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THE

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA

AND NEW JERSEY

BY

WILLIAM P TURNBULL LLD

PHILADELPHIA

HENRY GRAMBO & CO CHESTNUT STREET
1869>

Pees

THE

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA
AND NEW JERSEY.

£
rf BY

WILLIAM PY TURNBULL. LL. D.

AUTHOR OF THE “‘ BIRDS OF EAST LOTHIAN;
MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA}
THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK};
ORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW, ETC.

—__—_——_——- aves, solatia ruris,

Assuetum silvis, innocuumque genus,

Que facitis nidos, que plumis ova fovetis,
Et facili dulces editis ore modos.— Ovid.

U PHILADELPHIA:

HENRY GRAMBO & CO., CHESTNUT STREET.
1869.

ee aie eis

ALEXANDRI WILSONT,
TOT OPNIOOTNOQMONOZ,

NOMINIS MEMORL®,
NULLO IN VO OBLIVISCEND&,
HOCCE PARVULUM,
AB EJUS MAXIMO OPERE DEDUCENS,
UT RIVULUS AB OCEANO,
PRIMORDIUM,

GULIELMUS P. TURNBULL.

p..D.

Ipse dedit Genitor, silvosa Columbia curat,

Arte suz prolis Scotia pinxit, aves.

PREFACE.

In preparing the following Catalogue, the object of the writer has
been to present in a simple and compact form the Ornithology of a
small portion of North America, comprising that part of Pennsyl-
vania eastward of the Alleghany Mountains, and of New Jersey,
including the coast line which extends from Sandy Hook to Cape
May. From the geographical position of the district it is particu-
larly favourable for observation, being the resort, at some period of
the year, of a large proportion of the birds of this continent; and,
from the fact of its being the temporary resting-place of most of
the migratory birds, there is probably no district of the same extent .
in this country that is frequented by such a number of species.
A considerable number of our Summer visitants from the Gulf
States and Mexico appear to make it their northern limit, while
other flocks remain only a short period in Spring, and migrate still
further north, penetrating as far as British America to breed; and
these again arrive in Autumn on their return journey to their
Winter retreats. It may likewise be noted that the district is the
southern limit of many species which breed at Hudson’s Bay and
the fur countries, and pass the Winter on the Delaware and Chesa-
peake, thus forming a line of separation, so to speak, for the
migratory flights of many interesting birds coming from opposite
directions. ‘

On consulting the list, however, it will be remarked that the
proportion of what may be considered resident birds is small. This
fact seems to have attracted observation as far back as the time of
Dr Benj. 8. Barton, who published a work entitled “Fragments of
Natural History” about seventy years ago, in which it is stated that
in the district now spoken of, very few species remained all the year,
and that even of these there appeared to have been a partial migra-
tion in severe Winters; such birds, especially, as lived on insects
and small fruits, being compelled to retire southwards—a fact still
noticeable at the present day, many species that usually migrate
remaining in mild and open Winters. Closer observation of late
years, however, has enabled ornithologists to affirm with certainty

vl PREFACE.

that, of so-called migratory birds, a greater number pass the Winter
with us than has been hitherto supposed. Of these, the Yellow-
rump Warbler (Dendroica coronata) and the Blue Bird (Sialia
sialis) may be cited as examples; and it is very probable that in
suitable localities, especially in the southern and warmer counties,
many more will yet be found.

The identity of some American species—chiefly water birds—
with those of the Old World has long been a subject of anxious con-
sideration among ornithologists, and with regard to a few of these
there is still a diversity of opinion, a slight deviation in the size, and
in the shade of the plumage being generally all that can be detected.
In such cases a careful comparison of the habits, note, and nidifica-
tion is of much importance, and cannot fail eventually to decide the
question. In those instances where the birds are considered iden-
tical, the original scientific names are given; but where a decided
difference in the size of an average number of specimens occurs, the
distinction is noted. Of these, the Duck Hawk (Falco anatum)
may be mentioned as an example, but even in this case it may
be fairly questioned whether the disparity does not arise from a
more bountiful supply and greater variety of food enjoyed by the
American bird, combined with a larger extent of hunting ground
than falls to the lot of its European congener, the Peregrine Falcon.
It has been conclusively proved that many birds of the same species
from different localties in this country, vary not only in size, but also
in plumage, specimens from the Pacific coast being generally darker
in colour than those from the interior; and Professor Baird, in a
recently published paper on the subject, has suggested that this is
possibly the result of greater exposure to the elements, and a want
of such protection as the dense inland forests afford. He also states,
that “while some Florida birds are characterised by larger bills
than their more northern brethren, several of the birds of the
middle and western provinces have an increase in the length of the
tail, as compared with the same or allied species in the east;” and,
as if in corroboration of these views, the characters of each are often
found united, in intermediate specimens, near the boundary line of
their respective districts.

In giving the dates of the arrival and departure of the various —
species enumerated, the writer wishes it to be understood that
these are only mentioned as approximate, so much depending on

PREFACE. Vil

the season being early or late, in illustration of which, it may be
stated, that the wet and backward weather throughout last spring
(1867) delayed the arrival of the Warblers fully two weeks. It
should also be mentioned, that the abundance or scarcity of each
species has reference, unless when otherwise noted, not to any
special locality, but to the whole district represented.

The diffusion of well authenticated information regarding the
distribution of American birds, is yet a matter for future observa-
tion. There have been, no doubt, many important contributions
on this subject, of late years, yet the field is so extensive that many
years must elapse before we can lay claim to a thorough knowledge
of many important particulars, which patient research and well-
timed energy alone can solve. The author of the present little work,
while claiming for it the merit of careful observation, extending
over a period of several years, at the same time believes the plan
of the Catalogue to be capable of attaining more useful results, if
enlarged in proportion to the nature of the districts investigated.
It is, therefore, to be hoped that accurate observers may undertake
similar records, by means of which the next great work on the
ornithology of our country may contain a better collection of facts,
representing the phenomena of the remoter districts, than has yet
been obtained.

While making the usual acknowledgments to those who have so
obligingly furnished the author with information, it gives him much
pleasure to record his additional obligations to his friend, Mr
Thomas S. Hutcheson, for his valuable services in superintending
the work when passing through the press, and for other necessary
aid, which, at this distance, is most thankfully appreciated. Nor
must he omit to thank another friend and correspondent—Mr
Robert Gray, Secretary to the Natural History Society of Glasgow
—for useful notices regarding some of the birds of the remoter
Hebrides of Scotland, between which district and some parts of
our own continent there would appear to be an occasional inter-
migration of species. On this subject, however, the author
imay at a future time, conjointly with that gentleman, bring
ali the ascertained facts and observations under the notice of
ornithologists ia a separate form.

We Pe.

PHILADELPHIA, January, 1869.

NUMBER OF SPECIES.

¥

S. Summer visitants.

W. __-~ Winter visitants. ay ee

S. & A. Pass through in Spring and Autumn.
Permanently resident.

Stragelers, or irregular visitants. .

THE

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA

AND NEW JERSEY.

ORDER—RAPTORES. (Rapacious Birds.)

Turkey Buzzard. . . Cathartes aura, TURKEY VULTURE.
Not uncommon. It is more fre-
" quently seen in Summer, but many
remain during the Winter. It breeds
along the sea-coast of southern New
Jersey.
B

6 BIRDS

Golden Eagle.

Bald Eagle.

Fish Hawk.

Duck Hawk.

Pigeon Hawk.

Sparrow Hawk. .

Goshawk.

OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

Aquila chrysaétos. RING- TAILED
EaGcLe. Very rare. A few are seen
almost every Autumn. (S. & A.)

Halaétus leucocephalus. |WHITE-
HEADED EAGLE. Rather rare, and
oftener seen in Spring, haunting the
Delaware and larger streams inland.
It breeds in New Jersey, on the
Sea-coast.

Pandion Carolinensis. Ospriy. Not
uncommon, especially about Great
Kgg Harbour, where it nestles in large
communities. It arrives in the end
of March, and departs early in Octo-
ber. Very closely allied to Pandion
haliaétus of the Old World—the
difference being so slight as to make
it almost a variety. (S8.)

Falco anatum. GREAT FOOTED HAWK.
Rare. During Autumn and Winter
it frequents the marshes along the
sea-coast and the courses of rivers,
preying upon wild fowl. It breeds
on the Alleghanies and the cliffs
bordering the Susquehanna. This
bird is very like the Falco peregrinus
of Europe, but is larger, and is now
believed to be a distinct species.

Falco columbarius. BULLET Hawk.
A daring plunderer in poultry yards.
It migrates in Spring to the north,
where it breeds, returning in the
Autumn. At this season, and also
in Winter, itis not uncommon. (W.)

Falco sparverius. This beautiful little
Hawk is plentifully distributed.

Astur atricapillus. Rare, arriving
early in September from the North.
Audubon mentions having found its

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 7

Cooper’s Hawk. . .

Sharp-shinned Hawk. .

Red-tailed Hawk.

Red-shouldered Hawk.

Broad-winged Hawk.

Rough-legged Buzzard.

Black Hawk. .

Marsh Hawk.

nest in Pennsylvania. It is distinct
from A. palumbarius of Europe. (W.)

Accipiter Cooper. Plentiful. It
nestles on the mountain ridges of
the Alleghanies.

Accipiter fuscus. SLATE-COLOURED
Hawk. Abundant, building its
nest on trees, but one was found,
near Philadelphia, on the edge of a
high rock.

Buteo borealis. HEN HAWK. CHICKEN
Hawk. Common. Much more fre-
quent in Autumn and Winter, haunt-
ing meadows and cultivated districts.

Buteo limeatus. WINTER FALCON.
Common, and especially along the
sea-shore, but most abundant in
Winter.

Buteo Pennsylvanicus. Rare. This
Hawk is also more frequently seen
in Winter.

Archibuteo lagopus. Not uncommon.

May be seen coursing along rivers
and marshes in Winter. (W.)

Archibuteo Sancti-Johanms. Rather
rare. It is generally found sailing
at a low flight over the marshy flats
of the Delaware and other large
rivers. This is a northern species,
but its nest has been once found in
New Jersey. (W.)

Circus Hudsonius. Movusz Hawk.
Harrier. Abundant on the salt
marshes of the Jersey coast and on
the Delaware. It seems more com-
mon in Winter, and is seldom met
with in mature plumage. It is
somewhat larger than Circus cyaneus
of Europe, but closely allied.

8 BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

Barn Owl. .

Errent Horned Owl. .

Mottled Owl. :

Long-eared Owl.

Short-eared Owl.

Barred Owl.

Strix pratincola. Not rare, and more
frequent in Spring and Autumn. Its
nest is generally found in a hollow
tree near marshy meadows. It is a
larger bird than Strix flammea of
Europe, and a distinct species.

Bubo Virginianus. CatOwt. Rather
rare. It is found in the deep recesses
of swampy woods, where it breeds.
It has become, of late years, much
less plentiful, although frequently
seen in Winter. :

Scops asio. SCREECH OwL. Abundant.
The young, called the RED OWL, was
long considered a distinct species.

Otus Wilsonianus. Rather rare. Its
nest has been occasionally found in
the woods near Philadelphia. It is
more frequently met with in Autumn
than at other seasons. This species
is very like Otus vulgaris of Europe,
but is rather darker in colour, and
is larger.

Otus brachyotos. MarsH Own. Not
uncommon; arriving in November,
and departing in April. It is seen
mostly on the meadows along the
Delaware and smaller streams. Mr
John Krider found its nest on Pecks
Beach, coast of New Jersey, in 1850;
and Audubon mentions having found
it breeding in the great Pine Swamp
of Pennsylvania. European speci-
mens are somewhat lighter in colour,
but in habits they are alike. (W.)

Syrnium nebulosum. GREY OWL.
Common, but more abundant in
Winter. This Owl has been observed
frequently flying during the day.

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 9

Acadian Owl.. . . . Nyctale acadica. Saw WuHet Owt.
LittLeE Ow. Rare. This handsome
little Owl is more frequently seen in
Winter, especially on the marshes of
the New Jersey coast.

Snowy Owl. . . . . Nyctea nivea. Waite Own. A rather
rare Winter visitant. (W.)

ORDER—SCANSORES. (Climbing Birds.)

Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Coccygus Americanus. RAIN Crow.
Common, arriving in the end of
April, and departing in the middle
of September. It is generally found
in thick woods and orchards. (S.)

10 BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA,

Black-billed Cuckoo.

Hairy Woodpecker.

Downy Woodpecker.

Red-cockaded Wood-
pecker.

Yellow-bellied Wood-
pecker.

Great Black Wood-
pecker.

Red-bellied Wood-
pecker.

Red-headed Wood-
pecker.

Coccygus erythrophthalmus. Migrates
about the same time as Coccygus
Americanus, but is hardly so plenti-
ful. It frequents the borders of small
streams. Wilson first distinguished
it from the preceding species. (S.).

. Pricus villosus. SPOTTED FLICKER. Not

uncommon, and especially frequent
in orchards. A larger variety is
found in the northern counties of
Pennsylvania, and has been called
Picus canadensis.

Picus pubescens. SAPSUCKER. Plenti-
ful. This species is very like Picus
villosus in its markings, but is much
smaller.

Picus borealis. Rare. A southern
species, and migrating thence towards
Winter. (S;)

Picus varius. This is one of the most
beautiful of our Woodpeckers, and
is not uncommon. It is generally
met with in Summer, arriving early

in April, but a few remain during
the Winter. (S.)

Picus pileatus. PILEATED Woop-
PECKER. Loc-cock. BLAck WooD-
cock. Not uncommon, but much
more rare than formerly. Itis more
abundant towards the Alleghany
Mountains.

Picus Carolinus. Common, but more
frequent in Summer; found mostly
on the larger trees of the forest.

Picus erythrocephalus. Plentiful. Ar-
riving in the latter part of April, and
departing in September or beginning
of October. It appears to be more
numerous towards the mountains. (S.)

ee

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. iw

Golden-winged Wood-

pecker.

ORDER—VOLITORES.

Colaptes auratus. FLICKER. YELLOW-

SHAFTED WOODPECKER. H1cH Hots.
Abundant, and generally distributed,
but much more plentiful in Summer.
There is a partial migration south in
October, the birds returning about the
end of March.

(Birds moving chiefly by Flight.)

Ruby-throated Humming Trochilus colubris. Hummine Birp.

Bird.

Belted Kingfisher. .

Rather plentiful in Summer, and
abundant in warm seasons, being
met with from the end of April to
the beginning of October. It is
frequent in gardens, where its habit
of roaming among the flowers has
been so beautifully depicted by
Wilson in the well-known verses,
“When morning dawns.” (S.)

Ceryle alcyon. KINGFISHER. Not

uncommon; arriving early in April,
and departing in October. A few,
however, remain during the Winter.
It is more abundant inland than on
the coast. (8.)

12 . BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA,

Whip-poor-Will. . . Antrostomus vociferus. Rather com-
mon, from the end of April to the
beginning of September. It appears
to be less frequent near the coast. (S.)

Night Hawk. . . . Chordeiles popetue. Nicut Jar. BULL
Bat. Abundant from the middle of
April to September. Often seen high
in the air above the streets of Philadel-
phia, and its nest has frequently been
found on the roofs of warehouses. (S.)

Chimney Swallow. . . Chaetura pelasgia. Common. Arrives
in the middle of April, and departs
early in September. (S.)

ORDER—INSESSORES. (Perching Birds.)

Barn Swallow. . . . Hirundo horreorum. Common from
the end of March to the end of
September. (S.)
Cliff Swallow. . . . Hirundo lunifrons. A rather rare
Summer visitant, but every year
* increasing in numbers. It arrives in
April. (S.)

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 13

White-bellied Swallow. Hirundo bicolor. Rather plentiful.
Comes late in March, and _ leaves
early in September. (8.)

Sand Martin. . . . Cotyle riparia. Bank Swattow. Not
uncommon on the high bank of a
river or the sea-shore, arriving
early in’ March, and leaving about
the middle of October. (S.)

Rough-winged Swallow. Ootyle serripennis. This is a southern
species, and not rare. It arrives
early in April, and seems to be more
abundant in the lower counties. (8.)

Purple Martin. . . . Prognesubis, Abundant, coming early
in April, and leaving in the end of
August. (S.)

Tyrant Flycatcher. . Tyrannus Carolinensis. Kine Biro.
FIELD MARTIN. BEE Brrp. Plentiful.
It arrives about the end of April,
and leaves in September. (S.)

Great Crested Flycatcher. Myiarchus crinitus. Not uncommon,
appearing early in May, and leaving
in the end of September. (S.)

Pewee Flycatcher. . . Sayornis fuscus. PEwEE. PHa@se
Brrp. Rather plentiful, especially
on the borders of creeks and small
streams. It appears early in March,
and leaves in November. (S.)

Olive-sided Flycatcher. Contopus borealis. Very rare. It is

generally seen early in May on its

way north, and returns in September.

. (S. & A.)

Wood Pewee. .. . . Contopus virens. Not uncommon from
the beginning of May to the middle
of September. This species closely
resembles the PH@BE Brrp. (S.)

Traill’s Flycatcher. . Zmpidonaw Traillii. Rare, but some
seasons it is not uncommon in the
Spring, arriving about the middle of
May. (S. & A.)

Cc

*

14 BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

Least Flycatcher. . . Empidonax minimus. Rather rare,
arriving in April on its northern
migration, and returning early in
September. A few remain to breed.
(S. & A.)

Green-crested Flycatcher. Hmpidonax acadicus. SMALL PEWEE.

’ Frequent from the beginning of May
to the middle of September. It is
generally found in the most secluded
parts of woods. (8.)

Yellow- bellied Fly- Hmpidonax flaviventris. Rare. It

catcher, arrives in the middle of April
on its way north Dr Slack
found it breeding near Trenton.
(S. & A.)

Wood Thrush. . . . Turdus mustelinus. Sone THRUSH.
One of our sweetest songsters, and
plentifully distributed. It arrives
about the middle of April, and
departs in October. (8.)

Hermit Thrush. . . Turdus Pallasii. Not uncommon. It
arrives in April, and again late in
October, on its way south, when
it is more abundant along the sea-
coast. This bird is very like
Turdus Swainson, but the tail and
tail coverts are rufous. A few have
been observed during Winter when
that season has been open and mild.
(S. & A.)

Wilson’s Thrush. . . TYurdus fuscescens. TAWNY THRUSH.
Plentiful from the beginning of A/pril
to October—a few remaining during
Winter. Many migrate further north
to breed. (S.)

Olive-backed Thrush. Turdus Swainsonii. Rare. It arrives
in the end of April. <A few also
of this species have been seen in
Winter. (S. & A.)

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 15

Grey-cheeked Thrush.

Migratory Thrush.

Mocking Bird. .

Cat Bird.

Brown Thrush.

Blue Bird.

Ruby-crowned Wren.

Golden-crested Wren.

Turdus aliciae. Very rare. It has
lately been found in the southern
counties of Pennsylvania, and is not
very uncommon in Maryland. (8.)

Turdus migratorius. Rosin. Very
abundant. During Autumn and
Winter it migrates in flocks.

Mimus wpolyglottus. This far-famed
songster is now rare, arriving late
in April, but it appears to have
been plentiful in former years; and,
according to Bartram and Dr Barton,
even remained all the Winter near
Philadelphia. (S.)

Mimus Carolinensis. Cattie. Abun-
dant from the middle of April to
late in October. (8.)

Mimus rufus. THRASHER. FRENCH
MockinG Birp. Common. Arrives
early in April, and departs in Octo-
ber, but a few remain during mild
Winters. This is one of the finest
of our song birds. (S.)

Stala sialis. |RED-BREASTED BLUE
Birp. Abundant, and may be seen
as early as the latter part of Feb-
ruary. It leaves late in November,
but so many remain during Winter,
that it may be called a resident
species.

Regulus calendula. Plentiful, arriv-
ing early in April, and returning
from the north late in September.
(S. & A.)

Regulus satrapa. Not uncommon. It
comes in April, and again in Septem-
ber, a few remaining during the
Winter. It is distinct from the
Regulus cristatus of Europe. (8. & A.)

16 BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

Tit-Lark. . . . . <Anthus Ludovicianus. Prert, Brown
Lark. Common. It arrives from
the north in October, and departs in
April, but is more frequent in the
Autumn and Spring migrations. (W.)

Creeping Warbler. . Mniotilta varia. BLACK AND WHITE
CREEPER. Plentiful from the mid-
dle of April to the beginning of
October. (S.)

Blue Yellow-backed Parula Americana. BiuE YELLow-

Warbler. Back. Common from the end of
April to October. (8.)

Maryland Yellow-throat. Geothlypis trichas. Abundant from
the end of April to the beginning
of September. (S.)

Mourning Warbler. . Geothlypis Philadelphia. Rare, and

_ excessively soin Autumn. It arrives
in the middle of May on its way
north. (S. & A.)

Connecticut Warbler. Oporornis agilis. Rather rare. This
| species is very seldom met with
in Spring, but is, however, more
frequent in Autumn, appearing late

in August. (8. & A.)

Kentucky Warbler. . Oporornis formosus. A southern
species, and rather scarce. It arrives
late in April. (8.)

Yellow-breasted Chat. Icterta virens. Common, coming early
in May and leaving in September. (S.)

Worm-eating Warbler. Helmitherus vermivorus. Rather rare,
arriving in the middle of May, and
departing in the end of September.

(S.)

Blue-winged Yellow Helminthophaga solitaria. Somewhat

Warbler. rare, arriving in the middle of May.
(S.)

Golden-winged Warbler. Helminthophaga chrysoptera. Rather
rare. It appears about the end of
April. (8S. & A)

ar al

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 17

Nashville Warbler.
Tennessee Warbler.

a eearowned Thrush.
Water-Thrush.

Large - billed Water
Thrush.

Black-throated Green
Warbler.

Black-throated Blue

Warbler.

Yellow-rump Warbler.

Blackburnian Warbler.

Helminthophaga ruficapilla. Frequent.
It arrives late in April, and is more
plentiful in the spring and autumnal
migrations. (S.)

Helminthophaga peregrina. Rather
rare, but sometimes not uncommon
in September on its return south.
(S. & A.)

Seiwrus aurocapillus. OVEN Birp.
Common from the end of April to
late in September. (S.)

Seiurus noveboracensis. Not uncom-
mon, arriving in the end of April,
and again late in August. (S. & A.)

Seiurus Ludovicianus. Not rare, but
more abundant in the lower coun-
ties, and said to be plentiful round
Washington. (8.)

Dendroica virens. Rather frequent,
arriving early in May, and departing
in October. It is more plentiful in
the Spring and Autumn migrations.
(S.)

Dendroica cerulescens. Abundant.
It comes late in April, and again
towards the end of October. <A few
remain to breed. (S. & A.)

Dendroica coronata. MYRTLE BIrpD.
GOLDEN-CROWNED WARBLER. Com-
mon, appearing early in April, and
again in October. It has been seen
frequently during winter. (S. & A.)

Dendroica Blackburme. Not un-
common. This beautiful warbler
arrives early in May, returning in
September. Its nest has been fre-
quently found in Pennsylvania. The
male in Autumn has been called
HEMLOCK WARBLER. (5. & A.)

18 BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA,

Bay-breasted Warbler. Dendroica castanea. Rather rare,
r appearing late in April, and again
in October. The young bird of this
species is the AUTUMNAL WARBLER
! of Wilson. (8S. & A.)

Pine-creeping Warbler. Dendroica pinus. This species is
| rather rare in Spring, but plentiful
in Autumn. Arriving early in April,
and again in October. Many re-

main during summer. (8.)

Chestnut-sided Warbler. Dendroica Pennsylanica. Not un-
common. Arriving early in May.

A few remain to breed. (8S. & A.)

Blue Warbler. . . . Dendroica cerulea. Rare. From
May to end of August. The BLUE
MOoUNTAIN WARBLER of Wilson is
the young of this species. (8.)

Black-Poll Warbler. . Dendroica striata. Common. It
arrives late in April, and again in
September. (S. & A.)

Yellow Warbler. . . Dendroica estiva. SuMMER YELLOW
Brrp. Abundant. ‘Coming late in
April, and departing in the end of
September. (S.)

Black and Yellow Dendroica maculosa. MAGNOLIA

Warbler. WARBLER. One of our most beauti-
ful warblers, and rather frequent,
coming early in May, and again in
September. (S. & A.)

Cape May Warbler. . Dendroica tigrina. Very rare; it
arrives early in May, and again
visits us on its way south about the
10th of October. (S. & A.)

Yellow Red-Poll Warbler. Dendroica palmarum. Plentiful.
Appearing early in April, and again
in September. (S. & A.)

Prairie Warbler. . . . Dendroica discolor. Not uncommon,

) from the beginning of May to

October. (8.)

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 19

Hooded Warbler.

Green Black-cap Fly-
catcher.

Canada Flycatcher.

Redstart.
Scarlet Tanager.

Summer Red Bird. .

Cedar Bird.

Great Northern Shrike.

Red-eyed Flycatcher. .

Philadelphia Vireo.
Warbling Flycatcher.
White-eyed Vireo.
Blue-headed Flycatcher.

Myiodioctes mitratus. Rather rare;
it arrives in April. (S.) ox
Myiodioctes pusillus. This bird ap-
pears early in May, and again in
October, and is rather abundant.

(S. & A.)

Myiodioctes Canadensis. Frequent,
from the end of April to October. (S.)

Setophaga ruticilla. Abundant, from
the end of April till late in Sept-
ember. (8.)

Pyranga rubra. Fire Birp. Plen-
tiful, coming early in May, and
leaving in September, (S.)

Pyranga estiva. RED Brrp. Rather
rare, and found mostly in the
southern counties of New Jersey,
from May to the middle of August.
(S.)

Ampelis cedrorum. PRIB CHATTERER,
Abundant, but less frequent in
winter than at other seasons.

Lanius borealis. Burcwer Brrp.
Not uncommon, especially in winter.
In March it migrates to the north,
but many nestle on the mountain
ridges of the Alleghanies.

Vireo olwaceus. Plentiful from the
beginning of May to the middle of
October. (S.)

Vireo Philadelphicus. SHORT-BILLED
Virgo. Very rare. (8. & A.)

Vireo gilvus. Frequent from early in
May to the middle of October. (S.)

Vireo noveboracensis. Common from
early in April to October. (S.)

Vireo solitarius. SOLITARY VIREO.
Rather rare, arriving in April, and
departing in October. (S.)°

20 BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

Yellow-throated Fly- Vireo flavifrons. Not uncommon
catcher. from the end of April to September.
(S)

Great Carolina Wren. Thryothorus Ludovicianus. Rather
rare. It appears early in May on
the borders of the Delaware. Mr
John Cassin informs me that he has
occasionally seen this bird on the
Wissahickon in Winter. (S.)

Bewick’s Wren. . . . Thryothorus Bewickit. Rare. It arrives
early in May. (8)

Long-billed Marsh Wren. Thryothorus palustris. Common along
the Delaware and other streams
from the beginning of April to the
middle of October. (S.)

Short-billed Marsh Wren. Thryothorus stellaris. Rather rare

from April to September. (8.)

House Wren... . . . Troglodytes aedon. Abundant from the
end of April to October. (8.)

Wood Wren. . . . . Troglodytes Americanus. Rare. This
bird very closely resembles the pre-
ceding species, T'roglodytes aedon, in
Autumn plumage; indeed, it is
doubtful if the two are distinct. (S.)

Winter Wren. . . . Troglodytes hyemalis. Not uncom-
mon, arriving in October. Its nest
has been occasionally found in Pen-
nsylvania. This species is so very
like Troglodytes vulgaris of Europe
as to be at least only a variety. (W.)

Tree Creeper. . . . Certhia familiaris, Grey CREEPER.
Abundant, but more so in winter
than at other times of the year. I
can detect no difference between it
and that of Europe; it has the same
shrill but feeble note, and its habits
are identical. |

White-bellied Nuthatch. Sctta Carolinensis. Plentiful, and

resident.

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. yas |

Red-bellied Nuthatch. .

Blue-grey Gnatcatcher.

Tufted Titmouse.

Black-cap Titmouse.

Carolina Titmouse. .

Shore Lark.

Pine Grosbeak.

Purple Finch.

American Goldfinch.

Pine Finch.

Red Crossbill.

Sitta Canadensis. Rather rare, from
October to April. (W.)

Poltoptila cerulea. BuuE-GREY FLy-
CATCHER. Not uncommon from the
middle of April to the end of
September. (8.)

Lophophanes bicolor. ToM-tT1t. Very
common, and especially abundant in
Summer.

Parus atricapillus. | CHICKADEE.
Abundant.

Parus Carolinensis. SMALL BLACK-
cAP Titmouse. A southern species,
and rather rare. (8.)

Alauda alpestris. Sky LARK.
HORNED LARK. Plentiful, appear-
ing late in October, and generally
leaving in March, but some seasons
it remains until April. (W.)

Pinicola Canadensis. PINE BULL-
FINCH. Rather rare. This species
is very like Pinicola enucleator
of Europe, but is larger. It may
be a variety only. (W.)

Carpodacus purpureus. Not uncom-
mon from September to April, a
few remaining during Summer. (W.)

Chrysomitris tristis. YELLOW Bir.
THISTLE BIRD. Common, but is less
frequent in Winter than at other
times.

Chrysomitris pinus. PINE LINNET.
Plentiful. Arriving late in October, ©
and departing in March. (W.)

Loamia Americana. COMMON CROss-
BILL. Not uncommon in winter,
and resident in the Alleghanies. It
nearly resembles Loxia curvirostra

of Europe, but is smaller,
D

22 BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

White-winged Crossbill.

Lesser Red-Poll. .

Snow Bunting.

Savannah Sparrow. .

Grass Finch. .

Yellow-winged Sparrow.

Henslow’s Bunting. .

Sharp-tailed Finch. .

Sea-side Finch.

Loxia leucoptera. Rare, but in some
winters more plentiful. Large flocks
have been known to cross. the
Atlantic to Britain, and they are
occasionally seen to alight on ves-
sels at sea. See Gray’s “Birds of
the West of Scotland.” (W.)

Innota linaria. Hemp Birp. Not
uncommon in severe winters, coming
early in November, and remaining
until April. (W.)

Plectrophanes nwalis. WHITE SNOW
Brrp. Of frequent occurrence, and
usually appearing after a snow
storm. It arrives early in Dec-
ember, and leaves in March. (W.)

Passerculus Savanna. Common, being
frequent in Summer near the moun-
tains, and plentiful in Winter on the
sea shore.

Pooecetes gramineus. GRASS SPAR-
ROW. BAY-WINGED SPARROW.

‘Abundant, its numbers being
augmented in Summer by flocks
arriving early in April.

Coturniculus passerinus. Common,
arriving late in April, and departing
in October. (S.)

Coturniculus Henslowt. Rather rare.
(8.)

Ammodromus caudacutus. QUAIL
HEAD. Frequent on the _ salt
marshes along the coast. (S.)

Ammodromus maritimus. GREY
SHORE Fincn. Abundant on the
sea shore. (S.)

White-crowned Sparrow. Zonotrichia leucophrys. CHrP Birp.

Rather rare; from September to the
beginning of May. (W.)

=

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 23

White-throated Sparrow. Zonotrichia albicollis. Common, ap-

Snow Bird.

Tree Sparrow.

Field Sparrow.

Chipping Sparrow. .

Song Sparrow.

Lincoln’s Finch. .

Swamp Sparrow.

Fox-coloured Sparrow.

pearing early in October, and leaving
in April. My friend, Mr Gray of
Glasgow, has informed me that this
familiar bird has been killed in
Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Female
specimens in Autumn plumage bear,
indeed, a somewhat near resemblance
to one or two Buntings, for which
they may be mistaken; so that it is
not unlikely it may be found again
if closely looked for. (W.)

Junco hyemalis. Buack SNow-Birp.
Cuuck-Birp. Abundant in Winter
from October to April. <A few
remain to breed on the Alleghanies.
(W.)

Spizella monticola. CANADA BUNT-
inc. Plentiful from the end of
October to April. (W.)

.- Sprzella pusilla. RusH SPARROW.

Common. Comes early in April,
and leaves in October. (S.)

Spizella socialis. CuHrppy. Abun-
dant from the end of March to
October. (S.)

Melospiza melodia. Abundant from
the beginning of March to Novem-
ber, but many remain all Winter.

Melospiza LInncolni. Rather rare.
It appears early in May, and again
in Autumn. (S. & A.)

Melospiza palustris. RED GRASS-
BIRD. MARSH SHORE FINCH.
Common. Arriving about the
middle of April. (S.)

Passerella iliaca. Fox SPARRow.
Frequent from the end of October
to March. (W.)

24 BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA, —

House Sparrow. .

Black-throated Bunting.
Rose-breasted Grosbeak.

Indigo Bird.
Cardinal Grosbeak. .

Ground Robin.

Reed Bird.

Passer domesticus. According to Mr
G. N. Lawrence, this well-known
European bird has been successfully
introduced into Jersey City, Hobo-
ken, and Newark, N.J., where they
excite much interest, and have be-
come great favourites. A very
interesting account of the species
in its new haunts, is given by that
gentleman, on the Birds of New
York, in the “Annals of the Lyceum
of Natural History of New York,”
Vol. VIIL, April, 1866.

Euspiza Americana. Plentiful. Ap-
pearing early in May, and leaying
in September. (8.)

Guiraca Ludoviciana. Rather rare.
It comes in April, and leaves early
in September. (S.)

Cyanospiza cyanea. Not uncommon
from May to September. (S.)

Cardinalis Virginianus. RED BIRD.
VIRGINIA NIGHTINGALE. Fre-
quently met with. Many remain
throughout the Winter in the lower
counties.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus. TOWHEE. —
CHEEWINK. Abundant from the
middle of April to October. A

few remain during Winter, and
may be found in well-sheltered
localities. (S.)

Dolichonyx oryzworus. Rick Bunt-
inc. Bop-o-Link. Plentiful. It
appears early in May, and again
in the middle of August, when it
arrives from the north in large
numbers, spreading along the Dela-
ware and other rivers. (S. & A.)

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 25

Cow Bird. .

‘

Red-winged Blackbird.

Meadow Lark.
Orchard Oriole.

Baltimore Oriole.

Rusty Grakle.

Crow Blackbird. .

Raven. .

Common Crow.

Molothrus pecoris. Cow BLACKBIRD,
Cow-PEN Brirp. Common. _ It
comes late in March, and disappears
in October. Like the Cuckoo of
Europe, it deposits its eggs in the
nests of other birds. (8.)

Agelaius phoniceus. BLACKBIRD.
RED-WINGED STARLING. SWAMP
BLACKBIRD. Abundant from the
beginning of March to the end of
October, appearing in Autumn in
very large flocks. (S.)

Sturnella magna. OLD FIELD LARK.
Plentiful. There is a partial migra-
tion southwards in severe Winters.

Icterus spurvus. Common. Appear-
ing early in May, and leaving in
September. (S.)

Icterus Baltvmore. GOLDEN Rosin.
HANG Nest. Frequent, coming late
in April, and disappearing early in
September. (S8.)

Scolecophagus ferrugimeus. Rusty
BLACKBIRD. Not uncommon. It
arrives late in March, and again in
October. (S. & A.)

Quiscalus versicolor. PURPLE GRAKLE.
Plentiful, arriving early in March,
and leaving in November. (S.)

Corvus carnworus. Rare. <A few are
found on the Jersey coast, and in
the direction of the Mountains.
This bird is so like the Common
Raven of Europe (Corvus Coraz) as
to be merely a variety.

Corvus Americanus. Abundant. This
species is very like Corvus corone
of Europe, but entirely different in
habits, congregating in great flocks,

26 BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

Fish Crow. . . . . Corvus ossifragus. Not uncommon
along the sea-shore, and on the
Delaware. It arrives early in
April. (8) -

Blue Jay. . . . . . Cyanura cristata. Frequent, but less
numerous in Winter than at other
seasons,

ORDER—RASORES. (Gallinaceous Birds.)

Wild Pigeon. . . . . Ectopistes migratoria. PASSENGER
PicEon. Plentiful, but is more

- frequent in Spring and Autumn,

when it congregates in large flocks.

Common Dove. . . . Ectopistes Carolinensis. CAROLINA
TuRTLE Dove. Common from

March to October, but many remain

during the Winter.

Wild Turkey. . . . Meleagris gallopavo. Now rare. A
few straggling flocks are yet met
with on the Alleghanies, and speci-
mens which have been killed there
may be seen every Winter in the
Philadelphia market. It is not
uncommon in Virginia.

a

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 27

Pinnated Grouse.

Ruffed Grouse.

Partridge. .

Cupidonia cupido, PRAIRIE HEN.

PRAIRIE CHICKEN. Now very rare.
A few are still met with in Monroe
and Northampton counties, Penn-
sylvania, where I have shot the
species. Within the last year or
two it has also been found on the
Jersey Plains.

Bonasa umbellus. PHEASANT. Plen-

tiful, and more so in the direction
of the Alleghany mountains.

Oriyx Virginianus. QUAIL. Bos-

Waite. Abundant, and plentifully
distributed, but less common than
formerly, near the larger cities.

ORDER—GRALLATORES. (Wading Birds,

Snowy Heron.

White Heron.

Garzetta candidissima. WHITE-

CRESTED EGRET. WHITE POKE,
Not uncommon on the salt marshes
of the sea-coast, from the beginning
of April to October. This species is
quite distinct from Garzetta egretta
of the old world. (S.)

Ardea egretta. WHITE CORANE.

GREAT WHITE EGRET. Rather
rare, arriving about the middle of
May. It is distinct from Ardea
alba of Europe. (S.)

28 BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

Great Blue Heron.

Blue Heron.

Least Bittern.

Bittern.

Green Heron.

Night Heron.

Golden Plover.

Killdeer Plover. .

Wilson’s Plover.

Ardea herodias. BLUE CRANE. Com-
mon, arriving in April. A few,
however, remain during Winter.
(S.)

Ardea caerulea. Rare, but it has
been found breeding at Cape
May. (S.)

Ardetta exilis. Not uncommon along
the Delaware. It arrives early in
May. (8)

Botaurus — lentiginosus. QUAWK.
DunKkapoo. INDIAN HEN. Plen-
tiful from the middle of April to
October. (6.) ,

Butorides wrescens. FLY-UP-THE-
CREEK. Abundant from early in
April to October. (S.)

Nyctiardea Garden. QuA Birp.
Frequent. Arriving early in April,

and leaving in October. This —

species is very like MNyctrardea
grisea of Europe, but is, however,
distinct. (S.)

Charadrius Virginicus. FRost Brirp.
BuLL HEAD. Common, appearing
in the end of April, and again early
in September. It is smaller than
Charadrius pluvialis of Europe,
and quite distinct from that species.
(S. & A.)

Aegialitis vociferus. KILLDEER.
Plentiful, and especially abundant
along the sea-shore in Winter.

Aegialitis Wilsonius. Rather rare.
Arrives early in May. On the
original drawing of this bird now
before me, by Wilson himself, I find
he has named it GREAT-BILLED
PLOVER. (8.)

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA, 29

Semipalmated Plover. .

Piping Plover.

Grey Plover. .

Oyster Catcher. .

Turnstone.

Avocet.

Black-necked Stilt.

Northern Phalarope.

Aegialitis semipalmatus. RING
PLovER. Rina Neck. Frequent
on the sea-coast, appearing late
in April, and again in September.
(S. & A.)

Aegialitis melodus. BEACH BIrp.
Common on the sea-shore from the
end of April to October. (8.)

Squatarola cinerea. BLACK-BELLIED
PLOVER. WHISTLING FIELD PLo-
-VER. BEETLE-HEADED PLOVER.
Plentiful. It appears late in April,
and again in September, a few
remaining on the uplands to breed.
(S. & A.)

Hematopus palliatus. FLooD GULL.
Rather scarce. This bird is very like
Heematopus ‘ostralegus of Europe,
and may be only a variety. (S.)

Strepsilas interpres. CALICO BAcK.
Brant Brrp. Also called HorssE-
FOOT SNIPE, from its feeding on
the spawn of the King Crab.
Abundant, arriving early in
April, and returning south in
October. (S. & A.)

Recurvirostra Americana. BLUE-
Stockinc. Rather rare, appear-
ing late in April, and leaving in
October. (S.)

Himantopus nigricolis. THe Law-
YER. LONGSHANKS. Rather scarce,
from the end of April to Septem-
ber. I have found its nest on Egg
Island, Delaware Bay. (S.)

Phalaropus hyperboreus. LOBEFOOT,
This species, the RED-NECKED
PHALAROPE of British ornitho-
logists, 1s rare, arriving early in

E

30 BIRDS OF HAST PENNSYLVANIA,

Woodcock.

Snipe.

Red-breasted Snipe.

Knot.

Purple Sandpiper.

Red-backed Sandpiper.

May, and again in September,
being, however, more frequent in
Autumn. (8. & A.)

Philohela minor. Plentiful, from
early in March until November, a
few remaining during Winter. (8.)

Gallinago Wilsoni. ENGLISH SNIPE.
WILSON’S SNIPE. Abundant, arriv-
ing early in March, and again in
September. <A few remain during
Summer. It is very like Scolopax
gallinago of Europe, but is distinct,
and also differs somewhat from
that species in its habits. (8. & A.)

Macrorhamphus griseus. GREY
SNIPE. BROWN BACK. QUAIL
SnriPpE. DowrrcHer. Not uncom-
mon, appearing early in April, and
again in August. (S. & A.)

Tringa canutus. RED - BREASTED
SANDPIPER. ROBIN SNIPE. ASH-
COLOURED SANDPIPER. GREY BACK,
and also frequently called WHITE
RopIn SNIPE, in its Autumn plu-
mage. Common. [arrives in May,
on its way north; returning about
the middle of August. (S. & A.)

Tringa maritima. Very rarely seen
so far south, and generally in
Winter. (W.)

Tringa alpina, var.: Americana.
DUNLIN. BLACK-BREAST, and in
Autumn, WINTER Snipz. Abun-
dant. It arrives in April, and again
in September, a few remaining during
Winter. American specimens are
larger, and have the bill somewhat
longer than those of Europe. The

difference, indeed, is greater than

ar

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 31

between the true Tringa alpina and
Tringa Schinz. (S. & A.)
Pectoral Sandpiper. . TZringa maculata. JACK SNIPE.
MEADOW SNIPE. Pilentiful, arriv-
ing in April, and again appearing
about the end of August, when they
are most abundant. (S. & A.)
Least Sandpiper. . . Tringa Wilsonii. Wrtson’s SAnp-
PIPER. PEEP. OXEYE. Abun-
dant in the early part of May, and
again in August. I once saw a
flock on Brigantine Beach as early
as 20th July. (8. & A)
Bonaparte’s Sandpiper. Tringa Bonapartiz. Lirtte SNIPE.
Frequent, and oftener met with on
its return south in Autumn. This
bird was long confounded with
T. Schinzw of Europe. (S. & A.)
Nanderlings. . . . . Calidris arenaria. SANDERLING
: PLOVER. RuDDY PLOVER. Abun-
dant on the sea-coast, arriving in
May, and again in the end of
August, but many remain through-
out the Winter. (S. & A.)
Semipalmated Sandpiper. Erewnetes petrificatus. PEP. Plen-
tiful on the coast early in May,
- returning from the north in August
and September. (S. & A.)
Stilt Sandpiper. . . Micropalama himantopus. Lone-
LEGGED SANDPIPER. Very rare.
Seen in May, and again in August.
(S.,& A.)
Willett. . . . . . . Symphemia semipalmata. SEMIPAL-
MATED TATLER. STONE CURLEW.
Common from the middle of April
to October. (S.)
Tell-Tale. . . . . . Gambetta melanoleuca. TELL-
TALE GODWIT. VARIED TATLER.
GREATER YELLOW-SHANKS. Plen-

oe BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

Yellow-shanks Tatler.
Solitary Sandpiper.
Spotted Sandpiper.
Bartram’s Sandpiper.

Buff-breasted Sandpiper.

Great Marbled Godwit.

Hudsonian Godwit.

Long-billed Curlew.

Hudsonian Curlew.

tiful, from the middle of April until
November. (8.)

Gambetta flavipes. YELLOW-LEGGED
Snipe, Abundant. Appears late
in April, and again in the end of
August. Many remain during the
Summer. (8. & A.)

Rhyacophilus solitarwus. Woop Tat-
LER. Not uncommon from May to
September. (S.)

Tringoides macularwus. TILTUP.
PEET-WEET. SPOTTED SAND LARK.
Abundant from the beginning of
April to the end of October. (S.)

Actiturus Bartramius. FIELD PLo-
VER. UPLAND PLOVER. GRASS
PLoveER. Plentiful from the middle
of April till late in September. (S.)

Tryngites rufescens. Rather rare, and
is generally seen late in Autumn.
(S. & A.)

Limosa fedoa. Marin. Not un-
common. It arrives in May, and
returns from the north in the end
of September. (S. & A.)

LIimosa Hudsonica. RING - TAILED
Maruin. Rather scarce. It arrives
late in September. (S. & A.)

Numenius longirostris. SICKLE BILL.
Bic CuRLEW. Frequent, arriv-
ing early in May, and again in
September. (S. & A.)

Numenus Hudsonecus. SHORT-
BILLED CURLEW. JACK CURLEW.
Plentiful, arriving on its way north
in May, and returning about the
end of August. This species is
not unlike Numenius pheopus of
Europe. (S. & A.)

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 33

Esquimaux Curlew,

King Rail. .

Clapper Rail. .

Virginia Rail.

Common Rail.

Little Black Rail.

Yellow Rail. .

Coot. ..

Numenius borealis. LittLe CuRLEWw.
Rather rare, appearing in May,
and again in September. (8. & A.)

Rallus elegans. MArsH HEN. FRESH-
WATER Mup Hen. This large and
handsome Rail is rather scarce.
(S)

Rallus crepitans. MEADOW HEN.
Mup Hen. Abundant on the salt
marshes along the sea-coast, from

_ the middle of April to late in Sept-
ember. (S.)

Rallus Virgimanus. FRESH-WATER
Marsh Hen. Not uncommon along
the Delaware and other streams,
arriving late in April, and leaving
late in October. (S.)

Porzana Carolina. RaAtL. SORA.
CAROLINA Ratt. Abundant, arriv-
ing from the south early in May.
About the beginning of August it
returns from the north in great
numbers, and finally leaves us in
October. A few remain to breed
during Summer. (8S. & A.)

Porzana Jamaicensis. LEAST WATER
Ratu. Rare. It breeds on the
marshes of Cape May county, New
Jersey. (S.)

Porzana Noveboracensis. LITTLE
YELLOW RAIL, YELLOW-BREASTED
Ratt. Rare, coming about the
end of April, and leaving late in
October. (S.)

Fulica Americana. Hen BILL.
Waite Bint, Rather rare. It
appears early in April, remaining
till November. It is distinct from
Fulica atra of Europe. (S.)

34 BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

Florida Gallinule. . . Gallinula galeata. Water Hen.
CoMMON GALLINULE. A very rare
Summer yvisitant, from the middle
of May to late in October, on the
Delaware and Susquehanna. It is
very like Gallinula chloropus of
Europe, but is distinct. Mr John
Cassin has informed me that one
of these birds flew into a house in
Philadelphia last season, by an open
window, and that he kept it for
some time in confinement. (S8.)

ORDER—NATATORES. (Swimming Birds.) —

American Swan.. . . Oygnus Americanus. Frequently seen
| on its Spring and Autumn migra-
tions. It winters on Chésapeake
Bay. (W.) ai
Snow Goose. . . . . Anser hyperboreus. Waite BRANT.
Rather rare. It arrives in Novem-
ber, and again late in February.
(8. & A)

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 35

Blue-winged Goose.

White-fronted Goose.

Canada Goose.

— Brent Goose.
‘

Vi E lard.
Bla ok Duck.

4
Pin-tail Duck.
Green-winged Teal.
Blue-winged Teal.

Shoveller. .

Anser ccrulescens. This species,
supposed by many authors to be
the young of the preceding, Anser
hyperboreus, with which it is gene-
rally found in company, is also
rare, but in some seasons is not
uncommon on the Delaware and
Atlantic coast. (S. & A.)

Anser albifrons. LAUGHING GOOSE.
Rare. Its migrations are more
towards the interior States. (W.)

Bernicla Canadensis. WiILD Goose.
Not uncommon from the end of
September to the beginning of
April.’| (W.)

Berncla brenta. BRANT. Abundant,
appearing early in October, and
again in the middle of May.
(S. & A.)

Anas boschas. WiLD Duck. GREEN
HEAD. Common, but much more
frequent in Winter than at other
seasons.

Anas obscura. Dusky Dvcx.
Abundant. There is a_ partial
migration to the north in Spring,
the flocks returning in October.

Anas acuta. SPRIG-TAIL. Plentiful.
This species leaves in the middle of
March for the north. .(W.)

Nettion Carolinensis. Abundant,
appearing in April, and again about
the end of October. (S. & A.)

Querquedula discors. Common.
Arrives middle of April, and again
in September. (S. & A.)

Spatula clypeata. SPOONBILL. Rather
rare. It leaves for the north about
the middle of April. (W.)

36 BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

Gadwall.

Wigeon.

Summer Duck.

Scaup Duck.

Lesser Scaup Duck.

Ring-necked Duck. .

Red-headed Duck.

Canvas-back Duck. .

Golden Eye.

Buffel-headed Duck.

Chaulelasmus streperus. GREY DUCK.
WELSH DRAKE. Rare. (S. & A.)

Mareca Americana. BALDPATE.
AMERICAN WiGEON. Not uncom-
mon, arriving in September, and
again in April A few remain
during Winter. (S. & A)

Aix sponsa. Woop Duck. Plentiful.
This beautiful species arrives early
invApril, AS)

Fuligula marila. GREATER BLACK
HEAD. BroaD BILL, BLUE BILL.
Frequent, appearing early in October,
and leaving in the end of April. (W.)

Fuligula affins. LITTLE BLAck
HEAD. CREEK BroaD Brut. Not
uncommon. It leaves for the north
early in April. (W.)

Fuligula collaris. TUFTED DUCK.
Frequent in Autumn, and appearing
again latein March. (S. & A.)

Fuligula Americana. PocHARD. Not
uncommon, arriving from the north
early in November. It is distinct
from Fuliqguia ferina of Europe.
(W.)

Fuligula vallisnerva. Abundant,
arriving early in November, and
remaining for the Winter on the
Susquehanna and Chesapeake Bay.
GW)

Fuligula clangula. WHISTLER.
WHISTLE WinG. Plentiful from
November to April. It may bea
variety of the European bird, but
the difference is very slight. (W.)

Fuligula albeola. BuTTtER BALL.
Spirit DUvUCcK. Abundant from
October to beginning of May. (W.)

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 37

Long-tailed Duck.

Labrador Duck.

Velvet Scoter.

Surf Scoter.

| Black Scoter. .

Ruddy Duck. .

Goosander. .

Red-breasted Merganser.
Hooded Merganser. .

Gannet. .

Harelda glacialis. SouTH SOUTHERLY.
OLtp Squaw. Frequent during
Winter along the river Delaware
and the sea-coast. (W.)

Camptolemus Labradorius. SAND-
SHoaL Duck. Prep Duck. Rare.
A few are seen every season. (W.)

Oidemia fusca. WHITE - WINGED
Coot. Plentiful on the sea-coast.
It arrives in the middle of October,
and departs early in April. (W.)

Oidemia perspicillata. BLACK SEA
Duck. Common from October to
May along the Jersey coast. (W.)

Oidemia Americana. BROAD-BILLED
Coot. Not uncommon. It resem-
bles so closely the Ocdemia nigra of
Europe, as to be only a variety. (W.)

Erismatura rubida. SPINE- TAIL,
SALT-WATER TEAL. Rare. It is
more abundant in the interior. (W.)

Mergus merganser. SHELDRAKE.
FISHER DUCK. Dun DIvEr.
Abundant from the beginning of
November to April, but many breed
in the interior and are resident.
The bill of European specimens
is somewhat longer and more
slender.

Mergus serrator. PIED SHELDRAKE.
SAWBILL. Not uncommon. A few
remain to breed. (W.)

Mergus cucullatus. WATER PHEAS-
ANT. Harry Heap. This hand-
some species is plentiful.

Sula bassana. SOLAN Goose. Very
rare. It is seen along the sea-coast
more frequently in Winter than at

other seasons. (W.)
F

38 BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

Common Cormorant. . Phalacrocorax carbo. Rather rare
on the Jersey coast. (W.)
Double-crested Cormorant. Phalacrocorax dilophus. Rare;
. many, however, pass along the coast
to Winter further south. (W.)
Wilson’s Petrel. . . . Thalassidroma Wilsonii. Very rare.
It is generally met with off the coast
in Autumn and Winter. (W.)
Greater Shearwater. . Puffinus major. Very rare. <A few
are seen every year on the Atlantic,
off the coast. (W.)
Great Black-backed Gull. Larus marinus. SappDLE BACK GULL.
| Not uncommon. (W.)

Herring Gull.. . . . Larus argentatus. Grey WINTER
GULL. SILVERY GULL. Plen-
til CW)

-Ring-billed Gull. . . Larus Delawarensis. Common GULL.

BROWN WINTER GULL. Abundant.
This species is not unlike Larus
canus of Kurope. (W.)

Laughing Gull. . . . Larus atricilla. BLACK - HEADED
GuLL. Common, arriving in the
end of April. (S.)

Bonaparte’s Gull. . . Larus Philadelphicus. LESSER
BLACK-HEADED GULL. Not un-°
common. (W.)

Kittiwake Gull. . . . Larus tridactylus. Rather rare along
the New Jersey coast. (W.)

Marsh Tern. . . . . Sterna anglica. GULL-BILLED TERN.
Rare. (8.)

Forster’s Tern. . . . Sterna Forstert. Rare- I have found

this species breeding on Brigantine
Beach. The adult, in Winter
plumage, has been called HAVELL’s
TERN. (S.)

Roseate Tern. . . . Sterna Dougallii. This elegant Tern
isnotuncommon. It is doubtful if it
is increasing in Scotland, where the
species was originally discovered. (S.)

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 39

Common Tern.

Arctic Tern.

Least Tern.

Black Tern.

eee Skimmer. -

Great Northern Diver.

Red-throated Diver.

Red-necked Grebe. .
Great-crested Grebe.

Sclavonian Grebe.

Pied-Bill Dobchick. .

Sterna hirundo. SUMMER GULL.
Plentiful, arriving in the middle of
April. (8.)

Sterna arctica. Rare. This species
appears to be most numerous in
Autumn, an occasional straggler only
being observed in Winter. It breeds
from New Engiand northwards. (S.)

Sterna frenata. LITTLE SHEEPSHEAD
GULL. Common, arriving in May,
and departing in August. It is
rather larger than Sterna minuta
of Europe, and_ is_ otherwise
distinct. (8.)

Sterna fissipes. SHORT-TAILED TERN.
Not uncommon. ~ It breeds in the
Western States, during which season
it is absent from the coast. (S. & A.)

Rhynchops nigra. SHEARWATER.
CuTWATER. Frequent, arriving in
the middle of May. (8.)

Colymbus glacialis. Loon. Abun-
dant; and although it is more fre-
quent in Winter, many are found in
Summer during the breeding season.

Colymbus septentrionalis. Rather
rare; the specimens procured being
mostly young birds. (W.)

Podiceps rubricollis. Rarely met
with so far to the south. (W.)

Podiceps cristatus. Dipper. Not
uncommon. (W.)

Podiceps cornutus.
WATER WITCH.
Frequent in Winter.
to breed. (W.)

Podiceps Carolinensis. DIPPER.
CAROLINA GREBE. Common,
arriving early in April. (S.)

HORNED GREBE.
HELL DIVER.
A few remain

40 BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

Razor Bill.. . . . . Alca torda. RAzoR-BILLED AUK.
Very rare, coming early in Novem-
ber. A few migrate as far south as
Cape May. (W.)

Puffin. . .. . . . Fratercula arctica. SEA PARROT.
Arctic Purrin. An extremely
rare Winter visitant along the

coast. (W.)

Thick-billed Guillemot. Uria Brunnichii. Brunnicu’s Gurt-
LEMOT. Very rare, but nearly every
Winter specimens are procured from
the Jersey sea-coast. (W.)

STRAGGLERS, OR IRREGULAR VISITANTS.

Swallow-tailed Kite. . MNauclerus furcatus. Has been seen
once or twice in Pennsylvania. Mr
John Krider shot one near Phila-
delphia in 1857. (8.)

Great Grey Owl. . . Syrniwm cinerewm. Lap OWL.
Although a northern species, this
Owl has been several times found
in New Jersey. (W.)

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 4]

Hawk Owl.

Carolina Parrot. .

Savanna Blackbird.

Surnia ulula. CANADA Own, Day
‘Own. Is occasionally found in
severe Winters. One was shot at
Haddington, near Philadelphia, in
1866... CW;)

Conorus Carolinensts. PARAKEET.
Occurs at rare intervals in Southern
Pennsylvania. (S.)

Crotophaga ant. <A specimen killed
near Philadelphia, in September,
1849, is now in the museum of the
Academy of Natural Sciences. (8.)

Arctic Three-toed Wood- Picoides arcticus. BLACK - BACKED

pecker.

THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. This
species is occasionally seen in the
northern counties of Pennsylvania.
Audubon met with it in the forests
of the Pocono Mountains. It is
distinct from the Prcoides tridac-
tylus of Europe.

Fork-tailed Flycatcher. IMilvulus tyrannus. Bonaparte pro-

Arkansas Flycatcher.

Varied Thrush.

cured a specimen of this bird near
Bridgeton, New Jersey; another was
shot by Audubon at Camden, near
Philadelphia, in June, 1832. (S.)

Tyrannus verticals. A specimen,
shot at Moorestown, New Jersey,
was obtained by Mr John Cassin in
the flesh, and is in the Academy
Museum, Philadelphia. (8.)

Turdus noeevius. This inhabitant of
the Pacific coast has once been pro-
cured in New Jersey.

~Cuvier’s Golden-crested Regulus Cuviert. Audubon killed a

Wren.

specimen on the banks of the river
Schuylkill in June, 1812. It has
not been seen since, and is only
known from his description and
figure.

42 BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

Prothonotary Warbler. Protonotaria citrea. Is an occasional
straggler to the lower portions of
Pennsylvania. Mr John Cassin shot
one near Wilmington. (8.)

Orange-crowned Warbler. Helminthophaga celata. An example
of this species was shot on Ranco-
cas Creek early in February, 1860.
Chris. Wood also procured a fine
male in Bucks County, on 2d
November, 1867.

Townsend’s Warbler. . Dendroica Townsendit, A full-
plumaged male was shot in Chester
County, near the Brandywine, 12th
May, 1868, and now enriches my
collection. (S.)

Yellow-throated Warbler. Dendroica superciliosa. A southern
species, and rare straggler to the
lower counties of Pennsylvania and
New Jersey. (8.)

Small-headed Flycatcher. Myiodioctes minutus. Wilson pro-
cured this bird in April and June
in New Jersey. Audubon mentions
having seen it in Kentucky, but it
has not been found since, and is a
doubtful species.

Bohemian Waxwing. . Ampelis garrulus. Has been occasion-
ally shot near Philadelphia. It is not
uncommon on Lake Superior. (W.)

Bartram’s Vireo.. . . Vuéreovirescens. Professor Baird men-
tions the probability of this species
being an occasional visitor. It is
more properly an inhabitant of
South America.

Brown-headed Nuthatch. Sitta pusilla. A southern species,

. and rare visitant to the lower
counties. (8.) |

Lapland Long-Spur. . Plectrophanes Lapponicus. LAPLAND
Lark Buntine. Very rare, and
found only in severe Winters. (W.)

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 43

Townsend's Bunting. . Huspiza Townsend. There is but
one specimen of this bird known;
it was procured in Chester
County. This so-called species
may be only a variety of Huspiza
Americana.

Blue Grosbeak. . . . Guiracacerulea. A rare straggler to
the southern counties. of Pennsyl-
vania and New Jersey. It arrives
in the middle of May. (S.)

Yellow-headed Troopial. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus. YVEL-
LOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD. Dr
Jackson mentions that this species
is occasionally seen along the
Alleghany mountains, where a
flock appeared in the Autumn
of = 1857. Mr John Krider
shot a young male near Phila-
delphia. (S.)

Canada Jay. . . . . Perisoreus Canadensis. WHISKY
JACK. <A rare strageler to the
northern counties of Pennsylvania.
(W.)

Ground Dove. . . . Chamaepelia passerina. Mr John
Krider shot a specimen near
Camden in the Autumn of 1858.
According to Dr Barton, who gave
a list of the Birds of Pennsylvania
in 1799, it was an _ occasional
visitant to the neighbourhood
of Philadelphia about a century
ago. (8).

Whooping Crane. . . Grus Americanus. StorK. WHITE
CRANE. Now very rare. While
at Beasley’s Point in 1857, I saw
three off the inlet; they were very
wary and could not be approached.
In Wilson’s time it bred at Cape
May.

oat BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

Louisiana Heron.

Yellow-crowned Heron.
White Ibis.

Glossy Ibis. .

Wilgon’s Phalarope.

Red Phalarope.

European Woodcock.

Curlew Sandpiper. .

Ardea Ludovciana. This species has
occasionally been obtained on the
New Jersey coast. (8.)

Nyctherodius violaceus. A rare
straggler from the south. It has
been seen on the borders of the
Schuylkill, near Philadelphia. (8.)

Ibis alba. Wuirkt CurLEw. A very
rare visitant so far north. I shot
one at Great Egg Harbour in the
Summer of 1858. (8.)

Ibis falcinellus. Last season (1866)
Mr John Krider shot a specimen
just below Philadelphia. At long
intervals, it has been seen on the
river Delaware, and also at Hoo
Harbour. (S.)

Phalaropus Wilsonw. A very rare
straggler. On the authority of
Audubon, it has been stated that it
breeds at Ego Harbour. (S. & A.)

Phalaropus fulicarius. Called GREY
PHALAROPE in Great Britain, where
it is seldom found in Summer
plumage. A few examples of this
species are obtained every season;
one was shot last September on the
Delaware, at the mouth of Timber
Creek, and shown to me by my
friend, Mr B. A. Hoopes. (8. & A.)

Scolopax rusticola. A specimen was
killed at Shrewsbury, New Jersey,
in 1859.

Tringa subarquata. Occasionally shot
at Egg Harbour. Wilson must
have met with it, as in his port-
folio of drawings I found a figure.
of this bird in Autumn plumage.
(S. & A.)

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 45

Ruff. .

Corn Crake.

Purple Gallinule.

Trumpeter Swan.

Lesser Snow Goose.

Hutchin’s Goose.

Machetes pugnaz. Stragglers from
Europe have occasionally been
found on Long Island, and a single
individual was met with on the
coast of New Jersey.

Crex pratensis. A specimen shot at
Salem is now in the collection of
the Academy of Sciences. Another
was procured near Bordentown,
New Jersey, by Mr John Krider.
It is known as a Summer visitant
to Greenland. (S.)

Gallinula martinica. <A very rare
straggler from the south; it has
been met with on the Jersey coast;
and Mr John Krider informs me
that he shot a fine specimen

_ on League Island in September,
1848. (S.)

Cygnus buccinator. This noble bird
—peculiar to the Continent west
of the Mississippi—is included, on
the authority of reliable sportsmen,
who have shot it on the Chesapeake,
as also Delaware Bay. It must be
a rare straggler, however, and I
have not noticed it in the Phila-
delphia market, where the Wild or
“Whistling Swan” (Cygnus Ameri-
canus) is so frequently seen every
Winter. (W.)

Anser albatus. Mr John Cassin pro-
cured, in the Philadelphia market,
two pairs, in the course of twenty
years, of this inhabitant of North-
West America. (W.)

Bernicla Hutchins. Occasionally
seen as far south as Chesapeake

Bay. (W.)
G

46 BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

Black Brent Goose. .

English Teal.

English Wigeon.

Harlequin Duck.
Eider Duck.

King Duck.

Rough-billed Pelican. .

Brown Pelican.

Leach’s Petrel.

Bermcla nigricans: BLACK BRANT.
One was procured by Mr George
N. Lawrence at Egg Harbour in
January, 1846; and flocks have
been seen since at rare intervals.
Mr John Krider acquaints me of
having received several specimens
from the coast. (W.)

Nettion crecca. GREEN-WINGED TEAL.
Has occasionally been met with.
Mr J. G. Bell, New York, tells me
it is not very uncommon on the
shores of Nova Scotia and New-
foundland. (W.)

Mareca penelope. WicGEON. This
is also a straggler from LHurope,
some being met with almost every
season. (W.)

Fuligula histrionca. LORD AND LADY
Duck. A very rare visitant from
the north to the sea-shore. (W.)

Somateria mollissima, SHOAL DUCK.
Has been seen occasionally at Hoe
Harbour. (W.)

Somateria spectabilis. Kina EIDeEr.
Has also been observed at Ego Har-
bour during severe Winters; the
specimens obtained being generally
young birds. (W.)

Pelecanus erythrorhynchus. WHITE
PELICAN. Has been seen at rare

intervals on the Delaware, and on

the sea-coast near Cape May.
Pelecanus fuscus. One was shot off
Sandy Hook in 1837. (S.)
Thalassidroma Leachu. FORK-TAILED
PETREL. Occasionally seen off the
coast. During a gale in August,
1842, a number were driven inland.

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 47

Stormy Petrel.

Manx Shearwater.

Dusky Shearwater. .

Pomarine Skua. .

Arctic Skua. .

Caspian Tern.

Royal Tern.

Sandwich Tern. .

Black Guillemot.

Bridled Guillemot.

Thalassidroma pelagica. MOTHER
CAREY’S CHICKEN. Has been found
off the coast. One was captured
under Market Street Bridge a few
years ago.

Puffinus anglorwm. An accidental
visitor to the coast, generally
appearing in Autumn. (S8.)

Puffimus obscurus. An occasional
straggler along the sea-shore, from
the south. (8)

Stercorarius pomarinus. Has been
found on the coast in Winter. One
specimen was taken at Harrisburg
in Summer. (W.)

Stercorarius parasiticus. RICHARD-
SON'S SKUA. Sometimes appears
on the coast. Mr Krider shot one
on the meadows to the south of
Philadelphia. (W.) |

Sterna Caspia. Specimens have been

* procured from the coast of New
Jersey at rare intervals. (W.)

Sterna regia. Also very rare. This
bird is distinct from Sterna Cayana
‘of South America. (S.)

Sterna cantvaca. A specimen of this
straggler from the Gulf States was
shot on Grassy Bay in August,
LS6E (8)

Uria grylle. GUILLEMOT. Occasionally
migrates as far south as Cape May
in Winter. (W.) |

Uria lachrymans. MuUrRE. RINGED
GUILLEMOT. FOOLISH GUILLEMOT.
Occasionally met with on the coast
in Winter. It is doubtful if the
true Uria troile of Europe has yet
been seen in the United States.

48

Little Auk.

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

For an account of the distribution
of this bird in the British Islands,
see “Gray’s Birds of the West of
Scotland.” (W.)

Mergulus alle. Lirrte Rotcuts.
Occasionally shot at Egg Harbour
and along the coast. (W.)

BIRDS WHICH HAVE DISAPPEARED.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

SINCE the eastern provinces have become more densely populated,
many of the larger and more wary species of birds have changed
their course of migration, and now reach the arctic regions by a
route taking them towards the interior of the continent; and there
are also some, formerly known as Summer visitants, which have now

a@ more southern limit.

Parrots, for example, (Conorus Caroli-

nensis), are at the present day rarely found north of the Carolinas;
while Wild Turkeys, which were once abundant, although still
to be met with in suitable localities, are now in very limited

BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA. 49

numbers. In a rare tract printed in 1648, entitled “A Description
of New Albion ”—a name at one time applied to this part of the
country—we read of four or five hundred Turkeys forming a
single flock. The Pinnated Grouse (Cupidonia cupido) is another
interesting bird which has become nearly extinct in East Penn-
sylvania, and entirely so, it is believed, in New Jersey. The
Whooping Crane (Grus Americanus) may also be said to have
disappeared, not even a straggler having been seen for some years.
It likewise seems to have been once very plentiful; for we read
in Hakluyt’s Voyages, Ed. 1589, fol. 729, that Captain Philip
Amadas and his fellow-adventurers, who visited and explored the
coast in the year 1584, “having discharged their harquebus-shot,
such a flocke of Cranes (the most part white) arose, with such a
erye, re-doubled by many ecchoes, as if an armie of men had
showted altogether.” The Brown or Sandhill Crane (Grus Cana-
densis) has not been seen in this region for many years past,
although it is still not uncommon in the west. The learned
Professor Kalm, who travelled in this country in 1748-49, and
resided some time at Swedesborough, N.J., noticed this bird on its
northern flight about the middle of February. At that time they
usually alighted, but remained for a short time only, every Spring,
in comparatively limited numbers; but he was assured by a
colonist, above ninety years of age, that in his youth (or about the
year 1670) Cranes came in hundreds. The Rough-billed Pelican
(Pelecanus erythrorhynchus) was also frequent on the Hudson and
the Delaware, but is now a very rare visitant to the last-men-
tioned river only.

While ornithologists, however, have to deplore the diminution
in the number of the more conspicuous birds which has taken place
during the last century, it is gratifying to find a very sensible
increase in the number of other species. Many of the Warblers,
for example, then considered rare, are now found to be abundant—
a beneficial increase, for which we are no doubt indebted to the
fact of our efficient game laws providing for the protection of
insectivorous birds. But on the other hand, the constant shooting
of “Bay Snipe” and shore birds generally, by market gunners,
always on the watch for their arrival, has seriously reduced the
flocks of many species formerly known to abound in districts now
but thinly peopled by this interesting class. The late Mr George

50 BIRDS OF EAST PENNSYLVANIA.

Ord assured the writer that, during his excursions to the coast
with Wilson, the distinguished ornithologist, the Avocet, Stilt, and
other Waders which are becoming rare in our day, were then quite
plentiful; so that there is every reason to fear that, in the course
of a few years more, they also may disappear. In Chesapeake
Bay, the Winter resort of a great variety of wild fowl, birds,
although still numerous, are, through the same influences, becom-
ing every year less abundant; and unless the present reprehensible
and most destructive system of shooting—wholesale slaughter, it
may with propriety be called—be rigidly put down, the decrease
will, in all likelihood, become permanent, to the great regret of
every true-minded naturalist. We have but to look into the
history of some of the birds of the British Islands, as a warning
against the continuance of the destroying influences to which many
of those of our own country are now subjected. During the past
thirty years the Rapacious Birds of Great Britain have undergone
an amount of persecution so determined and systematic, that many
of the species have altogether disappeared; and as by the latest
records of the meetings of the British Association assembled at
Norwich, it would appear that even sea-fowl are now in danger of
extirpation, owing to the extraordinary demand for their plumes
and feathers for marketable purposes, it may not be out of place
for the ornithologists of this great continent to consider the pro-
priety of protecting, even now, some of the species thus proclaim-
ing by their scarcity, that the time may not be far distant when
we too may have to lament their loss.

THE END.

GLASGOW: PRINTED BY ARCH. K. MURRAY AND CO.

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