feathers, not sharp pointed; outer tail feathers, shortest; tarsus, scutellate; lirst primary, short. Wren. Family TROGLODYTID/E. Wrens. See page 312. (5.) Bill, as illnstrateil; bnek, streaked; tail feathers, stiffened and sharply pointed. Creeper. Family CERTHIID/E. Creepers. See page 316. KKY TO FAMfrjK.S. LAM) HfFJDS. ].'>.> .. - ^^^ ... .- (0.) Hill, jis illu.-tiHtcd ; back, olive green; bill, leHS than "*■ " ^M • •; ..")() inclicH long. 'J'vvo Hpeci(!.s : both iniilc- ;i nil om; of th<', ffuiuiles «^^^ liiivo briUbint red or y1(|<' ..I bill. Family TYRANNID/C. Flycatchers. See page 200. (2.) Bill, very sllglilly hook(;d; not wide and Hat at ha.se, as in the Flycatch- ers; toes, joined together at base. Plain colored birds, usually greenish or grayish, but often show a faint wash of yellow on undcrj)art-' ; tail, always without white sjtot- ; first primary, variabh', very short in some species, in others nearly as long as second. l{ill of Vino. Family VIRKOMD/C. Vireos. See i)age 271. Part 2. Tip of upper mandible, not notched or hooked. (l.j Bill curved ; bac-k, slaty blaek; ruinji, bright yellow. W.st Indian lamily: Numcrou-i -pecies, one conunon in Haliama Island^, accidental in Florida; not recorded elsewhere in Fnited Slate-. Family CCBKEBID/ti. Honey Creepers. See page 271. 136 THE BIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. (2.) First primary, uot slioit, never less thuu two tiiirds as loug as second or tliird ; bill, stout and conical ; nostrils, liigh near tlie culuieu ; ijrimaries, 9 ; tarsus, flattened behind. Top of Family FRINQILLID^. Sparrows, Finches, Buntings, etc. See page 22G. First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as long a^ tliird, and often nearly the same length; bill, slender and pointed ; back of tarsus, tliiu and sharp, not rounded as in front; liiud toe and claw, not longer tluin middle toe ;iiid claw. 525 ^^' 528 Family MNIOTILTID/E. Warblers. See page 275. GROUP 3. Birds having wings measuring from 2.75 to 3.25 inches long.* Section 1. First primary less than half as long as third. Part 1. A small but distinct hook or notch at tip of upper mandible. l>il), very slightly hooked; primaries, 10, th<' first often very sliort; toes, joined together at base. Plain colored birds, usually greenish or grayish, but often show a faint wash of yellow on underpai'ts ; tail, always without white spots. Family VIREONID^. VIreos See page 271. * For directions for measurement, see page viii. KEY TO FAMILFES. — LAND HIKDS. Part 2. Tip of upper mandible, not notched or hooked. Bill, as illustrated ; back, brown ; rump, with concealed white spots; outer tail feathers, shortest; tarsus, scutellate. ""^ ^ Family TROGLODYTID/C. Wrens. See page 312. 137 j--^gM- Bill, as illustrated; back, gray or bluish gray; iiws- trils, concealed hy tufts of bristly fealliers. Family PARID/E. Subfamily SITI IN/C. Nuthatches. See page 317. ^'% * ^i liiil, as illustrated; throat, black; crown, Idack and no rufous hrown on sides ((,'iiickadee), or forehead, black; sides, with rufous iuowu ( Titmouse). Family PARID>E. Chickadees and Titmice. See page 318. 552 Section 2. First primary, not short, always more than half as long as third. Part 1. Tip of upper mandible, with small but distinct hook or notcli. Bill, flattened and wide at base; nuiticK.iis black brisii<~ at lias<; of bill ; back of tarsus, rounded ; wing, longer than tail. rr 353 Topofblli. Side of bill. Family TYRANNID/E. Flycatchers. See p.ig.- JIM). 158 THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. times, with wash of yellow ou underparts ; no white on tail. Bill, very slightly hooked or notclied at tip ; not flattened at base, as in tlie Flycatchers; toes, joined at base. Plain colored bii'ds, usually gTecnish or grayish, at Family VIREONID/E. Vireos. See page 271. Part 2. Tip of upper mandible not notched or hooked. (1.) Toes, 4; nostrils, opening into a soft, lleshy meniln-ane; tarsus, usually shorter than toes. Family COLUMBID/E. Pigeons and Doves. 255 See page 155 (2.) l>ill, pointed; first primary, not short: base of bill, extending upon and dividing the feathers of the forehead ; nostrils, exposed; outer tail feathers, sjiortcr than middle feathers. Family ICTERID^. Orioles. See page 213. Family FRINGILLID/E. (.3.) First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as long as second or third ; bill, stout and coni= cal ; nostrils, near the culmen ; prim- aries, 9; tarsus, flattened l)ehind. Finches, Sparrows, Crossbills, and Buntings. S.'c ing,' 22G. ■f —5*^ ST 522 (4.) First primary, never less than two thirds as long as third, and often nearly the same length; bill, slender and pointed; back of tarsus, thin and sharp, not rounded, as in front; hind toe and claw, not longer than middle toe and claw. Family MNIOTILTID/E. Warblers. See page 275. KEY TO FAMILIES. LAND BIRDS. 139 Bill, slpnder; first primary, uot short, the, first, second and third, being about equal in lengtli; hind toe and claw, longer than middle toe and claw ; hiud toe nail, long, ia this somewliat rcsenibliug larks, but no tufts of liair-like featliers over nostrils. 530 Family MOTACILLID/E. Pipits, Titlarks, etc. See page 311. GROUP 4. Birds having wings from 3.25 to 9.50 inches long.* Section 1. Bill, with strong hook; toes, armed with talons. l';yc<. unt siiriouiide.d by radial disk of featliers, as in the Owls; toes, aruieil with taloii'^: head not bare. Family FALCONID/E. Hawks, Falcons, Kites, etc. See pai;i' ICli. Eyes, siirrouiidi'dby radiateil disk of feathers; plumage, soft; bill, hooked; toes, armed with talons. u-*5''"'..-l] Family BUIiONID^;. Hoot Owls. Horned Owls. See page 186. For directions for ineiisureineiit, him- iiagc vili. 140 THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Section 2. Upper mandible, with distinct notcli and hook at tip, but feet, not armed with talons. Toes, four, zj'godactyle (two iu front, two behiud) ; bill, with cere (skiu-like cov- ering over base of bill). Family PSITTACID/E. Parrots and Paroquets. See page 187. Bill, strong, notched near the end, and decidedly hooked; tarsus, scutel- late ; tail, rounded. But two species occur with us, both grayish birds with blackish wings aud tail, and a dark stripe through the eye. Family LANIID/E. Shrikes. See page 270. Bill flattened, wide at base; tip, with small hook; numerous black bristles at base of bill; back of tarsus, rounded; wings, longer than tail; first primary, not very short, usually longer than the sixth. 0-- Family TYRANNID/E. Flycatchers. See page 200. KEY TO FAMILIES. LAND BIRDS. 141 Section 3. Upper mandible, not notched and hooked at tip. Part 1. First primary less than one half as long as third. Toes, four, two iu Irout and two beliiud; or toes, tlirce, two in iroat and cue behind; tail fiatliiTs, stiff (iwl pointed. (If tail feathers are not stiff and pointed, see Xuthatclies, next family.) Order PICK Woodpeckers. Family PICID/C. Woodpeckers. See page V.)i). I'.ili, as illustrated; nostrils, concealed hy bristly tufts; tarsus, scutellate; first primary, verj' short; tail feathers, not still" ;ind iK)inted. (If tail featliers are stiff and pointed, look for the l»ird under Kaniily I'icida'O Family PARID/E. Subfamily SITTIN/C. Nuthatches. See page 317. X I'.ili, as illustrated; nostrils, coiiccMhMl liy bristly tufts of h:Mr-]il«' rcathcr^; lirst primary, short ; foreliead, lilack; back, gray : head, witli more or less crest; sides of body, washed with brown (Tuflt'.! Titmouse). Family PARID/C. Titmice. See page '.UX. Fir-I priniMiy, about one li;ilf as long !is I bird; feet, zygodactyle (tors, two in front, two bfliind); outer t:iil fe.itbers, vi-ry miicb sliorter Ih.in niiddb- fe.it her-:. Family CUCULID/E. Cuckoos S.-.- p:|._.-.. ISS. 142 THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Bill, stout aud strong; the nostrils concealed by coarse hair- like feathers; outer tail feathers, shorter than middle feathers; first primary, decidedly less than half as long as third; tail, over seven inches long (Magpies) ; first primary, about half as long as third; tail, less than seven iaches long (Jays). Family CORVID/G. Subfamily QARRULIN/E. Magpies and Jays. See page 209. Tail, rounded; the outer feathers, shorter than middle ones; first primary, less than two thirds as long as third ; second primary, much shorter than third ; tarsus, scutellate. Family TROQLODYTID/E. Subfamily MIMIN/C. Thrashers, Cat^birds, Mocking;=birds, etc. See page 315. First primary, very short; tarsus, booted (no scales showing, except near the toes); bill, shorter than head; wing, over 3.30 inches long. Family TURDID/E. Thrushes, Robins, Bluebirds. See page 321. KEY TO FAMILIES. — LAND BIRDS. u:^ Part 2. First primary, more than half as long as third. Toes, four, liiud toe not elevated above the rest; nostril, opeulii^ into a soft fleshv nieni- biaiie; tarsus, usually shorter than the toes. Family COLUHBID/E. Pigeons and Doves. .See page 155. Toes, four, the hind toe elevated above the rest; bill, rather short and stout; wiiij^. short and «omr'\vb:it roinided, the outer primaries curved. Family TETRAONID/E. (irouse and Quail. («) Tarsus ffatlu-rod ; wiiiir. oyer '>.')() inches loiij;-. Subfamily TETRAONIN/f!. Cirouse. {b) Tarsus, Itare; wing, less than "(.HO inches long. Subfamily PERDICIN/E. Partridges. Quail. Sfc \,:rj.i- 1 I'.t. Feet, small and weak; front toes, sometimes webbed at base; jnimaries, ten ; moMlb. large; bill very -m:ill. in ef.mi)arison with si/e of bird; middle toe nail, witii coml>-like edge. T Family CAPklMUL(ilD>E. Whippoorwills, Night-hawks, etc. ."-lee page I'.i^. 144 THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Bill, small, flattened, and somewhat triangular in sliape, the gape very wide; wings, very long, usually extending beyond the taih (Chim- ney Swifts, which belong to a very different familj', are often mistaken for Swallows when seen flying about ; they are smoky black and the shafts of the tail feathers extend in spines beyond the webs. See next Family.) Swiillow. Swallow. Martin. Family HIRUNDINID/E. Swallows and Martina. See page 265. Plumage, smoky ])lack; shafts of tail feathers, extcnuling beyond the web in sharp spines. Sometimes mistaken for Swallows by persons unfamiliar with birds. N& Family MICROPODID/E. Swifts. See page 199. First primary, about half as long as third; feet, zygodaetj'le (toes, two in front, two be- hind) ; outer tail feathers, very much shorter than middle feathers. Family CUCULID/E. Cuckoos. 320 See page 188. KEY TO FAMILIES. LAND BIRDS. 145 Feet, syndactyle; toes, four, tlie middle and outer ont-s joined, bein^ fastened together for more than half tlieir length. Family ALCEDINID/E. Kingfishers. See page 189. First primary, much shorter than second, always less than three fourths as long as third; foiii-lli, or liflli primary, longest; bill, stout and strong: the nostrils, eonceiiled by coars<>, li:iir-lik<> teatliei-s; outer tail feathers, .shorter than middle leathers. ■firi: 360 ^^ Family CORVID/E. Subfamily (iARRULlN/E. Jays. See page 209. First primary, never less than three fourths as long as third; base of ])ill, cxieiid- ing backward, lorming a point, dividing tlu^ fe.-itiiers of the longhead; nostrils, exposed; outer tail featliers shorter than middle feathers. 383"Xy Family iCTERll>.43. Blackbirds, Orioles, Meadow Larks. See \v.vx^' -JLt. 146 THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMEKICA. First primary, not shoi-t, never less than two thirds as long as second or third ; bill, stout and conical; nostrils, high, near the culmeu; primaries, nine; tarsus, flattened behind. #- l4^mt^m'-j 388 Family FRINQILLID/E. Sparrows, Crossbills, Finches, Buntings, etc. See page 226. Bill, somewhat friugllliue, hut having a small "■tooth," near the middle of the edge of upper mandible ; primaries, nine ; tarsus, seutellate. But two species (a tliird accideutal) : Males, bright red, one with black Aviugs; one female is 57 oVwe green al)ove, and yellowish green below; the other is olive green above, ^^4 Vj^^ and tlie underparts, dull oi-ange yellow or buft'ychow. (If bird does not agree with above description, see Fringillidae.) Family TANAQRID^. Tanagers, See page 203. Bill, without notch ; liead, with crest ; primaries, ten ; tarsus, shorter than middle toe and chi w ; a black stripe from forehead through the ' eye ; inner primaries and tail fcatlici-s, often tipped with little hard red bits, like minute drops of sealing wax; general plumage, venaceus gray Ijrown; tail, tipped with yellow. Family AflPELID^. Waxwings, Cedar Birds. See page 139. Bill, pointed, and soinewliiit rounded; back of tarsus, rounded; hind toe nail, elongated, equal or longer than the toe; nostrils, nearly or quite concealed by tufts of hair= like feathers ; wing, over 4 inches long. Family ALAUDIDiC. Larks. See page 208. KEY TO FAMILIES. LAND BIRDS. 147 Bill, slender; first primary, not short, tlie first, second, and third, heini:; about equal in len-;th; hind toe nail, long, in tliis soniewliat i-csenililinii' tlie larks, hut no tufts of hair= like feathers over nostrils ; winir. less than 4 inehes lony;. 530 Family nOTACILLID/C. Wagtails, Pipits, Titlarks, etc. See j)a.«^e :i[\. Small birds, winn, less than 3.7.5 inches long; first primary, not short, never less tiian two thirds us long as third, and often nearly the same length; bill, slender and pointed ; hack of tarsus, thin and shari), not rounded as in front; hind toe and claw, not longer than middle toe and claw. X 525 -^ ^"' 515 \ Family MNIOTILTID/E. Warblers. See page '275. GROUP 5. Birds havinj? wings over 9.50 inches long.* <^^y;^'y- Grouse. Wing, over 12 inches long; toes, four; hind toe, elevated above the rest; hill, stout: wing, munded. the outer primaries curved. Family TETRAONID/E. Grouse. See page 14'.i. Toes, four, tlie hind toe elevated above the rest; bill, rather short and stout; wing, short and somewhat rounded, the outer ]• r i m a r i e s curved. Family PHASIANID/E. Subfamily HELEAGRIN/E. Turkeys. See page l.".!. Turkey. • For directions for mcnsiircment, see page vlll. 148 THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Eyes not surrouiuk'd b}' i-;idi;ited disk of feathers ; plumage, black or dark brown ; hind toe, short ; claws, not sharp ; head, )are in adult. Family CATHARTID/E. Vultures. See page 158. Eyes not surrounded by radiated disk of feathers, as in tiieOwls : toes, armed with talons; head, not bair. Family FALCONID/C. Hawks, Eagles, etc. See page 161. Eyes, surrouuded by radiated disk of feathers; plumage, soft; bill, booked; toes, armed with laions. (a) Middle toe nail witli comh-like cdgf. Family STRIGID/E. Barn Owls. See page 181. {h) Middle toe without comb-like edge. Family BUBONID/C. Horned Owls, Hoot Owls. See page 18G. Toes, four, t\\'o in front and two behind (zygodactyle) ; tail feathers, stiff and pointed. Family PICID/E. Woodpeckers. See i)age I'Jl. ■\ '^^- 'J, i" i A •• ^J^ ^' ' <\ s > n -'i % ,3^^ >M\ Plumage, glossy black ; first primary, much sliorter than second, not exceeding lialf as long as third; fourth, or fifth primai-y, ' longest; bill, stout and strong; the nostrils, concealed by coarse, ^ hair-like feathers ; outer tail feathers, shorter than middle feathers. Family CORVIDi*. Crows and Ravens. ..!.*' See page 201. FAMILY TETRAOXID^. — GROUSE, TARTRIDGES, QUAILS, ETC. 149 LAND BIRDS. KEY TO THE SPECIES. FAMILY TETRAONID/E. Grouse, Partridges, Quails, etc. Toes, four, the hind toe elevated above the rest; bill, ^" ^^' rather short and stout ; wing, short and somewhat rounded, j^^, the outer primaries curved ; wing, less than 12 inches long. Group 1. Wing, less than 5 inches long. I iiiliTparts, wiiitf, lil;ick, and rufous; throat, white (mule); throat, luitV t.rown ( ffinalc). Quail. Bob White. CoUnits ririjiiiiiiiius, (dkI rans. S.M' No. 2:{ri. I'll.' SuinliiTii lai-c (C. V. Jluridanit.s) lia- iiiucli mure hlai-k <>ii tin- tin-ast ami llu' iuitU'i-|iail-< more ht-avily l)aiiil<'il tliaii (In- Xi>rilirin liinl. 150 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Group 2. Wing, more than 5 inches long. Section 1. The following species do not have the greater portion of the primaries white. A tuft of black feathers on sides of the neck; tarsus not onth-ely feathered; axillary plumes, white barred with brown. Ruffed Grouse "Partridge.' Bonasa umbelhis, and races. See No. 238. Tarsus, entirely feathered; axillary plumes, entirely white; no elongated tufts of feathers on sides of neck ; tail, pointed. Prairie Sharp=tailed Grouse. Pediocoites phudianellns campestris. See No. 247. Tarsus, entirely feathered; axillary plumes, white; sometimes with faint bars near tip ; a tuft of teu or more elongated feathers on each side of the neck; tail, not pointed; the ends of the neck plumes are not pointed, and the axillary plumes are very rarely barred on the whole feather, as in the Martha's Vineyard species. Prairie Hen. Pinnated Grouse. Tympanurhtis amcricamis. See No. 245. FAMILY TETKAONID^E. — (iKOUSE, PARTRIDGES, QUAILS, ETC. 151 r ._j T.nsus, entirely feathered; axillary plumes, usually strongly barred with slate brown ; a tuft of less than ten cloujiated featliers on each .side of tlic neck; scapulars, tipped with buff; tail, not pointed. Confined to the island of Martha's Vineyard, MaiS. Heath Hen. Tijiiijiiinurli us cupidti See No. 24G 152 KEY TO THE 151KDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. \"\A^ Tarsu?, entirely feathered; axillary plumes, smoky gray with white shafts, and tipped with white; the male has the breast black ; the female has the breast tawny brown, black, and white. Canada Grouse. Spruce Partridge. Dcndrariapns cnnadcusi.- See No. 237. Section 2. The following species have the greater portion of the primaries white. M: .^^^^^^gWM-^:^-^ ^— Depth of bill at base, .40 or more ; no black on lores ; shafts of secondaries, not black. Willow Ptarmigan. Lagopus lagopus. See No. 240. FAMILY TETKAOMD.E. GUOU.SE, I'AKTKIDGES, QUAILS, ETC. 153 Depth of bill at base, .40 or more; uo black on Ion .s ; shafts of secondaries, black. Xewfoundland. Allen's Ptarmigan. LayopHs lagopus alli'ni. See No. 241. Depth of bill at base, less than .40. In summer: back, gra}-, mixerl with black, or tawny l)uff, or gray and white. In vjinter : plumage, white; lores, usually (not always) black. Rock Ptarmigan. Latjopus rupestria,, ujid rncps. See No. 242. .Similar to Lrujopus nipestris, but in summer, back, inon; licavily b;incil. < nntined to Northera Labrador aud Greenland. Reinhardt's Ptarmigan. Lagopus rupestris reinhardti . See Xo. 24.3. Depth of bill at base, less than .40; shafts of secondaries, not black, (outined to island of Newfoundland. Welch's Ptarmigan. Lay opus xnelchi. See No. 244. 154 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORIH AMERICA. FAMILY PHA5IANID>E. Pheasants, Turkeys, etc. SUBFAMILY MELEAQRIN/E. Turkeys. Toes, four, the hind toe elevated above the rest ; bill, rather short and stout; wing, short and somewhat rounded, the outer primaries curved; wing, over 12 inches long. Ke>»emble9 domestic Turkey, but legs usually piuk red; primaries, broadly barred with white. Wild Turkey. 3Ielea(jn.s gallopavo. See No. 248. Similar; but primaries with irregular white marking. Does not occur north of Florida. Florida Wild Turkey. Meleagris gallopavo osceola. See No. 249. FAMILY COLUMBID/E. — PIGEONS A^D DOVES. 155 FAHILY COLUMBID/E. Pigeons and Doves. Toes, four, hind toe not elevated above the rest ; nostril, opening into a soft fleshy membrane; tarsus, usually shorter than the toes; wings, rather long and flat. Group 1. Wing, less than 5.50 inches long. Primaries, heavily marked witli rufous Urowii; underparts, pinkish browu or vitiaceous. soiiit'tiiiH's i^rayisli, witli more or less black dots on breast: wing coverts, with metallic steel-blue spots. Ground Dove. ColumbitjalUiia passerina terrestris. See No. 256. 150 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Group 2. Wing, from 5.50 to 7.50 inches long. Section 1. Primaries, dark slaty brown or blackish. Upper parts, grayish olive; crown, tinged with slate color; sides of neck, with purplish metallic reflections ; a hluish black spot on lower edge of ear coverts ; wing coverts, not broadly tipped with white; tail, pointed; middle tail feathers, much longer than outer feathers. ilourning Dove. Zenaidura macroura. See No. 252. Wing coverts, broadly tipped with white; crown, and back of the neck, drab color; tail, square not pointed; outer feathers, but slightly shorter than mid- dle ones; terminal fourth of tail feather?>, ashy, or ash gray. White=winged Dove. Melopelia leucopteni. See No. 254. FAMILY COLUIMBID^. — PIGEONS AND DOVES. 157 Wiug, over 6.50 inches lotii^ ; no while on wings; general plumage, slaty blue, varying in shade; tail, square; adult birds have top of head, white. White Crowned Pigeon. Columba leucocephala. See Xo. 254. Crown, bluish bordered by blaek; a white stripe from back of head, under eye to chin; throat and upper breast, black; the feathers, more or less marked with t)lup. Cuban species accidental on Florida Keys? Blue-headed Dove. Starjuenas cyanoaphnla. See No. 253. Section 2. Greater portion of primaries, rufous brown. Belly and line below eye, whitish. West Indian species accidental on Florida Keys. Key West Quail Dove. Geotn/zjon rhrysi a. See No. 256. Belly, cinnamon or vinaceous hulf; spot of I)lue black beneath eye. \Vi'st Indian speci(!s accidental in Southern Florida. Zenaida Dove. Zi'iiiiiifii c< niiid'i. Sec No. 253. Belly and litic l)f|()w eye. tawny l>utV. Wt-t liiiii:iii ^iiccics ai-cidfiilal on Florida Keys. Ruddy Quail Dove, riountain Dove. Gcotryijiiii vntntana. •See No. 257. 158 KEY TO THE BIUDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Group 3. Wing, over 7.50 inches long. 1 i s T:iil, pointed and rather long; under tail coverts, white. Passenger Pigeon. Ectopistps migi-atoiiiis. SeeXo. 251. Tail, square; under tail coverts, gray or liluish gray. White=crowned Pigeon. ColmttJiii hracna'phahi. See No. 250. FAMILY CATHARTID^. American Vultures. Plumage, black or dark brown ; hind toe, short ; claws, not sharp ; head, bare in adult. Group 1. Wing from 14 to 21 inches long. Section 1. Wing, less than 17 inches long. Head and foreneck, bare; skin of head, l)lackish; general plumage, black; primaries, hoarj- white beneath. Black Vulture. Carrion Crow. Cntharista nrnbit. See No. 260. FAMILY CATHAKTID^. AMEKICAN VULTURES. 159 Section 2. Wing, over 17 inches long. (Jiiicral i)lumage, l)r<)\\ tiisli lilack or dark J)i-o\vii : l)ill, wliiti-^h; the adult lias tilt' hfad witliout fcalluirs, tlie skin l>oiiii^ red; iiiiinature hirds liavc tlic lioad feathered. Turkey Buzzard. Turkey \ ulture. Cathartt's aura. See No. 2.51). 160 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN ^ORTH AMERICA. FAMILY FALCONID^. HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLES, ETC. (J ROUP 1. Group 2. Group 3. Sectiou Section Section Group 4. Section Section Section Section Group 5. Section Section Section Section Sectiou 5. Section 6. Section 7 Sectiou Group 6. Section Section Section Section Sectiou Group 7. Wing, less than 8.50 inches long. See page 162. Wing, 8.50 to 9.50 inches long. See page 163. Wing, 9.50 to 13 inches long. See page 164. 1. Species having second primary longest. See page 165. 2. Species having third primary lougest. See page 166. 3. Species having fourth primary longest. See page 166. Wing, 13 to 15 inches long. See page 167. 1. Second primary, longest; first and second primaries, emarginate or notched. See page 167. 2. Third primary, longest ; face, bare. See page 167. 3. Fourth primary, longest ; upper tail coverts, vs'hite. See page 168. 4. Fourth primary, lougest ; upper tail coverts, not white. See page 168. Wing, 15 to 17 inches long. See page 170. 1. Second primarj', longest; only first primary, notched. See page 171. 2. Second i^rimary, longest ; first and second primary, notched. See page 171. 3. Third primary, longest. See page 171. 4. Fourth primary, longest; four or five outer primaries, notched; upper tail coverts, vv^hite. See page 173. Fourth primarj', longest; four or five outer primaries, notched; upper tail coverts, not white ; no feathers on the tarsus. See page 173. Fourth primary, longest; four or five outer primaries, notched; upper tail coverts, not white ; tarsus, partly feathered. See page 173. Fourth primarj', longest; four or five outer primaries, notched; tarsus, entirely feathered. See page 174. 8. Foui'th primary, longest ; three outer primaries, notched. See page 174. Wing, 17 to 21 inches long. See page 174. 1. Tliird primary, longest; tarsus, wholly feathered. See page 174. 2. Third primary, longest; tarsus, not wholly feathered. See page 177. 3. Fourth primary, longest; tarsus, without feathers. See page 178. 4. Fourth primary, longest ; tarsus, partly feathered. See page 178. 5. Fourth primary, longest; tarsus, entirely feathered. See page 178. Wing, over 21 inches long. See page 179. FAMILY FALCONIUiE. — HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLhS, ETC. IGl First primary, emarginate or notcbed. First two primaries, emarginate. Swallow -tailed Kite First three primaries, emarginate Swainson's Hawk First four primaries, emarginate Rough. legged Hawk Kiist live primaries, emarglnat*'. IJnM Kaglc. 162 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. FAHILY FALCONID^E. Hawks, Falcons, Eagles, etc. Toes, four, three in front, one behind ; toes, with strong, curved talons or claws; bill, with cere (skin-like covering at the base); bill, strongly hooked. Group 1. Wing, less than 8.50 inches long. Male. fJump and upper tail coverts, rufous brown ; tail, more or less marked with rufous brown; tarsus, less than 1.50; second primary, longest. Sparrow Hawk. Falco sparverius. See No. 295. Rump and upper tail coverts, slaty browu; tarsus, over l..oO; fourth primary, longest. Sharp=shinned Hawk. Arripiter velox. See Xo. 266. FAMILY FALCONII)^. — HAWKS, FALCONS, EA(;LES, ETC. 16,S Ruiiip and upper tail covert?, dark lirown; lircast, streaked witli dark hrown : no rufous l)ro\vu on tail; second primary, longest. Pigeon Hawk. Falco cohimhari7t.\ See No. 292. Group 2. Wing, 8.50 to 9.50 inches long. Second j>riinaiy, lonj^est. Pigeon Hawk. Falco coliimhnriiis. See No. '2U-2. P'ourlii primary, loiif^est; outer tail feather, three (piarters inch or iii(ir<- iliorler than middle featiier; tail, usually more than 7.2.") loii;j. Cooper's Hawk. Arrij.ih r I-,,,,/,, ri. Sec No. 2f)7. 164 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Fourth primary, longest; outer tail feather, less than three quarter incli shorter than middle feather ; tail, usually less than 7.25 long. 5harp=shinned Hawk. Accipiter vdox. See No. 266. Group 3. Wing, 9.50 to 13 inches long. Section 1. The following species have the second primary longest. Upper surface of inner weh of first primary, without bars; breast and belly, white. White-tailed Kite. Elamis Jpucurus. See No. 262. FAMILY FALCONID.K. HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLES, ETC. 165 Upper surface of inner web of first primary, barred with white; breast and belly, streaked. Prairie Falcon. Falci) mexkanus. See No. 290. ri)per surfaci- ot innci- web of first primary, barred with pale rufous brown; breast and belly, streaked. Duck Hawk. Peregrine Falcon. Falco peregrin as nntdnm. See No. 291. Section 2. The following species have the third primary longest. IJelly, slaty f?ray (adult ), or bufiy sln'ak<'d iiion' or le^^s witli pale iirowii ( inuna- ture) ; upper lail coverts, not white. Mississippi Kite. Irtivi'i )ni.rirnarics, not barred with dark brown and white; tail, less than 9.50; upper tail coverts, not white. , Broad=winged Hawk. Buteo latissimus. See No. 278. Fourth outer primaries, decidedly notched ; under surface of outer primaries, not heavily barred with dark brown and white; tail, 9.50, or over; wing, over 11.50. American Goshawk. Accipiter atricapillus. See No. 268. FAMILY FALCONID.T:. HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLFiS, ETC. 1()7 Fourth oiitcr piiiiirirv. decidedly notched ; umlcr .surface of outer iJiimaries, not heavily barred with dark hrown and white; tail, less than 9.50; upper surface of tail, with distinct white bars. Red=shouldered Hawk. Butco linealua, and races. See No. 275. Under surface of priiiiarics, licavily barred with ihnk brown and w liiic ; wiiiii", under 11.50. Cooper's Hawk. AixijiiUr coiijirri. Sec X(t. 2(;7. Belly, white, witliont -^liraks or l)ar3. Short=tailed Hawk. Butco hrdcliijiinis. See Xo. 271). Belly, black; ale brown, with iniuierous bands on iimer wel> ; length, usually under 19 (some females an^ longer). Prairie Falcon. Falco tlU'Xirit u us. See No.290. lifiii^th, alwaj'S ov<'r 19: nii:icl<. tiiDWii; hfUy, hro'vn; under tail coverts, »V)t wliite. Black Gyrfalcon. Fdlco rusticolns uhsoletus. See No. 289. Hack, slaty lirown and white; under tail coverts, spotted or marked with dusky. Gray Gyrfalcon. Fah'O rusticolns, (iml races. See Xo. 287. Hack, white, or white streaked with slaty hrown ; under tail coverts, white. White Gyrfalcon. Falco islnndns. See Xo. 280. Section 3. Tliird primary, longest. Four outer i)riniaries. notclied; basal portion of inner webs of primaries, largely white, without bars ; thighs, tawny or i)utr, more or less barred : tarsus, thickly leathered. American Rough-legged Hawk. Archihutco lnf/iij)us saiicti-juliniuu's. SeeXo. 281. l-'our outer |>iiniaries, notched; i)asal portion of inner webs of primaries, largtdy white, without bars; tid^hs, tinged with dee[) rufous, heavily barred ; tarsus thickly Icalhcred. Ferruginous Rough-legged Hawk. Arcliil'iUiit fi iTHiiini us. See No. 28£. Cenei-il ipjuni.ige. eniirely sooty brown, or lilack; four outer primaries, notched; primarie-i .uid lad, with more or !e«s while, or gray; tarsus, thickly feathered. American Rough-legged Hawk (^black phima>;c . Arthihutiii Ittijojiits siinrti-joliitniiis. See Xo. 281. IvKY TO rUK lUKDS OF KASTKKN NOK'l'll .UIKKIGA. Caracara. Four muor |>rim;irios. omaruinnio. tmi not ilooiilodly noiohod; :i [viri of iniuM* wob »>r iniior primarios. wliito, showiiiiT iiumorou^ iiniuM'tVol l>ars; thighs, hlai'k, or ilark blown; faoo, baro. Audubon's Caracara. roliihonts chcriirai/. Seo No. 207 rhroo outoi- jMiinarios, notolioii ; belly and thivihs, not white, Swainson's Hawk. liitti'o atcaiusoni. i^Oi" \o. 277. Thivo ouior primarios:, notohod: a pan of innor wob of outor i>riniario!J. whito, s^howiuii' nuinoi-ou< iiuporfoot bars: belly and thighs, pure white; baoU. ilark brown. Fish Hawk. Pamh'on haliactiis. Soo No. -JS^S. Two outer primaries, notched; iMiinarios. dark slaty bluo, sliowinii- iiivonish liuiiv wbon bold in tbo ruihi : tail, louii" and forkod : underparts and ibiii-hs. white. 5wallow-tailed Kite. £laiioi\li^ /orncatita. Soe No. 21)1. FAMILY rALCONlD.1:. HAWKS, FALCONS, EAGLES, ETC. 173 Section 4. Fourth primary, longest; four or five outer primaries, emarginate or notched ; upper tail coverts, white. Under surface of tail, whitish at base; one broad subterminal baud of dark brown, tipped with <^rayisli white; upper mandible, long and curved (see cut). Xot recorded north of Florida. Everglade Kite. Jiostrhamns sociabilis. See No. 2G4. Upper mandible, liawk-like (see cut) ; under surface of tail, white or pale rufous with several bands of dark brown. Harsh Hawk. Ci7'cns hudsonius. See No. 2G.5. Section 5. Fourth primary, longest, four or five outer primaries emarginate or notched ; upper tail coverts, not white ; no feathers on tarsus. Face, ])are; Lack, brown : tliighs. 1)hick or dai'k Itrown. Audubon's Caracara. Pohjfiorus clurtii'dij. See Xo. 2!)7. Section 6. Fourth primary, longest, four or five outer primaries, emarginate or notched ; upper tail coverts, not white; tarsus, partly (but not entirely) feathered. Tail, liriii'iil rulDU' lnnwii f;iiluh): tail, wbitisli or grayish, with numerous liriiwii \\:\v~ I iinniatui'i'). Red-tailed Hawk. llutiit liurculis. mill nircs. See No. 271. (JentTal jdumagc, dark sooty brown, sometimes with undcrparts p;di'. more or less streaki'd and ; priniinir-, dark A:\\y blue, showing greenisli tinge when lield in llie llglit ; two outer primaries, notched ; tail, long and forked ; underparts and tiiigiis. pine wliite. Swallow-tailed Kite. Elitni'id >i fiiriir.it IIS. See No. 2(;i. 178 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Wiug, always over 18.50; belly and thighs, never white ; only adult l)inls have the hood and tail, white. Bald Eagle. Jldliactns Itucocephnlus. See No. 2S5. Section 3. Fourth primary, longest ; tarsus, witliout featliers. Back, brown; face, hare. Audubon's Caracara. Pohjhonis cheriway. See No. 297. Section 4. Fourth primary, longest; tarsus, partly (not entirely) feathered. Tall, rufous brown (adult) ; tail, whitish or grayish, with inimerous brown bars (immature). Red=tailed Hawk. Butco borealis, and races. See No. 271. General plumaoe, dark sooty brown, sometimes with pale uiiderparts, more or less streaked and spotted. Harlan's Hawk. Butco horealis harlani. See No. 274. Wing, always over IS. 50; only adults have head and tail white. Bald Eagle. Ilaliaetns Icucocephnlus. See No. 285. Section 5. Fourth primary, longest; tarsus, entirely feathered. Thighs, tawny, more or less streaked or barred. American Rough=legged Hawk. Archihuteo lot/opus sisii<(us. See No. 283. 180 KEY TO THE BlliDb OF EASTEKN JS'OKTH AMEKIGA. Tarsus, not entirely feathered ; head and tail, more or leas white in old birds; younger birds, have uo white on head. Bald Eagle. Jlcdiaetus leucuccphahis. See No. 285. FAMILY STRIGIDiE. — OWLS. 181 FAMILY STRIGID/E. Owls. Radiated disk of feathers surrounding the eye; plumage, soft; toes, armed with strong curved talons. Group 1. Wing, less than 8.50 inches long. Section 1. Toes, thickly feathered. / ■■■^. ''J Richardson's Owl. Saw-wlu't Owl. Wing, less than 6.10; iipixT j)liim;ij;e, dark (.•iiUKimon luowii. more or loss in.iikcil witli white; uiKlerparts, whitish, streaked wilii hrowu; immature birds have iimeli wliitc ahout tlie faee. Saw-whet Owl. Acadian Owl. X'/rhihl iir,i,fi1HJ\\ 1 *J\\ i FAiMILY STRIGIDvE. OWLS. 18o Underparts, white, barred ;i 11(1 streaked with brown; toes, nearly hare. Dccurs in Florida and Gulf States only. Florida Barred Owl. Si/ruium nchnhixmn alleni. See No. 303. Section 2. Second primary, about equal in length to fourth. Two lar<;e, ear-like tufts of feathers above the eyes. Great Horned Owl. Btibo vinjiniioius, and races. See Xo. 309. Section 3. Second primary, decidedly longer than fourth. Short-eared Owl. rri(l;K-k, lihifk, strc'iikt'd willi white ; ctowu. witli red luiehal patcli (male) ; witliout reel uiichal ])ntc-h (female) : tail feath = ers, stiff and pointed; toes, four, two in front, two behiiHl. Downy Woodpecker. Drijiilmlis 2)HlH'sri')is. See No. 326. Group 2. Wing, 4.25 to 5.50 inches long. Section 1. The following species have three toes; no trace of red on the crown or nape. !^-:r'z::j^ ^'f 2^'^: 'i'oes, tliree; crown, yellow; liaek. lihu-i<. willionl while (male)- Arctic three-toed Woodpecker. Piroiili'S iirrtiriis. S«'e No. :V2S. 192 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Toi^ts, three; crown, bl;u;k ; hack, black , without white. Arctic Three=toed Woodpecker. Picoides arcticus {female). See No. 328. Toes, three ; crowu, yel- low ; hncl\ hiack and white. American Three=loed W odpecker. Banded^backed Woodpecker, Picoides americanus (^male) . See No. 329. Toes, three; crown, ])l:ick, marked with white; hark, Mark and ivhite. American Three=toed Woodpecker. Banded=backed Woodpecker. Picoides americanus (female). See No. 329. Section 2. The following species have four toes ; no trace of red on crown or nape. Ear coverts, black; no white on inner web of two middle tail feathers; mid- dle of back, more or less white, but not heavily banded as in boreal is; lower rump and upper tail coverts, black. Hairy Woodpecker. Dryuhiites villosus (female). See No. 324. FAMILY PICID.E. — WOODI'KCKEKS. id;) Ear coverts, white; no white ou inner web of two middle tail feathers; back, heavily banded with white and black; upper tail coverts, black. Red^cockaded Woodpecker. Dryohates borealis (male). See No. 327. Rump and upper tail coverts, pure white; greater portion of tertials and secondaries, white; the shafts, black ; inner wt!lp>i of twoiniddlc tail feathers, not marked with white. Red=headed Woodpecker. Melanerpes erythrocephahis (imynature). See No. 332. inner webs of two middle tail feathers, heavily marked with white; ixdly, usually liuj^ed with pale yellow. Yellow=bellied Woodpecker. Sphyrojiirns rdriits {intmitttirp). See No. 330. Section 3. The following species have four toes, and more or less red on crown or nape. Crown, black; a patch of red on the occiput (back of the liead) ; ear cov- erts, black; no white on inner webs of two middle tail feathers; back, black, with white patch in middle, but not lieavily banded with black and wliite; wings, with round white spots; upper tail coverts, black. Hairy Woodpecker. Dryn?>ntfs villosus (male). See No. 324. Crown, black; ji n;irr()w patch of red on either side of the occiput (back of tin- lirad); ear coverts, white; no wliit.- on inii.T wri.s of two middle tail feathers; hacji, handfil black and white; upper tail coverts, black. Red-cockaded Woodpecker. Dryobatis li,,rrtilis i uuili). See No. 327. 194 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Crown, red; tliront, red (male); crown, red; throat, white (female); belly, tinged with yellow ; two middle tail feathers, heavily marked with white on the inner webs; a patch of black on the breast, varying in size, according to age and season. Yellow=bellied Woodpecker. SphyrcqUrus varius (adult). See No. 330. Rod bcllierl Woodpecker. Crown, red (male) ; crown, ashy gray, nape, red (female) ; throat and under° parts, pale ash gray, the belly tinged with red or buff, according to season. Red=bellied Woodpecker. Melanerpes caroUuus. See No. 333. Rump and upper tail coverts, pure white ; greater part of secondaries and tertials, white, with black shafts (sometimes with one l)ro\vn band near tip); entire head and throat, red (adults); immature birds have the head brownish gray, speckled and marked with dull black, but usually showing more or less red in places. Red=headed Woodpecker, Melanerpes eri/throcephalus. See No. 332. FAMILY PIClDiK. WOODPECKERS. llto Group 3. Wing, 5.50 to 8.00. GoMeii-\xiiige(1 Woodpecker. ITndcr surf.ice of witijrs and tail, yellow; a baud of red on the nape, and a black molar stripe (male) : similar l)Ut withoiii the lilack nioiai- stripe (female). Golden=winged Woodpecker. Flicker. Colajitcs auratus. See No. :«4. Hump and upper tail coverts, pure white; ■iTcatcr portion of tertials, white, the j^haft*, lilaek: middle tail feathern, not marked witli white; belly, white. Red-headed Woodpecker. Melanrrpt'S rriithrnreph<(liis. See No. 333. Uulack (female). Occurs in Florida, and iu u few localities along the Gulf coast. Kare. Ivory-billed Woodpecker. C'ampephihis pri uripalis. See No. 323. 198 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMEUICA. FAMILY CAPRIMULQID^. Night=hawks, Whip=poor=wins, etc. Feet, small and weak; mouth, very large; bill, small; middle toe nail, with fine comb=like edge; front toes, connected at base. A baud of wliite on the wing; tail feathers, not tipped with wliite. Night=hawk. Chonleilos virgiiiianus, and races. See No. 337. No white on the wing: primaries, banded with rufous brown ana Idaek; ^ving, over 7.50. Chuck=will's=widow. Antrostomns carolinensis. See No. 335. Chuck-will's-widow No white on wing; outer tall feathers. broadly tipped with white : wing, under 7 .50. Whip-poor-will. Antrostoni u s voc iferus . See No. 336. FAMILY TROCIlILlDvE. HUMMING-BIRDS. 199 FAMILY niCROPODID/E. Swifts. General plumage, sooty brown, showiiii^ :i faint greenish tinu:e on llit; upper parts; throat, ashy white; tail feathers, with sharp spines, or points formed hy tlie shafts of the feathers, exteniling beyond tlie \vel>>. Tlie Swifts are widely separated geuerically from the Swallows; but persons unfamiiiai- witli birds might look for them under tlie same family. Chimney Swift. Chcvtura pckt'jica. See No. 340. FAMILY TROCHILID^. Humming=birds. Smallest of Birds. Wing less than 1.75 inches long (carpus to tip). I'bniat. nil>y n d : t>ai-k, golden green 1 nialf ) : ud red on tluoat ( ft-nialr and young male '. Ruby-throated llumniing bird Tnn'h ilus Col uhris . Set" No. :M1. 200 l^^^^' ^<' ^li''^ BIHD8 OF EASTERN NORTH AxMERICA. FAHILY TYRANNID^. Flycatchers. Group 1. Wing, from 2.13 to 2.37 inches long. Bill, broad and flattened, with numerous small black bristles at base; tip, with small but distinct hook. Back, olive green; belly, clear yellow. 353 Top of bill. .Side of bill. Rill, with .small hook at tip, flat and wide at ^ base; back, olive green; belly, not yellow, or only faintly tinged with yellow. Least Flycatcher. Empidonnx minimns. See No. ^.o,*). Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Empidonax flavivcHlrls. See No. 352. Group 2. Wing, 2.37 to 2.75 inches long. Under mandible, yellowish white ; throat, whitish ; breast and belly, dull white, tinged with pale yellow; back, olive green. Arcadian Flycatcher. Green=crested Flycatcher. Empidonax viresceus. See No. 353. FAMILY TYKANMD.i:. — FLYCATCIIKKS, 201 Under mandible, jellowisli white; throat and underpants, ttr^-i FlycatiiiLi-. Under mandible, pale yellowish white, or l)n)wiii-h wliiu-: back, ting;ed with olive brown ; win;;-, over 2.tJti. Traill's Flycatcher. Emjiiduiuu IraiUii alnoriini. See No. 354. V. Under mandible, nsn.illy i<;ilc hrnwii <>r hrownisli white; wing, under 2. (JO. Least Flycatcher Empidomtx minimus. See Xo. .355. 202 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Group 3. Wing, 2.75 to 3.25 inches long. ^ Bill, flat and wide, with small hook at tip, and black bristles at base. VVinji, under 3.05 ; under mandible, yellowish white ; throat and underparts, pale greenish yellow ; bnek, olive "Teen. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Eiiipidonax Jlainventris. See No. 352. Wing, usually under 3.05; under inandihle, j-ellowish white ; throat, white ; breast and belly, whitish, faintly tingtvl with yellow; back, dull olive green. Arcadean Flycatcher. Empidon ax vircxccufi. See No. .353. Wing, under 3.05; upper parts, tinged with olive brown ; throat, while; under mandible, yellowish white; eye=ring and wing bars, pale tawny. Traill's Flycatcher. Emx)idonax trailli alnurum. See No. 354. FAMILY TYRANNID^. — FLYCATCHERS 203 Group 4. Wing, 3,25 to 3.75 inches long. IJotli in;ui(lit)les, blackish; ))ack, browniali olivo. Phoebe Flycatcher. Sayurnis phwhc See No. 34s. ■^^l.■*s'■. 7 ^ *^^ i O-N >h'y man.iihl.", |,.-,1.«, u.^u:illy y.-Ilowisli, or ycll(»\vi-ili l.rowii , huvk, (lull oliv.'. Wood Pewee. (.'(iiitojiiis rirriis. See No. 361. 204 KEY TO THE BIRDS OV EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Group 5. Wing, 3.75 to 4.25 inches long Bill, with small hook at tip, and black bristles at base; back of tarsus, rounded. Flycatcher. Throat, grayish ; belly, yellow ; back, dull olive ; more or less rufous brown ou the tail fe.'itbers. Crested Flycatcher. Myiarchus crinitus. See No. 347. Throat, grayish olive; belly, pale rufous brown; upper parts, olive gray. Say's Phoebe. Sayornis sai/a. See No. 349. Throat, and middle of belly, white, sometimes tinged with yellow; under mandible, pjile at base; ui)per parts, brownish olive; greater portion of breast, and sides of the body, brownish olive ; upper mandible, black ; a tuft of whitish feathers on the flanks. Olive=sided Flycatcher. Contojnis boreaUs. See No. 350. Throat and underparts, white; a very long forked tail; crown, black, with yellow patch iu centre; back, gray. Fork=tailed Flycatcher. Milvulus tijrannus. See No. 342. FAMILY TYKANNII)^. FLYCATCHERS. 205 Group 6. Wing, 4.25 to 4.75 inches long. Back, blackish ; a concealed patch of fiery red on crown ; tail, tipped witli white ; belly, wliite. King Bird. Tijrannus t>jrannus. See No. 344. Back, dull ash gray; a concealed patch of orange red on crown: tail, not tipped with white; l)ellv, white. Gray King Bird. Tyrannus dominicensis. See No. 345. Crown and back, dull olive ; throat, gray; belly and under tail coverts, yellow; tail feather?, lieavily marked witii iiifons. Crested Flycatcher. Mijliinh us vriitiliis. See No. 347. crowTi. dull olive niis stiijit. Sei- \o. 3»'.t. 20G KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Upper plumage, brownish olive, or dull, grayish olive; throat aud middle of belly, white, sometimes tinged with pale yellow ; breast (except middle) and sides of body, dull grayish olive; uuder mandible, pale. Olive=sided Flycatcher. Cantopus borealis. See No. 350. Crown and back, ashy; throat and breast, ashj'- white; sides of breast and body, orange red ; tail, very long, rarely less than four and one half inches. 5cissor=tailed Flycatcher. Milvulus forficatus. See No. 343. Crown, black, with concealed patch of yellow; back, gray; underparts, white; tail, very long, usually more than four aud one half inches. Fork=tailed Flycatcher. Milvulus tyraniuis. See No. 342. FAMILY TYKANNlDiE. FLYCATCHEKS. 207 Group 7. Wing, 4.75 to 5.50 inches long. Top of bill. Back, blackish; a concealed patch of fiery red on the crown; tail, tipped with white ; belly, wiiite. King Bird. Tijranmtii tiirannus. See No. 344. Back, dull ash gray ; a concealed patch of orange red on the crown; tail, not tipped with white; belly, white. Gray King=bird. Tiirannus dominicensis. See Xo. .34.'). r.ack, olive gray; a concealed orange patch on the crown; throat, gray ; belly, yellow ; outer web of outer tail feather, white ; a we^Jtern species which has occasionally been taken east ol the Mississippi. Arkansas Flycatcher. 7''/'"" n n US vertical is. See Xo. 340. Crown and back, ashy; throat and breast, ashy white; sides of breast and body, orange red; tail, very long, rarely less than fonr and one halt inches. .V sonlli western species, several examples of which liave l)een taken in Eastern North America, from (Ontario to Florida. Scissor=tailed Flycatcher. Mil vulus fo rjicat im. See Xo. 343. Crown, blacK, with conee.iled patch of yellow ; back, gray ; underparts, white; tail, very long and fiirked, usnally over four and (in<' half inches. South Americau species, stragglers, have beeu taken in Eastern North America. Forked-tail Flycatcher. Jdil c uliis In rail nil s . See No. 342. 208 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTEKN NORTH AMERICA. FAMILY ALAUDID^. Larks, Bill, pointed, and somewhat rounded ; back of tarsus, rounded ; hind toe nail, elongated, equal or longer than the toe; nostrils, more or less concealed by tufts of hair^like feathers ; wing, 3.75 to 4.50. Horned Lark. TTpper throat and line over the eye, yellow, or yellowish white; a stripe from hill below the eye, and a patch on breast, black, or 1)lackish ; belly, white ; upper parts, brownish, more or less streaked; hind toe nail, long, and nearly straight; greater portion of outer web of outer tail feather, white. In immature and winter birds, the horn-like tuft of feathers is lacking, or indistinct. Horned Lark. Shore Lark. Odi/'nris aljif'stris, and 7'aces, See No. 357. FAMILY COKVID^:, JAYS, CROWS, tITC. 209 FAHILY CORVID/E. Jays, Crows, etc. SUBFAMILY GARRUUN/G. Jays and flagpies. First primary, much shorter than second, always less than three fourths as long as third; fourth or fifth primary, longest; bill, stout and strong; the nostrils, concealed by coarse hair=like feathers ; outer tail feathers, shorter than middle feathers. Group 1. Wing, 3.75 to 4.75 inches long. l Top .•itid sidos of head, wiiiijs imd i;iil, dull blue ; bai-U and l>oIly, a-^li irray. Oenir-J oidv in Florida. Florida Jay. Ai'fi' luiniiut fliiriiliiuii. See No. Ml. 210 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Qroup 2. Wing, 4.75 to 5.50 inches long. Upper p:irts, pale blue or purplish blue; tail, bright blue, barred with black anil (except middle feathers), tipped with white; wings, blue, marked with white; underparts, ashy white ; breast with black baud. Blue Jay. Ci/anociUa cristata, and races. See No. 360. No blue on plumage auj'- where ; greater part of crown, dusky; breast and belly, gray ; t h r oat, lighter. Canada Jay. Perisoreus canadensis^ and races. See Nos. 463 and 464. FAMILY COKVID.E. JAYS, CROWS, ETC 211 Group 3. Wing, 5.50 to 6.50 inches long. Upper i);irts, p;il(! blue, or purplisli l)lue; tail, I)ri.i>-lit bliK!, burred witb lilaek, and (except middle feathers) tipped with white; wiii<,r<, blue, marked with wliile; uuderparts, ashy white; breast, with black band. Blue Jay. CijaniictHa cristata See No. 360. Forehead, throat, and sides of head, dull white; back of crown aud nai)e, lilack- ish; back, gra,v; uuderparts, ashy, palest on the throat. Canada Jay. PerisdvcHs cdiindi'iisis^ and races. See Xo. 303. Group 4. Wing, 6.50 to 8.50 inches long. Head aud breast, black; tail, loug, showing more or less green and pm-ple reflec- ^^oua. American Hagpie. Pirn pira hntJsuuica. See Xo. 359. SUBFAMILY CORVIN/E. Crows and Ravens. Group 5. Wing, 9.50 to 15 inches long. Plumage, black; wing, over 11.50; tarsus, over 2.10; bill, over l.SO. Crow. Corvus KunriciniHs, und nircs. Sec Xo. 3r>l',. 212 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Plumage, black; wiug, uuder 11.50; tarsus, uuder 2.1U; bill, uuder l.SO. Fish Crow. Cur V us ossiJ'ra(jus. See No. 368. Group 6. Wing, over 15 inches long. Kaven. General plumage, black. Raven. Corvus cnrax principalis. See No. 365. FAMILY ICTEKID^. BLACKBIRDS, OiilOLES, xMEADOW LAKKS, ETC. 2 L'6 FAMILY ICTERTD^. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, MEADOW LARKS, ETC. GROUP 1. AVinj:,-, less than ;}. 75 iuc'liL'S loug. See page 214. Section 1. l'u(leri)arts, more or less marked with yellow, orange, or chestnut Ijrown. See page 214. Section 2. I'nderparts, bhick or heavil}' streaked with 1)hK-k or dark hrown. gee page 85. GROUP 2. \Ving, 3.75 to 4.25 inches long. See page 21G. Section 1. I'nderparts, more or less j'ellow. See page 217. Section 2. Xo yellow on underparts. See page 218. GROUP 3. Wing, 4.25 to 4.75 inches long. See page 21U. GROUP 4. ^^'ing, 4.75 to 5.50 inches long. See page 222. GROUP 5. Wing, 5.50 to 0.50 inches long. See page 224. GROUP 6. Wing, over G.50 inches long. See page 225. 214 KEY TO THE 15IRDS OF EASTERN NOHTH A3IERICA. FAMILY ICTERID^. Blackbirds, Orioles, Meadow Larks, etc. First primary, not short; base of bill slightly dividing the feathers of the forehead ; nostrils, exposed ; outer tail feathers, shorter than middle feathers. Group 1. Wing, less than 3.75 inches long. Section 1. The following species have the underparts more or less marked with either yellow, orange, or chestnut brown. Head and throat, l)laek; uuderi)arts, orange yellow ; l)ack, black. Baltimore Oriole. Irtcnis (jdUiuld (riKtlc). See No. .370. Head, more or less marked with l)Iack; hack, blackish; underparts, oraiioe, paler tliau tlie male. Baltimore Oriole. Icterus galhnld {female). See No. .379. Crowu aud back, dull olive, faintly tinsjed with yellow on rump; underparts, pale yellow, usually with faint orange tinge; wing, over 3.45. Baltimore Oriole. Icterus f/aUmhi (immature). See No. 379. 1 Head and back, l)lack; rest of under- parts, chestnut brown. Orchard Oriole. Icterus spnriiis (male). See No. 378. Crown and back, greenish, without stripes; underparts, yellow (not orange); wing, under 3.45. Orchard Oriole. Icterus sjnirius (female). See No. 378. Crown, with yellow buff iu centre, boidered by black; back, streaked with black; underparts, pale yel- low, tinged with buff; tail feathers, pointed. Bobolink. Rice Bird. Dolichonyx orijzivorus (female). See No. 370. Orchard Oriole. FAIMILY ICTEIIID^K. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, MEADOW LARKS, ETC. 215 Section 2. The following species have the underparts black, or heavily streaked with black, or dark brown. ^(^^fe^^'i Underpants, black, often showing more or less whitish on tips of feathers ; liead, l)laik; l»acl< of neck, tawny, or tawny white; back, hiaclc, sh:idinu; into ijray and while on rump and upper tail eoverts. Bobolink. Rice Bird. Dolichonyx onjzivorus {ninle). See No. 370. Undei'parts, wliitish with lilack. iiiUV. streaked Red-winged Blackbird. Aijelahts jiltn'niicris, ami runs {fnnali'). Hee No. 373. 216 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Group 2. Wing, 3.75 to 4.25 inches long. First primary, never less than three fourths as long as third. Blackbird. Grackle, or Crow Blackbird. Oriole. Meadow Lark. FAMILY ICTERIDiE. — BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, MEADOW LARKS, ETC. 217 Section 1. The following species have underparts with more or less yellow. Head and back, black ; throat, black ; rest of; underparts, orang;e. Baltimore Oriole. Icterus galhula (male). See No. .379. Head and back, brownish black; throat, black; rest of uiulerparts, paler than th<' male. „ . . ^ . • Baltimore Oriole. Icterus i/alhula (female). See No. 379. Upper plumage, dull brownish olive; runij). yeIlo\vi?Ji olive; entire under- parts, yellowish white or pale buffy yellow, faintly tinged with orange. Baltimore Oriole. Icterus galbula (immature). See No. 379. Underparts, pale buff yellow or tawny yellow; wliilisli on chin; sides, streaked witli hhick; crowu, Idaekish. with tawny -tripe in cen- tre ; back, streaked ; tail feathers, very pointed. Bobolink. Dulirhoitij.i- onj-ivorm (frmnle). ISee No. ;>7U. 218 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Throat and underparts, yellow; breast, with more or less Diack ; crown brownish black, with butt wliilc stripe iu centre. Meadow Lark. Stururlla magna. See No. 370. Section 2. The following species have no yellow on the underparts. Underparts, heavily streaked with black; throat, tinged with tawny. Red=winged Blackbird. Agelaius pha-xicetis Q'emale). See No. 373. Underparts, black, generally with more or less I't'athei's tii)i)('dwith dull white; crown, t)laik; back of the neck, tawny ; tail feathers, very pointed. Bobolink. Dolichoinjx oryzivorus. See No. ?70. ^-•^^ \ Head and throat, brown ; rest of plumage, glossy greeni&h black. ^^ Cow Bird. ^"^ Jlolothrus atcr (malp). See No. 371. Underparts, brownish gray ; upper I)arts, pale grayish brown. Cow Bird. Molothrus ater {female)- See No. 371. FAMILY ICTERIDiE. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, MEADOW LARKS, ETC. 219 Group 3. Wing, 4.25 to 4.75 inches long. First primary, never less than three fourths as long as third. ^ ^ijreast, distinctly streaked ; carpal joint, edged with yellow. See page 234. Part 3. I'nderparts, not marked with red, blue, yellow, or green; breast, distinctly streaked ; carpal joint, not edged with yellow. See page 230. Part 4. T'^nderparts, not marked with red, blue, 3'ellovv, or green; breast, not streaked; bend of wing (carpal joint), edged with yellow. See page 237. Part 5. I'nderparts, not marked with red, blue, yellow, or green ; the breast, not distinctly streak(Ml, and no yellow on bend of wing. See page 238. GROUP 4. Wing, 2.75 to 3.25 inches long. See page 239. Part 1. Throat or underparts, more or less red, blue, green, or yellow. See page 239. Part 2. N"o blue, red, green, or yellow on the underparts ; more or less of throat, black (sometimes only the chin) ; breast and sides, not distinctlj^ streaked. See page 243. Part 3. No blue, red, green, or yellow on the underparts; throat or chin, not black; breast or sides, not distinctly streaked; tail feathers, marked with more or less white. See page 244. FAMILY FRINUILLID.E. SI'ARliOWS, FINCHES, CK08.SBILLS, KU.NTIXGS. 227 Part 4. No blue, red, green, or yellow ou the underparts; throat or chiu, not black; breast or sides, not distiuctly streaked; no white ou tail feathers. See page 245. Part i). Xo red, l)luo, green, or yellow on ihc underparts; throat, more or less (some- times only the chin) black; breast or sidf^s, distiucth' streaked. See page 247. Part (!. Xo red, blue, green, or yellow ou tlie underparts; throat or chin, n<^. SPAKKOWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC 229 Top of licjid and nape, pale olive green, mixed with black ; no tawny stripe over eye. Henslow's Sparrow. Ammodram ns h a ndoivii . See No. 412. Top of head, brownish and slate color ; a lawiiy sii-ij)t' over each e\'e ; no tawny stripe on middle of crown. Sharp-tailed Sparrow. Sharp-tailed Finch. Ainmodnuanx nindiK-ntns and races. See Xo. 414. Phompara bicolor. Back and rump, olive green; tliroat or sides of neck, lilack (male), or ^ray (female). West Indian species, ae(.'ideiital on l-"loiida Keys. Black-faced Finch or (irasnjuit. Euetheia hicolor. See No. 441). Back and rump, olive green; sides of neck, yellow (male\ or tliroat. ehr-imii lirown (^temaif). West Indian si)eeies aet-identai on Floi-ida Keys. Cuban 1-inch, or Helodiuus (irassquit. Euetheia raimni. \ tinned with olive j^reen. Henslow's Sparrow. Ammodrnrmis henalo^cii. See Xo. 412. Part'2. The followmg species have the breast more or less streaked ; carpal joint (bend of wing), not yellow: — Breast, very faintly strealied; middle tail feathers, rufous brown, witli l)lack stripe in middle, includ- ing the sliaft : wing coverts and secondaries, edged with rufous brown. Swamp Sparrow. Melnspiza georrpona. See Xo. 438. Melot>i)iza freor-iiana. IJreast. sharply streaked with l>l:ick; shafts of tail feathers, not black. Lincoln's Sparrow. Meluspiza liiifohiH. See No. 437. Mclospiza liucolnll. Part 3. The following species have the breast not streaked (in the adult*); carpal joint (bend of wing), edged with yellow: — Ton nf h,..Hl, I. lark will, tawny strip.' in cMitn-: an orang.- brown spot over, and '1 sonii'wliat in front nf, tlic eye. Yellow-winged Sparrow. Grasshopper Sparrow. AnnuDtlramus snrautinrinu i-msarrinm^ See No. 411. • In Hcvcral HpcclCB. very young l)lr.lH In (Irst plumngre have ibc bicabt btrcakcd. 232 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Top of head and back, chestnut ana black; sides, soiiK'times with bhick spots. Occiu'S only as far as kuowu iu Florida and Soutliern Georgia. Pine-woods Sparrow. Peucact' aistivalis. See No. 434. Top of head and back, rufous brown with more or less gray on feathers ; sides, without spots. Bachman's Sparrow. Peucace aistivalis bachmanii. See Xo. 435. Part 4. The following species have the breast not streaked (in the adult); carpal joint (bend of wing), not edged with yellow : — \\iug coverts and secondaries, edged with rufous brown •, flanks, brownish olive. Swamp Sparrow. Mtlospiza geoi'giaiin. See No. 438. Wing coverts and secondaries, edged with pale tawny buff; tail feathers, brown, narrowly edged with brownish white ; flanks, pale buffy white. Field Sparrow. Spizella pallida. See No. 426. Spizella pallida. FAMILY FRINGILLID^. — SPAKKOWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 233 Group 3. Wing, 2.37 to 2.75 inches long. # 448 icoo \ Part 1. The following species have the throat or underparts more or less marked with either blue, red, dull green, or bright yellow: — Underparts, entirely yellow (male), or throat, yellow; underparts, dull olive gray (female); \vin<;s aud tail, black, marked with wliite; yellow on under- parts varies much, according to age and season. Yellowbird. American Goldfinch. S/)iiiUs tristis. See No. 400. rinlfijiarts. hiiirht rcil. or linired with red: liack, green: rron n. Iihn-. Nonpareil Painted Bunting. P.iss.riii.i ./;•/>• (^)llitli). ^.e Xo. 448. I'ntierparts, greenish; hark, green. Painted Bunting. See No. US. 234 KEY TO THE BIHDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Uuderparts, blue; general plumage, blue; wings and tail, black, edged with blue. Indigo Bird. Indigo Bunting. Passerina cyanea (male). See No. 446. Uuderparts, more or less blotched with blue. Indigo Bird. Passerinn cyanea (immature). See No. 446. Part 2. The following species have the underparts not marked with red, blue, yellow, or green ; breast, distinctly streaked ; carpal joint (bend of wing), edged with yellow: — Breast and flanks, tawny; a tawny stripe over the eye; outer tail feathers, decidedly shorter than middle ones. Sharp-tailed Sparrow. Ammodramus caudact7is, and varieties. See No. 414. Breast, white, heavily streaked with black; back, black, the feathers edged with olive and gray ; outer tail feathers, shortest. Occurs only in Florida. Dusky Seaside Sparrow. Ammodramus nigrescens. See No. 419. FAMILY FllINGILLID^. SPARROAVS, FINCHES, CHOSSHILLS, ETC. 235 Breast and flanks, grayish (sometimes faintly tinged with buff) ; a small yellow spot in front of the eye; no tawny stripe over the eye; rump, grayish olive; undertail coverts, not white; outer tail feathers, shortest. Seaside Sparrow. Aiiiiiiodrainns mnritiimi.^, and varietit's. See Xo. 417. Seaside Sparrow. IJreast and flanks, white streaked witii brown; a yellow spot iu front of eye (absent in son)e plinnages) : rumit. ]);de brown, marked with dark brown: outer tail fealiiers. not shorter llian middle ones: undertail coverts, white. Savanna Sparrow. Anniiudraiiiiis sutidtriflu n.^ See No. 110. 230 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 3. The following species have the underparts not marked with red, blue, yellow, or green; breast, distinctly streaked; carpal joint (bend of wing), not edged with yellow : — Forehead, reddisli brown ; crowu, browu, with imperfect gray streak iu middle, and l)laekish dots; no yellow iu front of eye; breast, white, heavily streaked with dark brown ; outer tail feathers, shortest. Song Sparrow. Melospiza fasciata. See No. 4.S6. Crown, brown, streaked witli black; breast, buff, streaked with black; back, streaked; outer tail feathers, sliortest. Lincoln's Sparrow. Melospiza lincolnii. See No. 4.37. Crown, black, streaked with pale brown ; a yellow spot in front of eye (want- ing in some plumages) ; breast, white, streaked with dark brown ; back, streaked ; outer tail feathers, not shorter tlian middle ones. Savanna Sparrow. Ammodramus sandioichensis savanna. See No. 410. Wings and tail, dark brown, more or less margined with yellow ; the bases of the feathers, pale yellow; under= parts, heavily streaked with brownisli black ; crown and back, brownish olive, heavily streaked with black. Pine Finch. Spinus spiniis. See No. 402. FAMILY FKINGILLIDJE. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, 1.TC. 237 Crowu and back, brown without streaks; underparts. pale butt" brown, faintly streaked on breast and sides. Indigo Bunting. Passcrhia ojanea (female). See No. 446. Part 4. The following species have the underparts not marked w ith red, blue, yellow, or green, and the breast not distinctly streaked, but have the carpal Joint (bend of wing), edged with yellow : — Crown, black, with pale tawny buff stripe on niiddlt': ear covert?, tawny buff"; nnddle back, blackl.*h: feathers. edo:ed with bnti : tail feathers, very pointed; tail, less than 2.25 long. Grasshopper Sparrow. YeIlow=winged Sparrow. Ammodramns savannarnm passerinus. See No. 411. V^ ^: Crown, grayish, without tawny stripe in middle; car coveits, gray; hack, olive and gray; a distinct superciliary stripe of buff or yellowish. Sharp-tailed Sparrow. Ammodramus caudac^Uus, awl races. See No. 414. Crown and back, rufous brown, tlie feathers, more or less marked with black, and cd^^cd with gray; not tawny stripe on middle of crown; tail tVathers. not pointed; tail, over 2.25 lung. Pine-woods Sparrow. Penciva lO'ticalis, a»d rn See No. 434. L>38 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 5. The following species have the underparts not marked with red, blue, yellow, or green ; the breast, not distinctly streaked, and no yellow on the carpus (bend of the wing): — Crown and back, the same color, brown without streaks. Indigo Bunting. Passerina cyanea {female). See No. 446. Crown and back, bright olive green, without streaks. Painted Bunting. Passerina ciris (female). See No. 448. Back, streaked with black ; rump, oHve brown, streaked with black ; wing coverts aud secondaries, broadly edged with rufous brown; sides of body, clear olive brown ; middle of belly, whitish. Swamp Sparrow. Melospiza (jcorgiana . Bill, black or dark brown; back, streaked with black ; rump, slate gray ; adult birds have the crown rufous. Chipping Sparrow. Spizella socialis. See No. 425. Bill, reddish brown; crown aud back, rufous brown ; back, streaked with black ; rump, pale grayish brown. Field Sparrow. Spizella pusiU (I. See No. 428. Bill, pale brown (not reddish brown) ; underparts, dull white (not grayish on sides as in socialis) ; crown and back, pale grayish brown, streaked with black ; rump, grayish l)rown (not slate gray as in socialis) . Clay -colored Sparrow. Spizella pallida. See No. 426. FAMILY FKIXGILLTD.E. SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. '2'dd Group 4. Wing, 2.75 to 3.25 inches long. 410 Part 1. The following species have the throat, or underparts, more or less red, blue, green or yellow : — riandibles, crossed ; ^icnci.il iilmiiiif^e, dull red; wings, hrowiiish : no white on wings (male). American Crossbill. Loxia curv I rostra 7ninor. See No. 392. 240 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Mandibles, crossed ; no white on wings; uuderijai-ts, greenish. American Crossbill. Lnria cnnirostra minor (female). See No. 392. M:mdil)les, crossed; more or less red on uuderparts, liead, and back; wing bars, white. White=winged Crossbill. Loxia leucoptera (male). See No. 393. Mandibles, crossed; wing bars, white ; uuderparts, greenish. White=winged Crossbill. Loxia leucoptera (female). See No. 393. Mandibles, not crossed; breast and crown, rose red; l)aok, brown, tinged with red; chin, not black. Purple Finch. Carpodacus purpureus ^male) , See No. 389. Mandibles, not crossed; chin, blackish; breast, rose red; front crown, metallic red; rump, streaked. Red=poll. Acanthis linaria, and races. See No. 396. Mandibles, not crossed ; chin, blackish ; underpart, whitish, with faint tinge of pink on breast; rump, white, without streaks, sometimes tinged with rose color. Greenland Red-poll. Acanthis hornemannii. ana racei- See No. 394. FAMILY FKINGILLID^. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 241 Maudibles, uot crossed; underparts, yellow; back, yellow; wiiiii-* and tail. black, marked with white. American Goldfinch Yellowbird. Spiinis tristis (male). See No. 400. Mandibles, not crossed; throat, yellow; rest of underparts, jirayi, \\ hitc. not stn-aUt'il. Greenland Red-poll. Acanlliis horm iinntnii. See No. 304. 244 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Throiit, smoky gray ; belly, white ; back and riimi), gmyish brown; bill, pale; outer tail feather, entirely white. Snow Bird. Junco. Junco hyemalis. See No. 430. Part 3. The following species have no red, blue, green, or yellow, on the underparts ; throat or chin, not black ; and the breast or sides, not distinctly streaked; tail feathers, marked with more or less white: — Throat, grayish brown ; sides of body, deep rufous brown ; back, not streaked ; belly, white ; bill, black. Towhee. Towhee Bunting. Pipilo erythrophthahnus. See No. 440. Throat, gray ; belly, white ; back and rump, grayish browu; back, not streaked. Snow Bird. Junco. Junco hyemalis, and races. See No. 430. FAMILY FIM\(;iIJJI).E. — SPAKl.'OWS, FIXCI1K<, CROSSBILLS, KTC. 245 Throat, white; crown, brown, with whitish stripe tluouirh middl.'; back, streaked; tail feathers, broadly tipped with white. Lark Finch. Chondcstdi (/nniiiiiacus. See No. 420. Throat, ashy white ; lielly. white, tinged with pale hiifFoii sides : crown, bright rufous; tail fcatlHTs. very iian-owh" edfjod with white; upper iiiaiidilile. hlack- ish; lower mandible, pale yellowish white, with dark tip: back, streaked. Tree Sparrow. Spizelht inonliculn. See Xo. 424. Throat and underparts, pale buffy white or ashy white; oiown ami back, dull brown; back, Ptrealccd with blackish; tail, very narrowly edited with huffy white; bill, reddish brown; rump, brownish. Field Sparrow. SpizeUa pxsilln. See Xo. 42>i. Throat, white; crown, rufous; a white stripe over the eye; outer tail feather, very narrowly edged with whitisli on inner web; bill, black; back, streaked : rump, slaty gray. Chipping Sparrow. Spi;:('Ua socialis. See Xo. 42.T. Part 4. The following species have no red, blue, jicreen. or \elloN> on the underpants; throat or chin, not black, and the breast or sides, not distinctly streaked; no wiiite on the tail feathers: — Crown, green, like back; ihroal and underparts, pale bull: back, green, without streaks. Nonpareil. Painted Bunting. l''i.-inn' rdriliiiiilis. S<'»« \<>. 442. ( Ji'iicial |>!iniia';t', ri'cl; hack, stri'akcil ; l)clly, wliili-;li (inalo). /^ 389 Purple Finch. Ciirpiiihtriis juif/uireua. See No. :iS9. * If blril U leil or olive Kiceii, with \vln>? mcimminjic iM'tweon 3.:i.'> iiiul 4 Inrlu'H long (nirpus toti)>).-'>>>• .lull ohve, streaked on sides of body) ; =. short stn-ak .d dark brown or black on each <,de nf .h.,. throat: tail feathers, tippe.l witli whit.-. l.ark Sparrow, l^rk Finch. Choml' stis tjnunimicus. See No. 420. 25G KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Ti)»*. Crowu, black, with white stripe iu middle ; underparts, ashy, shading to pale buff ou the flanks ; no white on tail feathers. White=crowned Sparrow. Zouotrichta Icucophrijs. See No. 422. c^e^ Crown and back, grayish or buffy, streaked with black ; shoulder (lesser wing coverts), rufous brown; breast, streaked; greater part of outer tail feather, including outer web, white. Vesper Sparrow. Bay=winged Bunting. Grass Pinch. Pooccetes graminens. See No. 408. Crown and back, slaty brown, or dull rufous brown ; rump, and upper sur- face of tail feathers, light rufous brown; underparts, white, heavily streaked and spotted on breast and sides with rufous )»rowu. Fox Sparrow. Passer ella iliacu. See Xo. 439. FAMILY FRINGILLlDiE. — SPARROWS, FINCHES, CROSSBILLS, ETC. 257 Crown aud back, dark l)rowii, wirli iiidi*tiuct streaks; no white on tail ; imdcr- parts, white, witli numerous browu spots or streaks (female). Purple Finch. CarpodacHS purpureus. Crown, with crest of red feathers; hack, olive; underparts, tawnj', shading to olive on the sides; under surface of wing, red (female). Cardinal Grosbeak. Cardinalis cardinaJis. See Xo. 442. Crown, with fiery red patch; a itlack spot on tlu; chin : belly, wliite; rump, white. Greenland Redpoll. Aca nthis h urn i uhodi ii. See Xo. 304. Group 6. Wing, 3.75 to 4.25 inches long. Part 1. The following species have more or less red on the under- parts * : — General plumage, rose red, usually mixed with more or less gray ; \vi112; coverts, edged witli pinkish white. Pine Grosbeak. Pinicola ennrli-uin)'. See Xo. 3SS. Throat and base of bill, black; gcnn-al iiluniagc, red; crown, with more or less of a crest; wings and tail, nut black (male). Cardinal Grosbeak. < ,'iirdiittilis ciiriUitttlis. See No. 442. * If binl l8 rclll of !i TniuiKcr woinewlmt resembles tlisit of a Klncli. 258 KEY TO THE BIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Head :md back, black ; breast and under wing coverts, rose red ; belly, white (male). Rose=breasted Grosbeak. Hahia hidoviciana. See No. 443. Part 2. The following species have more or less yellow, orange, or green on the underparts : — Forehead, yellow; crown, black; rump, greeuish yellow; tertials, heavily marked with white ; uuder- parts, dark olive yellow on belly (male) . Evening Grosbeak. Coccothraustes respertinns. See No. 387. Underparts, gray, faintly tinged with greenish yellow ; back, gray, more or less tinged with green ; wings and tail, black, marked with white. Crown and sides of head and chin, black; underparts, orange brown, or pale orange chestnut; middle of belly and under wing coverts, bright yellow: wings and tail, black, marked with white (male). Black°headed Grosbeak. Ilahia melanocephala. See No. 444. Underparts, pale tawny yellow, more or less streaked with black on sides of body; crown, black, witli brownish buff stripe in centre; tail feathers, sharp pointed. [Tiiis species belongs in Family Icteridj\3, but miglit be looked for under this section (female).] Bobolink. Dolochomjx onjzivorus. See No. 370. FAMILY- FtilXGILLIO.E. SPAKIIOWS, FIXCJIIKS, CKO.SSIJILLS, ETC. 259 Part 3. Ihe following species have no red, yellow, orange, or green on the underparts : — rudciparts, irray ; npiicr part*, irray. tiiiucd witli green; wings and tail, black, heavily marked with white; bill, yellowish. Evening Grosbeak. Cuccotliniustt;.i vcsperti)uis {fcviale). See No. 387. General plumage, gray ; crown and rump, tinged with yellowish green . hill, dark ; no white on tail feathers ; wing coverts ami tcrtial-, (Mlgcd with white. Pine Grosbeak. Pinecola enndeator (female). See Xo. 3S8. Crown, brownish bhick, with whitish streak in centre: un- der wing coverts, orange yellow ; breast, streaked with dark brown. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Ifaliiti liulitririiiiKi {/imalc). Sec No. 44.'?. Head and entire nnderparts. black : l.a.k ..f ti. •<■).. lawny l>iilV; hack, l-iack. mixed witli hnfV; rump, gray; tail feather*, very pointed. ('I'liis species helongs in Family Icterida- (^Section '.i;. luu might he looked for under tlii>i section.) Bobolink. D(ilir/inii>i.r nri/zirortis (wa/e). Sec No. .'<70. 260 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Head uud throat, dull chocolate brown; rest of pliuuage, greenish black; no white on wings or tail. (See Section 9, Family Icteridie, wliere it belongs.) Cow Bird. Molothrus (tier (^maJe). See No. 371. General plumage, brownish gray ; no white on wing coverts or tail featliers. (This species belongs in Family Icterid;«, but the bill is somewliat Finch-like in appearance, and tlie bird might be looked for under this section.) Cow Bird. Molothrus ater (fnnnlr). See No. 371. Head, with crest ; breast, grayish bull or light tawny ; l)ack, olive gray, without streaks ; rump and upper surface of tail, not rufous brown. Cardinal. Cardinales cardinalis (^female). See No. 442. Crown, brown, with white stripe in middle; a lilack stripe on each side of throat; undcrparts, soiled white; tail feathers, broadly tipped with white; rump and upper surface of tail, not rufous brown. Lark Sparrow. Lark Finch. Chondcstes (jrainmicus. See No. 420. Rump and upper surface of tail feathers, rufous brown ; uuderparts, white, more or less spotted or streaked with brown. Fox Sparrow. Passerella iliaca. See No. 439. Entire head and back, brown or black; belly, wliite; sides of body, bright, rufous brown. Towhee Bunting. Pipilo erythroplithdhniix . ■ - _ See No. 440. Underparts, white, often tinged with light brown on tlie breast; greater part of outer tail feathers, white. Snow Bunting. Snow Flake, Plectrophcnax nivalis. See No. 403. Snow Bunting. -fe:^> FAJIILY Fi:lNOILLII).E. — SrAKlIOW.S, FINCIIK.S, CKOSSIilLLS, ETC. 2() I Group 7. Wing, 4.25 to 4.75 inches long. First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as long as second or third; bill, stout and conical; nostrils, high, near the culmen ; primaries, nine ; tarsus, flattened behind. Throat, brownish olive, shading to yellowish green on the belly ; wing, l)l;ick, with patcli of wiiilf, bill, yel- lowish ; forehead, yellow ; crown, black (male) ; forehead and crown, irrnyish (female) . Evening Grosbeak. Coccothrnnstos vesjiertimis. Sec No. 387. / (^ General plumage of body, rose red, more or less mixed with }i;vi\y-, tail, (lark l)rowii; w:n<;.->, brown, the cov- .■it> and tertials, edged with wliitc. Pine Grosbeak. 2'inirulx ntiirlrnlor (^imili) See No. ."iSS. General plumage, gray; ih.^ .p.u,, and rnn.,.. ling.-d ^^ilh yellowish nliv; wiugs, dark l.n.wn; th. coverts and secondaries, edged with white. Pine (irosbeak. I^inicola iHUilfiitor (fentale). Sec No. 388. 262 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NOKTII AMERICA. ' 1-^^$%^^!^! ^ v^^^jc*. Underparts, white; breast, usually more or less tinged with pale brown in winter. Snow Bunting. Snowflake. ru-ctrophtnax nivalis. See No. 403. ->; Head, chocolate brown ; rest of plu- mage, greenish black (male) •, general plumage, gray, palest on the throat; no white on wing coverts ; crown and rump, like ])ack (female) . This si^ecies belongs in Section 10, under Family Icteridre, but might be looked for under this family by mistake. Cow Bird. Molothrus atrr. See No. 371. Cow Bird. Seo Fumil^ Irtcridce. FAMILY TANAGRIDJE. TANAGERS. 263 FAMILY TANAQRID/E. Tanagers. Bill, somewhat fringilline, but having a small "tooth" near the middle of the edge of upper mandible ; primaries, 9; tarsus, scutellate ; males, bright colored. Group 1. Wing, 3.25 to 4.25 inches long. Part 1. The following species have more or less of either red, blue, yellow, or green on the underparts: — Loul-laiia raiiatriT, ll<':i(i ami tliri>;il, oratii^c rrd ; t)ii;;lit rc(l on crow ii ; rrst of imilcrparl^. I>riijlit yt'lluw, liacU, wiiij;-*, and lail, l)hn.'k ; rnniii, yellow (male). Louisiana Tana};er. J'/'riiiK/ii iudnviriituii . Soe No. AM. 264 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. General pluninge. scarlet red: wings and tail, black; throat, not black (male). Scarlet Tanager. Piranga ('rijthromclax See No. 454. General pluniaoe, red; no black on throat; wings and tail, not black; back, not streaked ; belly, not whitish (male). Summer Tanager. Piranga rubra. See No. 455. Uuderparts, yellowish green, or greenish yellow; back, grayish ; greater wing coverts and tertials, edged with dull white, or yellowish white; mandibles, not crossed (female). Louisiana Tanager. Piranga ludoviciana. See No. 453. Underparts, yellowish green, or greenish yellow; back, light olive green ; no white on wing coverts; wings and tail, fuscous brown (female); wings and tail, black (young male) ; inner webs of inner primaries and secondaries, edged with white; mandibles, not crossed (female). Scarlet Tanager. Piranga erythromelas. See No. 454. No wliite on wing coverts; underparts, pale orange yellow; upi)er parts, olive green, with faint tinge of orange; mandibles, not crossed (female). Summer Tanager. Piranga rubra. See No. 455. Underparts, bright yellow ; throat, reddish orange; crown and sides of head, orange red ; back, wings, and tail, black ; rump, yellow (male) . Louisiana Tanager. Piranga ludoviciana. See No. 453. FAMILY TIIRUNDIXIDJ!:. SWALLOWS. 2Go FAniLY HIRUNDINID/E. Swallows. Bill, small and flattened, somewhat triangular in shape; gape, very wide; wings, long, usually extending beyond the tail. Group 1. Wing, 3 25 to 4.75 inches long. "^ ^ ) ^ Bank Swalluw. Throat ami Im-IIv. white: a band of grayish brown on the breast; iippoi plumago, hiowiiisli j^iay. !{ank Swallow. Chiricola ripnriii. See No. 4G3. rii(li'riiarl>, hrownish .i;ray. >ha(liii;x into whit- isli nil tlic hclly ; u]>\»v \>m\-. urayi-li l>ro\\ ii : no distinct breast band. RouKh-winged Swallow SI, liiUh>i>'i fill- >. rrij'i tiiiis. Sco No. HA. V: 26G KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Tree Swallow. Entire underparts, white ; upper plumage, metallic steel blue ; youug birds have the upper plumage browuish gray, but the uuder phunage is pure white. White=bellied Swallow. Tree Swallow. Tachycineta bicolor. See No. 462. Upper throat and sides of the head, chestnut brown; belly, whitish; forehead, whitish; crown and back, darlv steel l)lue; upper tail coverts, pale rufous brown. Cliff Swallow. Petrochelidon lunifrons. See No. 458. Throat, chestnut; belly, pale brown; entire upper phunage, steel blue; tail, forked; upper tail coverts, steel blue. Barn Swallow. Chelidon erythrogastra. See page 461. FAMILY HIRUNDINID/E. SWALLOWS. 2(;: Group 2. Wing, 4.75 to 5.50 inches long. Male: General plumage fiiuludini; belly), bluish black, or dark steel blue. Female: Back, like male; underparts, grayish brown, sluidhiir into dull white on the lu-lly. Iinnintuie birds have the upper phiuiMijc, bro\vni-;b: under- parts, brownish ou tiie breast ; dull white ou the bell\'. Purple Martin. I'nii/ne sitbis. See No. 450. %a^^--' Baek, steel bhn- ; belly, white. Tree Swallow. White-bellied Swallow. Tachyciiiila bicohir. See No. 4C2. ■2G6 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Back, steel blue; underparts, ciunimion brown; tail, very deeply forked. Barn Swallow. Chelidon erythrogastra. See No. 461. General plumage, sooty brown ; showing a faint greenisli tinge on tlie upper parts; tliroat, ashjr white; tail feathers, with sharp spines, or i^oints formed by the sliafts of the feathers, extending beyond the webs. The swifts belong to the Family Micropodidse and are widely sepa- rated generically from the swallows ; but persons unfamiliar with birds might look for them under the same family. Chimney Swift. Choetura pelayira. See No. 340. FAMILY AMI'ELID.E. — AVAXWINGS! AND CKDAU BIRDS. 2iy^ FAMILY AMPELID^, Waxwings and Cedar Birds. Bill, without notch ; head, with crest ; primaries, ten ; tarsus, shorter than middle toe and claw; a black stripe from forehead through the eye; inner primaries and tail feathers, often tipped with little hard red bits, like minute drops of sealing wax. Upper parts, ^ayisli brown : crown and breast, pale choco- late brown; a black streak in front of eye: tail, tippt'il with yellow; bflly, j'ellowish; wing, less than 4.20 inches long. Cedar Waxwing. Cedar Bird. Cherry Bird. Ampi lis i-('(hini)it. •See No. 4t;f.. lar liini. :!!<»*.. Oenc-al plumage, pale chocolate brown; forehead, tin^jed with rufous; iliin. bl.K'k ; under tail covert s, nifoun ; tail, tipped with yellow ; wing, over 4.20 inches long. Bohemian Wa.xwing. AinjiiliK 'jiinitlus. See No. 4t>5. 270 KKY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. FAMILY LANIID^. Shrikes. Bill, strong, notched near the end, and decidedly hooked; tarsus, scutellate; tail, rounded. But two species occur with us, both grayish birds with blackish wings and tail and a stripe through the eye. Crown and back, gray ; underpafts, white; a patch of black oti the sides of the head; wing less than 4.15 inches long. Loggerhead Shrike. Lanius ludovicianus. See No. 468. %l||f ilr-"*--------* '*^-^«^:^^" ^4* Upper plum- age, ash gray or gray tinged \vithbuflr;un» d erparts, ashy white, tlie feathers show- ing numerous faint narrow black bars ; a black streak from bill through the eye; wing, more than 4.15 inches long. Northern Shrike Lanius hurealin. See No. 467. FAMILY VIREONID^. VIKEOS. 271 FAMILY VIREONID^e. Vireos. Upper mandible, with very small hook at tip ; first primary, very short in some species, in others nearly as long as second ; toes, joined at base. Plain colored birds, usually greenish or grayish, but often showing a faint wash of yellow on underparts ; tail, always without white spots. Group 1. Wing, less than 2.37 inches long. 1 W^' ■^^ ■fT^J^ m ■'■tij ('low 11, •^niyixli: orbital ring; and lores, dull white. U.-in-ly oci'iir-; cast of Illinois. Bell's Vireo. Vircn hill it. See Xo. 480. Crown, ^iitiyi-ilu oftrn tin;,n'(l witli olive; orbital rin^ and lores, yellow. White-eyed VIreo. Vireo noveburiiray, or l)luisii ^ray; no dusky streak from base of bill on sides of throat; underparts, white, tinged witli pale yellowish greeu ou sides of body. Red-eyed Vireo. Vireo oUracius. See No. 470. Similar to Viren nlivaceua, l)ut having a dusky .streak or line extending from ba>5e of lower mandible on side of throat. Black-whiskered Vireo. Vireo caUilris barbntuhis. See No. 4G9. First primary, very short and narrow; crown and back, grayish olive; under- parts, dull white, faintly tinged with ulive, ur yellowish ou sides; no white wing bars. Warbling Vireo. Vino gilvus. See No. 473. 274 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. First primary, sliort ; crown, gray ; bacli, olive ; rump, olive green; throat and belly, white; sides of body, greenish yellow ; lores, white ; sides of head, gray ; wing bars, white. Solitary Vireo. Vi7'co solitarins^ and rncps. See No. 475 First primary, not short; lores and eye ring, yellow low; belly, white; wing bars, white. throat and breast, yel° Yellow^ttjroated Vireo. Vireo flavifrons. See No. 474. First primary, equal to fifth ; lores and orbital ring, dull white ; upper plu- mage, light olive, tinged with ashy ou tlie crown ; underparts, washed with very pale yellow ; no white wing bars. Philadelphia Vireo. Vireo philadelphicus. See No. 472. FAMILY CCEREBID/E. Honey Creepers. Bill, curved ; wing, about 2.50 ; length, about 4.50. Throat, white; lower breast, yellow; rump, yellow ; crown and back, slatj' black. A Bahama Island species of rare and accidental occurrence in Florida, not re- corded elsewhere in the United States. Bahama Honey Creeper. Co'reJxi hahamensis. See No. 481. FAMILY MNIOTILTID.E. WAKllLERS. 275 FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E. AYAKRLERS. GROUP 1. Willi;, IcS'* tliMii -J. ;{7 inches long. See page 277. Piirt 1 . Throat, lireast, and belly, yellow ; breast, more or less streaked : some tail feathers. marked with white. See paj^e 27S. I'art 2. Throat, bivast, and belly, yellow; breast, mon; or less streaked; uo white on tail feathers. See page 27S. Part 3. Throat, breast, aud belly, yellow, without streaks; sonie tail feathers, marked with white. See page 279. Part 4. Throat, breast, aud belly, yellow, without streaks; no white on tail feathers. See page 279. Part 5. Throat, yellow ; belly, not yellow ; tail feathers, marked with more or less white. See page 2S0. Part 0. Throat, yellow; bell}', not yellow, no white ou tail feathers. See page 281. Part 7. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; no wldte on tail feathers. See page 281. Part 8. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow: more or less white on tail feathers. See page 281. Part 9. No yellow on throat or belly; no white on tail ftathers. See page 282. Part 10. No yellow on throat or belly; more or le.ss white on tail feathers. See page 2»2. GROUP 2. Wing, 2.37 to 2.7.5 inches long. See page 284. Part 1. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked; some tail feathers marked with more or less white. See page 284. Part 2. Tliroat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked; no white on tail feathers. See page 280. Part 3. 'I'hro;!!, !)reast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; some tail feathers markeil with more oi" less white. See page 287. Part I. Throat, breast, and i)elly, yellow, witliout streaks; no wiiite on the tail feathers. tiee page 289. Part '). 'I'liroat, yellow; belly, not yellow ; tail feathers, marked with more or less wiiite. See i)age 290. I'art II. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; no white on tail fealbiM-^. See page 292. Part 7. Throat, not yellow ; belly, yellow ; iimre or less white on the tail fi>alhers. See page 292. Part 8. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; no white on the tail fe.ithers; bre:isl, streaked or spotleil with Itlaek or d.irk brown. See page 2!>-l. 276 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 9. Throat, uot yellow ; belly, not yellow ; no white on the tail feathers ; breast, not streaked or spotted with black or dark brown. See page 294. Part 10. Throat, not yellow ; belly, not yellow ; more or less white on the tail feathers ; sides of breast and body, with distinct black or blackish streaks. See page 295. Part 11. Throat, not yellow; belly, uot yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers; sides of breast and body, not marked with numerous distinct black streaks. See page 297. GROUP 3. Wing, 2.75 to 3.25 inches long. See page 300. Part 1. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked; some tail feathers, marked with white. See page 300. I'art 2. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked; no white on the tail feathers. See page 303. " Part 3. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; more or less white on the tail feathers. See page 303. Part 4. Throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; no white on the tail feathers. See page 303. Part 5. Throat, yellow ; belly, not yellow ; tail feathers, marked with more or less white. See page 304. Part 6. Throat, not yellow ; belly, yellow ; no white on the tail feathers. See page 305. Part 7. Throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers. See page 306. Part 8. Throat, not yellow; bellj'^, not yellow; no white on the tail feathers; breast, not streaked or spotted with black or dark brown. See page 306. Part 9. Throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; no white on the tail feathers; breast, streaked or spotted with black or dark brown. See page 307. Part 10. Throat, not yellow ; belly, not yellow ; more or less white on the tail feathers ; sides of breast and body, marked with numerous distinct black or blackisli streaks. See page 307. Part 11. Throat, not yellow ; belly, not yellow ; more or less white on the tail feathers ; breast and sides of the body, not marked witli distinct black streaks. See page 308. GROUP 4. Wing, 3.25 to 3.75 inches long. See page 310. FAMILY MNIOTILTlDiE. — WARBLERS. 277 FAMILY MNIOTILTID/e Warblers. First primary, not short, never less than two thirds as long as third, and often nearly the same length ; bill, slender and pointed ; back of tarsus, thin and sharp, not rounded as in front ; hind toe and claw, not longer than middle toe and claw. Group 1. Wing, less than 2.37 inches long. Ilclinlthcrus. Denilroica. 491 Ilclralnthoiihlla. ?>N >\ Uania. Setophagn. 278 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTBI?If NORTH AMERICA Part 1. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, more or less streaked ; some tail feathers, marked with white : — AViug coverts, broadly bordered with yellow; under surface of win«i\ yellow; white on tail feathers, extending to tip of inner web ; crown, not chestnut In-own. Prairie Warbler. Dendroica discolor. See No. 514. Wing covcrtis, not bordered with yellow; undertail coverts, yellow. Dendroica pahnarmn. Palm Warbler. See No. 512. ^Ving• coverts, showing much white; under surface of wing, white; tail, with band of white, no white at tip: rump, yellow. Black and Yellow Warb'er. Dendroica maculosa. See No. 500. Dendroica maculosa. Part 2. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow; breast, with more or less streaks; no white on tail feathers: — More or less yellow, on inner webs of primaries and tail feathers. Summer Warbler. Dendroica mstiva. See No. 496. FAMILY MNIOTILTID^. — WARBLERS. 279 Part 3. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow without streaks ; some tail feathers marked with white : — Crown and sides of head, grayish or shite color; no yellow on forehead; adult birds have patch of chestnut on crown ; some tail feathers very narrowly edged with white ; under wing coverts, yellow ; no black streaks on sides of body. Nashville Warbler. Helminthophila ruficapilla. See No. 491. 'Ving bars, white; under wing coverts, white; some tail feathers with much white on inner webs ; adult birds have forehead and more or less of crown yel- low ; immature birds have crown yellowish green. Blue^winged Warbler. Helminthophila pinus. See Xo. 487. N"o wing bars; under wing coverts, j-ellow; tail feathers, showing considerable white; throat, more or less black, according to age and season; crown, slaty gray; adult birds have yellow forehead and gray crown, marked with black. Bachman's Warbler. Helmintliophila hnrhmanii. See No. 486. Wing bars, yellowish ; sides of body, more or less streaked with black. Prairie Warbler. Dendroic'i discnlor. See No. 514. Part 4. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow without streaks; no white on tail feathers: — Crown ,111(1 back, grceni>ih y<'liow ; more or less yellow on inner webs of pri- maries and tail feathers ; crown, yellowish green. Summer Warbler. Dcndroica a'slirn {female or immature). See No. 496. Crown, slate color with patch of chostnut in some plumages; sides ot head, -ihite color; wing, longer than tail; lower belly, tinged with whit.": rump and impcr tail coverts, bright yellowish green. Nashville Warbler. Jlelminthophilit rufirnpilla. See No. 491. 280 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Crown, dull olive; throat, bright yellow; belly, much paler, ofteu whitish; tail, brownish olive, without yellow : wing, not longer than tail ; males have black patcli ou face (forehead and sides of head) which is lacking in females. Maryland Yellowthroat. Qeothlypis trichas. See No. 522. Throat and belly, nearly the same color; crown, glossy black (male), or olive green like back (female) ; tail feathers, slaty brown faintly washed with olive on outer webs; numerous small black bristles at base of bill. Wilson's Warbler. WiLson's Blackcap. Sylvania pusilla. ^ee No. 526. Entire underparts, yellow : brightest on the belly; wing, longer than tail ; crown, grayish; back and rump, dull olive; tail feathers, not marked with yellow. Mourning Warbler. Geothlypis Philadelphia (young female) . See No. 521. Part 5. The following species have the throat, yellow ; belly, not yel- low ; tail feathers, marked with more or less white : — Back, black or dark; tail, black, with broad band of white ; rump, yellow. Black and Yellow Warbler. Dendroica maculosa. See No. 500. Back, slaty blue, often sliowing yellowish olive; rump, slate color; sides of head, grayish or slaty blue. Parula Warbler. Blue, Yellowbacked Warbler. Compsothlijpis americana . See No. 494. Back, dull grehila peregrina. See No. 493. Back, greenish; rump, greenish; cheeks, yellowish; sides, showing more or less dark streaks. Black°throated Green Warbler. Dendroica virens. FAMILY MNIOTILTID^. — WARBLERS. 261 Part 6. The following species have the throat yellow ; belly, not yel- low ; no white on tail feathers : — Throat, briglit yellow ; shadiug to whitish or olive ou bell}' ; forehead and sides of head, black (male) ; no black on head (female) ; wing, not longer than tail. Maryland Yellowthroat. Geothlypis trichas. See No. 522. Tiiroat, sliowin^- faint tiiiije of lirccnish yellow; throat and sides of body, nearly same color; wing, considerably longer than tail. Tennessee Warbler. Helminthophila pprerjrinn. See No. 403. Part 7. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, yellow ; and no white on the tail feathers : — ij»'j;s, dark; throat, whitish; belly, faintly tinged with yt^llow : under tail cov= erts, whitish ; tail feathers, slaty brown. Bachman's Warbler. Hi'lminthaphila hachmanii {immature in fall). See No. 48f>. Head, grayish; back, olive green ; belly, bright yellow ; throat, blackish (male) ; Ihroat, gniyisb (ftuiaic); legs, pale; tail feathers, olive green; under tail coverts, yellow. Mourning Warbler. Geothlypis philadclph in. See No. 521. Back, grayish brown; belly, faintly tinged with yellow; under tail coverts, yellow. Palm Warbler. Dcndroica jKiimarion . Part 8. The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly, yellow; tail feathers, marked with more or less white: — riirn.ii, nsnally willi mure or less iilaek (sumctinies without trace ol biai'k). ac- cording to ag<^ .•iiid season; forebead, yellow; to[i of head, grayish, -bowing more or less black; iiack, green. Bachman's Warbler. • Jlclmiiithniihild /■iiilntinuii. See Nu. IS6. 282 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 9. The following species have no yellow on throat or belly, and no white on the tail feathers : — Wing, less than 2.25 ; underparts, whitish, tinged with olive on sides ; throat, with faint wash of yellowish buff, almost wliite; crown, dull olive; tail, entirely olive green. Maryland Yellowthroat. Geothlypis trichas (youyig bird in fall). See No. 522. Wing, over 2.25 ; entire underparts, whitish or slightly olive ; crown, slaty ; back, green; no yellow or orange on tail feathers. Tennessee Warbler. Helminthophila peregrina. See No. 493. Entire underparts, dull olive or olive green ; crown, with partially concealed patch of orange brown (sometimes wanting) ; no yellow or orange on tail feathers. Orange=crowned Warbler. Helminthophila cclata. See No. 462. End of tail, brown; basal portion of tail feathers, reddish orange (male), or pale yellow (female) ; more or less black bristles at base of bill. Redstart. Setophaga rustkilla. See No. 528. Part 10. The following species have no yellow on the throat or belly, and more or less white on the tail feathers : — Wing coverts, broadly edged with yellow; crown, greenish yellow; back, tinged with slate color; tail feathers, marked with white to the tips of inner webs. Qolden^winged Warbler. Helminthophila chrysoptera. See No. 488. Wing coverts, not yellow; crown, grayish or greenish; back, yellowish green ; some tail feathers, narrowly edged with white near tips of inner webs. Tennessee Warbler. Helminthophila peregrina. See No. 493. FAMILY MNIOTILTID^E. — WAKBLEKS. 283 Uaehmaii's Waildcr (male). Mourning Warbler (male). Caiiailian Warbler (male). Yellow Warbler (male). I'lilin \\';irl)ler (male). ClictttDut-st::ed with black; forehead, yellowish; crown, gray; back and rump, olive green; more or less yellow about eyes ; tail feath- ers, showing considerable white. Bachman's Warbler. Helminthophila bachmanii. See No. 486. 'I'hroal and underparts, yellow; under tail coverts, yellow ; crown, gray ; no yellow about eyes ; sides of head, gray ; back and rump, olive green ; outer tail feathers, very narrowly edged with white (male has a chestnut brown patch on crown). Nashville Warbler. IldminthophUn nt/irapilla. See No. 491. fleaij anil tall, Hla.k aiul Yellow Warbler. Crown, dull gray; back, olivf grr.n -. rump and belly, yellow; tail IVatliers. with white spots in the middle. Black and Yellow \\ arbler. Dendroica maculosa. See No. 50(). l^ndorparts, l)right yellow; crown, yellow; bac4v and rump, bright olive green; a narrow black streak from bill to eye. Blue-winged Warbler. lldminthuphila yinus finale). See No. 487. 288 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. V^^ Crown, olive green (sometimes with forehead yellow) ; underparts, greenish yellow ; Ijack and nnnp, olive green ; terminal third of inner webs of outer tail feathers, white. Blue=winged Warbler. Hdminthophila pinns (female and immature^. See No. 487. Tuderpaits, tinged with greenish yellow; undertail coverts, white; crown, back, and rump, olive green ; outer tail feathers very narrowly edged with white ('entirely absent in some specimens). Tennessee Warbler. Helminthophila perenrhia {female in fall mid immahire). See No. 493. Tnderparts, yellow, washed with olive on sides; sides of head and lores, yellow ; crown, olive green ; hack and rum]), olive green ; undertail coverts, pale yellow. Hooded Warbler. Sylvania mitrata {female and immature in fall). See No. 525. ^"^ ^^!t^^HB| r • ^ [ -.-• ''i Kirtland's Warbler. TTnderparts, .yellow; sides, streaked with black; crown, slaty gray ; badv and rump, ashy, streaked with black ; lores, black. Kirtland's Warbler. Dendroica kirtlandii. See No. 510. FAMILY MNIOTILTID^.. WARBLERS. 289 Crown, greenish blue ; wing coverts, edged with white ; back, greenish blue, withouL streaks; under tail coverts, whitish; underparts, tinged with pale yellow . Cerulean Warbler. Dendroica ccerulca (female and immature). See Xo. 501. Part 4. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks, and no white on the tail feathers : — Crown, slate color, with patch of chestnut (male), or crown, olive gray (female) ; rump and upper tail coverts, yellowish green; auricular region (sides of head), grayish; under tail coverts, yellow. Nashville Warbler. Hehninthophila riiJicap'Ua. See Xo. 491. Underparts, faintly washed with yellow, or yellowish white: crown, grayish olive; back and rump, olive green; under tail coverts, white; no yellow- on tail i'ealhers. Tennessee Warbler. Helminthophila perc(jrina (female in fall). See Xo. 493. Crown, hack, and rump, yellowish green; major part of inner webs of tail feathers, yellow. Summer Warbler. Yellow Warbler. Demlroica a: Neljou on tad reatlier-i; eliin. not whitisli: no butV- white stripe over eye. Mourning Warbler. Geothlypis Philadelphia (young female). SeeXo. 521. 290 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Crown, grayish ; back and rump, green ; underparts, pale yellow ; chin, whitish ; a bufl-white stripe over the eye. (This bird belongs in Section 4, but might be mistaken for a warbler by the novice.) Philadelphia Vireo. Vireo j^hiladelphiits. See No. 472. Crown and sides of head, with more or less black ; a yellow superciliary stripe ; back and rump, olive green. Kentucky Warbler. GeothJyjns formosn. See No. 519. Underparts, yellowish olive; crown, with partly concealed orange brown spot ; under tail coverts, greenish yellow. Orange=crowned Warbler. Helmintliophila celala. See No. 492. Part 5. The following species have the throat, yellow ; belly, not yellow ; tail feathers, marked with more or less white : — Back, green, streaked with black; outer web of outer tail feather, not edged with white; no yellow stripe over eye; chin, whitish; sides of breast and body, streaked. Black=poll Warbler. Dendroica striata {female). See No. 504. Crown, black, with patch of orange yellow in centre; back and rump, black, with more or less white; throat, orange ; sides, streaked with black. Blackburnian Warbler. Dendroica hlackhurnia', (adrdt male). See No. 505. FAMILY MNIOTILTID^.. WARBLERS. 291 Throiit, yellow; sides oi In-east, streaked with blackish; crown, olive, dotted with blackish ; back and rump, olive gray, streaked with black; usually a trace of yellow iu middle of crown; basal portion of narrow outer web of outer tail feather, edged with white. Blackburnian Warbler. Dendruica hlackburnkc {female, ami immature). See Xo. 505. Crown, ash gray ; forehead, blackish ; throat, yellow; bordered hy black : sides of breast, streaked with black ; back and rump, slaty gray, not streaked ; no white on outer web of outer tail feather. Yellow=throated Warbler. Dendroica ddinhiica, and races. See No. 506. Crown, slaty blue ; hack, tinj^ed with greenish yellow; rump, like crown; no black streaks on sides of throat, l)ack, or uuderparts. Blue Yellow=backed Warbler. Parula Warbler. Cumpsulhlijj I is ainerira na. See No. 404. Crown, back, and rump, green (tinged witli gray), without streaks: iwo outer tail leathers with ()bli(|ue white spots; lores, yellow. Pine Warbler. Dendroica vifjorsii. See No. 511. Crown, back, and rump, green; sides of liead, yellowish: outer web of tail feather, tilged with white; sides more or less faintly streaked ; rump, same colt>r as l)aek. Black-throated Green Warbler. Detidroica vircns (female and fall pliimai/e). See No. 50S. Crown, olive; inMie oi- less speckled with black; back, olive : rump, yellow or greenish yellow; lueasl with numerous streaks; no white on outer web of outer tail feathers ; sjd.w of bead and neck, more or les< tinged with yellow. Cape May Warbler. Di ndniica tiijrina {female and immature at same seasons). See No. 495. 292 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 6. The following species have the throat not yellow ; belly, yellow, and no white on the tail feathers : — ^K^'' Throat, grayish or browuish ; eye ring, white; back, olive green. Connecticut Warbler. Qeothlypis agilis. See No. 520. Throat, grayisli or asliy, changing to black in adult male birds ; no white eve ring. Mourning Warbler. Creoth lyp is phiUidelph id. See No. 521. Part 7. The following species have the throat not yellow; belly yellow, and more or less white on tail feathers : — Upper throat, chestnut; breast, streaked with black ; back, greenish ; rump, yellow ; much white on wing coverts. Cape May Warbler. Dendroica tigrina {adt'M male) . See No. 495. FAMILY MNIOTIL^ID.E. AVARBLEKS. 293 Chin, yellow; throat and upper breast, black; forehead, yellow, bordered by blaek; rest of crown and nape, gray. Bachman's Warbler. Ilelminthophila badimanii {adult mad). See No. 486. Throat, black ; forehead and sides of head, yellow ; crown, black. Hooded Warbler. Sijlvania mitraln. See No. 52.5. Throat, dull white; lucasi, faintly streaked: under tail coverts, yellow; xoiiKj covcMts, tipped witli browiusii; crown, often marked with more or less rufous browu. Palm Warbler. Red-poll Warbler. Dniilmirn luilmannn . Sec No. 512. Crown, bluish green; wing coverts, tipped with white; under tail cov- erts, whitish ; underparts, pali> yellowish whit*-. Cerulean Warbler. DriHlmica carvlrn ( female or immaturr). See No. 501. 294 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 8. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, not yellow, and no white on the tail feathers ; breast, streaked, or spotted with black, or dark brown : — Crown, brownish orange ; back, olive green; bill, pale. Oven Bird. Golden=crowned Thrush. Seiurus aurocapillus. See No. 515. Crown and back, olive brown; bill, dark. Water Thrush. Semrus noveborncensis, and rlael<, stn-ai^-d wilii wliile Blackburnian Warbler. DcuiJroira hhiclihurniiv (adult male). See No. oOn. Crown, back, and rump, bright olive green ; sides of head, yellowish ; throat, usually with nmre oi' ies-; iiidiealion- >>t lilaek in most speiainens : inner wehs of two oilier lull fcatiicrs, white. Black-throated Green W arbler. Dendroivn rireiis (fall ami hinnatnrc). See No. 50S. ^^•- Crown, black; liark, gi-ayish olivf. -irenkcd Willi hlaiU : rump, like back. Black-poll NN'arbler. Dendroka striata. See No. 504. 296 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Crown and back, blue ; the back, streaked with black ; rump, slaty blue. Cerulean Warbler. Dendroica camlea. See No. 501. Crown, dull olive green, dotted with black; hack, grayish olive, streaked with black; rump, like back. Dendroica t^triata (fall and immature). See No. 504. Middle of crown, rump, and sides of the breast, with more or less yellow. Myrtle Warbler. Yellow=rumped Warbler. Dendroica coronata. See No. 498. Crown, black, with white stripe in middle; entire plumage, black and white. Black and White Warbler. Black and White Creeper. Mniotilta varia. See No. 482. Crown and back, grayish olive ; rump, yellowish ; a patch of white near the tips of outer tail feathers on the inner webs. Cape May Warbler. Dendroica tiijrina (immature female). See No. 496. FAMILY MNIOTILTID^. WARBLERS. 297 Part 11. The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow, and more or less white on the tail feathers ; the sides of breast and body, not marked with numerous distinct black streaks : — n Throat, black ; crown, olive green; sides of head, yellow: wing bands, white. Black-throated Green Warbler. Dendroica virens {adult male). See No. 508. Throat, black; far coverts, 1)I;k-U; ciowii, yellowisli : wing bands, yellow. Golden-winged Warbler. Helminthophila chriisopteru {male). See No. 488. Ihroat, black; crown, dull blue; sides of lirciist. hliiish hl:u-l< : :i i);itcli nf white at base ul primaries. Black-throated Blue Warbler. Dciulroicn carulrsr) )>s [adult )iial>). See No. 407. 298 KEY TO THE BIKUS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Thioiit iind sides, chestTiut; orown, chestnut. Bay=breasted Warbler. Dendroica cuManen ((uhtlt). See No. 503. Throat and sides, more or less marked with chestnut; crown, olive ojreen, streaked with black; back, grayish olive, streaked with black; (crown, with indications of chestnut ;) belly, cream white. Bay=breasted Warbler. Dendroica castariea (female). See No. 503. Throat and underparts, cream white, shading into pale buff"; white on flanks; crown and back, green, indistinctly streaked with black; wing bars, white. Bay=breasted Warbler. Dendroica castanea {immaturi') . See No. 503. Throat and underparts, pale yellowish white ; crown and back, green, indis- tinctly streaked; wing bars, white; often very difficult to distinguish from immature specimen of D. castanea. Black=poll Warbler. Dendroica striata (immature). See No. 504. Throat and underparts, white; ashy on the sides ; crown, slaty gray ; back, green ; under tail coverts, white. Tennessee Warbler. Helminthophila peregrina (adult male) . See No. 493. Throat and underparts, white ; wing bars, yellow ; crown and back, bright green. Chestnut=sided Warbler. Dendroica pennsylvanica (immature). See No. 502. iFAMILY JINIOTILTID^:. WARBLE KS. 299 Throat and underparts, white ; sides, more or less marked with chestnut; crowu, greenish yellow ; hack, ijreeiiish, streaked with black; wing bars, yellowish. Chestnut=sided Warbler. Dcndroica jicnnsylvdnicn. See No. 502. Throat and underparts, cream white; crown and back, greenish blue; niiiip, like hack; wing coverts, edged witli wliite ; under tail coverts, whitisli. Cerulean Warbler. De.ndroica ciKruloa (female). See Xo. 501. Throat and underparts, dull white; crown and back, grajMsh olive; wing bars, white; an ohli(iue wliite spot on inner wehs of two outer tail feathers ; rest of tail feathers, without white; under tail coverts, whitish. Pine Warbler. Dendroica vigorsii (fall and immature). See No. 511. Throat and underparts, whitish, faintly tinged with yellow; breast, with rather indistinct dusky streaks; crown, grayish olive, nsuallv with at least an iridic.itidii )w, without streaks, and more or less white on the tail feathers : — Head, neck, and underparts, bright orange yellow; palest on the lielly: back, olive green: rump, j^ray. Prothonotary Warbler. Pratonotaria citrca. See No. 4S;^. Crown, brownish ; underparts, white, faintly liiid with pale yellow; sides, grayish; back and iiiinp, olive browu or grayish brown : a white stripe over the eye. Swainson's Warbler. Helinaia stcainsonii. See No. 484. Underparts, ytdlow; sides, streaked with black; crown, slaty gray; back and rump, ashy, streaked with black; lores, black. Kirtland's Warbler. DoHlvdicn IdrthuiiJi. See No. nlO. I'uderparts, yellow, washed witli olive on the sides; sides of head and lores, yellow; crown, olive green; l>.ick and rnuii), olive gie(>n : under tail coverts, pale yellow. liooded Warbler. Sylvania mitntla. See No. 525. Part 4. The following species have the throat, breast, and belly, yellow, without streaks; no white on the tail feathers: — Crown and sides of head, with more or less black; a yellow stripe over the eye; back and rump, olive gn-en. Kentucky Warbler. Geoth li/j ' / ••>■ /"riDi'Sii. See No. 519. 304 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 5. The following species have the throat, yellow ; belly, not yellow ; tail feathers, marked with more or less white : — IJack, green, streaked with black; outer web of outer tail feather, not edged with white; no yellow stripe over eye; chin, whitish; sides of breast and body, streaked. Black=poll Warbler. Dendroira striata (immature). See No. 504. Crown, black, with patch of orange yellow in centre; back and rump, black, with more or less white ; throat, orange ; sides, streaked with black. Btackburnian Warbler. Dcndroica hlnck-buriiia' {adult male) . See No. 505. Throat, yellow; sides of breast, streaked with blackish; crown, olive, dotted with dull black, and usually showing a trace of yellow in centre; back and rump, olive gray, streaked with black; basal portion of narrow outer web of outer tail feather, edged with white. Blackburnian Warbler. Dendroira hlackburniic (female and immature). See No. 505. Crown, ash gray ; forehead, blackish ; throat, yellow, bordered by black; sides of breast, streaked with black; back and rump, slaty gray, not streaked; no white on outer web of outer tail feather. Yellow -throated Warbler. Dendroica dominica. See No. .^06. Crown, back, and rump, green (tinged witli gray), without streaks; two outer tail feathers, with oblique white spots ; lores, yellow. Pine Warbler. Dendroira viijorsii. See No. .511. Crown, olive, more or less speckled with black; back, olive; rump, yellow, or greenish yellow ; breast, with numerous streaks ; no white on outer web of outer tail feather; sides of head and neck, more or less tinged with yellow. Cape May Warbler. Dendroica tigrina (immature). See No. 495. TAMILY MNIOTILTIDJE. AVARBLERS. 30') Throat and breast, bright j-ellow; lower holly, white; crown and back, olive green ; lores aud eye ring, white ; tail, over 2.50 inches long. Yellow -breasted Chat. Icteria virens. See No. nM. Upperparts, gray, streaked with black on the baok : crown, rump, upper throat, and sides of breast, yellow ; breast, <>rayish, or blackish. Western species are twice recorded from eastern I'nited States. Audubon's Warbler. Dendrokn andnhitni. See No. 499. Part 6. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, yellow, and no white on the tail feathers : — riiroal. jrrayisli ur brow uiiiii ; eye ring, while; hack, olive greeu. Connecticut Warbler. Oeothlypis agilis. See No. 520. 30(5 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Part 7. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, yellow, and more or less white on the tail feathers : — Throat, black; forehead and sides of head, yellow; crown, black. Hooded Warbler. 8>jlvania mitrata. See No. 52.5. Upper throat, chestnut ; breast, streaked with black ; back, greenish ; rump, yellow; wing coverts, showing mucli wliite. Cape May Warbler. Dpndroica tigrina {adult male). See No. 495. Part 8. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, not yellow, and no white on the tail feathers ; breast, not streaked or spotted with black or dark brown : — Crown, with stripe of tawny buff, bor- dered by black stripe; a ()Iack stripe through the eye. Worm Eating Warbler. Helmitherus vermivorus. See No. 485. Crown, dull cinnamon brown ; a white stripe over the eye; underparts, white, faintly tinged with yellow ; sides, tinged with grayish olive. Swainson's Warbler. Helinaia swainsonii. See No. 484, FAMILY MNIOTILTID.t:. WARBLERS. :m)] Part 9. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, not yellow, and no white on the tail feathers ; breast, streaked or spotted with black or dark brown : — Crown and back, olive brown; liill, (hirk; uti(leii)aits. nliite. tinged with yellow, :iii(l streaked with black (iiicludiut; throat). Water Thrush. tSeiuriis novebordcen.sis, diid races. See Xo. 516. Crown and haek, olive brown; uuderparts. wliitc tinged with buff, and streaked with black; throat, not streaked. Louisiana Water Thrush. Seiiu'KS nnitaciUd. See Xo. r)lS. Crown, brownish orange; back, olive j^reen ; bill, pale. Oven Bird. Qolden=crowned Thrush. Seiunin mirocapiUus. See No. 51 o. Part 10. The following species have the throat, not yellow ; belly, not yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers; sides of breast, and body, marked with numerous distinct black or blackish streaks. Crown, black, with white stripe in the middle; ••ntire plnma^'N black and while. Black and White Warbler. Mniotiltii rand. See No. 482. 308 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Crown jiud back, grayish olive ; rump, yellowish ; a patch of white near the tips of outer tail feathers ou the inner webs. Cape May Warbler. Dendroica tUjrina (immature female). See No. 495. Middle of crown, rump, and sides of the breast, more or less yellow. Myrtle Warbler. Yellow=rumped Warbler, Dcndroica coronata. See No. 498. Crown, back, and rump, dull olive or brownish olive ; underpays, buffy or gray- ish, streaked with brown ou breast and sides; outer tail feathers, mostly white, including the outer web ; hind toe nail, as long as the toe. ('riiis species is not a Warl)ler, and belongs in Family 8 but it might be mistaken tor one by the uninitiated.) American Pipit. Titlark. A7ithiis pensi/lvanicvs. See No. 530. Crown, dull olive green, dotted with black ; l)ack, grayish olive, streaked with black; rump, like back; outer tail feather, with patch of white ou inner webs Black=poli Warbler. Dendroica striata (female). See No. 504. Throat, bright orange; a i)atch of orange on the crown. Blackburnian Warbler. Dendroica blackburnian. (adrdt male). See No. 505. Part U. The following species have the throat, not yellow; belly, not yellow; more or less white on the tail feathers; breast and sides of body, not marked with numerous distinct black streaks : — Throat and sides, chestnut; crown, chestnut. . . j .», w. ' ' Bay°breasted Warbler. Dendroica castanea. See No. 503. FAMILY MNIOTILTIDuE. WAKBLERS. 301) Throat and sides, more or less chestnut ; crown, olive, streal. striata, which resembles it very closely in immature plumage, but has the underpirts, usually yellowish.) Bay=breasted Warbler. Di'Hilriiira fd.-itinifit (^inviuitttrc) See Xo. 503. Throat and underparts, dull white; ciown and back, grayisli olive: wing liars, while; an oblique while siiot on inner webs of two outer tail feathers, rest of tail feathers, witliout white; under tail coverts, whitish. Pine Warbler. Dendroicn iv'[/(*/vs// {/all, mid immnturer See Xo. 511. S Throat and underjiarts. whitish, faintly tinged with yellow; hieast, with rather indif chi'slinit; back, grayish olive; rump, olive green; under tail coverts, yellow. Palm Warbler. Red poll Warbler. I), ndmir,! pal in a rum. See Xo. 512. 310 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Group 4. Wing, 3.25 to 3.75 inches long. Underparts, white, faintly yellowish, streaked, with brownish bhick; throat, showing more or less dots or streaks ; uo white ou tail feathers. Grinnell's Water=Thrush. Seiurus noveboracensis notahilix See No. 517. Throat, v/iiite; uuderparts, wliite, faintly tiuged witli tawuy ; In-east and sides of body, streaked with dark brown; throat, not streaked; no white on tail feathers. Louisiana Water =Thrush. Sciuriis motacilla. See No. 518. Underparts, oniyish white or bully white, more or less streaked with dark brown; greater portion of outer tail feathers, white ; hind too, with claw longer than middle toe, with claw. T.elongs in Family Motaeillida', and is very difter- ent from a Warbler, but might be mistaken for one by the novice. American Pipit. Titlark. Anthtis pe nsil van ic us . See No. 530. Throat, faintly yellow ; underparts, not streaked ; more or less black on cheeks and breast; hind toe nail, straight and long. This species belongs in Family Alaudidje, but is included liere as well as in its proper place for the benefit of persons unfamiliar with birds, who might look for it under tins section. Prairie Shore Lark. Otocoris pratincola. See No. 358. FAMILY MOTACILLID^E. — PIPITS AND WAGTAILS. 311 FAMILY MOTACILLID^. Pipits and Wagtails. Bill, slender ; first primary, not short, the first, second, and third, being about equal in length ; hind toe and claw, longer than middle toe and claw ; hind toe nail, long, in this somewhat resembling larks, but no tufts of hair-like feathers over nostrils. Crown, back, and ninip, dull olivo, or l)ro\vuisli olive; uiKlorparti', l)iirty, or grayish, stre^ikcd u iili lirown at and sides; outer tail feather, mostly white. Including the outer M'eb ; iniu'li loss white on second foalhcr; hind toe nail, usually as long as the toe. American Pipit. Titlark. Anth Its prnni/iiinirus. Sec Xo. 530. 312 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. FAMILY TROQLODYTID^. Wrens and Thrashers. First primary, less tlian two thirds as long as third ; outer tail feathers, decidedly shorter than middle ones, varying from one eighth to one half inch or more shorter in different species. Group 1. Wing, less than 3.25 inches long. SUBFAMILY TROQLODYTIN/E. Wrens. Small, brownish, plain colored birds. Part I. The following species have the crown or back without white streaks or dots : — Tlivvotlinriis hewickii. Outer tail fenthers, tipped and marked with graj'ish white: primaries, not barred. Bewick's Wren. Thri/othorvs bei'nckii. See No. 538. Underparts, grayish ; belly, grayish, not speckled ; outer tail feathers, not broadly tipped with grayish white; tail, over 1.25 inches long; primaries, showing narrow 1)ars. House Wren. Troglodytes aedoii, diul races. See No. 539. FAMILY TROGLODYTID^. — WRENS AND THRASHERS. olS ^ i Uuderpnrts, distiuctly browuish, dotted and speckled with l)i()wii on tl.udis and abdomen; tail, 1.25 or less; primaries, with narrow bars. Winter Wren. TrogloiJytes htemalis. Sec No. 541. Part 2. The following species have the crown or back showing more or less white streaks or dots : — iluinp and upper tail coverts, barred with black; bill, shorter than middle toe (without claw). Short-billed Harsh Wren, Cistothorus stellaris. See Xo. 542. IJump and tail coverts, without black bars; Itili, longer than middle toe (without claws). Long-billed Marsh Wren. CisUilhorus pttlH.-rts, dark chestnut brown ; imowii, hlackish; tlrst primary, sliort. Cat-bird. Oaleoscoptes inmlini tisis. See No. 534. 31G KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Upper plumage, ashy gray ; basal portion of primaries, white, forinini^ a white wing patch ; uuderparts, ashy white, without streaks. Mocking=bird. 3Ihnus pohjpottc(l witli white; tail feathers, not stiff or pointed ; toes, four, three in front, one Ix'hiud: winill, more than three eighths incli loug; underparts, pale rufous brown ; crown, black (iiialc) ; crown, bhiisli gray (f<'- niale) ; wing, 2.60 to 2.85 incho-s long. Red-breasted Nuthatch. Sin<( canaih n^is. See Xo. 549. IVill, niori* than three eiglitlis inch U)ag; crown, grayish brown ; underparts, >, dull grayish white; wing, 2.40 to 2.70 iiH'hr-; long. Brown-headed Nuthatch. Sitla pusilla. See No. 550. 318 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. SUBFAHILY PARING. Titmice and Chickadees. Small birds, less than 6.50 inches long; wing, less than 3.50 in the largest; first primary, very short and small; bill, short and stout (as illustrated); nostrils, concealed by bristly feathers; throat, 552 ^^ black; crown, black; wing, less than 3 inches long (Chickadee), or forehead, black ; sides, with rufous brown ; wing, over 3 inches long (Titmouse). Group 1. Wing, less than 3 inches long. r L Bill, less than three eighths inch long; crown and throat, black; greater wing coverts, edged with white ; l)reast, white; belly and sides, pale buff. Chickadee. Black^capped Titmouse. Fai'us atricajnlhis. See No. 552. FAMILY PARIDiE. NUTHATCHES, TITMICE, ETC. 310 Bill, lo5?s than three eiujliths inch loni;; crown and throat, black; greater wing coverts, not edged with white ; breast, white; l)elly and sides, ])a!e l>ufV. Throat, iilack; sides of body, chestnut brown. Carolina Chickadee. Parus carolinensis. See No. .553. Hudsonian Chickadee. Pants hud!- TliiMsli. Back, rump, and upper tail coverts, olive, iihoiit tlu« saiiif i-olor; fvi- riii^, dicrUs, :ui(l lores, pale buff; no wliiU' mi wiiij; coverts. Ollve-backed Thru.-^h. Tunlus it.itithitiis .-iriiiitsiini. See No. 6G4. 322 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. C'^^T^'^^^^^ upper plumage, brownish olive; ends of upper tail coverts n!ast and sides ot i)ody, cinnamon nilous; belly, white (male). Blue-bird. Sialin sialis. See Xo. .570. rppi'i- phimage, ashy gray, willi bliii-*h tinge, shading to blue on rump, tail, and wings; breast and sides, pale cinnamon brown ; bidly. while femalf\ Blue-bird. Sialia si'tlis See Xo. .570. 324 KEY TO THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Wheatear, Upper pkiniage, grayish hutV; uiitlerparts, pale buft; hasal two thirds of tail feathers, except middle pair, white; the rest, black; upper tail coverts, white; tail, under three inches long. The Wheatear is an Old AVorld species which occurs hi Greenland and Labrador. Stragglers have been taken in Nova Scotia, Maine, and Long Island. Wheatear. Stone Chat. Saxicola (yvanthe. See No. 5G9. Group 2. Wing, from 4.75 to 5.50 inches long. Upper plumage, grayish olive; throat, white, streaked with black ; rest of underparts (ex- cept lower 1)elly), pale chestnut rufous ; young birds have the underparts spotted. Robin. American Robin. Merula migratoria. See No. 567. A LIST OF Till-. BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. WATER BIRDS- ORDER PYQ0P0DE5. Diving Birds. Suborder PODICIPIDES. Grebes. A. o. u. GcK^ivs COLYMBUS. Linn. NO. 1 i'-i) COLYMBUS HOLBOELLII. (UKiNii.) Holboell's Grebe. (ioiieral, Xortli Ainefioa; l)iveds north of the United States. SuiuiKNUs DYTES. Kxvv. 2 (:?) COLYMBUS AURITUS. (Lixx.) Horned Grebe. " XortluMii Hemisphere; breeds from northern I'nited States nortlnvard." (A. O. U.) 3 (i) COLYMBUS NIGRICOLLIS CALIFORNICUS. (IIiium.^ American Eared Grebe. Kaiiixcs from Mississippi Valley, westward. Does not oecur in tin- Atlantic States. (Illinois, Kidcw.vv. ) (1km s PODILYMBUS. Lk». 4 (1)) PODILYMBUS PODICEPS. ([>inn.) Pied-billed Grebe. fieiicial, \orth Amci-ica ; West Indies in wintei-; l)ree(ls tiii-..n-j;lioul i-aiiLr<'. Suborder CEPPHI. Loons and Auks. FAMILY GAVilD/E. Loons. (Iknis (jAVIA. i-'oKsiKi:. 5 (7) GAVIA IMBI:R. ((;lnn.) Loon. Northmi prut of Northern I leniispherr ; -..nth in \vinter t'> < nilf .-f Mcxie«). 326 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A. <). U. NO. 6 (i>) QAVIA ARCTICA. (Linn.) Black=throated Loon. Northern species rare, or casual on uortheru Atlantic coast of United States in winter. 7 (11) GAVIA LUMME. (Gunn.) Red=throated Loon. North America ; south, in winter, to Gulf of Mexico. FAMILY ALCID^E. Auks, Murres, and Puffins. Subfamily FRATERCULIN/E. Puffins. Genus LUNDA. Pallas. 8 (12) LUNDA CIRRATA. Pall. Tufted Puffin. Pacitic species, claimed by Audubon to have once been taken on coast of Maine ; no other record. Gknls FRATERCULA. Briss. 9 (l;5) FRATERCULA ARCTICA. Puffin. North Atlantic coast, breeding from Bay of Fundy northward ; casual to Long Island, in winter. 10 (i;3a) F rater cula arctica glacialiti. (TiiMM.) Large-billed Pulliu. A race of the common Puffin, which occurs in the Arctic Ocean, Spitz- bergen to Greenland. It is larger, but otherwise similar. Genls CEPPHUS. Pallas. 11 (27) CEPPHUS QRYLLE. (Link.) Black Guillemot. Coast of Maine, Labrador, aud Newfoundland ; south, in winter, to Long Island. 12 (28) CEPPHUS MANDTIL Light. Mandt's Guillemot. Arctic regions ; south in winter to Massachusetts. Subfamily ALCIN/C. Genus URIA. Bkiss. 13 {m) URIA TROILE. (LiNN.) Murre. Northern North America ; south in winter to New England. 14 (31) URIA LOMVIA. (Linn.) Brunnich's Murre. North Atlantic coast to Arctic Ocean ; south in winter to New Jersey. Genus ALCA. Linn. 15 (32) ALCA TORDA. Linn. Razor=bined Auk. North Atlantic coast ; in winter to Long Island ; accidental as far south as North Carolina. Genus PLAUTUS. Brunn. 16 (33) PLAUTUS LVIPENNIS. Great Auk. Formerly North Atlantic coast, now extant. LLST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTEUN NORTH AMERICA. 327 Subfamily ALLIN^E. Dovekies. A- o- '•• Genus ALLE. Link. NO. 17 (34) ALLE ALLE. (Linn.) Dovekie. Little Auk. Coast of North Atlantic from eastern Arctic Ocean ; south in winter to Long Island. ORDER L0NQIPENNE5. Long-winged Swimmers. FA/VIILY STERCORARIID/E. Skuas and Jsegers. Gem.s MEQALESTRIS. Bonai'. 18 (35) MEQALESTRIS SKUA. (Brunn.; Skua. North Atlantic ; south to Carolina ; rare on Atlantic coast of United .States. Genus STERCORARIUS. Briss. 19 (3(5) STERCORARIUS POMARINUS. (Temm.) Pomarine Jager. Nortli America. 20 (37) STERCORARIUS PARASITICUS. (Linn.) Parasitic J^ger. North Aiiit'rica ; rau• u. Genus ANOUS. Stephens. NO. 53 (79) ANOUS STOLIDUS. (Linn.) Noddy. South Atlantic States of United States ; common in the "West Indies. FAMILY RHYNCHOPID/E. Skimmers. Genus RHYNCHOPS. Linn. 54 (80) RHYNCHOPS NIGRA. Linn. Black Skimmer. Coasts of the United States south of Virginia ; casual to New England. ORDER TUBINARES. Tube=nosed Swimmers. FAMILY DIOMEDEID/E. Albatrosses. Genus DIOMEDEA. Linn, 55 (81) DIOMEDEA EXULANS. Linn. Wandering Albatross. Species common to southern seas ; claimed to have been seen at Tampa Bay, Florida. Genus THALASSOQERON. (Golld) 56 (83) THALASSOQERON CULMINATUS. (Gould) Yellow-nosed Albatross. South Pacific species, accidental in eastern North America. St. Lawrence River, one record. FAMILY PROCELLARIID^. Fulmars and Shearwaters. Subfamily FULMARIN/E. Coues. Genus FULMARUS. SxEPri. 57 (86) FULMARUS GLACIALIS. (Linn.) Fulmar. North Atlantic Ocean, south on coast of United States to Long Island. 58 (86a) Fulmarus ylacialis minor. Kj^erbcelling. Lesser Fulmar. A small race differing from Glacialis only in size ; range about the same. Subfamily PUFFININ/E. Genus PUFFINUS. Brisson. 59 (88) PUFFINUS BOREALIS. Cory. Cory's Shearwater. Known to occur only on coast of Massachusetts and Long Island ; winter and breeding range unknown.* 60 (89) PUFFINUS MAJOR. Faber. Greater Shearwater. Atlantic Ocean, coasts of both North and South America. * IJy Bome authors supposed to be similar to P. kuhtii, but borealis is larger and the feet in life differently colored. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 331 A. O. U. NO. 61 (.10) PUFFINUS PUFFINUS. (Brunn.) Manx Shearwater. P>uropeau species ; accidental on the Atlantic coast. 62 ('.(2) PUFFINUS AUDUBONI. Finsch. Audubon's Shearwater. Tropical species ; common in West Indies ; casual on Florida coast ; acci- dental as far north as New Jersey, 63 (94) PUFFINUS FULIGINOSUS. Strick. Sooty Shearwater. Haglet. South Atlantic species ; ranging in summer north to coast of United States ; New England ; common. Genus ^STRELATA. Bonap. 64 (;»8) /ESTRELATA HASITATA. (Kuhl.) BIack=capped Petrel. Tropical and semi-tropical portions of the Atlantic Ocean ; accidental in the United States; numerous records. 65 (DO) /ESTRELATA SCALARIS Brewst. Scaled Petrel. Rare straggler; habitat unknown; one specimen known, taken in western New York. Genus BULWERIA. Bonap. 66 (101) BULWERIA BULWERI. (.Iard. and Skuby.) Bulwer's Petrel. Old world species; accidental in Greenland. Subfamily PROCELLARIIN/E. Coues. Genus PROCELLARIA. Linn. 67 (101) PROCELLARIA PELAGICA. Tjnn. Stormy Petrel. Atlantic ocean ; Newfoundland l)anks not unconnnon, but rarely seen near land. Genus OCEANODROMA. Reichenbach. 67rt(10G-) OCEANODROMA CRYPTOLEUCA. (Hidgw.) Hawaiian Petrel. l*:icilic species ; Mccidi'utal in United States; Washington, I).C, one record. 68 (IOC) OCEANODROMA LEUCORHOA. (Vieill.) Leach's Petrel. Northern portions of Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; breeding on Atlantie coast from Maine northward ; in winter, south to Virginia. Subfamily OCEANITIN/C. Coues. Genus 0CEANITE5. Keys, and Bi.asius. 69 flOD) OCEANITES OCEANICUS. (Kt ni.l Wilson's Petrel. Alhintic Oct-aii ; couimon off coast of United States in suiiinu'r. Genus CYM0DR0/V\A. Kid-.w. 70(110) CYMODROMA GRALLARIA. (Vieile.) White-bellied Petrel. 'I'ropical sprcirs ; once taken near St. Marks. i'"loii(l:i. Genus PELAOODROMA. Kii.ii 71(111) PELAOODROMA MARINA. (Latm.i White-faced Petrel. South Ati:iiitic species; accidental otT const of M:iss;icliiisett9. 332 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. ORDER STEQANOPODES. Totopalmate Swimmers. FAMILY PHAETHONTID^. Tropic Birds. ^ o-u Genus PHAETHON. Linn. NO. 72 (112) PHAETHON AMERICANUS. Grant. Yellowbilled Tropic Bird. Commou iu West Indies, where it breeds off Florida coast in summer ; accidental in New York (one record). 73 (113) PHAETHON /ETHEREUS. Linn. Red=bined Tropic Bird. Accidental on Newfoundland Banks. FAMILY SVUDJB, Gannets. Genus SULA. Briss. 74 (114) SULA CYANOPS. Sund. Blue=faced Booby. Accidental on Florida coast; not uncommon in West Indies. 75 (115) SULA SULA. (Linn.) Booby. Tropical species ; common in West Indies ; coast of Florida, in summer ; accidental, north to Long Island. 76 (IIG) SULA PISCATOR. (Linn.) Red=footed Booby. Tropical species ; accidental on Florida coast. SuRGENUS DYSPORUS. Illiger. 77 (117) SULA BASS AN A. (Linn.) Qannet. Coasts of North Atlantic Ocean ; south, in winter, to Florida and Gulf of Mexico ; breeds from shores of Nova Scotia and Gulf of St. Lawrence, northward. FAMILY ANHINQID/E. Darters, Genus ANHINGA. Briss. 78 (118) ANHINGA ANHINGA. (Linn.) Anhinga. Tropical America ; commou in Florida ; casual, north to South Carolina ; accidental in Illinois. FAMILY PHALACROCORACID>e. Cormorants. Genus PHALACROCORAX. Briss. 79 (119) PHALACROCORAX CARBO. (Linn.) Cormorant. North Atlantic ; south to Carolinas, in winter ; at one time bred from Massachusetts, northward ; now becoming much less numerous, and breeding range restricted to few localities. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 333 NO. 80 (120) PHALACROCORAX DILOPHUS. (8w. andEich.) Double=crested Cormorant. Eastern North America ; south, iu winter, to Georgia and northern Florida ; breeds from Bay of Fundy, northward. 81 (120a) Phalacrocorax dilophus floridamis. (Aud.) Florida Cormorant. A small race of the preceding species, inhabiting Southern States ; common in FWida and Gulf States ; north in Mississippi Valley to Illinois. 82 (121) PHALACROCORAX MEXICANUS. (Brandt.) Mexican Cormorant. Southern species ; casual in JNIississippi Valley to Illinois ; not uncommon in Cuba, and is claimed to occur on west coast of Florida. FAMILY PELECANID/E. Pelicans. Genus PELECANUS. Linn. 83 (12-)) PELECANUS ERYTHRORHYNCHOS. Gmel. American White Pelican. Gulf coast of United States ; breeds in the interior from Minnesota, north- ward ; rare on Atlantic coast, except Florida, where it still occurs iu some numbers ; accidental in New EngUmd. 84 (120) PELECANUS FUSCUS. Linn. Brown Pelican. Abundant in Florida and portions of Gulf coast ; north in summer to the Caroliuas ; accidental in New England aud Illinois. FAMILY FREGATID/E. Man=o'=War Birds. Genus FREQATA. Briss. 85 (12«) FREQATA AQUILA. (Linn.) Man=o'=War Bird. Tropical aud sub-tropical seas ; common on coast of Florida ; accidental north to New England ; Nova Scotia (one record). ORDER ANSERE5. Lamellirostral Swimmers. FAMILY ANATID^. Ducks, Geese, and Swans. Subfamily MERQIN/E. Mergansers. Genus MERGANSER. 1?kiss. 86(12.1) MERGANSER AMERICANUS. (Cass.) American Merganser. Sheldralce. General Norlii America; brced.s south to I'onnsylvania ; casual in Florida in winter. 87(1.;()) MERGANSER SERRATOR. (Linn.) Red-breasted Merganser. Sheldrake. General, North America ; south in winter to the (Julf States and Cuba. 334 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A. O. NO. Genus LOPHODYTES. Reich. 88 (131) LOPHODYTES CUCULLATUS. (Linn.) Hooded Merganser. General, North America ; south in winter to Gulf States and Cuba ; breeds throughout its range. Subfamily ANATINyC River Ducks. Genus ANAS. Linn. 89 (132) ANAS BOSCHAS. Linn. Mallard Duck. Northern North America ; south in winter to Gulf Coast, Florida, and Cuba. 90 (133) ANAS OBSCURA. Gmel. Black Duck. Eastern North America, from Mississippi Valley to Labrador ; breeds from northern border of United States northward ; south in winter to Florida and Gulf coast. 91 (134) ANAS FULVIGULA. Ridgw. Florida Duck. Florida Black Duck. Florida and Gulf coast, west to Louisiana. Subgenus CHAULELASMUS. Bonap. 92 (135) ANAS STREPERA. Linn. Qadwall. Widely distributed species occurring in Europe and Africa ; throughout North America ; breeds in interior of United States. Subgenus MARECCA. Steph. 93 (136) ANAS PENELOPE. Linn. Widgeon. European Widgeon. European species ; often taken on our coast. 94 (137) ANAS AMERICANA. Gmel. American Widgeon. Baldpate. Throughout North America, from Arctic Ocean to Gulf coast ; breeds north of United States. Subgenus NETTION. Kaup. 95 (138) ANAS CRECCA. Linn. European Teal. Accidental in eastern North America ; New England, several records. 96 (13y) ANAS CAROLINENSIS. Gmel. Qreen=winged Teal. North America ; south in winter to Central America and Cuba ; breeds north of United States. Subgenus QUERQUEDULA. Steph. 97 (140) ANAS DISCORS. Linn. Blue- winged Teal. Throughout eastern North America ; West Indies and South America in winter; breeds as a rule in interior from Illinois northward. 98 (141) ANAS CYANOPTERA. Vieill. Cinnamon Teal. Western species, which occasionally occurs in Mississippi Valley and Western Florida. Genus SPATULA. Boie. 99 (142) SPATULA CLYPEATA. (Linn.) Shoveller Duck. Broad-bill. North America ; abundant in winter in Southern States. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTEHN NORTH AMERICA. ,33a A-^o^u. Genus DAFILA. Stepii. 100 (143) DAFILA ACUTA. Linn. Pintail Duck. Sprigtail. North America ; breeding from norlbern portions of northern States northward ; south in winter to Cuba. Genus AIX. B(jie. 101 (144) AIX SPONSA. (Linn.) Wood Duck. Summer Duck. Temperate North America ; south in winter to Cuba ; breeds throughout its x-ange. Subfamily FULIGULIN/E. Sea Ducks. Genx's NETTA. Kaii'. 102 (145) NETTA RUFINA. (Pall.) Rufous-crested Duck. European species; New York, one record. Genus AYTHYA. lioiE. 103 (146) AYTHYA AMERICANA. (Eyt.) Red=head Duck. North America in general; breeds from uortiicrn portions of United States northward. 104 (147) AYTHYA VALLISNERIA. (W ils.) Canvas-back Duck. North America in general ; breeds from Minnesota north and west to Alaska ; not common on New England coast, but abundant aboui Chesapeake Bay and Carolina coasts; casual, south iu winter to Florida and Cuba. SuiiiiKNTs FULIQULA. Sticpii. 105 (MH) AYTHYA MARILA. (Linn.) American Scaup Duck. Blue-bill or Black- head. Throughout Nortli America; breeds nortli of Tuited States. 106 (141>) AYTHYA AFFINIS. (Evr.) Lesser Scaup Duck. Blue-bill or Black-head. Ranges tiuoughout North America; soutii in winter to ^Vest Indies; abiiiid;int in Florida. 107 (!.')(») AYTHYA COLLARIS. (DoNov.) Ring-necked Duck. Throughout North America ; in winter south to AVest Indies; breeds far north. (iiNus QLAUCIONETPA. Sidn. 108 (l.'.l) (iLAUCIONETTACLANQULA AMERICANA. (IJoNAi.) American Golden- eye Duck. Whistler. .Noith Aiiifiic:i ; l)reeding from northern .New Fnghuid northward ; south in winter to the Gidf coast and Cuba. 109 (l/iJ) OLAUCIONETTA ISLANDICA. ((Jmel.) Barrow's Golden-eye Duck. N'oitliei-n Nortii .\merica ; breeding from Gidf of St. I.Mwrencc iioitli- ward ; soiitli in winter to New York ; not eominon on .New Knghiiid coast. 336 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA A. o. u. Genus CHARITONETTA. Stejn. NO. 110 (153) CHARITONETTA ALBEOLA. (Linn.) Buffle-head Duck. Dipper. North America ; south in winter to Florida and Cuba ; breeds from Maine northward. Genus CLANQULA. Leach. 111 (154) CLANGULA HYEMALIS. (Linn.) Old Squaw. Long^tailed Duck. Northern portion of North America ; breeding far north ; south in winter to Middle States ; casual in Florida. Genus HISTRIONICUS. Less. 112 a55) HISTRIONICUS HISTRIONICUS. (Linn.) Harlequin Duck. Northern North America ; breeds from Newfoundland, northward ; in winter, south to Middle States ; accidental in Florida. Genus CAMPTOL/EMUS. Gray. 113 (156) CAMPTOL/EMUS LABRADORIUS. (Gmel.) Labrador Duck. Probably extinct ; formerly, North Atlantic coast, breeding from Lab- rador, northward. Genus ENICONETTA. Gray. 114 (157) ENICONETTA STELLERI. (Pall.) Steller's Duck. Arctic species, which occurs in Greenland. Genus SOMATERIA. Leach. 115 (159) SOMATERIA MOLLISSIMA BOREALIS. (Brehm.) Northern Eider Duck. Northeastern North America; south, in winter, to Massachusetts. 116 (160) SOMATERIA DRESSERI. Sharpe. American Eider Duck. Atlantic coast of North America ; south, in winter, to Delaware ; breedo from Maine, northward. Subgenus ERIONETTA. Coues. 117 (162) SOMATERIA SPECTABILJS. (Linn.) King Eider Duck. Northern species ; in winter, south to New England ; accidental as far south as Georgia ; breeds in the far north. Genus OIDEMIA. Fleming. 118 (163) OIDEMIA AMERICANA. Sw. AND Rich. American Scoter Duck. Velvet Scoter. Butter-bill Coot. Breeds from Labrador, northward ; occurs both on coast and inland lakes; south to Florida, in winter. One of the Coots of New England gunners. 119 (164) OIDEMIA FUSCA. (Linn.) Black Scoter. European species, recorded from Greenland. LIST OF THR BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 337 ^jf„u- Subgenus MELANITTA. Boik. 120 (!(..)) OIDEMIA DEGLANDI. Bonap. White=winged Scoter Duck. White- winged Coot. Northern North America, breeding from Labrador, northward ; south, in winter, to North Carolina ; common on New England coast during migrations. 121 (I6fi) OIDEMIA PERSPICILLATA. (Linn.) Surf Scoter Duck. Skunk-head Coot. Northern North America, on both Atlantic and Pacific coasts, and interior lakes ; breeds far north ; south, in winter, to Florida ; accidental in Cuba and Jamaica ; a common Coot of New England gunners. Genus ERISMATURA. Bonap. 122 (107) ERISMATURA JAMAICENSIS. (Gmel.) Ruddy Duck. Ranges throughout North America, breeding nearly throughout its range ; winters in the Southern States and along Gulf ; common in Florida ; also in West Indies, and northern South America. Genus NOMONYX. Riixav. 123 (16X) NOMONYX DOMINICUS. (Linn.) Masked Duck. Tropical species ; accidental in eastern United States ; specimens have been taken in New York, Wisconsin, and Massachusetts. Subfamily ANSERIN/C. Geese. Genus CHEN. Boie. 124 (inO) CHEN HYPERBOREA. (Pall.) Lesser Snow Goose. Rare in eastern United States ; accidental on New England coast ; occurs in Illinois ; common on Pacific coast ; breeds in Alaska. 125 (\C,'.)(i) Clien hyiierhorea nivalis. (Forst.) Greater Snow Goose. Eastern race of preceding species, the principal difference being in size ; exact breeding range unknown ; winters on Atlantic coast from \'irginia to Cuba. 126 (K.'.C) CHEN CCERULESCENS. (Linn.) Blue Goose. Lit tie known species, breeding about Hudson Bay, migrating soulli in winter, tlu"ough Mississippi Valley to (Julf coasl ; apparently not common anywhere. Genih ANSER. Binss. 127 (171) ANSER ALBIFRONS. ((Jmel.) White-fronted Goose. Kuropeau si)»'cieH ; recorded from (JreiMilaud. 128 (171a) Anser alhifronx (jamhcli. (IIaktl.) Ainerican AVliite frontcil Goose. Larger tli:in I'luropi'au species; occurs tliroughout North America; bleeding f:ir north :ind ranging, winter, south to ^Mexico and Cub:i. 838 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A. o. u. Genus BRANTA. Scopoli. NO. 129 (172) BRANTA CANADENSIS. Linn. Canada Goose. Temperate North America ; breeding iu Northern United States and British Provinces ; ranges in winter as far south as Mexico and Jamaica ; winters in great numbers on Atlantic coast, south of Virginia. 130 (172a) Branta canadensis hutchinsu. (Sw. and Rich.) Hutchins's Groose. Similar to the Canada Goose, but smaller; wing usually less than 16 inches long (carpus to tip) ; western species rare, east of Missis- sippi Valley. 131 (172c) Branta canadensis minima. Ridgw. Cackling Goose. A still smaller race ; wing, rarely over 14.50 ; uuderparts darker, having the breast and upper belly tinged with brownish ; Pacific species casual as far east as Wisconsin ; not recorded farther east than Illinois. 132 (173) BRANTA BERNICLA. (Linn.) Brant. From Arctic Circle where it breeds ; south in eastern North America to Georgia ; accidental in Florida. 133 (174) BRANTA NIGRICANS. (Lawr.) Black Brant. Western species, occasionally taken on Atlantic coast. 134 (175) BRANTA LEUCOPSIS. (Bechst.) Barnacle Goose. The European Barnacle Goose occurs in Greenland ; it is rare on Atlantic coast of United States. The white on forehead and sides of head and chin will always distinguish it from American species. Subfamily CYGNIN/E. Swans. Genus OLOR. Wagler. 135 (179) OLOR CYGNUS. (Linn.) Whooping Swan. Old world species which occurs iu ( irceuland, but not elsewhere in North America. It has the base of the mandible and bare loral skin yellow. 136 (180) OLOR COLUMBIANUS. (Oru.) Whistling Swan. Whole of North America ; breeding far nortli ; common on coast of Vir- ginia and Carolinas in winter. 137 (181) OLOR BUCCINATOR. (Rich.) Trumpeter Swan. Western species ; rare on Atlantic coast of United States ; Illinois. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 339 ORDER ODONTOQLOSS.C Lamellirostral Grallatores. FAMILY PHCENICOPTERID/G. Flamingoes. A '. L (iKNLs PHOENICOPTERUS. Linn. NO. 138 (182) PHCENICOPTERUS RUBER. (LiXN.) American Flamingo. Tropical species ; a small colony exists in southern Florida. ORDER HERODIONES. Herons, Ibises, Spoonbills, etc. Suborder IBIDE5. Spoonbills and Ibises. FAMILY PLATALEID/E. Spoonbills. CJenis AJAJA. Kkkii. 139 (183) AJAJA AJAJA, (Lixx.) Roseate Spoonbill. Tropical species ; ranges tliroiighout South America ; resident in (iulf States and Florida, FAMILY IBIDID/E. Ibises. Gkxus GUARA, Rkicii. 140 (181) GUARA ALBA, (LiXN.) White Ibis, Soutii Alhintic and Gulf States; south throughout "West Indies to northern South America ; accidental in New Fngland and Illinois, 141 (185) GUARA RUBRA. (Lixn.) Scarlet Ibis. A tropical species ; no evidence of its recent occurrence in North America, (iKxrs PLEQADIS. K.\ri>. 142 (18<;) PLEGADIS AUTUMNALIS. (ILvs.sl:^»^) Glossy Ibis. Tropical species; casual in United States; New Fngland, Illinois. 143 (1X7) PLEGADIS GUARAUNA. (Lixx.) White-faced Glossy Ibis. Wcsteiii species; ouci' recorded from Fli»ri(l:i. Suborder CICONI/E, Storks, etc. FAMILY CICONIID/K. Storks and Wood Ibises. Subfamily TANTALIN,4S. Wood Ibises. Ci SIS TANTALUS. I, inn. 144 (iss) TANTALUS LOCULATOR. I. inn. Wood Ibis, Soiithwi'slcni species ( iiion niid resident in I'loriihi. wher»' it breeds ill colonii'S ; :iccideiit;il iiuitli fo Ni'W ^'ork. 340 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Suborder HERODII. Herons, Egrets, Bitterns, etc. FAMILY ARDEID/E. Herons, Bitterns, etc. Subfamily BOTAURIN^E. Bitterns. ^,*>;^- Genus BOTAURUS. Hermann. 145 (IJO) BOTAURUS LENTIQINOSUS. (Montao.; American Bittern. Temperate North America ; common in eastern United States ; south in winter to Cuba. Genus ARDETTA. Gray. 146 (191) ARDETTA EXILIS. (Gmel.) Least Bittern. "Temperate North America; north to the British Provinces and south to the West Indies and Brazil" (A. O. U.) ; breeds nearly throughout its range. 147 (19in ARDETTA NEOXENA. Cory. Cory's Least Bittern. Southern Florida ; stragglers have been taken in various widely sepa- rated localties ; Ontario, Michigan . Subfamily ARDEIN^E. Herons and Egrets. Genus ARDEA. Linn. 148 (192) ARDEA OCCIDENTALIS. AuD. Great White Heron. Resident in Florida ; breeds in December on the keys ; has been taken in Illinois. 149 ARDEA WUERDEMANNL Baird. Wuerdemann's Heron. Southern Florida ; probably a colored phase of A. occidentalism or an al)normally colored specimen of Ardea tvardi. 150 (193) ARDEA WARDI. Ridgw. Ward's Heron. Florida. 151 (194) ARDEA HERODIAS. Linn. Great Blue Heron. The common large Heron of the Atlantic coast (except Florida) ; ranges from Arctic regions to northern South America. 152 (19.5) ARDEA CINEREA. Linn. European Blue Heron. European species, recorded from Greenland. Subgenus HERODIAS. Boie. 153 (196) ARDEA EGRETTA. Gmel. American Egret. Southern United States to South America ; casual north to New Eng- land ; accidental in Nova Scotia ; breeds in colonies in Southern States in February ; abundant in parts of Horida. Subgenus QARZETTA. Kaup. 154 (197) ARDEA CANDIDISSIMA. Gmel. Snowy Heron. Tropical aud semi-tropical species, not uncommon on Gulf coast ; breeds in Florida in May ; accidental in New England and Illinois. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 341 ^•^^; ^- SUBGEXUS DICROMANASSA. Ridgw. 155 (ioS) ARDEA RUFESCENS. Gmki.. Reddish Egret. Gulf States; apparently not abundant anywhore in United States; casual north to Illinois ; breeds in southern Florida, West Indies, and Mexico. SuncKNLs HYDRANASSA. Baikd. 156 (199) ARDEA TRICOLOR RUFICOLLIS. (Gossf.) Louisiana Heron. Gulf .States ; conuuon in Florida ; breeds occasionally north to New England and Illinois. Subgenus FLORIDA. Linn. 157 (200) ARDEA CCERULEA. Jinx. Little Blue Heron. Eastern United States; common on (iulf coast and Florida, where it breeds in snnnner ; casual to New England and Illinois. Si:r.(;r.Ni s BUTORIDES. Blyth. 158 (201) ARDEA VIRESCENS. Linn. Green Heron. Temperat(! North America; Canada to Gulf vStates, and West Indies ; breeds nearly throughout its range. Genus NYCTICORAX. Steimi. 159 (202) NYCTICORAX NYCTICORAX N/EVIUS. (Bodd.) Black=crowned Night Heron. North and South America ; breeds in West Indies ; connnon in New England. 160 (203) NYCTICORAX VIOLACEUS. (Linn.) Yellow=crowned Night Heron. Warmer portions of North America; (iulf States to Carolinas ; casual iu New England and Illinois ; common in Horida. ORDER PALUDICOL^. Cranes, Rails, etc. Suborder QRLIES. Cranes. FAMILY GRUID/1£. Cranes. (H.MS QRUS. I'm I, AS. 161 (201) (iRUS AMERICANA. (Linn.) Whooping Crane. Interior of Nortli Auierii'M ; raie on Atlantic roast; accidental in N»'w England ; casual in Florida. 162 (20:.) CiRUS CANADENSIS. (Linn.) Little Brown Crane. W'cstcni species; two I'ccords east of .Mississippi River. 163 (2(l(;) (iRlIS MEXICAN A. fMi ii.) Sandhill Crane. W'Miiner p:nts of N'oith Anu'ricM: conuuon in p:iits of Georgia innl Florida, where it l>i-et'ds ; accidental in New I'jigland and Illinois. 342 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Suborder RALLI. Rails, Qallinules, Coots, etc. FAMILY ARAMID/E. Courlans. A. o. u. Genus ARAMUS. Vieill. NO. 164 (207) ARAMUS QIQANTEUS. (Bonap.) Limpkin. Tropical species ; resident and breeds in Florida. FAMILY RALLID/E. Rails, Qallinules, and Coots. Subfamily RALLINyC. Rails. Genus RALLUS. Linn. 165 (208) RALLUS ELEGANS. Auu. King Rail. Fresh-water marshes of eastern United States; casual north of North Carolina, New England, and Illinois ; recorded as far north as Ontario. 166 (211) RALLUS CREPITANS. Gmel. Clapper Rail. Salt-water marshes ; New England to Gulf States. 167 (21 1«) Rallus crepitans saturatus. (Ridgw.) Louisiana Clapper Rail. A dark race of B. crejntans, which occurs in the salt-water marshes of Louisiana. 167a ( — ) Rallus crejntans waynei. Breavster. Wayne's Clapper Rail. This race is described as differing from true crepitans in being darker, " the underparts with more ashy, the under tail coverts with fewer markings." (Brewster Auk, p. 50, 1899.) Habitat, coast of Georgia to middle Florida (head of Indian River). 168 (211^) RALLUS SCOTTII. (Senn.) Scott's Rail- Florida Clapper Rail. Florida. 169 (212) RALLUS VIRQINIANUS. Linn. Virginia Rail. North America, Canada to Cuba ; often occurring in large numbers on New England marshes during migrations. Genus PORZANA. Vieill. 170 (213) PORZANA PORZANA. (Linn.) Spotted Crake. European species ; recorded from Greenland. 171 (214) PORZANA CAROLINA. (Linn.) Sora. Carolina Rail. North America ; common on Atlantic coast, Horida, and Gulf States ; West Indies and South America in winter. Subgenus COTURNICOPOS. Bonap. 172 (215) PORZANA NOVEBORACENSIS. (Gmel.) Yellow Rail. Hudson Bay to Florida and Cuba ; apparently not common anywhere. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 343 ^■^,^ " SUBGENUS CRACISCLS. Cauan. 173 (lMC.) PORZANA JAMAICENSIS. (Gmel.) Black Rail. From ^lassachusetts and Illinois to AVest Indies; apparently nowhere common ; breeds throughout its range. Genus CREX. Bechs. 174 (217) CREX CREX. (Linn.) Corn Crake. European species ; accidental in eastern North America. Subfamily GALLINULIN^E. Qallinules. Genus IONORNIS. Kekh. 175 (218) IONORNIS MARTINICA. (Linn.) Purple Gallinule. Gulf States ; casually north to New England and Illinois ; Ijreeds from southern Illinois and Carolinas southward. Genus QALLINULA. Ukiss. 176 (219) QALLINULA QALEATA. (Lrht.) Florida Qallinule. Warmer parts of America, from Canada to Chili ; breeds from New England southward; common in Southern States. Subfamily FULICIN/G. Coots. Genus FULICA. Linn. 177 (220) FULICA ATRA. Linn. European Coot. Eiuopcan species; recorded from Greenland. 178 (221) FULICA AMERICANA. Gmel. American Coot. Common in warmer portions of United States, but casual from Canada (and even Greenland) to West Indies ; abundant in Georgia, Florida, and Gulf States. ORDER LIMICOL/E. Shore Birds. Marsh Birds. FAMILY PHALAROPODID/E. Phalaropes. (iiNLs CRYMOPHILUS. Vii ii i . 179 (222) CRYMOPHILUS FULICARIUS. (Linn.) Red Phalaropes. Hre'eds in Arctic regions; south in winter to Middle States; accidental on Floiida coast ; New England. Illinois. (;kni:s PHALAROPUS. I'.Kiss. 180 (22?) PHALAROPUS LOBATUS. (I. inn.) Northern Phalarope. •> Northern portions of Northern Hemisphere; breeding in .Vrctic lati- tudes ; south in winter to the tropics." (A. O. L.) New England, Illinois. 344 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A. O. U. NO. 181 (224) PHALAROPUS TRICOLOR. (Vieill.) Wilson's Phalarope. Chiefly interior of North America ; breeds from northern Illinois north- ward ; in winter, south to South America ; common in Mississippi Valley ; casual on Atlantic coast. FAAllLY RECURVIROSTRID/E. Avocets and Stilts. Genus RECURVIROSTRA. Linn. 182 (22.5) RECURVIROSTRA AMERICANA. Gmel. American Avocet. Temperate North America ; breeds from Illinois to the Saskatchewan and Great Slave Lake ; in winter, Central America and AVest Indies ; rare on Atlantic coast except Florida, where it is casual ; accidental in New England. Genus HIMANTOPUS. Briss. 183 (226) HIMANTOPUS MEXICANUS. (Mi Li .) BIack=necked Stilt. Temperate North America, from the northern United States southward to the West Indies, northern Brazil, and Peru ; rare in eastern United States, except Florida ; breeds in some numbers in Florida in May. FAMILY SCOLOPACID^. Snipes, Sandpipers, etc. Genus SCOLOPAX. Linn. 184 (227) SCOLOPAX RUSTICOLA. Linn. European Woodcock. European species, accidental in eastern North America ; several records. Genus PHILOHELA. Gray. !85 (228) PHILOHELA MINOR. (Gmel.) American Woodcock. Eastern North America from British Provinces to Gulf States ; breeds throughout its range, but by far the greater number breed north ; very numerous in Gulf States in winter. Genus QALLINAQO. Leach. 186 (22.)) QALLINAQO QALLINAQO. (Linn.) European Snipe. European species ; occurs in Greenland. I86a (2:501) QALLINAQO MAJOR. (Gmel.) Qreater Snipe. Old world species accidental in North America, recorded from Hudson Bay. 187 (230) QALLINAQO DELICATA. (Ord.) Wilson's Snipe. Jack Snipe. Breeds from northern LTnited States, northward ; south in winter to West Indies and South America. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 345 A " I Genus MACRORHAMPHUS. Leach. NO. 188 (231) MACRORHAMPHUS flRISEUS. (Gmel.) Dowitcher. Red=breasted Snipe. Breeds iu the Arctic regions ; in winter to West Indies and South America ; abundant on Atlantic coast during migrations ; Illinois. 189 (2 ".2) MACRORHAMPHUS SCOLOPACEUS. (Say.) Long=biIIed Dowitcher. Western Red=breasted Snipe. Western species which o<'casionally occurs on Atlantic coast ; common in Florida, in winter. Genus MICROPALAMA. Baihd. 190 (-233) MICROPALAMA HIMANTOPUS. (Bonap.) Stilt. Sandpiper. Eastern North America ; in winter to West Indies ; breeils north of United States ; common in Florida, during migrations ; Illinois. Genus TRINGA. Linn. Subgenus TRINGA. 191 (2;U) TRINGA CANUTUS. I.iXN. Knot. Hreeds in high latitudes ; south in winter to South America ; common on Atlantic coast during migrations ; called Robin Snipe by New England gunners. Subgenus ARQUATELLA. Baikd. 192 (2.'3.")) TRINGA MARITIMA. Diti nn. Purple Sandpiper. Hreeds far north; south in winter to New England and Middle States; accidental in Florida ; sometimes observed in midwinter on New England coast; feeding on alga* on rocks, exposed at low water. Si iwiKMS ACTODROMAS. KAur. 193 (2:{'.)) TRINGA MACULATA. Vikii.l. Pectoral Sandpiper. Grass-bird. Both North and South America ; breeds in the far north ; very common on Atlantic coast during migrations; New England, Florida, and llUnois. 194 (210) TRINGA FUSCICOLLIS. \ ii ii i White-rumped Sandpiper. Bona- parte's Sandpiper. Eastern North America; breeds iu high latitudes; soiitli iu winter (<> West Iiidirs and Central AmericM ; N<\v Knghiud and Illinois. 195 (211) TRINGA BAIRDII. ((Oils.) Baird's Sandpiper. Connnon in interior of North .Vmerica ; bree«ls in Alaska; south iu winter to South America; rare on Atlantic coast ; New Englaml and Illinois. 196 (212) TRINGA MINUTILLA. \ ii ii i . Least Sandpiper. ComiiioM through llie .\nicricas ; brcctls north of I'liitcd Slate.-' ; al)uu- dant during migrations on Atlantic coast; New J-Ingland and Illinois. 346 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A. o. V. Subgenus PELIDNA. Cuvier. Nl). 197 (24;>) TRINQA ALPINA. Linn. Dunlin. European species, accidental in North America. 198 (243a) Tringa alpina pacifiixi. (Coues.) Red-backed Sandpiper. American Dunlin. North America ; breeds in high latitudes ; winters from Florida and Gulf States southward ; New England and Illinois during migrations. Subgenus ANCYLOCHILUS. Kaup. 199 (244) TRINQA FERRUQINEA, Bkunn. Curlew Sandpiper. European species; of rare occurrence in eastern North America; New England. Genus EREUNETES. Illiger. 200 (246) EREUNETES PUSILLUS. (Linn.) Semipalmated Sandpiper. Breeds north of United States ; winters in West Indies and South America ; common on Atlantic coast during migrations ; Illinois. 201 (247) EREUNETES OCCIDENTALIS. Lawr. Western Sandpiper. Western species ; breeding in high latitudes and ranging in winter to South America ; not uncommon on Atlantic coast during migrations. Genus CALIDRIS. Cuvier. 202 (248) CALIDRIS ARENARIA. (Linn.) Sanderling. Sandpiper. Bull Peep. Cosmopolitan species; breeds in far north; south iu^wint:r to South America ; common on Atlantic coast during migrations ; New England, Florida, Illinois. Genus LIMOSA. Briss. 203 (249) LIMOSA FEDOA. (Linn.) Marbled Qodwit. North America, chiefly west ; breeds from Nebraska northward, migrat- ing in winter to Central America ; not common on Atlantic coast ; New England, casual ; Florida, Illinois. 204 (251) LAMOSA H/EMASTICA. (Linn.) Hudsonian Godwit. Goose Bird. Eastern North America ; south in winter to South America ; breeds far north ; at one time abundant on Atlantic coast during migrations, now less common ; New England, Florida, Illinois. 205 (2,02) LIMOSA LIMOSA. (Linn.) Black=tailed Godwit. European species, which occurs in Greenland. Genus TOTANUS. Bech. 206 (253) TOTANUS NEBULARIUS. (Gunn.) Green=shank. Old world species ; accidental in Florida ; no recent records. LIST OF THE BIHDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 347 A. o. u. SrB(;E\rs GLOTTIS. K. 209 (2:)n) HELODROMUS SOLIFARIUS. (Wils.) Solitary Sandpiper. North America ; breeding from northern United States northward ; in winter, south to South America; New England, Florida, Illinois. 210 C-'.'):) HELODROMUS OCHROPUS. (Lixx.) Green Sandpiper. European species ; ouce recorded from Nova Scotia. Genus SYMPHEMIA. Kafinesque. 211 (2r).S) SYMPHEMIA SEMIPALMATA. (Gmei.) Willit. Eastern Nortii America, from Florida to New England ; breeding occa- sionall}' as far north as Maine ; south in winter to South America. 212 (2.J.Sa) Si/iitphcmia semipahnata inornata. Brewst. "Western Willet. A western race of the AVillet, which occurs in Florida and on Gulf coast inwinter, and perhaps occasionally farther north ; it> true habitat is from Mexico to ^Manitoba ; it differs from tiie eastern Willet in being larger, and in summer the middle tail feathers lack the Mack bars aud the back marking is less prououueed ; in winter the two fornjs differ little, excejit in size. (iExrs PAVONCELLA. Lkach. 213 (Jt-d) PAVONCELLA PUGNAX. (Lixs.) Ruff. Eiii'opeau species; accidental in Tnited States; several New Eugland records. Genus BARTRAMIA. Lesson. 214 (Jt".!) ItARIiMMIA LONUICAUDA. (lU.rusi.) Bartramian Sandpiper. Up- land Plover. North Ameiiea; in winter to South Anieiiea ; breeds nearly tlnoughout its range; onci' abundant on Alhmtie coast, now less conunon ; Illinois conunou. 348 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A. o. u. Genus TRYNQITES. Caban. NO. 215 (262) TRYNQITES SUBRUFICOLLIS. (Vieill.) Buff-=breasted Sandpiper. North America ; more commonly in interior ; breeds north of United States ; south in winter to South America ; not common on Atlantic coast. Genus ACTITIS. Illiger. 216 (263) ACTITIS MACULARIA. (Linn.) Spotted Sandpiper. The common Sandpiper of our ponds and streams occurs in North and South America ; breeds throughout temperate North America. Genus NUMENIUS. Bmss. 217 (264) NUMENIUS LONQIROSTRIS. AViLS. Long-billed Curlew. Sickle-bill Curlew. Temperate North America ; south to Central America and the West Indies ; breeds in southern Atlantic States, and in interior to Canada ; not common on Atlantic coast. 218 (265) NUMENIUS HUDSONICUS. Lath. Hudsonian Curlew. Jack Curlew. Throughout North America ; breeding in Arctic regions ; in winter to Gulf States and South America ; common on Atlantic coast during migrations. 219 (266) NUMENIUS BOREALIS. (Forst.) Eskimo Curlew. Dough Bird. Ranges from the Arctic regions where it breeds to South America ; in winter more common in the interior than on the coast ; prefers the fields to the beaches, being often found in company with Golden Plover. 220 (267) NUMENIUS PH/EOPUS. (Linn.) Whimbrel. Not recorded from United States ; it has been taken in Greenland. FAMILY CHARADRIID/E. Plovers. Genus VANELLUS. Briss. 221 (269) VANELLUS VANELLUS. (Linn.) Lapwing. European species ; occurs in Greenland ; one record for eastern United States. Genus CHARADRIUS. Linn. Subgenus SQUATAROLA. Cuvier. 222 (270) CHARADRIUS SQUATAROLA. (Linn.) Black=bellied Plover. Beetle Head. Ranges from Arctic regions to South America ; breeds in the far north ; common on Atlantic coast during migrations. Subgenus CHARADRIUS. Linn. 223 (271) CHARADRIUS APRICARIUS. Linn. Golden Plover. European species, which occurs in Greenland. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN XORTII AMERICA. 341) NO. 224 (272) CHARADRIUS DOMINICUS. Mlll. American Golden Plover. Green Flover. Ranges from Arctic regions, where it breeds, to Soutli America ; common on Atlantic coast during migrations ; prefers the fields to the marshes. Genls /GQIALITIS. Boie. 225 (273) /CGIALITIS VOCIFERA. (Linn.) Kildeer Plover. Ranges from Newfoundland and ]\Ianitoba, breeding throughout its range ; common in winter from Gulf States and Caroliuas to the West Indies and South America; as a rule not common on New England coast, but in November, 1888, a great tlight occurred on shores of Massachusetts, and hundreds were killed and offered for sale in the Boston markets. 226 (274) /CQIALITIS SEMIPALMATA. Bonap. Semipalmated Plover. Ranges from Arctic regions to South America ; lirci'ding from Labrador northward ; common on Atlantic coast during migrations. 227 (275) /EGIALITIS HIATICULA. (Linn.) Ring Plover. Old world species ; not recorded from rnitcd States; it occurs in Green- land. 228 (277) /CGIALITIS MELODA. (Ord.) Piping Plover. From Labrador to the West Indies and Soutli America, being a familiar bird on our shores ; breeds from Virginia to Labrador and New- foundland. 229 (277a) ^Efjialitis meloda circumcinda. Ridgw. Belted Piping Plover. Is similar to a meloda but differs in having an unbroken black band on the neck forming a complete collar ; breeds from northern Illinois nortliward ; migrates in winter to Gulf of IMexico. 229a (_'7S) /EQIALITIS NIVOSA. Cass. Snowy Plover. Western species ; not uncommon in winter on the northwest coast of Florida. Subgenus OCHTHODROMUS. 1;i i. ii. 230 (2H()) >1^GIAL1TIS WILSONIA. (Ouu.) Wilson's Plover. .Vthuitic and I'acitic coasts of North America; on the Atlantic siilo fn»m Long Island to the West Indies and South America ; breeds from N'irginia; southern stragglers have been taken as far north as Nova Scotia. SunGENis PODASOCYS. CouES. 2,^1 risi) /EGlALiriS MONTANA. (l<)\v\>.i Mountain Plover. Western species; accidental or casual in Florida. 350 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. FAMILY APHRIZID/E. Surf Birds and Turnstones. Subfamily ARENARIIN^. Turnstones. A. o. u. Genus ARENARIA. Bkiss. NO. 232 (2S3) ARENARIA INTERPRES. (Linn.) Turnstone. Both coasts of North America, and in tlie interior on the larger lakes and rivers ; breeds in the Arctic regions ; in winter to South America. FAMILY H/EMATOPODID/E. Oyster Catchers. Gems HyGMATOPUS. Linn. 233 (285) H/EMATOPUS OSTRALEQUS. Linn. Oyster Catcher. European species, which occurs in Greenhiud. 234 (28G) H/EMATOPUS PALLIATUS. Temm. American Oyster Catcher. Coasts of the warmer portions of America, from New Jersey to South America ; accidental in New England ; common in Florida, and breeds. LAND BIRDS- ORDER GALLIN/E. Gallinaceous Birds. Suborder PHASIANI. Pheasants, Grouse, Partridges, Quail, etc. FAMILY TETRAONID/E. Grouse, Partridges, etc. Subfamily PERDICIN/E. Partridges and Quail. ■^- o u. Genls COLINUS. Lkssox. NO. 235 (2.s:)) COLINUS VIRGINIANUS. (Lixx.) Quail, Bob=white. Ivisteiii I'nitcd Slates; west to Kansas, Dakotah, and oasteru Texas; breeds througliout range. 236 (2s;ir/) Colinus vhyinianus Jloridanns. (Coues.) Florida Quail. A Florida race, smaller and darker than C. virriinianns. Subfamily TETRAONIN/E. Grouse, etc. (iKNTs CANACHITES. Stejx. 237 (2. IS) CANACHITES CANADENSIS. (Lixx.) Canada Grouse. Spruce Par- tridge. 'rinougiiont British America; occurs in United States in northern New England, New York, Minnesota, and Michigan. 237c( ( ) Canachitefs canadensis lahradorins. Baxcs. Labrador Spruce Grouse. A Labrador race of the Canada Grouse; the males differ but slightly, but the females are described as being less buffy al)Ove the back, being nearly black and gray, and the underparts whiter. Gem> BONASA. SiKiMi. 238 (?M)) BONASA UMBELLUS. (Lixx.) Ruffed Grouse. ivisteiii I'liitcil Slates and soullieni Canada; soutli to mountains of iiorllirrn (leoigia; west to Minnesota and Michigan. 239 (;;o()a) lii>n((sii iimhi'lhis loijala. (Lixx.) Canadian Huffed Grouse. 1 he Canadian race of the KulTed Grouse occurs throughout southern l>iiti>!i AuK'iica as far noilh as .lami's Hay; it occurs in nortiiern New York and northern .New Knglaud ; it is more gray on the upper parts, and tlie underparts are more distinctly burred. GiMs LAGOPUS. r.i;i- 240 ('.(11) LAGOPUS LAGOPUS. (Lixx.) Willow Ptarmiijan. Arelic species; accidenlal in New Knglaud. (;{51; 352 LIST OF THE BIEDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A. O. U. NO. 241 (301a) Lagojyiis lagopus alleni. Stejn. Allen's Ptarmigan. A race peculiar to Newfoundland ; differs in bavins; the shafts of the secondaries black. 242 (302) LAGOPUS RUPESTRIS. (Gmel.) Rock Ptarmigan. Arctic America, from southern Labrador to Alaska, Anticosti. 243 (302a) Lagopus rupestris reinliardti. (Breiim.) Reinhardt's Ptarmigan. A race inhabiting northern Labrador and Greenland ; the female has the greater portion of the back, black, in summer ; the male has the barring on the upper parts finer and more uneven. 244 (303) LAGOPUS WELCHI. Brews. Welch's Ptarmigan. Peculiar to Newfoundland. Genus TYMPANUCHUS. Gloger. 245 (30.)) TYMPANUCHUS AMERICANUS. (Reich.) Prairie Hen. Prairies of Mississippi Valley, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri ; north and west to Manitoba, Dakotah, and Indian Territory; south to southwestern Louisiana, and Texas, where it is replaced by a paler and smaller race called T. a. aft /rate ri. 246 (30')) TYMPANUCHUS CUPIDO. (Linn.) Heath Hen. Island of Martha's Vineyard, Mass. ; once abundant, now nearly extinct ; resembles the Prairie Hen, but may be distinguished by its barred axiUars, scapulars broadly tipped with buff, and tufts of feathers on the neck consisting of less than ten feathers. Genus PEDICECETES. Baird. 247 (308/j) PEDICECETES PHASIANELLUS CAMPESTRIS. Ridgw. Prairie Sharp=tailed Grouse. Western species, which sometimes occurs in Wisconsin and Illinois. FAiVlILY PHASIANID/E. Pheasants, Turkeys, etc. Subfamily MELEAQRIN^. Turkeys. Genus MELEAQRIS. Linn. 248 (310) MELEAQRIS GALLOPAVO. Linn. Wild Turkey. United States, from Chesapeake Bay to the Gulf coast, and west to the plains along wooded river valleys. (A. O. U.) 249 (3lOa) Meleagris gallopavo osceola. Scott. Florida Turkey. Differs in having the white bands on the primaries broken and uneven, and in being somewhat smaller; also other slight differences in color ; inhabits southern Florida, where the northern Turkey does not occur. LIST OF THE P.lllDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 353 ORDER COLUMB/E. Pigeons. FAMILY COLUMBID/E. Pigeons. A. o. u. (Iexus COLUMBA. Linn. NO. 250 (Ul) COLUMBA LEUCOCEPHALA. Linn. White=crowned Pigeon. West. Indian s[)ecii'.< ; casual iu soutluMii Florida. 250a ( — ) COLUMBA CORENSIS. Gmel. Wood Pigeon. West Indian species; accidental at Key West. Fla. (Atkins, Auk, 181)1), p. 272.) Gknus ECT0PISTE5. Swains. 251 (.31)) ECTOPISTES MIGRATORIUS. (Linn.) Passenger Pigeon. Eastern North America; north to Hudson Bay; west to the plains; breeds in Canada and northern border of United States ; now rare in localities where it was once very abundant. Genls ZENAIDURA. Honap. 252 (oK.) ZENAIDURA MACROURA. (Linn.) Mourning Dove. Throughout I'uited States and southern Canada, Central America, and West Indies ; breeds throughout its range. Genls ZENAIDA. Boxap. 253 (.;i7) ZENAIDA ZENAIDA. riiONAP.) Zenaida Dove. West Indies andVucatan; accidental on Florida Keys. GiNis MELOPELIA. BoNAi 254 (..lit) MELOPELIA LEUCOPTERA. (Linn.) White-winged Dove. Semi-tropical species ranging throughout southwestern I'liited States. Central America, and West Indies; accidental in I'loijda. (;iNi> COLUMBIGALLINA. lion;. 255 (;;2(i) COLUMBKiALLlNA PASSERINA TERRESTRIS. (iiaiman. (iround Dove. Southern Slates of I'niti'd Slates; breeds from Soutli ( aroliua to Louisiana, West Indies, and northern South America. Genls GEOTRYGON. Gosse. 256 (;?22) (ii:OTRY(iON CHRYSEA. (Jo.^i . Key West Quail-Dove. West Indian sincifs ; rccordi'd from l-"!oiida !\evs. 257 (;.22i) OEOTRYOON MONTANA. (Linn.) Mountain Dove. West Indian species; once i-c<'oidf(l from Ktv Wf^t. 1-la. 354 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A- o. V. Genus STARN(ENA5. Bona p. NO. 258 (323) STARNCENAS CYANOCEPHALA. (Linn.) Blue=heacled QuaiUDove. Cuban species ; accidental on Florida Keys. ORDER RAPTORES. Birds of Prey. Suborder SARCORHAMPHI. American Vultures. FAMILY CATHARTID/E. American Vultures. Genus CATHARTES. Ili.igek. 259 (325) CATHARTES AURA. (Linn.) Turkey Vulture. Turkey Buzzard. Greater part of North and South America; in eastern United States from New Jersey to the Gulf of Mexico ; abundant and resident in Southern States. Genus CATHARISTA. Vieii i . 260 (326) CATHARISTA URUBU. Vieill. Black Vulture. Carrion Crow. Southern portion of North America, West Indies, and Central and South America ; breeds in eastern United States from North Caro- lina and Illinois to the Gulf ; accidental in New England Suborder FALCONES. Falcons, Hawks, Eagles, etc. FAMILY FALCONID/E. Vultures. Falcons, Hawks, Eagles, etc. Subfamily ACCIPITRIN/E. Kites, Hawks, Eagles, etc. Genus ELANOIDES. Vieill. 261 (327) ELANOIDES FORFICATUS. (Linn.) Swallow=tailed Kite. Central and South America ; in United States south of Carolina and Minnesota ; accidental in New England ; breeds commonly in some of Southern States ; especially Florida. Genus ELANUS. Savignv. 262 (328) ELANUS LEUCURUS. (Vieill.) White-tailed Kite. Southern United States; from South Carolina and Southern Illinois, Central and South America ; breeds in Southern States. Genus ICTINIA. Vieill. 263 (329) ICTINlA MISSISSIPPIENSIS. (Wii.s.) Mississippi Kite. Southern United States; from South Carolinn, Gulf States to Central America. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 355 A.;; u. Genus ROSTRHAMUS. Lesson. 264 {'.VM^} ROSTRHAMUS SOCIABILIS. (Vieill.) Everglade Kite. C'ciitial Auunica luid eastern South Amerjca ; coininou in South FloiMda where it breeds. (Iexus CIRCU5. Lac^p^de. 265 (331) CIRCUS HUDSONIUS. (Linx.) Marsh Hawk. North and Central America; breedinii tlu'onjjjhout its ran^je ; one of the most common species in eastern United States; frequenting marshes. Genus ACCI PITER. Hniss. HUBGENis ACCIPITER. 266 (332) ACCIPITER VELOX. (Wius.) Sharp=shinned Hawk. Nortli America ; breeding throughout its range ; in winter south to Mexico and Central America ; common in eastern United States. 267 (333) ACCIPITER COOPERI. (Bonap.) Cooper's Hawk. North America and IMexico ; breeds throughout its range ; common in eastern United States. Sri5<;i:xus ASTUR. LAciPftoE. 268 (334) ACCIPITER ATRICAPILLUS. (Wii.s.) American Goshawk. Greater portion of North America, north of the Middle States; breeds from northern border of United States northward. Genus PARABUFEO. Rinr.w. 269 (335) PARABUTEO UNICINCTUS HARRISI. (AUD.) Harris's Hawk. Western species, which occurs in Louisiana. Gexus BUTEO. Cuvikh. 270 (33G) BUTEO BUTEO. (Lixn.) European Buzzard. Kiuopean sj)ecies ; once taken in I iiited States; Michigan, one record. 271 (3;'.7) BUTEO BOREALIS. (Gmeu.) Red-tailed Hawk. Eastern North America and Canada; south to ^lexioo; breeds nearly througlioiit its range. 272 (337a) />ii(eo horcalis kriderii. Mooi'es. Krider's Hawk. Western race, which occasionally occurs as far east as Illinois; differs in being much paler; more white in the plumage; uuderparts, faintly streaked. 273 (3376) Jii((ro Ijorealis cahinis. (Cass.' Westi-rn Ked-tail. This race has been recorded from Illinois; its trui' range is \Yest of tin- Rocky Mountains; it dilTers in being much darker than lioreahs, and sliows more dusky and rufous brown in tlie plumage ; some specimens are almost entirely black, with breast dark reddish brown. 35G LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A. O. U. NO. 274 (338) Biiteo borealis harlani. (Aud.) Harlan's Hawk. Differs from borealis in being somewhat heavier ; the general plumage is dark sooty or black, showing more or less white streaks, the concealed portion of feathers being white; underparts, more or less white, with various markings ; it occurs in Georgia and Florida, and the Gulf States to the Mississippi Valley ; north to Illinois and Iowa, and casually to Pennsylvania. 275 (339) BUTEO LINEATUS. (Gmki .) Red=shouIdered Hawk. Throughout eastern North America ; breeding throughout its range. 276 (339a) Buteo Ihieutus alleni. Ridgw. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk. Differs from lineat>is in being smaller, and the adwlts have no rufous on the head ; Gulf States, from Texas to the Carolinas ; but most common in Florida aud along the southern coast. Subgenus TACHYTRIORCHIS. Kaui'. 277 (342) BUTEO SWAINSONI. Honap. Swainson's Hawk. Western species ; occasionally occurring in eastern United States ; casual in Florida ; recorded from Maine and Massachusetts. 278 (343) BUTEO LATISSIMUS. (Wils.) Broad=winged Hawk. Throughout eastern North America ; from Canada to West Indies and South America ; breeds throughout its range. Subgenus BUTEOLA. Bonap. 279 (344) BUTEO BRACHYURUS. Vieill. Short=taiIed Hawk. Black Hawk. Tropical species ; resident in Florida. Genus ASTURINA. Vieill. 280 (346) ASTURINA PLAQIATA. Sciilegel. Mexican Goshawk. Western species ; once observed in Illinois ; no other record for eastern North America. Genus ARCHIBUTEO. Bkehm. 281 (347a) ARCHIBUTEO LAQOPUS SANCTUJOHANNIS. (Gmel.) American Rough=Iegged Hawk. New England and Illinois. 282 (348) ARCHIBUTEO FERRUQINEUS. (Light.) Ferruginous Rough=leg. North America ; from Gulf States northward ; breeds north of United States. Genus AQUILA. Briss. 283 (349) AQUILA CHRYSAETOS. (Linn.) Golden Eagle. North America ; breeding in mountains in unsettled localities through- out its range ; much less common than the Bald Eagle on the Atlantic coast. LIST OF TIIK BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 357 A. o. u. Genus HALIAETU5. SAVKi. NO. 284 (:5ol) HALIAETUS ALBICILLA. (Linn.) Gray Sea Eagle. Occurs iu Greenland, but has not beau taken in the I'nitod States. 285 (352) HALIAETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS. (Linn.) Bald Eagle. Throughout North America to northern Mexico ; breeding throughout its range, Mr. C. H. Towusend has hitely separated the northern and southern birds, giving the range of Ilrdutetiis leiicorcphalns as practically restricted to the United States. To the bird which occurs iu the British possessions west to Alaska, which is larger, he has given the name .of IlaUa'etus lencoccpha- lus alascanus, Xorthern Bald Eagle. Subfamily FALCONIN/C. Falcons. Genus FALCO. Linn. 286 (353) FALCO ISLANDUS. Buinn. White Gyrfalcon. Arctic America ; south in winter to Labrador and northern Maine. 287 (354) FALCO RUSTICOLUS. Lynn. Gray Gyrfalcon. Arctic America ; accidental iu winter as far south as Maine. 288 (354a) Falco rusticolus gyrfalco. (Linn.) Gyrfalcon. A grayish race with faintly barred back ; occurs in Arctic America ; accidental in winter in New England (Massachusetts and Rhode Island ) . 289 (354?;) Falco rusticolus obsoletus. (Gmel.) Black Gyrfalcon. A dark race with back dark slate ; sometimes almost black and not barred ; underparts dark ; it occurs in Labrador ; accidental iu winter as far south as Canada. Maine, Massachusetts, and New York. 290 (355) FALCO MEXICANUS. S( in i:(.. Prairie Falcon. Western species ; casual in Illinois ; breeds throughout its range. Subgenus RHYNCHODON. Nitzs< ii. 291 (350) FALCO PEREGRINUS ANATUM. (Bonai.) Duck Hawk. Peregrine Falcon. North America antl northern South America; breeds througliout its range. Si i;(;i:n(s /ESALON. K \tr. 292 (357) FALCO COLUMBARIUS. Linn. Pigeon Hawk. North America, West Indies, and northern South .Vmerica ; breeds from nortiiern border ol" I'liited States, northward. 293 (;i5.si) pALCO REGULUS. I'aii. Merlin. iMiropean species; recorded iVoiii (ireeiiland. Si-iic.KNi-s TINNUNCULUS. Linn. 294 (351)') FALCO TINNUNCULUS. Linn. Kestrel. Kuropeaii speeit's ; once taken in Massachusetts. 358 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A. (). U. M). 295 (360) FALCO SPARVERIUS. Linn. American Sparrow Hawk. " North America; east of the Rocky Mouutaius and from Great Slave Lake, south to uorthern South America." (A. O. U.) 296 (3(;i) FALCO SPARVERIOIDES. Vi(i. Cuban Sparrow Hawk. Cuban species ; accidental in Florida. Genus POLYBORUS. Yieim- 297 (362) POLYBORUS CHERIWAY. (Jacq.) Audubon's Caracara. Mexican Buzzard. Texas and Arizona to South America ; occurs in eastern United States only in southern Florida where it breeds. Genus PANDION. Savig. 298 (364) PANDION HALIAETUS CAROLINENSIS. (Gmel.) American Osprey. Fisli Hawk. Greater portion of North America, the West Indies, and northern South America ; common in many parts of eastern United States ; breeds throughout its range. Suborder STRIQES. Owls. FAMILY STRIQID^. Barn Owls. Genus STRIX. Linn. 299 (365) STRIX PRATINCOLA. Bonai-. American Barn Owl. Throughout United States, Mexico, and uorthern West Indies ; more common in the Southern States ; breeds rarely as far north as lati- tude 40°. FAMILY BUBONID/E. Horned Owls. Genus ASIO. Briss. 300 (366) ASIO WILSONIANUS. (Less.) American Long=eared Owl. Temperate North America to Mexico; breeds throughout its range. 301 (367) ASIO ACCIPITRINUS. (Paul.) Short=eared Owl. North America ; breeds north of latitude 39°. Genus SYRNIUM. Savig. 302 (3(;s) SYRNIUM NEBULOSUM. (Forst.) Barred Owl. Southern and eastern United States ; north to Nova Scotia ; breeds throughout its range. 303 (368a) S>/mium nehulosnm alleni. Ridgw. Florida Barred Owl. A southern race of the Barred Owl, averaging somewhat smaller and darker, having the toes nearly bare of feathers ; Gulf States ; com- mon in Florida. LIST OF THP: birds of eastern north AMERICA. 359 ^•^•u- Gen-US SCOTIAPTEX. Swains. 304 (370) SCOTIAPTEX CINEREA. ((iMKi.) Great Gray Owl. Arctic species, which occurs in winter as far soiitii as New p]ngland and Illinois ; numerous records for Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, etc. Genl-s NYCTALA. Breiim. 305 (371) NYCTALA TENGMALMI RICHARDSONI. (Boxai.) Richardson's Owl. Arctic species ; casual in winter in northern United States ; New Eng- land, Illinois, etc. ; breeds north of United States. 306 (372) NYCTALA ACADICA. (Gmel.) Saw=whet OwL Acadian OwL North America ; breeds from middle United States northward. 307 (373) MEGASCOPS ASIO. (Lixx.) Screech OwL Eastern North America ; Canada to (Georgia ; breeds nearly throughout its range. 308 (373a) Mega>icop>i asio Jloridanus. (Kiixjw.) Florida Screech Owl. A rather small southern race of the Screech Owl, somewhat darker and the markings heavier; occurs in Gulf States from South Carolina to Louisiana. Gexls bubo. Dumekii.. 309 (:57r)) BUBO VIRQINIANUS. (Gmel) Great Horned OwL Eastern North America ; north to Labrador ; breeds througlunit its range. 310 (37."»r/) Bubo virfjinianHS arcticus. Swains. Arctic Horned Owl. Pale liirds have occasionally been taken in northeastern XdiIIi America which may be referable to this race. 311 (37r)c) Bnho rirgiidanus salunifus. Kiixav. Dusky Horned Owl, A dark race ; ranging from Labrador and Hudson Hay westward to Alaska ; south to Louisiana and Arizona ; some Louisiana speci- mens are very dark. Genus NYCTEA. Stei-h. 312 (37t,) NYCTEA NYCTEA. (Lixx.) Snowy Owl. Norlliern Nortii America; in winter, soutii to ^Mitldie States; breeds north of United States. Gexis SYRNIA. DiMi-Kii.. 313 (377r/) SURNIA ULULA CAPAROCH. (Mii.i..) American Hawk OwL Antic North AineiicM ; south in wiiiter to bordi'rs of I'nited States ; New EnglaiKJ and Illinois; lireeds from New England northward. Gems SPHOTYTO. (Jeocjek. 314 ('.7.S) SPEOTYTO CUNICULARIA HVPO(i/EA. (Hoxai.) Burrowing Owl. Western species ; one iecfln riniicnliirin JJoriddnii. IIiix.w. Florida Hnnowinir ( )wl. Resident in southern Floriila ; a rather dark form, having tiie fei't and legs (tarsus) almost without feathers ; breeds in a hole in the ground. 360 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. ORDER P51TTACI. Parrots, Paroquets, etc. FAMILY PSITTACID/E. A-O.U. Genus CONURUS. Kuhl. 316 (382) CONURUS CAROLINENSIS. (LiNX.) Carolina Paroquet. At one time not uncommon in man}' of our Southern States ; at present occurs only in Florida, Arkansas, and Indian Territory ; breeds in holes in trees. ORDER COCCYGES. Cuckoos. FAMILY CUCULID/E. Cuckoos, Anis, etc. Subfamily CROTOPHAGIN^. Anis. Genus CROTOPHAQA. Linn. 317 (383) CROTOPHAQA ANl. Linn. Ani. West Indian species ; recorded from Florida, Louisiana, and Pennsyl- vania ; the bird is entirely black; the bill is not like that of a Cuckoo, being very thin and somewhat Parrot-like in shape. Subfamily COCCYZIN^E. Cuckoos. Genus COCCYZUS. Yieill. 318 (38fi) COCCYZUS MINOR. (Gmel.) Mangrove Cuckoo. West Indian species ; casual in southern Florida, 319 (y8Ga) Coccijzaa minor maynardi. Kidgw. Maynard's Cuckoo. A Bahama race of C. minor ; casual in southern Florida ; it is much paler on the underi)arts, lacking the strong lawny Ijuff on the belly ; the bill is sliglitly smaller. 320 (387) COCCYZUS AMERICANUS. (Linn.) Yellow=biIled Cuckoo. Eastern North America ; from the plains to the coast and Canada to Gulf of Mexico ; breeding throughout its range ; in winter to West Indies and Central America. 321 (388) COCCYZUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS. (WiLS.) BIack=bined Cuckoo. Eastern North America ; from Rocky Mountains to the coast ; breeds United States to Labrador ; south, in winter to West Indies and northern South America. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 361 Suborder ALCY0NE5. Kingfishers. FAMILY ALCEDINID^E. Kingfishers. A-^<;jU. Gknu.s CERYLE. Boie. 322 {-.VM)) CERYLE ALCYON. (Linn.) Belted Kingfisher. North America ; at large from Arctic regions to the Gulf of Mexico ; in winter, extends its range to West Indies and Central America ; breeds from Gulf States throughout its northern range. ORDER PICl. Woodpeckers, etc. FAMILY PICID/E. Woodpeckers. Gknls CAMPEPHILUS. Ghay. 323 (392) CAMPEPHILUS PRINCIPALIS. (Linn.) Ivory=billed Woodpecker. Flori(hi ; some of tlic Gulf States to Mississipi)i \' alley ; now rare except in parts of Florida. Genus DRYOBATES. Boie. 324 (31i:?) DRYOBATES VILLOSUS. (Linn.) Hairy Woodpecker. Northern and middle i)ortions of eastern L'uited States. 325 (."V.O/y) Drfjobales viUosus audubonii. (Swains.) Southern Hairy Woodpecker. Southern race; ranging from eastern Texas to South Carolina ; it ditTers in being smaller and perhaps slightly darker. 326 (.5.11) DRYOBATES PUBESCENS. (Linn.) Downy Woodpecker. Eastern North America; in winter, south to t'lie Gulf of Mexico. Birds inhabiting the region nortii of North Carolii. a ;ini l.irgi-r than southera birds, and have been reeogiii/ed a.s a race and natufd .■^_*l'^ Dri/nfif/tfs pidusrrus mrdinnus. Bukwstkk. 327 (;;:ir)) DRYOBATES BOREALIS. (Vieill.) Red-cockaded Woodpecker. Southeastern and soiithcrn Tnited States from Carolina to Texas. Genis PIC0IDE5. La(ep. 328 (100) PICOIDES ARCTICUS. (Swains.) Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. .N'tiIhiii North America ; south to northern I'nitcil .States, New KnirhunL .Miciiigan, etc. 329 (101) PICOIDES AMERICANUS. Bukiim American Three-toed Woodpecker. N'orllit-rn Norlli America; south to ndithern liorder of I iiiled States; Maine and northern New Yoik. 362 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A. o. u. Genus SPHYRAPICU5. Baird. NO. 330 (402) SPHYRAPICUS VARIUS. (Lixx.) Yellow=beined Sapsucker. Yellow= bellied Woodpecker. Eastern North America ; south in winter to West Indies and Mexico ; breeds in Massachusetts northward. Gems CEOPHLCEUS. Cab an. 331 (405) CEOPHLCEUS PILEATUS. (Lixx.) Pileated Woodpecker. Southern United States ; from North Carolina southward ; replaced fartlier north by the northern race. 331a (405a) Geophlmm inleatus alhietA.cola. Bangs. Northern Pileated Woodpecker. A northern race ; differing mainly in size. Genus MELANERPES. Swains. Subgenus MELANERPES. 332 (406) MELANERPES ERYTHROCEPHALUS. (Linn.) Red=lieaded Wood= pecker. Eastern United States ; from Rocky Mountains to Florida, and north to about latitude 50° ; casual east of Hudson River ; not uncom- mon in fall in Massachusetts. Subgenus CENTURUS. Swains. 333 (409) MELANERPES CAROLINUS. (Linn.) Red=bellied Woodpecker. Eastern and southern United States ; from New York and Michigan to the Gulf States ; not numerous in northern part of its range. Genus COLAPTES. Swains. 334 (412) COLAPTES AURATUS. (Linn.) Flicker. Golden=winged Woodpecker. Eastern North America ; from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic ; winters from latitude of Illinois southward ; one of our most familiar birds, and known by many names, among which are High Hole, Yellowhammer, Harrywicket, etc. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 3G3 ORDER MACROCHIRES. Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc. Suborder CAPRIMULGI. Goatsuckers. FAiVlILY CAPRIMULQID/e. Goatsuckers. A. o. u. Genus ANTROSTOMUS. Gould. NO. 335 (41 (J) ANTROSTOMUS CAROLINENSIS. (Gmel.) Chuck-will's-widow. Southein Uuited States; from Virgiuia to Mexico, and Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto Rico ; casual to soutliern Illinois ; accidental in Massa- cluisi'tts. 336 (117) ANTROSTOMUS VOCIFERUS. (Wils.) Whip=poor=win. Eastern mid soutlK'rn Xortli Auu>riea ; from about latitude 50° to Mexico and Porto Rico ; a common species in localities in New England, Illinois, etc. Genus CHORDEILES. Swains. 337 (420) CHORDEILES VIRQINIANUS. ((Jmki.) Nighthawk. Eastern North America ; from the plains to the Atlantic, and from Labrador to the West Indies and South Anu-rica ; l)reeds from southern Uuited States northward. 338 (A2()a) Chordeiles viiyuiianHs heirnji. (Cass.) Western Nighthawk. Western race ; once recorded from Illinois ; it is palei-, and the back is more gray and buff. 339 (420c) CJiordeileH vin/inicmns chtqymani. (Sennett.) Florida Nighthawk. A small southern race; resident in Florida and along the ( iulf coast ; it is somewhat paler in coloration, and decidedly smaller. Suborder CYPSELI. Swifts. FAMILY MICROPODID/E. Swifts. Subfamily CH/GTURIN/E. Swifts. Genus CH/ETURA. Siuph. 340 (42.'.) CH/CTURA PELAQICA. (Linn., Chimney Swift. Kaslern Norlli Aun-rica; north !«» i,:il>radoi-, ;iiid in winter sontli to Mexico; breeds from the (Julf States northward. 364 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Suborder TROCHILI. Hummingbird. FAMILY TROCHILID/E. Hummingbirds. A. o. u. Genus TROCHILUS. Linn. NO. 341 (428) TROCHILUS COLUBRIS. Lixx. Ruby=throated Hummingbird. Eastern North America ; from the plains to the Atlantic, and from Labrador, or about latitude 52°, to the Gulf of Mexico ; breeding throughout its range ; south in winter to Cuba, Porto Rico, and Mexico. ORDER PAS5ERES. Perching Birds. Suborder CLAMATORES. Songless Birds. FAMILY TYRANNID/E. Tyrant Flycatchers. Genus MILVULUS. Swains. 342 (442) MILVULUS TYRANNUS. (Linn.) Fork=tailed Flycatcher. South American species ; occasionally taken in the United States ; recorded from New Jersey and Mississii)pi. 343 (443) MILVULUS FORFICATUS. (Gmel.) Scissor=taiIed Flycatcher. Western species; accidental in eastern United States, New England, Florida, etc. Genus TYRANNUS. Cuvier. 344 (444) TYRANNUS TYRANNUS. (Linn.) Kingbird. Nearly the whole of North America ; south in winter to Cuba and South America ; a familiar species known by various names such as Bee Martin, Bee-bird, etc. 345 (445) TYRANNUS DOMINICENSIS. (Gmel.) Gray Kingbird. Semi-tropical species ; not uncommon in Florida ; accidental in Georgia, South Carolina, and New England. 346 (447) TYRANNUS VERTICALIS. Say. Arkansas Kingbird. Western species ; accidental east of the Mississipi)i ; it has been taken in Maine, Massachusetts (Great Island), New York, New Jersey, District of Columbia, and Iowa. Genus MYIARCHUS. Cai.an. 347 (452) MYIARCHUS CRINITUS. (Linn.) Crested Flycatcher. Eastern United States ; from the plains to the Atlantic, and southern Canada to the Gulf of Mexico ; in winter Mexico and Central America; breeds from the Gulf States northward. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 365 A. O. V. NO. Gexus SAYORNIS. Bonap. 348 (4')r,) SAYORNIS PHCEBE. (Lath.) Phoebe. Ranges from Colorado aud Texas to the Atlantic, and fiom Canada to Cuba and Mexico; breeds from the Carolinas, northward. 349 (457) SAYORNIS SAYA. (Boxap.) Say's Phcebe. Western species ; only once recorded from New England ; casual in Illinois and Wisconsin. Genus CONTOPUS. Caban. 350 (459) CONTOPUS BOREALIS. (Swains.) OIive=sided Flycatcher. North America ; breeding from Massachusetts, northward ; south in winter to Central and South America. 351 (401) CONTOPUS VIRENS. (Linn.) Wood Pewee. Flycatcher. Eastern North America ; from tlie plains to the Atlantic, and Canada to Florida and Mexico ; breeds throughout eastern United States ; north to Ncwfoundhuid. Genls EMPIDONAX. Cap.an. 352 (4G3) EMPIDONAX FLAVIVENTRIS. IJaird. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Eastern North America; breeds from northern United States, north- ward ; south in winter \o Central America. 353 (405) EMPIDONAX VIRESCENS. (Vieill.) Acadian Flycatcher. Eastern United States ; from New York and Coiniecticut, southward, breeding as far south as Florida ; winters in ^Mexico and Central America. 354 EMPIDONAX TRAILLll ALNORUM. i,i;i wsn u. Alder Flycatcher. Eastern United States; from Illinois and ^Michigan to Atlantic; breeds from northern Illinois and northern New England, northward ; winters south to Central America. 355 (407) EMPIDONAX MINIMUS. I'.AiitD. Least Flycatcher. Eastern United States ; from (Julf of St. Lawrence to Gulf of Mexico; south in winter to Central America; breeds from northern United States, northward, usually north of latitude 42°. Suborder OSCINES. Song Birds. FAMILY ALAUDID/E. Larks. Gknls ALAUDA. Linn. 356 (17;'.) ALAUDA ARVENSIS. Linn. European Skylark. .Vccidenta! in ( Jieenland. 366 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A. o. u. Genus 0T0C0RI5. Bonap. NO. 357 (474) OTOCORIS ALPESTRIS. (Linn.) Horned Lark. Shore Lark. "Northeastern North America, Greenhxud, and uorthern parts of the old world ; in winter, south ; in eastern United States to the Caro- linas, Illinois, etc." (A. 0.11.;; breeds north of United .States, Labrador, Hudson Bay, etc, 358 (474i) Otocoris alpeslrls praticola. HENSir. Prairie Horned Lark. The Mississippi Valley form of the Horned Lark ; breeds as far east- ward as Massachusetts and New York ; it differs in having the forehead and streak over the eye white instead of yellow ; it is also somewhat smaller and paler. FAMILY CORVID/G. Crows, Jays, and Magpies. Subfamily QARRULIN/E. Magpies and Jays. Genus PICA. Briss. 359 (475) PICA PICA HUDSONICA. (Sab.) American Magpie. A western species ; stragglers have been recorded from Illinois and Montreal, Canada. Genus CYANOCITFA. Strick. 360 (477) CYANOCITTA CRISTATA. (Linn.) Blue Jay. " Eastern North America to the plains and from the fur countries south to Florida and eastern Texas " (A. O. V.) ; breeds nearly throughout its lange. 361 (477a) CyarioclUa cri.stata Jloriyiwla. Coues. Florida Blue Jay. Southern race of the Blue Jay, which occurs in Florida and along the Gulf coast ; it is smaller and grayer than the northern Blue Jay, but otherwise similar. Genus APHELOCOMA. Caban. 362 (479) APHELOCOMA CYANEA. (Vieili .) Florida Jay. Florida. Genus PERISOREUS. Bonap. 363 (484) PERISOREUS CANADENSIS. (Linn.) Canada Jay. " Northern New York, northern New P^nglaud, and northern Michigan; north to Arctic America." (A. O. U.) 364 (484c) Perisoreus canadensis nigricapillus. Eidgw. Labrador Jay. A Labrador race of the Canada Jay ; somewhat darker and having the black of the head often extending in front of the eye ; the breast is deep slate gray. LIST OF TIIK BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 3G7 Subfamily CORVIN/E. Crows. A. <.. r. (iiATS C0RVU5. Linn. NO. 365 ( tsGa) CORVUS CORAX PRINCIPALIS. Kiugw. Northern Raven. Nortln'in North Ainerir:i ; from Illinois, Michigiin, Maine, etc., nortli- wunl ; accidental as fai- south as North Carolina. 366 (ISS) CORVUS AMERICANUS. Aid. American Crow. North Anu'iica ; from Hudson Bay to (iidf of .Mexico; brt'tvls nearly througliout its range. 367 (l.S.Sa) Cordis (unericanas pascinis. Couks. Florida Crow. Florida race of the Crow, which differs in having larger bill and feet. 368 ( I'.M)) CORVUS OSSIFRAQUS. Wils. Fish Crow. P^astern and southern United States; from Coiuiecticut to Louisiana; accidental in ^Massachusetts ; abundant in (ieorgia and Florida. FAMILY STURNID/E. Starlings. Cknis STURNU5. Linn. 369 (4'Jj) STURNUS VULGARIS. Linn. Starling. An old world species; accidental in ( ireeid'anil ; some years ago it was introduced in New York, and is now not uncommon in Central Park. FAMLIY ICTERID^. Blackbirds, Orioles, etc. CiNLs DOLICHONYX. Swains. 370 (i;tl) DOLICHONYX ORVZIVORUS. (Linn.) Bobolink. Ranges in eastern North America; from Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic, and from Ontario to Gulf of ^Mexico; also occurs west of the Rocky Mountains ; breeds nortii of .Middle States; in winti-r West Indies and South America. (;i:nls MOLOTHRUS. Swains. 371 (1.1..) MOLOTHRUS ATER. flioi.D.) Cowbird. Inited States in general and [)art of Canada; south in winter to Mi'xico; breeds througliout its sununer range ; the female dei»(>sits iier egg in other birds' iu>sts. (UNO XANTHOCEPHALUS. Honai-. 372 (i:i7) XANTHOCEPHALUS XANTHOCEPHALUS. ^Honm.) Vellow-headeJ Blackbird. Western North .Vineric.a ; from Illinois and Wisconsin t«> I'acilic .... . accidental in eastern Iniled Stales, New Kngland, Florida, etc. 368 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A. o. XT. Genus AQELAIUS. Vieill. NO. 373 (498) AQELAIUS PH(EN1CEUS. (Lixv.) Red=winged Blackbird. Common throughout Nortli America ; from about latitude 52° to the Gulf ; replaced in southern Florida and Gulf coast of Louisiana by tlie following race. 374 (498&) A(/eJaius j^hcpMiceas bryanti. Ridgw. Bahaman Red-winged Blackbird. A small race, having a more slender bill, which inhabits the Bahaman Islands, southern Florida, and portions of the Gulf coast to Louisiana ; the females are not as heavily streaked on the nnder- parts. Genus STURNELLA. Vieill. 375 (501) STURNELLA MAGNA. (Linn.) Meadow=lark. "Eastern United States and southern Canada to the plains; breeds from the Gulf of Mexico northward." (A. O. U.) 376 (i'tOlh) Sturnella magna neylecta. (Aud.) Western Meadow -lark. Western race which occurs in Illinois and Wisconsin ; it differs in having the yellow of the throat extending upon the cheeks or malar region, also in having the lower under tail coverts white, or nearly white, not buff as in S. magna. Genus ICTERUS. Briss. 377 (502) ICTERUS ICTERUS. (Linn.) Troupial. South American species ; recorded by ^Vudubon from South Carolina ; no subsequent records for eastern North America. Subgenus PENDULINUS. Vieill. 378 (506) ICTERUS SPURIUS. (Linn.) Orchard Oriole. Eastern United States; from northern New England, Michigan, Illinois, and Dakota, to the Gulf of Mexico ; breeds througliout its summer range ; winters as far south as northern South America. Subgenus VPHANTES. Vieill. 379 (507) ICTERUS GALBULA. (Linn.) Baltimore Oriole. Eastern United States ; from Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean, and from Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico ; winters south to Mexico and South America. 380 (508) ICTERUS BULLOCKI. (Swains.) Bullock's Oriole. Western species ; only once recorded from our Eastern States ; Bangor, Me., one record. Genus SCOLECOPHAQUS. Swains. 381 (509) SCOLECOPHAQUS CAROLINUS. (Mull.) Rusty Blackbird. Eastern and northern North America west to the plains ; breeds from northern United States north to Labrador ; winters from Virginia southward. LIST OF THE BIKDS OF EASTERN' NORTH AMEl.'ICA. 3G9 . o. u. NO. 382 (r»10) SCOLECOPHAGUS CYANOCEPHALUS. (Wa(;l.) Brewer's Blackbird. A western species, wliicli sometimes occurs in Illinois; stragglers have been killed in South Carolina and Louisiana. Genus QUI5CALUS. Vieill. 383 (511) QUISCALUS QUISCULA. (Linn.) Purple Crackle. " Northern Alabama, eastern Tennessee, and east of the Allcghanies from Georgia to Massachusetts" (A. O. U.); in winter south to the Gulf. 384 (511a) Quiscalus quiscula aylanis. (Baikd.) Florida ( irackle. A smaller southern race ; ranging from Virginia along the Atlantic coast and Gulf States to Texas. 385 (511/j) Qniscalus quiscula uiueus. (Ridgav.) Bronzed Grackle. Eastern North America ; west of the Alleghanies ; New P^ngland to Labrador and Hudson Bay; west to Rocky Mountaine, and south to the lower Mississippi ^'alley ; this Grackle has the back a uni- form bronze or golden-olive, but not the various tints of blue- purple bronze, etc., as in true (puscula. 386 (51.'i) QUISCALUS MAJOR. (Vieill.) Boat=tailed Grackle. " Coast region of Atlantic and Gulf States; from Virginia to Texas." (A. O. r.) FAMILY FRINGILLID/E. Finches, Sparrows, etc. GiNLS COCCOTHRAUSTES. Binss. 387 (514) COCCOTHRAUSTES VESPERTINA. (( ooi-.) Evening Grosbeak. Western species ; casual in eastern United States; Illinois, Miehigan, New England, etc. Gexls PINICOLA. ViKiLL. 388 (515) PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR. (Lixx.) Pine Grosbeak. Northern North America ; breeds from nortiiern New England north- ward. (iiMs CARPODACUS. Kah-. 389 (517) CARPODACUS PURPUREUS. (Omi i.) Purple Finch. "Eastern North Auu'rica ; from the Atlantic coast to the plains; breeds from the .Middle States northward." (A. (>. r.) Gkms PASSER. Linn. 390 ( — ) PASSER DOMESTICUS. (Linn.) English Sparrow. Mnropt'an species; introduce(l into United States. 391 ( ) PASSER MONTANUS. European Tree Sparrow. Em-opean species; introilucetl into United Slates. 370 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A. o. u. GrENus LOXIA. Linn. NO. 392 (521) LOXIA CURVIROSTRA MINOR. (Brehm.) American Crossbill. Northern North America ; mainly north of United States ; occurs irregularly in eastern United States, as far south as Maryland ; accidental to South Carolina. 393 (522) LOXIA LEUCOPTERA. Gmel. White=winged Crossbill. "Northern parts of North America; south into the United States in winter ; breeds from northern New England northward." (A. O. U.) Genus ACANTHIS. Bechst. 394 (527) ACANTHIS HORNEMANNll. (Holb.) Greenland Redpoll. Northern Greenland; breeding from 69° to 73° north latitude, and eastern Arctic America ; south to Labrador in winter." (Ridgw.) 395 (527a) Acanthis hornemanuii exilipes. (Coues.) Hoary Redpoll. A race differing in smaller size ; length, less than 5.35 ; wing, less than 5.30 ; it inhabits the far north, but occurs in winter in the northern United States; casual in New Eugland and Illinois. 396 (528) ACANTHIS LINARIA. (Linn.) Redpoll. Redpoll Linnet. Northern species, which occurs in winter as far south as Virginia and Illinois ; casual in New England. 397 (528a) Acanthis linaria hoVMjdUL (Brehm.) Holbffill's Redpoll. A somewhat larger bird than A. linaria, with somewhat longer bill ; wing, less than 3.15; northern portion of both continents; casual in eastern North America ; south in winter to New York and Massachusetts. 398 (528^ Acanthis linaria rostrata. ((^oues.) Gi'cater Redpoll. Similar to linaria, but slightly larger, and the bill stouter; wing, over 3.15; southern Greenland and Labrador; south to New England and Illinois in winter. 399 CARDUELIS CARDUELIS. Lixn. European Goldfinch, Introduced in Massachusetts and New York. Genus ASTRAGALINUS. Cab. 400 (529) ASTRAGALINUS TRISTIS. (Linn.) American Goldfinch. Yellow Bird. North America ; south of about latitude 54° to the Gulf States ; breeding from about latitude 38° northward. 401 (532) ASTRAGALINUS NOTATUS. (DuBus.) Black=headed Goldfinch. Mexican species ; recorded by Audubon from Kentucky. 402 (53;5) ASTRAGALINUS PINUS. (WiLS.) Pine Siskin. Pine Finch. North America ; breeds from northern border of United States, north- ward ; winters south to Gulf of Mexico. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 371 A o V. Genus PASSERINA. Vikill. NO. 403 (o.M) PASSERINA NIVALIS. (LiNX.) Snowffake. Snow Bunting. Northern Xortli Anu'rieii ; breeds in high hxtitudes ; south in winter to New Eughmd, Illinois, etc. ; accidental as far south as Florida. Gknus CALCARIUS. Bechs. 404 (");)<)) CALCARIUS LAPPONICUS. (Lixx.) Lapland Longspur. Northern North America ; breeding in the far north ; south in winter to ^Middle States ; common in the interior to Kansas and Colorado. 405 (r);37) CALCARIUS PICTUS. (SwAixs.) Smith's Longspur. "Interior of North America; from the Arctic coast to Illinois and Texas ; breeding far north." (A. O. U.) 406 (r)38) CALCARIUS ORNATUS. (Towxs.) Chestnut=coIlared Longspur. Western species ; accidental in Massachusetts and New York. Gexis RHYNCHOPHANES. Bviku. 407 (r>.3;i) RHYNCHOPHANES MCCOWNII. (T.awiO McCown's Longspur. AVestern species; casual in Illinois. Gexls POOC/ETES. Baiui.. 408 (54U) POOC/CTES GRAMINEUS. (Gmi.i.) Vesper Sparrow. Bay-winged Bunting. p:astern North Ameriea ; from the plains to the Atlantic Ocean ; breeds from Virginia to Ontario. Gexi s AMMOURAMUS. Swaixs. 4^9 ('til) AMMODRAMUS PRINCEPS. (Mavx.) Ipswich Sparrow. "Atlantic coast from Nova Scotia; soulii in winter to (ieorgia; breeds on Sable Island, Nova Scotia." (A. O. V.) 410 (542rO AMMODRAMUS SANDWICHENSIS SAVANNA. ^Viis. Savanna Sparrow. " Eastern North America; bret'ding from tlie nortlieru rnite.l States to Labrador and Iliidsnii I'.ay Teiiitory." (A. (). U.) Si i«;kxi s COTURNICULUS. Honai-. 411 (.'. K) AMMODRAMUS SAVANNARUM PASSERINUS. (Wio ) (irasshop- per Sparrow. Yellow -winged Sparrow. " Kastern Tnited States and southern Canada; west to tiie plains; south in winter to Florida, Cuba, Forto Kic«>, and (\'ntral America." (A.O. r.) 412 (..17) AMMODRAMUS HENSLOWII. i^Alh.) Henslow s Sparrow. •'Kastern Inited States; west to the plains ; north to southern New England and ()ntario." (^A. (). U.) 372 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A. (). I'. NO. 413 (548) AMMODRAMUS LECONTEII. (Aud.) Leconte's Sparrow. Great plains and more western prairies ; breeding from Dakota, Minne- sota, etc., to Manitoba; migrating southward and eastward in winter through Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, etc., to South Carolina and Gulf States to Florida aud Texas. 414 (549) AMMODRAMUS CAUDACUTUS. (Gmkl ) Sharp=tailed Sparrow. Sharp-tailed Finch. Breast, pale buff with distinct dark streaks ; breeds on salt marshes of the Atlantic coast from New England to Maryland ; south in winter to the Gulf States. 415 (549a) AMMODRAMUS NELSON I. Allen. Nelson's Sparrow. ''Fresh water marshes of the interior; from northern lUino is, north- ward to North Dakota and Manitoba ; south in winter to Texas ; in migrations, visits Atlantic coast (New England and Lower Hudson Valley) to Charleston, S. C." (A. O. U.) 416 (549?>) Ammodramus nelsoni suhvirgatiis. (Dwight.) Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow. Breast and sides, pale buff, not tawny or ochraceoua buff as in nelsoni. "Coast of southern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island (and probably Nova Scotia), and southward in migration to Soutk Carolina." (A. O. U.) 417 (550) AMMODRAMUS MARITIMUS. (Wils.) Seaside Sparrow. Seaside Finch. "Salt marshes of Atlantic coast; from Counecticut southward to Georgia; accidental in Massachusetts." (A. O. U.) 418 (550a) Ammodramus maritimus peninsid(E. Allen. Scott's Seaside Sparrow. A dark race of maritimus which occurs from South Carolina to the northeast and northwest coast of Florida, 418(t Ammodramus maritimus Jisheri. Chapman. Louisiana Seaside Sparrow. Coast of Louisiana to Texas. 4186 Ammodramus maritimus macyillivraii. (Aud.) Macgillivray's Seaside Sparrow, Coast of Soutli Carolina aud Georgia. 419 (551) AMMODRAMUS NIQRESCENS. Ridgw. Dusky Seaside Sparrow. Head of Indian River and Salt Lake ; eastern Florida, Genus CHONDESTES. Swains. 420 (552) CHONDESTES QRAMMACUS. (Say.) Lark Sparrow. Lark Finch. From Illinois and Michigan westward to the plains ; not common on Atlantic coast. Genus ZONOTRICHIA. Swains. 421 (553) ZONOTRICHIA QUERULA. (Xurr.) Harris's Sparrow. Middle United States ; Illinois to Kansas, and casually to Oregon ; no New England record. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 373 A. O. U. NO. 422 (554) ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS. (FoiisT.) White=crowned Sparrow. "■North America at large; breeding cliiefly iu tiie Rocky ]\Iountains, the Sierra Nevada, and northeast to Labrador ; south iu winter to the Valley of Mexico." (A. O. U.) 423 (558) ZONOTRICHIA ALBICOLLIS. (Gmel.) White=throated Sparrow. Eastern North America ; from the plaius to tlie Atlantic Ocean ; north to Labrador, and south to the Carolinas, and casually to Florida ; breeds from northern New England and New York northward. Gems SPIZELLA. Boxai'. 424 (550) SPIZELLA MONTICOLA. (Gmee.) Tree Sparrow. Eastern North America ; from Arctic Ocean to the Carolinas ; breeds north of United States. 425 (5G0) SPIZELLA SOCIALIS. (Wils.) Chipping Sparrow. Eastern North America ; from Rocky Mountains north to fur countries, and south to the Gulf; breeds nearly throughout its range. 426 (5(J1) SPIZELLA PALLIDA. (Swains.) CIay-=coIored Sparrow. Middle North America ; from Illinois to Rocky ^Mountains ; breeds from Iowa northward; accidental on Atlantic coast (North Carolina) . 427 (5(i2) SPIZELLA BREWERI. Cass. Brewer's Sparrow. AVestoi-n species ; once taken in IMassacluisetts. 428 (5(;;5) SPIZELLA PUSILLA. (Wils.) Field Sparrow. Eastern United States; from tiie plains to the Atlantic; lireeds from the Carolinas and Illinois north to Canada. 429 (5r);3(t) Spizella pusilla arenacea. Ciiadij. Western Field Sparrow. This race is of accidental occurrence in southern Louisiana. Genus JUNCO. Waci,. 430 (5G7) JUNCO HYEMALIS. (Linn.) Slate-colored Junco. Snowbird. New England, Florida, and Illinois. 431 Jiuico hijenialis nhufddli. Coale. Shufeldt's Junco. Western race; accidental iu Massachusetts, Illinois, and Maryland; it is l)rowner on the back, and the sides are vinaceons luown. 432 (5EA. A. I.. 434 (575) PEUC/EA /ESTIVALIS. (Lu iiT.) PIne-woods Sparrow. Southern Georgia and l-'loridu. 374 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A. O. U. NO. 435 (575«) Peuccea mstivalis bachmanii. (Aud.) Bachmau's Sparrow. Coast States ; from the Caroliuas to Texas ; north to IlUnois iu summer ; it is a darker bird than cestivalis, the back being dark rufous brown, not light chestnut. Genus MELOSPIZA. Baird. 436 (581) MELOSPIZA FASCIATA. (Gmel.) Song Sparrow. " Eastern United States to the plains ; breeding from Virginia and the southern portion of the Lake States northward to the fur countries." (A. O. U.) 437 (583) MELOSPIZA LINCOLNL (Aud.) Lincoln's Sparrow. Throughout North America ; breeds from northern border of United States northward ; south in winter to Central America. 438 (584) MELOSPIZA GEORGIANA. (Lath.) Swamp Sparrow. Whole of eastern North America; from Labrador and Newfotnidhuid to the Gulf of Mexico; breeds from tlic northern States northward. Genus PASSERELLA. Swains. 439 (585) PASSERELLA ILIACA. (Mkrr.) Fox Sparrow. Eastern North America ; from the Arctic to the Gulf of Mexico, west to the plains ; breeds north of the United States. Genus PIPILO. Vieill. 440 (587) PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS. (Linn.) Towhee. Eastern United States ; frour Canada to Georgia ; breeds from Georgia northward ; common in New England. 441 (587a) Pipilo enjllirophihalmus alleni. Couks. White-eyed Towhee. Florida race, wliich occurs as far north as South Carolina; it differs in having the iris ivhile or yellowish, and only the two outer tail feath- ers are marked with white. Genus CARDINALIS. Bonap. 442 (593) CARDINALIS CARDINALIS. (Linn.) Cardinal. Cardinal Grosbeak. Eastern United States; from New England (casual) to the Gulf of Mexico. 442a (593d) Cardinalis cardinalis Jioridanns. Ridgw. Florida Cardinal. Local race ; resident in Florida. Genus HABIA. Reich. 443 (595) HABIA LUDOVICIANA. (Linn.) Rose=breasted Grosbeak. Eastern United States ; from the plains and from Canada to Central America; breeding from Caroliuas northward. 444 (596) HABIA MELANOCEPHALA. (Swains.) BIack=headed Grosbeak. A western species, which has been taken in Michigan- LIST OF THE Bir.DS OF EASTERN NORTH A.M ERICA. 375 A. O. U. NO. Genus GUIRACA. Swains. 445 (olt7) GUIRACA C/ERULEA. (Linn.) Blue Grosbeak. Eastern I'nited States ; from Illinois and New England (not common) to the Gulf and Cuba. Gkxus CYAN05PIZA. Baird. 446 (.')08) CYANOSPIZA CYANEA. (Linx.) Indigo Bunting. Eastern I'liitetl Slates; from tlio Canadian border to the Gulf and Central America. 447 (nOO) CYANOSPIZA VERSICOLOR. (Bonai.- Varied Bunting. Western s|)cci('s, wliicii has been taken in ^Michigan. 448 ((,01) CYANOSPIZA CIRIS. (Linx.) Painted Bunting. Eastern United States ; from Illinois and North Carolina south to the Gulf, and in winter to Central America. Genus EUETHEIA. Reich. 449 (603) EUETHEIA BICOLOR. (Lixx.) Qrassquit. Black-faced Finch. West Indian species ; recorded from Florida Keys. 450 (003') EUETHEIA CANORA. (Gmel.) Melodious Qrassquit. Cuban Finch. Cuban species ; recorded from Florida Keys. Gexus SPIZA. Boxap. 451 (GOt) SPIZA AMERICANA. (Gmel.) Dickcissel. Black=throated Bunting. Eastern I'nited States; from Rocky IMountaius to the Alleghanics; and casual, or accidental to New England ; breeding from Texas to the Canadian border ; south in winter to Central and South America. Genus CALAMOSPIZA. Boxai-. 452 (nOo) CALAMOSPIZA MELANOCORYS. bTK.ix. Lark Bunting. Western species; recorded from Massachusetts and Long Island. FAMILY TANAGRID/E. Tanagers. (iKXLS PIRANQA. ViKILL. 453 (r,07) PIRANQA LUDOVICIANA. (Wn.s.) Louisiana Tanager. Western si)ecies ; recorded from Massachusetts and New York. 454 (COS) PIRANQA ERYTHROMELAS. Vii.ii.i.. Scarlet Tanager. Eastern Fniteil Stales; from the jdains to the Atlantic, and Ontario to the West Indies, and Soutli America ; breeds from Illinois an. 471 (62')) VIREO FLAVOVIRIDIS. (Cass.) Vellow-green Vireo. .Mexican sjiecies ; oikc recorded froni l'i<>' incc <>( (^>iiebec. 472 (fc'i.) VIREO PHILADELPHICUS. ((ass.) Philadelphia Vireo. Uastein North America ; from Hudson Bay to the (lidf; breeds from uortlurn New Enixland northward. -^378 LIST OF, THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. A. O. U. NO. 473 ((327) VIREO GILVUS. (Vieill.) Warbling Vireo. Throughout North America ; breeding nearly throughout its range. 474 (628) VIREO FLAVIFRONS. Vieill. Vellow=throated Vireo. Eastern United States ; from the British Provinces to Florida ; breeds throughout its range. 475 (C2i)) VIREO SOLITARIUS. (Wils.) Blue-headed Vireo. Eastern United States ; from Hudson Bay to the Gulf and Central America in winter ; breeds from southern New England and Illinois northward. 476 (6296) Vireo soUtarius plmnheus. (Coues.) Plumbeous Vireo. Western species ; one record in New York State ; its occurrence is purely accidental east of the Mississippi. 477 (629c) Vireo soUtarius niticola. Brewst. Mountain Solitary Vireo. Differs mainly in having a larger bill and slate-blue back ; ranges from the Alleghanies in the Carolinas ; south in winter to Florida. Subgenus VIREO. Vieill. 478 (631) VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS. (Gmel.) White=eyed Vireo. Eastern United States ; from Rocky Mountains to the coast, and from southern New England and Michigan to the Gulf of Mexico ; breeds throughout its United States range. 479 (631o ) VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS MAVNARDI. Brewst. Key West Vireo. A rather small, pale race, which is resident in southern Florida. 480 (633) VIREO BELLII. (Aud.) Bell's Vireo. Western species which occurs in the northern Mississippi Valley, Illinois, and Indiana, southwest to Mexico. FAMILY CCEREBID^. Honey Creepers. Genus COEREBA. Vieill. 481 (635) CGEREBA BAHAMENSIS. (Eeicii.) Bahama Honey Creeper. Bahaman species ; stragglers have been taken on the Florida Keys. FAMILY MNIOTILTID^. Wood Warblers. Genus MNIOTILTA. Vieill. 482 ((•)36) MNIOTILTA VARIA. (Linn.) Black and White Warbler. Eastern United States ; south to West ludies aud northern South America ; breeds north of Virginia. Genus PROTONOTARIA. Baird. 483 (637) PROTONOTARIA CITREA. (Bodd.) Prothonotary Warbler. Eastern United States ; from Illinois, Michigan, aud New England to the Gulf, and in winter to South America ; breeds throughout its range. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 379 A. o. r. (ii'.xrs HELINAIA. Ai Dir.ox. NO. 484 (038) HELINAIA SWAINSOMI. Alu. Swainson's Warbler. Southeastern United vStates ; from Virginia to Texas; accidental in Illinois. Gknls HELMITHERUS. Rahnksqle. 485 ((53'.)) HELMITHERUS VERMIVORUS. (Gmkl.) Worm-eating Warbler. Eastern United States ; from southern New England to the Gulf ; soutli in winter to South America. Gkms HELMINTHOPHILA. Ridgw. 486 (040) HELMINTHOPHILA BACHMANI. (Ai d.) Bachman's Warbler. Cuba and Florida, north ; casually as far as Virginia, and west to Louisiana. 487 (G41) HELMINTHOPHILA PINUS. (Linn.) Blue=winged Warbler. P^astern United States ; from southern New England to the Gulf ; south in winter to Mexico. 488 (612) HELMINTHOPHILA CHRYSOPTERA. (Linn.) Golden-winged Warbler. P^astern United States ; ^linnesota and southwestern Ontario to Soutli America; breeds from New Jersey and Indiana, northward, and in the Alleghanies to South Carolina. 489 HELMINTHOPHILA LAW RENCEI. (IIkrkick.) Lawrence's Warbler. New .lersey, Connecticut, etc. ; probably a hybrid between //. }>ini(s and //. cJn-iisojjtera. 490 HELMINTHOPHILA LEUCOBRONCHIALIS. (Uui.wst.) Brewster's Warbler. Southern New PLngland, Michigan, etc. ; pro])ably a hybrid l>etween //. phiufi and //. chrysoptera. 491 (Gl;')) HELMINTHOPHILA RUFICAPILLA. (Wils.) Nashville Warbler. Eastern I'nited States; from the phiins to the Athuilic Ocean, and from British North America to Mexico ; breeds from northern United Stiites, northward. 492 (GK.) HELMINTHOPHILA CELATA. (Say.) Orange-crowned Warbler. KMstern North America; from the sub-arctic regions to the Ciulf of Mexico; rare cast of the Alk>ghany IMountains north of \'irginia ; Inveds north of tiie United States, except in tiie Koci from nortliern New England northward. 494 (Gts) C()A\PSOTHLVPIS AMERICANA. (LiNX.i Parula Warbler. •• South Atlantic and Gulf States, east of Texas; northward, near th«' Atlantic coast to the District of Columbia, and in the interior t. Sycamore Warbler. A western form which occurs in Mississippi Valley westward ; acci- dental or casual to North Carolina ; differs in having the stripe in front of the eye white instead of yellow. 508 (667) DENDROICA VIRENS. (Gmel.) Black-throated Green Warbler. Eastern North America; from Hudson Hay to the West Indies; breeds southern New England and Illinois northward. 509 (668) DENDROICA TOWNSENDI. (Nutt.) Townsend's Warbler. A western species; one record from Pennsylvania. 510 (670) DENDROICA KIRTLANDI. Bauiu. Kirtland's Warbler. Eastern United Slates and Bahamas ; little known as to its range ; speci- mens have been taken in Florida, South Carolina, Virginia, Illinois, Minnesota, etc. ; not uncommon in tlie I'ahama Islands in winter. 511 (671) DENDROICA VIQORSII. (Alu.) Pine Warbler. Eastern United States ; from Manitoba and Ontario to the Gulf and West Indies; breeds locally throughout its range. 512 (672) DENDROICA PALMARUM. (Gmel.) Palm Warbler. Redpoll Warbler. British America to the Gulf States and West Indies; mostly in the interior, but casual in New England and Atlantic coast States. 513 (672a) Dendroica palmarum Jiypochrysea. Kidow. Yellow Palm Warbler. Atlantic States; from Hudson Bay to Gulf; common in Florida; in winter differs from palmarum, \u having the underparts yellow, not white, or yellowish white. 514 (673) DENDROICA DISCOLOR. (Vikii.i .) Prairie Warbler. Eastern United States; from Michigan and .Niw England to Florida and West Indies ; breeds throughout its eastern United States range. Genis SEIURUS. Swains. 515 (671) SEIURUS AUROCAPILLUS. (Linn.) Oven-bird. Eastern North America ; breeding from \ irginia to Labrador; winters in Florida, ^V^•st Lidics, and Central .\merica. 516 (f;7..) SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS. (<;mki..) Water-thrush. (ireat part of eastern North Anu-rica ; bre.-ds from nortluTii N«-w iMiLd.tnd ni>rlliu:ird : uiiitci.-. houth to South Ann-rica. 382 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMKRICA. A. O. U. NO. 5! 7 (67oa) Seiurus noveboracensis notabiUs. (Guinn.) Gi'iunell's Water-tbrusli. Illinois, westward; occasionally east to Virginia and New Jersey; differs in being larger and the superciliary stripe wliiler. 518 ((57G) SEIURUS MOTACILLA. (Vieill.) Louisiana Water=thrush. Eastern United States ; from southern New England to West Indies and Central America. Genus QEOTHLYPIS. Caban. 519 (677) QEOTHLYPIS FORMOSA. (Wils.) Kentuclcy Warbler. Eastern United States ; from southern New England to the Gulf States and West Indies, and Central America in winter ; breeds nearly throughout its United States range. 520 (678) QEOTHLYPIS AQILIS. (Wils.) Connecticut Warbler. Eastern North America ; south in winter to South America ; breeds north of United States. 521 (679) QEOTHLYPIS PHILADELPHIA. (Wils.) Mourning Warbler. Eastern North America ; breeding from New England and Michigan, northward ; South and Central America in winter. 522 (681) QEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS. (Linn.) Maryland Yellow=throat. Eastern United States ; from Labrador to the Gulf States, West Indies, and Central America in winter ; breeds from Georgia to Massa- chusetts. 523 ( — ) Geolhhjpis trichas ignoia. Chapman. Florida Yellow-throat. Southern race, which is resident in southern Georgia and Florida ; it differs in being deeper yellow below, the black mask of the male wider, and the upper parts browner. Genus ICTERIA. Vieill. 524 (683) ICTERIA VIRENS. (Linn.) YelIow=breasted Chat. Eastern United States ; from Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico, in winter ; breeds from southern New England northward. Genus WILSONIA. Bonap. 525 (684) SYLVANIA MITRATA. (Gmel.) Hooded Warbler. Eastern United States ; from southern Ontario to the Gulf States, and west to plains ; breeds nearly throughout its range ; West Indies and Central America in winter. 526 (685) WILSONIA PUSILLA. (Wils.) Wilson's Warbler. Eastern North America ; from Rocky Mountains to Atlantic Ocean and Labrador, and Hudson Bay to Mexico; breeds from border of United States northward. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 383 NO. 527 (OSO) WILSONIA CANADENSIS. (LiNX.) Canadian Warbler, Eastern North America ; from the great plains to the Atlantic Ocean, and Labrador to Central America ; breeds from the mountains of southern New England and the Alleghanies northward. Gkms SETOPHAGA. Swains. 528 (687) SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA. (LixN.) American Redstart. North America ; breeds from about latitude of North Caroliua north- ward ; south in winter to southern South America. FAMILY MOTACILLID/E. Wagtails. Gexls MOTACILLA. Linn. 529 (094) MOTACILLA ALBA. (Lixx.) White Wagtail. Old world species; accidental iu (Ireenland. Genus ANTHU5. Becus. 530 ((597) ANTHUS PENNSYLVANICUS. (Lath.) Titlark. American Pipit. Whole of North America ; breeds from Labrador northward ; south in winter to Gulf States and Central America. 531 (r)98) ANTHUS PRATENSIS. (Linn.) Meadow Pipit. European species ; accidental in Greenland. 532 (70(1) ANTHUS SPRAGUEII. (Ai D.) Sprague's Pipit. Western sjjecies ; Charleston, S. C, one record. FAMILY TROQLODYTID^ Wrens, Thrashers, etc. Subfamily MIMIN/E. Thrashers Genus MIMUS. Boie. 533 (70;^) MIMUS POLYGLOTTOS. (Linn.) Mockingbird. " United Stali-s ; south into >Mexico; rare and of irregular distribution; from Maryland northward to Massachusetts." (A. O. U.) Genus GALEOSCOPTES. C ahan. 534 (704) GALEOSCOPTES CAROLINENSIS. (Linn.) Catbird. Kastorn Initfd States aud British Provinces; breeds nearly tinougliout its North American range; winters in the Gulf States, Cuba, and Central America. Ckms HARPORHYNCHUS. ( ahan. 535 ;70."j) HARPORHYNCHUS RUFUS. (Linn.) Brown Thrasher. Brown Ihrush. Kastern United States and Ontario to the (iulf States; breeds nearly llirouuhout its range 884 LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. Subfamily TROGLODYTIN^. Wrens. A. o. u. Genus THRY0TH0RU5. Vieill. NO. 536 (718) THRYOTHORUS LUDOVICIANUS. (Lath., Carolina Wren. Eastern United States ; from Illiuois and Conueeticut to the Gulf of Mexico; breeds nearly throughout its range. 537 (718a) Thryothorus ludoviciaiuis riuamensis. (Eidgw.) Florida Wren. A Florida race, differing in being larger and darker. Genus THRYOMANES. Sclater. 538 (719) THRYOMANES BEVVICKII. f Auu.) Bewick's Wren. " Eastern United States; rare and local east of the Alleghanies, and north of 40° ; west to the edge of great plains ; winters in more southern districts." (Ridgway.) Genus TROGLODYTES. Vieill. 539 (721) TROGLODYTES AEDON. Vieill. House Wren. "Eastern United States and southern Ontario, west to Indiana and Louisiana ; resident from middle districts, southward." (A. O. IT.) 540 (721^) Troglodt/fes aedon aztecas. (Baird.) Western House Wren. Western race, which occurs as far east as Illinois and Minnesota ; it is higher colored and the back shows more or less bars. Genus ANORTHURA. Rennie. 541 (722) ANORTHURA HIEMALIS. Vieill. Winter Wren. Eastern Nortli America ; breeding in the Alleghany Mountains and from the northern border of the United States, northward ; south in winter to Florida and the Gulf States. Genus CI5TOTHORUS. Caban. 542 (724) CISTOTHORUS STELLARIS. (IitHT.) Short=billed Marsh Wren. Eastern North America ; from Ontario to the Gulf States. 543 (725) CISTOTHORUS PALUSTRIS. (Wils.) Long=bined Marsh Wren. Eastern North America ; south from Ontario and Massacliusetts to the Gulf ; breeds throughout its range. 544 {12i>h) Cistothorus 2>alt(stris gnsenti. Brewst. Worthington's Marsh Wren. Local race which occurs on coast of South Carolina and Georgia ; it differs in having the sides grayish, not a decided brown, and the black of the upper parts duller. 545 (7251) Cistothorus imhtstris mariance. (Scott.) Marian's Marsh Wren, Gulf coast of Florida; decidedly darker and liaving the under tail coverts spotted or barred. LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. 385 FAMILY CERTHHD^. Creepers. A. o. u. Genls CERTHIA. Linn. NO. 546 (72<.) CERTHIA FAMILIARIS AMERICANA. (Bonap.) Brown Creeper. Whole of North America to the Hrnit of large timber; lireeds from uortheru border of United States, northward. FAMILY PARID^E. Nuthatches and Tits. Subfamily SITTIN/E. Nuthatches. Genus SITTA. Lixn. 547 (7-27) SITTA CAROLINENSIS. Lath. White=breasted Nuthatch. Eastern United States; from Georgia north to the southern British Provinces, and west to the Rocky Mountains. 548 (727a) Sitta caroJinensis atkinsi. (Scott.) Florida "White-breasted Nuthatch. South Carolina to Florida ; differs in being somewhat smaller ; the wing coverts usually not tipped with white. 549 (72«) SITTA CANADENSIS. LiNX. Red=breasted Nuthatch. •' Whole of North America; breeding ehietly north of the United States, except in western mountainous districts; eastern United States chiefly in winter." I^idgway. 550 (72il) SITTA PUSILLA. Lath. Brown=headed Nuthatch. "South Atlantic and Gulf States; north to southern Maryland and (casually) Ohio, ^Missouri, etc." (A. O. I'^.) Subfamily PARIN^E. Titmice. Genus PARUS. Linn. SuiuiKxrs LOPHOPHANES. Kwv. 551 (7:31) PASUS BICOLOR. (Linn.) Tufted Titmouse. Eastern United States; from New .Icrsey and southern New England to the Gulf. SuncENUs PARUS. Linn. 552 (73.)) PARUS ATRICAPILLUS (Linn.) Chickadee. *' Ivistcrii Noitii .Vmcrica, north of the Potomac and Ohio \'allcy." (A. <). I .) 55.^ (7.'.(;) PARUS CAROLINENSIS. <)ki>. Carolina Chickadee. ■• Soutiu'Mstciii Slates; north to New .Icrsey and Illinois, west to Missouri." (A. O. U.) 554 (Tilt) PARUS HUDSONICUS. Fok-i. Uudsoiiian Chickadee. Northern North .Vnierica ; I'loni .N'oithein New i-.n-ihind and .Michigan, nortliward. ,^«G LIST OF THE BIKDS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. . o. u. NO. FAMILY SYLVIID/4:. Warblers, Kinglets, Qnatcatchers, Subfamily REQULIN^. Kinglets. Genus REQULUS. Cuviek. REGULUS SATRAPA. Light. Qolden=crowned Kinglet. Eastern North America ; breeding from higher northern boundary of the United States northward ; winters as far south as Guatemala. REGULUS CALENDULA. (Linn.) Ruby=crowned Kinglet. North America ; from the fur countries to Central America ; breeds north of the United States, except on high mountain ranges. Subfamily POLIOPTILIN^. Qnatcatchers. Genus POLIOPTILA. Sclater. POLIOPTILA C/ERULEA. (Linn.) Blue=gray Qnatcatcher. Southern portion of the United States ; casual as far north as Massa- chusetts ; winters in the Gulf States, Cuba, and Central America. 555 (748) 556 (741)) 557 (751) FAMILY TURDID/e. Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats, Bluebirds, etc. Subfamily MYADESTINyC. Solitaires. Genus MYADESTES. Swains. 558 (754) MYADESTES TOWNSENDIL (AuD.) Townsend's Solitaire. Western species ; accidental in Illinois ; one record. Subfamily TURDINyE. Tlirushes. Genus TURDUS. Linn. Subgenus HYLOCICHLA. Baird. 559 (755) TURDUS MUSTELINUS. Gmel. Wood Thrush. Eastern United States ; from Massacluisetts south to the Gulf States and Central America ; breeds from Virginia northward. 560 (756) TURDUS FUSCESCENS. Steph. Wilson's Thrush. Eastern North America ; from Anticosti to the Gulf of Mexico ; the greater portion winters south of the United States. 561 (756a) Tardus fuscescens salicicola. (Ridgw.) Willow Thrush. Western race, which occurs as far east as Illinois ; it differs but little from fuscescens, the breast spots are slightly wider and the back somewhat darker. 562 (757) TURDUS ALICl/G. Bairu. Qray=cheeked Thrush. North America ; from Labrador and Alaska to the Gulf of Mexico and Central America ; breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay north- ward. LIST OF THE IJIKDS OF KASTFIfX NORTH AMKRICA. 387 A. () r 563 {Ibla) Tiiidii.s alicite btcknelU. (Kidgw.) Bickuell's Thrush. " iMoiiutaiuous ptut of the northeastern States (CatskiUs, AVhite Moiin- lains,etc.) and Nova Scotia; migrating south iu winter." (A. O. U.) 564 (loHa) TURDUS LSTULATUS SWAINSONII. (Cab.) Olive-backed Thrush. Eastern Noith America , from Rocky Mountains to the Athmtic; win- ters 111 Central and vSouth America and the West Indies , bieeds in the Alleghanies and mountains of southern New England, and farther north in western United States. 565 (759/v) TURDUS AONALASCHK/E PALLASII. (Cab.) Hermit Thrush. Eastern Nortli America ; breeds from Massachusetts northward ; winters from Illinois and southern New York to the Gulf. SuuGKNis TURDUS. LiNX. 566 (ICO) TURDUS ILIACUS. LiNX. Red=winged Thrush. European species; accidental in (Ireenland. Genus MERULA. Lkacii. 567 (TGI) MERULA MIGRATORIA. (laNN.) American Robin. ''Eastern North America to the Rocky Mountains, including eastern Mexico and Alaskti ; breeds from Virginia and Kansas northward to the Arctic coast ; winters from southern Canada and nortlicru United States southward" (A. O. U ) ; occurs in great Hocks at times in southern States during migrations. Genus HESPEROCICHLA. Baikm. 568 (7G3) HESPEROCICHLA N/CVIA. (Gmel.) Varied Thrush. Pacitic coast species; stragglers have been taken in Massachusetts, Long Island, and New Jersey. Genus SAXICOLA. Becus. 569 (TG.)) SAXICOLA OENANTHE. (Linn.) Wheatear. Old-world species, which occurs in (ireenland and Laltrador; stragglers have been taken in Nova Scotja, Maine, and Long Island. Genus SIALIA. Swainson. 570 (Tf.f,) SIALIA SIALIS. (Linn.) Bluebird Eastern United States; from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic, north to the British Provinces, and south to Gulf of Mexico and Cuba; breeds from tiic Gulf States, norlliw:ird winters fi ^J' o c+ CD <3 U- <• H o 1 a • '/J tx. M • § o H, a r^ tx ^ H- OJ ^1 c+