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' No.7. —BIRDS OF THE SOUTHERN LESSER

. ae Bain 1h yi ac emeatae
ARS REN ni Ee AUSTIN H. CLARK.
wi vy is -
st Iyrropuction. pits

specimens which, Together with my field notes, serve as a
basis for. this list, were collected during a continuous residence in

the Lesser ‘Antilles from August 3, 1903, until September 22,
. 1904. oe ERS on Barbados from phe 3 to October 18, 1903, and
gain fror

"Boqu fr om afosember 30 to December 3, 303, nah i
1 8 to 12, 1904, also calling in on my way to and from the
| Grenadines. I spent December 9 to 11, 1903, on Mustique ;
ot and September 13, 1904, on Canouan; April 15 and
' March 24, April 26, and September 12 on Mayreau; April
Sate 3 on A March 25 to May 6, and icegeiev 5 to

tg ipeaticinns collected during the trip are at present in the col-
ee lection of Messrs. E. A. and O. Bangs, of Boston, Mass.

/

ane ae LITERATURE.

a

ee — The first account of the birds of Barbados is hat of
aad His descriptions of the habits of the different species are
bright and very interesting, but there is no attempt at classification,
nor are all the species mentioned. Sir Hans Sloane touched at

204 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Barbados on his way to Jamaica, and includes some notes on the
avifauna of the island in his narrative of the voyage and in his
account of the natural history of Jamaica, making particular men-
tion of sea birds, which he probably only met with off the coast.
(many species are abundant within sight of Barbados) inferring,
from their abundance in the vicinity, that they inhabited the island.
He also gives wild geese as visitors to the island (presumably in
winter) although none of the other writers on the Lesser Antilles
includes them, and there is but one record, a Brant shot in 1876.
Hughes (1750) gives the first really good account of the birds of
Barbados, his list being compiled from observations taken on the
island during a residence in the northern part while rector of St.
Lucy’s parish. His descriptions (which are in many cases accom-
panied by measurements) are as a rule good enough to admit of
satisfactory identification. It isa noteworthy fact that his notice of
the breeding of Puffinus lherminieri in St. Lucy’s, although appar-
ently overlooked since his time, was proved to be correct through
the researches of Col. H. W. Feilden almost 140 years later; and
the truth of his assertions regarding Vireosylva calidris barbadense
(giving it as an inhabitant of the Scotland district) I was enabled to
confirm 154 years after his date of writing. Sir Robert H. Schom-
burgk (’48) included a list of the birds in his history of the island,
which, although not so carefully prepared as that of Hughes, contains
some interesting features, being the first list adopting the binomial
system of nomenclature, and recording the first capture of a Ruff
(Pavoncella pugnax) on the American side of the Atlantic. Be-
tween 1848 and 1889 there were many short notices published
dealing with certain of the birds of the ‘island, and in the latter
year Col. Feilden prepared an article on the ornithology of Bar-
bados, containing the results of his observations and a summary of
previous lists, prefaced by a description of the geology and faunal
characteristics of the island. This is the best account that has
appeared dealing with the avifauna of any one of the Lesser
Antilles.

St. Vincént.— There have been three lists published on the
birds of St. Vincent, besides a few notices on certain species inhab-
iting that island. The first general catalogue is that of Lawrence,
which includes the field notes of Ober, taken while collecting in
St. Vincent; the second, which is in some ways superior, is by

4”

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. — 205

Lister, who resided for some time in the island, and was thoroughly
acquainted with its ornithology. The latest list is by the present
author, and is of practically no scientific importance, having been
compiled from memory during a stay there for the West Indian
bulletin, at the instance of Sir Daniel Morris. It was written more
as a guide to protective legislation than as an enumeration of the
species inhabiting the island, and is, unfortunately, replete with
editorial and typographical errors. The preface, including an
account of the geology of St. Vincent, is, however, useful.

The Grenadines and Grenada.— Wells’ articles on the ornithol-
ogy of Carriacou are (except for a few passing notices by the earlier
authors, and a short note by Lawrence) the only references we have
to bird life in the Grenadines, and the present author has been the
first to undertake a thorough investigation of those islands. It is to
be regretted that nothing has hitherto been written concerning this
district, where the South American and West Indian forms are
more or less intermixed, as otherwise we should have at our com-
mand much valuable information regarding the encroachment of
the continental element upon Lesser Antillean territory, a consider-
able part of which appears to have taken place in very recent years.
Four lists of the birds inhabiting Grenada have been published in
addition to a number of articles that mention certain species of that
island or describe new forms. The first was by Lawrence (’78b)
based on the notes and collections of Ober. Six years later, John
Grant Wells, a native of Grenada, published at St. George’s a small
pamphlet containing the names of the birds of Grenada, as identified
by Lawrence. This was followed in the same year by an excellent
account of the avifauna of the island written by Wells, and pre-
pared for publication by Lawrence. In recent years there has
appeared in each issue of the Grenada handbook a list of the
names, both scientific and local, of all the birds known from Gren-
ada, and another of the birds found at Carriacou. The former was
compiled by Wells for the Handbook, and the latter was taken
from his articles on the birds of Carriacou.

The appended bibliography contains the more important refer-
ences to the literature on the ornithology of the southern Lesser
Antilles, and the works of the earlier authors who have dealt with
this group of islands in general. Monographs of certain groups,
books dealing with North, Central, or South American species, or

206 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

with the birds of the world which include notices of species herein
mentioned, are omitted; but the references to them may be readily
found by consulting the bibliography and the authors listed under |
each species in Cory (’89, 92), in Ridgway’s Birds of North and
Middle America, and in the Catalogue of birds in the British
museum.

GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY.

Barbados. — Barbados, although not separated from the main
Antillean chain or from South America by any great expanse of
water (the nearest islands, St. Vincent and St. Lucia, being only
about one hundred miles away), can lay claim to being truly oceanic
in the sense that it has never formed part of a continent since the
introduction of its present comparatively meager fauna.

The strata which form the basement series of Barbados are ex-
tremely contorted, and have been greatly disturbed. They consist
of silicious sandstones, calcareous sandstones, clays containing sele-
nite, clays impregnated with mineral oils, and, at some points, bitu-
minous coal. Their precise age has not yet been determined, but they
are probably late Eocene or Miocene, and point to a correlation with
those of Trinidad, and, consequently, at one period to a connection
with the South American continent. These strata, over about six
sevenths of the superficial area of the island, or about ninety-one
thousand acres, are covered with a capping of coral rock, while the
area from which the coral has been denuded by sub-aerial causes,
and where the basement rocks are exposed, occupies only about
sixteen thousand acres, locally known as the “Scotland district ”
because of its peaked and hilly character. It is in this part of
the island that the highest altitudes are reached — Mt. Hillaby, 1104
feet, Mt. Misery, 1053 feet, and Hackleton’s Cliff, 997 feet, among
others. The rest of the island is low and rather flat, or at most
gently rolling, thus offering a great contrast to the Scotland dis-
trict, which is a part of the island that the average tourist never
sees. It can hardly be doubted that these basement rocks (or Scot-
land series) were formed either as estuarine or shallow sea deposits,
and in close contiguity with some great land area. Resting uncon-
formably upon the Scotland series are vast deposits of oceanic ooze,
built up, in some cases almost entirely, from the tests of rhizopods.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 207

The modern coral cap of tlie island has been built up step by step
on these thalassic oozes as they emerged from the ocean.

The present island of Barbados dates back no further than the
period when the process of upheaval brought the deep-sea deposits
sufficiently near the surface to admit of the reef-builders com-
mencing work. The deep water which surrounds Barbados (sound-
ings of 1000 to 1500 fathoms being shown on the charts between it
and the Antillean chain, and of over 1000 between it and Tobago »
to the southward) is proof that it has had no continental connection
since it emerged as a reef from the ocean.

Barbados is situated in latitude 13° 4’ N., and longitude 59° 37’
W., and is the most easterly of the Antilles. It is about 21 miles
iene by 14 broad, with an area of 166 square miles, being about the
size of the Isle of Wight. The population is nearly 200,000. The
chief town is Bridgetown, on Carlisle Bay, near the southwestern
extremity ; the next in importance is Speightstown, in St. Peter’s
parish, towards the north, with the remaining town, Holetown, sit-
uated between them in St. James. The island is almost entirely
under sugar cane, there being but a few small bits of woodland,
remnants of the forests with which it was covered at the time of its
discovery. The rainfall is said to be about 60 inches, the rain
usually coming in the shape of transient showers. The dry season
occurs in the winter and early spring months.

St. Vincent The geological formation of St. Vincent is purely
volcanic, and all the rocks on the island indicate that origin. A cen-
tral backbone of mountainous country (not a single ridge, as shown
on many maps) varying in height from 2000 to 4000 feet and
densely wooded, traverses the island from north to south. At the
northern end of this ridge is the highest peak on the island, the
Soufriére ; next to it is the Morne Garou with an altitude of over
4000 feet, while at the southern extremity is Mt. St. Andrew, 2500
feet, overlooking the Kingstown valley. Rocky and wooded spurs
run down to the sea along the western or leeward coast, ending
abruptly in high rocky cliffs, that alternate with small sandy beaches
at the ends of the valleys. The windward side of the island, espe-
cially toward the north, is a broad and fertile tract that slopes gently
back from the sea for a distance of some four miles to the base of
the hills of the central mountain range. It is known locally as the
Carib country from having been, upwards of a century ago, allotted
to the aborigines for their occupation.

208 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

All the valleys are fertile and well watered with streams of good
water, whose origin is high up in the mountains. These streams in
the dry season are comparatively small, but swell into raging tor-
rents after heavy rains. The windward slopes of the Soufriére and —
vicinity are drained by the Dry River. The channel of this river,
a stream of average size before the eruption of 1812, was at that
time completely filled and choked with scoriae, rocks, and gravel
underneath which the water now ordinarily finds its way to the sea,
disappearing some distance before it reaches the coast. In floods,
however, the water comes down with great force and in large quan-
tities, filling the rocky bed, which is 200 yards across at the point
where the windward road crosses it. On these occasions it is very
destructive, and has already washed away many acres of cane land
on its right bank.

The slopes of the higher mountains are scored with deep ravines,
and during the rainy season white clouds hover over them day and
night. Here the vegetation partakes largely of an arboreal character,
with an abundant undergrowth of ferns, and, on the margins and
banks of streams, species of Scitaminae, Aroideae, Cyperaceae, and
some palms. Of the true ferns there are four species of Cyathea,
two of Hemitelia, and three of Alsophila. At all elevations on the
mountain slopes are numerous open glades, showing the sites of for-
mer cultivations that have become covered with coarse grasses and
dry-loving ferns, such as Gleichenia.

In the lowlands, in valleys, and on easy slopes, the original vege-
tation has been for the most part cleared off, and in its place are
fields of arrowroot, sugar cane, and other plants. On the rocky
cliffs are found numerous trees and bushes of stunted growth, some
of them overhanging the sea.

St. Vincent (like Barbados) is singularly free from swamps;
hence there is nowhere any large extent of that tangled vegetation
so characteristic of marshy districts in the tropics. The mangrove
trees are only very sparsely distributed. The manchioneel (Hippo-
mane mancinella) and the seaside grape (Coccoloba uvifera) are
found on the sea beaches in the Windward district.

_ The island of St. Vincent is situated 98 miles directly west of
Barbados, and 21 miles south-southwest of St. Lucia. It is 18
miles in length by 11 in breadth, with an area of 132 square miles,
and a population of about 40,000. The chief town is Kingstown,

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 209

in the southwestern part; next in importance comes Georgetown,
on the windward coast near the Soufriére. The other towns are
Chateaubelair, near the base of the Soufriére on the leeward coast,
Barrouallie, about halfway between Chateaubelair and Kingstown,
Layou, between Kingstown and Barrouallie, and Calliaqua, three
miles southeast of Kingstown. The rainfall is roughly 100 inches,
but varies greatly in different parts of the island, being considerably
more in the mountains.

The Grenadines.— The island of Bequia, the largest of the Grena-
dines except Carriacou, and the most northerly of the group, lies
about 9 miles south of St. Vincent. It is of irregular shape, long
and narrow, running from northeast to southwest. It is about 6
miles in length, with an area of 6 square miles and a population of
about 2000. Near the southwestern end is the town, situated on a
fine natural harbor, Admiralty Bay. A large part of this island is
low and almost flat, or gently rolling, and presents a strong contrast
to St. Vincent, but there is some rugged land toward the northwest,
where the island ends abruptly in a tall cliff known as Bequia Head.
There are some moderate elevations behind the town toward the
windward coast. There are no swamps on the island, but small
patches of mangroves are found along the beaches on the windward
coast, especially on the seafront of the Spring estate. There are
also many manchioneel trees along these beaches. The island is
now largely given up to pastures in the flatter districts, the beauti-
ful Spring estate with Industry just beyond and Union near the
town being the most extensive of these. The hilly parts of the
island are covered mostly by woods, which, however, are not so
luxuriant as are those on St. Vincent, since the rainfall is only
about half as much. There are no ponds nor streams on the island.

Off the shores of Bequia are a number of small keys, the majority
of them thickly covered with scrubby vegetation. The most impor-
tant of these are Petit Nevis and Isle 4 Quatre to the southward,
and Western Key, just south of the entrance to the harbor.

Pére Labat (1722, p. 220) states that in his time Bequia contained
dangerous snakes, and was for that reason known as “ Petit Marti-
nique,” though, as he says, it might just as well have been called
“Petite Sainte-Lucie.”

Battowia, about 9 miles southeast of Bequia, is little more than a
large rock, thickly covered with stunted vegetation. The sides are

210 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

precipitous, and the cliffs about the island serve as breeding places
for many sea birds, chiefly boobies (Sula).

Half a mile southwest of Battowia lies Balliceaux. It is a little
larger than Battowia but less rugged and contains a considerable
amount of cleared pasture land.

South of Bequia and southwest of Balliceaux lies Mustique, the
prettiest of all these little islands. The land is gently rolling or
nearly flat, and is largely cleared for the pasturing of horses and
cattle. In a belt across the middle of the island and toward its
eastern end the trees have been allowed to remain. The woodland
is of the same character as that on Bequia — strangely free from
underbrush for tropical growth. Near the northern shore there is
a large pond with a wide border of mangroves, and near the eastern
end there is a quiet, almost landlocked, mangrove-lined bay.
Along the northern coast there is a fringe of manchioneel and
other large spreading trees, of varying width, just such a growth as
is preferred above all others by the Seaside Dove (Zenaida zenaida
aurita), which is consequently very common here. ‘Taken all
together, Mustique puts one strongly in mind of a well laid out
northern park, with its bits of woodland, ponds, fences, and so
forth. There are about 60 people on the island, including Mr.
Charles Wallace, the manager, and tenants of the Hazell family of
St. Vincent, to whom the island belongs.

There are many small islets and keys about Mustique, to the north
being, among others, the three rocks known as the Pillories, upon
which are usually to be seen many sea birds, chiefly pelicans and
boobies ; to the southwest, Petit Mustique, and, farther still, Savan
and Petit Canouan.

The island of Canouan, southwestward of Bequia and Mustique,
is separated from them by a long stretch of open sea, broken only
by the little keys just mentioned. It has, according to Edwards
(Hist. West Indies, vol. 1, p. 405) an area of 1777 acres, or about
2.8 square miles. It is in general rugged and hilly, but there is
some flat land near the southern extremity. Almost the whole of
Canouan is covered with rough scrubby growth, exceedingly difli-
cult to penetrate. There are no pastures to speak of, and no high
woods. The main town is toward the center of the island, about a
mile from the bay (which is in the southwestern part) and near a
large, almost landlocked cove, locally known as the “Canash.” The

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. * Ot

residence of Mr. Henry Snagg, the principal owner of the island,
is here, and near it is a little stone chapel in which breeds a colony
of martins (Progne dominicensis). ‘There is a small collection of
houses near the shipping bay, mostly of “wattle and daub.” The
population of Canouan is stated to be about 400.

Mayreau, or Mayero, lies a few miles southwest of Canouan. It
is a small island, with almost no trees except a few manchioneels on
the beaches, and is bare and windswept. It is mostly given up to
the cultivation of “Marie Galante” cotton, and (in the spring)
Indian corn. There is a small amount of scrubby growth on a-hill
to the northeast of the town. All the houses on Mayreau are near
the top of a fairly high hill, about half a mile from the southern
shore. The walk up to the town from the beach is very tiresome —
a continuous climb without the slightest shelter from the heat of the
sun. The chief house of the island, the residence of Miss Jane R.
St. Hilaire, the principal owner, is pleasantly situated on the summit
of the hill just mentioned, and commands a splendid view of Union
Island, Carriacou, and Grenada to the south, and of the sd ie
Grenadines and St. Vincent to the north.

There are a number of small keys about Mayreau, the most
important being the Tobago Keys or Four Sisters, just to the
southeast, a group of four small islands all much alike and very
near together, each a rounded hill with a small bit of flat land, cov-
ered with scrubby trees, bushes, and cactus; a detestible plant known
locally as “nettle” (but much more to be dreaded than the plant to
which we give that name), and in the flat places, with “burr grass.”
There is a very small sand bar just southwest of these islands, on
which may usually be seen a few terns (Sterna maxima and SW.
dougalli gracilis) and gulls (Larus atricilla). A large solitary rock
203 feet high known as Sail Rock rises from the sea several miles to
the eastward of Mayreau, and is the home of many sea birds.

South of Mayreau and just halfway between Bequia and Gren-
ada is Union Island, with an area (according to Edwards) of 2150
acres or about 3.2 square miles. This island is high and rugged,
particularly in the western half; but toward the eastern end there
is a considerable area of flat land at the base of the hills, especially
on the northern side, where they slope more or less gradually
toward the sea. There isa gap in the central backbone, through
which a bridle path passes from one coast to the other, with a mod-

212 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

erately steep slope up to the hills on the east side. Toward the
west is a fairly level valley extending in for half a mile or so when
it suddenly rises to a high grassy plateau used for pasturing stock,
and locally called the “Savanna.” This gap is dominated on each
side by a high mountain, the one on the western side being very
steep and having an altitude of 1010 feet. The chief town of the
island, Ashton, is situated at its base. The principal house of the
island, the home of former owners, is a large brick structure on a
hill at the southeastern extremity of the island, about two miles
from Ashton. Near it is a collection of about a hundred wattle-
and-daub houses, comprising the village of Clifton. The rough
land about the base of the hills is put under cotton and corn, and
the flat land under pigeon peas and sweet potatoes. The population
is estimated at a little over 2000.

Just east of Union Island lies the small island of Prune. This
key is mainly flat and swampy, but has two steep hills, one in the
northeast, and the other in the southwest corner. The vegetation
is mainly tall scrub and stunted trees, with numerous mangroves,
especially in the northern part. This island is remarkable as being
the only place where Dendroica ruficapilla occurs in abundance in
the Lesser Antilles, south of Dominica.

Near the town of Ashton is Frigate Rock, a tall rocky hill rising
abruptly from the sea.

The island of Carriacou, the largest and most important of the

Grenadines, lies about eight miles south of Union Island, and ~

twenty miles north of Grenada. It has an area of about 13 square
miles. In the center of the island is a ridge, running from north to
south, of fairly uniform height, with two peaks of considerable ele-
vation, High North (980 feet), and Chapeau Carré (960 feet) at its
southern end. A number of spurs run out from this ridge to the
sea on either side, between which are remarkably level valleys
extending in for some distance from the coast, and then rising
rather abruptly to the central ridge. In many of these valleys,
notably at Harvey Vale on the southern shore, near the town of
Hillsboro’ on the west, and at Lauriston halfway between, there are
extensive swamps. On the ridges and on many of the hillsides
there is a large amount of scrubby growth and stunted trees; but
on the gentler slopes and in the valleys the land is mostly taken up
with the cultivation of “Marie Galante” cotton and Indian corn, as

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 213

on the neighboring islands. In the flatter areas, particularly at
Dumfries on the east, Harvey Vale on the south, and Beausejour
near Hillsboro’, there is a considerable area of flat pasture land.
The hills have been very largely denuded of trees for the purpose —
of building peculiar craft of from five to fifty tons burden known
locally as sloops and schooners. There are some rocky cliffs on the
southern end of the island, and off the southeastern, southern, and
southwestern shores lie the small islets known as Frigate Island,
Saline, White, and Sandy Islands, Isle de Large, Mabouya, and
Jaques Adam. These are mostly small wooded hills rising out: of
the sea, with a bit of flat land about their bases. Some are mere
rocks. Carriacou, like all the Grenadines, is very dry, having a
rainfall of only about 50 inches, or less than half that of St. Vin- -
cent and Grenada, and no running water. The population is about
7000.

Petit Martinique (so called because the French who discovered
it found snakes there which they considered similar to those on
Martinique) lies a few miles to the northeast of Carriacou. It is
merely a conical hill, sloping down evenly to the sea on all sides,
with a small strip of comparatively level land about the base. The
vegetation resembles that of Carriacou.. Between it and Carriacou
lies Little Tobago, a small island, thickly covered with scrub (mainly
thorn bushes) and cactus. Just to the north lies Little St. Vincent,
simply a moderate-sized hill rising out of the sea. Petit Martinique
has a population of 350, and Little St. Vincent, 20.

Between Carriacou and Grenada is a long string of rocks and
islets, of various shapes and sizes, the most important being Isle
Ronde and Les Tantes. About halfway to Grenada is a high and
precipitous rock known as “Kick-’em-Jenny,” formerly a leper set-
tlement, but long since uninhabited. It forms the home of hundreds
of sea birds, mainly boobies (Sula).

Carriacou appears to be, in the main, composed of beds of fine-
grained volcanic sands and tuffs. On the eastern slopes of the
island, and at Belair (in the center), at an altitude of 600 feet, the
tuffs of which the hills are composed, are covered with layers of a
shallow-water foraminiferal limestone, from ten to twenty inches in
thickness. It therefore appears to consist of layers of volcanic ash
which were deposited in the sea, and afterwards covered with the
shallow-water deposit. Later this was subjected to upheaval, with

214 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

the result that part of the limestone was raised to at least 600
feet above sea level. The rest of the Grenadines are geologically
much like Carriacou, but appear to lack nh limestone igi be
that island.

Grenada.— Grenada is situated in latitude 12°3’ N. and longitude
61°45’ W., and is approximately 90 miles north of Trinidad, 68
miles south-southwest of St. Vincent, 60 miles northwest of Tobago,
and 100 miles southwest of Barbados. . It is the most southerly of the
true West Indian islands, as Tobago and Trinidad are faunally and
geologically a part of South America. It is about 21 miles long
by 12 miles in greatest breadth, and has an area of about 120 square
miles. In shape it is an irregular oblong, lying north and south, |
- broader at its southern than its northern extremity, with a central
backbone of mountainous country running through its whole length,
somewhat closer to its western than to its eastern seaboard. The
highest altitudes are Mt. St. Catherine (2749 feet), Mt. Sinai (2300
feet), and the mountain overlooking the Grand Etang (2014 feet).
Along the eastern and southern coasts the mountains slope gradually
to the sea, so that the land is therefore undulatory and fairly level;
but on the western side the mountains fall more or less abruptly,
and give the coast a rugged and picturesque appearance. The higher
portions of the slopes are wooded, while the lower slopes are given
up to the raising of cocoa and nutmegs, with occasional cane-fields.
In the vicinity of Grand Anse and Point Saline’ at the southern
extremity of the island, where the rainfall is comparatively small,
there is a large amount of scrubby growth, with a considerable area
under pastures. This part of the island is strikingly different from
the remainder, and brings forcibly to mind the conditions existing on
the Grenadines. There are a number of small wooded islets and
numerous rocks along the eastern and southern shores. ‘The chief
town, St. George’s, is situated on an excellent natural harbor in the
southwestern part of the island. Next in importance comes Gren-
ville or Labaye, on the windward coast, in the parish of St. Andrews.
The other towns are Sauteurs, on the northern end in St. Patrick’s
parish, and Gouyave and Victoria between Sauteurs and St. George’s
on the leeward (western) coast. The population of Grenada. is
about 70,000. ihe od i

Grenada, like St. Vincent, is volcanic, but is apparently of greater
age than the majority of the Lesser Antilles. Below from 700 to

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. . 215

800 feet, the valleys are principally cut in beds of volcanic conglom-
erate, tuffs and ashes, frequently intersected by dikes of basalt and
andesite lavas. At elevations above 700 feet beds of conglomerate
and tuffs are far less common, and the hillsides consist chiefly of
disintegrated lavas of various kinds, the fragmental materials of
which have doubtless been removed by the great amount of den-
udation that the rocks have undergone. Partially decomposed lavas
possessing to some degree the properties of pozzuolano are of fre-
quent occurrence, and are locally termed “tiff.” In the extreme
north of the island are some raised limestone beaches.

Politically, Barbados is a colony by itself, having no: connection
with the other British West Indies. Grenada, St. Vincent, and St.
Lucia form what is known as the colony of the Windward Islands,
with the seat of government at Grenada. St. Vincent includes not
only the island of that name, but also all the Grenadines north of
Carriacou. The southern part. of Petit Martinique, Carriacou, and
the islets to the south are governed from Grenada.

METEOROLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENA.

Barbados has, in the course of its history, been visited by a num-
ber of hurricanes of varying severity. The last notable one
occurred in September, 1898, and laid a large part of the island in
ruins. The destruction of avian life was very great. Hundreds of
birds were killed outright in the woods and fields, and many more
were blown off into the sea and drowned. The decrease of some of
the species, as for instance the blackbird (Holoquiscalus fortiros-
tris) was at the time very marked, but they have all now nearly
regained their former status.

On September 11, 1898, St. Vincent experienced one of the most
destructive hurricanes that has ever occurred in the West Indies.
The center of the storm passed directly over the island, and the
interior forests as well as the fruit trees on the cultivated areas
were almost entirely destroyed. On the next day the island
appeared as if it had been swept by fire; there was not a leaf nor
any green thing in sight. Everything was brown. The number of
birds was very sensibly diminished, those of the “high woods,”
especially the parrots (Amazona guildingii), appearing to have suf-

216 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

fered the most. Hundreds, if not thousands of birds were killed on
the island, and quantities were driven out to sea and lost. Allenia
albiventris after the storm became a common resident on Union
Island and Carriacou (possibly on some of the other Grenadines
also), places where previously it had been unknown. It has since,
however, died out at both places. One or two parrots (A. guild-
ingii) were picked up dead on the shores of St. Lucia. The effects
of the storm were not felt all at once. For days afterwards parrots
and “Ramier” (Columba sqguamosa) would stray into the smaller
towns in so helpless a condition that many fell a prey to the
negroes. It is possible that starvation was the cause of this, as
every green thing had been destroyed, and it was several days
before the trees began to put forth buds. When the vegetation did
begin to recover from the shock the whole island, I was told, pre-
sented much the appearance of a rugged New England landscape in
the spring. A number of the parrots were obtained alive at this
time, and some of them are living in captivity yet. Several were
sent to England, where, I believe, one or two are now in the Zoo-
logical society’s garden at Regent’s Park, and Messrs. T. R. Nairn
and Thomas Osment of Kingstown have each a beautiful bird in
their possession.

Bequia was also considerably damaged by this storm, but the
other Grenadines escaped ; there was a strong gale at Canouan, and
a moderate one at Union Island, but only slight damage was done
at the former place and none at all at the latter.

On May 7, 1902, occurred the first of the late eruptions of the
St. Vincent Soufriére, which resulted in the loss of almost 2000
lives and the total destruction of every living thing on and in the
vicinity of the voleano. The whole district was buried under tons of
“ash ” and scoria. The devastated area was about one third of the
entire island and was the district from which the types of Mya-
destes sibilans and Catharopeza bishopi had been obtained ; it was
on the Soufriére, actually within the crater, where formerly the lat-
ter of these two birds had been most frequently met with, and the
higher altitudes of that mountain were the chosen home of those
exclusively woodland species which inhabited the island. The
ejecta from the volcano fell with sufficient force at Belair estate at
the opposite end of the island (fourteen miles away) to riddle the
leaves of the breadfruit trees and, without doubt, to kill such small

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. ; 217

birds as had not taken refuge under cover. After the eruption the
whole island looked as if it were covered with gray snow. This
possibly resulted in the death from starvation of many of such spe-
cies as are habitually ground feeders (e. g., Geotrygon montana).
The ash fell in great quantities on Bequia and on Mustique, but
appears not to have done any damage, at least as far as the avi-
fauna is concerned. Further eruptions occurred on September 3
and October 15, 1902, and on March 22, 1903, but probably their
effect was very slight as compared with the great havoc wr “— by
the outburst of May 7.

Neither Grenada nor the Grenadines (with the exception of
Bequia) have ever experienced a storm severe enough to Asie seri-
ously affected their bird life.

PRESENT Status OF Birp LIFE.

In the West Indies, as Taylor says (Ibis, 1864, p. 157), birds are
not nearly so abundant as in northern countries. In the islands
under consideration, they are much commoner on Grenada than
anywhere else, doubtless because of the fact that this island is out-
side of the hurricane belt. The Grenadines are well stocked with
birds (although the number of species is limited), but they are not
very plentiful in Barbados, while there is hardly a species which
may be called common on St. Vincent. Birds seem never to have
been common on the last-named island, a fact recorded by Ober in
1878.

On my first visit to St. Vincent on August 10, 1901, I was struck
with the scarcity of birds as compared with the same or closely
related species on Grenada, from which island I had come. Calo-
spiza I did not meet with at all, although I had found C. cucullata
common enough at Grenada. LElaenea, Pyrrhulagra, the black
Coereba, Columbigallina, Holoquiscalus, and Merula could hardly
be called even fairly common, although I had seen plenty the day
before at St. George’s. Even the little “ Grass-bird ” ( Tiaris bicolor
omissa) was comparatively few in numbers, although as a rule
abundant on all the Lesser Antilles.

When I next saw the island, on October 19, 1903, coming from
Barbados, the contrast between the conditions on St. Vincent and

218 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

those on the island I had just left was very striking; but I cannot
say I noticed that the birds about Kingstown were much, if any,
fewer than on my previous visit.

Unfortunately, I did not go into the woods when I was first on
the island; but Lister, writing in 1880, gives the impression that
Cinclocerthia, Catharopeza, Myadestes, Geotrygon, and Amazona
were rather common in his time. Ober says that Troglodytes
musicus was of very frequent occurrence in 1878. Cinchlerminia
apparently has always been rare. Lister did not find it, nor did
Ober obtain any specimens of it, although he heard its “unmistak-
able whistle” and saw “it as it flitted by in the dusk of the high
woods.”

At the present time Amazona pee SE must be put down as
decidedly uncommon; and if another hurricane should occur within
the next few years it is doubtful whether the species could survive
it. |
Catharopeza bishopi I failed to find at all. I made a special
search for this bird as I was particularly anxious to obtain a good
series, but could discover no trace of it anywhere. Ober says that
it was found “in the crater and dark gorges of the Soufriére.”
If it were confined to that district there can be no doubt as to
its fate. Lister records it as “confined entirely to the high
woods ” but does not specify at what points he met with it. As
the Soufriére was the most frequently visited portion of the wooded
area (there being a rest-house near the summit, accessible by a
bridle path, where parties often spent the night) he might very well
have seen it there only. As no one else mentions it, and the natives
of the island, even the manufacturers of “mountain dew ” whose
occupation keeps them largely in the most remote districts, are
wholly unacquainted with it, it must be considered as extremely
rare, if it is still to be found at all.

Cinclocerthia ruficauda tenebrosa is now very rare, although it
may possibly be found in certain remote localities. I spent many
days in the high woods in localities where this bird used to be com-
mon but neither saw nor heard one.

Myadestes sibilans I did not obtain, although I searched for it
at many points on the higher ridges and about the summit of Mt.
St. Andrew, where it used to be of frequent occurrence. Its note
is well known to many of the people on St. Vincent, but I could

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 219

find no one who had heard it since the eruptions. Probably this

_bird is to be found yet in certain places, as it is hard to believe a

species as common as this was, has entirely disappeared.

Cinchlerminia I did not meet with, nor could I find Geotrygon
montana. ‘The latter bird is probably gone, as the mongoose (Her-
pestes), which is now abundant all through the St. Vincent woods,
finds this bird an easy victim, and has very seriously reduced its
numbers, if not actually extirpated it from some of the other islands
(as Grenada) which have suffered neither hurricanes nor eruptions
in recent years. .

LocaLtLty Extinct SPECIES.

The early writers on the ornithology of Barbados (Ligon, Hughes,
Schomburgk) mention nine birds as occurring on that island which
are unknown to-day as residents. They are: a grebe, probably
Podilymbus podiceps (Hughes; Schomburgk, “ Podiceps domini-
cus”), a hawk, very likely Buteo antillarum or a closely related
form (Ligon; Schomburgk, “ Buteo borealis”), the Purple Gallinule,
Tonornis martinica (Hughes), the Ramier, Columba squamosa
(Hughes, recorded as a visitor), a parrakeet, ? Conurus (Hughes;
Schomburgk, “ Psittacus passerinus”), an owl, possibly Strix
nigrescens or a closely related form (Schomburgk, “ Strix jlam-
mea”), a trembleur, Cinclocerthia (Ligon; Hughes; Schomburgk,

“Turdus jamaicensis”), a “wren,” Allenia (Ligon; Hughes), and

a “thrush,” ? Margarops (Hughes; Schomburgk, “ Zurdus musteli-
nus ’’)

In St. Vincent the Mountain Ground Dove, or “ Perdrix” ( Geo-
trygon montana) and the normally colored form of Coereba atrata
(=C. saccharina Lawr.) seem to have disappeared. Some of the
other birds which I failed to find, are possibly extinct, but further
investigation is necessary to determine the question satisfactorily.

The normal form of Coereba wellsi appears no longer to exist on
Grenada, although it is abundant on all the Grenadines.

INTRODUCED SPECIES.

A number of birds foreign to the fauna of the West Indies have
been introduced into these islands by man, and some species have

been introduced from neighboring localities.

220 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

At Barbados, Merula gymnophthalma has been introduced from
Grenada and now breeds. Mimus gilvus, also from Grenada, seems
to be gaining a foothold. Sicalis arvensis luteiventris is now very
abundant in St. Phillip’s and part of Christ Church parish. Mdimus
polyglottos orpheus has been recently introduced from Jamaica, but
has not yet nested. I obtained a specimen of Lstrelda astrild in a
pasture in St. Joseph, and have seen Paroaria cucullata and Melo-
psittacus undulatus at large in Hastings. These three last were
probably escaped cage birds, as I could find no evidence that they
had been intentionally liberated. Many additional species have
been found in an apparently feral state on Barbados, but as none of
them appear to have become established, a list of them would be
merely a waste of space.

In St. Vincent the English Pheasant ( Phasianus colchicus) has
been liberated on some of the Grenadine dependencies, but did not
long survive. The Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris), which is
common in a domesticated state in all these islands, has been allowed
to run wild on Balliceaux. The Venezuelan Quail (Hupsychortyx
sonninit) has been naturalized on Mustique, and the “cocorico”
(Ortalis ruficauda) on Bequia and Union Island. The Grenada
Blackbird (Holoquiscalus luminosus) was brought into the leeward
district of St. Vincent from the Grenadines, but seems to have dis-
appeared. The “tickbird” (Crotophaga ani) is supposed to have
been introduced into the island in the sixties from Tobago by a Mr.
Chapman, and is said not to have existed there previously. The
natives at the present time usually refer to it as the “ Chapman-
bird ” for this reason.

ExPoORTED SPECIES.

The Barbados Blackbird (Holoquiscalus fortirostris) has been
introduced into St. Croix, St. Kitts, Antigua, and Demerara. So
long ago as 1848 mention is made of its imtroduction into British
Guiana. Schomburgk says that these birds are “said to have been
introduced into Demerara, where they are now numerous. <As a
counter-present, Barbados received its crapeaux (Bufo agua) from
that colony.” .

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. Sa

THE MonGooss.

The mongoose (Herpestes) has been introduced into Barbados,
St. Vincent, and Grenada. It is now thoroughly at home every-
where, is very abundant, and is found in all situations, even in the
depths of the high woods on the two last-mentioned islands, although
it does not occur on any of the Grenadines. Since its advent the
ground doves (Columbigallina) have become much fewer on these
islands, while Geotrygon montana appears to have entirely gone
from St. Vincent, and to have become very rare on Grenada. - Other
birds are also affected, though to a less degree.

THe West InpIAN AVIFAUNA.

There are about 300 species of birds peculiar to the West Indies,
of which about 200 occur in the Greater Antilles only, and 90 in the
Lesser only. The remainder are species of more or less wide dis-
tribution. Of genera there are 41 confined to the West Indies.
Pyrrhulagra and Margarops are of rather general distribution, while
of the remainder, 28 are Greater Antillean (one of these, Mimocichla,
having a representative in the Lesser Antilles on Dominica) and 11
Lesser Antillean (although two of these, Sericotes and Bellona, occur
on St. Thomas, and the latter also on Porto Rico). These Lesser
Antillean genera are: Eulampis, Sericotes, Bellona, Gmelinius? Mel-
anospiza, Leucopeza, Catharopeza, Cinclocerthia, Rhamphociriclus,
Allenia, Cinchlerminia.

In the Greater Antilles the resident species appear to have been
derived mainly from Central America, with many accessions from
North America, especially in the Bahamas and Cuba. The Baha-
mas, owing to their oceanic character, have an avifauna of compara-
tively recent origin, consisting largely of derivatives from North
American stock, but apparently related more closely to the Greater
Antilles, particularly to Cuba. The single peculiar genus, Callicheli-
don, is of rather uncertain status.

Jamaica appears to be the most important faunally of the Greater
Antilles, and contains the largest number of peculiarly West Indian

1 Gmelinius Boucard (type G. bicolor), Gen. Hummingbirds, p. 108, 1892.

-

222 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

species. Although Cuba has the same number of endemic forms,
many of them are evidently of North American origin, and cannot
therefore be considered faunally as important as those of Jamaica.
Haiti has two more peculiar genera than Jamaica, but it has only 31
peculiar species as against 43 on Jamaica, and only 48 West Indian
forms as against Jamaica’s 60. Toward the east the avifauna.
diminishes in intensity, Porto Rico having but one peculiar genus,
10 West Indian genera, 18 peculiar species, and 37 West Indian
species, while St. Thomas contains 4 West Indian genera, 1 charac-
teristic species, and 11 West Indian forms. .

Passing to the Lesser Antilles, we find that the group comprising
Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, and St. Lucia is the most impor-
tant, as it contains 46 peculiar species and 5 peculiar genera. In
this group should also be placed Montserrat and the northern end
of St. Vincent. This gives us 6 peculiar genera and 49 peculiar
species. The Lesser Antillean genera not included entirely within
these limits are: Eulampis (Nevis to St. Vincent), Sericotes (St.
Thomas to Grenada, and Barbados), Bellona (Porto Rico to Gren-
ada, and Barbados), Cinclocerthia (St. Kitts to St. Vincent), Allenia
(St. Eustatius to Grenada). The included genera are: Gmelinius
(Dominica), Melanospiza (St. Lucia), Leucopeza (St. Lucia), Catha-
ropeza (St. Vincent), Rhamphocinclus (Martinique and St. Lucia),
Cinchlerminia (Montserrat to St. Vincent).

In this group of islands as defined the following species call for
special mention. Aestrelata ? haesitata formerly occurred in the
mountains of Guadeloupe and Dominica. Setophaga ruticilla is
known as a resident on Dominica only. This appears to be an iso-
lated colony from North American stock, comparable to the case of
Erismatura jamaicensis and Querquedula discors, both of which
breed in the Grenadines. Momonyx dominicus (Guadeloupe and
Dominica), Guara alba (Dominica), Melanerpes lherminieri (Guade-
loupe), and Mimocichla albiventris (Dominica) represent colonies
of Greater Antillean forms, while Saltator guadeloupensis (Guade-
loupe, Dominica, and Martinique), Ceryle stictipennis (Guadeloupe
and Dominica), Antrostomus rufus (St. Lucia), Urubitinga anthra-
cina cancrivora (St. Vincent), and Regerhinus uncinatus (Gren-
ada)! are. unmistakably South American. The parrots of this region

1 The continental species which have worked up from Trinidad and Tobago
are not considered in this connection.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 223

also (Amazona imperialis, A. bouqueti, A. versicolor, and A. guil-
dingit) are related to A. vinacea of South America, while those of
the Greater Antilles (except A. agilis and A. vittata) belong with
A. albifrons of Central America.

Two of the Lesser Antillean species (and genera), Sericotes holo-
sericeus and Bellona exilis, as mentioned above, have habitats over-
lapping Greater Antillean territory, while with other species the
reverse is the case. These latter are Poecilonetta bahamensis
(south to Guadeloupe), Dendrocygna arborea (south to Antigua),
and Phoenicopterus ruber (Anegada, and formerly miei and
Guadeloupe).

The islands whose avifauna forms the basis of the present paper
(Barbados, St. Vincent, the Grenadines, and Grenada) are perhaps
the most interesting of. all the Lesser Antilles. Barbados, like the
Bahamas, is oceanic, while the others show the diminishing intensity
of the West Indian fauna as we go southward, correlatively with
the increasing number of South American forms.

In the discussion of the avifauna of St. Vincent, the Grenadines,
and Grenada, the first thing that claims our attention is the South
American element. Trinidad has, according to Chapman, 199 resi-
dent land birds, all of which are continental, or closely related to
continental forms. On Tobago we find 65 resident land birds, all
but 6 of which occur (or have closely related forms which occur) on
Trinidad ; but these 6 (including Mimus gilvus and Ortalis rufi-
cauda') are all of South American stock, some of which may yet be
found in Trinidad. Grenada has 13 birds common to it and Tobago,
and all but one of these (Zimus gilvus) common to it and Trinidad,
while three others (Calospiza cucullata, Troglodytes grenadensis,
and Merula nigrirostris) are localized forms from purely South
American stock.2, On the Grenadines there are only 8 of these con-
tinental birds, viz.: Merula gymnophthalma, Sporophila gutteralis,
Mimus gilvus, Hlaenea martinica flavogastra, Molothrus atro-
nitens, Tyrannus melancholius satrapa, Myiarchus tyrannulus
tyrannulus, Muscivora tyrannus, while Chaetura poliura, Calospiza,
Merula nigrirostris, and Troglodytes are lacking, although all four
reappear on St. Vincent.

1Claimed by some to have been introduced from Venezuela, although origi-
nally described from Tobago,

* Troglodytes occurs northward to Guadeloupe; Calospiza and Merula nigri-
rostris are found also on St. Vincent.

224 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

The distribution of these South American forms on the Grena-
dines is as follows. Merula gymnophthalma occurs in all favorable
localities throughout the islands. Mimus gilvus is everywhere very
abundant. Myiarchus tyrannulus tyrannulus is common every-
where. Hlaenea martinica flavogastra I obtained only on Bequia
and Mustique, but it very likely occurs on the other islands. Volo-.
thrus atronitens is common as far north as Canouan. Itis, however,
of recent occurrence. Zyrannus melancholius satrapa I obtained
on Union Island. Sporophila gutteralis is locally common at Car-
riacou, where, however, it is a recent arrival. Muscivora tyrannus
is common on Carriacou in the wet season

On St. Vincent these South American forms are reduced to four
of those found on the Grenadines, with four more which do not
occur on the smaller islands. They are: laenea martinica flavo-
gastra, Mimus gilvus, Merula gymnophthalma, Myiarchus tyran-
nulus tyrannulus; and Merula nigrirostris, Troglodytes, Calospiza,
Chaetura poliura.. In addition to these we have as a resident
Urubitinga anthracina cancrivora, corresponding with Regerhinus
uncinatus of Grenada.

Besides these established species I obtained a specimen of Fori-
suga mellivora on Carriacou, met with a stray example of Sporo-
phila gutteralis at Kingstown, St. Vincent, and found a single
Anthracothorax gramineus on Union Island, all of which were
apparently accidental visitors, although it is not at all improbable
that they may become residents at some future time.

Turning now to characteristically West Indian genera, we find
that Grenada has only four, viz.: Pyrrhulagra, Allenia, Bellona,
Sericotes; and the Grenadines only the two hummingbirds,
although Allenia was for a time resident there. The first of these
four genera is of rather wide distribution throughout the West
Indies, the species in question (P. noctis) having roughly the same
range as the representatives of the other three genera.

St. Vincent has these four genera, and in addition four others
peculiar to the Lesser Antilles; they are: Eulampis, Cinchlerminia,
Cinclocerthia, Cartharopeza, the last being confined to that island.

Besides these characteristic genera, St. Vincent has the following
forms which are worthy of note: Myadestes, Hlaenea martinica
martinica, Cypseloides, Chaetura acuta, Bellona exilis (ornata),
Amazona.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 225

The first three, while not primarily West Indian, are more or less
characteristic of that region, and their absence from Grenada is
noteworthy. Chaetura.acuta is Lesser Antillean (Guadeloupe to
St. Vincent). The crested hummingbird of St. Vincent is Bellona
exilis (Porto Rico to St. Vincent) ornata (St. Vincent) instead of
B. cristatus of Grenada, the Grenadines, and Barbados. Amazona
guildingii of St. Vincent also connects that island with those to the
north, being closer to A. imperialis of Dominica than to any other
species. There is no good evidence that any parrot ever existed on
Grenada.

The avifauna of St. Vincent shows a correlation with that of
Grenada ; in each island Calospiza occurs, the two species (C. versi-
color and C. cucullata), although perfectly distinct, being closely
related; both islands have dimorphic species of Coereba that occur
in the normal coloration of the genus, and also entirely black (C.
atrata and C. wellsi); and both have closely related subspecies of
Pyrrhulagra noctis.

Now those forms common to St. Vincent and the islands toward
the north, but not occurring on Grenada, viz., Eulampis, Cinchler-
minia, Cinclocerthia, Myadestes, Cypseloides, Amazona, Chaetura
acuta, Elaenea martinica martinica, and Bellona exilis are, with
the exception of the two last, inhabitants of the high woods, these
two only occurring both there and in the lowlands. Moreover,
Elaenea martinica martinica is only found in the northern and
middle parts of the island, and is absent from the region about
Kingstown.

The forms common to St. Vincent and Grenada (viz., EKlaenea
martinica flavogastra, Mimus gilvus, Merula gymnophthalma,
Pyrrhulagra noctis, Sericotes holosericeus, and Myiarchus tyran-
nulus tyrunnulus) are primarily lowland species, and Hlaenea mar-
tinica flavogastra, Merula gymnophthalma, and Mimus gilvus are,
the two first entirely, and the last largely, restricted to the Kings-
town valley. Merula nigrirostris, the black form of Coereba
atrata, Calospiza, and Allenia albiventris occur very generally on
the island, but all are rare in the high woods. TZroglodytes musi-
cus (which is nearer 7. mesoleucus of St. Lucia than to 7. grenaden-
sis) occurs everywhere.

Thus we find that faunally St. Vincent is divisible into two
regions, the higher altitudes, and particularly the vicinity of the

226 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Soufriére in the northern part of the island, being a continuation of
the Montserrat-St. Lucia district, while the lowlands, especially the
Kingstown valley in the southern part of the island, belong faunally
to Grenada and the Grenadines.

Certain other species not mentioned above are worthy of passing
notice. Progne dominicensis and Tiaris bicolor omissa, as would |
be expected, occur in all favorable localities; Vireo calidris barba-
dense, Huphonia flavifrons viscivora, and Tyrannus dominicensis
rostratus (the second the southern form of a Lesser Antillean
species, and the others chiefly Lesser Antillean forms of West
Indian species) occur in these islands, the second on St. Vincent
and Grenada only, the others everywhere. The Lesser Antillean
“Kili Hawk” (Falco sparverius caribbearum) does not occur
between St. Lucia and Grenada, although found on both these
islands. The mangrove cuckoos of Grenada and the Grenadines
appear to be true Coccyzus minor minor; but a deeper-colored,
large-billed form (C. m. vincentis) occurs on St. Vincent (and St.
Lucia also), Buteo antillarum, a rather wide ranging species, is
found on St. Vincent, Bequia (Grenadines), and Grenada, and the
Lesser Antillean Owl (Strix nigrescens) otherwise known only from
Dominica, also occurs on these three islands. A yellow warbler
(Dendroica ruficapilla) occurs on Grenada, Carriacou, Union
Island, and Prune (Grenadines), which is also known from Cozu-
mel Island (Yucatan), St. Andrew’s Island, Curacao, Dominica, and
Guadeloupe.

Two species are resident in the Grenadines which are not’ found
elsewhere in the Lesser Antilles: the Ruddy Duck (Hrismatura
jamaicensis) and the Blue-winged Teal (Querquedula discors).
The Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna discolor), not otherwise known
from the Lesser Antilles: is casual as far as St. Vincent, and pos-
sibly breeds on Barbados. .

The sea birds of these islands offer no peculiarities in their dis-
tribution.

The most noticeable features in connection with the avifauna of
Barbados are the small number of resident land birds, and the
almost entire absence of sea birds, of which but one species (Puffi-

1 Holoquiscalus dispar, confined to this region, forms an exception as it
takes the place of H. luminosus of the Grenadines and Grenada.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. Zee

nus lherminier’) now breeds on the island, and such common forms
as Larus atricilla and certain of the terns (Sterna, Anous) occur
only as uncommon visitors. The geological structure of the island,
together with its isolated geographical position, the paucity of
swamps and marshes, and thé almost complete destruction of the
original forests, which have everywhere given place to the canefield,
account satisfactorily as Col. Feilden remarks for the lack of birds.

There are at present on the island 16 resident species and sub-
species, viz.: Dendroica capitalis, Coereba barbadensis, Vireosylva
calidris barbadense, Pyrrhulagra barbadensis, Tiaris bicolor omissa,
Holoquiscalus fortirostris, Elaenea martinica barbadensis, Tyran-
nus dominicensis rostratus, Sericotes holosericeus, Bellona cristata
emigrans, Zenaida zenaida aurita, Columbigallina passerina tro-
chila, Butorides virescens maculata, Gallinula galeata, Fulica cari-
baea, Puffinus therminieri. }

It will be noticed at once that most of these species and subspe-
cies, and all of these genera are of very general occurrence through-
out the Lesser Antilles. Six species and subspecies, viz.: Dendroica
capitalis, Holoquiscalus fortirostris, Coereba barbadensis, Elaenea
martinica barbadensis, Pyrrhulagra barbadensis, Bellona cristata
emigrans, are recognizable forms, peculiar to Barbados.

Evidently, then, the avifauna of Barbados, as might be expected
in an oceanic island so situated, is wholly made up of very generally
distributed types, birds which, from their abundance in this region,
would be theoretically the first to reach any new land in the vicinity.

Barbados being generally flat, with very. little physiographical dif-
ferentiation, and with almost the whole island under the same con-
ditions of cultivation, its birds are generally distributed, and not
grouped into faunal zones as are those on other islands, although, of
course, certain species are rather more partial to pastures (as Colum-
bigallina), and others to woodlands (as Elaenea and Tyrannus).
Vireosylva alone among the land birds has a restricted habitat,
being confined to certain portions of the Scotland district. The
one sea bird ( Puffinus lherminiert) is only found on a small rock
off the shores of St. Lucy’s parish.

In former times, if we may place any reliance on the writings of
Hughes (1750), Ligon (1763), and Schomburgk (1848), there were
also resident on Barbados the following: Allenia, Cinclocerthia,
? Margarops, ? Conurus, Buteo (? antillarum), Strix (? nigrescens),

228 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

?Podilymbus podiceps, Ionornis martinica; while according to
Hughes the Scaled Dove (Columba squamosa) used to visit the
island regularly. It is probable that most, if not all, of these birds
did occur when Barbados was clothed in natural forest, as Allenia is
a common and widely distributed form; Cinclocerthia is common
from Nevis and Barbuda to St. Lucia, and used to be on St. Vin- .
cent; Margarops occurs from the Bahamas to St. Lucia, and has been
obtained in recent years on Barbados; Buteo antillarum is abun-
dant on the neighboring islands; Strix nigrescens is common on
Dominica, St. Vincent, and Grenada; Podilymbus podiceps occurs
throughout the West Indies, and has been found on Barbados; and
Ionornis is a common bird in the West Indies wherever there are
swamps. No parrakeet is at present known from the Lesser Antilles;
but Hughes and Schomburgk both mention one, and there appears
to be good evidence that these birds formerly existed on Martinique
and Guadeloupe, so I believe we are safe in admitting it, at least
provisionally.

Owing to the rather general and intelligent interest taken in
ornithology at Barbados, and to the fact that all parts of the island
are accessible to the sportsman, and also because of its geographical
position away from the other islands and not protected, so to speak,
at all by them, a rather full list of migrants and accidental visitors
has been recorded, no less than 50 from North America (including
the shore birds), 13 from neighboring islands and the adjacent main-
land, and 5 from the Old World. .

ANNOTATED LiIsT.

Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.). Prep-—BILLED GreBe.— The
Pied-billed, Grebe is a rather uncommon resident on Grenada, Isle
Ronde, and Carriacou. There is a specimen in the British museum
from Barbados.

Mr. J. H. Riley (:04b, p. 278) finds that two birds of this species
from Antigua and Barbuda differ slightly from North American
examples. Mr. B. 8S. Bowdish remarks (Auk, vol. 19, p. 357, 1902)
that a specimen obtained by him at Aguadilla, Porto Rico, is

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. — 229

smaller than northern birds; an examination of a series from the
West Indies may demonstrate a recognizable local race.

Hughes (1750, p. 71) mentions a grebe “of the bigness and much
the color of the American quail” as resident in Barbados in his day,
and refers to it under the name of “The Two-Peny Chick.” Sir
Robert Schomburgk includes Podiceps dominicus in his list of the
birds of Barbados, calling it the “’Two-penny Chick,” a name at
present used on the island for Porzana carolina. Col. Feilden
(89a, p. 503) refers the grebe mentioned by these two authors to
Podiceps dominicus, following Schomburgk; but as that species is
unknown from the Lesser Antilles, whereas P. podiceps is of very
general occurrence and has been recently taken on Barbados, I
have thought it best to refer it to the latter.

Notse.— Colymbus holboelli, recorded by various authors (following Wells,
°86, "86a, Podiceps holboelli) from Grenada (Isle Ronde. Grenadines) is in
reality Erismatura jamaicensis (q. v.) wrongly identified.

Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl). Wutson’s Petrret.—Recorded
from Grenada and Carriacou. Without doubt of casual occurrence
near all these islands.

\Puffinus lherminieri Less. Diastotin; Aupuson’s SHEar-
waATER.— This is the only sea bird resident on Barbados. It
breeds regularly, though in small numbers, on Bird Rock, off the
northern coast of St. Lucy’s parish, from which place Col. Feilden
(89, p. 60) has obtained the eggs in March.

Hughes says, speaking of Barbados in 1750: “The several
cavities in the cliff facing the sea [in St. Lucy’s] are’ proper dens
for Raccoons, and such wild beasts. They are likewise a place of
safety for several sea-birds to breed in, especially at a place called
‘Bird Rock,’ where are to be seen at most times of the year a great
many of their nests and eggs. The young ones are sharp-billed,
wet-footed, and very fat, but taste fishy. The old ones are seldom
or never seen in the day time, for they are obliged to range to so
great a distance from the shore for food that they have been seen
scores of miles from land.”

I have seen Audubon’s Shearwater in Kingstown Bay, St. Vin-
cent, and it is sometimes common about the entrance to Bequia
Harbor. It occurs throughout the Grenadines, breeding, according
to Wells, on most of the small islets about Carriacou, especially on
Bonaparte Rocks.

230 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

About Grenada itis not rare, and breeds commonly on “ Mouchoir
Quarré ” and the Labaye Rocks. Wells says that formerly numbers |
of the dried young of this species used to be brought into the
market at Grenville (Labaye), obtained on the former islet. He
says of some he caught on Labaye Rocks: “The birds on being
brought out into the light appeared to be quite foolish, and, beyond -
a feeble attempt to bite, seemed to make no effort to escape. I
kept them alive for some days; they would take no food during the
day, remaining perfectly quiet; but at night they fed on scraps of
fish, and at intervals uttered a peculiar cry like a cat-howl.”

This little bird when flying skims along close to the surface of
the water, acting in every way much like its larger northern
relatives.

The single egg is dull white in color.

Phaethon americanus Grant. YELLOW-BILLED TROPIC-BIRD,
__. There is a skin of this bird in the British museum which was
procured on St. Vincent in 1890, by Mr. G. Whitfield Smith, F. L.8.,
the present commissioner of the island of Carriacou. There are’ no
other records. , |

Phaethon aethereus Linn. PAILLE-EN-QUEUVE; Bo’s’N; REp-
BILLED TROPIC-BIRD. — This bird is occasionally seen at Barbados.
One was captured near Chancery Lane after a gale in 1877 but was
not preserved.

In February, March, and April it is common along the leeward
coast of St. Vincent, where it breeds in holes in the cliffs. There
is a considerable colony of them near Old Woman’s Point, just
west of Kingstown, and another at Layou.

At Bequia they breed in numbers in the inaccessible cliffs of
Bequia Head, but I did not find them elsewhere. Usually they are
not very common among the Grenadines, but great numbers breed
on Battowia and Balliceaux, and there are other colonies on Frigate
Island, Rose Rock, Kick-’em-Jenny, and Les Tantes, between Carri-
acou and Grenada. It is locally common about the cliffs of the last-
named island.

The wing beats of this and the preceding species are continuous
and rather rapid, somewhat suggesting the flight of certain ducks.
When near the cliffs, however, they often sail about, after the
fashion of Noddies (Anous). Both the Yellow-billed and the Red-
billed Tropic-birds are often met with very far from land.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. . 931

The egg of the Red-billed Tropic-bird is deposited in a hole in a
cliff or under some projecting ledge or rock, and is light purplish in
color, minutely sprinkled with neutral tint and claret brown.

Sula cyanops (Sundey.). Briuz-racep Boosy. — Occurs spar-
ingly on Kick-’em-Jenny, and probably also at Battowia. The eggs
are uniform dull white.

Sula leucogastra (Bodd.). Boosy; Fou.— Abundant, ex-
cept in the vicinity of Barbados. This bird is always to be found
along the leeward coast of St. Vincent, where some of them may
usually be seen toward evening perched on the cliffs, where they
spend the night. The majority, however, begin to fly down the
coast at about three in the afternoon, making for Battowia, which
island is the favorite roosting place of all the sea birds in this
region.

These birds are usually seen in little companies of three to eight,
often containing one or more individuals of other species, most. com-
monly S. piscator. Hundreds of boobies, mainly of this species,
nest at Battowia and Kick-’em-Jenny, and there is said to be a large
colony on Little Tobago (off Petit Martinique).

The eggs are one or two in number, dull greenish blue, and are
laid in a coarse nest, placed usually in low trees (often several on
one tree) or on the ground. The breeding season is from February
to May. |

Sula piscator (Linn.). Wuirre Boosy; Fou Branc; Wurtre-
TAILED Boosy.— The White Booby is often seen flying about the
channel between St. Vincent and Bequia, and occasionally about
the leeward coast of St. Vincent, in company with others of the
genus. It is said to breed commonly on Battowia, toward which
island it may be seen making its way every evening to roost. It
nests in numbers on Kick-’em-Jenny, and is sometimes seen about
the islands in that vicinity, and along the coasts of Grenada.

.The plumage in which the bird is brown, with the exception of
the tail and upper and under tail coverts, which are white, is more
common here than the white form, and individuals of this color are
often seen in little companies by themselves, or with white adults,
or with Common Boobies (Sula leucogastra).

The nest, like that of S. lewcogastra is a loose structure, usually
placed on low trees or bushes; eggs one or two, dull greenish.

232 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Norr.— Wells (’86a, p. 630) says that there is “a small duck, quite black,
occasionally found in the sea [about Grenada]. I shot one a couple of years
ago.”? The only black duck-like bird which is maritime in habit and which |
might stray into these waters is the Brazilian Cormorant (Phalacrocorax
brasiliensis), which possibly may range as far north (in the West Indies) as
Grenada, as it occurs about Trinidad, and either this or a closely allied form is
abundant along the Venezuelan coast.. Mr. Wells was very little acquainted -
with birds, except with those of Grenada (cf. his identification of Hrismatura
jamaicensis as Colymbus holboelli), and as this little cormorant more or less
resembles some ducks in general habits, he might very well have referred to
it asa duck.

-Pelecanus occidentalis (Linn.). Brown Prrican; GRanp-
GorcE.— The Brown Pelican is an irregular visitor to Barbados.
In 1886 and 1887, according to Col. Feilden, it appeared in flocks
of hundreds.

This bird occurs along the shores of St. Vincent, mainly about
Young’s Island and Calliaqua, but is not at all abundant as a rule.

It is common throughout the Grenadines, especially about Carria-
cou, on the Pillories (near Mustique), about the leeward coast of
Mayreau, and in the vicinity of Bloody Bay and Clifton, Union
Island. It occurs mainly in the winter months, and almost wholly
disappears in the spring, but returns in early summer. The Brown
Pelican does not breed anywhere in these islands, but is merely an
annual visitor, possibly from southern North America and the
Greater Antilles. Ober says that this bird “breeds on the rocks
north of Grenada, as well as through the Grenadines”; but as after
careful search and exhaustive inquiry I could find not the slightest
sign of their ever having done so, I cannot attach any weight to the
statement. Ober, himself, never visited the localities mentioned and
probably relied on the assertions of natives at St. Vincent or at
Grenada, who are (the lower classes) absolutely unreliable.- He also
gives the Spoon-bill (Ajaia ajaia) as casual in Grenada, and the
Long-billed Curlew (Numenius longirostris) as having occurred on
St. Vincent (there are no Lesser Antillean records) apparently on
the same authority.

Dutertre says that in the year 1656 there was a great mortality
among birds of this species, and that the shores of St. Lucia, St.
Vincent, Bequia, and the Grenadines were strewn with their dead
bodies. The Brown Pelican occurs all about the coasts of Grenada.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 233

Norre.—I have been told by several trustworthy persons that White Pelicans
have occasionally been seen among the Grenadines. Although there is a pos-
sibility that they may have been examples of P. erythorhynchos (which Mr. J.
H. Fleming tells me he has seen in the harbor of St. John, Antigua), still they
might have been Brown Pelicans somewhat lighter on the back than usual.

~ Pregata aquila (Linn.). Cossier; Fricate Brrp; Man-o’-
war.— The Frigate Bird, or, as it is called locally, the Cobbler, is
rare at Barbados; but Col. Feilden writes that he has observed it
passing over the island at a great height, and it is occasionally shot
there. Sloane (1707, p. 30) says that he first observed them on
nearing Barbados. Both he and Ligon (1673, p. 61; 1674, p. 103)
write that the appearance of this bird is popularly supposed to fore-
tell the coming of a ship. He also noticed that “there are more of
these in the firm land of America than in these isles,” and that “it
follows the Pelican in the air to catch its dung for food.”

About. St. Vincent, the Grenadines, and Grenada this bird is
rather common, but not so abundant as along the Venezuelan coast,
particularly in the vicinity of Margarita Island. In the Grenadines
they breed in numbers on Battowia, whence the young are some-
times taken for food.

The nest is a loosely built structure, placed either on the ground
or in low trees. The eggs are one or two, dull greenish white.

Ardea herodias Linn. Great BiurE Heron; Gray GauLp-
ING ; Crapier Monraicne.— A regular and not uncommon visitor
to these islands, arriving in October. Col. Feilden says that it
arrives at Barbados in October and November in parties that some-
times consist of ten or twelve individuals. Hughes, writing in 1750,
speaks of this bird as a winter visitor to Barbados, saying that it is
very seldom seen there, but is much commoner at Antigua.

This heron is found every winter. along the leeward coast of St.
Vincent, especially in the vicinity of Young’s Island and Calliaqua.

On Carriacou, Wells writes that on one occasion he saw eight of
them together in Harvey Vale pasture.

Wells records it from Grenada as “a migrant; not numerous.”

Herodias egretta (Gmel.). American Ecaret.— Col. Feilden
says: “I procured one at Graeme Hall swamp (Barbados) on July
4, 1888, an adult female in beautiful plumage. It was alone at the
time.” There are no other records for these islands. |

Egretta candidissima (Gmel.). Snowy Herron.— This bird

234 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

is of casual occurrence on St. Vincent, the Grenadines, and Grenada.
In October, 1903, one of them could be seen almost every day about |
the mouth of the Richmond River, St. Vincent.

Wells gives it as uncommon on Carriacou, but he never found it
on Grenada, although Ober took a specimen there.

Ober in his account of this bird in Grenada must have had in ~
mind the immature of Florida caerulea (caerulescens). The
Snowy Heron by no means occurs in “abundance,” nor is it second
to Butorides virescens (maculata) in point of numbers. |

Florida caerulea caerulescens (Lath.). BLuE GavLpINe;
Waite Gavutpine ; LirrLeE BLuE Heron.— St. Vincent, owing to
the absence of swamps, offers but few attractions to birds of this
class. The Blue Gaulding is, however, occasionally seen along the
shores, especially about the. bases of the cliffs on the leeward coast,
in the vicinity of Young’s Island, near Calliaqua, and about the
mouth of the Richmond River, on the now barren ground.

On the Grenadines this bird is common, being, in fact, the most
abundant of all the herons. It is particularly numerous in the
swamps at Harvey Vale, Carriacou.

On Grenada this heron is found everywhere on the seacoast and
in all the swamps. It is mainly a maritime species in these islands,
and subsists largely upon fish, which it is very expert in catching.
It is generally seen feeding out on a coral reef, or in the shallow
water near shore. After heavy rains, however, it frequents the
low-lying pastures, and is very common about the Beausejour and
Harvey Vale Flats, Carriacou.

Its flight is particularly strong, and it is often seen high in air
passing from one small island to another.

I was unable to find any nests of this species in the swamps on
Carriacou, as it usually breeds on the small islets off the coast.

The nest is loosely constructed of dry sticks, and often several
are placed on the same tree. The eggs are two, sometimes three,
rarely four in number, and are bluish green.

Butorides virescens maculata (Bodd.). Gavuupine ; Litre
CRABIER; HyaLLEE; GREEN BirrerN.— I have referred the Green
Bitterns of these islands (as has Mr. Riley, :04b), to Boddaert’s
Cancroma maculata. (Boddaert, Table pl. enl, p. 54, 17838, Le
Crabier tachété de la Martinique, Pl, enl., 912) as West Indian
specimens agree in being smaller than those from North America,

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 235
although there appears to be no difference whatever in color in per-
fectly fresh examples. The differences in size are apparent from

the following table. The measurements are in millimeters.

Butorides virescens maculata.

Sex Locality. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Culmen.
a Barbados 157 63 43 57
" 163» 62 49 58
¢ $4 162 54 47 53
- . 165 59 46 57
fg ae, GULN 163 65 46 _ 62
g . 160 46 47 55
g - 177 62 48 57
g i 160 65 46 60.
g juy. 142 48 46 46
? Bequia 164 68 50 60
a - 169 i 48 59
& Carriacou 160 60 46 57
a Grenada 17] 64. 49 56
Butorides virescens virescens.
& Wayland, Mass. 181 70 51 63
g ‘4 - 167 68 48 62
4 us if 176 66 50 56
g ae Tn 168 66 50 50
ad St. Mary’s, Ga. 186 71 48 58
g “ ad 181 76 51 6]
g = Pi 178 63 51 60
g Florida 180 73 48 63
a S ‘aye LBD 61 51 64

On Barbados this bird is fairly common in places where it is not
disturbed. Col. ‘Feilden says he has started as many as a dozen
from a single tree in Valentia swamp at one time. It breeds in the
grounds of Codrington college, about Joe’s River, St. Joseph, and
in parts of St. Andrew’s. At other points it is not abundant, and,
owing to constant persecution, has become very shy.

On St. Vincent the Green Gaulding is not very numerous, and is
found mainly along the lower reaches of the rivers, sometimes along
the seacoast.

It occurs on all the Grenadines, being most common on Carriacou,
at Harvey Vale, and is the most abundant heron on Grenada.

It nests in May, June, and July, the nest and eggs being exactly
like those of this species in the north.

236 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Nycticorax nycticorax (Linn.). BLack-crowNnep Nigar
Heron.— On June 8, 1904, while in Grenada, I examined a fine
adult skin of this bird (unsexed) which had been obtained about a
month previously by Mr. Charles Vernet near St. George’s.

At Harvey Vale, Carriacou, on August 29, 1904, I saw a fine adult.
of this species in the swamp near the oyster beds, but failed to.
obtain it.

The British museum possesses skins of this heron that were
obtained on St. Vincent by Mr. G. Whitfield Smith, and two which
he procured on Grenada, in 1890.

Other West Indian records are: Jamaica, Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of
Pines, Porto Rico, St. Kitts, Antigua, and Trinidad.

This bird is probably a rare resident in the swamps throughout
the Lesser Antilles.

Nyctanassa violacea (Linn.). Crasrer; YELLOW-CROWNED
Nieut Hrron.— On September 12, 1908, at Barbados, I purchased
an immature female of this species from a negro near Bathsheba,
St. Joseph, who had caught it a few days previously. It was one of
a flock of seven which had appeared in the vicinity of Bathsheba.
This particular bird had managed to get inside of a kitchen house in
a small village, and was there captured. |

The Yellow-crowned Night Heron is uncommon on St. Vincent.
On October 27, 1903, while hunting for bats in a large cave near the
town of Barrouallie, I surprised one of these birds that had evidently
gone in there to spend the day. The British museum has several
skins from this island, obtained by Mr. G. Whitfield Smith. It is
unknown to most of the inhabitants, but appears to occur regularly
about Calliaqua and Young’s Island.

On Bequia it is not uncommon, although from its habit of spend-
ing the day among the mangrove roots it is rarely seen unless a care-
ful search is made for it. I met with it on Mustique, Mayreau,
Canouan, and Prune. On Union Island it is very common in the
vicinity of a large mangrove-bordered pond near the northern coast,
and is often seen at other points. On Carriacou it is abundant,
especially about Harvey Vale where one or two may be seen in the
pastures at any time hunting for crabs. It 1s common on Grenada,
especially near the sea.

This bird is mainly nocturnal, coming out of the mangrove
swamps at dusk to hunt for crabs in the pastures and to fish along

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. -— 237

the coast. Stray individuals are, however, often seen during the
day. In general habits it much resembles Vycticorax nycticorax
and its ery is similar. It is very good eating, and is often shot for
food. The Yellow-crowned Night Heron may be considered as
abundant in these islands wherever there are swamps.

The rudely constructed nests are built in the mangrove trees in
the swamps; the eggs are usually three, blue green in color.

Anas boschas Linn. Matriarp. — Hughes (1750, p. 77) says:
“The very few [wild ducks] that migrate to this island are of the
same make and species with those in England.” Had he had in
mind any other duck than the Mallard it seems probable that he
would have spoken more at length.

At the present time this duck is a rare migrant, occurring on St.
Vincent, the Grenadines (Mustique and Carriacou), and Grenada.

Querquedula discors (Linn.). Briur-winecep TEat.— This
little duck is a common winter visitor to Barbados, St. Vincent, the
Grenadines, and Grenada, occurring in flocks of from ten to twenty.

It breeds regularly at Isle Ronde in the Grenadines, where Wells
obtained incubated eggs on January 38, 1883, and probably also in
the swamps of Carriacou, where it is found throughout the year.

The nest is of grasses, on the ground in the swamps; the eggs
are six to ten, brownish buff.

Nettion carolinense (Gmel.). GREEN-wiIncED TxEau.-— The
Green-winged Teal is a common visitor'to the ponds and swamps of
St. Vincent, the Grenadines, and Grenada, arriving in October and
leaving in April. Schomburgk (’48, p. 682) gives it as occurring at
Barbados.

Hughes (1750, p. 77) says, speaking of “The Teal”: “ As this dif-
fers little, or not at all from those in England [WNettion crecca], it
will not be necessary to give a particular description of it. It will
be sufficient to observe that in England they are seen every winter,
tho’ hither [Barbados] they come but once a year, and very few in
numbers, and some seasons none at all.”

Ligon (1673, p. 61) mentions the teal, and gives an amusing
description of how, when one is shot, the others keep coming back
until all are killed. |

Spatula clypeata (Linn.). Ssoverer; Spoonsiny. — Col.
Feilden says that this duck is an annual visitor in small numbers
during the months of October and November. There are no

238 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

records for the other islands (St. Vincent, the Grenadines, and
Grenada), but probably the Shoveler is at least an occasional visitor
to all of them. Cory gives it as recorded only from Jamaica, Cuba,
Porto Rico, and St. Thomas.

Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmel.). Rep Diver; Ruppy Duck.
— The Ruddy Duck is a rare straggler to Barbados; one was ob-
tained on September 13, 1888, and another in the fall of 1887, at
Chancery Lane.

This bird is occasionally found on St. Vincent and Grenada, is a
resident on some of the Grenadines, and a visitor to the others.
Wells found it breeding at Lauriston swamp in Carriacou, and it is
abundant at the pond at Isle Ronde, nesting in the latter part of the
winter.

Wells records Colymbus holboelli from Grenada (Isle Ronde),
calling it the “Red-backed Diver,” and says: “Abundant at Isle de
Rhonde Pond.” The bird is, however, this species which is here
locally known as the “ Red Diver.”

The following references, therefore, should be placed under the
synonymy of this duck : —

Podiceps holboelli Wells, List birds Grenada, p. 12 (1886); Wells and
Lawr., Proc. U. S. nat. mus., vol. 9, p. 683 (1886) ; Cory, Auk, vol. 5, p.
156 (1888) ; Cory, Birds W. I., p. 284 (1889).

Colymbus holboelli Cory, Auk, vol. 5, p. 156 (1888); Cory, Birds W. L, p.
284 (1889) ; Cory, Cat. W. I. birds, pp. 81, 185 (1892).

The nest is placed on the ground in swamps; the eggs are six to
ten in number, creamy white.

Dendrocygna discolor Scl. and Salv. Tree Duck; Wuis-
TLING Duck.— On September 7, 1908, when in the woods about the
upper reaches of Joe’s River, Barbados, I saw three of these ducks.
They flew by me several times, and finally alighted in a tree some
distance off, but could not be approached near enough for a shot.
My little black boy immediately recognized them as “Coot.” A
week later I shot one of these birds from the top of an immense silk-
cotton tree in this vicinity, but was unable to find it. Col. Feilden
writes that in September, 1887, a flock of twenty-seven of these
ducks appeared in Graeme Hall swamp, and that a wounded one
was captured and taken to Dr. C. J. Manning, in whose aviary he
saw it a year later, alive and well.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 239

On February 6, 1904, while I was at Kingstown, St. Vincent,
Mr. T. M. Macdonald of Wallilibou sent me a wounded bird of this
species which had been caught on his estate near Barrouallie. He
told me that a few days before a flock of about two dozen of them
had appeared in Barrouallie Bay, and subsequently flew over to the
Wallilibou estate. They were so tame that ten or more were killed
by the negroes with sticks and stones. He tells me he never before
met with this bird on St. Vincent.

Mr. Charles Wallace afterwards told me that a few days previous
to this he had seen a flock (probably the same one) on the pond
near his house on Mustique, and that he had never before observed
this species. |

Branta bernicla (Linn.). Branr.— Col. Feilden says that he
considers himself justified in including this goose as having cer-
tainly visited Barbados on one occasion. “My authority is Mr.
J. P. Massiah, M. P., who shot the bird in question at Chancery
Lane on November 15th, 1876. His accurate description leaves no
doubt in my mind that the bird was of this species. During an
experience of over thirty years, Mr. Massiah has never seen but this
one wild goose in Barbados, nor could I hear from any other source
of wild geese having been seen or obtained, except in this single
instance.”

This is especially interesting in being the only recorded instance
of the occurrence of the Brant in the West Indies. The White-
fronted Goose (Anser albifrons gambeli) has been taken in Cuba,
the Snow Goose (Chen hyperborea) in the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica,
and Porto Rico, the Blue Goose (Chen caerulescens) in the Bahamas
and Cuba, and the Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) in Jamaica.

| Vide Doubtful Species; Branta canadensis. ]

Catharista urubu (Vieill.). Corseav; Brack Vuirure.—
Mr. Francis Coull tells me that about twenty years ago two of these
birds lived for a while on the Montrose estate, Grenada, but sub-
sequently disappeared. I have been credibly informed by a num-
ber of people that this bird is occasionally seen in Grenada.

Wells records Urubitinga anthracina from Grenada, but it is
much more likely that it was this species, as he gives it as doubtful,
and usually in the case of the Urubitinga there is no possibility of a

' doubt, as the glaring white bands on the tail at once make it clear

what the bird is. When soaring, the two birds are strikingly alike ;

240 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

but it is very seldom that the Black Hawk is seen about the tree-
tops.

Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonap.). Duck Hawx.— Col.
Feilden obtained a female of this species from Mr. E. N. Armstrong
of the Crane hotel, St. Philip’s, Barbados, which was shot on the
windward side of the island, November 17, 1888.

On St. Vincent a few of these hawks are seen every winter,
when they attract attention by their great quickness of wing, and
are distinguished by the natives from the Fish Hawk, and the local
“Chicken Hawk” (Luteo antillarum). They are found about the
cliffs of the leeward coast chiefly.

The Duck Hawk is of casual occurrence in the Grenadines. I
had a bird described to me which was shot on Mustique and was
probably of this species. It has not been found on Grenada.

Falco columbarius. Picton Hawx.—Schomburek gives
this species as resident in Barbados in his time. Although he is not
confirmed by Hughes, there is a possibility that it may have bred in
Barbados, as it is said to occur throughout the year on Dominica at
the present time. The Pigeon Hawk is now of casual occurrence
on Barbados in the winter months.

On St. Vincent it is a rather uncommon migrant; I saw one near
Calliaqua in January, 1904.

Wells records this bird as a migrant, arriving in Grenada and
Carriacou with the shore birds. It is probably a casual visitor to
the other Grenadines. }

Falco sparverius caribbaearum (Gmel.). Kin1 Hawk;
Sparrow Hawx.— Col. Feilden says that on October 27, 1888,
while driving in Christ Church parish, Barbados, a small hawk
dashed past the horse’s head ; it was, he thinks, undoubtedly of this
species.

I saw a Sparrow Hawk at Kingstown, St. Vincent, on February
6, 1904, and another at Industry estate, Bequia, December 2, 1908,
but it is probable both were stragglers, as I did not see nor hear of
any others in these islands, except that I was told that Mr. H. G.
Selwyn Branch once took a specimen at Bequia.

On Grenada it is a rather rare resident, mainly in the windward
district. I only met with it once, on the outskirts of St. George’s,
in May, 1904. |

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 241

Buteo antillarum Clark.
ANTILLEAN CHICKEN Hawk} GREE GREE.

Buteo antillarum Clark, Proc. biol. soc. Washington, vol. 18, p. 62, Feb. 21,
1905.

Fype locality.— Chateaubelair, St. Vincent.

Color.— Above brown, the feathers white at the base and mar-
gined with rufous to the tips, the white bases showing through on
the nape, and giving that region a mottled appearance. Wing
coverts margined all around with rufous. Lores whitish ; head all
around brown, the feathers margined with rufous, being darkest at
base of bill and under eyes. Throat light buff, streaked with black-
ish brown. Breast rufous brown, mottled with light buff, more
heavily toward abdomen, which is mainly light buff barred with
rufous brown. Under tail coverts light buff. Thighs buff, barred
with many transverse lines of rufous. Under wing coverts buff like
the thighs, many of the feathers having small black central streaks.
Upper tail coverts tipped with white. Tail brown, tipped with
light grayish brown, with white at the extremity, crossed by two
bands and an indicated third band of light grayish brown, becoming
white on the inner webs of the feathers.

Iris yellowish white’; cere yellow; feet orange yellow; bill dark
slaty. 7

This species differs from B. platypterus, to which it is most
closely allied, in being smaller and much more rufous; the rufous
edgings to the feathers above wider, the underparts more rufous,
and the thighs buff, more thickly barred than in that bird. In the
young the ground color below is buffy white, becoming darker on
the abdomen and thighs. The iris is yellowish white in all stages.

A comparison of the specimens from St. Vincent with eight
others from Dominica, shows that the Dominica bird is darker and
more sooty above, more heavily marked on the breast, and deeper

'The iris of B. platypterus is brown ; but Dr. Glover M. Allen tells me that
he once obtained an immature bird of that species at Intervale, New Hamp-
shire, which had yellow irides.

242 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

buff on the underparts, suggesting the presence of a recognizable
local race on that island. The iris of the Dominica birds is given as
white. 3

I have examined an example from Cuba (in the collection of
Messrs. E. A. and O. Bangs) which agrees very well with the St.
Vincent birds, except in size. It is marked “male” but is the size.
of the females from St. Vincent. There is a possibility that the bird
is wrongly sexed.

Schomburgk gives Buteo borealis as a resident on Barbados.
Although there is a possibility that B. borealis occurred on Bar-
bados at that time (as it does at the present day on St. Kitts and in
the Greater Antilles) it appears to be more probable that this spe-
cies (or a closely allied form) was the one referred to, as it is
common on the neighboring islands of Dominica, St. Lucia, St.
Vincent, and Grenada, while &. borealis has never been met with so
far south. Hughes does not mention any hawk; but Ligon says
(1673, p. 60; 1674, p. 101): “ The birds of this place [Barbados]
(setting two aside) are hardly worth the pains of describing, yet, in
order, as I did the beasts, I will set them down. The biggest is a
direct Bussard, but somewhat less than our Gray Bussards (Buteo
buteo) in England, somewhat swifter of wing; and the only good
that they do is sometimes to kill the rats.” At the time Ligon wrote
the greater part of Barbados was still clothed in natural forest, and
it is very probable that some species of Buteo was resident. No
Buteo has, however, been recorded from the island in recent years.

The “Chicken Hawk” is very common all over St. Vincent and
Grenada. It regularly occurs on the northern end of Bequia (north
of the Spring estate) where it breeds, and occasionally it visits
Mustique. I saw one on Carriacou on August 27, 1904, near the
late Mr. John Grant Wells’ residence at Hermitage ; but as he does
not record it from that island it must be a rare straggler there.

This hawk is a great plague to poultry raisers on St. Vincent, but
on the other hand is of use to the agriculturist, as it feeds largely on
the mole-crickets, which, since the introduction of the mongoose and
the consequent killing off of the large ground lizards, have increased
to an alarming extent. I once took eighteen of these insects from
the stomach and crop of a single hawk. Lister (80, p. 48) says
that in the stomachs of all he examined he found the remains of
lizards and snakes. In his time, however, the mongoose had not

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 243

reached St. Vincent, and reptiles were relatively much more
numerous.

Ober gives this bird as occurring on the Grenadines, but this
must be a mistake, as except on Bequia and Mustique it is wholly
unknown to the natives, nor could I find any trace of it.

In habits this species resembles B. platypterus. The nest is
rather bulky, and is usually placed in a large tree, often a bread
fruit or a cabbage palm. In the spring of 1903 there was a nest in
one of these palms in the Botanic gardens at Kingstown, St. Vincent,
from which young were successfully raised. The eggs are usually
three in number, dull bluish white in color and are (in the six sets
which I have examined, in the collection of the late Mr. John Grant.
Wells, now in .the possession of Dr. Dunbar B. B. Hughes of Car-
riacou) unspotted. I was informed by natives that this bird always
lays/unspotted eggs. |

andion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmel.). Sea Hawk; Fisu
Hawk. — Col. Feilden says of this bird in Barbados: “ An irregu-
lar and somewhat rare visitor in the fall. Several appeared during
the month of October, 1887. One of these is preserved in the col-
lection of Dr. C. J. Manning; another, a female, shot about the
same time, is in the possession of Mr. Herbert Hart. An adult
male, shot at Graeme Hall swamp on September 28th, 1888, was
forwarded to me in the flesh by Dr. Manning.”

It occurs regularly as a visitor to St. Vincent, the Grenadines,
and Grenada, arriving in August, although stray individuals are
sometimes to be met with throughout the year. When I was stay-
ing at Chateaubelair, St. Vincent, in October, 1903, there was a sin-
gle individual of this species that could almost always be found
about the mouth of the Richmond River. Mr. Thomas Huckerby,
the Wesleyan parson of the district, told me it had been there for
about six months. At Union Island, Mr. L. McIntosh showed me
the claws of eight or ten of these birds which he had shot there.
I met with it myself among the Grenadines at Mustique, Bequia,
Union Island, Prune, and Carriacou.

Regerhinus uncinatus (Cass.). Ring-NecKkED Hawk. — This
hawk is a resident in Grenada, but is not numerous. It is usually
found in the vicinity of the seacoast.

244 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.
Urubitinga anthracina cancrivora Clark.

CRABIER; ST. VincENT Buack Hawk.

Urubitinga anthracina cancrivora Clark, Proc. biol. soc. Washington, vol. 18,
p. 63, Feb. 21, 1905.

Type locality.— Barrouallie, St. Vincent.

Color, — Adult female (type): general color, deep sooty black,
the bases of the feathers of occiput, hind neck, and back white, then
buff just below the black ends, the buff and white showing through
in a sort of irregular mottling ; upper and under tail coverts tipped
with white, downy feathers of crop region grayish white; malar
region dull buff, finely streaked with black; thighs black, the feath-
ers very narrowly tipped with dull rusty. Wings black, the sec-
ondaries and tertials mottled and partially banded with dark grayish
and rusty, the rusty color predominating on inner webs, the grayish
on outer. Bases of primaries mottled with whitish on inner webs;
quills also white, forming a grayish white wing spot on under side
of closed, wing. ‘Tail banded black and white as follows: the
feathers mottled at base with white, forming an incomplete whitish
band, then a broad black band, another narrow and incomplete white
band, a broad black band, then (at about the middle of the tail) a
broad white band, followed by a much broader black band and white
tips. Shafts of rectrices white at base, becoming black in the first
broad black band, and remaining black on upper surface to the end
of the tail, but white again on under surface through the broad
white central band.

Feet, cere, and base of bill orange; iris brown. ‘Tip of bill
black.

This subspecies differs from U. a. anthracina in having a longer
and relatively narrower bill, with the tip more produced; and in
color in having the feathers of the hind neck and back spotted with
buff and white (in U. a. anthracina the hind neck is spotted with
whitish, but there is very little if any on the back), and being in
general of a deeper and more sooty black. |

Lawrence (78a, p. 194) remarked that the single specimen sent

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 245

up from St. Vincent by Ober did not satisfactorily agree with one
in a somewhat similar state of plumage from Mexico. Unfortu-
nately, it was an immature bird.

Mr. J. H. Gurney (°76, p. 487) says that one of these hawks from
St. Vincent was living in the Zoological society’s gardens in London
in 1876. “This example was in immature dress when it arrived in
the gardens, but is now in full plumage, with the exception of a
slight tinge of rufous brown on the back, and sides of the head, and
also on the tertials.” He further states that this bird after a moult
became slaty or grayish in color, due to a whitish bloom on the
feathers, that soon wore off. This condition is comparable to
that seen in many birds when in a perfectly fresh condition, and is
well brought out in Caloenas nicobarica and in the dorsal plumes
of Butorides virescens.

This large hawk is common in the higher woods of St. Vincent,
where it. frequents the immediate vicinity of water courses, keeping
usually near the ground. It is especially numerous in the woods
behind the town of Barrouallie. As it very rarely soars, and is
naturally retiring and shy, keeping well away from cultivated areas,
it might very well escape the observation of anyone to whom its
presence on the island was unknown. The Black Hawk is said by
the natives of St. Vincent to subsist entirely upon crabs, and wher-
ever it occurs many little heaps of broken crab shells may be found
along the streams. A peculiar fresh-water species (Geocarcinus
ruricola) which hatches directly from the egg into the adult form, is
abundant in the upper reaches of the St. Vincent rivers, has the
same local distribution as this bird, and is the species upon which
it is said chiefly to feed.

This bird is eaten by the negroes of St. Vincent, and by them is
held to be superior to fowl. Its cry isa series of ascending whis-
tling notes, and bears a striking likeness to that of a young turkey,
but is, of course, very much louder. In general actions and manner
of flight the Black Hawk bears a strong resemblance to the Black
Vulture (Catharista urubu), but is almost never seen above the
tree-tops; when it does soar, however, the similarity is very
striking. :

Ortalis ruficauda Jard. Cocorico; Cockrico; Guan.— The
Cocorico is found in the woods on the northern end of Bequia, and
on the western end of Union Island, particularly about Chatham

246 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Bay, but it is not so common now as formerly. It was introduced
from Tobago.

Numida meleagris Linn. Guinsea Fowri.— The “Guinea
Bird” is common in a domesticated state in all these islands, and
has been allowed to run wild in Balliceaux (Grenadines).

Colinus virginianus (Linn.). Bos-wuirE; Quaizt.— Schom-
burgk (48, p. 681) includes this bird in his list of the birds of
Barbados but he is not confirmed by other early writers.

Col. Feilden says that it “is a very rare visitor to Barbados. Dr.
Manning has a specimen shot at Bank Hall in St. Michael’s parish
during September, 1886; the same gentleman saw another in St.
James’ parish during September, 1887, but did not succeed in
shooting it.”

Eupsychortyx sonninii (Temm.). Quai (St. Vincent).—
This bird was formerly common on Mustique, to which island it
was brought by sloops trading between St. Vincent and Venezuela,
but is now rare.

Ober is mistaken in giving Colinus virginianus from Mustique,
as there was never any quail but this on the island. Its habits and
notes are like those of the American Quail, and these may have
deceived him.

Porzana carolina (Linn.). Sora; Two-penny Cuick.— The
Sora is a regular fall and winter visitor to these islands, and is found
wherever there are swamps. In Barbados it is well known to the
natives who call it the ‘“Two-penny Chick ” although formerly that
name was applied to a grebe.

On St. Vincent it is found in October and November about the
mangroves in the vicinity of Arnos Vale and Calliaqua, and I found
it on Bequia and Mustique. It is fairly common at Carriacou and
on Grenada, and there are specimens in the British museum from
Union [sland obtained by Mr. G. Whitfield Smith.

Ionornis martinica (Linn.). CascampBioL; PuRPLE GALLI-
NULE. — Undoubtedly Hughes (1750, p. 71) refers to this species
as the “ Blue-pated Coot.” He says: “They [Coots or Moor Hens]
are distinguished into three kinds; the white [ W’ulica caribaea], —
the red | Gallinula galeata|, — and the blue-pated.” They were
apparently common on Barbados in his day. At the present time
they are only accidental visitors to the island. One was shot by Dr.
Manning in the autumn of 1887, and Lieut. Venour of the West

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 247

India regiment told Col. Feilden that he saw one captured by some
boys with a dog in the swamp below St. Ann’s fort in the same
month and year. :

This bird is rare on St. Vincent, but may sometimes be found in
the vicinity of Arnos Vale and Calliaqua. It is common on Grenada
aud the Grenadines wherever there are swamps. On some of the
smaller islands it is very abundant, as at Isle Ronde and Mabouya,
where the natives catch it in fish pots baited with corn. They also
hunt out and destroy numbers of nests every year, because they say
it destroys their growing corn, climbing up the stalks and tearing to
pieces the ears.

The nest is placed on the ground in swamps, and is composed of
grass and weeds. The eggs are from six to ten, creamy white,
finely dotted with umber: |

Gallinula galeata (Licht.). Rep Srau Coot; WarrrFrow_;
FLoripa .GALLINULE. — Col. Feilden says, speaking of Barbados:
“Resident. A few still lingered in Graeme Hall swamp in 1888,
from whence I obtained a nest with seven eggs in the month of
July, when I fully identified the bird. It used to be plentiful at
several spots in the island, particularly so at Valentia swamp, and
at a pond on the Three Houses estate, but has been exterminated, I
think, in those places.”

A few of these birds may be found about Calliaqua, St. Vincent,
but they are far from common. |

On Bequia they are sometimes to be found about the roots of the
mangroves on the Spring estate beach.- At Mustique they are
abundant on the large pond near Mr. Wallace’s house. They occur
on Canouan, on Mayreau, on the Tobago Keys, on Union Island, and
are especially abundant on Carriacou and on Isle Ronde.

On Grenada they are common everywhere among the mangroves,
being particularly numerous about Lake Antoine. They are often
seen in the harbor of St. George’s, about the mangroves in the quiet
lagoon across from the town.

The nest is like that of Jonornis martinica, and is placed on the
ground in swamps. The eggs are from six to ten, light buff spotted
with brown. |

Fulica caribaea’ Ridgw. Wuirr Seat Coot; WaTERFOWL;

1] have thought it best to refer the Coot of these islands to this form,
although no specimens were obtained.

248 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

PouLE bE L’EAU.— Col. Feilden records this species as a resident
in Barbados as late as 1888. Mr. A. M. McLean told him that
about twenty-five years ago the Water Hen and Coot were both
abundant at Graeme Hall swamp, and it was no uncommon sight to
see twenty or thirty of both species swimming about together in the
open water. The cutting down of the brush about Valentia swamp
a few years ago banished them from there, and it is probably no
longer a resident of the island.

I did not meet with this bird on St. Vincent, but Lister says: “I
think this bird is only an accidental visitor to the island. An indi-
vidual of this species was captured alive in an exhausted condition
after a severe gale,in Brabon Bay by a Mr. Nevison, who kindly .
sent it to me.”

On the Grenadines the White Seal Coot is common at Mustique,
Mayreau, and Union Island, occurs at Canouan, and is abundant at
Carriacou and at Isle Ronde. It is common in all the large swamps
on Grenada, and is found on the Grand Etang Lake and on Lake
Antoine.

Vanellus vanellus (Linn.). Larwine.— Col. Feilden writes :
“Dr. C. J. Manning has in his aviary a live Lapwing which was shot
at and injured in one wing on December 24, 1886, in the island of
Barbados. This bird has been in confinement eighteen months
when I saw it, and appeared to be quite healthy.” Mr. J. H. Flem-
ing (Auk, vol. 18, p. 272, 1901) records this species from the
Bahamas.

Squatarola squatarola (Linn.). Wuitre-TaiLep PLOVER;
BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER; GRAY PLoverR; LoacrRaEAaD.— Col.
Feilden says: “This is a rather rare autumnal visitor (to Barbados),
in some years none alighting; it generally arrives after the Golden
Plover, toward the close of the shooting season; it hardly ever set-
tles in the pastures, or by the decoy ponds, but on the rocky shores,
where it consorts with Ringed Plovers, Turnstones and Sanderlings.
I procured. a specimen on September 22, 1888.” Wells says that
small numbers arrive in Carriacou in September and October.

It is recorded from Grenada, but thus far has not been obtained
on St. Vincent, although it probably visits that island, as well as
most of the Grenadines.

Charadrius dominicus Miill. Gotprn PLover.— Col. Feilden
says: “Stragglers arrive (at Barbados) as early as July and the

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 249

beginning of August, but the main flights come with the first heavy
weather after August 27, and long experience and observation prove
that this date is kept year after year with wonderful accuracy. The
course of all the migratory Charadriidae across Barbados in the
autumn is from the northwest to southeast, and if the wind blows
from the southeast, the birds are brought down to the island, for it
appears to be a tolerably well established observation that birds pre-
fer migrating with a ‘beam’ wind. A shift of wind from the north-
east, with squally weather to the southeast, is ardently longed for
by the Barbados sportsmen towards the end of August, as this
forces the migratory hosts to alight instead of passing over at a
great height, as they are seen to do when the wind is from the
northeast. The first arrivals of this species are invariably black-
breasted birds, showing that the old birds precede the young; and
the first comers are nearly all males. The young birds without
black on the breast appear about September 12, and continue to pass
till the end of October; sometimes stragglers are as late as Novem-
ber. Even in the most favorable seasons, only a fraction of the
immense flights that pass over the island ever alight; but if, attracted
by the green land and ‘ mock-birds’ pegged out near the shooter’s
hut, they deviate from their line of flight, they are doomed; for so
well do the sportsmen imitate the call of the Golden Plover, and so
irresistible is the charm, that the birds come down ta it, and, in
spite of gaps in their ranks, they wheel round and dash past the
shooter again and again till all are killed.”

This bird is not abundant on St. Vincent, but is common on oe
Grenadines and on Grenada, although Wells says the numbers are
becoming fewer and fewer every year.

Oxyechus vociferus (Linn.). Kit~prEER.— Wells records the
Killdeer from Carriacou and from Grenada as a “rare migrant.” It
is probably casual in all these islands.

Aegialitis semipalmata (Bonap.). Rine-NeckED PLovER.—
Common in all these islands, arriving toward the end of August,
and remaining until November, frequenting the beaches and pas-
tures, often in company with the smaller sandpipers.

Aegialitis hiaticula (Linn.). Rina PLover.— Recorded by
Col. Feilden from Barbados, one having been obtained by him
which was killed at Chancery Lane, September 10, 1888. This is
the only record for the species south of Canada on the American
side of the Atlantic.

250 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Arenaria interpres (Linn.). Rock PiLover; Catico—sirp ;
TURNSTONE.— Common on all these islands, arriving in August,
although individuals may be found at all seasons. They frequent
the beaches and the more open parts of the mangrove swamps,
running about between the roots of the mangroves after the man-
ner of the Sora (Porzana carolina). It is in this latter situation .
that they are usually met with in spring and summer, when they
are remarkably tame.

During the migrations they occur in flocks of sometimes as many
as thirty or forty individuals; but in the spring and summer they
are usually found in the swamps in companies of five or six.

The adults in the rufous plumage are the first to arrive, while the
immature follow in September.

Gallinago delicata (Ord). Wiutson’s Snipr.— Col. Feilden
says that this bird is a regular autumnal visitor, sometimes in con-
siderable numbers, to Barbados. Mr. Massiah has shot as many as
ten couples ina day at Chancery Lane, and Col. Feilden has shot
them there himself in the months of September, October, and No-
vember.

From Hughes’ (1750, p. 78) description of the habits of the
‘Hiding Mopus” and the measurements he gives for that bird it
seems probable he refers to this species. The other “ Mopuses ”
appear to be two of the smaller shore birds. The name is not at
present applied to any bird at Barbados.

On Grenada and the Grenadines, this isa rather uncommon
migrant, arriving in October and November. It frequents the
swampy lowlands near the sea.

The Snipe has so far not been recorded from the island of St.
Vincent, but it probably occurs there as a rare visitor. The
absence of swamps possibly accounts for its never having been -
obtained there.

Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmel.). Duck-LeG; DvucKk-BILL ;
Dowi1rcHER.— Col. Feilden says: “Though a regular, is somewhat
of a rare visitor, appearing along with flights of Yellow Legs
( Totanus flavipes) in August and September. It is, however, suf-
ficiently numerous to be given a local name by the Barbadian
sportsman.”

Mr. G. Whitfield Smith has obtained this bird in Grenada and
lis specimens are now in the British museum.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 251

Notr.— Probably M. scolopaceus also occurs in these islands, although there
are no published records. Dr. Sharpe, in the Catalogue of birds in the British
museum, does not distinguish between these two birds, but puts all the West
Indian specimens under M. griseus.

Micropalama himantopus (Bonap.). Cur; Stitt Sanp-
PIPER.— Col. Feilden says: “Arrives with the Yellow Legs in
July, and continues to pass all through August, and generally into
the middle of September, when the flights cease, but stragglers
drop in at intervals till October. This bird is easily attracted by
the imitation of its call-note, and the flocks are very compact, so
that at times many are brought down at one discharge of a gun.
They feed on the edges of fresh-water swamps, and do not alight
on the dry meadows nor on the sea-beach. The flights only
remain on the island a few hours.”

This bird visits the Grenadines and Grenada during the migra-
tions, but is not very common. It has not been recorded from St.
Vincent. .

Tringa canutus Linn. Knor.— Schomburgk gives this species
the local name of “ Mopus.” It is a rare visitor to Barbados. Dr.
Manning (’96, p. 372) in 1886 shot one on December 7, two on the
17th, and three on the 27th. Col. Feilden has one obtained Sep-
tember 6, 1888. It has not been recorded from, the other islands.

Actodromas maculata (Vieill.). Cuire; OcroBeR Cuirp ;
Pecrorat Sanppiper.— Col. Feildén writes:. “The Pectoral
Sandpiper. commences to arrive in July and August, increasing in
numbers till October, when they usually appear in immense flights ;
a few stragglers pass over as late as the early part of November.
This bird on its arrival in the island frequents flooded and marshy
spots where the grass is short, likewise feeding on ploughed lands.
The Barbadian sportsmen, many of whom have the most discrimi-
nating ear for the notes of the various migratory birds, consider
that there is a difference between the notes of the smaller and
earlier arrivals, which they designate ‘Chirps,’ and those of the
later arrivals, which are called ‘October Chirps’; these are, as a
rule, larger and finer looking birds, but I think it is merely that with
this species the immature precede the adult on the southward
migration. Mr. Massiah has drawn my attention to a habit of this
bird which I have not previously seen noticed; when reaching the
ground and alighting from passage, all the individuals in the flight

252 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

throw themselves on the ground with their breasts touching it, in
the position of a brooding hen, or pigeon on eggs. Has this habit
anything to do with its trivial name of Pectoral Sandpiper ? ”

The difference in size between the sexes in this bird is frequently
considerable (vide Sharpe, Cat. birds Brit. mus., vol. 24, p. 562,
1896), the female averaging about three quarters of an inch less
than the male in length, while in the large series collected by -Mr.
John Murdoch at Point Barrow, Alaska (vide Lieut. Ray’s Report
of the expedition, p. 111, 1885), “the smallest female was fully an
inch and a half shorter than the longest male.” From this it would
appear that the females take precedence over the males in the
migrations, and not the young over the adults. It has been noticed
in New England (vide Auk, vol. 16, p. 179, 1899) that the smaller
birds are the first to arrive in any given locality, while the larger
ones appear a week or so after.

The Pectoral Sandpiper is abundant on Grenada and the Grena-
dines during the migrations, and is fairly common on St. Vincent.

Actodromas fuscicollis (Vieill.). Gray Nir; Warre-RuMPED
SanpPIPER. — Col. Feilden says: ‘“ Arrives in July and continues
on the island (Barbados) till the end of November, receiving addi-
tions to its numbers. It flies in company with £. pusillus and A.
minutilla, and I have brought all three down at one shot.”

There is a specimen in the British museum from St. Vincent, ob-
tained by Mr. G. Whitfield Smith, but otherwise it has not been
obtained in these islands, except at Barbados, although it is probably
a rather common migrant.

Actodromas minutilla (Vieill.). Cockroacn Nir; Least
SANDPIPER. — Common on Barbados from the middle of July till
the end of October. It occurs on all the other islands, but not in
such numbers as at Barbados.

Erolia ferruginea (Briinn.). Curtew Sanppiper. — Wells
says that small numbers of the Curlew Sandpiper arrive in Carriacou
in September and October. He also records it from Grenada.

Ereunetes pusillus (Linn.). Grass Nir; SEMIPALMATED
SanppPipeR. — Everywhere abundant in these islands, arriving
about the middle of July and remaining till November.

Calidris arenaria (Linn.). Sanpy Snipe; SanpERLING. —
Occurs throughout these islands, frequenting the beaches in little
companies; arrives in August, but is never very abundant.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 253

Limosa fedoa (Linn.). Marsirep Gopwir. — Wells records
the Marbled Godwit as a rare migrant on Grenada and Carriacou,
one or two arriving with the first flights of Yellow-legs ( Zotanus
Jlavipes) .

Limosa haemastica (Linn.). Hupsonian Gopwirt.— Col.
Feilden says: “An annual visitor (to Barbados), in some years
far more numerous than in others, generally arriving in October.
Mr. Massiah informed me that he has a note that on October 10, -
1878, this species passed over the island in large and continuous
flocks the whole day. I have an example in my collection, a male,
shot at Graeme Hall swamp by Mr. Herbert Hart on October 6,
1888.” |

Totanus melanoleucus (Gmel.). Pica; GreatER YELLOW-
LEGs. — Col. Feilden says: ‘This bird arrives as early as May; I
have a note of their having been seen at Graeme Hall swamp on
May 5, 1888 (fide C. Manning), but the main flights occur during
September and October, arrivals continuing in diminished numbers
till the middle of November. It appears in comparatively small
parties, a flock of twelve or fifteen being considered a large flight.”

The Pika is common on St. Vincent, Grenada, and the Grena-
dines during the migrations. The British museum has specimens
from Union Island, Grenada, and St. Vincent, collected by Mr.
G. Whitfield Smith. | |

Totanus flavipes (Gmel.). Lonc-1eGs; YELLow-LEGs.—
Abundant on all these islands, arriving about the middle of July.
On the Grenadines a few may be found in the swamps throughout
the year.

On October 2, 1903, I saw one of these birds flying about inside
the “new crater” of the St. Vincent Soufriére. What it was doing
up there 4000 feet above the sea is hard to imagine even though in
its present state the floor of the “new crater” does somewhat
resemble a beach. This was the only bird seen on the volcano
with the exception of a few martins (Progne dominicensis) near its
base.

Helodromas solitarius (Wils.). Briack-sack; Soirary
SANDPIPER.— Common on Barbados, St. Vincent, and the Grena-
dines from July till December. It is found singly or in pairs, some-
times in little parties in favorable localities. If a party of these
birds be started, the individuals fly away independently of each

254 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

other, or in pairs, just as they do in the north. On Grenada and
St. Vincent it is usually found along the rivers, but does not ascend
them so high as does Actitis macularia. On Barbados this is not
reckoned a game bird, and is not hung up with the other shore
birds after a day’s shooting, as it is supposed to spoil them. This
is probably due to its strong and rather disagreeable odor.

Pavoncella pugnax (Linn.). Rurr.—Schomburgk (48, p.
681), says: “The Ruff Sandpiper is a British bird, and I have been
informed that it is the first time that this species has been recorded
as having been found on the other side of the Atlantic. Mr.
Bishop sent it to me among other migrating birds, and observed
that its name was not known, from which I infer that its occurrence
in Barbados is a singular circumstance.”

Col. Feilden obtained another specimen of this bird in full
breeding plumage from Mr. H. Alleyne, which was shot by Mr. H.
Simson of Bridgetown in Graeme Hall swamp in 1878.

Symphemia semipalmata (Gmel.). WauitTEe-TaILep CurR-
LEW; WiiLeT.— A regular, but rather uncommon visitor. I saw
one at Chateaubelair, St. Vincent, in October, 1903, and it is
recorded from Barbados, Carriacou, and Grenada.

Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.). Corron-TREE PLOvER.—
Coi. Feilden says: ‘Generally arrives (in Barbados) about the
middle of August, and a few remain until March. On arrival the
flocks break up and scatter over the grass-lands, corn-fields, yam
and sweet-potato patches, feeding on grasshoppers, beetles, and
other insects. They are not attracted by the ‘mock-birds,’ neither
do they respond to the whistle of the sportsman. They run as fast
as a Guinea fowl, and generally rise weil out of shot. Their note is
peculiarly pretty, a soft liquid cry. The local name given to this
bird took its origin from its habit of frequenting the cotton fields
when this plant was cultivated in Barbados.” !

Wells says that small numbers arrive in Grenada and Carriacou
during September and October. They are very wary, and frequent
the hilly pastures. It has not been recorded from St. Vincent.

The Upland Plover is becoming more and more scarce every year,
according to the natives in these islands.

1 Hughes’ “Cotton Tree Bird,’? however (1750, p. 72), is evidently a Pas-
serine. Vide Hypothetical species. ‘‘The Cotton-Tree Bird.”

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 250

Tryngites subruficollis (Vieill.). Burr-BreastEpD Sanp-
pipER.— This bird is recorded as a rare visitor to Barbados. Col.
Feilden has one obtained in the autumn of 1887, another on
October 6, 1888, and a third about the year 1847.

Actitis macularia (Linn.). Seorrmep Wace; Sporrep Sanp-
PIPER.— Abundant throughout these islands, many remaining all
the year. On Barbados it is especially common along the streams
in the Scotland district. On Grenada and St. Vincent it follows up
the water courses into the mountains, to the borders of the high
woods and even beyond.

Numenius hudsonicus Lath. Croox-sittep CuRLEW;
Woopcock ; Hupsonian Curtew.— Rather uncommon, though
regular migrant, arriving in the early part of August. It has not
yet been recorded from St. Vincent. ,

Numenius borealis (Forst.). Csirrerrina Curtew; Eskimo
CurLEw.— Col. Feilden says: “Arrives about the end of August,
but passes more frequently in September. The first I obtained in
1888 was on September 5, when immense numbers passed over the
island, though comparatively few alighted. The same day great
flocks of Golden Plover (Charadrius dominicus) and Long Legs
(Totanus flavipes) arrived. I saw over a hundred of each of these
species shot at one stand by a single gun.” Hughes (1750, p. 77)
says: “These, as well as most Curlieus, often come in great flocks.
They are next in bigness to the Crooked-billed Curlieu.” Both
Hughes and Schomburgk (’48, p. 681) ee this bird the local name
of “Shivering Curlew.”

Wells says that at Carriacou and eeliias this curlew comes in
with the plovers, but remains only a few days. On September 5,
1904, I saw two birds of this species on a mudflat near Harvey
Vale, Carriacou, in company with great numbers of Yellow-legs ( 7’.
jiavipes). These were the only examples I met with during my
entire stay in the West Indies. | *

The Eskimo Curlew has never been recorded from St. Vincent
although it doubtless occurs there.

Recurvirostra americana Gmel. American Avocet.— Col.
Feilden says that Mr. Massiah informed him that he shot an Avocet
at Valentia swamp in the autumn of 1880, and Mr. I. Tingling shot
another on October 1, 1888, at Finney’s Hill, St. Philip’s, Barbados.

Himantopus mexicanus (Miill.). Biack-neckrep Sritr.—

256 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Col. Feilden says, speaking of this bird on Barbados: “A rare visi-
tor, though seldom a year passes without one being shot at Graeme
Hall swamp. Mr. I. Tingling informed me that he saw one there in
the autumn of 1887, and another on September 17, 1888.”

Ober obtained this bird on St. Vincent, and there is an adult
female in the British museum collection procured by Mr. G. Whit- .
field Smith on that island in 1889.

Stercorarius crepidatus (Gmel.). JAEGER.— An _ adult’
female of this species with enlarged ovaries was brought to Col.
Feilden alive on July 10, 1888, at Barbados. It had been caught
by a fisherman with a hand-net. The bird was rather thin, but not
emaciated.

Mr. M. J. Nicoll observed a bird of this species between St. Vin-
cent and Carriacou on January 27, 1904. There are no other
records. Te

Larus atricilla Linn. Mauve; Laucsine Guii.— Specimens
of this species from these islands are somewhat smaller than others
from more northern points in its range; but as in many gulls, birds
from the north average larger than examples from more southern
localities. I have not considered it advisable to give it a subspecifie
name. :

The Laughing Gull is casual on Barbados. Col. Feilden has a
specimen shot by Dr. Manning in the summer of 1887, and another
killed on July 24, 1888.

This bird is common along the shores of St. Vincent and Grenada,
but in the former island is mainly confined to the Kingstown dis-
trict. In Grenada one or two may usually be seen flying about the
docks and wharves of St. George’s.

In the Grenadines the Laughing Gull is common everywhere,
particularly so about Carriacou, where it is seen in flocks of twenty
or thirty. Wherever pelicans are feeding there are usually to be
found a few birds of this species, watching for a chance to get a
share of the larger birds’ meal, which they do by alighting on the
latters’ heads and reaching down into their beaks.

At Carriacou after a rain these birds frequent the aetna in
numbers, particularly at Beausejour and Harvey Vale. They nest
on the small islets about Carriacou, and rather generally on the
more isolated keys all through the Grenadines.

The eggs are three, sometimes four, dark buff, with blotches of
brown, that sometimes form a ring about the larger end.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 257

Measurements.
Depth
Sex. Locality. Wing. Tail. Culmen.. of Bill. Tarsus.
& Union Island, Grenadines 293 120 37 11 43
a - " . 300 120 37 10 44
ad St. Mary’s, Ga. 345 130 42 12 53
a - _ 343 141 40 12 52
& Little Gaulding Key, Bahamas 315 120 38 12 47
@ Anastasia Island, Fla. 350 130 42 12 50

Gelochelidon nilotica (Hasselq.). GuLL-BILLED TERN. —
This is a rare visitor to these islands. Col. Feilden obtained two
specimens at Barbados, one killed October 6, 1888, and the other on
the following day. There are no other records.

Sterna maxima Bodd. Royat Trern.—The Royal Tern is
found rather sparingly along the leeward coast of St. Vincent,
throughout the Grenadines, and about Grenada, being rather more
numerous about Barrouallie in St. Vincent, the Tobago Keys and
the southern part of Carriacou in the Grenadines, and Grenville in
Grenada, than at other points.

The eggs are three in number, laid on the ground in sandy
places; white or greenish buff in color, blotched with brown of
different shades, especially toward the larger end.

Sterna dougalli gracilis (Gould). Carrecr; Roseate TERN.
— The resident West Indian Roseate Terns appear to have the bill
with more or less red at the base instead of wholly black as in more
northern birds, so I have referred them provisionally to Gould’s S.
gracilis. Mr. Saunders (Proc.zool soc. London, p. 652, 1876) gives
an interesting account of the variations in the color of the bill in
this species, and says that all the birds he has seen with the red bill
have been from tropical localities. Gould’s type came from Aus-
tralia. |

The Roseate Tern is seen rather rarely about the leeward coast
of St. Vincent, but is more common about Grenada. It is of fairly
common occurrence in the Grenadines, breeding, among other places,
at Frigate Island and Rose Rock near Carriacou. Formerly it bred
in numbers at Isle Jaques Adam near the town of Hillsborough,
but for some reason has of late years deserted this locality.

The nest is made on the ground in sandy places. It is composed
of sticks, dry weeds, etc. The eggs are three or four, varying from

258 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

white to deep brown in color, spotted and blotched with dark brown
of various shades. ~

Norte. — Probably S. dougalli dougalli should have a place in the avifauna of
these islands as a winter visitor from North America. Mr. Cory has specimens
taken in Guadeloupe in September which have the bill wholly black, while
others in his collection, taken near Antigua in June and July have the base of
the bill red for from one third to one half its length.

Sterna antillarum (Less.). Least Tern. — One specimen of
the Least Tern was obtained at Chancery Lane, Barbados, on Sep-
tember 8, 1888, and another on October 17, of the same year. There
are no other records.

Sterna fuliginosa (Gmel.). Twaroo; HurricaNnE-BirD;
Sooty TErn.— The Sooty Tern is common at sea in medium sized
or large flocks in this part of the Caribbean, especially in the chan-
nel between St. Vincent and St. Lucia, and between these islands
and Barbados. It is occasionally seen along the leeward coast of
St. Vincent, usually singly, and small flocks are often to be met
with between Bequia and Canouan. It is abundant in the southern
Grenadines, from Carriacou to Grenada, breeding on Isle Ronde,
Kick-’em-Jenny, Lee Rocks, Bonaparte Rocks, and Isle de Large, as
well as on some of the smaller islets.

Although abundant within sight of Barbados, it has never been
known to visit that island.

The single egg is placed on the ground, usually in sandy spots,
and is white, blotched with reddish brown and lilac.

Sterna anaethetus (Scop.). BripLtep Trern.— This species
is common about the southern Grenadines, nesting abundantly at
Lee Rocks, and on Rose Rock. There are also smaller colonies on
many other of the smaller keys, and a number breed on White
Island, in the midst of a rookery of several hundred Noddies
(Anous stolidus). Single birds or pairs are frequent in the north-
ern Grenadines and about the shores of St. Vincent and Grenada.
I have seen it a few miles off the coast of Barbados when out in a
flying-fish boat, but it has never been seen or taken in the immediate
vicinity of that island.

The egg of this species is placed on the ground, and is creamy
white, spotted and blotched with reddish brown and umber, especi-
ally toward the larger end.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 259

Hydrochelidon leucoptera (Meisn. and Schom.). Wuirer-
WINGED Buiack TERN.— One specimen of this bird was obtained by
Col. Feilden on October 24, 1888.

Hydrochelidon hybrida (Pallas). WuiskerEp Trrn.—
There is a mounted specimen of this species in the British museum
marked “ Barbados” presented by Sir Robert H. Schomburgk. He
does not, however, include it in his list of the birds of that island
(vide Saunders, in Yarrell’s British birds, 4th ed., vol. 3, p. 529,
1884; Cat. birds Brit. mus., vol. 25, p. 10, 1895).

Anous stolidus (Linn.). Mwrn; Noppy.— The Noddy is
common among the Grenadines, nesting at Isle de Large, Rose
Rock, and White Island near Carriacou, and on Western Key off
Bequia. There are also other less important breeding places. This
bird is often seen at sea about these islands, and sometimes visits
the coasts of St. Vincent and Grenada, particularly the windward
coast of the latter island. I have met with it within a few miles of
Barbados when out in a flying-fish boat, but it has never been taken
there, nor seen near the shore.

The flight of this species is different from that of other terns,
reminding one of the flight of the boobies (Sula).

The nests are placed on low bushes or trees, sometimes on the
ground. The single egg is grayish yellow, spotted and blotched
with reddish brown and lilac.

Columba squamosa Bonn. Ramier.— Sir Hans Sloane in his
Natural history of Jamaica (1707, vol. 1, p. 34) says, speaking of
Barbados, that “Turner (ap. Purchas. p. 1265) found Hogs, Pigeons,
and Parrots there.”

_ Hughes (1750, p. 76), says, speaking of “The Wild Wood Pi-
geon”: “This is about the bigness of an House Pigeon. —

“'The head is of a blackish color; and from the under bill to the
breast, of a light mouse color; from thence to the belly and the
under part of the tail, of an ash color; the upper side of the neck,
back, and wings, of a dark ash color, growing lighter toward the
extremities of the wings.

“These come hither, tho’ in no great numbers, about the latter
end of July or August, always alighting upon trees, and feeding upon
the berries of them.”

These references must refer to this species; Hughes’ description
of the color is rather inexact, but was perhaps taken from memory ;

260 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

his note of the size is very close, and he noticed the exclusively
arboreal habits of the birds. There is no other pigeon or dove of |
this nature which could reasonably be supposed to have been an
annual visitor to Barbados.

The Ramier is not rare in the high woods of St. Vincent (to
which part of the island it is confined), and is common at the .
higher altitudes of Grenada and on all the Grenadines. On these
latter islands it occurs at all points, even among the low bushes
along the seashore. Ramier are particularly abundant on Prune
Island, the Tobago Keys, the western end of Petit Martinique, and
on Church Rock, between Battowia and Balliceaux. Their num-
bers have of late years seriously diminished on the small islands,
probably on account of their not being given sufficient protection
during the breeding season. They nest from the latter part of
May until August, mostly on the smaller keys. After the
breeding season they disappear almost entirely from the Grena-
dines, but return the following May.

This is the chief game bird of these islands, and is much hunted.
The flight is rapid and powerful, and the birds regularly cross over
‘from one island to another to feed, returning at night to roost on
the smaller keys. Formerly numbers could be shot any evening
about four o’clock from Clifton House, Union Island, as they flew
from that island over to Prune to spend the night. They could be
obtained at Hermitage House, Carriacou, in the same manner, as
they flew past, going to one or other of the small keys near by.

Dr. Dunbar B. B. Hughes, the district medical officer at Carria-
cou, told me that in the spring of 1904 he shot a pure white bird of
this species on one of the small islets near that island. At about
the same time there was another, largely mixed with white, on
Canouan, but it was very wary and nobody succeeded in killing it.

During the recent eruptions of the Soufriére on St. Vincent,
large flocks of Ramier visited Grenada, probably from that island,
but subsequently disappeared.

The nest is a loose structure, usually placed rather high. The
eggs are two, white, much like those of the Domestic Pigeon.

Zenaida zenaida aurita (Temm.). Woop Dove; Brauta
Dove; TouRTERELLE; SEASIDE Dove.— The Wood Dove is
common on Barbados in places where it is accorded protection,
notably in the grounds of Codrington college, the grounds of Gov-

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 261

ernment house, and about Mr. James H. Inniss’ residence, Graz-
ettes. At other points it is not abundant, and is very shy.

This bird is not a resident at St. Vincent, but a few of them stray
over from the northern Grenadines, especially in the spring, visiting
the district abotit Calliaqua and Arnos Vale. The natives recognize
the fact that this species is not a resident, but occurs commonly on
the neighboring islands as such, and hence apply to it the name of
“ Bequia Dove,” in somewhat the same way that they call the Holo-
quiscalus of St. Vincent the “ Bequia Sweet.”

On the Grenadines it is abundant, and may often be seen over the
sea, passing from one island to another, or from the northern
Grenadines to St. Vincent. It breeds on all the islands and keys,
and is especially numerous on Battowia, Balliceaux, Mustique, the
Tobago Keys, and Prune. Although a erriae species, it occurs
at all points in the smaller islands.

On Grenada it is common all along the coast, especially toward
the southern end of the island; but is rarely found far from the sea.
It frequents mainly the open pastures and sea cliffs.

One specimen, obtained at Barbados, had a single white feather
near the middle of the back.

The nest is a loosely constructed affair, Wa that of Zenaidura
macroura, placed in trees or bushes. The eggs are two, white.
’Zenaida vinaceorufa Ridgw. Trinipap Grounp Dovre.—
Lawrence (’85) separated the bird from Grenada and Carriacou,
giving it the name of Z. rubripes, but later writers have not fol-
lowed him. Von Berlepsch (92) says: “Eine sorgfiltige Ver-
gleichung dieses Curacao-Vogels mit einen Serie von 10 auf der
Insel Carriacou (Grenadinen) von Herrn. J. Grant Wells gesam-
melten Exemplaren— welche als Typen zu Z. rubripes Lawr. zu
betrachten sind — hat mich davon iiberzeugt, das Z. rubripes mit
Z. vinaceorufa Ridgw. zusammen fillt.. Ebenso wenig vermag ich
einen Trinidad-Vogel sowie ein ¢ von Suonga, British Guiana
(Coll. Whitely), von der typischen Z. vinaceorufa Ridgw. aus

Juragao zu unterscheiden.”

Lawrence says, quoting Wells, in the article containing the
original description, that this is not a common bird on Grenada.
Several specimens were obtained on Glover’s Island, where Wells
thinks they resort during the nesting period, and one (type of
Z. rubripes) on Grenada proper.

262 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

On Carriacou this species was formerly abundant but is now on
the decrease. It is only found about the southwestern end of the
island, especially on the Harvey Vale and Beausejour pastures.
On July 12, 1904, I found a number (perhaps a dozen pairs) at the
latter place and obtained four, but did not again meet with it,
although I searched carefully in its favorite haunts. It is said to.
occur mainly in the summer, appearing in July, and is locally sup-
posed to come from the mainland and from Trinidad, as does the
Fork-tailed Kingbird (Muscivora tyrannus); hence its local name.
It nests sparingly on Carriacou, and on the smaller islets off the
coast.

In habits it much resembles Zenaidura macroura. The loosely
constructed nest is placed in low trees ; the eggs are two, white.

Engyptila wellsi Lawr. Pra Dove.— This species is con-

fined to the island of Grenada and to the islets just off the coast,
on some of which it is very numerous.
. Columbigallina passerina trochila (Bonap.). Grounp
Dove; OrtroLtan. — This bird is common on Barbados, especially
in the pastures near the seacoast. It was more abundant formerly
before the introduction of the mongoose. Col. Feilden states that
he has heard of as many as fifty couples being shot in a day by two
guns; this could hardly be accomplished now.

On St. Vincent the Ground Doveis not -at all abundant. The
only places where it can be seen at all commonly are the Kings-
town valley and the neighboring windward district. It keeps near
the seacoast, never venturing far into the hills.

On Grenada it is found in numbers about the southern end of the
island, and is fairly common at other points, keeping, however, near
the sea. As on the other islands, the mongoose has made serious
inroads into its ranks.

On the Grenadines, where the mongoose does not exist, it is abun-
dant, except on some of the smaller keys, notably Prune, where it
is rare.

On Barbados and St. Vincent the negroes catch numbers of these
birds in traps and “springes,” the latter being supple twigs bent
into a spiral form and secured in that position with twine, from
which, as well as from the twig, horsehair nooses project upward.
The bait is placed on the ground underneath.

The nests are placed on the ground in tufts of grass, in bushes,

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 263

or in trees, Sometimes as much as ten feet from the ground. The
two eggs are white.

Geotrygon montana (Linn.). Perprix.— Formerly com-
mon in the higher parts of St. Vincent and Grenada, but now prob-
ably extirpated from the former island, and very rare on the latter.
It is essentially a ground species, thereby falling an easy prey to the
mongoose,

Wells says that the nests are e usually placed near the ground in
trees or on stumps, very often in a tree fern; the eggs are two,
light coffee-color, one usually darker than the puri

Coccyzus minor minor (Gmel.). Cuckoo Manioc; Raty-

BIRD. — On examining a series of thirty-eight specimens of Coccy-
zus minor from the islands of Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, the
Grenadines, and Grenada, I find that there are three forms appar-
ently well worthy of recognition.
_ The bird from Dominica has been named Coccyzus minor do-
minicae by Captain Shelley (Cat. birds Brit. mus., vol. 19, p. 306,
1891), and is characterized as having a larger and thicker bill than
C. m. minor, and in being darker, especially below. Mr. Riley
(: 04b, p. 285) has renamed this form C. m. shelleyi, believing the
name dominicae to be too close to dominicus, given (Cuculus do-
minicus) by Linnaeus (Syst. nat., vol. 1, p. 170, 1766) to the resident
West Indian Yellow-billed Cuckoo (C. americanus) ; but it seems
to me that the two terms dominicus ahd dominicae are sufficiently
distinct, and no change in nomenclature is called for, although it
certainly would have been better had Captain Shelley chosen some’
other designation for his new bird.

The series of 19 specimens of this species from the Grenadines
and 4 from Grenada collected by myself shows that the birds from
these localities are identical, there being no difference between
those from Grenada aid those from the smaller islands. Mr. Riley
(Joe. cit.) includes Grenada in the habitat of C. m. dominicae, and
gives the measurements of a specimen from that island which cer-
tainly is net the form I obtained there. All my birds were taken
in the vicinity of Point Saline, near the southern end of the island,
on low-lying ground, open, or grown up to scrubby bushes and
cactus, just such conditions as obtain on the Grenadines. The
larger part of the island, however, is damp and more or less wooded
resembling in this respect Dominica, St. Lucia, or St. Vincent; and

264 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

it is very possible that there are two forms here, one inhabiting the
hot and dry lowlands in the southern part of the island, and the
other the moist wooded regions. Unfortunately, I have not been
able to obtain a specimen of true C. m. minor from South America?
for comparison with my birds from Grenada and the Grenadines,
but I have thought it best to refer them to this form, as they agree
fairly well with Buffon’s plate. In color they are pale below espe-
cially on the throat and breast. Compared with an example of
C. m. nesiotes from Jamaica, while only slightly paler on the abdo-
men, they are strikingly less buffy on the throat and breast, which
are almost a dead white tinged with gray (more pronounced in the
males) particularly along the sides of the neck. The bill is small
and weak in comparison with that of St. Vincent birds.

The Cuckoo Manioc is common on all the Grenadines. It is slow
and stupid in its actions, and frequents hillsides grown up to scrub,
although it is sometimes found on the borders of mangrove swamps.
Its cry is a peculiar guttural rattle, sounding in the distance like the
noise made by the American marsh frog (Rana palustris).

On Grenada this bird is uncommon, and appears to be mainly
confined to the low scrubby districts in the vicinity of Point Saline,
where the conditions are similar to those on the Grenadines.

The nest is loosely built, like that of C. americanus, and gener-
ally well hidden. The eggs are two or three in number, pale
green. 3

The Mangrove Cuckoos which I obtained on St. Vincent appear
‘to represent a well marked local race, for which I propose the
name

Coccyzus minor vincentis subsp. nov.

St. VincentT Cuckoo.

Coccyzus minor Lawr., Proc. U. S. nat. mus., vol. 1, p. 198, 1878 ; Lister, Ibis,
1880, p. 41; [Clark], W.I. bull., vol. 5, p. 88, [1902]. (Part.)

Coccyzus minor dominicae Shelley, Cat. birds Brit. mus., vol. 19, p. 306, 1891 ;
Cory, Cat. W. I. birds, pp. 102, 141, 1892; Mayn., Cat. birds W. I., 2d
app., p. 36, no. 76. 1, 1908. (Part.)

Coccyzus minor shelleyi Riley, Smiths. misc. coll., vol. 47, p. 285, 1904. (Part.)

1 The type locality of C. minor is Cayenne.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 265

Type.— No. 12,796, g ad., coll. E. A. and O. Bangs. Peter’s
Hope, St. Vincent, Feb, 11, 1904.

This form resembles C. m. dominicae from Dominica, but is paler
below, and has a longer and stouter bill. The color of the under-
parts is intermediate between that of C. m. dominicae and. C. m.
_ minor from the Grenadines, but the bill is considerably larger than
in either.

Mr. Riley includes the St. Vincent Cuckoo under C. m. dominicae,
but appears to have had no specimens for comparison. None of the
six Dominican birds which I have examined shows any approach
to this light-colored, large-billed form.

Mr. Nicoll (:04, p. 565), speaking of the Mangrove Cuckoos of
St. Vincent, says that they are apparently intermediate between
C. m. minor and C. m. maynardi; but he himself obtained no
specimens on the island, and his statements are based on birds in
the British museum collection. The two examples which I took,
as well as others which I saw, were intermediate between C. m.
minor and (. m. dominicae in color. Mr. Nicoll’s observations
would, however, be applicable to birds from the Grenadines in a
rather worn state of plumage, or to specimens in a faded condition
from those islands; and, in view of the rarity of this bird on St.
Vincent, and the abundance of C. m. minor on the Grenadines, it is
very possible that the examples examined by Mr. Nicoll from “St.
Vincent” were in reality of Grenadine origin.

Unfortunately for ornithology, the colony of St. Vincent includes
not only the island (“mainland”) of that name, but also aH the
Grenadines north of Carriacou. Now St. Vincent proper and the
Grenadines, as pointed out, lie in different faunal areas, and unless
one can be absolutely certain where a specimen was taken, it is
unsafe to admit it into consideration. The Grenadine towns are
locally regarded simply as country villages of St. Vincent, just as
much as Georgetown, Layou, Chateaubelair, or Barrouallie on the
island itself. To give an idea of the confusion which might arise:
Ortalis ruficauda is found only on Bequia and Union Island, and
Eupsychortyx sonninii occurs only on Mustique, but all these islands
are politically “St. Vincent.” Moreover, Coccyzus minor (minor),
Holoquiscalus luminosus, and the Yellow-breast, Coereba wellsi
(form morrisi) are abundant on all the Grenadines, while the cor-
responding forms, C. minor (vincentis), H. dispar, and C. atrata

266 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

(form saccharina) occur only on the island of St. Vincent, and are
all very rare. Therefore, unless it can be proved that specimens of
Mangrove Cuckoos, blackbirds, or Yellow-breasted Honey Creepers
could not by any chance have been procured on Bequia (only six
miles from Kingstown) such specimens must be disregarded in con-
sidering the avifauna of this district.

On the Grenadines, the plumage of birds fades with remarkable
rapidity, owing to the small rainfall and general absence of trees,
and the consequently dry, hot, and unsheltered conditions under
which the birds live. This fading is very noticeable in the Man-
grove Cuckoo, and it is unsafe to draw any conclusions from any
but perfectly fresh material.

Measurements.

Depth
Wing. Tail. Culmen. of Bill.
Sex. Locality. mm. mm. mm. mm.
go O.mM. vincentis (type) St. Vincent 137 177 30 12
g (topotype) as 137 176 31 12
— * (average of four) St. Lucia 139 178 28 11
gt C.m. dominicae (av erage of three) Dominica 143 166 28 11
g 143 167 28 11
¢ C.m. minor (average of three) Bequia 134 176 27 11
Q 5 130 173 25 10
foe ae (average of eight) Union Island = 138 169 27 10.5
Q sf (average of three) - oS 133 168 26.5 10
of = (average of two) Carriacou 134 167.5 26.5 10
fe) $ a 132 176 27 11
fof 5 (average of two) Grenada 133 173 27 10
Q “cc “ce ee “e « 132 172 98 ; 11

The seven specimens examined from St. Lucia all agree in color
with the St. Vincent birds, but approach those from Dominica in
the character of the bill. Only the two having the largest and the
two having the smallest bills were measured.

The Cuckoo Manioc is rare on St. Vincent at present. I met
with several in the upper part of the Peter’s Hope valley, near
Barrouallie, and saw single individuals in the woods behind Cha-
teaubelair (October, 1903), on Belleisle Hill (February, 1904), and
in the grounds of the Agricultural school at Kingstown (February,
1904).

Lister remarks that he has often heard its notes when entering
the high woods, although he mentions that it also occurs in the
lowlands. It appears to be now confined to the borders of the high
woods and to clearings in the higher mountain valleys.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 267

Coccyzus americanus (Linn.). YELLow-BILLED Cuckoo.—

Col. Feilden records the capture of a male of this species at Graeme
Hall swamp, Barbados, on October 6, 1888.

Wells saw a pair at Grand Anse pasture, Carriacou, in 1896, one
of which, a male, he obtained, and since then has found them every
year.

I shot a male on the Spring estate pasture, Bequia, on November

30, 1903.

It has never been obtained on St. Vincent or Grenada, but prob-
ably occurs as a rather rare winter visitor; Mr. Cory gives it from
Barbuda, and Mr. Chapman obtained one on Trinidad.

Crotophaga ani Linn. Tick-Birp ; CHaPMAN-BIRD; CoRBEAU.
— The Ani is common on St. Vincent about the cleared land. It is
said to have been introduced into the island from Tobago in the
sixties by a Mr. Chapman, by whose name it is now commonly
known. ries

On Grenada it is very numerous. Among the Grenadines it
occurs on the southern end of Bequia (Friendship estate), on Mus-
tique, Canouan, Union Island, Petit Martinique, and Isle Ronde,
but is absent from the other islands. .

The nest of this species is a bulky structure of sticks and dry
leaves, placed in a tree or bush, usually rather low. Several pairs
use the same nest, all the females laying their eggs in it. Some-
times three or four may be seen sitting on the nest at one time.
The eggs are green, covered with a white calcareous deposit,
through which the ground color shows faintly. #i

Amazona guildingii (Vig.). Sr. Vincent Parror.— In view
of the rarity of this bird in collections, and considering the fact
that nothing has been written on the variations in its plumage, nor

‘ on its young stages, I have thought it best to go somewhat into

detail in regard to its coloration. I obtained eight specimens, no
two of which are exactly alike in either measurements or plumage.

Color.— Adult :! “ Orange brown, edges of feathers black; pileum
white, turning to yellow on the hind part; lores and feathers under
the eye, white. Occiput, throat, and sides of head, blue, with bases
of feathers yellowish green; lower part of the neck more or less
tinged with green; the feathers of the abdomen green near the

1 Salvadori, Cat. birds Brit. mus., vol. 20, p. 278, 1891.

268 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

black edges. Under tail coverts green yellow; spurious wing and
primary coverts green, the first with a bluish tinge, the last orange
at the base of the outer ends. An orange wing speculum at the
base of the first three or four secondaries; primaries black, with
their bases yellow; secondaries blue, edged with green, the first
three or four with the bases of the outer webs orange, forming
the wing speculum. Bases of the inner secondaries yellow ; ter-
tials. partly green; upper part of the metacarpal edge, yellow
orange, the lower part green, with the edges of the feathers blue;
smaller under wing coverts orange, mixed with green, greater ones
and bases of the inner webs of the quills, yellow; tail above, yel-
low and orange at the base, blue in the middle, and yellow at the
tip; below, orange at the base, yellow at tip, green in the middle ;
bill pale horn, tarsus gray.”

In fresh specimens the iris is orange, the feet light bluish gray,
the naked skin about the face and eyes grayish at base of bill, be-
coming bright blue behind ; bill light bluish gray at base, becoming
ivory-white at tip. In some specimens the skin of the face was
much brighter than in others, and was brighter in the brown birds.

No. 1 (immature): general color above dull greenish brown,
becoming brighter green on rump. Breast brown, becoming green
on abdomen. Under surface of quills green (instead of yellow)
with only a tinge of yellow at the base. The orange speculum on
the secondaries is present, but there is no yellow on the primaries.
Tail yellow at base, becoming orange near the central band, this
color extending into the band in the shape of an inverted V on each
feather. The central band is green, becoming blue distally. Tip
of tail orange, the extremity of each feather greenish yellow. Hind
head, throat, neck, and sides of head, forward to over eye, blue.
Pileum and lores clear white; occiput orange.

No. 2: resembles no. 1, but the head is brighter in color, with
less blue. The feathers under the eyes are light orange, tipped
with blue, and the general coloration is somewhat browner. There
is no yellow on the primaries, The tips of the tail feathers are
yellow, becoming orange on the inner webs of all but the central
pair.

No. 3: back dull orange brown, tinged with green, becoming
dark chestnut on rump. Greater wing coverts orange brown;
lesser under wing coverts bright yellow, tipped with black. Basal
half of primaries yellow, forming a large yellow patch on extended

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 269

wing, continuous with the orange wing speculum. Bend of wing
brown, green, and orange. Distinct collar about neck, green.
Pileum dirty white, tinged with grayish blue, becoming more
strongly blue toward occiput. The bases of the feathers are
orange, this color encroaching more and more on the feathers pos-
teriorly. Feathers under eye, yellow at base, green and blue at
tip. Occiput blue, the feathers being orange at the base, then
green, tipped with blue and edged with black. Feathers of throat
orange, tipped with blue. Basal portion of tail yellow, becoming
distally deep orange red; central band, the basal half green, the
distal blue; tip orange, becoming greenish at the extremity.

No. 4: In general brighter and browner than no. 3; the pileum
is clearer white, becoming orange on occiput. Feathers under eyes
orange, tipped with white. There is very little blue on the hind
head and neck, but there is a distinct green collar. The rump is
brighter. than in no. 8, becoming orange brown on upper tail
coverts.

These are the most distinct color types represented. The main
differences between the immature and the adult seem to be that the
former are dull brownish green, brightest and greenest on the rump
and abdomen, duller on the head, the pileum being suffused with
gray, and with the primaries entirely green. In life the difference
between these two types of plumage is very noticeable. The adults
seen against a background of tropical foliage appear decidedly yel-
low, with the middle third of the wing basally orange, and distally
yellow, and the wing entirely yellow underneath. The young
appear green, with only a small patch of orange on the wing.
When a pair, one of the yellow type of coloration and the other of
the green, are seen flying together, as they often are, the difference
is much more striking than in the prepared specimens; so much so,
in fact, that it is.a rather prevalent idea on St. Vincent that there
are two species of parrots on the island.

Measurements in Millimeters.

eee 3 3 3 a ae
Wink 272 ae aoe eee 200" 259 «252 257) 278
Tail L0G IR ATT.) ABB 84>). 180,105. 172

1 From Cory, Birds W. I., p. 185, 1889.

270 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Lister says: “An inhabitant of the high woods It appears to
breed during the months of April and May, though no one has yet.
been able to procure the young.

“The individuals that have been sent to Europe are birds that
have been winged. During the latter part of August and the begin-
ning of September I shot several examples that were moulting.”

Ober says that it “is contined to the great central ridge running
through the island. Like the Ramier (Columba squamosa) it feeds
in the tops of the highest trees, its season for good condition being
the later months of the year.”

This fine bird is now decidedly rare on St. Vincent, where it is
confined to the highest wooded slopes in the center of the island,
behind Barrouallie. Some idea of its scarcity may be had from the
fact that during a walk from Hermitage, in the upper Cumberland
valley, south along the central ridge of the island only two were
met with, although it is in this region that it is said to be most com-
mon. I stayed for four days in the Richmond valley, near the
Morne Garou, where many parrots have previously been obtained,
but neither saw nor heard one. Formerly it was very numerous,
and was still common at the time of the great hurricane (1898). In
that storm many were destroyed ; two were picked up dead on the
shores of St. Lucia, and a considerable number were disabled and
caught by the natives. For days after the storm, parrots would be
found in the smaller towns in a more or less helpless condition, due
probably to hunger, for, as has been previously stated, the woods
were at that time practically barren.

Before the species had recovered to any extent from the effects
of the hurricane, the late eruptions occurred and probably killed
many of the birds, as that part of the island best suited to them was
laid waste.

In actions and general habits this parrot resembles Amazona
amazonica. Like that species it is gregarious, and, in the days
when it was abundant, occurred in large flocks. Now, however,
it is only met with singly or in pairs. When flying it keeps up a
loud and harsh “kak-kak-kak,” the second syllable being louder
than the first, and the third loudest of all. The flight is heavy and
slow, like that of A. amazonica. When on the wing the bright
orange speculum continuing into an elongated yellow patch on the
primaries is very conspicuous. When in the trees these parrots keep

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 21

up a low and continuous jabbering, unless alarmed, when they
become quiet. On being shot at they become extremely noisy and
give out a series of shrieks and “aks.”

Owing to the steepness of the slopes and the nature of the
undergrowth in the district where these birds occur, I found it
exceedingly difficult to obtain specimens. Even if one were killed
outright, a long search was necessary before it could be found, and
to get wounded ones was usually out of the question.

When in the Richmond valley my native guide pointed out to me
some very large dead trees, on a high ridge, where he said parrots
used formerly to “camp” and about which they could be heard
“barking ” at any time. . Probably these trees served as a nesting
site for some of these parrots. None of the natives whoin I ques-
tioned knew anything about the breeding habits of these birds, nor
had it ever occurred to them that they might nest inside of trees,
although many of them had found owls (Strix nigrescens) in such
situations. |

Mr. J. T. Thorne, until lately a magistrate in Demerara, who
lived many years ago in St. Vincent, told me that a pair of these
parrots once nested in an old estate chimney near Kingstown, and
that two young were obtained from the nest.

?Conurus sp. ParrakeEEt. — Schomburgk (’48, p. 681) gives
“ Psittacus passerinus” as occurring in Barbados, and Hughes
(1750, p. 73) says: “The Parakite. This is of the frugivorous
kind, and about the bigness of a thrush, having a longer and more
crooked bill. It feeds on all manner of. berries, popaws, and: ripe
plantains, residing chiefly in inaccessible gullies. The bird borrows
its name from its resemblance in make, but not in plumage, to the
small green Parakite.” Hughes was very accurate in his statements
(vide under Vireosylva calidris barbadense), and is here confirmed
by Schomburgk. From the writings of various early authors (Du
Tertre, de Rochefort, Labat, etc.) we gather that parrakeets were
formerly abundant on Martinique and Guadeloupe, and there is no
reason why they might not have been plenty in Barbados also.

Owing to the flatness of Barbados and the consequent accessibility
of all parts of the island, one would expect that any of the parrot
tribe that existed there at the time of its discovery would very
quickly disappear, inasmuch as they appear to be the most readily
exterminated of all birds possessed of the power of flight.

272 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw). Warsiine Grass Par-
RAKEET.— While I was staying at the Marine hotel, Hastings,
Barbados, in January, 1904, a bird of this species was to be seen
every day flying about with a flock of blackbirds (Holoquiscalus
Jfortirostris) which lived in that vicinity, as much at home as if they
had been others of its own kind. This bird had been there several
months. I was informed that it had escaped from a cage, and that
a gentleman on the island had others which he intended to liberate
in an attempt to introduce the species.

Ceryle alcyon (Linn.). LoccrruEap Mango-sirp; Kuive-
FISHER. — The Kingfisher is common from late summer till spring -
in all the islands, keeping near the sea. A few remain throughout
the year.

Strix nigrescens (Lawr.). JumsBrie-Birp; CHawan; Ow. —
Schomburgk gives Strix flammea as indigenous to Barbados. It is
not at all improbable that this or a closely related subspecies was
there in his day, although neither Hughes nor Ligon makes any
mention of it.

This owl occurs rather sparingly all over St. Vincent, but is most
common in the town of Kingstown, where it may be heard about
the streets every night. There is a colony of them in the jail.

On the Grenadines it is only found on Bequia, but is rather com-
mon there, especially toward the northern end, and about the Spring
estate. It has occurred on Union Island (where one was once cap-
tured in the church) and on Carriacou as an accidental visitor. It is
common in Grenada, and may be seen every night flying about over
the housetops in St. George’s.

The nest is commonly placed inside of old houses, out- buildings,
churches, hollow trees, etc. The eggs are three or four, white.

Chordeiles virginianus (Briss.). NigaraawK. — Col. Feilden
has a male specimen of the Nighthawk which was obtained by Mr.
Herbert Hart in St. Philip’s parish, Barbados, on September 29,
1887. From what I learned while on Barbados, I consider Col.
Feilden justified in believing this bird to be an annual visitor to the
island. A bird answering to its description is well known to many
of the people there, and I heard of several instances of its capture.
The Nighthawk probably occurs casually in autumn and winter on
all these islands. |

Cypseloides niger (Gmel.). Biack Swirrt.— Lister says

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 273

that this bird “may be seen flying over the pastures in great
numbers after rain” in St. Vincent. The British museum collec-
tion contains specimens obtained in that island in May, 1890, by
Mr. G, Whitfield Smith.

Chaetura acuta (Gmel.). Lesser ANnTILLEAN SwirT.—
Lister says that this bird is the commoner of the two species of
swifts on St. Vincent. There was a large colony of swifts in the
chimney of the Montrose estate works near Kingstown which I
presumed to be this species, although I did not obtain any speci-
mens. ‘

Chaetura cinereiventris guianensis Hartert. Gu1anan
Swirr.— Wells says that this bird occurs everywhere on Grenada,
but is more numerous in the mountains. It does not occur north of
that island.

Chaetura poliura (Temm.). ‘Sours American Swirr.—
Common everywhere on St. Vincent and Grenada, especially in the
woods and adjacent clearings. There are no swifts on the Grena-
dines. | )

Hemiprocne zonaris (Shaw). Rixcep Gowriz.— Wells says:
“On the 13th. July, 1882, I was travelling through Tuilleries estate
(Grenada) and observed a large flock of birds hovering over a rocky
hill. I got close up to them, and found them to be large swifts,
with a white collar round the neck. I went back about a mile and
borrowed a gun, but just as I got to the hill again, a hawk swooped
down and dispersed them. I am told they frequent that particular
hill every year. I saw several of them on the 9th. August about
Grenville one afternoon after a heavy storm. I have no doubt they
are identical with the ‘ Ringed Gowrie’ described in Gosse’s ‘ Birds
of Jamaica.’”

Glaucis hirsuta (Gmel.). Brown Humminesirp.— This hum-
mingbird is rather common in the more wooded portions of Grenada.
It does not occur north of that island.

Eulampis jugularis (Linn.). Rep-rHroatED HumMINGBIRD ;
DocTor-Birp.— Ober says that at the time of his visit this hum-
mingbird was the most numerous of all on the Soufriére.. At the
present time it is not at all common, and is almost wholly confined
to the high woods.

I saw one on March 9, 1904, about a white cedar tree just behind
the house of Rey. David Duffus in Bequia. Mrs. Duffus tells me
that it is very rare on that island.

274 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

When alive this bird is readily distinguished by its large size,
very dark color, and loud “peep,” much like the ery of a lost
chicken. !

Sericotes holosericeus (Linn.). GREEN-THROATED Hum-
MINGBIRD; LarcE Doctor-pirp.—I find I can match Gould’s
plates of SS. holosericeus and. S. chlorolaemus with specimens
obtained on Barbados. The extent of the blue on the lower breast
is a very variable character, and those birds in which it tends to
shade into the green of the throat are apparently immature.
Females usually, if not always, have longer bills than the males,
and the blue on the breast is generally more restricted, tending to -
form a rhombic spot, and is not quite so_sharply cut off from the
green as in the males. I have examined a large series of this bird
from all points in its range, and cannot see the slightest ground for
subdividing it. The range of individual variation, as brought out
by my series of twenty-eight examples from Barbados, is very great.

This hummingbird is common everywhere on Barbados. On St.
Vincent and Grenada it is confined to the lower districts near the
seacoast, and is not abundant, being, in fact, rather rare on the
former island.

Among the Grenadines it is local. On BequiaI found it common
in the town, and about the Spring estate. On Canouan only one
was met with. At Union Island there were usually one or two to
be found about some cedars behind the town of Ashton, and about
another clump, midway between Ashton and Clifton. Two were
seen on the flat land near Clifton Bay.

On Carriacou it was very common about the cedar trees near
Hillsborough on the road to Harvey Vale, and was often seen at
other points. I did not meet with it on the other keys. As a gen-
eral rule in the Grenadines, wherever cedar trees are in blossom, one
is apt to see this bird.

This is one of the few of the smaller West Indian ins I have
seen at sea. I have met with it over the open water between cer-
tain of the Grenadines, and on September 23, 1904, while going
from Montserrat to Antigua one of these birds appeared when we
were about a third of the way across, and stayed about the boat for
some time.

On August 27, 1903, I obtained at Barbados a female of this
species with the throat white.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 275

I have never seen but one nest of this bird. It was obtained at
Belair, St. Vincent, and was composed of down, bits of fine leaves,
etc., and was saddled on a small twig. There was one egg, white,
the size of those of Bellona cristata.

Trochilus colubris Linn. Rusy-rHroarEep HumMinesirp.—
Col. Feilden says that this bird has been so accurately described to
him that he has little doubt of its having occurred at Barbados.
There are no records of actual capture for these islands, but it has
been obtained on the Bahamas, Cuba, and Porto Rico.

Florisuga mellivora (Linn.). Jacoprne.—On August 9,
1904, I procured an immature male of this species near the residence
of Mr. G. Whitfield Smith, Top Hill, Carriacou. It was probably
an accidental visitor, as I saw no others, and had it occurred on the
island during the life of Mr. Wells, he would probably have noticed it.

There are many sloops trading between Carriacou and Trinidad,
one of which this bird may have followed up from the latter island,
where it is common. Mr. Chapman gives an interesting account of
an example of Volatinia jacarini splendens coming up from Trini-
dad to Grenada on a steamer, and very likely this bird reached
Carriacou by some such method. Possibly the northward extension
of the range of certain South American birds (as Molothrus atroni-
tens, Sporophila gutteralis, Tyrannus melancholius satrapa, and
Muscivora tyrannus) in recent ee may have been due in a
measure to this habit.

Anthracothorax gramineus (Gmel.). Roscar.— A young
male of this species was observed just behind the town of Ashton,
Union Island, on September . 1904. It was the only example met
with.

Bellona exilis ornata (Gould). Sr. Vincenr CreEsTED
Humminesirp ; Smart Docror-sirp.— This bird is generally dis-
tributed over St. Vincent, but is not abundant at present. The
nest and eggs resemble those of B. cristata.

Bellona cristata cristata (Linn.). CouLtBre’; Smaii Doc-
TOR-BIRD.— The Coulibre is common on Grenada and on all the
Grenadines. It is especially pugnacious and torments many of the
larger birds, not even allowing other hummingbirds to feed on the
same tree with it.

1 According to Labat (1722, vol. 4, p. 317) this is the Carib name.

276 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

The nest is very small, constructed of fine dry leaves and cotton
lint, lined with down. The eggs are two, white.

I have examined a specimen of this species (a male) with the
crest perfectly white, taken on Grenada. »

Bellona cristata emigrans Lawr. Barsapos Crestrep Hum-
MINGBIRD; SMALL DoctTor-pirp. — This “Small Doctor-bird ” is
common all over Barbados, to which island it is confined. The
nest and eggs resemble those of B. c. cristata.

Tyrannus dominicensis rostratus (Scl.). Rarn-sirp; Pip-
PIREE.— On Barbados this bird is an uncommon resident. I have
seen it in St. Michael’s (nesting), at Hastings near the Marine hotel,
and obtained it in Foster Hall woods. On St. Vincent this is one
of the commonest species, and it is abundant on all the Grenadines
and on Grenada.

In actions it is much like 7. tyrannus ; its notes resemble “ pip-
piree pipipiree” uttered sharply. |

The nest resembles that of 7. tyrannus, and is usually placed
rather high. The eggs are three, buff, spotted with lilac and
brown. |

Tyrannus melancholius satrapa (Licht.). YELLOW-BREAST
PipprrreEe. — This bird occurs on Grenada, but is not common. On
April 20, 1904, I took an adult female of this species at Clifton,
Union Island.

Muscivora tyrannus (Linn.). Fork-Taitep FLycaTcHERr.
— This is an annual visitor to Grenada and Carriacou, appearing in
considerable numbers in August (according to Wells). I did not
meet with it during my stay on Carriacou, but I found that the
people were well acquainted with it. As arule it frequents open
ground. On Carriacou it is found about the low-lying pastures,
particularly about Harvey Vale. On Grenada it is most common on
the windward coast, about Grenville. It has never been known to
nest in these islands. |

On Trinidad and Tobago also this species is a migrant, coming
over from the mainland during the wet season.

Myiarchus tyrannulus tyrannulus (Mill.). Locerrnxap;
PippiREE Gros Trtr.—Mr. Riley (:04a, p. 275) has recently
described a Myiarchus from St. Vincent and Grenada (the type
locality being Grenada) under the name of Myiarchus oberi
nugator, . His series consisted of nine specimens: three from

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 217

Dominica, one from St. Lucia, two from St. Vincent, and three
from Grenada.

I have reviewed the matter very carefully with a series of 68
skins from the West Indies: + from Dominica, 7 from St. Lucia, 17
from St. Vincent, 34 from the Grenadines (Bequia, Mustique, May-
reau, Union Island, the Tobago Keys, Prune Island, and Carriacou),
and 6 from Grenada. These were compared with 21 specimens of
true Mt. tyrannulus from Colombia, and three from Margarita
Island, Venezuela, making in all 92 examples.

I have been unable to find any characters by which birds from
Grenada, the Grenadines, or St. Vincent may be distinguished from
continental specimens. There is no difference in size. The extent
of the white markings on the wings is variable, for some birds from
the Grenadines (agreeing with others from Colombia) have almost
no white at all, while in others the bands are very wide. In the 57
birds from St. Vincent, the Grenadines, and Grenada, the rufous on
the upper tail coverts is very conspicuous, more so than in the four
from Dominica. In fact, in the living bird, as I am acquainted with
it in these islands and on the mainland, it is a prominent character-
istic. The colors of the head, back, and underparts are identical
in birds in the same state of plumage from these islands and from
Colombia. |

The only character I have been able to discover by which speci-
mens from the continent might be distinguished from others from
Grenada, the Grenadines, or St. Vincent, is the extent of the brown
markings on the tail. In examples from these islands the brown
encroaches on the rufous of the inner web for an area just equal in
extent to the outer web; that is, the brown area is the same on each
side of the quill; on the outer it occupies the entire outer web, and
on the inner a space just equal to it. Asa general rule, the brown
on the rectrices of continental specimens encroaches somewhat more
on the rufous of the inner web; but this is not at all constant, one
of the birds from Margarita Island having less brown than most of
the Grenadine examples.

As in all other ways continental and insular (St. Vincent, the
Grenadines, and Grenada) birds are identical, I am forced to consider
them all as typical IZ. ¢. tyrannulus, and to treat the form as one
which has worked its way up the islands from the continent as far
as St. Vincent, in the same way that Mimus gilvus, Molothrus

278 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

atronitens, Volatinia jacarini splendens, Merula gymnophthalma,
Sporophila gutteralis, Elaenea martinica flavogastra, Tyrannus
melancholius satrapa, and a few others have done.

Mr. Cory (92, p. 145) writes that his specimens of this bird from
St. Vincent have light-colored bills, while those from the other
islands are dark-billed. All the examples (17) which I procured on
St. Vincent had dark bills; but I have seen old skins from that
island (collected by Richardson) and others from St. Lucia (collected
by Semper) in which the beak was light horn color. It appears to
be due entirely to fading, as I never met with a bird in the flesh, nor
handled a fresh skin with other than a dark-colored beak.

M. t. oberi from Dominica appears to be hardly worth more than
subspecific rank. Newly moulted specimens of this form differ
from newly moulted examples of MW ¢. tyrannulus in having only
the wing bars dull grayish buff (instead of white) inclining to
rufous, and having the brown on the tail occupying the entire
outer half of the rectrices instead of only about the outer third, as
in the case of the typical form.

The seven specimens from St. Lucia are intermediate between
those from Dominica and those from the more southern islands.

Fading produces a great change in the colors of this bird. The
feathers of the back on their first appearance are dark olive green-
ish, and the new feathers contrasting strongly with the worn ones,
give the bird a spotted look. Dominica, in the localities inhabited by
M. t. oberi, is very damp with a comparatively large rainfall, and
the bleaching glare of the tropical sun is tempered by cloudy condi-
tions, so that the birds retain their greenish cast until the beginning
of anew moult. The color of the underparts also does not fade to
an appreciable extent; but on the Grenadines, which are dry and
hot, with practically no cover, the new feathers lose the greenish
color and begin to turn brown even before the moult is complete.
When the fresh plumage has been wholly assumed, therefore, the
bird is of an olive brown color, quite different from fresh examples
from Dominica, although the feathers on their first appearance were
of exactly the same shade. As the fading increases the brown
slowly becomes a brownish gray, and the underparts become lighter
yellow. On Grenada, St. Vincent, and St. Lucia, the birds do not
fade so much as on the more exposed Grenadines, but are neverthe-
less browner than those from Dominica.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 279

This bird is rather uncommon on St. Vincent. It is found at the
lower elevations, never in the high woods. The only locality where
I found it in any numbers was at a place called Revelation, near
Barrouallie. On the Grenadines it is usually common, frequenting
scrubby growth, and it is common on all parts of Grenada.

The note of this species is a sharp “whit,” uttered either singly
or inaseries. It is a rather stupid bird, and usually keeps near the
ground. The food consists largely of berries which it obtains by
hovering under them and reaching up.

The nest is constructed of sticks and leaves, and is placed in holes
in trees or walls. It often contains a bit of snake-skin. The eggs
are usually three, exactly like those of IZ crinitus. .

Blacicus flaviventris Lawr.— One specimen, the type, was
obtained by Mr. J. G. Wells in St. Andrew’s, Grenada, and another
was seen by him on the Grand Etang road. This appears to be
somewhat of a doubtful species.

Elaenea martinica flavogastra (Thunb.). YELLOw-BELLIED
Topxnot.— This form is common on Grenada. On the Grenadines
I obtained specimens on Bequia and on Mustique. On St. Vincent
it is fairly common in the immediate vicinity of Kingstown, but I
did not find it elsewhere.

It is rather remarkable that on the Grenadines and St. Vincent,
both this form and £. m. martinica occur side by side. On St.
Vincent £. m. flavogastra is only found in the Kingstown valley,
and the other in the out-districts ; but on Mustique I shot both from
the same tree. Possibly #. m. martinica is the original inhabit-
ant, and #. m. flavogastra a recent introduction from Grenada.

_ In life the three subspecies of /. m. martinica occurring in these
islands are quite distinct. 7. m. barbadensis has a cry sounding like
the word “peewhitiler,” with a strong accent on the first syllable ;
E.m. martinica has the same note, but the accent is on the last
syllable; #. m. flavogastra is intermediate. Moreover, 2. m.
martinica is usually seen singly, and frequents underbrush or low
trees; HY. m. flavogastra generally goes in small companies and is
found in the upper parts of the trees, resembling Z. m. barbadensis
in this respect. All three are active birds, always on the alert, with
crest erect. Their food is largely small berries, which they obtain
in the same manner as does Myiarchus tyrannulus, by hovering
under them and reaching up.

280 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

The nest of this bird is constructed of fine roots, grasses, bits of
bark, and cotton lint, lined with feathers and cotton. It is very
compactly made, and is usually placed flat on a large horizontal
branch, or in the fork of two large branches. The eggs are two,
delicate light pinkish buff, with saage spots of lilac and brown at
the larger end.

Elaenea martinica martinica (Linn.). TorKnor. — On
St. Vincent this bird is found on scrubby hillsides at low or moder-
ate elevations. It is particularly common about Lowman’s village,
and from there up to the high woods. I did not meet with it at
Chateaubelair, but obtained a number about Peter’s Hope, where it
occurred near the borders of the woodlands. In general habits this
bird resembles Myiarchus tyrannulus, but is more active. One of
its notes is a clear, long-drawn “ whe-e-ew ” with a falling inflection.
It resembles a similar note of &. m. flavogastra, but can be dis-
tinguished on close acquaintance. Another call, often introduced
by the one just mentioned, resembles the word “peewhittler” with
the accent on the last syllable, repeated two or three times. The
song resembles, as Wells says, the words: “ Ladies, ladies, ladies,
yowre lazy” repeated over and over again. It has a peculiar tone,
suggesting that of a wooden rattle. Every morning as soon as it
begins to get light these birds begin their song, keeping it up almost
without intermission until well after sunrise. [I have never heard
them sing at any other time. On the Grenadines the songs of this
bird and of Mimus gilvus, which is most noisy at the same time, are
the most characteristic of all the bird songs. In fact there are no
other songsters there except Merula gymnophthalma which is an
evening singer and not very common,

The nest and eggs are exactly like those of #. m. flavogastra.

Elaenea martinica barbadensis (Cory). PEEWHITTLER. —
Hughes (1750, p. 73) says, speaking of “The Pivet”: “ Altho’
this bird feeds upon fruit, its bill is of the same make with those
of the carnivorous kind; and it intirely subsists by berries or
suchlike fruit of trees....A Pivet is about the bigness and colour
of our largest kind of sparrows [Pyrrhulagra barbadensis| and
hath a wild chirping note.”

Schomburgk (’48, p. 681) does not give this bird as a resident,
although he mentions it as Hlania pagana.

The Peewhittler is common on Barbados wherever there are

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 281

patches of woodland or groves of trees. Like the two other sub-
species, it is largely frugivorous.

The nest and eggs resemble those of /. m. flavogastra.

Estrelda astrild (Linn.). Pink-BELLIED Waxsitt.— A male
example of this bird in unworn plumage was obtained on August
17, 1903, on the Foster Hall estate, St. Joseph’s, Barbados. It was
feeding in company with a common Grass-bird (7Ziaris bicolor
omissa). Although probably an escaped cage bird, still this species
may have obtained a footing on Barbados, as it has been a favorite
bird for introduction into new localities, and appears to be well
established in a number of places, among others Madagascar, Mauri-
tius, and St. Helena. )

Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linn.). Bosortinx.— The Bobolink
is an annual, though rather uncommon visitor to these islands. A
number of specimens have been obtained on Barbados by Mr.
Herbert. Hart, Dr. C. J. Manning, Col. Feilden, Mr. W. Lambert
Philips, and others. Mr. Wells once killed two out of a flock of
five on the eastern side of Grenada.

Molothrus atronitens (Cab.). Cowxsirp.— Wells writes that
this bird was not observed in Carriacou until June, 1899, when
flocks of from six to ten were to be seen about Hermitage, and Har-
vey Vale pasture. It is now common on Carriacou, especially about
Beausejour and Harvey Vale, and has spread to the neighboring
islands, being found on Union Island about the savanna where the
stock are pastured and about Bloody Bay on the northern coast, on °
Petit Martinique, Mayreau, the Tobago Keys, and Canouan.

On Grenada it has become well established, occurring generally
over the island, and commonly in the Botanic gardens, about Grand
Anse, and the Woodlands estate. Mr. W. E. Broadway, the curator
of the Botanic gardens tells me that he first noticed the bird at Bal-
last Ground about four years ago. I saw a number of specimens of
this bird in the collection of Mr. Charles Vernet at St. George’s,
who told me he had only met with it within the last two or three
years.

In habits this bird closely resembles the common Cowbird (&.
ater). Its song is rather pleasing, but weak. It is very much like
that of Huphonia flavifrons.

I saw some eggs in the collection of Mr. J. G. Wells at Carriacou
which were supposed to be of this bird. They were dull green with

282 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

rounded spots of black (like those on the eggs of Ampelis cedro-
rum). It is said by the natives to be non-parasitic.

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonap.). YxELLow-
HEADED Buiackpirp. — Col. Feilden says: ‘Dr. Manning -pro-
cured a specimen of this species in the autumn of 1887, which he
kindly placed in my collection.” The only other West Indian
record is from Cuba, where Dr. Gundlach once purchased one in
the market at Havana.

Holoquiscalus fortirostris (Lawr.). Buiacksirp (Barba-
dos).— Hughes writes: “These birds are very numerous in this
island (though there are none at Antigua).... They are serviceable
in destroying crickets and other vermin; yet this scarce compen-
sates for the ravage they make in consuming our Indian and Guiney
corn, the former chiefly when young; the latter, some after it is
planted, as well as when ripe.”

Ligon says: “The next is a Blackbird, with white eyes, and that
so ill become her, as she is accounted an unhandsome bird; her
voice is harsh, somewhat like our jay in England ; they go in flocks
and are harmful birds, for they are great devourers of corn and
blossoms of trees, and the planters wish them destroyed, though
they donot know which way. They are a@ kind of Stares [Starling],
for they walk and do not hop as other birds. One thing I notice in
these birds, which I never saw in any but them, and that is when
they fly, they put their train into several postures; one while they
keep it straight as in other birds ; sometimes they turn it edgeways,
as the tail of a fish, and by and by put it three square with the cov-
ering feathers atop, and the sides downwards.”

This bird is common all over Barbados, especially about the
estate works. Albinism appears to be rather common in this
species. In September, 1903, I shot a male with some white
feathers in its head at Grazettes, St. Michael; and while staying at
the Marine hotel at Hastings during the first two weeks in Janu-
ary, 1904, I saw two partial albinos in a flock which lived in a large
tree just outside my window. I had a good chance to observe
them, as they used to come, in company with many others, to the
gallery just under my window every morning to be fed.. One had
the third left primary white. This bird also had a deformed bill;
the upper mandible was much arched, giving it something the ap-
pearance of an Ani. ~The other had several white feathers in each

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 283

wing; both were males. Dr. Manning tells me that he has taken
two pure white examples at Black Rock.

These, like the others of the genus, are bright, active birds, witha
great variety of notes. They are very noisy, keeping up an inces-
sant jabbering when in atree. Sometimes they will all suddenly
become quiet, then give out a number of notes like “chee, chee,”
sounding then like a flock of Redwings (Aygelaius phoeniceus).
This only lasts a minute or so, then the jabbering begins again.
The latter is a characteristic mixture of varied notes, and, if not
sweet, certainly is not unpleasant.

This bird has a number of peculiar postures. One will be walk-
ing about,and suddenly stop, smooth down its feathers, point its
bill straight up in the air, and hold this position a minute or so.
Often two do this together, facing each other.

The song is a series of four whistling notes, the first and third
strongly accented, and the last weak and prolonged. The local
rendering of the song is: “ We sha’n’t be long.” In singing, the bird
ruffles up all its feathers, throws back its head, spreads its tail, and
slightly spreads its wings. In flying, as Ligon noticed, the tail ap-
pears to be held in all sorts of ways; but on alighting it is usually
brought down, spread out, and keeled, acting as a brake. About
houses this bird is very tame, but in the country it is shy.

The nest is large and coarse, and there are usually several in the
same tree. Asa rule it is placed from six to fifteen feet from the
ground. The eggs are generally three, light green, with black and
dark brown spots, blotches, and scrawls,, like those on the eggs of
the Redwing (Agelaius phoeniceus).

Schomburgk says that this species is “said to have been intro-
duced into Demerara, where they are now numerous. As a counter-
present, Barbados received its crapaux [Bufo agua] from that col-
ony.” It has also been introduced into St. Croix, St. Kitts, and
Antigua. |

284 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Holoquiscalus dispar Clark.
Brquia SwEET; “Barsapos” BLacKBIRD.

Holoquiscalus dispar Clark, Proc. biol. soc. Washington, vol. 18, p. 61, Feb.
21, 1905. .

So rare are specimens of this bird in collections that Mr. Ridg-
way was unable to examine one at the time he wrote his account of
the genus Holoquiscalus for Part 2 of his “ Birds of North and Mid-
dle America,” and was forced to refer it questionably to HZ. inflexiros-
tris of St. Lucia. Mr. Cory also, at the time he wrote the “Cata-
logue of West Indian birds” had but a single specimen, a male, and
also referred it to HZ. inflexirostris. Asa matter of fact, HZ. dispar is
quite different from that species, and from ZH. duminosus of Grenada,
the female being dull black, even darker than the female of ZZ. for-
tirostris. The bill of H. dispar being much the same as that of
HT. inflexirostris does away with the chance that the bird might be
the Quiscalus mexicanus of Cassin, as Cassin’s type was a stout-
billed bird like H. martinicensis.

This species is confined to St. Vincent, and is only found in the
Kingstown valley and the neighboring windward district, where it is
not very common. There is a small roost of them on the side of
Dorsetshire Hill, just behind the town. It is called the “ Bequia
Sweet” by the peasantry from its notes, which resemble the sylla-
bles “beck-way! sweet,” and from its resemblance to H. luminosus,
which is abundant on that island. The name “ Barbados Blackbird ”
is given to distinguish it from the common “Blackbird” ( Coereba
atrata), and, of course, from its resemblance to HZ. fortirostris. In
habits this species resembles HZ. luminosus.

The nest and eggs are like those of HZ. fortirostris.

Holoquiscalus luminosus (Lawr.). MERLE; Bracksirp
(Grenada).— This bird is common on Grenada and abundant on all
the Grenadines, flying about from one to another. In actions it
resembles Hf. fortirostris, but its notes are slightly different. The
usual cry resembles, as Wells suggests, “green corn sweet.” It
does great damage by digging up newly planted Indian corn, and

-1“Beck-way’’: the local pronounciation of Bequia.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 285

by tearing to pieces the young ears. At night it usually roosts in
great flocks. All the birds in a certain district spend the night in
one tree, and generally choose one that is large, more or less iso-
lated, and conspicuous. On Carriacou there is a good-sized roost
near Beausejour estate, another near Mount d’Or, and several more
in different parts of the island. The largest in the Grenadines is in
the middle of the town of Ashton, Union Island. There is a tall
tree here. which harbors many hundreds, and all the lower trees
behind the town hold them by scores. They begin to collect an
hour or so before dark, arriving in small or medium-sized com-
panies. On Easter Sunday, 1904, there was an unusually heavy
rain which killed a large number of these birds. The ground under
the main roosting tree was strewn with their dead bodies. |

The nest and eggs resemble those of HZ. fortirostris.

Pyrrhulagra noctis crissalis Ridgw. Rosin; Sparrow.—
This bird is fairly common on St. Vincent about the towns, but is
rarely seen far from houses, and never in the woods. It frequents
especially the large-leaved breadfruit trees (Artocarpus incisa), and
is often to be found about the arrowroot works, feeding on the
arrowroot. The notes of this bird are clear and loud, sounding like
“whéou, whéou, whéou.” It also has a characteristic chirp.

The nest is a bulky domed affair with the entrance on one side.
The eggs are white, evenly and finely speckled with lilac and red
brown. .

Pyrrhulagra noctis grenadensis Cory. Rerp-THrRoat SEE-
srE.— This subspecies is abundant all over Grenada. In habits it
is just like the preceding form, and the nest and eggs are the same.
_ Pyrrhulagra barbadensis (Cory). Sparrow.— This bird is
very common on Barbados, and, about the houses, very tame,
entering them freely. The Rev. Canon Bindley writes: “I have
had a sparrow perch atop of a book as I held it in my hand read-
ing; who, after liberally helping himself to toast and bananas,
appeared to desire now to gratify an intellectual appetite hitherto
unsuspected. One morning the same greedy creature actually fell
into the milk jug, having overbalanced himself in his endeavors to
reach the milk, and was rescued half drowned. Taking a half
circle flight outside, he re-entered the window and, with feathers
still milky, began another raid on the buttered toast. Sometimes,
however, this excessive domesticity is destruction of more valuable

286 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

things than small eatables. I remember when a large table had
just been set for dinner seeing a sparrow fly into the room and
alight upon the edge of a champagne glass. This he at once upset
by his weight, and it fell to the floor with a crash. He then coolly
hopped to the next glass with the same result, and probably would
have gone the round of the table had he not been at once detected
and banished from the room. Worse still, a sparrow has been
known actually to ruin a wedding-cake during the absence of the
bride at church, chipping the icing with his beak, and rolling the
sugar presentment of Cupid on the floor.”

Tiaris bicolor omissa (Jard.). Grass-BIRD; CANE SPARROW.
—JIn the rather large series of this bird which I obtained from
these islands, I am unable to find any characters by which specimens
from any one island may be differentiated. Those from Barbados
and Grenada agree with others from the Grenadines and St. Vin-
cent. The extent of the black on the underparts and on the head
is exceedingly variable. One or two of the females show traces of
black on the chin and upper throat. A male obtained by myself on
Margarita Island can be exactly matched by others from these
islands.

The Grass-bird is abundant in all these islands, with the excep-
tion of some of the smaller Grenadines (notably Prune). It is the
commonest bird on Barbados and Grenada, but on St. Vincent
Coereba atrata, and on the Grenadines Mimus gilvus are .perhaps
more abundant. On St. Vincent and Grenada it is not found in the
high woods. | |

This little bird is found mainly in open places, especially in
grassy pastures. It keeps near the ground, in the grass or in low
bushes. The song is a weak buzzing trill, like that of Coereba
atrata or C. wellsi, and is given with the wings slightly elevated
and the head thrown back. ay

The nest is a rather bulky domed structure, entered from the side,
and is usually placed rather low. The eggs are three, sometimes
four in number, white, spotted, especially about the larger end, with
reddish brown. They resemble the eggs of Coereba wellsi some-
what, but the ground color is usually a clearer white, the spottings
more distinct, more reddish, and more segregated about the larger

end.
Sporophila gutteralis (Licht.). Wuirr-BEakED GRAss-BIRD.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 287

— This bird is common on Grenada, especially about St. Patrick’s.
I found it not uncommon on Carriacou, along the central ridge of
the island, from Belair to Chapeau Carré. As Mr. Wells did not
report it from there, it is probably a recent arrival, but appears to be
well established. On September 15, 1904, I heard, and subse-
quently saw an example of this species in the gr ounds of the
Agricultural school, at Kingstown, St. Vincent.

It has a very loud voice for such a small bird. The song is clear
and sweet, suggesting that of the Indigo-bird ( Cyanospiza cyanea),
and is usually given from a considerable elevation; in fact, this
species is oftener seen in the tree-tops than near the ground,
although it feeds largely on the seeds of grasses. It is very shy for
such a small bird. |

Volatinia jacarini splendens (Vieill.). Gu uossy Grass-
BIRD. — Wells says: “Rather shy (on Grenada): frequents pas-
tures and guinea-grass fields, on the seeds of which it feeds, running
along under the grass and picking up the seeds. Is fond of perch-
ing on a small dry shrub and springing up into the air several times,
uttering a prolonged ‘ chur-r’ always alighting in the same spot again.

“Nest, in tuft of grass. Eggs white, thick brown spots at large
end, and scattered smaller ones of same color on rest of egg.”

I only saw two or three examples of this bird, in St. Andrew’s,
Grenada. It appears to be rather local. -

Mr. Chapman says: “ While en route from Trinidad to Grenada,
a female of this species boarded the steamer. We were then about
half way between the islands. The bird was in an exhausted con-
dition, and was caught without difficulty. We anchored about half
a mile off the harbor of St. George’s, Grenada, where I have no
doubt the bird went ashore, as I did not see it after leaving the
island.” This is interesting in showing how certain species may
have been brought first to these islands and assisted in becoming
established.

Paroaria cucullata (Lath.). Brazizian Carpinat. — On Jan-
uary 10, 1904, at Hastings, Barbados, I saw a single pees of this
species. It was probably an escaped cage bird.

Sicalis arvensis luteiventris (Meyen.). Grass Canary. —
Very common in St. Philip’s parish, especially near the Crane hotel.
Mr, A. A. Evelyn of Spencer’s (Christ Church) writes that it may
be seen in flocks of fifty to a hundred in his district. It has been
recently introduced into Barbados.

288 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Euphonia flavifrons viscivora Clark.
MIsTLETOE-BIRD ; BLUE-HEAD; Louis pD’ or.

Euphonia flavifrons viscivora Clark, Proc. biol. soc. Washington, vol. 18,
p. 19, Feb. 2, 1905.

This bird is common on St. Vincent on the higher and steeper
slopes, especially in the upper Cumberland valley, and in the woods
behind Mt. Wynne and Peter’s Hope estates. I saw two in the
woods behind Chateaubelair, and found it fairly numerous in winter
in the Clare valley, and on Fort Charlotte Hill.

This species would often pass unnoticed were it not for its loud
voice, as it usually keeps well in the inner part of the trees and
bushes, and is just about the size of the leaves of the trees upon
which it is most often seen. Although common, it is rather difficult
to procure owing to the precipitous nature of the slopes it inhabits,
unless one is fortunate enough to discover a loblolly tree with fruit,
or a silk-cotton tree just budding, where, if there are any about,
they will be found in abundance. :

The call notes of this bird are three in number. One is a plain-
tive whistle, somewhat like the whistle of the Redwing (Agelaius
phoeniceus), another is a chatter like that of the Baltimore Oriole
(Icterus galbula), but lower pitched and not quite so loud, and the
third is a characteristic quick and sharp double chirp. The last is
the usual alarm note, but may be given at any time. All the notes
are clear, and loud for such a small bird, and can be heard a long
way across the valleys on a still day. The song is low and sweet,
occasionally punctuated by a clear whistle. Except for the whistling
note, it bears a strong resemblance to that of Molothrus atronitens.
In singing, a position is generally chosen in the lower branches of a
tree, near the trunk, and the bird is at such times very unsus-
picious. It is usually met with in little parties of from six toa
dozen.

On Grenada it is not very common, and is only found in the
higher parts of the island. .

Calospiza versicolor (Lawr.). GoLpEN Tanacrr. — This
bird is not very common on St. Vincent. It is found in the higher
parts of the island, but is sometimes seen in the lowlands, particu-

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 289

larly about Edinboro’ and Lowman’s Village. At Chateaubelair I
only met with four or five during my stay of about a month.

The song of this species, which is much like that of the St. Vin-
cent Wren (7Z'roglodytes musicus), is a series of half a dozen loud
and clear whistling notes, increasing in volume; and ending abruptly.
It is introduced by a squeaky sound that suggests the song of the
Palm Tanager ( Zanagra palmarum).

When high up in the trees this species usually appears of a red
gold or burnished copper color, the wings and tail appearing black ;
but when in the low bushes it may appear straw yellow, bronzy, or
bright green, according to its position with reference to the light.

This species is confined to the island of St. Vincent.

Calospiza cucullata (Swains.). Sour-sop Brrp; BLuEsirp.
— This species is confined to the island of Grenada, where it is
everywhere common. It usually keeps rather low, in small trees or
bushes, but is often seen high up in the trees. In actions it resem-
bles C. versicolor, but the song is different — much like that of
Tanagra palmarum, but considerably less squeaky and disagree-
able. It has a very characteristic chirp.

The nest is very like that of the Purple Finch (Carpodacus
purpureus) but not quite so compact. It is usually placed about
six feet from the ground, but may be much higher. There is a
great deal of variation in the color of the eggs, some being white
thickly covered with longitudinally elongate streakings and spot-
tings of gray (in some fairly uniform, in others mainly confined to
a ring about the larger end); and others white, with gray and
brown markings, or with spots of various shades. The nesting
season is early spring.

Piranga erythromelas Vieill. Scarrer Tanager. — There
is a specimen of this bird in the United States national museum
labeled as having been obtained in Barbados.

Progne dominicensis (Gmel.). Wrst Inpian Marrin. —
Schomburgk gives this bird as a visitor to Barbados in his time. It
has not been found there in recent years.

On St. Vincent it is common about the sea cliffs near Barrouallie,
and is often seen flying about at other points, especially on the dev-
astated district at the base of the Soufriére, about the Kingstown
valley, and in the windward district.

On the Grenadines it breeds in the church at Canouan, and at

290 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

various places on Carriacou. I have seen it on Mayreau and Petit
Martinique, and stray examples at Ashton and Battery Hill, Union
Island. 7

It is common on the lowlands of Grenada.

Hirundo erythrogastra (Bodd.). Barn Swattow.— Hughes
(1750, p. 73), says: “ Asthe make of this bird every way answers
the description of those of the same species [ HZ. rustica] in England
it would be needless to describe it.” He says further that in the
winter (?) months “they retire to their holes in the rocks, and do not
appear during those months.”

The Barn Swallow is common in all these islands from August
until March, appearing in large flocks at Barbados and Carriacou.
I have seen it on St. Vincent, and on Mustique, Bequia, and Union
Island among the Grenadines.

Vireosylva calidris barbadense Ridgw. Monxry-sirp;
Lapy-sBirp; Laprses’ ReLatep.— A comparison of the measure-
ments of 23 males and 19 females of this form from St. Eustatius to
Grenada, including 6 breeding birds from Barbados and 7 from the
Grenadines (Bequia, Union Island, Prune, and Carriacou), shows
that, while the individual variation is rather large (largest male,
wing, 82, tail, 66, culmen, 15, tarsus, 20, Barbados; smallest male,
wing, 75, tail, 57, culmen, 16, tarsus, 20, Grenada; largest female
wing, 79, tail, 65, culmen, 15, tarsus, 20, Dominica; smallest female,
wing, 75, tail, 56, culmen, 16, tarsus, 19, Grenada) it would be
impossible to divide this form.further on the basis of measurements
alone. I have a male from Carriacou larger than that given by Mr.
Ridgway (Birds No. and Middle Amer., pt. 3, p. 140, 1904) from
St. Lucia. My four St. Vincent birds are much larger than the
three recorded by him, while all the measurements he gives may be
duplicated in my series of Grenadine examples alone.

The color of this bird is exceedingly variable; but my series shows
that it is wholly dependent on the season at which the birds are
taken. When perfectly fresh, the bird is bright olive green above,
with sides of the head light gray, the pileum brownish gray, this
color distinct from the olive of the back and not grading into it, as
in V. c. calidris, and the under parts white, with the sides, flanks,
and under tail coverts tinged with sulphur yellow. The feet are
slaty-blue, and the iris is reddish brown. Mr. Nicoll’s (:04, p. 563)
description and plate of “ Vireo laurae” refer to a bird of this sub-

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 291

species in a fresh condition. He says (loc. cit.) that V. laurae is
“somewhat similar to Vireo calidris, but is much smaller, and of
more intense coloration.” I have birds even smaller and brighter
than that figured as the type of V. lawrae from the Grenadines and
St. Vincent. Lawrence’s description of V. calidris var. dominicana
(Proc. U. 8. nat. mus., vol. 1, p. 55, 1878) is essentially the same as
Nicoll’s of V. laurae. .

After the assumption of the new plumage, the bird begins to get
lighter and more grayish, and quickly loses the intense olive of the
back, which becomes olive gray, while the cap loses its bluish cast,
and tends to approach the grayish color of the back. The birds
inhabiting the higher and more shaded districts (on Dominica, St.
Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, etc.) never get beyond this stage ; but
on the more open areas (such as Barbados, the Grenadines, and the
lowlands of St. Vincent and Grenada), they begin to assume a
brownish color, which may go so far as to leave the bird a uniform
dingy brownish gray above (head and back), with almost no yellow
beneath, entirely different from the colors of fresh specimens. The
type of V.c. barbadense (vide Ridgway, loc. cit), as well as five
examples collected by myself on that island, and a number of others
from the Grenadines are in this condition. This fading begins
immediately after the moult is complete, and, progresses very rapidly
on Barbados and the Grenadines, less so on the lowlands of
Grenada and St. Vincent, while on the higher levels of these last-
named islands it is sometimes scarcely perceptible. Fresh speci-
mens from the islands southward of Guadeloupe are identical in
color; but two birds from Marie Galante show a tendency to
approach V. c. calidris in having the color of the cap shade into
the green of the back. |
_ Hughes, writing in 1750 (1750, p. 73, “The Spanish Lacker ”)
said: “This bird is most commonly to be seen near Hackleton’s
Clift.” At the present day it appears to be a breeding resident in
this region only, although specimens are occasionally taken at other
parts of Barbados. It is not a very common bird, but I found a
considerable colony of them in Foster Hall woods, where I also
found the empty nests and saw the young following the parents.
Were it not for its loud notes the bird would often escape notice.
It is interesting to note that Schomburgk (748, p. 681, “ Vireo
olivacea”) gives this species the local name of Monkey-bird by

292 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

which name it is known to-day among the peasantry of Barbados.
Col. Feilden considers this bird an autumnal and winter visitor
only; but his notes appear to have been made in the southern part
of the island. It is possible, as Mr. Cory suggests, that the birds
about Hackleton’s Cliff and in Foster Hall woods are permanent
residents, and the others, picked up from time to time at other
parts of the island, are visitors.

This species is fairly common on Grenada, less so on St. Vincent,
but more so on the Grenadines. It is found in all situations, except
perhaps the highest and deepest woods, but is most common on the
borders of woodland and about the edges of mangrove swamps. In
habits it resembles V. olivaceus, and the nest and eggs are similar,

Coereba barbadensis (Baird). YELLOw-BREastT; SuGar-
BIRD. — Like all the Honey Creepers (Coereba) this is a very
active little bird, rarely still a minute. It occurs commonly all over
the island of Barbados, in the woods as well as in the open pastures,
among the topmost branches of tall trees, and near the ground in
small bushes. Its. chirp resembles that of the local “Swamp Spar-
row” (Dendroica striata). In general its actions resemble those of
the Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) and it has much the same man-
ner of flight. Wounded birds of this species are very quick to take
cover under stones, logs, or leaves.

Coereba atrata (Lawr.). - MoxassEs-Birp ; YELLOW-BREAST }
Sucrrer.— 1. Normal form saccharina (Lawr.).— This bird is at
present exceedingly rare, if not actually extinct. Ober succeeded in |
obtaining two specimens, but I failed to find any trace of it what-
ever. The fact of its having local names (Molasses-bird; Sucrier)
would seem to suggest that it was formerly common on St. Vincent.
Lister makes no mention of it.

2. Melanistic form atrata Lawr. Briacksirp. — This is one of
the commonest birds on St. Vincent, and is found everywhere,
except in the high woods. Its favorite haunts are banana patches
and cocoa groves. The notes resemble those of Tiaris bicolor
omissa, but are a little clearer, and it has also a characteristic chirp.

The nest is constructed mainly of grasses, and is domed, with the
entrance on one side. The eggs are three, white, thickly spotted
with light brown, some uniformly, others more heavily marked about

the larger end.
Coereba wellsi (Cory). Sucrier; YELLOW Se£xE-sExE, — 1.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 293

Normal form morrisi Clark.— This bird is very rare on Grenada.
Ober says that it “is not found in great numbers, as in some of the
northern islands [? Grenadines]; indeed I have seen it but twice —
on the mangrove flats of Point Saline.” This is inserted under the
heading “ C. atrata,” but must refer to the Grenada Yellow-breast,
as no black species occurs on any of the “northern islands” (either
Grenadines or northern Lesser Antilles), and the black form of this
bird is abundant all over Grenada.

While I was staying at St. George’s, Grenada, Mr. Charles Vernet
very kindly presented me with a specimen of this form which he
had taken himself in the vicinity of Point Saline. He told me it
was the only one he had ever seen. The bird is indistinguishable
from Grenadine examples, and, except in color, from a series of the
black form from Grenada.

On the Grenadines, this bird is abundant, and is the most charac-
teristic feature of the avifauna. In habits it exactly resembles the
black variety of Grenada.

The nest and eggs are like those of C. atrata of St. Vincent, but
the eggs are slightly smaller. The nests are sometimes placed in
queer situations; there is one in the chandelier of the church at
Hillsborough, Carriacou, and Mr. Wells saw one which was built in
a tethering chain hung up for sale in a shop in the same town.
’ The usual situation is a low bush, but I have seen one constructed
at least twenty feet from the ground in a large tree. In the vicinity
of cotton fields, the cotton lint is largely used in the building of the
nests. ; ‘4

2. Melanistic form wellsi Cory. Buack Srx-szez.— This form
is abundant all over Grenada, except in the high woods. It is con-
fined to that island and is never found in the Grenadines.

The nest and eggs are identical with those of the preceding form.

Coereba luteola (Cab.). Soura American HoNnEY-CREEPER.
— This bird is accidental on Grenada. A specimen was obtained
about the year 1886, and described by Mr. Cory (’89, p. 219) as
Certhiola godmani.

Compsothlypis americana (Linn.). Paruta Warsier.—
Col. Feilden writes that Mr. Herbert Hart of Fairfield, St. Philip’s,
Barbados, gave him a mounted specimen of the Parula Warbler
which he had shot in his garden in the month of June. He himself
recognized one in a garden at Hastings on November 4, 1888, and
subsequently met with others in different parts of the island.

294 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

There are no records for St. Vincent or for Grenada, but it is
probably an annual visitor in small numbers, as it has been recorded
from practically all of the other Lesser Antilles. |

Dendroica striata (Forster), Swamp Sparrow; Biack-PoLy
W ARBLER.— One example was obtained by Col. Feilden on October
20, 1888. He saw others, however, and considers it a regular winter
visitor to Barbados. It has never been taken on St. Vincent or
on Grenada. | |

Dendroica ruficapilla (Gmel.). YELLow-Birp.— The sub-
species of this form, D. 7. ruficapilla (Guadeloupe and Dominica),
D. r, rufivertex (Cozumel Island), D. r. flavida (St. Andrew’s) and
D. r. rufopileata (Curacao), appear all to fall within the range of
individual variation, if we can judge from the great differences
exhibited by a series of sixteen specimens of the closely related D.
capitalis of Barbados. The only specimen from Cozumel Island
which I have been able to examine, as well ag three specimens from
Dominica (two kindly loaned by Dr. Louis B. Bishop) are insepara-
ble from Grenadine examples.

This bird is rare on Grenada and rather shy, frequenting the man-
groves about the swamps on the windward side of the island. At
Carriacou it occurs rarely in the swamps at Harvey Vale. On
Prune Island it is abundant in a swamp near the northern shore,
and is common at other points on the leeward coast. On Union
Island it is found in an extensive mangrove swamp near Ashton, and
I have heard it in a swamp near Bloody Bay in the northern part of
the island. | |

In habits it resembles D. aestiva, but its song is less varied. It
is almost never seen outside of the mangrove swamps.

Note.— Mr. Ridgway gives (Birds No. and Middle Amer., vol. 2, p. 510,
1902) Dendroica aestiva as being unquestionably recorded from Grenada, I
have examined the specimen upon which he based the statement, and find it
absolutely indistinguishable both from D. aestiva and from D. ruficapilia in
the same state of plumage. It isan immature male. As Mr. Ridgway at the
time he wrote, was unaware of the occurrence of a resident Yellow Warbler on
Grenada, and there is no way of telling which the bird really is, I have
thought it best to regard it as an example of the local resident form.

Dendroica capitalis (Lawr.). YELLow-BirD; YELLOW-HAM-
MER.— This bird is common on Barbados, especially about pastures

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 295

in which grow clumps of seaside grapes (Coccoloba uvifera). In
habits and song it closely resembles D. aestiva. |

Catharopeza bishopi (Lawr.). Buack anp WHITE SouFRIDRE-
BIRD.— Although I spent a long time in different parts of the high
woods of St. Vincent hunting for this bird, as I was particularly
anxious to obtain a good series, I neither saw nor heard one. If it
exists at all at the present time it is exceedingly rare. It is wholly
unknown to the people on the island.

Ober, who discovered this bird, says that “it is very rare and very
shy, and is found in the crater and dark gorges of the Soufriére.”
He writes further: “Its note is very sharp; either the male or the
female give utterance to the syllable‘ few few few’ etc., eight or
ten times, immediately answered by the mate with ‘ whit whit whit’
etc., the same number of times.”

eres says: “This little: bird is entirely confined to we high -
woods. In the stomach of one I found a small newt. This species
may often be observed searching about amongst the stones and
decayed logs that strew the courses of the mountain streams. The
iris is hazel.” ,

Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmel.). Warrer-Turusu. — Col.
Feilden noted an example of this species at Brandon (Barbados) the
residence of Mr. Edmund Taylor, on November 5, 1888, and
another, which he secured, at Chancery Lane on the 24th of the
same month. It is probably of regular occurrence in the autumn
and winter, but is frequently overlooked hesagse of its retiring
habits and somber colors.

Mr. Wells has observed it on Carriacou all the year round. It
occurs regularly on St. Vincent, the Grenadines, and Grenada,
wherever there are mangrove swamps. It is comparatively seldom
seen, being surprisingly shy for such a small bird, but its loud and
characteristic note is often heard in the swamps.

Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). Gotprincu ; CHRISTMAS-BIRD ;:
Repstart.— This bird is common on Barbados, St. Vincent, and
Grenada, arriving in the middle of September and remaining until
February. On Barbados it is most common in the Scotland district,
and about Foster Hall and Joe’s River woods. On St. Vincent and
Grenada it is found on moderate elevations, but not in the high
woods. There are no records for the Grenadines; possibly these
islands are too open and too dry to offer it any attractions.

296 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Troglodytes musicus (Lawr.). Watt-pirp; Sr. VINcENT
W REN.— Ober records this bird as common at the time of his visit.
It appears to be rare at present; I only met with it three times:
once on the border of the high woods behind Peter’s Hope, once in
Revelation valley, and once (heard singing) in the Botanic cm
Kingstown. .

The song is loud and clear, of fir or six whistling notes. It. also
has a peculiar mellow chatter, something like that of Huphonia
flavifrons but louder.

The nest, I was told, is constructed in holes in old walls or trees.
I examined one in a large cabbage palm on Fort Charlotte Hill
where the people said the birds had bred in former years.

Troglodytes grenadensis (Lawr.). Gop-sirp; GRENADA
Wren.— This species is common all over Grenada. In habits it
resembles others of the genus. The song is like that of 7. must-
cus of St. Vincent.

The nest is constructed in holes and recesses, of fine dry roots,
etc., lined with feathers. The eggs are four, sometimes five, dirty
white, thickly sprinkled with light reddish brown specks, and 1 resem-
ble those of 7’. aedon.

Cinchlerminia sanctae-luciae (Scl.). Sr. Lucia Mountain
Turusu.— Ober writes: “Have heard the unmistakable whistle of
this bird [C. dominicensis, which he observed on Dominica] and
have seen it as it flitted by in the dusk of the high woods, but have
not obtained it.” I found no trace of it on St. Vincent, nor were
any of the natives acquainted with it.

Merula gymnophthalma (Cab.). Yam-sirp; YELLOW-EYED
Grizve.— On St. Vincent this bird is confined to the immediate
vicinity of Kingstown and about Edinboro’, where it is fairly com-
mon, especially in the Botanic gardens. |

On the Grenadines it occurs on the northern end of Bequia, on
Canouan, on Union Island (about Clifton), on Petit Martinique,
along the high central ridge of Carriacou and in the lowlands at its
southern end, and on Isle Ronde, but is nowhere common on these
islands. It is common all over Grenada.

In habits the Yellow-eyed Grieve resembles the American Robin
(Merula migratoria), but is much more shy and secretive. It is
usually to be found in the interior of trees having thick, dark
foliage, such as the mango (Mangifera indica), but sometimes,

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 297

especially in the Grenadines, is met with in scrubby growth. Occa-
sionally it is seen on the ground hunting for insects after the man-
ner of the Robin, but is at such times very suspicious. The
alarm note is a melodious “chut,” with a characteristic intonation.
The usual call note is a liquid “pe-ou’-wou,” entirely different from
the call of any other bird with which I am acquainted, but suggesting
the squeal of the Ani. The song, which is usually heard in the
evening just before sunset (rarely in the early morning), is very like
that of the Robin, but lacks the peculiar high and strained notes
occasionally given by that species, being continuous, with little
variation in the quality of the notes.

In life the bare skin about the eye is very conspicuous; it is
bright yellow, inclining to orange, becoming orange on the eyelids.
It is the same in both sexes. The bill is greenish yellow. becoming
brown at the tip; the feet are light slaty, and the iris is brown.

The nest is like that of the Robin, and is usually placed rather
low, a favorite situation being in a cocoa tree. The eggs are dull
green, rather thickly speckled with reddish brown, especially toward
the largerend. They are very variable; in some, the spots are very
large, in others minute; in some evenly distributed, in others con-
fined to a ring about the large end.

This species was introduced into Barbados from Grenada in 1902,
and in the next year a pair successfully raised a brood in the
vicinity of the Garrison at Hastings.

Merula nigrirostris (Lawr.). Grizve; Mountain GRIEVE.—
On St. Vincent this bird is not rare; it is found in the woods, about
the clearings and in the vicinity of the mountain streams, most com-
monly in the upper part of the valleys behind Barrouallie and
Chateaubelair. It is common in the Botanic gardens at Kingstown,
where it is found with I. gymnophthalma.

It does not occur on the Grenadines, but is found in the deep
woods on Grenada, where it frequents the valleys along the mountain
streams.

In actions it resembles IM. gymnophthalma, but is much less
commonly seen in the open, and more often in the upper parts of
trees. It has the same nervous flitting of the wings and tail ob-
servable in that species and in I. migratoria.

The alarm note is something like that of the Robin, but lower,
and not so loud. Its call is a peculiar cry, unlike that of any other

298 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

thrush that I know. The cry of the young of both i and Be
preceding is like that of the young of the Robin. |

Its song is a continuous repetition of the syllables, “John Pierre
oh, John Pierre nas mi yes, mi yes, mi yes,” with the stress on
“ Pierre” and “mi,” with a peculiar intonation, suggesting that of
the Scarlet Tanager (Piranga erythromelas).

The nest resembles that of the preceding species, and is nae
placed in a tree with dark foliage. The eggs are, as in case of the
preceding bird, three in number, dull green spotted with reddish
brown, the spots being rather larger than in the eggs of M. gym-
nophthalma.

Myadestes sibilans (Lawr.). SovurriERE-BirD.— Lister says:
“T met with this interesting bird on the Soufriére, and in every part
of the high woods that I explored. Its song, which causes even
those who care little for bird music to pause and listen, appears to
be similar to that of a closely allied species, so well described by
Mr. Gosse in his account of the birds of Jamaica. During the
month of August I noticed that the birds did not sing their full
song, but after giving a few notes would stop and give utterance to
a harsh note, which reminded me of the discordant one which occurs
in the song of the Greenfinch (Ligurinus chloris).”

Mr. George Durrant, of Georgetown, St. Vincent, who is well
acquainted with this iar tells me the song resembles the sylla-
bles: “ I cook’ my rice’, I put’ it out’, flam’, flam, flam’.”

Although commonly Saueeeed on St. Vincent to have been con-
fined to the Soufriére, this bird occurred on all the higher ridges of
the island. Mr. G. Whitfield Smith, who has taken many of them,
tells me that they were particularly numerous on and about the sum-
mit of Mt. St. Andrew. I found no trace of it.

Cinclocerthia ruficauda tenebrosa Ridgw. TREMBLEUR.
— Ober says of this bird: ‘Not so abundant as in the woods of
Dominica, but still plentiful.” Lister writes: ‘“ Not uncommon in
the high woods. I never saw one on cleared land.” I failed to
find this bird, but it may still exist in certain remote localities.

Cinclocerthia sp. Quaxine Turusu.— Ligon (1763, p. 60,
“Thrush”; 1764, p. 101, “Grive”), Hughes (1750, p. 72, “The
Quaking Thrush’), and Schomburgk (48, p. 681, “ Zurdus jamai-
censis”’), give a bird evidently of this genus as occurring on Bar-
bados.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 299

Mimus polyglottos orpheus (Linn.). GreatTeR ANTIL-
LEAN Mockinesirp.— This species has recently been introduced
into Barbados from Jamaica but does not yet appear to have become
established.

Mimus gilvus (Vieill.). Mockrnenrrp; Prep Carreau.—
On St. Vincent this bird is very common about Kingstown. It
occurs throughout the Kingstown valley, and sparingly along the
leeward coast to Chateaubelair. It is most abundant in the town of
Kingstown, and in the Botanic gardens.

It occurs on all the Grenadines, and is there the.commonest bird ;
on Grenada it is found abundantly everywhere (except in the deep
woods), and is rather partial to neglected pastures.

The nest is rather coarse, of twigs, lined with finer twigs, eet bis
of leaves, etc., and is usually placed rather low. The eggs are usu-
ally three, pale olive or dull green, some very light, others dark, with
spots, blotches, or a ring about the larger end, of brown. It is sel-
dom that two eggs are found alike, even in the same set. I have
seen a specimen (in the collection of Mr. John Grant Wells) immac-
ulate, except for one or two small and very pale spots.

This species was introduced into Barbados from Grenada in May,
1901, and in the following spring one pair nested near the Garrison
at Hastings, and another in the neighborhood of Chelston, the resi-
dence of Sir Daniel Morris.

Allenia albiventris (Lawr.). Srorrmp Grirve.— The name
Turdus montanus given by Lafresnaye to this species (Rev. zool.,
May, 1844, p. 167) is preoccupied by Zurdus montanus Voigt,
(Thierreich, vol. 1, p. 484, 1831 ; Audubon, Orn. biog., vol. 4, p. 487,
1838, and Townsend, Journ. acad. nat. sci. Phila., 1889, p. 153).
Lawrence’s name of (Margarops) albiventris will therefore have to
be used (vide Riley, : 04b, p. 288).

This bird is rather uncommon on St. Vincent. It occurs about
the Queensberry estate in the upper Buccament valley, but is only
casually met with at other points, although I have seen or heard it
in many places in the woods from Chateaubelair to Kingstown. I
obtained one in the Botanic gardens at the latter place, another at
Edinboro’, and a third at Peter’s Hope.

Although Lister says it is never met with out of the high woods,
I have most frequently found it in scrubby growth, or on the borders
of woodlands. He gives it as not so commonly met with as Cinclo-
certhia ruficauda tenebrosa, but, he writes, “it may be common.”

300 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

After the hurricane of 1898, this species appeared in numbers on >
Union Island and Carriacou, where it was resident, according to
Wells, as late as 1902. I made a particular search for it during my
stay on those islands, but did not find it and therefore, as in life it
is a rather noticeable bird with a loud and characteristic note, am
forced to the conclusion that it has since died out, as I explored
both islands very thoroughly.

On Grenada it is not common, and appears to be confined to the
higher wooded parts of the island.

Cory (92, p. 121) gives this species as occurring on “ Lesser
Antilles [no.] 33 [= Barbados]”; probably this is a misprint for no.
32 (= Grenada), which locality is omitted.

The notes of this species are clear and loud, resembling the sylla-
bles “whéou whéou whéou” rapidly repeated half a dozen times or
so, sounding much as if someone were calling a dog. In general it
keeps near, but not on the ground, and its actions resemble those of
thrashers (Toxostoma). Its attitude is very characterfstic; the
head is kept low, and the tail usually straight up in the air, or
slightly inclined over the back. The yellow irides are very notice-
able.

Allenia sp. “Wren.” — Hughes (1750, p. 73, “The Wren”)
and Ligon (1763, p. 60, “Wren”; 1764, p. 101, “Roytelet”) men-
tion a bird, apparently of this genus, as occurring on Barbados. |

Margarops fuscatus densirostris (Vieill.). Mocxine
Turusu.— Dr. C. J. Manning obtained a male of this species in his
garden at Bagatelle, Barbados, on March 2, 1889. There are no
other records.

Margarops sp. “'T'uruss.”— Hughes, (1750, p. 72, “'Thrush”),
Ligon, (1763, p. 60, “Counsellor; 1764, p. 102, Conseiller”), and
Schomburgk (48, p. 681, “ Zurdus mustelinus”) mention what
appears to have been a species of this genus as occurring on Bar-
bados.

DovuBTFUL SPECIES.

Anas obscura Gmel. Brack Duck.—Schomburgk (’48, p.
682) mentions this species as a visitor occurring on Barbados. As
no one else mentions it, and as none of the Black Ducks have

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 301

been recorded in recent years from the West Indies, except Ja-
maica and Cuba, the record seems rather doubtful.

Dendrocygna arborea (Linn.), Trem Duck; Wuisriine
Ducx.— Schomburgk (48) gives this bird from Barbados. There
are no records for D. arborea from Barbados, although D. discolor
is reported from there. Possibly this is the species referred to. D.
arborea has, however, been found on the Bahamas (Andros),
Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, Isle of Pines, Porto Rico, Virgin Gorda, and
Barbuda,

Branta canadensis (Linn.). Canapa Goosr.—Sir Hans Sloane
(1707, vol. 1, p. 84; 1725, vol. 2, p. 323) says under Anser cana-
densis Willughb.: “Isaw here [Barbados, vol. 1] the Wild Goose
of New England, or Geese White and Gray of Hscarbot, Nova-
Francia, p. 90: Geese of Hudson Purchas, p. 602; of Saris ib.
373. Wild Geese of Copland, p. 466, who glaiieuad the same at
the Cape of Good Hope [!}. Of Payton, who saw them in an Isle
of Ethiopia 33° 30’ lat. 487.” Also (vol. 2): “I saw some of these
at Barbadoes; they come from the north parts of America, and I
think are better meat than the tame ones,”

Numenius longirostris Wils. Lone-sirtep CurLEw.-— Ober
gives thus species from St. Vincent, saying that he learned of its
occurrence while on that island. It has never been taken except on
Jamaica and Cuba.

Ajaia ajaia (Linn.). Roszarz Spoonsiii.— Lawrence quotes
Ober as saying that this bird is of casual occurrence on Grenada.
Were this so, Wells, who lived on Grenada all his life would cer-
tainly have mentioned it.

HYPoTHETICAL SPECIES.

The Cotton-tree Bird.— Hughes (1750, p. 72) says: “This is
a yellowish bird, about the bigness of a small sparrow ; and is chiefly
to be found among cotton trees.” Possibly the bird referred to is
Dendroica striata.

Tachornis phoenicobia.—Schomburgk refers to some bird
under this name as occurring in Barbados. Possibly it was one of
the swifts (Chaetura) that occur in the neighboring islands,

Amazona barbadensis (Gmel.). Barsapos Parror.-— Sir

302 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Hans Sloane (1707, vol. 1, p. 34) says: “Turner (ap. Purchas, p.
1265) found Hogs, Pigeons, and Parrots here [Barbados].” This is
the only statement I can find of their occurrence on that island by a
person who actually visited the place. Albin (Nat. hist. birds, vol.
3, p. 11, pl. 11, 1738, “The Barbados Parrot”), Edwards (Birds,
vol. 4, p. 162, 1751, “The Great Green Parrot from the West
Indies ” [Barbados] ; ¢. ¢., p. 246,“ Psittacus viridis major occiden-
talis”), Latham (Gen. syn., vol. 1, p. 284, no. 90, 1781, “The
Ashfronted Parrot ” [Barbados]; Gen. hist., vol. 2, p. 238, 1822),
Brisson (Orn., vol. 4, p. 236, 1760, “ Le Perroquet des Barbades....
Psittacus Barbadensis”), and: Gmelin (Syst. nat., vol. 1, p. 339,
1788, “ Ps[ittacus] barbadensis”) give a parrot of the genus
Amazona as having inhabited Barbados. The species as described
is referable in all cases to varieties of A. aestiva or A. ochroptera.
Possibly there was an Amazona allied to these species on the island
at the time of its colonization, but there is no definite proof that
such was the case. <A species of the A. amazonica group (to which
A. aestiva and A. ochroptera belong) is common (A. amazonica)
on Tobago and on Trinidad.

There is a single passing reference to a parrot on Grenada, Dutertre
(1667, vol. 2, p. 249) saying that the macaw on Guadeloupe is larger
than ‘the large parrots of Guadeloupe or Grenada.” Possibly
‘Tobago is meant.

Species Known TO BREED.

BARBADOS.

Puffinus lherminieri Less.
Butorides virescens maculata (Bodd.).
Gallinula‘galeata (Licht.).
Fulica caribaea Ridgw.
Zenaida zenaida aurita (Temm. and Knip.).
Columbigallina passerina trochiia (Bonap.).
Sericotes holosericeus (Linn.).

* Bellona cristata emigrans (Lawy.).
Tyrannus dominicensis rostratus (Scl.).

* Elaenea martinica barbadensis (Cory).

* Hologuiscalus fortirostris (Lawr.).

* Peculiar to the island.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS.

* Pyrrhulagra barbadensis (Cory).
Tiaris bicolor omissa (Jard.).
Vireosylva calidris barbadense Ridgw.

* Coereba barbadensis (Baird).

* Dendroica capitalis (Lawr.).

* Introduced.

Sicalis arvensis luteiventris (Meyen.).
Mimus gilvus (Vieill.).
Merula gymnophthalma (Cab.).

St. VINCENT.

Phaethon aethereus Linn.
Florida caerulea caerulescens (Lath.).
Butorides virescens maculata (Bodd.).
Nyctanassa violacea (Linn.).
Buteo antillarum Clark.

* Urubitinga anthracina cancrivora Clark.
Ionornis martinica (Linn.).
Gallinula galeata (Licht.).
Columba squamosa Bonn.
Columbigallina passerina trochila (Bonap.).
Geotrygon montana (Linn.).
Coccyzus minor vincentis Clark.
Crotophaga ani Linn.

* Amazona guildingii (Vig.).
Strix nigrescens Lawr.
Cypseloides niger (Gmel.).
Chaetura acuta (Gmel.).
Chaetura poliura (Temm.).
Eulampis jugularis (Linn.).
Sericotes holosericeus (Linn.).

* Bellona exilis ornata (Gould).
Tyrannus dominicensis rostratus (Scl.).
Myiarchus tyrannulus tyrannulus (Miill.).
Elaenea martinica flavogastra (Thunb.).
Elaenea martinica martinica (Linn.).

* Holoquiscalus dispar Clark.

* Pyrrhulagra noctis crissalis Ridgw.
Tiaris bicolor omissa (Jard.).
Euphonia flavifrons viscivora Clark.

* Peculiar to the island.

303

304 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

* Calospiza versicolor (Lawr.).
Progne dominicensis (Gmel.).
Vireosylva calidris barbadense Ridgw.

* Coereba atrata (Lawr.).

+ * Catharopeza bishopi (Lawyr.).

* Troglodytes musicus (Lawr.).

* Cinclocerthia ruficauda tenebrosa Ridgw.
Mimus gilvus (Vieill.).
Allenia albiventris (Lawr.).
? Cinchlerminia sanctae-luciae (Scl.).
Merula gymnophthalma (Cab.).
Merula nigrirostris (Lawr.).

* Myadestes sibilans Lawr.

THE GRENADINES.

Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.). Carriacou ; Isle Ronde.
Puffinus lherminieri Less.1 .
Phaethon aethereus Linn.

Sula cyanops (Sundev.). Kick-’em-Jenny.
Sula leucogastra (Bodd.).

Sula piscator (Linn.).

Fregata aquila (Linn.). :
Florida caerulea caerulescens (Lath.).
Butorides virescens maculata (Bodd.).
Nyctanassa violacea (Linn.).

Querquedula discors (Linn.). Isle Ronde.
Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmel.). Isle Ronde.
Buteo antillarum Clark. Bequia.

Ionornis martinica (Linn.).

Gallinula galeata (Licht.).

Fulica caribaea Ridgw.

Larus atricilla Linn.

Sterna maxima Bodd.

Sterna dougalli gracilis (Gould).

Sterna fuliginosa (Gmel.).

Sterna anaethetus (Scop.).

Anous stolidus (Linn.).

Columba squamosa Bonn.

Zenaida zenaida aurita (Temm. and Knip.).
Zenaida vinaceorufa Ridgw. Carriacou.
Columbigallina passerina trochila (Bonap.).

* Peculiar to the island.
+ Genus peculiar to the island.
1 Unless otherwise specified the birds breed in all suitable localities.

7"

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 305

Coccyzus minor minor (Gmel.).

Crotophaga ani Linn.

Striz nigrescens Lawr. Bequia.

Sericotes holosericeus (Linn.).

Bellona cristata cristata (Linn.).

Tyrannus dominicensis rostratus (Scl.).

Myiarchus tyrannulus tyrannulus (Mill.).

Elaenea martinica flavogustra (Thunb.). Bequia; Mustique.
Elaenea martinica martinica (Linn.).

Molothrus atronitens Cab. Canouan and southward.
Holoquiscalus luminosus (Lawr.).

Tiaris bicolor omissa (Jard.).

Progne dominicensis (Gmel.). Canouans Carriacou.

Vireosylva calidris barbadense Ridgw.

Coereba wellsi Cory. (Normal color phase only, = morrisi Clark).
Dendroica ruficapilia (Gmel.). Prune; Union Island; Carriacov.
Mimus gilvus (Vieill.). °

Merula gymnophthalma (Cab.).

Introduced.

Ortalis ruficauda Jard. Bequia; Union Island.
Eupsychortyx sonninii (Temm.). Mustique.
Numida meleagris Linn. Balliceaux.

GRENADA.

Podilymbus podiceps (Linn ).

Puffinus lherminieri Less. : :
Phaethon aethereus Linn.

Florida caerulea caerulescens (Lath.).
Butorides virescens maculata (Bodd.).
Nyctanassa violacea (Linn.).
Falco sparverius caribbaearum (Gmel.).
Buteo antillarum Clark.

Regerhinus uncinatus (Cass.).

Ionornis martinica (Linn.).

Gallinula galeata (Licht.).

Fulica caribaea Ridgw. °

Sterna maxima Bodd.

Sterna dougalli gracilis (Gould).
Anous stolidus (Linn.). ;

Columba squamosa Bonn.

' Zenaida zenaida aurita (Temm. and Knip.).

306 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Zenaida vinaceorufa Ridgw.

* Engyptila wellsi Lawr.

Columbigallina passerina trochila (Bonap.).
Geotrygon montana (Linn.).

Coccyzus minor minor (Gmel.).

Crotophaga ani Linn.

Strix nigrescens Lawr.

Chaetura cinereiventris guianensis (Hart.).
Chaetura poliura (Temm.).

Glaucis hirsuta (Gmel.).

Sericotes holosericeus (Linn.).

§ Bellona cristata cristata (Linn.).
Tyrannus dominicensis rostratus (Scl.).
Tyrannus melancholius satrapa (Licht,).
Myiarchus tyrannulus tyrannulus (Miill.).
Elaenea martinica flavogastra (Thunb.).
Molothrus atronitens Cab.

§ Holoquiscalus luminosus (Lawr.).

* Pyrrhulagra noctis grenadensis Cory.
Tiaris bicolor omissa (Jard.).

Sporophila gutteralis (Licht.).
Volatinia jacarini splendens (Vieill.).
Euphonia flavifrons viscivora Clark,
Calospiza cucullata (Swains.).
Progne dominicensis (Gmel.).
Vireosylva calidris barbadense Ridgw.

* Coereba wellsi Cory. (Black color phase only, = wellsi Cory)
Dendroica ruficapilla (Gmel.).

* Troglodytes grenadensis (Lawr.).

Mimus gilvus (Vieill.).
Allenia albiventris (Lawr.).
Merula gymnophthalma (Cab.).
Merula nigrirostris (Lawr.).

* Confined to the island.
§ Confined to Grenada and the Grenadines.

LITERATURE.

Anon.

[:03.] Birds of Barbados. West. Ind. bull., vol. 4, p. 186-144.
von Berlepsch, H.

°92. Die végel der insel Curagao. Journ. f. ornith., 1892, p. 61-122.
British association.

’°88. Report of the committee consisting of Mr. Thiselton Dyer (secretary),
Prof. Alfred Newton, Prof. Fowler, Mr. Carruthers, and Mr. Sclater,
appointed for the purpose of reporting on the present state of our
knowledge of the zoology and botany of the West India islands. Bath.

’88a. Report of the British association for the advancement of science.
List of the works on West Indian zoology read at the Bath meeting
of the British association, 1888. London.

Chapman, F. M.

94. On the birds of the island of Trinidad. Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist.,

vol. 6, p. 1-86.
Clark, A. H.
:02. The birds of Margarita Island, Venezuela. Auk, vol. 19, p. 258-
267.
Clarke (sic), A. H.
[:04.] The birds of St. Vincent. West Ind. bull., vol. 5, p. 75-95.
Clark, A. H.
- :05. Description of a new Euphonia from the southern West Indies.
Proc. biol. soc. Washington, vol. 18, p. 19-22.

:05a. Preliminary descriptions of three new birds from St. Vincent,
West Indies. Proc. biol. soc. Washington, vol. 18, p. 61-64.

:05b. The migrations of certain shore birds. Auk, vol. 22, p. 1384-140.

:O05c. Shore birds eating small fish. Auk, vol. 22, p. 208-209.

(Gives a list of the shore birds found’to feed on Sicydium plumieri
on St. Vincent.)

:05d. The Crab Hawk (Urubitinga) in the island of St. Lucia, West
Indies. Auk, vol. 22, p. 210.

:O05e. A supposed specimen of the Yellow Warbler (Dendroica aestiva)
from Grenada, West Indies. Auk, vol. 22, p. 212-214.

Clark, A. K. (sic=A.H.).
:O5f. An unrecognized subspecies of Bellona cristata. Auk, vol. 22, p.
215-216. ©
Clark, A. H.
:05g. Extirpated West Indian birds. Auk, vol. 22, p. 259-266.
Cory, C. B.

85. A list of the birds of the West Indies, including the Bahama
Islands and the Greater and Lesser Antilles, excepting the islands of
Tobago and Trinidad. Boston: 34 pp.

86. A list of the birds of the West Indies, including the Bahama

308 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Islands and the Greater and Lesser Antilles, excepting the islands of
Tobago and Trinidad. Boston: revised ed., 36 pp.

’°86a. Descriptions of new species of birds from the West Indies. Auk,
vol. 3, p. 881-382.

’*86b. On a collection of birds from several little known islands of the
West Indies. _ Ibis, ser. 5, vol. 4, p. 471-475.

’°86-"88. The birds of the West Indies, including the Bahama Islands, the
Greater and Lesser Antilles, excepting the islands of Tobago and
Trinidad. Auk, vol. 3, p. 1-59, 187-245, 337-381, 454-472; vol. 4, p.
37-51, 108-120, 223-232, 311-328 ; vol. 5, p. 48-82, 155-159.

’°88. An apparently new Elainea from Barbadoes, West Indies. Auk,
vol, 5, p. 47. .

°89. Notes on West Indian birds. Auk, vol. 6, p. 218-219.

°89a. The birds of the West Indies, including all species known to occur
in the Bahama Islands, the Greater Antilles, the Caymans, and the
Lesser Antilles, excepting the islands of Tobago and Trinidad.
Boston: 324 pp., 2 maps.

91. Onthe West Indian species of the genus Certhiola or tai Auk,

Jo OLS p: Byeat:

91a. Notes on West Indian birds. Auk, vol. 8, p. 41-46. .

"92. Catalogue of West Indian birds, containing a list of all species
known to occur in the Bahama Islands, the Greater Antilles, the Cay-
mans, and the Lesser Antilles, excepting the islands of Tobago and
Trinidad. Boston: 168 pp., map.

Elliot, D. G. .

°72. The hummingbirds of the West Indies. Ibis, ser. 3, vol. 2, p. 845-
357. .

Feilden, H. W.

’°88. The European Lapwing in the island of Barbados. Zooiogist, ser. 3,
vol, 12, p: 301.

’88a. Richardson’s Skuain the island of Barbados. Zoologist, ser. 3, vol.
12, p. 850.

°89. On the breeding of Puffinus auduboni in the island of Barbados.
Ibis, ser. 6, vol. 1, p. 60-68. '

°89a. On the birds of Barbados. Ibis, ser. 6, vol. 1, p. 477-508.

[:02.] Birds of Barbados. West Ind. bull., vol. 3, p. 384-352.

(Reprint of preceding. )
Gosse, P. H.

’47. The birds of Jamaica. London: x + 447 pp.

(Mentions, p. 201, Myadestes sibilans, ‘the St. Vincent Solitaire.’’)
_ Gurney, J. H.

°76. Notes on a ‘ Catalogue of the Accipitres in the British Museum’ by

R. Bowdler Sharpe (1874). Ibis, ser. 8, vol. 6, p. 467-493.
(Describes, p. 487, a specimen of Urubitinga anthracina cancrivora
from St. Vincent living in the Zoological society’s gardens. pis
Hartert, E.
93. On the birds of the islands of Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire. Ibis,
ser. 6, vol. 5, p. 289-338, pl. 8-9.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 309

°97. Various notes on hummingbirds. Ibis, ser. 7, vol. 8, p. 423-435.
Hughes, G.

1750. The natural history of Barbados. London: [16] + viii + 314 +

[19] pp., illus.
Labat, J. B.

1722. Nouveau voyage aux isles de l’Amérique contenant l’histoire natu-
relle de ces pays, l’origine, les moeurs, la religion, & le gouvernement
des habitans anciens & modernes, etc. Paris: 6 vols.

Labat, J. B.

1742. Nouveau voyage aux isles de l’Amérique, etc. Paris: 8 vols., new

ed.
Lawrence, G. N.

’°64. Descriptions of new species of birds of the families Tanagridae,
Cuculidae, and Trochilidae, with a note on Panterpe insignis. Ann.
N. Y. lyc. nat. hist., vol. 8, p. 41-46.

°68. Descriptions of seven new species of American birds from various
localities, with a note on Zonotrichia melanotis. Proc. acad. nat. sci.
Phila., 1868, p. 359-361. |

°75. Descriptions of five new species of American birds, Ibis, ser. 3, vol.
5, p. 883-387, pl. 9.

°78. Descriptions of seven new species of birds from the island of St.
Vincent, West Indies. Ann. N. Y. acad.sci., vol. 1, p. 146-152.

’'78a. Catalogue of the birds of St. Vincent, from collections made by Mr.
Fred A. Ober, under the directions of the Smithsonian institution, with
his notes thereon. Proc. U.S. nat, mus., vol. 1, p. 185-198.

°78b. Catalogue of the birds of Grenada, from a collection made by Mr.
Fred A. Ober for the Smithsonian institution, including others seen by
him, but not obtained. Proc. U.S. nat. mus., vol. 1, p. 265-278.

°79. A general catalogue of the birds noted from the islands of the Lesser
Antilles visited by Mr. Fred A. Ober, with a table showing their dis-
tribution, and those found in the United States. Proc. U. S. nat. mus.,
vol. 1, p. 486-488. :

°79a. Descriptions of supposed new species of birds from the islands of
Grenada and Dominica, West Indies. Ann. N. Y. acad. sci., vol. 1, p.
160-163.

’84. Characters of a new species of pigeon of the genus Engyptila, from
the island of Grenada, West Indies. Auk, vol. 1, p. 180-181.

°85. Descriptions of new species of birds of the family Columbidae.
Auk, vol. 2, p. 857-359.

’°87. Description of a new species of thrush from the island of Grenada,
West Indies. Ann. N, Y. acad.sci., vol. 4, p. 23-24.

°89. An account of the breeding habits of Puffinus auduboni in the island
of Grenada, West Indies, with a note on Zenaida rubripes. Auk, vol.
6, p, 19-22.

Léotaud, A. .

’66. Oiseaux de l’fle dela Trinidad (Antilles). Port d’ Espagne, (Trini-

dad): xx + 560 + viii + iv pp. ;

310 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Ligon, R.

1673. A true and exact history of the island of Barbados, illustrated with
a map of the island, as also the principal trees and plants there, set forth
in’ their due proportions and shapes, drawn out by their several and
respective scales. London.

(Birds, p. 21-82.)

1674. Histoire de l’isle des Barbades, enrichie de la carte de J’isle, et
de la figure des arbres et des plantes les plus considérables qui y crois-
sent. Paris.

(Birds, p. 101-103.)
Lister, C. E.

°80. Field notes on the birds of St. Vincent, West Indies. Ibis, ser. 4,

vol, 4, p, 88-44. ,
- Lodge, G. E.

’96. Notes on some of the West Indian hummingbirds. Ibis, ser. 7, vol.
2, p. 495-519. .
Manning, C. J.
°96. Ueber den vogelzug auf Barbados in jahre 1886, Ornis, vol. 8, p.
365.
Maynard, C. J.
:03. Catalogue of the birds of the West Indies which do not occur else-
where in North America. West Newton, Mass.
Newton, A.
°60. [Occurrence of Eupsychortyx sonninii in St. Thomas, D. W. 1., and
Molothrus sericeus = M. atronitens in Bieque = Vieque, or Crab Island,
near St. Thomas.] Ibis, vol. 2, p. 307-308.
Nicoll, M. J.
:04. Ona collection of birds made during the cruise of the “‘ Valhalla,”
R. Y. S., in the West Indies (1903-4). Ibis, ser. 8, vol. 4, p. 555-591,

pl. 11.
Ober, F. A.
°80. Camps inthe Caribbees. Boston.
Rendall, P.
°97. Field notes on some West Indian birds. Zoologist, ser. 4, vol. 1, p.
444-448.
Ridgway, R.
°83. Notes upon’some rare mpecte of neotropical birds. Ibis, ser. 5, vol.
1, p. 399-401.

°84. Description of a new species of coot from the West Indies. Proc.
U.S. nat. mus., vol. 7, p. 358.

°85. Description of three supposed new honey creepers from the Lesser
Antilles, with a synopsis of the species of the genus Certhiola. Proc.
U. S. nat. mus., vol. 8, p. 25-80.

:04. Descriptions of seven new species and subspecies of birds from tropi-
cal America. Smiths. misc. coll., vol. 47, p. 112-1138.

Riley, J. H.
:04. Notes on the generic names Bellona, Orthorhynchus, Chee

and Eulampis. Auk, vol. 21, p. 485-486.

CLARK: LESSER ANTILLEAN BIRDS. 311

:04a. Description of a new Myiarchus from Grenada and St. Vincent,
West Indies. Smiths. misc. coll., vol. 47, p. 275-276.
:04b. Catalogue of a collection of birds from Barbuda and Antigua,
British West Indies. Smiths. misc. coll., vol. 47, p. 277-291.
[de Rochefort, C. ]
1658. Histoire naturelle et morale des isles Antilles de l’ Amérique.
Rotterdam: [8] + 527 pp.
1665. Histoire naturelle et morale des isles Antilles de l’Amérique.
Rotterdam: 2d ed.
Salvin, O.
°74,. A visit to the principal museums of the United States, with notes on
some birds contained therein. Ibis, ser. 3, vol. 4, p. 8305-329, pl. 11-12.
(Remarks on Dendroica capitalis, p. 306.)
°97. [Remarks on Mr. Lodge’s paper on West Indian hummingbirds. ]
Ibis, ser. 7, vol. 3, p. 89-140.
Saunders, H.
84. [In Yarrell’s British birds, vol. 3, p. 529, 4th ed.; editorial note;
Hydrochelidon hybrida from Barbados. ]
Schomburgk, R. H.
48. <A history of Barbados. London.
(Birds, p. 680-682.) |
Sclater, P. L.
°58. On the general distribution of the members of the class Aves.
Journ. Linn. soc. London. vol. 2, p. 180-145.
64. [Description of Tyrannus rostratus.] Ibis, vol. 6, p. 87 (footnote).
°74. Onasmall collection of birds from Barbadoes, West Indies. Proc.
zool. soc. London, 1874, p. 174-175.
°75. On the present state of our knowledge of geographical zoology.
Address to the biological section, British association, Aug. 25, 1875.
Bristol.
°80. Notes upon some West Indian birds. . Ibis, ser. 4, vol. 4, p. 71-75, pl. 1.
[Sclater, P. L.]
°91. On recent advances in our knowledge of the geographical distribu-
tion of birds. Ibis, ser. 6, vol. 3, p. 514-557.
Sclater, P. L.
°93. Note on the proper use of the generic terms Certhiola and Coereba.
Ibis, ser. 6, vol. 5, p. 246-247.
Sloane, H.
1707. A voyage to the islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers,
and Jamaica. London: fol., cliv + 264 pp.,iv + 156 pls.
1725. Natural history of Jamaica. (Vol. 2 of above.)
Stejneger, L.
’°82. Synopsis of the West Indian Myadestes. Proc. U.S. nat. mus., vol.
5, p. 15-27, pl. 2.
Sundevall, C. J.
"70. Ofversigt af fogelsligtet Dendroeca. Ofvers. kongl. vetenskaps-
akad. férhandl., vol. 26, p. 605-618.
(Dendroeca petechia barbadensis = D. capitalis, p. 608.)

312 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY.

Taylor, E. C.
’°64. Five months in the West Indies. Ibis, vol. 6, p. 73-97, 157-175.
du Tertre, Le R. P. J.
1654. Histoire générale des isles des Christophie, de la Guadeloupe, de
la Martinique, et autres dans l’Amérique. Paris.
(Birds, p. 294-321.)
1667. Histoire générale des ‘mweiiles habitées par les Francois. Paris.
(Natural history in vol. 2.)
1671. Histoire générale des Ant-Isles habitées par les Francois. (Vol.
3 of preceding.)
Wells, J. G.
°86. A list of the birds of Grenada. Grenada.
°87. A catalogue of the birds of Grenada, West Indies, with observa-
tions thereon. Proc. U.S. nat. mus., vol. 9, p. 609-633.
:02. Birds of the island of Carriacou. Auk, vol. 19, p. 237-246, 343-349.
[ Wells, J. G.]
:04. The birds of Grenada. Grenada handbook, 1904, p. 147-148.

Wells, J. G.
:04a. The birds of Carriacou. Grenxda handbook, 1904, p. 149-150.

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