92 Tat a .eER a SS - eo R - : SEP 80 % 1910 Ay NG f "1 RSity ¢ OF F TOROS . a . - & a \ :: tr eed we —_ hat i = F : a - e -~ BA & ? Saar} a pats VE ; fe Petey Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/birdsofnewyork01 eatouoft New York State Education Department New York State Museum Joun M. Crarke, Director Memoir 12 BIRDS OF NEW YORK BY ELON HOWARD EATON Part iF INTRODUCTORY CHAPTERS; WATER BIRDS AND GAME BIRDS PAGE PAGE Preface - - - - - 5 | Bird migration - < - ° 65 Illustrator’s note - - - - 9 | Spring arrivals - - - - Sty £; Summary of the New York State Published local lists - - - 75 avifauna - - - - - - ‘11 | County schedules - - - - 80 Life zones of New York State . 19 | Classification - - - - - 88 The Mt Marcy region - - - 42 | Descriptions of genera and species - 91 Increase and decrease of species - 50 | Explanation of plates - - - 391 Suggestions to bird students - - 58 | Index - - - - - - 475 ALBANY UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Ig1o STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Regents of the University With years when terms expire 1913 Wurrecaw Rep M.A. LL.D. D.C.L. Chancellor - New York 1917 Sr Crarn McKetway M.A. LL.D. Vice Chancellor - Brooklyn: 191g Daniet Beacu Ph.D. LL.D. - - - - - Watkins 1914 Puuny T. Sexton LL.B. LL.D. - - - - Palmyra 1912 T. Guitrorp Smitu M.A. C.E. LL.D. - - - Buffalo 1918 Wituiam NottincHaM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. . - - Syracuse 1910 CursteR S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. - - - New York 1915 AvBerT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL. D. - Albany 191t Epwarp LaurersacH M.A. LL.D. - - - New York 1920 Eucene A. Puitsin LL.B. LL.D. - - - - New York 1916 Lucian L. SHEppEN LL.B. LL.D. . - - Plattsburg 1921 Francis M. CaRPENTER~ - - - - - Mount Kisco Commissioner of Education Anprew S. Draper LL.B. LL.D. Assistant Commissioners Avcustus S. Downine M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. First Assistant Frank Rowiins Ph.D. Second Asststant Tuomas E, Finecan M.A. Pd.D. 7hird Assistant Director of State Library James I. Wver, Jr, M.L.S. Director of Science and State Museum Joun M. Crarke Ph.D. D.Sc. LL.D. Chiefs of Divisions Administration, Hartan H. Horner B.A. Attendance, James D. SuLLIVAN Educational Extension, Wittiam R. Eastman M.A. M.L.S. Examinations, Cuartes F. Wuretock B.S. LL.D. Inspections, Frank H. Woop M.A. Law, Frank B. Givpert B.A. School Libraries, Cuartes E. Frrcuw L.H.D. Statistics, Hiram C. Case Trades Schools, ArrHurR D. Dean B.S. Visual Instruction, ALFRep W. AsBRams Ph.B. New York State Education Department Science Division, April 1, 1908 Hon. Andrew S. Draper LL.D. Commissioner of Education Str: In 1844 this State published as one of the volumes of the Natural History of New York a comprehensive and finely illustrated treatise on the birds of the State prepared by the eminent ornithologist, James E. DeKay. Ever since its date of issue this work has been of fundamental value to all students of birds and may justly be regarded as, in a large degree, the primary inspiration of the present widespread interest among the people of the State in the science of ornithology. In 1904, 60 years from its publication, I urgently represented to you that a restudy of this field was desirable in order to bring together the increments to knowledge during the long period which had elapsed without active interest therein on the part of the State, and to meet the very gen- eral and lively concern in the subject among our citizens. Consequent upon your cordial approbation of this plan, Mr E. Howard Eaton, an experienced student of the birds, was asked to undertake the preparation of a work which would meet the present needs of the public. It is with much satisfaction that I now have the honor to transmit to you herewith for publication as a memoir of the State Museum, the manu- script of the first volume of this treatise, accompanied by the plates in color which have been prepared by the accomplished bird artist, Mr Louis Agassiz Fuertes. Very respectfully Joun M. CLARKE Director State of New York Education Department COMMISSIONER'S ROOM April 8, 1908 The economic value of birds, the aid which they bring to common culture, and the stimulus which they give to moral sense, constitute ample warrant for supplying accurate and scientific information about birds and bird life, at the expense of the State. Our State has already done something to this end, and what it did was well done, for it devoted one of the sumptuous volumes of the Natural History of New York to the subject. But that was before most people now living were born. It is said, no doubt with truth, that that work has been the main reliance of serious students of ornithology and the main inspiration of substantial popular interest in birds, not only in New York but beyond our borders, for more than sixty years. Certainly, popular interest in the subject has both widened and deepened. The present needs were brought officially to my attention by Dr John M. Clarke, the Director of the Science Division of this Department, very soon after the organization of the present Depart- ment, and he was authorized to go forward with the preparation of a work that would meet these needs, with the assurance that it would be pub- lished by the State if it proved to be widely comprehensive of the subject, was given a form which would appeal to popular interest, and was marked by scientific accuracy for which he would vouch. Even so much as this appears to have been realized, and publication is approved. IQow. Commissioner of Education New York State Education Department New York State Museum Joun M. Crarke, Director Memoir 12 BIRDS OF NEW YORK BY ELON HOWARD EATON PART I PREFACE During the past half century there has been a remarkable advance in all departments of ornithology. Detailed study of the structure, classifi- cation, migration and distribution of birds has virtually revolutionized the science. The popular awakening of interest in nature study and the increased appreciation of the out-of-doors among all classes of society, has largely centered in bird study as one of the most delightful and fasci- nating recreations. The vast army of American sportsmen is becoming aroused to the necessity of protecting our game and wild birds more effi- ciently, lest they all go the way of the Heath hen and Wild pigeon. The Audubon societies are making an heroic defense of our song birds and vanishing sea fowl. National and state governments and individual bio- logical researches have proved the inestimable value of birds to agriculture. Many American states have established special commissions for the study of economic ornithology and have published extensive reports on native birds and their value to the commonwealth. 5 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM On account of the rapidly changing natural conditions in this country due to settlement and cultivation, and because of the wanton and thoughtless destruction of forests and wild life which has characterized the last century, there is most urgent need of public sentiment asserting itself in the protection and encouragement of our wild birds, if this State is to preserve the remnant of its heritage of game birds whose abundance astounded the early explorers, and if we are to keep the song birds which lend such a charm to country life and insure the farmer against the outbreak of insect pests which constitute the most serious menace to the agri- cultural wealth of the State. During the 64 years which have elapsed since DeKay’s account of New York ornithology was published, 100 species of birds have been added to our State list and material advancement has been made in our knowledge of the habits and distribution of the commoner species. The present report has been prepared with the double purpose of bringing together as completely as possible our knowledge of New York birds at the present time; by affording the intelligent public an account of every species known to occur within the State, accompanied with the illustrations so success- fully executed by Mr Fuertes, it is hoped that the rising generation will become sufficiently acquainted with the beauty, interest and value of our birds to appreciate and protect them more efficiently. For assistance in preparing this report the author is indebted to all students of New York birds who are mentioned in the introduction to the summary of the published and county lists; to Dr Clarke, Director of the State Museum, at whose suggestion the work was begun, and to his corps of assistants who have helped in the study of the State’s specimens and records; to the authorities of the United States National: Museum in Washington, especially Professor Ridgway, Dr Richmond and Mr Riley who have furnished free access to the specimens in the Smithsonian collections of birds and eggs; to the authorities of the Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture, who have placed their extensive collection of records and specimens at his disposal, especially to Dr Merriam, BIRDS OF NEW YORK 7 Chief of the Survey, and to Dr Fisher, Professor Cooke, Mr Oberholser and Mr Howell, all of whom have worked in New York territory and have rendered generous assistance; to the officers of the American Museum of Natural History in New York city, specially to Dr Allen, Mr Chapman and Mr Miller, for the use of their records and specimens; to Dr Jonathan Dwight for comparison of specimens with his complete series of subspecies of eastern birds; and to Mr Dutcher for the use of his Long Island collec- tion and exhaustive notes on Long Island birds. Eton Howarp Eaton Canandaigua, N. Y., March 25, 1908 ILLUSTRATOR’S NOTE In illustrating a work of the importance and scope of the present one it has been necessary to draw upon larger material than was available in my own cabinets, so recourse was had to the more complete collections of others. The majority of the land birds and smaller water birds have been drawn from specimens of my own collecting, while most of the larger species were kindly loaned by different institutions; the New York State Museum at Albany, the American Museum of Natural History in New York, and the Department of Zoology of Cornell University. The living appearance of a bird is seldom well expressed by a dried skin, however perfect it may be, and in many instances a specimen gives no hint of the grace and beauty furnished in life by the bright colors of the perishable parts: the eyes, the soft skin of bill and feet of many water birds, and, in rare cases, the living feathers themselves. For there are some birds, notably the group of Black-headed gulls, some terns, and the larger mergansers, whose white plumage is suffused at certain seasons with a most beautiful tinge of shell-pink or rosy cream-color which is evanescent, and soon fades from the most carefully prepared and cherished skin. The rich colors often found in the bill, legs and feet also change with the pro- cess of drying, and it is a cause of surprise and regret to students to find how meager is the literature bearing upon this important item of bird coloration. It is almost impossible to find concise descriptions of even the more striking of these transitory beauties, while those less brilliant but not less beautiful and interesting are generally allowed to pass entirely undescribed. Thus it early became apparent to me that if such data were to be recorded it must be done from actual specimens, painted, in short, from living or fresh taken birds, before the settling of the body fluids or the disintegration or absorption of pigments could take place. This, it may be said, is frequently a matter of only an instant, and in most cases, also, the high color is only attained in adult birds and at the approach of the breeding season. 9 10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Thus it has come to be the most important part of my field work for the past 10 years to make careful color notes of all these changeable parts, at the first possible moment after the capture of the bird, and I have endeav- ored to miss no opportunity to add to my collection. As a result I now have a large series of such studies, fairly covering the field, which has been freely drawn upon in this work, and without which many of the subjects could not possibly have been rendered even slight justice. And it is still possible that some of the species are incorrectly represented, owing to the impossibility of getting fresh specimens or adequate descriptions of the rarer ones. In these few cases reference has been made to such descriptions as were available and to the original edition of Audubon—an expedient not without precedent among authors of the present day. Owing to the large number of species and plumages necessary to present, it was found impossible to devote an entire plate to each species as was the first hope of all connected with the work. This accounts for the regrettable combining of several species on a plate, at times introducing anomalous conditions, and bringing birds together that seldom see each other. We have tried hard to reduce such cases to a minimum, and it should be understood that where these occur there was no better solution apparent. Among the water birds, presented in volume 1, the groups are for the most part not unnatural, though frequently crowded, but among the land birds in the second volume it was necessary to frankly face the situation, do the best we could, and make this explanation. Louis AGaAssiz FUERTES Ithaca, N. Y. SUMMARY OF THE NEW YORK STATE AVIFAUNA At the present time there are 411 species of birds which have been _ recorded as occurring in New YorkState. Sixty-four yearsago, when DeKay’s Ornithology of New York appeared, 301 species were known. By referring to the tables of local lists, it will be seen that several species well known at the present time were unknown to Dr DeKay: such as the Alder fly- catcher, Prairie horned lark, Rough-winged swallow, Migrant shrike, Louisiana water-thrush, Connecticut warbler, Hudsonian chickadee and Gray-cheeked thrush. But the greater portion of the 100 species which have been added to the State list are uncommon or accidental visitants to this region. It is impossible to group New York birds according to their mode of occurrence into sharply defined classes, but the following summary may be useful. For a full account of the distribution of each species, however, the reader is referred to the schedules in the local lists, and to the specific descriptions. I Residents These are species which are found within the State at all seasons of the year and breed within its borders. A Species occurring throughout the year in all, or the greater portion of the State. Some of these, like the Red-headed woodpecker, are occasion- ally migratory, and others, like the Crow, are rarely found in the highlands or colder districts during midwinter. Ruffed grouse Red-headed woodpecker Bald eagle Blue jay American long-eared owl American crow Short-eared owl House sparrow Barred owl 3 American goldfinch Screech owl Cedar waxwing Great horned owl White-breasted nuthatch Hairy woodpecker Chickadee Downy woodpecker It 12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM B Species that breed throughout the greater portion of the State and occur sparingly during winter in the warmer districts. They are all, however, more common as summer residents. To these some might prefer to add the summer residents mentioned on page 13 which are marked wr. Marsh hawk Sharp-shinned hawk Cooper hawk Red-tailed hawk Red-shouldered hawk American sparrow hawk Belted kingfisher Northern flicker Prairie horned lark Cowbird Meadowlark Purple finch Song sparrow Swamp sparrow Robin Bluebird C Species which breed more or less commonly in the colder districts and winter in the warmer districts, occurring chiefly as migrants in the greater portion of the State. Those marked wr are most typically winter residents. Loon Herring gull wr American merganser wr Red-breasted merganser Black duck American golden-eye wr American goshawk Saw-whet owl Yellow-bellied sapsucker American crossbill wr White-winged crossbill wr Pine siskin White-throated sparrow Junco Myrtle warbler Winter wren Brown creeper Red-bellied nuthatch Golden-crowned kinglet Hermit thrush D_ Species occurring only in the warmer portions of the State. American barn owl Bobwhite Red-bellied woodpecker Fish crow English pheasant Ring-necked pheasant Skylark Heath hen Wild turkey Cardinal Mockingbird Carolina wren Tufted titmouse INTRODUCED SPECIES Starling European goldfinch EXTIRPATED SPECIES Carolina paroquet BIRDS OF NEW YORK 13 E Residents of the colder districts, mostly in the Adirondack region. Canada grouse Canadian ruffed grouse Arctic three-toed woodpecker American three-toed woodpecker Northern pileated woodpecker Canada jay Northern raven Hudsonian chickadee II Summer residents These are species which are found in the State during the summer and breed more or less commonly within its borders. ‘Those marked wr are occasionally found during winter in the southern districts but from the evidence at hand we find them to belong more characteristically to this group than to that of permanent residents. Those marked with a (?) are not known to breed regularly at the present time. A~ Species which breed throughout the greater portion of the State: Pied-billed grebe wr Hooded merganser wr Wood duck American bittern wr Least bittern Great blue heron wr Green heron Black-crowned night heron wr Virginia rail wr Sora wr American woodcock wr Bartramian sandpiper Spotted sandpiper Killdeer wr Passenger pigeon ? Mourning dove wr Broad-winged hawk wr Duck hawk wr American Osprey Yellow-billed cuckoo Black-billed cuckoo Whip-poor-will Night hawk Chimney swift Ruby-throated hummingbird Kingbird Crested flycatcher Phoebe Wood pewee Least flycatcher Bobolink Red-winged blackbird wr Baltimore oriole Bronzed grackle wr Vesper sparrow wr Savanna sparrow wr Chipping sparrow Field sparrow wr Towhee wr Rose-breasted grosbeak Indigo bird Scarlet tanager Purple martin Cliff swallow Barn swallow Tree swallow Bank swallow Migrant shrike wr 14 NEW YORK STATE Red-eyed vireo Warbling vireo Yellow-throated vireo Black and white warbler Northern parula warbler Yellow warbler Chestnut-sided warbler Black-throated green warbler Pine warbler wr MUSEUM Ovenbird Northern yellowthroat American redstart Catbird wr Brown thrasher wr House wren Long-billed marsh wren wr Wood thrush Wilson thrush B_ Species breeding in the warmer districts. Most of these belong to the Carolinian fauna, but some like the Common tern, though not properly belonging to that fauna, in this State breed only in the southern portions. Laughing gull ? Common tern Roseate tern Least tern ? Snowy heron ? Clapper rail wr King rail wr Florida gallinule Piping plover Green-crested flycatcher Orchard oriole Purple grackle wr Grasshopper sparrow - Henslow sparrow Sharp-tailed sparrow wr Seaside sparrow wr Dickcissel ? Rough-winged swallow White-eyed vireo Worm-eating warbler Blue-winged warbler Golden-winged warbler Lawrence warbler ? Brewster warbler ? Southern parula warbler Cerulean warbler Prairie warbler Louisiana water-thrush Kentucky warbler Yellow-breasted chat Hooded warbler Short-billed marsh wren Blue-gray gnatcatcher ? C Species breeding mainly in the colder districts, and belonging mostly to the Canadian fauna. Black tern Blue-winged teal American coot Wilson snipe wr Solitary sandpiper ? Pigeon hawk wr Olive-sided flycatcher Yellow-bellied flycatcher Alder flycatcher Rusty blackbird wr Lincoln sparrow Carolina junco ? Blue-headed vireo | Nashville warbler BIRDS OF NEW YORK 15 Tennessee warbler Black-throated blue warbler Magnolia warbler Blackpoll warbler Blackburnian warbler Northern water-thrush Mourning warbler Canadian warbler Bicknell thrush Olive-backed thrush Ill Transients These are species which pass through the State while migrating to and from their breeding grounds, which lie to the north or northwest of this State. Some of these, like the Long-tailed jaeger, Arctic tern, and Blue goose seem to be rare migrants with us, but appear to belong to this category more than that of accidental visitants. Species marked wr are sometimes found throughout the winter in the warmer portions of the State, those marked 6 have been known to breed in the State. Pomarine jaeger Parasitic jaeger Long-tailed jaeger Sabine gull Caspian tern Forster tern Arctic tern Leach petrel Cormorant wr Double-crested cormorant wr White pelican Mallard b, wr Gadwall Baldpate Green-winged teal b, wr Shoveler } Pintail wr Ring-necked duck Ruddy duck b, wr Greater snow goose Blue goose White-fronted goose Hutchins goose Whistling swan Yellow rail wr Red phalarope Northern phalarope Wilson phalarope Dowitcher Long-billed dowitcher Stilt sandpiper Knot Pectoral sandpiper White-rumped sandpiper Baird sandpiper Least sandpiper Red-backed sandpiper Semipalmated sandpiper Western sandpiper Sanderling wr Marbled godwit Hudsonian godwit Greater yellow-legs wr Yellow-legs Willet Buff-breasted sandpiper Long-billed curlew Hudsonian curlew Eskimo curlew Black-bellied plover 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM American golden plover Semipalmated plover Turnstone Golden eagle b, wr Nelson sparrow Acadian sharp-tailed sparrow White-crowned sparrow Fox sparrow wr Philadelphia vireo Orange-crowned warbler Cape May warbler Bay-breasted warbler Palm warbler Yellow palm warbler Connecticut warbler Wilson warbler American pipit wr Ruby-crowned kinglet Gray-cheeked thrush IV Winter visitants A Species found in this State in the winter and retiring to higher lati- tudes in summer to breed. Red-throated loon Puffin Brinnich murre Razor-billed auk Dovekie Kittiwake Glaucous gull Iceland gull Kumlien gull Great black-backed gull Canvasback Barrow golden-eye Old-squaw Harlequin duck Labrador duck (extinct) American eider King eider Purple sandpiper American rough-legged hawk Gyrfalcon - Black gyrfalcon Great gray owl Richardson owl Snowy owl American hawk owl Horned lark Evening grosbeak Pine grosbeak Redpoll Holboell redpoll Greater redpoll Snowflake Lapland longspur Ipswich sparrow Tree sparrow Bohemian waxwing Northern shrike B Species occurring in the warmer districts, or on the seacoast during winter, but more common as migrants both on the coast and in the interior. Holboell grebe Horned grebe b Ring-billed gull Bonaparte gull Gannet Red-head Greater scaup Lesser scaup Buffle-head American scoter BIRDS OF NEW YORK 17 White-winged scoter Surf scoter Canada goose White-bellied brant V Summer visitants These are species which occur during summer but breed in more southern latitudes, and wander northward after their nesting season is over, or like the Summer tanager, overreach their normal range during migration, but are not known to breed within our boundaries. Cory shearwater Greater shearwater Sooty. shearwater Gull-billed tern Sooty tern Black skimmer Wilson petrel Glossy ibis American egret Little blue heron Yellow-crowned night heron Black rail ? (summer resident) Wilson plover American oyster catcher Turkey vulture Swallow-tailed kite Summer tanager VI Accidental visitants These are species whose breeding range, or usual migration route, is far from our borders and which occur in our State very rarely or accidentally. A Southern: species: summer visitants which have occurred only one, two, or three times. Royal tern Cabot tern Trudeau tern Audubon shearwater Black-capped petrel Scaled petrel Yellow-bilied tropic bird Booby Brown pelican Man-o’-war bird White ibis White-faced glossy ibis Wood ibis Louisiana heron Purple gallinule Ground dove Black vulture Gray kingbird Blue grosbeak Painted bunting Prothonotary warbler Yellow-throated warbler Brown-headed nuthatch Carolina chickadee ? 18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM B Western species which live mostly beyond the Mississippi river and casually wander to New York during their migrations. Cinnamon teal Bullock oriole Lesser snow goose Chestnut-collared longspur Black brant Baird sparrow Trumpeter swan ? Leconte sparrow Whooping crane (formerly) Lark sparrow Sandhill crane Gambel sparrow American avocet Lark bunting Black-necked stilt Louisiana tanager Swainson hawk Plumbeous vireo Burrowing owl Grinnell water-thrush Arkansas kingbird Townsend solitaire Hoyt horned lark Varied thrush Yellow-headed blackbird C Northern species which have reached our territory on only one or two occasions but might be regarded as rare winter visitants. Black-throated loon Willow ptarmigan Black guillemot White gyrfalcon ? Skua Hoary redpoll ? Ivory gull D_ European species Little gull Dunlin Manx shearwater ? Curlew sandpiper Stormy petrel ? Ruff Widgeon European curlew European teal Lapwing Rufous-crested duck European linnet? Barnacle goose Green finch? Corn crake Wheatear LIFE ZONES OF NEW YORK STATE With reference to the distribution of plant and animal life in North America, Dr C. Hart Merriam has proposed to divide the continent into Boreal, Austral and Tropical ‘‘regions’’! of which the first two are represented in New York. He has further divided these regions into ‘‘zones”’ ;? the Boreal region into the Arctic, Hudsonian and Canadian zones; and the Austral region into the Transition, Upper Austral, and Lower Austral zones. These zones of the Austral region are again divided into humid or eastern, and arid or western faunal areas, the eastern subdivision of the Transition zone - being called the Alleghanian faunal area, and the eastern division of the Upper Austral zone, the Carolinian faunal area. These terms are so well recognized at the present time that they will be employed in this discus- sion, of bird distribution in New York, the Carolinian, the Alleghanian, and the Canadian faunas, as well as a slight tinge of the Hudsonian, being represented within the State. The limits of these zones, Dr Merriam determines by laws of temperature control [loc. cit. p. 54]. Taking the “‘sum of normal mean daily tempera- tures above 43°F. (6° C.)” as determining the northern limits of the respec- tive zones, the plants and animals of the Lower Austral require an annual total of at least 18000° F. (10000° C.), those of the Upper Austral 11500° F. (6400° C.), and those of the Transition 10000° F. (5500° C.). ‘‘The south- ward distribution is governed by the mean temperature of a brief period during the hottest part of the year,” the “normal mean temperature of the six hottest consecutive weeks” furnishing a satisfactory basis of deter- mination. Thus the southern limit of the Hudsonian is estimated to be the isotherm for the six hottest weeks of 57.2° F. (14° C.), while the southern limit of the Canadian is found to be 64°.4 F. (18° C.), of the Transition 71°.6 F. (22° C.), of the Upper Austral 78°.8 F. (26° C.). The actual dis- 1The Geographic Distribution of Life.in North America. Smithsonian Inst. Rep’t, 1891, p. 365-415. 2U. S. Dep’t Agric., Biol. Sur., Bul. 10, 1898, p. 18-31. ao “SS 20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bartramian sandpiper Known breeding range in New York, 1906 Alder flycatcher Known breeding range in New York, 1907 BIRDS OF NEW YORK 21 Yellow-bellied flycatcher, breeds / Green-crested flycatcher, breeds “ , occurs * Olive-sided flycatcher Breeding range in New York, 1907 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Orchard oriole Breeds \, occurs \ / White-throated sparrow Known breeding range, 1905 BIRDS OF NEW YORK 23 Junco Known breeding range in New York, 1906 | ERTS ’ Grasshopper sparrow Known breeding range in New York, 1906 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Rough-winged swallow Known breeding range in New York, 1906 ae 255 eee Blue-headed vireo, breeds / White-eyed vireo, breeds ,\ occurs » Sie eS ————— ee Serco : BIRDS OF NEW YORK 25 Golden-winged warbler, breeds / , occurs , Blue-winged warbler, breeds _ , occurs, ¢ i ee w LS imal Black-throated blue warbler, breeds , Worm-eating warbler, breeds \) occurs 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Magnolia warbler, breeds / Cerulean warbler, breeds \, occurs ‘ } Blackburnian warbler, breeds / | Prairie warbler, breeds \, occurs * i q q ] BIRDS OF NEW YORK 27 t Myrtle warbler, breeds / Yellow-breasted chat, breeds \, occurs ~' 7 eae ee 7 = eS ee é , Water-thrush, breeds‘ Louisiana water-thrush, breeds S 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Canada warbler, breeds ’, 1906 Hooded warbler, breeds \, occurs * | | Mourning warbler, breeds / eae ty Kentucky warbler, breeds \. , occurs s : BIRDS OF NEW YORK 209 Winter wren, breeds / Carolina wren, breeds \, occurs 8 Brown creeper, breeding range as known 1906, / Short-billed marsh-wren, breeds \, occurs “ i 30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Red-breasted nuthatch Known breeding range, 1906 / } Tufted tit, breeds \, Occurs * fy See Hermit thrush Known breeding range in New York, 1907 BIRDS OF NEW YORK 31 tribution of plants and animals, which properly determines the boundaries of the life zones, agrees so nearly with the limits determined by these laws of temperature control that the boundaries shown on the maps of the Biological Survey have been fixed according to the temperature. This, while accurate in general, is slightly misleading when applied to the dis- tribution of birds and mammals in New York State, on account of the peculiar conditions obtaining. New York is so situated topographically that it neither connects inti- mately with the Boreal zone on the north nor with the Upper Austral on the south. The Adirondacks are separated from the main Canadian zone by lowlands of less than 500 feet elevation which are typically Alleghanian in fauna. The coastal region, Staten Island, Long Island, and the Lower Hudson valley, is practically or nearly shut off from the southern coastal plain by the encroachment of the New Jersey highlands and by the tidal waters, which though not wholly efficient as barriers, nevertheless check to an appreciable extent the influx of the usually sedentary species or less ambitious migrants of the Carolinian fauna. The Hudson valley, extend- ing northward between two highlands of Boreal affinities, is still further cut off from easy connection with the Carolinian area by the extension of the Hudson highlands diagonally across the valley. The lowland of western New York is practically shut off from direct communication to the south- ward with the Carolinian area by the broad northern expansion of the Alleghany plateau which extends westward from the Catskills entirely across the southern portion of the State bordering on Pennsylvania. Thus the only efficient connection of this lowland with the Upper Austral is by a narrow strip along Lake Erie, and through southern Ontario and Michigan. For this reason the Carolinian birds which breed in the Lake Ontario low- land of New York are almost entirely migratory species like the Chat and Large-billed water-thrush, the more sedentary or resident species failing to establish themselves permanently on account of the severe winters with deep snows, which destroy such species as the Bobwhite and Carolina 32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM wren. When these birds have once been killed off, before their successors can invade the country again by the difficult or circuitous route from their center of abundance in the south, other hard winters appear and thus they are held continually in check. The Carolinian faunal area which is the eastern or humid division of the Upper Austral zone defined above, is the warmest of the life areas repre- sented in New York. According to the temperature limits mentioned,this area would include Staten Island, the principal portion of Long Island, and the Hudson valley as far north as southern Saratoga county. ‘‘Count- ing from the north, the Carolinian area is that in which the sassafras, tulip tree, hackberry, sycamore, sweet gum, rose-magnolia, red bud, persimmon, and short-leaf pine first make their appearance, together with the opossum, gray fox, fox squirrel, Cardinal bird, Carolina wren, Tufted tit, Gnatcatcher, Summer tanager, and Yellow-breasted chat. Chestnuts, hickory nuts, hazelnuts, and walnuts grow in abundance”’ [Merriam]. These character- istic plants and animals are well represented in the vicinity of New York city, but, of the birds mentioned the Gnatcatcher and Summer tanager are not known to breed even on Staten Island. As one passes up the Hud- son valley there is less and less evidence of the Carolinian flora, and, of the characteristic birds mentioned above, after the Highlands are passed only the Yellow-breasted chat is an established species. In western New York the sassafras, tulip tree and sycamore are well represented, but the opossum, gray fox and fox squirrel have rarely been taken, and must be regarded as only accidental. All the birds mentioned in the above quotation have occurred in western New York, but only the Yellow-breasted chat is an established breeding species, and is local in distribution. The following table will show the proportion of Carolinian elements in the bird fauna of the different districts in New York which have been considered of Upper Austral affinities. The average temperature of the hottest six weeks of summer is taken from the records of the United States Meteorological Bureau. : BIRDS OF NEW YORK 33 BrEEDING SPECIES island Hudson tone. La oye ie wept Now vate 93° B) | 725773-5°F. | 72-73-5°F. | 71-72.4°F. | 71-73° F. a PSO SEIU ca gies .d.4. Se feel ¥ Fes wie erg © ened Bald eagle Duck hawk American sparrow hawk Pigeon hawk American osprey Barn owl American long-eared owl Short-eared owl Barred owl Saw-whet owl PSR CINLO WW Leela Stelewk a ore ale a W vicla\ al eauwe's Great horned owl Yellow-billed cuckoo Black-billed cuckoo OF NEW YORK CAROLINIAN ALLEGHANIAN CANADIAN - —_— + —Ooaaa el — ——— ——— NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM oe oo CAROLINIAN ALLEGHANIAN CANADIAN Belted kinonisher. ces 042 eed cls Hairy Woodpecker. 8 notices cuir re Downy woodpecker: o.s.24:c2ae siete ae Arctic three-toed woodpecker........ American three-toed woodpecker..... a. Se a —. Yellow-bellied sapsucker............. _—— Northern pileated woodpecker........ a eae SS Red-headed woodpecker............. —— Red-bellied woodpecker............. Northern ‘flickers. 4.5 oo. Seis ee es a es I Wihap-poor-wall so ositces stedcveis epepeais : — a Nighthawk. o.<.5 cs 34.0.6 p Re enclaereee Chimney: Swilt: (ys se 6.0Aectietes oso alas Ruby-throated hummingbird......... Kaine bird e252 b oo oer ecatls 5.4 one Sage Crested flycatcher sc cicfcosd:ctak as ceararaars PROCS Ze. aa sieies cic teas eos fonder Aelia ene ER Olive-sided flycatcher. .............. = WOGd CDE WEG: csa.ctratlarilcice «ore siete gens (oe oe RE SN EE Yellow-bellied flycatcher............. Pa fy Green-crested flycatcher............. SS eee (Alder flycatcher: 3.055250) cee a ties = = Least flycatcher. © esis iors osu tahedis Prairie MOLMeqelariks.w so conte ts Saks, e Bluejays shaw eee «kes Se aie Canada sjayirnten cocks crereate cay dae nies NOGtNETTY, TA VETies fc taecrcese a eusieleis aero —= AMETICATICTOWi, rey scdtscre ss aoeaie eats. [So er se ES Basher weer ieee Pe ie ee cic cnee ane Boboliniey, tec ne ron race eats ——— COME DInG Or annie sa satis in tee G RR nate nA DEALS BIRDS Red-winged blackbird............... EEA AT tte siya Gis isa siotw Bo vceis weal Svub ORCI TO OTIOIG 8 a als i16) cigs ds onan ortie Warmers BaltgmoreOTiGle ys), ie oe ence eddie we gee BCHGEY OIAOKDITGs o/2:0csasien ci oe ses bts CAS SSRI CS ea tel dl (RS eg rage ee gee ranzedietackley 5526 Sei ee eye agers (UNE 105 Efe (ol ln aR ee eae Memenicatl CFOSSDIUL ef. ened Lsje ae wins White-winged crossbill.............. PeaMericat: FOIGUNCH css). es ke ee + wae Bettie SIS RNG ore lees g ot ioes vy oe.N ebires oes aie WESPEr SDALIOW yoo cca. ver eae ednie sae Davai SPATLOW.. o\. oeis sie vide cle eaee Grasshopper sparrow.......-....-45- PICMSIGWHSDALTON nk vie is ses eee os Sharp-tailed sparrow...............-- RAEI G SURE Wiens lane aires (era G.ie 9/2 aren) vs White-throated sparrow SPEIRS PATTOW a6 ene ec, 5.005 018s vie aoe rere Het SITCOM ca sire valen oteeitee. eye ole os die Lincoln sparrow. BPNOUINGES Eee ees igs lela sizes ein sveyas ofa. Rep fae tts 1.615 ola le tes/ Sih os WAV oO 8h Rose-breasted grosbeak............+. LTLULST op 112s ot 12 ea SU oins (Cop het: fd) pe eae UR16g 3) Satan) gn bd Ch Re >, 0 eee OF NEW YORK 39 CAROLINIAN ALLEGHANIAN CANADIAN _—_— 40 NEW Chiff swallows xcicn occ se ees Barn swatlow 108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This bird has been mistaken for U. troile so often that we would call attention to the relative dimensions of the two species, specially of the bills, [see figure]. The principal records of specimens examined follow: Auburn, N. Y. Jan. 4, 1854. (William Hopkins). Proc 1886.) 153"t3 Lawrence, N. Y. List. 1866 Amagansett, L. I. Dec. 1, 1883. (Lawrence). South Oyster Bay, L. I. Winter 1884. (Verity). Smith’s Point, L.I. Mar. 23, 1884. (Albin). Rockaway Beach, L. I. Feb. 20, 1884. (Weston). Coney Island, L. I. Jan. 21, 1884. (Bebeusee). Bellport, L. I. Feb. 2, 1884. (Monsell). Smith’s Point, L.I. Jan. 30, 1884. (Albin). Southampton, L. I. Jan. 31, 1884. (Phillips). Ditch Plain, L.I. Jan. 5, 1884. (Stratton). Smith’s Point, L. I. Jan. 19, 1884. (Albin). Amagansett, L. I. Jan. 17, 1884. (Barnes). Southampton, L. I. Jan. 15, 1884. (Burnett). Shinnecock bay, L. I. Jan. 8, 1884. (Carter). Montauk Point, L.I. Jan. 4, 1884. (c%). Atlanticville, L. I. Dec. 29, 1884. (Vail). Shinnecock bay, L. I. Jan. 27, 1885. (Carter). Atlanticville, L. I. Feb. 15, 20, 1885. (Pairs seen 5 milesoff. Vail). Springs, L. I. Dec. 1892. (2). (Parsons). Dutcher Far Rockaway, L. I. Jan. 1, 1891. (Howell, c). . uf Jan. 7, 1891. (Frazer). Montauk, L.I. Jan. 1891. (Scott, nos. dead). Miller’s Place, L. I. Winter 1891. (Helme, nos.). Shelter Island, L. I. Jan. 8,17, 1891. (22). Worthington, Auk. Lake Champlain, N. Y. Dec. 1893. (Numerous). Cong. Proc. p. 520 Lake George, N. Y. Dec. 12, 1893. grounds. Dr Brewer, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. | Dutcher, Long Island Notes “ Dutcher 1885. 2:39 Fleming, 4th Internat. Ornith. (2). A. K. Fisher Ossining, N. Y. Dec. 11, 1894. A. K. Fisher Baldwinsville, N. Y. Dec. 15, 1893. W. M. Beauchamp Booneville, N. Y. Dec. 5, 15, 25, 1894. Auk, 12: 177 Roslyn, N. Y. Dec. 24, 1894. S. H. West Buffalo, N. Y. Nov. and Dec. 1894. Savage Pleasant Valley, Dutchess co., N. Y. Dec. 1894. Utica, N. Y. Dec. 24, 1894. Horton Auk. 12:177; 14: 226 BIRDS OF NEW YORK 10g Carmel, Putnam co., N. Y. Dec..1895. (5). W.A. Mead Ithaca, N. Y. Dec. 14, 1895. (H.G. Wilson). Dr H. D. Reed # Dec. 16, 1895. Cornell Univ. Coll. Lake Ontario, N. Y. Dec. 17, 1895. George F. Guelf Johnstown, N. Y. Winter 1894-95. Auk, 12: 290 White lake, Oneida co., N. Y. Dec. 13, 1895. Fleming, 4th Internat. Ornith. Cong. Proc. “ps 532 Seneca lake, N. Y. Dec. 23, 1895; May 1896; Dec. 26, 1896; nos. winter 1896. Chap- man, Auk, 14: 202 Niagara Falls, N. Y. Dec. 23, 1896. Fleming, 4th Internat. Ornith. Cong. Proc. p. 533 Penn Yan, N. Y. Dec. 20, 1896. Verdi Burtch Canandaigua, N. Y. Dec. 20, 1897. A. P. Wilbur Murray, Orleans co., N. Y. Mar. 1897. Posson, Auk, 16: 193 Monroe co., N. Y. Several specimens mounted at Ward’s. Truman R. Taylor Ithaca, N. Y. Winter 1899. L.A. Fuertes = Nov. 27, 1899. (2). Cornell Univ. Coll. 3099 Lake Ontario, Monroe co., N. Y. Dec. 4, 1899. George F. Guelf Rochester, N. Y. Nov. 27, Dec. 2, 1900. (4). E. H. Eaton Chateaugay lake, Clinton co., N. Y. Dec. 24, 1900. Shattuck, Auk, 18: 199 Lake Earlville, Madison co., N. Y. Nov. 26, 1900. G. C. Embody Lowville, Lewis co., N. Y. Nov. 29, 1900. Miller, Auk, 18: 188 Redwood, Jefferson co., N. Y. Dec. 4, 1900 Rockaway, N. Y. Dec. 2, 1900. Fleming, 4th Internat. Ornith. Cong. Proc. p. 536 Erie co., N. Y. Dec. 14, 1900. James Savage Ithaca, N. Y. Dec. 19, r901. Cornell Univ. Coll. Cayuga, N. Y. r1900-Apr. 1903. (3). Foster Parker Collection Sag Harbor, L. I. Dec. 6, 1901. Braislin, Auk, 20: 51 Rockaway Beach, L.I. Dec. 26,1901. “ eS Amagansett, L. I. Dec. 30, 1901; Mar. 2, 1902. Braislin, Auk 20: 51 Fair Haven, N. Y. Dec. 11, 1902. L. O. Ashbury Newton Falls, N. Y. Dec. 17, 1903. - Waterford, N. Y. Feb. 25, 1904. State Museum Collection Lake Ontario, Monroe co., N. Y. wv,oc. David Bruce Rockaway, L. I. Dec. 14, 1902 Blooming Grove, Rensselaer co., N. Y. Dec. 5, 1901. State Museum Long Island, N. Y. wv “Regular in recent years.” Braislin, Lin. Soc. N. Y. Proc, 1907. Pp- 34 Cincinnatus, Cortland co., N. Y. Dec. 2, 1907. (1 shot). H.C. Higgins Hudson river, near Albany, N. Y. Dec. 1907. (2 shot) IIo NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Alca torda Linnaeus Razor-billed Auk Plate 3 Alca torda Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed. 10. 1758. 1: 130 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 283, fig. 304 A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 32 al'ca, Icelandic alka, auk; tor’da from tord the name of the bird (Coues) Description. Breeding plumage: Head, neck and upper parts black, deep brown on the sides of head and throat, sunken line of white from the eye to base of bill; tips of secondaries and under parts white; bill and feet black, the bill ringed with white. Wznter and young: Duller, more white on neck. Length 16-18.5 inches; extent 25-27; wing 7.75; tail 3.5; graduated about 1.25; bill 1.3, greatest depth of bill .9; gape 2.25; tarsus 1.25; middle toe and claw 2. Young smaller than adults, with slender bills. The Razor-bill, or Tinker, inhabits the coast of the north Atlantic, on the American side, breeding from Grand Manan and the Magdalens to high latitudes. It is an uncommon winter visitant on the shores of Long Island, and purely accidental on our inland waters. Most of the specimens taken have been found dead or exhausted on the shore. The principal dates are as follows: | ; Center Moriches, L. I. Mar. 5, 1878. Collection of Robert Lawrence. Dutcher, Long Island Notes | Southampton, L. I. Jan. 15, 1884. Dead. (Burnett). Auk, 2: 38. Dutcher, Long Island Notes | Smith’s Point, L. I. Feb. 2, 1884. Dead. (Albin). Auk, 2: 38. Dutcher, Long . Island Notes Southampton, L. I. Feb. 6, 1884. Dead. (Green). Auk, 2: 38. Dutcher, Long Island Notes ; Amagansett, L.I. Nov. 25, 1884. (Edwards). Dutcher, Long Island Notes . Bellport, L.I. Feb. 2, 1885. (W. E. T. Smith). e € Quogue, L.I. Dec. 2, 1885. oS (Jessup). . “ Montauk Point, L.I. Dec. 3, 1886. (Scott, c off the point). Dutcher, Long Island Notes Montauk Point, L. I. Dec. 10, 1886. (Helme, ‘‘Active wave’). Dutcher, Long Island Notes Sag Harbor, L.I. Dec. 10, 1886. (2). (Helme). Dutcher, Long Island Notes Southold, L. I. Jan. 26, 1887. (Worthington). 3 Mt BIRDS OF NEW YORK EDI Ditch Plain, L.I. Dec. 1887. (Stratton). Dutcher, Long Island Notes Montauk, L.I. wv,oc. (10-15 flocks). (Scott). . x Montauk Point, L. I. Jan. 6, 1887. L. 5S. Foster Gardiners Island, L. I. Jan. 20, 1890. Dead. (Lester). Dutcher Saratoga lake, N. Y. Nov. 26, 1893. (2 taken). S. R. Ingersoll; A. S. Brower Montauk Point, L. I. Nov. 14, 1901. Braislin, Auk, 20: 51 Rockaway,L.I. ‘Regular,’ Nov. 2-Feb. 6. Braislin, Lin.Soc.N.Y.Proc. 1907. p.34 Alle alle (Linnaeus) Dovektie Plate 3 Alca alle Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.10. 1758. 1: 131 Mergulus alle DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 280, fig. 302 Alle alle A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 34 al'le, Swedish name of this bird Description. Summer plumage: Head, neck and upper parts sooty black, the front of the neck and breast browner; secondaries tipped with white and the scapulars streaked with the same; belly white. Wanter and immature: Similar, but the throat whitish, and sometimes a grayish collar on the neck. Length 8 inches; wing 4.5; bill .5; tarsus .7. This little bird, called also Sea dove, Sea pigeon, Greenland dove and Ice bird, is an irregular winter visitor to the shores of Long Island and New York bay. Specimens are found on the shore nearly every winter, dead or in an exhausted condition. Off the coast it is frequently observed from the decks of passing steamers. Like the Britnnich murre it sometimes straggles up the St Lawrence to Lake Ontario. There is one record for Toronto, November 18, 1go01 [see Ames, Auk, 19:94]. The only specimen which I have found from the interior of New York State was picked up in a garden at Sweden, about 15 miles from Lake Ontario and died soon after being found. The following records in recent years are worthy of note: Long Island. oc, wv. Giraud List. 1844. p. 375 New York State. Rare on coast. DeKay List. 1844. p. 281 New York and vicinity. Occurs. Lawrence List, 1866 Center Moriches, L. I. Jan. 10, 1878. (R.B. Lawrence). Forest and Stream, 10: 235 a Jan. 11, 1878. Berier, Forest and Stream, 10: 37 West Neck creek, L.I. Nov. 18,1879. co. (Worthington). Dutcher, Notes Center Moriches, L. I. Dec. 23, 1881; Nov. 1882. Dutcher, Auk, 1: 35 Bayport, L. I. Nov. 1882 LI? NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fire Island Light, L.I. Dec. 7, 1882. 2 Long Island. Nov. 25, 1884; Feb. 6, 1884. Dutcher Collection Sag Harbor, L.I. About 1884. (Several dead. Lucas and Buck). Dutcher, Notes Amagansett, L.I. Nov. 1885. (Byram). Dutcher, Notes a Mar. 24, 1884. Dutcher, Auk, 2: 38. Braislin, Lin. Soc. N. Y. Proc. 1907. Pp. 34 Montauk, L. I. Sept. 8, 1886. A. H. Helme Outer beach, L. I. Nov. 23, 1891. (2). (R. B. Lawrence). Dutcher, Notes L.I. Nov, 28,1891. oc. (W. W. Wilson). g Freeport, L. I. Account of 1 taken by C. H. Scott. * L.I. Dec. 6, 1891. Accountof taken. (Frazer). L.I. Dec. 8, 1891. 1 seen by and 3 reported. (N.T. Lawrence). Dutcher Jamaica bay, L.I. About Dec. 18, 1891. (C. Glier). Dutcher, Notes Sweden, Monroe co., N. Y. Nov. 1892. David Bruce Montauk, L. I. Nov. 27, 1893. (3). (Scott). Dutcher, Notes Ossining INGAYse CAVA (2) Dec. 5, 1898. Dr A. K. Fisher Amagansett, L.I. Dec. 14, 1901. (2). Braislin, Auk, 20: 51 Babylon, L. I. Jan. 15, 1903. Burtis, Auk, 20: 209 New York, N. Y. Often found dead, 1900. L.S. Foster Hither Plain, L. I. Dec. 31, 1906. (Baker). Braislin, Auk, 24: 186-87 Order LONGIPENNES Long-winged Swimmers Order Lariformes, Sharpe’s Hand-List Wings long and pointed; nostrils lateral and open; hallux small (some- times rudimentary), free and elevated; tail usually long, of 12 feathers; primaries 11, only 10 developed; fifth secondary wanting; legs compara- tively free and inserted near middle of body; tarsus partly scutellate, otherwise reticulate; tibiae bare for a short distance; front toes palmate; palate schizognathous: no basipterygoids; nasals schizorhinal; 15 cervicals; furcular hypocleidium present; syringeal muscles one pair; esophagus capacious; cloaca large; plumage aftershafted; oil gland tufted; eggs few, usually 3; ptilopaedic, altricial and nidicolous in nature; mostly piscivorous in diet; cosmopolitan in distribution; maritime, lacustrine or fluviatile in habitat; shrill or raucous in voice; volucral in habit. This order resembles most nearly the tube-nosed swimmers of all the natatorial birds, but the character of the nostrils easily distinguishes them without reference to internal anatomy. The pterylosis and osteology of the group also show some affinity to Limicolae and Alcidae. BIRDS OF NEW YORK IT3 Family STE RCORARIIDAE Skuas and Faegers Bill epignathous, the tip of the upper mandible being decidedly curved and furnished with a distinct nail or dentrum; a horny cere is saddled over the opening of the nostrils; claws strong, sharp, and curved; primaries stiff and rounded; central tail feathers more or less elongated; coeca much larger than in other Longipennes; sternuni with only a single notch on each side instead of two as in Laridae. There is also a general tendency to a sooty blackish coloration of the upper parts in the adult, to a gilding of the head and hind neck, and to a whitening of the shafts of the flight feathers toward their bases; while the young in all are noticeably smaller than the adults and profusely waved or streaked with rufous, requiring years to reach the full dimensions and plumage of the adult. In habit the skuas or jaegers are dashing, intrepid and predatory, strong and vigorous of body and wings. Armed with beak and claws which mimic the birds of prey, they harass their weaker brethren of the gull family and compel them to drop, or dis- gorge, their prey which is snatched up with great dexterity. This habit has given them the names in common use among sailors—jaegers (hunters, sea-hawks, teasers, boat swains, and, by a misconception, dunghunters). This is a family of only five or six species, native to high latitudes in both hemispheres and wandering widely in winter, some of the holarctic species passing far beyond the equator in their migrations. In the breed- ing season their habits change, and they proceed inland along the Arctic coast to nest upon the tundra. Their food then consists largely of insects, small mammals, and other animals, and upon these they feed their young. Megalestris skua (Britnnich) Skua Plate 4 Catharactaskua Brinnich. Ornithologia Borealis. 1764. 33 Megalestris skua A.O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 35 meg’ ales’ tris, Gr. péyas, large and Anotpis, pirate craft; sku’a from the Faroese or Norwegian name of this bird Description. Blackish brown, the feathers more or less tipped with chestnut spots; shafts of the wing and tail feathers white, excepting toward the tip; more or less streaked with white and chestnut around the neck; II4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM under parts lighter; bill and feet blackish; iris brown; young similar but more streaked about the head and neck. Length 20-22 inches; wing 16; tail 6; central feather elongated .5; bill 2.1; gape 3; tarsus 2.7; middle toe and claw 3.1; the young much less, the wing being of different shape and only 12.25 in length. The Skua, or Sea-hawk may be recognized from the other jaegers by its greater size and robustness. It is a rare bird on this side of the Atlantic, although it may breed in the region of Baffin bay. It has been taken at least three times off the coast of Massachusetts. There are three records for this State, the first being recorded by William Dutcher, Auk, 3: 432. The bird was found dead on the beach by Mr M. F. King, of the Amagansett Life Saving Station, Suffolk county, N. Y., on March 17, 1886. It had undoubtedly been washed ashore and frozen in the ice during the gale of January gth preceding. The second specimen was secured on Niagara river, in the spring of 1886, by the late Charles Linden of Buffalo, N. Y., and is reported in Bergtold’s List of the Birds of Buffalo and Vicinity, also in the Auk, 6: 331. A third specimen struck the Montauk Point Light August 10, 1896. Its wing was sent to the Biological Survey in Washington where it was identified by Dr Fisher. Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck) Pomarine faeger Plate 4 Larus pomarinus Temminck. Manuel d’Ornithologie. 1815. 514 Lestris pomarinus DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 316, fig. 292 Stercorarius pomarinus A.O., U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 36 stercora’rius, Lat., pertaining to dung; pomari’nus, incorrectly formed for pomatorhinus, Gr. rOpa, rwparos, a flap, and pis, fives, nose, alluding to the saddle or cere Description. Adult breeding plumage: Upper parts brownish black or sooty slate; under parts white; neck all the way around white, except the pointed feathers which are yellow; crown, lores and sides of chin black; bill horn color, black at tip; feet black; upper part of tarsus light bluish; iris brown. Dark phase: Nearly uniform blackish brown, black on the crown and lightening to smoky brown on the belly; a slight gilding of the a ee ee ee: BIRDS OF NEW YORK 115 feathers on the sides of the neck; bases of the wing feathers light. This melanotic plumage is usually confined to the immature birds, but may be found in adults, and all stages or gradations between the dark phase des- cribed above and the normal light plumage may be found. Intermediate plumage: Dark band of spots across the breast, sometimes broadening till the whole breast appears brown, mottled with white; sides barred with brown; under and upper tail coverts barred with white; central tail feathers project one inch; feet blotched with chrome yellow. Otherwise like the adult. Young: Considerably smaller than the adult; bill and feet much smaller and weaker; central tail feathers projecting only one half inch or less; body transversely waved with dull rufous, becoming broad bars on the flanks and the tail coverts; brownish black prevailing on the back and wing coverts; rufous predominating on neck and under parts; wings and tail brownish black; a dusky spot in front of the eye; feet yellow; toes black. The different phases of plumage grade into each other imperceptibly. Length 20-23 inches; extent 48; wing 14; tail 8-9; bill 1.45-1.75; tarsus 2; tibia, bare .75; middle toe and claw 1.9—2; young less, in all dimen- sions, wing 12.5; bill 1.25; tarsus 1.69, the tail varying from 5.5 to 6.5 inches; the tail of the adult, exclusive of the elongated feathers, 5 inches. This species may be distinguished from the other jaegers by its greater size, and by the shape of the central tail feathers, which are quite blunt and twisted on their axes so that the vanes at the tips are nearly vertical. The Pomarine jaeger is a regular transient visitant along our Atlantic seaboard, occurring in June and July (Chapman), but more common in the fall from August 6th to October 30th. It is also a rare visitant to the Great Lakes. Their appearance in numbers on our coast is said to depend - largely on the abundance of small bluefish. Migration records are as follows: Rockaway, L.I. Sept. 19, 1875. (1). N.T. Lawrence, Forest and Stream, 10: 235 Aug. 30-Oct. 15,1872. Numerous. “ ) Ossining, N. Y. Oct. 18, 1877. Dr A. K. Fisher Long Island, N. Y. Aug. 11, 1888. L. 5S. Foster Little Gull Island, L. I. Aug. 6-16, 1888. (common). Dutcher, Auk, 6: 125 Lake Ontario, Monroe co., N. Y. wv, rare. Truman R. Taylor Buffalo, N. Y. (2). (Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. Collection and R. H. Reed collection). James H. Savage Shinnecock bay, L. I. Oct. 9, 1885. (Carter). Dutcher, Long Island Notes Amityville, L. I. 1885. ;: « Montauk, L. I. Sept. 18, 1888. (Scott). x) 4 Little Gull Island, L. I. Sept. 18, 1888. (50). (Field).“ S 6c 116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Little Gull Island, L. I. Sept. 20, 1888. (15). (Field). iis Long Island Notes Oct. 7, 1888. “ « Montauk, L. I. Oct. 30, 1889. (Scott). % te Rockaway Inlet, L.I. Aug. 2, 1891. (7). (Marshall). ee mi x Aug. 8, 1891. (2). - s - Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus) Parasitic Faeger Plate 4 Larus parasiticus Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.1o. 1758. 1:136 Lestris richardsonii DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p.215, fig. 293 Stercorarius parasiticus. A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 37 parasit'icus, Lat., parasitic Description. Very similar in color to the Pomarine jaeger, perhaps a more slaty or brownish tinge on the upper parts in the adult. The differ- ent stages of plumage like that species; in size, however, decidedly smaller; the central tail feathers straight and pointed, projecting from 3 to 4 inches. The young are similar to those of the next species and must be distinguished by their relative dimensions, especially the structure of the bill; and the color of the shafts of the primaries which are white with no abrupt change to brownish. The color is also more buffy or rusty, and the size larger than in the young of longicaudus. Length 17-20 inches; wing 12.8-13.75; tail 5-6, with central feathers projecting 3 or 4 inches farther; bill exposed 1.24-1.3; tarsus 1.60-1.75; tibia, bare .5; middle toe and claw 1.62-1.8. Young much less, the central tail feathers projecting .75 to 2.5 inches, according to age; wing 12.4-12.8; exposed culmen 1.22. The Parasitic jaeger is a fairly common or at least a regular transient visitant on the coast of this State, appearing from the 15th of June to November 15th. Other names for it are Richardson jaeger, Arctic hawk gull, Black-toed gull, Boatswain, Marling-spike, Teaser. Five specimens from the interior of the State were all young birds of the year, and at least two of them seemed to be in a very exhausted con- dition as they would not take wing when approached. The Monroe county bird was found on the shore of the lake, the Herkimer county bird on the water. Migration records are as follows: Rockaway, L. I. June 1873. Lawrence, Forest and Stream, 10: 235 Gardiners Island. L. I. Aug. 1884. (Lucas & Buck). Dutcher Shinnecock bay, L. I. Oct. 9, 1885. 2 Dutcher BIRDS OF NEW YORK t17 Joc’s lake, Herkimer co., N. Y. Aug. 27, 1886. Juvenal. Ralph & Bagg, p. 104 Niagara river, N. Y. Sept. 1887. Juvenal. Harry Lansing Little Gull Island, L. I. Aug. 6-16, 1888. (common). Dutcher, Auk, 6: 125 § Sept. 18, 1888. (50). (Field). s s Sept. 20, 1888. (15). . ‘ Z Aug. 24, 1889. (2). eS 5 Canoe lake, L. I. Aug. 25, 1890. South Oyster Bay, L. I. Sept. 10, 1891. o. " Rockaway, L. I. July 29, 1893. (3). a Montauk, L. I. Nov. 15, 1894. Buffalo, N. Y. Oct. 2, 1895. James Savage Lake Ontario, Monroe co., N. Y. Nov. 10, 1897. George Guelph Buffalo, N. Y. About Oct. 25, 1907. (Grieb). James Savage Long Island, N.Y. “Apr. 30 (Rockaway); Aug. 6—-Nov. 9 (Amityville).” Braislin, p. 35 Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot Long-tailed Faeger Plate 4 Stercorariuslongicaudus Vieillot. Nouveau Dictionnaire. 1819. 30: 157 Lestris buffoni (?) DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 314, fig. 291 Stercorarius longicaudus A.O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 38 lon’ gicau’dus, Lat., longus, long, and cauda, tail Description. Colors and color phases practically the same as in Parasitic and Pomarine jaegers, but the dark phase is apparently of rare occurrence. The tarsus leaden blue, tibiae and feet black. The shajts of the first 2 or 3 primaries while, the others brownish, an abrupt change from white to brown at the third primary. Length 17-23 inches; wing 11.75-12.5; tail 14-16, the central feathers projecting 8-10 inches in the adult; bill 1.1-1.3; tarsus 1.5-1.8; tibia bare .75; middle toe and claw 1.4-1.65. Young smaller, the central tail feathers projecting only a short distance, making the total length much less than recorded for the adult, wing 9.5-11.25. Distinctive marks. Adult birds of this species are easily recognized by the excessive elongation of the central pair of tail feathers, the shorter and weaker bill and lighter bulk of body. The young are also smaller than those of the Parasitic jaeger and the mottling and marbling is of a - prevailing leaden grayish; the tarsus is relatively longer than in para sit- icus, being longer than the middle toe and its claw, while the reverse 118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM is the case in parasiticus; the unguis is longer than the cere or saddle; and there is an abrupt change at the third primary from white to brownish shafts as in the adult. The Long-tailed, Arctic, or Buffon jaeger is apparently very rare in this State. Mr Dutcher has no record of specimens in his Long Island Notes. Mr Helme says it occurs as a rare visitant, but mentions no speci- mens. The same is true of the notes of the late L. S. Foster of New York and David Bruce of Brockport. Mr Chapman states that it is sometimes Longicaudus Long-tailed jaeger. (Note the abrupt change at the third primary in the color of the shafts.) rh Parasiticus Bills of jaegers4 nat. size Parasitic yaeger. (Note the gradual change in the whiteness of the primary shafts.) not uncommon off our coast. The only definite record for this State is an immature bird in the plumage of the first fall taken on Long Island and now in the Lawrence Collection [Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., no. 46094]. The jaegers of Giraud and DeKay are very difficult to make out. The Lestris parasiticus of Giraud, a description of which he copies from Fauna Boreali Americana, is evidently the Long-tailed jaeger which is now known aslongicaudus, but the specimen from South Oyster Bay [Birds of L. I. p. 365], which he ascribes to this species is undoubtedly the light phase of a Parasitic and not a Long-tailed jaeger, since he states al BIRDS OF NEW YORK 119 that the tail feathers are about three inches shorter than the dimensions given by Swainson and Richardson. There seems no doubt also that the specimens from Gowanus bay [Birds of L. I. p. 365] may be the young of the Parasitic jaeger. The specimen to which he refers as Lestris richardsoni [p. 367] isa Parasitic jaeger in the dark phase; thus it appears that none of Giraud’s specimens can be referred with certainty to the species longicaudus, although he himself refers two to that species. DeKay’s Lestris richardsoni is undoubtedly a Parasitic jaeger. His L. buffoni is probably the same species, although it may be the intermediate phase of longicaudus. Family LARIDAB Gulls and Terns Gulls and terns are distinguished by the structure of their bills, which are more or less epignathous and somewhat compressed, with a protuberant gonys, but lacking the horny saddle of the jaegers. The nostrils are linear or oblong, placed toward the middle or in the basal half of the bill, and are open transversely. Among the gulls, especially the larger species, the bill is stout, and hooked near the end, and the short symphysis of the branches of the lower mandible makes a prominent gonys, or angle of the jaw. There is a continuous graduation in the size and shape of the bill from the heavy hooked beak of the Great black-backed gull, to the slender, nearly straight bill of Bonaparte and Sabine gulls; and among the terns from the ponderous beak of the Caspian tern and the gull-like beak of Gelochelidon to the slim and delicate bill of the Black tern. The tail is nearly square in most gulls; in terns and some gulls it is forked. The legs are short, especially in terns, the tzbtae being bare for a short dis- tance. The legs are placed near the center of the body, so that they stand and walk with ease, carrying the body in a nearly horizontal posi- tion. The plumage is long and dense on the breast so that they rest lightly on the water, “‘swimming high’ in comparison to divers or even ducks. Gulls and terns are very uniform in coloration, being mostly white with a darker mantle over the back and wing coverts, which ranges from slaty black in marinus to pale pearl-gray in hyperboreus, but is pure white in the Ivory gull. They have dusky or black markings, of greater or less extent, on the primaries, excepting in hyperboreus, leucopterus etc., where they are nearly pure white. A great point is made of these markings in the determination of species [see pl. 5, 6]. The molt occurs twice a year so that there is a slight difference between the summer and winter plumages. Immature birds 120 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM are darker colored and marked with brownisheven in Pagophila alba requiring two or three years to reach mature plumage. The sexes are alike in color, but the males are slightly larger. In the breeding season the bill, mouth, eyelids and feet, one or more, are ornamented with brilliant shades of red or yellow; several species have a delicate salmon-pink suffusion of the breast plumage; the terns have a black cap, and a group of smaller gulls a black hood. Most gulls and terns are maritime birds, rarely traveling inland except on the larger streams and lakes. They are almost constantly on the wing searching for the fish, other marine animals and refuse, which constitute their food. The voice is harsh and shrill in the smaller species, but hoarse in the larger ones, inseparably associated with lapping waves or pounding surf, while their graceful forms following the ship are usually the first indication to the voyager that he is approaching land, though it be hundreds of miles away. Gulls and terns nest in colonies on rocks, or sandy beach, or the drift of inland lakes, or sometimes even in trees. The eggs are two to three in number, rarely four, of some olive, greenish, or buffy shade, spotted with brown or black. The young stay in the nest and are fed by their parents, i.e. they are nidicolous and altricial, but they are covered with down and some species which nest on the beach often move about when a few days old, thus showing an approach to the praecocial type. Pagophila alba (Gunnerus) Ivory Gull Plate 6 Larus albus Gunnerus. Leem’s Beskr. Finm. Lapp. 1767. p. 285 Gavia alba A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 39 pagoph’ila, Gr. méyos, ice, pros, loving; al/ba, Lat., white Description. Adult: Pure white, shafts of the primaries yellow; bill yellowish; feet black; iris brown; eyelids red. Young: Upper parts, tips of the wings and tail feathers with dusky spots. Length 15-19.5 inches; average 17; extent 41; wing 13.25; tail 5.5; culmen 1.4; gape 2.1; depth of bill at nostril .45; tarsus 1.45; middle toe and claw 1.75. This is an arctic species, very rarely entering the United States. The only specimen from New York is recorded by Dutcher in the Auk, volume 12, page 290. Itwas shot on Great South bay, near Sayville, L.I., by John Goldswerth, January 5, 1893. Mr Helme writes that he once saw a single bird of this species flying about Mt Sinai Harbor, Suffolk county, N. Y. sy BIRDS OF NEW YORK I21 Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus) Kittiwake Plate 6 Larus tridactylus Linnaeus. Syst. Nat. Ed.10o. 1758. 1: 136 DeKay. Zool. N. Y. 1844. pt 2, p. 313 Rissa tridactyla A. O. U. Check List. Ed.2. 1895. No. 40 ris’sa, Icelandic name; tridac’tyla, Gr. tpidaxrvdos, three-toed Description. Head, neck, tail and under parts white; back and wings pearl-gray or dark bluish; outer web of the first primary and tip of wing to length of three inches black, the division being squarely across the end of the wing; primaries after the first tipped with white; bill yellow; feet black; iris reddish brown; eyelids red; hind toe a mere knob without any nail. In winter: Small black crescent in front of the eye; back of head and neck, and the sides of the breast tinged with bluish gray, changing to blackish in the ear region. Young: Crescent in front of eye, ear spot, back of neck, part of the wing coverts, band at tip of tail, except outer feathers black; more black on the primaries than in the adult; bill dusky. Length 16-17.7 inches; wing 12.25; tail 4.5; bill 1.3-1.5; tarsus 1.3; middle toe and claw 1.8. In winter and immature plumage the Kittiwake bears superficial resemblance to the Bonaparte gull, but by referring to the description given above, and plate 6, the distinction is easily manifest. Furthermore the absence of the hind toe in the present species is an easy mark of identi- fication when the bird is in hand. Giraud, DeKay and Lawrence mentioned the Kittiwake as occurring on the shores of Long Island. J. H. Batty in Forest and Stream, volume 7, page 164, treats of it as a winter visitant on our coast. Mr Dutcher calls it a common migrant in late fall, and an uncommon winter resident, occurring some distance off shore, his dates ranging from November 13 to March 17. It is apparently rare on the inland waters of the State. William Hopkins has reported a specimen taken at Auburn, N. Y., January 4, 1854 [see Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 1856, 5:13]. One from Seneca lake is recorded in the Auburn list; one from Oak Orchard, Orleans county, April 10, 1881, by David Bruce; one from Constantia, Oswego county, November 9, 1890, I22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM by Bagg, Auk, volume 11, page 162. Mr Truman R. Taylor has noticed it as an irregular migrant in Monroe county. The Kittiwake is holarctic in range, breeding from the Gulf of St Lawrence to 80° north latitude. Its name is derived from the call notes which resemble the syllables kitti-aa, kitti-aa. It is more pelagic in haunts than any of our other species. Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus (Larus glaucus on plate) Glaucous Gull Plate 5 Larus hyperboreus Gunnerusin Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapper. 1767. p. 22 (note) Larus giaucus A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 42 larus, Gr. Kéeo¢ Lat. lar’us, gull; hyperbo’reus, Lat. northern Description. Adult in summer: White, the mantle very pale pearl-blue; primaries all white, or extremely pale pearl-gray, fading to white at the tips; bill chrome yellow with a vermilion spot at the angle; feet pale flesh color, or yellowish; iris yellow; eyelid vermilion; mouth flesh-color. In winter: Head and neck slightly varied with brownish. Second winter: Pure white, sometimes with trace of the brown bars and mottlings character- istic of the first winter, sometimes with a trace of the adult plumage; bill flesh-colored with dusky tip. First winter: Dingy white, profusely marked with pale buffy brown or drab gray, the markings being coarse bars and mottlings on the back and wing coverts, obscure streaks on the head and neck, obscure bars and fine mottlings on the wings and tail; under parts nearly uniform pale brownish or drab gray; legs and bill flesh color, the latter tipped with black; iris brown; the primaries ‘‘ecru drab” varying to dull white. The plumage gradually fades during the winter, becoming very light toward spring. Length 26-32 inches; extent 60; wing 16.7—18.75; tail 7.4—8.5; bill 2.3-3; gape 3.75; depth of bill at angle .8—-1; tarsus 2.4-3.25; middle toe and claw 2.65-3. Immature birds have the smaller dimensions. The white phase of this gull is Larus hutchinsii of earlier writers and probably the L. arcticus also. According to Dr Dwight [Auk 23: 30-34] birds of the third winter sometimes show the plumage which is most characteristic of the second year, and sometimes birds of the second winter possess the mantle and white body feathers of the adult. a a BIRDS OF NEW YORK 123 The Glaucous gull, Burgomaster, or Ice gull is an uncommon but regular winter visitant to the shores of this State. It is an’ Arctic species famous for its raucous voice and gluttonous appetite. Several have been captured on the lower Hudson river and on Long Island, [see Chapman, Birds of New York and Vicinity, p. 16]. Recent records are as follows: Washington co., N. Y. Winter 1868. (White phase). Elliot, Birds of N. A., pl. 12 Long Island sound, N. Y. Mar. 1879. L. I. Hist. Soc. Col. Long Island, N. Y. Mar. 4, 1880. (White phase). Found in Fulton Market, Mearns, N. O. C. Bul., 5: 189 Bangor, Franklin co., N. Y. About 1880. Merriam, N. O. C. Bul., 7: 257 South Oyster Bay, L.I. Mar. 11, 1884. Dutcher, Auk, 2: 37 Springs, L,I. Gardiners Bay. Mar. 19,1887. (25 seen). (Parsons). Dutcher, Notes New York, N. Y. Jan. 19, 1889. wv,oc. L. 5S. Foster Sag Harbor, L. I. Dec. 11, 1890, 2; Feb. 8, 1890. Dutcher Collection Far Rockaway, L. I. Jan. 11,1891. 2. Immature. Howell, O. and O., 16: 61. Lin. Soc. N. Y. Proc. 1891. p.5; Braislin, p. 36 Far Rockaway, L.I. ‘‘Jan.1,1891.’’ (Howell). Dutcher, Notes Miller’s Place, L. I. wv, 1893. (Helme). Dutcher, Notes Buffalo, N. Y. Jan. 29, 1895; Feb. 13, 1898. Savage, Auk, 12: 312 “Zake Ontario, Monroe co., N. Y. Feb. 22, 1899. Truman R. Taylor Rockaway, L. I. Jan. 2, 1901; Jan. 13, 1901; Mar. 13, 1904; May 1, 1904. (Peavey) Braislin. Lin. Soc. N. Y. Proc. 1907. p. 36 “Larus hutchensii” New York and vicinity. Lawrence list Larus leucopterus Faber Iceland Gull Larus leucopterus Faber. Prodr. Isl. Orn. 1822. p. or A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2. 1895. No. 43 leucop’terus, Gr, Xevkds, white, and wrepov, wing Description. Colors and sequence of plumages as in the Glaucous gull, but in immature birds the shafts of the primaries are more often white or brownish instead of yellowish as in hyperboreus. Also the mot- tling of the first winter plumage, according to Dr Dwight, is sometimes more blackish in the present species. Length 24-26 inches; wing 14.75-16.5; tail 6-6.7; bill 1.6—1.9; depth of bill .62-.7; tarsus 2.1-2.5; middle toe and claw 2.1—-2.35. The Iceland or White-winged gull, like its larger countérpart the Glaucous gull, is an holarctic species, and straggles southward in winter to 124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the Great Lakes and the shores of Long Island. The specimens taken in this State are almost always immature birds and are most often seen in winter or early spring. Audubon mentions this species as occurring as far south as the Bay of New York, but neither Giraud, DeKay, nor Lawrence mentions it as a New York species. Dr Merriam, in April 1878, saw two of these gulls over a pond in the Adirondack region, as recorded in Bulletin of Nuttall Ornithological Club, volume 6, page 235, and in Auk, volume I, pages 241-42. Other records are as follows: Peterboro, Madison co., N. Y. Feb. 1, 1884. Juvenal. Lawrence, Auk, 1: 240. Green-Smith Col. Miller’s Place, L.I. Winter of 1893; Nov. 30, 1888. A.H.Helme Lansingburg, N.Y. Nov. 21,1888. @ Juvenal. State Museum. No. 41 Rye, N. Y. Mar. 3, 1894. Porter, Auk, 12: 76 Cayuga lake, N. Y. Mar. 17, 1897. (In white plumage). L. A. Fuertes Oswego, N. Y. wv,oc. D.D. Stone i Dec. 28, 1899. Fairly common. Gerrit S. Miller Rockaway Beach, L. I: Feb. 6, 1898. (Peavey). Braislin, p. 36 Lake Ontario, near Brockport, N.Y. Sept.10,1899. v t the wild pigeon, but, when no standard of comparison is at hand, it often gives the impression of being a much larger bird than it is. Its breast is much less red than the pigeon’s, it is not so blue on the back, and it has the black spot in the ear region which is lacking in the pigeon. Distribution. The Mourning dove is fairly well distributed in. all parts of New York, ex- cepting the northern por- tion and the Highlands which are above 1000 feet in elevation, where it is rather uncommon. It is occasionally found about the borders of the North Woods as at Lake George, Old Forge, and Ausable Forks, but it is more characteristic of the Carolinian, and the warmer portion of Transition zone, than of the cooler districts. It is common in the coastal district, lower Hudson valley, and the lowlands of western New York, arriving from the south early in March in southeastern New York, and from the 2oth to the 30th of March in the western counties, and departs for the south late in October, or in November, but rarely remains throughout the winter months in the warmer portions of the State. Photo by Guy A. Bailey Mourning dove. Zenaidura carolinensis (Linnaeus) 388 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM It frequently begins to breed as early as the 2oth of April and two or possibly three broods are reared. The nest is placed in the thick branches of an evergreen tree, in the fork of an apple tree, in an old robin’s nest, on the top of a stump, or rotten rail in an old fence, or any other convenient location, sometimes even on the ground at the edge of a gravel pit or embank- ment. It is composed of slender twigs and grass stalks, and lined with a few leaves, grasses or moss, but quite flat and meager. The eggs are two in number, nearly elliptical in shape, and pure white in color, averaging about 1.12.82 inches insize. All summer long the mournful cooing of this little pigeon can be heard in the orchards andshade trees, even in the villages and the outskirts of cities, where they are left unmolested. The Mourning dove is beneficial in itsfood habits, partaking only of waste an by ae, S, Paddock rain, weed seeds and in- Menuning devs eestined ones sects. I have taken several thousand seeds of the foxtail or pigeon grass from the crop of a single dove which was shot from a flock of about 30 that were coming from an oat field in Ontario county. By measurement it was evident that this company of doves had just picked up about two quarts of weed seeds for their afternoon meal. Consequently in the course of several weeks they would do the farmer an inestimable service. The flesh of the Mourning dove is well flavored, and they are killed by thousands for food in the southern states, and if they ever become too abundant in New York State, they may be treated as a game bird under proper restrictions, to replace in some degree the finer species which we have lost. BIRDS OF NEW YORE 389 Columbigallina passerina terrestris (Chapman) Ground Dove Columbigallina passerina terrestris Chapman. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. ; Bul. 1892. 4: 292 A. O. U. Check List. Ed. 2, 1895. No. 320 columbigallina, Lat. columba, pigeon or dove, and gallina, hen; passerina, sparrowlike; terrestris, terrestrial Description. Very small. Male: Forehead and under parts mostly vinaceous, the chest feathers with blackish centers; crown and back of head bluish gray; back brownish gray; wing coverts with dark steel-blue spots; tail blackish toward the end and tipped with whitish; bill coral red at base, blackish toward the tip. Female and young: Much paler and duller. Length 6—7 inches; wing 3.5; tail 2.7; bill .45. This diminutive pigeoninhabits the Southern States from Texas to North Carolina, and is accidental in the North Atlantic States. It was added to the New York list by Dr George B. Grinnell who gives the following account of its capture: Early one Saturday in October 1862, I set out with another small boy, Henry A. Clapp, on a shooting excursion, the expected game being robins and flickers, with the possibility of a wild pigeon. We had just entered a piece of woods just north of the present 158th street, between what were later to become 11th and 12th avenues, when a small flock of birds alighted in a tall tulip tree almost above our heads. I was carrying the gun at the moment and fired at one of the birds resting on a branch, and when it fell and I picked it up I saw that it was a very small “pigeon.” Neither my companion nor myself had ever seen anything like it but we both had seen Passenger pigeons. When we had crossed the dirt road which is now 158th street we had seen Mr John Woodhouse Audubon mending fence near the corner of 158th street and 12th avenue, and knowing that he knew all about birds we went down to him and asked him to tell us what this was. He was a near neigh- bor of our parents, and we knew him very well, for much of our time was spent playing with his sons in and about his house and stables. He told us that it was a Ground dove, and pointed out a number of its characters. He also said, as I recall it, that he had never before seen one in that neigh- borhood. 390° NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM After this we kept on our way and presumably at the end of the day returned with whatever game we had killed and ate the Ground dove. Possibly a dozen years later, between 1870 and 1874, I saw another specimen of this species in New York, while walking along the Aqueduct in the general neighborhood of 160th street and gth avenue. The bird was sitting on a fence and I had a good opportunity to look at it. By this time I knew something about birds myself and recognized what it was. The day was Sunday and I had no gun and no means of securing the bird. - _ —— ae |) - -_ an 77 “2 = ' ti . EXPLANATION OF PLATES Plate z * ea x a ea i ee on | Sage WE , ws, eae wR: Seicing Soe Mae : he Selva Daye Rea ; ee es bt Fo at ite — - rata whatlir i e. > , ay ery Ry seta hy the thy HOLBOELL GREBE ey: 7” > oe eo a eas em - azis “yuu SIV yaWAns Bawans MILNIM UILNIM . Shovuuy'] snpiwnp snquljog (snevuury) sdaopod snquilippog (Qpasyurery) Mjeoqioy snquiyop 39349 QSNYHOH ywawwns §=3983Y49 G371I98-dald 3834S 11308710H itienteperne SER NINES AEE POO TI LEAD 1 ayelg Ages wNnesnW }e1IS "A 'N ‘ZI slowayy MNMUMOA MUN TO SCAIA ozis “}RU J ITY wans yanWns snowuury) ™ wy NOOO) O31LVO8HL-yOVIE 1) 4awun piaDe FULD] DLAD FE) ) v NOO71 NOWWO9 NOO?7 G31VOYUHL-034 SST || ee z 931g Wwnasnw e3e81S “AN ‘ZI s41loway; MUOS MOHAN AO SAUIEA BIRDS OF NE Memoir 12. N. Y. State Museum we Seer . Gy BLACK GUILLEMOT : Cepphus grylle (Linnaeus) WINTER SUMMER rag ¥ * BRUNNICH MURRE . Uria lomvia (Linnaeus SUMMER WINTER EGG All ; nat. size W YORK anal RAZOR-BILLED AUK Alca torda Linnaeus SUMMER PUFFIN Fratercula arctica (Linnaeus) SUMMER DOVEKIE Alle alle (Linnaeus) Plate 3 Oy ei: gue eee Aes Ay, ¥ on os ri - — 7 [as Or A hw BIRDS OF NEW YORK Memoir 12. N. Y. State Museum Plate 4 POMARINE JAEGER Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck) PARASITIC JAEGER Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus) LONG-TAILED JAEGER Slercorarius longicaudus Vieillot DARK PHASE ADULT INTERMEDIATE LIGHT PHASE IMMATURE S. parasiticus SKUA Megalestris skua (Briinnich) All } nat. size ky a itt Naat tT ra ~~ yre > " BIRDS OF NEW YORK RING-BILLED GULL HERRING GULL Larus delawarensis Ord Larus argentatus Briinnich ADULT IN SUMMER IMMATURE IMMATURE ADULT IN SUMMER GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL GLAUCOUS GULL Larus marinus Linnaeus Larus glaucus Briinnich IMMATURE ADULT IN SUMMER END OF SECOND YEAR ADULT IN SUMMER ~ IMMATURE All } nat. size SABINE GULL Page 136 BIRDS OF NEW YORK Memoir 12, N. Y State Museum Plate 6 SABINE GULL ADULT IN SUMMER BONAPARTE GULL Xema sabini bine) Larus philadelphia (Ord) LAUGHING GULL ADULT IN SUMMER ADULT IN SUMMER Larus atricila Linnaeus IMMATURE KITTIWAKE | IVORY GULL Rissa tridactyla (Linnaeus) Pagophila alba Gunnerus ADULT IN SUMMER IMMATURE ADULT IN SUMMER IMMATURE All § nat. size |) wear RrARens ne 98 saat ozIs “gnu PITY NIvyoy 1PHnop Yui, YIWWNS NI LINov BYNLYWAI BYNLV WNT YIWANS NI LINdy yawwns Netindv NY3L 3LvaSOu (1OS89'T) WNADIPLYUY DULAS snavuury opunsay pus snovuury Dubru sdoouliyy NY¥31 1SvV31 F NY¥3.L NOWWOO Y3IWWIXS MOVIE (smbyassryq) 991707 W0N719Y490794) BUNLYWAI UIWWNS NI LINav yawwns NILINGY NYHSL GATNE-TIND . TTRVINN Mazsuof puss shovuury pyposnf{ Muss yormupnag vapsipnsod pus91g NY3L Y31SHOs baMWns NI iindv NY3L ALCOS YaWWNS NI LINGY NHIL OLLOYV ney hs ili Ry: » A > “wnasny a1e15 “ ‘N MUAMOA MUN AO SACUUIA ezis "yeu TV SUNLYWA BOVANId BILNIM OL ONIONYHO ONINdS NI LINGY UBLNIM NI LTNOV ONIdds NI LINAV BUNLYWINT (UT[9UID) sHsUAWIDUTINS DAO LOPYaYyooApAT WIeEppog Vujrpu DUIS sUled Vidspo DUMIIT NY31 MOVIE N¥3L TWAOU NHL NVIidSVO / (pe | Wala. A etn 8 eteld WNESNW RIS AN Zi sloway ¢ MUHOA MON TO SCGCUIA a COMMON CORMORANT Page 170 BIRDS OF NEW YORK Memoir 12. N. Y. State Museum Plate 9 WS Basile Ruacrte; . COMMON CORMORANT Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus) ADULT IN BREEDING PLUMAGE IMMATURE DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT Phalacrocorax auritus (Lesson) ADULT IN BREEDING PLUMAGE IMMATURE GANNET Sula bassana (Linnaeus) ADULT IMMATURE All § nat. size RED-BREASTED MERGANSER Page 170 - RUDDY DUCK Page 225 ozs "yuu F ITV avwa4 aIvW s7vw Bivwas (snoruury]) DloIq~yD DYGUORUDYD WONG O3GV3H-3144Na8 (UISsRD) snUDIWIWD SnO4ayy YASNVOUSW NVOIMSWY ava sivwaa a1vW a1VW34 (UTTOULD)) SIsu90) DWP DanIpUi4y YONG AGAGNU SneBuUry) 074198 BNHAaW YASNVOYNSW ASLSW3us-d3au he . OAL Ol a}eI\q WNaSNW 2}BIS “AN ‘TI sloway MUOA MOHAN JO SAUIA WIWW34 31VAN (snovuury) snjypynons sajiipoydo’"T YSSNVDYSW G3SGO0H 11 eleld wnasn|y 2381S ‘AN ‘ZI slowey MHOA MUN AO SaAAIA WITHA, IAN ats Page 187 ozis "yeu FIV a1vW awa a7vW 31vWa4 aw UTTEULYH Vunasqo spuF SnovuUulry spyoxog spur (snovuUul'y) sniadaujs snusppaynnyy wONG MOVIE QuYTIVN Tv¥MOVS — ZI d}eld j winesn| 2281S ‘AN ‘cI slowayy MUMIOA MAN TO SaAuUlTaA a ee PaaS bat OZ718 "yBu FTV a1vW34 (UI[OUL A) asualnoO4Ds 1017) IAT W31 G3DNIM-N33ND as1vw B1Vwa4 Zw vA (snovuury) adojauad naan NO39GIM Nvad0unga wvwaa a1VvAW (UT[OULD)) VUDILIUID DIAN NO39GIM NVOINSWY €1 aed wnasnw 2}81S “AN ‘ZI aiowayy MUOA MAN AO SaAUNIA SHOVELER ozis “yeu fifty Divaad vivw (Shevuuly) s1oosip pynpanbuan?y Iw3l G39NIM-3N7g8 a1vW FIVW34 a1VW IWW34 (snovuury) Dsueds app (snovuury) pppaedlija pynjody uONd GOOM 43 13AOHS q / F apreioen ; f , : is = \ ** nt wit’ es ; “ . i i ? ' . g ee / . Y } 4 af 4 ad > ies — J < . 1 r 4 s, ela : %; . ’ a =~ {ae ae : i / * * ? ~ \ “ r T'S , - ~ > ae ~ a etc m 7 a r fs Je - 4 cae a) cae! “ > , 4 ; ee r ua = . 7 , = : j : 4 r ‘ > 2 < eS f - | ed 7 areld uNnasnw ee1S "AN ‘ZI Howay MUOA MUN AO SGUIA BIRDS OF NEW YORK Memoir 12. N Y. State Museum Plate | Ph ka en Me Halt ca PERI, seal Ld ae A * x ‘ sf re PINTAIL Dajfila acuta (Linnaeus) MALE FEMALE 3 nat. size : —~ Ss we! * w. FEMALE BIRDS OF NEW Memoir 12. N. Y. State Museum REDHEAD Aythya americana (Eyton) MALES CANVASBACK Aythya vallisneria (Wilson) MALES All } nat. size YORK Plate 16 ys ae > é ezIs “yeu PITY wIWwW34 31vN 3134 a7vA 334 (snevuury) pppue vfiyjplip (u0yAq) 9 D viylir 1% 109 vhyliy dnvos dNVOS ¥3SS31 MONG GSXO3SN-ONIY oof § 3 i ¢ i= PEL LTEE LLG SAE OIE AER zt ee ee ae a ee eee a tans $22 cies Li a}eId WNsesnW 2}k81S “A N ‘SI AIOWD |) MMOA MON LO SaAULE 1 OVEN lah tae a £ & a a ° BIRDS OF NEW YORK Memoir 12. N. Y. State Museum Plate 18 , — - r a = 09 Mugencuts 2 wae it o * * F —-wt in ee ne ih i 4 : - ‘ silo hus Gpassre Kucrses. AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE Clangula clangula americana (Bonaparte) MALE FEMALE ; nat. size ® eg il soll a * —— a” “ EIDER 220 KING Page gt sist HARLEQUIN DUCK Page 214 BIRDS OF NEW YORK Memoir 12. N. Y. State Museum Plate 19 MES, ; + eGR. , KING EIDER Somateria spectabilis (Linnaeus) HARLEQUIN DUCK Histrionicus histrionicus (Linnaeus) FEMALE MALE MALE FEMALE AMERICAN EIDER Somateria dresseri Sharpe FEMALE MALE All 3 nat. size ozIs "yuu FIT aw aIWW34 s1VW34 sw (snosuury) pypypodsvad prwapip apynduuog }pupjbap prumapy y¥aLOOS JHNS Y3LOOS GSONIM-3.LIHM a1vw | { a1vw 4 31vW34 a1YW arvaaa ¢ YaNWns §aLNIMY saywad TOSUTBAS DUDIUIUD DIWAPO (snesuury) sypulahy mppacvzT YSLOOS NVYOINSWY MVNOSAIO neem - 0% 8}2Iq uinasnw 9181S ‘A ‘N ‘ZI 4loway, MUOA MUN LO SAUIEA yi ae cme el uTIIV SUN ivWAl (404810) SIYDAIU DaLoqaediiy uayo 3SO009 MONS JUN LYWI iinav SUN LVWA! iinav (QnellaBeH) teque fiqw ssuy (SNOBUULT) SUua08ayNLaDI UAaYD 38009 G3SLNOUS-3.LIHM NVOINSNY 3so009 3n18 > a eee sai 1Z Belg wnesnyw a}8IS AN MUOA MHN AO SCAUIA Sites oezis "yeu ¢1TV (900A. MRT) SUED hu DUDA (mYyaIg) DAVspHoonMp) YpaIU419q DUDE ANVUS MOVIE ANVud (Shevuury) sisuapypuns YUHAg (PIO) snumiquinjod 4010 3SO009 VOVNVO NVMS SNITLSIHM gee aL eee kd Ma TRUS Ho spi sec A ph i BS Bldg WNesn|| 2381S “A 'N cl 41OW aj MUOA MUN TO SCAUIlA GREEN HERON Page 26 . BIRDS OF NEW YORKIE Memoir 12. N. Y. State Museum GREEN HERON Butorides virescens (Linnaeus) LEAST BITTERN Izxubrychus exilis (Gmelin) IMMATURE ADULT FEMALE MALE AMERICAN BITTERN Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu) All } nat. size “- - Kae =) Pn eat gee aan BIRDS OF NEW YORK Memoir 12 N.Y State Museum oak Plate 24 AMERICAN EGRET Herodias egretta (Gmelin) SANDHILL CRANE Grus mexicana (Miiller) BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON Nycticorax nyeticorax naevius (Boddaert) ADULT IMMATURE GREAT BLUE HERON Ardea herodias Linnaeus All } nat. size ADULT IN SUMMER IMMATURE VIRGINIA RAIL Page 274 OZz1g *}BU ¢ ITV JUN LVWAT iLinav ONNOA ANMOD (ajpetay) suppdaso s1.2780.06u0) snDy uoqnpny supba,a snyiy snavuury snupndaa snyoyy WV YAaddV19 Ivy ONIN WVU VINISHIA Fes Ge 9}e\q4 wNesNyy 8321S "AN ‘ZI slowayy MUMIOA MUN TO SaAUIA YELLOW RAIL Page 280 * be walt ; CAROLINA RAIL OR SORA Pagesrs 1OA ANMOG (ShowuUry) pUuNVLDé & re) ANNO) VuOos 40 > Y MOVIES 31119 Vu MOTISA ge 8381 winesn Ww BI2IS “A ‘N a | JIOW BW MON AO SaGuIa a . - : oo 1 c ] Q ve ay DNNOA ANMOG itnov uly DUPRWaWD DNA (ujaysuazYory) yy DmnUyDy (SNAVUUYT) YIUZLDW SINLLOUOT 1009 NYOINSWY SINNINNDS valHotd SIANITNWVS 31dund aad KD Ea 3 L&% a}eI\q winesnyw 2481S KIN: Se) Owe; MUOA MUN AO SaAUIA * ae yy, azis "yeu FILLY BOVNNId YSLNIM GNV NANNY aIvA a1vw3a4 (snovuury) sniupanf sndouvpud 3dO¥WIWHd O34 ae MUOA MUN HO SAUIEA azis ‘qRu £ ITV z1vw BOVWNId HSLNIM ONY NWOLNV a7vW3a4 (sneruury) sn2pqo 190°T AdOYVIWHd NYSHLYON Se ee 6 Fe nd 6z ayeIq winasnw 81S “A 'N ‘ZI slowey MUOA MAN AO SGUIEA Oa hy *, ~ ezis “‘qeu § ITV J 7VA DIWAa4 BOVWNId Y3LNIM ONY NWN LAV 4S AdOUVIVHd NOSTIM of 9}e\d wnasnp 2381S "A 'N ‘Zl slowayy MUOA MUN AO SCALA Ce as ee " Z f q OS ee ‘pee, 9zI8 “yuu F (uyyouty) Ud YASOOGOOM NVOINSWV 1€ ajeIq ; : winasnw 9181S ‘A ‘N ‘ZI sloway MUMOA MOHAN FO SANIA O2]8 "yBu § (PAO) DIvONap 2) 3dINS NOSTIM : Sef ERE TE aielY winasny a4e4S “A 'N MUOA MAN AO SGUIA ie svGreraun wide ~ ike RUDDY TURNBTONE Page 967 RED HACKED SANDPAPER) 0) Pawo 9rs by re DOW ITOHER a Powe 90a ty 1 DOS “HR ¥ SEP Hearts SO U Saree Ween 3 ALTAIR?) ey ore Preee'g ene Qe ‘ rx SH ey a \ LON VRWONES FSWMAS SWOW PON ES CeRQeeEs)) see, vey WHR Cea PER Pee wemrren A? or s\e OE Cer had : ’ SRAWONES OHVOWSOBY BROASNSA L EE aqyei4 WAN SS AN “TE AlLOWAY MMOQOAK MAN AO SANE = Pe ozis “yeu PITY S39VWMId H3LNIM ONV ninv snovuury snjynnps Diupay (ajyrvdeuo0g) sndojyupuyy Duvppdo.siyy (SBI[Bq) VQ s1LupNYDO : LON» Y3adIdONVS LULS ONITHSGNVS (uyyeurs) snes746 snydupyso.ovye (QOUTI9L4) DUYDYYDs DUIdy~o YUpAT (yopuUyAg) DUYLDUL DYayONb.Ay YSHOLIMOTG Y3dIdGNVS GSNOvVE-d3y Y3dIdGNVS 31duNnd - ze ic r we pekioee Re ~ . PRE) xa winasnw aieig "A ‘"N ‘@!l slowey MUOA MUN TO SQAUIA PECTORAL SANDPIPER WHITE-RUMPED EADDETE NE etait SEM: Page 311 BAIRD SANDPIPER f Page 312 NWALAY ONIuds (snovuury) snypend soyaunaug Y3dIdONVS G3LVYWIVdINSS SONOD Ip4alpq spulospowy Y3dIdONVS OYIVE ozs "yuu F (TV ONINdS QOTTELA) DININUWIU sHWLOLpOIOW! Y3dIdONVYS LSV37 NWOLNY ONINdS (LOTIPETA) SIOOLISNL SYWLO.Lp0}0 Y3dIdGNVS G3SdWNY-3LIHM MUOA MOHAN AO SCAUIEA NANLNY QO[IPTA) DIVDINIDUL sMWOLp0?ID Y3dIdGNVS IVHOLO3d wnasnw a}e1S MEN ee! Owe; - ” = SOLITARY SANDPIPER Soe dg, start SPOTTED SANDPIPER Page 335 Ld ezis “yRU F ITY SA9VWMd YaWWNs (UI[AUIH) sRONHOUDIAUL SNUD{OT, nav SHUNLVWT SS31MOTISA Y3LV3SHD (UyTeUTH) sadiany snUD)O,T, (snanuury) MapmMonw 111490 (MOsTT A, 811071908 spUtospoyaH SOSIMOTISA Y3SS37 Y3dIdQNVS G31LL0dS YadidQONVS AYV.LITOS QE aieid winesn|] 2381S "A 'N ‘GI JIOW BIA) MUOA MAN TO SGUIA et) Je Use ep inact at 2] = LONG-BILLED CURLEW Page 338 ESKIMO CURLEW Page 341 (shenuury) DoY~SDUADY DsOWLYT ozis *38U é ITV WINGIUT SnojuORpRYy KNW ONIEdS LIMGOS NVINOSGNH M318ND NVINOSGNH (snavuary) popas DsowyT (aa]8104) 8)7D940q SnimewnAT UOSTE AL 8 780.0U0) SNPUIUEN AT AIMGOS Ga 1syvn M31YND OWINS3 M31HND G3118-9NOT ; aa sysory, Zar hpi: “d ) ee ’ + J Datel ah AnS hte f if Mi ff = Ls oreid | . ; WNESNW 9381S "AN ‘ZI 4loway MUOA MOAN AO SAUNIA if. ‘ * oer = =a eae iy Page 328 ozis "yu 2 iy (1OT181A) stpoownagnes saVviiullay, YSdIdONVS G31SV y (ua inv ONINdS pw ) Doma was snsoydosjdowyo B3didQNVS NVINVELYVS LATUM ing sqooeg ) Dpnvavth Y3A01d GNV1dN + abr YR, 2807 say. [s/o WW : Vv 4 ‘ gE a3e Iq WNASNW 31S “AN ‘ZI s1oWey MUYOA MHN HO SaAUILE pe he st mee nd ee "he 7* j pore tiga My, AY iain) OF ny 7 oe Sars AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER Page 346 | KILLDEER PLOVER Page 348 06 sitaft ozs “yeu Z 11V NAN INV ONINdS Vy) ppoApyonds pjOLp ORS Y3A01d G3I1138-xOV1E a1ndeuog PyoUpHduUes sYpOay Y3BA01d G3LYWIVdINSS NWO LAV ONIndS (snavuury) snuafiaoa snyvehan JOT SNAP sniupy.DMYyO at» Y3A01d N30109 NVOINSWV 2 Fy mse SOON RO a pO BPG OGG) ‘ tr, a 6E aje\q wnasnw e3e81S ‘AN ‘ZI slowely MUOA MUN AO SACAIA Da ee ipa tie on ahenes Ce . A Wap. Wise BIRDS OF NEW YORK Memoir 12. N. Y. State Museum Plate 40 LIKED BOBWHITE OR QUAIL Colinus virginianus virginianus (Linnaeus) MALE AND FEMALE 3 nat. size oo UsVORs) UNUME Bo AdAxag 2A, sye% Oe ee ie > as CANADA OR SPRUCE GROUSE Page 365 BIRDS OF NEW YORK Memoir 12, N.Y. State Museum Plate 41 CANADA OR SPRUCE GROUSE Canachites canadensis canace (Linnaeus) MALE AND FEMALE ? nat. size RUFFED GROUSE Bonasa umbellus umbellus (Linnaeus) FEMALE MALE, STRUTTING i nat. size oo ad =) S Bae PASSENGER PIGEON Page 381 BIRDS OF NEW YORK Memoir 12. N. Y. State Museum Plate 42 PASSENGER PIGEON Ectopistes migratorius (Linnaeus) YOUNG MALE FEMALE 4 nat. size MOURNING DOVE Zenaidura macroura carolinensis (Linnaeus) FEMALE YOUNG MALE 3 Dat, size , = INDEX. Page numbers referring to descriptions of species are printed in black face type. Accidental visitants, 17-18. Accipitriformes, 89, go. Actitis macularia, 335-38. Actodromas bairdi, 312. fuscicollis, 311. maculata, 311. minutilla, 313. acuflavida, Sterna, 140. acuta, Anas, ‘197. Dafila, 197-99. Adirondacks, bird life, 42; preliminary list of birds in, by C. Hart Merriam, 77; summer birds of, in Franklin county, by Theodore Roosevelt jr and H. D. Minot, 77. Aegialitis meloda, 354-55; figure, 354. semipalmata, 352-53. vocifera, 348. wilsonia, 356. Aestrelata hasitata, r6o. scalaris, 160-62; figure, 161. affinis, Aythya, 206. Fuligula, 206. Marila, 206-7. Aix sponsa, 199-201. alba,-Calidris, 319. Gavia, 120. Guara, 242. Ibis, 242. Pagophila, 120, Scolopax, 242. Albatross, 154. giant, 154. albeola, Anas, 211. Charitonetta, 211-13. Fuligula, 211. 475 | albifrons, Anser, 229. gambeli, Anser, 229-30. albus, Larus, 120. Alca alle, 111. arctica, 105. grylle, 106. lomvia, 107. torda, 110-11. Alcidae, 90, 105, 112. Alciformes, 89, 90, 105-12. Alcyones, go. Alle alle, 111-12. | alle, Alca, 111. Mergulus, 111. Alleghanian faunal area, 19, 33, 34, 36. Allen, acknowledgments to, 7; cited, 220. alpina, Tringa, 314. alpina, Pelidna, 314-15. pacifica, Tringa, 315. sakhalina, Pelidna, 315-16. americana, Anas, 190. Ardea, 268. Aythya, 202. Clangula, 208. Fulica, 286-88. Fuligula, 202, 221. Grus, 268, 269. Mareca, 190-91. Marila, 202-3. Mycteria, 244-45. Oidemia, 221-22, — Recurvirostra, 294-95. Sula, 169. americanus, Cygnus, 236. Merganser, 177. Mergus, 177-79. 476 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM americanus, Numenius, 338-39. | Anser bernicla, 233. Phaéthon, 166-67. | hutchinsii, 232. Ames, cited, 309, 376. hyperboreus, 226, 227. Anas acuta, 197. : nigricans, 234. albeola, 211. Anseres, 89, 90, 176-77. americana, 190. Anseriformes, 89, 90, 176. boschas, 183. Anserinae, 177. caerulescens, 228. antillarum, Sterna, 148. canadensis, 230. aquila, Fregata, 175, 176. carolinensis, 192. aquilus, Pelecanus, 176. clypeata, 196. Arctic zone, 19. collaris, 207. arctica, Alca, 105. columbianus, 236. _ Fratercula, 105-6. crecca, IQI. Gavia, 102-3. cyanoptera, 195. Sterna, 146. discors, 194. arcticus, Colymbus, 102. histrionica, 214. Larus, 122. hyemalis, 213. Mormon, 105. islandica, 210. Urinator, 102. jamaicensis, 225. Ardea americana, 268, labradoria, 216. caerulea, 259. leucopsis, 235. candidissima, 257. marila, 205. discors, 264. maxina, 184. egretta, 256. nivalis, 227. exilis, 250. obscura, 185. herodias, 253-56; figure of nest and rubripes, 185. eggs, 255. penelope, 1&9. lentiginosa, 246. perspicillata, 224. leuce, 256. platyrhynchos, 183-85. | ludoviciana, 258. rubripes, 185-87. (Grus) mexicana, 269. rufina, 202. minor, 240. spectabilis, 220. naevia, 264. : sponsa, 199. _ tricolor ruficollis, 258. strepera, 187. i violacea, 266. vallisneria, 203. virescens, 262. Anatidae, 177. Ardeidae, 245-46. Anatinae, 182-83, 202. Ardeiformes, 89, 90, 240. anglica, Sterna, 137. Ardetta exilis, 250. Anhingidae, 165. Arenaria interpres morinella, 357-58. Anser albifrons, 229. arenaria, Calidris, 319. gambeli, 229-30. Tringa, 319. INDEX TO BIRDS Arenariidae, 357. argentatus, Larus, 127-30. smithsonianus, Larus, 127. argentea, Sterna, 148. Arquatella maritima, 308-9. arquatus, Numenius, 342-44. Scolopax, 342. atricilla, Larus, 132-34. Audubon, cited, 142. auduboni, Puffinus, 158. Auk, 90, 105. razor-billed, 16, 110-11. auritus, Carbo, 171. Colymbus, 94-96. Phalacrocorax, 171-72. Ausable lakes, bird life, 42, Austral region, 19. ~ autumnalis, Plegadis, 242-43. Tringa, 242. Avocet, 293-94. American, 18, 294-95; figure, 294. Aythya affinis, 206. americana, 202. collaris, 207. marila, 205. nearctica, 205. vallisneria, 203. Bacon, cited, 214. Badger, cited, 215. Bagg, Egbert, cited, 78, 117, 153, 160, 238, 257, 200, 203, 313, 322, 340, 356. Baird, cited, 137, 142, 156, 282. bairdi, Actodromas, 312. Pisobia, 312-13. bairdii, Tringa, 312. Baldpate, 15, 188, 190-91, 198, 199. Barnum, Morgan K., cited, 78, 342. Bartramia longicauda, 331-34. bartramius, Totanus, 331. bassana, Sula, 169. bassanus, Pelecanus, 169. OF NEW YORK 477 Batty, J. H., cited, raz. Beach-bird, 354. Beach-flea, 354. Beal, cited, 174. Beebe, cited, 345. Beetle-head, 346. Bergtold, W. H., cited, 78, 114, 356. Berier, cited, 111, 309, 335. bernicla, Anser, 233. sranta, 233. bernicla glaucogastra, Branta, 233-34. 3icknell, Eugene Pintard, cited, ihe Birds, dangers threatening bird life, 51- 58; migration, 65-72; species added since De Kay’s publication, 6; number of species in New York, 11; increase and decrease of species, 50-58; sugges- tions to students, 57-64. Bittern, 51. 53, 54, 55, 57, 62, 65, 245-46, 285. American, 13, 36, 43, 64, 246-50; fig- ures, 247, 240. Cory least, 253. least, 13, 36, 64, 250-53; figure, 251. Blackbird, 54, 68, 70. crow, 51, 53, 72. red-winged, 13, 39, 46, 51, 53, 54, 57, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 72. rusty, 14, 39. yellow-headed, 18. Blackhead, 206. Blackheart, 316. Blaine, cited, 94. Blue peter, 288. Bluebill, 209. big, 206. little, 207. marsh, 208. Bluebird, 12, 34, 42, 49, 51, 57, 60, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 72. Bluestocking, 294. Boatswains, 113, 116. 478 Bobolink, 13, 35, 38, 46, 51, 63, 64, 67, 68. Bobwhite, 12, 31, 33, 37, 50, 57, 72, 299, 361-64; figure of nest and eggs, 362. southern, 34. Bog-bull, 250. bonapartii, Larus, 134. Bonasa umbellus togata, 367, 373-74. umbellus, 366-73; figures, 368, 372; figure of nest and eggs, 370. Booby, 17, 168-69; figure, 168. Booby-coot, 226. Boreal region, 19. borealis, Numenius, 341-42. Puffinus, 155-56. Scolopax, 341. boschas, Anas, 183. Botaurus lentiginosus, ,247, 249. Bowdish, cited, 325. Bowfin, 55. Braislin, William C., cited, 80, 106, 109, TID. W2c0F 7s 123; 124, 125%-<1 36,153; 156, 189, 191, 228, 230, 238, 257, 258, 202; '207;-200, 300; “3135-310; -S2ik. 322; 335- Brant, 233-34. black, 18, 234-35. light-bellied, 233-34. white-bellied, 17. white-headed blue, 229. Brant-bird, 358. Branta bernicla, 233. glaucogastra, 233-34, 235. canadensis, 230-32. hutchinsi, 232-33. glaucogastra, 233. leucopsis, 235-36; figure, 235. nigricans, 234-35. Brass-eye, 209. Brewer, cited, 108, 137, 142, 282. Brewster, William, cited, 146, 161, 279, 282, 285. 246-50; figures, NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bristle-tail, 226. Broadbill, 206. bastard, 208. buccinator, Cygnus, 239. Olor, 236, 239-40. Buffalo and vicinity, birds of, by W. H. Bergtold, 78. Buffle-head, 17, 209, 212. buffoni, Lestris, 117, 119. Bunting, indigo, 39. lark, 18. painted, 17. Burgomaster, 123. Burroughs, cited, 386. Burtis, cited, 112. Butorides virescens, 262-64. Butterball, 212, 213. spoon-billed, 226. Butterbox, 213. caerulea, Ardea, 259. Florida, 259-62. caerulescens, Anas, 228. Chen, 228-29. Calico-back, 358. Calidris alba, 3109. arenaria, 319. leucophaea, 319-20. Camptolaimus labradorius, 216. Camptorhynchus _ labradorius, figure, 217. Canachites canadensis canace, 365-66. canadensis, Anas, 230. Branta, 230-32. Dendragapus, 365. Tetrao, 365. canadensis canace, Canachites, 365-66. canadensis hutchinsi, Branta, 232-33. Canadian zone, 19, 35; fauna, 36-42. candidissima, Ardea, 257. Egretta, 257-58. cantiaca, Sterna, 140. 216-18; EE EE CLC INDEX TO BIRDS OF NEW YORK 479 canutus, Tringa, 307-8. Canvasback, 16, 202, 203-5. Capercaillie, 377. Carbo auritus, 171. carbo, Pelecanus, 170. Phalacrocorax, 170. Cardinal, 12, 32, 33, 39. Carinatae, 89-90, 91. carolina, Ortygometra, 276. Porzana, 276-80. carolinensis, Anas, 192. Columba, 386. Ectopistes, 386. Hydroka, 96. Nettion, 192-93. Carolinian faunal area, 19, 32; fauna, 36-42. carolinus, Rallus, 276. caspia, Sterna, 138-39. Cat, an enemy of birds, 52, 54. Catbird, 14, 34, 41, 48, 54, 63, 64, 68, 72. Catharacta skua, 113. Cathartidiformes, 89, 90. Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, 328-29. inornatus, 330.° Catskill mountains, summer birds of, by Eugene Pintard Bicknell, 77. cayana, Sterna, 138, 140. Cepphus grylle, 106. mandti, 106-7. Chadbourne, cited, 156. Chalk-line, 263. Chamberlain, cited, 142. Chapman, Frank M., acknowledgments to, 7; cited, 78, 109, 123, 142, 330, 353, 355, 385. Charadriidae, 343. Charadriiformes, 89, 90, 288. Charadrius dominicus, 346-48. melodus, 354. mexicanus, 205. semipalmatus, 352. Charadrius squatarola, 345. virginianus, 346. vociferus, 348. wilsonia, 356. Charitonetta albeola, 211-13. Chat, 31. yellow-breasted, 14, 32, 33, 41, 69; breeding range, 27. Chaulelasmus streperus, 187-89. Chautauqua county, birds of, by John M. Edson, 78. Chemung county, birds of, by William H. Gregg, 79. Chen caerulescens, 228-29. hyperborea, 226. hyperborea, 226-27. nivalis, 227-28. Chewink, 34, 47, 65. Chickadee, I1, 41, 42, 49, 51, 60, 63. Carolina, 17, 76. Hudsonian, 11, 13, 41, 49, 50. Chimney swift, 13, 38, 44, 60, 62, 63, 64, 72. chloropygius, Totanus, 326. Ciconiidae, 244. Ciconiiformes, 89, 90. cinclus, Tringa, 315. cinerea, Perdix, 378. cinereus, Puffinus, 156. Clangula americana, 208. clangula americana, 208-10. hyemalis, 213. islandica, 210-11; figure, 21T. clangula, Fuligula, 208. clangula americana, Clangula, 208-10. Glaucionetta, 208. Clarke, John M., acknowledgments to, 6. Classification, 88-go. clypeata, Anas, 196. Spatula, 196-97. Coccyges, 89, 90. Cock, black, 364. 480 Coffin-carrier, 126. colchicus, Phasianus, 378. Colinus virginianus, 361-64; figure of nest and eggs, 362. collaris, Anas, 207. Aythya, 207. Marila, 207-8. Columba carolinensis, 386. migratoria, 381. Columbae, 89, 90, 380. columbianus, Anas, 236. Olor, 236-39. Columbidae, 381. Columbiformes, 89, 90. Columbigallina passerina terrestris, 389- go. Colymbidae, g1-92. Colymbiformes, 89, 90, 98-99. Colymbus arcticus, 102. auritus, 94-96. glacialis, go. holboelli, 92-94. immer, 99. podiceps, 96. septentrionalis, 103. stellatus, 103. Cooke, acknowledgments to, 7; cited, 226. Cooper hawk, 53. cooperi, Pisobia, 312. Coot, 55, 270-71. American, 14, 36, 286-88; figure of nest and eggs, 287. black, 222. bumblebee, 226. whistling, 222. white-winged, 223. yellow-billed, 222. Coraciiformes, 89, go. Cormorant, 15, 170. double-crested, 15, 171-72. cornutus, Podiceps, 94. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Coturnicops noveboracensis, 280-81. Coues, cited, 133, 167, 192, 375. County schedules, 80-87. Cowbird, 12, 38, 46, 54, 62, 63, 64, 72. Coween, 214. Crake, corn, 18, 282-83; figure, 283. Crane, 90, 174, 267-68. sandhill, 18, 269. white, 256. whooping, 18, 239, 268. crecca, Anas, IQI. Nettion, 191-92. Creciscus jamaicensis, 281-82. Creeper, brown, 12, 41, 42, 48, 63, 64; breeding range, 29. crepitans, Rallus, 272-73. Crex crex, 282-83; figure, 283. galeata, 284. crex, Rallus, 282. cristatus, Podiceps, 92. Crossbill, 35, 46. American, 12, 39. white-winged, 12, 39. Crow, 45, 53, 54, 60, 62, 63, 64, 71. American, IT, 38. fish, 12, 38. Crow bill, 288. Crow duck, 288. Cuckoo, 44, 54, 90. black-billed, 13, 37, 64. yellow-billed, 13, 37. Cuculiformes, 89, 90. cucullatus, Lophodytes, 181-82. Mergus, 181. cupido, Tetrao, 376. Tympanuchus, 376-77. Curlew, 322. big, 338. Eskimo, 15, 341-42. European, 18, 342-44; figure, 343. Hudsonian, 15, 339-40. jack, 339. INDEX TO BIRDS Curlew, long-billed, 15, 338-39, 342. short-billed, 340. sickle-bill, 360. Cutwater, 153. cyanoptera, Anas, 195. Querquedula, 195-96. Cygninae, 177. Cygnus americanus, 236. buccinator, 239. Cymophilus fulicarius, 280. Dabchick, 96. Dafila acuta, 197-99. Darters, 165. Davison, James L., cited, 78, 126, 165, 238, 257. Day, cited, 164. Dean, cited, 330. deglandi, Oidemia, 222-23. De Kay, cited, 76, ITI, 141, 174, 293. delawarensis, Larus, 130-32. delicata, Gallinago, 300-3. Scolopax, 300. Dendragapus canadensis, 365. Dendroica tigrina, 59-60. De Vries, cited, 268, 377, 380, 382 Dexter, cited, 235. Dickcissel, 14. Didapper, 96. Diedapper, 212. dilophus, Phalacrocorax, 171. Diomedeidae, 154. Dipper, 95, 96, 212. broad-billed, 226. discors, Anas, 194. Ardea, 264. Querquedula, 194-95. Diver, 100. black-throated, 102. great northern, 100. lobe-footed, 92. pink-eyed, 95. OF NEW YORK 481 Diver, red-throated, 103. Diving birds, gt. dominicus, Charadrius, 346-48. dougalli, Sterna, 147. Dough-bird, 341. Dove, ground, 17, 381, 389-90. little ground, 381. mourning, 13, 37, 62, 64, 381, 386-88; figure, 387; figure of nest and eggs, 388. Dovekie, 16, 111-12. | Dowitcher, 15, 303-5; figure, 304. long-billed, 15, 305-6; figure, 304. dresseri, Somateria, 218-19. Duck, 52, 53, 55, 68, 70, 177. American eider, 218-19. baldpate, 188, 1go-g1, 198, 199. bay, 201-2. black, 12, 36, 184, 185-87, I91, 193, 198, 199, 203, 205. buffle-headed, 211-13. butter, 226. canvasback, 202, 203-5. chunk, 226. common wild, 184. deaf, 226. dumpling, 226. dusky, 186. gray, 188. green-head, 184. green-wing, 195. harlequin, 16, 214-16. king eider, 220-21. Labrador, 16, 216-18; figure, 217. long-tailed, 214. mallard, 183-85, 187, 193, 199. muscovy, 184. pied, 216. pintail, 184, 188, I91, 193, 197-99, 213. redhead, 202-3, 204, 205, 223. red-legged black, 16. ring-necked, 15, 207-8. 482 NEW Duck, river, 177, 182-83, 201, 202. ruddy, 15, 36, 212, 225-26. rufous-crested, 18, 202. sand-shoal, 218. scaup, 52, 205-6, 223. lesser, 206-7. sea, 177, 182, 201-2. shoveler, 182, 188, 194, 196-97. skunk, 216. spirit, 212. stiff-tailed, 177. summer, 200. velvet, 223. wood, 13, 36, 43, 56, 177, 182, 199-201. Duckling, 55. Dunghunters, 113. Dunlin, 18, 314-15, 316, 318. Dutcher, William, acknowledgments to, 7; cited, 79, 102, 108, T10, I1I,. 112, LA, 11S, 100; 1175, 120) 123) 14350 1.36, 138).9130,, 149,150,156, 1575 158; 104; 169, 174, 211, 215, 216, 218, 210, 221, 226, 227, 228, 220; 230) 235; 237, 238, 243, 245, 257, 258, 260, 262, 267, 271, 277, 283, 284, 290, 292, 293, 295, 296, 305, 306, 309, 313, 316, 319, 321, 322, 329, 335, 338. 339, 342, 345, 347, 355; 356, 360, 377. Dwight, Jonathan, acknowledgments to, Te cited 122) 1265 127. Eagle, 43. bald, 11, 37, 44. golden, 16. : Eaton, Elon Howard, cited, 79, 257. Ectopistes carolinensis, 386. migratorius, 381-86. Edson, John M., cited, 78. Egret, American, 17, 256-57. Egretta candidissima, 257-58. ruficollis, 258. egretta, Ardea, 256. YORK STATE MUSEUM egretta, Herodias, 256-57. Eider, American, 16, 218-19, 220. king, 16, 219, 220-21. elegans, Rallus, 271-72. Elliot; -cited; 123: Embody, G. C., cited, 79. Ereunetes mauri, 318-19. occidentalis, 318; figure of bill, 318. pusillus, 317-18; figure of bill, 318. Erismatura jamaicensis, 225-26, rubida, 225. Frismaturinae, 177, 226. Erolia ferruginea, 316; figure, 317. erythrocephala, Fuligula, 202. erythrorhynchos, Pelecanus, 172-74. European species, 18. exilis, Ardea, 250. Ardetta, 250. Ixobrychus, 250-53. Explanation of plates, 391-474. Falconiiformes, 89, 9o. fedoa, Limosa, 320-21. Scolopax, 320. ferruginea, Erolia, 316, 317. Tringa, 316. Finch, 54. green, 18. purple, 12, 39, 46, 62, 63, 64, 68. Fish, 55. Fish-hawk, 130. Fisher, A. K., acknowledgments to, 7; cited, 79, 245, 256. Flahive, cited, 309. flavipes, Scolopax, 325. Totanus, 325-26. flavirostris, Phaéthon, 166. Fleming, J. H., cited, 103, 108, 109, 215, 230, 385. Flicker, 44, 51, 54, 60, 62, 63, 64, 72, 276. northern, 12, 38. INDEX TO BIRDS Florida caerulea, 259-62; figures, 260, 261. Fly-up-the-creek, 263. Flycatcher, 50, 68. alder, 11, 14, 38, 45, 62, 64; breeding range, 20. crested, 13, 38, 44, 62, 63, 64, 72. green-crested, 14, 38; breeding range, aT. least, 13, 38, 45, 60, 62, 63, 64. olive-sided, 14, 38, 45; breeding range, 21. yellow-bellied, 14, 38, 45, 64; breeding range, 21. forsteri, Sterna, 142-43. Foster, L. S., cited, 219, 282. Fowler, Gilbert, cited, 77, 149, 189, 238, 384. Fratercula arctica, 105-6. Fregata aquila, 176; figure, 175. Fregatidae, 175. Frigate-birds, 166. Fringillidae, 46. Frost bird, 348. Fuertes, L. A., cited, 243. Fulica americana, 286-88. martinica, 283. noveboracensis, 280. fulicaria, Tringa, 280. fulicarius, Cymophilus, 289. Phalaropus, 289-90. Fuligula affinis, 206. albeola, 211. americana, 202, 221. clangula, 208. erythrocephala, 202. fusca, 222. glacialis, 213. histrionicus, 214. labradoria. 216. marila, 205. minor, 206. OF NEW YORK Fuligula molissima, 218. perspicillata, 224. rubida, 225. rufitorques, 207. spectabilis, 220. vallisneria, 203. Fuligulinae, 177, 201-2. Fuller, cited, 384. Fulmar, 154. tropical, 76. Fulmarinae, 154. Fulmarus glacialis, 154. fusca, Fuligula, 222. fuscata, Sterna, 149. fuscicollis, Pisobia, 311, 312. Tringa, 311. fuscus, Pelecanus, 174. Fute, 341. Gadwall, 15, 187-89. galeata, Crex, 284. Gallinula, 284-86. Galliformes, 89, 90, 360. Gallinaceous birds, 360. Gallinae, 89, 90, 176, 360. Gallinago delicata, 300-3. Gallinula galeata, 284-86. Gallinule, 57, 62, 65, 270-71. American, 285. Florida, 14, 36, 64, 284-86. purple, 17, 283-84. gallopavo, Meleagris, 370. 483 gallopavo silvestris, Meleagris, 379-80. gambeli, Anser, 229. Gannets, 16, 167-68, 169. Garrot, 209. Gavia alba, 120. arctica, 102-3. immer, 99-102. stellata, 103-4. Gaviidae, 98-99. Geese, 90, 177, 182. 484 NEW Gelochelidon, 119. nilotica, 137-38. Gilbert, John, cited, 282. Giraud; J.. P; cited, 75; 111,137; 142, 180; 259, 290, 293. glacialis, Colymbus, 99. Fuligula, 213. Fulmarus, 154. Procellaria, 154. Glaucionetta clangula americana, 208. islandica, 210. glaucogastra, Branta, 233. glaucus, Larus, 122. Gleason, cited, 384. Gnatcatcher, 32. blue-gray, 14, 41. Godwit, Hudsonian, 15, 321-22. marbled, 15, 320-21, 322. Golden-eye, American, 12, 36, 208-10. barrow, 16, 210-11; figure, 211. Goldfinch, 55, 62, 63. American, II, 39, 46, 64. European, 12. Goosander, 178. Goose, American white-fronted, 229-30. barnacle, 18, 235-36; figure, 235. blue, 15, 226, 228-29, 230. blue snow, 229. blue wavy, 229. blue-winged, 229. Canada, 17, 230-32, 233, 234. ember, 99, 100. greater snow, 15, 226, 227-28 Hutchins, 15, 232-33. lesser snow, 18, 226-27. mud, (233. Solan, 169. white-fronted, 15. white-headed, 229. wild, 231. Goshawk, 37, 43, 53, 363, 364, 373: American, 12. YORK STATE MUSEUM Grackle, 65. bronzed, 13, 39, 46, 62, 63, 64. purple, 14, 39. Grassfinch, 63. gravis, Procellaria, 156. Puffinus, 156-57. Great-head, 209. ° Grebe, 53, 90, 91-92. crested, 75-76. Holboell, 16, 92-94. horned, 16, 93, 94-96. pied-billed, 13, 36, 43, 62, 64, 96-98. western, 92. Green, Morris M., cited, 292, 313. Green-back, 348. Greenland dove, II. Gregg, William H., cited, 79, 218. Grey-back, 307. Grinnell, cited, 153, 282. grisea, Procellaria, 158. Scolopax, 303. griseus, Macrorhamphus, 303-5. Puffinus, 158-59. griseus scolopaceus, Macrorhamphus, 304. : Grosbeak, blue, 17. evening, 16. pine, 16. rose-breasted, 13, 39, 46, 62, 64. Grouse, 51, 53, 56, 57, 299, 364. black, 377. Canada, 13, 37, 71, 365-66. Canadian ruffed, 13, 37, 42, 367, 373-74. cock, 55. pinnated, 376. red, 364. . ruffed, 11, 37, 50, 63, 364, 366-73; fig- ures, 368, 372; figure of nest and eggs, 370. spotted, 365. spruce, 35, 365-66. Grues, 267. INDEX TO BIRDS Gruidae, 267-68. Gruiformes, 89, 90, 267. Grus americana, 268, 269. mexicana, 269. grylle, Alca, 106. Cepphus, 106. Uria, 106. Guara alba, 242; figure, 241. guarauna, Plegadis, 243-44. Scolopax, 243. Guillemot, 105. black, 18, 106. mandt, 106-7. thick-billed, 107. Gulls, 90, 119-20. Arctic hawk, 116. black-headed, 133. black-toed, 116. Bonaparte, 16, 62, 119, I2I, I3I, 134- 35: | glaucous, 16, 122-23, 126. great black-backed, 16, 119, 125-26. herring, 12, 36, 43, 62, 127-30, 131, 132, 135. Hutchins, 76. ice, 123. Iceland, 16, 123-24; 127. ivory, 18, 120. Kumlien, 16, 124-25, 127, 128. laughing, 14, 36, 132-34. little, 18, 135-36. ring-billed, 16, 62, 127, 128, 130-32. Sabine, 15, 119, 136-37. white-winged, 123. winter, 120. Gyrfalcon, 16, 53. black, 16. white, 18. haemastica, Limosa, 321-22. Scolopax, 321. Haematopodidae, 358. OF NEW YORK Haematopus palliatus, 359-60; 359- Hagdon, black, 159. Hairy-head, 181. Hand-rail, 283. Hardy, cited, 330. Harelda hyemalis, 213-14. hasitata, Aestrelata, 160. Procellaria, 160. Hawk, 43, 50, 51, 53, 68, 70, 90. American rough-legged, 16. American sparrow, 12, 64. broad-winged, 13, 37, 43, 62, 64. cooper, 12, 37, 43, 303, 364, 373- duck, 13, 37, 43, 53- goshawk, 37, 43. marsh, 12, 37, 64. night, 13, 64. pigeon, 14, 37, 43, 64. red-shouldered, 12, 37, 43. red-tailed, 12, 37, 43, 62, 63, 68. 435 figure, sharp-shinned, 12, 37, 43, 53, 62, 64, 364. sparrow, 37, 43. Swainson, 18. Hawley, G., cited, 382. Heart-bird, 358. Heath hen, 12, 299, 376-77; 376. Hell-divers, 92, 95, 96. Helme, cited, 284. Helodromas ochropus, 327. solitarius, 326-28. helvetica, Squatarola, 345. Hemipalma himantopus, 306. Hemipodes, 289. | Hen bill, 288. Hens, 90. Henshaw, H. W., cited, 313. Herodias egretta, 256-57. herodias, Ardea, 253-56. Herodiones, 89, 90, 240. figure, 486 NEW Heron, 50, 53, 90, 182, 240, 245-46. black-crowned night, 13, 36, 264-65. great blue, 13, 36, 43, 253-56, 269; fig- ure of nest and eggs, 255. green, 13, 36, 63, 262-64; figure of nest and eggs, 263; figure of young, 264. little blue, 17, 259-62; figures, 260, 26r. Louisiana, 17, 258-59; figure, 259. snowy, 14, 257-58, 259. white, 256. yellow-crowned night, 17, 265-67; fig- ure, 266. Heteropoda semipalmata, 317. Hickory-head, 226. Highlands, Hudson, list of birds of, 77. Himantopodidae, 295. Himantopus mexicanus, 295-96; figure, 206. nigricollis, 295. himantopus, Hemipalma, 306. Micropalama, 306-7. Tringa, 306. hirundo, Sterna, 143-45. histrionica, Anas, 214. Histrionicus histrionicus, 214-16. histrionicus, Fuligula, 214. holboellii, Colymbus, 92-94. Podiceps, 92. Holopodius wilsoni, 292. Hopkins, William, cited, 243, 256, 290. Hough, cited, 237. Howell, G. W., acknowledgments to, 7; cited, 293. Hudson Highlands, list of birds of, by Edgar A. Mearns, 77. Hudsonian zone, 109. hudsonica, Limosa, 321. hudsonicus, Numenius, 339-40. Hummingbird, 44, 56, 64, 72. ruby-throated, 13, 38, 63. hutchinsii, Anser, 232. Larus, 122, 123. YORK STATE MUSEUM Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis, 258-59; figure, 259. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis, 149- 52; figure, 151. Hydroka carolinensis, 96. hyemalis, Anas, 213. Clangula, 213. Harelda, 213-14. hyperborea, Chen, 226. hyperborea, Chen, 226-27. nivalis, Chen, 227-28. hyperboreus, Anser, 226, 227. Larus, 119, 122-23, 124, 127. Lobipes, 291. Ibididae, 240. Ibis, 240. glossy, 17, 242-43; figure, 243. white, 17, 242; figure, 241. white-faced glossy, 17, 234-44; figure, 244. wood, 17, 244-45; figure, 245. Ibis alba, 242. mexicanus, 242. Ice bird, 111. imber, Urinator, 99. immer, Colymbus, 99. Gavia, 99-102. Indigo bird, 13, 46, 63. interpres Strepsilas, 357. Tringa, 357. interpres morinella, Arenaria, 357-58. Tonornis martinica, 283-84. islandica, Anas, 210. Clangula, 210-11. Glaucionetta, 210. Ixobrychus exilis, 250-53; figure, 251. neoxenus, 253. Jaeger, 113. Arctic, 118. buffon, 118. INDEX Jaeger, long-tailed, 15, 117-19, parasitic, 15, 76, 116-17, 118. pomarine, 15, 114-16. Richardson, 116. jamaicensis, Anas, 225. Creciscus, 281-82. Erismatura, 225-26. Porzana, 281. Rallus, 281. Jay, 51, 53, 54- blue, 11, 38, 42, 45, 63, 64, 68. Canada, 13, 35, 38, 45. Johnson, cited, 126, 385. Judd, cited, 385, 386. Junco, 12, 39, 46, 47, 62, 64, 65; breeding range, 23. Carolina, 14. Kicker, 282. Killdeer, 13, 37, 51, 63, 348-52; figure, 349; figure of nest and eggs, 351. Kingbird, 13, 38, 44, 53, 62, 63, 64, 68, 72. Arkansas, 18. gray, 17.