ie Eipaitice LETH Lis Ete acgdark thet f pity edtA ae daa, bi if iva? se Taeade rf ‘J ashi e Fy 4 isa: po iteoS gar seezhats 2 Salad eta Root oh Saleh aB aid aes, Crea MALO ain, ey tnnedes physi ates met sh iron x} fyb tihavet beech ct ne te H iss. Fite taba saad eget Ciera gees) BAe 424 he Tih isiaatne Litet tab ah eared } nyse Ae ; ; 3 : Danae J | ‘ Y i f iad tas ears) tate tls. idakated a 249 ONE 2 Ceavete) a resis ISPEN! pyreiry rere rer are) eh ab bene sed cee tty prs sarge ! ah gf ancattem cfs aad etata imetiaree CaM HSER Pete cea rays lad tiara L ghenty t ; Cy red ; MePbOr tC: é : Pn pSantatasssl S ¢ Aetubh wag tanins tye Fataes tathe sant shisitarase ghee se chee oe rec saree HERE: Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http:/www.archive.org/details/birdsofeasternca0Otaveuoftt é ae ie ore re | ; Re yt a, a al CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES Hon. MARTIN BURRELL, MINISTER; R. G. MCCONNELL, DEPUTY MINISTER. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WiLiiaM McINNES, DIRECTING GEOLOGIST. MEMOIR 104 No. 3, BIOLOGICAL SERIES Birds of Eastern Canada BY P. A. Taverner OTTAWA J. pp LABROQUERIE TACHE PRINTER TO THE KING’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY ~ 1919 No. 1563 Tntroduction.... 57172—13 CONTENTS. 2G POO WLC Harn CUES Raa RO rte die Rae oie Pian tela eRe av AID Ug erat UM As ae Ge eta ema Classification...... Se AE erel ROR pe Aa SANs Rati NL eee ogame ape ai par eae PU eae ee Rea RS Im Berea ee EEL CLISLUTULION: + cfaca frei Serio ae REINS ae eee oT RE ee as RMR RPI Pe Ba ats pt AU eel NSS A ER oe RT aS oe ee Fa hh LE RBGIB HOTS cea s CE tee Ret a PRD a ARR oP Ne nag Mee ee Ok es SM LC 3c) WPPESRTISI OSS EULSAC GATISALDIT Nears sere oo he Paes ae Ee oe Sr aim hes Ede Pee EEL LCP ACABIA LED CUTS He cher se arene Lae crore eters Nie aha oes eo Re Ae Re te Dn Pau Ne MIT Sor CAStErM CANA Aer tak i. aA Seeks ane eR Ieee cP XIV. Sys FIST Rav ENS3 WW Keero ya as a ore ia a ie aus hase sare hake Lee oe er eal hae hve ity pe ESDP OFI CAINS DRELO WALL W:Kic., fycrosts. ons’ 'ace 5 shavers vere Re eee we Oe ei DeNo. this) QTY SEN 7B EDO RG OG Oe PIIERSS Gee PES ORS at Ay on a RN eee LN PS PESTLE EO) WI eae ares ae nah cee, fee Rh Mee ean nh cere rte leh eae ae bh DENY abs, ISGERE a2 CMON cet ones ate Ue A RSS RR 01 ae i Nc HS CECA LBEROTIGG Owls antec) rk aes aeia era aNM ae U TulNeehRSDet XVII. A. Black-billed Cuckoo; Yellow-billed Cuckoo............ccccceccuccecccccee 13\5 LEAG] hirsya al E Aree nnmia XXII. A. Ruby-throated Hummingbird... ce on. sous nal arial sar at. oc dee B. Kingbitd..........6-020-060 7000 -nree ee oe ne walben@ou/enn eres Mga oni: sae K RTI, A. Phoebe... occ. cookies pene le See 2.00 sine alpiaieieloiemiin ema ree a ° B.. Horned Lark. ..)......0 2020 cece et eee ese eee cae: shies 9 miei reine Ge cane KKIV. A. Blue Tay. ....., 0.0.0.0... 6de ence tienda vi sts ssiniinl eet ee FB. Canada Jay... ci senses ec nn's citer clesin os olsis nis mbibinie sa nin alsin ie ates Danie nee KXV. A. American Crow:...... 2.06 cceewe ccs tece rans one + chien siete Sia Ep eielenie ie eam B, Bobolink... . .c.c css oe ocee see nce weusiee «eee din r.pic em nls olen ee en RXV. A. Cowbird....... 25.) ccee cee vcns ee cen ceases eehs waivinls sem 220i ea ania ae B. Red-winged Blackbird...............:eeeceecee cess cence ceeesnneceessanes KXVII. A. Meadowlark.........0..02cc0cbe esas cn ee sceee dese since Scie osetia B. Baltimore Oriole.......5 56.002. occa mena cen anesiceiec eens sls oe pbs Ome meinem KXVIII. A. Bronzed Grackle...........2+-seeeseceeceeccersee scenes regen sebaease ceelams B: Pine Grosbeak. ......:.cscaeeccceeuvehed sweepers ssi stim a6 eh reise etetere sane KXIX. A. Purple Finch......5..2.0005 ses ce cee eee cane esieiss meirebin ls ele nee eee B. House Sparrow .....ceescce rennin c och en ne caine es 0g ~ ems shielemiqeiaincgs seni eeeaieas XXX. A. American Goldfinch. .............-ccseeseee cee cece eters rssssesetesracese B. Snow Bunting... ....00i oe sec cece enone wam leh alias + ple = =m mir ma min ames XXKI. A. Vesper Sparrow. ........ 22.22 0c beets ccesve wenn ups sey amie ngs hese ene __B- White-crowned Sparrow.......----sseeeeeeeecreecreeeccceeeteereressss ces XXXII. White-throated Sparrow...........2:0:eceec eee e een e cess ee seen ee reeer esas Y Thee SPAKTOW. «ose = sce ec cee een neice sie nie y= a = 9's 910.8 clei oN el amano eae sine XXXII. A. Chipping Sparrow. ......-0- 2500-2 teens teste 2 asthenia eee 12 (rc: ee iS RE ec ia ci ay Pek yD Ode Er XXXIV. A. Song Sparrow........60.--seeecrscceces tens oe cobeaine ehbere ee ee Greets tee eres B. Rose-breasted Grosbeak..........0.:cceeeececee cece sees eeeeenenenraeceens KXXV. A. Searlot Tanager........... 00000 2.c5 eee ccce ses ncn pus o00n misiemie esne teenie B. Purple Martin..........0-026000ccn esse eens te mneinsipaiec wees bevels ee oe senna XXXVI. A. Barn Swallow. ........0.022000c pene eee cn encn eevee. rie clever eee B. Tree Swallow... c00c+cc0 cv scceessccccmnn one ssa 1p 0le'='e\e(e)o) stellen sina e i aanae XXXVI. A. Bank Swallow. ....:5.0.605 0200600 h ons ve oe bee > oininm oreieir 9 rin ane B. Cedar Waxwing: ........2- 0200s cece ee can cies ainis « aie7)-)= nett ae Sane ree leis XXXVI. A. Migrant Loggerhead Shrike..........-.---:-seeeeceercteressettetcnerceses B. Red-eyed Vireo. . «os... 2 255 sions canis tine ologloye,» mato 0l0)ple wm gee Oe RKXIX. “AL Warbling Vireo. .....5.0 2c hese ns ines siege 2 ole aed sen > mine sensei a B. Black and White Warbler.......--.--:0seeceeccrc sc este eerste sereeeesces XT. As Yellow Warbler: ic. 50055 218 te cicse o ote oles levis iioselela ei neyeiayiiiel rere ete) >/ le aaa B. Black-throated Blue Warbler..........-..0-22-scc eerste ast eter ec ttereeees XELI. A. Myrtle Warbler. : .. 0352. 005020500 owsjnivies oniee nev wrels i= a> meter niece B. Magnolia Warbler. ....-. 22.000 sso cea cece ce saelet met nese ee = tan: mena ienes XLII. A. Blackburnian Warbler............--ccccccceeece rere ress eneccecesrsoseerene B. Black-throated Green Warbler KLTIT. (A. Oven-bird in. 2... cece ccis beanies ose e ela nelee eee eleivie om ale heirs): acer neers B. Northern Yellow-throat............-22sccceeee eee e cece ese eters eeeee iden XLIV. | A. Redstart: ic .cccc oo 5 5c 0 tis. c oie acele ls rasenayy oto elope lela: #1 elgaalsoleley ors ara SB Catbird si iis. ce... 0k. oe ee bee hole eit eee mieilin © ale) ates nanis eee KLV. WA. Brown Thrasher... .<- 2. cdc eeiee ape oo civ leterele ete] nl =\>, oie 0) sfehace naeeae de pene Reet nae BB, Ouse WEN. vic «csc ccs co wale o dlesere p w:alb cee ete uete e1eby ots evelelinte ave io tele\eieaei> tele ieee teen mica MLV. As) Brown’ Creeper. ws s..00 62. 5. )ie bec. 05% niclole ere wales etndotbpe)ole oir te ape eke yaaa ete B. White-breasted Nuthatch.............ccccecc cece c eer ac cerrecscssserecnes XLVII. A. Chickadee.. oles 66 da ep w 0p 0 00.0.6 ten © 0 0 06 a), 6,0)0]p © 60 ie) 6m /u\e) 6 Mame ei@ eel eee . Grey-cheeked and Olive-backed Thrushes.....................0. cee ceeeee TORTIE ET PURE cots He salata 5 5 Sioais cts Paces Me ee ak Se oe es ee ee B bi > bi > bi > bo PMA P LES IOI TA5 ROM hc wo sicic cine nick rain nle a ola asters ee OT RRS LEE orrae ae cl " ry he Saat grt m4 U Neh Birds of Eastern Canada. INTRODUCTION. OBJECT OF THE BOOK. Of late years there has been a great awakening of interest in the subject of natural history. More and more people are beginning to realize the pleasure and profit that can be derived from observation of common natural objects. In this growing field of nature study, few subjects have attracted so much popular attention as birds and few forms of life appeal so strongly to the «esthetic sense. They are beautiful; they arouse curiosity; their elusiveness piques the imagination; and by presenting constantly new aspects they never become commonplace. * The ornithological side is one from which the problems of nature can be successfully attacked from so many standpoints and in so many ways that there is interesting and valuable work for all to accomplish according to individual taste or opportunity. Those who incline towards systematic work can split their definitions as finely as human powers of observation permit. The animal psychologist can develop his problems as far as ingenuity can devise methods for experimentation. The ordinary nature lover can observe and note as painstakingly as opportunity permits; he can record information of scientific as well as popular interest, take pleasure in observing passing beauties, train his powers of observation, and acquire a knowledge that greatly increases his capacity for appreciation of nature. Even the unsentimental, practical man, who has little outward sympathy with abstract beauty, has his attention attracted by the evident economic value of birds. The ‘Birds of Eastern Canada” has been written to awaken and, where it already exists, to stimulate an interest, both esthethic and practical, in the study of Canadian birds and to suggest the sentimental, scientific, and economic value, of that study; to assist in the identification of native species; and to furnish the economist with a ready means of determining bird friend from bird foe that he may act intelligently towards them and to the best interest of himself and the country at large; to present in a readily accessible form reliable data upon which measures of protective legislation may be based; to point out some of the pitfalls that have caught the inexperienced in the past; and to suggest methods for their future avoidance. SCOPE OF THE BOOK. This work covers all the birds that the ordinary observer is likely to meet with between the Atlantic coast and the prairies north of the Inter- national Boundary. This region forms a natural zoological area (see Distribution, page 8), including what may be called the eastern woodlands of Canada, a fairly homogeneous section, physically, geographically, and zoologically. The prairies are radically different in character and, con- sequently, exhibit an entirely different aspect of bird life. The birds of 2 the open are naturally different from those of the woodlands; hence Manitoba has been taken as the western boundary of the zoological area dealt with in this book. Although not a scientifically complete check-list of the birds of Eastern Canada, this book is nearly so. A few species whose Canadian status is doubtful, and some of extreme rarity or of accidental occurrence, have been disregarded. The utmost freedom has been used in this respect and species have been admitted freely upon the basis of expediency; some as being of probable occurrence and to be looked for, others as illustrating some point of general interest more pointedly than regular native species, and some because in the past they have been confused with commoner forms. PLAN OF THE BOOK. The systematic arrangement (see Classification, page 5, and nomen- clature, page 7) used are those of the Check-list of the American Orni- thologists’ Union, third edition, 1910. Though this arrangement is acknowledged to be somewhat imperfect and its details tentative, it is that upon which most of the recent American bird literature is founded and is the one in common use in North America. In the treatment of subspecies a departure has been made from cur- rent practice, which the writer believes to represent more accurately the facts of nature and modern concepts. Species have been treated as aggregations of subspecies, each of equal rank and importance, and not, as is customary, as species with subordinate sub-species depen- dent upon them. The species is first given as a whole, including its subspecific races, and under a subhead mention is made of the special subspecies that occur within the geographical scope of the work. This has caused no confusion or change except in the use of vernacular names in which the reader will find a few departures from those given and authorized by the American Ornithologists’ Union. In the scientific nomenclature the true relative importance of species and subspecies has been expressed ; but the common names have not heretofore always reflected this conception of subordination and this fact in many cases has caused the use of definite subspecific terms when it was by the very nature of the case impossible to determine their correctness or when it was unadvisable to recognize them. Thus there has been a tendency to attach unwarranted importance to these minor distinctions in popular as well as scientific estimation. In the correction of this condition certain adaptations of common names have been necessary, but as little change as possible from accepted practice has been made. Older terms have been revived wherever possible, but as current names have also been given no confusion should result. It has, in some cases, been necessary to apply the recognized type subspecific name to the whole species and adopt a new one for the form so robbed. In doing this it was advisable that as little change should be made in current usage as was consistent with the end in view. Therefore, except where good reasons prevented, the new subspecific name was formed by prefixing an adjective to the specific term hitherto applied to it. Each departure from accepted practice has been decided upon its own merits. Though there can be little doubt as to the advisability of the principle of the reform, the manner of carrying it out has been the subject of much thought, con- siderable consultation with others, and some hesitation in individual cases. 3 The Horned Lark is one example of this problem. The type subspecies Otocoris alpestris alpestris has generally been known as the Horned Lark regardless of the fact that any one of the fourteen or more other geogra- phical races have an equal claim to the name and that it is the only one for the species as a whole. The obvious course is to call the typical sub- species, Otocoris alpestris alpestris (only typical in the sense of being des- cribed first and not on account of any taxonomic superiority to other forms), Eastern Horned Lark and to apply the name Horned Lark to the whole collection of co-ordinate subspecies, making it synonymous with the scientific binomial Otocoris alpestris. The Migrant Shrike offered other difficulties. The logical proceeding would be to call the whole species Louisiana Shrike, from its scientific name ludovicianus. This would, however, introduce an unfamiliar name recog- nizable by only a few. The species has, therefore, been called here the Loggerhead Shrike and the form of eastern Canada the Migrant Logger- head, on the assumption that a geographical term such as southern could be applied to the type race to which Loggerhead has hitherto been restricted. It would be too much to expect that the result attained will satisfy everyone; the writer hopes, however, that it will be accepted until the American Ornithologists’ Union committee takes the matter up and makes authoritative decisions. In the following pages the number and vernacular name, with as little modification as possible, have been taken from the American Ornith- ologists’ Union check-list and appear first as a specific heading in heavy type. Following, in smaller type, are the more common local names by which the species has been or is known in various localities. The French equivalent is then given, preceded by the contraction, ‘‘Fr.’”’. These formal French names have been adapted from “‘Dionne’s Les Oiseaux de la Province de Quebec” and are followed when possible by vernacular terms in current use in French-speaking sections. Many of them were furnished by Dr. C. W. Townsend who has had considerable ornithological experience in the eastern provinces. Where French terms are missing, there is as far as the writer is aware no accepted French name: The Latin specific name follows in italics and is always binomial. Preceded by the initial ““L”’ the length of the species is next given in inches and decimals of an inch. The length of a bird is determined by measuring it, in the flesh, in a straight line from the tip of the bill to the end of the longest tail feather, the bird being stretched only enough to straighten the neck curves. The measurements given are those of the average adult male and indicate the comparative size of the species under consideration. They are not for specific identification, as in most species there is more or less individual and sexual variation. Only an outline description of species is given and where there are illustrations the description is omitted and the reader is referred to the illustration instead. Under “Distinctions,” an attempt is made to bring out the salient points by which the species, when in hand, may be separated from other similar forms, and the work of other authorities has been freely drawn upon to supplement the writer’s observations. Many of the distinctive points are naturally only superficial, but all are, as far as possible, reliable. Under the heading “‘Field Marks,” the features by which the species may be recognized in life are mentioned. In these the writer has been 3 4 guided largely by his own experience and has stated the points that seem most characteristic to him. In species with which he has had little experi- ence in life he has relied upon others. Under ‘‘ Discussion,” as many facts of general interest relating to the species have been included as the space allows or the importance of the species warrants. Scattered among the various species, where applicable under this head, numerous matters are discussed and general laws govern- ing zoological life stated. Many of these apply to a number of species and some might well be repeated under each specific heading were it not for the constant repetition that it would necessitate. An attempt has been made to encourage a wholesome protective attitude from an esthetic viewpoint. “Nesting” is merely a brief description of the nest and its situation. Much of this is drawn from other authors, especially from the invaluable “Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America.”’ Under “ Economic Status ”’ is given a summary of present knowledge of the species in their relation to man. Most of this is drawn from the admirable work done by the United States Biological Survey. Of necessity only a brief outline of the data upon which conclusions are founded can be given and the reader is referred to Ornithological Literature on page 13, for greater details. Under ‘‘ Distribution ”’, it has been deemed best to give the distri- butions in such general and well understood terms that all can get at least a general conception of the ranges of the species. The result may be a little vague owing to the lack of sharvly defined boundaries of the ranges, but the centres of distribution are made clear. For definite ranges the reader is referred to the ‘‘ Catalogue of Canadian Birds” by John and James M. Macoun, issued by this department in 1909. Throughout it has been the endeavour to avoid the use of technical terms, substituting familiar words wherever possible. Some technical terms, however, have no general vernacular equivalent and a glossary of yee is given on page 219, for the benefit of those who are unfamiliar with them. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The writer wishes to acknowledge valuable assistance received in the course of his work from the following sources: Mr. Frank Chapman, whose ‘‘ Handbook ”’ has been invaluable in filling out gaps in the writer’s personal experience; in suggesting ideas of construction, and plan and methods of execution. : pees United States Biological Survey for data on the economic relations of birds. Mr. J. H. Fleming, of Toronto, and Mr. W. E. Saunders, of London, who have been untiring in giving advice and assistance from the time of the inception of this work until its completion. Frank Hennessey, of Ottawa, and Claude Johnson, of this depart- ment, who are responsible for the illustrations; the former for the coloured pictures and the latter for the line details of the key. James M. Macoun, of this department, who has been a constant source of helpful advice, and has assisted in preparing the following pages for the printer’s hands. ~ oO To these, as well as to a multitude of other private and published sources I wish to express thanks for aid and assistance. CLASSIFICATION. The first step in any science is that of classification. The present system of generic grouping of species was first advanced by Linneus in his epoch-making ‘“‘ Systema Nature” and has since been followed con- sistently by zoologists. By this, species are grouped together in genera according to fundamental structural relationships and not accidental resemblances. The fact that upon the discovery of the laws of evolution these relationships were found to agree with lines of descent proved the logic of the system and gave it an added meaning. Thus the various specific members of a genus can be conceived as having descended from a common specific ancestor; the genera of a family from a common generic one, ete. Dealing only with existing North American birds, they may be divided into a number of Orders, which are the largest groups with which the Canadian ornithologist has direct concern. Orders are divided into Families, Families into Genera, and Genera into Species. These divisions may he again subdivided into Suborders, Subfamilies, Subgenera, and Subspecies whose positions in the scheme are evident from their titles. | Though the limitations of book construction necessitate the presenta- tion of the classification scheme as a linear succession of forms following one another in single file, it should be borne in mind that the system is not linear in conception. The component species instead of following a single line of relationship and sequence from the lowest to the highest present many parallel or divergent lines of equal or subordinate rank. The class Aves or Birds may be represented by a tree, the height of the tree representing time in geological ages from the earliest at the bottom to the present near the top. The trunk should be shown as double at the base; one stem would be a short dead stump and would represent the fossil toothed birds which became extinct before present geological time; the other, large and thrifty, would represent the modern untoothed forms. This in turn would divide into two main branches a short way from the base and would represent the two subclasses, the Raft-breasted and the Keel-breasted birds. The former would be represented by much the smaller branch, whereas the latter would divide and subdivide into branches representing first, orders; next, families; then, genera; and finally species. The value of these divisions, that is, the amount of differentiation sufficient to raise a group of genera to a family, or a collection of families to an order, is a matter for experienced individual decision as there is no authoritative ruling upon the subject. However, there has gradually grown up an approximate agreement on this subject, though the constant tendency among specialists has been to make finer and finer distinctions and to multiply the number of the various groups. The smallest division generally accepted is the Species. Though everyone has a more or less accurate conception as to what a species is, whether it be called by that name or another, no satisfactory definition has ever been constructed for it. It is what is commonly known as a 6 ‘‘kind of an animal ’’. Thus the horse is a different ‘“‘ kind ”’ or species from a donkey, a bluebird from a robin. Theyare sharply marked off from each other, regularly breeding together within the species only and pro- ducing like species as offspring. Distinct species do not commonly interbreed, but, when they do so, they form crosses or hybrids that are usually sterile. Up to comparatively recent years no smaller division was recognized, but with intensive study of material it has become evident to advanced students that within the species there is considerable individual and geographic variation. Individual variation is the natural difference that may occur at any time between members of common parentage such as amongst full brothers and sisters. Just as like begets like so within certain limits like begets unlike for no two creatures are ever exact duplicates. This is individual variation, usually smail and irregular in appearance and direction, but sometimes persisting progressively generation after generation in one direc- tion and forming the basis upon which present day evolutionists explain the origin of new species. Individual variation, however, is disregarded in classification, unless it has proceeded far enough to produce marked and constant differentiation over a definable natural group of a species. Geographical variation can be regarded as the result of a common tendency of individual variation acting over a whole community of indi- viduals tending towards a common goal and is held to be induced and directed by local climatic and other conditions. Thus we often find that within a widespread species all individuals inhabiting certain iocalities have characteristics that separate them from those of the surrounding areas. Individuals in a dry desert country are apt to be smaller and lighter in coloration, whereas those in a warm, moist country are usually larger and darker. These differences are sometimes marked and obvious; at other times they are so slight as to be noticeable only by comparison of large numbers of specimens and can be detected only by averages. Thus there is every degree of differentiation, due to geographical habitat, from pro- nounced departures from type, of almost specific value, te the finest shades of differentiation that skilled specialists can distinguish and which are inappreciable to the ordinary eye. The outstanding fact, however, that prevents the most marked geographical variation from full specific standing is that these minor forms intergrade and in intermediate localities every shade of differentiation between the extremes can be found. Between species this gradual merging of character is not supposed to occur, and however fine the distinctions may be, the divisions should be sharp and defined. We, therefore, recognize these intergrading variations due to or based upon geographical distribution as Geographical Races, Varieties, or Subspecies, the latter term being now in best current use, and we regard them as species in the making before the connecting stages binding them to the original stock have disappeared, owing to the growing sterility between the extreme variants. Except in such rare cases of physical isolation, as where an oceanic island habitat precludes continuous distri- bution, we take, in practice, the existence of intergrades as the evidence of subspecific status. Besides these divisions of taxonomic value there are a few other variants that, owing to their erratic occurrence, cannot be recognized in our classification. These are ‘“Albinos,” ‘‘ Melanos,” and ‘“* Dichromatic Forms.” f Albinism, or unusual whiteness, is the sporadic occurrence of white individuals, in species that are normally otherwise coloured, and may occur in almost any species. It may be either perfect or partial and is due to lack of pigment or colouring matter in the feather or skin substance. It can be regarded as a manifestation of physical weakness and is said to be induced, among other things, by close inbreeding. A good test as to whether a pure white coloration is albinism or is normal is the colour of the pupils of the eyes. In albinos the pupils are pink in colour, as the lack of normal colour in the retina allows the blood coloration to show. Melanism, or unusual blackness, is due to an excess of pigment. A good example of melanism is the Black Fox, which is a melanic variant of the common red species. Dichromatism is the term applied to occurrence of two different types of coloration in a single species, irrespective of sex, age, or season. Thus the Sereech Owl occurs in both red and grey phases (see Plate XVI A). They breed together indiscriminately and the offspring may be of either coloration. The Rough-legged Hawk and the Jaegers occur in light and in almost black phases; the difference between dichromatism, and melanism in these cases is slight. Hybrids form another departure from specific type. They are the offspring of parents of two distinct species. It is only occasionally that such matings are fruitful, and when they are the offspring is generally sterile.. Hybrids occur most often among ducks, especially with the Mallard as one of the parents. Every North American bird has a common or vernacular name author- ized by usage and recognized by the leading ornithologists and there is seldom necessity for using the scientific nomenclature. However, it is well for all who are interested in birds to familiarize themselves with as many of the scientific names as possible, as they are not only necessary in more advanced work, but they are of practical use in grasping the general re- lationships between various species. The present Binomial System of nomenclature was introduced by Linneus, the great Swedish botanist, and embodied in his Systema Nature, tenth edition, 1758, which is the authority accepted by American ornith- ologists. In this system each species is given a double name, the first term being that of the genus to which it belongs, the second that of the species. Generic names are not duplicated within the sphere of zoology and specific ' names never within the genus. Thus, the American Robin is Planesticus migratorius; that is, that species of the genus Planesticus which is named migratorius. Other species of Planesticus have other names than migra- torius. The three objects of scientific nomenclature are exactitude, univer- sality, and permanence. To this end the naming of zoological material is subject to strict laws whose principles are universally accepted and applied according to strict codes. Under these laws the scientific name of a species is not a matter of personal preference, but is fixed, so that few or none can dispute it, and no changes can be made in scientific nomenclature except such as are necessary to correct current mistakes in the application of the laws of the code. With increased knowledge it has become neces- sary to depart slightly in letter, though not in spirit, from the strict bi- 8 nomial system of Linnzus, and by adding a third term as name of the subspecies to make it. a trinomial one. Wherever a three-term name is used, it is that of a subspecies of the original binomial form. The first specimen described, or the first specimen to which a name has been at- tached, is regarded as the so-called “‘ Type”’ form. Therefore, in dividing a species into subspecies the form which was first named as a_ species becomes automatically the type race, and its subspecific name is formed by a repetition of its specific name. Thus the American Robin that was first described and specifically named by Linnzus in 1766 as migratorius when mentioned subspecifically in distinction from the Southern Robin or the western one becomes Planesticus migratorius migratorvus. The Western Robin first separated from it by Ridgeway in 1877, was named by him as Planesticus migratorius propinquus, and the Southern Robin by Bachelder in 1900, is Planesticus migratortus achrusterus. In practice,where the generic or specific names are evident from the context, it is customary to indicate them by initial, as P. migratorius, or P. m. migratorius. Subspecific varieties are divisions of the species and, except in special lines of work, or where special exactitude is necessary, of minor importance. As these subspecies are also often based upon points of difference only perceptible to the most experienced observers, they generally le outside the sphere of interest of the average amateur observer. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. The broader facts of the geographical distribution of life are patent to the most casual observer. The primary divisions of distribution, the Tropics, Temperate, and Arctic zones are obvious, but closer study shows that within these broad associations minor and less obvious ones can be detected. In America, north of the gulf of Mexico, there are three life regions, roughly following the above, called the Tropic, the Austral, and the Boreal regions. These are subdivided into life zones each characterized by its own peculiar assemblages of plants and animals. The Tropic region is sufficiently characterized by name and need be only mentioned. The Austral region corresponds roughly to the popular geographical conception of the Temperate zone. It is divided into three life zones, the Lower Austral, the Upper Austral, and the Transition zones. The Lower Austral might be designated as subtropic and extends north includ- ing the gulf and the south Atlantic states, not occurring in Canada at all. The Upper Austral is the first that we are directly interested in in eastern Canada, it merely crosses the border on the lake Erie shore and includes the famous Niagara fruit belt. The frequent or regular occurrence of numerous southern species on Pelee point in Essex county, Ontario, marks the strongest development of this zone in the Dominion. It slightly touches our southern boundary again in Saskatchewan and perhaps some of the warmer valleys running into southern British Columbia. The northern- most Austral or Temperate life zone is the Transition zone which includes the greater part of the more highly cultivated areas of Canada. It occupies the shores of the bay of Fundy, the upper St. Lawrence river, southern Quebec and Ontario, the lower sections of the prairie provinces, and a 9 strip of sea coast in southern British Columbia and marks the limit of extensive cultivation. The Boreal region is divided into the Canadian, Hudsonian, and the Aretic zones. The Canadian includes the remainder of the forested land north of the Transition and is mostly coniferous, continuing across the continent to the northern limit of general cultivation. The Hudsonian zone is in the more northern country of small shrubs or stunted tree growth unsuited to agriculture, and the Arctic zone extends across the barren grounds north to the pole. These life zones based upon temperature and roughly following the lines of latitude, are, however, deflected from their natural east and west sweep by varying local conditions, the vicinity of cold or warm ocean currents, the presence of large bodies of water, elevation above the sea, the prevalence of cold or warm winds or mountain barriers to the same, and other causes. Thus instead of being even belts they are irregular and only roughly follow parallels of latitude. Elevation is an important factor in the distribution of life depending upon temperature. In the tropics in ascending a high mountain, repre- sentatives of each zone between that of the surrounding lowland and the Arctic of the snow-covered peak, may be met with and appropriate assem- blages of species will be found inhabiting each. The juncture of Arctic and Hudsonian zones at the straits of Belle Isle, in the same latitude as Lands End in England, illustrates the enormous effect of the cold Arctic current, coming down from Davis strait, in contrast to the influence of the warm Gulf stream that dies against the English shores. We can also observe minor groupings east and west based upon con- ditions other than temperature, these determining factors being mostly variations of humidity. Thus the life of the eastern woodlands is plainly different from that of the more arid plains of the prairie provinces and both are strikingly different from that of the moist Pacific slope. Taking the eastern forms as typical in the ordinary acceptance of the word, comparable birds of the prairie will be found to be slightly smaller and considerably paler in coloration, whereas on the humid Pacific coast they will be larger and much darker in colour. Through these influences we, therefore, find in the west many subspecies of eastern forms. A com- paratively few species range unmodified across the continent, many are represented east and west by two or more subspecies showing greater or less differentiation, and in other cases they are replaced by closely allied species or not represented at all. ~ In noting these faunal divisions, however, it must be remembered that as far as birds are concerned, these associations have to be based entirely upon breeding individuals. Birds travel so widely and along so many devious routes in their migration, that they may pass through several faunal areas spring and autumn though breeding in only one. Therefore, in determining the faunal zone to which any given area should be referred, such transients must be disregarded. _ Though the distributions given under the specific headings following are rather vague and indefinite, many tend to foilow similar general lines. Thus some are given as ‘‘the lower Great Lakes region’’; these are prob- ably Upper Austral forms. ‘‘Southern Ontario and Quebec” refers to Transition species, whereas ‘‘beyond dense settlement or to the limit of cultivation”? would naturally be species of the Canadian zone. 10 The following species are given as representative of what birds are to be expected in each zone: Upper Austral Canadian Arctic Cardinal bs Hudsonian Chickadee Ptarmigan Orchard Oriole Red-breasted Nuthatch Snowy Owl Carolina Wren Olive-backed Thrush Snow Bunting Grasshopper Sparrow Three-toed Woodpecker Gyrfalcon Blue-grey Gnatcatcher Hermit Thrush Longspur Dickcissel White-throated Sparrow Canada Jay Transition: Grey-cheeked Thrush Bobolink Slate-coloured Junco Wood Thrush Yellow-throated Vireo Hudsonian Baltimore Oriole Rough-legged Hawk Towhee Fox Sparrow Cuckoo Northern Shrike Field Sparrow White-crowned Sparrow Bluebird Pine Grosbeak Catbird American Pipit MIGRATION. The migration of birds, their periodical and seasonal appearance and disappearance, is one of the most obvious phenomena of nature. The fact that many birds disappear in winter is common knowledge and has attracted attention for ages. ‘Though once regarded as a mystery, and still far from being throughly understood in many of its details, we are beginning to wonder less but admire more as accurate knowledge gives place to vague speculation. To-day, where most of our northern species spend the winter is known and many of the routes by which they come and go have been mapped out. We know that on the whole they are governed by ordinary and well known, though perhaps highly developed, senses and common every day influences, and not by the mysterious powers and instincts once ascribed to them. The fundamental cause of migration is obviously the waxing and the waning of the food supply. Birds leave the northern land of their birth because there is no other way by which to avoid starvation. Many species can withstand extreme cold but none can go long without food and though some bird food still remains in Canada throughout the winter, its amount is small and only sufficient for a limited population and even that supply rapidly decreases, or to the north is buried under deep snow. The cause of the southward migration in the autumn then is obvious, but why should a bird leave the soft climate and plentiful food supply in the south to brave dangerous travel and finally find itself in a land where retiring winter still lingers and the danger of starvation is imminent. Many ingenious explan- ations have been advanced to account for this, longing or homesickness for the land of birth, hereditary memories of an ancient home enduring through geological ages, the seeking of special food for nestlings, and insufficiency of nesting sites in the southern areas, have all been given as possible reasons. However, it is unnecessary to advance a complicated or far-fetched explanation when a simple and direct one exists. H we remember that. in the nesting season the bird population is increased many Most of the species of this zone also occur in the Upper Austral, but reach their northern limit here. The occur- rence of these with the absence of the species of bordering zones are the most marked charactcristics of the Transition zone. il fold by the birth of young; that though in winter there may be room for a considerable number of birds in the southern stations, the natural spring increase of population outgrows the supporting power of the land; and that just at this critical time the whole northern temperate region is thrown open to occupation with an abundance of food, the subject is mysterious no longer. In fact, it is only by migration that it is possible to use the supporting power of the temperate regions unless the birds fast or hibernate through the winters, to neither of which the avian nature takes kindly. Though food supply is the fundamental or originating cause of migra- tion we must look for other and more immediate impulses for an explanation of its methods to-day. Originally forced to and fro by hunger, the anuual movements now have become instinctive and take place before the situation becomes acute, the actual hunger pinch felt, or the physical system weakened by want. The extent of the migrations of the different species varies. A very few species do not, in the true sense of the word, migrate at all. In other species the more northern individuals only recede from their stations, the southern remaining practically stationary, though in the majority of Canadian species the whole body moves south. The bird of greatest length of migration is doubtless the Arctic Tern, a bird that nests from the gulf of St. Lawrence to the polar regions and winters as far south as the Antarctic continent. The methods of migration are nearly as varied as their extent. Some species drift along throughout the day from treetop to treetop, from wood patch to wood patch, gradually working their way in the desired direction. Others take long flights, some high in the air, others lower. Some travel altogether by day; others travel at night and we are only aware of their passage through accidental opportunities, their faint voices coming down to us from overhead in the darkness, or by their sudden appearance about usin themorning. They travel in flocks of single or mixed species, scattered groups, or as individuals. Many species, if not all, follow more or less definite routes to and from their breeding grounds and some go and return by altogether different paths. Comparatively small bodies of water defiect some species from their course, others unhesitatingly cross vast reaches of sea, indifferent to nearby and convenient land passages that are made use of by closely allied species. In some species the older birds precede and in others the males may precede the females. How birds find their way is still only vaguely understood, and indi- viduais far out of their natural range and course show evidence of being as hopelessly lost as any other animal would be on unfamiliar ground. Certainly experience has much to do with it and undoubtedly young birds are largely guided by the movements of their elders which, it can be assumed, through previous experience, already know and can lead the way. We can understand how birds can follow great landmarks—large river systems, mountain ranges, or sea coasts in their journey, but no sense with which we are familiar explains how some species return unerringly to lonely oceanic islands over wastes of monotonous sea. It may be that they have a special sense which aids them in orienting themselves. 57172—2 12 PROTECTION. In food habits, birds are eminently adaptable; seeds, plants, fruit, insects, flesh, or fish are all acceptable to various species and, consequently, nearly all regions have their quota of appropriate birds. e elene « 6050 opens to oleic) fs \eniwilel pew eneis 2 5 0 0.8. 2 0,010, 6,\n alle heteleleitans) as «0 s/s 0 0.10 \e wen @ Sle) le ate] wi eee. © e090) 2 0 @ 8.0 eels we leueuel tala PP aCe Cy nos 4 2 bp whlte Ree ene 70 as oo II oh SSoesage © lor) C6, (@, bijo ells, ais lo) otek we teeta lia PEE ETS sears re SEPA OS eae ak te hit ie A KG RAESE en Ge EM Roane Ba i eae EMRE ECEIACIN A on ely oe es mma te Ses ed in Se BSA cir ae EEL TITEL PLOT GMa NOY DME RR et MMe ie ie CORD Soe Res ROP REELS aa 7 : REINO AP CUINAC SS fe oho tries Sed AN ARE Ss ee ee (lo oui [phltiasnd SrA SO ati ey te eet ae cet RR nar REE os act E DE DD STE oe ee DER Se Se ta Ss to ch oe nay See PR INT oR EPR SEERE MEN RP ECan oe inn ee abe oA is on Bice! oan clara CREE eRe hoe SR IEP CUISTU Ete Ano nat Lent ba! oh Ub cw vane bean mee Le. Poke SI EMIIRTEE ERTS EOE e scopietets Sc de wash ho 6h NS we ee ee ee aE EE PERRI ED Re gs ey wa 6 wa Ripe kon OC ee Rana EMRE PRES O TEES 8 od a as Side waits an w'ss +s 2 cist RE ees iE TE VTRVTIVES Fe yea eget ha eis BAe er ERNIE ype hc Se yl rae oe RPM ee SS es be e.S bE eo wc Br Ae a en et oe Fier oeeers ETAT ES ATI Sp ents ee FR eee nc Oe 2 ate ee hi cleans TEGO Pl SED ip ce eS ea gama oie yee 3) Galera Sea a ie METI POE ee Pit ck ernest Si dah prion. ye a Oa Tahaka Shs ER USUILLET) ROIS. spre ee ON a ie a aa ers pe in ay CP SRE be, EMMITT ETRE Dyn, 2) 25. Se ie ci a Na tN Nie a le oe a pete MNR EMEC elo of I oO aes cia G, wn cide « o SO MIL Eee Re Faicones ene ey eg oe er Nl oe Na ey ae as we weno oh ea a Pe ON Il ot Ba i ett ogg 5 ec, BED ec Oe NCSC AMEE EIDE I eS eB es eel SSRs A ae RS hy URI SOL a SRE ON tS Rs OS erg RR ooh SN da aise ok a So ig Se Ee SPREE le nS EL Oe Te ae ee, ae i, oe iL EYL SD eh Ae ena ete eRe OT nS Ie ee EL CUPID TEE IS SIS ORR Ue eee mia an hung ts Deepa et tek SETOHIERHGUISHE Seats APN deen a Nes rely cee eee ORL Ye GR) ere Me at Neg AY Reg (DDT! ARIAS] OF aR hale are eee Me Serer Rome ER Mr ar athe eat eA ah a PROPER CSE pape Se ee Soe see pena NCA aes cst emt NN ol ecetieg Sn ag One eR PLP CET ETRE. siete SN er CO AAUP i a eR mR Ey A NN Seek ete MT IERSESECMET ENED CN of hes Rene eh) ws aE eee ed oe Gen ew a a EEL ARTNIREL SOE hit Preah Sees esas Se che ane aa ee hale ates SORE RLRIFEEP ER RDN et og) | eu el eed Gee aie bale Reape 2 SLT MLALE De RS i A eh i RS eae UE Be a eee ser PpSRMN URAC Mes a Gare et a Qed weet. MA ccd Oi seta Sete OE eee PILE ELE 73) TGS Renee ae. ie bai pa en Ma PPTNSS Ee ALsaTeD ayer 8.0 «3 SA ETE RSS ce ai gtt ie euaiIe RA Sencate VSO Sate tae cans Finch Grass. See Sparrow, Vesper. Page SBurple sires eaib Ae wks wo dee heels Se aig en Aen et ad 163 Win e@hesy occlu eae ced Wace aciiiw sie ice ike Se en 161 Pleraara gs WM osc diss ease he tace © eR ake peas ea Tes oe ee 4 1 Ita es AR aete ae n an ERNE ey iit ni aOR NERA IMAG ee Niner Sete ST 142 Hlorida cwmules . 05 So ic Be i ee eS eee 83 Hlycatcher; Acadian cio. casos Peak Fae are be ne eee 151 Canadian. See Warbler, Canada. CHEDEC os 5S se ed Rn ee ee ee 152 COPESC Ed, sa Poesia hs Seatac aa os see ae eT ee Tos he Re ae 149 - Great Crested ous Ae Si ws en IN A eee 149 BSE 5.5 1a32 Gh bee ve ve eal e cee ene es ole BIS Re TRU le ate ona axes are 152 little. Green-crestedony 4. isd cee ek eee 151 Olive-sided:i rr iva. Sok Oe ee ee eee 150 Scissor-tailed.. 25.5 Vee. oo a ee eee 148 Prats. doses oe oS cae bie Sea oa wk wot Ne eee 151 SPY PANG Bi. oak = Su Paice Sw We se iw A oe ee eee 148 Yellow-bellied 2. on ee AS See 151 Fly-up-the-creek. See Heron, Green. Paw de Basadin: ars say acts Soe ane eee ne eee a eae risen oo ea 60 Foulque d)Amérique. <2. 220 oh. ska walkie bees Hn ee eee 90 Powis, Pres 2/6 05.3 eee ee a a ee ore 106 Pratercula arctica s.r ovis es nano oe 45 Bringallidee ss 202 3g eee stds On Poe ek Had Loa eee eee 161 Bulica‘americania. ooo 20 hee Rees Se es a a eee 90 Rhema): 2132 sg oho eae PS sie SE be BE Oe eee 90 Bulisulinie 2 0222S 5 Sirs 2 Sota Nae CRE SE eee 68 Bradman 6S. cond So a hes BO oa a eee 57 Balmarai inf 0 26. 22205 ose RE ee 57 Bulmarus ‘glacialis.:. 2.3). Weiss 6a Gas dels Se ak oo Oe eee 57 G. Gad walle ois ee: AOR OR EE OE eee 66 AaTb Nn 8S Skok wc con his nae MSE on eS le eR eee 106 Gallinago' delicatac ois 55 v2) coe eno Po See cid be oe 93 Gallinula galenta yr) 20 66 ode ods od oe ddlawicakoaewt is Oa eee 89 Gallinule'dela Ploride: 2°. 06.55 505 wan co oe eee 89 PIGVIGa ss. B58 RES dos Po vo San Fd de OE eee 89 Purples. 356 Pe Paes Ne bo os Whee ME eee 89 Gallinules. os foo Foes nies hs nk RS eS eee 88 Gallinullinte 50 es hb eke SE i ee eee 88 Gannets e255 2) Ss teen ed es fhe ER eee 60 Gannetsie fp S85 SNe EE ee EEE ee 60 Gare-fowl. See Auk, Great. Garruline 2 2238 5 oo oS eas ona ROA ih ES eee 153 Gavia IMMED neo PS NS oes Oe ke tT ee 44 stellatai cS reas oe oe ES EE ES Ee 44 Gavaide os. ce he eh ae Ro OR ee 44 Gear dw Canada 35 ol ee eA ES ee 154 MPDES 5 eo Bae oe PAE as Me eae © CevodaNe Sal ce wc Sate OU eee 154 WGeese se es Pee Se oil 9 ae eels es alg ih aller 63, 75 Gélinotteia-Praise 22 ss Lee is | ee ee ee AT AiQUCUCS) AIPUC a sno ee a oes Se Sa De cio ane eee Oe eee 111 Geothly pis: cio oo aie OS wR an OE RE eee 201 ATICHAS cot ore, eRe aba CIS Ne DR OE Se OIE Ee 202 GIOSSAPY oo i ee 6 ais NEA Wd as CREE RS EE eee 219 Gnateatcher, ‘Blue=prey.<./ac050\0 2 ied oo ye so os oe oan whore ce 215 Gnatcatcherss 2.5500 ae Le iss oa EN 215 Goatsuckersss (eo eee a a eo ee 143 Godd or’ Gude 22 (ree On Bh eS ES SDE Le 47 GodwitHudsonian: 3) 2252s els oo oe oe Soe aed So ee ee ee 98 Marbled chee ccs suntiki. Bene ee 97 Page Re LATI MCE LIEN ACIS csi ts att serra soclaiavie octane ain cath bea hia sos Dees Ra 51 AAT CCAIR UCM eae ese smn a eeeatte tn ie Wie reese eR nang a ae ae 51 SIDES ats ARCO Ay ENCE EME ee RES meat RR eet Re Minar ee NO Ae ai! PIERCED A Bead ee ata ete, DUD Clee DU RR eee a gem Catia feats): a2 PEEPESOMEI ELC erate en Pe oii ale MEE PN Soy ee ns ae a ale Dee i era 53 ELT EN ie Se cia ya cate alee iat tg aetna Par ce a eaas Rept ec Sc aad te 53 Le. + = 2 ERR Te Ao Oa ae eerste noe Ne a PE AD Bellen Ae or oe 157 SRE ore ae ARERR RSS ge aN na ina an Em SMR MEE Si Len Co a 70 1 ESESTETECO AHS ea a ek Seen a a gc ONL mob NRE SUING cc val 7 Eos CEES STTSIPY aR RS ay a ea pee aby ed aR MRE EAA "rN Ya 168 Goosander. See Merganser, American. a MEE ees EU on ys Le cis Bide sik Stoiaceean kf oR ee 76 Per PRP IE > Ente 08 Cree CEN Ln Se, ict nc) 3 Foren Sd id Se ale ra A ER 76 EE sg oan SEES ES TRIS Se a leet a Renn. ee Pu a med ed ay 76 NOMEN Te SCL gh 5 ia) CMC. sain. Ecos Ole bea apa te Rite WR 75 Solan. See Gannet. SHEVES A w 2 SOS GS Sa RT Se DR en SP Merl ete bie Eat eS DA Gee re eee 75 ee free gh 252 is Saas la a tae ye oe RI 75 VAVTET i504 AYO Era ac ae ap RO eRe RR TSLN 2 Oe Me NNR aio 76 FG 6c seis acs kc. Ce Pe ge AA PU a rl a CA ences ater Sr 0 76 TPPURLED MULE. se TEPVRTTEESTIT Ska er PR I ane eer NOTES 7 = 119 Grackle, Bronzed. See Crow, Blackbird. Rusty. See Blackbird, Rusty. Graybird. See Junco. Great Head. See Golden-eye. eR TERE tg Fo Ea aio Oba cis ba Hon eee ee 43 BOIL PUES ores Big ee OPER SS er eer fare aie i on cee eg 42 ae ETL TELE = A SESE RS ioc Pg UREA e at 42 LELDSEIES «Sats NG OE ae aT Om arto edie pee De ninco tw eer 43 NE RMR 9 wt AN SS oe oe) SS ea, Ce Ss Ss as cig es OO eae 43 eee Ne et Ue Oh ae Secs AO ice A oe ee 42 a LMR EEE nS eS ae he Pg Bi sues Midsbin’ oS wee euclene ee ER 43 Ey ek crac CSSA a vr ae ee 42 Green-head. See Mallard ee ee I SS eS coe Bea os eon eE ee 188 ag nap es AEC REEN IE ooo recc oo cle ho |o.e ad 2 ois Siw nate Wis eek se aie meeeee soe 210 SHROT®, GEE CIRID En 5 A Se ois aA a RRS oR REP? er eat ea neh 200 on = = che earner rep a Se ~ es 216 EIDE LEER "Eis a RE Se a igre camer ae en eee seemed se 206 CELTS UL ees eS SS gee er ee ety on AERTS ea an ote tere 217 eer eereae penne Sir a ee es rl aa ee S ate eee S 216 LEE LGD coc! Se eae ees meeaeeoe a Ch open mae eas 216 SrELATS LAP LSA a SHOR th tis ae keer 200 aE RTT e Oist Oxo ee tg eed whe ac stale an He, haces 206 IOUS TE. coo bo ced ig Oi SRO SCL ET eee RE NR EE oc a a NM re CON eck to Sta 207 SO TCH o< TS acta 2S ee aa re ee en NSS ann Set eRGENC eg Spas 217 TEE Eee nti eh ct BRR cS eae en a ne ER Ce TOT pe rier vee n? 179 Cardinal. See Cardinal. ce LLL Es te eS See eM ratte eet oooh? ce 162 Li. E.s (se gin eee Se a er ee DC ee ature eka ttes feel 163 5 Be DIRE ESET PE ena ce Oa RANE re ere 179 ae ETE GIT Een se i Dr BL eat 0 yh ee ee 162 SM NMPERCARE DIOR Wi eects vo ere Thr Shh uA REDS ESET 179 SLE ae he 2a) CRE RR SE Se I RRR an ny fee ine eee 179 WUE NMRMAP OD ape Pe rete tt ia et ocho SUS OS pr TT OOS hs ina 163 ne are Mn rs FO OR Sg Bo eo neue any aes bees Pen OE, 51 FUMED s > 25 6.0.0 0 Sih 5 RRO a ee Ra RNa ere ct eee ENE Re cS oa ape 106, 108 eR i wae ASM Dae BN ee a ee ee! a A 108 Pinnated. See Chicken, Prairie. TLS LNT 2s SR ASRS Seal agora ean apes ot eae eatin NOR ee Paes Saar en erate 111 RRP tc ES a foe AL ae Soe alts eR IS ate eee eS PGE 108 pCR tars int hs | ot te aa a oi Doak Gao. OER 111 PRIM EIN east ps (rN ae Re gon aa oto 2 Bi A 108 RE eat ai Wen 8S ch Sat Sri Papen Se A es ea a wt ppt ae 110 Page LG's < Baeaee tg A RHR PANES aH Demin wet Sechaba sea MRED IA ee a. aw 85 Cra ao Sings soos Bios GS Be eA Ow w RAE WR ABs i Re nie CE a 85 Gris MEXICAN eG he ai eRe ceed cas SNe Ree ee A ES st a ae 85 Guillemot,’ Black ooegops es ae ok won bon leo ke 46 de Britnmich yo). 328 bc oe ies ek oan Gees eee ce ee 46 TROVE es ss ieee gS eae Chace atthe GaP at ey Sate eA 21 Oc 46 OVGINAITE, | ee ey Bes ey IS ee RN ees aE 46 Dhick-bulledy ios BOR Sek i ee 46 Guracel (oer le es 25 aac aaa a espe OIG Slav Sea ee ee Ce 179 Gull,“ Bonaparte’sx. 30 oars ee Se Ak Lea gnc te eo pe ee 53 GIAUGOUB ici eae ee ae a ee 51 Great Black-backed ie oe iss eat ce ohis Agee pane eee | Blerrari ge ie) SS ars sew yaa nd Soak Gal wes aa Sd Rain a Goal oa ec ne 52 Beebe rns agit arin ha araatsy dla a a seete SUDA ad AO Aes ne 51 Ring-billed 3.) 65 fisacs Be oS Bs LS Meg Mises sah oe a A 53 MIMS aio BSE este is Male @ Sele Sede ete: cist aie! Slat aie "Shek Roe i ah ee achat ee ee 49, 50 Gryplaleon see sta os 3) cca Sale ars es Sate ahah es Desi ol a a 126 WIG Cie Sah ceo peek ho ah og) isi cea bel lag Rae oe 126 Giyrialeons. si oaecs FRA S eS Ces aie, Winletlaka are) she ee apne eee 125 H. Hisomatopodidse 3. )..oy.3 aco ahere oc seks deme le te ee 105 Hair-bird. See Sparrow, Chipping. PPA BEGUS yooh jics oes ose k Siw nbs 5 ie DeSos le Siavaties lola gene Sea laigess ee ae ceria ay. oles leucocephalus 0. 222%.:syéc i oie date wg odd aoe 2 ss eG ae 124 Hang-nest. See Oriole, Baltimore. Hareida hyemalis.. 07.6 0. eos coe nna he ole Pele soa degra ews as ee 72 Eva fa rig ois gs 15 ete iss ics oh cee ee he re aks le Sad OR 134 Harlea.poitrine rOUSSe® 6.55.3 scale 0 cscs ace Have oi hee + as ens ena nte ee ee 64 a’ Ammerique oil. Sa OS eins 8 giles 4 awa eo ee Re Se Elarle; petites. oiacia 5 wings 0 Sa Face oe Sh Ow eee Sank gah an Tee Scone 64 1S Edy) clus ae eee nm mc en aera enn Ren TEE MERe a NYE RN aC gcc aS vo 0-0 - 116, 117 Hawk, American Sparrow... 22050650346 Sosa a ods boa ee eee 127 Blue Partridge. See Goshawk. Brosdd-=winiged. 5 fc. bois ob adc ne cowie ine es a 122 Bullet. See Falcon, Peregrine. Chickeme eee eo oe eas ie op i ee Id ar Se 119, 121 COOPER'S 5.5; Goss ssi enn ea boa ee beso Le chloe ene eRe es 119 Duck. See Falcon, Peregrine. Fish. See Osprey. Hen. See Goshawk, American. Hen. See Hawk, Red-tailed. Ware oo aes ie need Biba acd eave Bo a A dea eee Se ie SE 117 Mosquito. See Nighthawk. PIB COM oe eis Maes! Savion cee Ree sd Gets Hes We Aud anew, HA eige ee See ee a et 127 Red-shouldered:. 3.600 55.. S.0 on bis + whe oe ep yee eee 121 Red tale ois se ore disrye aiad allan) w oie w baahid adele Malate Dealt ea este a 120 Rough=leg ged!) esos f5es o siaps ale dear Boel d wa lehe aheey BRU e eee oo Pee 123 Sharp-shinned 3.15 0th sere i oo caste’ s ood w clave peste eel er eo ee 118 WWHIISOD’ S81. 2 sadn 0 Saco au p's Wade soo © Owe aE BIE lel eee 122 Hawks, Buzzard, <5 36s.) 0 5s cae een Ws ova 6 bln e 2's «episod 116 RSNA eS a dew iad cl ce oid 'e ariotee wins ae asathe Ba gee Rye tence 128 Short-wiped 72. ioe cose the oc’ ooo 4/0 bb oue oe cis aaah Soe eM epee 118 Hefling. See Finch, Purple. Hell-diver. See Grebe, Pied-billed. Helodromas solitarius... 25655 fives sce oeid sole do ee eat ee eee 99 Hesmatopus:Palliatus.o' 5.5% lies sinie cle dice fi orsug. eo sca) Sisue RRO ee geen Loe eee 105 Hen, Fowl. See Grouse, Spruce. Marsh. See Bittern, American. Prairie. See Chicken, Prairie. Hennessey. Hiram 3) ir. ioe scdoncs aeoeselo bah aie 5 wcatebeneie o, Bteut endo bi ese ckenler oye) ere eee ana 4 Herodiasiegrettan 3 ones 8s Pak eee fbi eacd o.oo nales Sibne eats sara anus a ee 83 nS 2106 5) ee era eee CO dM PI een AR Coenen er. oGto 00 a a. 80 Page. PRM MITE ER ese Wee srs Sod ot GT ae as SS odd 2g Mee AS PRL ne ee 79 Pee oe e-CHOWHEM ING BGs 5 oa 2.55.0 Aad Sd le hos oo dd BAW Rane de See Aue 84 ee MEINE ACR! hia Sts ay Ses SP NYS Ose 2h eas fe AD Wlale Soa bao Le 82 UE NCIRL CPt iny Pere oo. te Se oe aceite heise 52 cio e cairn Ree Ae 83 JTLT. EE nok NAS SARE CME: ee el) Se RR ne ER ME Rae sinner nA 82 a PERRET crn Sg ped eet te P ale owen als we et abs Magen’ ea eee ee dad 84 EMME IIIC S203 2k ut) eee eR Ace oot ae ue Ree eka oe eae Roe 82 (i ESD ea 2 ee erage nS ge Roe I Oh Sa Re fo ta EPS Re MR ae ore AI Noe te 84 PPE VEE ot SF TN Fa oc aie ake a eo oe A BE RGA Sok Ca ae ee 83 MEET Pits 3 fre ak 5 ogee See els by O° USS Coe ate 84 TES ono 1 AERIS Ss ARS Die apc ea a PO gee wes Ace righ en ie. 80 Rr ye ea NIN a Se NR re yaaa ne Ness eke Ades Ne eee oe 81 (DEE Ie Da SS One ee hae OOO h Wee ee ee ee in iis Ee Rte ety Ai Ft 83 Pam SMM CO CHIANG Fone. 5 <2 Sk oe hl Se a ge he Suk oe Bees hey ee 162 REICH MEG OS Sits, 0S Ree ok ss a SRO oe or PR 130 MSRPTIES 3 2 yes sini SOEUR AED eae Oe aR mere bu Oa a gh ra NS EM 130 DOPE: 2 Sao Set ea Ne carter oe Ea oe Rie ee ar gy rn eis Re cet ae eae 133 Highhole. See Flicker. Highholder. See Flicker. Hirondelle bicolore...............: ee OV ee oe SARE eRe ai Re REAR aincn 6 UE 183 SRA ERNIE Re 6k Sd ai Rete Sel a ok ord SA OP ee 183 “BED TEA ee ee ee ee EM AP chi ast oa) 184 ET PRESSE: Se Shai cde ee ae Woy oe SP EPR UG Noten OG gah ee 183 POLLED eae 5. ei ees. g SS Se Tee oe BO er eed oT ee ee 182 eMNMIRREID EERIE ne Po. Sado ooo ak ic OARS oa ws ho ee 182 SPE RIMEMIM IRSA RSTSUD er So dg ene OE sce See A Rowe eee aL 183 eo DPD EUS ao ee er nn Pier arr ie ero Che ook 72 es ren eet deo eo eek s chad oe ek oe eRe Oo ee 44 Smumerrement Acuby=throated> =. o.oo ce os ooo oe de fb bee ee eee bios ee 146 IRIN IR ety. orcs Sa eh Ss dn eda cane eka ee eee 143, 146 2 EE a pe Ane ee 2 a aE ake Be 7f ME PRESET Tate oy Waleed beige eee icc os Ses tecuda a's ce DAES Ae 56 MPMI ies) SS, oe a oh ec Bon EH Se RT 216 PLS FEY TEC SS SSM 2p Site Ras oe Poe ap CED RVR a agin EUR COR AGL fs 216 MUTE UMP eee ESS 7s cake SS FAIS oe IS AO, a IN AEE BSR AEA RT SET 217 UME METS RAT oo a Non 2S ON Re EY Y A229 REIS LS A OAS SENS CEN 216 MRED Pe bots eon SA tN A 2 Re ee Ae Se AS ETE A Te PANS I. PEER aren SOI ey or se gt, vag aoe tie sac dee ee 79 NEE EM ere a ek a A ole Sa bond Soe ee ee 79 oo felt A ee Se he Soe ea ea nes ee re ei 79 Oe EE cee aioe cons SSE SEE RR es OP i Lb 7 ee NPRM EN EU eC ATLL ep 2 ast 3 MK Sh alich ou al RSS SITES See 203 I a fei lo oe Uc ee) te see wcicloudhs ow an St De 156 2 SPD EET Oe ESE ee ee a gw eet Cn eR er 160 Be LOE IEE rs a a SE eh aut oc dee vib Be eh ee 159 EME 9 5S a oS KAD de hes aceedeee Sok Rie a see 29 NENTS ETP Aa Ch oS a a BS oy. AA bs BF SA oe 89 MINIMME MAMI SRM ek ne eh ees 2 Oe x oS ie dar cuik a ot MORES 183 ae pert RPS ENE cachet 04 3 Shee ot Ag oo. Lm ade dG Bee oe eo eee 49 EYEE Es Gee ae tm a ce NSC lo Sr ear ol ge 49 Le TDL TS SR tea ty mg te pe es nan nee ERR pO ph pean. tc em aes 48 SUCRE IEC S Deh on Se fsck FG, Oe wR og HA SOY Oe ee Pes 48 PRE NR aR sh ee 5, SS ee BA Ay ok las Ea Fo Gna 185 Lr LE Se SRR aR pee ar ee ns a ae oS 185 RINE I 2028 oie is snc gras ciel ee eee to wcin cee 2s we Pee an a 2 154 rem MIR a 9 SS rar eos NRE NG ONG Cad od. csaif Sean OBds GRO ee 154 IE oe no ee eR a es P< © Rea en eee I Goh sn ON 153 Page. Johnson, Claude 20055 io eat ANG ions saa eae tnd oe opens ae OR I eee 4 [UL AYE: Opener err eer et reir ora en a ealeea earn die en Dee NI) NaN a a ee as SG = 175 Junco Wh yemialisn oo oe Cas Fete eae ce Sere Re Oe en ALL eee 175 K. 1 6Gianed 2! gt Gaerne Mie ated rer eee fr ibaa nop gn oH ECR SEO REINER Cae SS 148 Kaingfisher cBelged oe vere oil Bois weave des epee ia tal ae a ta A ot 137 Kamphishers. ei care ace ees cal sia Boe ao Ng abe erat inca ac ae 135, 136, 137 Kanglet; Golden-erowneds yi3.5 6. ey eS Sisk PI ot 214 Kinglet, Ruby-erowneds. 2 (050056 « \icracwes Maule s Ms oe Poe oe Sah eh Oe eee 214 Kemgletar ccs is) pen cide ain o icciie wea in ose oom ret eae et a ne a 213, 214 Kite, Swallow=tailedcc2 soled Fae sais os olen 6 Re Sa Soe Bes OS ae ee 117 FRIGESS S05 Sei dtaraite wie oS 5 38 des ol eid hone alee aed See ERR Ee oe ee 116, 117 RIO bce a sel seacoast Hea E SELG wi fat eae GEST BUNT te Oe EA ae ee ee 94 L. abberaclongue queue coe ee a re Nee ag 49 PATS sc ie a eae cae eteke w dae ares elas neal Guetta ea OLS aCe 49 POWIATIA 56S ba Ree ea ie bs oa AD Ae hs ee 48 Tagopede: des rochers2>) sai vice ok d Pea Sa ok ee a Oe eee 110 des Saulles ss 0 oo sie Biase a Gm wie wee eas ace hid wk gaa ee a 110 G BFX170) 6 [= piperen a bee Na tee Uo ee a TN AT NDR IRS oo oy os 109 MAGODUS 8 Fs ce ie eR alent aig ee wieie wie wis ae ee 110 PUPOS EVI sic ai ctl eos eile eae ea 110 1 BY: 0110 (0 12 eee ne rele tae Dll Sun OAs PH ADSM NEETU ena ES or a is Taarrivis Doreahigs 32.00.65 cid sles he A hee Ga Less bien et 18 Fidovicianus: <2 600k. ake SRE Secs Sh ee cs ae en 187 Lanivareo: fla vitrons 25 0003 -h0:06 hee oe Peo eal eel re 189 SOLGATTUS 52555505 2.5 ocean nel ioise Siew ale clade era eI 189 MANGES 555.5 Sa is ob ek Sane acaba ew Rik Ge cw Hn Sid GWA OMAR oh en 49 1 TF 0: spree eee Rane ea ar ROI es hl a Mer Emer BERN MED 50 Tark Homedics eo oss cee oboe ol DE eas een ee eee 152 SHORES ois ood ee gee ose ale ein whale Oia ent Sula Wehclal ae ete ee ae 152 1 OS ics MONA TO an ORI Se oe ERM eT chee Ooo 152 Di APUS ALLOMCACUS He oleic aces each ae aa ale ot ace poate ee wT oe 52 delawarensia sii fi. Pek Pama wee Fk wes wn 6 Ua eee 53 HY PELDOLelss 255.5 as Soe See es Seka alee oe Ee eee 51 leucopbherws ss ses) Seco Behe ccs ee Re Sia eenG O 51 IMSS Gos ey re os obits aes by atte Sec ee eels] Lae NE Re Oa Ke ic 51 Mhiladelpl tay ese ee ah oe cee 7 TI hn ae cae ane ea 53 Tiamat co dae se Pe ie a ae ae Rane leet oe AU i ae 90 Temmmona: Fedo 2 oh NF St oeceisaclaek orosece sue 205 Sal 8 Rafal 5 ss Ss ROSE SR Se 97 HSM Ash Cais sic ks aoe oie es doe ne lals hw WIS ae ot eNOS ee 98 dumnet;: Redpolh wich paca ka Po oka & NS sibs Sele A oe OR a ee 167 GT UTATV CT ih AN ee a ea crs Tea AL sy ope ION a oe re 16: Ihiterature; ornithological.) iF ce ee hele eek ee ee 13 THO DIPes TODA GUE HNL Se anc tate els ta oe) ace len. Cetin aR te a rr 91 Lonpipennes. ey ics ek aie ieee ate ei a cab Siac! Soo ce alos aes Sia ae 48 ongspurie Ta plan eek oo heb eos Se Rt cheno a Set oe 169 Loon; (Commoner oe ere i Gece ee ay A Sie 44 PUCU-EETOALEM e521) aaa fescue a nee ee gud elSein die oats ae 44 TAO OEN Sie is Tt eee SN eR ile arpa ESC Se aor GCT Sela Ue col ote vara av MeL eee 44 Lophodytes eucullatus:,.- 6606) cae ek Oe aiihik. oo ee ee 64 Lord and Lady Algy. See Duck, Harlequin. TEORTS, -CULVATOBSELAS S22 oo coe Be ee a Fie SNe Digi ee Se Sin ae nee 165 HCUCODT ERA ie IO hos Day es ol car eal ony ee eee nS eee a rr 166 M. Maar CleXtATCGICULe Hanis a. ieaceae oles edt Tete Aces Sa tale SE eS ge 45 Macoun® James Ni ys so eso ecse ae ba oe eee ste ie Meal ale ene 4 riko) ch a Wager ener tee te aie ae RG er ete Me eG aA ie AEP SS Soy 5 4 Page. eM MUIR LER BEC 2, Seal iae ep avalos oie SRC oe a RES he bo EE. 74 eee ACRE soe Sey oes Mesto sete nes Ss ae So aE oy Se a 74 “TELLOUIIL/S ce eae ieee odor a a RR Se Olga Gh 74 MIMI a care re Arahh ie tisk cle eta tpg wi va ee eae 143 NAMED CPIBCNIS Stig arf rat OL ax bie bd Cuts SR OR Ue a 93 NMR AT ore Peano Lod eR ies kt er oat gn te Wikis a 153 VEE" SSS ap Bape bse Qn phat PSR TCO Ree ae AN SS oo 153 © ETT, POS IARRERSES SEE VIN Call gee ao eine ollie Whee OE IPO gen rei MeN eens ne 153 REMameanINeS EE eae, Sie Sac hee vey, ute) oC ar a Cea 161 Dame TEe OUI ES Ste = Ul auh vee hee cigkiak ys 25) Sat OS Ue 8 We ac moe 160 OTT EL os a Sale SIRI oe elements ee pee Ace Mela od ny DIE aint 65 Black, See Duck, Black OETA Lb ac S/S aa YE ava RRS ISIS i Me cir ay Le Fae 60 MIP DEE ARLICU ris CE na SP) 2.2) ci peed GR co MSS hse eee ihe (coer NU Te Mea rg 7 A TLECILET TSS 9 ACR el ce a a ee RL Na SN Un MER sar one RSP GR 69 EDLE LS Ue Sea ee eae UE ee ie RM OER ae Saati Wes Souieg ea 70 PERE MER. ois: Co sae kak ca Lat) 2/2 Gl een Ma Reem aa we 70 RRP EER Peso OG harass o Siak Sik SPE RED CNS meas nats 69 UMMREEE SEI cote Se ae OU Nk ys GLa 4 kuch ong oe eae 46 ePIC BEDS Pao iS a out a eye de aan ao aN 85 SUEDE GTS OIG Sp Te a ee a De Ce RAT SOTO AA Bs ok Faderare ag 86 Marsh Harrier. See Hawk, Marsh. Martin, Bee. See Kingbird. ee: MAEM MAR RE ihe CF oes nny as ha ae ec StS eae Fon Teo ety oe 137 Lo RIED Ip OLS DU Eee aN Oe anaes Sat oe eR CRE RE A a 182 Sind. See Swallow, Bank. Mar Bete AE EMI ES 50 se oe aso 2) sys pd hatte Be Son dase ones aie ates ee aR 145 Mere rE ORC eMINAIIP IOI DIATIC. «oss 55s as yo Fo we ea eo vale Cid ew wb Ode Puen 95 ORPEOUIRE PE Ge tnt. edtiapeh htaeya sey Sys SR ata eet oe eg ect on 96 MTP OAR a Pre) s S44 wo 2 he ERS Rae See ee Ree 94 Rete RC TOIENE A oti ey, og ads, FG & Sa es ed NE ee 100 “ BEETTE ES G72 7S Speak eae aC Remap Re Po PER SAA 95 Reema S STARE 5 dot hop aG whe Gy ki eae ees a RO ones 100 /U LL ESD SS S71 1SS eB eee Mer eR SS Re A OR 94 See RD hen ite sw Wg ag 20 ES hd PR Sy aoe ate 95 OUTSET 1 DRA Re tei RRs SE oP Eo cee Dp rir fu Sk SAR 96 PROTERDITEG pe eeree Pic eT heed oe eee een Nan tls Sa et tions toes 94 Ei MANNE TENS a9 Soe oa ordi 05 o ap hea Soon bso iat OS pee ee eR ee ts 97 SOREL A mE Pe Tbe S trop, Veo E as Dhak AS Lp ME SaIa Sada Diakee ae eee 100 | MRR 2 ar Ne ae ao asl ah win tas Wheele les!’ eave alee lela. etebn kee 53 (FE RULES. Sits 2 SS gia ae ee nee ee Eee 159 Meat Bird. See Jay, Canada. (nas SMMC ES (EG! e022) 0 EN a Ce are 141 eI INNES eo Epa ens by. cosiah aS aceganleh we tea os oe oh wlalp ot advl hw mee WEE 7 MIE 080 HOS na mh rook ne 2s a lon Gow sew Gl Disha Die Be Pe Pa ee 111 REITER EAE Ce BALE 8 hoa ioe cl che Sus, idiw ro ats lagged ee REE 111 nD IRM ATRIA For Gare sacs es vine vk ow ec bo as Be oa eR 177 OL EES ne = C'S So eT mem he UI aa De 177 TRESS 5p ACRES So ool sa aed ae ao eT PIL CPR Cee ARI 176 MARSH EE EEE Oe i aco a 5 ween gb nino vib oie He oleae apse Pew eete sees 47 Seniesa MPN PPLE TAC PEN ir, «er. ce, )ais Ac Pda a oho ee res Vise owe ee 64 MES MCHER RE TY ale ae Cans i Ps cies Sees PRE ba ee eee 64 Bae Sa ECA EG Pee G co MUS, 81k Shwe eee ade ate RET See UT 64 0 AE EEPSEDE. cies a RE gee a ee ee tg Cee ra eae A Se 63 NEMS SP fe ah Se G Gh is RE Ad Inas ie Sele Dive a Oe Be eve 63 |) 7) SEDER T EP ECAnE SS Sat ae ened ie eae etl iietiay ne aE oe CORES” ea Sah de 64 STIL eA tame Ss Pema INA bom nah om A lalas Mier asi Sony creua way a er calietchchere 64 (LE URL SETTER SRS i a cde er a oR 217 PUMA MIRC E PUTER i os Ui Re oh gk SD ges as a Mae a ph ecerb a pias toe. is Kia aS hae A ee 212 RE Tbe Orta eo tap te SL Ct hE cs wate na REN cee wa iewle 213 Remap PMU MIR TILOISIN, 5 SY.) 2) do 3 os oe arele nis OSs FE OOO RAED bE ving oe Ree 94 RR ROIS eee. See ee diy Fis ee wwe Sie ele We ae ao ace) we Glo te oRere ae One 145 RN SPIT a et nc ne uh peg ie et ee A a iN Sa a Mace slate aromas 10 57172—16 Milan & queue d’aronde! . 0055 2 .snie cicero wie Sisean ss ollterin ay teeters (ec MGI OMIM AZhEEE TOUSSE soc vote no sre coc cos IR aoa cde a ae Re pee cee eae cE MUX VEU TOURED. 2! o5-. bcoeiate a seseser ihm tnclors ace aheus Scene eves es ate oe eke ale ae Mirus poly g@lottos. «.. 0) 20s os. oka wea ks a we ele eee nme als eee AU Bat Cay irl Writs by a La et a Lee nea Me be Pea Mee MnO pa sian nie Cro. 4 mo OSE INEOGICETS ee a eco eat ges Rear BUS pe Se anos cM cae cee WMrockenig birds io een ee Sie ee oN Sa, ie grea oa arts as kN Aad Moineaudomestique 2 i008 266 Ue ioe sa in a ie i igor ne oem ean eee oe Molothrus ater gs ee ee ee eh ee ee esa ae ee ee Moose Bird. See Jay, Canada. i Miorillon’ A Co Uler si. e sy Senate a eh ohare NIST este e ek se lon Se SPRL aN ue na aA eR ACSC MOU el ee LY ee aie ee a De coe pe CAN TAT RE a ae ea BOUT Ge: oe ies NCIS ersten gl Eeataa act Dy Loe car lee eal port ete tan cna CO cee Motacilladae ea oe RU REN oe a Cc AZ LON ae a Moucherolle a huppe ye ee aOR SG nies a och ee a ag laelle ita Sor eee ee ACVENERE FAUME hee a een ee ut ica le eae cele BUX (COLES OLE VE ssc) 2 ies as Naa ehlse ae neta SATS ot ories tale 12) eae eto | ose b hc Rae ia Pee Ren ty EM Ne ee USM RA MMe MNS eater eS S clarri'G < Co 5 Mud-hen. See Gallinule, Florida. Red-billed. See Gallinule, Florida. White-billed. See Coot, American. YA U6 Ye) 1: Bee i ann ene Arena emer ia Ae aos Sc Miuscivora forticatarss 32.23. ccenk eck cuarers e's cis elobeiih leo) aie a site ous allesiioa ted ene Aenetie ake ease aseme MiyiarChus!GhimiGus:.. 6.4. =). oi 4's coetiads clot eve « She OMe tele wine ee oer IMM ViOCHANES VIFENG. oo c'S 5.5 i Se ek wine wee OnE eye bisa uene age eee Nias eT A US aye oe sien ieee cs aad eel atte sea es giue sal cya colle ato ea enc oe pac ee ee ea NGS GTA a ho Sears al Sau rai Sea es peice ee ra ele paling telltale alates oe foe lode tae tase 62 alte a cele a ee Niet tion Garolimense 0 2225 osc ciccc alee basse co sitha esas o Cele ve eae rer ae on She eee Pag iG WC ses see baste ahs lela wien ecg nD ag deo aba tere eco wp le a RE Nightjar.. See Nighthawk. NAD LODU eS 0110 ts OUR its ea EOE aa Ae mali han SEEM IA iia eee hen oss, ona a-o E> EHO (si 8 (621010 see es mC RR ne eee Me ao ncaa itd a Akai. 2S go On ADOPTS aid to aie 20 avg See 0 ei'g in elisa. © lade in peli) sbb a Witt ne ya ekceat a een re JoubVok='ay oW (oi) (= ee een CI Mn Cn aa an Oe e iM Renn mem IAC Sen iG ans on ec wi Wruthateh } Carolinas 65% oes Sieog oo) a0 Pb ee lasid w oe ma 3Ue lene laleke! ot) eae eae ee IRieG=Dreasted ios ccoiele couse eine silo: oer eae Ia hue eee mene eae ene oa ea Wiathatelies eee cccliscsleeeys tells abe cove lauamauoriaise leva (Sukie cots rite lpeelteusselisseg oieienent at eneaa Nuttallornis borealis (32 oa). cslere ean coche sis leurs eons eke She echelons oleae ee ene Weyetale id) Acadte s)...3.65 22. 585s el ois eed wie sie ouaiece 01 visit Salemle ante fe eee Ge Rachardsowie icici eco hee ohio a oe ee SO ere He ae ate oe ee eee INGVCtEA AY CUA se ieicis Sulaieyercuevs austen ghers, slavnlaielav stele sluts tolellseteSesceet el cueseey eect et stele tome at aan Ny ChiGOrax, Ty CICOTER 68 Seo c Gort. Saal eto doeierane ls eine ehslleislientea onsteseu pone a tees elie ae een (Ole et nab Us: ter on ay Ont ey re ee SMR Comin vdetoniaminaice ting 2 c.0 2 oN WCEANOAUTONID SS 5. ee OS REY I a eae ae ess Rah Roel Teucorhoan cg Sei ek a ee iw aR ee ieee os Suge) SRS eee ee Odonitephorides : 55) 6 05 ao 26s), oi dls che ere sw, 00 Syed adele nage ames in 3 sat SFT I ae EE EDI i Nip pe ae Se, Saas Pin a Se aE ne RE en RARER CULL Ae Le Selina red eee BCR eins als nr cte Sow es abies ces aes Oie a4 front blanc Old-wife. See Old-Squaw. CL LLETE [RVR GUEA GUT Fe TO ea pet Ok a a ese Re EN | EELELMD ~ soc SE Sipe SS el ee eg ee TS PLAS oleee ER aR ge pe ee Sa Se NS eee ue EEL ESE IEE RR A ei Le ea rae Oriole, Baltimore Ospreys Otocoris alpestris Otus asio Ovenbird Owl, Acadian American Barn er ey. aed 2 ee Pe ea Co ET) UST gS ie nO a elie ae eee mn rae Saw-whet BOs EINER EEN SS cea Paes sos ob oa. Goa. a's rus O$8,8vn 9 eage ee Oyster-catcher, American Oyster-catchers LP SIRGIMEIG EDs <5 9 Ge ea ee aa Tanisha ee Sree era LES UTUE 5s oS since ee ee ea a rg Paroquet. See Puffin. Parrot, Sea. See Puffin. Partridge. See Grouse, Ruffed. Birch. See Grouse, Ruffed. Spruce. See Grouse, Spruce. EMRE EIS BS fee 13S crate n carci hee e pak ogs, «si Sopa = he uw mse eas SINISE EINGEDE coc a. visio wp etn S/o ao ice wine nee eee sees BUTI WACO R IRE aye ce ees oe = eee ee Me ro koa ake 57172—163 eerie et ee a oe pee (OE TPE G] 2's 2" AiR Ao ee ra en eh 2 NS CS IN eC MCRN WONU-CATEU: 22s 52. soa tk bas ve we oe we eo ‘ SLOT ES Ob 1 IS Peas Nig a se pen REE ct Monkey-faced Brora Ct A Cn ee Yee EEN Eee eC et 7 He Ruwical wa eye] wi ee 16! ac-ellh hale (07'u ise) ie) \a. 0; w\ ‘al a) ajo! 6, 0.\8)' 0, Si 0 [0,50 8\ele Behe (0 a, 10) .0)/a SHR ESELD ng cag ee Oe a RTS ead eel core ice Set Pe Sea ee ea oe Page Passerella tinea oo 0k oe be Ok Dd an Soe ON a ny AE eae 177 Pascerea 150 ie ic a a ee ite ae rr 147 Passerherbulus:Henslow1 62.0) Ge ee ee ee 171 COME assists IC aed Nera ha tale ee ae ay ee oe els oA 171 WELSOMN 1) i a eee ee BOTT ae aha 172 Passerinn, CY amen ios ox e ic isle Sis tate RN ES ONS ee eae 180 Peabody-bird. See Sparrow, White-throated. Pedimcates phasianellig. sic 3 io ects gO ek Ce ee CE e ie ne ee ee 111 Peep, Black-legged. See Sandpiper, Semipalmated. Green-legged. See Sandpiper, Least. Mud. See Sandpiper, Least. PRISCA EE RE i etek la Ws ek ech eee ie Sate Logue IU Ieee al ae 62 dS 2/1 oh 11 = Re a en a DRL PERI ee ere MRE OE IRON UNDA 62 Belicia alpina! ioc oN ork lees Sh So Sie bes Meee Ro ee 96 Penthestes atricapilltag so.) oi ede i adie ave oe eek in ee eee 212 RUGS OTIECTIS HS i F2 Sy ea a ie oe tos AES Se TRE Do 213 Perchers, Songless 2.6/3. :3oic certs wil sa Oe eae oleate he ah gin he 147 Perching Birds 3 ooh Oe dc Oh esc Ree 147 Perisoreus Canadensis. ..0n020% Gace sec eae cues ben es a a eee 154 PET POCnet soi iad SH Ae Sa aia Aa angio Gn hele aes eee 45 Petrel de Leach: 0.30) Fone 23 i ea, ee 59 WS ONT oe Fy se se Sas Se RR en aie clea a ae at a a 59 | rd 1): Ra Sean te BER a EOE NMR AVE he a 59 Walls’ aie oc eae hi Ga hs NR AE er 59 Be brels sie ee sg aie tan (eis uedin tates Minis Lhe OM GL a ote LIS ae ee a 57, 58 Petrochelidom lunirong:2 3) 625) es hn oS eA 183 Pewee, Bridge. See Phoebe. WOO saeco eR i aN an ae Ee OS Sa A 150 Pewit. See Sandpiper, Solitary. Phalacrocoracidae sre een ten be ie ene ete Ue 60 Phalacrocorax auritus.<: oh oi cee ba eee Se ee ee eee 61 CATO SiC he ei tacic ee ee Ta ee ea 61 Phalarope de Wilson) 00) das ee a oe Oe s Re ee eee 92 Phalarope,; Grey 260 22 bos a PE Oe ee 91 byperboréen:: 2 3.0.5). se acd eee 91 INOrGherme jae eee ee ee a eae ee aa AR te ae eth ee eg a 91 FROG seed 2 Hab cae teen, tee cn cust tS Rick eal Oe OnE arr 91 Red=necked iy singe disnieac coaustet teats hanes tee Tea eet 91 PRAIaTODe FOUR 62 6 oe ioe Has aay ares fa ie alia a eee oe icia otec aR 91 TUES(0) 0 < ee A Choe en RO Ry A SE ee oagic oe 92 Phalaropes ieee en GE Liete ote oho Rl, be ene ee 91 Phalaropodidee so 5255 snus ones Sie ce is we Seale a os eee 91 Phalaropus fulicartus. 2.626 Cane ace ike bn ee Le Oe eee 91 | 2 GSS) 1) RN ee a On Re IGT RE RY RGM NR TS 106 Bhilohela ming 24 eek ik ee eee Ee eee 93 Phiccotomus pilestus 000 Soi i A ee eee 141 POCO soo ea ih Gh EU ina 149 Pac'a huppe 6earlate: ices 6 eck Gk ek a wee oO IS Be eee 141 Eh Re) i sch bt << pea nL Pea ol t-te BIEN Ua Mae eR mr Mire Cotta As 141 BATCHING 28 og cE ten! MeN on ae Nien Oe) ei a 139 CHE Ve a ea ee nee es Seca yield (nc ete nt a ae ar 138 CD AMETIGUO 3. oles Cokes eS oe eee 140 de la Caroline 00h Ge ee es Ee ee eee 142 COTE Gaia at aR pail Sy ap ie 28 Stee 142 AN CUE ee ere ae nL br Olle teal be ese oc ae ea 140 [OTHE | LoRReRn eg Gesteas a ee erie Rm OE GREP E MLD OS RIN Ian A a gd oc 3 139 a (tz a (ch: EA eget ac iced ela athe ra er Maen Sei Tipe HED NR Bio's o on 153 1 Ea Cy I Soe a RE enh Rt Me Sal lee Ca Be aed RED MINS A To oy oe 138 Picidee i ea Dh eA Te RU TP ot Cade eld PERN (APB ER OREN Duce E Cae EE rm 5 yg so 138 'PICOId ESiAMEriCANUIs see ee i ee sees Ca eee Ree eee ee 140 AT CEICUS eet rete Ach Pas MU Fa sient eR en Ce rr 139 Pre ad Americge si eS heer ee laa Se dC oO 153 Pie-preiche-boréale ne ig coi uh GOR a al De ait ie ee 186 Pigeon. See Guillemot, Black. Peet OOSSCURERS cae re eee bee ea dfs oh ce eeu eb es Sea. See Guillemot, Black. RM hears Sete oak te tee terns e s.o tsk ooo a eveléte Saws 2 SOE TE, SELENE Eo A i 8 sa de eg A LE EE. 2 Sea a a ae SS I AE er ea aot Seer LOUSHE HD CUILb clea anise aie See es See POLES SES ESES ewe OS Se ie oe a aie Ree ta ON abel Ca RAPER AERAIE eet ee te ne a, AM HS Spline PERI M MEMRAM IMIEES eyo oan dtc cas sve alates wok av wieS'Eas's wee SmeeH TENT eae PER LAE Mars, Suge Ohc vw fo, BER a 4 See PRIRRA ETE et rn ee cece SEs sabe eee CELT LT TSU aes i eco mn Oey Sage Aas SPELT TTL 2g ap hen Be 0 aS Sg nea eee ee a Paloverythrophthalmus.. 0... .... .+s2cseeeescceseds ce ees Pipits Planesticus migratorius Piautus impennis Plongeon 4 collier (LO TUTTLE), A mah co Minami a By ton lee a Haran te Ree ee Black-heart. See Dunlin. Calico. See Turnstone. Carriquet. See Turnstone. Field pen eat SN ane Coe mite bee rr Nate eed nas fells re Ring-neck Soh OS Seog STIS BMS ce RPTL ee ae en ones Semipalmated RP ye die cosas MS payee etl EIN Seer tote ree Upland ner Se aa sce aeaatsy UR at 2 (ot anatate ne eRe wa Pluvier 4 2 vere TACO te Sieg ie a ah eee ene eee Mines ea taahae ir ae SRS ees lat io loslele, wm, oe) 9) .616)'d, 818. 6(eelo, @ we Oe. 6, ee eS 0.6 6.6) 6 oles. e9)'s ed oie SRR TG IEE tee ae Sen APS SUAS etg rSRR Coe tue soe ake peepee EAM CNIS ones 5 a wig. oy ee ee nie > Side wie Sion ws iv came Pama DaM AU POMICODS, 2 oc sis cic oaG wis d vcclerlecwrthe va ib ass a eeentane pe seel ee hea a) ee ioe) a!) 6) ol ale] /s: o/'s 0\\'e, © @,.0,[0.1¢)'0|\6) «eb '0 ee 0. 6) ©) \s, 0 6 je) le) 0, «0s ReMi S PENT UPOMICIAS 2 5 2 oo. vse heed he ies oe vss oh dee 1 oe SOP RE Tn ae ee aa PE NT aan eaurNenan, WV ANIBE > fat ese ve Ooo soc bee ok nb bes PeeereemLrmmaimatnb co py ee PE TAMIR eM Soe Shs, SG haan, a Ee Soh Ra SL ereh ahaa mwas |e) seule, elie cleo) u| ee) 's ©, 5) 0.0. 6),8 0.’ 6) s 0 0p. se 0,4) 6 ee 6: 80s Sie 08 Seam ieiake | wie sia) 6e 3el/e\ e: 6/4) .6, 4) «6 \'e_6 106) 0s. e 0 (e) © ee ere wie @ Ovens 00 ele oan. .0 6 « 6 0.6 @ © a0) 4 0 \0) 6) = ee of <9) 0.8 al ai wyeie,ie)\ e wie «is © elo ele ub w hee" 0A el ede).s,/0 2.00) © aneie. vv DE Sea Ts ew eeeteew ance 184 MMM SP e002, SBE gee aye et eS bg Scie: rks aca Mlape ASEAN SEAR 183 ee Ee ERSTE REESE a SSS apne er ag PRM Cea 183 EM ee FS ey sii) Naas Sache > cin hae Soe RAIS OR LI 183 IMEI it oe his CR URS, oe Teh ie 8a weed e ea aa 183 en winged Pe Re ATE ee oe Mie een ts Chey eine Sara testy Shei aU OR ers 184 cise ceo Se ER otis ES aE I Sa ae a NC at ae et 183 White-bellied SAS FS eR oR aS oe eC DE earns Sea Ne eer: CS Abey 183 (ETS ole a RGR AS eRe ey i a 182 MPEP OP ice a eg Ee gon ace nad ¥ wide a Ra Ne 78 (EE EL Es cy eR Sp I i ner RC Se NC SR eta 5 eS 78 a = 2h A SSC SI Ge i lg ce SG aeRO YP Rear NiO od Gasiel RARE SGN Ce i Pa a eS 5a sala gk re Wott pate NaS me 145 RM ORME ie paper Se BUS) kee WG xt c's arp dw Ste cee Ps NO ae Re 145 MIE re So Oe eet ee eee 143, 145 SUMMER URPENMMIIEDICU tr ogee St ann, Cae, Glue SP RAE ye id ME ee Fe 59 EM EPP EIRESN ats Wtaie F 2G Le ee ra oe aegi Rd 5 CIE oe 62 PreeeP UO TOBE i G5 sie 01g Mota y eiese st bee De jaatd diego TERI oes 57 wl) STL LS 7 RN Ree ee ae eee Se ae epee aS 48 ae ee ap ase ote Ce wy Gao os oad Se Oa os 62 vo UTD TL IETS ies cS NSS eS gO eR 59 J) | VALDES Ze Gg senate PUR 5) spn Dinas Se emcee op me rac un ras ES ETC 56 OTTER so Sa SESS SS ach ae a OR ee 213 we EE MC ERT Fa edie ds Sick oe aw cue keeueleun EDR 181 TST 2c. 2S a SSR AR SUR a cs ar oan nr nc ee 181 eee Oe ee so No hos ay wlan wed bem ee eee 180 meee IR REM Siete Ns es ove Seale he gb oa bos Sumo ewe eue » 181 Si emNBOOP EAU eee PEM ct cca ay piasg ata Head Boe La GND SO 181 8 SPST Tl a ce Pe RSA RSIRS eS SSS Ren eo a eee ee a 180 Teacher. See Vireo, Red-eyed. 7 pe ES TBP SRLS SAARI SP ie iat een Wy Ste eran ier ge op De 67 SSRI peer a eg ak oe FEM Ciel ar wak es oo arose eke 67 Teeter. See Sandpiper, Solitary. Tell-tale, Greater. See Yellow-legs, Greater. Little. See Yellow-legs, Lesser. eu EMPMINESEISURNGLEUS 0) 05 .f ht eC 2 ocie wae Sw ee HE Sei ee ES 209 RRR Precis on a a Ra ng Bi Sisren cog no Cees eee 55 MRS a Meh Seana ss eats SY sean seats te a Sake be A 56 NRE AF arn einen et Yes VW aes she ave Rc oe a AS RES 54 Tern; Borsters..)2!0 2 yO ck oie Me Pe, Sie ee Sa cake a ae ih ee Walson's3 i278 oe oy) salient late hc Ul eat ae 1k eine tee ae rr Thistlebird. See Goldfinch, American. Thrasher, Brow. 2G ae he Ne ain Be ae BE Oe Cae Phrashers os 3552365 Se Le Pe Ey ners ae ya ea Thrush; Alice’s..\.. san fi0) bs S22 hs wd ale Be ae DOs eer Golden-crowned. See Ovenbird. Grey-cheekced 5)... Fn a ee a a ee Hermite f6 fee cee 8 cP ees Oe ee ac ee Phrushéss eee.) ut lb Pai a GS taal Wate Sie aN er a Thryomanes bewickds 220.0085 oe ee ee ee fhryothorus. ludovicianus. «2. 605. 08 se a a ee ee Thunder-pump. See Bittern, American. Wrekler, Kattiwakel eek a a ay De a On Tinker. See Auk, Razor-billed. ‘Pip-ups.: > See Sandpiper, Solitary.” .i3.:.).< aoe. 6002 sh fi.29 ces te ee Aitlark; American Pipit. 6052 dacs. 254 ss Seo oe ee ee ee Patmnice iio. se Se Es sd Dee aoe Dee ee Pit: rouse, Tuftedss ..s5 6.0 os cd See os Se Totanus flavipes.) 0..060 62 bk Ls baa Ho bw othe 2s 8 be eee Pourne pierre: 6550205 ch eke a Sa Sake eee wy Ae a & poltrime noire. 652 oe a Ne ass Saas Cae ee Tourterelle:de-la Caroline: i...) sn Soc de sa a ck i ee ee eee POWRCO rds fee si 85 Siete R RE ee nee ahs 2a aa ne Praguet MoOpbeux es ee ia Ch cote ak ae ae Seid eUNS Se, ete eee Oe ATUNGS |. CADUTUS 2. 5551.5 s as weds aia" oa teoalics eleeel eve at aca Prochila. 2. oeses 3 Se ke ERR ee Ce ie SE ar WM hiyeR se. ee 2 es des 'maFais.o 0 ye oa ds Dal ce ee Wroglodytide 035. o.0)8 ie a es Se ke es LG ee Propie FEgiON.. 2... 5. a A cas Lo oS ow Seed a ‘Tryngites subruficollis.: Oye oe i eh ee eee Darker, Wild i ke ee al Sea ee oa A Ra Maree ye 5 ols bk hie ayaa ee Meee Ge alts bee cea ce aie eee aed Murnstone so oe aa PS es wa We Sis 2 ee American) ch ek ee Ae able ead a a Ruddye: 208 Soren Fa a Eek te OR a Duarnstones.:..30 0 G0... es Fee ie ee Pympanuchus americanus: ..2. Lo... 6 sais Owe clon ie ae te A yTanmidse | ie ine ek a nk be OE ee ee eee Wyrannus tyrannus: i. oo a ek Ob ho es RE eee Wria Hlomivaay a5. tere, Cee ae ey ee ee ee et SRE: dire POUT EN Bee ART or ee FN i ie eee Piece IR a a a a $k ee ORES [7ST pepe Pe uence Pll Sco ae SP a “TS CoPEG TIED TN) Te ere ye ae NCIS aiG DROP O olitoc oo eco eee eC ag Veery. See Thrush, Wilson’s. tener maT fe sr to its oe wie sistent he sole sees ew eres PETA ee an eer See ee Pate tc ere Stel sawed ikaw eas one * op CO alee ym 6 Bch is = ec eS pe a eabieaiailt sic eset 7 onesie ow tte yeas soe ese Sys MepreeetGRh JAUNC....22. 0.5 oe oe ete re ew ee eee ee ee PMR ah PRN tAken Seg acide seo ee Paielns = ie 6 y's Fem yeUR FOULES. 2... ee ee ee eee ete tenes Oa TS) Oe ena aren. eres cae MetBiindelpine.. Seri 6. ec eee ee eee ee eee Dee oo inane cic a ein gs Soeimyale oles wale ws eee PRAM Mea ote cel os wiv vi ndineieie ot = Seite eB ele een ees Ree ooo, rete ido halen silage s he wane fa Sera ie oe we ea ace nie aise Se ee eter tne epee ad faye Fs oes ol fate a Acaie ts cnaneter aller aSieve a lereseua a= Paka ueR CRD cer hg ate ante ake ia asset aes Gualeta saat. => SN CI 0 ee eae Vulture, oe ES OR Rhea Sain saree Get eee Waders, Deep water: .:-.....055- 00556 -eee eeeee ee eee Eber nice ees hpe oben ta en ele ty ares chose sis ale ae eee oars Do eile wo woe see cele ee eee eee te et ae War Bird. See Tanager, Scarlet. Warbler, Bay-breasted... 2.0.0... 0... eee eee eee ect ees Ree te CN Wit = ho aes Sass ele anvils wh alg! ie leness es ICTR he She cielo ate sere sae) wibag since Babee Ce co oa waar ila wa ee a ales eo ein ele ee el ERP ad iain a ote an ses ole wie ecole le ee ce eee Black-throated Pee SES PEN Binh OM eee SES PARE 2 aaNet oe we J coc aa lata be 8's aTolieie Finin are aoe mle Blue, Yellow-backed.......-......-- ee ete eens eee Canada Golden-winged Nashville qh 01~w ial ony Coenen ow ee er Te) soviiviete.sike .emere oie. a9 o LEE EB RO ea S!CTEERG EUV ADE pec Be ye ee ere SN ea eon ree Pate) Sicice el =, inl eon tel iol = ‘s\l6, te, Rene (eh 6) Ene. 018 me) © Te CSst LEG Le 5 Be eS eae oa te Aa ene pee he ia eae ee a NMC nee tedis (ai cigsl slic’ ahs) sija, axelte.e) see ey.se were a enn & sah e ss iPCes AN Sh © Pl eS sree eae te ocd ee BAe eae CL a wile, ape tana aae a Se) 6 PPAVIG 8s oi spasgiio ne Sea ae ee Tore OTe, ET SD cE ED ca Prothonotary!) 3 = ao /setacalese eclee geo Ge Fane Bese te RR TP ENTIESSEG <2 50 ois etc Fae sates Cre aad alee SI oe eeta Ue One Ee ee Wilson's ie ee Om aM emer MR lp meee Wyse I a 8 WV eliow Pept Hires pet oni on wee ee Reem em One Ra earecmiEt es Sos od Sans Yellow-rumped 3/3. 5/52 Fe 02 Furia a Sele a dna Saws Eee eee Te Warblers; Hlycatebing so. ose a es ow eo nk bana eee Oe ee Old=world:. Fe i222 Sy oi. paislicn eg ass ore doa ben natal cies eet rr Worm-eating 0000s oe te eee 8 ae eee Water-thrush...... pin iaeasis'« shevatn eieie\y/ ¥yuisialeiabetm eualeiaée 6. clan apelin eects ie arr INOTUNETI eis Boas ee hes eee oe a ae eee ate) AS Water-witch See Grebe, Pied-billed. Waxwing, Bohemian’... so35 52 Fcc. s datline vie doo Oe De ae oe ee ed aR ie ical Co dterd www ss Figiale blsc ani so takes See ae ler Waxwings Whale Bird. See Phalarope, Red. WRCALCSE 250. cio oe a Ce oad ose ee Ae ae le Ie tas a Saari epee Wihip-poor-wall os sbi oe ek en ca 2 ae ay ee Whiskey Jack. See Jay, Canada. Whistle-wing. See Golden-eye. Whistler. See Golden-eye. WW aN bs eee sce Seco e eape cect ate aes ace Rc Re ete I ee AY MSO 2 corse Ris scarce ss Sls eo eo ees ag CSE en oe Woodpecker, American Three-toed. . . 3.0. fs) 64 cass od sae cee eee Arctic “Phree-toed . oo. oo fas oh bos toe oan ee Black-backed 3.) 1.00500 0 3 a's 2 hoes pan eee DOWDY 1255 Soa. via side Aon bias own hein ba ee Golden-winged, See Flicker. Paar sit 8h bee bare oo ia Sic cle eed Pun eae Soe a Woodpeckers iic.oa Ch sie sons coal os Sb boot etel SR ee Wy POM PISO WIGK'S oioii0i oso ook Soe ie whee ehh dpe de Sc Biche Jed shoe ieee eh ee AARON ES Soo oie nd Soca oe a Oe eek GRO De bea Ee eee Golden-crowned. See Kinglet. House: 605 ais 25 27 va Detige dade oe Se wae oo Sian eae ee eee Long-billed Marsh icc i0050 6 lies ok bs bbe bee ieee ee Ruby-crowned. See Kinglet, Ruby-crowned. phort-billed Marsh: 05.33 200.2. eu bone so aed pee eee Waban a ey 2 eee se ee kis e's akin aie 000 mew ae ea Manthocephalus tanthocephalus,.. «060 os. bs oasd wees Hoes loess oo meee vista OKO 6.76. 0.010.816 0 40 8-06 10 we) = 0,00 » 6 te, © \0'0%.0, 10) @ 8) © 10,000) 016 <0) v, 01,0 + Leikd' 01.6. ese). 91 ae) ie hw ke pes awl edie ie ie O00 abe e mle 00 (0) 2/01 18's 6.'0- 2 0-10\\8| 0. 6. 6).¢ 0 0.0 <0) 0:9 0.8 .0.0\0 Xe ee ee 0 0 ete @ (916) 6) eye .e) = e/a) © (epenial wee ane Se ee 297 AN Yellow Bird, Summer. See Warbler, Yellow. Yellow-hammer. See Flicker. MMBMA TREES TER LOR 60. Gee seine ant enone ota ne tia wig wee ci «ods ¥ oles Saintes od soapls AE PaO aN aPC TM ah aE Rae TaN StS aR cna 'aere' 6 a alvcave UR Grove MIEN Sanne ERPET, IAT LAE © 557 hala sei wr. Share nage = Moose iso PS laliece Wie vB oceld adh pl eiw O rb 0 BRS sra eA Tea TAMIL ATCA GS UATCCTSL IT Saar rr ete ear ath td Seales ee kee Gs 3 arta pera De Neeegy CRESUETS OTT oe RIS Ket ee en ee EEE TE ATLEAAT SILLA SYCCOL LI ee ee eee eee ls Sn Oe eee See ia Nae te op os a9 > & . i; ina Wr rae je ‘ ne rn - od ¢ Sees .= i — 4 be ' ‘ ‘ 7 eau © 4 - " = : eel = S $i. N ‘ é = ¥ ‘ Saad oe “ ' i es ie . ‘ Sth o. PM , 4 = a) a { peda he \ nm. ‘ | “ i = ‘i . 7 i i i ’ Lowi \ te we — oy { he = a > — * = + Se ‘ . 7 = re - ‘ — ~ ef \) am G aol - = > - 7 ® = = = "a ~. ty 4" a t ; 7 1 H \ ; 3 > i y “ 7 Ny. ve is.” Se x t = . : - a ‘ coat — : s ‘ “ =) ~ is : 7 = 7 “ : ag = mf +. i: ; ‘ ' i Sek 2 a Ce = a, r 7 oe ue i atie i eee a ieee ae : a ZEN ih Ws ean vhshs thie. weed HH : ae HS a AVE Ade Me a ra ries ae iPass We : ie f 6, pod St — ae if; ath 1a, i Hiieg batty ie Lr}, mot Babee on lig fuedita a iat “5 ce yet Fite Ae lal itantss ea, 3 ih Quai 4 donnie Tareas ae ee 4 he Today i Ot ibaa oe ee SEBS, eee << soe manegesoe awe Sse See eee = Geta Vaer ae Si i | pane ene, Leartaea! BoE a 7 ey ree Saath ni iefetary wilt Hi) TTS an ete ers oe M Gites i sivas hi" i vas Aa AVA ub bash ¥ aee ine ut : i} 147 7 Ys bts ees co anh ete (Aneta iat : se tty see 8 FETUS ho witeze Sti Tues ‘ ate ae het rit 12 : Ptah DPE MHS STU Wigs ig ria it it iat fie sai fy it weal he ie { thos ie (i TOR AYA : rf Savbeey elt at i betea be say sithe iit tin ons teaiai/e aun aan fib LE eon Wess tbupee wary CO heth vat nh ptr se ; Oy yprtvaes Hon , ebay ‘ dhe