FOR THE PEOPLE

FOK EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

'^^^-r*.

-/^'

>—

•( /:

,v-

The Birds of Washington

Of this work in all its editions 1 250 copies have been
printed and the plates destroyed.

Of the Original Edition 350 copies have been printed
and bound, of which this copy is No.j^izQ.

■■,,;#

J^LUO?tx.«\«-

>ii\

JOHN Hoo;

HEPBURN'S LEUCOSTICTE

MALE. 5/6 LIFE SIZE
From a %Vatkk-coi.oh Painting as Allan Brooks

BROOKS

THE BIRDS OF WASHINGTON

A COMPLETE. SCIENTIFIC AND

POPLXAR ACCorXT OF THE ^72 SPECIES OF lURDS

FOUND IN THE STATE

WILLIAM LEON DAWSON, A. M., B. D., of Seattle

AUTHOR OF "THE BIRDS OF OHIO" _ , ,, _

ASSISTED BY

JOHN HOOPER BOWLES, of Tacoma

ILLUSTRATED BY MORE THAN 3OO ORIGINAL HALF-TONES OF BIRDS IN LIFE, NESTS,

EGGS. AND FAVORITE HAUNTS, FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE

AUTHOR AM) OTHERS.

TOGETHER WITH 40 DRAWINGS IN THE TEXT AND A SERIES OF
FULL-PAGE COLOR-PLATES.

ALLAN BROOKS

ORIGINATE EDITIOK

PRINTED ONLY FOR .\D\AXCE SUBSCRIBERS.

VOLUME I

SEATTLE
THE OCCIDENTAL PUBLISHING CO.

1909

^LL RIGHTS RESERVED

V *4-v/*^^

Copyright, 1909,

BY

Wii,i,iAM Leon Dawson

Half-tone work chiefly by The Bucher Engraving Company.
Composition and Presswork by The New Franklin Printing Company.
Binding by The Ruggles-Gale Company.

To the
of the

Caurtnus Club,

in grateful recognition of their friendly

services, and in expectation that

under their leadership the interests

of ornithology will prosper in

the Pacific Northwest,

this work is respectfully

DeDicateD

EXPLANATORY.

TABLE OF COMPARISONS.

INCHES.

Pygmy size Length up to 5.00

Warbler size S-OO" 6.00

Sparrow size 6.00- 7.50

Chewink size 7-50- 9-00

Robin size 9.00-12.00

Little Hawk size. Teal size, Tern size 12.00-16.00

Crow size 16.00-22.00

Gull size, Brant size 22.00-30.00

Eagle size. Goose size 30.00-42.00

Giant size 4^.00 and upward

Measurements are given in inches and hundredths and in millimeters, the
latter enclosed in parentheses.

KEY OF ABBREVLATKJNS.

References under Authorities are to faunal lists, as follows:

T Townsend. Catalog of Birds. Narrative. 1839, pp. 331-336. , „_ „

C&S Cooper and Sucklev. Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. XII., pt. II., i860, pp. 140-287.

L' Lawrence Birds of Grav's Harlwr, Auk. Jan. 1892, pp. 39-47-

L^ Lawrence Further Notes on Birds of Gray's Harbor, Auk, Oct. 1892, pp. 352-357.

Rh Rhoads, Birds Observed in B. C. and Wash., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila 1893,

pp. 21-65. (Onlv records referring explicitly to Washuigton are noted.)
Di Dawson, Birds of Okanogan County, Auk, Apr. 1897, pp. 168-182.

Sr Snvder, Notes on a Few Species, Auk, July 1900, pp. 242-245.

Kb Kohbe Birds of Cape Disappointment. Auk, Oct. 1900, pp. 349-358-

Ra Rathbun, Land Birds of Seattle, Auk. Apr. 1902, pp. 131-141-

D^ Dawson Birds of Yakima Countv, Wilson Bulletni, June 1902, pp. 59-67-

Ssi Snodgrass Land Birds from Central Wash., Auk. Apr. 1903. pp. 202-209.

Ss^! Snodgrass', Land Birds Central and Southeastern Wash., Auk, Apr. 1904, pp. 223-

233.
Kk Keck, Birds of Olvmpia, Wilson Bulletni, June 1904, pp. 23-37-

J Johnson. Birds of Cheney. Condor, Jan. 1906, pp. 25-28.

B Bowles Birds of Tacoma, Auk, Apr. 1906. pp. 138-148-

E' Edson, Birds of Belluigham Bay Region, Auk, Oct. 1908. pp. 425-439-

For fuller account of these lists see Bibliography in Vol. II.

References under Specimens are to collections, as follows ;

U ofW University of Washington Collection; (U. of W.) indicates lack of locality data.

P.' Pullman '(State College) Collection. P'. indicates local specimen.

Prov Collection Provincial Museum, Victoria, B. C. ,

B. ' Collection C. W. & J. H. Bowles. Only Washington specimens are listed.

C. Cantwell Collection.

BN. Collection Bellingham Normal School.

E. Collection J. iNL Edson.

iii.

PREFACE.

Love (if the birds is a natural |)assion and one which rcc|iiires neither
analysis nor defense. The birds live, we hve : and Hfe is sufficient answer unto
Hfe. But humanity, unfortunately, has had until recently other less justifiable
interests — that of fighting pre-eminent among them — so that out of a gory past
only a few shadowy names of bird-lovers emerge, Aristotle, Pliny the Elder,
.Iilian. Ornithology as a science is modern, at best not over two centuries and
a half old, while as a popular pursuit its age is better reckoned by decades. It is,
therefore, higlil}- gratifying to those wdio feel this primal instinct stronglv to be
able to note the rising tide of interest in their favorite study. Ornithology has
received unwonted attention of late, not only in scientific works but also in
popular literature, and it has taken at last a deserved place upon the curriculum
of many of our colleges and secondary schools.

We of the ^^'est are just waking, not too tardily we hope, to a realization of
our priceless heritage of friendship in the birds. Our homesteads have been
chosen and our rights to them established : now we are looking about us to take
account of our situation, to see whether indeed the lines have fallen unto us in
pleasant places, and to reckon up the forces which make for happiness, welfare,
and peace. And not the least of our resources we find to be the birds of \\'ashing-
ton. They are here as economic allies, to bear their part in the distribution of
plant life, and to wage with us unceasing warfare against insect and rodent foes,
which would threaten the beneficence of that life. They are here, some of them,
to supply our larder and to furnish occupation for us in the predatory mood.
But above all, they are here to add zest to the enjoyment of life itself: to please
(the eye by a dis])lay of graceful form and piquant color : to stir the depths of
human emotion with their marvelous gift of song; to tease the imagination by
their exhibitions of flight ; or to goad aspiration as they seek in their migrations
the mysterious, alluring and ever insatiable Beyond. Indeed, it is scarcely too
much to say that we may learn from the birds manners which will correct our
own ; that is, stimulate us to the full realization in our own lives of that ethical
program which their tender domestic relations so clearlv foreshadow.

In the matter herein recorded account has of course been taken of nearly
all thai has been done by other workers, but the literature of the birds of Wash-
ington is very meager, being chiefly confined to annotated lists, and the conclusions
reached have necessarilj- been based upon our own experience, comprising some
thirteen vears residence in the State in the case of Mr. Bowles, and a little more
in my own. Field work has been about e(|ually divided between the East-side
and the West-side and we have both been able to give practically all our time to
this cause during the nesting seasons of the past four years. Parts of several
seasons have been sjient in the Cascade Mountains, but there remains much to
learn of bird-life in the high Cascades, while the conditions existing in the Blue
Mountains and in the Olympics are still largely to be inferred. Two practically
complete surveys were made of island life along the West Coast, in the summers
of 1906 and 1907 ; and we feel that our nesting sea-birds at least are fairly well
understood.

Altho necessarily bidky, these volumes are by no means exhaustive. No
attempt has been made to tell all that is known or may be known of a given
species. It has been our constant endeavor, however, to present something like a
true proportion of interest as between the birds, to exhibit a species as it appears
to a Washingtonian. On this account certain prosy fellows have received extended
treatment merely because they are ours and have to be reckoned with ; while
others, more interesting, perhaps, have not been considered at length simply
because we are not responsible for them as characteristic birds of Washington.
In writing, however, two classes of readers have had to be considered, — first, the
Washingtonian who needs to have his interest aroused in tlie birds of his home
State, and second, the serious ornithological student in the East. For the sake
of the former we have introduced some familiar matter from other sources,
including a previous wi^rk^ of the author's, and for this we must ask the indulgence
of ornithologists. For the sake of the latter we have dilated upon certain points
not elsewhere covered in the case of certain Western birds, — matters of abun-
dance, distribution, sub-specific variety, etc., of dubious interest to our local
patrons ; and for this we must in turn ask their indulgence.

The order of treatment observed in the following pages is substantially the
reverse of that long followed by the American Ornithologists' Union, and is
justifiable principally on the ground that it follows a certain order of interest and
convenience. Beginning, as it does, with the supposedly highest forms of bird-
life, it brings to the fore the most familiar birds, and avoids that rude juxtaposi-
tion of the lowest form of one group with the highest of the one above it, which
has been the confessed weakness of the A. O. U. arrangement.

The outlines of classification may be found in the Table of Contents to each
volume, and a brief synopsis of generic, family, and ordinal characters, in the

a. The Birds of Ohio, by William Leon Dawson, .\. M., B. D., witli Introduction and Analytical Keys
by Lynds Jones, M. Sc. One and Two Volumes, pp. xlviii. + 671. Columbus, The Wheaton Publishing
Company, 1903.

Analytical Kev prepared bv Professor Jones. It has not been thought best to give
large iilace to these matters nor to intrude them upon the text, because of the
nian\- excellent manuals which already exist giving especial attention to this field.

The nomenclature is chiefly that of the A. O. U. Check-List, Second Edition,
revised to include the Fom-tecnth Supplement, to which reference is made by
number. Departures have in a few instances been made, changes sanctioned by
Ridgway or Coues. or justified bv a consideration of local material. It is, of
course, unfortunate that the publication of the Third Edition of the A. ( ). U.
Check-List has been so long delayed, insomuch that it is not even yet available.
On this account it has not been deemed worth while to provide in these volumes
a separate check-list, based on the A. O. U. order, as had been intended.

Care has been exercised in the selection of the English or vernacular names
of the birds, to oflrer those which on the whole seem best fitted to survive locally.
Unnecessary departures from eastern usage have been avoided, anrl the
changes made have been carefully considered. As matter of fact, the English
nomenclature has of late been much more stable than the Latin. For instance,
no one has any difficulty in tracing the Western Winter Wren thru the literature
of the past half century: but the bird referred to has, within the last decade,
posed successively under the following scientific names: Trof/Iodytcs hiciiialis
l^acificus, AnortJiiira Ii. p.. OlbiorchUus h. p.. and Xaiiiius h. p.. and these with
the sanction of the A. O. U. Committee — certainly a striking example of how not
to secure stability in nomenclature. With such an example before ns we may
perhaps be pardoned for having in instances failed to note the latest discovery of
the name-hunter, but we have luiml)ly tried to follow our agile leaders.

In the preparation of plumage descriptions, the attempt to derive them from
local collections was partiallv abandoned because of the meagerness of the ma-
terials oft'ered. If the work hail been purely British Columbian, the excellent
collection of the Provincial Museum at A'ictoria would have been nearly sufficient:
but there is crving need of a large, well-kept, central collection of skins and
mounted birds here in Washington. .-\ creditable showing is being made at
Pullman under the energetic leadership of Professor W. T. Shaw, and the State
College will always require a representative working collection. The University
of Washington, however, is the natural reposittiry for West-side specimens, and
perhaps for the official collection of the State, and it is to be devoutly hoped that
its present ill-assorted and ill-housed accumulations may early give place to a
worthy and complete display of Washington birds. Among private collections
that of Mr. J. M. Edson, of Bellingham, is the most notable, representing, as it
does, the patient occupation of extra hours for the past eighteen years. I am
under obligation to Mr. Edson for a check-list of his collection (comprising
entirely local species), as also for a list of the birds of the ]\Iuseum of the Belling-
ham Normal School. The small but well-selected assortment of bird-skins belong-
ing to Messrs. C. W. and J. H. Bowles rests in the Ferry Museum in Tacoma.

vin.

Here also Air. Ged. C. CaiUwell lias left hi> bird-skins. ])artly local ami ]iartly
Alaskan, on view.

Fortunately the task nf redescrihini; tlic |)lumage of ^^'aslling■ton birds has
been rendered less necessary for a work of such scope as ours, thru the appearance
of tile Fifth Edition of Coues Key.^* cniljodying. as it does the ripened conclusions
of a uniquely gifted ornithological writer, and above all. 1iv the great definitive
work from the hand of Professor Ridgway.'' now more than half completed.
These final works by the masters of our craft render the careful repetition of
such effort supernuous. and 1 have no hesitation in admitting that we are almost
as much indebted to them as to local collections, altho a not inconsiderable part of
the author's original work upon plumage descriiition in "The ISirds of Ohio" has
been utilized, or re-worked, wherever ap])licable.

In compiling the General Ranges, we wish to acknowledge indebtedness both
to the A. (). U. Check-List (2nd Edition) and to the summaries of Ridgway and
Cones in the works already mentioned. In the Range in Washington, we have
tried to take account of all published records, but have been obliged in most
instances to rely upon personal experience, and to express judgments which must
vary in accuracy with each individual case.

The final work upon migrations in Washington is still to be done. Our own
task has called us hither and yonder each season to such an extent that consecutive
work in any one locality has been impossible, and there appears not to be any one
in the State who has seriously set himself to record the movements of the birds
in chronological order. Success in this line depends upon cooperative work on
the part of many widely distributed observers, carried out thru a considerable
term of years. It is one of the aims of these volumes to stimulate such endeavor,
and the author invites correspondence to the end that such an undertaking may
be carried out systematically.

In citing authorities, we have aimed to recall the lirst publication of each
species as a bird of \\'asliington, giving in italics the name originally assigned the
bird, if different from the one now used, together with the name of the author
in bold-face tvpe. In many instances early references are uncertain, chiefly by
reason of failure to distinguish between the two States now separated by the
Columbia River, but once comprehended under the name Oregon Territory. Such
citations are questioned or bracketed, as are all those which omit or disregard
scientific names. The abbreviated references are to standard faunal lists appear-
ing in the columns of "The Auk" and elsewhere, and these are noted more
carefully under the head of Bibliograph}'. among the Appendices.

At the outset I wish to explain the peculiar relation which exists between

a. Key to North American Birds, by Elliott Coues. A. M., M. D., Ph. D,, Fifth Eilitioti (entirely
revised), in Two Volumes; pp. xli. -t-1152. Boston, Dana Estes and Company, 1903.

b. The Birds of North and Middle America, by Robert Kidgway, Curator, Division of Birds, U. S.
National Museum. Bulletin of the tJ. S. N. M., No. 50; Pt, 1.. Fringillidac, pp. xxxi. + 715 and PI. XX.
(kjoi); Pt. XL, Tiuiagridac, etc., pp. xx. -|- 834 and PI. XXII. (1902): Pt. III., Motacillidac, etc., pp.
xx.+Soi and PI. XIX. fiqo4); Pt. IV., Tiirdidac, etc.. pp. xxll. -H 973 and PI. XX.XIW (1907).

mvself and the junior author, Mr. j. 11. Bowles. Each of us liad loug had in
mind the thouglit of ])repariu<; a wurk u])()n the Inrds of Washington: lint '\\r.
Bowles, during' my residence in L)liio, was the hrst to undertake the task, and
had a book actually half written when I returned to the scene with friendly
overtures. Since mv plans were rather more extended than his. and since it was
necessar}' that one of us should devote his entire time to the work. Air. Bowles,
with unbounded generosity, placed the result of his labors at my disposal and
declared his willingness to further the enterprise under my lcadershi]i in every
]50ssible way. Except, therefore, in the case of signed articles from his pen, and
in most of the unsigned articles on Grouse and Ducks, where our work has been
a strict collaboration, the actual writing of the book has fallen to mv lot. In
practice, therefore, I have found myself under every degree of indebtedness to
Mr. Bowles, according as my own materials were abundant or meager, or as his
information or mine was umre ])ertinent in a given case.

Mr. Bowles has been as good as his word in the matter of cooperation, and
has lavished his time in the (|uest of new species, or in the discovery of new nests,
or in the location of choice subjects for the camera, solely that the l)(jok might
profit thereby. In several cxiieditions he has accompanied me. On this account,
therefore, the text in its pronouns. "I." "we." or "he." bears witness to a sort
of sliding scale of intimacy, which, unless ex]i!ained, might be puzzling to the
casual reader. I am especially indebted to Mr. Bowles for extended material upon
the nesting of the birds; and mv onlv regret is that the varying refiuirements of
the task so often compelled me to condense his excellent sketches into the meager
sentences which appear under the head "Nesting." Not infrequently, however, I
have thrown a few adjectives into Mr. Bowles's jiaragraphs and incorporated
them without distinguishing comment, in expectation that cmr ji)int indebtedness
will hardly excite the curiosity of any disengaged "higher critic" of ornithology.
Let me, then, express mv very deep gratitude to Mr. Bowles for his generosity
and mv sincere appreciation of his abilities so imperfectly exhibite<l, I fear, in
the following pages, where I have necessarily usiu'ped the opjiortunity.

It is matter of regret to the author that the size of these volumes, now
considerably in excess of that originally contemplated, has precluded the possi-
liilitv of an extended physical and climatic surve}- of \\'ashingt<in. The striking
dissimilaritv of conditions which obtain as between the eastern side of the State
and the western are familiar'tn its citizens and may be easily inferred by others
from a perusal o{ the f(_illowing pages. Our State is excelled by none in its
divcrsit\' of climatic and physiographic features. The ornithologist, therefore,
may indulge his proclivities in half a dozen different biril-worlds without once
leaving our borders. Especiallv might the taxonomist, the subspecies-hunter, revel
in the minute shades of tliffercnce in plumage which characterize the representa-
tives of the same species as they appear in different sections of our State. We
have not gone into these matters verv carefully, because our interests are rather

those of avian psycholog}-, and of tlie domestic and social relations of the birds, —
in short, the life interests.

\\hile tlie autlmr's point of view has been that of a bird-lcjver, some things
herein recorded may seem inconsistent with the claim of that title. The fact is that
none of us are (|uite consistent in our attitude toward the bird-world. The
interests of spurt and the interests of science must sometimes come into conflict
with those of sentiment; and if one confesses allegiance to all three at once he
will inevitably appear to the partisans of either in a bad light. However, a real
principle of unitv is found when we come to regard the laird's value to society.
The question then becomes, not. Is this bird worth more to iiic in my collection or
upon my plate than as a living actor in the drama of life? but. In what capacity
can this Ijird best serve the interests of mankind? There can l)e no doubt that the
answer to the latter (|uestion is usually and increasingly, As a living bird. Stuffed
specimens we need, but only a representative number of them ; only a limited few
of us are fitted to enjoy the pleasures of the chase, and the objects of our passion
are rapidly passing from view anyway; but never while the hearts of men are set
on peace, and the minds of men are alert to receive the impressions of the Infinite,
will there be too many birds to speak to eye and ear, and to minister to the
hidden things of the spirit. The birds belong to the people, not to a clique or a
coterie, but to all the people as heirs and stewards of the good things of God.

It is of the esthetic value of the bird that we have tried to speak, not alone
in our descriptions but in our pictures. The author has a jileasant conviction,
born of desire perhaps, that the bird in art is destined to figure much more largely
in future years than heretofore. We have learned something from the Japanese
in this regard, but more perhaps from the camera, wdiose revelations have marvel-
ously justified the conventional conclusions of Japanese decorative art. Nature
is ever the nursing mother of Art. While cmr function in the text has necessarily
been interpretative, we have preferred in the pictures to let Nature speak for
herself, and we have held ourselves and our artists to the strictest accounting for
anv retouching or modification of photogra])hs. Excejit, therefore, as explicitly
noted, the half-tones from photographs are faithful presentations of life. If they
inspire any with a sense of the beauty of things as they are, or suggest to any
the theme for some composition, whether of canvas, fresco, vase, or tile, in things
as they might be, then our labor shall not have been in vain.

In this connection we have to congratulate ourselves upon the discovery,
virtually in our midst, of such a promising bird-artist as Mr. Allan Brooks. I
can testify to the fidelity of his work, as all can to the delicacy and artistic feeling
displayed even under the inevitable handicap of half-tone reproduction. My
sincerest thanks are due ^Nlr. Brooks for his hearty and generous cooperation in
this enterprise; and if our work shall meet with approval. I shall feel that a large
measure of credit is due to him.

The joy of work is in the doing of it. while as for credit, or "fame," that is a
mere by-product. He who does not do his work under a sense of privilege is a

hireling, a clock-watcher, and his sufficient as coveted meed is the pay envelope.
But those of us who enjoy the work are sufficiently rewarded already. What
tho the envelope be empty ! We've had our fun and — well, yes, we'd do it again,
especially if you tlidught it worth while.

But the chief reward of this labor of love has been the sense of fellowship
engendered. The progress of the work under what seemed at times insuperable
difficulties has been, nevertheless, a continuous revelation of good will. "Every-
body helps" is the motto of the Seattle spirit, and it is just as characteristic of the
entire Pacific Northwest. Everybody has helped and the result is a composite
achievement, a nK.mument of patience, fidelity, and generosity far other than
my own.

I gratefully acknowledge indebtedness to Professor Robert Ridgway for
counsel and assistance in determining State records: to Dr. A. K. Fisher for
records and for comparison of specimens ; to Dr. Chas. \\'. Richmond for ci m-
firmation of records; to ^Messrs. William L. Finley, Herman T. Bohlman, A. W.
Anthony. W. II. \^■right, Fred. S. Merrill, Warburton Pike, Walter I. Burton,
A. Gordon Bowles, and Walter K. Fisher, for the use of photographs; to ^lessrs.
J. M. Edson, D. E. Brown, A. B. Reagan, E. S. ^Voodcock, and to a score of
others beside for hospitality and for assistance afield ; to Samuel Rathbun,
Prof. E. S. Aleany, Prof. O. B. Johnson. Prof. ^^^ T. Shaw, ?*Iiss Adelaide Pol-
lock, and Miss Jennie V. Getty, for generous cooperation and courtesies of many
sorts; to Francis Kermode, Esq., for use of the Provincial Museum collections,
and to Prof. Trevor Kincaid for similar permission in case of the Uni\-ersity of
Washington collections. My special thanks are due my friend. Prof. Lynds Jones,
the proven comrade of many an ornithological cruise, who upon brief notice and
at no little sacrifice has prepared the Analytical Key which accompanies this work.

My wife has rendered invaluable service in preparing manuscript for press,
and has shared with me the ariluous duties of proof-reading. My father. Rev.
W. E. Dawson, of Blaine, has gone over most of the manuscrijit and has offered
manv highly esteemed suggestions.

To our patrons and subscribers, whose timeh' and indulgent support has made
this enterprise possible, I offer my sincerest thanks. To the trustees of the
Occidental Publishing Company I am under a lasting debt of gratitude, in that
they have planned and counselled freely, and in that they have so heartily seconded
my efforts to make this work as beautiful as possible with the funds at command.

One's roll of oljligations cannot be reckoned complete without some recogni-
tion also of the dumb things, the products of stranger hearts and brains, which
have faithfully served their uses in this undertaking: my A\'arner-and-Swasey
binoculars ( 8-power ) — I would not undertake to write a bird-book without them;
the Graflex camera, wdiich has taken most of the life portraits; the King canvas
boat which has made study of the interior lake life possible: — all deserve hon-
orable mention.

Then there is the physical side of the book itself. (Jne cannot reckon up the

myriad liands that have wrought upon it. engravers, printers, binders, paper-
makers, messengers, even the liumble goatherds in far-off Armenia, each for a
season giving of his best — out of love. I trust. Brothers, I thank you all !

Of the many shortcomings of this work no one could be more sensible than
its author. We should all prefer to spend a life-time writing a book, and having
written it. to return and do it over again, somewhat otherwise. But book-making
is like matrimony, for better or for worse. There is a finality about it which
takes the comfort from one's muttered declaration. "I could do it better another
time." What I have written I have written. I go now to spend a (luiet day —
with the birds.

WiLLi.\ii Leon D.awsox.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1.

PAGE.

Dedicatiox i.

Explanatory iii.

PrKFacI' V.

List of Fuli.-pagk Illustrations xv.

Description of Species Xos. 1-181.
Order Passeres — Perching Birds.

Suborder OSC/NES — Song Piirds. nos.

Family Corridcc — The Crows and Jays 1-14 i

IctcvidiV — Tlie Troupials 15-22 43

Pringillidcv — The Finches 23-68 68

Tanagridcr — The Tanagers 69 170

Mniotiltidcr — The ^^'ood Warblers 70-86 172

.Ihutdidw — The Larks 87-89 212

Motacillidir — The Wagtails and Pipits 90 221

Turdid(C — The Thrushes 91-102 225

Sylz'iidcr — The Old World Warblers, Kinglets.

and ( iiiatcatchers 103- 105 262

Parid(C — The Titmice 106-1 10 27^

Sittidcc — The Nuthatches 11 i-i 13 287

Ccrthiidcc — The Creepers 114, 115 295

Trofflodytidcr — The Wrens 1 16-122 301

MiiiiidiC — The Mockingbirds 123, 124 320

CiucUdiv — The Dippers 125 325

Hiniiidiuidcr — The Swallows 126-132 329

AnipcUdcc — The ^^'axwings 133. 134 348

Laniidcc — The Shrikes 135-137 352

J'irconidcc — The A'ireos 138-141 358

XIV.

NOS. PAGE.

Suborder CLAMATORES—Songle^s Perching Birds.

Family Tyraiiiiidcc — Tlie 'l\rant Flycatchers 142-151 369

Order Macrochires — Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc.
Suborder TROCHILl — Hummers.

Family Trochilidcc — The Hummingbirds ....:.... 152-155 393

Suborder C.i/Ve/il/f'LC;/— Goatsuckers.

Family Caprimiilijidw — The Nighthawks (Goatsuckers.

etc.) 156-158 404

Suborder OT.S'£L/— Swifts.

Family Micropodidcc — The Swifts 159-161 410

Order Pici — I'icarian Birds.

Family Picidiv — The Woodpeckers 164-179 418

Order Coccyges — Cuculiform Birds.
Suborder CUCVLI — Cuckoos.

Family Cuculidcc — The Cuckoos 180 452

Suborder ALCVONES — Kingfishers.

Family AlccdiiiidiC — 'J'lic Kingfishers 181 454

LIST OF FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE OR FACING PAGE.

Hepburn's Leltosticte (Color-plate ) Frontispiece

NoRTHERX Raven ( Half-tone ) 3

American Magpie ( Half-tone ) 25

Bullock Orioles ( Color-plate ) 52

Western Evening Grosbeaks ( Color-plate ) 68

Audubon Warbler (Color-plate ) 182

Townsend Warblers, Male and Female ( Half-tone) 191

ToLMiE Warblers ( Half-tone ) 199

Golden Warbler ( Color-plate ) 208

Chestnut-backed Chickadee (Half-tone ) 283

Nesting Site of the Tawny Creeper ( Half-tone) 299

ViOLET-GREEx SwALLOW ( Color-plate ) 346

Calliope Hummers (Color-plate ) 400

Gairdner Woodpecker ( Half-tone) 425

Red-breasted Sapsucker ( Color-plate ) 434

The Birds of Washington

VOL. I.

Description of Species Nos. 1-181

THE BIRDS OF WASHINGTON

No. I.

NORTHERN RAVEN.

A. O. U. Xo. 486a. Corvus corax principalis Ridgw.

Synonym. — Formerly called the A.mickr-ax Raven.

Description. — ^Color uniform lustrous black; plumage, especially on breast,
scapulars and back, showing steel-blue or purplish iridescence ; feathers of the
throat long, narrow, pointed, light gray basally ; primaries whitening at base.
Length two feet or over, female a little smaller; wing 17.00-18.00 (438); tail
10.00 (247) ; bill 3.20 (76.S) ; depth of bill at nostril i.oo (28.5) ; tarsus 2.68
(68).

Recognition Marks. — Large size, — about twice as big as a Crow ; long
rounded tail ; harsh croaking notes ; uniform black coloration. Indistinguishable
afield from siniiatits.

Nesting. — A'cst: a large but compact mass of sticks, lined with grass, wool,
cow-hair, etc., placed high in fir trees or upon inaccessible cliffs. Eyijs: 4-7 (8
of record), usually 5, pale bluish green or olive, spotted, blotched, and dashed
with greenish brown and obscure lilac or purple. Av. size, 1.90 x 1.33 (48.26 x
33.78). Season: April 15; one brood.

General Range. — "Arctic and Boreal Provinces of North America ; south
to Eastern British Provinces, portions of New England, and Atlantic Coast of
United States, higher Alleghenies, region of the CTreat Lakes, western and
northern Washington, etc." (Ridgway).

Range in Washington. — Found sparingly in the Cascade and Olympic
Afountains, more commonly along the Pacific Coast.

Migrations. — Resident but wide ranging.

Authorities. — [Lewis and Clark, Hist. Ex. (1814), Ed Biddle : Coues, Vol.
IL p. 18=;.] Corvus carnivorus Bartram, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. 1858,
pp. 561, 3fe, 563. (T). C&S. L'. D'( ?). B. E.

Specimens.— (U. of. W.) Prov. C.

THE NORTHERN RAVEN.

ALTHO nowhere abundant, in the sense which obtains among smaller
species, nor as widely distributed as some, there is probably no other bird
which has attracted such universal attention, or has left so deep an impress
upon history and literature as the Raven. Primitive man has always felt the
spell of his sombre presence, and the Raven was as deeply imbedded in the folk-
lore of the maritime Grecian trilies as he is today in that of the Makahs and
Ouillayutes upon our own coast. Komx. the Greek called him, in imitation of
his hoarse cry, Kraack. kraack: while the Sanskrit name, Karava, re\-eals the
ancient root from which have s])rung Ijoth Crow and Ravai.

Quick-sighted, cimniiig, and audacious, this Ijird of sinister aspect has
been invested by peoples of all ages with a, mysterious and semi-sacred char-
acter. His ominous croakings w-ere thought io have prophetic import, while
his preternatural shre\\dness has made him, with many, a symbol of divine
knowledge. We may not go such lengths, but we are justified in placing this
bird at the head o-f our list ; and we must agree with Professor Alfred
Newton that the Raven is "the largest of the Birds of the Order Passeres,
and probably the most highly developed of all Birds."

The Raven is a bird O'f the wilderness: and, in spite of all his cunning,
he fares but ill in the presence of breech-loaders and iconoclasts. While
it has not been the oljject of anv special persecution in Washington, it seems
to share the fate reserved for all who' lift their heads above the common
level; and it is now nearly confined in its local distribution tO' the Olympic
peninsula; and is nowhere common, save in the x-icinity of the Indian villages
which still cling to oiu' western shore.

In appearance the Raven presents man}' points of difference from the
Common Crow, especially when contrasted with the dwarf examjiles of the
northwestern race. It is not only larger, Imt its tail is relative!}' much longer,
and fullv rounded. The head, too, is fuller, and the l)ill proportionately
stouter with more rounded culmen. The feathers of the neck are loosely
arranged, resulting in an impressive shagginess : and there is a sort of un-
couthness alxuit these ancient liirds, as compared with the more dapper Crow.

Ravens are unscrupulous in diet, and therefrom has arisen much of the
dislike which has attached to them. They not only subsist upon insects,
worms, frogs, shellfish, and cast-up offal, init devour the eggs and young of
sea-birds ; and, when pressed by hunger, do not scruple to attack rabbits, young
lambs, or seal pups. In fact, nothing fleshly and edible comes amiss to them.
In collecting along the sea-coast I once lost some sandpipers, — which I had
not had time tO' prepare the evening before — because the dark watcher was
"up first". Like the Fish Crow, they hang about the Indian villages to some

NORTHERN RAVEN.

THE NORTHERN RA\'EN.

extent, and dispnte witli the nbiqnitmis Indian dog the chance at decayed fish
and offaL

Altho by force of circumstances driven tO' accept shelter and nesting sites
in the dense forests of the western Olympic slope, the Raven is a great lover
of the sea-cliffs and of all \\'ild scenerv. Stormy tlays are his especial delight
and he soars about in the teeth of the gale, exulting, like Lear, in the tumult :
"Blow winds, and crack your cheeks!" The sable bird is rather majestic on
the wing, and he soars aloft at times with something (if the motion and dignity
of the Eagle. But the Corvine character is complex ; and its gravest represen-
tatives do some astonishingly boyish things. For instance, according to
Nelson, tliev will take sea-urchins high in air and drup them on the cliffs,
for no better reason, apparentlv, than to hear them smash. Or, again, they
will catch the luckless urchins in mid-air with all the delight of school-bovs
at tom-ball.

Nests are tO' be found midway of sea-cliffs in studiouslv inaccessible
places, or else high in evergreen trees. Eggs, to the number of five or six,
are deposited in April ; and the young are fed upon the choicest which the
(egg) market affords. We shall need to apologize occasionally for the short-
cimiings of our favorites, and we ci>nfess at the outset t(T shameless incon-
sistency: for even bird I'lllaiiis are dear tO' us, if they be not too bad, and
especially if their liadness be not directed against us. Who would wish to
see this bold, lilack brigand, savage, cunning, and miscru])u1ous as he is. dis-
appear entirely from our shores? He is the deep shadow of the world's
chiaro'scuro; and what were white, pray, without black by which to^ meas-
ure it ?

'taken in LUiUam County.

Photo by the Author.

I'OINT-OF-THE-AUCHES GROUP, A CUARACTERISTIC HAUNT OF TrlE KA\'EN.

THE MEXICAN RAVEN.

No. 2.

MEXICAN RAVEN.

A. O. V. \o. 486. Corvus corax sinuatus (W'agler).

Synonyms. — American Ra\-e:n. Southern Raven.

Description. — Like preceding but averaging smaller ; bill relatively smaller
and narrcjwer ; tarsus not so stout. Length up to 26 inches, but averaging less.
Culmen 2.85 (72).

Recognition Marks. — As in preceding — distinguishable only by range.

Nesting. — Xcst: placed uii ledge or in crannies of basalt cliffs, more rarely
in pine trees.

General Range. — Western L'niled States chiefly west of the Rocky Moun-
tains; in its northerly extension nearly coincident with the L'pper Sonoran life
zone, south to Honduras.

Range in Washington. — May be arbitrarily defined as restricted to the
East-side, but common only on the treeless plains and in the I'lue Mountain
region. Resident.

Authorities. — Coyiiis carnivorus Bart., Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pac.
R. R. Surv. Xll. pt. II. i860, p. 210. Bendire, Life Hist. N. A. Birds, Vol. II.
p. 396 f.

IT is mi mere associatimi nt ideas which has made the Ka\en the Ijinl of
ill omen. I-llack is his wing, and black is his heart, as well. While it may
Ije allowed that he works no- direct damage upon the human race, we cannot
but share in sympathy the laurden of the bird-world whicli regards him as the
bctc iioir. dialiiilical in cunning, patient as fate, and relentless in the hour of
opportunitw

As I sit on an earl}- INIa}' morning liy the water's edge on a lonel}' island
in the Columbia Ri\'er, all nature seems harmoni(_ius and glad. The Meadow-
larks are ])ricking the atmosphere with goads of good cheer in the sage
behind ; the Dove is pledging his heart's afifection in the cottonwood hard by ;
the river is singing on the rapids : and my heart is won to follow on that
buoyant tide — when suddenly a mother Goose cries out in terror and I leap
to my feet to learn the cause. I have not long to wait. Like a death knell
comes the guttural croak iif the Ra\'en. He has spied upon her. learned her
secret, swept in when her precious eggs were unco\ered ; and he bears one off
in triumph, — a feast for his carrion brood, ^^'hep one has seen this sort of
thing a dozen times, and heard the wail inf the w ild things, the croak of the
Ra\'en comes to be fraught with menace, the veritable voice of doom.

To be sure, the Raven is not really worse than his kin, but he is dis-
tinguished hv a bass voice: and does not the \illain in the play alwa^'s sing
bass? Somehow, one ne\'er Ijelieves the ill he hears of the soulful tenor, even
tho he sees him dO' it ; but beware of the Iiird or man who croaks at low C.

THE MEXICAN RAVEN.

Of all students of bird-life in the West. Captain Bendire has enjiiyed the
best opportunities for the study i.if the Ivaven ; and his situation at Camp Har-
ney in eastern Oregon was very similar to such as may be found in the south-
eastern part of onr own State. Of this species, as observed at that point, he says :

"Thev are stately and rather sedate-looking birds, remain mated thru
life, and are seemingly very nmcli attached to each other, but apparently more
unsocial to others of their kind. On the ground their movements are delib-

Takcn near IValltila.

THE RANEN'S FIEF.

Photo by the Author.

erate and dignified ; their walk is graceful and seldom varied by hurried hops
or jumps. They appear to still better advantage on the wing, especially in
winter and early spring, when pairs may be frequently seen playing with each
other, performing extraordinary feats in the air, such as somersaults, trying
to fly on their backs, etc. At this season they seem to enjoy life most and to
give vent to their usually not very exuljerant spirits by a series of low chuck-
ling and gurgling notes, evidently indifferent efforts at singing.

"Their ordinary call is a loud Craaclc-craock. \aried sometimes by a deep

THE MEXICAN RAVEN.

grunting' kocrr-kocrr. and again 1)\' a clucking, a sort of self-satisfied sound,
difficult til reproduce on paper: in fact the)- utter a variety of notes when at
ease and undisturbed, among others a metallic sounding kliuik, which seems
to cost them consideral)le effHrt. In places where they are not molested they
become reasonably tame, and I have seen Ravens occasionally alight in my
yard and feed among the chickens, a thing I have never seen Crows do. * * *
"Out of some twenty nests examined only one was placed in a tree. It
was in a good sized dead willow, twenty feet frnm the ground, on an island

XKSTIXG HAUNT OF THE MEXIC.^N R.-WEN.

in Sylvies Ri\er, Oregon, and easily reached ; it contained five fresh eggs on
April 13, 1875. The other nests were placed on clififs, and, with few excep-
tions, in positions where they were comparatively secure. Usually the nest
could not be seen from abo\'e, and it generally took several assistants and
strong ropes to get near them, and even then it was frequentlv impossible to
reach the eggs without the aid of a long pole with a dipper attached to the end.
A favorite site was a clilY with a southern exposure, where the nest was com-
pletely covered from above by a projecting rock."

Having once chosen a nesting site, the Ravens e\'ince a great attachment
for that particular locality; and, rather than desert it, will avoid notice by
deferring the nesting season, or by visiting the eggs or young only at night.

We have no' records of the taking of Ravai's eggs in Washington, liut it

THE WESTERN CROW.

does unquesliiinabh" breed here. A nest was reported tO' us o« a cliff in the
Crab Creek Coulee. While we were unable to visit it in season, we did come
upon a family group some w^eeks later, comprising the two adults and five
grown young. This is possibl_\- the northernmost breeding station of the
Mexican Raven yet rq>orted.

No. 3.

WESTERN CROW.

A. O. U. No. 488b. Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis (Ridgw.).

Synonyms. — California Crow. Common Ckow. American Crov^'.

Description. — Entire plumage glossy black, for the most part with greenish
blue, steel-blue, and purplish reflections; feathers of the neck normal, rounded.
Bill and feet black; iris brown. Length 16.00-20.00; wing 12.00 (302); tail
6.70 (170) ; bill 1.83 (46.5) ; depth at nostril .65 ( 16.5). Female averages smaller
than male.

Recognition Marks. — Distinguishable from Northwest Crow by larger size
and clearer voice.

Nesting. — Nest: a neat hemisphere of sticks and twigs carefully lined with
bark, roots and trash, and placed 10-60 feet high in trees, — willow, aspen, pine,
or fir. Eggs: 4-6, usually 5, same coloring as Raven's. Occasionally fine :iiark-
ings produce a uniform olive-green, or even olive-brown effect. Av. size 1.66
X i.if (42.2 X 29.5). Season: April is-May 15; one brood.

General Range. — Western United States from Rocky Mts. to Pacific Coast,
save shores of northwestern \\"ashington, north in the interior of British
Columbia, south to Arizona.

Range in Washington. — Of general distribution along streams and in settled
portions of State, save along shores of Puget Sound, the Straits, and the Pacific
north of Gray's Harbor. Not found in the mountains nor the deeper forests,
and only locally on the sage-brush plains.

Migrations. — Resident but gregarious and localized in winter. The winter
"roosts" break up late in February.

Authorities. — Corvus americantts And., Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX.
1858, 566 (part). Brewster, B. N. O. C. VH. 227. T. Cfv:S. D'. Kb. Ra. D-'.
Ss'. Ss-'. la-. J. B. E.

Specimens. — BN( ?).

WHILE the Raven holds a secure place in mythology and literature, it
is the Crow, rather, which is the object of common notice. No landscape is too
poor to boast this jetty adornment ; and no' morning chorus is complete without
the distant sub-dominant of his powerful voice, harsh and protesting tho it be.

The dusky bird is a notorions mischief-maker, but he is not quite so black
as he has been painted. More than any other bird he has successfully matched
his wits against those of man, and his frequent easy victories and consequent

THE WESTERN CROW.

boastings are responsible in large measnre for tlie unsavory reputation in wliich
he is held. It is a familiar adage in ebony circles that the prriper study of
Crow-kind is man.
and so well has he
pursued this study
that he may fairly
be said to hold his
own in spite of fierce
and ingenious perse-
cution. He rejoices
in the name of

Taken i

PIiolo by Bohhnan and Fhiicy
WESTERN CROW AT XEST.

outlaw, and ages of ill-treatment have only served to sharpen his wits and
intensify his cunning.

That the warfare waged against liim is largely unnecessary, and partly
unjust, has been pretty clearly ])n)ven of late by scientists who have investi-
gated the Crow's food haliits. It is true that he destroys large numbers of
eggs and nestlings, and, if allowed to, that he will occasionally invade the
poultry yard — and for such conduct there can be no apology. It is true, also,
that some damage is inflicted upon corn in the roasting-ear stage, and that
corn left out thru the winter constitutes a staple article of Cro'w diet. But
it is estin:ated that birds and eggs form only about one-half of one per cent
of their ti tal diet : and in the case of grain, certainly they perform conspicuous
services in raising the crop. Besides the articles of food mentioned, great

lO

THE WESTERN CROW.

quantities (jf crickets, beetles, grasshoppers, catcr]iillars, cut-wnrnis, and spid-
ers, are consumed. Frogs, lizards, mice, and snakes also^ appear occasii.>nally
upon the hill of fare. On the whole, therefore, the Crow is not an economic
Gorgon, and his destruction neetl not large!)- concern the farmer, altho it is
always well to teach the bird a proper reverence.

The psychology- of the Crow- is worthy of a separate treatise. All birds
have a certain faculty of direct perception, which we are pleased tO' call in-
stinct; but the Crow, at least, coiiies delightfully near to reasoning. It is on
account of his phenomei-ial lirightness that a young Crow is among the most
interesting- of pets. If taken fron-i the nest and well treated, a young Crow can
be given such a large measure of freedom as fully to justify the experiment
from a humanitarian standpoint. Of course the sure end of such a pet is death
by an ignorant neighbor's gun. but the dear departed is embalmed in memory
to such a degree that all Crows are thereafter regarded as upon a higher plane.

Everyone knows that Crows talk. Their cry is usually represented by
a single syllable, caiv. but it is capable of many and important moditicatioi-is.
For instance, kcrara', kcraiv, comes from some irritated and apprehensive
female, who is trying to smuggle a stick into the grove: kaick-kazJc-lcan'k
proclaims suddeii danger, and puts the flock into instant commotion : while

caiu-aii.', caK-ira'. caw-a-u\ re
again. Once, in winter
bird-man, for sport, was
tifying- the local bin
population by re-
producing the
notes of the
Screech Owl, a
c O' m p a n y O'f
Crows settled
in the tops
of neighboring
trees, and earn-
estly discussed
the probable
nature of the
od> j e c t half-
concealed under
a camera cl<ith.
Finally, they
g;ave it up and
withdrew — as
I supposed. It

assures them
W'hen the
mvs-

NEST AND EGGS OF VVESrERN CROW.

THE WESTERN CROW. n

seems that one old fellow was not satisfied, for as I ventured to shift
ever so little from my strained position, he set up a derisive Ca-a-a-azv
from a branch over my head. — as who should say. "Aw. ye can't fool me.
Y're just a ma-a-an." and flapped away in disgust.

Crows attempt certain nuisical notes as well ; and. unless I mistake, the
western bird has attained much greater proficiency in these. These notes are
deeplv guttural, and evidently entail considerable effort on the bird's part.
Huiiger-o-opc. hungcr-u-upc, one sa_\-s ; and it occurs to me that this is allied
to the delarv, delary, or springboard cry. nf the Blue Jay (Cyaiiocitta cris-
tata), — plunging notes they ha\e also been called.

Space fails in which to describe the elaborate structure of Crow society ;
to tell of the military and pedagogical systems which they enforce: of the
courts of justice and penal institutidus which they maintain: nf the vigilantes
who visit vengeance upon evil-minded owls and other otTenders ; or even of the
games which thev play. — tag, hide and seek, blind-man's-buff and pull-away.
These things are sufficiently attested by competent observers: we may only
spare a word for that most serious business of life, nesting.

A typical Crow's nest is a very substantial aft'air. as our illustration shows.
Upon a basis of coarse sticks, a mat of dried leaves, grasses, bark-strips, and
dirt, or mud. is impressed. The deep rounded bowl thus formed is carefully
lined with the inner bark of the willow or with twine, horse-hair, cow-hair,
rabbit-fur. wool, or any other soft substance available. When cnmpleted the
nesting hollow is seven or eight inches across and three or four deep. The
expression "Crow's nest." as used to indicate disarray, really arises from the
consideration of old nests. Since the Ijirds resort to the same locality year
after year, but never use an old nest, the neighboring structures of successive
years come to represent e\'ery stage of dilapidation.

West of the mountains nests are almost invariably placed well up in fir
trees, hard against the trunk, and so escape the common observation. Upon
the East-side, however, nests are usually placed in aspen trees or willows : in
the former case occurring at heights up to fifty feet, in the latter from ten to
twenty feet up. Escape by mere elevation being practically impossible, the
Crows resoTt more or less to out-of-the-way places, — spring draws, river
islands, and swampy thickets.

Notwithstanding the fact that the spring season opens much earlier than
in the East, the Crows, true to the traditions of a northern latitude, comnnjuly
defer nesting till late in April. Fresh eggs may be found by the 20th of April,
but more surely on the ist of May. Incubation lasts -from fourteen to eighteen
days ; and the voung, commonly five but sometimes six in number, are born
naked and blind.

It is when the Crow children are hatched that Nature begins to groan. It
is then that birds' eggs are quoted by the crate ; and beetles by the hecatomb

12 THE NORTHWEST CROW.

are sacrificed daily in a vain effiH't to satisfy the Gargantuan appetites of these
\-(jung- ehons. I once had the misfortune tn pitch camp in a grove of willows
wliich contained a nestfnl nf Cruws. The okl birds never forgave me, but
upbraided me in bitter language frnm early morn till dewy eve. The youngsters
also suffered scjmewliat. 1 fear, fen' as often as a parent bird approached,
cawing in a curicjiisly muffled voice, choked with food, and detected me outside
the tent, it swallowed its burden withorit compunction, in order that it miglit
the more forcibly lierate me.

If the male ha|)pened to discover my out-of-doorness in the absence of his
mate, he would rush at her when she hove in sight, in an officious, blustering
way, and shout, "Look out there! Keep away! The Rhino is on the rampage
again !"

I learned, also, tO' recognize the appearance of hawks in the offing. At the
first sign the Crow, ]>resumably the male, begins to roll out objurgatory guttur-
als as he hurries forward to meet the intruder. His utterances, freely trans-
lated, run somewhat as follows: "That blank, blank Swainsoii Hawk! I
thought I told him tO' keep away from here. Arrah, there, you slab-sided son
of an owl ! What are ye doing here? Git out o' this! (Biff! Biff!) Git,
I tell ve ! (Biff!) If ever I set eyes on ve again, I'll feed \e to the covotes.
Git, now!" And all this without the slightest probability that the poor hawk
would molest the hideous young pickaninnies if he did discover them. For
when was a self-respecting hawk so lost to decency as to be willing tO' "eat
crow" ?

No. 4.

NORTHWEST CROW.

A, O. U. No. 489. Corvus brachyrhynchos caurinus (Baird).

Synonyms. — Fisii Crow. W'kstekk Fish Crovv. Northwest Fish Crow.
PuGET Sound Crow. Tidewater Crow.

Description. — Similar to C. /'. hcspcris, but decidedly smaller, with shorter
tarsus and relatively smaller feet. Length 15.00-17.00; wing 11.00 (280); tail
6.00 ( 158) ; bill 1.80 (46) ; tarsus 1.95 (50).

Recognition Marks. — An undersized Crow. Voice hoarse and flat as com-
pareil with that of the Western Crow. Haunts beaches and sea-girt rocks.

Nesting. — A' est: a compact mass of twigs and bark-strips with occasionally a
foundation of mud; lined carefully with fine bark-strips and hair; 4.00 deep and
7.00 across inside; placed 10-20 feet high in orchard or evergreen trees, sometimes
in loose colony fashion. Eggs: 4 or 5, indistinguishable in color from those of the

THE NORTHWEST CROW. 13

Common Crow, but averaging smaller. A typical set averages 1.56 x 1.08
(39.6 X 27.4). Season: April 15-June i ; one brood.

General Range. — .\merican coasts of the North Pacific Ocean and its
estuaries from C)lympia and the mouth of the Columbia River north at least to
the Alaskan peninsula.

Range in Washington. — Shores and islands of Puget Sound, the Straits
of Juan de Fuca, and the West Coast (at least as far south as Moclips, presum-
ably to Cape Disappointment). Strictly resident.

Authorities. — [Lewis and Clark, Hist. Ex. ( 1814), ed. Biddle : Coues, Vol.
n. p. 185.] Corvus cauriniis Baird. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. June 29,
1858, 569, 570. T. C&S. L'. Rh. Kb. Ra. Kk. B. E.

Specimens. — U. of W. Prov. E. B.

AFTER lengthy discussion it is pretty well settled that the Crow of the
northwestern sea-coasts is merely a dwarfed race of the Coi-vus brachyrhynclios
group ; and that it shades perfect!}' into the prevailing western type, C. b. hcs-
peris, wherever that species occupies adjacent regions. This area of inter-
gradation lies chiefly south and west of Puget Sound, in Washington ; for the
Crow is ever fond of the half-open country, and does not take kindly tO' the
unmitigated forest depths, save where, as in the case of the Fish Crow, he may
find relief upon the broad expanses of shore and tide-flats. The case is quite
analogous to. that of native man. The larger, more robust types were found in
the eastern interior, while those tribes \\-hich were confined exclusively to
residence upon the sea-shore tended to beccnne dwarfed and stunted : and the
region of intergradation lay not chiefly along the western slopes of the
Cascades with their crushing weight of tall timber, but in the prairie regions
bordering Puget Sound upon the south.

It is impossible, therefore, to pronounce with certainty upon the sub-
specific identity of Crows seen near shore in Mason. Thurston, Pierce, or even
King County; but in Clallam, Jefferson, San Juan, and the other counties of
the Northwest, one has no' difficulty in recognizing the dwarf race. Not only
are these Cro^ws much smaller in point of size, but the voice is weaker, flatter,
and more hoarse, as thoi affected by an ever-present fog. So' marked is this
vocal change, that one may note the dift'erence lietween birds seen along shore
in Pierce County and those which fref|uent the uplands. However, — and this
caution must be noted — the upland l>irds di> visit the shore on occasion; and
the regular shore dwellers are l>v no' means confined thereto., as are the more
typical birds foimd further north.

The early observers were feeling for these differences, and if Nature did
not afford sufficient ground for easy discrimination, imagination could supply
the details. The following paragraph from the much quoted work^ of John
Keast Lord is interesting Ijecause deliciously untrue.

a. "Tlie Naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Columbia," by John Keast Lord. Two Vols.
London. Published by Richard Bentley, 1866. Vol. II.. p. 70.

14

THE NORTHWEST CROW.

"The sea-coast is abandoned when the l>reeding time arrives early in
Mav, when tliev resort in pairs to the interior : selecting a patch of open prairie,
wliere there are streams and lakes and where the wild crab apple and white-
thorn grows, in wliicli thev Imild nests precisely like that of the Magpie, arched
cn-er the top with sticks. The l)ir(l enters by a hole on one side but leaves by
an exit hole in the opposite. The inside is plastered with mud ; a few- grass
stalks strewn looselv ou the bottom keep the eggs from rolling. This is so
marked a difference to the Barking Crow"s nesting ["Barking Crow" is J. K.
L.'s solecism for the Western Crow, C. b. Iicspcris]. as in itself to be a specific
distinctii:>n. The eggs are lighter in l)li itching and much smaller. I examined
great numbers [ ! !] of nests at this prairie and on the Columbia, but invariably
found that the same habit of doming prevailed. After nesting, they return

with the young to
the sea-coasts, and
remain in 1 a r g- e
flocks often associ-
ated with Barking
Crciws until nesting
time comes again."
— No single point of
which has l)een con-
firmed by succeed-
ing observers.

Dr. Cooper wrote''
with exact truthful-
ness : "This fish-
criiw frequents the
coast and inlets of
this Territory in
large numbers, and
is nuich more gregarious and familiar than the common Crow. Otherwise it
much resembles that bird in habits, being very sagacious, feeding" on almost
everything animal and vegetable, and having nearly the same cries, differing
rather in tone than character. Its chief dependence for food being on the sea,
it is generally found along the lieacli, devouring dead fish and other things
brought up by the waves. It is also \-ery fond o^f oysters, which it breaks by
carrying them upward and dropping again rm a rock or other hard material.
Wlien the tide is full they resort to the fields or dwellings near the shore and
devour potatoes and other vegetables, offal, etc. They, like the gulls, perceive
the instant of change of the tide, and flocks will then start ofif together for a
favorite feeding ground. They are very troublesome to the Indians, stealing

Tal:cn nl \ call Bar.

l-'luitn bx llic Aulhr

THE PH.\XTOM CROWS.

a. Rep. Pac. R. R. Survey, Vol. XII., Bk. II. [Senate, i860].

THE NORTHWEST CROW.

15

their dried fish and other tilings, while from superstitious feelings the
Indians never kill them but set a child to watch and drive them away. They
build in trees near the shore in the same way as the common crow and the
young are fledged in May."

Mr. J. F. Edwards, a pioneer of "67, tells me that in the early days a
small drove of pigs was an essential feature of every well-equipped saw-mill
on Puget Sound. The pigs were given the freedom of the premises, slept
in the saw dust, and dined behind the mess-house. Between meals they
wandered down to the beach and rooted for clams at low tide. The Crows
were not slow to learn the advantages of this arrangement and posted them-
selves promptly in the most commanding and only safe positions ; viz., on
the backs of the pigs. The pig grunted and squirmed, but Mr. Crow, mindful
of the blessings ahead, merely extended a balancing wing and held on. The
instant the industrious rooter turned up a clam, the Crow darted down,
seized it in bis l>eak and matle off; resigning his station to some sable
brother, and leaving the porker to reflect discontentedly upon the rapacity
of the upper classes. Mr. Edwards declares that he has seen this little
comedy enacted, not once, but a hundred times, at Port Madison and at
Alberni, V. I.

The Fish Crows have learned from the gulls the delights of sailing
the main i>n driftwood. I have seen numbers of them going out with the
tide a mile or more from shore, and once a Crow kept company with three
gulls (in a float so- small that the gulls had continuall}- tO' strive for position;
but the Crow stimd undisturlied.

BIRDS AND BO.JiTS AT NEAH BAY.

Photo by the Author.

if)

THE NORTHWEST CROW.

Speakinsj of their aquatic tendencies, ^[r. A. B. Reagan, of La Push,
assures me tliat he has repeatedly seen tliem catch smelt in the ocean near
shore. These fish become inv(!h'ed in tlie breakers and may be snatched from
;il)n\-e bv the dextrous bird witlmut any severe wetting.

Crnws are still the most familiar feature of Indian village life. The
Indian, perhaps, nO' longer cherishes any superstition regarding liim, l>ut
he is reluctant to l>anish such a familiar e\'il. The Ouillayutes call the bird
J\ali-iili-\d : and it is safe to sav that fifty pairs nf these Fish Crows nest
within half a mile of the village of La Push. They nest, indifferently, in
the saplings of the coastal thickets, or against the trunks of the larger spruces,
and take little i)ains to escape ol:)servation. The birds are, howe\'er, becom-
ing cjuite shy of a gun. Seeing a half dozen of them seated in the tip of a tall
spruce in tlie open woods, I raised my fowling jiiece tii \iew, whereu|)on

Token on H'aldroit Id.

THE CKOVV'S FARE.

Photo by the AutJior.

all fiew with frantic cries. Indeed it required considerable mananu'ering
and an ambuscade tO' secure the single specimen needed.

.Vt Xeah \\:\\ the Fish Crows patrol the beach incessantly and allow
\-ery little of the halibut fishers' largess to float off on the tide. And the
Okc-t( c )npc, as the Makahs call the birds, have little fear of the Indians,
altho they are yery suspicious of a strange white man. I once saw a pretty
sight on this beach : a three year old Indian girl chasing the Crows about
in childish glee. The birds enjoyed the frolic as much as she, and fell in

THE NORTHWEST CROW,

behind lier as fast as she shooed tliem away in front — came within two or
three feet of her, too. and made playful dashes at her chubby legs. But
might I be permitted to photograph the scene at, say, fifty yards? Mit
nichtcn! Arragh ! To }our tents, O Israel!

In so far as this Crow consents to^ perform the office of scavenger, he
is a useful member of society. Nor is his consumption of shell-fish a serious
matter. But when we come tO' consider the quality and extent of his
depredations upon colonies of nesting sea-birds, we find that he merits
unqualified condemnation. For instance, twO' of us bird-men once visited
the west nesting o-f Baird Cormorants on Flattop, to obtain photographs.
As we retired down the clifi^, I picked up a broken shell of a Cormorant's
tgg, from which the white, or plasma, was still dripping. As we pulled
away from the foot of the cliff a Crow flashed into view, lighted on the
edge of a Shag's nest, seized an egg, and bore it off rapidly into the woods
above, where the clamor of expectant young soon told of the disposition
that was being made of it. Immediately the marauder was back again,
seized the other tgg, and was off as before. All this, mind you, in a trice,
before we were sufficiently out of range for the Cormorants to- reacli tlieir
nests again, altho they were hastening toward them. Back came the C-w^\^,'
but the first nest was exhausted ; the second had nothing in it ; the Shags
were on the remainder ; moments were precious — he made a dive at a
Gull's nest, but the Gulls made a dive at him: and they too hastened to
their eggs.

Subsequent investigation discovered rifled egg-shells all over the island,
and it was an easy matter to pick up a hatful for evidence. As he is at Flattop,
so he is evervwhere. an indefatigable robber of birds' nests, a sneaking,
thieving, hated, black marauder. It is my deliberate conviction that the
successful rearing of a nestful of young Crows costs the lives of a hundred
sea-birds. The Baird Cormorant is, doubtless, the heaviest loser; and she
appears to have no means of redress after the mischief is done, save to lay
n^ore eggs, — more eggs to feed more Crows, to steal more eggs, etc.

i8 THE CLARK NUTCRACKER.

No. 5.

CLARK'S NUTCRACKER.

A. O. U. No. 491. Nucifraga columbiana (Wils.).

Synonyms. — Clark's Crow. I'lxi; Ckhw. Gray Crow. "Camp Robbkr."
(Thru confusion with the Gray Jay, Pcrisurciis sp.).

Description. — Adults: General plumage smoky gray, lightening on head,
becoming sordid white on forehead, lores, eyelids, malar region and chin ; wings
glossy black, the secondaries broadly tipped with white ; under tail-coverts and
four outermost pairs of rectrices white, the fifth pair with outer web chiefly
white and the inner web chiefly black, the remaining (central) pair of rectricps
and the upper tail-coverts black ; bill and feet black ; iris brown. Shade of gray
in plumage of adults variable — bluish ash in freshly moulted specimens, darker
and browner, or irregularly whitening in worn plumage. Young like adults, but
browner. Length 11.00-13.00; wing 7.00-8.00 (192); tail 4.50 (115): bill 1.60
(40.7) : tarsus 1.45 (36.8). Female smaller than male.

Recognition MarJvs. — Kingfisher size ; gray plumage with abruptly con-
trasting black-and-white of wings and tail ; harsh "cliar-r" note.

Nesting. — Nest: basally a platform of twigs on which ^s massed fine strips
of bark with a lining of bark and grasses, placed well out on horizontal limb of
e'^Kgreen tree, 10-50 feet up. Eggs: 2-5, usually 3, pale green sparingly flecked
and spotted with lavender and brown chiefly al)Out larger end. Av. size, 1.30 x
.91 -(33x23.1. Season: JMarch 20-April 10; one brood.

General Range. — Western North America in coniferous timber, from
.'\rizona and New Mexico to Alaska ; casual east of the Rockies.

Range in Washington. — Of regular occurrence in the mountains thruout
the State. Resident in the main but visits the foothills and lower pine-clad levels
of eastern Washington at the close of the nesting season.

Authorities. — Corvus colunibianus. Wilson, Am. C)rn. iii. 181 1, 29. T.
C&S. D'. D^ J. E.

Specimens. — ( U. of W'.). Prov. E. C.

NO l)ir(!-I(i\-er can forget his first encnunter with this singular Oid-Bird-
of-the-Mountains. Ten to one the bird brought the man up standing by a
stentorian cliar'r'r. char'r'r, char'r'r. which led him to search wildly in his
nieni(ir\- whether Rocs are credited with voices. It the bird was particularly ,
concerned at the man's intrusion, he presently revealed himself sitting rather
stolidly on a high pine branch, repeating" that harsh and deafening cry. The
grating voice is decidedly unpleasant at close quarters, and it is quite out of
keeping with the unquestioned sobriety of its grizzled owner. A company
of Nutcrackers in the distance finds frequent occasion for outcry, and the
din is only bearable as it is softened and modified by the re-echoing walls
ct some pine-clad gulch, or else dissipated bv the winds wliich sweep over
the listening glaciers.

THE CLARK NUTCRACKER.

19

Clark's Nutcracker is tlie presiding genius of the East-side slopes and
light-forested foothills, as well as of the rugged fastnesses of the central
Cordilleras. His presence, during fall and winter, at the lower altitudes
tiepends in large measure upon the pine-cone crop, since pine seeds are his
staple, tho by no means his exclusive diet. This black and white and gray

CI..\RK'S NUTCRACKER.

"Crow" curiiiuslv CDUibines the characteristics of Woodpecker and Ja}" as
well. Like the Lewis Woodpecker, he sometimes hawks at passing insects,
eats berries from bushes, or alights on the ground to glean grubs, grass-
lioppers, and black crickets. In the mountains it shares with the Jays of the
Pcrisorcus group the names "meat-bird"' and "camp-robber," for nothing
that is edible comes amiss to this bird, and instances are on record of its
having invaded not only the open-air kitchen, but the tent, as well, in search
cf ''supplies."

Of its favorite food, John Keast Lord says: "Clark's 'Crows' have,
like the Cross-bills, to get out the seeds from underneath the scaly coverings
constituting the O'Utward side of the fir-cone : nature has not given them

20 THE CLARK NUTCRACKER.

crossed mandibles to lever open the scales, hut instead, feet and claws,
that serve the purpose of hands, and a powerful l)ill like a small crowbar.
To use the crowl>ar to advantage the cone needs steadying, or it would
snap at the stem and fall; to accomplish this one foot clasps it, and the
powerful claws hold it iirmly, whilst the other foot encircling the branch,
supports the bird, either l)ack downward, head downward, on its side, or
upright like a woodpecker, the long clasping claws being equal to any
emergency; the cone thus fixed and a firm Imld maintained on the Ijranch,
the seeds are gouged out from under the scales."

These Nutcrackers are among the earliest and most hardy nesters.
Thev are practically indeiiendent of climate, l)ut are found during the
nesting months — March, or even late in February, and early April — only
where there is a local abundance of pine (or fir) seeds. They are artfully
silent at this season, and the impression prevails that they have "gone to
the mountains" ; or, if in the mountains already, the presence of a dozen
feet of snow serves to allay the oologisfs suspicions.

The nest is a very substantial affair of twigs and bark-strips, hea\-ily
lined, as befits a cold season, and placed at an}- height in a pine or fir tree,
without noticeable attempt at concealment. The Inrds take turns incubating
and — again because of the cold season — are very close sitters. Three eggs
are usual) v laid, of about the size and .shape of Magpies' eggs, but much
more lightly colored. Incubation, Bendire thinks, lasts si.xteen or seventeen
days, and the young are fed solely on hulled pine seeds, at the first, pre-
sumably, regurgitated.

If the Corvine affinities of this bird were nowhere else betrayefl, they
might lie known from the hunger cries of the young. The importunate ailli.
anil, ai'ili of the expectant bantling, and the subsecjuent gnlli'i. giillii.
gulh'i (if median deglutition (and boundless satisfaction) will always serve
to l)ind the Crcnv, Magpie, and Nutcracker toigether in one compact group.
When the voungsters are "ready for college," the reserve of early spring
is set asi<le and tlie hillsides are made to resouml with much practice of
that uncanny yell before mentioned. Family groups are gradually obliterated
and. along in June, the l>irds of the foothills begin to' retire irregularly
to the higher ranges, either to rest up after the exhausting labors of
the season, or to revel in midsummer gaiety with scores and hundreds of
their fellows.

THE PINON JAY. 21

No. 6.

PINON JAY.

A. O. U. Xo. 492. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus ( Maxim. j.

Synonyms. — Blue Cruw. Maximilian's Jav. Pine Jay.

Description. — Adults: Plumage dull grayish blue, deepening on crown and
nape, brightening on cheeks, paling below posteriorly, streaked and grayish white
on chin, throat and chest centrally; bill and feet black; iris brown. Young birds
duller, gray rather than blue, except on wings and tail. Length of adult males
11.00-12.00; wing 6.00 (154) ; tail 4.50 {114) ; bill 1.42 (36) ; tarsus 1.50 (38).
Female somewhat smaller.

Recognition Marks. — Robin size; blue color; crow-like aspect.

Nesting. — Not supposed to nest in State.

General Range. — Pifion and juniper woods of western United States; north
to southern British Columbia (interior;, Idaho, etc.; south to Northern Lower
California, Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas; casually along the eastern
slopes of the Rocky Mts.

Range in Washington. — One record by Capt. Bendire, Fort Simcoe,
Yakima Co., June, 1881, "quite numerous.'' Presumably casual at close of
nesting season.

Authorities. — ["Maximilian's Nutcracker," Johnson, Rep. Gov. W. T. 1884
(1885), 22. \ Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (Wied), Bendire, Life Hist. N. A.
Birds, Vol. IL p. 425 (1895).

Specimens. — C.

CAPTAIN BENDIRE who is sole authority for the occurrence of
this bird in Washington may best be allowed to speak here from his wide
experience :

"The Pihon Jay. locally known as "Nutcracker.' "^^laximilian's Jay,'
'Blue Crow,' and as 'Pinonario' by the Mexicans, is rather a common resident
in suitable localities throughout the southern portions of its range, while
in the northern parts it is only a summer \-isitor. migrating regularly. It
is most al.iundantlv found throughout the pihon and cedar-covered foothills
abounding between the western slopes of the Reeky IMountains and the
eastern bases of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges in California, Nevada,
and Oregon.

"It is an eminently sociable species at all times, even during the breeding
season, and is usually seen in large compact flocks, moving about from
place to place in search of feeding grounds, being 011 the whole rather restless
and erratic in its movements ; you may meet with thousands in a place
to-day and perhaps to-morrow you will fail to see a single one. It is rarely
met with at altitudes of 'over 9,000 feet in summer, and scarcely ever in

22 THE PINON JAY.

tlie higher coniferuus forests; its favorite haunts are the innon-cov'ered
foothills of the min<ir mountain regions, the sweet and very palatable seeds
of these trees furnishing its favorite food during a considerable portion of
the }ear. In summer they feed largely on insects of all kinds, especially
grasshoppers, and are c^uite expert in catching these on the wing; cedar
and juniper berries, small seeds of various kinds, and different species of
wild berries also enter largely intO' their bill of fare. A great de^d of time
is spent on the ground where they move along in compact bi>dies while
feeding, much in the manner of Blackbirds, the rearmost birds rising from
time to time, thing i.iver the flock and alighting again in front of the main
body; they are rather shy and alert wdiile engaged in feeding. I followed
a flock numbering several tlKiusands which was feeding in the open pine
forest bordering the Klamath Valley, Oregon, for more than half a luile.
trying tO' get a shot at some of them, but in this I was unsuccessful. They
would not allow me to- get wdthin range, and finally they became alarmed,
took wing, and flew out of sight down the valley. On the next day,
September i8, 1882, I saw a still larger flock, which revealed its presence
by the noise made; these I headed ofT, an<l iiwaited their approach in a
dense clump of small pines in which 1 had liidden : I had not Imig tO' wait
and easily secured several specimens. On April 4. 1883, I saw another
large flock feeding in the open woods, evidently on their return to their
breeding grounds farther north, and by again getting in front of them I
secured several fine males. These birds are said to breed in large numbers
in the jimiper groves near the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains, on
the head waters of the Des Chutes River, Oregon. I have also seen them
in the "^'akima Valley, near old Fort Simcoe, in central Washington, in
June, 1881, in an oak opening, where they were quite numerous. Their
center of abundance, however, is in the piudii or nut-pine belt, which does
not extend north of latitude 40°, if so far, and wherever these trees are
found in large numbers the Pinon Jay can likewise be looked for with
confidence.

"Their call notes are quite variable ; some of them are almost as harsh
as the 'cliaar' of the Clarke's Nutcracker, others partake much of the gabble
of the Magpie, and still others resemble mure those of the Jays. A shrill,
querulous 'peek, pcch.' or 'zi'hcc. ivhcc.' is their common call note. While
feeding on the ground they kept up a constant chattering, which can be
heard for quite a distance, and in this wav often betrav their whereabouts."

THE AMERICAN MAGPIE. 23

No. 7-

AMERICAN MAGPIE.

A. O. U. Xo. 475. Pica pica hudsonia (Sabine).

Synonym. — Black-billeu Magpie.

Description. — Adults: Lustrous black with violet, purplish, green, and
bronzy iridescence, brightest on wings and tail ; an elongated scapular patch pure
white; lower breast, upper abdomen, flanks and sides broadly pure white;
primaries extensively white on inner web; a broad band on rump with large
admixture of white ; tail narrowly graduated thru terminal three-fifths ; bill and
feet black; iris black. Young birds lack iridescence on head and are elsewhere
duller; relative length of tail sure index of age in juvenile specimens. Length of
adults 15.00-20.00, of which tail 8.00-12.00 (Av. 265); wing 7.85 (200J; bill
1-35 (35-) : tarsus 1.85 (47).

Recognition Marl<s. — Black-and-white plumage with long tail unmistakable.

Nesting. — Xcsf: normally a large sphere of interlaced sticks, "as big as a
bushel Ijasket," placed 5-40 feet high in willow, aspen, grease-wood or pine. The
nest proper is a contained hemisphere of mud 8-10 inches across inside, and with
walls 1-2 inches in thickness, carefully lined for half its depth with twigs sur-
moiuited by a mat of fine rootlets. Eggs: 7 or 8, rarely 10, pale grayish green,
quite uniformly freckled and spotted with olive green or olive brown. Occasion-
ally spots nearly confluent in heavy ring about larger end, in which case remainder
of egg likely to be less heavily marked than usual. Shape variable, rounded
ovate to elongate ovate. Av. size. 1.20X.88 (30.5x22.3). Season: March 20-
May I ; one brood.

General Range. — Western North America chiefly in treeless or sparsely
timbered areas from southern Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas north to
northwestern Alaska. Straggles eastward to west shore of Hudson Bay, and
occurs casually in North Central States, Nebraska, etc. Replaced in California
west of the Sierras by Pica nnttalli.

Range in Washington. — Confined to East-side during breeding season,
where of nearly universal distribution. Disappears along east slope of Cascades
and does not deeply penetrate the mountain valleys. Migrates regularly but
sparinglv thru mountain passes to West-side at close of breeding season.

Authorities. — [Lewis and Clark. Hist. Ex. (1814) Ed. Biddle : Coues, Vol.
II. p. 185.1 r'ica hudsonka Bonap.. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. pt. II.
(1858), 578. T. C&S. Rh. D'. Ra. D-'. Ss-. Ss-'. J. B. E.

Specimens.— ( U. of W.) P. Prov. B. E. BX.

HERE is another of those rascals in feathers who keep one alternately
grumbling and admiring. As an abstract proposition one wotild not stake
a sou marquee on the virtue of a Magpie: but taken in the concrete, with a
sly wink and a saucy tilt of the tail, one will rise to his feet, excitedly
shouting, "Go it, Jackity," and place all his earnings on this pie-liald steed
in the race for avian honors. It is impossible to exaggerate this curious
contradiction in Magpie nature, and in our resulting attitude towards it.
It is much the same with the mischievous small boy. He has surpassed the

24

THE AMERICAN MAGPIE.

bounds of legitimate naughtiness, and we take him on the parental knee
for well-deserved correction. But the saucy culprit manages to steal a roguish
glance at us. — a glance which challenges the remembrance of our own
boyish pranks, and bids us ask what difference it will make twenty years
after; and it is all off with discipline for that (iccasinn.

The Magpie is indisputably a wTetch, a miscreant, a cunning thief, a
heartless marauder, a brigand bold — Oh, call him what you will ! But,
withal, he is such a picturesque villain, that as often as you are stirretl with
righteous indignation and impelled to punitixe slaughter, you fall to wonder-
ing if your commission as a\'enger is pri)perlv countersigned, and — shirk the
task outright.

The cattle men have it in fur him. because the persecutions of the Magpie
sometimes prevent scars made by the branding iron from healing; and cases
are known in which young stock has died because of malignant sores resulting.
This is, of course, a grave misdemeanor ; but when the use of fences shall have
fully displaced the present custom of Itranding, we shall probably hear no
more of it.

Beyond this it is indisputably true that Magpies are professional nest
robbers. At times thev organize svstematic searching parties, and advance

r.i/.L-ji III )\il.iiiia Li'iiiity. XEST OF MAGPIK IX GKJvASJ'.W l>i >l)

Fliul'i bv tiic Amu

AMERICAN MAGPIE.

26

THE AMERICAN MAGPIE.

tliru the s;

lirush, poking, prying, spying, and dc\uuring, with the ruth-

lessness and precisidii of a pestilence. Not only eggs but young birds are
appropriated. 1 once saw a Magpie seize a half-grown Meadowlark from
its nest, carry it to its own domicile, and parcel it out among its clamoring

l)rood. Then, in spite of the best

defense the agonized parents could
^ institute, it calm-

}• returned and
selected another.
Sticks and
stones
shied by
the bird-

Takcn in 1 <i;>/;mi t i.hh/.t. MAOPltS iXhSl l-'KOM ABOVi.. I'liutu bv llic Aullior.

WITH CANOPY REMOVED. SA.ME NEST AS IN ILLUSTRATION ON PACE 24.

man luereh- deferred the doom of the remaining larks. The Magpie was
not likely to forget the whereabouts of such easy meat.

Nor is such a connoisseur of eggs likely to overlook the opportunities
afiforded by a poultry yard. He becomes an adept at purloining eggs, and
can make ofif with his Iwoty with astonishing ease. One early morning,
seeing a Magjiie fly O'ver the corral with something large and white in his
bill, and believing that he had alighted not far beyond, I followed quickly
and frightened him from a large hen's egg, which bore externally the marks

■ THE AMERICAN MAGPIE. 27

of the Ijird's bill, but whicli was unpiercecl. Of course the oul\- reniedv for
sucii a habit is the shot-gun.

To say that Mag-pies are garrulous would be as trite as to sav hens cackle,
and the adjective could not be better defined than "talking like a Magpie."
The Magpie is the symbol of lo(|uacity. The very type in which this is
printed is small pica: that is small Magpie. Much of this bird's conversation
is undoubtedly untit for print, but it has always the merit of vivacity. A
party of Magpies will keep up a running commentary on current events, now
faceti(jus, now vehement, as they move about ; while a comparative cessation
of the racket means, as likely as not, that some favorite raconteur is holding
forth, and that there will be an explosion of riotous laughter when his tale
is done. The pie, like Nero, aspires to song; but no s\-coi)hant will be
found to praise him, for he intersperses his more tuneful nnisings with
chacks and barks and harsh interjections which betray a disordered taste. In
modulation and quality, however, the notes sometimes verge upon the human ;
and it is well known that Magpies can be instructed until they acquire a
handsome repertoire of speech.

In order that their double quartet of youngsters may be lined up for
the egg har\'est, the Magpies take an early start at home building. April is
the nesting month, Init I have two records for March 30th, — one of five
eggs at Chelan, and one cA eight in Yakima County. In the latter instance
the first tgg must have been deposited not later than March iSth. And
because the season affords him no protection, the Magpie resorts to two
expedients in nest building in lieu of concealment: he first seeks retirement,
the depths of some lonesome swamp, an unfrequented draw. (>r wooded
spring, in the foothills, and then he erects a castle which would do' credit
to a feudal baron. The nest is a ball of interlacing sticks set about a hollow
half-sphere of dried mud. The amount of labor expended upon one of
these structures is prodigious. The greasewood nest shown in the accompany-
ing cut is three feet deep and two feet thru, and the component sticks are
so firml}' interwoven that no ordinarx' agencv, short of the human hand, can
efYect an entrance. The bird enters thru an obscure passage in one side,
and, if surprised upon the nest, has always a way of escape planned thru
the opposite wall. The mud cup is carefully shaped with walls an inch or
two in thickness, a total breadth of eight or ten inches, and a like depth. In
the best construction this cavity is filled to a depth of three or four inches
with a loose mat of fine twigs of a uniform size. Upon this in turn is placed
a coiled mattress of fine, clean rootlets, the whole affording a verv sanitary
arrangement.

Another fortress, of single construction, was four feet deep and three
and a half feet thru : and that, too, after making liberal allowance for chance
projections. The component sticks measure up to three feet in length and

28

TTTF. AMKRTCAX MAGPIE.

tliree-quarters of an inch in tliickness. Xests are repaired and re-occupied
year after year: nr if tlie_\- fall into hopeless decay, new structures are erected
upon the ruins (if the old. The tenement photographed im Homely Island
is a double nest (it looks ^^.^^r-i-^M-jr^T.,^^ triple, but the

upper third is merely _^^^ mkmvhk- '''^^ d(jnie for

the central portio.i. -^^^Sj^OJKyB^JcIrjEiL^fetea^ n r nest

proper ). and meas- ,j^»l^lK^MiO?iw^#*^^fe^ ures seven

feet froin tup t
It contained
eggs on Api'il
1905,

the oologist
is very fond
of little Mag-
pies' eggs, he
left these as
a tribute to
Mr. and ALrs.
Cheops.

iHittdm.
se\en
-'4th,
altho

Photo hv tha Author.

M.AGPIE'S NEST OX HOMtCI.Y ISLAND.

THE AMERICAN MAGPIE.

29

Tliis histiiric pile is in marked contrast tO' one sighted in a willow on
the hanks of Crab Creek near Odessa. My attention was attracted to the
spot by a scuffle, which took place between a Magpie and a pair of Kingbirds:
and when I started to examine the nest, I was in honest doubt whether it
might not l>elong tn the Kingbirds. The foundation was of mud, but this
came near constituting the outside of the nest instead oi the inside. The
action of the wind upon the willows had compressed the mud bowl to a boat-
shaped receptacle wherein lay five brown beauties, unmistakable Magpies'
eggs. There was a copicnis lining of rootlets, and a light half-cover of
thorn twigs: but the whole structure was not over a foot in diameter and
scarcely that in depth.

Magpies, like Blue Jays, are discreetly quiet in
, nesting time, and

especially so if
they have attempt-
ed t(i nest in the
^\^' * * ' ' ' '\ \ i i / iBw \'icinit\' of a farm-

S>i»^'V, \ \\l ill liMl / house.' W h e n

dri\'en to the hills
by p e r s e c u t i on
they accept any
shelter, and will
nest in grease-
wood, sage-brush,
or even on the ground.
Arbors of clematis (cle-
matis Hgitsficifolia) of-
fer occasional conceal-
ment, but thornapples
(Cratcrgiis cohiuibian-
II III. etc.) afford the
safest retreat. A ]\Iag-
pie snugly ensconced
in a thornapple fortress
may well bid defiance
to any retributive agen-
cy short of man. .\mi mg se\eral scores of nests 1 never saw one in a pine tree
in the Yakima ciiuntr\-, yet these are freely utilized in Chelan, Okanogan, and
Spokane Counties. Indeed, in these latter localities there is a suspicion of
dawning ])reference fur the tree-tops and difticult climbs. On the Columbia
River I once found a family of Mag])ies occupying the basement of a huge

Taken near Sf^okanc
Photo by Fred S. Merrill.

YOUNG M.'^GPIE.

30 THE AMERICAN MAGPIE.

Ospre\'s nest, ami had reasun to beliexe that the thrift\- pies made efficient,
if unwelcome, janitors.

Ytntng Magpies are unsightly when hatched, — "worse than naked,'" and
repulsive to a degree equaled (Hily by young" Cormorants. Hideous as they
unquestionahh- are, the devoted parents declare them angels, and are ready
to back their (jpinions with UKjst raucous vociferations. With the possible
exception of Herons, who are plebes an\how, Mag"])ies are the most abusive
and profane of birds. When a nest of young birds is threatened, they not
onlv e.xpress such reasonable anxiet)- as any parent might feel, Init they
denounce, upbraid, anathematize, and xilif)- the intruder, and decr\' his lineage
from Adam down. They show the ingenuit_\- of Orientals in inventing oppro-
brious epithets, and when these run dry, they fall to tearing at the leaves, the
twigs, the branches, or even light on the ground and rip up the soil with
their beaks, in the mad extremity of their rage.

.\ ])air with whom I experimented near Wallula rather fell intij the humor
of the thing. The Magpie is ever a wag, and these must have known that
repeateil visits could mean no' harm. Nevertheless, as often as I rattled the
nest from my fa\-orite perch on the willow tree, the old pies opened fresh vials
of wrath and emptied their contents upon my devoted head, \\nien mere
utterance became inadequate, the male bird fell tO' hewing at the end of a
broken branch in most elocpient indignation. He wiire this down four inches
in the course of my three visits. Once, when my attention was diverted, he
took a sly crack at my outstretched fingers, which were hastily withdrawn :
and, believe me, we both laughed.

The Black-billed Magpie winters practically thruoiu its breeding range,
but it also indulges in irregular migratorv movements, which in \Vashington
take the form of e.xcursions to the coast. While never common on Puget
Sound, they are not unlikely to occur anywhere here in the fall of the year,
and are almost certain to be found somewhere about the southern prairies.
They return early in, spring by way of the major passes, and are not again
seen within the heavily timbered areas during the breeding season. Mr. D.
E. Brown, then of Glacier, on the north fork of the Nooksack River, records
under date of March 4, 1905, the a]ipearance of several bands of Magpies
passing eastward at a considerable height, i)erhaps something between three
and five thousand feet. He says they were unrecognizable until glasses were
trained on them, and be thinks he must have seen at least tift)- birds, with
chances for man\- nvn'e to have passed unobserved.

East or west the Magpie becomes a pensioner of the sfaugbter house in
winter, and bis fondness for meat has often proved his undoing in the cattle
country. As a scavenger his services are not inconsideralile. The onh-
trouble is, as has been said, that he sometimes kills his own meat.

Volumes could be written of the Magpie as a pet. He is a brainy chap

THE CALIFORNIA JAY. 31

as well as a wag, and infinitely more interesting than a stupfd parrot. Mis-
cliief is his special forte: the untying of shoe-strings, the investigation of
cavities, the secreting of spoons, and the aimless abstractiim of gold teeth
are his unending delight. Once when the writer was shelling seed peas in
the garden, a spoiled "Jackity" assayed to fill his (the man's) ears with these
innocent pellets ; and when he discovered a rent in the knee of the man's
trousers, he fairlv chortled. ••\\'e]l ; I see mvself busv for a week filling that
hole!"

Cage life is irksome for Ijird or Ijeast ; Ijut. if we must be amused, and.
above all, if we feel called upon to pass adverse judgment upon this gifted
bundle (jf contradictious, as he exists in a state of nature, let onr harshest
sentence be sociable confinement with occasional freedom on parole. A bird
in the cage is worth two in the obitnarv columns.

No. 8.

CALIFORNIA JAY.

A. O. U. No. 4S1. Aphelocoma calif ornica (Vigors).

Description. — Adults: In general blue, changing to brownish gray on back
(scapulars and interscapulars), whitening variously on underparts ; crown, hind
neck and sides of neck dull cobalt blue, nearly uniform; wings, tail, and upper
tail-coverts dull azure blue : cheeks and auriculars cobalt blue and dusky ; chin,
throat, and chest, centrally, white, the last-named with admixture of blue in
streaks, and passing into the clear blue of its sides ; breast sordid gray, passing
into dull white of remaining underparts : shorter under tail-coverts pi'ire white,
the longer ones tinged with pale blue ; bill and feet black ; iris brown. In young
birds the blue of adults is supplanted by mouse-gray on head and lower neck,
rump, etc., save that crown is tinged with blue; the gray of back is of a deeper
shade ; the underparts are white, save for light brownish wash across breast and
sides. Length of adult males 11. 50-12.25; wing 5.00 (127); tail 5.60 (143);
bill i.oo (25.4) ; tarsus 1.60 (41 ). Females slightly smaller.

Recognition Marks. — Robin size; blue coloration without crest; whitish
underparts.

Nesting. — Nest: a bed of small twigs without mud and heavily lined with
fine dead grass ; 8 inches across outside by 33-^ in depth — thus much smaller and
lighter than that of the Steller Jay — placed at moderate elevation in tree or bush
in thicket near water. Eggs: 3-6, usually 4 or 5, deep green of varying shades,
spotted with reddish browns. Av. size, i.ii x .82 (28.2 x 20.8). Season: first
week in May ; one brood.

General Range. — Pacific Coast district of United States, including eastern
slopes of the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range in Oregon, north to south-
western Washington.

32

THE CALIFORNIA JAY.

Range in Washington. — ( )f limited but regular uccurrcnce along the banks
of the C'ohinibia west of the Cascades. Resident.

Authorities. — ["California Jay,"' Johnson Rep. Gov. W. T. 1884 ( 1885), 22].
[lielding, Land Birds Pac. Dist. (1890) p. iii|. .1 f'liclocoiv.a calif oniica. Law=
rence, Auk, July, iSii2. p. 301.

Specimens. — C.

THRU the western part (jf Oregdn the breeding limits of the California
Jav do not extend as far mirth as the Culuniliia River. I have ne\-er
known of this sjjecies nesting aliout Portland, yet thirt\' miles snutli and
southwest it is not
at all uncommon.
Thru the Willam-
ette Valley, one
meets this bird
about as often as
the Steller Jay.
The habits of the
two jays are much
the same, yet the
birds are easil\
distinguished li\
their dress, tln'
California J a y
having more re-
semblance to the
Blue Jay of the
East in color but
lacking the crest,
while the Steller
Jay has a dark
blue and blackish
coat with the lung
crest.

According to
popular oijinion.
the California Jay
is a bird of bad
reputation. Many
people think he
does nothing but
go al")out wreck-
ing the homes of young califokni.x jay.

Taken in
Oregon.

Photo by

Finley and Bohhuan.

THE STELLER JAY. 33

utlier l)ir(ls ami feasting on their eggs. This is not true, ahho occasionally
a Jay will destro}' the home of anotlner hird. In Oregon I have often seen
this bird feeding on wheat about the eilge nf the fields after the grain has
been cut. Fruit, grain, grasshoppers and dtlier insects make up a large part
of his food.

Several _\ears ago I saw a small dock of California Ja\'s along the
Columbia River in the dead of winter. During the nesting season the jay is
too quiet to show his real character. During the autumn and winter he throws
of¥ all restraint, picks up a few mates and goes wandering about from place to
place in search of food. The bold and boisterous squawk of the Blue Jay
always comes to my ear as a welcome and fitting note to relieve the cold quiet
of the winter woods.

One day I was watching se\'eral English Sparrows that were feeding on
the ground under an oak when a pair of California Jays came flying thru the
trees. With a loud squa\\k one swooped cluwu. with his wings and tail spread
and his feathers puffed out as much as possiljle, evidently expecting tO' scare
the sparrows. He dropped right in their midst with a screech which plainly
said, "Get out of here or I'll eat you up alive!" The blufif might have worked
with any bird except an Englisher. The Sparrows sputtered in contempt and
were ready to fight but the Jay's attitude changed in a second. He took on an
air of meekness and unconcern and hopped off looking industrinush- in the
grass for something he had no idea of finding. I thought it a good touch of

Tav character.

^^^ILLI.\M L. Fixi.Ev.

No. Q.

STELLER'S JAY.

A. O. U. No. 478. Cyanocitta stelleri (Gnielin).

Synonyms. — "Bli'K Jay." "J.wi'.jku."

Description. — Adults: Head and neck all around, anrl back, sooty black,
touched with streaks of cerulean blue on forehead, and pale gray on chin and
throat, this color passing insensibly into dull blue on breast and rump and richer
blue on wings and tail ; terminal portion of tail and wings crossed with fine black
bars, sharply on secondaries and tertials, faintly or not at all on greater coverts.
Bill and feet black; iris brown. Young birds are more extensively sooty, and
wing-bars are faint or wanting. Length of adults about 12.00; wing 5.90 ( [50) ;
tail 5.43 (138) ; bill 1.18 (30) ; tarsus 1.80 (46).

Recognition Marks. — Robin size : harsh notes : blue and black coloration
unmistakable.

34 THE STELLER JAY.

Nesting. — Nest: a bulky mass of fine twigs thickly plastered centrally with
mud and lined with fine rootlets, placed 6-30 feet high in evergreen tree of thicket,
or near edge of clearing. Eggs: 3-5, usually 4, pale bluish green, uniformly but
moderately spotted with olive brown and pale rufous and with numerous "shell-
markings'" of lavender. Av. size, 1.23 x .90 (3 1. 2 x 22.8). Season: April 20-
May 10; one brood.

General Range. — North Pacific Coast district from Gray's Harbor and
Puget Sound north to Cook's Inlet, except Prince of Wales Island and the Queen
Charlotte grou]:i ( where displaced by C. s. carlotlcc).

Range in Washington. — Entire western portion from summit of Cascades,
shading inin L. s. carbonacca along north bank of the Columbia. Resident.

Authorities. — ? Cyaniira stcUcri Swains., Orn. Com., Juurn. .Vc. Nat. Sci.
Phila. VII. 1837, 193. Cyanocitta stcUcri, Newberry, Rep. Pac. R. R. .Surv. VI.
pt. IV. 1857, p. 85. T. C&S. L- : Rh. Ra. Kk. U. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. Prov. E. B. BN.

MISCHIEF and tlie "Blue Jay" are synonymous. Alert, restless, saucy,
inquisitive, and provoking-, yet always interesting, this handsome brigand
keeps his human critics in a perpetual see-saw between wrath and admiration.
As a sprightly piece of Nature, the Steller Jay is an imqualified success. As
the hero-subject of a guessing contest he is without a peer, for one never knows
what he is doing until he has done it, and none may predict what he will do
next.

The pioneers are especiallv bitter against him, and they are unanimous in
accusing the bird of malicious destructiveness in the gardens, which are dearer
than the apple of the eye during the first years of wilderness life. The liircfs
will eat an^•thing, and so>, tiring of bugs and slugs, are not averse to trying
corn, cabbage leaves, or, best of all, potatoes. They have observed the tedious
operation of the gardener in planting, and know precisely where the coveted
tubers lie. Bright and early the following morning they slip to the edge of the
clearing, post one of their number as lookout, then silently deploy upon their
ghoulish task. If they weary of potatoes, sprouting peas or corn will do. Or
perhaps there may Ije something interesting at the base of this young t(jmato
plant. And when the irate farmer appears upon the scene, the marauders retire
to the forest shrieking with laughter at the discomfitted swain. Ay ! there's
the rub! We may endure injury but not insult. Bang! Bang!

As a connoisseur of birds' eggs, too. the Steller Jay enjoys a bad
eminence. The sufYerers in this case are chiefly the lesser song birds: l)ut no
eggs wdiatever are exempt from his covetous glance, if left unguarded. The
Jay has become especially proficient in the discovery and sacking of Bush-tits'
nests. Mr. D. E. Brown assures me that he has found as high as fifteen nests
of this bird in a single swamp, all gutted by Jays. When it is remembered
that these btisv little workers make one of the handsomest nests in the world,
the shame of this piracv gets u])on the nerves. The in\'estigation of Tits'
nests has something of the fascination of the gaming talile for the Jav, since

fe

THE STELLER JAY. 35

he ne\er knows what the wonder pouches may contain, until he has ripped a
hole in the side and inserted his piratical beak.

The dense forests of Puget Sound are not so well patrolled by these
feathered grafters as are the forests of the East by the true Blue Jay
(Cyanocitta cristata). But then our bird has the advantage of denser cover,
and we do not know how often we have been scrutinized or shadowed. Upon
discovery the Steller Jay sets up a great outcry and makes off thru the thickets
shrieking lustily. A favorite method of retreat is tO' flit up into the lower
branches of a fir tree and, keeping close to the trunk, to ascend the succeeding
limbs as by a spiral staircase. The bird, indeed, takes a childish delight in this
mad exercise, and no sooner does he cjuit one tree-top than he dashes down
to a neighboring tree to- run another frenzied gamut.

Owls ha\'e abundant cover in western Washington, but should one of
them be startled by day, the Steller blue-coat is the first to note the villain's
flight. The alarm is sounded and an animated pursuit begins. When the
Owl is brought to bay, the deafening objurgation of the Jays is not the least
indignity which he is made to suffer. The Jay, in fact, seeks to make the
world forget his own oft'enses by heaping obloquy upon this blinking sinner.

The notes of the Steller Jay are harsh and expletive tO' a degree. Shaack,
sliaack. shaack is a common (and most exasperating) form; or, by a little
stretch of the imagination one may hear jay, jay, jay. A mellow klook, klook,
klook sometimes varies the rasping imprecations and serves tO' remind one
that the Jay is cousin to the Crow. Other and minor notes there are for the
lesser and rarer emotions, and some of these not unmusical. Very rarely the
bird attempts song, and succeeds in pniducing a medley which quite satisfies
licr that he could if he would.

C. stcllcri, like C. cristafa again, is something of a mimic. The notes of
the Western Red-tail (Butco horealis calurus) and other hawks are reproduced
with especial fidelity. For such an effort the Jay conceals himself in the depths
of a large-leafed maple or in a fir thicket, and his sole object appears to be that
of terrorizing the neighboring song-birds. One such I heard holding- forth
from a shade tree on the Asylum grounds at Steilacoom. Uncanny sounds
are, of co'urse, not unknown here, but an exploratory pebble served to< unmask
the cheat, and drove forth a very much chastened Blue Jav before a company
of applauding Juncoes.

It is well known that the gentleman burglar takes a conscientious pride
in the safet\- and welfare of his own home. Nothing shall molest his dear
ones. Tlie Jay liecomes secretive and silent as the time for nest-building
approaches. The nest is well concealed in a dense thicket of fir saplings, or
else set at various heights in the larger fir trees. If one but looks at it before
the complement of eggs is laid the locality is deserted forthwith. If, however,
the enterprise is irretrievably launched, the birds take care not to be seen in

36 THE GRINNELL JAY.

the \-icinity uf their nest until they are certain of its fliscover\", in w hicli case
they call heaven and earth to witness tliat the man is a monster of iniquity, and
that he is plotting against the innocent.

In our experience, Steller's Jay is not, as has Ijeen sometimes reported, a
bird of the mountains. To be sure, it may be found in tlie mountain T'olleys.
but if so it is practically confined to them. The bird, is, however, ubiquitous
thruout the lii\\l\'ing countries of Puget Sound, Gray's Harbor, and adjacent
regions, giving way on!}- upon the south to the dubious Grinnell Jay (S. s.
cavbonacca).

No. 10.
GRINNELL'S JAY.

A. f). U. No. 478e. Cyanocitta stelleri carbonacea J. Grinnull.

Synonyms. — "Blue Jay." Coast Jay (A. O. U.).

Description. — "Similar to C. s. stelleri, but paler thruout, and averaging
slightly smaller ; color of head very nearly as in C. s. stelleri, but averaging
browner or more sooty, the forehead always conspicuously streaked with blue,
and throat more extensively or uniformly pale grayish; back and foreneck much
paler, slaty brown or brownish slate, instead of deep sooty ; blue of rump, upper
tail-coverts, and under parts of body ligiit dull cerulean or verditer blue, advanc-
ing more over chest, where more abruptly defined against the sooty or brownish
slate color of foreneck" ( liidgway). .'Xdult males: wing 6.IO (150.5) : tail 3.51
(140) ; bill 1. 15 (29.1) : tarsus 1.75 (44.5).

General Range. — Pacific Coast district from Monterey county, California,
north to Columl)ia I^iver.

Range in Washington. — Idas only theoretical status in State, but specunens
taken along north banks of Columbia would appear to belong here.

Authorities. — ? Corz'iis stelleri, Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can. I. 1832,
229 ("Columbia River"). ? Orn. Com. Journ. Ac, Nat, Sci. Phila. VII. 1837, 193.
C. s. frontalis, R. H. Lawrence, Auk XVII. Oct. 1892, p. 355 (Gray's Harbor).
C. s. earbonacea Grinnell, Ridgvvay, Birds of No. and Mid. Am. Vol. III. p. 354
(footnote). L. Kb.

ORNITHOLOGY is the furthest refined of the systematic sciences. So
zealous have been her devotees and so- sagacious her high priests, that no shade
of difiference in size, form or hue of a bird is allowed to pass unnoticed, or its
owner unnamed. It is unquestionably annoying to the novice to be confronted
with such subtleties, and the recognition of subspecies in the vernacular names
of our birds is of doubtful wisdom ; but the fashion is set and we will all lie
foolish together — so that none may laugh.

The normal range of Grinnell's Jay, as defined, extends northward to the

THE BLACK-HEADED JAY. 37

Columbia River ; and since the district lying between the Cokimbia and Puget
Sound presents intergrades between C. slcllcri and C. s. carbonacea, obviously,
those Jays which inhaljit the southern portion of this debatable ground are
better entitled to be called carbonacea than stcllcri.

No. II.

BLACK-HEADED JAY.

A. O. U. No. 478c. Cyanocitta stelleri annectens (Baird).

Synonyms. — "Bluk Jay." Pine Jay. Mointaix Jay.

Description. — ^-Idnlls: Similar to C". stcllcri, but marked with a small
lengthened white spot over eye; streaks on forehead (when present) paler blue or
whitish ; streaks on chin and upper throat whiter and more distinct ; blue areas
slightly paler and rather more greenish in tone. Size indistinguishable.

Recognition Marks. — As in C. stcllcri. White spot over eye distinctive.

Nesting. — As in C. stcllcri.

General Range. — Eastern British Columbia and the northern Rocky Moun-
tains, south to Wahsatch Range in Utah, west to eastern slopes of Cascade Range
in Washington and Oregon.

Range in Washington. — Forests of eastern ^^'ashington, shading into
typical stcllcri in Cascade Range. Nearly confined to pine timber.

Authorities. — Cvanocitta stcllcri annectens. Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, \'II.. 1882. 229: (C&S.) D". D-\ J.

THERE is no such difference of plumage between C. stelleri and C. s.
aiineeteus as is suggested by the name "Black-headed" : Ijut in en(lea\-oring to
mark eight shades of dift'erence between tweedledum and tweedledee within
the limits of a single species, we are naturally pretty hard put to* it for
appropriate names. Ainieetens marks the annexion, or welding together, of
two branching lines in the C. stcllcri group. It is the head of the wish-bone,
whose divergent arms run down the Sierras to Lower California and along
the Rockies to Guatamala respectively.

With a hypothetical center of distribution somewdiere in southeastern
British Columbia, this subspecies inosculates with stelleri in the mountains
of that province, and is roughly separated fn.m the western stuck Ijv the
central ridge oi the Cascades, in Washington.

Black-headed Jays in Washington are normally cuufinerl to the limits
of coniferous timlier, being therefore most abundant in the northern portion,
in the Blue Mountains, and along the eastern slopes of the Cascades. We
have, however, like Bendire, discovered them on occasion skulking in the

38 THE WHITE-HEADED JAY.

willows along creek jjottoms some twenty miles fmm pine timber. On the
other hand, the}' do not assert, with the Gray Jays and Clark Crows, the right
to range the mountain heights: but are quite content to maintain their
unholy inquisition amidst the groves and thickets of the valley floors.

Thev are, perhaps, not so noisy as the Steller Jays, being less confident
of their cover; and their notes are rather more musical (lireath of pines is
better than fog for the voice) : but for tlie rest thev are the same vi\'acious.
intrepid, resourceful mischief-makers as their kin-folk everywhere.

No. 12.

WHITE-HEADED JAY. -

A. O. U. No. 484a. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Ridgw.

Synonyms. — Rocky Mountain Jay. "Canada" Jay. Whiskey jack.
WissKACiKjN. Camp Robber. Moose-bird. Meat Havi^k. Meat-bird.

Description. — Adults: General color plumbeous ash lightening below ; whole
head white save space about and behind eye connected with broad nuchal patch
of slaty gray ; wings and tail l)lackish overlaid with silver gray ; tail tipped with
white and wings more or less edged with the same. Bill and feet black ; iris
brown. Young birds much darker and more uniform in coloration than adidt.s —
slaty gray to sooty slate with lighter crown and some whitish edging on under-
parts. Length 12.00-13.00: wing 6.00 ("152); tail 5.75 (145); bill .82 (21):
tarsus 1.38 (35).

Recognition Marks. — Robin size : slaty gray coloration. White of iiead
with its altruptly defined patch of slate on hind neck distinctive as compared with
related species of the genus Perisoreus.

Nesting. — Has not been reported for Washington but bird undoubtedly
breeds in the Kalispell range. Nest: in coniferous tree, a large compacted mass
of the softest and warmest substances, — twigs for a foundation, then grasses,
abundant moss, plant-down and feathers. Eggs: 3-5, usually 4, grayish white,
spotted and blotched with brown having a tinge of purplish. Av. size 1.15 -x .85
(29.2x21.6). Season: Feb.-April ; one brood.

General Range. — Higher ranges of the Rocky Mountain district from
British Columbia to Arizona.

Range in Washington. — Mountains of northeastern corner of State and
(probably) the Blue Mountains.

Authorities.— ["White-headed Jay," Johnson, Rep. Gov. W. T., 1884
(1885) 22.] Ridgway, Birds of North and Middle America, Vol. HI. p. 371,
("Sinzoknoteen Depot, etc.").

THE casual observer, camping first on Calispell Peak in Stevens County,
and later on Mt. Stuart, in southern Chelan County, might fail to note any

THE WHITE-HEADED JAY.

39

difference in the soberly-dressed Jays, who are the self-appointed o\-erseers
of camp economics. For while the birds of the two localities really represent
two species, the resemblance in general appearance and behavior is so close
as to be virtually negligible afield.

Of this bird in Colc»radn, Mr. Frank AI. Drew has obser\-ed* : "In
autumn when on his first tour of inspection aroimd the house he hops along
in a curious sidelong manner, just like a school-girl in a slow hurry. White-
headed. gra\-e. and sedate, he seems a very paragon of propriety, and if you

Taken near Spokane.

wimi: ni;Aiii.i) ia\

Pk^ta by ir. H. Wright.

appear to be a suitable personage, he w ill be apt to give you a bit of advice.
Becoming confidential he sputters out a lot of nonsense in a manner which
causes you to think him a veritable 'Whisky Jack' : yet. whenever he is
disposed, a more bland, mind-his-own-business-appearing bird will Ije hard
to find, as will also be many small articles around camp after one of his
visits, for his whimsical brain has a great fancy for anything which may
be valuable to you. but perfectly useless to him."

a. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. VI.,

40 THE OREGON JAY.

No. 13-

OREGON JAY.

A. O. U. No. 485. Perisoreus obscurus (Ridgway).

Synonyms. — C.ami' Robbek. Meat Bird. Deer Hunter.

Description. — Adults: In general upperparts deep brownish gray; uuder-
parts white tinged with brownish ; forehead and nasal plnmules most nearly clear
white ; chin, throat, cheeks, auriculars, and obscure band around neck white
more or less tinged with brownish ; crown and nape sooty brown, nearly black ;
feathers of back with white shafts more or less exposed ; wings and tail drab gray,
the former with whitish edging on middle and greater coverts and tertials. Bill
and feet black; iris brown. Vouiuj birds are nearly uniform .^ooty brown lighten-
ing below. Length lo.oo-ii.oo; wing 5.30 ( 135) ; tail 5.00 ( 127) : bill .71 (18) ;
tarsus 1.30 i},^)-

Recognition Marias. — Rol)in size; brownish gray coloration, familiar, fear-
less ways. Not certainly distinguishable afield from the ne.xt form.

Nesting. — Nest: a bulky compacted structure of twigs, plant-fibers and tree-
moss with warm lining of fine mosses and feathers, placed well up in fir tree.
Eggs: 4 or 5, light gray or pale greenish gray spotted with grayish brown and
dull lavender. Av. size 1.04 x. 79 {26.4 x. 20). Season: Feb. -April ; one brood.

General Range. — Pacific Coast district from Humboldt county, California,
north to Vancouver Island. Imperfectly made out as regards following form.

Range in Washington. — Probably the Olympic Mountains and irregularly
thru the heavier forests of southwestern Washington.

Authorities. — P. canadensis Bonap. Baird, Rep. Pac. R R. Surv. IX. pt. II.
1858, 591 part. Ridgway. Bull. Essex Inst. \". Nov. 1873, 194. (T) C&S. E'.
Rh. Ra. B. E( ?).

Specimens. — V . of W. Prov. E. C.

THE relati\-e distribution of the Oregon Jay and the more recently dis-
tinguished Grav Jav is still \-ery imperfectly understood. It w-ould apjjear
probaljle that this form is the l)ird of the rainy district, including all lowlands
of western \\'ashington, tlie Olympic Mountains, and the western slopes of
the Cascades, and that it gi\es place to P. 0. grisciis not only upon the heights
and eastern slopes of the Cascades, but in the deep valleys whicii penetrate
these mountains from the west.

Certainly it is the Oregon Jay which abounds in the Olympic ^Mountains,
and among the dense spruce forests of the adjoining coasts. While the jjird is
more abundant im the lowlands in winter, the prevalent opinidU that the Oregon
Jay is exclusively a bird oi the mountains is probably incorrect. Altho bold
enough where undisturbed, the birds soon learn caution ; and their nests have

THE GRAY JAY. 41

Ijeen found near Renton wliere tlieir presence during the l^reeding season would
otherwise liave gone unsuspected. Tiie depths of the forest have no terrors for
this quiet .ghost, and tliere are other reasons besides color w hy lie remains the
obscure one.

No. 14.

GRAY JAY.

A. O. U. No. 485a. Ferisoreiis obsciinis griseiis Ridgw.

Synonyms. — Camp Robbhk., etc.

Description. — "Similar to P. 0. ohscunis, but decidedly larger (except feet),
and coloration much grayer ; back, etc., deep mouse gray, instead of brown,
remiges and tail between gray (No. 6) and smoke gray, instead of drab gray,
and under parts grayish white instead of brownish white." iRidgwavl. Length
( Av. of tliree Glacier specimens) 11. 16 (283.5); '^ving 5.82 (147.6); tail 5.48
( 139.1 ) ; bill .75 (19) ; tarsus 1.25 131.7).

General Range. — Central mountain ranges of central California, Oregon,
Washington, and Britisli Columbia.

Range in Washington. — Thruout the Cascade ^Mountains and irregularly
along their lower slopes west (?) to tidewater.

Authorities. — ? P. canadensis Bonap., Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., \'ol.
IX, pt. II, 1858, p. 591 (Cascade .Mts. W. T. ). Ridgway, .-\iik, Vol. XVI., July,
1899, 225. Kk. ?

THE "Camp-Robljer" appears promptly as interested neighbnr and
smell-feast before all who invade the precincts of the mountains. The hunter,
the trapper, the prospector, the timber cruiser, the mere camper-out. all know
him, and the}- speak well or ill r)f him according to their kind. The Gray Jay
appears to have forsworn the craftiness of his race, and he wins by an
exhibition of artless simplicity, rather than b_\- wiles. The bird is mildly
curious and hungry — oh, \"ery hungr}' — Init this is Arcadia, and the shepherds
draw nigh with never a doubt of their welcome. There js a childlike
insouciance about the wa\- in whicli the bird anne.KCS a piece of frizzled bacon,
humbly intended for the man. "'Shoo,' did you say? \\'hy, what do' you
mean? Can't I ha\-e it?" .And the bird retires before a flying chip, baffled
and injured by such a manifest tt.iken of ill-l)reeding. He complains mildly
to his fellows. They discuss the question in gentle 7^'hcii's: generously con-
clude you didn't mean it, and return unabashed to the quest.

Hunger is the chief characteristic of these docile birds, and no ]5otentia]
food is refused, nuts, acorns, insects, l)erries, or even, as a last resort, the
buds of trees. Aleat of any sort has an especial attraction to them ; and they
are the despair of the trapper because of their propensity for stealing bait.

42

THE GRAY JAY.

Tlie hunter knuws them for arch sycophants, and he is occasionally able to
trace a wuunded deer, or tu' locate a carcass by the movements oi these
expectant heirs. Says Mr. A. W. Anthony^: "While dressing deer in the
thick timljer I have been almost covered with Jays flying down from the
neighboring trees. They would settle on my back, head, or shoulders, tugging
and pulling at each loose shred of my coat until one would think that their
only object was tn help me in all ways possible."

In the higher latitudes "Whisky Jack," in spite of carefully secreted
stores, often becomes very emaciated in winter, a mere bunch of bones
and feathers, no .
heavier than a Rerl- '
poll. While the Jays
of our kindlier clime
do not feel so- keenh
the belly pinch df
winter, thev have
the same thrifty halj-
its as their northern
kinfolk. Food is
ne\-er refused, and a
well - stuffed speci-
men will still carr\
grub from camp ami
secrete it in bark-
crevice iir hollow,
against the unknown
hour of need.

I have never heard

the Gray Jay titter more than a soft cooing 2vlicc ezv repeated at random ;
but Bendire credits it with a near approach to song'': and Mrs. Bailey says
of the Jays on Mr. Hood'^ : "Their notes were pleasantly varied. One
call was remarkablv like the chirp of a robin. Another of the common-
est was a weak and rather complaining cry repeated several times. A
sharply contrasting one was a pure clear whistle of one note followed
by a three-syllabled call something like Ka-wc-aJi. The regular rallying
cry was still dilTerent, a loud and striking two-syllaliled ka-ii'hcc."

The eggs of the Gra\- Ja\' have not \ei been reported from this State,
but it is known that the bird builds a very substantial nest of twigs, grasses,
plant fibre, and mosses without mud. and that it provides a heavy lining of

7-,7;,-,-i

National Pari!.

A B.XCHELOR'S PET.

Photo by J. H. Boudcs.

a. The Auk, Vol. III., 1886, p. 167.

b. Life Histories of N. A. Birds, Vol. II., p. 394.

c. Handbook Birds of the Western U. S., pp. 278-9.

THE COWBIRD. 43

soft gray mosses for the eggs. The nest is usually well concealed in a fir
tree, and may be placed at any height from ten or fifteen feet upward, altho
usually at sixty or eighty feet. Only one brood is reared in a season, and
family groups hunt trigether until late in the summer.

No. 15.

COWBIRD.

A. O. U. Xo. 495. Molothrus ater (Bodd.).

Synonyms. — Cow Blackbird. Cuckold.

Description. — Adult male: Head and neck wood-, seal-, or coffee-brown
(variable) : remaining plumage black with metallic greenish or bluish iridescence.
Female: Dark grayish brown, showing slight greenish reflections, darkest on
wings and tail, lightening on breast and throat. Young in first plumage: Like
female but lighter below and more or less streaky ; above somewhat mottled by
buft'y edgings of feathers. The young males present a striking appearance when
they are assuming the adult black, on the installment plan, by chunks and blotches.
Length 7.50-8.00 (190.5-203.2); wing 4.40 (111.8); tail 3.00-3.40 (76.2-86.4);
bill .65 (16.5); tarsus .95-1.10 (24.1-27.9). Female, length, wing, and tail
one-half inch less.

Recognition Marks. — Cliewink size : brown head and black body of male ;
brown of female.

Nesting. — The Cowljird invariably deposits her eggs in the nests of other
birds. Eggs: 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4, with a single hostess, white, often faintly
tinged with bluish or greenish, evenly speckled with cinnamon, brown or umber.
Av. size. .85 X .65 (21.6x16.5), but quite variable. Season: April-June.

General Range. — United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific, north into
southern British America, south in winter, into JSIexico.

Range in Washington. — Of limited but regular occurrence east of the
Cascades, increasing ; rare or casual in western Washington. Summer resident.

Authorities. — Bendire, Life Histories of N. A. Birds, \''ol. IL, p. 434.
D'. D-'. Ss-\ J. B. E.
Specimens. — C. P.

WHILE I was chatting with my host at milking time (at the head of
Lake Chelan in the ante-tourist days), a dun-colored bird with light under-
parts flew down into the corral, and began foraging as tho tO' the manor born.
One by one the cows sniffed at the stranger and nosed it about, following
it up curiously. But the bird only side-stepped or walked unconcernedly ahead.
\\'hen I returned with the gun, a moment later, I found a calf investigating
the newcomer, and it was difficult to separate the creature from bossikin's
nose. The date was August 3rd ; the bird proved to be a young male

44 THE COWBIRD.

Ciiwliird in the lightest juvenile phase uf plumage, a waif cuckold far
from anv of his kin, l_)ut shifting for himself with the nonciialance wliich
characterizes Iiis worthless kind.

If (lur hem had lived (and I make nu aijulogy for his demise in the first
act ), lie would have exchanged his inconspicuous livery for the rich, iridescen'.
Ijlack nf the adult: and he would have done this on the installment plan, by
chunks and bli itches, looking the while like a ragpicker, tricked out in cast-ofY
finery.

In the niduth of March Cowbirds mingle more or less with other
blackljirds in the migrations, but if the main Hock halts for refreshments
and discussion cii route, a, group of these rowdies will hunt up some dis-
reputable female of their own kind, and make tipsy and insulting advances
til her along some horizontal liml) or fence rail. Taking a position about
a foot away from the coy drab, the male will make two or three accelerating
hops tnward her, then stop suddenlv, allowing the impulse nf motion to tilt
him \iiilentl\- forward and throw his tail up iierpendicularlv . while at the
same moment he spews out the disgusting notes which \-oice his passion.

Of the mating. Chapman savs : "Thev build no nest, and the females,
lacking ever\- nmral instinct, lea\'e their companions only long eni lUgh to
deposit their eggs in the nests of other and smaller birds. I can imagine
no' sigiit more strongly suggestive of a tboroly despicaljle nature than a
female Cowbird sneaking thru the trees and bushes in search (^f a victim
upiin whom to shift the duties of motberho-od."

The egg. thus surreptitiously placed in another bird's nest, usually
hatches two or three days before those of the foster mother, and the infant
Cnwbird thus gains an advantage which he is not slow to improve. His
Inud clamoring for food often drives the nld birds tO' abandon the task of
incubation; or if the other eggs are allnwed to remain until hatched, the
uncouth stranger manages tO' usurp attention and food supplies, and not
infrequentl}' tO' override or stifle the other occupants of the nest, so that their
dead bodies are l)y-and-l_)y removed to make room for his hogship. It is
asserted Iw some that in the absence nf the foster parents the young thug
forcibly ejects the rightful heirs from the nest, after the fashion of the
Old World Cuckoos. I once found a nest which contained only a lust}-
Cowbird. while three proper fledgelings clung to the shrubbery lielow. and
one lay dead upon the ground.

\\'hen the misplaced tenderness of foster parents has done its utmost
for the voung upstart, he jnins himself to some precious crew of his own
blood, and the cycle of a changeling is complete.

While not common an_\where west of the Rockies, the Cowbird is no
longer rare east of the Cascades, and it is making its appearance at various
points on Puget Sound. The earlier writers make no mention of its occur-

THE BREWER BLACKBIRD. 45

rence in Wasliingtoii, and it seems probable that its presence has followed
tardily upon the introduction of cattle. Bendire was the tirst to report it
from this State, having taken an egg near Palouse Falls on June 18, 1878,
fr(jm a nest of the Slate-colored Sparrow (Passerclla iliaca schistacea).

Its presence among us is, doubtless, often overlooked because of the
superficial resemblance which it bears in note and appearance to Brewer's
Blackbird (Buplmgiis cyaiiitccf^haliis). The note of the former w dis-
tinctive,— a shrill, hissing squeak in two tones with an interval of a descending-
third, uttered with great effort and apparent nausea — honestly, a disgusting
sound.

No. 16.

BREWER'S BLACKBIRD.

A. O. U. Xo. 510. Euphagus cyanocephalus (^^'agler).

Description. — Adult male: Glossy black with steel bhie and violet reflec-
tions on head, with fainter greenish or bronzy reflections elsewhere ; bill and feet
black : iris pale lemon yellow or light cream. Adult female: Head and neck all
around deep brownish gray with violet reflections ; underparts brownish slate to
blackish with faint greenish iridescence ; u]iperparts blackish, or outright black
on wings and tail, which are glossed with bluish-green : bill and feet as in male,
but iris brown. Immature males iu first zvintcr plumage resemble adults but have
some edging of pale grayish brown. Length of adult males: 10.00 (254) ; wing
5.00 (128); tail 3.90 (99): bill .89 (22.6); tarsus 1.27 (32.3). Adult female:
length 9.25 (235); wing 4.ffK) (117): tail 3.50 (89) bill .79 (20): tarsus 1.20
(30-5)-

Recognition Marks. — Robin size ; pure black coloration and whitish eye of
male. Larger than Cowbird (Molothrus aterj with which alone it is likely to
be confused.

Nesting. — A^est: placed at moderate height in bush clump or thicket, less
frequently on ground at base of bush, more rarely in cranny of cliff or cavity
of decayed tree-trunk, a sturdy, tidy structure of interlaced grasses, strengthened
by a matrix of mud or dried cow-dung and carefuUv lined with coiled rootlets or
horsehair. Nests in straggling colonies. Eggs: 4-7, usually 5; or 6, presenting two
divergent types of coloration with endless variations and intermediate phases.
Light type: ground color light gray or greenish gray, spotted and blotched with
brown of varying shades, walnut, russet, and sepia. (In some examples there is
purplish brown scrawling, which suggests the Redwing type. One egg in the
writer's collection is indistinguishable from that of a Cowbird, save for size.)
Dark type: ground color completely obscured by overlay of fine brown dots
resulting in nearly uniform shade of mummy brown or Vandyke brown. Av. size
1.03 X .72 {26.2 X 18.3). Season: April 20-May 10; one or two broods.

General Range. — Western North America from the plains to the Pacific,
and from the Saskatchewan region south to the highlands of Mexico to Oaxaca.

46

THE BREWER BLACKBIRD.

Range in Washington. — Of general distributidii tlirudut the State but found
chiefly in more open situations in vicinity of streams and ponds and in cuUivated
sections. Normally migratory but increasingly resident especially on West-side.

Authorities. — [Lewis and Clark, Hist. Ex. ( 1814) Ed. Riddle: Coues, Vol.
H p. 185. J Scolccophagus niexicanus, Newberry, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. VL
pt. IV. 1857, p. 86. (T) C&S. L'. Rh. D'. Ra. D^ Ss'. Ss-'. Kk. J. B. H.

Speicmens.^U. of W. Prov. B. E. P.

"BLACKBIRD'S" are nut usually highly esteemed in the East, where
the meniurv O'f devastated cornfields keeps the wrath of the farmer warm ;
l:)ut if all species were as inoffensi\'e as this confiding pensioner of the
\Vest, prejudice would soon vanish. He is a handsome fellow, our Wash-
ington grackle, sleek, vivacious, inter-
esting, and serviceable withal. We
know him, best, perhaps, as an indus-
trious gleaner of pastures, corrals,
streets, and "made" lands. He is not
only the farmer's "hired man," waging
increasing warfare against insect life,
especially in its noxious larval forms,
but he has an accepted place in the
economy of city and village as well.

As one approaches a feeding flock',
he notes the eagerness with which the
birds run forward, or rise and flit past
their fellows, now diving at a nimlile
weevil, now leaping to catch a passing
bug, but always pushing on until one
perceives a curious rolling etTect in the
total movement.

As we draw near, some timid in-
dividual takes alarm, and instantly all
are up, Uy alight again uptjn the fence
or shrubbery where they clack and
wliistle, not so much by way of appre-
hension as thru sheer exuberance of
nervous force. As we pass ( we must not stop short, for they resent express
attention) we note the droll wdiite eyes of the males, as they twist and perk
and chirp in friendly impudence: and the snnfT}- brown heads of the females
with their soft hazel irides, as they give a motherh' flufif of the feathers,
or yawn with impatience over the interrupted meal. When we are fairly
by, the most venturesome dives from his perch, and the rest follow by
twos and tens, till the ground is again co\-ered l)v a shifting, chattering band.

Taken in Douglas County. Photo by the Author
BREWER'S BL.^CKBIRDS.

THE BREWER BLACKBIRD. 47

Like all Blackbirds, the Brewers are gregarious : but tbey are somewhat
more independent than most, flocks of one or two score being more frequent
than those of a hundred. During migrations and in autumnal flocking they
associate more or less with Redwings; but, altho they are devoted to the
vicinity of water, they care nothing for the fastnesses of reed and rush,
which are the delight of Redwing and Yellowhead. Their preference is for
more open situations, so that they are most abundant upon the East-side.
Here a typical breeding haunt is a strip of willows fringing a swamp ; or, better
still, a line of dark green thorn-bushes clinging to the bank of the rolling
Columbia.

Altho isolated nests may now and then be found, colonies are the rule;
and I have found as high as forty nests in a single patch of greenerv. There
is room. O'f course, for individual choice of nesting sites, but the com-
munity choice is the more striking. Thus, cvne recalls the greasewood
nesting, the rose-briar nesting, the thorn-bush nesting, where all the members
of the colony conformed to the locally established rule in nest position.
Mr. Bowles records the most remarkable instance of this : One season the
nests of the South Tacoma colony were all placed in small bushes, the
highest not over four feet from the ground ; but in the season following the
birds were all found nesting in cavities near the top of some giant fir stubs,
none of them less than 150 feet from the gmund. On the other hand, in
the L^sk nesting of 1906. on the placid lianks of the Pencl d'Oreille, one
pair had recessed its nest in a stump at a height of eighteen feet, while three
other pairs had sunk theirs into the ground at the base of bushes.

In construction the nest of the Brewer Blackbird varies considerablv,
but at its best it is quite a handsome affair. Composed e.xternally of twigs,
weed-stalks, and grasses, its characteristic feature is an interior mould, or
matrix, of dried cow-dung or mud. which gives form and stability to the
whole. The lining almost invariabl}- includes fine brown rootlets, but horse-
hair is also welcomed wherever available.

The eggs of Brewer's Blackbird are the admiration of oologists. Rang-
ing in color from clear greenish gray with scattered markings thru denser
patterns to nearly uniform umber and chocolate, they are the natural favorites
of "series" hunters. The range of variation is, indeed, curious, but it proves
to he entirely individual and casual without trace of local or constant differ-
ences. Eggs from the same nest are usually uniform in coloration, but even
here there is notable diversity. In some instances, after three or four eggs
are laid, the pigment gives out, and the remainder of the set is lighter colored.
Again, single eggs are heavily pigmented half way, and finished with a clear
green grotmd-color.

48

THE BREWER BLACKBIRD.

Im'csIi eggs may Ije taken in the \ akima cmintrx- during ilie hist week
in Aprik ami in une case noted, deposition began on April 14th: Init May
1st- 1 5th is the nsual rnle there and elsewhere. Five eggs is the common
set, but si.x to a clutch is not rare. (}f twenty-eight nests e.xaminecl in
Yakima County, May 4, 1906.
eleven contained six eggs each ;
while, of something over tw(.>
hundred seen altogether, two
nests containetl se\'en each.

It is in his notes that the
Brewer Blackbird betrays his
affinities best of all. The melo-
diously scjueaking chatter of
mating time is, of course, most
like that of the Rusty Black-
bird (S. cardliiiiis) . but it lacks
the bubbling character. He has
then the swelling note of the
Crackles |)roper, fff-wecl. the
latter part rendered with some-
thing of a trill, the former

Tahcn in Stevens County. Photo by the Author.

GROUND NEST OF BREWER BLACKBIRU.

citement of any kind. Knorcr

has a fine metallic (|ualit\'

which promptl}' links it to the

Ke\ring note of the Redwing. Cliiip is the ordinary note of distrust and

alarm, or of stern inquiry, as when the bird-man is caught fingering the for-

Ijidden ovals. .\ harsh low rattle, or rolling note, is also used when the

birds are squabbling among tbemseh-es, or fighting for position.

Unquestionably this species has graduall}' extended its range within the
borders of the State, for the earlier in\-estigators did not regard it as resident
on Puget Scjund. It has profited greath' and deser\edly bv the spread of
settlement evervwhere, and this is especiall}' true of the more open situations.
Not a little it owes, also, to the introduction of cattle: for it is as great a
rustler about corrals and stamping grounds as its renegade cousin. the Cowbird.

THE BULLOCK ORIOLE. 49

No. 17.
BULLOCK'S ORIOLE.

A. O. U. No. 508. Icterus bullockii (Swainson).

Description. — Adult mule: Black, white, and orange; bill, lore, a line thru
eye, and throat (narrowly) jet black; pileuni, back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts,
primary coverts, and tertials chiefly black, or with a little yellowish skirnng;
rcmiges black edged with white ; middle and greater coverts continuous with
edging of tertials and secondaries, white, forming a large patch ; tail chiefly yellow
but central pair of rectrices black terminally, and remaining pairs tipped with
blackish; remaining plumage, including supraloral areas continuous with sr.per-
ciliaries, orange yellow, most intense on sides of throat and chest, shading thru
cadmium on breast to chrome on rump, tail-coverts, etc. In young adults the
orange is less intense and, encroaches upon the black of forehead, hind-neck, etc.,
altho the tail is more e.xtensively black. Adult female: Above drab-gray, clearest
on rump and upper tail-coverts; wings fuscous with whitish edging; pattern of
white in coverts of male retained but much reduced in area; tail nearly uniform
dusky chrome ; underparts in general sordid white ; chin and lores white ; forehead,
superciliary, (indistinct), cheeks, hind-neck and chest more' or less tinged with
chrome yellow. Young males resemble the female but soon gain in intensity of
yellow on the foreparts, gradually acquiring adult black along median line of
throat and in streaks on pileum. Length of adult male about 8.25 (209.5) ''
wing 3.89 (99); tail 3.07 (78); bill .Jt, (18.5); tarsus .98 (25). Female a
little smaller.

Recognition Marks. — Chewink size ; black, white, and orange of male dis-
tinctive ; slender blackish bill of female strongly contrasting with the heavy light-
colored bill of female Western Tanager with which alone it is likely to be confused
by the novice. General coloration of female ashy or drab rather than olivaceous,
yellow of tail contrasting with whitish or light drab of tail-coverts.

Nesting. — Nest: a pouch of cunningly interwoven grasses, vegetable fibers,
string, etc., 5 to 9 inches deep and lashed by brim to branches of deciduous tree.
Eggs: usually 5, smoky white as to ground color, sometimes tinged with pale
Ijlne, more rarely with faint claret, spotted, streaked and elaborately scrawled with
])urplish black or dark sepia, chiefly about larger end. Elongate ovate; av. size
.94 X .63 (23.9 X 16). Season: May 20-June 15; one brood.

General Range. — Western LTnited States, southern British Provinces and
plateau of Mexico; breeding north to southern British Columbia, Alberta and
southern Assiniboia east to eastern border of Great Plains in South Dakota,
Nebraska, etc., south to northern IMexico ; in winter south to central Mexico.

Range in Washington. — Regular summer resident in eastern Washington
thruout settled sections and along water courses ; rare or casual west of Cascades.

Migrations. — Spring: Yakima County, May 2, 1900; ]Moses Lake, May 15,
1906; Chelan, May 21, 1896.

50

THE BULLOCK ORIOLE.

Authorities. — Icterus bullockii Bon. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. pt.
II. 185S, p. 550. T. C&S. D'. D=. Ss'. Ss-'. J. B.
Specimens.— (U. of W.) Prov. C. P'.

BIRD of sun.shiiie and good cheer, springtime's ripest offering and
emblem of summer acliieved, is this iiappy-hearted creature who flits about
the orchards and timber cultures of eastern Washington. The willows of
the brook, the cottonwoods and the quaking' asps, were his necessary home
until the hand oi the pioneer made ready the locust, the maple and the Lom-
bardy poplars, which are now his favorite abiding places. And so. for many

BULLOCK'S ORIOLE.

years, the droning of bees, the heavy-scented breath of the acacia, and the
high, clear whistling of the Oriole have been associated memories.

A little less dandified than his eastern cousin, the lordly Bird of Balti-
more, the Bullock Oriole fulfills much the same economy in habit, song, and
nesting as that well-known bird. He is, if anything, a little less muscial,
also, and not so conspicuous.

The males arrive a week or two in advance of their mates, and appear quite
ill at ease until joined by their shy companions. Marriage compacts have to

THE BULLOCK ORIOLE.

51

be settled at the beginning of the season, but
rivalry is chiefly between the under-colored
}-oung blades who must make their peace
with the sweet girl graduates of the pre-
\ inus year. Orioles are very closely at-
tached to a suitable locality, once chosen,
and a group of nests in a single tree pre-
senting successive annual stages O'f
preservation, is fairly eloquent of
conjugal fidelity.

The purse-shaped nest of the
Bullock Oriole is a marvel of indus-
trv and skill, fully equal in these
respects to that of the Baltimore
Bird. A specimen before me, from
a small willow on Crab Creek, in
Lincdln County, taken just after its
C'lmpletion, is composed entirely of
\egetalilc fibers, the frayed inner
bark of dead wilbiws being chiefl_\'
in evidaice, wdiile plant-downs of
willow, poplar, and clematis are
felted intiT the interstices of the
lower portion. This pouch is lashed at the brim by a lumdred tiny cables to
the sustaining twigs, and hangs to a depth of six inches, with a mean diameter
of nearly three, yet so delicate are the materials and sO' fine the workmanship,
that the whole structure weighs less than half an ounce.

A more bulky, loose-meslied afl:air, taken at Brook Lake No. 4, in
Douglas Coimty, has a maximum depth of nine inches outside, a mean depth
of six and a half inches inside, and a greater diameter of five inches.

Near farm houses or in town the birds soon learn the value of string,
thread, frayed rope, and other waste materials, and nests are made entirely
of these less romantic substances. Occasionally a bird becomes entangled in
tlie coils of a refractory piece of string or horse-hair, and tragedies of Orioles
hanged at their own doorstep are of record.

The eggs of this species, four to six in number, are usually of a pale
smoky gray color, and upon this ground appear curious and intricate scrawl-
ings of purplish black, as tho- made by a fine pen, held unsteadily while the
egg was twirled. The purpose of this bizarre ornamentation, if indeed it
has any, may be thought tO' appear where scanty coils of black horse-hair in
the lining of the nest show up in high relief against the normal white back-

Taken near Spokane. Photo by F. S. Merrill.

FE.MALE BULLOCK ORIOLE.

52

THE BULLOCK ORIOLE.

ground nf vegetable felt. I can testify that under these circumstances the
eggs are sometimes indistinguishable at trrst glance from their siuTOundings.
The value nf the pouch-shaped nest is less clear than in the case of the
Baltimore ()riiile, whose home is the pendant branch of the elm tree; for the
nest of the Rullnck Oriole is often attached to stock\' ])ranclies, pines e\'en,

Tnl.-ci: ill noiighs Cninity. XF.STING SITIC OI' THE F.L'LLOCK ORIOLE.

Photo by tin- Author.

which \ ield little in the wind. Nor is there an\ such olnious attempt in the
case of this bird to escape enemies by ]3lacing the eggs out of reach. The
Magpie would search Sheol for a maggot, and an\ effort toi Ijest him would
bankrupt the longest purse.

Tired of the continemeiU ijf the nest, the ambitious fledgelings clanibei'
up the sides and perch u])on the brim. From this less secure position thev
are not infrequently dislodged before they are (piite ready to face the world.
Some years ago a friend of mine, Mr. Chas. W. Robinson, of Chelan, secured
a fledgeling Oriole which he rescued from the water of the lake where it had
evidently just fallen from an overhanging nest. When taken home it proved
a read\' pet. and was given the freedom of the ])lace. Some two weeks
later my friend rescued a nestling from another brood under precisely
similar circumstances, and put it in a cage with the older bird. The new-

:-i:-ile'

M'

BULLOCK ORIOLES

MAXiE AND FEMALE, 1/2 LIFE SIZE
From a ,Watkr-oolor Painting by Ax.riAN Brooks

(Iv t<T I

THE CALIFORNIA BICOLORED BLACKBIRD. 53

ci.'iner had iiut yet learned to feed himself. l)ut on!}- opened his niouth
and called with childish insistence. Judge of the owner's delight, and mine
as a witness, when the older bird, liimself little more than a tiedgeling, liegan
to feed the orphan with all the tender solicitude of a parent. It was
irresistilil}- cunning and heartsome too. for the liird to select with thoughtful,
brotherly kindness, a morsel of food, and hop over toward the clamoring
stranger and drop it into his mouth ; after this to stand back as if to sav.
"There, baby! how did you like that?" This trait was not shown bv a
chance exhibition alone, l>ut became a regular habit, which was still fol-
lowed when the older bird had attained to fly-catching. It upset all one's
notious about instinct, and made one think of a golden rule for birds.

No. 18.

CALIFORNIAN BICOLORED BLACKBIRD.

A. O. v. No. 499. Agelaiiis giibernator californicus Xelson.

Description. — .Idiilt male: "Lhiiform deep black, with a faint bluish green
gloss in certain lights : lesser wing-coverts rich poppy red or vermilion ; muldle
coverts black, or (if not entirely black) at least broadly tipped with black, the
basal portion tawny buff or ochraceous ; bill, legs, and feet black: iris brown"
(Ridgway). Aditlt female in breeding plumage: Dark sooty brown more or less
streaked on crown and back ; chin and throat whitish or pinkish buff streaked with
brown ; faint superciliary stripe composed of narrow whitish streaks on sooty
ground. Adult female in ivinter: Feathers more or less edged with rusty.
Immature male: Lesser wing-coverts partly black, the remaining red not clear,
ochraceous-rufous or orange-tawny. Length of adult male: (skins) 8.62 (219) ;
wing 5.78 (136.9); tail 3.67 (93.2); bill .84 (21.3); tarsus 1.28 (32.5). Adult
female 6.93 (176) ; wing 4.27 (108.5) : tail 2.82 (71.61 : bill .■/2 ( 18.3) : tarsus
I. ID (27,9).

Recognition Marks. — Like Redwing Blackljird but epaulets pure red with-
out exposed buff.

Nesting. — Nest and Eggs like those of the Northwestern Red-wing. Said
to be less proliTic.

General Range. — Centra! and northern coast districts of California north
to Washington; straggles irregularly eastward and southward in California in
winter.

Range in Washington. — Recorded breeding at Cape Disappointment and
may possibly extend north to Gray's Harbor.

Authorities. — Agelaius giibernator Bonaparte, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv.
IX. 1858, p. 530 (Columbia River by J. K. Townsend). Allen, B, N. C). C. VI.
p. 128. R. H. Lawrence, Auk IX. 1892, 45. Kobbe.

54 THE COLUMBIAN RED-WING.

W'K accept this bird as a resident (jf this State cliiefly on the testimony
of W'ilHam H. Kobbe, who listed it^ as a breeding bird of Cape Disappoint-
ment. He fiiund it closely associated with the Northwestern Red-wing (A.
/^luviiicciis caiiriiiiis) altho' the latter frequently pursued it in the attempt
to expel it from the small swamp which buth were compelled to occupy.
This probably represents the northernmost extension of this species, the Grav's
Harbor record of Mr. Lawrence'' being at least open to cjuestion in the matter
of identification.

The habits of the Bicolored Blackbird do not differ in any knoAvii
particular from those of the familiar Red-wing, of which it is a discontinuous
offshoot.

No. 19.

COLUMBIAN RED-WING.

A. O. U. No. 498. Agelaius phceniceus neutralis Ridgway.

Synonyms. — San Diego Red-wing. Interior Red-wing. Red-winged
Black luKii. Red-shouldered Blackbird. Swamp Blackbird.

Description. — .-idiilt male in suimncr: Glossy black; lesser wing-coverts
bright red (poppy-red, vermilion or scarlet) ; middle coverts huffy or ochraceous-
buff' — the two forming thus a conspicuous epaulet, or shoulder patch. Bill, legs,
and feet horn black ; irides brown. Adult male in winter: Middle wing-coverts
more deeply buffy ; scapulars and feathers of black more or less edged with
rusty. In immature males the black of the plumage is more or less extensively
margined with rusty-buffy or whitish ; the wing-coverts have an admixture of
black and the "red" of the lesser coverts is of a sickly hue (orange-tawny, etc.).
Adult female in summer: Brownish gray, everywhere mottled and streaked, or
striped, with dusky, tinely on chin, cheeks, and superciliaries, where also more or
less rubescent, heavil_v below, less distinctly above; lesser coverts brownish-gray
or dull red ; middle coverts black edged with bulTy. Bill dusky lightening below ;
feet and legs dusky. Adult female in tvintcr: Plumage of upperparts more or
less margined with rusty or ochraceous ; sides of head and underparts tinged with
bufly. Length of adult males (skins) : 8.39 (213. i) ; wing 4.84 ( 122.9) ; tail 3.57
(Q0.7) ; bill .90 (23.1 ) ; tarsus 1.19 (30.2). Adult females (skins) : 7. 11 (181.9) ;
wing 3.98 (101.3) ; tail 2.85 (72.4) ; bill .j"/ { 19.6) ; tarsus 1.06 (26.9).

Recognition Marks. — Chewink to Robin size; bright red epaulets of male;
general streakiness of female. Female lighter-colored and not so heavily streaked
as in A. p. cauriuus.

Nesting. — Nest: a neatly woven but rather bulky basket of grasses, cat-tail
leaves or hemp, usually lashed to upright stalks of cat-tail, occasionally on bushes,

a. The Auk, Vol. XVII., Oct. 1900, p. 354.

b. The Auk, Vol. IX., Jan. 1892. p- 45-

THE COLU]\IBIAN RED-WING. 55

as willow and the like; lining of fine grasses of uniform size. Eggs: 4-7, usually
4. light blue to dull grayish blue, scrawled, blotched or clouded with dark purple,
purplish brown or black, chiefly about the large end. Av. size 1.04X.70 (26.4X
17.8). Season: last week in April, June; two broods.

General Range. — Western United States in the interior north to eastern
British Columbia, restricted by Rocky Mountains and Cascades in northern por-
tion of range but reaching coast in San Diego and Los Angeles Counties in
California and breeding as far east as western Texas, southward to northern
Chihuahua and northern Lower California ; displaced in Lower Colorado \'alley
and southern Arizona by .i. p. sonoriensis ; south in winter to southern Texas, etc.

Range in Washington. — Found in all suitable localities east of the Cascades.

Migrations. — Irregular!)- resident but numbers always greatly augmented
about ]\Iarch ist.

Authorities. — Agclaius pha^niceus \'ieil.. Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pac.
R. R. Surv. XIL pt. IL i860, 207. Allen, Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, \l. 1881, 128.
D = . D-'. Ss'. Ss^ J.

Specimens.— U. of W. C. P.

A MEADOWLARK may pipe from a sunny pasture slope in early
February, and a Merrill Song Sparrow may rehearse his cheerful message
in midwinter, but it takes the chorus of returning Blackbirds to bring boister-
ous tidings of awakening spring. What a world of jubilation there is in
their voluble whistlings and chirpings and gurglings, a wild medle}- of
^Larch which strikes terror to the faltering heart of winter. A sudden
hush falls uiiun the company as the bird-man draws near the tree in which
they are swarming; but a dusky maiden pouts, "Who cares?" and thev all
fall to again, hammer and tongs, timbrel, pipes, and hautboy. Brewer's
Blackbirds and CoAvbirds occasionally make common cause with Red-wings
in the northern migrations, but it is always the last-named who preponderate,
and it is they who are most vivacious, most resplendent, and most nearly
musical. The Red-wing's mellow koiigqucrcc or occasional tips\- ■wlioop-er-
ivay-up is the life of the party.

Almost before we know it our friends, to the number of a dozen pairs
or more, have taken up their residence in a cat-tail swamp' — n(5where else,
if you please, unless driven to it — and here, about the third week in April,
a dozen baskets of matchless weave are swung, or lodged midwav i:>f the
growing plants. Your distant approach is commented upon from the tops
of bordering willows by keyrings and other notes. At close range the lordly
male, he of the brilliant epaulets and the proper militar\- swagger, shakes
out his fine clothes and says. Koiigqucrcc. in a voice wdierein anxietv is quite
outweighed by \'anity and proffered good-fellowship withal. But if you
push roughly thru the nutlying sedges, anxiety obtains the mastery. There
is a hubbub in the marsh. Bustling, frowsy females appear and scold you
roundlv. The lazv gallants are all fathers now, and thev join direful threats

56

THE COLUMBIAN RED-WING.

to courteous expostulations, as tlie\- flutter wildly arounil the intruder's
head. To the mischievous boy the chance of calling out these frantic atten-
tii>ns is very alluring, even when no harm is intended.

I have said that the Red-wing prefers cat-tails for nesting: there is
probably no undisturbed area of cat-tails in eastern Washington which does
not harbor Columbian Red-wings ; yet, even so, the cover does not suffice and
they are impelled to occupy the extensive tule beds which border the larger
lakes. For the second nesting, which occurs in Tune, the Blacklnnls are likelv

near Spokane. '■ -^^ Jl^''"i"-

XEST .VXD El.i..-^ Ul III). LOI.L AllU.W KEDWIXG.

to try the willows, now covered with foliage; or, in default of these, may
venture into anv coarse vegetation which lines the swamp.

Four or live eggs are commonly laid and sets of six are very rare.
On the 1 8th of l\Iay, 1896, I took a set of eight eggs, all believed to be the
product of one female, from a nest in Okanogan County, and this set is now
in the Oberlin College Museum.

Of the economic value of the Red-wing there can be no question. The
bird is chiefl\- insectivorous and destrovs an immense amount of insect life.

THE NORTHWESTERN RED-WING. 57

particularly in the larval state, injurious to vegetation. Its single fault is
a weakness for young corn, but as corn is not a staple crop in Washington,
this fault may be readily condoned in view of the bird's valuable services
to stockman and orchardist.

No. 20.

NORTHWESTERN RED-WING.

A. O. U. No. 4981. Agelaius phoeniceus caurinus Ridgway.

Synonyms. — Red-winged Blackbird. Red-shoulderED Blackbird. Marsh
Black i;iRi). Swamp Blackbird.

Description. — Similar to A. p. nctitralis but female much darker, heavily
streaked with black below ; in winter feather skirtings of female more extensively
rusty. Measurements not essentially different.

Recognition Marks. — As in preceding. Female darker and more heavily
streaked than in A. p. ncutralis.

Nesting. — Nest: as in preceding; dimensions 5 in. wide by 6 in. deep outside,
^x ^ inside. Eggs: 3 or 4, rarely 5, colored as before ; dimensions varying from
1.05 X .76 (26.6x19.3) to 1.0OX.66 (25.4x16.7). Season: second to last week
in April, June (Tacoma, April 6, 1906, 3 eggs) ; two broods.

General Range. — Northwest coast district from northern California north to
British Columljia on \'ancouver Island and mainland.

Range in Washington. — Common in suitable localities west of the Cascades.
Irregularly resident.

Authorities. — .Igclaius pluviiiceus \leil. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX.
1858, 528. T. C&S. Rh. Kb. Ra. Kk. B. E.

Specimens.— (U. of W.) Prov. B. E.

THE bird-man was sitting Turk-fashion on a great mossy log which
ran far out into the rustling depths of the South Tacoma swamp. The
April sun flooded the scene with warm light and made one blink like a
blissful drowsy frog, while the marsh sent up a grateful incense of curling
vapor. A pocket lunch of bread and cheese was the ostensible occasion
of this noontide bliss, but victuals had small charms beside those of the
sputtering Tule Wrens who played hide and seek among the stems, or
the dun Coots, who sowed their pulque pulque pulque notes along the
reedy depths.

Upon this scene of marshy content burst a vision of Phcenician splendor,
Caurinus I., the military satrap of South Tacoma. the authentic tyee of
Blackbirds. He was a well-aged bird, and as is the proper way with
feathered folk, resplendent in proportion to his years. His epaulets seemed
a half larger again than others, and their scarlet was of the brightest

58 THE NORTHWESTERN RED-WING.

hue, contrasting witli a l)lack mantle vvliich fairly shone. He appeared
an amiable old fellow, and as he lighted ponderously on an uplifted branch
of my tree, he remarked, "W'lwo-kiisiuee-ung," so hospitably that I felt
impelled to murmur, "Thanks," and assured him of my unhostile intent.
"Conqucree/" he questioned, richlv. "Er — well, ves, if vnu are the con-
(jueriir."

I;!ul the general had nther interests to watch. An upstart male of
the second year with sh(julder-straps of a sickly orange hue, was descried
a rod away climljing hand-over-hand up a cat-tail stem. Keyring, keyring,
the despot warned him : and because the presumptuous youth did not heed
him quickly enough, he launched his splendor over the spot, wdiereat the
youth sank in dire confusion. .And ne.xt, nur hem caught sight of a
female fair to look upon peeping at him furti\ely frcjui behind her lattice
.of reeds. Tc* see was to act, he flung his heart at the maiden upnn the
instant, and followed headlong after, thru I knnw nut what reech- mazes.
Oh, heart ever young, and pursuit ne\er wearying!

Northwestern Red-wings fintl rather restricted range thrunut western
Washington, Init they appear wherever there are fresh-water marshes or
reed-bordered lakes. In default of cat-tails they will accept the shelter of
dwarf willows, or coarse dense grass of any sort.

Nesting is undertaken at Tacoma at least by the thinl week in April,
and we have found eggs as early as the sixth of that month. The nest of
the accompanying illustration ( photogra\ure ) is composed solely (jf the
coiled stems of the dried bulrushes, amongst which it is ijlaced, with a
lining of clean dried grass-stems.

Few eggs exceed in beauty those of the Red-winged Blackbird. The
liackground is a pale bluish green of great delicacy, and upon this occur
sharph-defined spots, blotches, marblings, traceries, and "pen-w'ork" of dark
sepia, purplish black, drab, and heliotrope ptirple. Or a spot of color appears
to be deeply imbedded in the fine, strong te.xture of the shell, and carries
about it an aura of diminishing color. Occasionally, the whole egg is
sufifused with pale brownish, or, more rarely, it is entirely unmarked.

Incubation lasts fourteen days and the \oung are ready to leave the
nest in a little over two weeks mr>re. They are frizzly, helpless, complain-
ing little creatures, but if they cannot Hy well they can clamber, and they
cling with the grip of terrified monkeys.

Our Northwestern Red-wings are normally migratory, but they also
winter with us irregularly ; and this habit appears ti) be gaining ground as
the guarantee of food becomes more certain. Numbers of them subsist in
both Seattle and Tacoma in the vicinity of grain elevators, where they will
have comfortable sustenance until such time as the augmented English Spar-
rows decree death to all native birds.

THE YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD. . 59

No. 21.

YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.

A. O. LT. No. 497. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonap.j.

Description. — Adult male: Head, neck all around, and breast orange yel-
low ; lores and feathers skirting ej-es and bill, black ; a double white patch on
folded wing formed by greater and lesser coverts, but interrupted by black of
bastard wing; usally a little yellow about vent and on tibias; the remaining
plumage black, dull or subdued, and turning brown on wing-tips and tail. Female:
Dark brown;" line over eye, throat, and upper breast dull yellow. Length 10.00-
11.00 (254-279.4); wing 5.30-5.60 (134.6-142.2) ; tail 4.00-4.50 ( 101.6-114.3) ;
bill .90 (22) ; tarsus 1.25 (31.8). Female smaller. length 8.00-9.50 (203.2-241.3).

Recognition Marks. — Robin size; yellow head and breast; white wing-
patches.

Nesting. — Nest: a bulky but usually neat fabric of dried grasses, reeds or
cat-tails lashed to growing ones ; 5-7 inches in diameter outside by 5-8 deep ; inside
deeply cupped. Eggs: 3-6, grayish green spotted or clouded with reddish brown,
rarely scrawled as in Agelams: elongate ovate in shape. Av. size, i.iox.75
(27.9 X 19). Season: May or June; one brood.

General Range. — Western North America from Wisconsin, Illinois and
Te.xas to the Pacific Coast, and from British Columbia and the Saskatchewan
River southward to the Valley of Mexico. Accidental in Middle and Atlantic
States.

Range in Washington. — Of local distribution in eastern Washington chiefly
east of the Columbia River. Rare or casual west of the Cascades. Summer
resident.

Authorities.— ["Yellow-headed Blackbird," Johnson, Rep. Gov. W. T. 1884
(1885). 22.\ Bendire, Life Hist. N. A. Birds, Vol. II. 1895, p. 447. Ss'. J.

Specimens. — Prov. C. P.

OH, well for the untried nerves that the Yellow-headed Blackbird sings
by day, when the sun is shining brightlv, and there are no supporting
signs of a cijux-ulsion of Nature! Verily, if love affected us all in similar
fasliion, the world would be a merry mad-house. The Yellow-head is an
extraordinary person — you are prepared for that once you catch sight of his
resplendent gold-upon-l)lack livery — but his avowal of the tender passion
is a revelation of incongruity. Grasping a reed firmly in both fists, he leans
forward, and, after premonitory gulps and gasps, succeeds in pressing out a
wail of despairing agony which would do credit to a dying catamovmt. When
you have recovered from the first shock, you strain the eyes in astonishment
that a mere bird, and a bird in love at that, should give rise to such a cata-
clysmic sound. But he can do it again, and his neighbor across the wav can
do as well — or worse. When vour nerves have somewhat recovered, modesty

6o

THE YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.

n\-ercomes you. and ynu retire, not without a chastened sense of privilege that
yiiu ha\e lived In hear the Yelluw-head pop the question, — "and also you
li\ed after."

The expiring Romeo cry is quite the finest of the Xanthocephaline reper-
tory, but there are others not devoid of interest. OL'-ch-ah-oli-oo is a musical
series of startling brilliancy, comparable in a degree to the yodelling of a street

m-chin, — a succession of sounds of varying
latches, ])roduced as tho by altering the oral
capacity. It ma\- Ije noted thus : f i

The last note is especially mellow y'w n^
and ]ileasing, recalling tO' some
ears the li(|uifl gurgle of the Bobolink, to
which, of ciiurse, our Ijird is distincth' related.
Alternating with the last named, and more
frequenth' heard from the (le]ilhs of the
nesting swamp is gitr. giini; or, as oftenest,
yc'-ici(iik). ycK'i(iik). giir-giivyl. In this
phrase the giirrl is drawn out with comical
effect, as tho the gallant were down on his
knees tjefore some un\-ielding maiden.

The Yell(w-head's ordinary note of dis-
trust, equivalent to the clink note of the Red-
A\ing, is kliiclc or koliick'. In flight this
becomes almost invariably oo'khik, oo'khtk.
At rest, again, this is sometimes prolonged
into a thrilling passage of resonant "1" notes, probably remonstratory in
character. The alarm cry is built upon the same basis, and is uttered with
exceeding vehemence, klookoloy. klookoloy, klook ooooo.

Finally, if one may presume to speak finally of so \-ersatile a genius,
the_\- have a harsh, rasping note very simil;n- in qualit\- to the scolding note
O'f the Steller Jay, only lighter in weight and a little higher in pitch. This
is the note of fierce altercation, or the distress cry in imminent danger.
The last time 1 heard it was in the rank herliage bordering upon a shallow
lake in Douglas County. I rushed in to find a big blow-snake coiling just
below a nestful of young liirds, while the agonized parents and sympathetic
neighbors hovered over the spot crying piteouslv. To stamii upon the reptile
was but the work of a moment ; and when I dropped the limp opiiidian upon
the bare groiuid, all the blackbird population gathered about the carcass,
shuddering but exultant, and — perhaps it was only fancy — grateful too.

For all the Yellow-head is so decided in utterance, in disposition he
is somewhat phlegmatic, the male bird especially lacking the vivacity which
characterizes the agile Brewer Blackbird. Except when hungry, or im-

Pltoto bv the Author
MALE VErx'ow HE.VD.

THE YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.

6i

pelled by passion, lie is quite content to mope for hours at a time in
the depths of the reeils: and even in nesting time, when his precincts are
invaded, he oftener falls to admiring his own plumage in the llnnding sun-
shine than tries to drive nff the intruder. Let the hduielv and distrait female
attend to that.

Taken in Doiigljs Coiinly. Photr, by IT. Leon Dna'son.

NEST OF YELLOW-HE.ADED BL.-\CKBIRD I.N TULES.

62

THE YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.

This liird is es-
sentially a plains-
loving" species, and
its favorite haunts
with us are the
reedv borders of
the treeless lakes,
and the upland
sloughs I if eastern
Washington. It is
highly gregarious,
especially in the
fall and earl\-
spring, but con-
fesses to about the
same degree of
domesticity as the
Red-wing, in late
spring and earlv
summer.

The nests are
stoutlv-woven bas-
kets Oif reeds and
grasses, light and
dry and hand-
some. No' mud or
other matrix ma-
terial is used in
^ i^____.^. ,( ci instruction, and

(j' ^^T^M^ ' ■" '■'^^ interior is al-

w a y s carefully
lined with fine
dry grass. The

illimitable bulrushes are the favorite cuver, but rank herbage of any sort
is used if only it be near or o\'er water. The most humble situations
suffice; and the nest is often placed within a foot of the water, or its ecjuiv-
alent of black ooze.

Plioto bv the Adilior.

THE WESTERN MEADOWLARK. 63

No. 22.

WESTERN MEADOWLARK.

A. O. U. No. 501. 1. Sturnella neglecta Audubon.

Synonyms. — Field Lark. Old-fiklu L.ark. Medl.^rk. Medlar (poeti-
cal). AIiDLARK (corruption).

Description. — .Idiilt iiiair: General color of upperparts brownish black
niodilied by much tawny and butiy-gray edgings of the feathers which throw the
black into stripes and bars with suggestion of herring-bone pattern ; the tawny
heaviest on secondaries and upper tail-feathers where taking the form of partial
bands, a median crown stripe and posterior portion of superciliary sordid white
or bufty; anterior portion of superciliary, cheeks, chin, upper throat, breast
(broadly) and middle belly rich lemon yellow (inclining to orange in older
specimens); a large black crescent on upper lireast ; sides and flanks black-
streaked and spotted with pale brown on a bufly or whitish ground. Bill
variegated, tawny, black and white. Fciinilc: Like male l)Ut smaller and paler
with some substitutions of brown for black in streakmg; black of jugulum veiled
by grayish tips of feathers ; yellow of breast duller, etc. The plumage of both
sexes is duller in fall and winter, the normal colors being restrained by butify
overlay. Length (if adult male: 10. 00-11.00 (254-279.4); wing 4.85 ( 123.2);
tail 3.00 (76.2) : bill 1.30 {TiT,) : tarsus 1.46 (37.1). Female smaller.

Recognition Marks. — Robin size; yellow breast with black collar distinctive;
general streak\- appearance above; yellow cheeks as distinguished from the
Eastern .Meadowlark (StiiiiicHa iimi/iia).

Nesting. — Xcst: on the ground in thick grass or weeds; a slight depression
lined (carefnll}- or not) and usually overarched with dried grasses. Eggs: 4-6,
white, speckled and spotted, sometimes very sparingly, with cinnamon brown or
purplish; very variable in shape, elliptical ovate to almost round. Av. size, I.i2x
.80 (28.5x20.3). Season: April and June; two broods. Tacoma, April 5, 1906,
4 fresh eggs.

General Range. — Western United States, southwestern British Provinces, and
northwestern Mexico, east to prairie districts of Mississippi A'alley, Minnesota,
Iowa, Missouri, etc., occasionally to Illinois and ]\Iichigan ; breeding thruout its
range.

Range in Washington. — Abundant east and west of the Cascades; largely
resident on the West-side, partially on the East-side ; numbers augmented from
the south during last week in February.

Authorities. — [Lewis and Clark, Hist. Ex. (1814), Ed. Biddle : Coues.
Vol II. p. 186.] Sturnella neglecta Aud., Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. 1858,
539. T. C&S. L-'. Rh. D'. Sr. Ra. D-'. Ss'. Ss-'. Kk. B. E.

Specimens.— d'. of W.) Prov. B. E. BN. P'.

SUMAIER silences the birds so gradually and we ourselves have become
so much absorbed in business during tlie prosy clays of September that we

64 THE WESTERN MEADOWLARK.

Iia\e almost forgotten the choruses of springtime and \m\e come to accept
our uncheered lot as part of the established order of things. But on a nippy
October mnrning, as we are bending over some dull task, there comes a
sound which brings us tn our feet. We hasten to the windnw. throw up
the sash and lean out into the cool, fresh air while a Meadowlark rehearses,
all at a sitting, the melodies of the year's youth. It all comes back to us
with a rush; the smell of lush grasses, the splendor of apple blossoms, the
courage of lengthening days, the ecstacies of courtship^ — all these are recalled
by the lark-song. It is as tho this forethoughted soul had caught the music
of a Mav day, just at its prime, in a crystal vase, and w-as now pouring out
the ituprisoned sound in a gurgling, golden flood. What cheer! ^A'hat
heartening! Yea; what rejuvenaticju it brings! Wine of youth! Splashes
of color and gay delight!

It is impossible not to rhapsodize over the Meadowlark. He is a rhap-
sodist himself. Born of the soil and lost in its embraces for such time as it
pleases him, he vet quits his lowly station e\-er and again, mounts some fence-
post or tree-top, and ])ul)lishes to the world an unquenchable gladness in
things-as-they-are. If at suiuMse, then the gleams cjf the earl_\' ray flash
resplendent from his golden breastplate, — this high-priest of morning: and
all Nature echoes his jovous blast: "Thank God for sunshine!" Or if the
rain begins to fall, who si:i quickly grateful for its refreshment as this optimist
of the ground, this prophet of gocjd cheer! There is even an added note
of exultation in his voice as he shouts: "Thank God for rain!" And who
like him can sing farewell to parting day! Piercing sweet from the meadows
come the last offerings of day's daysmen, peal and counterpeal from ri\'al
friendly throats, unfailing, unfaltering, unsubdued: "It is good to live. It
is good to rest. Thank God for the day now done!"

The Meadowlark of the East has a poet's soul l>ut he lacks an adequate
instrument of expression. His voice does not respond to his recjuirement.
Perhaps his earl\- education, as a species, was neglected. Certain it is that
in passing westward across the prairies of Iowa or Minnesota one notices
an instant change in the voices of the Meadowlarks. The song of the
western bird is sweeter, clearer, louder, longer and more varied. The differ-
ence is SO' striking that we can explain it only upon the supposition of an
independent development. The western bird got his early training where
prairie wild flowers of a thousand hues ministered to his senses, wdiere breath
of pine mingled faintly with the aroma of neighboring cactus bloom, and
where the sight of distant mountains fired the iiuagination of a poet race.
At any rate we of the West are proud of the Western Meadowlark and wnuld
have you believe that such a blithe spirit could evolve only under such
circumstances.

THE WESTERN MEADOWLARK. 65

Bird song never exactly conforms to our musical notation, and there is
no instrument save the human "whistle" which will even passably reproduce
the quality of the Aleadowlark's song. Nevertheless, many interesting ex-
periments have been made in recording these songs and a little attention will
coiiA-ince the least accomplished musician that there is a fascinating field for
study here.

A formal song of the Western IMeadowlark comprises from four to a
dozen notes, usually si.K or seven. The song phrases vary endlessly in detail,
yet certain types are clearly distinguishable, types which reappear in different
parts of the country, apparently without regard to local traditions or suppo-
sitional schools of song. Thus a Chelan singer says, "Olcii xvhcel'er, kii
wheel' cr, and he may not have a rival in a hundred miles ; yet another bird
on the University campus in Seattle sings, Bli hen, zi'heel'iky, ivheel'iky, or
even Eh hen idieel'lky, wheel'ikv, whcd'ihy. and you recognize it instantly
as belonging to the same type. In like manner Oivy'hee, recitative was heard
with perfect distinctness both at Wallula and in Okanogan County.

Each bird has a characteristic song-phrase by which he may be recognized
and traced thru a season, or thru succeeding years. One boisterous spirit
in Chelan I shall never forget for he insisted on shouting, hour after hour,
and day after day, "Hip! Hip! Hurrah! boys; three ch-eers!" Yet, while
this is true, no' bird is confined tO' one style of song. An autumnal soloist
in Ravenna Park rendered no less than six distinct songs or song-phrases
in a rehearsal lasting five minutes. He gave them without regard to sequence,
now repeating the same phrase several times in succession, now hurrying on
to new forms, pausing only after each utterance for breath.

Nor is the effort of the W^estern Meadowlark confined to the formal
song for he often pours out a flood of warbling, chattering and gurgling notes
which at close range are very attractive. Not infrequently he will interrupt
one of these meditative rhapsodies with the clarion call, and return immedi-
ately tO' his minor theme.

In the presence of a stranger the lark serves frequent notice of intended
departure in a vigorous toop, or toob, accompanying the sound with an
emphatic flirt of the wings and jerk of the tail. Now and then the actual
departure is accompanied by a beautiful yodelling song. After several pre-
liminary toobs the bird launches himself with fantastic exaggeration of effort
and rolls out, O'ly o'ly o'!y o'ly o'ly, with ra\-ishing sweetness.

At nesting time the parent birds have many causes for apprehension,
and as thev move about in search of food they give vent to the toob note of
distrust in a fashion which soon becomes chronic. In Douglas County this
note is doubled, two' bit. or tz^'o' whit, and one cannot recall the varied life of
the sage in June without hearing as an undertone the half melancholy fzvo' bit
of a mother [Meadowlark as she works her way homeward by fearful stages.

66

THE WESTERN MEADOWLARK.

At nesting time tlie Western Meadowlark enjuys a wide tlistril3uti(_]n in
Washington. It is fuund nut only on all grassy lowlands and in culti\ated
sections but in the open sage as well and upon the half-open pine-clad foot-
hills up toi an altitude of four thousand feet.

The Meadowlark is an assiduous nester. This not because of any un-
usual amativeness but because young Meadowlarks are the morceaux delicicnx
of all the powers that prey, skunks, weasels, mink, raccoons, coyotes, snakes,
magpies, crows. Hawks and owls otherwise blameless in the bird-world err
here — the game is too easy. Even the noljle Peregrine does not disdain
this humble, albeit tooth-
some, quarry, and the
Least Falcon (F al c o
sparvcrius phalcnia) will
stoop for a young Mead-
owlark when all other
avian offerings are virtu-
ously passed by.

Fecundity then is the
only recourse, — this, and
concealment. Not rely-
ing altogether upon its
marvelous protective
coloration the lark
exhibits great cau-
tion in approaching,
and, if possible, in
quitting its nest. In
either case it sneaks
along the ground for
a considerable dis-
tance, threading the
mazes of the grass
SO' artfully that the
human eye can fol-
low with difficulty or
not at all. At the ap-
proach of danger a sitting
bird may either steal from
nest unobserved and rise at
safe distance or else seek to

... Taken m Stevens County.

further her deception by feign- pi,oto by the Amhor.

ing lameness after the fashion nest and eggs of the western meadowl.\rk.

THE WESTERN MEADOWLARK. 67

of the Shore-birds. Or, again, she may cling to her charge in desperation
Iioping" against liope till the last possible moment and taking chances of final
niishaj). In this way a friend of mine once discovered a brooding ]Meado\v-
lark imprisoned underneath his boot — fortunately without damage for she
occupied the deep depression of a cow-track.

To further concealment the grass-lined depression in which the ^leadow-
lark places her four or five speckled eggs is almost invariably over-arched
with dried grasses. This renders the eggs practically invisible from above,
and especially if the nest is placed in thick grass or rank herbage, as is
customary. Touching instances of blind devotion to this arch tradition were,
however, afiforded by a sheep-swept pasture near Adrian. Here the salt-grass
was cropped close and the very sage was gnawed tO' stubs. But the Meadow-
larks, true to custom, had imported long, dried grasses with which to o\-er-
arch their nests. As a result one had only tO' look for knobs on the landscape.
By e}e alone we located six of these pathetic landmarks in the course of a
half-hour's stroll.

One brood is usually brought off by May ist and another by the middle
of June. Altho Meadowlarks are classed as altricial. i. e. having young help-
less when hatched and which recpiire to be nurtured in the nest, the young
Meadowlarks are actually very precocious and scatter from the nest four or
five days after hatching, even before they are able tO' fairly stand erect. This
arrangement lessens the chances of wholesale destruction but it would appear
to complicate the problem from the parental standpoint. How would yon,
for instance, like to tend five babies, each in a separate thicket in a trackless
forest, and that haunted by cougars, and lynxes, and boa-constrictors and
things ?

We cannot afford tOi be indifferent spectators to this early struggle for
existence, for it is difficult tO' overestimate the economic value of the Meadow-
lark. The liird is by choice almost exclusively insectivorous. If, however,
when hard pressed, he does take toll of the fallen wheat or alfalfa seed, he
is as easily justifiable as is the hired man who consumes the farmer's biscuits
that he may have the strength to wield the hoe against the farmer's weeds.
Being provided with a long- and sensitive bill, the Meadowlark not only
gleans its insect prey from the surface of the ground, but works among the
grass roots, and actually probes the earth in its search for wire- and cut-
worms, those most dreaded pests. Besides devouring injurious grubs and
insects of many kinds, the Lark has a great fondness for grasshoppers, sub-
sisting almost entirely upon these in the season of their greatest abundance.
In the matter of grasshopper consumption alone ^Meadowlarks of average
distribution, are estimated by no less an authority than Professor Beal, to
be worth about twentv-fotir dollars per month, per township, in saving the
hay crop. To the individual farmer this may seem a small matter, but in

68 THE WESTERN EVENING GROSBEAK.

the aggrej^ate the saving U> the natinn aim units to some liiindreds of tlious-
ands of dcillars eacli year. Even in winter, when a few individuals or occa-
sional cinnpanies of Larks are still tO' he found, a large proportion of their
food consists of hardy heetles and other insects, while weed-seed and scatter-
ing grain is laid under triliute, as it were, reluctantly.

It g'oes without saying that we cannot regard this liird as lawful game.
We exempt the horse from slaughter not because its flesh is unfit for food — ■
it is really very sapid — hut because the animal has endeared itself to our race
by generations of faithful service. We place the horse in another category,
that of animal friend. And the human race, the best of it, has some time
since discovered compunctions about eating its friends. Make friends with
this bonny bird, the Meadowlark, and you will be ashamed thenceforth to
even discuss assassination. Fricassee of prima donna! Voice of morning
en hrochcttc! Bird-of-merry-cheer on toast! Faugh! And yet that sort
of thing passed muster a generation agO' — does yet in the darker parts of
Europe !

No. 23.

WESTERN EVENING GROSBEAK.

A. O. U. No. 514a. Hesperiphona vespertina montana Ridgway.

Description. — Adult male: Forehead and superciliarics gaiuljoge yellow;
feathers about base of bill, lores, and crown black ; wings black with large white
patch formed by tips of inner secondaries and tertials ; tail black ; remaining
plumage sooty olive brown about head and neck, shading thru olive and olive-
green to yellow on wing and under tail-coverts. Bill bluish horn-color and citron
yellow; feet brownish. Adult female: General color deep smoky brownish gray
or huffy brown, darker on the head, lighter on wings, lighter, more buffy, on sides,
shading to dull whitish on throat and alidonien, tinged with yellowish green on
hind-neck, clearing to light yellow on axillars and under wing-coverts ; a small
clear white patch at base of inner ]3rimaries ; white blotches on tips of upper
tail-coverts and inner webs of tail-feathers in varying proportions. Length about
8.00 (203.2) : wing 4.39 (111.5) ; tail 2.42 (61.4) ; bill .82 (20.8) ; depth at base
.62 ( 15.0 ) ; tarsus. 81 ( 20.3 ). Female very slightly smaller.

Recognition Marks. — Chewink size; olive-brown coloration with black and
white in masses on wings; large, conical beak distinctive; high-pitched call note.

Nesting. — Has not yet been found breeding in Washington but undoubtedly
does so. Nest (as reported from New Mexico): principally composed of fine
rootlets with some Usnea moss and a few sticks, settled upon horizontal branches
of pine or fir, near tip, and at considerable heights ; in loose colonies. Eggs: 4,
"in color, size, form, and texture indistinguishable from those of the Red-winged
Blackbird" ( Birtwell).

KHooaa

llUS IJi

>ther ca

WESTERN EVENING GROSBEAKS

MA-LiE AND FEMALE, 3/4 LIFE SIZE
Kkom a Watek-coloh Painting by Allan Bkooks

.0?

THE WESTERN EVENING GROSBEAK. 69

General Range. — \\'estern United States and Northern Mexico; east to and
inclndinj; Ivocky Mountains; nortli to British Columbia.

Range in Washington. — Co-extensive with evergreen timber and appearing
irregularly elsewhere. Resident within State but roving locally. Winters regu-
larly in parks of the larger cities.

Authorities. — ? Fringilla vcsl^crtina Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.
VIII. 1839, 154 (Columbia R.). Hcspcriphona i'cs[^crtiiia Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R.
Surv. IX. 1858, 409. T. C&S. Ra. Kk. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P'. Prov. P.. E.

SPARROWS are also called Cune-bills ; it is, therefore, fair that the bird
with the Ijiggest cone shotild take precedence in a family history. But for this
primacy there are damaging limitations. The Grosbeak is neither the most
beautiful nor the most tuneful of the Fringillid;e, if he is by common consent
rated the oddest. His garb is a patchwork; his srmg a series of shrieks; his
motions eccentric; his humor phlegmatic; and his concepts beyond the ken
of man. Altho at times one of the most approachable of birds, he is, on the
whole, an avian freak, a rebus in feathers.

Perhaps we make too much of a mystery of him, just as we rate the owl
highest in wisdom f(.)r the single discretion of silence, which any dunderhead
may attain. But now take this group in the park; just what are they at?
They sit there stulidly in the rowan tree where all the passersby mav take note
of them, giving vent ever and anon to e.xplosive yelps, but doing nothing by
the hour, until an insane impulse seizes one of their number to be off tO' some
other scene no' better, be it near or far, and the rest yield shrieking consent by
default of alternative idea. It is all so unreasonalile, so uncannv, that it
irritates us.

Exening Grosbeaks are semi-gregarious the xear around, but are seen to
best advantage in winter or earlv spring, when thev flock c](jsely and visit
city parks or wooded lawns. One is oftenest attracted to their temporary
quarters by the startling and disconnected noises which are flung out broad-
cast. It may be that the flock is absorbed in the depths of a small fir, so that
one may come up near enough to analyze the sound. Three sorts of notes are
plainly distinguishable: a low murmuring of pure tones, quite pleasant to the
ear; a harsh but subdued rattle, or alarm note, ivzzzt or icaccp. familiarly
similar to that of the Crossbill; and the high-|)itched shriek, which dis-
tinguishes the bird from all others, (///»/'. .\ little attention brings to light
the fact that all the birds in the flock bring out this astonishing iinte at
precisely flic same pitch. Once distinguished, this note will serve again and
again to draw attention to this uncanny fowl, as it passes overhead or loses
itself in the bosom of some giant conifer.

70 THE ALASKAN PINE GROSBEAK.

It is not a little surprising at tirst thought, that the habits of these birds
are best known in our larger cities, Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane, and Portland.
Why they should be especially attracted to them, it is hard to' say, unless it be
that they love the din of urban life, which they help so valiantly to promote.
But it is easy to^ see why they are more noticeable there ; for their showy
and patchy coloration marks them as distinguished visitors in town, whereas
in the forest their colors sO' melt intcf and harmonize with their surroundings
that it is difficult to follow their movements.

These Grosbeaks, or New World Hawfinches, are not to be commended
as horticulturists. In winter they feed largely upon the ground, gleaning
fallen seeds and fruits ; and are especially fond of the winged key of the large-
leafed maple (Acer macrophylliim). They drop down to such a feast one by
one from the branches above, and it is amusing tO' note how the loud cracking
of seeds is interspersed with music. A little later the birds devote themselves
to swelling buds, and here toO' the maple is a favorite ; tho ash, alder, flowering
currant, and a dozen more are not disdained. The damage done is not
considerable; for the birds, viewed in the large, are not numerous enough, all
told, to be taken seriously; but \'iewed in the concrete, the snip, snip, of those
mandililes in the lilac bushes is no idle joy.

It may lie that the key of high C sharp, or whatever it be, staccato con
moto, is the accepted love note, and that the green-liveried swain hurls
declarations at his enamorata, like Samson in Handel's oratorio, the live-long
3'ear. Anyway, his exertions are redoubled in early June, and he charges about
in a reckless frenzy which shduld make the city gape. June, 1906, was
memorable to us for the aljundance of these Grosbeaks in the vicinity of
Spokane. 'J'he \'ery air of Cannon Plill and Hangman's Creek seemed charged
with expectation of Grosbeaks' nests. But thev were not for us. Nor has
the nest vet been taken in Washington.

No. 24.

ALASKAN PINE GROSBEAK.

A. O. U. No. 515c. Pinicola enucleator alascensis Ridgway.

Synonym.-^PiNiC rU'i.i.Fixcii.

Description. — .Idiilt male: In highest plumage rosy red (poppy red) ; back
with dusky centers of feathers ; lower belly and under tail-coverts ashy gray — this
high plumage is the exception ; in general the rosy gives place to ashy gray in
varying proportions ; wings and tail ashy dusky ; tips of middle and greater
coverts and outer edges of exposed tertials white (or rosy). Bill dusky: feet
blackish. Adult female: Similar to male but rosy replaced by dingy yellow (vary-

THE ALASKAN PINE GROSBEAK. 71

ing from olive-yellow, olive-tawny and ochraceous to hricky red) and chiefly
confined to head, hind-neck and upper tail-coverts (where brightest) ; feathers of
back frequently tijjped with ochraceous and breast with an ochrey wash. Length
about S.60 (218.4); wing 4.60 (117): tail 3.66 (93); bill .^j (14.5); tarsus
.89 (22.7).

Recognition Marks. — Chew'ink size; large, rounded conical beak; red and
gray coloration for size distinctive.

.Nesting. — "Nest, composed of a basement of twigs and rootlets within which
is a more compact fabric of finer materials. Eggs, usually 4, pale greenish blue,
spotted and blotched with dark brown surface markings and lilac shell-spots."
Av. size 1.03 -X .74 (26.7 X 18.8). Season: About June 1st ; one brood.

General Range. — "Northwestern North America, except Pacific Coast,
breeding in interior of Alaska; south, in winter, to eastern British Columbia,
Montana ( Bitterroot Valley), etc." ( Ridgway ) .

Range in Washington. — Reported by Allan Brooks as breeding in the Mt.
Baker district (as below) ; should occur upon the timbered lowlands in winter.

Authorities. — Allan Brooks /;/ c[<ist. Dawson, Auk \'ol. XXV. Oct. 1908,
p. 482.

Specimens. — Prov.

THIS large and handsome Finch is of very irregular occurrence in
southern British Columbia excepting the higher mountain ranges, where it
breeds. During some winters it is present in large numbers, while in others,
equallv severe, none are seen. The species was very common throughout the
winter of 1906-1907, a very severe one; but in that of 1901-1902, which
was notably mild, Pine Grosbeaks were noticed in considerable numbers as
far south as Penticton. 40 miles liorth of the international boundary, and they
undoubtedly occurred much farther south.

Their food in the winter months is principally berries, but, strange to
say, they altogether refuse those of the mountain ash, tjoth the introduced and
indigenous species. The former is the favorite food of the Eastern Pine
Grosbeak thruout the \\inter in Ontario, but trees loaded with fruit were
passed by at Okanagan Landing in the winter of 1906-1907, even after the
birds had eaten all the rose hips and snow berries and were reduced to eating
weed seeds with the Lcucostictes.

Either this sub-species or uumtana breeds on all the higher mountain
ranges in British Columbia, occupying a zone from timlier line downwards
about 2,000 feet.

My first acquaintance with the Pine Grosbeak at its breeding grounds,
was in the Cascade JNIountains due north of JMt. Baker, on both sides of the
Fortv-ninth Parallel. Here the species was a somewhat sparing breeder
close to timber line among the hemlock and balsam timber. They were
feeding young on the 17th of July; at the same time Crossbills had fully

THE AMERICAN CROSSBILL.

grown young- in flocks. No red males were seen, tliougii many gray males
were singing in the early mornings from the topmost spray of some balsam.
In the writer's opinion the red plumage in the male is acquired at the
first moult or immediately after the juvenal dress, and is usually only retained
for one season; in some males a duller red dress is carried through the second
summer, or more rarely a salmon-pink one ; but in niost cases the dress of the
second summer is a gray one like the females, w-ith yellow head and rump.
Females may sometimes be seen with decidedly red heads and rumps, — from
the size and shape of the bill these seem to be very old birds. The above
remarks as to the red dress in the male apply also, in the writer's experience,
to the genera Lo.via. Carpoilaciis and Acaiitliis.

Allan Brooks.

No. 25.

AMERICAN CROSSBILL.

A. O. U. No. 521. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm.^.

Synonym. — Red Crossbill.

Description. — Adult male: Tips of mandibles crossed either way ; plumage
red, brightest on rump ; feathers of back with brownish centers ; wings and tail
fuscous. Shade of red very variable, — orange, cinnabar, even vermilion, some-
times toned down by a saiTron suffusioiL Iiii mat lire males sometimes present a
curiously mottled appearance with chrome-green and red intermingled. Female
and young: Dull olive-green, brighter and more yellow on head and rump;
below gray overcast by dingy yellow. Adult male, length 5.50-6.25 ( 139.7-
158.8) ; wings 3.40 (86.4) ; tail 2.05 (52.1) ; bill .70 ( 17.8) or under.

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size; crossed mandibles; male red and female
olive-green ; l)Oth without white wing-bars.

"Nest: in forks or among twigs of tree, founded on a mass of twigs and
bark-strips, the inside felted of finer materials, including small twigs, rootlets,
grasses, hair, feathers, etc. Eggs: 3-4, 0.75 x 0.57, pale greenish, spotted and
dotted about larger end with dark purplish brown, with lavender shell-markings"
(Coues). Av. size, .85 X .53 (2l6 X 13.5) (Brewer). i'ffl'J'o/i.' erratic, Feb. -Oct. ;
one brood.

General Range. — Northern North America, resident sparingly south in the
eastern United States to Maryland and Tennessee, and in the Alleghanies, irregu-
larly abundant in winter. Of irregidar distribution thruout the coniferous forests
of the West, save in southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico, where
replaced by L. c. stricldaiidi.

Range in Washington. — Found thruout the coniferous forests of the State;
of irregular occurrence locally. Non-migratory but nomadic.

Authorities. — Curvirostra amcricana Wils. Baird, Reo. Pac. R. R. Surv.
IX. pt. II. 1858, 426 part, 427. T. C&S. L'. D'. Ra. D-\ J. 15. E.

Specimens. — U. of W. Prov. E. B.

THE AMERICAN CROSSBILL. jz

WHEN a bird's pastures are the tree-tops it is possible for it to live
a quite secluded life here in Washington. And, indeed, we know the Cross-
bill chiefly as a wandering voice or, rather, a vocal babel, passing from summit
to summit in the grim fir forest. But on a rare day, it may be in Spokane,
or it may be in Tacoma, the birds descend tO' human levels and are discovered
feeding busily on their favorite pine cones. The birds are perfectly in-
different to equilibrium, and feed any side up without care. While thus
engaged they may e.xhibit little fear of the beholder and sometimes venture
within reach ; but as often, for some whimsical reason they are up and away
again as tho seized by evil spirits.

The Crossbill owes its peculiar mandibles to an age-long hankering for
pine-seeds (using that word in the generic sense), a desire fully satisfied
according to the fashion of that Providence which works so variously thru
Nature, and whose method we are pleased to call evolution. The bill of the
bird was not meant for an organ of prehension, and Buffon, the Deist, once
won a cheap applause by railing at the Almighty for a supposed oversight in
this direction : but as matter of fact, its wonderful crossed mandibles enable
the Crossbill to do what no other bird can; viz., pry and cut C)pen the scales
of a fir cone, in order to extract the tiny seed with its tongue.

These birds are not entirely confined to a vegetable diet, for I once
detected a group of them, feeding industriously in a small elm tree which
was infested with little gray insects, plant-lice or something of the sort. The
presence of these insects, in colonies, caused the edges of the leaves to shrivel
and curl tightly backward into a protective roll. Close attention showed that
the Crossbills were feeding exclusively upon these aphides. They first slit
open a leaf-roll with their scissor-bills, then extracted the insects with their
tongues, taking care apparently tO' secure most of the members of each colony
before passing to the next.

Crossbills also feed to some extent upon the ground, where they pick
up fallen seeds and other tidbits. Mr. J. F. Galbraith, a ranger of the Wash-
ington Forest Reserve, first called my attention to another purpose which
the birds have in visiting the ground. He had noticed how at certain places,
and notably where dish-water was liabitually thrown, the Crossbills were
wont to congregate, and, turning the head sidewise, tO' thrust out the tongue
along the bare ground in a most puzzling manner. Suspecting at last the
real state of alTairs, he sprinkled the ground with salt, and upon their return
the birds licked it up with great avidity. Mr. Galbraith claims to have tried
this experiment successfully upon numerous occasions. The birds do' not
appear to recognize tlie salt at first sight, but soon learn to resort to estab-
lished salt-licks in open places. Rev. Fred M. McCreary also reports similar
habits in connection with certain mineral springs in the Suiattle country.

74 THE WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.

AVhen we recall that the nurmal food of the Crossbill is pine-s.ceds, this
craving for Nature's solvent is readily understandable.

Crossbills give out an intermittent rattling cry, or excited titter, tezv,
tezv, tezi', while feeding. Thev have also a flight note which consists of a
short, clear whistle ; and a flock composed of separately undulating indi-
viduals affords a pleasing sensation to- both eye and ear, as it rapidly passes.
The male is said to have sprightly whistling notes of a most agreeable char-
acter, generically related to that of the Pine Grosbeak, or Purple Finch, but
their exhibition must be rather rare.

After all, there is something a bit uncanny about these cross-billed
creatures, and their eccentricities show nowhere in greater relief than in their
nesting habits. The quasi migrations of the bird are determined by the local
abundance of fir (or pine) cones. Like their food supply, the birds them-
selves may abound in a given section one year and be conspicuously absent
the next. Moreover, because there is no choice of season in gathering the
seed crop, the birds may nest whenever the whim seizes them : and this they
do from January to July, or even October. The communal life is maintained
in spite of the occasional defection of love-lorn couples ; and there is nothing
in the appearance of a flock of Crossbills in April to suggest that other such
are dutifully nesting.

Mr. Bowles has never taken the eggs near Tacoma, altlin he has encoun-
tered half a dozen of their nests in twelve years, the only occupied one of
which we have record being found by a friend on the 25th of April, 1899.
It contained three half-incubated eggs, and was placed in one of a group of
small tirs in the prairie country, at an elevation of some twenty feet. The
nest rather closely resembles that of the California Purple Finch, but is more
compacth' built and much more heavilv lined. It is composed of twigs and
rootlets closely interwoven, and Iioasts an inner c|uilt of felted cow-hair nearly
half an inch in thickness. The female Crossbill exhibits a singular devotion
to dutv, once confessed, and in this case the collector had actually to lift her
from the eggs in order that he might examine them.

No. 26.

WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL.

A. O. U. No. 522. Loxia leucoptera Gmel.

Description. — Mah': Rosy-red or carmine all over, save for grayish of
nape and black of scapulars, wings, and tail. The black of scapulars sometimes
meets on lower back. Two conspicuous white wing-bars are formed by the tips
of the middle and greater coverts. Bill slender and weaker than in preceding

THE WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL. 75

species, female and \oiiiu/: Light olive-yellow, ochraceous, or even jiale orange
over gray, clearer on rump, duller on throat and belly ; most of the feathers
with dusky centers, finer on crown and throat, broader on back and breast ; wings
and tail as in male, but fuscous rather than black ; feather-edgings olivaceous.
Very variable. Length 6.00-6.50 ( 152.4-165.1 ) ; wing 3.50 (88.9); tail 2.25
(57.2); bill .67 (17).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size; crossed bill; cons;>icuous white wing-
bars of 1.10th sexes.

Nesting. — Xcst has not yet been taken in Washington but bird undoubtedly
breeds here. "Xcst: of twigs and strips of birch-bark, covered exteriorly with
moss (Usnca) and lined with soft moss and hair, on the fork of an evergreen, in
deep forests. Eggs: 3( ?), pale blue, spotted and streaked near larger end with
reddish brown and lilac. .80 x .55 (20.3x14)" (Chamberlain). Season: Feb.-
March.

General Range. — Xorthern parts of North America and southern Green-
land, south into the LTnited States in winter. Resident in coniferous timber thru
the entire northern tier of states and irregularly south in the mountains at least
to Colorado. Casual in western Europe.

Range in Washington. — Several records of occurrences in northern Cas-
cade Mountains. Doubtless regular and resident.

Authorities. — Dawson, Auk, \'ol. X\'II. Oct., 1901. p. 403. D-.

Specimens.— (L. of \\ .) Prov. C. B.

TO TELL the truth, nu one hereabouts appears to know much about
the White-wiiig'ed Crossbill. It is presumed to be common in the Cascade
Mountains, but I have only thrice encountered it: once, May 15, 1891, in
the mountains of Yakima County: again, July 23, 1900, on the slopes of
W^right's Peak near the head of Lake Chelan : and lastly, on the summit of
Cascade Pass, June 25, 1906. There are no other records.* This species
is quite as erratic as its more common cousin : and while it is, perhaps, more
nearly confined to the mountains, it should be looked for wherever C. minor
occurs, and especially in flincks of the latter species.

Of the bird's occurrence in Alaska, where it is much more abundant.
Nelson says'': "It is more familiar than the Grosbeak [i. e., Pinicola cnu-
cleator alascensis], frequently coming low down among the smaller growth,
and it is a common sight to see parties of them swinging about in every con-
ceivable position from the twigs on the tops of the cottonwoods or birch
trees, where the birds are busily engaged in feeding upon the buds. They
pay no lieed to a passing party of sleds, except, perhaps, that an individual
will fly down to some convenient bush, where he curiously examines the
strange procession, and, his curiosity satisfied or confidence restored, back
he goes to his companions and continues feeding. When fired at they utter

a. Since writing the above specimens have been taken at Kirkland by :\liss Jennie V. Getty (Dec. 1908).

b. Rep. Nat'l Hist. Coll. in Alaska, pp. 174, 175.

76 THE GRAY-CROWNED LEUCOSTICTE.

chirps of alarm and call to each other with a long, sweet note, something
similar to that of the Goldfinch (Spiniis tristis). They keep up' a constant
cheeping repetition of this note when feeding in parties, and if one of their
number is shot the others approach closer and closer to the hunter, and gaze
with mingled curiosity and sympathy upon their fluttering companion."

No. 27.

GRAY-CROWNED LEUCOSTICTE.

A. O. U. No. 524. Leucosticte tephrocotis Swains.
Synonyms. — Rosy Finch. Swaixson's Rosy Finch.

Description. — .Idiilts: Similar to L. t. littoralis but ashy gray of head re-
stricted to sides of crown and occiput — in worn plumages black of crown pro-
duced backward to meet brown of hind neck. Seasonal changes as in succeeding.
Size of next.

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size ; warm brown plumage ; ashy gray not
encroaching upon sides of head as distinguished from L. t. littoralis.

Nesting. — Not known to breed in Washington. "Nest made of strips of
bark and grass, built in a fissure of a rock at the side of a bunch of grass" ( Reed).
Eggs: 4 or 5. white. Season: June; one brood.

General Range. — Imperfectly made out — probably discontinuous. Reported
breeding from such widely separated localities as the Rocky Mountains of
British America and the Sierra Nevada and White Mountains of southern Cali-
fornia ; wiiUers on the eastern slopes of the Rockies and irregularly eastward to
western Nebraska, Manitoba, etc.. westward to Cascade and Sierra Nevada
ranges (Camp Harvey, Ore. Pullman. Wash. Chilliwhack. B. C).

Range in Washington. — I'robaljly of regular occurrence during migrations
anil in winter east of the Cascade Mountains only.

Authorities. — Not previously reported; W. T. Shaw in epistola, Dec. 31,
1908.

Specimens. — Pullman.

MOUNTAIN climbing as an art is still in its infancy in the Northwest
and altho the Mountaineers and the Mazanias are attacking the situatiiin
vigorously we ha\'e yet much to learn of the wild life upon our Washington
sierras. But what problem cnuld be more fascinating to a lover of liirds and
mountains than that of working out accurately the distribution of the Rosy
Finches in America? They are the mountaineers par excellence, they are the
Jebusites of the untaken citadels, and our ignorance of their wa}-s will ere
long become a reproach tO' our wumted western enterprise. As it stands,

THE HEPBURN LEUCOSTICTE. 77

however, only scanty crumbs of information have come tO' us concerning tiiis
most interesting and widely distributed race of Highlanders.

Tiie Gray-crowned Leucosticte is considered the central figure of the
genus, shading^', as it does, into L. atrata of the Bitterroots and L. aiistnilis
of Colorado, into L. t. littoralis of southern British Columbia, Washington
and Oregon, and (perhaps thru littoralis) into grisconucha of the Aleutians.
This assumes for the species a center of distribution in the Rocky Mountains
of British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan where the bird is known to
occur. And so because of the greater severity of the winters in its normal
haunts this form is found to be the greatest wanderer of its group, being
frequently driven in the fall far out upon the central eastern plains or down
the "insifle passage" between the Rockies and Sierras.

It was in this fashion, probably, that a colony of this species became
established in the southern Sierras of California, where it now maintains a
vigorous existence separated, as we suppose, by at least a thousand miles
from the parent stock in British Columbia.

No. 28.

HEPBURN'S LEUCOSTICTE.

A. O. U. No. 524a. Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis (Baird).

Synonyms. — Rosy Finch. Hepburn's Rosy Finch. B.-mrd's Rosy Finch.

Description. — Adult male iu sunnucr: Forehead and fore-crown black;
occiput, broadly, and sides of head, clear ashy gray, color sometimes encroaching
on chin and throat ; nasal plumules grayish white ; remaining plumage in general
chestnut, chpcolate. or rich vandyke brown, sharply contrasting with ashy gray on
hind-neck and sides of head, inclining to blackish on throat, streaked with dusky
on back and with more or less admixture of dusky on feather tips, especially on
wings and flanks ; feathers of upper and under tail-coverts, rump and flanks
broadly and distinctly tipped with pink (of variable shade): wings and tail
blackish ; lesser and middle coverts broadly tipped with pink, the greater coverts,
primary coverts and part of the flight feathers edged with pink or light carmine ;
rectrices with more or less edging of pinkish gray or light brown ; bill black ; feet
and legs black. Adult female: of somewhat paler and duller coloration. Adults
iu "ci'iuter: Feathers of back and scapulars edged with light brown; pink edgings
of wings, etc., paler, and body plumage, especially on breast, with more or less
pale skirting; Ijill yellow with dusky tip (this character is assumed as early as
September). Length of adult male: 6.15 (156.2); wing 4.00 (101.6); tail 2.60
(66) ; bill .45 ( 11.4) ; tarsus .75 (19).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size; plumage warm brown with rosy skirt-
ings; ashy gray on sides of head as distinguished from L. tef^lirocotis.

a. Ry "sliading" here is not meant subspecific relationship, altho tiiis does obtain as regarding both
grisconucha and littoralis, but ratlier suggestive relationsiiip, assumed divergence from a common stock.

78

THE HEPBURN LEUCOSTICTE.

Nesting. — Xcst: a thick mat of dried grasses placed in sheltered crevice of
rock at great altitude. Eggs: Not yet taken but doubtless like those of Leucosticte
griseonucha, viz., 4 or 5, pure white; av. size .97 x .67 (24.6x17). Season:
June : one brood.

General Range. — Summer haunts include the higher mountain ranges of
southeastern Alaska, British Columbia (west of the Rockies?) and Washington
(possibly Oregon as well) ; "in winter south to Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, and
east to eastern base of Rocky Mountains (casually to Minnesota), and along the
Pacific coast to Kodiak, Sitka, Vancouver Island, etc." (Ridgway).

Range in Washington. — Breeds thruout the higher Cascades (Wright's
Peak, Sahale, Mt. Baker, Mt. Rainier, etc.) and, probably, the Olympics. Re-
treats in winter to the lowlands, chiefly east of the Cascade Mountains.

Authorities.— ?;. K. Lord, Nat. in V. Id. & B. C. 1866, p. 154. ["Hop-
burn's (sic) rosv finch," Johnson, Rep. Gov. W. T. 1884 (1885), 22. j Dawson,
Auk. XI\'. 1897', 92, 177. J. E.

Specimens. — P. Prov. E. C.

LIVES there a man so brutish that his heart does not kindle when he
sees Rainier lit up with the ruddy glow of the evening sacrifice? If such
there be, he is no bird-lover. ^^^^^^^ Lives there a

woman who can gaze ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ upon the virgin

snows of Kulshan. ^^r ^^^ vShuksan. or Sa-

hale, and not
adore the
emblem of
eternal

Taken in Chelan County.

SHRECKLICII PINNACLES.

DETAILS OF THE APPROACH TO MT. SAHALE.

Photo by the Author.

THE HEPBURN LEUCOSTICTE.

79

purity tliereun displayed? If so, she will not appreciate the Leucosticte.
This bird is the vestal virgin of the snows, the attendant minister of Nature's
loftiest altars, tlie guardian of the glacial sanctuaries.

One who loves the mountains cannot measure his praise nor Isound his
enthusiasm. Their sublimity bids him forget his limitations; and if one
happens also to care for birds, it is matter of small justice to laud a bird
whose devotion to the peaks appears as boundless as his own. besides knowing
neither admixture of caution nor limitation of opportunity. Here is the
patron saint of mountaineers ! Pie alone of all creatures is at home on the
heights, and he is not even dependent upon the scanty vegetation \\hich
follows the retreating snows, since he is able to wrest a living from the very
glaciers. Abysses do ni)t appall him. nor do the flower-strewn meadows of
the lesser heights alienate his snow-centered affections.

Taken in Chelan County. Photo by the Author

-THE CHILLY WILDERNESS OF SXOW-CLAD PEAKS."

Looking out on the chilly \vilderness of snow-clad peaks which confronts
Leucosticte on an early day in June, one wonders what the bird sees to justify
the assumption of family cares. Save for a few dripping south exposures
of inhospitable rock, there is nothing visible which affords promise of food
unless it be the snow itself. And when one sees a little company of the

8o THE HEPBURN LEUCOSTICTE.

finclies moving alx>nt demurely upon the face of a clioppy snowdrift, pecking
at the surface here and there, lie begins to harbor an uncanny suspicion that
the birds do' eat snow. Closer examination, however, shows that the surface
of all snow-banks, not freshly covered, is sprinkled with insects, — midges,
beetles, wasps, and the like — insects which the spring gales have swept up
to uncongenial heights and dropped, benumbetl or dead with cold. These
battered waifs the Leucostictes gather with untiring patience, and they are
thus able to subsist as nO' other species can, up to the very summits.

The eggs of the Hepburn Leucosticte have not to^ our knowledge yet
been taken. Mr. D. E. Brown, then of Glacier, found these birds scooping
hollows under grass tussocks on the middle slopes of Baker, above timber
line, on the 7th of June, 1905. On the 20th of July, 1900, Professor Lynds
Jones and myself found a thick-walled grass nest settled upon bare rock
without protection, on the south slope of the aiguille of Wright's Peak, at
an elevation of some 9,000 feet, and within a hundred yards of the summit ;
this could hardly have belonged to any other species.

In July, 1907, knowing that it was too* late for eggs, I yet spent several
days searching the precipitous wall which separates the upper Horseshoe
Basin from the glacier which heads Thunder Creek. Adult birds tO' the
number of a dozen gleaned scraps from the dump of the Cascade Mine house ;
but, altho' each made off in business-like fashion when "loaded," the stretch
of the wall was too- vast and its recesses too' mazy to permit of e.xact work
in tracing. I therefore e.xamined carefully but with difficulty several of the
weathered fissures, or couloirs, which ran perpendicularly up the face of the
clifif. Here, under cover of rocks which had lodged in the throat of the
fissure, or which had weathered out unevenly, old nests were found, simple
affairs of coiled grasses, and too dilapidated for exact measurement. From
one <_^f these sites a pebble snapped from the finger must have fallen three
hundred feet before striking the glacier below.

Now and then a passing bird, suspicious of my intent, stopped on some
projecting point o-f rock, to utter the sole note which does duty for every
mood, churkk or scJithub. a sound comparable only to the concussion of a
small taut rope on a flag-pole. Finally, near the top of the Sahale Glacier,
I got a line at two hundred yards on an occupied fissure, and traced both
parent Leucostictes into its distant recesses. Climbing cautiously up a sharp
slope of ice, my footsteps were guided by the almost incessant clamor of young
birds. Arrived at the upper lip of the glacier, however, I found that it stood
away from the rock-wall some fifteen feet, and that a chasm some forty feet
in depth yawned beneath. Into this forbidding bcrgschriind . one of the
fledgling Leucostictes had tumbled. He was not more than two-thirds grown
(Julv 1 8th) and down feathers still fluttered fmm his cheeks, but he was a
|)lucky little fellow, and had managed to scramble up off the ice onto a piece

THE HEPBURN LEUCOSTICTE.

of flat rock which caught a bit of the afternoon sun. Here, to judge from
his lusty yelping, there could be no doubt that his parents would notice him,
altho they would be powerless to secure his further release until his wings
were grown. A Carnegie medal hox-ered suggestively over the spot, I know;
but pray, consider, — the rock wall was perpendicular and smooth as glass,
the ice-wall I stood on was undercut. No; e\"en philornitln- has its limits!

Taken m the Rainier National Park. From a Photograph Copyright, 190S, by IV. L. Dawson.

A GLIMPSE OF MT. RAINIER FROM THE NISQUALLY GLACIER.

A FAVORITE HAUNT OF THE HEPBURN LEUCOSTICTE.

The nest containing the remaining \(iungsters was set well hack in a
rock fissure, concealed l)v projections eightv feet above the fallen first-bijrn.
and inaccessible tO' man from above or below. With the possible exception
of the Black Cloud Swifts (Cypseloides iiigcr horealis). who are reported to
share at times these same cliffs, it is safe to say that the Leucostictes are the
highest nesters on the continent.

82 THE REDPOLL.

No. 29.
REDPOLL.

A. O. U. No. 528. Acanthis linaria (Linn.).

Synonyms. — Common Redpoll. Lesser Redpoll. Linnet. Lintie.

Description. — Adult male: Crown crimson; breast and shonklers crimson
in varying proportions according to season ; frontlet, lores, and throat-patch sooty
black ; remaining lower parts white, flanks and crissnm streaked with dusky ;
above, variegated dusky, flaxen-brown and whitish, the feathers having dusky
centers and flaxen edgings ; rump dusky and white in streaks, tinged with rosy ;
wings and tail dusky with flaxen or whitish edgings ; two inconspicuous wing-bars
formed by white tips of middle and greater coverts. Female': Similar but
without red on rump and breast, the latter suffused with huffy instead : sides
heavily streaked with dusky. Immature: Like female but without crimson
crown. Length 5.50 (139.7) or less; wing 2.80 (71. i) : tail 2.30 (58.4) ; bill .34
(8.6) ; depth at base .23" (5.8).

Recognition Marks. — Warbler to Sparrow size; crimson crown-patch in
adults; no dusky spot on breast.

Nesting. — Does not breed in Washington. Nest: a bulky aft'air of twigs and
grasses, lined with feathers and placed in trees and bushes. Eggs: 4-6, i>ale blue,
dotted and speckled with reddish brown or umber. Av. size, .65 x .50 ( 16.5 x
12.7).

General Range. — Northern portions of northern hemisphere, south irregu-
larly in winter, in North America to the Middle States, and southern Oregon.

Range in Washington. — Winter resident, abundant on East-side, infrequent
or casual west of the Cascades.

Migrations. — Nov. i-Dec. 15. Feb. i5-]March 15. Yakima Co. Oct. 31,
1899. Chelan ?\Iarch 19, 1896.

Authorities. — ^giothtis linaria Cab. Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pac. R. R.
Surv. \'<il. XIT. pt. ii, i860, 198. C&S. D'. Ra. i>. Kk. J. B.

Specimens.— (U. of W.) Prov. B. C. P.

THOSE who' count themselves familiar witli the Goldfinch are apt to
let the first few flocks of Redixills pass unquestioned. When, however, in late
No'vemlier, a nortlier brings down some thousands of these Alaskan waifs, the
bird student is roused to attention. The resemblance between the two species
is most striking" in form and appearance as well as in habit and note. But
once the eves have been assured bv a near revelation of convincing red, that
Acanfliis linaria is before them, the ears .remark also' a slight foreign accent
in the s-avcfie call and in the rattling flight notes.

Redpolls summer abundantly along the coasts of Alaska, and along the
higher levels down thru British Columbia. The winter mci\ements of this
species are irregular and somewhat confusing. According to Nelson, the

THE REDPOLL.

83

western residents retire into the interior of Alaska to winter, where they
are able to withstand the fiercest cold. The interior birds retire largely
to the south, and under the urgency of bad weather sweep into or thru
eastern Washington in immense numbers. There is also a small movement
setting in a southwesterly direc-
tion, so that some birds winter
regularly on Vancouver Is-
land, and a few straggle thru
the Puget Sound country.
While with us, the Red-
poll is nowise dependent
upon the forests, l>ut
appears to seek the
more open country
by preference. It
subsists chiefly upon
seeds, gleaning them
from the ground
with much pleasant
chatter, or seeking
them in their winter
receptacles. Redpoll
again proves kinship
with Goldfinch by
eating thistle seeds,
and with Siskin
by his extravagant
fondness for the
alder catkin. Red-
poll's manner is \'ery
confiding ; and we
are sure that he
would not begrudge
us a share of his
winter viands, if we
cared for them. The

,, . REDPOLLS IN WINTER.

author is no vege-
tarian, but he is bound to admit that a "simple diet of grains, fruits and
nuts" makes for contentment among the birds, even at forty below zero.

As spring comes on, and the gentle h_\'perl)oreans prepare to return to
their nati\'e heather, we see the deep-dyed crimson of full regalia on crown
and breast. But during the actual breeding season, we are told by a com-

84 THE PINE SISKIN.

petent obser\ei" in Greenland, Hull:)i;)ell, the male nut only lieciimes exceed-
ingly shv l)ut loses his rosy coloring. It is hardly tO' be supposed that this
loss of color is a protective measure, but rather that it is the result of the
exhaustive labors incident to the season. Nature, in that forbidding clime,
cannot afford to dress a busy workman in fine clothes. It is noteworthy
in this connection, also, that caged Redpolls lose their rosv tints ne\'er to
regain them.

No. 30.

PINE SISKIN

A. O. U. No. 533. Spinus pinus (Wils.).

Synonyms. — American Siskin. Pine Finch. Pine Linnet.

Description. — Adult male and female: Above brownish huffy ; below
creamy-buff and whitish ; everywhere streaked with dusky or dark olive-brown ;
the streakings are finer on the head and foreparts, coarser on back and breast ;
wings fuscous, the flight feathers sulphur-yellow at the base, and the primaries
edged with the same color; tail fuscous, all but the middle feathers sulphur-
yellow at base. Bill comparatively slender, acute. Length 4.75-5.00 (120. 6-127) ;
wing 2.75 (69.9) ; tail 1.80 (45-7) : bill .43 (10.9).

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size; conspicuous general streakiness, sul-
phur-yellow markings of wings and tail, most noticeable in flight.

Nesting-. — Nest: saddled upon horizontal limb of evergreen tree, well con-
cealed from below, usually at moderate heights; very variable in structure, flimsy
to massive and ornate; composed of small twigs (usually fir), and tree-moss, with
a lining of fine rootlets and horse- or cow-hair, rarely feathers. An average nest
measures externally 4^ inches wide by 2% in. deep ; internally 2 in. wide by i in.
deep. Eggs: 1-4, usually 3 or 4, pale bluish green lightly dotted with rufous and
blackish, chiefly about larger end. Av. size .67x48 (17x12.2). Season:
March-September, but most abundant in April; one brood.

General Range. — North .America at large, breeding in higher latitudes, and
in coniferous forests of the West to southern boundary of United States; also
sparingly in northeastern United States; irregularly south in winter to Gulf of
Mexico.

Range in Washington. — In summer coextensive with evergreen timber, but
especially common in nuiuntains just below limit of trees: m winter more local-
ized, or irregularly absent.

Authorities. — Chrysomitris pinus Bonap. Baird. Rep. Pac. R. R. Sur\'. IX.
pt. II. 1858, p. 425. T: C&S. L^ Rh. D'. D^ Kk. J. B. E.

Specimens.— LT. of W. Prov. B. E. P.

IN designing the Siskin, Nature achieved audther triumph in obscurities.
The heavy streaky pattern, worked out in dusky olive on a huffy brown

THE PINE SISKIN.

85

Taken at Longtitlre's Sf^rings.

From u Photograf^h Co(>yright, igo8, by IV. L. Dazi'son.

SIX LITTLE SISKINS.

"THE mountain'' AS A BACKGROUND.

base, prepares tlie Ijird for self-effacement in any environment: while the
sulphur-colored water-mark of the outspread wings barely redeems its owner
from sheer oblivion. This remark applies, however, only to plumage. In
beha^•ior the Siskin is anything but a forgettable bird-person.

Whatever be the time of year. Siskins roam about in happy, rollicking
bands, comprising from a score to several hundred individuals. They move
with energy in the communal flight, while their incessant change of relative
positions in flock suggests those intramolecular vibrations of matter, which

86

THE PINE SISKIN.

the "new physicists" are telhng- us alxjut. When a hirtl is sighteil alone,
one sees that it is tlie graceful, undulatory, or "looping," flight of cousin
Goldfinch which the social Siskin indulges so recklessly.

Many of the notes, too, remind us of the Goldfinch. There are first
those little chattering notes indulged a-wing and a-perch, when the l>irds are
not too busy feeding. The koodayl of incjuiry or greeting is the same. But
there is another note quite distinctive. It is a labored, but singularly penetrat-
ing production with a peculiar vowel sound (like a German umlauted u),
siim or cccciii. So much efi^nrt does the utterance of this note cost the bird.

THE DRAPERIES OF PARADISE.

RAINIER AS SEEN BY THE SISKIN.

Photo by W. Leon Dawson.

that it always occasions a display of the hidden sulphur markings of wings
and tail.

When fired by passion the Siskin is capable, also*, oi extended song.
This daytime serenade is vivacious, but not loud except in occasional pas-
sages,— a sort of chattering, ecstatic warble of diverse elements. The bird
has, besides its own peculiar notes, many finch-like phrases and interi)olations,
reminding one now of the Goldfinch, and now of the California Purple Finch.
The most striking phrase pruduced in this connection is a triple shriek of the
Eveiung Grosbeak, subdued of cnurse, but very effective.

Tho perhaps not numerically ef|ual to the Western Golden-crowned
Kinglet, nor to the Western Winter Wren, there is not another liird in \\'ash-
ington which enjoys a more nearly uniform distrilnitinn than the Pine

THE PINE SISKIN. 87

Siskin. Its Ijreeditig range coincides witli the distriljutioii of evergreen
timber: its feeding forays include all alder trees; and roving bands are
likely to turn up anywhere in eastern Washington, if there is shrubbery
larger or greener than sage-brush at hand.

Much of Siskin's food is obtained upon the ground. City lawns are
favorite places of resort ; these birds, together with California Purple Finches,
appearing tO' derive more benefit from grass plots, whether as granaries or
insectaria, than does any other species. They share also with Cro.ssI)ills a
strong interest in the products oi fir trees, whether in cone or leaf. Their
peculiar province, however, is the alder catkin, and the tiny white seeds
obtained from this source are the staple supply of winter. Mr. Brown, of
Glacier, has e.xamined specimens in which the crops were distended by
these seeds exclusively. While the observer is ogling, it may be an over-
modest Townsend Sparrow, a flock of Pine Siskins will charge incontinently
intO' the alders above his very head. With many .ccws and seems they fall
to work upon the stubborn catkins, poking, twisting, prving, standing on
their heads if need be, to dig out the dainty dole. Now and then, without
any apparent reason, one detachment will suddenly desert its claim and
settle upon another, precisely similar, a few feet away ; while its place will
be taken, as likely as not, by a new band, charging the tree like a volley of
spent shot.

Nesting time with the Siskin extends from ]March to September, and
the parental instinct appears in the light of an individual seizure, or decimating
epidemic, rather than as an orderly taking up of life's duties. Smitten couples
drop out from time tO' time from the communal groups, and set up temporary
establishments of their own; but there is never any let-up in the social whirl
on the part of those who are left ; and a roistering company of care-free
maids and bachelors en fete mav storm the ver\- tree in which the first lullabies
are being crooned by a hapless sister. Once in a while congenial groups
agree to retire together, and a single tree or a clump of neighbors may boast
a half-a-dozen nests: tho which is which and what is whose one cannot
always tell, for the same intimacv which suggested simultaneous marriage,
allows an almost unseemly interest in the private affairs of a neighbor.

Once embarked upon the sea of matrimony, the female is a very deter-
mined sitter, and the male is not inattentive. In examining the nest of
a sitting bird one may expect the mother to cover her eggs at a foot's remove,
without so much as by-your-leave.

The nest, in our experience, is invariably built in an evergreen tree,
usually a Douglas spruce (Psei(dofsuga inucronata) , and is commonly saddled
upon a horizontal or slightly ascending limb at some distance from the tree
trunk. Viewed from below, it appears merely as an accumulation of material
at the base of divergent twigs, where moss and waste is wont to gather.

88

THE PINE SISKIN.

As to distance from tlie £ir<uin<l, it may xary from four to^ a luindred feet.
The latter is the limit of in\estigation, hut there is no particular reason to
suppose they do not !l;o higlier. Most of the nests are placed at from eight
to twent}' feet u]j.

The materials used in construction are dead fir-twigs, weed-stalks, strips
of cedar-hark, mosses of se\eral sorts, grass, fir, hair, ])lant downs, etc. The
interior may he carefully lined with fine rootlets, fur, horse-hair, feathers,
altho there is great \ariation hoih in material and workmanshij). Some
nests ajipear little lietter than those of Chi]iping Sparrr)ws ; while the best
cannot certainly lie distinguished ( without the eggs) from the elegant crea-
tions of the ."-Xuduljon
Warhler. One nest found
near Tacoma in April,
1906, was allowed to pass
for two weeks as that
of a Western Golden-
crowned Kinglet; it was
huilt in characteristic
Kinglet fashii n, chiefly of
moss, and was lashed
m i d w a y of dro(_iping
twigs fcMur inches to one
side and lielow the main
stem of the sustaining
branch, near its end.

The eggs are three or
four in number, tho sets
of one and two are not
rare in some seasons,
TIkw are a very iiale
bluish green in color, with dots, blotches, streaks, and occasional marbling,
of rrfous and brown, chiefly about the larger end. They vary considerably
in size and shape, running from subspherical to a slender ovate. Measure-
nients of a\-erage eggs are .68 x .48 inches.

Incubation lasts about twelve da}s, and the young are ready to fly in
.as man\' more. The lirciod di.'CS not remain long in a famil_\' group liut joins
the roving clan as soon as possible. We suspect, therefore, that the Siskin
raises luit one brood in a season ; and she undi lubtedly bea\'es a sigh of
relief when she mav again don her e\'ening gown, and rejoin "societv."

Taken ill Tacoma. Photo by the Author

XEST .XND liCGS OF PINE SISKIN.

THE WESTERN GOLDFINCH. 89

No. 31.

WESTERN GOLDFINCH.

A. O. U. No. 529a. Astragalinus tristis pallidas (Mearns).

Synonyms. — Pale Goldfinch. "Wild Canary." "Summer Yellow-
bird." TinSTLE-BIRD.

Description. — Adult male in siiiiiiiicr: General plumage clear lemon or
canary yellow; crown patch, including forehead and lores, black; wings black,
varied by white of middle and lesser coverts, tips of greater coverts and edges
of secondaries; tail black, each feather with white spot on inner web; tail coverts
broadly tipped with white ; bill-orange, tipped with black ; feet and legs light brown ;
irides brown. Adult female in summer: Above grayish brown or olivaceous ; wings
and tail dusky rather than black, with white markings rather broader than in
male; below whitish with huffy or yellow suffusion brightest on throat and
sides. Adult male in ivintcr: Like adult female but brighter by virtue of con-
trasting black of wing and tail ; white markings more extended than in summer.
Female in zvinter: not so yellow as in stnnmer, grayer and browner with more
extensive white. Young: Like winter adults but browner, no clear white any-
where, cinnamomeus instead. Length of adult male: (skins) 4.71 (120); wing
2-95 (75) ; tail 1.97 (50) ; bill .41 ( 10.4) ; tarsus .55 (14.1).

Recoj>nition Marks. — Warbler size ; black and yellow contrasting, with
conical bill, distinctive ; undulating flight ; canary-like notes. Feeds on thistle
seed as does also Spinus pinus, a closely related but much less handsome species.

Nesting. — Nest: A beautiful compact structure of vegetable hbers, "hemp,"
grasses, etc., lined with vegetable cotton or thistle-down, and placed at varying
heights in trees or bushes, usually in upright crotches. Eggs: 3-6, pale bluish
white, unspotted. Av. size, .65 x .52 (16.5x13.2). Season: July and August;
one brood.

General Range. — Western United States, except the Pacific coast district,
north to British Columbia and Manitoba, south to northern and eastern Mexico.

Range in Washington. — East-side, not common resident in half-open situa-
tions and along streams ; resident but roving in winter.

Authorities. — Clirvsomitris tristis, Brewster, B. N. O. C. \ II. Oct. 1882,
p. 227. (T). D'. D-'. Ss'. Ss-'. I.
Specimens. — P. Prov. C.

"HANDSOME is that handsome does," we are told, but the Goldfinch
fulfils both conditioiis in the proper sense, and does not require the doubtful
apology of the proverb, which was evidently devised for plain folk. One
is at a loss to decide whether Nature awarded the Goldfinch his suit of fine
clothes in recognition of his dauntless cheer or whether he is only happy
because of his panoply oif jet and gold. At any rate he is the bird of sun-
shine the year around, happy, careless, free. Rollicking companies of them
rove the country-side, now searching the heads of the last vear's mullein

90 THE WESTERN GOLDFINCH.

stalks and enli\-ening their quest with iiukIi pleasant chatter, mnv scattering
in obedience tO' some whimsical command and sowing the air with their
laughter. Pcrchic'-opcc or pcrdiic'-ichic'-opcc, says every Ijird as it glides
down each successive billow of its undulating flight. So' enamored are the
Goldfinches of their gypsy life that it is only when the summer begins to
wane that they arc willing tO' make particular choice of mates and nesting
spots. As late as the middle of July one may see roving bands of forty or
fifty individuals, but by the first of August they are usually settled to the
task of rearing young. The nesting also appears to be dependent in some
measure upon the thistle crop. When the weeds are common and the season
forward, nesting may commence in June; but so long as thistle down is
scarce or wanting, the birds seem loath to begin.

Nests are placed in the upright forks of various kinds of saplings, or
even of growing plants, in which latter case the thistle, again, proves first
choice. The materials used are the choicest obtainable. Normally the inner
bark of hemp is employed for warp, and thistle-down for woof and lining,
so that the whole structure bleaches tO' a characteristic silver-gray. In the
absence or scarcity of these, grasses, weeds, bits of leaves, etc., are Imund
together with cobwebs, and the whole felted with other soft plant-dnwns,
OT even horse-hair. The whole is made fast thruout its depth to the su] sport-
ing branches, and forms one oi the most durable of summer's trophies.

From four to si.x, but commonly five, eggs are laid, and these of a delicate
greenish blue. Fourteen days are required for hatching; and from the time
of leaving the nest the youngsters drone hahcc! habcc! with weary iteration,
all thru the stifling summer day.

During the nesting season the birds subsist largely uix)n insects of
various kinds, especially plant-lice, flies, and the smaller grasshoppers ; Init at
other times they feed almost exclusively upon seeds. They are very fond of
sunflower seeds, returning to a favorite head day after day until the crop
is harvested. Seeds of the lettuce, turnips, and other garden plants are
levied upon freely where occasion offers; but thistle seed is a staple article,
and that is varied bv a hundred seeds besides, which mme could grudge
them.

Thruout the winter the Western Goldfinches are much less in evidence,
the majority of them having retired to the southland at that season. Those
which remain are somewhat altered to appearance: the wings and tail show-
much pure white, and the )'ellow proper is now confined to the throat and
the sides of the head and neck. He is thus a lighter and a brighter bird
than his eastern brother. But the western bird has the same merry notes and
sprightly ways which ha\'e made the name of Goldfinch synonymous with
sunshine.

THE WILLOW GOLDFINCH. 91

No. 32.
WILLOW GOLDFINCH.

A. O. U. No. 529b. Astragaliniis tristis salicamans (Grinncll).

Synonyms. — California G(ji,di'incii. "Yelujw-bikd," etc.

Description. — Similar to .-i. t. pallidas, but wings and tail shorter and colora-
tion very much darker ; adult male in summer plumage has tinge of pale olive-
green on back, while winter adults and young are decidedly darker and browner
than corresponding plumage of .i. t. pallidiis. Wing (of adult male) 2.75 (70) ;
tail 1.73 (44)-

Recognition Marks. — As in preceding but decidedly darker and browner,
especially in winter.

Nesting. — As in .1. t. pallidiis.

General Range. — I'acilic coast district from Lower California (Cerros Id.)
north to Uritish Columbia. Has been taken at Okanagan Landing, B. C.
(Brooks).

Range in Washington. — Not common resident on West-side only, chicflv in
cultivated valleys.

Authorities. — Clirvsomitris tristis Bon. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX.
1858, 421, 422, part. C&S. L^ Kb. Ra. Kk. B. E.
Specimens. — (U. of W.) Prov. B. E.

GOLDFINCHES are a bit of a rarity on Puget Sound. (3f course we
see them every season, and one may see a great deal of a particular tnjop.
once its general range is ascertained ; but, taken all in all, the bird is not
common. Neither Cooper nor Suckley saw this Goldfinch, altho particularlv
wondering at its absence. The clearing of the forests and tlie culti\'ation of
the soil is conducive to its increase, however; and there is every reason to
believe that we are seeing more of it year by year.

There has been a warm discussion as to the subspecific validity of the
^^''lllow Goldfinch, but those who see birds of this form in late winter or early
spring cannot but be impressed w^ith the striking brownness of its plumage,
as well as by the more extensi\-e white upon the wings, as coimpared with
the eastern bird. Beyond its partiality for willow trees, it has no further
distinguishing traits, unless, perhaps, it may be reckoned less tuneful, or noisy.

92 THE CASSIN PURPLE FINCH.

No. 33-

CASSIN'S PURPLE FINCH.

A. O. v. No. 51S. Carpodacus cassinii J laird.

Synonym. — Cassin's Finch.

Description. — .hliilt male: Crown chill crimson; back and scapulars vinace-
ous mixed with brownish and sharply streaked with dusky ; wings and tail dusky
with more or less edging of vinaceous ; remaining plumage chiefly dull rosy,
passing into white on belly and crissum ; under tail-coverts white streaked with
dusky. Adult female: Everywhere (save on wings, tail and lower abdomen)
sharply streaked with dusky, clearly, on a white ground, below ; above on an olive-
gray or olive-huffy ground. Immature male: Like female in plumage and indis-
tinguishable. Length of adult 6.50-7.00 ( 165.1-177.8) ; wing 3.62 (92) ; tail 2.56
(65); bill .50 (12.6); tarsus .jt, (18.5).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size: red of crown contrasting with back dis-
tinctive as compared with C. p. calif nrnicns : general streakiness of female (and
male in more common plumage).

Nesting. — Nest: of twigs and rootlets lined with horse-hair, string, etc.,
placed in pine or fir tree well out from trunk. Eggs: 4 or 5, colored as in succeed-
ing species; a little larger. Av. size .85 x .60 (21.6 x 15.2). Season: June; one
or two broods according to altitude.

General Range. — Western United States from the eastern base of the Rocky
Mountains west to (but not including?) the Pacific coast district; north to British
Columbia; south over plateau region of Mexico; found chiefly in the mountains.

Range in Washington. — At least coextensive with pine timber in eastern
Washington; found Ut smnmit of Cascades but westerly range imperfectly made
out.

Authorities. — ["Cassin's Purple ImucIi," Johnson, Rep. Gov. W. T. 1884
(1885), 22. J Carpodacus cassini, Dawson, Auk, Vol. XIV. 1897, p. 177. D". J.

Specimens. — Prov. C.

CASSIN'S FINCH is the bird of the eastern Cascades and the timbered
foothills of northern Washington. W'hile ranging higher than other finches,
it shares witli them an inclination to urban life, and a full realization of the
ad\-antages of gardens and cultivated patches. At Stehekin I saw a flock of
them gleaning crumbs as complacently as sparrows, in the yard at the rear
of the hotel. At Chelan they haunt the lonesome pine trees which still dot
the shores of the lake, seemingly regarding their gnarled recesses as citadels
where alone they may be safe from the terrors of the open country.

As the bird-man lav sprawling in the grateful shadow of one of these
grim sentinels, nnmching a noonday lunch, and remonstrating with Providence
at the unguarded virtues of the all-crawling ant, he spied a last year's Oriole's
nest hanging- just over his head, while an accommodating Cassin Finch

THE CASSIN PURPLE FINCH.

93

called his attention to this year's nest in process of constructi<3n, by going
over and helping herself to a beakfnl of material, which she pulled out of the
structure by main force. She evened things up, however, (for the bird-man)
by immediately visiting her own nest, pitched on the upper side of a horizontal
branch near the end.

This female Cassin was a wearisome bird, for she sat and twittered
inanely, or coaxed, every minute her husband was in the tree. He, poor soul,
was visibly annoyed at her indolence, not to say her wantonness, and had
as little to do with her as possible. However, he was a young fellow, without

a bit of red on him, and he should not have
been o\'er-critical of his first mate in honey-
moon.

On the pine-clad slopes of Cannon
Hill in Spokane, there is no more
fann'liar sound in June than
the wantun note of the female
Cassin Finch, orcc-ch. oycc-ch.
delivered as often as not
with quivering wings, and
unmistakably inviting the
attentions of the male.
Perhaps it is fair to call
this a love note, but it is
delivered with the simper-
ing insistence of a spoiled
child.

The sight of a singing
male in high plumage is
memorable. He selects
a position at the tip of a
pine branch, or perhaps
on a bunch of cones at
the very top of the tree, and throws himself into the work. His
color, crimson, not purple, is pure and clear upon the crown onlv ;
elsewhere, upon nape, shoulders, and breast, it presents merelv a suffu-
sion of red. A song heard near Chelan was much like that of a
California Purple Finch in character, but less musical and more chatter-
ing, with the exception of one strong note thrown in near the close.
This note was very like the characteristic squeal of the Evening Grosljeak,
giiup, or thkiiiip, out of all keeping with the remainder — unquestionablv
borro\\'ed.

The Cassin Finch is quite as successful as a mimic as his cousin from

Taken in Spokane

Photo by the Aiilhor.

C-ASSIN'S FINXH.

94 THE CALIFORNIA PURPLE FINCH.

California. Besides his (iwn wild, exultant notes, he rapidly strings together
those of other birds, and renders tlie whole with the spontaneity and some-
thing of the accent of the Lark Sparrow. Indeed, when I first heard one
sing on a crisp May morning on the hanks of the Coluniljia, 1 tlnjught I was
hearing a rare burst of the latter Ijird, so nuich of its song had been appropri-
ated bv the Finch. Besides this, strains of Western Vesper Sparrow, Moun-
tain Bluebird, and Louisiana Tanager were recognized.

CALIFORNIA PURPLE FINCH.

No. 34.

A. O. U. No. 517a. Carpodacus purpureus californicus Baird.

Description. — Adult male: General body plumage rich crimson or rosy red,
clearest on crown and upper tail-coverts, more or less mingled with dusky on
back and scapulars, passing into white on crissum and under tail-coverts ; wings
and tail brownish dusky with reddish edgings. Bill and feet brownish. Adult
female: Above olive dusky in streaks, with edging or gloss of brighter olivaceous ;
underparts whitish, everywhere, save on middle abdomen, crissum and under tail-
coverts, streaked with olive dusky, finely on throat, broadly on breast and sides,
shading into pattern of upperparts on sides of head, neck and chest. Immature
male, and male in ordinary (?) plumage: exactly like female in coloration. Length
about 5.75 (146); wing 3.07 (78); tail 2.28 (58): bill .45 (11.3); tarsus
.70 ( 17-0).

Recognition Marks. — ■■\\'arbler size" but sturdier, an unmistakable sparrow;
rosy coloration of male distinctive (without crossed mandibles) but streaky
pattern oftenest seen. Distinguishable from the Pine Siskin (Spinus pinus) by
larger size, more sedate ways and absence of sulphury wing- and tail-markings.

Nesting. — Nest: well built, of fir twigs, heavily lined with green moss,
horse-hair, string, etc.; placed in tree (deciduous or evergreen) at elevation of
5-40 feet and usually at some distance from trunk ; measures outside 5 in. wide
by 3 in. deep, inside 23^ in. wide by lY^ in. deep. Eggs: 4 or 5, light greenish
blue, spotted and streaked with violaceous and black, chiefly about the larger end.
Round ovate to elongate ovate ; varying in dimensions from .75 x .56 ( 19 x 14.2)
to .91 X .59 (22.8 X 15). Season: first week in May and first week in June; two
broods.

General Range. — Pacific coast district from southern California north to
British Columbia (including Vancouver Island). More or less resident thruout
range but drifts (casually?) to southeastward in Arizona during migrations.

Range in Washington. — West-side, chiefly at lower levels; especially partial
to orchards and cultivated sections. Irregularly resident but numbers augmented
in spring.

Authorities. — Carpodacus californicus Baird, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv.
IX. 1858, 414. T. C&S. L-'. Rh. Kb. Ra. Kk. B. E.
Specimens.— U. of W. Prov. P. B. BN. E.

THE CALIFORNIA PURPLE FINCH. 95

OF tlie streaked, streaky is this demure and inoffensive bird in tiie
olivaceous plumage, in which we usually see him, and always see her. But
the sharpness and magnitude of the dusky streaks above and below confer
a measure of distinction, even when there is no trace of the adult crimsons,
miscalled purple. This finch is a familiar object about the gardens, orchards,
and parks in Western Washington. It moves about for the nnjst part silently,
inspecting" birds and flowers, sampling fruit, or gleaning seeds from the
ground in company with its own kind, or with the humbler and equally
streaked Siskins. While not altogether dependent uixju human bounty, it
probably owes more to man than does any other native species.

Wright's Park, in Tacoma, appears to lead the state by two weeks in the
early budding of its flowering plants, and here Purple Finches appear to the
best advantage. In the luxuriant bushes of the red flowering currant (Ribes
saiiguiiiciiin) one may see them feeding during the last week of March. The
Finches pluck the flowers assiduously, and either eat the fleshy part at the
base, the tender ovary, or else press out the nectar just above, or both. A
flower is first plucked off whole and held in the bill, while the bird appears to
smack its lips several times ; then the crimson corolla is allowed to drop upon
the ground, which thus becomes carpeted with rejected beauty. Like many
related species, the California Finch is rather unwary, so that one may study
his behavior at close range.

Because the Purple Finch is usually so unolrtrusive, we are startled at the
first outburst of spring song. Nothing more spontaneous could be desired,
and the mellow, musical yodelling of this bird is one of the choicest things
allowed us on the West-side. The song is midway between a trill and a
carol, and has a wild cjuality which makes it very attractive. The notes are
so limpid and penetrating that one is sometimes deceived as to the distance
of the singer, supposing him to be in a neighboring copse when, in truth, he
occupies a distant fir-top. Cheedoorecdooree doorec doorcc dooree dooree
douree drccetorcct may afford an idea of the rolling, rollicking character of
the song, but is, of course, absurdly inadequate.

A master singer among the Purple Finches once entertained us from
the top of a fir tree a hundred feet high. He was in the dull plumage, that
is, without red ; and altho he sang briskly at intervals we were not prepared
for any unusual e.xhibition of vocal powers on his part. It was a long time,
therefore, before we put the cry of a distant Steller Jay up' toi him. Our
suspicions once aroused, however, we caught not only the Steller Jay cry,
unmistakably, but also half a dozen others in swift and dainty succession,
after the usual Purple Finch prelude. I clearly recognized notes of the
Flicker, Steller Jay, Canary. American Crossbill, and Seattle Wren. These
imitati\e eft'orts varied in correctness of execution, and came to us with the

96 THE ENGLISH SPARROW.

distance of the original singer plus that of the Finch, so' that the result was
not a little confusing, tho very delightful when explained.

During courtship^ this Finch will execute an aerial song-dance, consisting
of sundry jerks and crazy antics, interspersed with a medley of ecstatic notes ;
at the conclusion of wdiich he will make a suggestive di\e at his fiancee, who
meanwhile has been poking fun at him.

For some reason nests have been exceedingly hard to find. JNIanv birds
are always pottering about with no apparent concern for nesting time, and
Mr. Bowdes hazards that they do not mate until the third year. Apropos of
this, one remarks the scarcity of highly plumaged males at all seasons. I
have gone six months at a time, where Finches were not uncommon, without
seeing a single red bird. In fact, I never found the latter common e.xcept in
the vicinity of Tacoma.

Nests are placed, preferably, near water, in evergreen or deciduous trees,
and at heights varying from six to forty feet. They usually occur on a bough
at some distance from the trunk of a supporting tree, seldom or never being-
found in a crotch. Composed externally of fir twigs, they are lined copiously
with green moss, horse-hair, and string, and contain four or fi\'e handsome
blue-green eggs, spotted and dashed with violet and black.

Two broods are probabl}- brought off in a season, the first about the
20th of May and the second a month later. .'\ sitting female outdoes a
Siskin in her devotion to duty, and not infrequently requires to be lifted
from her eggs. The male trusts everything to his wife upon these occasions,
but is on hand tO' do' his share of the work when it comes to feeding the babies.

No. 35.

ENGLISH SPARROW.

IxTRonixEn. Passer domesticus (Linn.).

Synonyms. — HorsE Si'akrow. Domestic Spakkow. Hoodlum.

Description. — Adult male: Above ashy gray; middle of back and scapulars
heavily streaked with black and bay ; tail dusky ; a chestnut patch behind eye
spreading on shoulders ; lesser wing-coverts chestnut ; middle coverts bordered
with white, forming a conspicuous white bar during flight ; remainder of wing
dusky with bay edging ; below ashy gray or dirty white ; a black throat-patch
continuous with lores and fore-breast ; bill and feet horn color. Adult female:
Brownish rather than gray above ; bay edging lighter ; no chestnut, unmarked
below. Length 5.50-6.25 (139.7-158.8): wing 3.00 (76.2); tail 2.20 (55.9);
bill .50 (12.7). vSexes of about equal size.

Recognition Marks. — "Sparrow size," black throat and breast of male;
female obscure brownish and gray.

Nesting. — Nest: a globular mass of grass, weeds and trash, heavily lined
with feathers, placed in tree and wath entrance in side; or else heavily lined

THE ENGLISH SPARROW. 97

cavity anywhere. Holes in trees and electric lamps are alike favored. Eggs:
4-7, whitish, heavily dotted and speckled with olive-brown or dull black. The
markings often gather about the larger end ; sometimes they entirely obscure the
ground color. Av. size, .86 x .62 (21.8 x 15.8). Season: Alarch-September;
several broods.

General Range. — "Nearly the whole of Europe, but re]jlaced in Italv by P.
italicc, extending eastward to Persia and Central Asia, India, and Ceylon"
(Sharpe). "Introduced and naturalized in America, Australia, New Zealand,
etc." (Chapman).

Range in Washington. — As yet chiefly confined to larger cities and railroad
towns, but spreading locally in farming sections.

Authorities. — Rathbun, Auk. A'ol. XIN. Apr. 1902, p. 140. Ra. Kk. B. E.
Specimens. — B. C.

WHAT a piece of mischief is the Sparrow ! how depraved in instinct !
in presence how unwelcome! in habit how unclean! in voice how repulsive!
in combat how ninblike and despicable! in courtship how wanton and con-
temptible! in increase how limitless and menacing! the pest of the farmer!
the plague of the city ! the bane of the bird-world ! the despair of the
philanthropist! the thrifty and insolent beneficiary of misguided sentiment!
the lawdess and defiant object of impotent hostility too late aroused! Out
upon thee, thou shapeless, senseless, heartless, misbegotten tyrant ! thou
tedious and infinite alien ! thou myriad cuckoo, who dost by thy consuming
presence bereave us daily of a million dearer children ! Out upon thee, and
woe the day !

Without question the most deplorable event in the history of American
ornithology was the introduction of the English Sparrow. The extinction of
the Great Auk, the passing of the W^ild Pigeon and the Turkey. — sad as these
are, they are trifles compared to the wholesale reduction of our smaller birds,
which is due to the invasion of this wretched foreigner. To be sure he was
invited to- come, liut the ofTense is all the more rank because it was partly
human. His introduction was effected in part by people who' ought to have
known better, and would, doubtless, if the science of ornithologv had reached
its present status as long agO' as the early Fifties. The maintenance and
prodigious increase oi the pest is still due in a measure to the imbecile
sentimentality of people who build bird-houses and throw out crumbs for "the
dear little birdies," and then care nothing wdiether honest birds or scalawags
get them. Such people belong to the same class as those who drop kittens on
their neighbors" door-steps because they wouldn't have the heart to kill them
themselves, you know.

The increase of this bird in the United States is, to a lover of birds,

98 THE ENGLISH SPARROW.

simply friglittul. Tlu-ir fecundity is amazing and their adaptability apparently
limitless. Mr. Barrows, in a s]>ecial rcijort prepared under the direction of
the Government, estimates that the increase of a single pair, if unhindered,
would amount in ten years to 275,7 16.983,698 birds.

As tO' its range, we note that the subjugation of the East has long been
accomplished, and that the conrpiest i:if the West is succeeding rapidly. It
is not possible tO' tell precisely when the tirst Sparrows arrived in Washington,
but it is probable that they appeared in Spokane about 1895. Of its occur-
rence in Seattle, Mr. Rathlnm says: "Prior to the spring of 1897 I had
never seen this species in Seattle, but in June of that year I noted a pair.
The following season I saw fourteen: in 1899 this number had increased to
about seventy, associating in small flocks."

The favorite means of dissemination has Iieen the box car, and especially
the grain car. The Sparro-ws, being essentially grain and seed eaters, frequent
the grain cars as they stand in the railroad vards, and are occasionally im-
prisoned in them, hiipeful stnwaways and "gentlemen of fortune." On this
account, also, the larger cities and railroad towns are first colonized, and at
this time of writing (Jan., 1908) the birds are practically confined tO' them,
Tacoma ha\ing an especial imtiirietv in this respect because of its immense
grain-shipping interests.

Difficult as it may seem, it is true that the English Sparrow adopts the
policy of Uriah Keep upon first entering a town. With all the unctuous
humility of a band of Mormon apostles, the newcomers talk softly, walk
circumspectly, and either seek to escajie notice altogether, or else assiduously
cultivate the good opinion of their destined dupes. Thus, I resided in the town
of Blaine for two months (in 1904) without running across a single member
of the pioneer band of nine English Sparrows, altho' I was assured on good
authoritv that the birds had been there for at least two years previous.

It requires no testinmnv to shmv that the presence of this liird is abso-
lutelv undesirable. It is a scourge to the agriculturist, a plague to the
architect, and the avowed and determined enemy of all other birds. Its nests
are not onlv unsightly but unsanitar}-, and the maudlin racket of their owners
unendurable. The bird is, in short, in the words of the late Dr. Coues, "a
nuisance without a redeeming quality." Altho we assent to this most
heartilv, we are obliged to confess on the part of our race to a certain amount
of sneaking admiration for the Sparrow. .\nd why, forsooth? Because he
fights! We are forced to admire, at times, his bull-dog courage and tenacity
of puri>ose, as we do the cunning of the weasel and the nimbleness of the
flea. He is \'ermin and must lie treated as such : l)ut, gi\'e the Devil his due,
of course. \Miat are we going to do about it ? Wage unceasing warfare,
as we do against rats. There will ]iossil)ly he rats as long as there are men,

THE SNOWFLAKE. 99

but a bubonic plague scare operates very effectually to reduce tlieir numbers.
No doubt there will be English Sparrows in cities as long as there are brick-
bats, but a clear recognition of their detestable qualities should lead every
sensible person to deny them victuals and shelter. The House Sparrow is no
longer e.xterminable, Ijut he may be. )iiiisf be kept within bounds.

No. 36.

SNOWFLAKE.

A. O. U. No. 534. Plectrophenax nivalis 1 Linn.)

Synonym. — Sxow BuxTixG.

Description. — Adult male in summer: Pure white save for bill, feet, middle
of back, scapulars, bastard wing, the end half of primaries and inner secondaries,
and the middle tail-feathers, which are black. Female in summer: Similar, but
upperparts streaked all over with black, and the black wings largely replaced
by fuscous. Adults in winter: Entire upperparts overcast with browns — rusty
or seal brown — clear on crown, gra)'ish and mottled with dusky centers of
feathers on back, scapulars, etc. ; also rusty ear-patches, and a rusty collar, with
faint rusty wash on sides. The black of wing and tail-feathers is less pure
(fuscous in the female) and edged with white or tawny. Length 6.50-7.00
(165.1-177.8) ; wing 4.12 (104.6) ; tail 2.54 (64.5) : bill .40 (10.2).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size ; conspicuously and uniquelv white, with
blacks and Ijruwns above.

Nesting. — Does not breed in Washington. "Nest: on the ground in the
sphagnum and tussocks of Arctic regions, of a great quantit}^ of grass and moss,
lined profusely with feathers. Eggs: 4-6, verj' variable in size and color, about
.90 X .65 (22.9 X 16.5), white or whitish, speckled, veined, lilotched, and marbled
with deep browns and neutral tints" (Coues.).

General Range. — "Northern parts of the northern hemisphere, breeding in
the Arctic regions : in North America south in winter into the northern United
States, irregularly to Georgia, southern Illinois, Kansas and Oregon."

Range in Washington. — East-side, of regular occurrence in open countrv ;
casual west of the Cascades.

Migrations. — Nov. 4. 1899 (Yakima County). March 17. 1896 (Okanogan
County ) .

Authorities. — |"Snow Bunting," Johnson, Rep. Gov. \V. T. 1884 (1885),
22.] Dawson, Auk, NR". 1897. 178. "T. D'. D-\ B. E.

Specimens.— (U. of W.) Prov. B. E. P.

I WELL remenibier mv first meeting with this prince of storm waifs,
the Snowflake. It was in Chelan County on a chillv dav in December. A
distant-faring, feathered stranger had tempted me across a bleak pasture,
when all at once a fluttering snowdrift, contrary to Nature's wont, rose from

loo THE SNOWFLAKE.

earth tmvard heaven. I hehl ni_\- Ijreath and hstened to the mild Ijaljel of
tiit-iit-iit-tczcs. with which the Snow Buntings greeted nie. Tlie l)irds were
loatli to leave the place, and hovered indecisively while the l)ird-man devoured
them \\-ith his eyes. As they moved off slowly, each hird seemed alternately
to fall and struggle upward thru an arc of five or six feet, indepenilently of
his fellows, so that the flock as a whole produced quite the effect of a trouhled
snowstorm.

Snowflakes flock indifferently in winter and may occur in nunihers up
to several hundred. At other times a single, thrilling, vibrant call-note, tczv
or ie-cw, may be heard during the falling of the real flakes, while the
wandering mystery passes overhead, unseen. Stray birds not infrecpiently
mingle with flocking Horned Larks; while Snowflakes and Lapland Long-
spurs are fast friends in the regions where the latter are commtjn.

Probal;)ly these birds are of regular tho sparing occurrence in the Big
Bend and Palouse countries, but they do not often reach the southern border
of the State; and their appearance on Puget Sound, as upon the prairies of
Pierce County, is quite unusual. While with us they move aimlessly from
field tO' field in open situations, or glean the weed-seed, which forms their
almost exclusive diet. Li time of storm, or when emboldened by the con-
tinuance of winter, they may make their appearance in the barnyard, or about
the outl)uildings, where their sprightly notes and innocent airs are sure to
make them welcome.

It is difficult tO' conceive how these birds may withstand the frightful
temperatures tO' which they are subjected in a winter upon the Saskatchewan
plains, and yet they endure this by preference to the eft'eminizing influences
which are believed to prevail south O'f "Forty-nine," and especially west of
the Rockies. Close-knit feathers, the warmest covering known, fortified by
layers of fat, render them quite impervious tO' cold; and as for the raging
blizzard, the birds have only to sit quietly under the snow and wait till the
blast has blown itself out.

The sun alone prevails, as in the case of the man with the cloak, and
at the first hint of the sun's return tO' power, these ice-children hasten back
to find their cliill)' cradles. A few nest upon the Aleutian Islands, and along
the shores of northern Alaska ; but more of them resort tO' those ice-wrapped
islands of the far North, which are mere names tO' the geographer and dismal
memories to a few hardv whalers. Peary's men found them, breeding in
Melville Land ; and if there is a North Pole, be assured that some Snowflake
is nestling contentedly at the base of it.

THE ALASKAN LONGSPUR. loi

No. 37.

ALASKAN LONGSPUR.

A. O. U. 536a. Calcarius lapponicus alascensis Ridgw.

Description. — Adult uialc in siiiiiincr: Head, throat, and fore-breast black;
a bufiy line behind eye and sometimes over eye; a broad nuchal patch, or collar,
of chestnut-rufous; remaining upperparts light grayish brown, streaked with
black and with some whitish edging; below white; heavily streaked with black
on sides and flanks ; tail fuscous with oblique white patches on the outer rectrices ;
feet and legs black ; bill yellow with black tip. Adult male in winter: Lighter
above ; the black of head and chestnut of cervical collar partially overlaid with
buffy or whitish edging; the black of throat and breast more or less obscured by
whitish edging. Adult female in snnuner: Similar to male in summer, but no
continuous black or chestnut anywhere ; the black of head mostly confined to
centers of feathers, — these edged with bufify ; the chestnut of cervical collar only
faintly indicated as edging of feathers with sharply outlined dusky centers ; black
of throat and chest pretty thoroly obscured by grayish edgmg, but the general
pattern retained ; sides and flanks with a few sharp dusky streaks. Adult female
in zvinter: [Description of October specimen taken in Seattle] Above buffy
grayish brown streaked (centrally upon feathers) with black, wing coverts and
tertials with rusty areas between the black and the buffy, and tipped with white ;
underparts warm butty brownish, lightening on lower breast, abdomen, and under
tail-coverts ( where immaculate ) , lightly streaked with black on throat, chest, and
sides, sharply on sides and flanks. Length of adult males about 6.50: wing
3.77 (95.8) ; tail 2.50 (63.3) ; bill .46 (11.7) ; tarsus .86 (21.8). Female smnller.

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size ; terrestrial habits ; black head and
breast of male. The bird may be distinguished from the Horned Lark, with
which it sometimes associates, by the greater extent of its black areas, and by
the chirruping or rattling cry which it makes when rising from the ground.

Nesting. — Does not breed in Washington. N^est: in grass tussock on ground,
flimsy or bulky, of grasses and moss, frequently water-soaked, and lined carefully
with fine coiled grass, and occasionally feathers. Eggs: 4-6, light clay-color with
a pale greenish tinge, variously marked, — speckled, spotted, scrawled, blotched, or
entirely overlaid with light brown or chocolate brown. Av. size .80 x .62 {20.3X
15.7). Season: first week in June; one brood.

General Range. — "The whole of Alaska, including (and breeding on) the
Pribilof and Aleutian Islands, Unalaska, and the Shumagins ; east to Fort Simp-
son, south in winter thru more western parts of North America to Nevada
(Carson City), eastern Oregon, Colorado, western Kansas, etc." (Ridgway).

Range in Washington. — Presumably of more or less regular occurrence in
winter on the East-side. Casual west of the Cascades.

Authorities. — | "Lapland Longspur," Johnson, Rep. Gov. W. T. 1884
(1885) 22.] Dawson, Auk, Vol. XX\\ Oct. 1908, p. 483.

BY all the rules this bird should be abundant in winter in the stubble
fields of the Palouse country, if not upon the prairies of Pierce. Thurston, and

I02 THE WESTERN LARK SPARROW.

Chehalis Cnunties. Bendire reported them frdiii Camp Iiarne\' in eastern
Oregon, and Brooks says they are common on Snmas Prairie, B. C. : but we
iiave only one authentic record for this State, that of a straggler taken near
Seattle in October, 1907. These Longspurs abound in Alaska during the nest-
ing season, l)ut it would appear that the mountain barriers habitually deflect
their autumnal flight to the eastward, and that the few which reach us straggle
down the coast.

Tlmse who have seen Iowa prairies give up these birds by scores and
hundreds e\'erv few rods, have been able to form some conception of their vast
numbers, but it remained for the storm of March 13-14, 1904, to reveal the
real order of magnitude of their abundance. An observer detailed by the
Minnesota State Natural History Survey estimates that a million and a half
of these "Lapland" Longspurs perished in and about the village of Worthing-
ton alone; and he found that this destruction, tlm imt elsewhere so intense,
extended over an area of fifteen hundred square miles.

In spite of such buffetings of fortune, those birds which do reach ,\laska
bring a mighty cheer with them to the solitudes. As Nelson says: "When
they arrive early in iVIay the ground it still largely covered with snow with the
exception of grassy spots along southern exposures and the more favoral^ly
situated portions of the tundra, and here may be found these birds in all the
beauty of their elegant summer dress. The males, as if conscious of their
handsome plumage, choose the tops of the only breaks in the monotonous level,
which are small rounded knolls and tussocks. The male utters its song as it
flies upward from one of these knolls and when it reaches the heiglit of ten or
fifteen yards, it extends the points of its wings upwards, forming a large
V-shaped figure, and floats gently to the ground, uttering, as it slowly sinks,
its liquid tones, which fall in tinkling succession upon the ear, and are perhaps
the sweetest notes that one hears <luring the entire spring-time in these regions.
It is an exquisite jingling melody, having much less power than that of the
Bobolink, but with the same general character, and. tho shorter, it has even
more melody than the song of that well known bird."

No. 38.

WESTERN LARK SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 552a. Chondestes grammaciis strigatiis (Swains.).

Synonyms. — Ouail-hkad. Wustkkn Lark Finch.

Description. — Adult: Head variegated, black, white, and chestnut; lateral
head-stripes black in front, chestnut behind; auriculars chestnut, hounded by rictal
and post-orl)ital black stripes; narrow loral, and broader submalar black stripes;
malar, superciliary, and median stripes white, the two latter becoininc;' Inifify

THE WESTERN LARK SPARROW.

103

hohiiul : upper parts huffish gray hrt)\vn, clearest on sides of neck, streaked by
blackish brown centers of feathers on middle back and scapulars, persisting as
edging on the fuscous wings and tail : tail-feathers, except middle pair, broadly
tipped with white ; below white, purest on throat and belly, ^vashed with grayish
buff on sides and crissum, also obscurely across fore-breast, in which is situated
a central black spot. Length 6.25 (158.8); wing 3.35 (85); tail 2.68 (68);
bill .47 ( 12) ; tarsus .80 (20.3).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size; head variegated black, white, and chest-
fan-sha]>ed tail brnadl}- tipiK'd with white and conspicuous in flight

nut ;

( thus

WESTERN L.\RK SP.\RRO\V.

easily distinguished from the Western Vesper Sparrow with square tail and lateral
white feathers).

Nesting. — Nest: of grasses, lined with finer grass, rootlets and occasionally
horse-hair, on the ground or, rarely, in low bushes or trees. Eggs: 5, white,
pinkish or bluish white, spotted and scrawled in zigzags and scrolls with dark

I04

THE WESTERN LARK SPARROW.

browns or purplish blacks, chiefly at the larger end ; notably rounded in shape.
Av. size .82 X .05 ( 20.8 .X 16.5). Season: May 15-June 5 ; one brood, rarely two.
General Range. — Western United States and plateau of Mexico ; north to
middle British Columbia, Manitoba, etc.; east to eastern border of Great Plains;
west to Pacific Coast, including peninsula of lower California; south in winter to
Guatemala.

Taken in
Douglas County

A SA^,l:.|;I•^ll .\ 1

Range in Washington. — Summer resident east of Cascades only, in Upper
Sonoran and Arid Transition zones.

Migrations. — Wallula, May 6, 1907; Yakima Co., May i, 1906; ibid, May
3, 1900 ; Chelan, May 19, 1896.

Authorities. — ["Western lark finch," Johnson, Rep. Gov. W. T., 1884
(1885), 22.] Belding, Land Birds Pacific District (1890), p. 148 (Walla Walla,
J. W. Williams, 1885). (T.) (CcSfS.) D'. D^ Ss'. Ss^ J.

Specimens.— (U. of W.) C. P.

AS in the case of the Sandwicli and Savanna Sparrows, the curiously
striped coloration of this bird's head is e\'idently intended to facilitate conceal-
ment. The ]>ird peering out of a weed clumj) is almost invisilile. .Vnd }-et, as
I was once passing along a sage-clad hillside in Chelrui cunnty with an njjserv-

THE WESTERN LARK SPARROW.

105

ing young' rancher, ni}' companion lialted with a ci'_\-. He liad caught the
gleam of a Lark Sparrow's eye as she sat brooding under a perfect mop of
dead broom-sage. The camera was brought intc.i requisition, and tlie lens
pointed downward. The camera-cloth bellied and tlapi)ed in the breeze, vellow
tripod legs waved belligerently, and altogether there was much noise of
photographic cijm-

merce, but the
mother
eg-ffs. The

little

clung to her

stupid
glass eye of the ma-
chine, spite of all
coaxing, saw noth-
ing but twigs, and
we were obliged to
forego a picture of
the sitting bird. To
get the accompany-
ing picture of eggs,
I was obliged to
hack awav the pro-
tecting brush. ha\-
ing first slipped in a
handkerchief to pro-
tect the nest and
contents f r o m
showering debris.

The desert harbors
many choice spirits,
but none (save the
incomparable Sage
Thrasher) more joy-
ous or more talented
than the Lark Spar-
row. Whether it
is running nimlily
along the ground or leaping into the air to catch a risen grasshopper, one
feels instinctively that here is a dainty breed. The bird loves to trip ahead
coquettishly along a dusty road, only to yield place at last to your insistent
steed with an air of gentle reproach. As it flits away you catch a glimpse
of the rounded tail, held half open, with its terminal rim of white, and you
know you have met the aristocrat of the sage.

Lark Sparrows are somewhat irregular in distribution, but their range

Taken near Chelan.

Photo by the Anther.

GROUND NEST OF WESTERN L.\RK SPARROW.

io6 THE WESTERN VESPER SPARROW.

currespijnds ruiighly with the nurtliern extension of tlie Upper Sunoran zone,
witli overflow into the adjacent Arid Transitinn. .Vltho ].)rairie liirds, thev
are fond of scattered trees, fences, telegraph poles, or anything which will
afford sufficient elevation for the sweet sacrament of song.

This bird, more frequently than others, is found singing in the middle of
the very hottest days in summer, and at such times his tremulous notes come
to the ear like the gurgling of sweet waters. But Ridgway's description has
not been surpassed -.^ "This song is composed of a series of chan.ts, each
syllable rich, loud, and clear, interspersed with emotional trills. At the
beginning the song reminds one somewhat of that of the Indigo- Bird ( Pas-
seriiia cvaiica), but the notes are louder and more metallic, and their deli\'ery
more vigorous. Tho seemingly hurried, it is one continued gush of sprightly
music; now gay, now melodious, and then tender beyond description, — the
very expression of emotion. At intervals the singer falters, as if exhausted by
exertion, and his voice becomes scarcely audible; but suddenlv reviving in his
jov, it is resumed in all its vigor, until he appears to be reallv overcome by
the effort."

These gentle birds are evidently profiting somewhat l>y the human occu-
pation of the soil, and adapt themselves readily to changed conditions. They
are reported as breeding in the valley of the Willamette in Oregon, but we
have no records of their occurrence in Washington west of the Cascades.

No. 39.

WESTERN VESPER SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 540a. Pooecetes gramineus confinis Baird.

Synonyms. — Western Grass Finch. Bay-winged Bunting.

Description. — ^Idnlts: General tone of upperparts slaty or grayish brown
on the edges of the feathers, modified by the dusky centers, and warmed by deli-
cate traces of rufous, bend of wing bay, concealing dusky centers ; wings and
tail fuscous with pale tawny or whitish edgings, — outer tail-feathers principally
or entirely white, the next two pairs white, or not, in varying amount ; below
sordid white, sharply streaked on breast, flanks, and sides with dusky brown ;
the chin and throat with small arrow marks of the same color and bounded by
chains of streaks; auriculars clear hair-brown, with buft'y or lighter center;
usually a buffy sulTusion on streaked area of breast and sides. Length of adult
male: 5.75-6.25 ( 146.1-158.8) ; wing 3.29 (83.6) ; tail 2.59 (65.8) ; bill .44 (11.2) ;
tarsus .85 (21.6). Female a little smaller.

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size ; general streaked appearance ; white
lateral tail-feathers conspicuous in flight ; frequents fields and the open sage.

Nesting. — Nest: on ground, usually in depression, neatly lined with grasses,

"Birds of Illinois," Vol. I., p. 263.

THE WESTERN VESPER SPARROW. 107

rootlets, and horse-hair. Eggs: 4 or 5, pinkish-, grayish-, or bkiish-white, speckled,
spotted and occasionally scrawled with reddish-brown. Av. size, .82 x .60
(20.8 X 15.2). Season: first week in May, second week in June; two broods.

General Range. — Western United States (except Pacific coast district) and
Canada north to Saskatchewan east to Manitoba, the Dakotas (midway), western
Nebraska, etc.; breeding from the highlands of Arizona and New Mexico north-
ward; in winter from southern California east to Texas and south to southern
]\Iexico.

Range in Washington. — East-side, sparingly distributed in all open situa-
tions.

Migrations. — Slaving: Yakima Co. March 15, 1900; Chelan Co. March 31,
1S96.

Authorities. — Dawson, Auk, XIV. April 1897, p. 178. Sr. D-. Ss'. Ss^ J.

Specimens. — I'. Prov. C.

A SOBER garb cannot conceal the quality of the wearer, even the
Quaker gray be made to cover alike saint and sinner. Plainness of dress,
therefore, is a fault to be readily forgiven, even in a bird, if it be accompanied
by a voice of sweet sincerity and a manner of self-forgetfulness. In a family
where a modest appearance is no reproach, but a warrant tO' health and long
life, the Vesper Sparrow is pre-eminent for modesty. Yon are not aware of
his presence until he disengages himself from the engulfing grays and browns
of the stalk-strewn ground or dusty roadside, and mounts a fence-post to
rhyme the coming or the parting day.

The arri\-al of Vesper Sparrow, late in March, may mark the supreme
effort of that [larticular warm wave, but vou are quite content to await the
further travail of the season while you get acquainted with this amiable new-
comer. Under the compulsion of the sun the bleary fields ha\'e lieen trying to
muster a decent green to hide tlie ugliness of winter's devastation. But where-
fore? The air is lnnely and the sage untenanted. The Meadowlarks, tO' be
sure. ha\'e been n imping about for several weeks and getting bolder every
da\' ; but the\' are roisterous fellows, drunk with air and mad with sunshine.
The winter-sharpened ears wait hungrily for the poet of cinnmon day. The
morning he comes a low sweet murmur of praise is heard on every side. You
know it will ascend unceasingly thenceforth, and spring is different.

Vesper Sparrow is the typical ground bird. He eats, runs, sleeps, and
rears his family upon the ground; but tO' sing — ah, that is different! — nothing
less than the tip of the highest sage-bush will do for that ; a telegraph pole or
wire is better ; and a lone tree in a pasture is not to be despised for this one
purpose. The males gather in spring to engage in decorcais concerts of
ri\alry. The song consists of a \'arietv of sitnple, pleasing notes, each utterei)
two or three times, and all strung together to the number of four or five.
The characteristic introduction is a mellow whistled hc-ho, a little softer in tone

io8

THE WESTERN VESPER SPARROW.

tlian the succeeding notes. The song of the western Jjird has noticeal)ly greater
variety tlian that of the eastern. Not only is it less stereot\-ped in the matter of
pitch and duration, but in quality and cadence it soinetimes shows surprising
differences. One heard in Chelan County would have passed for Brewer's
on a frolic, except for the preliminary "Iwc-lio's" : Hccoo hccoo Iiccoo

zvii::.':iwu::;::m'ii::ci n'ccchcc wcccncc. And mdeed it would
not be surprising if he had learned from Spi::clla brcivcri. who is a constant
neighbor and a safe guide in matters of sage lore. The scolding note, a
thrasher-lil<e kissing sound, tsook, will sometimes interrupt a song if the
strange listener gets too close. Early morning and late evening are the
regular song periods; but the conscientious and indefatigable singer is more
apt than most to interrupt the noontide stillness also.

Since this species is a bird of open country and uplands, it cares little for
the \'icinitv of w^ater ; but it loves the dust of country roads as dearly as an old
hen, and the daily dust-bath is a familiar sight to every traveler. While
seeking its food of weed-seeds and insects, it runs busily about upon the
ground, skulking and running oftener than llitting for safety. Altho not

especially timid it
seems tO' take a sort
O'f professional pride
in being able to slip
about among the
weed stems unseen.
It is, of course, at
nesting time that the
sneak-ability of the
Ijird is most severely
tested. The nest, a
s i m p 1 e affair of
coiled grasses, is
usually s u n k, or
cliambered in the
ground, so' that its
brim comes flush
with the surface.
For the rest, the
brooding bird seldom seeks any other protection than that of "luck," and her
own ability to elude observation when obliged to quit the nest. Her behavior
at this time depends largely upon the amount of disturbance to which she is
subjected. At first approach of danger she is inclined to stick to her post till
the last possible moment, and then she falls lame as she flutters ofY. But if
often frightened, she shrewdly learns to rise at a considerable distance.

Taken in Doui^lus L\'inily. ri-.c^t.' by I lu- .1

THE ENEMY.

THE RATTLESNAKE IS THE SCOURGE OF ALL GROUND-NESTING BIRDS.

THE OREGON VESPER SPARROW. 109

Two and snmetinies three broods are raised in a season, the first in late
April, the second in late June or early July. Pastures and fallow grounds are
favorite spots for home building', but I have frequently come upon the nests
in the open sage, and here oftenest upon hillsides or tops of low ridges.

Altho not averse to the wilderness, there is reason to believe that this
bird profits by the aih'cnt of civilization, and that its numfiers are slowly
increasing.

No. 40.

OREGON VESPER SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 540 b. Pooecetes gramineus affinis Miller.

Synonyms. — Pacific Vesper Sparrow. Mili^Er's Grass Finch.

Description. — Similar to P. g. confinis but smaller and coloration darker,
browner above, more distinctly buffy below. Length of adult male about 5.75
(146); wing 3.04 (77.2): tail 2.28 (57.9); bill .43 (10.9): tarsus .81 (20.6).
Female a little smaller.

Recognition Marks. — .\s in preceding, less liable to confusion because of
absence of llrcwer Sparrow, Western Lark Sparrow, etc., from range.

Nesting. — Nest: on ploughed ground or under shelter of fern-stalk, fallen
branch, or the like; of grasses lined with hair; measures externally 3 inches across
by 2 in depth, inside 2'4 across by i^i in depth. Eggs: 3 or 4, size and color
as in preceding. Season: May; one brood, rarely two.

General Range. — Pacific coast district from northern California north to
British Columbia (including Vancouver Island) ; south in winter thru southern
California to Cape St. Lucas.

Range in Washington. — Of local occurrence on prairies and in cultivated
valleys west of the Cascades — not common.

Migrations. — Spring: Tacoma April 9, 1906; April 13, 1907.

Authorities. — Pooecetes gratniiiens Ba[i]rd, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv.
IX. 1838, p. 447 (part). (T). C&S. Ra. B.

Specimens.— (U. of W.) P. Prov. B. E.

THE api)earance of a Vesper Sparrow where trees are the rule is some-
thing of an anomaly. Nevertheless, this plains-loving bird seems to do very
well in the ]irairie region south of Tacoma : and it has been here at least long
enough to begin to assume the darker garb which characterizes old residents
of the Sound region.

The bird is becoming fairly common wherever conditions in the large
are suitable for it. I found it in numbers at Dungeness in the spring of 1906;
and the agricultural lands of the Skagit are being accepted by this gentle
songster as the* dulv made and provided.

Mr. Bowles finds that eggs mav not be looked for in the vicinity of

no THE SANDWICH SPARROW.

Taconia before the first week in May, and they are not certainly found before
the middle of that nmntli. Open prairie is nmst fre(|uenth- selected for a
site, and its clijse-cropped mossy surface often requires considerable ingenuity
of concealment on the bird's part. Ploughed ground, where undisturbed, is
eagerly utilized. At other times a shallow cupi is scraped at the base of a
small fern, or the protection of a fallen limb is sought.

The eggs, from three to five in number, are perhaps the most handsomely,
certainly the most quaintly marked of any in the sparrow family. The ground
color is grayish white ; and this, in addition to sundry frecklings and cloudings
of lavender, is spotted, blotched, and scrawled, with old chestnut.

The female sits closely and sometimes will not leave the nest until
removed. She seldom flies at that, Init steps of^' and trips along the ground
for some distance. Then she walks about uneasily or pretends to feed,
venturing little expression of concern. Curioush', her liege lord never appears,
either, in defense ni his home, but after the young are hatched he does his
fair share in feeding them.

No. 41.

SANDWICH SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 54J. Passerculiis sandwichensis (rimclin).

Synonym. — Larger S.w.\xx.\ Sparrow.

Description. — .-Adults: General tone of ui)per plumage grayish brown — the
feathers blackish centrally with much edging of grayish-brown (sometimes
bay), flaxen and whitish; a mesial crown-.stripe dull bufl'y, or tinged ante-
riorly with yellowish ; lateral stripes with grayish brown edging reduced ;
a broad superciliary stripe yellow, clearest over lore, paling posteriorly ; cheeks
buffy with some mingling and outcropping of dusky; underparts whitish,
clearest on throat, washed with buffy on sides, heavily and sharply streaked
on sides of throat, breast, sides, flanks and thighs with dusky ; streaks
nearly confluent on sides of throat, thus defining submalar area of whitish ;
streaks darkest and wedge-shaped on breast, more dift'used and edged with
bufl^y posteriorly: under tail-coverts usually but not alzcays with concealed
wedge-shaped streaks of dusky; bill dusky or dull horn-color above, lighter
below; feet palest; iris dark brown. Fall specimens are brighter; the yellow,
no longer prominent in superciliary stripe, is dift'used over plumage of entire
head and, occasionally, down sides; the bend of the wing is pale yellow (or not) ;
the sides are more strongly suffused with buffer which usually extends across
breast. Length about 5.75 (146) ; wing 2.99 (76) : tail 2.00 (51 ) : bill .47 ( 12) ;
tarsus .88 (22.5).

Recognition Marks. — ^^"arbler size 1 !:)ut much more robust in ajipearance
than a Warbler) ; general streaky appearance; the striation of the head, viewed
from before, radiates in twelve alternating areas of black and white (or yellow) :
larger and lighter than the (rare) Savanna Sparrow (P. s. savanna): larger.

THE SAVANNA SPARROW. iii

darker and browner than the common \\'estern- Savanna Sparrow (P. s. alaii-
diinis I.

Nesting. — Xot yet reported breeding in ^\'ashington. Nest and eggs as in
P. s. alaudiiins.

General Range. — "Unalaska Island ( also Shnmagin islands and lower por-
tion of Alaska jieninsula?) in summer; in winter, eastward and southward along
the coast to British Columbia, more rarely to Northern California" (Ridgway).
Also breeds extensively in western British Columbia and on Vancouver Island
(Auct. Fannin, Kermode, Dawson).

Range in Washington. — Spring and fall migrant on both sides of the
Cascades (sparingly on East-side) ; (presumably ) resident in winter west of the
range; possibly summer resident in northwestern portion of State.

Migrations. — Spring: .A.pril (^^'est-side) ; South Park April 24. 25, 29,
1894; May (East-side); Yakima Co. May 8, 10, 1894; Pall: September.

Authorities. — Passerculiis sandzcichensis Baird, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R.
Surv. IX. 1858, p. 445. C&S. Rh. Kb.

Specimens. — U. of W. Prov. C.

THE interrelations and distributions of the Passerciilus saiidwiehciisis
group are not at all clear as yet, Init the migrant birds of spring and midrlle
fall are usually of this form, and hail from or are bound for the coast of
British Columbia and Alaska. ~At Blaine I have found them skulking alsout
the fish-trap timbers of Semiahmoo spit, during the last week in Septemlier ;
or hiding in the rank grass wliich lines the little waterways draining into
Campbell Creek. At such times thev keep cover until one is almost upon
them, and then break out with a frightened and protesting tss. onlv to seek
shelter again a dozen feet away.

No. 42.

SAVANNA SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 542 a. Passerculiis sandwichensis savanna (Wilson).

Synonyms. — S.w.\xn.-\ii Sp.\Rrow. ^Me.adow Sp.\rro\v. Ground Sp.arrow.

Description. — Adult: Similar to P. sandii'icliciisis but decidedly smaller and
darker (usually browner as well), wdth bill both relatively and absolutelv smaller,
and with less or less conspicuous yellow in superciliarj^ stripe. Length about 5.60
(142.2) ; wing 2.68 (68) ; tail 1.90 (48.2) ; bill .41 (10.4) ; tarsus .82 (20.8).

Recognition Marks. — ^^'arbler size: 12-radiant pattern of head; general
streakiness of upperparts ; sharply streaked on breast and sides ; darker.

Nesting.^FIas not been discovered breeding in \\'ashington Init probably
docs so. Xest and Eggs as next.

112 THE WESTERN S.W WXA SPARROW.

General Range. — Eastern North America breeding from the northern
United States to Labrador and the Hudson Bay country; casual( ?) in the
Western United States.

Range in Washington. — Im])crfectly made out : many birds resident on
West-side behoved to he of this form.

Authorities. — Bowles and Dawson, .\uk, \'oL XXV. Oct. igo8, p. 483.

Specimens. — Bowles, Tacoma, April 28, 1907 (4).

SOME specimens we get on Puget Sound are no larger than t\-pical
ll'cstciii Savanna, but are more strongly and brightiv colored — handsome
enough to be saiidc^'iclicusis proper. Are these rrsaturated forms the bleached
alaiidiinis, so long resident in the wet country as to be now reassuming
the discarded tints of old? Are they, rather, intergrades between P. s. sand-
■zuicliensis and P. s. alaudiuns. theoretically resident on the lower Sound and
in B. C. ? Or are they casual overflows of true savanna, ignorant of our
western metes and bounds? I do not know. Tweedledum or tweedledee?
Here is a fine problem for the man with a gun, to whom a new subspecies
is more than the lives of a thousand innocents. But I disclaim all responsi-
bility in the matter.

No. 43.

WESTERN SAVANNA SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 542b. Passerciilus sandwichensis alaiidinus (Bonap.).

Sjnonym. — Gr.\y S-wannah Sparrow.

Description. — Similar to P. s. savanna but decidedly paler and grayer; less
bay or none in edging of feathers of upperparts ; yellow of superciliary stripe
usually paler, sometimes nearly white ; bill longer and relatively weaker. Other
dimensions about as in P. s. savanna.

Recognition Marks. — As in preceding — paler.

Nesting. — Nest: in grassy meadow, of dried grasses settled deeply into dead
grass or, rarely, into ground. Eggs: 4 or 5, grayish white to light bluish green,
profusely dotted or spotted and blotched with varying shades of brown and
slate, sometimes so heavily as to conceal the ground color. Av. size, .75 x .55
(19X 13.97). Season: third week in ^lay ; one brood.

General Range. — Western North America from the eastern border of the
Great Plains breeding from the plateau of Mexico to northwestern Alaska; in
winter south to Lower California and Guatemala.

Range in Washington. — Both sides of the Cascades in low-lying meadows.
Perhaps sparingly resident in winter on West-side.

THE WESTERN SAVANNA SPARROW.

113

Migrations. — S[>yiiiij: Abuut April ist; Bremerton March 23, 1906.
Authorities. — Passcrculus alaiidinus Boiiap. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv.
IX. 1858, 447. (T). C&S. L'. Rh. Ra. Kk. J. B. E.
Specimens. — U. of W. P'. Prov. B.

NOT every bird can be a Ijeauty any more than every soldier can be a
colonel ; and when we consider that ten times as manv shot-gnns are in
commission in time of peace as rifles m time of war, we cannot blame a bird
for rejoicing in the virtne of hnmility, envying neither the epaulets of
General Blackbird nor even the pale chevrons of Sergeant Siskin. A Savanna

Sparrow, especially the
washed-otit western va-
riety, is a mere de-
tached bit of brown
earth done up in dried
grasses ; a feathered
commonplace w h i c h
the landscape will swal-
lo'W up the instant you
take eyes off it. To be
sure, if you can get it
quite alone and z'cr\<
near, you see enough to
admire in the twelve-
rafliating pattern of the
head, and you may
even perceive a wan
tint of yellow in the
superciliary region ; but
let the birdling drop
upon the ground and
sit motionless amidst

WESTERN SAVANNA SPARROW. ,,

the grass, or ni a criss-
cross litter of weed-stalks, and sooner far will you catch the gleam of the
needle in the haystack.

Sa\-annas are birds of the meadows, whether fresh or salt, and wherever
well-watered grasses and weeds abound, there they may be looked for. Dur-
ing migration, indeed, thev mav appear in most unexpected places. I saw
one last year, at Bremerton, which haunted the vicinity of a tiny cemented
pond in the center of a well-kept lawn. This bird hopped about coyly, peer-
ing behind blades of grass, and affecting a dainty fright at the sight of water,
very much as a Chipping Sparrow might have done. In their nesting

114 THE DESERT SPARROW.

habits these little fellows a|>[)r(jach more closely to colimizint;- than anv other
members of the Sparrow family. Large tracts of land, apparently suitable,
are left untenanted; while, in a near-by field <:)f a few acres, half a dozen
pairs may be found nesting'. More recently the birds haye accepted the
shelter of irrigated tracts upon the East-side, and their numliers would seem
almost certainly to ])e upon the increase.

To' ascertain the presence of these birds, the ear-test is best, wlien once
the song is mastered. The latter consists of a series of lisping and buzzing
notes, fine only in the sense of being small, and quite unmusical, tsiit, tsut,
tsii zi'czccztsulmt. The sound instantly recalls the eastern Grasshopper Spar-
row ( Cofiiniiciihis Siiz'amuiiimi f^asscrimis) . who is an own cousin: Ijut the
preliminary and closing flourishes are a good deal longer than those of the
related species, and the buzzing strain shorter.

Li>\e-making goes liy e-xample as well as by season, so that when the
choral feyer is on tliey are all at it. The males will sing from the ground
rather than keep silence, altho thev prefer a weed-top, a fence post, or eyen a
conxenient tree. The female listens patiently near by, or if she tries to slip
away for a bit of food, the jealous loyer recalls her to duty by an ardent chase.

The nest is settled snugly in the dead grasses of last year's ungathered
crop, and is thus both concealed from abox'e and upborne from below, and
is itself carefully done in line dead grasses.

The sitting bird does not often permit a close approach, but rises from
the nest at not less than thirty feet. The precise spot is, therefore, very
difiicult to locate. If discovered the laird will potter about with fine afTection
of listlessness, and seems to consider that she has done her full duty in not
showing the eggs.

No. 44.

DESERT SPARROW.

A. n. IT. No. 573 a. Amphispiza bilineata deserticola Ridgw.

Description. — Adults: Above lirownish gray, Ijmwncr on middle of back
and on wings; a conspicuous white su])erciliary stri]3e bounded narrowly by black
above and separated from white malar stripe (not reaching base of bill) by gray
on sides of head ; lores, anterior portion of malar region, chin, throat and chest
centrally black, the last named with conve.x posterior outline ; remaining under-
parts white tinged with grayish on sides and flanks ; tail blackish, the outer
web of outermost rectrix cliiefly white, the inner web with white spot on tip,
second rectrix (sometimes third or even fourth ) tipped with white on inner web.
Bill dusky; feet and legs brownish black. Young birds like adults but without
black ]5attern of head markings ; chin and throat white or flecked with grayish ;
breast streaked with same and back faintlv streaked with dusky; some bufTy

THE DESERT SPARROW. 115

edging on wing. Length of adults about 5.35 ( I35-9J ; wing 2.55 (65); tail
2.48 (63) : bill .40 ( 10) ; tarsus .75 (19).

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size ; grayish coloration ; strong white super-
ciliary ; black thr(.iat distinctive.

Nesting. — Xot yet reported from Washington. "Nest in bushes, slight and
frail, close to the ground: eggs 2-5, 0.72 .x 0.58 (18.3 x 14.7), white with a pale
greenish or blui-^h tinge, unmarked; laid in May, June and later" (Coues).

General Range. — Arid districts of southwestern United States and north-
western Mexico west from western Texas to California north probably to southern
Idaho and ^\^ashington ; south, in winter to Chihuahua, Sonora and Lower
California.

Range in Washington. — Probably summer resident in LIpper Sonoran and
Arid Transition life-zones; believed to be recently invading State from south.

Authority. — Dawson, Auk, A'ol. XX\'. Oct. 1908, p. 483.

IF one happens to be fairly well acquainted with the licensed musicians
of the sage, the presence oi a strange voice in the morning chorus is as
noticeable as a scarlet golf jacket at church. Tlie morning light was gilding
the cool gray of a sage-covered hillside in Douglas County, on the 31st day of
May, 1908, and the bird-man was mechanically checking of¥ tlie members
of the desert choir. Brewer Sparrow, Lark Sparrow. Vesper Sparrow and
the rest, as they reported for duty, ofie by one, when suddenly a fresh voice
of inquiry. Blew dice tec tee, burst from the sage at a stone's cast. The
binoculars were instantl\- levelled and their use alternated rapidly with that
of note-book and pencil as the leading features of the stranger's dress were
seized upon in order of saliency : Black chin and throat w^ith rounded
extension on chest outlined against whitish of underparts and separated
from grayish dusky of cheeks by white malar stripe; lores, apparently includ-
ing eye, black; brilliant white superciliary stripe; crown and back warm
light brown.

The newcomer was a male Desert Sparrow and the interest aroused by
his appearance was considerabl\- heightened when it was recalled that he was
venturing some ti\e hundred miles north of his fiu'thest previously recorded
range. This bird, probably the saiue individual, was seen and heard on
several occasions subsecpient thruout a stretch of half a mile bordering on
Brook Lake. Once a female was glimpsed in companv with her liege lord,
flitting- ciiquettishly from bush to bush; but the inost diligent search failed
to discover a nest, if such there was. Nesting w-as most certainly on the
gallant's mind for he sang at faithful intervals. The notes of his brief but
musical (iffering had something of the gushing and tinkling quality of a
Lark Sparrow's. A variant form, zi'hczv, K'/n'tc, zvliitcrer, began nicely but
degenerated in the last member into the luetallic clicking of Towdiee.

\\'e ha\'e here, in all probabilit}-, another and a \'ery conspicuous example

ii6 THE SAGE SPARROW.

of that northward trend of species which we shall have frequent occasion
to remark. The passion of the North Pole cjuest is not merely a human
weakness: it is a deep-rooted instinct which we only share with the birds.
There was once a near-Eden yonder, a Pliocene paradise, from which the
cruel ice evicted us — birds and men — long, long ago. We go now to reclaim
our own.

No. 45.

SAGE SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 574.1. Amphispiza nevadensis (Ridgw.).

Synonyms. — Artemisi.v Sparrow. Nev,'\da S.'VGE Sparrow.

Description. — Adults: Upperparts (including auriculars and sides of neck)
ashy gray to ashy brown, clearer and grayer anteriorly, browner posteriorly ; pilcuni,
back and scapulars sharply and narrowly streaked with black ; wings and tail
dull black with light brownish or pale grayish edging; the rectrices marked with
white much as in preceding species ; a supraloral spot, an orbital ring and
(usually) a short median line on forehead white; sides of head slaty gray; lores
dusky ; underparts white, clearest on throat where bounded and set off from white
of malar area by interrupted chain of dusky streaks, occasionally with dusky
spot on center of breast, marked on sides and flanks with buffy and streaked
with dusky ; edge of wing pale yellow or yellowish white. Bill blackish above,
lighter below; legs dark brown, toes darker; iris brown. Young: "Pileum. hind-
neck, chest and sides, as well as back, streaked with dusky ; otherwise essentially
as in adults" (Ridgway). Underparts save on throat sometimes tinged with
yellowish or buft'y. Length of adult male about 6.00 (152.4) ; wing 3. 11 (79) ;
tail 2.95 (75) ; bill .39 (10) : tarsus .84 (21.5). Female a little smaller.

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size (barely); ashy gray plumage; zvhite
throat defined by dusky streaks.

Nesting. — Nest: of twigs, sage bark, and "hemp" warmly lined with wool,
rabbit-fur, cow-hair or feathers, placed low in crotch of sage bush. Eggs: 3-5,
usually 4, Ijrownish- or greenish-gray as to ground, dotted, spotted or clouded,
rarelv scrawled, with chestnut or sepia and with some purplish shell markings.
Av. size .80 X .60 (20.3 X 15.2). Season: April, June; two broods.

General Range. — Great Basin region of the Western United States, west
to eastern base of Sierra Nevada, east to eastern base of Rockies, north (at least)
to northern Washington ; south, in winter, into southern Arizona, etc.

Range in Washington. — Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition life zones in
eastern Washington north at least to the Grand Coulee; summer resident.

Authorities. — ["Sagebrush Sparrow" Johnson, Rep. Gov. W. T. 1884 (1885),
22.] Amphispiza belli iiC7'adeiisis. Dawson, W'ilson Bulletin, No. ^9, June. 1902,
p. 65. Ss'. Ss-'.

Specimens. — U. of W. P.

THE SAGE SPARROW.

117

THANK God for the sage-brush ! It is not merely tliat it clothes the
desert and makes its wastes less arid. No' one needs to apologize for the
unclad open, nr to shun it as tho it were an unclean thing. Only little souls
do this, — those who, being used tO' small spaces, miss the support of crowding
elbo'ws, and are frightened into peevish complaint when asked to stand alone.
To the manly spirit there is exultation in mere space. The ground were
enough, the mere Expanse, with the e\er-matching lilue of the hopeful sky.
but when to this is added the homely verdure of the untilled ground, the cup
of joy is filled. One snatches at the sage as tlio it were the symbol of all the
wild openness, and Ijuries his nostrils in its pungent branches to compass at
a whiff this realm of unpent gladness. Prosy? Monotonous? Faugh!
Back to the city with you! You are not fit for the wilderness unless you
love its \'erv \\orm-
wood.

Tlie sage has interest
or not, to be sure, ac-
cording to the level
f r o m which it is
V i e w e d . Regarded
from the supercilio'us
level of the man-on-
horseback, it is a mere
hindrance to the piir-
suit of the erring steer.
The man a-foot has
some dim perception of
its beauties, but if his
errand is a long one he,
too, wearies of his de-
vious course. Those
who are best of all
fitted to appreciate its infinite variety of gnarled branch and velvet leaf, and
to revel in its small mysteries, are simple folk, — rabbits, lizards, and a few
birds who have chosen it for their life portion. Of these, some look up tO' it
as to the trees of an ancient forest and are lost in its mazes ; but of those who
know it from the ground up, none is more loyal than the Sage Sparrow.
Whether he gathers a breakfast, strewn upon the ground, among the red,
white, and blue, of storkbill, chickweed, and fairy-mint, or whether he explores
the crevices of the twisted sage itself for its store of shrinking beetles, his
soul is filled with a vast content.

Here in the springtime he soon gets full enough for utterance, and mounts
the topmost sprig of a sage bush t» voice his thanks. In general character

Taken in Douglas Coujity. Photo by W. Leon Dawson.

S.-\GE SP.\RROW OX .\EST.

THIS BIRD WAS .^JOT THE VICTIM OF THE MISFORTUNE MENTIONED
IN THE TEXT.

ii8 THE SLATE-COLORED JUNCO.

the song is a sort nf sul)(luc(l musical croaking', nielli i\\ ami rich at close
quarters, but with little carrying power. The bird throws his head well back
in singing, and the tail is carried more nearl_\- horizontal than is the case with
most Sparrows. A song from the \'akima country ran: tU\>. clii/^'/^cicay,
clii[^'l^c:^'ii\, chij^' pci^'ay, but a common type heard on the l)anks of the Colum-
Ijia in Walla Walla County, and repeated upnn the nurthern limit (.-f the
bird's range in Douglas County, is Tul^. Iiip. to zccrly. chiip. liip. A more
pretentious ditt)-, occupying twO' seconds in delivery, runs I looiicdoppcty,
iccctcr K'cc, iloodlcty pootat'cr, — an ecstacy song, wherein the little singer
seems to be intoxicated with the aroma of his favorite sage.

One may search a linig time in the neighlxirhood of the singer — who, by
the way, closes the concert abruptly when he realizes that he is likelv to give
his secret away — before finding the humble domicile a f(}nt nr twn u\) in a sage
bush. A nest which contained five eggs was composed externally of sage
twigs set int(j a concealed crotch nf the hush, Init the Ixilk of it consisted of
weed-bark and "hemp" of a quite uniform quality; while the lining contained
tufts of wool, rabbit-fur, cow-hair, feathers, and a few coiled horse-hairs.
The feathers were procured at some distant ranch, and their soft tips were
gracefully upturned tO' further the concealment of the eggs, alreadv well pro-
tected by their grayish green tints.

.Vnother nest, sighted some forty paces away, contained one egg, and we
had high hopes of being able to secure photographs upon our return with the
camera. But a few rods further we came upon a crew of sneaking Magpies,
scouring the sage with a dozen beady eyes, and passing sneering or vulgarly
jocose remarks upon what they found. When we returned, therefore, a day
or twO' later, we were not surprised to learn that the feathered marauders
had preferred egg-in-the-hill tn souvenir ])hotiigraphs.

No. 46.

SLATE-COLORED JUNCO.

A. C). U. No. 567. Junco hyemalis (Linn.).

Synonyms. — Snow-bird. Eastern Snow-isird.

Description. — .Idiilt male in siiinnicr: U]:)])crparts, throat and breast slate-
color deepening to slaty-black on pileuni, the bluish tinge lacking on wings and
tail ; below, abruptly white from the breast, the flanks ashy slate ; the two outer
pairs of tail-feathers entirely, and the third pair principally white : bill flesh-color,
usually tipped with black. Adult female: Similar to male ; throat and breast
paler; a brownish wash over the upperparts, deepest on nape and upper back;
wings brownish fuscous rather than black, and sides tawny-washed. Adult male
ill zviiiter, becoming like female, but still distinguishable. I.,ength 6.00-6.50

THE OREGON JUNCO. 119

(152.4-165.1 ) ; wing 3.07 (78); tail 2.80 (71.1): bill .41) ii-^-S)- Female
averages slightl}- smaller than male.

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size; white lateral tail-feathers; hood slatv
as compared with J. orcganus and /. 0. shiifcldti.

Nesting. — Not known to breed in Washington. Nest and cyys as next.

General Range. — North America, chiefly east of the Rocky Moimtains,
breeding in the hilly portions of the Northern States (east of the Rockies) north
to the Arctic Coast and west to the valleys of the Yukon and Kowak Rivers,
Alaska; south in winter as far as the Gulf States and sparingly over the Western
States to California, Arizona, etc.

Range in Washington. — Casual during migrations: ma^• winter rarelv in
comjiany with J. orcyanus.

Authorities. — Not previously piihlislied : W. T. Shaw /;( epist. Dec. i, 1908.
J. H. Bowles ill epist. Jan. 19, 1909.
Specimens. — P'.

THIS the familiar Snow-bird of the East is occasionallv seen west of
the Rocky Mountains in winter and during migrations, specimens having
been taken at Sumas, B. C, by Mr. Allan Brooks, and at Cor\-allis, Oregon,
by Mr. A. R. Woodcock, in addition to the one reported front Piillman. It
is not impossible that the bird is more common than we have l;)een supposing,
because, when found, it appears to be mingling freely with flocks of allied
species, (|uite luiaware of the fact that such actions are of interest to inquisi-
tive bird-men.

No. 47.

OREGON JUNCO.

A. O. U. No. 567a. Junco oreganus (Towns.).

Synonyms. — "Oreg.\n Snow-finch." Western Snow-bird. Oregon
Snow-bird. Townsend's Junco.

Description. — Adult male: Head and neck all around and chest (abruptly
defined along convex posterior edge) sooty black; back and scapulars and edging
of tertials warm reddish brown (nearly walnut brown) ; rump, upper tail-coverts
and middle and greater wing-coverts slaty gray or ashy gray, sometimes glossed
with olivaceous ; wings and tail dusky, edged with ashy ; the outermost rectrix
wholly and the second chiefly touched with white, the third pair touched with
white near tip ; sides of breast, sides and flanks stronglv washed with pinkish
brown ( vinaceous cinnamon); remaining underparts (below chest) white. Bill
pinkish white with dusky tip; iris claret red. Adidt female: Head and neck
all around and chest scarcely contrasting in color with upperparts but changing
from warm brown (bister) above to dull slaty overlaid with brownish on throat
and chest; brown of back (bister or dull sepia) without reddish tinge; white on
second rectrix not so extensive as in male; wash of sides duller, not so vinaceous.

I20 THE OREGON JUNCO.

Young: Top of head and hind-neck grayish brown streaked with dusky, back
and scapulars warmer brown streaked with black ; throat, chest, sides and flanks
pale buffy brown streaked with blackish ; otherwise as in adult. Length of adult
males about 6.35 (161. 3) : wing 2.95 ij^): tail 2. 50 (65) ; bill .43 ( in : tarsus
83 (21 ). Females smaller.

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size ; black of head and throat contrasting
with white of breast ; white lateral tail-feathers ; head black as compared with
./. Iiyciiialis: back reddish brown as compared with /. 0. shnfcldti.

Nesting. — Nest: on ground at base of small bush or under fallen branch,
sometimes in open wood or set into brushy hillside, of dead grasses and weed
stems, scantily lined, or not, with hair; dimensions 2]/} inches wide by 13^ inches
deep inside. Eggs: 2-5, usually 4, varying in ground color from pure white to
pinkish white or pale blue, spotted or freckled and blotched with light reddish
brown or brownish black, with occasional light cloudings of lavender : long oval
to short ovate; variable in size, .80 x .60 (20.3x15.2) to .73 x .56 (18.5x14.2).
Season: fourth week in April to first week in Julv or August according to alti-
tude ; two or three broods.

General Range. — Pacific Coast district ; in summer from southern British
Columbia north to Yakutat Bay, Alaska ; in winter south irregularly 4o California
(Santa Cruz and San Mateo counties), straggling across the Cascade-Sierras
into interior.

Range in Washington. — Formerly summer resident, now chiefly migrant
and winter resident west of the Cascades ; winter resident and migrant east of
Cascades.

Authorities. — ? Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII., 1837, 188 (part).
Jiinco orcqanus Sclater, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX., 1858, 467. T. C&S. L'.
Rh. D'. Kb. Ra. D=. Kk. B.

Specimens. — U. of W. P'. Prov. B.

IN speaking of Juncoes it is necessary to distinguish between the rufous-
Ijacked bird of winter, the Oregon Juiico proper, and the brownish-gray-
backed bird of summer, the Shufeldt Junco. A dozen years ago orcganus
was supposed tO' be the common breeding bird of Puget Sound and the
neighlioring foothills, altho- Shufeldt's was well known in the more open
situations. Latterly, however, there has not been any authentic account of
the nesting of the red-backed liird within the State. 1903 witnessed its last
appearance as a summer bird, and that only in the highlands. Recent speci-
mens taken during' the breeding season at places so remote from each other
as the prairies of Pierce County, the banks of the Pend d'Oreille in Stevens
Conntv. and the High Cascades in Whatcom Count^•, lia\'e all jiroven to be
/. 0. shnfeldti.

The fact appears to be that A\e ha\'e detected a Washingtonian instance
of that northward trend of species clearly recognizable in the East, but
obscured to our vision heretofore in the West by reason of varied conditions
and insufficient data. The theory is that the birds are still following the
retreat of the glacial ice. We know that the glacial ice-sheet, now confined

THE SHUFELDT JUNCO. 121

to Greenland and the high North, once covered half the continent. In our
own mountains we see the vestigial traces of glaciers which were once of noble
proportions. We know that the southward advance of the continental ice-
sheet must have dri\-en all animal life before it : and, likewise, that the territory
since relinc[uished l:)_v the ice has been regained bv the animals. \\'hat more
natural than that we should witness thru close observation the northward
advance of those varieties of birds which are best suited tO' withstand cold,
and the ci irresponding occupation of abandoned territ(lr^■ on the jjart of those
next south?

Juncoes, moreover, are erratic in their migrations, and in the West, at
least, tend to become non-migratory. While Oregon Juncoes are the common
winter birds of Puget Sound, Shufeldt's are not entireh- aljsent at this season,
and we may even look to see them hold their own thruout the year. The
problem is further complicated by what we call vertical migration, by which
is meant that nmuntain liirds descend to the valle^-s in winter instead of flving
southward. Our winter Shufeklts, therefore, may or may not be strictly
resident on. sa\-, J^teilacoom Prairie. The summer birds may retire to Cali-
fornia : the winter l)irds may ha\-e descended imm the Olvmpics or Mount
Rainier.

No. 48.

SHUFELDT'S JUNCO.

A. O. U. No. 567b. Junco oreganus shufeldti (Coale).

Synonyms. — Washington Junco. Hybrid Snow-bird (Coues). Rocky
]\IouNT-\iN Juxco (Coues).

Description. — Adults: Similar to J. oreganus but back (in males) grayish,
or grayish-brown to sepia; in females sepia to drab; black of head and throat
more slaty; also averaging larger. Length: 6.00-6.50 (152.4-165); wing 3.15
(80) ; tail 2.72 (69) ; bill .43 (11) ; tarsus .83 (21).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size ; black of head and throat contrasting
with brownish-gray of back and with white of breast ; grayer on back than
preceding.

Nesting. — Nest: much as in preceding, occasionally placed at moderate
heights in trees. Eggs: 4 or 5, pale bluish white, spotted and blotched with light
reddish brown and lavender, usually in light ring, occasionally in confluent mass
about larger end ; size larger than preceding. Av. 80 x .60 (20.3 x 15.2). Season:
fourth week in April to August according to altitude ; two broods.

General Range. — Breeding from northern Oregon north into British Co-
lumbia east to mountains of Alberta and Idaho ; south in winter over Rocky
Mountain plateau region to Mexico, — northern California.

122

THE SHUFELDT J UNCO.

Range in Washington. — Common summer resident thruout the State, in or
near coniferous timber, from sea level to limit of trees; sparingl}- resident in
winter chiefly west of Cascades.

Authorities. — As in preceding. (Tj. C&S. Sr. Ra. D-. J. B. E.

Specimens.— I', of W. F". B. Bn.

HO\VE\'ER it may fare with the Oregon Junco (q. v.), the southern
invaders, the birds with the rusty gray backs, now appear to possess the land.
The\- have stolen back sometime in March, so unobtrusively we scarcely
noticed when the substitution of gray-backs for red-backs was effected; but
scon we do notice that the yards and clearings are frequented by happy

rollicking troops of
Shufeldt Juncoes, and
\ve notice too that some
pronounced flirtations
;u'e being carried on.

There is a jovial
restlessness about these
birds' in flock which is
ciintagious. Their ev-
ery movement is ac-
companied by a happy
titter, and the pursuit
of necessities is never
SO' stern that a saucv
dare from one of their
number will not send
the whole company off
pell-mell like a route of
school-l)ins. Whenever
a JuncO' starts tO' wing,
it flashes a white signal in the lateral tail-feathers; and this convenient
"recognition mark" enables the birds to keep track of each other tliruout the
maddest gambols in brush-lot or tree-toj).

On a sunny day in March the Juncoes gather for a grand concert. The
males nmunt tlie bush-tops and hold forth in ri\'al strains, while the females
lurk under cover and take counsel of their hearts. Junco's song is a sweet
little tinkling trill, not very pretentious, but tender and winsome. Inter-
spersed w ith this is a variety of sipping and suckling notes, whose uses are
hard to discern. Now and then, also, a forcible kissing sound may be beard,
evidently a note of re]>ulsi(jn instead of attraction, for it is employed in the
breeding season to frighten enemies. During the progress of the concert
some dashing young fellow, unable fullv to express his emotion in song,

13*1- •■•■

Taken near Portland.

\-.J!:-"y-\i-\.

SIR! YOU INTI5UDE!

FEMALE SHUPELDT JUNCO ON NEST.

Pholo by If. L. Finley.

THE SHUFELDT JUNCO.

123

rims amuck, and goes cliarging abmit thru tlie woodsy mazes in a fine
frenz}- — without, however, quite spilling his lirains. Others catch the ex-
citement and the company breaks up in a mad whirl of amorous pursuit.

At the end (jf
the brief song
period, Juncoes
d e p 1 o y thruout
the half- o p e n
woods or prairie
borders of the en-
tire State, from
sea-level to tim-
ber-line. The va-
riety and interest
of their nesting
habits are scarce-
ly e.xceeded by
those of any other
bird. In general
they appear to be
guided by some
thought of seclu-
sion or protection
in their choice of
nesting sites.
Stee]) hillsides or
little banks are,
therefore, favorite
places, for here
the bird may ex-
cavate a coo!
g r o t t O' in the
earth, and allow
the drapery of the
hillside, mosses
and r u n n i n g
vines, to festoon
and guard the ap-
p r o a c h e s. At

Xew'iiort we found them nesting in the road-cuts. At Snoqualmie the side
of a haystack sheltered a confiding pair. At Tacoma the birds nest at the
base of tiny clumps of oak, or under the shelter of brush-piles. Several

Taken ill Tacoma.

Photo by the Author.

UXDER A TIX ROOF.

THE NEST IN THE CAN CONTAINS FIVE EGGS.

124

THE SHUFELDT JUNCO.

iiesls ha\'e Ijeen fdimd in old tin cans Hung- duwii uimn the prairie and only
half obscnrcd Ijy gmwing- grasses. Again the l>irds trust to the density of
vegetation, and shelter in the grass of unniowed orchards, weed-lots, and
meadows. One site was found in which the hird occupied a carefully chosen
fern arbor in the midst of a collection of whitened bones, evidenth- the mortal
remains of a defunct draft horse. The situation was delightfully gruesome.

Taken in li'hatcom County.
Photo by the Author.
NEST AND EGGS OF

SHUFELDT JUNCO.

and, tnuchcd no doubt with \anity, the owner sat for her portrait at four
feet, a la Bernhardt.

Juncoes keep very quiet during the nesting season until disturbed, and
the}' are very close sitters. When nearly stepped on the bird bursts off, and,
if there are young, crawls and tumbles along the ground within a few feet
of the intruder, displaying wings and tail in a most appealing manner. The
tssiks of both birds are incessantly repeated, and the whole woodside is set
agog with apprehension.

If one posts himself in a suspected locality not too near the nest, it is
only a question of time till the solicitude of the nursing mother will triumph
over fear. One such I traced ti.i a charming mossy bank, overlooking a

THE WESTERN TREE SPARROW. 125

woodland pool; but on the first occasion it took the parent bird exacth* half
an hour to go thru all the feints and preliminaries before she ventured on
the final plunge. There were half-grijwn babies in this nest, and since we
were in summer camp (at Glacier, near the foot of j\lt. Baker), I resolved
to make friends of this promising family with a view to portraiture.

As I sat next day watching my Juncoes, and waiting for the sun to get
around and light up the vicinity of the nest, the call to dinner sounded. The
mother bird, not without much misgiving and remonstrance, had just visited
her babies, so I rose to go^; but as I did so, caught sight of a stout garter
snake, who lay watching the scene from a distance of fully twenty feet, a
wicked gleam of intelligence in his eye. With quick suspicion of his pur-
pose, I seized stones and hurled at his retreating form; but the ground was
rough and he managed to escape into a large brush-pile. At table I ate
hurriedly, listening the while for the faintest note of trouble. When it came,
a quick outcry from both parents, instead of premonitory notes of discovery,
I sprang to my feet, clutched a stick, and rushed down to the spring. Alas
for us ! Satan had found our Eden ! The nest was emptied and the snake
lay coiled over it in the act of swallowing one of the little birds. Not daring
to strike, I seized him by the throat and released the baby Junco, whose
rump only had disappeared intO' the devouring jaws. Then with the stick
I made snake's-head jelly on a rock and flung the loathsome reptile away.
But it was all too late. One young bird lay drowned upon the bottom of
the pool, and the other (I think there were only two) soon died of fright
and the laceration of the hinder parts attendant upon ophidian deglutition.
It was all so horrible! the malignant plan, the stealthy approach, the sudden
alarm, the wanton destruction of the fledglings, the grief of the agonized
parents, the remorse of the helper who came too late! Is it any wonder
that our forbears have pictured the arch-enemy as a serpent?

No. 49.

WESTERN TREE SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 559 a. Spizella monticola ochracea Brewster.

Description. — Adults: Pileum. a streak behind eye and a small patch on
side of chest cinnamon-rufous or light chestnut: a superciliary stripe and remain-
ing portions of head and neck clear ashy gray I throat and chest of same shade
superficially but duller by virtue of concealed dusky; an ill defined spot of dusky
in center of lower chest : remaining underparts dull white washed on sides with
brownish ; general color of upperparts light huffy grayish brown, much out-
cropping black on back, scapulars and tertials ; some rusty edging on back
feathers, scapulars and greater wing-coverts : middle and greater wing-coverts

126 THE WESTERN TREE SPARROW.

tipped with wiiitc, {(irmiiii;- two conspicuous bands; flight feathers and rectrices
grayish (hisky margined with whitish and huffy. Hill blackish above, yellow,
tipped with dusky, below; legs brown, feet darker; iris brown. /;; winter the
cinnamon-rufous of crown is slightly veiled, especially along median area, by
ashy skirtings of feathers, and the huffy of upperparts inclines to strengthen.
Length about fi.oo (132.4); wing 3.00 (76); tail 2.68 (68); bill .39 (10);
tarsus .82 ( 20. S t.

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size; resembles Western Chipping Sparrow
but much larger ; white wing-bars with chestnut of crown distinctive.

Nesting. — Does not breed in Washington. "Nest, in low bushes or on the
ground, hiosely constructed of bark strips, weeds and grasses, warmly lined with
feathers. Eijijs. 4-(), or even 7, pale green, minutely and regularly sprinkled with
reddish lirown s[)0ts" (Coues). Av. size, .75 x .60 (19.1x15.2).

General Range. — Breeding from the valley of Anderson River, near the
Arctic coast westward thru Alaska to coast of Bering Sea, and for an unde-
termined distance southward ; in winter south thru western North America to
Arizona, Texas, etc., eastward across Rocky Mts. to Great Plains (Ridgway).

Range in Washington. — Not common winter resident and migrant. Has
not recently been reported west of the Cascades.

Authorities. — Brewster, T'.nll. Nutt. Orn. Club, VH. 1882, pp. 227, 228.
(T). (C&S). Sr. D--.

Specimens. — ( L'. of W.). P". I'rov.

"THE sight of the first Tree Sparrow in the fall serves perfectly to
call up a vision of impending winter. Here are the lun'r\ing blasts, the
leaden skies, the piling snow-drifts, all read}* to make the beholder shiver.
But here, too, in some unburied weed patch, or thicket of rose-briars, is a
companv of Tree Sparrows, stout-hearted and cold-def\ ing, setting up a
merry tinkling chorus, as eloquent of good cheer as a crackling- Yule-log.
How manv times has the bird-man hastened out after some cruel cold snap,
thinking, 'Siu'ely this will settle for my Itirds,' only to have his fears rebuked
by a troop of these hardy Norsemen revelling in some back pasture as if they
had found their Valhalla on this side the icy gates. Ho! brothers! here is
food in these capsules of mustard and cockle; here is wine distilled from
the rose-hips ; here is shelter in the weedy mazes, or under the soft blanket
of the snow. What ho! Lift the light song! Pass round the cup again!
Let mighty cheer ])revail !" ( P>irds of Ohio).

Truth to tell, the Western Tree i^parrows are somewhat rare winter
visitors, in eastern ^Vaslling■ton only. In habits they do not appear to differ
materiallv fn.ni the tvpical form, which is very alxindant in winter thruout
the northern tier of eastern states. In the nature of the case, while with us,
their food, consisting as it does of grass- and weed-seeds and dried berries,
is found near the ground; and so, for the season, the name Tree S])arrow
seems inconsistent. AAHien persistent! v annoyed, however, the flock will rise

THE WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW. 127

to the tree-tiiiis in straggling fashion, ami there either await the withdrawal
of the intruder, or else make off at a good height.

The song of the Tree Sparrow is sweet and tuneful, affording a
pleasing contrast to the nmnotonous ditty of the Western Chipping Sparrow.
Snatches of song may be heard, indeed, on almost any mild day in winter ;
but the spring awakening assures a more pretentious efTort. A common
form runs. SzCi.\'-Iio. S2vcct, szvcct, szvcct, with ni:>tes of a most flattering
tenderness. But we ma}' only guess at the bird's full powers, for the home-
making is in Alaska.

No. 50.

WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW.

.A. O. U. Xo. 560 a. Spizella passerina arizon£e (Coues).

Synonyms. — Chippy. H.\iR-BrKD.

Description. — Adult: Crown bright chestnut: extreme forehead black with
ashy median line; a light ashy superciliary stripe: lore and postocular streak
black: underparts and sides of head and neck ashy gray, dullest on breast and
sides, clearest on throat wdiere nearly white : hind-neck and wings bluish ash,
the former more or less streaked with blackish ; back and scapulars light brown
( isabella color) heavily streaked with black: wings and tail fuscous. Bill dark:
feet light: iris brown. Youiuj birds are streaked with dusky above and below
and lack the chestnut of crown. Length of adult males: 5.00-5.50 (127-139. 7) ;
wing 2.83 (y2) : tail 2.36 (60) : bill .39 (10) ; tarsus .67 (17). Females smaller.

Recognition Marks. — \\'arl)ler size: chestnut crown and whitish superciliary
distinctive.

Nesting. — Nest: A compact or careless structure of tine twigs, grasses, and
(most commonly and often exclusively) rootlets, heavily lined with horse-hair:
placed in sage-bush, wild rose thicket or shrubbery, or else on horizontal branch
of apple tree or evergreen. Eggs: 3-5, usually 4, greenish blue speckled freely
or in narrow ring about larger end with reddish brown and black. Av. size,
.71 X .51 ( i(Sx 13). Season: .A]iril-July, usually May and June: two broods.

General Range. — Western North .\merica from the Rockies to the Coast
breeding from the southern border of the United States north to the Yukon
\ alley in .Alaska, cast over the western provinces of Canada : south in winter to
.Afe.xico and Lower California.

Range in Washington. — Common summer resident thruout the State chiefly
in settled ]iortions and more open situations.

Migrations. — Spring: Yakima, Aiiril 12, icoo: Chelan. .April 24, 1896;
Tacoma, A])ril 12, T905, April 11. 1906.

Authorities. — Spicella socialis Bonap. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX.
1858. 473 part. (T). C&S. D'. Ra. D-\ Ss-\ Kk. J. B. E.
Specimens.— r. of \\^ P'. Prov. B. E.

128

THE WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW.

NOT all birds are fitly nanicil. exun in the "ininuitalile Latin." bnt this
one has a very accurate title in Spi::clla sdcinlis aricoiicc^, which we may freely
translate as the fricmU\ Utile sf^arrmi' of flic desert. An obscure little fellow
he is to eye, a skit dmie in faded brcjwns, with a chestnut crown which still
does not differentiate the owner from a withered corymb in his native sage.
Of the desert he is, for there is no sage-brush wilderness too' dreary tO' boast
the presence of at least a few Chipping Sparrows. And friendly he is, be-
yond question, for there are few dooryards in the eastern part of the State
where this bird is not a trustful visitur; and his presence in western Wash-
ington is nearly coextensive with that of man. For altho the Chipping
Sparrow now abounds in the prairie region of Pierce and adjacent counties,
it is instructive to note that its plumage gives no evidence of resaturation,

or of departure from the
bleached type, as would be
the case if it belonged to one
of the really "old families"
of Puget Sound

Whatever the weather.
Chippy returns to us about
the 1 2th day of April, posts
himself <in the tip' of a lir
branch, like a brave little
Christmas candle, and pro-
ceeds to sputter, in the same
part. Of all homel\' s<iunds
the monotonous trill df the
W'estern Chipping Sparrow
is the most homely. — and
the most easily forgivable.
As music it scarcely ranks
above the rattle of cas-
tanets ; but the little singer
po'urs out his soul full earn-
estly, and his ardor often
leads him to> sustained eff i irt thrunut the sultrv In lurs when nmre brilliant
vocalists are sulking in the shade: and for this we come to prize his homely
ditty like the sound of plashing waters.

Two Chipping Sparrow songs heard near Tacuma deserve s]")ecial
mention. One likened itself in our ears to a tool being ground on a small
emery wheel. The wheel has a rough place on its periphery which strikes

Taken in Pierce Comily. Photo bi' the Aiitlor.

JUST .\RRI\'ED.

WESTERN CHIPPINC, SPARROW. ADULT MALE.

a. So called for decades, but now lost to us thru the latest caprice of nomenclature. Vm-iuni ct
mutnbile scmfer .-I. O. U. Clieclc-List.

THE WESTERN CHIPPING SPARROW.

129

against the tuol with additional force and serves to mark a single revolution,
but the continuous burr which underlies the accented points, or trill-crests,
is satisfied by this comparison alone. The other effort, a peculiar buzz of
varying intensit}'. carries forward the same idea <.)f continuous sound, but
the comparison changes. In this the song appears to pour from the tiny
throat without eft'urt. and its muvement is as tho an unseen hand controlled
an electric buzz, whose activity varies with the amount of "juice" turned on:
zzzzzzzzzzt, zzzr^r.=zzzt, r.:;r.:zzzzzzt, ZZZZZZZZZZT, ZZZZZZZZZZT.

Chippy "s nest is a frail affair at best, altho often elaborately constructed
of fine twigs, rootlets and grasses with a plentiful lining of horse-hair. In
some instances the last-named material is exclusively employed. A sage-
bush is the favorite situation on the plains of the Columbia, a horizontal fir
branch in the wet country. Rose thickets are always popular, and where
the Iiird trankl_\- forsakes the wilds, ornamental shruhberv and vines are

chosen. The nests are often
so loosely related to their im-
mediate surroundings as to
give the impression of having
been constructed elsewhere,
and then mo\-ed bodilv to
their present site. Some are
set as lightly as feathers upon
the tips of evergreen branches,
and a heavy storm in season
is sure to bring down a shower
of Chippies' nests.

Eggs are laid during the
first or second week of May
in the vicinity of American
Lake and from one to three
weeks earlier in the sage
country. They are among the
most familiar objects in Na-
ture, and particular descrip-
tion of them ought to be unnec-
essary. But every person who
knows that we are interested
in birds has to stop us on the
street to tell about the "cunningest little nest, you know, with four of the

cutest " "Hold on," we say: "were the eggs blue?" "Yes." "^^'ith

dots on them?" "Why, yes: how did vou know?"

Inculiation lasts onlv ten da^•s and two broods are raised in each season.

Taken near Chelan. Photo by the
"FOUR OF THE CUTEST ."

Author .

I -JO THE BREWER SPARROW.

Chipping Sparrows are very devoted parents and the sitting female wih some-
times allow herself to he taken in the hand. The male bird is not less sedulous
in the care of the young, and he sometimes exercises a fatherly oversight of
the hrst batch of babies, while his mate is preparing for the June crop.

No. 51.

BREWER'S SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 562. Spizella brevveri Cassin.

Description. — .Idiilts: Upperparts grayish brown, brightest brown on back,
everywhere ( save on remiges and rectrices ) streaked with black or dusky, narrow-
ly on crown, more broadly on back and sca]Hilars, less distinctly on rump ; wing-
coverts and tertials varied by edgings of brownish butf ; flight-featliers and rectrices
dark grayish brown or dusky with some edging of light grayish brown ; a broad
pale bufifv superciliary stripe scarcely contrasting with surroundings ; underparts
dull whitish tinged on sides and across breast by pale hufiy gray. Bill pale
brown darkening on tip and along culnien ; feet pale brown, iris brown. Young
birds are less conspicuously streaked above ; middle and greater coverts broadly
tipped with huffy forming two distinct bands ; breast streaked with dusky.
Length 5.^0 (1.35); wing 2.44 (62): tail 2.^8 (60.5): bill .38 ("8.8): tarsus
.68 (174K

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size ; general streaked appearance ; absence
of distinguishing marks practically distinctive ; sage-haunting habits.

Nesting. — Nest: of small twigs and dried grasses, lined with horse-hair, set
loosely in sage-bush. Eggs: 4 or 5, greenish blue, dotted and spotted, sometimes
in ring about larger end, with reddish brown. Av. size .67 x .49 (17x12.4).
Season: April. June; two broods.

General Range. — Sage-brush plains of the West, breeding from Arizona to
British Columbia and east to western Nebraska and western Texas ; south in
winter to Mexico and Lower California.

Range in Washington. — 0])en country of the East-side, al)undant summer
resident: occasionally invades Cascade Mountains (only in late summer?).

Migrations. — Spring: Yakima March 29, 1900.

Authorities. — ["Brewer's sparrow," Johnson, Rep. Gov. W. T. 1884 (1885),
22]. Dawson, Auk, XIV, 1897, 178- D-'. Ss'. Ss-'.

Specimens. — LT. of W. P. C.

IT IS never quite fair to say that Nature produces a creature which
harmonizes i>erfectly with its surroundings, for the moment we yield tribute
of admiration to^ one creature, we discover amid the same circumstances
another as nearlv perfect hut entirely different. When we consider the Sage
Sparrow we think that Nature cannot improve much upon his soft grays
by way of fitness for his desert environment; but when we come upon the
Brewer Sparrow, we are ready tO' wager that here the dame has done her

THE BREWER SPARROW.

131

utmost tO' produce a bird of non-committal appearance. Mere brown might
have been conspicuous by defauh, but brownisli.' broken up by hazy streakings
of other brownish or dusky — call it what you will — has given us a bird which,
so far as plumage is concerned, may be said tn have no mark of distinction
whatever — just bird.

The Sage Sparrow fits into the gray-green massy scheme of color har-

NEST AND EGGS OF BREWER SPARROW.

132 THE GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW.

moiiy ill the arteniisia, while Brewer's fits into the somber, bn)wn-and-streal<y
scheme of its twigs and brandies. To carry out the comparison, do not look
for b)-ezi.'eri early in the season, when the breath of the rain rises from the
ground and the air is astir: he is there, of course, ]>ut disregard him. Wait,
rather, until the season is advanced, when the incoin]jarable sun of Yakima
has filled the sage-brush full to overflowing, and it begins to ooze out lieat
in drowsy, indolent wa\'es. Then listen: JJ'ceccccc. tuhiluhituhitiihituh, the
first part an inspired trill, and the remainder an ex(|uisitely modulated ex-
pirated trill in descending cadence. Instantly one ccjiiceives a great respect
for this plain dot in feathers, whose very existence may have passed unnoticed
fiefore. The descending strain of the common song has, in some indi\-iduals,
all the fine shading heard in certain imported canaries. Pitch is conceded
b\' infinitesimal gradations, whereby the singer, from some heaven of fancy,
l^rings us down gently tO' a topmost twig of earthly attainment. Nor does
the song in other forms lack variety. In fact, a midday chorus of Brewer
Sparrows is a treat wliich makes a tramp in the sage memorable.

Brewer's Sparrow is of the sage sagey, and its range in Washington is
almost exactly co-extensive with the distribution of that doughty shrub; but it
is of record that Spi-zcUa hmvcri indulges in some romantic vacations, a speci-
men being once taken by me ( Jul}' 25, 1900) at 8000 feet, upon the glacier
levels of Wright's Peak.

No. 52.

GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 557. Zonotrichia coronata (Pall. I.

Description. — .Idults: A broad crown stripe gamboge-yellow, changing
abruptly to ashy gray on occiput : this bounded on each side by broad stripe of
silky black meeting fellow on forehead ; remaining upperparts grayish brown,
broadly streaked with black on back, more or less edged with dull chestnut on
back, wing-coverts and tertials, glossed with olive on rump and tail : middle and
greater coverts tipped with white forming conspicuous bars ; chin, throat and
sides of head ashy gray with obscure vermiculations of dusky ; remaining under-
parts washed with buffy brown, darkest on sides and flanks, lightest, to dull
white, on belly, obsoletely and finely barred on breast. Bill blackish above, paler
below; feet pale; iris brown. luiinature: W'ithout definite head-stripe; crown
broadly dull olive-yellow, clearest on forehead, elsewhere sharply flecked with
blackish in wedge-shaped marks, giving way to grayish brown or dull chestnut
behind and to blackish on sides (variably according to age?). Length 7.20
(182.8) ; wing 3.28 (83.3) ; tail 3.06 (77.7) \ bill .48 (12.2) ; tarsus .96 (24.3).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size ; yellow of crown distinctive in any
plumage.

Nesting. — Does not breed in Washington. Nest and eggs said to be very
similar to those of Z. I. uuttalli.

THE GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW. 133

General Range. — Pacific Coast and Ueriiig Sea districts of Alaska; south
in winter thru the Pacific States to Lower California: occasionally straggles
eastward.

Range in Washington. — S])ring and fall migrant both sides of the Cascades,
more comnKin westerly.

Migrations. — Spring: c. April 21 (West-side) ; c. May 20 (Chelan).
Authorities. — ? Einbcrica atricapiUa And. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 47; pi. 394.
Baird, Rep. I'ac. R. R. Surv. \'oI. LX. 1858, 462. C&S. L". D'. Kb. Ra. Kk. B. E.
Specimens. — V . of W. Prov. E.

REGAL thci he Ije, this sparrow is discreet in the matter of appearances,
and does imt cultivate the pul)lic eye. Washington is only a way-station
in his travels, and the splendors and liberties of court life are reserved for
Alaska. Appearing- at Tacoma during the last week in April, demure
companies of Golden-crowns may not infrequently be seen associated with
migrating Xuttalls. They are in no hurry, or perhaps the haste of midnight
flight is over when we see them vawning sleepilv in the bushes of a morning.
The}" are languid ton as they deploy upon the park lawns, always within
reach of cover, in search (jf fallen seeds or lurking beetles. Their leisurely
mo\-ements contrast strongly with the bustling activities of the local Nuttalls :
for tlie latter are burdened witli the care of children, before the Alaskan
migrants ha\'e forsworn bachelorhood. East of the Cascade jMountains the
niirthward movement of this species is even more tardy, and ]\Iay 18-22 are
the dates at which I ha\'e recorded it at Chelan.

[Migrating Zonotrichias are all coquettishly retiring, and the first hint
of danger sends them scuttling into the bushes. If one presses up to the
edge of the brush, he may hear an uncanny rustling among the leaves and
branches as the l)irds retreat, but not a single note is uttered. Left to them-
seh-es, the birds become sociable with many ziuks common to the genus ; and,
if unusually merry, the Golden-crowns indulge a sweet, preparatory hoo he^e
which reminds one of Ijoth the W'hite-crowned (Z. leiicophrys) and W'hite-
throated (Z. albicollis) Sparrows of the East; but the song has never been
completed here to our knowledge.

Suckley said that Golden-crowned Sparrows were abundant in summer
both at Fort Dalles and Fort Steilacoom, but this was undoubtedly a mistake,
as the records of alleged nesting in California proved to be. On the other
hand they may winter with us tO' some extent, since ]\Ir. Bowles took a
specimen on December t6, 1907, in the Puyallup \^alley.

134 THE GAMBEL SPARROW.

No. 53.

GAMBEL'S SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 554a. Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii (Nuttall).

Synonyms. — Intickmi'Diatic-ckownivd SpakK(.iw. I ntick mediate Sparrow.

Description. — Adults: Crown pure white, becoming gray behind; lateral
crown-stripes meeting in front, and post-ocular stripes, jet black, separated by
white stripe continuous with lore; remainder of head, neck all around, and entire
underparts slaty gray, darkest on nape, whitening on chin and belly, with a
tawny wash on flanks and crissum ; back and scapulars brown (burnt umber)
edged with gray ; rump and upper tail-coverts tawny olivaceous ; wings and tail
fuscous, the tertials dark-centered with edgings of bay and white ; middle and
greater coverts tipped with white, forming two inconspicuous wing-bars; rectrices
with brown shafts and tawny edgings, bill reddish brown above, saffron yellow
below, with tip of ma.xilla black. Young of the year have the black of head
replaced by light chestnut, and the white by ochraceo-fnscous or gray ; in general
darker and browner above than adult. Length 6. 50-7. GO (165-180); wing 3.07
(78) ; tail 2.76 (70) ; bill .42 (10.7) ; tarsus .89 (22.5).

Recognition Marks. — Sjiarrow size; broad white crown and jet black lateral
stri])es strongly contrasting ; slightly larger and general coloration lighter than in
Z. I. nuttalli: wliite crown-stripe broader.

Nesting. — ^As next; not known to breed in Washington but probably does so.

General Range. — Western North America, breeding from Montana, eastern
Oregon, etc., northward between coast mountains of British Columbia and Alaska
and the interior plains to the lower Mackenzie and Anderson River Valleys, thence
westward thruout .\laska to the coast of Bering Sea ; in winter southward across
western United States into Mexico and Lower California, straggling eastward
across the Great Plains.

Range in Washington. — .Vbundant spring and fall migrant on the East-side,
possibly summer resident ; doubtless migrant west of Cascades, but no specimens
taken.

Migrations. — Spring: .A^pril 20-May 20. Wallula, April 24, 1905 ; Chelan,
April 24, 1896; Brook Lake, June 7, iqo8.

Authorities. — Fringilla gambelii Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. & Canada, 2d
Ed., I, 1840, S56. Z. ganibcli intermedia Brewster, B. N. O. C. VIL 1882, p.
227. D'. Sr.^D^ Kk. J.

Specimens. — LI. of W. C. P.

IT IS probably safe to say that during the height of their spring migra-
tions, viz., April 15th to May 15th, these birds exceed in numbers all the
other sparrows of eastern Washington combined. Indeed, on certain occa-
sions, it would seem that they are more numerous than all other birds com-
bined. And this altho they dO' not move in great flocks in the open, like
Redpolls, but flit and skulk wherever there is show of cover. Wayside
thickets, spring draws, and the timl>ered l)anks of streams are favorite places.
The more isolated the cover the more certain it is to be held as a Zonotrichian

THE NUTTALL SPARROW. 135

stronghold, and tliey are sometimes so hanl put to it for shelter that they
resort in numbers to the sage-brush, where they affect great secretiveness.

These handsome and courtly gentlemen with their no less interesting,
if somewhat plainer, wives are far more reserved than their talents would
warrant. Our approach has sent a score of them scurrying intO' cover, a
neglected rose-briar patch which screens a fence, and now we cannot see
one of them. An occasional sharp dj:ink of warning or protest comes out
of the screen, or a suppressed titter of excitement, as two ]>irds jostle in their
effort to keep out of sight. \\'e are being scrutinized, however, bv twenty
pairs of sharp eyes, anil when our probation is ended, now one bird and now
another hdjis u]) to an exposed branch to see and be seen.

What distinguished foreigners they are, indeed, with their white crowns,
slightly raised and sharply offset by the black stripes which flank them, —
Russians, perhaps, with shakos of sable and ermine. The bird has an aristo-
cratic air which is unmistakable; and. once he has deigned to show himself,
appears tO' expect deference as his due. What a pity they will not make
their homes with us, but must needs go further north !

As diligently as I have searched for this species, I liave never found a
specimen in the sunmier months^, nor is there any record of the bird's nest-
ing in Washington. This is the more remarkable in that the type form
(Z. Iciicof^hrYs ) breeds extensively "thruout the high mountain districts of
the western United States" (Ridgway), exclusive of Washington and Oregon,
southward to the San Francisco Mountains of Arizona, "northward to north-
ern California (Mount Shasta, etc.)." In view of this, one may feel free
to suggest that the Camp Harney record'', referred to gainbclii, is really
referable tO' the typical form, and that as such it represents a northern exten-
sion r)f U'licophrys, rather than a southern extension of gainbclii.

No. 54.

NUTTALL'S SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 554 b. Zonotrichia leucophrys niittalli Ridgw.

Synonyms. — Formerly called G.ambel's Sparrow. WhiTE-crowned Spar-
row (name properly confined to Z. leucophrys). Crown Sparrow.

Description. — .Idnlts: Like preceding but general tone of coloration much
darker ; streaks of back and scapulars deepest brown or blackish ; general ground-
color of upperparts light olive-gray; median crown-stripe narrower, dull white;

a. Until the season of 1908. See ante under "Migrations."'

b. "(?) Bendire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. XIX., 1877, 118 (Camp Harney, e. Oregon, breeding)"
(Ridgway;.

136

THE NUTTALL SPARROW.

'^\\mv^V»>3\s.

"A MILITARY GENTLEMAN' I.\' A GRAY CLOAK.-

iinderparts more strongly washed with brownisli gray ; axillaries and bend of
wing more strongly yellow; bill yellowish with dark tip. Immature: Similar to
that of preceding form, but underparts yellowish; upperparts light olive buff;
crown-stripe cinnamomeous, or pale chestnut. Very young birds are more
extensively black-streaked above, and finely streaked below on chin, throat, chest,
and sides ; bill brighter yellow ; feet paler. Length of adult males, 5.90-6.70
(150-170); wing 2.95 (75); tail 2.83 (72); bill .43 (11); tarsus .93 (23.5).
Females smaller.

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size; black-and-white striping of crown
distinctive in range : much darker than preceding.

Nesting. — Nest: on ground or low in bushes; rarely in trees up to 25 feet;
a rather pretentious structure of bark-strips, dead grass, and rootlets, with a

THE NUTTALL SPARROW. 137

lining of fine dead grass and horse-hair; measures externally 6 in. wide by 4
deep ; internally 2^^ wide by I deep. Eyys: 4 or 5, pale bluish white, profusely
dotted and spotted, or blotched, with varying shades of reddish brown. .A.v. size
.86 X .64 (2i.8x 16.3). Scasiin: Last week in April, and May 25-June 10; two
broods.

General Range. — I'acific Coast district, breeding from Monterey, California,
to Fort Simpson, British Columbia ; south in winter to San Pedro Alartir
Mountains, Lower California.

Range in Washington. — Of general distribution west of the Cascade
Mountains at lower altitudes: casually winter resident.

Migrations. — Spring: March 25-April I.

Authorities. — Z. qanibelii Gambel, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. 1858,
461. (T. ) C&S. L'.( ?) U. Rh. Kb. Ra. Kk. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P. B. BN. E.

\\'HEX \-iiu enter a bit of shrul:>])er\' at the edge of town in May or
June, vour intrusion is almost sure to be c|nestioned Ijv a military gentleman
in a gray cloak witli black-and-white trimmings, ^'ciur Ijusiness ma_\' be
personal, not puljlic, but somehow voti feel as if the authority of the law had
been invoked, and that vou would better be careful bow you condtict yourself
in the ]3resence of this militarv person. L^suallv retiring, the Xuttall Siiarrow
courts exposure where the welfare of his family is in question, and a metallic
scolding note, ziuk. or d.cink. is made to do incessant service on such occasions.
A thorol}- aroused pair, worms in beak, and crests uplifted, may voice their
suspicions for half an hour from fir-tip and brusli-pile, without once dis-
closing the whereabouts of their young.

Nuttall's Sparrow is the familiar spirit of l>rush-lots, fence tangles, berry
patches, and half-open situations in general. He is among the last to quit
tlie confines of the city before the advancing ranks of apartment bouses and
sky-scrapers, and be maintains stoutly any vantage ground of vacant lot,
disordered hedge-row, or neglected swamplet left to him. After the Rusty
Song Sparrow, be is perhaps the commonest Sparrow in western Washing-
ton— imquestionably so within tlie borders of settlement.

As a songster this Sparrow is not a conspicuous success, altlKj be works
at his trade with commendable diligence. He chooses a prominent station,
such as the topmost sprig of a fir sapling, and holds forth at regular intervals
in a prosy, iterative ditty, from which the slight musical quality vanishes
with distance. Hee ho. dice wcc. dice zvce dice wccc and Hcc. xciidgc,
i-tcitdgc i-zi'itdgc i-wcccc are vocalized examples. The preliminary lice ho
is sometimes clear and sweet enough to prepare one's ear for the Vesper
Sparrow's strain, liut the succeeding syllables are tasteless, and the trill with
which the effort concludes has a wooden quality which we may overlook in

138

THE NUTTALL SPARROW.

a friend but sliould certainly ridicule in
a stranger. We are Inniililed in view of
the \ocal limitations of this bird when
we recall that the V(jice oi the White-
crowned Sparrow (Z. Icucuf^hrysJ , of
which ours is a local race, is noted for
its sweet, pure quality. Surely our bird
has caught a bad cold.

In selecting a nesting site, the Nuttall
displays a marked difference of taste
from the Rusty Song Sparrow,- in that
it selects a drv situation. The first nest,
prepared during the third week in April,
is almost invariably built upon the
ground. A slight hollow^ is scratched at
the base of a bush or sapling, and a
rather pretentious structure of bark strips,
dried grasses and rootlets is reared, with
a lining of fine grass and horse-hair. A
nest found on Flat-top was set in high
grass at the foot of a tiny oak sapling,
and was composed externally of dried
yarrow leaves with a few coarse grasses ;
internally of fine coiled grass of a very
light color, supplemented by four or five
white gull feathers. The eggs, four or
five in number, are of a handsome light
green shade, and are hea\-ily dotted, spotted, or blotched
with reddish brown.

A second set is prepared a month or so later than the first, and occa-
siiinally a third. Second nests are Imilt, as likely as not, in bushes or trees ;
and Mr. Bowles has taken them as high as twenty-five feet from the ground,
"^'iiung birds lack the parti-colored head-stripes of the adult, altho the
pattern is sketched in browns ; and they are best identified by the unfailing-
solicitude of the parents, which attends their every movement. They are
rather bumptious little creatures for all ; a company of them romping about
a pasture fence brings a wholesome recollection of school-boy days, and there
are girls among them, too, for my! how they giggle!

Tahen in Seattle. Flioto by the Autt-iOy

FEMALE i\UTT.\LL SPARROW.

green or ijluish

THE MOUNTAIN SONG SPARROW. 139

No. 55.
MOUNTAIN SONG SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 581 1). Melospiza melodia montana ( Henshaw).

Description". — .Idiills: Crown dull bay streaked with black and divided by
ashy-gray median stripe; rufous brown post-ocular and rictal stripes, enclosing
grayish-brown auriculars; remaining upperparts ashy-gray varied by reddisli
brown, the gray due to broad edgings of feathers and occupying from one-half
to two-thirds the total area according to season, feathers of back and scapulars
sharp!}' streaked with blackish centrally ; wings and tail brown varied by minor
markings and edgings of dusky, brownish gray and ashy-gray ; below white, or
sordid, heavily streaked on sides of throat, breast and sides by blackish and
rufous, markings wedge-shaped, tear-shaped or elongated, confluent on sides of
throat as maxillar)' stripes and often on center of breast as indistinct blotch. Bill
horn-color above, lighter below : feet pale brown, toes darker; iris brown. Young:
Like adults but duller, all markings less sharply defined, streaks of underparts
narrower. Length of adult male (skins): 6.00 (150); wings 2.73 (69.3); tail
2.74 (69.6); bill .48 (12.2); tarsus .88 (22.4).

Recognition Marks. — S]3arrow size; heavy streaking of breast and back,
with varied head iiuirkiugs, distinctive; lighter, grayer and more sharply streaked
as compared with jl/. ;;/. iiicnilli.

Nesting. — As next.

General Range. — "Rocky Mountain district of the L^nited States west to
and including the Sierra Nevada, in California; north to eastern C)regon, southern
Idaho and southern Montana ; south in winter to western Texas and northern
Mexico" (Ridgway). Probably also north into British Columbia and south-
western Alberta.

Range in Washington. — [Migrant and winter resident along eastern borders.

Authorities. — ? Snodgrass, Auk, XX. 1903, 207. W. T. Shaw in cpist. Dec.
31, 1908. Sr?

Specimens. — P'(32 spec).

WHETHER or not the Song Sparrows of northern IMontana and eastern
British Columbia are typical iiioiitaiia. the doctors must settle; but certain
it is that sparrows of a type decidedly lighter, that is, ashier, in coloration,
than our incrriUi. pass thru our eastern borders during migrations. Of such
a bird, examined narr(:iwl\- at vSpokane on November 4, 1905. my note-book
says (com]jaring at e\'ery point with uicrrilli) ; "Ashy gray and brown of
head strongly contrasting; ashy of Ijack and scapulars very extensive, brown
areas of feathers not exceeding one-third their total width; underparts clearer
white; streaking lighter rusty and more sharply defined, more narrow on
sides."

a. Based upon that of Mclospica melodia from which it differs slightly in proportions but chiefly in
grayer coloration. The measurements are those of Ridgway, Birds of N. & M, A., Vol. I., p. 358.

I40 THE MERRILL SONG SPARROW.

No. 56.
MERRILL'S SONG SPARROW.

A. O. L'. No. 581 k. Melospiza melodia merrilli ( JJrewsterJ.

Synonyms. — Dusky Song Spakkcjw. Sil\Hr-TOngue.

Description. — Characters intermediate between those of ill. in. iiioiitana and
M. III. iiiorphiui. In general, darker than precechng with plumage more blended,
proportion of gray in back aljout one-third ; lighter than next, not so brown,
strcakings more distinct.

Nesting. — Nest: a substantial structure of twigs, grasses, coiled bark-strips,
dead leaves, etc. : lined carefully with fine dead grass, rootlets or horse-hair, placed
indifferently in bushes or on the ground. Eggs: 4-6, usually 5, greenish-, grayish-,
or bluish-white, heavily spotted and blotched with reddish browns which some-
times conceal the background. Av. size .83 x .61 (21x15.5). Season: April-
July ; two or three broods.

General Range. — The eastern slopes of the Cascades from northern Cali-
fornia to southern llritisli Ci)lumbia, east (at least) to northern Idaho.

Range in Washington. — East-side — theoretically inclusive. Specimens from
the central valleys of the Cascades may be called iiiovphna and those from the
Palouse country uiontana, at pleasure.

Authorities.— Af. fasciata guttata, Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, \'1I.
1882, 22J, 229. D'. Ss". J.

Specimens. — P'.

THIS, the connecting link between uiontana and inorf^lina. is the char-
acteristic Song Sparrow of eastern Washington, and abounds along timbered
water courses and in all cultivated districts. While closely resembling the
Rust\- Song Sparrow of the West-side, it may be distinguished from it by
the sharper color pattern of its plumage; and the points of divergence from
inontana are maintained with substantial uniformity, at least along the
eastern slopes of the Cascades, and in tlie northern tier of counties.

Altho suljjected to considerable rigors in winter, this si)ecies is partially
resident, being largely confined during the cold season to the shelter of tule
beds, wild rose thickets, clematis bowers, and the like. Nesting begins about
the second week in April and continues with undiminished ardor till July
or August. Incubation recjuires twelve days, and the young are ready to
fly in as many more, so that a devoted pair is able to raise three and some-
times four broods in a season.

At this rate we should lie overrun with Song Sparrows if there were
not so many agencies to hold the species in check. A young Song Sparrow

THE MERRILL SONG SPARROW.

141

is the choice morsel of ex'erything that prevs, — cats, skunks, weasels, chip-
munks. Sharp-shinned Hawks, Crows, Magpies, Black-headed Jays, and garter
snakes. How would this motley company fare were it not for the annual
crop of Song Sparrows? And the wonder of it is that the brave heart
holds out and sings its song of trust and love with the ruins of three nests
behind it and the har\'est not vet past.

Taken iu Oregon.

I'lioto by A. W. Anthony.

A profe:ssion.-\l oologist.

A little glimpse of Nature's prodigality in this regard was afiforded by
a pair which nested on my grounds in the Ahtanum A^allev. On the 4th
of June I came upon a nest in a rose l_)ush, containing four \-oung just
hatched, and these almost immediately disaiipeared — a second, or possiblv
a third, attempt for tlie season. On July 4lh in an adjoining clump the
same pair was discovered with three well-fledged young, which, for aught
I know, reached days of self-dependence. On July 24th a nest was found
some twenty feet away containing four eggs, which I knew, l:)oth bv the
familiar notes and by elimination, to belong to this pair ; but the nest was
empty on the day following.

At tlie beginning of the season nests are frequently made upon the
ground under cover of old vegetation, or at the base of protecting bush
clumps in swamps. Occasional ground nests may also be found thruout
the season. One seen at Stehekin on August T^d was nestled looselv in a
recumbent potato vine. At other times any situation in bush or tree, up
to twenty feet, is acceptable, if only within con\'enient reach of water. A

142 THE RUSTY SONG SPARROW.

favorite building site is amid the debris of last _vear"s tlood water, caught
in the willow clumps of creek or lagoon. With high Ijoots one may wade
the bed of a brushy creek near Yakima and count certainly on Hnding a
Merrill S<->ng Sparrow's nest every five or ten rods.

No. 57.

RUSTY SONG SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 581 e. Melospiza melodia morphna Oberholser.

Description. — .-idiilts: Somewhat like M. in. inontana but coloration much
more rufcscent, general color of upperparts rich rusty brown, ashy gray of M. in.
inontana represented by rusty olive and this reduced or (in some plumages)
almost wanting; black mesial streaks of scapulars, etc., much reduced, indistinct
or sometimes wanting: underparts heavily and broadly streaked with chestnut
usually without black shaft lines ; sides and flanks washed with olivaceous.
"Young, slightly rufescent bister brown above, the back streaked with blackish,
beneath dull whitish or very pale bufify grayish, the chest, sides and flanks more
or less tinged with bufify or pale fulvous and streaked with sooty brownish"
(Ridgway). Length about 6.40 (162.5); wing 2.60 (66); tail 2.56 (65); bill
.50 ( 12.7 ) ; tarsus .67 (17).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size; rusty brown coloration; heavily spot-
ting of underparts distinctive save for the PassercUa iliaca group from which it
is further distinguished by smaller size and varied head markings.

Nesting. — Nest: As in preceding. Eggs: usually 4, averaging darker in
coloration and larger than in M. in. mcrriUi. Av. size, .87 x .63 (22.1x16).
Season: second week in April to July; two or three broods.

General Range. — "Breeding from extreme southern portion of Alaska
through British Columbia (including Vancouver Island) to western Oregon
(north of Rogue River Mountains) ; in winter, south to southern California (Fort
Tejon, etc.)"' (Ridgway).

Range in Washington. — Common resident west of the Cascades; f(iund
chieflv in vicinity of water.

Authorities. — ? Audubon, Orn. Biog. \. 1839, 22. M. rufina. Baird, Rep.
Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. 1858, p. 481. (T). CSjS. L'. Rh. Kb. Ra. Kk. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P. Prov. B. BN. E.

IF ONE were to write a book about the blessings of common things,
an early chapter must needs be devoted to the Song Sparrow. How blessed
a thing it is that we do not all of tis have to go to greenhouses for our
flowers, nor to foreign shores for birds. Why, there is more lavish love-
liness in a dandelion than there is in an imported orchid; and I fancy we
should tire of the Nightingale, if we had to exchange for him our sweet
poet of common day, the Song Sparrow.

THE RUSTY SONG SPARROW.

143

SOXG SPARROW ASLEEP.

Familiar he certainly is; for while he has none of the vulgar obtrnsive-
ness of Passer douicsticus, nor confesses any love for mere bricks and
mortar, there is not a weedy back lot outside of the iire limits which he has
not gladdened with his presence, nor a disordered wood-pile or Ijrush-heap
which he has not explored. Much
lurking under cover in time of rain
has darkened his plumage beyond
that of the eastern bird, and close
association with the fallen monarchs
of the forest has reddened it, until
he himself looks like a rusty frag-
ment of a mouldering fir log.

It is as a songster, however, that
we know this sparrow best. Silver-
tongue's melody is like sunshine,
bountiful and free and ever grate-
ful. Mounting some bush or up-
turned root, he greets his childish
listeners with "Peace, peace, peace
be unto you, my children.'' And
that is his message to all the world,
"Peace, and good-will." Once we
sat stormbound at the mouth of our tent, and, mindful of the unused
cameras, grumbled at the eternal drizzle. Whereupon the local poet flitted
to a favorite perch on a stump hard by, and, throwing back his head, sang,
with sympathetic earnestness, "Cheer up! Cheer up! Count your many
mercies nozi.':" Of course he did say e.xactly that, and the childish emphasis
he put upon the last word set us to laughing, my i^artner and me, until there
was no more thought of complaint.

Even in winter the brave-hearted bird avails himself of the slightest
pretext — an hour of sunlight or a rise of temperature — to mount a busli
and rehearse his cheerful lay. The song is not continuous, but it is fre-
quently repeated thru periods of several minutes, and is followed by little
intervals of placid contemplation.

But no matter how gentle a bird's disposition may be. there is ample
use, alack! for the note of warning and distrust. When, therefore, the
Song Sparrow's nesting haunts are invaded, the bird emits a chip or cliirp.
still musical, indeed, but very anxious. In winter the resident birds denv
themselves even this characteristic cry: and, except for the occasional out-
bursts of full song, they are limited to a high nasal tss. which seems to
serve the purpose of a flocking, or recognition, call. Song Sparrows are
not really gregarious birds ; nor are they even seen in close pro.ximity save

144 THE RUSTY SONG SPARROW.

in mating time: but they like to assure tliemselves, ne\'ei"theless, that a dozen
of their fellows are within call against a time of need.

Silver-tongue is a bird of the ground and contiguous le\-els. When
hiding, he does not seek the depths of the foliage in trees, but skulks among
the dead leaves on the ground, or even threads his way thru log heaps. If
driven from one covert, the bird dashes to another with an odd jerking
flight, working its tail like a pump-handle, as tho to assist progress. Ordi-
narilv the bird is not fearful, altho retiring i.n disposition. Apart from the
haunts of men the Song Sparrow of western Washington is closely attached
to the water; and is not to be looked for sa\e in damp woods, in swamps,
in the \icinity of open water, whether of lake or ocean, or along the brushy
margins of streams. Indeed, its habits are beginning to assume a slightly
acjuatic character. Not only does it plash about carelessly in shallow water,
but it sometimes seizes and de\'ours small minnows.

Save in favored localities, such as the margins of a tule swamp, nests
of the Rusty Song Sparrow are not obtrusively common. "Back East,"
in a season of all around nesting, about one-fifth of the nests found would
be those of the Song Sparrow. Not so r)n Puget Sound; for, altho the
birds are common, heavy cover is ten times nir)re common, and I would
sooner undertake to find a dozen Warblers' nests than as many Song-
Sparrows'. Nesting begins about A]iril ist, at which time nests are com-
monlv built upon the ground or in a tussock of grass or tules. The end
of a log, o\ershadowed Iw growing ferns, is a favorite place later in the
season ; while brush-heaps, bushes, fir saplings, trees, or clambering \'ines,
such as ivy and clematis, are not despised.

Tlic eggs, Mr. Bowles finds, are almost invariably four in number, as
in a \'erv large number of sets examined only one contained five eggs.
Thev are of a light greenish blue in ground color, and are spotted and
blotched hea\-ilv and irregularly with reddish browns, especially aliout the
larsfer end. Several broods are raised each season.

The Rustv Song Sparrow, because of its alnmdance in winter, affords
the impression of being strictly a resident ])ird in western \\^ashington. Such
mav be the case with a majority of the individuals, but there is still evidence
of a southward movement of the race, the place of local birds being supplied
in winter partlv bv British C<ilumbia birds, which show a heavier and more
uniformlv blended type of plumage, a]iproaching that of il/. r. nifiiin.

THE SOOTY SONG SPARROW. 145

No. 58.

SOOTY SONG SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 581 f. Melospiza melodia rufina (Bonap.).

Description. — Similar to il/. iii. iiwrphiia but larger and with coloration
darker, more blended; general color of upperparts deep sooty brown or bister,
brightening on greater wing-coverts and tertials ; back obscurely streaked with
darker; median crown-stripe obsolete or at least indistinct; streaking of under-
parts dark brown. Length 6.50 (165) or over; wing 2.75 (70) ; tail 2.64 (67) ;
bill .48 (12.3); tarsus ,92 (23.5).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size: dark brown coloration; plumage of
upperparts blended, almost uniform. Requires careful distinction from PasscvcUa
but is smaller and variegation of head still traceable.

Nesting. — As in preceding. Does not breed in Washington.

General Range. — "Southern Alaska (islands and coast) ; north to Cross
Sound. Cilacier Bay, Lynn Canal, etc. ; south to north side of Dixon Entrance,
in winter to coast of British Columbia, Vancouver Island, and northwestern
Washington (Olympic Mountains)" (Ridgway ).

Range in Washington. — Winter resident in northwestern portion of State —
not common.

Authorities. — M. cincrca rufina (Brandt), Ridgway, Birds of North and
Middle America, A^ol L p. 374. E.
Specimens. — Prov. E.

THESE larger and darker birds reach our northern borders in winter
only, having retired thus far from their home in southern Alaska. Their
demeanor while with us is even more modest than that of the local Silver-
tongue ; and when one is stalking the dank woods of Whatcom County on
the qui z'iz'c for varieties, it requires a second glance to distinguish this Song
Sparrow, witli its softl}' blended plumage, from a winter Fox Sparrow.

No. 59.
LINCOLN'S SPARROW.

A. O. LT. No. 583. Melospiza lincolnii (Aud.).

Synonyms. — Lincoln's Song Sparrow. Lincoln Finch.

Description. — Adults: Above, much like M. mdodia uioutana, but crown
brighter rufous, and with more decided black markings ; back browner and more
broadly and smartly streaked with black ; the gray of back sometimes with a
bluish and sometimes with an olivaceous tinge ; below, throat and belly white, the
former never i|uite immaculate, but with small arrow-shaped black marks ; sides

146 THE LINCOLN SPARROW.

of head and neck and remaining nndcrparts creamy buff, ever3'\vhere marked by
elongated and sharply defined black streaks ; usually an abrupt dusky spot on
center of breast ; bill blackish above, lighter below, feet brownish. Length about
5.75 (146.1): av. of six specimens: wing 2.48 (63); tail 2. 11 (53.6); bill
.40 ( 10.2).

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size ; bears general resemblance to Song
Sparrow, from which it is clearly distinguished by buft'y chest-band, and liy nar-
row, sharp streaks of breast and sides.

Nesting. — Xcst: much like that of Rusty Song Sparrow, of dried grasses,
etc., usually on ground, rarely in bushes. Eijgs: 3 or 4, greenish white spotted
and blotched with chestnut and grayish. Av. size, .80 x .58 ( 20.3 x 14.7). Season:
June, July : two ( ? ) broods.

General Range. — North .\merica at large breeding chiefly north of the
United States (at least as far as the Yukon Valley) and in the higher parts of
the Rockv Mountains and the Cascade-Sierras; south in winter to Panama.

Range in Washington. — Imperfectly made out — probaljly not rare sjiring
and fall migrant, at least west of the Cascades ; found breeding in the Rainier
National Park.

Authorities.— ["Lincoln's Finch." Johnson, Rep. Gov. W. T. 1884 (1885),
22.] Bowles and Dawson, Auk, XX\'. Oct. 1908, p. 483.

Specimens. — (U. of W.) Prov. B.

MODESTY is a beautiftil trait, and, I suppose, if we had always to
choose between the brazen arrogance of the English Sparrow and the shy
timorousness of this bird-afraid-of-his-shadow, we should feel obliged to
accept the latter. But why should a bird of such inconspicuous color steal
silently thru our forests and slink along our streams w'ith bated breath as
if in mortal dread of the human eye? Are we then such holigloblins?

Thrice only ha\-e I seen this bird, and then in mirthcrn Ohio. On tlie
first occasion two of us followed a twinkling suspicion along a shadowy
woodland stream for upwards of a hundred yards. Finally we neared the
edge of the woods. There was light ! exposure ! recognition ! ^\'ith an
inward groan the flitting shape quitted the last brush-pile and rose twenty
feet to a tree-limb. Just an instant — but enough for our purpose — and he
had whisked over our heads, hot-wing upon the dusky back trail. That
same May day we came upon a little company of these Sparrows halted by
the forbidding aspect of Lake Erie, and dallying for the nonce in the dense
thickets which skirted a sluggish tributary. Here they skulked like moles,
and it was only by patient endeavor that we were able to cut out a single
bird and constrain it to intermittent exposure at the edge of the stream.
Here, at intervals, from the opposite bank, we eagerly took note of its head-
stripes, pale streaked breast, and very demure airs, and listened to snatches
of a sweet but very weak song, with which tlie bird favored us in spite of

THE LINCOLN SPARROW.

147

our "persecution." Is it any wonder that the Lincohi Sparrow is so Httle
known to fame?

While rated a regular summer resident of British America and Alaska,
Lincoln's Sparrow has also been found breeding in the mountains of eastern
Oregon, California, Utah, and Colorado. It ought, therefore to occur in
Washington : but we have only to shrug our shoulders and say with the
lawyer, noii est iui'ditiis. Indeed, the only positive record we have of the
bird's occurrence at any season is that of a specimen taken by A. Gordon
Bowles, Jr., in W^right's Park, Tacoma, May 22, iqo6.

So much penned in good
faith in April, 1908. In
June of the same year the
good fairy of the bird-man
piloted him to a spot where
the Lincoln Sparrows were.
so numerously and so thor-
oly at home, that he began
to wonder whether he
might not have been dream-
ing after all for the past
quarter of a century. Ten
or a dozen pairs were
foutid occupying the well-
known swamp at Longmire's
Springs. On the 30th of
June they were much more
in evidence than the Rusty
Song Sparrows, which occu-
pied the same grassy fast-
nesses; and altho the
females were not done wait-
ing on overgrown babies,
the males were loudly urg-
ing their second suits.

The song of the Lincoln
Sparrow is of a distinctly musical order, being gushing, vivacious, and
wren-like in quality, rather than lisping and wooden, like so many of our
sparrow songs. Indeed, the bird shows a much stronger relationship in
song to the Purple Finch than to its immediate congeners, the Song
Sparrows. The principal strain is gurgling, rolling, and spontaneous, and
the bird has ever the trick of adding two or three inconsequential notes at
the end of his ditty, quite in approved Purple Finch fashion. "Liiikit/^,

Taken at

Longmire^s

Springs.

LINCOLN'S SONG SPARROW.

ALLAN BROOKS AFTER PHOTO BY THE AUTHOR.

148 THE KADIAK FOX SPARROW.

linkup pcrly z^'crly n'illic ivillic ivccce (dim.)" said one; "Rigylc, jiggle, cct
eet eet ccr oor," another. "Clic zvilly zvilly zvilly die quill"; "Lcc Ice Ice
quilly nilly ivilly," and other such, came with full force and freshness at a
hundred yards to the listeners on the back porch at Longmire's.

When studied in the swamp, the Lincoln Finches were found to be
more reluctant than Song Sparrows to expose themselves, but one pair,
anxious for their young, sat out against a clear sky again and again. The
bird was seen occasionally to erect its crown feathers in inquiry or excite-
ment, as do Chipping Sparrow, Nuttall Sparrow, ct al. A Yellow Warbler,
stumbling into the manorial bush, was set upon furiously ; but she made off
philosophically, knowing that her punishment was after the accepted code.
A Rustv Song Sparrow, however, was allowed to sit quietly at a foot's
remove, not, apparently, because he was so much bigger, nor even because
nearer of kin, but rather because of common parental anxiety. The contrast
here was instructive; the Lincoln Sparrow being not only smaller but more
lightly colored and with a sharp-cut streakiness of plumage. A comparison
of many examples showed the similarity of head pattern between the two
Sparrows to be very noticeable, while the buffy tinge of the Lincoln's breast
would appear to be one of its least constant marks.

An alleged sub-species, Forbush's Sparrow, M. I. striata. "Similar to
M. lincolni l.iut superciliary stripes and upperparts more strongly olivaceous,
and dark streaks especially on back and upper tail-coverts, coarser, blacker,
and more numerous," has been ascribed to British Columbia and western
Washington, but the material at liand is meager and inconclusive, and the
proposed form has been passed upon ad\'ersely by Ridgway.

No. 60.
KADIAK FOX SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 585 a (part). Passerella iliaca insularis Ridgway.

[Description of Passerella iliaca unalaschensis ( Shumagin Fox Sparrow). —
Adults: "Pileum and hindneck brownish gray or grayish brown fnearly hair
brown) passing into clear gray (mouse gray or smoke gray) on superciliary
region and sides of neck; auricular region brownish gray, with narrow and indis-
tinct shaft streaks of whitish ; back, scapulars, and rump plain hair brown ; greater
wing-coverts, tertials and upper tail-coverts dull cinnamon brown, the rest of
wings intermediate between the last named color and color of back, except edges
of outermost primaries, which are pale hair brown ; underparts white, the fore-
neck, sides of throat (submalar region), chest, and sides of breast marked with
triangular spots of deep grayish brown or drab ; the flanks broadly streaked or
striped with the same (both sides and flanks mostly grayish brown laterally) :

THE KADIAK FOX SPARROW. 149

malar region white flecked with grayish brown ; under tail-coverts grayish brown
centrally, broadly margined with white or buffy white; middle of throat and
breast usually with a few small spots of brown ; maxilla dusky on culmen, paler
on tomia ; mandible pale colored (yellowish in winter, pinkish or liliaceous in
summer) ; iris brown; legs and feet brown" (Ridgway).]

Description. — "Similar to P. i. uiialaschciisis but much browner and more
uniform in color above (back, etc., warm sepia brown instead of grayish brown or
brownish gray) ; spots on chest, etc., larger and deeper brown; under tail coverts
more strongly tipped with buff" (Ridgway ). Length of adult male (skins) : 6.78
(172.5) ; wing 3.30 (83.8) ; tail 2.92 (74.1) ; bill .50 ( 12.7 i ; tarsus 1.02 (25.9).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size; uniform brownish coloration of back;
underparts heavily spotted with brown; broicncr than iinalaschcnsis but duller
than fo-L^iiscndi: larger than aniicctcns: color of crown unbroken as compared
with Rusty Song Sparrow (Mclospica incJodia luorphna), also bird larger.

General Range. — "Kadiak Island, Alaska, in summer ; in winter south along
the coast slope to southern California."

Range in Washington. — \\'inter resident and migrant west of Cascades.

Authorities. — Passerella tozvnsendii Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. 1858.
p. 489 part I, Whitbeys Id., winter). — Fide Ridgway.

A singular fatality (or, more strictlv, i^'ant of fatality) has attended our
efforts to secure a representative series of migrating Fox Sparrows on Puget
Sound. The birds have only revealed themselves in city parks or otherwise in
the absence of a gun. It is practically certain that all the Alaskan forms described
by ]\Ir. Ridgway occur here regularly in winter and during migrations but so
unobtrusive are the birds and so dense the cover afforded that we have been
completely baffled in our attempts, and find ourselves obliged, at the last moment,
to fall back upon Mr. Ridgway's original descriptions in Birds of North and
Middle America, \'ol. I. (p. 389 ff ), and for the use of these we desire again to
express our grateful obligations.

For additional remarks on the Shumagin Fo.x Sparrow {P. i. iinalaschcnsis)
and the Yakutat Fox Sparrow (P. /s auncctcnsj see Hypothetical List in Volume
II. of this work.

FIELD identification of the Fox Sparrows by means of binocular.s
may not command tlie respect of precise scientists. But there he sat, placid,
at twenty feet, in a well-lighted grove on the Xisqually Flats, on the loth
day of February, 1906. See; twenty divided by eight (the magnifying
power of the glasses ) equals two and a half. At arm's length I held him,
wliile I noted that tlie upperparts were dull hair-brown thriiout, not notice-
ably brightening on wings and tail but perhaps a shade darker on the crown ;
underparts heavily but clearly spotted with a warmer brown — so, obviously
and indisputably, neither a Sooty nor a Townsend. Shumagin (P. i. una-
laschcnsis) perhaps ; but Ridgway^ enters all Puget Sound winter records
as Kadiaks, and we must follow the gleam until we are able to perfect the
light of our own little lanterns by the flash of a shot-gun.

a. Birds of North and Mid. Am., Vol. I., p. 391.

ISO THE TOWNSEND SPARROW.

No. 6i.

TOWNSEND'S SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 585a (part). Passerella iliaca townsendi (Aiululjon).

[Description of P. i. anucctcns (Yakutat Fox Sparrow). — "Similar to P. i.
insnlaris but smaller ( the bill especially ) and coloration slightly browner"
(Ridgw.).]

Description. — Adults: Similar to P. i. anucctcns but coloration darker and
richer (inclining to chestnut brown); spots on chest, etc., larger. "Above deep
Vandyke brown, duller (more sooty) on pileum, more reddish (inclining to burnt
umber or dark chestnut brown) on upper tail-coverts and tail; sides of head deep
sooty brown, the lores dotted, the auricular region finely streaked, with dull
whitish : general color of underparts white, but everywhere spotted or streaked
with deep chestnut brown or vandyke brown, the spots mostly of triangular
( deltoid and cuneate ) form, very heavy and more or less confluent on chest,
smaller on throat and breast; sides and flanks almost uniform deep brown, the
latter tinged with buiify or pale tawny, under tail-coverts deep olive or olive-brown
broadly margined with buffy or pale fulvous." Length of adult male (skins) :
6.67 (169.4); wing 3.17 (80.5); tail 2.78 (70.6); bill .47 (11.9); tarsus
i.oo (25.4).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size; warm brown ( nearl}- uniform) colora-
tion of upper]xirts ; heavy spotting of chest, etc. Absence of distinctive head
markings will distinguish bird from local Song Sparrows, and robust form with
conical beak from migrating Hermit Thrushes.

Nesting. — As next. Does not breed in Washington.

General Range. — "Coast district of southern Alaska (islands and coast of
mainland from southern side of Cross Sound, Lynn Canal, etc., to north side of
Dixon Entrance) ; in winter, south to northern California" (Ridgway).

Range in Washington. — Common migrant and (possibly) winter resident
west of Cascades.

Authorities. — ? Friugilla tozcnscndi Audubon, C)rn, Biog. Y. 1839, 236, pi.
424, fig. 7 (Columbia River). Townsend, Narrative (1839), p. 345. Passerella
tozvnsendii. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. 1858, p. 489. C&S. Ra. Kk. B.
E(H).

Specimens. — ( U. of W.) Prov. B. C.

TIME was when all the \-arious Fox Sparrows of the Pacific North-
west were lumped together under the name Townsend's Sparrow. A more
critical age, however, under the leadership of Professor Ridgway, has
resolved the bewildering array of shifting browns into five forms, or sub-
si)ecies, assigning to each summer quarters according to the dullness or
brightness of its coat. The end is not yet, of course, but the distinctions
already made are sufficiently attenuated to cause the public to yawn. Suffice
it to say, that this is one of the plastic species long resident on the Pacific

THE TOWNSEND SPARROW. 151

Coast; ami that the varying conditions of rainfall and temperature, to which
the birds have been subjected thruout the greater portion of the year, have
given rise to five recognizable forms of the Townsend Sparrow.

Probably all forms are migrator}', but the northernmost member of the
group, the Shumagin Fox Sparrow (P. i. inialascliciisis) has not been taken
except in its summer home, the Alaska Peninsula, Unalaska, and the Shu-
magins. The remaining four are known to retire in winter as far south as
California: but whether they preserve the 2. 3, 4. 5, arrangement in winter,
or whether the order is roughly reversed (as is true in the case of certain
other species), so that number 2 goes farthest south, while number 5, less
anxious as to the se^-erities of winter, migrates, as it were, half-heartedly,
and becomes for a time the northernmost form, we cannot tell. However
this may be, Townsend's Sparrow proper (P. i. toxvnscndi) appears to out-
number any of the remoter forms during at least the spring migrations; and
because it is our next neighbor on the nortli, should be entitled to more
consideration than plain heathen birds.

At no time does the absorpti\-e power of our matchless Puget Sound
cover appear to greater advantage than during the migration of the Fox
Sparrows. However tliey may choose to move at night, by day they frequent
the dense tangles of salal and salmon lirusli. or skulk about in cedar swamps.
To search for them is useless, but if you are much out-of-doors the time
will come, while you are footing it softly along some woodland path, that
a demure Itrown ])ird will hop out in front of vou and look unconcernedly
for tid-bits before your very eyes. The bird is a little larger than a Song
Sparrow, but you will require a second glance to note that the colors of the
upperparts are smoothly blended, that the head lacks the \-ague stripiness
of Mclospiza, and that the underparts are spotted instead of streaked. Or,
it may be. that you chance upon him as he is busily scratching among the
fallen alder leaves. Scratching is hardlv the word tho. for the bird leaps
forward and e.Kecutes an extravagant double kick backward, landing in-
variably at the edge of the cleared space. Here, without a moment's delay,
he proceeds to glean liusily, whereas you rather expected him to pause at
the end of his stunt, like the acrobat, awaiting the con\-entional burst of
applause. If }-ou must needs pursue the path, he hops back into the thicket
and you have seen, perhaps, your last Fo.x Sparrow for this year, altho his
nu'grating kinsmen must number millions.

152 THE SOOTY FOX SPARROW.

No. 62.

SOOTY FOX SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 585a (part). Passerella iliaca fiiliginosa Ridgway.

Description. — .Idiilts: Upperparts, sides of head, neck, and lateral under-
parts nearly nniform dark brown (sepia brown — "sooty" not inappropriate),
warming slightly upon exposed surfaces of wings and upon rump and outer
edges of rectrices ; below white save for under tail-coverts, which have clear
huffy wash, everywhere save on middle belh' heavily marked with large, chiefly
triangular, spots of the color of back or darker — spotting heaviest on breast
where nearly confluent. Bill black above shading on sides into yellow of lower
mandible; feet pale ruddy brown or wine-color. Length (of a single fresh
specimen) 7.45 (191.7) ; wing ( av. ) 3.21 (81.5) ; tail 2.91 (y/) ; bill .48 (12.2) ;
tarsus 1.02 (25.9).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow to Chewink size; uniform sooty brown col-
oration of head and u])perparts ; heavily spotted below with sepia or blackish ;
darker above and more heavily spotted below than any migrant form of the
P. i. iiualascliciisis group.

Nesting. — Nest: a bulky structure with a broad, flat brim, of mosses, grasses,
twigs, woody fibers, weed-stalks, often heavily lined with fine dry grass of
contrasting color and witli an inner mat of fur, hair or feathers ; placed at
moderate heights in thickets or saplings ; measures externally 6 inches across
by 3 deep, internally 23/^ across by 1% deep. Eggs: 4. greenish blue, spotted,
or spotted and clouded, with reddish brown. Av. size, .94 x .68 (23.8x17.3).
Season: May-July; two broods.

General Range. — Summer resident in coast region of British Columbia and
northwestern \\'asliington ; in winter south along the coast to San Francisco.

Range in Washington. — Breeding on the San Juan Islands and upon the
northern and western shores of the Olympic Peninsula ; not uncommon migrant
on Puget Sound.

Authorities. — ( ?) Baird, Rep. Pac, etc., 489 part; ( ?) Cooper and Suckley
Rep. Pac, etc., 204 part; ( ?) Sclater Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 119 part (Simiahmoo
[sic]) ; Ridgway, Auk, XVI. Jan. 1899, 36 (Neah Bay). Kb. E.

Specimens. — Prov. BN. E.

THE mystery of the Fox Sparrow clears a little as we move northward
on Puget Sound, and may even resolve itself one day as we spend a lazy
July in camp on one of the San Juan islands. We are puzzled, as the tent
pegs are being driven, by certain sprightly songs bursting out now here, now
there, from the copse. We labor under a sence of avian surveillance as we
gather fuel from the beach, but the songs are too joyous and limpid to make
precise connections with anything in previous experience. It is not till the
cool of the evening, when we seek the spring, back in the depths of the
thicket, that we come upon a fair birdmaiden slyly regaling lierself upon a

THE SOOTY FOX SPARROW.

153

luscious salmon-berry, flushed to the wine-red of perfection, while three of
her suitors peal invitations to separate bowers in the neighboring tangles.
She flees guiltily on detection, but the secret is out; we know now where
these shy wood nymphs keep themselves in summer.

The male bird is sometimes emboldened by the moment of song to
venture into the tops of willows or alders, but even here he hugs the screen
of leaves and is ready in a trice to dive into the more familiar element of
bushes. Once under cover of the protecting salal, or among the crowding
ferns, the Fox Sparrows are excelled by none in their ability to get about
with a modicum of disturbance; and the longest journeys, such as are made
necessary in the time of clamoring young, appear to be made by slipping
and sliding thru the maze of intersecting stems. The song is varied and
vivacious; but, save for the opening notes, is neither very strong nor ver}'
brilliant. The opening
phrase, however, Pczvit,
hen, comes as a tin)-
bugle call into which is
distilled the essence of all
dank hollows, of all rus-
tling leaves, of all mur-
muring tides, and of all
free-blowing breezes. It
is the authentic voice of
the little wild.

On a July day a trio
of Indian boys, Ouillay-
utes, were showing the
bird-man a round of be-
lated nesters, while he
was looking for opportu-
nities to photograph eggs,
and also recording Ouil-
layutan bird names in
passing. A Rusty Song
Sparrow's nest held only
weanlings, mildly hideous,
and the leader, a lad of ten, expressed regret that he could not show me the
nest of another kind of Song Sparrow. With excess of Caucasian pride
I assured him that there was only one species of Song Sparrow to be found
locally, but my learned statements drew forth only puzzled and unconvicted
glances. Some days later when I had taken a set of Sooty Fox Sparrow's
eggs from a neighboring islet, the boys clamored in triumph, "That's it;

From a Photograph Copyright, 1907, by W. L. Dawson.
CARROLL ISLET— SOUTH EXPOSURE.

WHERE THE FIRST NEST OF THE SOOTY F0-\ SPARROW WAS FOUND.

154

THE SOOTY FOX SPARROW.

thiise are the eggs of Talibalililclitcli. llie oilier Sung Sparrow we told you
about." The boy.s were near enough right : the Fox Sparrow is for all the
ordinary world lil<e a Song Sparrow; and I venture that not a dozen white
boys in Washington ever saw the bird itself, let alone distinguishing it by
name.

The eggs referred to were ftiund amid most romantic surroundings, on

Taken on Carroll Islcl. Photo bji the Author.

NEST OF SOOTY FO.\ SPARROW IN FERN CEUMP.

THE NEST ITSELF IS ALMOST INVISIBLE BECAUSE BURIED IN MOSS AND FEBN LEAVES,

a sea-girt islet a mile or two out frotn the Pacific shore. The island is
given over to sea-birds, and these nest upon its precipitous sides to the
number of thousands: but the center of the rock is crowned with a grove
of spruce trees, which overshadow a dense growth of sahnon-berry bushes.
In a clump of the latter at a height of six feet was placed a very bulky but
unusually han<ls()me nest, which held, in the really tiny cu]) which occupies
the upper center of the structure, three eggs of a greenisli blue color heavily
spotted and marbled with warm browns. The nest measures externally eight
and ten inches in width, internally two; in depth four inches outside and
only one and a half inside. It is composed chiefly of green mosses set in

THE SLATE-COLORED SPARROW. 155

dead spruce twigs with a few twisted weed stalks; while the lining is of a
light-colored, fine, dead grass, very loosely arranged, and a few breast-
feathers of the Glaucous-winged Gull. A nestful of young Peregrine
Falcons were conversing in screams with their doting parents in the spruce
trees overhead, and terrorizing the island thereby ; but the Sooty Fox
Sparrows stepped forward modestly to claim ownership in the nest which
"Science" unfortunately required. The date was July 21, igo6, and the
eggs were nearly upon the point of hatching.

Thus, the north and west slopes of the Olynipic Mountains, together
with the islands of lower Puget Sound, appear to mark the southern breeding
range of the coastal Fox Sparrows. This form has not been reported
breeding upon the mainland east of Puget Sound, but it is difficult to see
why it should not do so. It is rather the commonest form during the spring
and fall migrations, and there is no e\-idence as yet that it tarries with us
in winter.

No. 63.

SLATE-COLORED SPARROW.

A. O. U. No. 585 c. Passerella iliaca schistacea (llaird).

Synonym. — Sl.ate-colorEd Fox Sparrow.

Description. — .idiilfs: Upperparts slaty gray tinged with olivaceous, chang-
ing abruptly to russet brown on upper tail-coverts, and tail ; wings brown bright-
ening, more rusty, on edges of greater coverts and secondaries ; some white
fleckings below eye, and supraloral spot dull whitish ; underparts white shaded
with color of back on sides ; the sides of throat, chest, and sides of breast heavily
and distinctly marked with triangular spots of sepia; lower breast (and some-
times middle of throat) flecked, and sides and flanks striped, with the same
shade ; under tail-coverts grayish brown centrally edged broadlv with bufTy.
Young birds are tinged with brown above and are duller white below with less
distinct markings. Length of adult male 7.00-7.50 ( 177. 8-190.5 ) ; wing 3.15
(80) ; tail 3.15 (80) ; bill .47 (12) ; tarsus .92 (23.3).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow to Chewink size ; slaty gray and brown
coloration above with heavy spotting on breast distinctive; gray instead of brown
on back as compared with the five members of the iinalaschensis group.

Nesting. — Nest: a bulky affair of twigs, weed-stalks, grasses, etc., placed
on ground or low in bushes of thicket. Eggs: 3-5, usually 4, greenish brown
sharply spotted or (rarely) blotched with chestnut. Av. size .85 x .65 (21.6 x
16.5). Season: ]\Iay-July ; two broods.

General Range. — Rocky Mountain district of United States and British
Columbia west to and including the Cascade Mountains, the White Mountains

156 THE SLATE-COLORED SPARROW.

of southeastern California, and the mountains of northeastern Cahfcjrnia; south
in winter to New Mexico, Arizona, etc.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident in tiie timl)ered (hstricts of the
East-side and in the Cascade Mountains (west to j\lt. Rainier).

Authorities. — ["Slate-colored sparrow," Johnson, Rep. Gov. W. T. 1884
(1885), j_'J. Bendire, Life Hist. N. A. Birds, Vol. H., p. 435.

THE residents of Cannon Hill, in S[)i>kane, are to be congratulated,
not alone for their wealth, for Nature is not curious as to liank accounts,
but for the rare good taste which has been displayed in utilizing the largess
of Nature. Instead of going in with axe and shovel and fire-brand, first
to obliterate the distinctive features of Nature and then rear mocking plati-
tudes in mortar and stone upon her pale ashes, they have accepted the glory
of her grim la\'a bastions and the grace of her unhewn pines; nor have they
even despised the tangles nf wild shrubbery, those decent draperies without
which both tree and cliff would be overstark. To be sure the landscape artist
with consummate skill has said to the piny sentinel, "Stand here!" and to
the co])se, "Sit there!" but he has not forgotten withal the primeval rights
of the feathered aborigines. As a result the birds apf^roi'c. What higher
meed could mortal ask? Or where is there a better criterion of taste?
Taken all in all I doubt if there is a more delightful spot in Washington in
which to study bird life, certainh- not within municipal bounds, than
Cannon Hill affords.

Here, for instance, is this wood sjjrite, the very genius of the tmravished
wild ; no one would think of looking for him in a cit}', yet of an early morn-
ing as the bird-man was passing along Seventh Avenue, he was arrested by
the crisp and hearty notes of a Slate-colored Sparrow, coming from a Inish
in an artistically unkempt corner of the adjoining yard. In the half liglit,
nothing in the pose and appearance of this bird would have induced an
ornithologist to bestow a second glance npi ni the evident Song Sparrow,
had it not been for the sweet and powerful challenge which poured from
his earnest beak. Oorce, rickit, loopitccr, it said, with varied cadence and
minor change, which gave evidence of no mean abiIit^^ There is something
so forthright and winsome about the song of this modest bird, that the
listener promptly stu'reiiders "at discretion," and begins to ask eager questions
of his dainty captor.

A few yards furtber on three of these Sparrows were seen feeding on
a well-kept lawn, but ready to skurry at a breath to the shelter of bush-
clumps, thoughtfullv provided. And all this in the first week in Jime, the
very height of nesting time! With this as an example, what need to speak
of Hammond Flycatchers, Mountain Chickadees, Catbirds, Pine Siskins,
Audubon Warblers, Shufeldt Jimcoes, Cassin Finches, Pygmy Nuthatches,
American Crossbills, Cassin Vireos, Louisiana Tanagers, Ruby-crowned

THE SLATE-COLORED SPARROW.

157

Kinglets, Olive-sided Flycatchers, Evening Grosbeaks. X'iolet -green Swal-
lows, Black-chinned Hummingbirds, Bobwhites, and a host of commoner
sorts, all residents of the same demesne? "Unto him that hath shall be
given." Unto these who have shown appreciation and consideration, has
been gi\-en the friendship of the birds, and the_\" deserve their good fortune.

On the 5th of June we visited a nest which had been located a few days
before in a little aspen grove beyond Garden Springs. The nest was placed
upon the ground at the base of a small tree, and it sat so high, without pre-
tense of concealment, that it was plainly visible with all its contents two
rods away.

The female was brooding, but upon our approach she slipped cjuietly
off and left her three callow young to the tender mercies of tlie bird-man
and his big glass eye, set at four feet, while she began searching for food
upon the ground a }'ard or two away.

Taken ill Rainier National Park.

From a Photograph Copyrighf.igoS, by IV. /,. Da'vson.
WITH UNCLOUDED BROW.

A HAUNT Of THE SLATE-CCLORED SPARROW.

158 THE GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE.

The male bird appeared, once, upuii a bush some twenty feel away,
making no hostile demonstration but beaming rather a hearty contidence, as
wiio siiould say, "Well, I see you are getting along nicely at home; that's
right, enjoy yourselves, and I'll finish up this bit of hoeing before supper."

The miither l)ird. meanwhile, was uttering mi complaint of the strange
presence, preferring instead to glean food industriously from under the carpet
of green leaves. Soon she returned, hopping up daintily. Standing upon
the elevated Ijrim of her nest she carefully surveyed her brood without
proffer of food, as tho merely to assure herself of their welfare. I
"snapped" and she retreated, not hastily, as tho frightened, but quietly as
matter of reasonable prudence. Again and again during the hour I had
her under fire, she returned to her brood. Each tiiue she retired before the
mild roar of the curtain shutter, ne\-er hastily or nervousl)', but deliberately
antl demurelv. Thrice she fed her briM.d. tluusting her beak, which bore
no external signs of food, deep down into the upturned gullets of the three
children. Thrice she attempted to brood her babes, and very handsome and
very mulherlv she looked, with fluffed feathers and mildly incpiisitive eye;
but the necessary movement fdllowing an exposure sent her away for a
season.

When absent she neither moped nor scolded, but discreetly set about
scratching for food, always within a range of ten or fifteen feet of the nest.
At such times she would look up trustfully and unabashed. Upon the return
she never flew, and there was nothing to .advise the waiting camerist of her
approach, save the rustle of leaves as she came liop, hopping, until she stood
upon tlie familiar brim.

The o])porlunities for picture-making were simply unlimited, save for
the weakness of the leaf-diluted light. Seldom have I been stirred to such
admiration as in the case of this gentle mother Schisfacca. So demure, so
e\'en-tempered, and so kindly a bird-person, with such a preserving air of
gentle breeding, I have not often seen. It was an hour to be long
remembered.

No. 64.

GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE.

A. O. U. No. 592.1. Oreospiza chlorura (Aud.).

Synonyms. — Green-t.mlEd Finch. I'iL.vndi.ng's Finch.

Description. — .-Idiilts: Crown and occiput rich chestnut: forehead blackish
gray with whitish loral spot on each side ; remaining upperparts olive-gray tinged
more or less with bright olive-green ; wings and tail with brighter greenish
edgings : bend of wing, axillaries and under coverts yellow ; chin and throat

THE GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE. 159

white bordered by dusky submaxillary stripe; sides of head aud neck and re-
maining underparts ashy gray, clearing to white on abdomen, tinged with huffy
or brownish on sides, flanks and crissum. Bill blackish above, paler below ;
legs brown, toes darker; irides cinnamon. Young birds are brown above tinged
with greenish and streaked with dusky but with wings and tail much as in adult.
Length of adult about 7.00 (177.8); wing 3.15 ( 80 ) ; tail 3.30 (84); bill .50
( IJ.7) ; tarsus .94 (24).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size; rufous crown, white throat; greenish
coloration of upperparts.

Nesting. — "Nest: in bush or on the ground. Eggs: .go x .68 (22.8.x 17.2) ;
pale greenish or grayish white, freckled all over with bright reddish brown,
usually aggregating or wreathing at the larger end" (Coues).

General Range. — "Mountain districts of western LInited States, from more
eastern Rocky Mountain ranges to coast range of California; north to central
Montana and Idaho and eastern Washington" (Ridgway). South in winter to
]\fe.xico and Lower California.

Range in Washington. — Presumably summer resident in the Blue
Mountains.

Authorities. — ["Green-tailed towhee." Johnson, Rep. Gov. \V. T. 1884
(1885, 22\. Ridgway, Birds of North and Aliddle .\merica. Part I, 401. T( ?).

NOT having ourselves encountered this species we are not able to com-
ment on Prof. Ridgway's inclusion" of eastern Washington in the bird's
breeding range. The Green-tailed Towhee appears to he essentially a
mountain-loving species, and if it occurs within nur hurders, will be nearU'
confined to the Blue JMoimtains of the southeastern corner.

Mr. Trippe, writing from Idaho Springs, Colorado, says of this liird'' :
"It arrives at Idaho early in May, and soon becomes abun<!ant. remaining
till the close of September or early part of October. It is a sprightly, active
little bird with something wren-like in its mox-ements and appearance. It is
equally at home among the loose stones and rocks of a hill-side (where it
hops about with all the agility of the Rock Wren), and the densest thickets
of brambles and willows in the valleys, amidst which it loves to hide. It
is rather sh}-. and prefers to keep at a good distance from any suspicious
object; and if a cat or dog approaches its nest, makes a great scolding, like
the Cat-bird, and calls all tlie neighbors to its assistance; but if a person
walks by, it steals away very cjuielly and remains silent till the danger is
passed. It has a variety of notes which it is fond of uttering; one sounds
like the mew of a kitten, but thinner and more wiry; its song is very fine,
quite difTerent from the Towhee's and vastly superior to it. It builds its
nests in dense clumps of brambles, and raises two broods each season, the
first being hatched about the middle of June."

a. Birds of North and Middle -America, Vol. I., p. 401.

b. Coucs, "Birds of the Northwest" (Ed. 1874), p. 177.

i(5o THE SPURRED TOWHEE.

No. 65.
SPURRED TOWHEE.

A. O. U. No. 588 a. Pipilo maculatus montanus Swartli.

Synonyms. — Chewink. "Catbird."

Description. — Adult male: Head and neck all around, chest and upperparts
black, glossy anteriorly, duller on back ; elongated white spots on scapulars, on
tips of middle and greater coverts and on outer web of exposed tertials ; edge of
wing white and succeeding primaries white on outer web ; outermost pair of
rectrices edged with white on outer web; the three outermost pairs terminally
blotched with white on inner web and the fourth pair touched with same near
tip ; breast and belly white ; sides, flanks and crissum light cinnamon rufous,
bleaching on under tail-coverts to light tawny. Rill black ; feet brownish ; iris red.
Adult female: Similar to male but duller : l)lack of male replaced by slaty with an
olivaceous cast. Length of adult males: 7.50-8.50 ( 190.5-215.9) ; wing 3.17 ('86') ;
tail T).()T, f 100) ; bill .53 ( 13-5) : tarsus 1.07 (27.7) ; hind claw .48 ( 12.2). Female
a little less.

Recognition Marks. — Standard of "Chewink" size; black, white and cin-
namon-rufous unmistakable; hcoTily spotted with white on scapulars and wing as
compared with P. in. Oregon us.

Nesting. — Nest: on the ground in thicket or at base of small sapling, a
bulky collection of bark-strips, pine needles, coarse dead grass, etc., carefully lined
with fine dry grass; measures 5 inches in width and 3 in depth externally by 2^3
wide and 1^2 deep inside. Eggs: 3-5, usually 4, grayish white or pinkish white
as to ground, heavily and uniformly dotted with light reddish brown. Av. size,
.93 X .70 (23.6x17.8). Season: last week in April, last week in May and first
week in June ; two broods.

General Range. — Breeding in Upper Sonoran and Transition zones from the
Rocky Mountains to the Cascade-Sierras and in the Pacific coast district of
central California, and from Lower California and Northern Mexico north into
British Columl)ia : retiring from northern portion of range in winter.

Range in Washington. — Common summer resident east of the Cascades,
found in foothills and mountain valleys up to 3,000 feet; casually resident in
winter.

Authorities. — P. m. inegalony.v, Brewster, B. N. O. C. VH. Oct. 1892,
p. 227. D-. Ss'. Ss-. J.

Specimens.— (U. of W.) P'. Prov. C.

ALTHO of Mexican stock, our western Towhee does not differ greatly
in appearance from the familiar bird (P. erytliropJithaliinis) of the East;
and its habits so closely resemble that of the eastern bird as hardly to require
special description. The Spurred Towhee is a lover of green, thickety hill-
sides and brushy flraws, such cover, in short, as is lumped together under

THE SPURRED TOWHEE.

i6i

llie term "chaparral" further soutli. It is, therefore, narrowly confined to the
vicinity of streams in the more open country, but it abounds along the foot-
hills and follows up the deeper valleys of the Cascades nearly to the divide.

Tow'hee, as a name, is a manifest corruption of tozi.' lice, or to-hzvi',
an imitati\'e word, after the bird's most fann'liar note. Chewink' is an
attempt along the same line, but Marie is what the bird seems to me to say.
It is on this account aldiic that the bird is said to "mew" and is called

^"^raKs

SPURRED TOWHEE. MALE.

"Catbird." The true Catbird, however, always says Ma-d ry. and there is no
cause for confusion. During excitement or alarm the Towhee's note is
always shortened and sharpened to Mrie. with a flirt and jet, and a flash of
the eye. The song variously rendered as "Chce-tcrr, pilly, ivilly, zvilly,"
"Chip, ah. tozi'-hec-ec" and "Yang, kit-cr-cr," is delivered from the top of
a bush or the low limb of a tree ; and while monotonous and very simple, it
retains the pleasing quality of that of the eastern bird. The singer will not
stand for close inspection, for, as Jones says of its cousin": "He is a ner-
vous fellow, emphasizing his disturbance at your intrusion with a nervous

a. Lynds Jones in Dawson's "The Birds of Ohio," p. 94.

1 62

THE -^S PURRED TOWHEE.

JJiijf, fluff of the short wiiii^s, and a jerk and quick spreading of the long,
rounded tail, as if he limped that the flash nf white at its end would startle
the intruder away."

For a nest the
Spurred Towhee
scratches a hollow
at the hase of a
bush or clump in
some dry situa-
tion, ;ind lines
tliis carefully,
first with leaves,
bark - strips and
plant stems, then
with fine grasses
or rootlets. The
eggs, commonly
four in number,
are deposited the
last week in .\pril
r>r first in INla}'.
and the female
clings to her treas-
ures until the
crushing footstep
is ver_\^ imminent.
Once flushed, how-
e\'er, she keeps to
the background,
scolding intermit-
tently, and she
will not return
until long after
the excitement has
died down.
Two broods are raised each season, and the first one, at least, must early
learn to shift for itself. The young birds are obscure, dun-colored creatures,
quite unlike their parents in appearance, and b\- July they infest the buck-
brush of the more open mountain sides in such numbers and apparent \'ariety
as to start a dozen false hopes in the ornithologist's breast each day.

Talccu in Oregon. Photo by A. IV. .-inthony.

NEST AND EGGS OF THE SPURRED TOWHEE.

THE OREGON TOWHEE. 163

No. 66.

OREGON TOWHEE.

A. O. U. No. 588b. Pipilo maculatus oregonus (Rell).

Synonyms. — "Catbird." Chi;Wink,

Description. — Adult male: Similar to P. in. iiioiitainis but darker, the white
spotting of wing and blotches on tail much reduced; two outer pairs of rectrices
blotched and the third touched with white near tip ; cinnamon-rufous of sides,
etc.. richer and deeper. . Idiilt female: Like male but black veiled bv deep reddish
brown (clove brown) skirtings of feathers. Length about 8.50 (216); wing
3.33 (84.6); tail 3.69 {93.7); bill .S7 (14.5): tarsus i.io (27.9): hind claw
.43 (10.91. Female a little smaller.

Recognition Marks. — "Chewink" size : black ( with white spotting on wings)
above; white of breast; deep reddish brown of sides; mewing cry.

Nesting. — Like that of preceding species. Eggs a little larger : Av. size,
1.04 .\ .74 ( 26.4 X 18.8).

General Range. — Pacitic coast district from British Columbia (including
\'ancouvcr Id. ) south to central California; chiefly resident thruout its range.

Range in Washington. — ()f general occurrence, save at higher levels, west
of the Cascades ; resident.

Authorities. — ? Frmgilla arctica, And. C)rn. Biog. V. 1839, 49; pi. 394.
P. oregonus. Bell. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. i8=;8, pp. si 3. S14. (T).
C&S. L-'. Rh. Kb. Ra. Kk. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P. Prov. B. BN. E.

PERHAPS no bird is better known liy \-oice and less by ])lumage than
this sliv recluse of the under forest. Swampv thickets, brush-piles, log-
heaps, and the edges of clearings are his special delight. Hence it is that
the newcomer, taking up quarters at the edge of town, hears this mysterious,
questioning voice, lue-ay .' ineay uli ? rising from the depths of the brusii-lot
opposite. He reports the sound under the name of "Catbird," and asks
the bird -man's opinion. Or, if the newcomer has been persistent enough,
he has a glowing account to give of a handsome black bird with red on its
sides, "like a Robin," and some white below. The bird would only show
himself for a moment at a time, and then he flitted and flirted restlessly
before he dived into cover again, so that the fine points of white spotting
on the wing and white tips on the outer tail feathers were lost out of account.

Of course it is the Oregon Towhee, and the half pleasant, half com-
plaining notes will instu'e him notice forever after. The bird is strictly
resident wherever found, and the unmistakable blackness of his plumage is
due rather to the age-long endurance of rain than to any chance association
with blackened logs and stumps, as might be supposed. Towhee is prince

i64 THE LAZULI BUNTING.

of the underworld, not, of course, in the Mephistopliehan sense, but as the
undoubted aristocrat among those humble folk who skulk under dark ferns,
thread marvelous mazes of interlacing sticks and stalks, explore cavernous
recesses of moss-covered roots, and understand the foundations of things
generally.

The handsome bird is a little impatient of the company of his own kintl,
his faithful spouse always excepted: but he quite appreciates the mild defer-
ence of Rusty Song Sparrows, the bustling sociability of \Vestern Winter
Wrens, or even the intermittent homage of Seattle Wrens. In winter the
Fox Sparrows attach themselves to this humble itinerant coiui, hut they are
a dozen times more bashful than their chief even.

Onlv at mating time does Towhee throw caution to the winds. Tlien
he mounts a sapling and drones away by the hour. The damps of ten thou-
sand winters have reduced his song to a pitiful wdieeze, but he holds forth
as bravely as an\- of his kin, ivlieeeee zvhceeee, and again, ivheeeee. In winter
the birds emplov a peculiar iiissing sound, pssst or hzzzt, not I believe, as a
warning — rather as a keep-in-touch call. It was rather heartening tho to
hear the full song of Towhee on the 29th of December at Blaine. Compari-
sons were unnecessary, and the homel\- trill stood out like a benediction
against the dripping silence.

In feeding, Towhees resort chiefly to the ground. They are not careful
to observe quiet, and one may follow their movements by the attendant rus-
tling of leaves. Scratching for food is a favorite employment, and this they
pursue not bv the methodical clutch and scrape of the old hen, but by a suc-
cession of spirited backward kicks executed by both feet at once, and assisted
by the wings. Bv this method, not only fallen seeds are laid bare but lurking
insects of manv sorts, whicli tlie bird swiftlv devours.

No. 67.

LAZULI BUNTING.

A. O. U. No. 599. Passerina amoena (Say).

Synonyms. — L.^zuLi Finch.

Description. — Adult male: Head and neck all around cerulean blue; this
color carried over upperparts hut pure only on rump, elsewhere appearing as
skirting of feathers ; middle coverts broadly and greater coverts narrowly tipped
with white ; wings and tail otherwise black ; some skirting of ochraceous on back,
scapulars and tertials ; lores black ; chest ochraceous sharply defined from blue
above but shading gradually into white of remaining underparts ; sides and flanks
with outcropping bluish dusky. Bill black above, pale bluish below : feet brownish
dusky; iris brown. Adult female: Above grayish brown, the color of male

THE LAZULI BUNTING. 165

recalled by dull greenish blue of rump and upper tail-coverts and by skirtings of
wing- and tail-feathers; middle and greater coverts tipped with light bufify ;
underparts washed with bulTy, most strongly on chest and sides, fading to whitish
on belly and under tail-coverts. Young birds resemble the female but lack the
bluish-gray of rump and skirtings, and are usually more or less streaked below
on chest and sides. Length of adult male: 5.25-5.50 (133.3-139.7); wing 2.87
(y;^) : tail 2.08 (53) : bill .39 (9.9) ; tarsus .67 ( 17). Female smaller.

Recognition Marks. — \\'arbler size; color pattern of male distinctive. —
female not so easy; in general distinguishable by a softness and uniformity of the
grayish brown.

Nesting. — Xcst: a loosely constructed, bulky structure made chiefly of dead
grasses and strips of soft bark, with a heavy inner lining of hair ; placed about
three feet up in fork of weed, bush or sapling; measures, outside, 4'^ inches
across by 3 in depth, inside, 21/ wide by Ij-S deep. Eggs: 4, very pale blue
unmarked or, rarely, dotted with reddish brown. Av. size .76 x .56 ( 19.3 x 14.2).
Season : first week in June ; one brood.

General Range. — Western United States from eastern border of Great
Plains to the Pacific (less common on Pacific slope) north to southern British
Columbia (chiefly east of the Cascades) ; south, in winter, to Cape St. Lucas and
the \'alley of Mexico.

Range in Washington. — Common summer resident east of Cascade i\Ioun-
tains ; less common and of irregular distribution in the Puget Sound region ;
breeds in Cascades up to 3,000 feet.

Migrations. — Spring: Yakima County ^lay 5, 1906; Chelan Alay 21, 1896.

Authorities. — FFringilla aintrna, Auduhon, Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 64, 230; plates
398, 424. Cvaiwspiza atiuriia Baird. Baird, Rep Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. 1858, p.
505. T. C&S. D'. Ra. D^ Ss'. Ss-'. J. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P'. Prov. B. E.

ONE can scarcely believe his eyes as this jewel flashes from a thicket,
crosses a space of common air, and disappears again all in a trice. Either
there has been some optical illtision, or Nature has grown careless to fling
her turc|uoises about in such fashion. \\'e must investigate. L'^pon arrival,
somewhere about the loth of May, and before the return of his dun-colored
mate, the male Lazuli is (fuite conscious of his prominence in the landscape.
He avoids notice and goes bounding away if closely pressed; but love soon
makes him bold, and he will pursue the object of his affections into the very
thicket wdiere you stand. Then, wdiile the female lurks timidly within, he
motmts a spray and }'ields an otitlnirst of music, piercing and earnest, if not
too sw'eet. We see that his blue is deep azure, or turquoise, rather than that of
the lapis la:::iili fri>ni which he is named. The red of bis breast is nearly that
of the Robin's, while the pure wdiite of the remaining imderparts completes
a patriotic study in red, white, and blue. The female shows something of
the color pattern of her mate, with the important exception that dull brown
supplants the royal blue of head and back. After all. then, they are fitted

1 66

THE LAZULI BUNTING.

for separate splieres : slie to skull< and liide and escape the hostile e_\e in tlie
discharge of iier maternal tluties; he to lose himself against the Ijlue of
heaven, as he sings reassuringly from a tree-top, or sends down notes of
warning upon the approach of danger.

is a rambling warble, not unlike that of

The song of the Lazuli Piuiiling

the IndigD Bunting (C. cyaiica),

but somewhat less energetic. Its brief
course rises and falls in short
cadences and ends with a hasty
jumble of unfinished notes, as tho
the singer were out of lireath.
Aloreover, the bird does not take
his task very seriously, and he does
not burden the mid-day air with
incessant song, as does his tireless
cousin.

Somewhere in the shrubbery and
tangle, whether of saplings, berry-
Imshes, roses, ferns, or weeds, a
rather l)ulky nest is built about an
upright fork, at a height of two
or three feet from the ground. A
nest observed in Yakima County
was begun on the iQtli of June and
jiractically completed by the after-
noon of the following day, — this
;iltlio the first egg was not laid
until the 26th. "Hemp," milkweed
fibers, and dried grasses were used
in construction, and there was an
elaborate lining of horse-hair (poor
dears : what will they do when the
automobile has fully supplanted the
horse ? ) .

AvHviia means pleasant, but the
female amenitv is anything else,
wdien her fancied rights of maternity are assailed. Her vocabulary is
limited, to be sure, to a single note, but her repeated chip is expressive of
all words in dis from distrust to distress and violent disajiprobation.

Taken near Spokane, Photo by Fred S. Merrill.

A I..\ZULI BUNTING'S NEST.

THE BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK.

167

No. 68.

BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK.

A. O. U. Xo. 596. Zamelodia melanocephala (Swains).

Description. — Adult male: ('iC'iH-ral culoratiun black and tawny varied with
white and \ellow ; head glossy hlack, narrowly on chin, and with irregular
invasion of tawny behind ; back, scapulars, wings, and tail chiefly black ; middle
of back with much admixture of tawny; scapulars narrowly tipped with yellowish
huffy or wdiite, two conspicuous white wing patches formed by tips of middle
coverts and basal portion of primaries ; touches of white on tips of greater coverts
and secondaries, and on outer edge of primaries ; touches of yellow ( in highest
plumage) bordering white of wing-coverts, etc. ; terminal third of two outer pairs
of rectrices white on inner webs ; lining of wings and breast centrally rich lemon
yellow : remaining plumage tawny, brightest on throat and chest, with admixture
of black on sides of neck; nearly as bright on rump, but veiled by lighter tips of

TaK'cn in Oregon.

Photo by I'lnU'y Ltnd Bolilman.

ANTICIPATION.

feathers ; lightening posteriorly on remaining underparts ; nearly white on under
tail-coverts; bill bluish gray, darker above; feet plumbeous. Adult female: Like
male, but tawny of underparts paler; u|iperparts dark olivaceous brown with
admixture of white and pale tawnv ; head blackish with white or brownish
median and superciliary stripes; wings and tail fuscous, white markings restricted,
those on tail reduced or wanting; sides and flanks streaked with dusky. Length
7.75-8.50 ( 196.85-215.90) ; wing 3.9 (99) ; tail 3.15 (80) ; bill .71 (18) ; depth of
bill at base .59 ( 15) ; tarsus .95 (24).

Recognition Marks. — Chewink size; black head and variegated plumage of
male ; large beak, with haunts, distinctive.

Nesting. — A^est: a careless but often bulky collection of twigs or weed-

1 68

THE BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK.

stalks, lined, or not, with fine dead grasses; set loosely in branches of bush or
sapling, 6 to 20 feet up. Eggs: 4, greenish blue, boldly spotted or blotched with
reddish brown, dusky brown and lavender, most heavily about larger end. Av.
size 1.00X.68 ( 25.4 .\ 17.27). Season: East-side, May 20; West-side, May 25;
one Ijrood.

Authorities. — ? "Friiigilla iiu'laiioccl^hala. Audulion, Orn. Biog. IV. 1838,
519; pi. 373 (Col. Riv.)"; Baird, 499. Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pac. R. R.
Surv. Xn. pt. H. i860, 206. T( ?). C&S. Rh. D'. Ra. D-\ Ss^. J. B. E.

Specimens. — P. B. E.

THOSE who complain of nur lack of song-birds shoulil make the
acquaintance of this really skilled musician. He will not often be found
in the city parks, nor yet in the fir forests; but wherever there are deciduous
trees, not too dense, or tall thickets of willow and alder beside some lake

or sluggish stream, there will this minstrel hold
fortli. The Grosbeak's song is not unlike the
longer lay of the Robin, but it is richer and
rounder as well as more suljdued. There is

about it all a
lingering lan-
guor of the
Southland ; and
if the gentle-
man addressed
you, you would
expect him to
say "Sail." with
a soft cadence.
The Ijird's
carol has the
rolling quality
which serves to
connect it with
that of the
eastern Rose-
breasted Grosbeak, but it is sweeter, more varied, and shows, if anything,
a still more strongly marked undertone of liquid harmonics.

The male Grosbeak is, moreover, an indefatigable singer, choosing for
bis purpose the topmost sprays of alder or cottonwood. and taking pains
to give all intruders a wide berth during the concert hours. His attachment
to a given locality becomes apparent only after he has been pursued from
tree to tree in a wide circuit which brings up at the original station. And

Taken in Clallam County.

Photo by the Author.

THE GROSBEAK'S CONCERT HALL.

THE BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK.

169

southern origin
these gentle

yet liis shyness is not inspired by caution, for lie will sing upon the nest
when he spells his wife at the hopeful task of incubation.

The more matter-of-fact female has no word of greeting for the
stranger beyond a sharp kimp. a beak -clearing note, not unlike that of a
chicken with a crumb in its throat. This the male repeats also, with all
shades of emphasis when the home is beset, or, as a last resort, he breaks
into song at close quarters, — an ample price, surely, for the fullest immunity.

It is the nest
which confirms the
of
birds.
It is a hims)- affair
of twigs, grass-
stems, or weed-
stalks carelessly in-
terlaced, and caught
in the crotch of a
sapling at a height
of from fi\-e to
fifteen feet. The
construction is so
open, that the blue
eggs with their dark-
brown and lavender
spottings may be
counted from below.
The birds, a'ou see,
have been accus-
tomed to a warmer
climate, to a tropical
range, in fact, where
warmth of bedding-
is no object.

If found upon the re.alization.

nest, the brooding

bird cannot think ill of you: or, if there is ground for misgiving, seeks to
disarm hostility by a display of gentle confidence. Instances are of record
where the sitting bird has been stroked with the hand, and a little discretion
will usually insure a lasting friendship.

This species enjoys a wide range in Washington, being found from
tide-water to the upper reaches of the deeper mountain valleys ; but it is
nowhere common enough, let alone abundant.

Taken in Oregon.

Photo by Finley and Bohiman.

I70 THE CRIMSON-HEADED TANAGER.

No. 69.

CRIMSON-HEADED TANAGER.

A. O. U. No. 607. Piranga ludoviciana ( Wils. ).

S> nonyms. — Louisiana Tan.ager. Westkrn Tanagek.

Description. — Adult male: Back, wings, and tail black; middle coverts
and tips of greater coverts yellow ; remaining plumage rich gamboge yellow ;
clearest (lemon-yellow) on rum]) and upper tail-coverts, darkest (live-yellow
to wax-yellow) on breast, changing on head and throat to bright carmine or
poppy-red. The red increases both in extent and intensity witli age and is
always brightest anteriorly. Bill horn color ; feet and legs bluish dusky ; iris
brown. Aditlt female: General plumage dingy olive-yellow; darker, nearly
olive, above; lighter and clearer on under tail-coverts; wings and tail dusky
with olivaceous wing markings as in male but yellow paler. Young males
resemble the advdt female and only gradually acquire the clearer brighter plumage
of maturity. Length about 7.00 ( 177.8); wing 3.75 (95J; tail 2.80 I 71); bill
.59 (15); tarsus .80 (20.5).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size ; sedate ways ; ['Ittie note. Black and
yellow with crimson head of male distinctive ; dull olive of female not likely to
be confused when size is discriminated.

Nesting. — Nest: of rather rough, "'tropical" construction, composed of
twigs, rootlets and moss, lined with horse- or cow-hair; measures externally
7 inches across by 3 in depth, internally 2^ wide by 1 3/^ deep. Eggs: 3-5,
usually 4, pale greenish blue to deep blue, dotted and spotted sparingly with
lavender and dark greenish slate, sometimes in wreath about larger end ; surface
heavily glossed; long ovate in shape. \\. size .92 x .64 ( 23.3 x 16.2). Season:
June ; one brood.

General Range. — \\'estcrn I'nited States from eastern base of Rocky Moun-
tains to Pacific Coast, northward to British Columbia and .\thabasca ; south in
winter to Mexico and Guatemala : straggling eastward during migrations — has
been several times taken in New England.

Range in Washington. — Common summer resident in timbered sections,
migrant in open country of East-side.

Migrations. — Spying: East-side: Yakima, May 4, 1906, May 9, 1900;
Chelan, May 19, 1896, May 20, 1905; West-side: Tacoma, April 27, 1906.

Authorities. — Piranga ludoviciana L!onap. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX.
1858, p. 304. T. C&S. Rh. D'. Ra. D^ Ss'. Ss-\ Kk. J. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. ?■. Prov. B. E.

THIS handsome Tanager is one of the most characteristic birds of the
more open forest areas of Washington, whether east or west. It is one of
the three species discovered by tlie intrepid explorers, Lewis and Clark; and
since the Lewis Woodpecker bears the name of one, and the Clark Nutcracker
of the other, there was nothing for it but to call the Tanager after the region

THE CRIMSON-HEADED TANAGER. 171

■'Louisiana," whose further reaches they were then expl(5ring. But we are
no longer a part of Louisiana, and we prefer a color-nanie for one of our
few brilhant birds of phiniage.

In the hand, tlie bright yellow of the male Tanager, shading into the
bright crimson upon the head, would seem to assure a very conspicuous bird,
but atield it is not so. Seen against the changing green of maples, pines,
or fir trees, these brilliant colors are lost to any but the most attentive eye.
A resplendent male does not hesitate to stanfl quietly upon the end of a
branch and sur\'ey you until his curiosity is fnliy satisfied. This quiet atti-
tude of genteel curiosity seems to be characteristic of all Tanagers. Apart
from its ps\'chological bearings, sedateness would seem to pla}' an eff^ective
part in modifying the attractions of bright plumage.

The male birds precede the dull-colored females by several days, and
at such times only may be found in companies. One windy afternoon in
Mii\. the 20th it was, wdiile the Columbia River steamer doddered with its
freight, I took a turn ashore and explored a tiny oasis of willows which
lined a neighboring brook. I soon caught the pitic or pitific of newly-arrived
Tanagers. Judge of my delight upon behnkling, not one, but eight of these
beauties, all old males, as they filed out of a willow cluni]), where they had
evidentlv taken refuge for the day. A week or so later I saw Tanagers at
home in the meager willow fringes of Crab Creek, in Lincoln County ; and
while we were in camp at Brook Lake in Douglas County, one came out thru
the sage, hopping and flitting from bush to bush, to bring me friendly
greetings. It was like meeting a king in a millet field.

The song of the Louisiana Tanager — pardon the lapse ; habit is stronger
than reascni — the song of the Crimson-headed Tanager is an etude in R.
"It is remotely comparable to that of the Robin, but it is more stereotyped in
form, briefer, and uttered at intervals rather than continuously sustained.
The notes are sharp-edged and rich in r's, while the movement of the whole,
tho deliberate, is varied, and the tone cheerful"^. I can detect no constant
difference between the song of the Crimson-headed Tanager and that of the
Scarlet Tanager (P. crythroinclas), save that that of the former is oftener
prefaced with the call note, thus : Pitcric ivliczv, ivc soor a-ary e-crie zvitoocr.
This song, however, is less frequentl}- heard than that of the Scarlet Tanager,
East. Its perfect rendition, moreover, argues the near presence of a demure
little lady in oli\e, a persrm who looks like nobody in particular to our un-
discriminating gaze, but who exerts a strange fascination over our brilliant
squire. Young males of the second summer sing hopefully, but they are
less often successful in love than their ruddier rivals.

It behooves the Tanager maiden to be exacting in her choice, for all

a. .Applied to P. erythromelas in "The Birds of Ohio," p. 109, and exactly applicable here.

172 THE ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.

the hflp she will get out of him at Ijesl will he sympathy and Sdug, When
it comes to real work, like nest btiilding. she nuist do it. He will graciously
ad\'ise as to the situation, some horizontal branch of fir or pine, from six to
fifty feet high, and from three to twenty feet out. He will even accompany
her on her laborious trips after nesting material, cooing amiable nothings,
and oozing approval at every joint. — but help her — im'airc!

The nest is quite a substantial aft'air tho rather roughly put together,
of fir twigs, rootlets, and moss, with a more or less heavy lining of horse-
or cow-hair, and other soft substances. The four eggs of greenish blue,
dotted and spotted with lavender and dark greenish slate, appear especially
handsome from above, when viewed against the dark brown nest. Bttt, as
everybody knows, the red fir ( PscmlotsiK/a miicromita] is a tree of moods
and tenses. You may dangle with impunity from the very tips of the
branches of some fir trees, while a step from the trunk is fatal in others of
the same general appearance. The Tanagers are quite as apt to patronize
the brittle kind.

No. 70.

ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER.

A. O. U. No. 646. Helminthophila celata (Say).

Description. — Adult male: AI1. ive ashy olive-green, clearing and brighter
on rump ; crown largely ochraceous but color partly veiled by olive tips of
feathers; wings and tailfiiscous with some olive edging; below greenish-yellow,
dingy, or vaguely streaked with blue on breast and sides. Adult female: Similar
to male but duller, with ochraceous crown-patch restricted or wanting. /;;;-
mature: Without ochraceous crown; more ashy abrive; duller below save that
abdomen is white; eyelids often whitish. Length about 5.00 (127) ; wing 2.40
(61) ; tail 1.95 (49.5) ; bill .42 (10.7) ; tarsus .70 (17.8).

Recognition Marks. — Small warbler size; ochraceous ("orange") crown-
patch distinctive from all except H. c. lutescens, which is the common bird;
duller. See next (sub) species.

Nesting. — Not known to nest in Washington but may do so. As next.

General Range. — Summer resident in western British America and Alaska
(save in Pacific coast district), .south thru Rocky Mountain district to New
Mexico; migrating across Central States and casually ( ?) New England, Middle
Atlantic States, Pacific States, etc., to Mexico.

Range in Washington. — Probably common migrant but passing undistin-
guished among more abundant lutescens.

Authorities.— Bowles and Dawson, Auk, Vol. XXV., Oct. 1908, p. 483.

Specimens. — Bowles. Prov. P.

THE LUTESCENT WARBLER. 173

MOST Alaskan species, even of those which retire in winter to South
CaroHna, Florida, and the Antilles, may ' be expected to drift thru our
borders sooner or later. Typical H. cclata was first caught in the act by
Mr. Bowles in May, 1907, but we have no means of knowing that th'e
northern form is not a frequent trespasser. Kermode gives it as a common
summer resident east and west of the Cascades in British Columbia, and it
is not impossible that our northern Cascade records should be referred to
this type.

No. 71.

LUTESCENT WARBLER.

A. O. U. No. 646a. Helminthophila celata liitescens Ridgway.

Description. — .Idiilts: — Similar to H. cclata but brighter. Above bright
olive-green; below definitely yellow — olive-yellow, gamboge, or even canarv (on
under tail-coverts). Immature: Above plain olive-green (not ashy, as in H.
celata) ; below bulTy yellow tinged with olive on breast and sides. Measurements
as in preceding.

Recognition Marks. — Small warbler size : perhaps the most abundant of the
eight or nine "yellow" warblers of the State: ochraceous crown-patch, of course,
distinctive; not so bright as the Pileolated Warblers (W. p. pileolata and JV. p.
chryscola).

Nesting. — Xcst: on the ground sunk in bed of moss, under ]:)rotection of
bush or weed, or in shelving bank, of coiled dry grasses, lined with finer ; i|4 inches
wide by i inch deep inside. Eggs: 4, rarely 5, dull white marked with dots and
a few small blotches of yellowish brown and lavender ; in shape long to short
ovate, rarely oval. Av. size .67 x .51 ( 17 x 12.9). Season: May i and June i;
two broods.

General Range. — Simimer resident in Pacific Coast district from Cook Inlet
to southern California, east to western ranges of Rocky Mountain System, where
intergrading with H. celata: south in winter to western Mexico and Guatemala.

Range in Washington. — C)i general occurrence thruout the lower levels;
abundant in Puget Sound region.

Migrations. — Spring: April 3, 6, 7 (Seattle). April 24 (Chelan). March
28, 1908 ( Seattle).

Authorities. — (?)Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII., 1839, 153
part (Columbia River). Cooper and Siickley, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., XII., pt.
II., i8r«. 178. (T.) C&S. L'. Rh. D'. Kb. Ra. D^ Kk. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. Prov. B. BN. E.

YELLOW appears to be tlie pre\'ailing colrir among our Washington
Wood W^arblers ; and even of those wdiich are not franklv all o\-er vellow.

174

THE LUTESCENT WARBLER.

as ihis one is, tiiere are only two wliich do not Ijoast a conspicnons area of
this fashionable shade. And of all yellows, yellow-green, as represented by
the back of this bird, is the commonest, — so common, indeed, as to merit
the facetious epithet "nniseum color." It is all very well in the case of the
male, for he comes back (to Seattle) during the first week in April, before
tlie leaves are fully out; and he is so full of confidence at this season that
he poses quite demurely among the swelling buds of alder, maple, and
willow. He is proud oi his full crown-patch of pale orange, contrasting
as it does with the dull yellowish green of the upperparts and the bright

greenish yellow of
tlie underparts, —
and he lets you get
a good view of it at
twenty yards with
I he glasses. Besides
that, he must stop
now and then to
\'ent his feelings in
song. But the case
nf the female is al-
most hopeless — for
the novice.

The song of the
Lutescent Warbler
ap]:)ears Xo ha\e been
very largely over-
looked, but it was
not the bird's fault.
While waiting for
his tardy mate, he
has rehearsed diligently from the taller bushes of the thicket, or else from
some higher vantage point of maple, dogwood, or fir tree. The burden is
intended for fairy ears, but he that hath ears to hear let him hear a curious
vowel scale, an inspirated rattle or trill, which descends and ends in a simple
warble of several notes. The trill, brief as it is, has three qualities of change
which make it quite unique. At the opening the notes are full and slow,
but in the instant necessary to the entire recital the pace accelerates, the
])itch rises slightly, and the component notes decrease in volume, or size.
At the climax the tension breaks une.xpectedlv in the gentle, musical cadence
of the concluding phrases, whose notes much resemble certain of the Yellow
Warbler's. The opening trill carries to a considerable distance, but the
sweetness of the closing warble is lost to any but near listeners. The whole

'J,tl.-i-ii m Vi,-L

Photo by Bohliiuin
A HUNGRY CHICK.

LUTESCENT WARBLER, EEMALE AND YOUNG.

THE LUTESCENT WARBLER.

175

may be rendered grapliically soniewliat as follows : 0-o-a-a-i-i-c-e-e-e-e-c
zinchy, zv-ichy, wichy.

In the brush and under alarm these birds utter a Ijrusquc, metallic
scolding note, which is perfectly distinctive locally, altho it much resembles
that of the Oporoniis group East. By this mark alone may the mere greenish
female be certainly discerned.

Lutescent Warblers abound thruont western Washington, and easterly,
when the Cascades ai-e \\e\] |)assed, a'^ upon the Pend d' Oreille. Jungle
of an_\- kind suits
them, whether it
be a thicket of
young firs at Ta-
coma, an i)\'er-
grown burn at
Snoqualmie, a
willow swamp in
Yakima County,
or a salmon-berry
tangle on De-
struction Island.
Nests are of dead
grasses well knit-
ted and sunk flush,
with the ground,
or below it, in
some moss bed.
at the base of a
bush, or on some
sloping hillside.
Rarely the struc-
ture may be taken
up into a bush.

The female is a close sitter, l)Ut once flushed shows implacable resentment.
She summons her mate to assist in the gentle art of exorcism, or else turns
the tables and deserts outright. The latter, von understand, is quite the
subtlest and most baffling fcirm of revenge which a bird may compass in the
case of an oologist anxious to identif\- his find.

Taken jtcar Tacoma. Photo by J. H. Doivles.

NEST AND EGGS OF LUTESCENT W.VRBLER.

176 THE CALAVERAS WARBLER.

No. 72.
CALAVERAS WARBLER.

A. (). U. No. 645a. Helminthophila rubricapilla gutturalis (Ridgw.j.

Description. — Adult male: Head above and on sides bluish ash with a
partially concealed crown-patch of bright chestnut ; a whitish eye-ring ; remaming
upperparts bright olive-green becoming yellowish green on rump and upper tail-
coverts ; underparts including crissum, bright yellow, but whitening on belly ; bill
small, short, acute, blackish above, brownish below; feet brown. Adult fcuiale:
Like male but somewhat duller below ; ashy of head less pure, glossed with
olivaceous and not so abruptly contrasting with yellow of throat ; chestnut crown-
patch less conspicuous or wanting. Immature: Olive-green of upperparts duller;
head and neck grayish brown instead of ashy ; below dull olive-yellow, clearing
on belly and crissum. Length of male (skins) 4.05-4.75 (103-121); wing 2.35
(60) ; tail 1.75 (45) ; bill .38 (9.6) ; tarsus .63 (16). Female smaller.

Recognition Marks. — Smaller; bright yellow of throat (and underparts),
contrasting with ashy of head, distinctive.

Nesting. — Nest: usually sunk well into ground or moss at base of bush-
clump or rank herbage, well made of fine bark-strips and grasses, lined with finer
grasses, horse-hair and, occasionally, feathers ; outside, 3 in. wide by 2 in. deep ;
inside 1^4 wide by ij4 deep. Eggs: 3-5, usually 4, dull white as to ground-color,
but showing two distinct types of markings : one heavily sprinkled with fine dots
of reddish brown, nearly uniform in distribution, or gathered more thickly about
larger end : the other sparingly dotted, and with large blotches or "flowers" of
the same pigment. Av. size .64 x .49 (16.3x12.5). Season: May 20-July 20,
according to altitude : two broods. Chelan Co. Ji-ily 22, 1900, 3 fresh eggs.

General Range. — The Pacific States and British Columbia south to Calaveras
County, California, and east (at least) to northern Idaho; found chiefly in the
higher mountains ; in migrations to Lower California and western Mexico.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident on brushy slopes and in timbered
valleys of the higher ranges thruout the State, and irregularly at lower levels, at
least on Puget Sound (Tacoma).

Migrations. — Spring: Wallula, April 23, 1905; Benton County, May 4,
1907; Chelan, May 21, 1896; Tacoma, April 24, 1897. Fall: Last week in
August (Blaine).

Authorities.— Dawson, Auk, XVIIL Oct. 1901, 463. (D'). J. B.

Specimens. — B.

THERE is something distinct and well-bred abixit this demure exquisite,
and the day wliicii discovers one searching the willow tops with genteel
aloofness is sure to be underscored in the note-book. The marks of the
spring male are as unmistakable as they are regal : a bright yellow breast
and throat contrasting with the ashy of cheeks and head, the latter shade
relieved bv a white eye-ring, and surmounted by a chestnut crown-patch.
li vou stumble upon a company of them at play among the thorn bushes.

THE CALAVERAS WARBLER. 177

you are seized, as like as not, witli a sense of low birth, and feel like retiring
in confusion lest \-ou offend royalty.

These gentle despots are bound for the mountains : and since their
realms are not prepared for them till June, they have ample leisure to discuss
the fare of wayside stations. They enter the State from the South during
the last week in April — Wallula, April 23d, is my earliest record; but May
2 1st records an unanxious company at the foot of Lake Chelan. As the
season advances they take up cjuarters on brushy mountain sides, or in the
deciduous skirts of fierce mountain torrents. Here while the female skurries
about thru the l)uck-l;)rusli or vine-maple thickets in search of a suitable
nesting site, the male mounts a fir tree and occupies himself with song.

I f you are spying on this sacred function, the bird first peers down at
you uneasily, then throws his head back and sings with great animation :
CJioopy, clioopy, clioopy cliiirr (tr). The trill is composed of a dozen or
so of large notes which the ear can easily distinguish, but which because of
the vivacious utterance one cannot quite count. The pitch of the finale is
sustained, but there is a slight decrease in volume. If forced to descend,
the singer will join his mate in shar]) chips of protest, somewhat similar to
those of the Audubon ^^'arbler, althn not quite so clear-cut or inflexible.

While the Calaveras Warliler is a bird of the mountains and lives at
an_\- height where suitable cover is afforded, it is a curious fact that it some-
times prefers the tim]:)ercd lowlands of Puget Sound, and may be found in
some seasons in considerable numbers about the southern prairies. Mr.
Bowles has found them commonly in scrub-oak patches which border the
fir gro\-es and timbered lakes: and yet during some }'ears they have been
unaccountably absent fmm the entire region.

Near Tacoma this Warbler places its nest at the base of a young oak
or fir tree, where the spreading branches have protected the grass and gath-
ered weeds. The nest is sunk well into the ground or moss, and is so well
concealed as to defy discovery unless the bird is flushed. When frightened
from the nest the female instantly disappears, and return.s only after some
considerable interval. Then she approaches with the greatest caution, ready
to dart away again upon the first sign of movement on the ]iart of the in-
truder. The male, if he happens to be about at all, neither joins the defense
nor consoles his mate in misfortune, but sets upon her furiously and drives
her from bush to bush, as tho she had wilfully deserted their treasures.

At sea-level two sets of eggs are laid in a season, one fresh about May
18th, the other about June 25th. In the mountains, however, the second
nesting, if indulged in at all, is thrown very late. I took a set of three fresh
eggs from a carelessly constructed nest placed in the top of an elk-weed
(BcJiiiiopanax horridum) at a height of three feet, on the 22d dav of
July, 1900.

178 THE YELLOW WARBLER.

No. 73.

YELLOW WARBLER.

A. O. LI. No. 652. Dendroica jestiva (Gmel.).

Synonyms. — Summer Yicllow-bird. Summer Warbler. Wild Can.^ry."

Description. — Adult male: Forehead and fore-crown bright yellow with
an orange tinge ; back bright olive-green : rump greenish yellow : wings and tail
blackish with greenish yellow edgings, the wing quills edged on both webs, the
tail-feathers — except middle pair — almost entirely yellow on inner webs; sides
of head and entire underparts golden yellow, the breast and sides heavily streaked
with chestnut; bill black; feet pale. Adult female: Like male but duller; olive-
green on back, not brighter on forehead ; paler yellow below, obscurely or not at
all streaked with chestnut. Yoiiiig males resemble the adult female. ]'niiii(/
female still duller; dusky yellow below. Length 4.75-5.25 ( 120.6-133.3) ; wing
2.51 (63.8) ; tail 1.68 (42.7) ; bill .40 ( 10.2) ; tarsus .73 ( 18.61 ).

Recognition Marks. — Medium size; golden yellow coloration: chestnut
streaks on breast of male; after the Lutescent the commonest of the resident
Warblers ; chiefly confined to the banks of streams and ponds.

Nesting. — Nest: a compact cup of woven "hemp" and fine grasses, lined
heavily with plant-down, grasses, and, occasionally, horse-hair, fastened to upright
branch in rose-thickets and the like. Eggs: 4 or 5, white, bluish-, creamv-, or
grayish-white, speckled and marked with largish spots of reddish brown, burnt
umber, etc., often wreathed about the larger end. Av. size, .70 x .50 ( 17.8 x 12.7).
Season: May 20-Tune 20; one brood.

General Range. — North America at large, except southwestern part, giving
place to D. w. rnbiginosa in extreme northwest. South in winter to Central
.\merica and northern South America. Breeds nearly thruout its North Ameri-
can range.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident in deciduous timber, and shrub-
bery lining streams, thrudut the State from sea-level to 4,000 feet.

Migrations. — Sfriiig: Tacoma, .\pril 24-30; Yakima, April 30. 1900;
Chelan, May 21. i8(jh. fall: First week in September.

Authorities. — Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., XIL, pt. IL,
i860, p. 181. T. C&S. L'. Rh. D'. Ra. D-'. Ss'. Ss^ Kk. J. B. E.

Specimens.— B. BN. E. P".

THE Summer Warbler's gold is about as common as that of the dan-
delion, but its trim little form has not achieved any such distinctness in the
public mind. Most people, if they take notice at all of anything so tiny,
dub the birds "Wild Canaries," and are done. The name as applied to the
Cioldfinch niav be barely tolerated, but in the case of the Warbler it is quite
inappropriate, since the bird has nothing in cc minion with the Canary except
littleness and yellowness. Its bill is longer and slimmer, for it feeds ex-
clusively on insects instead of seeds; and its pure yellow and olive-green

THE YELLOW WARBLER.

179

plumage knows no admixture, sa\e for the tasty but inconspicuous chestnut
stripes on the breast of the adult male. These stripes are lacking in males
of the second year, whence Audubon was once led to elaborate a supposed
new species, which he called the "Children's Warbler." The name is not
ill-fitting, even tho we know that it applies only to the Warbler's children.

The Yellow Warbler is peculiarly a bird of sunshine, and is to be found
chiedy in open situations.
It swarms thru tlie orch-
ards and gardens, fre-
Cjuents tlie wayside thick-
ets, and in town takes
possession of the shrub-
bery in lawn or park. It
is abundant in swampy
places, and is invariably
present in season along
the banks of streams
which are lined with wil-
lows, alders, and wild rose
bushes.

The song is sunnv, too,
and while not elaborate,
makes substantial contri-
bution to the good cheer
of spring. Heard in the
boskage it sounds absurdly
as if some wag were shak-
ing an attic salt-cellar on
a great green salad. The
notes are almost piercing,
and sound better perhaps
from across the river than
they do in the same tree.
Individual variation in
song is considerable, but
the high pitch and vigor of delixery are distinctive. Certain common types
may be syllabized as follows: Szvccf. sin'cct, sweet, szvecfic; tscc, tscc, tsit-
a-wee, tscc; zvcc-chcc, dice, dice lucc-i-n; tsii. tsii. tsii. tsii. tscccw. From
its arrival sometime during the last week in April, until near the close of
its second nesting, late in July, the bird may be found singing thruout the
sunlit hours.

The date of this bird's annual advent in Washington is far less nearly

Photo by Fin/cy and Bohlman.
A CONTENTED B.^BY.

i8o

THE YELLOW WARBLER.

fixed than in the East. April 19th is my earliest date, recortled in Yakima
County, but Dr. Cooper once saw large numbers ( possibly D. a. riihiginosa)
"at the Straits of De Fuca," on April 8. On the west side of the mountains
this Warbler may not often nest more than once in a season, but on the
East-side it usually raises
two broods.

The nest of the Yellow
Warbler is quite common,
especially easterly, where
its cover is nicire re-
stricted : and no specia
pains is taken at conceal-
ment. Nests may be
placed at any height in
orchard trees, alders, wil-
lows, or even fir saplings ;
but, without doubt, the
most acceptable site is
that afforded by dense
thickets of the wild rose
(Rosa pisocar/^a ) where-
ever found.

The cradle of this bird
is of excjuisite fabrica-
tion. The tough inner
bark of certain weeds —
called indiscriminately
"hemp" — together with
grasses and other filirous
materials in various pro-
portions, is woven into a
compact cup around, or
settled into, some stout
horizontal or ascending
fork of bush or tree. As
a result the bushes are
full of Warblers' nests,

two or more seasons old. A fleecy lining, or mat, of plant-down is a more
or less conspicuous feature of every nest. LIpon this as a background a
scantv horse-hair lining may exhibit every one of its strands; or again, as
in the case of a nest taken on the Chelan River, the eggs themselves may
be thrown into high relief bv a coiled black mattress.

.'ELLOW

Taken near Tacomti.
Photo by the Author.

BLER'S NEST.

THE MYRTLE WARBLER. i8i

Tlie male Yellow is very domestic in his tastes, insomuch that, quite
unlike other Warblers, he will often venture to sing from the very bush in
which his mate is sitting. Unless well accustomed to the presence of humans,
the female will not sit patiently under the threat of close approach. She
slips oil cjuickly and her vigorous complaints serve to summon iier husband,
when both flit about close to the intruder, and scold roundl}* in fierce, accusing
notes, which yet have a baljy lisp about them.

No. 74.

MYRTLE WARBLER.

A. O. U. No. 655. Dendroica coronata ( Linn.).

Synonym. — Yellow-rumped WarblEk.

Description. — Adult male in spring: Above slaty blue with black streaks,
smaller on sides of crown and nape, broader on back; below white, with black on
upper breast, sides of middle breast, and sides in endless variety of patterns ; a
large patch on each side of breast, a partially concealed patch in center of crown,
and rump, bright yellow ( lemon or canary ) ; superciliary line white ; a deep black
patch on side of head ; wings fuscous ; tail darker ; middle and greater coverts
narrowly tipped with white, forming two rather conspicuous bars ; three outer
pairs of tail-feathers with white blotches on inner webs, decreasing centrally; bill
black ; feet dark. Female in spring, and both sexes in fall: Duller ; the blue of
upperparts overlaid with brownish ; a brownish wash on sides of breast and
flanks ; black of breast obscure, — restricted to centers of feathers ; yellow of
breast-spots pale or wanting. Immature: Brownish above ; whitish below with
a few obscure dusky streaks. Length 5.25-5.75 ( 133. 3-146. i) ; av. of five males:
wing 2.98 (75.7) : tail 2.22 (56.4) ; bill .38 (9.7) ; tarsus .78 (20).

Recognition Marks. — Larger; za'hite throat as distinguished from D. andii-
boni, which it otherwise closely resembles.

Nesting. — Not known to breed in Washington. AU^st as in next species.
Eggs indistinguishable.

General Range. — "Eastern North America chiefly, straggling more or less
commonly to the Pacific ; breeds from the northern Lhiited States northward, and
winters from southern New England and the Ohio Valley southward to the West
Indies, and through Mexico to Panama" (A. O. U. '95). "An abundant summer
resident on Vancouver Island and mainland (B. C), chiefly west of Cascades"
(Kermode).

Range in Washington. — Spring and fall migrant, probably of regular
occurrence east and west of the Cascades.

Migrations. — Spring: Tacoma, Apr. 27, 1906, 1907; Seattle, May 3, 1908;
Chelan, May 22, 1905; Yakima, Apr. 30, 1891.

Authorities.— Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. pt. II.. 1858, 272, 273. C&S.
Rh. Ra. D-'. Kk. B. E.

Specimens. — U. of W. Prov. C.

1 82 THE AUDUBON WARBLER.

WHILE only a little less lovely than its local kinsman, the Audubon
Warbler, by as much as it has four patclies of gold instead of five, this
beautiful migrant appears to have been very largely lost to sight in the
throng of its more brilliant relatives. Rathbun, writing from Seattle, says
of it: "A regular and not uncummon spring migrant, associating with
D. aiiduboni. Have no fall record." Bowles from Taconia says: "An
irregular fall migrant, very numerous some years, the fall of 1905 for
example. Have never seen it in spring." Yakima, April 30, i8gi ; Chelan,
May 22, 1905; Tacoma, April 27, 1907, are some of my own records.
Fannin gives the species as "An abundant summer resident, chiefly west of
the Cascades," in British Columbia, aii<l it should occur regularly within our
borders during migration.

The tchip note of the Myrtle Warbler is indistinguishable from that of
D. auduhoni, but a single glimpse of the white throat is suflicient to establish
identitv. Those seen have necessarily been at close quarters and ranging
low, in willow thickets, along the margins of ponds, etc., but it is altogether
possible for a migrant troop to hold to the tree-tops in passing and so elude
observation from "Fortv-nine" to the Columbia.

No. 75.

AUDUBON'S WARBLER,

A. O. \J. No. 656. Dendroica aiiduboni (Towns.)

Synonym. — Western Yellow-rum ped Warp.ler.

Description. — Adidt male: Similar to D. coronata but thruat rich gamboge
yellow; auriculars bluish gray instead of black; a large white wing patch formed
by tips of middle and outer edges of greater coverts; tail with white blotches on
inner webs of four or five outer feathers ; usually more extensively black on
breast. Adult fciiialc: Similar to adult male but duller (differences closely cor-
responding with those in D. coronata): the white of wing patch nearly obsolete;
the yellow of throat paler and often, especially on chin, more or less displaced
by white (young females even of the second summer are sometimes absolutely
without yellow on throat but the more abundant white on rectrices is distinctive
as compared with D. coronata). Seasonal changes follow very closely those of
D. coronata but yellow of throat is usually retained in winter save in young
females and (occasionally) young males. Length of adult about 5.50 (139.7);
wing 3.00 (76) ; tail 2.45 (57) : bill .41 ( 10.4) : tarsus .80 (20.3).

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size ; five spots of yellow ; extensive white
blotching of tail ; yellow rump distinctive in any plumage save as compared with
D. coronata. from' which it is further distinguished (usually) by yellow or yel-
lowish of throat (If this character fails, the more extensive white on tail will
always hold).

Nesting. — Nest: a well built, bulky structure of fir twigs, weed stems.

..'i*u.

local ki

iL!l

1 M ILDC^

of gold

in:--'

■ 1:>een very

largely

lost

riting fi

.(.Miig mign
wles from

;ne

years, the fail

. i; J iir\ ci .-i.^.-i! .1 !i i Kim

^ Yal

.-:i ., ^.

, : Tacoma, April 27,

1907. ar^

"

n ab'iin

aii i.-ii i^ijiuiiibia, aj]

lU Jt MIUUIll IJLL LU

1 :;;ration.

ihip note of the Myrtle War^^ilei

■ \ . 1 . .,■.._-; -J :.,.-.-. „ - r . 1

0

i If.) eMUi-lllin:

and ranginrr

thickets, along

5

z

ition h- S '^"

D ^.

0

z

5

z

<

K

0

s

a

<

sambno;:^

laily retained in winter

nrnp <

•k

THE AUDUBON WARBLER. 183

rootlets, etc., heavily lined with horse-hair and feathers; placed usually on branch
of conifer from four to fifty feet up, sometimes in small tree close against
trunk, measures 4 inches in width outside by 2^4 in depth; inside 2 by 154. Eggs:
3-5, usually 4, dull greenish white sparingly dotted with blackish or handsomely
ringed, spotted and blotched with reddish brown, black and lavender. Av. size,
.71 .X.54 (18x13.7). Season: April-June; two broods. Tacoma, April 9, 1905,
4 eggs half incubated.

General Range. — Western North America, north to British Columbia, east
to western border of the Great Plains, breeding thruout its range ( in higher
coniferous forests of California, northern Arizona, etc.), wintering in lower
valleys and southward thruout Mexico. Accidental in Massachusetts and in
Penns}'lvania.

Range in Washington. — Common resident and migrant on West-side from
tidewater to limit of trees ; less common migrant and rare winter resident ( ?) east
of the Cascades.

Migrations. — Spring: East-side: Yakima, March 11, 1900 (probably winter
resident); Yakima, April 13, 1900; Chelan, April 20-24, 1896. West-side:
Tacoma, April 24, 1906.

Authorities. — Sxlz'ia auduboni Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII.
1837, 191 ( "forests of the Columbia River" ). C&S. L'. Rh. D'. Kb. Ra. D-. Kk.
B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P- Prov. B. BN. E.

AS one considers the Thrushes, Wrens, and Sparrows of our northern
clime, he is apt to grumble a little at the niggardliness of Mother Nature in the
matter of providing party clothes. The dark mood is instantly dispelled, how-
ever, at the sight of this vision of loveliness. Black, white, and gray-blue
make a very tasty mixture in themselves, as the Black-throated Gray Warbler
can testify, but when to these is added the splendur of five golden garnishes,
crown, gorget, epaulets, and culet, }ou have a costume which Pan must notice.
And for all he is so bedecked, aiidiiboiii is neither proud nor vain, — ])roperly
modest and companionable withal.

Westerly, at least, he is among the first voices of springtime, and by the
loth of March, wdiile all other Warblers are still skulking silentlv in the South-
land, this brave spirit is making the fir groves echo to his melody. The song is
brief and its theme nearl}- im'ariable, as is the case with most Warblers; but
there is about it a joyous, racy quality, which flicks the admiration and calls
time on Spring. The singer posts in a high fir tree, that all may hear, and the
notes pom^ out rapidlv. crowding close upi.m each other, till the whole companv
is lost in a cloud of spray at the end of the ditty. At close quarters, the "fill-
ing" is exquisite, but if one is a little way removed, where he catches only the
crests of the sound waves, it is natural to call the efi:'ort a trill. At a good
distance it is even comparable to the pure, nKinotonous tinkling of Junco.

I once heard these two dissimilar liirds in a song contest. The W^arbler
stood upon a favorite perch of his, a spindling, solitary fir some hundred feet

i84 THE AUDUBON WARBLER.

in heiglit, while the Junco held a station even higher on the tip of another fir a
block away. Here they had it back and forth, with honors surprisingly even,
until both were tired, whereupon (and not till then) an Oregon Towhee ven-
tured to bring forth his prosy rattle. It was like Saniljo and his "bones" after
an opera.

The range of .Audubon's Warbler is abuut coextensive with that of ever-
green timber in Washington. It does not, however, frec^nent all the more open
pine woods of the lower foot-hills in the eastern part of the State, nor does it
occur habitually in the deeper solitudes of the western forests. Considered
altitudinally, its range extends from sea-level to timber-line. And altho it is at
home in the highest mountains, it is ecjually so in the city park and in the shade
trees about the house. Under such varied conditions, therefore, its habits
must \'ary widely.

We do not know to what extent it is resident, that is, present the year
around, but belie\-e that it is quite extensively so. One may be in the woods
for a dull week in January, and see never a Warbler ; but on a bright day in
the same region he may encounter numbers of them. I ha\-e seen them pla}-ing
about the dense firs on Semiahmoo Point ( Lat. 49° ) on Christmas Day. and I
feel sure tliat large numbers of them spend the winter in the tree-tops, possibly
moping, after the well known fashion of the Sooty Grouse.

It is these winter residents which become active in early spring. In the
\Mcinity of Tacoma, where they ha\'e been studied most carefully, it is found
that April is the typical nesting month, and one at least of the four eggs of a
nest foimd April 9th, 1905, must have been deposited in March. Along about
the 25111 of April great numbers of Audubons arrive from the South, and one
may see indolent companies of them lounging thru the trees, while resident
birds are busy feeding young. These migrants may be destined for our own
mountains as well as British CoUmibia. East-side birds are likewise tardy in
arrival, for pine trees are inadequate shelter for wintry experiments.

The absorbing dutv of springtime is nesting, and to this art the Audubons
give themselves with becoming ardor. The female does the work, while the
male cheers her with song, and not infrequently trails about after her, useless
but sympathetic. Into a certain tidy grove near Tacoma the bird-man entered
one crisp morning in April. The trees stood about like decorous candlesticks,
but the place hummed with Kinglets and clattered with Juncoes and Audubons.
One Audubon, a female, advertised her business to all comers. I saw her, up-
on the ground, wrestling with a large white chicken-feather, and sputtering ex-
citedly between tussles. The feather was evidently too big or too stifif or too
wet for her ])roper taste ; but finally she flew away across the grove with it,
chirping merrily. And since she repeated her precise course three times, it was
an easv matter to trace her some fifteen rods straight to her nest, forty feet up
on an ascending fir branch.

THE AUDUBON WARBLER.

i8s

\Mien tlie nest was presumed to be ripe. I ascended. It was found settled
into the foliage and steadied by di\-erging twigs at a i)(jint some six or seven
feet out along the limb. None of the branches in the vicinity were individuallv
safe, but Ijy dint of standing on one, sitting on another, and clinging to a third,
I made an ecjuitable distribution of avoirdupois and grasped the treasure.
Perhaps in justice the supporting branches should have Ijroken just here, but
hiiw could you enjoy the rare beauty of this handsome structure unless we
brought it to you ?

The nest is deeply
cup-shaped, with a
brim slightly turned
in, composed exter-
nally of fir twigs,
weed - tops, flower-
pedicels, rootlets, cat-
kins, etc., while the
interior is heavily
lined with feathers
which in turn are
bound and held in
place by an inner-
most lining of horse-
hairs. One feather
was left to curl dain-
tily over the edge,
and so jiartially con-
ceal the eggs, — four
spotted beauties.

These Warblers
are connoisseurs in
feathers, and if one
had all their nests submitted to him, he could make a rough assignment of
locality for each according to whether feathers of Oregon Ruffed Grouse,
Franklin Grouse, Ptarmigan, or domestic fowls were used.

In the wet region the birds appear to nest in fir trees only, and they are
as likely to use the lowermost limb as any. There is little attempt at conceal-
ment, and Bowles reports a nest only ten feet high over a path used daily by
hundreds of people in Tacoma. On the dry side of the mountains the \\'arblers
avail themselves freely of deciduous trees and bushes for nesting sites. A nest
on Cannon Hill in Spokane was placed at the lowermost a\-ailable crotch of a
young elm tree near the sidewalk and not ten feet up — as bold as a Robin!

Taken in Tacoma. Photo by the Author.

NEST AND EGGS OF AUDUBON WARBLER.

i86 THE BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.

According to Mr. Bowles, Audubon Warblers evince a great fondness for
their chosen nesting haunts, and will return to them year after year, often to
the same tree, and sometimes to the same branch. "They are the most solicit-
ous of all the Washington Warblers concerning their eggs, sometimes coming
to meet the intruder as he climbs toward the nest. At such times the alarm note
of the female soon brings the male, when, should the nest contain incubated
eggs or young, both birds crawl among the branches, freciuently within reach,
with wings and tail spread, in absolute forgetfulness of their own safety."

Incubation is accomplished in twelve days; and one or two broods are
raised, according to locality and length of season.

We lose sight of most of the birds, especially the smaller ones, after the
heyday of springtime, but here is one who, because he has forsworn wander-
ing, is making delicate overtures of confidence toward mankind. This year,
especiallv, now that the dense tract of woods north of the University has been
cut out, thev linger about our neighborhood with the matter-of-factness of
Bluebirds. The young ones play about the eaves or make sallies at passing
flies from the window-sills, and yawn with childish insouciance if mamma
suggests, by a sharp tchip, that enemies may lurk behind the curtains. They
know it's only habit with her, and she doesn't believe it herself. The adult
attire is duller now, and only the yellow rump-patch remains for recognition
by a friend. The year is waning, no doubt of that, but October sunshine is
p-ood enoug-h for us — or November rains. Let them flit who will ! Wash-
ington is good enough for us, you in your fir house and I in mine.

No. 76.

BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.

A. O. U. No. 665. Dendroica nigrescens (Towns.).

Description. — .-Idiilt male in sirring and summer: A supraloral spot of yel-
low ; remaining i)hiniage black, white and blue-gray ; head, throat and chest black
interrupted bv superciliary stripes and broad malar stripes of white ; remaining
upperparts blue-gray, marked with black in inverted wedge-shaped spots on
back, scapulars and upper tail-coverts; wings and tail black edged with l)lnish
ash, the middle and greater coverts tipped with white, forming two conspicuous
wing-bars, the four outer rectrices blotched with white on inner webs in sharply
decreasing area, the outermost chiefly white, the fourth merely touched ; sides
white streaked with black or striped black-and-white ; remaining underparts white.
Adult female: Like male but duller, the black of crown partly veiled by blue-
gray skirting, that of throat reduced by white tips of feathers. Young birds
resemble the female but the black of crown and throat is almost entirelv hidden
by blue-gray and white respectively, and the area of the tail blotches is nnich
reduced. Length about 5.00 (127): wing 2.44 (62); tail 1.97 (50): bill .36
(9.2) : tarsus .69 (17.5).

THE BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.

187

Recognition Marks. — \\'arbler size ; black and white and blue-gray colora-
tion distinctive.

Nesting. — Xcst: a rather loosely built structure of dead grasses, silky plant
iibers, moss, etc., placed midway on horizontal limb of conifer 25-50 feet from
ground; measures, externally, 3 inches wide by 2 deep, internally 1}^ wide by i
deep. Eggs: 4, creamy white, marked, chiefly about the larger end with spots
and small blotches of varying shades of brown, lavender and black. Av. size.
.83 X .63 ( 21 X 16). Season: last week in May and first week in Tune ; one brood.

I>|ll(mtavool\s.

BL.\CK-THROATED GRAY WARBLERS, MALE AND FEMALE.

General Range. — Western United States (north to Colorado, Utah and
Washington), and British Columbia west of the Cascades; breeding southward
to Southern California, southern Arizona and Lower California; south in winter
thru Mexico and States of Oaxaca and Vera Cruz.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident and migrant west of the Cascade
Mountains.

Migrations. — Spring: Seattle-Tacoma c. April 12. Fall: c. Sept. i (Blaine).

Authorities. — Sylvia niqresccns Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VH.
1837, 191 ("forests of the Columbia River"). C&S. L-. D'( ?). Ra. Kk. B. E.

Specimens. — LT. of W. Prov. B. E.

1 88

THE BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.

BLACK and white and gray are sober colors in themselves, but a skillful
arrangement of all three has produced a handsome bird, and one whose dainty
dignity requires no meretricious display of gaudy reds and yellows. Warblers
are such tiny creatures at best that Nature has given little thought to their pro-
tective coloration. This plain-colored bird does not, therefore, shun the green-
ery of fir and fern, and yet we feel a peculiar fitness when he chooses for a
song station some bare dead limb, gray and sober like himself.

Last year the first arrival in Seattle seated himself upon a projecting limb
of a dead cedar which commanded the quiet sylvan depths of Cowan Park, and
left him fairly abreast of the Fifteenth Avenue viaduct. Here he divided his
time between song and enjoyment of the scene, sparing a friendly glance now
and then f<ir the admiring bird-man. His manner was complaisant and self-
contained, and I felt that his little vocal offerings were a tribute to the perfect
morning rather than a bid for applause.

The song of the Black-throated Gray is (juitc un])retentious, as Mrs.
Bailey says,^ "a simple warbler lay, ccc-cc-^^cc-cc. sc, cc. .zc. with tlie quiet

woodsy quality of I'irciis and cw-
rulescens, so soothing to the ear."
It is this droning, woodsy quality
alone which must guide the ear of
a listener in a forest, which may be
resiiunding at the same time to the
notes of the Hermit, Townsend,
Audubon, Lutescent, and Tolmie
Warl)lers. Occasionallv even this

fails

An earlv song which came

Taken nctir Blaine. Photo (.retouched) by the .-luthor

"UPO.X THE ON'ERH.ANGING LUIB OF .•W

.\PPLE TREE."

from a young male feeding pa-
tiently among the catkins of some
tall, fresh-budding alders, had some
of the airy c|ualities of the King-
let's notes, "Deo dcopli, dit dii dii. dco dco pli. dco dco pli. dco dco pit' — a
mere fairy sibilation too fine for mortal ears to analyze. Another said boldly,
"Heo flidgity; hco flidgity," and "Hco Hidgity. cliu weo."

This Warbler is of rather irregular distribution in the western part of the
State, where alone it is found. A preference is shown for rather open wood-
land or dense undergrowth with wooded intervals. The fir-dotted prairies of
the Steilacoom area are approved, and the oak groves have their patronage.
During the August migration I ha\'e found the bird almost abundant at Blaine.
They are curious, too, and by judicious screeping I succeeded in calling the
bird of the accompanying illustration down within five feet upon the over-
hanging limb of an apple tree.

a. Handbook of Birds of W. U. S., p. 419.

THE BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER.

189

Of their nesting 'Slv. Bowles says: "In Washington these W'arlilers are
strictly confined to the large coniferons timher of the prairie conntry. during
the breeding season placing their nests midway out on a fir limb, at from 25 to
50 feet above the ground. Strangely enDugli, hdwever, in Oregon they almost
always nest low down in the deciduous trees, sometimes onlv three or four
feet up in a bush. In Washington the nests are always placed directly on a
linil), while in Oregon m_\- Ijrother, Mr. C. W. Bowles, found tlieni mostly in
upright crotches.

"The nest is rather a
loosely-l;)uilt little struc-
ture, measuring external-
ly three inches wide by
two inches deep, internal-
ly one and three-quarters
inches wide by one deep.
It is composed of dead
grass, silky plant fibers,
moss, etc., with an ample
lining of different kinds
of hair and feathers: — a
pretty little nest, tlio
scarcely as artistic as that
of the Audubon Warbler.

"The eggs are laid dur-
ing the last week in Mar-
aud the first week in June,
and are invariably four in
number. They are creamy
white in color, marked
chiefly around the larger
end, with spots and small
blotches of varying shades of brown, lavender, and black. Eggs in my collec-
tion from W'ashington average .83 .x .63 inches in dimensions, while eggs from
Oregon average .67 x .50 inches, the largest egg from Oregon being smaller
than the smallest Washington egg. In shape the eggs \'ary fr(im long to short
ovate, and only one set is laid in a season.

"The parent birds are very shy in the vicinity of the nest, tlie female
leaving at the first sign of danger and keeping out of sight.

"In Oregon, my brother noted that the male often accompanied the
female while she was collecting building material, continuously scolding, but
never assisting her in any way. In that section the nests were greatly pre\-ed
upon by that prince of egg-robbers, the California Jay."

Taken in Tacoiiui. Photo by J. H. Boiclcs.

NEST AND EGGS OF THE CL.ACK-THROATED GRAY

WARBLER.

190 THE TOWNSEND WARBLER.

No. 77.
TOWNSEND'S WARBLER.

A. O. U. No. 668. Dendroica townsendi (Towns.).

Description. — .Idnlt male: Pileum, hindneck, lores and auricnlars, chin,
throat and upper chest black ; supraloral region continuous with broad super-
ciliary, a spot under eye and a malar stripe broadening behind (and nearly
meeting end of superciliary on side of neck) yellow, breast yellow heavily
streaked on sides with black, the black streaks thickening and merging with
black of chest in front, scattering on flanks and reappearing on under tail-coverts ;
upper sides and flanks and remaining underparts posteriorly white as to ground ;
back, scajnilars and rump yellowish olive-green streaked with black shading into
black of head on hindneck: upper tail-coverts abruptly bluish gray; wings and
tail blackish with some edgings of light gray : two white wing-bars formed by tips
of middle and greater coverts; three outer pairs of tail feathers blotched with
white on inner webs in descending ratio. Bill black with paler tomia ; feet and
let^s brown ; iris brown. Adult male in fall and leinter: Areas and intensity of
black much reduced, pileum and hindneck with much skirting of olive green
thru which black appears mesially on feathers; auricnlars entirely concealed by
olive green feather-tips ; black of chin and throat nearly concealed by yellow
and streaks of sides reduced ; black streaks of upperparts more or less concealed ;
upper tail-coverts color of back. Adult female: A'ery similar in coloration to
adult male in fall ; throat often more or less black, pileum sometimes more e.xten-
sively black but black streaking of upperparts still further reduced. Young birds
in first autumnal' phtniage have no clear black, and the yellow of throat and
underparts is paler. Length about 5.00 (127) ; wing 2.64 (67) ; tail 1.97 (50) ;
bill .34 (8.6); tarsus .74 (18.8).

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size; black on crown, cheeks and throat in
hiwh plumage ; in low ])lumage extensively yellow on sides of head enclosing
area of darker (olive-green) — yellow of throat combined with this character
may afford clew to identification of winter specimens.

Nesting. — Xest: a well built, bulky but rather shallow structure, chiefly of
cedar bark with a few slender fir twigs interwoven ; lined with stems of moss
flowers : placed at moderate heights in young fir trees well out on limb or settled
ao-ainst trunk. Eggs: 4, white, wreathed and speckled with brownish and lilac.
Av. size, .61 X .51 ( 15.5 X 12.9). Season: first week in June; one brood.

General Range. — \\'estern North America breeding from the mountains of
southern California north to Alaska and east to Idaho; during migrations east-
ward to Rocky Mountains and southward to Guatemala, Lower California, etc.

Range in Washington. — Not uncommon spring and fall migrant on both
sides of the Cascade Mountains, summer resident in coniferous timber, probably
thruout the State ; partially resident in winter on Puget Sound.

Migrations. — Spring: Seattle April 20, 1907; Ahtanum (Yakima Co.)
May 4, 1906, Tune 5, 1899; Chelan May 25, 1905. Fall: August. JVinter records:
Seattle Dec. 31. 1905; Tacoma Dec. 4, 13, 15. 21 and 29, 1906.

TOWNSEND WARBLERS, MALE AND FEMALE.

192 THE TOVVNSEND WARBLER.

Authorities. — Syli'ia towiisciidi "(Nuttall)," Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila. VII. pi. II. 18^7, iqi ("forests of the Columbia River"). C&S. Rh.
Ra.'D-'. B. E.

Specimens. — U. of W. Prov. C. E.

WHAT a niuniing that was at the old parsonage in the Alitanuni \-alley.
when the shade trees of the five acre enclosin"e were lit up by the presence of a
dozen of these fairies! Waste acres of sage lay around, or fields of alfalfa
and growing wheat, hardly more inviting, but the eye of the leader, winging
languidly from the S(juth, at early dawn had spied a patch of woods}- green,
and had ordered a halt for the day in our comfortable-looking box-elders and
insect-harboring apple trees. To be sure it was absurdly late for migrants,
June 5th, but thev appeared more like an eniljassage of foreign grandees, who
deignetl to make requisition upon our hospitality, than mere birds with threats
of family cares ahead. So while they sought breakfasts of aphis and early
worm, or disported among the branches in the growing sunshine, I attended
their movements in rustic wonder. Now and then a member of the party
paused to adjust his golden trapi)ings. i.ir to settle the black head-piece with a
daintv shake. It was, indeed, a notable occasion for the bird-man, inasmuch
as these dandies were in "higher" plumage than any yet recognized b_\' the l^est
bird-books of the day,^ in that the shining black, supposedly confined to the
lower throat, now occupied the very chin as well.

There was a little conversational lisping in a foreign tongue, in which the
ladies of the party were include<l ; and after breakfast the males ventured song.

Seventy-eight days later, viz., on the 23d of August, a southward bound
party visited our orchard. The males were still in song, and it was difficult
to believe that all the joys and sorrows of wedlock and child-rearing had inter-
vened ; yet such was probably the case.

A bird sighted at Chelan on the 25th day of May, 1905, haunted a pine
and a balm tree at the foot of the Lake, singing constantly. The song ran,
dszvee, dzxvcc, dzzvce, dzzvcc, dcivcctscc, the first four notes drowsy and drawl-
ing, the fourth prolonged, and the remainder somewhat furry and squeaky.
The bird hunted patiently thru the long needles of the ])ine, under what would
seem to an observer great difficulties. Once he espied an especially desirable
tidbit on the under side of a needle-beset branch. The bird leaned over and
peered beneath, until he quite lost his balance and turned a somersault in the
air. But he returned to the charge again and again, now creeping cautiously
around to the under side, now clinging to the pine needles themselves and
again fluttering bravely in the midst, until he succeeded in exhausting the little
pocket of provender, whatever it was.

In June, 1906, we found these birds in the valley of the Stehekin, and

a. Coues' Key to N. A. Birds, Fourth Edition, is especially referred to. The matter has been cor-
rected in the Fifth Edition.

THE HERMIT WARBLER. 193

again in tlie valley of the Cascade River, near Marblemount, breeding, un-
doubtedly, in both places. Here we allowed the notes, ooci, ivoozi Icooli to
pass for some time, unchallenged, as those of the Hermit Warbler, but finally
caught a fo-wnsciuli in the act at fifteen feet. There is, to be sure, a lisping,
drawling, obstructed quality in the opening notes not found in the typical
Hermit song, and possibly not at all, but the lilt at the end, leooli, is insepar-
able from the Hermit Warbler, and I do not take it kindly of tozvusciidi to
mix up the game so.

Upon returning to the valley of the Stehekin in June, 1908, Mr. Bowles
found the Townsend Warbler a not uncommon breeder. On the 20th of that
month he discovered two nests, each containing four newly hatched young.
Both were i:)Iaced about twelve feet up in young fir trees, one about five feet
out on a limb, the other close against the main trunk. In each instance the
brooding female allowed a close approach; then dropped straight to the ground
and disappeared. The birds were extremely shy at first but after an hour or
so became sufiiciently acctistomed to the human presence to return to their
duties within a few minutes after being flushed. But repeated visits failed to
discover the males in the vicinity of their nests, and, indeed, they seemed to be
wholly occupied with minstrelsy in the tree-tops.

On the 31st of December, 1905, I saw a Townsend Warbler in the pale
winter plumage in Madrona Park, on the border of Lake Washington. He
was with a group of Audubon Warblers feeding in the alders, but attention
was instantly attracted to the tsip note, which was sharper and more clear-cut
than that of the Audubon ; and it had, moreover, a sort of double quality, or
central turn, fsiip or chiip. This record of winter residence was further con-
firmed by specimens taken at Tacoma by Mr. Bowles the following December

No. 78.

HERMIT WARBLER.

A. O. U. No. 669. Dendroica occidentalis (Townsend).

Synonym. — WESTERN WarblER.

Description. — Adult male in breeding plumage: Forehead, crown and sides
of head and neck, broadly, rich lemon yellow, sharply defined below by black of
chin, throat and upper chest, less sharply above by black of occiput or hind-
neck ; this in turn shading thru mingled olive and black into gray of remaining
upperparts : upper plumage more or less tinged with olive-green and streaked
more or less broadly with black : wings and tail black with grayish edgings ;
middle and greater coverts tipped with white forming two conspicuous wing-
bars, — outermost part of tail-feathers chiefly white on both webs, ne.xt pair white
on terminal half of inner web and third pair marked with longitudinal spot near
tip: black of chest with convex posterior outline sharply defined from white of
remaining underparts. Bill black ; legs and feet dark brown ; iris brown. Adult

194 THE HERMIT WARBLER.

male ill fall and zvinter: Yellow of crown veiled by olive green; black of throat
veiled by whitish tips; black streaking of upperparts less conspicuous. Adult
female in spring: Like male in spring but duller, yellow of head less extensive,
gray of upperparts dominating; black streaks reduced or obsolete; black of throat,
etc., absent, white or dull yellowish instead; sometimes dusky spot of various
proportions on chest. Young birds like adult female but yellow of crown veiled
by olive and sides washed with brownish. Length of adult about 4.90 ( 124.4) !
wing 2.65 (67.3) ; tail 2.20 (55.9) ; bill .40 (10.2) ; tarsus .44 ( 1 1.3).

Recognition Marks. — Smaller Warbler size ; yellow mask of male outlined
against black of throat and hind neck distinctive — female and young more difficult
but distinctive pattern of mask with white wing-bars usually suggestive.

Nesting. — Nest: saddled on horizontal branch of fir tree at a good height;
a compact structure of fir twigs, mosses and vegetable down, lined with fine
grass and horse-hair ; measures, outside, 4 wide by 2;)4 deep, inside, 2 wide
by 1^4 deep. Eggs: 4 or 5, dull white heavily blotched and spotted with various
shades of red-brown and lavender. Av. size, .69 x .53 (17.5x13.5). Season:
c. June I ; one brood.

General Range. — Pacific coast district and Cascade-Sierra system with its
outliers north to British Columbia; "in winter south into Lower California and
through Arizona over Mexican plateau to highlands of Guatemala."

Range in Washington. — Not common summer resident, in heavier conifer-
ous timber only.

Authorities. — Syli'ia occidentalis Townsend, Jnurn. .\c. Nat. Sci. Phila.
Vn. 1837, 190 ("forests of the Columbia River"). "C&S. L'. D". B.

Specimens. — C.

THERE is a piece of woodland sotith of Tacinia which we call the
Hermit Woods, because here on any May day may be heard the voice of this
exalted Warbler. The proper hour in which to approach this forest is early
morning, before the winds have begun to stir in its dim aisles, and while the
hush of its nightly peace is upon everything — save the birds. The soft moss
muffles the footsteps, so that the devotee may move abnut unheralded from
shrine to shrine, as he pays silent homage to each, in turn, of those monting
stars of song, the W^ood Warblers. There is Audubon with his hastening
melody of gladness. There is Black-throated Gray with his still drowsy son-
net of sweet content. Then there is Hermit hidden aloft in the shapeless
greenery of the under-dawn, — his note is sweetest, gladdest, most seraphic of
them all. Lilly, lilly. lilly. lee o leet. It is almost sacrilege to give it form —
besides it is so hopeless. The preparatory notes are like the tinkle of crystal
bells and when our attention is focused, lo! the wonder happens, — the ex-
quisite lilt of the closing phrase, lee-olcct.

In broad daylight it is the same. The singers remain in the tree-tops and
tease tlie imagination with thoughts of a dumestic life lived upon a higher
plane than that of eartli, an exalted state where all is beatific and serene. And
try you never so hard, with glasses of a high power, it is a good hour's work
to obtain a satisfactory sight of one of the uplifted creatures.

THE HERMIT WARBLER.

195

In despair, one day, I determined to penetrate this supraniundane region
where tlie Hermit is at home, and selected for the purpose a well branched tree
in the center of the forest and some hundred and fifty feet in height. The tree
was, fortunately, of the tougher sort, and permitted ascent to a point where
the stem might be ;

grasped with the tin- %

ger and thumb of I

one hand. It was a '

treat to see the for-
est as a bird does.
The surface viewed
fro m aljove was
surprisingly uneven.
Here and there
strong young trees,
green and full of
sap, rose to the level
of mine, but the ma-
jority were lower,
and some appeared
like green rosettes
set in a well of
green. Others still,
rugged and uneven
as to limb, towered
above my station by
fifty or seventy-five
feet. My first dis-
covery upon reach-
ing the top was that
the bulk of the bird
chorus now sounded
from below. But a
few singing Hermits
did occupy stations
more lofty t li a n
mine. One I marked
down — rather, up —
fifty feet above and a hundred yards away. He sang away like a contented
eremite from a single twig, and I was reverently constructing his high
biography and trying to pick out his domicile from the neighboring branches,
when flash ! he pitched headlong two hundred feet and was seen no more.

HERMIT WARBLERS.

196 THE HERMIT WARBLER.

Mr. Bowles has hit upon a clever scheme for decoying the haughty Hermits.
He resorts to tlie vicinity of some Cassin Vireo's nest containing young, and
studies the throng of small birds, which the masterly scolding of the Vireos
invariably attracts. Upon one such occasion, having lured down an incjuisitive
pair, he noticed a peculiar trait : "After examining me closel)' and apparently
deciding that I was a new kind of stump, the female commenced feeding; but
her attention was soon attracted to a last year's nest of a Russet-backed
Thrush. She at once flew to it and, hopping in, crouched down and com-
menced trampling the bottimi, turning around, putting the material on the
sides into shape with her bill, and altogether acting as tho she had nest -building
well under way. This was alxiut the middle of May, and, as I subsecjuently
discovered, almost a month too early for licr tn lay her cggs."^

The nest of this species is still rare. The only one taken in \\'.'ishington
was found bv Mr. Bowles, June ii, 1905, in a fir tree near Taconia, and con-
tained five eggs, the only set of five yet recorded. The nest was placed at a
height of twentv feet on a horizontal limb six feet from the trunk of the tree.
Mr. Bowles had seen the tail nf the Ijird from Ijclow as it i)rojected over the
brim of the nest, and prepared himself to inspect "another of those Audu-
bons." W'hen, instead of the }'ellow crown-patch of an Audubon, he saw the
lemon-yellow head of a Hermit, the oologist nearly fainted from surprise and
joy. The bird sat so close that the collector was obliged to lift her from the
nest, and she then flew only a few feet, where she remained, chipi)ing and
spreading her wings and tail. The male at no time ])ut in an appearance.

The nesting range of this species is still imperfectly made out. We found
it common at Newport in Stevens County, and among the pines and larches of
the Calispell range. We counted them common in the valley of the Stehekin
also, but soon encountered that peculiar plagiarism of song, on the part of the
Townsend Warbler, which queered all our local conclusions. In order, there-
fore, to guide the student in further investigations, I record a few wariant
song forms which I have clearly traced to the Hermit \\'arbler : Zccglc.
cccglc. zccglc, ncct, fuzzy and low like that of D. iiigrcscciis — this was heard
at Tacoma and is recognized by C. W. Bowles as being the type form of
southern Oreg(^n songs: dcce dzcc, tzibid-zccdzce, d::cc dccc in a sort of sing-
song rollick: dcudcud::ndzudccco ccco acct — first syllables very rapid, musical:
nasal turn to accented notes very like the "ping" note of the Creeper song, and
occu]")ying much the same position save that it is repeated : days, days, days.
da\'s .ccct — the first notes lisping, with slight accelerando, and the nasal ring-
ing quality reserved for tlie last.

a. The Condor, Vol. VIII., March 1906, p. 41.

THE TOLMIE WARBLER. 197

No. 79.
TOLMIE'S WARBLER.

A. O. U. No. 680. Oporornis tolmiei (Townsend).

Synonym. — M.'VCGillivray's WarblKr.

Description. — Adult male in spring and siunincr: Fore-parts in general,
including head and neck all around and chest, blackish slate or slate gray ; extreme
forehead and lores jet black; feathers of lower chest slate-black narrowly fringed
with ashy gray; extreme chin usually white; a sharp touch of white on upper
eyelid behind and a longer one on lower lid ; remaining ]jhimage bright greenish
yellow to olive-green, clearest yellow, canary to olive-yellow, on breast and
remaining underparts, centrally, and on bend of wing, shading thru yellowish
olive green on sides to olive-green of upperparts ; outer primary edged with white
on outer web. Bill dusky brown above, paler below ; feet and legs light brown :
iris brown. Adult male in fall and zvintcv: Similar but feathers of auriculars and
hindneck and sometimes crown tipped with dull brown : ashy skirtings of throat
and chest more extensive, sometimes nearly concealing the black. Adult female
in spring: Like male but slate of hood replaced by dull brownish gray (mouse
gray) above and by pale brownish gray on chin, throat and chest. In fall plumage
still more extensively gray below. Young females lack the hood altogether being
simply olive green on crown, yellow on throat, etc. Length about 5.50 (139.7) '>
wing 2.44 (62) ; tail 2.16 (55) ; bill .45 ( 11.4) ; tarsus .85 (21.6).

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size ; slaty hood of male distinctive ; contrast
of color between chest and breast usually apparent. A frecinenter of thickets,
with a sharp tsiek or chuek note of alarm.

Nesting. — Nest: in thickets in upright crotch of bush from six inches to
three feet from ground ; a bulky affair of coarse dead grass, rootlets and trash,
lined with fine black rootlets and horse-hair ; measures, outside, 43^ wide by
2>^ deep, inside, 2;^< wide by 134 deep. Eggs: 3-5, usually 4, dull white, heavily
marked around larger end with reddish browns and lavender. Av. size, .70 x .54
(17.8X 13.7). Season: first week in June; one brood.

General Range. — Western United States and British Columbia breeding
south to Arizona and western Texas ; east during migrations to western Nebraska,
etc. ; south in winter to Cape St. Lucas and over whole of Mexico and Central
America to Colombia (Bogota).

Range in Washington. — Summer resident in dense thickets thruout the
State from sea level to about 2,000 feet elevation.

Authorities. — Sxlria tolmiei Townsend, Narrative, April 1839, 343 (Colum-
bia River). C&S. L'. Rh. D'. Sr. f^La. D-\ Ss-\ Kk. J. B. E.
Specimens. — V. of \V. P. Prov. B. E.

WE shall ha\'e to import the word "chaparral" if we are to characterize
with any brevity the sort of cover this W'arbler loves. A great confusion of
willow, alder, rlogwood, syringa, ocean-spray, and huckleberry is his delight.

198 THE TOLMIE WARBLER.

ll matters nut wliether it be a hillside in King Count}-, a lonesome spring draw
in the hills of Klickitat, or the borders of a swamp in Okanogan, if only there
be cover and plenty of it. No inore persistent skulker haunts the shrujjbery
than this war}-, suspicious, active, and very competent Wood W^arbler. Yet
even he, when he thinks no one is looking, emerges fr(jm his shrubljery depths,
selects a topmost twig and Ijreaks out in song, — a song which is neither
diffident nor uncertain. Sheep sheep shee[^ shear shear sheep, he announces
in a brisk, business-like tone, totalh' de\'oid of musical (|ualit\'. And when _\ou
have heard him once, or, say, a hundred times, you have learned all that may be
known of the Tolmie \Varbler — out of cover. Those who know the Dickcissel
of the middle West will at once be struck with the close similarity of its song,
altho it must be admitted that the Warbler's is lighter in quality and less
wooden. Practically, the only variety is in the number of syllables and in the
number and distribution of the r's ; thus. Sheep, sheep, shear, shear, slieep;
Sheep, sheep, shear, shear, sheep, sheep; and, a shade more emphatic, Jiek,
jick. jiek, pick, shear, sheep.

For all we see so little of the Tolmie Warbler, the converse is by no
means true. That is to say, the bird does see a great deal of us if we frequent
the thickets. Whenever there is anything doing in his vicinity, the W'arbler
promptly and silently threads the intervening mazes, takes observations of the
disturber from every angle, and retires with, at most, a disapproving ehiiek.
In the fall of the year discipline is somewhat relaxed, and a little judicious
screeping in the shrubbery will call up platoons of these inquisiti\-e W^arblers.

Owing partly to the caution of the sitting female, and more to the density
of its cover, the nest of the Tolmie Warbler is not often found. When ap-
proached the bird glides away silently from her nest, and begins feeding osten-
tatiously in the neighboring bushes. This of itself is enough to arouse suspi-
cion in an instructed mind, for the exhibition is plainly gratuitous. But the
brush keeps the secret well, or, if it is forced, we find a bulky, loose-built affair
of coarse dead grasses and rootlets, lined with black rootlets or horse-hair,
and placed either in an upright fork of a bush, or built around the ascending
stems of rank herbage at a few inches or at most two or three feet from the
ground. Eggs, usuallv four in number, are deposited about the first week in
June, and Tolmie babies swarm in July and August, quite beyond the expecta-
tion of our oological fore season.

A word of explanation regarding the change of name from Macgillivray
to Tohnie is in order. Townsend discovered the bird and really published it
first, saying,* "I dedicate the species to my friend, W. T. Tolmie, Esq. of Fort
Vancouver." Audubon, being entrusted with Townsend's specimens, but dis-
regarding the owner's prior rights, published the bird independently, and tardi-

"Narrative," April 1839, p. 343.

TOLMIE WARBLERS.

200 THE GRINNELL WATER-THRUSH.

ly, as it Iiappened, as Sylvia vuicgillivrayi, by which specific name it was long
known to ornitiiologists. Macgihivray was a Scotch naturalist who ne\-er saw
America, but Tolmie was at that time a surgeon and later a factor of "the
Honorable the Hudson Bay Company," and he clearly deserves remembrance
at our hands for the friendly hospitality and cooperatirm which he invariably
extended to men of science.

^ No. 80.

GRINNELL'S WATER-THRUSH.

A. O. U. No. 675 a. Seiunis noveboracensis notabilis Ridgw.

Description. — Adults: Above sooty olive-brown, singularly uniform; below
white or tinged with pale yellow, everywhere (save on abdomen, centrally, under
tail-coverts and extreme chin) streaked with sooty olive, the streaks small and
wedge-shaped on throat, increasing in size posteriorly on breast, sides and flanks
(where nearly confluent on bufify ground) ; a superciliary stripe continuous to
nostril pale bulTy : a crescent-shaped mark of same shade on lower eyelid ; cheeks
and auricular region finely streaked with pale bufify and color of back. Bill dark
brown above, lighter below; feet pale; iris brown. Young birds are finely barred
with bufTy above and have two buffy wing-bars ; underparts heavily and indis-
tinctly streaked with dusky on pale yellow ground. Length 6.00 (152) or over;
wing 3.00 (76) : tail 2.T0 (53.3) ; bill .53 ( 13.5) : tarsus .85 (21.7).

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size; plain brown above; white (or pale
yellow) heavily streaked with dusky below; a prominent buffy stripe over eye.

Nesting. — Does not breed in Washington. Nest: on the ground or in roots
of upturned tree; of moss and leaves, lined with fine rootlets and tendrils. Eggs:
4 or 5, white or creamy white, speckled, spotted or wreathed with reddish browns.
Av. size, .80 X .60 (20.3 X 15.2). Season: May 20-June 10; one brood.

General Range. — Western North America ; breeding from ^Minnesota, west-
ern Nebraska and the northern Rocky Mountains north to Alaska and Siberia
(East Cape) ; southward during migrations over Western States and Mississippi
Valley, less commonly thru Atlantic coast States, to West Indies, Mexico, Central
America and Colombia.

Range in Washington. — Conjectural — should be not uncommon migrant.

Authority.— .S". noveboracensis, Baird, Review Am. Birds, 1865, 215 ("Camp
Moogie, Washington").

Specimens. — P( Alaskan). Prov.

WHILE we have only one record, and that an old one, there is every
reason to suppose that this species traverses our borders annually, since it
breeds in the middle mountain districts of British Columbia (Rhoads), is
abundant in Alaska (Nelson), and migrates southward thru the western
United States (Ridgway). The Water-thrush should be looked for in May

THE WESTERN YELLOW-THROAT. 201

along the shaded banks of streams, but may possibly be found along more
open margins, consorting with Pipits, with which it shares a restless habit of
jilling, or curtseying, whimsically.

No. 81.

WESTERN YELLOW-THROAT.

A. O. U. Xo. 681 a. Qeothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster.

Description. — Adult male in spyiny and summer: Above grayish olive-green,
brighter (less gray) on upper tail-coverts and tail, inclining to brownish on
crown and hindneck : an obliquely descending facial mask of black involving
forehead, lores, space about eyes, cheeks and (nmre narrowlv ) sides of neck;
along the posterior margin of this mask a narrow sharply contrasting area of
clear ash or white; chin, throat and breast rich yellow (inclining to gamboge) ;
sides of breast and sides heavily shaded with olive-gray and breast more or less
washed with same ; lower breast and below between yellow and palest olive-gray ;
under tail-coverts and bend of wing clear yellow. Adult male in autumn:
Occiput more decidedly brown ; upperparts clearer olive-green. Young male in
first autumn: Mask of adult merely indicated by black underlying sooty-brown on
sides of head ; coloration of underparts duller. Adult female in spring: Like adult
male but without black mask and ashy edging; crown and sides of head olive
gray: forehead tinged with brown; region above and about eye notably paler;
coloration of underparts duller and paler, sometimes clearly yellow on under
tail-coverts alone. Young female in first autiimn: Similar to adult but under-
parts still duller and dingier, breast and sides heavily washed with brownish
olive. Length of adult about 5.00 (127): wing 2.26 (57.5); tail 2.19 (55.8);
bill .44 (11.3); tarsus .83 (21).

Recognition Marks. — ^^'arbler size : black mask and white fillet of male
distinctive. The female is a much more difficult bird to recognize — perhaps best
known by peculiar sordid olive-brownish-}ellow shade of underparts. The pale
orbital area also assists, but one must live with these birds to know them
infallibly.

Nesting. — Nest: of coarse grasses lined with fine grass and horse-hair;
placed 1-2 feet high in tussock of grass or rank herbage, usually near water;
outside 43^ wide by 33/ deep, inside 2'4 by 15^2. Eggs: 4 or 5, dotted and
spotted or, rarely, streaked with blackish and lavender, .^v. Size, .70 x .56
(17.8 X 14.2). Season: May 20-June 10; one brood.

General Range. — Western United States and British Columbia, except
Pacific coast district, east to western portions of the Great Plains ; breeding
southward into Mexico and northern Lower California; in winter south to Cape
St. Lucas and western Mexico.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident east of the Cascade Mountains;
found chiefly in rye-grass districts and in vicinity of water.

202

THE WESTERN YELLOW-THROAT.

Migrations. — Spriiuj: Ahtaiuini ( \'akinia Co. ) March 2cj, njoo.
Authorities. — Dawson, Auk, Xl\'. April, 1897, 179. D-. Ss'. Ss-'. J.
Specimens. — I', of W. 1'. I'rov.

COARSE grass, stunted bushes, water, and sunshine seem to be the chief
requirements of this very individual bird. To obtain the first-named, especial-
ly if represented by his favorite rye-grass, he will forsake water within reason-
able limits; but his preference is for a grassy swamp dotted with bushes, and
he does not o\'erlook an)- considerable area of cat-tails and tules. Yellow-
throat is a restless, active little body, and he is among the first to come for-
ward when _\'0u enter the swamp. His method is hide-and-seek and the game
would all be his, if he did not reveal his presence from time to time by a harsh
accusing note, a sort of Polish, consonantal e.\[)losion, ivcschtliiib. — a sound
not unlike that made by a guitar string when struck above the stop. H you at-
tempt to follow the bird, the game ends in disap]3ointment. But if the ob-
server pauses, curiositv gets the better i:)f the l)ird, and he is soon seen peering
out from a neighboring Inish, niguery only half hidden liy his highwayman's
mask.

The female, having no mask, keeps to the background, but she is not less
interested than her mate in the
progress of e\'ents. When the
scout returns to report, there is
often a curious outbreak of dis-
cussion, in wdiich the husband, as
like as n()t, finds it necessary to
defend his opinion with a jierfcct
torrent of ivcsclitluibs.

Yelliiw-throat's song is one of
the few e.xplicit things in the
swam]). Mounting a weed-stalk,
he rubs out. ll'itchitw u'itcliity,
7vitchit\'. or "/ beseech you. I be-
seech yaii. I beseech." Rhythm
is the chief characteristic of tliis
song, and altho a gi\en bird ap-
pears to be C(>nfined to a single
type, the variety of "feet" offered
by a swamp is most entertaining.
Rceskvifte. recsmiitfe. rif'. was
the cadence of a Douglas County

bird ; while chitooreef. chifonreef , J^ii.^-n .« i:o,i,^i,is i ,nnuy. nwu. by nu- ANHujrs.

chitnoreef , chii. heard at Chelan. a western yellow-throat's nest.

reminded me of the Kentucky "•"" """"= Two'oI^'the cIw'^bird"""'""''"" ■"■'"

THE PACIFIC YELLOW-THROAT. 203

U'arbler (Oporoniis fonnosa). The biril has also an ecstacy song, "a con-
fused stuttering jumble of notes" poured out in hot haste in mid-air.

Like an echo from "the different world" came the song of a bird at
Brook Lake. We had just been listening to the unwonted notes of a Desert
Sparrow (Ainphispiza biliiicata dcscrticola) some hundreds of miles out of
its usual range, and were not unprepared for shocks, when Hoo lice, chink
i zvoo cliu tip fell upon the ear. What! a Slate-colored Sparrow here in the
sage brush! Or is it. ma_\'be, a Vesper, grown precise? Again antl again
came the measured accents, clear, strong, and sweet. Not till I had seen
the mandibles of a Western Vellow-throat, and that repeatedly, moving in
perfect rhythm to the music, could I believe so small a bird the author of this
song. For fifteen minutes the Warbler brought forth this alien strain, Hcc-o
chiti zv'o. chii tip or Hcc 00 chitiwcw dm tipcw without once lapsing into
ordinary dialect. Wherever did he get it ?

My nests have nearly all been found in June and, I guess, they may have
contained second sets, for the bird sometimes reaches Yakima County as early
as March 29th. One was sunk in a tussock of grass within eight inches of
the swamp water, and I nearl}- stepped on the female before she flew. Another
was lashed at a height of two feet to a gr(iup of rank weeds, some forty feet
removed from a lazy brook. A third, shown in the illustration, we found
while dragging over a dense patch of rye-grass, some three hundred yards
from water. The nest was composed entirely of the flattened and macerated
leaves of old rye-grass gleaned from the ground, with a scantv lining of
horse-hair. It was simply set, or wedged, in between the stiff, upgrowing
stalks of grass at the heiglit of a foot, and was not attached in anv manner to
its supports. The male bird, strange to say, was covering the eggs, of which
two belonged to that contemjitible shirk, the Cowbird.

No. 82.

THE PACIFIC YELLOW-THROAT.

A. O. \J. No. 681 c. Qeothlypis trichas arizela C)berholser.

Synonym. — PuGET Sound Yeluiw-turo.'M'.

Description. — Adults: Very similar to.G. t. occidcntalis and witji corres-
ponding changes but throat, etc., rich lemon yellow ( inclining to greenish, whereas
occidcntalis inclines to orange); more yellow in grayish olive green of upper-
parts: ashy border of mask said to average more narrow (very doubtful).
.-\lleged differences in measurements are inconsequential.

Recognition Marks. — .\s in preceding.

Nesting. — Much as in preceding form but birds more nearly confined to

204 THE PACIFIC YELLOW-THROAT.

vicinity of water. Egys: 4. Av. size, .76 x .53 ( iy,3 .k 13.5). ^'cfwo;;.- lirst week
in May, first week in June; two broods.

General Range. — "Pacific coast district, from Britisli Columbia southward;
breeding southward to Los Angeles County, California, and eastward to Fort
Klamath. Uregon ; during migration to Cape St. Lucas" (Ridgw.).

Range in Washington. — Summer resident in fresh and salt water marshes
west of the Cascades.

Migrations. — Spring: Tacoma, April 12, 1905, April 6, 1906.

Authorities. — ? Audubon. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, 463, part (Columbia River).
Gcothlypis trichas. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX, 1858, 241. part. (T). C&S.
L--. Ra. B. E.

Specimens. — Prov. B. E.

IN OUR younger days some <.>t us were taught to be seen and not heard.
Among the Yellow-throats the children are taught the opposite. A bird that
can call "Witch-et-y ! W'itch-et-y! Witch-et-y !" in a dozen different places
thru the swale and in the meantime can keep out of sight while _\'ou are look-
ing for him, is a well brought-up Yellow-throat. We were taught to tell the
truth, but deceit is drilled intri the Yellow-throat children from the time they
leave the egg. A human mother insists upon your looking at her children,
but at the approach of a visitor the Yellow-throat mother sneaks off the
nest and away thru the bushes for the sole purpose of persuading you the
home is in the reeds on the other side of the creek. This may be wrong
according to our teaching, but it is ])erfectly right according ti> the Yellow-
throat's code of morals.

If you want to see Yellow-throat, you must go down along the swale
or visit some clamp thicket or swamp. He likes the rushes and the reeds
where the Red-winged Blackbird antl the Tule Wren live. I once found
a Red-wing's nest and a Yellow-throat's home within a few feet of each
other. If you want to see this ground warbler, go to his haunt. He will
see vou first btit lie clown quietlv among the Iiushes. He will likely get
curiijus and hop up out of the reeds. You may get just one good look
before he darts away into the bushes again.

The male Yellow-throat always wears plain marks of recognition on
his face. He has a black mask extending across his forehead and back on
the sides of his head. The female goes without a mask and is clothed in
subdued tints of yellow and Ijrown.

WHien the Yellow-throat seeks a home, he finds a tliick tussock of
grass and hides his nest well in the middle. It is my experience that
when you want to find his home, it is better not to look for it. If you
keep on tramping thru the swamps and swales, some day you will stumble
on one when vou least e.xpect it. Once I Inmted for several days about
a swampy place where I heard the Yellow-throats singing. Not a sign
of a nest did I find. Whenever I appearefl the birds were on hand as if

THE WESTERN CHAT.

205

Taken in Oregon. Photo by H. T. Bohlman and W . L. Finley.

AN ENTHUSIASTIC RECEPTION.

MALE PACIFIC YELLOW-THROAT FEEDING YOUNG.

After tiring me witli their

very anxious to aid me in finding their home
deceit, they sneaked away fifty yards to tlie nest. A Httle later in the
season I liappened to see the father carrying worms and discovered the
young Yellow-tliroats just about to leave home.

William L. Finley.

No. 83.
WESTERN CHAT.

A. O. U. No. 683 a. Icteria virens longicaiida (Lawrence).

Synonym. — Long-tailed Chat.

Description. — Adult male: Above grayish olive-green; fuscous on exposed
inner webs of wings and tail; a prominent line above lores and eye, a short malar
stripe, and eye-ring, white; enclosed space black on lores, less pure behind; throat,
breast, lining of wings, and upper sides rich gamboge yellow ; lower belly and
crissum abruptly white; sides washed with brownish; bill black; feet plumbeous.
Adult female: Very similar; bill lighter; lores and cheek-patch dusky rather
than black; black appreciably lighter. Young: Dull olive above: head markings
of adult faintly indicated ; below grayish white, darker on breast, huffier behind.

2o6 THE WESTERN CHAT.

Length 6.75-7.50 (171.5-190.5') ; wing 3.07 {78) ; tail 3.01-3.39 (76.5-86) ; bill .57
(14.5); tarsus 1.04 (26.5).

Recognition Marks. — Strictly "Sparrow" size, but because of bright color
having nearer the size value of Chewiiik ; — the largest of the Warblers. Bright
yellow breast with contrasting white below, with size, distinctive.

Nesting. — Xcst: a bulky and often careless structure. 7 inches wide and 4
inches deep (lutside, 3 inches wide and 13.4 deep inside; of coarse grasses and
weed-stems, lined with tiner grasses or rootlets, placed in upright fork of bush or
small tree in thicket. Jigys: 4, white, somewhat glossed and marked irregularly
with spots and dots of lavender antl rufous, most heavily, or not, about larger
end. Av. size. .80 x .68 (22.6 .x 17.3). Season; first week in June; one brood.

General Range. — Western United States from near eastern border of Great
Plains west to the Pacific Coast, breeding north into south-central British Co-
luniliia southward to valley of Mexico ; in migration south in winter to Alexico.

Range in Washington. — ^Snmhier resident in thickets about springs and
streams of eastern Washington ; does not deeply invade mountains ; rare or casual
west of Cascades (Tacoma, June 4, 1905, by J. H. Bowles; Sunias, B. C, May 26,
1897, by -Allan Brooks).

Migrations. — Sj^riiig: May 18, 1900 (Yakima county).

Authorities. — ?■ Ictcria -dridis (Bonap.), Townsend, Journ. .Xc. Nat. Sci.,
Phila., Vn., 1839, 153 (N. W. United States) Atict. Cooper and Suckley, Rep.
Pac. R. R. Surv. p. 288 ("Towns, and Nuttall. Seen at Walla-Walla. Washing-
ton Territory"). Dawson, Auk. XIV., 1897, p. 179. (T). D'. D-. Ss'. Ss-\ B.

Specimens. — ( U. of W. ) P'. Prov. B.

STRUCTURALLY allied to the Wood Warblers, the Chat has yet
such a temperamental affinity with the Catbird, that it is difficult, for me,
at least, to dissociate the two birds in thought. Both love the thickets;
both excel in song; both plague their neighbors bv mimicry; and both alike
are clearly provoking bundles of contradictions. The Chat is, perhaps, tlie
greater buffoon, as he is certainly tlie more handsomely dressed of the two.
Beyond this we must consider him on his own merits.

Ten to one vou know him. if at all. onlv as a voice, a tricksy hush-
whacker of song, an elusive mystery of the thicket ; or you have unconsciously
ascribed his productions to half a dozen mythical birds at once. But look
more closely. It is well worth the quest to be able to resoh'e this genius of
roguery. Be assured he knows }-ou well enough by sight, for he does not
poke and pry and spy for nothing, in the intervals of song. He has still the
proverbial curiosit}^ of woman. Seat 3-ourself in the thicket, and when you
hear the mellow, saucy Kook, with its whistled vowel, bounded by consonants
barely thought of, imitate it. You will have the bird up in arms at once.
Kzvoflk, returns the bird, starting toward you. Repeat it, and you ha\'e won.
The bird scents a rival and he will leave no stem unclasped but he finds him.
A.s the bird alternately squints and stares from the brush, note the rich
warbler oli\-e of his upperparts, the gorgeous yellow^ of the throat and breast,

THE WESTERN CHAT. 207

the white brow-stripe and the malar dash, offset by black and darker olive.
It is a warbler in color-pattern, a Yellow-throat done larger, but waggish,
furtive, impudent, and resourceful beyond any other of his kind.

The full song of the Chat is usually delivered from some ele\-ation, a
solitary tree rearing itself above dense cover. The music almost defies
analysis, for it is full of surprises, vocal somersaults, and whimsy turns.
Its cadence is ragtime, and its richest phrases are punctuated by flippant
jests and droll parentheses. Even in the tree-top the singer clings closely
to the protecting greenery, whence he pitches headlong into the thicket at
the slightest intimation of approach.

The love song of the Chat, the so-called "dropping song," is one of the
choicest of avian comedies, for it is acted as well as sung. The performer
flings himself into mid-air. flutters upward for an instant with head upraised
and legs abjectly dangling, tlien slowly sinks on hovering wing, with tail
swinging up and down like a mad pump-handle. Punch, as Cupid, smitten
with the mortal sickness. Ami all this while the zany pours out a flood of
tumultuous and heart-rending song. He manages to recover as he nears
the brush, and his fiancee evidently approves of this sort of buffoonery.

The Chat is a skilled mimic. I have traced the notes of such diverse
species as Bullock Oriole, Slender-billed Nuthatch, and Magpie to his door.
Once, down on the Rio Grande, we rapped on a vine-covered Cottonwood
stump to dislodge a Flicker that had been shrieking Klyak at us for some
minutes past, and we flushed a snickering Chat.

The Western Chat, like the eastern bird, has small taste for architecture.
A careless mass of dead leaves and coarse grasses is assembled in a bush at
a height of three or four feet, and a lining of finer grasses, when present at
all, is so distinct as to permit of removal without injury to the bulk of the
structure. From three to five eggs are laid and so jealously guarded that
the birds are said to destroy the eggs once visited by man. So cautious are
the Chats that e\en after the young have hatched out, they take care not to
be seen in the vicinity of their nest, but a low, anxious chuck sometimes
escapes from the harassed mother in a neighboring thicket.

Chats will follow suitable cover into most desolate places. On the
other hand the}- do not discriminate against civilization per sc. and the
Chats of Cannon Hill, in Spokane, are as grateful to the good sense of
its citizens as are the Catbirds and two score other resident species of song-
sters. They are, however, birds of the sunshine belt, and West-side records
are very few.

2o8 THE PILEOLATED WARBLER.

No. 84.
PILEOLATED WARBLER.

A. O. U. No. 685 a. Wilsonia pusilla pileolata (Pallas).

Description. — .Idnlt male: Above bright olive green ; forehead, sides of
head, and underparts bright greenish yellow, tinged on sides with olive-green ;
crown, or "cap," lustrous black; wings and tail fuscous and olive-edged without
peculiar marks; bill dark above, light below; feet light brown. Adult female:
Similar, but the black cap wanting, or, if present, less distinct. Immature; l^ike
female without cap. Length about 4.75; wing 2.20 (56) ; tail 1.97 (50) ; bill .38
(8.5) ; tarsus .75 (18.8).

Recognition Marks. — Least, — pygmy size; black cap of male distinctive;
recognizable in any plumage by small size and greenish yellow coloration.
Brighter than ]]'. pusilla ; not so bright as If. /). chryseola.

Nesting. — As next.

General Range. — Western North America, breeding thruout the Rocky
iNIountain district, north to Alaska, west to Cascade Range in Oregon and Wash-
ington and to Vancouver Island ; during migrations over the entire western
Llnited States, and east irregularly to the Mississippi ; south in winter over Mexico
and Central America.

Range in Washington. — Not common resident and abundant migrant on
East-side ; migrant only west of Cascades.

Migrations. — Sprhtg: May 1-15.

Authorities.— Dawson, Auk XIV., 1897, 180. (T). (C&S). D'. Kb. D-'. J. E.

Specimens.— B. BN. E. P.

THE pervading yellowness of this little bush-ranger will hardly serve to
distinguish it from the equally common Lutescent Warbler, unless you are
able to catch sight of its tiny silken crown-patch of black, the "little cap"
which gives the bird its Latin-sounding name. With chryseola it is the smallest
of our warblers, and it is one of the commonest, during migrations, on the
East-side. The thickets have taken on full leaf before the bird arrives from
the South, along about the loth of May, and the northward march is often
prolonged till the first of June. So expert is the little Black-cap at threading
briary tangles, that a meeting here depends upon the bird's caprice rather than
the astuteness of the observer. Willow trees are favorite stations during the
spring movement, and these because of their scantier foliage afford the best
opportunities for study.

My impression is that the Pileolated Warbler must breed sparingly in
eastern Washington. There is, however, only one summer record to substanti-
ate this belief, — a bird seen in the valley of the Stehekin, June 22nd, 1906.
The only song I have heard dififered from the abruptly terminated crescendo
of W. p. chryseola, being rather a well modulated swell, chip chip! chipjf
chip!!! chip!!! chip!! chip! chip.

H3lJ

No. 84.

PILEDLATHD WARBLER.

■ nia piisilla pileolata (P

auU V.( MM .11 . Ml.C 1^_,.

Rang-e in Wash'-
lu t GOLDEN WARBLER

'" ' ' MALE, 4/5 rJFE SIZE

Authorities. — Davson, /\:ik _\ 1

Fhom a Watkk-oolok Painting by Allan Brooks

'he observer. ire favc

-cantier

. u . . . 1

! seen in tli

THE GOLDEN WARBLER. 209

No. 85.
GOLDEN WARBLER.

A. O. U. No. 685 b. Wilsonia piisilla chryseola Ridgw.

Synonym. — G01.DBN PilEOLated Warbi,e;r (properly so-called, but the bird,
because of its local abundance deserves the shorter name. Moreover, altho
"golden" is the commonest color among the Warblers, the name has not been
pre-empted ) .

Description. — "Similar to 11'. p. pilcolata, but slightly smaller and much
more brightly colored ; olive-green of upperparts much more yellowish, almost
olive-yellow in extreme examples ; yellow of forehead and superciliary region
(especially the former) inclining more or less to orange; yellow of underparts
purer, more intense" (Ridgway). Length of adult males (skins) 4.35 (no);
wing 2.18 (55.4) tail 1.93 (49.1); bill .33 (8.3); tarsus .72 (18.2).

Recognition Marks. — As in preceding; brighter.

Nesting. — Nest: a shapely and thick-walled mass of dead leaves, grasses
and vegetable fibers, lined with coiled grasses or hair, on the ground or con-
cealed at moderate heights in weeds, bushes, evergreen saplings, etc. Eggs: 3-5,
white or creamy white, speckled and spotted with reddish brown markings, well
distributed or gathered about larger end. Av. size .59 x .48 (15 x 12.2).
Season: Mav 15-30; one brood.

General Range. — Pacific Coast district from southern California to southern
British Cohimljia.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident in western Washington; common
in well-watered forests at lower levels and in thickets from sea-level to higher
mountain valleys.

Migrations. — Spring: Arrives Puget Sound April 25-i\lay 5. Fall: Blaine,
Sept. 15.

Authorities. — Hlviodioctes piisillns Bonap., Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX.
pt. II., 1858, p. 294 (part). C&S. L'. Ra. B. E.

Specimens. — \J. of W. E.

THIS dainty little Warbler is one of the most characteristic and well
distributed birds of western Washington. Its summer range embraces all
shady and moist woods having varied undergrowth ; and it is at home alike on
the sides of the western Cascades, in the swampy bottoms tributary to Puget
Sound, or under the dense spruce forests of the Pacific slope. It is certainly one
of the most abundant birds in the last-named section, and its golden flittings
not only dominate the fern levels but extend upward into the mossy arms of
the evergreens. A brilliant dress does not appear to endanger the life of this
little despot, for he is quite too insignificant for notice among the Knights of
Claw and Jaw, and so he flashes in and out, scolds, sings, and meditates, by
turns, without molestation.

2IO THE AMERICAN REDSTART.

Nor is tliere any lack of interest in the life of this golden midget. Have
you never wished that you were tiny — oh, teeny — with beady black eyes, that
you might explore the mysteries of a moss forest? that elderberries might look
to you like great blue pippins? and madrone berries like luscious fiery pump-
kins? that you might pluck a thousand sapid meats at first hand where now
you know only a few "staples," disguised by the meretricious arts of cookery?
That you might — Ah, here I have you ! — that you might pantingly pursue a
golden maiden down dim forest aisles, over plunging billows of spiraea blos-
soms, past corridors of giant sword-fern, into — Oh, where is that maddening
creature! She's given me the slip again! Never mind: I'll i^ause and sing:
0 00 ooc'c'c'e'e'e'e'e' 00000.

Truth to tell, the song just recorded is one of the rarest, a perfectly
modulated swell of sharp staccato notes of little resonance but greater power
and intensity. The ordinary song is a series of monosyllables uttered with
increasing emphasis, i/n'/' chip chip chip CHIP CHIP. The singer is very
much in earnest, and compels attention in spite of his utter lack of musical
ability. Late in August, the 26th it was, I provoked a Black-cap at Blaine by
screeping. until he sang merely to relieve his feelings, chip chip CHIP chip
chip chip chip, the precise type nf the Pileolated Warbler. ]]'. p. pilcolafa
proper. The only other variant in my collection is tscw tsc7V fscw f.^cc fscc
tsee. whhhackity, — the last note, somewhat whimsically represented here, be-
ing an intense guttural trill very difficult to characterize.

Messrs. Rathbun and Renick. i)f Seattle, have made a special study of
the nesting habits of this dainty wood nymph, and they rejiort a marked par-
tiality in its nesting for the vicinity of woodland paths, log-roads, and the
smaller openings in the logged-off sections. The favorite host is a cedar sap-
ling, a mere baliy tree with stem only half an inch or so in diameter. Of nine
nests examined only one, in a Iiracken. was more than two feet above the
ground, and none were less than ten inches. The nest is quite a bulky affair,
yet comjiact centrally, composed externally of copious dried leaves and twigs ;
internally of fine grasses and interwoven rootlets. The birds quit the nest
unobserved and the finding i>f one of their domiciles is a matter of hard work.

No. 86.

AMERICAN REDSTART.

A. O. U. No. 687. Setophaga riiticilla (Linn.l.

Description. — Adult male: Head and neck all around and breast shining
black ; remaining upperparts dull black with glossy patches, changing to brownish
black or fuscous on wings : a large salmon-colored patch at base of secondaries ; a
smaller, nearly concealed patch of same color at base of primaries ; the outer

•THE AMERICAN REDSTART. 211

web of the outer primary salmon nearly thruout its length; the tail feathers,
except the two middle pairs, salmon-colored on both webs for the basal two-
thirds; two large patches of reddish salmon on the sides of the breast; the lining
of the wings and the sides extensively tinged with the same color, occasionally
a few touches across the chest below the black; lower breast, belly, and crissum,
white; bill black; feet dark brown; black in variable amounts on sides of breast
between the orange red spots ; lower tail-coverts sometimes broadly tipped with
blackish. Adult female: Above, brownish ash with an ochraceous or olive
tinge on back; salmon parts of male replaced by yellow (Naples yellow), and the
reddish salmon of sides by chrome yellow ; remaining underparts dull whitish,
sometimes bufty across chest. Iiiiniatitre male: Similar to adult female, but
duller the first year ; the second year mottled with black ; does not attain full
plumage until third season. Length 5.00-5.75 (127-146.1); av. of five males:
wing 2.59 (65.8) ; tail 2.17 (55.1) ; bill .36 (9.1) ; tarsus .70 (18).

Recognition Marks. — Medium Warbler size ; black with salmon-red and
salmon |iatches of male; similar pattern and duller colors of female and young;
tail usuallv half open and prominentlv displayed, whether in sport or in ordinary
flight.

Nesting. — Nest, in the fork of a sapling from five to fifteen feet up, of
hemp and other vegetable fibers, fine bark, and grasses, lined with fine grasses,
plant-down and horse-hair. Eggs, 4 or 5, greenish, bluish, or grayish-white,
dotted and spotted, chiefly about larger end, with cinnamon-rufous or olive-brown.
Av. size .68X.51 (17.3X 13). Season: June; one brood.

General Range. — Temperate North Amepca in general, regularly north to
Nova Scotia, the Mackenzie River (Fort Simpson), etc., west to southern Alaska.
British Columbia, eastern \\'ashington, Utah, etc., casual in eastern Oregon,
northern California, and in the southeastern states ; breeding from the middle
portion of the United States northward; south in winter thruout West Indies,
Mexico and Central America to northern South America.

Range in Washington. — Rare but regular summer resident in northern
portion of State east of Cascades ( Methow Valley, Grand Coulee, etc. ), casual( ?j
in the Blue Mountains.

Authorities. — [J. K. Lord in "Nat. in Vancouver Id. and B. C", 186C, p.
162 (Colville Vallev).] Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club. V., 1880, 50 (Ft. Walla
Walla). D'. Ss'. J.

Specimens. — C. P'.

THE "start" of Redstart is from the old Anglo-Saxon sfeort, a tail;
hence. Redstart means Redtail ; but the name would hardly have been applied
to the American bird had it not been for a chance resemblance which it bears
to the structurally different Redstart of Europe, Riiticilla phocnkitrus. In
our bird the red of the tail is not so noticeable as is the tail itself, which is
handled very much as a coquette handles a fan, being opened or shut, or
shaken haughtily, to express the owner's varied emotions.

Tlie Redstart is the presiding genius of woodland and grove. He is a
bit of a t\Tant among the birds, and among his own kind is exceedinglv

212 THE ALASKA HORNED LARK.

sensitive upon the subject of metes and bounds. As for the insect world he
rules it with a rod of iron. See him as he moves about thru a file of slender
poplars. He flits restlessly from branch to branch, now peering up at the
under surface of a leaf, now darting into the air to secure a heedless midge,
and closing upon it with an emphatic snap, now spreading the tail in pardon-
able vanity or from sheer exuberance of spirits ; but ever and anon pausing
just long enough to squeeze out a half-scolding song. The paler-colored
female, contrary to the visual wont, is not less active nor less noticeable than
the male, except as she is restrained for a season by the duties of incubation.
She is even believed to sing a little on her own account, not because her mate
does not sing enough for two, but because she — well, for the same reason that
a wiiman whistles, — and good luck to her !

During the mating season great rivalries spring up, and males will chase
each other about in most bewildering mazes, like a pair of great fire-flies,
and with no better weapons — fighting fire with fire. When the nesting site
is chosen the male is very jealous of intruders, and bustles up in a threatening
fashion, which cjuite overawes most birds of guileless intent.

Redstart's song is sometimes little lietter than an emi^hatescent squeak.
At other times his emotion fades after the utterance of two or three notes, and
the last one dies out. A more pretentious effort is represented by Mr. Chap-
man as "Cliiiir/. chilli/, dice; scr-7(.'Ct\ sivcc, swce-c-c-e." Many variations
from tliese U'pes may be noted, and I once mistook the attem]it of a colorless
young stripling of one summer for that of a Pileolated W^arliler.

Our Redstart shares with the Yellow Warbler alone the distinction of
representing among us /;; if>sa specie the Warbler hosts of the East. Even so,
our scanty summer population of Redstarts, confined as it is to the northeast-
ern counties, appears to rejjresent an ii\'erll()W of the eastern hordes, or, per-
haps, the van of occupation, rather than regularly established citizens. I have
seen them as far south as Brook Lake, and as far west as Stehekin only: but
Mr. Allan Brooks records a specimen from Chilliwhack, in western British
Columbia.

No. 87.

ALASKA HORNED LARK.

A. O. U. No. 474 a. Otocoris alpestris arcticola Oberliolser.
Synonyms. — Arctic Hornkd L.\rk. Pallid Horned L.\rk. Winter

L.XRK.

[Description of type form, Otocoris alpestris. — Adult male in breediiir/
plumage: A narrow patch across fore-crown with ends curving laterally back-

THE ALASKA HORNED LARK. 213

ward and produced into a feather-tuft or "horn," black; a broad bar from nostril
to eye thence curving downward and expanding to involve hinder portion of
cheeks and auriculars anteriorly, black ; a crescentic patch across upper chest
black; forehead and superciliaries pale yellow (primrose yellow) paling poste-
riorly ; auriculars yellow continuous with and deepening into straw yellow of
chin, throat and malar region; remaining underparts white, the sides and flanks
dull vinacecjus streaked with dusky ; upperparts in general warm grayish brown,
the middle of crown, occiput, nape, lesser wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts
vinaceous-cinnamon ; back, scapulars and rump grayish brown, each feather edged
with paler and having dusky center ; wings liair-brown with paler edgings, the
outermost ])riniary edged with white; tail chiefly black, the middle pair of
feathers dusky, edged with whitish, the two lateral pairs edged with wdiite.
Bill black lightening below ( basally ) ; legs and feet black ; iris dark brown.
Adult female in sumincr: Like male but duller and paler, the black areas
reduced in extent and obscured by brownish or buffy tips ; yellow of superciliary
stripe, etc., duller and paler ; upperparts more noticeably streaked and with less
of vinaceous tint on hind neck and upper tail-coverts. Both sexes in fall and
zvinter are somewhat more heavily and more uniformly colored save on black
areas which are overcast by buffy or brownish tips ; also forebreast dusky or
obscurely spotted. Young birds are heavil)- speckled above with yellowish white
on brownish and dusky ground. Length of adult male: 7.00-7.50 (177-190);
wing 4.37 ( III) ; tail 2.83 (yz) ; bill .48 (12.2) ; tarsus .94 (24). Adult female:
6.75-7.25 (171-184); wing 4.09 (104); tail 2.48 (63); bill .43 (ii.i); tarsus
.91 (23.2).]

Description. — Adults: Similar to O. alpcstris but upperparts paler and
graver, less warmed by vinaceous; no yellow (or merest tinge on head and
throat) — white instead; size about the same.

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size ; black crescent on upper chest ; black
cheek and crown patches; feather-tufts or "horns" directed backward. To be
distinguished from 0. a. nievrilli and 0. a. strigata by larger size and absence
of yellow-.

Nesting. — Not certainly known to breed in Washington but possibly does so
above timber-line. Nest: a cup-shaped depression in the surface of the ground,
plentifully lined with fine grasses, moss, grouse feathers, etc. Eggs: 3 or 4,
greenish- or grayish-white, profusely and minutely dotted with olive-buff,
greenish-brown and lavender. Av. size .95 x .66 (27x16.7).

General Range. — "Breeding in Alaska (except Pacific coast district) and
valley of the L'pper Yukon River, Northwest Territory ; migrating southward
to Oregon, Utah, Montana, etc." (Ridgway).

Range in Washington. — Common winter resident and migrant east of the
Cascades. Birds breeding on the higher mountains are doubtfully referable
to this form.

Authorities. — O. a. Icncolccina (Coues), Dawson, Auk, XIV. 1897, ^7^-
D-'. J.

Specimens. — Prov.

THE Horned Lark bears the reputation of being the most plastic of
American species — the Song Sparrow {Melospiza inclodia) being a close sec-

214 THE ALASKA HORNED LARK.

ond in this respect. A monograph by Mr. H. C. Oberholser^ enumerates
twenty-three forms, of which seventeen are described as North American, and
four Mexican, beside one from Colombia (O. a. pcrcgrina) and another (O. a.
flava) from Eurasia. Of this number tlie majority occur west of the Missis-
sippi River, wliere chmatic conditions are more sliarply differentiated, and
where, especially in the Southwest, the situation allows of that permanent
residence which is conducive to the development of subspecific forms.

The situation in Washington appears to be somewhat as follows: O. a.
strigata, strongly marked, but showing relationship U> iiicrrilli, and likeness to
iiisularis, of the Santa Barbara Islands, summers in western W'asliinglon in
open prairies, and at low altitudes only. In winter it retires southward, or
straggles irregularly eastward''. O. a. iiicrrilli is related to strigata on the one
hand, and to Iciicolccuia (the Desert Horned Lark) on the other, but it curi-
ously reproduces the appearance of praticola (being indistinguishable in
certain plumages ) ; and also bears close resemblance to giraiidi. a non-migrant
form of tlie Gulf sliore of Te.xas. It summers thruout eastern Washington,
and even (doubtfull}' ) occupies the western coast of British Columbia. An
isolated colony occurring on Mount Baker, above limljer-line. is referred b\'
Oberholser to this form, but I should prefer to call it an intergrade with
arcticola. In winter iiicrrilli retires completely from its Washington range,
and its place is taken by arcticola, sweeping down fmni the highlands of
British Columljia and Alaska in considerable numbers.

It is not at all difficult for one who is accustomed to the appearance of
Iiicrrilli to recognize these newcomers when they appear, late in October, for
they are decidedly larger, more lightly colored, and show no slightest trace of
yellow. They are much given to wandering about in straggling flocks, and
the mild cries which the}- scatter freely ha\"e a subdued and plainti\-e tone,
borrowed, no doubt, from the chastened character of the season. x\ sitting
flock will sometimes allow a very close approach, but when they do so they
"freeze," so perfectly that the eye can scarcel}- find them. The only thing to
do under such circumstances is to freeze also, until the birds begin to limber
up and steal cautiously away, taking advantage, for concealment, of every
tuft of grass or depression of the ground, and giving occasional a<lmnnitory
yips to their fellows.

a. A Review of the Larks of the Genus Otocoris. Proc. U. S. Nat'l Mus., Vol. XXIV., pp. 801-884,
1902-

b. Much clearer testimony is required on this point. C>berliolser. op. cit., p. 839, cites a record for
Colton in Whitman County, but I have never seen this form in Yakima County: and it would seem
remarkaljle that a bird should forsake the mild climate of Tacoma to endure the more severe winters
and less certain food supply of the East-side.

THE COLUMBIAN HORNED LARK. 215

No. 88. ,
COLUMBIAN HORNED LARK.

A. O. U. No. 474 i. Otocoris alpestris merrilli Dwight.

Synonyms. — Dusky Horned Lark. jNIerrill's Horned Lark.

Description. — Similar to O. a. strigata but somewhat larger and decidedly
grayer above, streaks narrower and dusky rather than black ; underparts not
suffused with yellowish and yellow of head, especially superciliary, not so strong
as in 0. a. strigata. Length (skins) 6.25, ( 159 ); wing 4.05 ( 103) ; tail 2.32 (59);
bill .43 fii); tarsus .85 (21.6).

Recognition Marks. — As in |)receding; smaller, darker and more yellow
than O. a. ai\-ticola; larger, grayer and less yellow than O. a. strigata.

Nesting. — Nest and eggs as in preceding. Av. size of eggs .93 x .61 (23.6 x
15.5). Season: April-July; two or three broods.

General Range. — Breeding in northwestern interior district of the United
States from northwestern Nevada and northeastern California north thru Oregon
and Washington well up into British Columbia, east to Idaho ; south in winter
(at least) to central California.

Range in Washington. — Common summer resident and migrant east of
the Cascades. Breeding birds of the high Cascades may possibly be of this form.

Authorities. — Eremophila alpestris. Brewster, B. N. O. C. VII. Oct. 1892,
p. 227. ])■. Sr. D^ Ss'. Ss^ J. E.

Specimens. — P'. Prov. E(?).

A MODEST bird is the Columbian Horned Lark, for his home is on the
groimd, and he hugs its tiny shelters when disturbed, as the quite assured that
its brownness matches the tint of his back. If attentively pursued, he patters
away half trustfully, or if he takes to wing, he does so with a deprecating
cry of apology, as if the fault were his instead of yours. If his business keeps
him in the same field, he will reappear presently, picking from the ground with
affected nonchalance at a rod's remove, or else pausing to face you frankly
with those interesting feather-tufts of inqttiry, supported by black moustacliios
and jetty gorget on a grotmd of palest primrose.

The unseeing class the Horned Larks among "brown birds" and miss the
vaulting spirit beneath the modest mien. Yet our gentle Lark is of noble blood
and ancient lineage. The Skylark, of peerless fame, is his own cousin: and,
while he cannot hope to vie with the foreign bird in song, the same poet soul
is in him. \Vhether in the pasture, upon the hillside, or in the desert, the com-
ing of spring proclaims him laureate; and the chief vocal interest of nesting-
time centers in the song-flight of the male Horned Lark.

The song itself is, perhaps, nothing remarkable, a little ditty or
succession of sprightly syllables wdiich have no considerable resonance or

2l6

THE COLUMBIAN HORNED LARK.

modulation, altho they quite defy vocalization; yet such are the circumstances
attending its deHvery that it is set down by everyone as "pleasing," while
for the initiated it possesses a charm which is quite unique. Tividyc-'H'idgc,
widgity, ■zvidgy-widge, conveys no idea of the tone-quality, indeed, but may
serve to indicate the proportion and tempo of the common song; while Tzvidge,
zeidgity, ccluoy, eclooy, idgity, cclouy, cciv, may serve the same purpose for

J<i5f>,o\^.

COLUMBIAN aoRiXED LARKS.

the rare ecstasy song. The bird sometimes sings from a fence post, a sage
bush, or e\-en from a hummock on tlie ground, but usually the impulse of song
takes him up inti) the free air. Here at almost any hour of the day he may
be seen poising at various heights, like a miniature hawk, and sending down
tender words of greeting and cheer to the little wife who broods below.

It is, however, at the sacred hour of sunset that the soul nf the heavenly
singer takes wing for its ethereal abode. The sun is just sinking; the faithful
spouse has settled herself to her gentle task for the night; and tlie bird-man
has lain down in the shadow of the fence to gaze at the sky. The bird gives
himself to the buoyant influences of the trembling air and mounts aloft by
easy gradations. As he rises he swings round in a wide, loose circle, singing

THE PACIFIC HORNED LARK. 217

softl_v the while. At the end of every little height he pauses and hovers and
sends down the full voiced song. Up and up he goes, the song becoming
tenderer, sweeter, more refined and subtly suggestive of all a bird may seek in
the lofty blue. As he fades from the unaided sight I train my glasses on
him and still witness the heavenward spirals. I lower the glasses. Ah! I
have lost him now! Still there float down to us, the enraptured wife and
me, those most ethereal strains, sublimated past all taint of earth, beatific,
elysian. Ah ! surely, we have lost him ! He has gone to join the angels.
"Chirriquita, on the nest, we have lost him." "Never fear," she answers;
"Hark!" Stronger grows the dainty music once again. Stronger! Stronger!
Dropping r)ut of the boundless darkening blue, still by easy flights, a song for
every step of Jacob's ladder, our messenger is coming down. But the ladder
does not rest on earth. When about two hundred feet high the singer sud-
denly folds his wings and drops like a plummet to the ground. \Vithin the
last dozen feet he checks himself and lights gracefully near his nest. The
bird-man steals softly away to dream of love and God, and to waken on the
morrow of earth, refreshed.

The Columbian Horned Lark enjoys a wide distribution thruout eastern
Washington during the nesting season, the only requirement of the bird being
open country. The convenience of water is no object, and the bird favors the
undifferentiated wastes of sage, rather than the cultivated fields. Elevated
situations are es]jecially attractive, and thousands of these Horned Larks nest
along barren, wind-swept ridges and on the smaller mountains where no other
species can be found.

No. 89.
PACIFIC HORNED LARK.

A. O. v. No. 474 g. Otocoris alpestris strigata Henshaw.

Synonym. — Streaked Horned Lark.

Description. — Similar to 0. alpestris but darker and much smaller, above
streaked broadly with black and tinged with buffy ; nape, rump and bend of wing
more rufescent; underparts usually more or less suffused with yellowish. Adult
female more strongly and handsomely marked than that of any other form.
Length of adult male (skins) 5.98 (52) ; wing 3.85 (98) ; tail 2.59 (65.8) ; bill
.44 (11. 3); tarsus .82 (20.8).

Recognition Marks. — As in preceding; smaller, darker and more yellow
than other local forms.

Nesting. — Nest and eggs as in preceding. Season: second week in May,
second week in June ; two broods.

General Range. — Breeding in Pacific Coast district of Oregon, Washington

2i8 THE PACIFIC HORNED LARK.

and British Columbia ; "migrating to eastern Oregon and Washington, and
northern Cahfornia (Red LUuff ; San Francisco)" (Ridgway).

Range in Washington. — Found breeding only on prairies west of Cascades,
therefore chiefly conhncd to Pierce, Thurston and Chehalis Counties; said to
winter on East-side.

Migrations. — Spring: last week in February; Tacuma, February 25, 1905,
February 10, 1 90S.

Authorities. — ErcmophUa conuita Boie, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., IX.
1858, 404, 405. ( T). C&S. L". Ra. B.

Specimens. — ( U. of W.) Prov. B.

THE prairies of Pierce, Thurston, and Chehalis Cotinties, so often re-
ferred to in these pages, are of comparatively recent formation — mere gravel
beds leveled off by the action of a retreating sea — and so thoroly washed thru
portions of their area as to be capable of supporting little else than a carpet
of moss. The wanton recklessness of the Pacific Horned Larks, which in-
habit these open stretches, is reallv but one degree removed from the modesty
of their more fortunate kinfolk across the Cascades. It is modesty without
opportunity ; and that easily becomes shamelessness. For here the ground
is of an uncompromising green, and the "cover," afforded bv slight depres-
sions in the moss, is usually tmworthy of the name.

The perfection of green barrenness was attained in the golf-links of
South Tacoma, before they were surrendered to the demands of the growing
city. Yet this was the very place where the Horned Larks appeared to the
best advantage. Returning, as the}' did, about the 25th of Febrtiary, in good
seasons, they disported themselves like mad Pixies for a month or so, engag-
ing in amorous pursuit and f recjuent song-tlight ; until in some way, late in
April, domestic order began to emerge from the chaos of rival claims, and
little homes dotted the prairie, where belted scjuires and red-jacketed ladies
pursued the twinkling gutta-percha. The conflict of interests, avian and human,
was sometimes disastrous to the birds. Mr. Bowles records three instances in
which Larks were killed by flying golf balls; and another gentleman, himself
a devotee of the game, tells me he once saw a bird struck dead in mid-air.

By the spring of 1906 matters had gone from bad to worse. The golf-
links became a sort of common, despairingly resorted to by a few enthusiasts
and a motley laity. The northwest portion of the section was staked out into
lots, and the whole area was criss-crossed by roads and paths, whereby work-
men, school-boys and delivery wagons hastened to and fro. Then it became
the special pasture of a band of fifty cows, the lean kine of Pharaoh's dream
multiplied by seven; and to the terrors of two hundred heedless hoofs was
later added a flock of sheep, being fattened for sacrifice at a neighboring
slaughter-house. This common was also a favorite romping ground for
children, while dogs simply went crazy upon it. I saw one rabid beast in a

THE PACIFIC HORNED LARK.

2ig

Returning on tlie 27tli, we found that tlie hole in

come a
stead.

grown callou

dehrium of unfettered bHss do off about six miles in twice as many minutes,
with a Horned Lark, flying low, as the invariable object of his chase. When
to such conditions as these was added the scantiness of cover, one marveled
indeed that the daffy Horned Lark still persisted upon his ancient heritage.

Yet on the nth of April (the earliest record b}- far), in the barest of it,
we marked a deep rounded cavity which Mr. Bowles declared belonged t(.) the
Streaked Horned Lark. Returning on the .27
the ground had be-
bump in-
The bird,
amid
the impending evils,
or else frankl}- in-
tending to warn off
trespassers, had filled
the cavity full to
overflowing, and had
erected upon its site
a monumental pile
visible at a hundred
yards. So zealous
had the bird's efforts
been that the crest
of the nest stuck up
two and a half inches
above the close-
cropped landscape.
and the bottom of
the nest was abo\'e
the ground. This
creation was quite
ten inches across,
while it included
upon its skirts bits

of sod, cow-chips and pebbles, — a motley array, possibly designed to distract
attention from the dim-colored eggs which the nest contained. The most
lavish display of this sort of bruinagem marked a runway of approach, off'set
bv a corresponding depression upon the other side. The nest was composed
chiefly of dried grasses and weed-stalks with soft dead lea\-es, and was lined,
not \'ery carefullv. with grass, driefl leaves, and a single white chicken-feather.^

Talccn Lit South Tticonia. Photo by Dawson and Bonlcs.

THE NEST ON THE GOLF LINKS.

A near view of this remarkable nest was forbidden by the breaking of a negative.

220

THE PACIFIC HORNED LARK.

Once the allentinn of the (jologist was directetl to this structure, it rose
from tiie plain Hke a pyramid of Cheops before his strained anxieties. It was
torture to have to leave it for half an hour. How could that school-ljoy pass
at tweutv yards and not see it ! Then, when I returned to reconnoiter, the
dear cattle were just being turned loose for the morning, and they, forsooth,
must straggle past it. At the end of another hour, unable longer to endure
the suspense, I returned to perform the last offices. The band of sheep was
out then, and they were drifting so perilously close, that I ran the last hundred
yards to head them off, and none too soon. Yet that precious monument of
simplicity held three eggs, unharmed until the advent of the man, who
wrought the ruin surely, in the name of — Science(?). Consistency, thou
art a jewel found in no egg-collector's cabinet !

The nest of the Pacific Horned Lark is not often concealed, but usually
it does not more than fill the hollow of some cavity, natural or artificial, — a
wheel-rut, a footprint of horse or cow, a cavity left by an upturned stone, or,

as in one instance, the bottom of an unused
K'olf-hole. The only attempt at conceal-
ment noted was where the nest had been
])laced under the fold of a large
strip of tar paper, most of which
had become tightly plastered
t(j the ground.

In spite of the compara-
tively mild weather prevail-
ing in April, eggs are not
often laid before the second
week in May, and a second
set is deposited about the
second week in June. The
number of eggs in a set
varies from two to four,
three being most commonly
found. In color the ground
is grayish white, while dots
of greenish gray or reddish
gray are now gathered in a heavy wreath about the larger end, and now regu-
larly distributed over the entire surface — sometimes so heavily as to obscure
the ground. The eggs are often very perceptibly glossed and there is fre-
quently a haunting greenish or yellowish tinge which diffuses itself over the
whole — an atmosphere, as the artist would say. Variation in size runs from
ovate to elongate oval, and measurements range from .93 x .60 to .81 x .58.
Horned Larks owe their preservation chiefly to the wariness of the female,

Taken near Tucoma. Photo by J. H. Bowles.

NEST .^ND EGGS OF P.VCIFIC HORNED L.\RK.

THE AMERICAN PIPIT. 221

for she flushes at long distances. Either siie will slip off quietly and sneak at
thirty yards, or else flush straight at a hundred. When the nest is discovered
she is quite as likely to ignore the intruder, and seldom ventures near enough
to betray ownership. On the other hand, given patience and a pair of strong
binoculars, "tracking" is not a difficult accomplishment.

No. 90.

AMERICAN PIPIT.

A. O. U. No. 697. Anthus rubescens (Tunstall).

Synonyms. — Amkric^n Titl.ark. Brown Lark. Louisi.'>iNA Pipit.

Description. — Adult in spring: Above soft and dark grayish brown with
an olive shade ; feathers of crown and back with darker centers ; wings and tail
dusky with paler edging, the pale tips of coverts forming two indistinct bars ;
outer pair of tail-'cathers extensively white; next pair white-tipped; superciliary
line, eye-ring and underparts light grayish brown or buffy, the latter streaked
with dusky except on middle of throat and lower belly,-- heavily on sides of
throat and across breast, narrowly on lower breast and sides. Winter plumage:
Above, browner ; below, duller buffy ; more broadly streaked on breast. Length
6.00-7.00 (152.4-177.8) ; wing 3.37 (85.6): tail 2.53 (64.3): bill .46 (11.7);
tarsus .90 (22.9).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size ; brown above ; buffy or brownish with
dusky spots below ; best known by flip-yip notes repeated when rising from
ground or flying overhead.

Nesting. — Nest: at high altitudes, a thick-walled structure of grasses and
moss set into deep excavation in sloping hillside or in cranny of cliff. Eggs:
4-6, usually 5, so heavily speckled and spotted with reddish or dark brown as
almost entirely to obscure the whitish ground color. Often, except upon close
examination, the effect is of a uniform chocolate-colored egg. Av. size .jj x .57
(19.6 X 14.5). Season: June 15-July 25; one brood.

General Range. — North America at large, breeding in the higher parts of
the Rocky and Cascade Mountains and in sub-Arctic regions ; wintering in the
Gulf States, Mexico, and Central America. Accidental in Europe.

Range in Washington. — Abundant during migrations; common summer
resident in Cascade Mountains above timber-line; winters sparinglv west of
mountains.

Migrations. — Nomadic; retires from mountains early in September; moves
southward across State Oct. 15-Dec. 15; northward April i-May 15.

Authorities. — ? Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., VHI., 1839, 154
(Columbia River). Anthus iiidovicianus. Licht. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv.
IX. pt. II., 1858, p. 233. T. C&S. L'. Rh. D'. Sr. Ra. D^ J. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P'. Prov. B. E.

THE American Pipit does not sustain the habitual dignity of the boreal
breed. He is no clown, indeed, like our Chat, nor does he quite belong to the

222 THE AMERICAN PIPIT.

awkward squad with young Blackbirds; a trim form and a natty suit often
save him from well merited derision, but all close observers will agree that
there is a screw loose in his make-up somewhere. The whole Pipit race
seems to be struggling under a strange inhibitory spell, cast upon some an-
cestor, perliaps, by one knows not what art of nodding heather bells or po-
tency of subtly distilled Arctic moonshine. .\s the flock comes straggling
down from the northland they utter unceasing yips uf mild astonishment and
self-reproach at their apparent inability to decide what to do next. Their in-
decision is especially exasperating as one rides along a trail which is closely
flanked by a primitive rail fence, as I have often done in Okanogan County.
One starts up ahead of you and thinks he will settle on the top rail and watch
you go by. As his feet near the rail he decides he won't, after all, but that
he will go a few feet farther before alighting. If he actually does alight
he instantly tumbles oft with a startled yip. as th(j the rail were hot and he
had burnt his toes. Then he tries a post with no better success, until you get
disgusted with such silly vacillation and inane yipping, and clap spurs to your
horse, resolved to escape the anno}-ance (if having to follow such dubious
fortunes.

In social flight the Pipits straggle out far apart, so as to allow plenty of
room for their chronic St. A'itus's tlance to jerk them hither or thither or up
or down, witliout clashing with their fellows. Only a small percentage of
those which annually traverse the State fly low enough to be readily seen ;
but when they do they are jolting along over the landscape and complaining
at every other step. The note is best rendered flip-yip. less accurately pip-it
(whence of course the name) ; and a shower of these iietulant sounds comes
spattering down out of the sky when the birds themselves are nearly or c|uite
invisible.

The fall migrations of this species appear to have a compound character.
Birds which make their appearance early in September are likely to quarter
themselves in a gi\'en localitx" for several weeks at a time, tho wlielher these
represent the first refugees from the high North, or mark the practical retreat
of our own mountaineers, we cannot tell. Late comers pass thru more rapidl\-,
and the main host clears l)y late October, but stragglers may be found in any
open lowland situation until late November. They are es]iecially partial to
prairies, close-cropped pastures, the graxelly shores and bars of rivers, lakes
and ponds, and the shingle of sea-beaches. At Semialimoo the great ricks of
barnacle-covered piles, which are annually corded on shore at the close of the
fishing season, are regarded in the light of a Pipit hotel. The birds not only
shelter among the timbers, but, after the fashion of Sandpipers, glean busily
from their surfaces where the marine crealures. thru ex]iosure to the air, are
dving a fragrant death.

The return nio\'ement of spring sets in earlv, and the main flight is more

THE AMERICAN PIPIT.

223

direct. But here there is suspicion of desuhory wintering on the one hand
(I have a record of forty birds seen on the Nisqnally Flats, Feb. 10, 1906;
and Fannin says they sometimes winter on Yancou\'er Island ) and there is
always a small percentage of loiterers who linger into May. Spring flocks
nia\' be l(.>oked for in freshly-i)lowed iields, where they feed attenti\'elv, often
in absolute silence, mo\-ing about with ■'graceful, gliding walk, tilting the body
and wagging the tail at each
step, much in the manner of
a Sciiiriis.'

Pipits are boreal breeders ;
lint inasmuch as our own
superb Alps claim kinship
with the Arctic, there is no
more fa\'orable spot to study
the nesting of the Pipits
than upon the Cascades of
northern Washington. At
home the Pipit is a ver\'
different creature from the

straggler of the long trail
On his native heather, sui-
rounded by d\varfed lir
trees, melting snow-fields.
and splendid vistas of peak
and cloud, he knows exactly
what he wants and is quiu
capable of flying in :i
straight line.

All is bustle and stir
along Ptarmigan Ridge,—
the transverse rock-rib ni
Cascade Pass which divides
the waters of Stehekin.
Chelan, and the Columbia
from those of the Cascade,
Skagit, and Puget Sound.

The season is late, June 23, IQ06, and the snows have only just released the
ridge at 6000 feet elevatii:)n. Slate-colored Sparrows are carnlling tenderly
from the thickets of stunted fir. Sierra Hermit Thrushes, those minstrels
of heaven, flit elusively from clump to clump or pause to rehearse from their
depths some spiritual strain. Leucostictes look in u])iin the scene in passing,
but they hasten at a prudent thought to their loftier ramparts. The real

Taken tit Shagil Lumtly. I'hotu by IV. L. Dazvson.

OUR L.MJV OF THE SNOWS.

A CHAR.ACTKRISTIC SUMMER HAUNT OF THE PIPIT.

224 THE AMERICAN PIPIT.

busybodies of tbe place are the Pipits. Females, lisping suspiciously, hurry
to and fro, discussing locations, matching straws, playfully rebuking over-
bold swains, and hastily gulping insects on the side. The male birds ho\'er
about their mates solicitously — never helping, of course — or else sing lustily
from prominent knolls and rocks.

The Pipit song in many of its phases is strikingly like that of the Rock
Wren (Salpinctcs ohsoletns). It has the same vivacity and ringing quality,
tho perhaps less power, and the similarity extends to the very phrasing. An
alarm note runs pichoo pichoo pichoo, given six or seven times, rapidly and
emphatically ; while another, woe iich, 7vcc iicli, zvcc iicli, is rendered, unless
nn- eyes deceive me, with the same springing motion which characterizes the
Wren. An ecstacy song of courting time (heard on Mount Rainier ) runs tiviss
izviss tzviss twiss (ad lib.), uttered as rapidly as the syllables may be said. It
is delivered as the bird describes great slow circles in mid-air; and when the
singer is exhausted by his efforts, he falls like a spent rocket to the ground.

For all this activity, however, the nests are hard to find. Finally, as w^e
keep ascending the ridge, bare save for occasional ]iatches of snow in the
hollows. Jack spies an old nest, last year's of course, in tlie recess of a soil
tussock, completely overarched by earth. The secret is out, and we can
searcl: with more intelligence now. Soon I ilush a female at her task of in-
cubation. She has been digging out a pocket, or cave, in a moist bank which
the snow had set free not above three days before. The earth removed from
the interior is piled up for the lnwer rim, or wall, and a few rootlets, doubt-
less those secured in the process of excavation, have been culled out and laid
horizontally along the edge of the dirt. The hole is about as large as my
double fists, and the nest, when completed, evidently cannot be injured by
falling snow.

In July of the following year, work was carried on in the Upper Horse-
shoe Basin, a few miles further north. The song period was evidently past,
l)ut a nest of five eggs slightly incubated, was taken from a heather slope on
the 20th of the month. The sitting bird flushed from under the beating
stick, but only after I had passed.

On the i7tli, a venturesome climb over the rock-wall which fronts the
glacier of the Upper Basin, had yielded only a last year's Leucosticte's nest.
As I was nearly down the cliff and breathing easier, a Pipit flew unannounced
from a spur of the clifif upon which I was standing to the one beyond. Evi-
dentlv she had heard the call of her mate, for the instant she lighted upon the
cliff he was near her. But budge not a foot would he : whether he was sus-
picious or only exacting, one could not quite tell. At any rate he kept giving
vent to a ringing metallic note of apprehension. The female coaxed with
fluttering wings, and moved slowly forward as she did so, finally securing
the worm from her reluctant lord, when — whisk! she was back again and out

THE TOWNSEND SOLITAIRE. 225

of sight around the cHff on whicli I stood. I hastened forward to the furthest
outstanding point which gave a partial view of the wall's face. No bird was
ill sight. Then I tossed pebbles against the cliff-side, and from beneath the
second summons fluttered the frightened Pipit. Five beautiful eggs, of a
warm weathered oak, rather than "mahogany" shade, lay in a niche of rock.
A tussock of grass clung just below, and a dwarf shrub afforded a touch of
drapery above; while from the outstretched hand a flint-flake might have
fallen clean of the wall to the ice, a hundred feet below. The male bird con-
tinued his outcries from the distant cliff', but the female at no time reappeared.
With the advance of summer, the Pipits lead their broods about the
disrobed peaks, even to the very summits, as do the noble Leucostictes.
Knowing this, we may readily excuse any little eccentricities which appear
in our friends during the duller seasons. The Pipit has redeemed himself.

No. 91.

TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE.

A. O. U. No. 754. Myadestes townsendi (Aud.).

Synonyms. — TowNsExn's Flycatciiing Thrush. Townsend's Thrush.
Townsen'd's Flycatcher.

Description. — Adults: General color smoky gray, lighter below, bleaching
on throat, lower belly and under tail-coverts ; a prominent white orbital ring ;
wings and tail dusky ; wing quills crossed by extensive tawny area originating at
base of innermost secondary and passing obliquely backward — this appears in
the closed wing as a spot at the base of the exposed primaries but does not reach
nearer the edge of the wing than the fifth or sixth primary; another obscure
tawny or whitish patch formed by subterminal edging on outer webs of seventh
and eighth (sometimes ninth) primaries; greater coverts and tertials tipped with
white of varying prominence ; a blotch of white on each side of tail involving
distal third of half of outermost rectrix, tip of second and sometimes tip of third.
Bill and feet black ; irides brown. Young birds are heavily spotted with buff
above and below (showing thereby Turdine affinities), — above, each feather has a
single large spot (rhomboidal in some, heart-shaped in others) of buff, centrally,
and is edged with blackish, thus producing a scaled appearance ; below, the ground
color is a pale buff" or buft'y gray with blackish edgings to feathers. Length about
8.00 (203.2 ) ; wing 4.60 (117) ; tail 4.05 (103) ; bill .49 (12.4) ; tarsus .79 (20).

Recognition Marks. — Chewink size ; brownish gray coloration with spots of
white (or pale tawny) on tail and wings. No black, as compared with a Shrike.

Nesting. — Nest: in hollow under bank, cranny or rock wall or in upturned
roots of tree, of sticks, coarse weeds and trash, lined with rootlets. Eggs: 4,
grayish white spotted with pale brown, chiefly about larger end. Av. size,
.96 X .70 (24.4 X 17.8). Season: ]\Iay or June : one brood.

General Range. — Western North America, breeding chiefly in mountainous
districts, from northwestern Mexico to Alaska and Yukon Territory, wintering

226 THE TOWNSEND SOLITAIRE.

irregularly from British Columbia ( Sumas ) southward, straggling into Mississippi
\"alley during migratiims.

Range in Washington. — Not unconimon spring and fall migrant thruout the
State, summer resident in the mountains to the limit of trees and elsewhere
irregularly to sea level; partially resident in winter west of the Cascade Alountains.

Authorities. — ? Ptiliogon\s tozvnsciidi. Townsend, Narrative, 1839. p. 338.
Mviadestcs tuzvusciidii Baird/Rep. Tac. R. R. Surv. IX. 1858, 321. T. C&S. D'.
Ra. J. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P". Prov. B. BN. E.

"OF this singular bird I know nothing hut that it was shot by my frieutl.
Captain \V. Brotchie, of the Honorable Hudson's Bay Company, in a pine for-
est near Fort George, (Astoria). It was the only specimen seen." In these
words J. K. Townsend, the pioneer ornithologist of tlie Pacific Northwest,
records^ the taking of the first example of this species known to science.

The bird thus presented as a conjectural native of Washington, has long
been a puzzle to naturalists. It has been called Flycatcher, Thrush, and a com-
bination of the two; but the name Solitaire seems to express both our noncom-
mittal attitude toward the subject, and the demure independence with which
the bird itself proceeds to mind its own affairs. Barring the matter of struc-
ture, which the scientists have now pretty well thrashed out, the bird is every-
thing bv turns. He is Flycatcher in that he delights to sit quietlv on exposed
limbs and watch for passing insects. These he meets in mid-air and bags with
an emphatic snap of the mandibles. He is a Shrike in appearance and manner,
when he takes up a station on a fence-post and studies the ground intently.
When its prev is sighted at distances varying from ten to thirty feet, it dives
directly to the spot, lights, snatches, and swallows, in an instant ; or, if the catch
is unmanageable, it returns to its post to thrash and kill and swallow at leisure.
During this poimcing foray, the display of white in the Solitaire's tail reminds
one of the Lark Sparrow. Like the silly Cedar-bird, the Solitaire gorges itself
on fruit and berries in season. Like a Thrush, when the mood is on, the Soli-
taire skulks in the thickets or woodsy depths, and flies at the suggestion of ap-
]iroach. l^pon alighting it stands quietly, in expectation that the e_\-e of the be-
holder will thus lose sight of its ghostly tints among the interlacing shadows.

And so one might go on comparing indefinitely, but the bird is entitled to
shine in its own light. The Solitaire is sui generis — no doubt of that. As soon
as we establish for it a certain line of conduct, the bird does something else.
We banish it to tlie mountains for the nesting season — a iiair nests in a rail-

a. Narrative of a Tourney Across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River [etc.1. by Jolin K.
Townsend fr83Q), p. 339. Townsend's "Catalog' of birds found in the territory of the Oregon," which
appeared in this work, "pp. 331-336, enjoys the distinction of being the first faunal list of this north-
western region. It contains 208 titles but the naturalist included in it mention of many species encount-
ered by him in his passage of the Rocky Mountains, and he does not, of course, distinguish between
the regions lying north and south of the Columbia River. Of the total number recorded, therefore,
Washington cannot possibly be entitled to above 168 species, and the list has little value in establishing
the status of a bird as a resident of Washington.

THE TOWNSEND SOLITAIRE.

227

road cut near Renton, altitiule 200 feet. We descrilie tn our friends the Ijeauty
of its song — they go to its sanctuaries and the Ijird is silent. A liird of such
dainty mould should winter in the South. It does, — at times. It also winters
at Sumas (in our mirthern horder. This poet of the solitudes, he should avoid
the haunts of men. He does,
usually. But another time he
may be seen hopping from bush
to log in a suburban swamp, or
moping under the edge of a
new sidewalk. Indeed, I once
saw a Solitaire flutter up from
under a passenger coach, as it
lay in station. He had hap-
pened to spy some bread
crumbs and there was nothing
to liinder save the conductor's
brisk "all aboard." Surely such
a bundle of contradictions you
never did see — and all belied by
an expression of lamb-like art-
lessness and ilolcc far iiicnfc,
which would do credit to a
rag-doll.

All observers testify t<T the
vocal powers of the Solitaire,
and some are most extravagant
in the bird's praises. My own
notes are very meager. A song
heard on Church Mountain, in
Whatcom County, May 12,
1905, is characterized as "a
dulcet strain of varied notes.
It reminds one strongly of the
Sage Thrasher, but it is some-
what less impetuous." In view
of this meagerness, I venture
to quote at length two older ac-
counts, now hidden away in

volumes not easily accessible. Dr. J. S. Newberry first encountered the Soli-
taire in the canon of the Mptolyas River, at the base of Mount Jefferson (Or. ),
and declared its song to be full, rich, and melodious, like that of a Miniiis^

J^TOoKj

TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE.

a. Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., Vol. VI., 1857, p. 82.

228 THE TOWNSEND SOLITAIRE.

"We followed <li)\vn the ri\er in the buttcim of the canon; all day the
gorge was filled with a chorus of sweet soimds from himdreds and thousands
of these birds, which from their monotonous color, and their haliit of sitting
on the branch of a tree projecting into the void above the stream, or hanging
from some beetling crag, and flying out in narrow circles after insects precisely
in the manner of the Flycatchers I was disposed to associate with them.

"Two days afterward in the canon of Psuc-see-cjue Creek, of wdiich the
terraced banks were sparsely set with low trees of the western cedar (J. occi-
dentalis), I found these birds numerous. * * * With the first dawn of day
they began their songs, and at sunrise the valley was perfectly vocal with their
notes. Never, anywhere, have I heard a more delightful chorus of bird music.
Their song is not greatly varied, but all the notes are particularly clear and
sweet, atid the strain of pure gushing melody is as spontaneous and inspiring
as that of the Song Sparrow. At this time, September 30, these birds were
feeding on the berries of the cedar: they were very shy, and could only be ob-
tained by lying concealed in the vicinity of the trees which they frecjuented."

Mr. T. M. Tri])pe, speaking for the Clear Creek Canon in Colorado, says^ :
"In summer and fall its voice is rarely heard; but as winter conies on, and the
woods are well-nigli deserted by all save a few Titmice and Nuthatches, it be-
gins to utter occasir)nallv a single bell-like note that can be heard at a great dis-
tance. The bird is now very shy; and the author of the clear, loud call, that I
heard nearly every morning from the valley of Clear Creek, was long a mys-
terv to me. Toward the middle and latter part of winter, as the snow begins
to fall, the Flvcatching Thrush delights to sing, clujosing for its rostrum a pine
tree in some ele\'ated position, high up above the valleys; and not all the fields
and groves, and hills and valleys of the Eastern States, can boast a more ex-
quisite song; a song in which the notes of the Purple Finch, the Wood Thrush,
and the Winter Wren are blended into a silvery cascade of melody, that rip]iles
and dances down the mountain sides as clear and sjiarkling as the m(~iuntain
brook, filling the woods and valleys witli ringing music. At first it sings only
on bright clear mornings ; but once fairly in the mood, it sings at all hours and
during the most inclement weather. Often while travelling over the narrow,
winding mountain roads, toward the close of winter, I have been overtaken and
half-blinded fiv sudden, furious storms of wind and snow, and compelled to
seek the nearest tree or [jrojecting r(ick for shelter. In such situations I have
frequently listened to the song of this bird, and forgot tlie cold and wet in its
enjoyment. Toward spring, as soon as the other birds begin to sing, it be-
comes silent as tho disdainful nf ii lining the common chorus, and commences
building its nest in Mav, earlier than almost any other bird. During this season
it deserts the valleys, and confines itself to partially wooded hill-tops."

a. Coues, Birds of the Northwest (1874), pp. 95, 96.

THE WILLOW THRUSH. 229

No. 92.

WILLOW THRUSH.

A. O. L'. No. 556a. Hylocichia fuscescens salicicola Ridgvvay.

Synonym. — Western Wii.sox Thrush.

Description. — Adult: Above, dull tawny-brown, uniforni; wing-quills sliad-
ing to brownish fuscous on inner webs ; below white, the throat, except in the
upper middle, and the breast, tinged with cream-buff, and spotted narrowly and
sparingly with wedge-shaped marks of the color of the back ; sides and flanks
more or less tinged with brownish gray ; sides of head buffy-tinged, with mixed
brown, save on whitish lores ; bill dark above, light below ; feet light brown.
Adult male, length 7-25-7.75 (184.2-196.1)) ; wing 3.93 ( 100) ; tail 2.95 (75) : bill
.55 (14): tarsus 1. 18 (30).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow to Chewink size : didl cinnamon brown
above: breast buffy, lightly spotted.

Nesting. — Nest: of leaves, bark-strips, weed-stems and trash, lined with
rootlets; placed at height of two or three feet in thickets or, rarely, on ground.
Eggs: 3-5, plain greenish blue, not unlike those of the Robin. Av. size, .90 x .65
(22.8x16.5). Season: first or second week in June; one brood.

General Range. — ^^''estern interior districts of LTnited States and Canada ;
breeding from North Dakota and Manitoba west to interior of British Columbia
and southward to Nevada, LJtah and Colorado ; southward during migrations thru
Arizona, etc., to Brazil, also thru the Mississippi \'alley and, casually, eastward.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident in the hilly districts of north-
western Washington, — Blue j\Iountains( ?).

Authorities. — Howe, Auk, XML Jan. 1900, p. 19 (Spokane). T(?). J.

Specimens. — Prov.

THE Willow Thrush shares with its even more retiring cousin, the
Olive-back, the forests of the northwestern portion of the State. Here it may
be fotmd in the seclusion of spring draws and alder bottoms, or in the miscel-
laneous co\-er which lines the banks of the larger streams. It is confined
almost entireh' to the N'icinitv of water, and spends much of its time on the
damp ground poking aniong the fallen leaves and searching the nooks and
corners of tree-roots. Since the bird is but a flitting shade, one cannot easily
determine its color-pattern, and must learn rather the range and quality of its
notes. The bird is. rather than lias, a voice, an elusive voice, a weird and won-
derful ^•oice. And only after one has heard the song, with its reverberant,
sweet thunder, and its exquisitely diminishing cadences, as it wells up at even-
tide from some low thicket, may one be said to know the Willow Thrush.

For the most part the bird betrays interest in your movements by a sub-
dued yeivi. a note of complaint and admonition, varii.nisly likened to a grunt,
a bleat, or a nasal interjection. Not infrequently this becomes a clearly

230

THE WILLOW THRUSH.

whistled -a'licc-cic: ami this, in turn, is varied and strengthened to :'c-cr-ii. or
J 'eery, whence the conim(.)n name nf the typical form, H. fiisccscciis. in the
East. The song proper consists of six or seven of these ix'-cr-ys, rolled out
with a rich and inimitable Ijrogue. The notes vibrate and resound, and fill the
air so full of music that one is led to suspect the multiple character of each.
The bird is really striking chords, and the sounding strings still vibrate when the

next is struck. There
is, moreover, in the
whole performance,
a musical crescendo
coupled with a suc-
cessive lowering of
pitch, which is fairly
ravishing in its im-
|jression of mvstery
and power.

The distribution
of this species is as
vet imperfectly made
out. Haxing made
its acquaintance at
Spokane and along
the valley of the
Pend d'Oreille, we
were able to recog-
nize it later at Che-
lan and Stebekin, the
latter unquestionably
the westernmost rec-
(ird (if its occurrence
in the United States.
Whether it may also
extend further south
along the east front
of the Cascades, re-
mains to be seen.
A nest liefiire me was taken 1j_\- Mr. Ered S. Merrill, in Spokane. It was
placed in the crotch of an alder at a height of two feet, and contained, on the
ninth day of Jime, four slightly incubated eggs. The nest is a rather loosely
constructed affair of bark-strips, dead leaves, coarse grasses, shavings, leaf-
stems, etc., and has a careless lining of dessicated leaves and broken grasses.
The matrix of mud, or leaf-mold, which gives strength and consistency to the

Tahcn

near Sfokanc.

Photo by
F. S. Merrill.

NEST AND EGGS OF THE WILLOW THRUSH.

THE RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH. 231

nests of certain oilier tln-ushes. is conspicuously lacking in this one. The
brooding hollow is only three inches from brim to brim, b\' one and three-
quarters in depth. The eggs are in every way miniature Robins', being without
spots, and representing only three-fifths or two-thirds the bulk of those of
tlie larger bird.

No. 93.

RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH.

A. O. U. No. 758. Hylocichia ustulata (Nutt.).

Synonym. — "Wood Thrush" (name properly restricted to H. mustclina of
the East).

Description. — Adults: Above olive-brown, substantial!}- uniform; a conspicu-
ous orbital ring of pale buff ; sides of head buft'y mingled or streaked with olive-
brown ; chin, throat and chest buff (or lightening to buffy white toward chin) ;
sides of throat and entire chest with triangular marks of deep olive-brown,
smaller and narrower on throat, larger and broader (sector-shaped) posteriorly;
breast, especially on sides, transversely spotted with light brown ; sides and flanks
heavily marked with brownish ; remaining underparts white. Bill blackish, paling
basally on mandible; feet and legs brown; iris brown. Winter specimens are
brighter, more deeply tinged with buff' before and with under tail-coverts buffy.
Young birds are more or less marked and streaked with buft'y and tawny above
and the markings of underparts are mostly transverse. Length 6.50-7.50 (165.1-
190.5) ; wing 3.83 (97) ; tail 2.87 (73) ; bill ,54 ( 13.7) ; tarsus i.io (28).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size: unifurm olive-brown above; heavy
spotting and buft'y wash on chest; sides of head and eye-ring Inift'y ; brown above
as compared with H. u. szi.'iiinsoiiii.

Nesting. — Nest: of bark-strips, moss and grasses, with a heavv inner mat or
mould of dead leaves, lined with rootlets and fine grasses; placed usually at
moderate heights in bushes or saplings of thickets, sometimes 30-60 feet high in
trees. Eggs: 3-5, usually 4, greenish blue or dull grayish blue dotted and spotted,
rather sparingly, with various shades of brown. .A, v. size, .93 x .67 (23.6x17).
Season: June. July ; one or two broods.

General Range. — Pacific coast district from southern California to Alaska
(Juneau), breeding thruout its range; south in winter thru Mexico to Central and
northern South America.

Range in Washington. — Common summer resident and migrant west of
the Cascade Afountains; probably overflows thru mountain passes to at least the
eastern slopes of the Cascades.

Authorities. — Turdus ustulatus Nuttall, Alan. Orn. U. S. and Canada, Land
Birds, ed. 2. 1840. pp. VL 830 (Columbia River). C&S. L'. Rh. D'. Kb. Ra.
D^ Ss^ Kk. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. ?■( ?). Prov. B. BN. E.

232

THE RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH.

/

ARTIv^TS I if ihe later scIidoIs agree that shadows are not often black, as
they have been conventionally represented for centvn"ies. Their deepest color
note is always that of the ground, or screen, which bears them. The Thrush,
therefore, is the truest embodiment of woodland shade, for the shifting russets

of its ui)perparts
melt and blend with
the tints of fallen
leaves, dun roots,
and the shadows of
tree-boles cast on the
brown ashes of fall-
en comrades. Not
content, either, with
such protective guar-
antee, this gentle
spirit clings to cover,
and reveals itself on-
Iv as a flitting shade
and a h a u n t i n g
voice. Now and then
a brown gleam does
cross some open
space in the forest,
but the action is has-
ty and the necessity
much regretted.

The Russet-backed
Thrush is not much
*<it^ gi\'en to song, altho

on occasion the
woodside mav ring
with the siiuple mel-
ody of its wee loo
w c el 0 weeloece^.
Other notes are more
notable and charac-
teristic : and by these
one may trace the
bird's everv move-

RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH.

a. Prof. O. B. Johnson in his "List of the Birds of the Willamette Valley. Oregon" [Am. Naturalist,
July, 1880, p. 48;] has made an excellent characterization of this song in "Holsey, govcndy, govindy,
goz'eendy."

THE RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH. 233

ment without recourse to sight. Quit, or Im'it. is a soft wiiistled note of inquiry
and greeting, b}' wliich the birils i^eep in constant touch with each other, and
which they are nowise disincHned to use in conversations witii strangers.
Hzvootaylyochtyl is the name which the Ouiliayute lad gi\'es the bird, the
first S}'llable being whistletl rather than spoken, in imitation of the bird's note.
At the friendl}' call the Thrush comes sidling over toward vou thru the brush,
until }'0u feel that you could put your hand on it if you would; but the bird
remains in\'isible, and says, quit. (juit. with some asperitv, if vou disregard
the roiifcnanccs.

A longer call-note, of sharper quality, queer, may be as readily imitated,
altho its meaning in the bush is uncertain. The bird has also a spoken note,
a sort of happy purring, which I call the euordaddy cry. In this the daddy
notes are given in from one to six syllables, and are spoken "trippingh' on the
tongue."

Recalling again the qiieee note, we are surprised to hntl that it is the
commonest sound heard during luigrations. At midnight when a solemn hush
is o\-er all besides, this weird note comes down from the sky at any height,
from every angle, a greeting en passant from the voyageurs, the tenderest,
the most pathetic, the most mysterious voice of Nature. There are a dozen
\-ariali(ins of pitch and tone, queee, quee, kooo, etc., but the theme is one, and
the quality is that of the Russet-backed Thrush. Now it is incredible that any
one species should so aboiuid to the exclusion of all others, or that one alone
should speak, while others tlit b}- silently. Moreover, the intermittent utter-
ance of a single bird proclaims the rate at which that bird is moving, and
oftener argues for the passing of the smaller species, A\'arblers and the like.
Repeated obser\-ation would make it appear certain that this quee note is the
common possession of man}-, ])erhaps of all species of migrant song birds, a
sort of Esperanto for "Ho, Comrade!" b}- which the flying legions of the
night are bound together in a great fellowship.

Much of the apparent difference in the call-notes of these night-birds is
explained when we rememlier that they are reaching us from different angles.
Thus, the quee of a rapidly approaching bird is raised sharply and shortened.
quci: : while the same voice, in passing, falls to a ghostly kwoo, at least a musi-
cal third below. It is, perhaps, needless to add that practiced lips may join
this mystic chorus and hold delightful converse with these brothers of the
air — may, indeed, provoke them to trebled utterance in passing.

But only the Russet-backed Thrush :nay repeat this cabalistic note, by
day. He is the bugler in that greatest of all armies and he must needs keep
in practice while on furlough.

Russet-backs are tardy migrants, seldom arriving before the first week
in May : and they are off again for the Southland by the first week in Septem-
ber. Two instances are on record, however, of the bird's wintering here-

234

THE RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH.

abouts. On the jth of Alarch, 1891, several birds were "engaged in ctmversa-
tion" by the writer near Taconia ; and on the 22nd of January, 1907, two
birds were encountered on tlie University grounds in Seattle. In the latter
instance the birds would n(_it disclose themselves, altho thev passed half way
around nie in the thicket, uttering their charac-
teristic and tmniistakable notes.

In home building this Thrush makes no effort at
nest concealment, trusting rather to the seclusion of
its haunts. The materials which enter into the con-
struction of the nest are themselves in a measure
protective, especially in those
numerous instances in which
the exterior is composed en-
tirely of green moss. At
otlier times, twigs, bark-
strips, and grasses are used;
but the two things which
gi\-e character to the nest of
this Thrush are the mud-
cup, or matrix, of mud and
leaf-mold, and the lining of
dried leaf-skeletons. I have
surprised a mother Russet at
her task of cup-moulding,
and \-erily her bib was as
dirty as that nf any child
making mud pies. For altlio
the beak serves for hod and
trowel, the finishing touches,
the actual moulding, must
be accomplished liy pressure
of the bird's breast.

During a season's nesting
at Glacier, in the Mount ^'''■•'■" ■" On-gon.
Baker 'district. Mr. D. E. '^'""'' ''^ «"'■''"""' "'"' ^'"''•^■
Brown located about a hun- motuer russet am. hi.k kkuud.

dred sets of the Russet-
backed Thrush, taking no account of nests in other stages of occupation. In
distance from the ground, nests varied from six inches to forty feet, altho a
four or five foot elevation was about the average. Nests were found in
thickets, where they were supported by the interlacing of branches, or else
saddled upon the inclined stems of vine maples, or in fir trees. In the last-

THE OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH. 235

nnined places, nests might be set against tlie trunk on a horizontal limb, but
were more often at some distance from it. The birds were very sensitive
about molestation before eggs were laid, and would desert a nest in process
of construction on the merest suspicion that a stranger had looked inti) it.
After deposition, however, the mother Thrush was fountl to be very devoted
to her charges, and great confidence was often engendered by carefully con-
sidered advances.

At Glacier, nest-building averaged to commence about the 25th of May,
and the first eggs were found on the ist of June. The last set was found July
15th. All nests examined in the earlier part of the season contained four
eggs: those found later, presumably second efforts, never had more than three.

As a curious example of the use of the imagination on the part of early
writers, take this from our \'enerated Cooper^: "The eggs, unlike those of
most thrushes, are white, spotted thickly with brown, and four or fi\'e in
number." The brown spotting is all right and an unpigmented shell is not an
impossibilit}-, Ijut deviations from the characteristic greenish blue of the
ground-color ha\'e not since been reported.

No. 94.

OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH.

A. O. U. No. 758a. Hylocichia ustulata swainsonii (Cab.).

Synonyms. — Sw.mnson's Thrush. Eastern (Jlixk-eack. Alma's
Thrush {H. 11. alma Oberh., disallowed by A. O. U. Com. ).

Description. — Adults: Similar to //. ustulata but grayer and more olivace-
ous ; "color of upperparts varying from olive to grayish hair brown in summer,
from deep olive to slightly browni.sh olive in winter" : ground color of underparts
lighter buffy (yellowish buff or creamy buff) ; sides and flanks grayish — instead
of brownish-olive. Size of last.

Recognition Marks. — As in preceding ; grayer above, lighter buft'y below.

Nesting. — Nest and Eggs indistinguishable from those of typical form, H.
ustulata.

General Range. — North America in general except Pacific coast district
south of Cross Sound and Lynn Canal: breeding from the mountainous districts
of the United States (especially northerly) north to limit of trees: south in winter
thruont Mexico and Central America to Peru, Bolivia, etc.

Range in Washington. — Imperfectly made out as regards that of H.
ustulata. Found breeding in the valley of the Stehekin hence presumably summer
resident in timbered districts of eastern Washington.

Authorities. — Bowles and Dawson, Auk. \'ol. XXV. Oct. 1908, p. 483.

Specimens. — Prov. B.

Rep. Pac. R. R. Siirv., \'oI. XII., Book II., iS6o, p. 171.

236 THE ALASKA HERMIT THRUSH.

THE more open wocicls and inure aljuiulant suns (.)f eastern Washington
effect tliat reduction of color in the "burnt" Thrusli, wliich henceforth charac-
terizes the species clear thru to the Atlantic. It would be idle to trace in detail
all accompanying- changes of manner and habit, but we can hardly fail to note
the improved qualit\' of the Olive-back's song. This is most nearly compar-
able to that of tlie Willow Tiirush and has something' of the same rolling
vibrant quality. It is. ho\ve\er, less prolonged and less vehement. It may or
may not retain the li(|uid I's, Ijut it discards outright the rich r"s, which the
Veery rolls under his tongue like sweet morsels; and the jiitch of the whole
rises slightly, perhaps a musical third, as the volume of S(jund diminishes
toward the end : irr-c-o, zvc-c-o, ivc-o zve-o zvcee. A song heard some years
ago at the head of Lake Chelan, ivccloo u'ccloa zvcclooec looiw seemed to have
all the music of perfected szcaiiisoiiii in it, yet it was not till the season of
1908 that Mr. Bowles established the fact of the Olive-back's presence and the
Russet-back's absence from the Stehekin Valley. On the other hand, Ridg-
way finds that both forms sometimes occur together, even during the breeding
season; so we are not yet prepared to make generalizations as to the relali\-e
distribution of these birds in Washington.

No. 95.

ALASKA HERMIT THRUSH.

A. O. V. No. 759. Hylocichia guttata (Pallas).

Synonym. — K.'\r)i.\K 13\v.\ri* TiiRusii (Ridgw.).

Description. — .Uhilt: Upperparts plain grayish brown (hair brown to near
broccoli brown) changing on rumps to dull cinnamon-brown of upper tail-coverts
and tail ; a prominent whitish orbital ring ; sides of head mingled grayish brown
and dull whitish ; underparts dull white, clear only on belly, — throat and breast
tinged with pale creamy buff; sides and flanks washed with pale grayish brown;
throat in confluent chain on side and lower throat, chest and upper breast —
spotted with duskv or sooty, the spots narrow and wedge-shaped on lower throat,
broadening and deepening on chest, fading and becoming rounded on breast.
Liill drab brown paling on mandible basally ; feet and legs brown ; iris dark brown.
Winter specimens are brighter and more strongly colored thruout. Yotmg birds
are streaked with buffy above and the spotting of underparts inclines to bars on
breast and sides. Length 6.30-7.40 f 160-1S8) ; wing 3.46 (88) : tail 2.52 (64) ;
bill .50 (12.7); tarsus 1.14 (20).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size; cinnamon of tail (and upper-coverts)
contrasting more or less with duller brown of remaining upperparts.

Nesting. — Does not breed in Wasliington. Nest and Eggs as in H. g.
scquoicnsis.

General Range. — Coast district of Alaska breeding northward and westward

THE SIERRA HERMIT THRUSH. 237

from Cross Sound ; soutluvard in winter as far as Texas and western Mexico,
migrating chiefly coastwise.

Range in Washington. — Spring and fall migrant west of the Cascades.
Migrations.— .S>;-»;i7.- Tacoma, April 15, 1905 (J. H. Bowles). Fa//.- Seattle
Sept. 21. 1907 (Jennie V. Getty).

Authorities. — Bowles and Dawson, Auk, XXV. Oct. 1908, p. 483.
Specimens. — Pf Alaskan). Prov. B.

ABOUT all we can certify to, so far, is that there are two varieties of the
Hermit Thrush which may be seen on Puget Sound during the migrations : a
lighter and grayer form, presumably from northwestern Alaska ; and a darker,
more warmly-tinted bird, H. g. nana, which may or may not summer to some
extent in western Washington. Specimens so far encountered in eastern
Washington are probably H. g. scqnoiensis. en route to or from their breeding
haunts in the high Cascades ; wdiile if any are ever captured in the mountains
of Stevens County, they will probably prove to be of the H. g. audiiboni type,
which prevails in the eastern portion of British Cohnnbia.

No. 96.

SIERRA HERMIT THRUSH.

A. O. U. No. 759 part. Hylocichia guttata sequoiensis (Belding).

Synonyms. — Westf.rn Hermit Thrush. Cascade Hermit Thrush.
Mountain Hermit.

Description. — Similar in coloration to H. guttata but larger, paler and grayer.
Adult male : wing 3.65 (92.8) ; tail 2.83 ( 71.8) ; bill .53 ( 13.5 ) : tarsus 1. 12 (28.4).

Recognition Marks. — As in H. guttata.

Nesting. — Xcst: of bark-strips, grasses, leaves and moss, lined with fine
rootlets, placed on ground in thickets or at moderate heights in fir trees. Eggs:
3 or 4, greenish blue unmarked — not certainly distinguishable from those of the
Willow Thrush. Av. size, .85 x .65 (21.6x16.5). Season: June, July; one
brood.

General Range. — Mountains of the Cascade-Sierra system and from Mt.
Whitney north thru central British Columbia, etc., to the Yukon River ; south in
winter to Lower California, Sonora, etc.

Range in Washington. — Common summer resident in the Cascade Moun-
tains— further distinction undetermined.

Authorities. — Dawson, Auk, \'ol. XXV. Oct. 1908. p. 483.

Specimens. — D.

238

THE SIERRA HERMIT THRUSH.

WHEN asked h> name the best songster of Washington, I answer, un-
hesitatingly, tlie Hermit Tlirush. It is not that the bird chooses for his home
the icy slo]:)es and stunted forests of tlie high Cascades, tho that were evidence
enough of a poetic nature. It is not for any marl<ed vivacity, or personal
charm of the singer, that we praise his song; the bird is gentle, shy, and un-
assuming, and it is only rarely that one may even see him. It is not that he
excels in technic|ue such conscious artists as the Catbird, the Thrasher, and the

Mockingbird ; the
mere comparison is
odious. The song of
the Hermit Thrush
is a thing apart. It
is sacred music, not
secular. H a \' i n g
nothing of the dash
and a b a n d o n of
Wren or Ouzel, least
of all the sportive
mocker y of the
Long-tailed Chat, it
is the pure offering
of a shriven soul,
holding acceptable
converse with high
heaven. No voice of
solemn-pealing or-
gan or cathedral
choir at vespers ever
hymns the parting
day more fittingly
than tliis appointed
chorister of the eter-
nal hills. Mounted
on the chancel of
some low - crowned
fir tree, the bird looks calmly at the setting sun, and slowly phrases his worship
in such dulcet tones, exalted, pure, serene, as must haunt the corridors of
memory forever after.

You do not have to approve of the Hermit Thrush, — nor of Browning,
nor of Shelley, nor of Keats. The writer once lost a subscription to "The Birds
of Washington, Patrons' Edition, De Lu.xe, Limited to One Hundred Copies"
and all that, you know, because he ventured to defend Browning. "No : I do

SIF.RUA HHRIIIT TURUSU.

THE SIERRA HERMIT THRUSH.

239

7\iLcii in Raititci Xaltoiiui I'iuk. From a Fltotogruf'h Coj^yrigltt, 1908, by II'. L- Diiicsoti.

FOOT OF XISQUALLY GLACIER FROM GOVERNMENT ROAD.

A CHAR.\CTER1STIC HAUNT OF THE SIERRA HERMIT THRUSH.

not want }-iiur bird-liook." Quite right, Madame, it would have been a waste
of money — for you. But I have lieard the Hermit Thrush.

"Ah, did you once see Slielley, plain.
And did he stop and speak to you,
And did you speak to him again ?
How strange it seems, and new !

"But you were living before that,
And also }'0u are living after;
And the memory I started at —
My starting moves your laughter!

"I crossed a moor with a name of its own.
And a certain use in the world, no doubt,
Yet a hand's breadth of it shines alone
'Mid the blank miles around about :

240 THE DWARF HERMIT THRUSH.

"For there I picked up on. the heather,
And there I put inside my breast,
A moulted feather, an eagle feather!
Well, I forget the rest."

No. 97.

DWARF HERMIT THRUSH.

A. O. U. No. 759 c. Hylocichia guttata nana ( Aud.).

Synonyms. — P.-vciFic Hermit Thrush. Sitkan Dwarf Thrush (Ridg-
way ) .

Description. — "Similar to H. g. guttata but coloration darker and browner,
the color of back, etc., more sepia brown, u])per tail-coverts more russet, tail
more chestnut, and spots on chest larger and darker" (Ridgway). Adult male:
wing 3.42 (Sri.S) : tail 2.58 (65.5) ; bill .48 (12.2) ; tarsus 1.13 (28.8).

Recognition Marks. — As in H. guttata.

Nesting. — As in II. g. scqiioicusis.

General Range. — Pacific coast district, breeding from western Oregon (pre-
sumably ) north to Cross Sound, Alaska : south in winter to Southwestern States.

Range in Washington. — Probably common but little known, during migra-
tions. Presumably resident in summer west of the Cascades.

Authorities. — ? Tiirdus nanus Audubon, C)rn. Biog. V. 1839, 201 (Columbia
R. ) PTownsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VHI. 1839, 153 (Col. R.) Belding,
L. P.. P. D. 1890, p. 254 (Walla Walla, J. W. Williams, 1885).

Specimens. — U. of W. Prov. E.

AS one passes thru the woods in middle April while the vine maples are
still leafless, and the forest floor is not yet fully recovered from the brownness
of the rainy season, a moving shape, a little browner still, but scarcely outlined
in the uncertain light, starts up from the ground with a low chuck, and pauses
for a moment on a mossy log. Before you have made out definite characters,
the bird flits to a branch a little higher up and more renir)ved, to stand motion-
less for a minute or so, or else to chuckle softly with each twinkle of the ready
wings. By following quietly one may put the bird to a dozen short flights
without once driving it out of range; and in so doing he may learn that the
tail is abruptly rufous in contrast with the olive-brown of the back, and that
the breast is more boldly and distinctly spotted than is the case with the
Russet-backed Thrush.

This bird will not tarry with us, unless it may choose to haunt the soli-
tudes of the Olympics. In the vicinity of Sitka, however, Mr. J- Grinnell re-

THE AMERICAN ROBIN. 241

ports the species as "very common everywhere, especially on the small wooded
'islands.' "^

When disturbed in its nesting haunts the Hermit Thrush has a nasal
scolding cry, not unlike that of the Oregon Towhee. This note lacks the
emphasis of Towhee's, tho its dual character is still apparent — Miirrr\ or
Murre. But one forgets all tri\'ial things as he listens to the angelic requiem
of the Hermit at eventide. Not Orpheus in all his glory could match that, —
for he was a pagan.

No. 98.
AMERICAN ROBIN.

A. O. V. No. 761. Planesticus migratorius (Linn.).
Synonym. — E.^stern Robin.

Description. — Adult male: Head black, interrupted by white of chin and
white with black stripes of throat ; eyelids and a supraloral spot white ; tail
blackish with white terminal spots on inner webs of outer pair of rectrices ; wings
dusky except on external edges : remaining upperparts grayish slate ; below, —
breast, sides, upper bell}- and lining of wings cinnanion-rufous ; lower bellv and
crissum white, touched irregularly with slate ; bill yellow with blackish tip : feet
blackish with yellowish soles. Adult female: Similar to male, but duller; black
of head veiled by brownish. Adults in zvinter: Upperparts tinged with brown,
the rufous feathers, especially on belly, with white skirtings. Immature: Simi-
lar to adult, but head about the color of back ; rufous of underparts paler or
more ochraceous. J'er\ young birds are black spotted, above and below. Length
about 10.00 ( 254) : wing 5.08 ( 129) ; tail 3.75 (05-3 "> • bi" -7^ (19.8).

Recognition Marks. — "Robin" size; cinnamon-rufous breast: the "corriers"
of the tail conspicuouslv white-tipped, as distinguished from P. m. propinquus.

Nesting. — Does not breed in ^^'ashington. Nest and eggs as in next (sub)
species, save that eggs 4 or 5, sometimes 6.

General Range. — Eastern and northern North America westward nearlv to
the Rocky Mountains and northwestward to valley of Kowak River in Alaska;
breeds from the southern Alleghenies, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, etc., northward;
winters in Gulf States; south irregularly across the ^^^estern States during
migration.

Range in Washington. — An early spring (and late fall?) migrant, both
sides of the Cascades, ^^'inters sparingly on Puget Sound.

Authorities. — Turdus migratorius Brewster, B. N. O. C. VII., Oct. 1882,
p. 227. B. E.

Specimens. — B. E.

a. Auk, Vol. XV., April, 1898, p. 130.

242 THE WESTERN ROBIN.

A SM.MvL prupurtinn. nut o\-er one per cent, oi the Robins whicli annu-
ally cross otn- borders lia\-e enough wliite in the "corners" of their tails to pro-
claim them true "Americans." The difference is striking and unmistakable,
and we feel sure that we ha\'e here, not a chance variation, but an alien ele-
ment, a slender stream of migration diverted from the accustomed channels
of t^'pical P. inigraturius, and straggling down, or up. on the wrong side of
the Rockies. When it is remembered that the American Robin winters in
Florida and the Gulf States, and th;il its spring migrations lake it as far west
as the Kowak River, in Alaska, that is. due northwest from Atlanta, it is less
surprising that the birds should occasionally bear west northwest instead, and
so make \Vashington en route. It is aluK^st certain that this is the case, for
the wintering birds west of the Rockies and in Mexico are in\ariabl\- of the
western type, propiuquiis.

No. 99.

WESTERN ROBIN.

.\. O. V. No. 761a. Planesticus migratorius propinquiis fRidgw.").

Description. — Similar to i'. iiiitjialdiiiis. hut white on inner webs of outer
rectrices much reduced or wanting ; gray of upperparts paler and more oliva-
ceous, more sharply contrasting with black of head : cinnamon-rufous of under-
parts averaging paler; wing, tail, and tar.sus slightly longer. Length of males
about 10.25 (260.3): wing 5.52 (140): tail 4.13 (105); bill .80 (20.3); tarsus
1.34 (34.1 ). Females slightly smaller.

Recognition Marks. — "Robin" size; cinnamon-rufous below — everyone
knows the Robin — without white on "corners" of tail a.; distinguished from
preceding.

Nesting. — Nest: a thick-walled but shapely bowl of mud ("rarely felted
vegetable filjcrs instead) set about with twigs, leaves, string and trash, and lined
with fine grass-stems ; placed anywhere in trees or variously, but usually at
moderate heights. Eggs: 3 or 4, rareh- 5; greenish blue, unmarked. Av. size
1. 13 X .79 (29.2 X 20.1). Season: April 15-July to; two broods.

General Range. — Western North America from the Rocky ^Mountains to
the Pacific, north to limit of trees in coast forest district in Alaska; south thru
highlands of Mexico and. occasionally Guatemala; breeding nearly thruout its
range.

Range in Washington. — Common summer resident and migrant thruout
the State, more common in settled portions ; rare in mountains save in vicinity
of settlements; irregularly resident in winter, sometimes abundantly on j'uget
Sound.

Migrations. — Spy'tiui: West-side, last week in February; East-side, first or
second week in March, fall: October.

THE WESTERN ROBIN.

243

Authorities. — [Lewis and Clark. Hist. Ex. 1814 Ed. Biddle: Coues. Vol. H.
p. 185.] Tiirdus (plaiicsticnsj iiiigratorius, Linn, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv.
IX. pt. II. 1858, p. 219. (T.) C&S. L'. Rh. D'. Sr. Kb. Ra. D-'. Ss'. Ss-'. Kk.
J. B. E.

Specimens. — L'. of W. P'. Prov. BN. B. E.

THERE are, it may be, a thousand fruits, sweet, acid or spic}-, which
delig'.it the palate of man, yet if we were forced to choose among them, not
many of us would fail to reser\e the apple. In like manner, we Cduld [jerhaps
least afford to spare our tried and trusted, old, familiar friend, the Robin.
He is a staple.

Everybod}- knows Robin. He is part and jjarcel of springtime, chief
herald, chief poet, and lord high re\eller of that joyful season. It is a merry
day when the first flock of Robins
turns itself loose on the home land-
scape. There is great bustle and stir
of activity. Some scurry about to
note the changes wrought by winter,
some wrestle with the early and un-
sophisticated worm, wdiile others
voice their gladness from the fence-
post, the gable, the tree-top, any-
where. Everywhere are heard in-
terjections of delight, squeechings
and pipings of ardent souls, and no
end of congratulations over the
home-coming.

Robin has cast in his lot with
ours, for better or for worse. Our
lawns are his lawns, our shade-trees
were set on purpose to hold his
homely mud-cup, and he has under-
taken with hearty good will the
musical instruction of our children.
He serves without pay — Oh, a
cherry now and then, but what of that i
useful hired man ; and it is written :

Taken in Oregon. Pjtoto by IV. L. Finhy.
BACK FROM M.\RKET.

The fruit-grower ne\er had a more
"Thou shalt not muzzle the ox that

treadeth out the corn." I wonder if we realize luiw much of life's good cheer
and fond enspiriting we owe to this familiar bird.

Near the close of a l^urning day in the desert, we drew near to a little
ranch where a bravery of green, supported by a windmill and a tiny trickle of
water, defied the engulfing waste of sand and sage. It seemed to me that I

244

THE WESTERN ROBIN.

liatl never seen anything more pathetic than the stubijorn faitli of the man wlio
had (h'eamed (.)f rearing a liome amidst such desolation. How could a man be
happy here? and how dare he bring a wife and tender children to share
such a forlorn hope? Why, the wilderness around had raised nothing but
sage-brush and jack-rabbits for countless millenniums; but here in this tiny
oasis W'Cre locust trees and poplars. And here, as the sun sank low in the West,
a Robin burst into song. The nearest human neighbor was miles away, and
the nearest timber further. Yet here was this home-loving Robin, this re-
incarnation of chiklhood's friend, pouring out in the familiar cadence of old
his thanksgiving for slielter and food, his praise for joy of life and gladness
to the Almighty, wdio is Fatlier of all. And then I understood.

The Rolnn's song in its common form is too well known to require par-
ticular description, and too truly music to lend itself well to syllabic imitation.
It is a common thing, indeed, like the upturned mold and the air which fans
it, i)ut out of these come tlie varied greens whicli l>eautit\- the world: the

homely piping
of the Robin
has given Ijirth
to ma n y a
heaven-directed
aspiration, and
purged many a
soul of guilty
intent. Robin
conceives many
passages which
are too high for
him. and these
he hums in-
audibly. or fol-
lows in silent
thought, like a
tenor with a
cold. When the

theme reaches his compass again, he resumes, not where he left off but at the
end of the unheard passage. It must be confessed, however reluctantl)-. that
the song of the Western Robin is a little more subdued in character than that
of the Eastern. The Ijird is a little less devoted to his art, and the total
volume of sound \'ielded by any one chorus has never ecjualled, in my e.xperi-
ence, that of a similar effort in the East.

When the Robin is much given to half-whispered notes and strains un-
usually tender, one may suspect the near presence of his fiancee. If you are

SUNSET AT THE ROBIN ROOST.

THE WESTERN ROBIN. 245

willing to waive the proprieties for a few moments you will hear low murmurs
of affection and soft blandishments, which it would tax the art of a Crockett
to reproduce. And again, nothing can exceed the sadness of a Robin's lament
over a lost mate. All the virtues of the deceased are set forth in a coronach
of surpassing woe, and the widower declares himself forever comfortless.
It is not well, of course, to incpiire too particularly as to the duration of this
bereaved state — we are all human.

In spite of his fondness for human society, there are two periods of
retirement in Robin's year. The first occurs in March and early April, and
may be denominated the season of courtship. After the first ardent greeting
of the home folks. Robins gather in loose companies and keep to the seclusion
of the woods, following the sun from east to south and west, ransacking the
roots of trees and the edges of standing water for food, and, above all,
sketching in the matrimonial plans of the season. When Robins have beci:>me
common al)out the streets and }-ards of village and town, partners ha\'e usuall_\-
been selected, but there still remain for many of the cocks hard-contested
battles before peaceful possession is assured. These are not sham fights
either: a Robin will fight a hated rival, beak and claw, till he is either thoroly
winded or killed outright.

In late July and August Robins again forsake their familiar haunts, and
spend the moulting season in the woods, moving about like ghosts in great
straggling, silent companies. When tlie moult is completed, as autumn ad-
vances, they return in merry bevies to claim their share of the ripening
fruits — no longer begrudged now, for they prefer such harmless viands as
mountain-ash berries, and the insipid clusters of the madrone tree.

Roljins occasionally winter on the east side of the mountains: and they
are hard put to it unless they find a sufficient supply of ungathered fruit,
preferablv apples, left out to freeze or rot as the season dictates. West of
the mountains thev winter irregularly but quite extensively. There is noth-
ing in the climate to forbid their staying all the time but I am inclined to
think that their abundance in winter depends upon the berry crop, and espec-
ially that of the Madrona (Arbutus iiicii::icsii ). The fall of 1907 was
notable in this regard. The trees were in splendid bearing, and a certain
patch on the bluff south of Fauntleroy Park was a gorgeous blaze of red, to
which Robins resorted in hundreds.

Under such circumstances the birds establish winter roosts in convenient
thickets, and repair to them at nightfall in great numbers. One such roost
has been maintained on the outskirts of Seattle, just east of Ravenna Park,
and in the winter of 1907-08 I estimated its population at some four thousand.
The winter, it will be remembered, was a mild one, and every one in Seattle
remarked the abundance of Robins.

In nesting, the Robin displays little caution, its homely mud-walled cup

246

THE WESTERN ROBIN.

not being withdrawn from nmsl familiar cil)ser\ation. Indeed, as in the case

of the accompanying illustration, the l)ird appears rather to ciuirt notoriety.

The major crotches of orchard or shade trees are not shunned. From tive

to fifteen feet is the
usual elevation, but
nests are sometimes
found at fifty feet;
and again, tho rare-
1\', on the ground.
^^'in(ll)w sills and
beams iif pi_)rches,
barns, and outbuild-
ings are favorite
places, and, in de-
fault of these, brush-
piles or log-heaps
will do.

The mud used in
construction is, of
course, carried in the
beak. Arrived at
the nest with a beak-
ful of mud, the
mother bird drops
her load, or plasters
it loosel}' on the in-
side of the cup.
Then she hops into
the nest, settles as
low as possil)le, and
begins to kick or
trample vigorously
\v\th her feet. From
time to time she
tests the smoothness
or roundness of the
job by settling to it
with her breast, but

the shaping is altogether accomplished by the peculiar tedder action of

her feet.

On the other hand, one Rol)in"s nest which I found in the open sage had

no mud in its construction and was altogether composed of felted \'egetable

Tdhcii in Miclngan.

From a Ftiotograf^li Lopyrigitt , 1908, by L. G. Liiiklctter.
THE ROBIN'S \EST.

THE WESTERN ROBIN.

247

materials. Anotlier freak iiest, in Spokane, showed a iiatchet handle firmly
imbedded in its foundation and i)n_)jecting from it a distance of six inches.
Tlie [tresence of the handle was not ach'entitious. for the nest was saddled on a
[line branch, but it is difficult to conceive Imw the liirds cnuld ha\-e j^laced it in
position at a height of fifteen feet.

Three eggs is the rule for the Western Robin; four is not unusual: but
five is rare, and I have never seen six. In this respect, therefore, the Western
Robin falls a little behind her eastern cousin.

Young Robins are
darling creatures:
that is conceded by
e\'eryone, — e\'en b\'
the cat. And hun-
gr_\-! Oh, so hun-
gry ! It is estimated
that if the appetite
of a man were pro-
portioned to that of
a young Robin, he
would consume dailv
the equivalent of a
sausage four inches
in diameter and
twelve feet long!

In spite of the law-makers, who knew exactly what they were doing in
declaring the Robin worthy of protection, thousands of these birds are an-
nuall}' slaughtered h\ unthinking" peoi)le because i)f a rumc:ired fi;nidness for
cherries and other small fruits. And yet we are assured by competent
authorities that cultivated fruit forms only four per cent of the Robin's food
thruout the }'ear. while injuri(jus insects constitute mure than one-third.
Robins in the cherry trees arc provoking, especially when the}- bring the
whole family and camp out : but there is one wav to limit their depredations
without destroying these most distinguished helpers; ])lant a row of mulberry
trees, preferably the Russian Mulberry, along the orchard fence, and the
birds will seek no further. I have seen a mulberry tree swarmina' with Roljins,
while neighboring fruit trees were almost untouched,
humane, and efficacious.

A ROBIN BABY.

The plan is simple.

248 THE VARIED THRUSH.

No. 100.
VARIED THRUSH.

A. O. U. No. 763. Ixoreus nsevius (Gmelin).

Synonyms. — Mountain Robin. Winter Robin. Oregon Robi.x. Co-
LUMBi.\x RdDiN. \'aried Robin. Painted Robin.

Description. — .Iditlt male: Above dark slate-color ( plumbeous slate to
blackisb slate), sometimes, especially in winter, tinged with olivaceous; wings
dusky edged more or less with slaty, the flight-feathers varied by ochraceous-
bufl", the middle and greater coverts tipped broadly with tawny or ochraceous
forming two conspicuous bars ; tail blackish, the outermost or several lateral
rectrices tipped with white on inner web ; a conspicuous lateral head-stripe
originating above eye and passing backward to nape ochraceous or ochraceous-
bufT; area on side of head, including lores, suborbital space and auriculars, black
or slaty-black connected narrowly on side of neck with a conspicuous pectoral
collar of the same shade; chin, throat and remaining underparts tawny (or ochra-
ceous-tawny to ochraceous-buff ), paling on sides and flanks where feathers
broadly margined with slaty-gray, changing to white on abdomen; under tail-
coverts mingled white, slaty and ochraceous ; axillars and under wing-coverts
white basally broadly tipped with slaty-gray and under surface of flight-feathers
crossed basally by band of white or huffish. Bill brownish black paling basally
on mandible ; feet and legs ochre-brown ; irides brown. Adult female: Similar
to adult male but paler and duller; upperparts olive-slaty to olive brownish;
tawny of underparts much paler and pectoral collar narrower, of the shade of
back or a little darker; more extensively white on abdomen: Youny birds: Like
adult female but more yellowish ochraceous below ; pectoral band indistinct
composed of ochraceous feathers having darker edges ; other feathers of throat
and breast more or less tipped with olive dusky. Length of adult 9.50-10.00
(241-234") ; wing 4.92 (125) ; tail 3.43 (87) ; bill .83 (21 ) ; tarsus .87 (22).

Recognition Marks. — Robin size ; blackish collar distinctive ; wings con-
spicuously varied by tawny markings; head pattern distinctive — otherwise very
Robin-like in bearing and deportment.

Nesting. — Nest: of sticks, twigs, grasses and rotten wood smothered in
moss, a bulky, handsome structure placed in saplings or trees at moderate heights
without attempt at concealment. Eggs: usually 3, rarely 4, greenish blue spar-
ingly speckled or spotted, rarely blotched with dark brown. .\v. size i.i2x.8o
(28.4x20.3). Season: April 20-May 10, June lo-julyi ; two broods.

General Range. — j\Iountains and forests of western North America, breed-
ing from northern California (Humboldt County) to northern Alaska, wintering
from Kadiak Island to southern Califurnia and straggling irregularly eastward
during migrations.

Range in Washington. — Resident in coniferous forests thruout the State
from sea-level to limit of trees ; retires to valleys and lowlands in winter ; less
common east of the main divides (Cascade).

Authorities. — [Lewis and Clark, Hist. Ex. (1814), Ed. Biddle ; Coues, Vol.
II., p. 184J. Tiirdus lurz'ius. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX., 1858, pp. 211
("Simiahmoo, W. T."), 220. T. C&S. L'. D'. Kb. Ra. Kk. J. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P'. Prov. B. E.

THE VARIED THRUSH.

249

NO : it does not always rain in western Washington. So far is this from
being tiie case, tliat we will match our Februaries against all comers, and
especially invite the attention of "native sons" of California. Our summers,
too, are just a little (lr\' latterlv, and we begin to wontler with a vague uneasi-
ness whether we are to be condemned to mediocrity after all. This paves the
way for a declaration that the true web-fonter, nevertheless, l()ves the rain,
and will exchange a garish sky
for a gentle drizzle any day in the
year. The \^aried Thrush is a
true \Veb-foi)ter. He loves rain
as a iish loxes water. It is his
native element and vital air. He
endures dry weather, indeed, as
all of us should, with calm stoi-
cism. Lchnic zii Icidcii ohnc en
klagcn, as poor Emperor Freder-
ick II, the beloved "Uitscr Fritz,"
used to say. But the \'aried
Thrush is not the poet of sun-
shine. Dust motes have no charm
for his eyes, and he will not mis-
use his vocal powers in praise of
the crackling leaf. Ergo, he sits
silent in the thickets while avian
poet-asters shrill the notes of
common day. But let the sun
once veil his splendors, let the
clouds shed their gentle tears of
self-pity, let the benison of the
rain-drops filter thru the forest,
and let the leafage begin to utter
that myriad soft sigh which is
dearer than silence, and our
poet Thrush wakes up. He
mounts the chancel of some fir
tree and utters at intervals a sin-
gle long-drawn note of brooding
melancholy and e.xalted beauty, —
a voice stranger than the sound of any instrument, a waif echo slrancling
on the shores of time.

Taken III K,iuii,-i .\,iti,'ii,ii r,ii L

From t: Photograph Copyright, 1908, by IV. L. Dawson.

A MORNING IN P,-\R.-\DISE.

250

THE VARIED THRUSH.

There is no s(.inn(l of the western woods more sulitle.iiiore mysterious, more
thrihing withal, than this jjassion song of the Varied Thrush. Somber depths,
dripijing foliage, and the distant gurgling of dark brown waters are its fitting
accompaniments; Ijut it serves somehow to call up before the mind's eye the un-
sealed heights and the-untried deeps of experience. It is suggesti\'e, elusive, and
whimsically Ijahling. Never colorless, it is also never personal, and its weird

extra-mundane <|ualit\' reminds
one of anti(|ue china reds, or re-
calls the suljdued luridness of
certain ancient frescoes. More-
over, this birtl can fling his
voice at 3'ou as well from the
tree-top as from the ground,
now right, now left, the while
he sits motionless upon a branch
not fifteen feet above you.

Fantastic and \aried as is
this single note which is the
Thrush's song, it may be fairly
reproduced by a high-pitched
whistle combined with a vocal
undertone. At least, this imi-
tation satisfies the bird, and it
is possible to engage one after
another of them in a sort of
\-ocaI contest in which curiositv
and jealousy play unquestioned
parts. Sometimes tlie Thrush's
note is quite out of reach, but
as often it descends to low
pitches, while now and then it
is flatted and the resonance
crowded out of it, with an in-
describable effect upon the lis-
tener, somewhere between ad-
miration and disgust. At other
times a trill is introduced,
which can be taken care of by a
trained palate, in addition to the
vocal sound and the whistle.
In a luiique degree the A'aried Thrushes are found thruout the forest
flepths. Ciix-en tall timljer and plenty of it, the precise altitude or location are

.\,:lion„l r.irk. I'l:.'!,, by

"GIVEN TALL TIMBER.-

11". L. Lhn.'i

THE VARIED THRUSH. 251

matters of no consequence. The prettiest compliment that Nature can pay to
the genuine wildness of Ravenna Park, in Seattle, or Defiance Park, in Tacoma,
is the continued presence of tlie \'aried Thrush in nesting time. Run a survey
line across any timbered valley of western Washington, or up any timbered
slope of the Cascades or Olympics, and the bird most certainly encountered,
without reference to local topography or presumed preference, will be the
Varied Thrush. The bird may likewise be found among tlie larches and'
cedars of the Calispell Range.

The \aried Thrush is known by a variety of names, none more persistent
or fitting than Winter Robin. It is a Robin in size, prevailing color, and
general make-up; and it appears in the lowlands in large numbers only in the
winter time, when the deep snows have driven it out of the hills. The Thrush
is much more shy than the Robin, and altho it moves about in straggling com-
panies, and does not shun city parks, it keeps more to cover. It also feeds
largely upon the ground, and when startled by a passer-by it flutters up sharply
into the trees with a wing-sound whose cjuality may soon be recognized as dis-
tincti\'e. At such times the bird makes off thru the branches with a low chuck,
or tsook, or else tries the air by low notes which are like the song, only \er_\'
much more subdued. This is manifestly an attempt to keep in touch with
com]3anions, while at the same time attracting as little hostile attention as
possible. This note is. therefore, barel\" audible, and has very little musical
quality, aanic, or ili'ir.

The nesting of the \'aried Thrush was most fully brought to light by
]\Ir. D. E. Brown, at Glacier, in the season of 1905. Like some tireless re-
trie\-er, this ai"dent naturalist quartered the mazes of the dense spruce forest
wdiich covers the floor of the North Fork of the Nooksack. and in a range of
some fifteen miles up and down that stream succeeded in locating forty-five
nests of this, till tlien. little-understood species. Of these, twenty-five con-
tained full sets of eggs, while the remainder fell before such accidents as
desertion, robbing by Jays, Owls, etc. The first set taken was on May 5th,
and the eggs were slightly incubated. The last, with fresh eggs, was taken
June 19th, — probably the second nesting of some bird robbed earlier in the
season. Among the nests examined, three contained sets of four each, and
the remainder three. Of the entire number, all were placed in evergreen trees,
save two. Of these last, one was set in the splinters in the broken top of a
willow, about fifteen feet up: and the other was placed in an upright crotch
of an elderberry bush at four feet from the ground.

Here are the woods that abound in moss-bunches, — great balls of thrifty
green wdiich grow, without apparent excuse, alike from the flimsiest and from
the most substantial supports. It is in \iew of the abundance of these, that
the Varied Thrush builds as it does, right out in the open of the underwood,
near the top, or at least well up, in a small fir tree. The searcher has only the

2^2

THE VARIED THRUSH.

advantage of knowing llial in nrck-r tn secure aile(iuate supp(jrt the bird must
buiKl close up to the stem of the tree. The only exception to this rule is when
branches intersect, and so offer additidnal strength. Owing to the fact that

Tal.rii ucir Mt. B,ilu-i. Fholo by llic Antlwr.

••THE VARIIilJ THKUSU BUII.US W liLL LP l.\ A SJIALI, I-IR TIUiE."

the large timber affords consideraljle ]M-otection to the younger growth below,
and because of the superior construction of the nests, they pnn'e very durable.

THE VARIED THRUSH.

253

Old nests are common; and gronps of lialf a. dozen in the space of a single
acre are evidently the consecntive product of a single pair of birds.

There is a notable division of territory among these Thrushes. As a rule,
they maintain a distance of half a mile or so from any other nesting pair.
In two instances, however, Mr. Brown found nests within three hun-
dred yards of neigh-
bors.

W h e n one ap-
proaches the center
of a reserve, the
brooding female
slips qnietl}- from
the nest and joins
herniate in denounc-
ing the intruder.
The birds ilit rest-
lessly from branch
to branch, or from
log to log, uttering
repeatedly a stern
tsook, which is al-
most their sole re-
course. If the nest
is discovered and ex-
amined, the birds
will disappear sil-
ently; and the
chances are that they
will never again be
seen in that lo-
cality.

A nest found on

May loth, with two eggs, was re\-isited on the 12th. It was saddled at
a point ten feet out on a leaning hemlock, which jutted from the river
bank over the roaring Nooksack. The prominence of the situation, in
this instance, proved the owner's undoing. An Owl had evidently snatched
her up on the previous night, the first of her maternal duty: for the nest
and the neighboring foliage were strewn with feathers. Yet so suitly had
the marauder executed his first coup that not an egg was broken. The
eggs were three in number, subovate, of a slightly greenish blue, beauti-
fully and heavily spotted — one might almost say blotched — with rufous,
the handsomest, Mr. Brown savs, ever seen.

Taken at Glacier

Photo by

the Author.

NEST AND EGGS OF \ARIE1> TURUSH.

254 THE WESTERN BLUEBIRD.

A more typical nest, frfshly examined, is placed at a height uf six feet in
the tij]) of a tiny fir sapling, which required the support of a chance armful of
leaning vine-maple poles. The nest proper is an immense affair, eight and a
half inches deep and twehe inches by eight in diameter outside, and two and
a half in depth and four in width inside. Jt would weigh about three pounds,
and is, therefore, quite compact, altho the moss, which is the largest element
in its com]3osition, holds a large quantity of moisture. Twigs from six inches
to a foot in length enter int(_i the e.xterior construction, and these are them-
selves moss-bearing. Stripping off the outer moss-coat, one comes to the
matrix or crucible-shaped vessel of rotten wood, an inch or more in thickness
thruout, and sodden with moisture. Within this receptacle, in turn, appears
another cup with walls three-quarters of an inch in thickness, and composed
solely of dried grasses and moss, neatly wo\'en and turned. The innermost
lining comprises the same materials, not very carefully smoothed, but amaz-
ingly dry, considering the character of their surroundings. The brim of the
nest is strengthened by bark-strips, the inner fiber of cedar Ijark being ex-
clusively employed for this purpose; while the finishing coat consists of moss,
compacted and flawless. There are, in fact, few nests to compare with that
of the Varied Thrush in strength, elaborateness, and elegance.

No. loi.

WESTERN BLUEBIRD.

A. O. U. No. 767. Sialia mexicana occidentalis (Towns.).

Synonyms. — C.\lii-orni.\ Blukbird. AIexican Bluebird. Townsend's
BLrEBH^n.

Description. — .Idiilt male: Head and neck all around and upperparts rich
smalt l.)Iue, brighter on hindneck, rump and wings, paler on sides of neck and on
throat; the shafts of wing-quills and tail-feathers and the exposed tips of the
former black ; more or less chestnut on scapulars usvxally irregularly continuous
across back; sicles of breast and sides, continuous across breast, chestnut; belly,
flanks, crissum and under tail-coverts dull grayish blue (campanula blue to pearl
blue). Bill l)lack; feet blackish; iris dark brown. /;; winter touches of chestnut
appear on crown, hindneck and sicles of head and neck, and the blue of throat is
slightly veiled by grayish brown skirting. Adult female: Somewhat like male
but everywhere paler and duller ; blue of upperparts clear only on rump, tail,
lesser and middle wing-coverts and outer edges of primaries, there lighter than in
male (campanula blue to flax-flower blue) ; first primary and outermost rectrices
edged with white ; chestnut of scapulars obsolete, merged with dingy mottled
bluish or brownish-gray of remaining upperparts; exposed tips of remiges dusky;
outer web of first primary whitish; blue of undcrparts replaced by sordid bluish
gray, and chestnut of subdued tone (pale cinnamcm-rufous) veiled by grayish-
brown tills of feathers. Yoimg birds somewhat resemble the adult female hut the

THE WESTERN BLUEBIRD. 255

blue is restricted to flight- feather^ and rectrices, tliat i)f the male being lirighter
and bluer, that of the female duller and greener. In both sexes the back and
scapular areas are brownish heavily and sharjily streaked with white and the
breast (juguluni, sides of breast, and sides) is dark sepia brown so heavily
streaked with white as to appear "skeletonized." Length of adults 6.50-7.00
(165-177.S) ; wing 4.13 ( 105) : tail 2.80 ( 71) : bill .4<) ( 12.5) ; tarsus .85 (21.5).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size : rich blue and chestnut coloring of
male ; darker blue ciiloration of wings in female distinctive as compared with that
of .S". ciirnicoidcs.

Nesting. — Nest: in cavities, natural or artificial, old woodpecker holes, hollow
trees, stumps, posts, bird-boxes, etc., lined with grasses and, occasionally, string,
feathers and the like. Eggs: 4-6. uniform pale blue. Av. size, .82 x .62 ( 20.8 x
15.7). Season: May-July; two broods.

General Range. — I'acific coast district from Los Angeles County, California,
to British Columbia, extending irregularly eastward in Oregon, Washington and
British Columbia, and to Idaho and western Montana ; south irregularly in winter
as far as San Pedro Martir Mountains, L. C.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident, of general distribution west of
the Cascades, rare and local distribution (chiefly in lieavilv timbered sections) east
of the mountains ; casually resident in winter.

Migrations. — Spring: c. i\Iarch i: East-side: Chelan, Alarch 9, 1896: Con-
connully, March 15, 1896; West-side: Seattle, March 6, 1889: March 5, 1891 ;
Tacoma, Feb. 25, 1905. Fall: October.

Authorities. — Sialia occideiitalis, Townsend, journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.
\V,1. All. pt. TI. 1837, 188. C&S. L-. Rh. !)>. Kb. Ra. D-\ Kk. J. B. E.

Specimens. — U. of \\'. Prov. B. BN.

MIV-MIU-MIU — mute }-ou are, nr next thing to it, you naughtx- little
beauties! \Vhy don't you sing, as do _\-our cousins across the Rockies? You
bring spring witli you, but you do not come shifting your "light load of song
from post to post along the cheerless fence." Is vour beaut\', then, so burden-
some that you find it task enough to shift that?

Alack-a-day! our Bluebird does not sing! You see, he comes from
Mexican stock, Sialia mcricana. and since we will not let him talk Spanish, or
Aztecan, or Zampeyan, he flits about silent in seven languages- Er — but —
what's this? Can we be mistaken? Here is what Dr. J. K. Townsend^ says
of the AVestern Bluebird : "Common on the Columbia River in the spring.
It arri\-es from the south earlv in .April, and about the first week in May com-
mences building. * * * \ flock of eight or ten of these birds visited the
British fort on the Columbia, on a fine day in the \A'inter of 1835. They con-
fined themselves chiefly to the fences, occasionally flying to the ground and
scratching among the snow for minute insects, the fragments of which were
found in the stomachs of several which I killed. After procuring an insect

Narrative (1839), p. 344.

256 THE WESTERN BLUEBIRD.

the male usually returned to the fence again, and warbled for a minute most
delightfully. This note altho somewhat like that of our common Wilsonii
[i. e., S. sialis], is still so different as to be easily recognized. It is equally
sweet and clear but of so little compass (at this season) as to be heard only a
short distance. In the spring it is louder, but it is at all times much less strong
than that of the common species."

Dr. Brewer, condensing Nuttall, says'": "He [Nuttall] speaks of its
habits as exactly similar to those of the common Bluebird. The male is equal-
ly tuneful thruout the breeding-season, and his song is also very similar.
Like the common species he is very devoted to his mate, alternately feeding
and caressing her and entertaining her with his song. This is a little more
varied, fender, and szvcet [editor's italics] than that of the Eastern species, and
differs in its expressions."

Our own Dr. Cooper testifies:'' "It also differs [i. e. from 5'. sialis] in its
song, which is not so loud as sweet, and is curiously performed to sound as if
two birds were singing at once and in dift'erent keys."' Here the tradition
begins to waver. More recent writers say: "The song of the Western Blue-
bird is not full but is, like his manners, gentle and sweet" (Lord) ; and, "It
has the soft warble of its kind" (Mrs. Bailey). But again Dr. Brewer
writes :° "In regard to their song Mr. Ridgway states that he did not hear
even during the pairing season, any note approaching in sweetness, or indeed
similar to, tlie joyous spring warble whicli justly renders our Eastern Blue-
l)ird (S. sialis) so universal a favorite." The doctors disagree. Some one
has l)een dreaming!

All I can say is, that in an experience of some sixteen seasons in Wash-
ington. I ha\e never lieard tlie Bluebird sing, or utter any note more preten-
tious than the plaintive iniii already referred to. It has beside, howe\'er, a
note of protest, which sounds remotely like the kek of a distrustful Guinea
fowl: and it indulges certain ^'er^• unmusical cluttering and clucking notes
when endea\oring to attract the attention of its young.

No : the Western Bluebird is no musician, but he is a beauty ; and he does
have the same gentle courtesy of bearing which has endeared the Bluebird
wherever he is known. It is impossible to treat of Bluebirds' domestic life
without recourse to humanizing terms. Bluebird is a gentleman, chivalrous
and brave, as he is tender and loving. Mrs. Bluebird is a lady, gentle, confid-
ing, and most appreciative. And as for the little Bluebirdses they are as well
behaved a lot of children as ever crowned an earthly affection.

Both parents are unsparing in their devotion to the rising generation, and
so thoroly is this unselfish spirit reflected in the conduct of the children that it

a. Baird, Brewer & Ridgway, Vol. I., p. 65 [Reprint].

b. Rep. Pac. R R.. Surv., Vol XII., i8f9, p. 173.

c. Baird, Brewer & Ridgway, Land Birds, Vol. I., p. 66 [Reprint].

THE WESTERN BLUEBIRD.

257

Taken in Oregon. Flioto by Finley and Bohlman.

WESTERN BLUEBIRD AT NEST.

is tlie subject of frequent remark. ]Mr. Finley tells^ of an instance in wliich
a first brood, just out of pinafores, turned to and helped their parents provide
food for another liatch of babies, and this not once, nor twice, nor casually,

a. "American Birds," by William Lovell Finley (1907), p. 170.

2S8

THE WESTERN BLUEBIRD.

but regularly, until the second brood were well matured. Instinct! In.stinct !
say you? But, wherefor? Is it not rather a foregleam of ethical life, an out-
cropping of that altruistic tendency which hints a deeper kinship with the birds
than we have yet confessed?

.And real gallantrv ]:)ctween the sexes may not be less ethical. On a day in
Ohio, I located a liluebird's nest in the knot-hole of an apple tree, and planted
the camera in a commanding and somewhat threatening position. The cavity
held callow young, but after the parents had visited their charges once and
were somewhat reliexed in anxiety, I saw a \'er\' pretty passage which took
place between them. In a neighboring ajjple tree the male secured an elegant

fat grub and was most de\outl}- tlu-ashing it, when the
female appeared ui)on the scene. With a coaxing
twitter she approached her mate; but he backed off, as
much as to say, "\\'ait, wait, dear, he isn't dead yet!"
But she was hungry and pressed her suit, until he
in good-natured impatience flitted across to another
liml). Here he whacked the worm vigorously, striking
him first against one side of the limb and then against
the (ither by a swinging motion of the head. The
female followed her lord and cooed : "Oh, I know that
will taste good. Um! I hav'n't tasted one of those
white grubs for a week. So good of you, dearest!
Reall}-, don't you think he is done now?" The valiant
husband ga\e the luckless gruli just one more whack;
and then, with e\ery appearance of satisfaction, he
hopped o\er toward his better half and placed the
morsel in her waiting beak, while she received the
fa\-i^r with (|ui\ering wings and a soft flood of tender
thanks. Altogether I think I never saw a prettier exhi-
bition of conjugal aftection, gallantry, and genuine
altruism than the sight afi^orded. It was not only like
the behavior of humans ; it was like the best in human
life, a pattern rather than a copy, an ins]:)iration to
nobilit\- and gentleness of the very highest type.

Bluebirds ha\'e a decided preference for human
society, or at least are very quick to appreciate the
hospitalitv of proffered bird-boxes. Being chiefly insectivorous, their presence
is a benediction to any neighborhood, and is an especial advantage in the
orchard. A friend of mine in the East, who owns two young orchards and a
small vine_\-ard, maintains upon his premises upwards of fifty Bluebird boxes,
each composed of a section of a hollow limb closed with a board at top and
bottom, and pro\-ided with a neat augur-hole in the side. The boxes are made

LITTLE BOY BLUE.

THE MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD. 259

fast to the apple-trees or lodged at considerable intervals along the intersecting
fences. The experimenter finds that more than half of the boxes are occupied
each season, and he counts the birds of inestimable value in helping to save the
gra]3es and apples from the ravages of worms.

In providing for Bluebird's comfort, care must be taken to expel cats
from the premises ; or at least to place the box in an inaccessible position.
English Sparrows, also, must be shot at sight, for the Bluebird, however
valorous, is no match for a mob. Tree Swallows or A'iolet-greens may covet
the nesting-box — your affections are sure to be divided when these last appear
upon the scene — but the Bluebirds can take care of themseh'es here. For the
rest, do not make the box too nice ; and above all, do not make it of new lum-
ber. Nesting birds do not care to be the observed of all observers, and the
more natural their surroundings, the more at ease your tenants will be. An
occasional inspection will not be resented, if the Bluebirds know their landlord
well. There may be some untoward condition to correct, — an overcrowded
nestling, m- the like. At the end df the season the Ijox should lie emptied,
cleaned, and if possible sterilized.

Two broods are raised in a season, and the species appears to be on the
increase in tlie more thicklv settled portion of the State. Occiileiifalis a\oids
the drv sections, and is nowhere common on the east sicle of the mountains,
save during migrations. It is. luiwever. regularly found on the timbered
slopes of the Cascades, the Kalispel! Range, and the Blue Mountains, where its
range inosculates with that of the ^Mountain Bluebird. There is reason to sup-
pose that its range will extend with the increase of irrigated territory. West of
the mountains, per contra, the Blueliinl affects the more ojien countr}-, and es-
pecialh' that which lias been preiiared b\- fire and the doulile-bitted axe.

No. 102.

MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD.

.A. O. U. No. 768. Sialia ciirrucoides (Bechstcin).

Synonym. — Arctic Bh i:niRn.

Description. — Adult male in suiiniicr: .\bove rich cerulean blue. ]ialest
(turquoise blue) on forehead, brightest 011 upper tail-coverts, darkest (sevres
blue) on lesser wing-coverts ; below pale blue (deepest turquoise) on chest, shading
on sides of head and neck to color of back, paling on lower belly, crissum and
under tail-coverts to whitish ; exposed tips of flight feathers dusky. Bill and feet
black; iris dark brown. Adult male in leiutcr: Blue somewhat duller and feather?
skirted more or less with brownish above and below, notably on hind-neck, upper
back, breast and sides. Adult female: Like male but paler blue, clear on rump,
tail and wings onlv, elsewhere quenched in gray: pileum, hindneck, back and

26o THE MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD.

scapulars mouse-gray tinged with greenish-ljlue ; outer edge of hrst primary antl
outer \ve1j of outermost rectrix, basally, white; a whitish orbital ring; underparts
tinged with pale brownish gray fading to white posteriorly. Yonny birds some-
what resemble the adult female but are even duller ; the blue of rump and u]iper
tail-coverts is replaced by ashy gray ; the back is streaked with white ; the throat
and jugulum are pale gray indistinctly streaked with whitish; chest, sides and
flanks broadly streaked with drab, each feather having a white center. Length
7.00 (177.8) or over; wing 4.60 (117); tail 2.83 (72); 1)111 .53 (13.4); tarsus
.89 (22.G).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size ; azure blue coloration of male and
bluish-gray and azure of female unmistakable.

Nesting. — Nest: much as in preceding species. Eggs: usually 5, unif<irm
pale blue sometimes very light bluish white, rarel)' pure white. Av. size, .80 x .60
(20.3 X 15.2). Season: May, June; two broods.

General Range. — Mountain districts of western North America north to the
Mackenzie and Yukon Territory, breeding eastward to the Black Hills and
western Texas, westward to the Cascade-Sierras, southward to the higher ranges
of Arizona, New Mexico and Chihuahua, in winter irregularly eastward upon the
Great plains and southward to southern California, Lower California, etc.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident in the Cascade Mountains chiefly
on the eastern slopes (but west to Mt. Rainier) ; common during migrations and
irregularly resident in summer upon lower levels east of the Cascades (Wallula,
May 15, 1907, breeding).

Migrations. — Spring: Chelan, Feb. 24, 1896: Conconnully, March 15, 1896;
Ahtanum, March 13, 1900.

Authorities. — Sialia arctica Brewster, B. N. O. C. VII. Oct. 1882, p. 227.
T. L'. D'. D-'. Ss«. J.

Specimens. — P'. Prov. C.

A BIT of hea\-en's blue incarnate ! We shall not stop to chide this e.x-
qnisite creatin^e that he does not sing. Why should he? It is enough to
inspire song.

The sky has not fallen this beautiful morn.
But here is its messenger come to adorn
For a moment our wa\si(le, and bring to our sight
In s\-mboI of azure, a \'ision of right.

So hopeful, confiding, thou brave mountaineer,
Thou bringest to April a mighty good cheer.
Chill winter is vanquished, his rig(^rs forgot.
The Lord is on earth, — what else, matters not.

The Mountain Bluebird is of regular occurrence but of \'ery irregular
distribution in eastern Washington, and is scarcely known west of the Cas-
cades. John Fannin found it in British Columbia "west occasionally, to
Chilliwack, and other points on the lower Fraser ; also A^ancouver Island," but

THE MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD. 261

we have only two records of its occurrence on tlie Pacific slope in Washing-
ton^. The hird ranges up to the highest peaks of the central divide, but it is
not at all common in the mountains. It seems to prefer more open situations
and. so far from being exclusi\el_\- boreal in its tastes, has been found nesting
at as low an altitude as W'allula, on the banks of the Columbia River.

At Chelan in a typical season ( 1896) the migrations opened with tlie ap-
pearance, on the J4th day of February, of seven males of most perfect beauty.
They deployed upon the townsite in search of insects, and uttered plaintive
notes of Sialian cjuality, varied by dainty, thrush-like tsooks of alarm when too
closely pressed. They did not at any time attempt song, and the entire song
tradition, including the "delightful warble" of Townsend, appears to be cjuite
without fountlation, as in the case of S. in. occiilcnfalis. On the 15th of March
a flock of fifty Bluebirds, all males, were sighted flving in close order over the
mountain-side, a vision of loveliness which was enhanced by the presence of a
dozen or more ^Vesterns. Several flocks were observed at this season in which
the two species mingled freely. On the 27th of the same month the last
great wave of migration was noted, and some two hundred birds, all "Arctics"
now, and at least a third of them females, quartered themselves upon us for a
day, — with what delighted appreciatiijn upon our part may best be imagined.
The males are practically all azure; but the females have a much more modest
garb of reddish gray, or stone-olive, which flashes into blue on wings and tail,
only as the l>ird flits from post to post.

In nesting. Mountain Bluebirds sometimes display the same confidence
shown [)\- the darker species : and their adoption into urban, or at least \-illage
life, would seem to be onl_\- a matter of time. They are a gentle breed, and it
is an honor of which we may well stri\-e to prove wurtln-, to be chosen as
hosts by these distinguished gentlefolk.

"Gentle," as applied to Bluebirds, has always the older sense of noble, —
noble because brave. My attention was first called to a nest in the timbered
foothills of Yakima County, because its valiant owner furiously beset a Flicker
of twice his size, a clumsy villain wdio had lighted by mistake on the Bluebird's
nesting stub. The gallant defender did not use these tactics on the bird-man,
but his accents were sternly accusing as the man proceeded to investigate a
clean-cut hole eight feet up in a pine stub four feet thru. Five dainty eggs
of the palest possible blue rested at the buttom of the cavity on a soft cushion
of fine grasses.

This must have been a typical structure, Ijut near Chelan I found the birds
nesting at the end of a tunnel dri\en into a perpendicular bank much fre-

a. First record by R. H. Lawrence: Two seen on Stevens Prairie [Gray's Harbor County] .^pril 22
[1891] {Vide .^uk. Vol. IX-, Jan. 1892, p. 47). Second record by the author: Male and female with
five full-grown young encountered near Sluiskin Falls on Mt, Rainier, July 7, 1908, at an altitude of
6500 feet.

262 THE WESTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.

(juenteu hv Bank Swallows. The original miner might ha\e heen a Swallmv.
but the Bluebirds had certainly enlarged the hole and rounded it. There were
no available trees for a mile or so around, but — well, realh' now, it did give one
a turn to see this bit of heaven quench itself in the ground — for love's sake.

No. 103.

WESTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.

A. O. I'. No. 748. Regulus satrapa olivaceiis Baird.

Description. — Adult male: Crown-patch (partially concealed) bright orange
or flame-color (cadmium orange); a border of plain yellow feathers overlying
the orange on the sides ; these in turn bordered by black in front and on sides ;
extreme forehead white, connecting with white superciliary stripe ; a dark line
thru eye; above bright olive-green, becoming olive-gray on nape and siile of
head and neck ; wing-quills and tail-feathers much edged with light greenish
yellow, the former in such fashion as to throw into relief a dusky spot on middle
of secondaries ; greater coverts tipped with whitish ; underparts sordid white,
sometimes dusky-washed, or touched on sides with olivaceous. Adult female:
Similar, but with crown-patch jilain yellow instead of orange. IiiiiiiaUire:
Without crown-patch or bordering black, gradually acquiring these thru gradation
of color. Length about 4.00 (101.6); wing 2.16 (55); tail 1.57 (40); bill .29
( 7.3 ) : tarsus fij (17).

Recognition Marks. — Pygmy size ; orange, or yellow, and black of crown
distinctive.

Nesting. — Nest: lashed to and largely concealed by drooping twigs on under
side of fir bough near tip, an exquisite ball of mosses, lichens, liverwort, fine grasses,
etc, ; bound together with cobwebs and lined with the softest materials, vegetable-
down, cow-hair, and feathers, 3^-^-7 inches in diameter, and placed from five feet
(//i. Bcigs: 7-g, rarely 10 (one of 11 on record), sometimes /;; ti^'o layers, dull
white, cream white, or sordid cream-color, finely sprinkled or not with pale wood-
brown or dull rufous, and sometimes, obscurely, with lavender. Av. size. .54 x .40
(13.7 X 10.2). Season: April i-July i; two broods.

General Range. — Western North America from Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific Coast, southward in winter over highlands of Mexico to elevated districts
of Guatemala: breeding from Colorado (near timber-line), eastern Oregon
(mountains near Fort Klamath), Sierra Nevada (south to Mount Whitney),
Mount Shasta, etc., northward to Kenai Peninsula and Kadiak Island. Alaska.

Range in Washington. — Common resident in coniferous timber (except
])ine) thruout the State, sea-level to limit of trees, less common east of Cascades,
where numbers greatly augmented during migrations.

Authorities.— fTozunseiid. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VIII. 1839, 154
(Columbia River). Regulus satrapa. Licht. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX.
pt. II. 1858, p. 228 (part). (T.) C&S. L. Rh. D'. Kb. Ra. D-'. Kk. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of \\'. P. Prov. B. E.

THE WESTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.

263

"GOOD things conie (lime up in small packages," my college chum used
to sav (speaking, c^f course, of la fcinuic petite), and that was before he knew
the Golden-crowned Kinglet. Indeed, it is surprising how few people do
know this amiable little nionarch ; ami yet, I suppose, he is b_\' all odds the most
abundant bird in Washington. To one who seeks the honor of his acquaint-
ance, he pro\-es a most delightful friend: but he has his little luodesties and
reserves, becoming to a potentate, so that a thousand of him would never be
"common," nor ]iall upon the senses.

Kinglets go in trcjupes, famil)' parties, which keep a little to themselves
o r d i n a r i ly ;
altho Chick-
adees a II d
Nuthatches,
or even
Creepers
and \\''rens,
are welcome
messmates,
in the friend
ly winter
time. Ever-
green trees,
exclusively,
are frequent-
ed, e.xcept
during mi-
grations up-
on the EaSt-
side where
the favorite

cover is lacking, antl the real abundance of the Ijirds at all seasons is coex-
tensive with that of the Douglas Spruce ( Pseiidotsiiga doiitjiasi). With
tireless energy they search both bark and branches for insects' eggs and lar\'a?
scarce visible to the human e3'e. The\' peer about incessantl}-, bending and
darting and twisting and squirming, now hanging head downward, if need be,
now fluttering prettily against the under side of the branch above : but always
on the go, imtil frequentlv one despairs of catching fair sight of the crown
for the necessary fraction of a second. Of course it's a Golden-crown; but,
then, we want to see it.

And all the time Cutikins is carrving on an amiable conversation with his

Taken in Rjiiiicr Xational Park.

From a Fhntogrnplt Co/^yriglit, 190S, by IV. L. Dtiwson.
THE UNVEILING.

A FAVORITE HAUNT OF THE KINGLET.

264 THE WESTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.

neighbor, interruincd aiul fr;igiiienlar\-, to be sure, but he has all clay to it —
/j",y, tss-tsif'-chil^, tscck. If you draw loo near, fsif^ can be made {o express
\igonjus disapproval.

Concerning the "song" one is a little puzzled how to report. ( )ne hears,
no doubt, nian\' little snatches and phrases whicli lia\e in them something of
the quality of the better known carol of the Ruby-crown, but they lack dis-
tinctness and completion. Moreover, they are never given earnestly, even in
the height of the mating season, but. as it were, reminiscentlv, mere by-
products of a contented mood. It may seem a little fanciful, but I am half
tempted to believe that the Gold-crests are losing the ancient art of minstrelsy.
The lines ha\e fallen unto them in such i:)leasant places; food and shelter are no
problems, and there is nothing of that shock and hazard of life which reacts
most certainlv upon the passion of song. And then it is //('/• fault, anyway.
Phyllis would rather wdiisper sweet nothings in the mossy bower than be
serenaded, never so ably. Oh, perilous house of content!

It remained for Mr. Bowles, after vears of untiring effort, to discover the
first nest of this western \ariety. .\nd then it came by way of revelation — a
fir branch caught against the evening sky and scrutinized mechanically afford-
ed grounds for suspicion in a certain thickening of the twigs under the midrib.
Investigation revealed a ball of moss matched to a nicety of green with the
surrounding foliage, and made fast by dainty lashings to the en\'eloping twigs;
and, better yet, a basketful of eggs.

These birds proliabh* nest at anv height in the hea\iest fir timber; but,
because they are relatively so infinitesimal, it is idle to look for the nests except
at the lower levels, and in places where the forest area has been reduced to
groves and thickets. The boundaries of the prairie country about Centralia
and northward afford the best opportunity for nesting, for here the Douglas
Spruces attain a height of only a hundred feet or such a matter, and occiu' in
loose open groves which iiu'ite inspection. Here, too, the Kinglets may be
noted as they flit across from tree to tree, and their movements traced.

The kinglet and queenlet are a devoted pair in nesting time. Whether
gathering materials for the nest or hunting for food after the babies are
hatched, they work in company as much as possible. They are discovered, it
may be a hundred yards from the home tree, gleaning assiduously. After a
time one of the birds by a muffled squeak announces a beakful, and suggests
a return ; the other acquiesces and they set off homeward, the male usually in
the lead. It looks as tho tracing would be an easy matter, but the birds stop
circumspectly at every tree clump en route, and they are all too easily lost to
sight long before the home tree is reached.

Nests may be found at any height from the le\-el of the eyes to fifty feet
(higher, no doubt, if one's eye-sight ax'ails ) but always on the under side of a
fir limb, and usuall\- where the foliage is naturalh' dense. The nest ball is a

THE WESTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.

265

\von(IerfuII\- compacted affair of moss, botli green and grav, interspersed with
li\'er\vi>rts, dried grasses, soft weed fH)ers, and cow-liair. The deep depression
of the nest cup scarcely mars the siihericity of tlie whole, for the edges are
brought well in; so much so. in fact, that a ciintaining branch overloaded with
foliage upon one side, once tipped half wa}- over without spilling the eggs.
The deep cavity is hea\'il\- lined willi C(.iw-hair and abundant feathers of

Taken near Tacomn I'lioto by Boiilcs and Dazison.

NEST OF WKSTERN GOLDEX-CROWNEU KI.\GLET IN FIR BRANCH.

THIS IS THE .MOST THAT M.\Y BE SEEN" OF NEST OR CONTENTS FROM ANY ANGLE.

grouse or domestic fowl. These feathers are placed with their soft ends pro-
truding, and they curl over the entrance in such fashion as almost or quite to
conceal the eggs. One would like to particularize at great length, for no
fervors of description can o\-erstate the beauties of this Kinglet palace.

Eggs vary in number from five to nine, seven and eight being the rule. I
once took a nest with eleven — one too many at the least, for it had to rest on
top of the others. They are not much larger than Hummingbirds' and are
quite as fragile. Mr. Bowles consumed twenty minutes in removing the con-
tents of the big nest to the collecting box zvithout a break. The eggs vary in

266

THE WESTERN GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET.

color froni i)urc wliile t(j sin'dul white ami ikisk\- hrcjwn. In ihe last two cases
the tint niav Ije due tci a profusion of line liruwii ilots, nr to advancement in
incubation, the shell being so thin that the |)rogressi\'e stages of the cliick's
development are dimly shadowed thru it.

The female Kinglet is a close sitter and will not often lea\'e the nest until
the containing branch is sharply tapped. Then, invariably, she drops down a
couple of feet and flits sharply sidewise, with manifest intent to deceive the
laggard eye. Yet almost immediateh- she is minded to return, and will do so
if there is no further demonstration oi hostilities. Re-covering the eggs is not
always an easy matter, for the well is deep and the mouth narrow. One dame
lightetl on the l.)rim of her nest ami bowed and scraped and stamped, precisely
as a carefullv disciplined husband will when he brings muddy boots to the
kitchen door. The operation was evidently cjuite unconnected with hesitation
in view of m\' presence. Init in some way was preparatory to her sinking
carefully into the feather-lined pit bef(5re her. When she first covered the
eogs, also, there was a great fuss made in settlinsi', as tho to free her feathers
from the engaging edges of the nest. When the 1)ird is well down ii])on her
eggs there is nothing visible l)nt the top (}f her head and the tip of her tail.
The male bird, meanwhile, is not indifferent. First he bustles up onto
the nesting branch ami flashes his fiery crest in plain token of anger, l)ut

later he is content
to squeak disapprov-
al fi"(_~)ni a ]>ositicin
more removed.

W'hile the mother
liird is sitting, the
male tends her faith-
fullv, but he spends
his spare moments,
according to Mr.
Bowdes, in construct-
ing "cock nests," or
decoys, in the neigh-
boring trees. Tliese
seem to serve no pur-
pose beyond that of
a ner\-ous relief to
are seldom as carefullv constructed as the \"eritable

Taken near Tacoma.
Photo by the Authors.

NID - .\ID - iXODDING.

the impatient father, ;md
domus.

When the young of the first lirood are hatched and ready to fl}', the
chief care of them falls to the father, while the female prepares for a second
nesting. As to the further domestic relations one cannot speak with certainty,

THE RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET. 267

but it would seem at least possible thai fall l:)ir(l troops cousist (jf the comljiued
families of Mr. and Mrs. Quiverful.

As to the time of home-making, the Kinglets are not \-ery particular.
Nor is it necessary that they should be. It is always spring here after the first
of February. Besides that, a fir tree is both forest and store-house at any
season. In the \'icinity of Tacoma, the usual nesting time is the last week
in April for the first set. and the second week in June for the second. The
earliest record is April oth. that of a nest containing half-grown voung. The
first egg of this set must, therefore, ha\-e been deposited about March 15th.

So far as we can make out. this bird is strictly resident in western Wash-
ington, but it is much less common on the east side of the Cascades, and is
there largely migratory. Not only does the species retire in winter from the
mountains to the lower foot-hills, but considerable numl.iers pass o\-er the
State to and from British Columbia. At such times they appear wherever
timber or watered shrubbery is to be f(iund. With manners so engaging and
lives so sheltered, to say nothing of families so blessed in the vearlv increase,
is it any wonder that the gentle tribe of Rcgidus pre\-ails thruout the giant
forests of this western slope, and spills over in blessing wherever trees abound?

No. 104.

RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.

.\. T). U. No. 749. Regulus calendula (Linn.).

Description. — Adult male: Above olive-green, duller anteriorly, brightening
to greenish yellow on edgings of quills and tail-feathers; a partly concealed crest
of scarlet (flame-scarlet to scarlet-vermilion) ; two narrow, whitish wing-bars
formed by tips of middle and greater coverts: some whitish edging on tertials ;
a dusky interval separating greenish j-ellow edges on outer webs of secondaries;
a whitish eye-ring and whitish skirtings around base of bill ; under ])arts soiled
white, heavily tinged with buffy and olivaceous buff. Adult female and iininaiiire:
Similar but without crown-patch. Length 4.00-4.50 ( loi. 6-1 14.3) ; wing 2.33
(59.2); tail 1.72 (43.7); bill from nostril .25 (6.4).

Recognition Marks. — Pygmy size ; scarlet crest distinctive. Note wing-bars
and whitisii eye-ring of female and young. Lighter than R. c. grinnelli.

Nesting. — Nest: a ball of moss, lichens, etc., bound together with cobwebs,
and lashed to drooping twigs beneath branch of conifer, lined with vegetable-
down, catkins, hair, and feathers, and placed at moderate heights. Egi/s: 5-9, dull
white, or pale buffy, faintly or sharply but sparingly speckled with reddish brown,
chiefly about larger end. Av. size, .55 x .43 (14x10.9). Season: June; one
brood ( ?).

General Range. — North America at large in wooded districts, north to limit

268 THE RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.

of trees, west to northwestern Alaska ( Kowak River), breeding chiefly n(jrth of
the I'nited States, ami irregularly in the higher ranges of the West.

Range in Washington. — Common spring and fall migrant; summer resident
in northeastern portion of State only(?).

Migrations. — Spring: April, May. I'all: (Jctober.

Authorities.— Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. pt. II. 1858, p. 22y. (T.)
C&S. L'. Rh.t ?) D'. Sr. Ra. D-'. Kk. j. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P". Prov. B. BN. E.

"WHERE'S your kingdom, little king?
Where's the land }-ou call your own?
Where's A'our palace and your throne?
Fluttering lightly on the wing-
Thru the lilossoni world of May
Whither lies }'our ro}'al way?
Where's the realm tliat owns your sway^,
Little King?"

Dr. Henrv Van Dyke is the questioner, and the little bird has a ready
answer for him. Being an Easterner, it is "Labrador" in May, and

Where the express' \i\'id green
And the dark magnolia's sheen
Weax'e a shelter round mv home"

in October. But imder the incitement of the poet's playful banter, the Kinglet
enlarges his claim :

"Never king by right di\'ine
Rtiled a richer realm than mine!
WHiat are lands and golden crowns,
Armies, fortresses and towns,
Jewels, scepters, robes and rings.
What are these to song and wings?
Ever^-where that I can fly
There I own the earth and sky :
Everywhere that I can sing
There I'm happ}- as a king."

.Vnd surely there is no one who can meet this dainty monarch in one of
his happy moods without paying instant homage. His iiiipcrumi is that of the
spirit, and those who boast a soul above the clod must swear fealty to this
most delicate expression of the creative Infinite, this thought of God made
lumiiicTus and vocal, and own liim king li\- right divine.

It seems only ^■esterdav I saw him, Easter Day in old Ohii). The sig-

THE RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET. 269

nificant dawn was struggling with great masses of heaped-up clouds, — the
incredulities and fears of the world's night; but now and again the invincible
sun found some tiny rift and poured a flood of tender gold upon a favored
spot where stood some solitary tree or expectant sylvan company. Along the
river ban'c all was still. There were no signs of spring, save for the modest
springing violet and the pious buckexe, shaking its late-prisoned fronds to
the morning air, and tardily setting in order its manifold array of Easter
candles. The oak trees were gray and hushed, and the swamp elms held their
peace until the fortunes of the morning should be decided. Suddenly from
down the river path there came a tiny burst of angel music, the peerless song
of the Ruby-crown. Pure, ethereal, without hint of earthly dross or sadness,
came those limpid welling notes, the sweetest and the gladdest e\-er sung — at
least by those wlm ha\-e not sufTered. It was not indeed the greeting of the
earth to the risen Lord, but rather the annunciation of the glorious fact by
heaven's own ap])(iinted herald.

The Rub}'-crowned Kinglet has something of the nervousness and \-ivaci-
ty of the typical wren. It moves restlessly from twig to twig, flirting its
wings with a motion too quick for the eyes to follow, and frecjuently uttering
a titter of alarm, chit-tit or chit-it-it. During migrations the liirds swarm
thru the tree-to])s like Warblers, but are often found singlv or in small com-
panies in thickets or open clusters of saplings. In such situations they exhibit
more or less curiosity, and if one keeps reasonably still he is almost sure to
be inspected from a distance not exceeding four or five feet. It is here too
that the males are found singing in spring. The bird often begins sotfo z'occ
with two or three high scpieaks as tho trving to get the i>itch dinvn to the
range of mortal ears before he gives his full voice. The core of the song is
something like tciv, tczi', fcii', teii'. titonrcct' , titoorcct' . the last phrases being-
given with a rising inflection, and with an accent of ra\-ishing sweetness. The
tones are so pure that they may readily be whistled by the human listener,
and a musical contest provoked in which one is glad to come out second
best.

Ha\-ing heard only the preparatory spring song for years, it was a matter
of considerable rejoicing to come upon the birds at home in Stevens Countv.
They were esi^ecially cimimon in the neighborhood of Newport, and thev sang
incessantly anrl loudly from the depths of the giant larches, which abound
there. It appears that the full-fledged breeding song is quite different from
the delicate migratorv carol. The preliminary notes are of mucli the same
qualit}', but instead of accenting the final s}dlable of the titoorcct phrase, and
repeating this, the phrase is given only once, with a sort of tittering, tremolo
effect, and the emphasis is thrown upon a series of strong, sharp terminal
notes, four or five in number, and of a uniform character — the whole some-
what as follows : tezv tciv teiv tew tittcrcttcrcttcr reef, cheep' cheep' cheep'

270 THE RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.

cliccp . These emphatic nules are also reiulerecl in a detached form at oc-
casional intervals, usually after the entire song has been rehearsed ; and they
are so loud at all times as to be heard at a distance of half a mile. One indi-
vidual began his song with an elaborate ])reliminar_\- run oi high-pitched,
svhining notes of a fineness almost beyond human cognizance : then effected a
descent by a kifitan' note to the tciv tczv tew series. In his case, also, the em-
phatic closing notes had a distinctly double character, as c/iccpy, cliccpv, cliccpv.

We ransacked the Newport woods day after day with feverish eagerness,
allured and goaded by the music, but filled also with that strange fire of
oological madness which will lead its possessor to bridge chasms, dangle over
precipices, brave the billows of the sea, battle with eagles on the heights, or
crawl on hands and knees all over a forty-acre field. Tlie quest was well-nigh
hopeless, for the wooils were dense and the tamaracks were heavily draped
in brown moss, "vSpanish beards," with a thousand possibilities of hidden nests
to a single tree. June the First was to be the last day f)f our stav, and it
opened up with a dense fog emanating from the Pentl d'Oreille Ri\'er hard-l)v.
Nevertheless, six o'clock found us ogling thru the mists on the crest of a
wooded hill. A Ruby-crown was humming fragmentary snatches of song,
and I put the glasses on him. I was watching the flitting sprite with languid
interest when Jack exclaimed petulantly, "Now, why won't that bird visit his
nest?" "He diil," I replied, lowering the binoculars. The bird in flitting
about had paused but an instant near the end of a small fir branch about
thirtv-five feet up in a sixty-foot tree, siiringing from the hillside below.
There was nothing in the movement nor in the lenglh of time spent to excite
suspicion, but it had served to reveal thru the glasses a thickening of the
drooping foliage, clearly noticeable as it lay outlined against the fog.

We returned at ten o'clock and the first strokes of the hand-ax, as the
lowermost spike bit into the live wood, sent the female flying fmni the nest
into a neighboring tree. As the ascent was made spike by spike, site uttered
a ra]jid complaint, composed of notes similar to the ]")refatory notes of the
male's song: but dtu"ing m\- entire stay aloft she did not \cnture back into the
nesting tree, nor did the male once put in an appearance. The nest was only
five and a half feet out from the tree trunk, and the containing branch an
inch in thickness at the base. Hence, it was not a difficult, albeit an anxious,
task to support the limb midwa\' with one hand and to sever it with a ])ocket-
knife held in the other, then to haul it in slowly.

The nest was composed largeh- of the droojiing brown moss, so common
in this region as to be almost a necessity, yet contrasting strongly with the
clean bright green of the young fir tree. But, even so, it was so thoroly con-
cealed b\- the draping foliage that its ])resence would have escaped notice
from any attainable standpoint, sa\-e for the mere density, — a shade thicker
than elsewhere. At first sight one is tem])ted to call it a moss-ljall. but close

THE RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET.

271

examination shows it to be rather an assemblage of all sorts of soft substances,
vegetable downs, cottons from the pussy willows and cottonwood trees,
weathered anients. hair, fine grass (in abundance), with occasional strange
inclusions, such as spider-egg cases, dried flower-stalks, and the like. The
lining is e.xclusi\ely of feathers, those from the breast of the Robin being

Taken near Newport.

RUBY'S BASKETFUL.

Photo by Dazi'son and Bowles.

most in e\-idence. A few of these curled up from under tlie neatly turned
brim, so as to partly conceal the contents; but only a little effort was required
to obtain a ]5erfect view of the eggs from abo\"e.

I counted the glowing pile, slowly, calmly, as a miser counts his gold
when the bolts are shot — twice to make sure — one, two. three, * * * nine,
the last one being thrnwn in on top of the heap for good measure.

The eggs were marvelousl\- fresh, insomuch that in blowing them Mr.
Bowles coaxed seven of the nine yolks out unbroken thru the mere needle-

2/2 THE SITKAN KINGLET.

holes in the shell \\ Inch he ci units a sulhcieiU exit, lii cnlor they were pure
white, flushed with the peculiar riukly of fresli eggs having semi-transparent
shells, with a pale broad band of brownish dust about fhe larger ends (the
smaller one in one case).

When I had descended, — singing and whistling right merrily snatches of
songs once popular, "Sweet Marie," and the like, for my spirits were uncom-
mon high, — the mtJther-bird returned to the nesting tree and haunted the site
of the ruined home persistentl)-. h'irst she peered down from the branch
above; then she dropped dov^ii to the branch below, and craned her head,
sorely perplexed. She lighted upon the white stump of the severed limb and
examined it confusedly, then she fluttered in midair precisely where the nest
ought to have been, and dropped to the limb below again in despair. This
mystified quest she repeated over and over again until it wrung the hearts of
the beholders. Well, well ; we are inconsistent creatures, we humans. And
somehow the comfortable philosophy of the bird-iiester fails at these critical
points.

No. 105.

SITKAN KINGLET.

A. O. U. No. 749 a. Regains calendula grinnelli Palmer.

Synonyms. — Al.'\sk.\n Kinglet. Sitk.\ Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Grin-
nf.ll's KiNr,i.i':T.

Description. — L,ike preceding but of much darker coloration, — a "saturated"
form ; also wing somewhat shorter, bill larger, etc. Av. measurements of male* :
wing 2.23 (56.6) : tail 1.69 (42.9) ; bill .34 (8.7) ; tarsus .72 ( 18.1 ).

Recognition Marks. — Of strikingly darker coloration than R. calendula —
sup])Osed to be the exclusive form in winter.

Nesting. — As ])receding. Does not breed in \\'asliingtoii.

General Range. — Pacific Coast district breeding from British Columbia to
head of l.ynn Canal and Yakutat Bay, Alaska; south in winter (at least) to
midille California.

Range in Washington. — Early spring and late fall migrant, common winter
resident on Puget Sound.

Authorities. — ? Rcguhis calendula, I^icht. Cooper and Suckley. Rep. Pac.
R. R. Siirv. Xri. pt. II. i860, p. 174 (Winter resident on Puget Sound ). Bowles,
Auk, Vol. XXIII. Apr. 1906, p. 148.

Specimens.— B. E. P(A).

SO far as our somewhat scanty observation goes, this would appear to
be the prevailing form in the earlier spring migrations, and the only one found
in winter u]ion Puget Sound. Thus, while the lighter-colored birds, which

a. Ridgway: Six specimens.

THE CHICKADEE. 273

summer in (Uir mountains and in British Columbia, are enjoving sunshine in
IMexico, this Alaskan coast dweller is re-dyeing his plumage under the dull
skies of the Pacific watershed.

The Sitkan Kinglet is not abundant in winter, altho it enjoys a general
distribution. It does not associate in flocks of its own kind to any large extent,
but oftener two or three individuals join themselves to winter bird troops
consisting of Chickadees, Seattle Wrens. W^estern Golden-crowned Kinglets,
Puget Sound Bush-Tits, etc. At such times it is noticeable that they keep
largely to the lower levels, for they hunt and titter among the spirrea thickets,
salal bushes, logs and evergreen saplings, while their cousins only occasionally
venture within five or ten feet of the ground, and range from there to the
tops of the tallest firs.

The notes, too. of the Sitkan Kinglet are low-pitched and explosive, as
compared with the fairy sibilations of the Golden-crowns. The neighborhood
of "Seattle" Wrens and Western Winter Wrens will ser\-e also to throw a
certain wren-like qualit}- of the Alaskan's note into fine relief.

No. 106.

CHICKADEE.

A. O. U. No. 735. Penthestes atricapillus (Linn.").

Synonyms. — Bi.ack-capped Chick.xdf.E. BL.\CK-c.\prKD Titmouse.

Description. — .Idiilt: Top of head and nape shining black; throat dead
Ijlack with \\hitish skirting posteriorly; a white band on side of head and neck,
increasing in width Ijehind : back and scapulars gray with an olivaceous cast and
more or less admixture of buffy at the edges and as skirting; wings and tail dusky,
more or less edged, especially on greater coverts and tertials, with ashy or whitish;
breast and belly white; sides, flanks and crissum washed with buffy or light rusty
(nearly whitish in summer) ; bill and feet dark. Rather variable in size; one adult
specimen measures: wing 2.27 (57.7) : tail 2.10 (53.3) ; bill .34 (8.6). Another:
wing 2.70 (68.6) ; tail 2.57 (65.3) ; bill .38 (9.7). Length, 4.75-5.73 (120.6-146.1 ) ;
average of eight specimens of medium size: wing 2.60 (66) : tail 2.44 ( 62 ) ; bill

.36 (g.-!)-

Recognition Marks. — \\'arbler size; of ligliter coloration but not certainly
distinguishable afield from P. a. occidciitalis (q. v.).

Nesting. — Nest: a heavy mat of moss, grasses, and plant-down, lined with
rabbits' fur, wool, hair, or feathers, in made hole or natural cavity of stump or
tree, usually not over ten feet from the ground, and near water. Eggs: 5-8,
white, marked sparingly with reddish brown, in small spots, tending to gather
about larger end. Av. size, .58 x .47 (14.7x11.9). Season: April i5-l\Iay 15;
one brood.

274 THE CHICKADEE.

General Range. — Eastern Nortli America north of the Potomac and Ohio
\'alleys. "A separate 'colony' inhabits the area between the Rocky Mountains
and the Cascade Range, in eastern Washington (Walla Walla. EUensburg, etc.),
western Idaho ( Lemi, Fort Sherman, etc.), and central British Ci>lumbia ( Sica-
mores [Sicamoos]. Clinton, Ashcroft. etc.).*" — Ridgway.

Range in Washington. — As above.

Authorities.—/', a. occidcntalis Brewster, B. N. O. C. VII. 1882, 228
(Walla Walla). J. If this colony ]M-oves to Ije completely isolated, as claimed,
the bird should. ])erha])s, be separately named, and I would suggest Pciithcstcs
atricapilliis fortiiitiis.

Specimens. — B. I''.

THE Chickadees of eastern Washington, east of the Cascade foothills,
along with those of northeastern Oregon, western Idaho, and southwestern
British Columbia, are n(.)taljly larger and brighter than P. a. occidcntalis.
In these and other regards they exactly rei)roduce the characters of P.
atricii/^illiis. which is a Ijird cif the eastern United States, and from which
they are widely separated b_\- P. a. scfifcntrionalis. Now Chickadees are
resident wherever found. The most severe winters do not suffice to drive
them south, and they are subjected to such imiform conditions as tend to
insure stability of type, once adjustment to local environment is accomplished.
W'c ha\'e here, therefore, either an example of a colony widely separated
from the parent stock, and remaining inflexible under alien con<lititins, or
else an indistinguishable reduplication of another form not closelv related in
time thru the interaction of similar conditions. If the latter supposition be
the true one, and it probably is, we have in this Ijird a theoretical sub-
species, but one which we cannot describe or distinguish in other than geo-
graphical terms.

The case is somewhat similar with mn- Nighthawks (C. virgiiiianns
suhsp.) and Sparrow Hawks I Falco sf^arvcriiis siibsf^.), but the problem in
these instances is further complicated by the o])portunities of migration.

a. "The present example of an isolated colony of a particnlar form, or what must be regarded as the
same form in the absence of obvious distinctive characters, is one of several instances which are very
troublesome to both the systematist and the student of geographic distribution. The birds of this species
occurring, exclusively, in the area defined above are clearly intermediates between P. a. scpteutx\onaIis,
a form larger and paler than P. a. atrical'iUus, which occupies the region immediately eastward, and
P. a. occidcvtalis, a form smaller and darker than P. a. atricaf^ilhis, which inhabits the region immediately
westward. It thus happens that, while these puzzling birds are jiractically, if not absolutely, indistin-
guishable from P. (I. atricapilhis they can hardly be considered exactly the same, since they are everywhere
widely cut off from the latter by the very extensive area occupied by P. a. septentrionalis." — Ridgway.

THE OREGON CHICKADEE. 275

No. 107.

OREGON CHICKADEE.

A. O. U. No. 735 b. Penthestes atricapilliis occidentaiis (BairdJ.

Synonym. — W'kstkrx P>lack-c.\pped Ciiick.xdee.

Description. — Adults: Similar to P. atricapiUns but smaller and coloration
much darker : whitish edging on wings and tail much reduced in area ; "back
varying from deep mouse-gray or very slight buffy slate-gray in spring and
summer to deep hair-brown or light olive in fall and winter plumage" ; sides and
flanks pale buft'y in spring, strong brownish buff or pale wood-brown in fall
plumage. Length 4.50-5.25 (114.3-133.3~) : wing 2.44 (62): tail 2.20 (56); bill
■Z7 '9-5 > : tarsus .66 (16.8).

Recognition Marks. — \\'arbler size; no white stripe over eye as dis-
tinguished from P. i/aiiibcli: back gray as distinguished from P. ntfesccns.

Nesting. — Xcst: as in P. atricapilliis, usually placed low in stump of decidu-
ous tree. Eggs: as in foregoing. Season: April i5-]^Iay 15: one brood.

General Range. — Pacific Coast district from northern California to British
Columbia (Port Moody).

Range in Washington. — Resident west of Cascades; characteristic of wet
lowlands and borders of streams ; intergrades with typiciis on east slopes of
Cascade Range.

Authorities. — Panis occidentaiis Baird, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX.
pt. II. 1S58. p. 3<ji. I T. ) C&S. Rh. D'. Kb. Ra. D-\ ? Ss'. ? Ss-'. Kk. B. E.

Specimens. — U. of W. P'. Prov. B. E.

CHICKADEES abound in ^\'ashington; and, because for the life of you
\^ou cannot surely tell whose notes yoti hear, there is a perennial necessity for
levelling the glasses to make sure which is passing, Oregon or the Chestnut-
backed. There are differences — Oh, bless you, yes — but then you always
want to make certain, if only to pat yourself on the back and say, when you
happen to have guessed correctly, "There, I knew it was an Oregon ; I can
always tell by its scjueak."

Chickadees are friendly little fi)lk (and this remark apiilies, irrespective
of species), so that where\-er they go, except in the busy nesting season, they
form the nucleus of a merry band, ^^'estern Golden-crowned Kinglets. Sitkan
Kinglets, Creepers, Juncoes, Towliees ma}be, and a Seattle \\'ren or two to
guard the terrestrial passage, and to furnish sport for the federated fairies.
The Chickadees are undis])uled leaders, tho their name be legion. While thev
remain aloft we may mistake their dainty squeakings and minikin wavs for
those of Kinglets, but if we can only determine what direction the flock is
pursuing, we may count on the vanguard's being ciimposed of these sprightly,
saucy little Black-caps.

276

THE OREGON CHICKADEE.

Chickadee refuses to look down t\>i" li>ng upnn the world; or, indeed, to
look at any one tiling from any one direction fur more tlian two consecutive
twelfths of a second. "Any old side up without care," is the label he bears;
and so with anything" he meets, be it a pine-cone, an alder catkin, or a Inig-
bearing branchlet. top-
side, bottomside, inside,
outside, all is right side
to the niml)le Chicka-
dee. Faith ! their little
brains must ha\'e spe-
cial gu}' - ropes a n d
stavs, else they would
have been spilled long
ago. the wa}- their own-
ers frisk about. Blind-
man's buff, hide-and-
seek, and tag are merry
games enough when
played out on one
plane, but when staged
in three dimensions,
witli a laliyrinth of in-
terlacing branches for
hazard, onl\- the blithe
bird whose praises we
sing could jjossibly
master their intricacies.
But Chickadee is as
confiding and as con-
fidence-inviting as he is
capable. It is precisely
because you babble all
your secrets to him at
the first breath that the
whole wood-side conies
to him for news. With
the fatuity of utter
trust he will interrogate
the fiercest-looking stranger; and the sound of the "szi'cctcc" call is the signal
for all birds to be alert. At the repetition of it the leaves begin to rustle, the
moss to sigh, and the log-heaps to give up their hidden store of sleepy W^reiis.
bashful Sparrows, and frowning Towhees. Juncoes simper and Kinglets

Taken

iicor Tacoma

Photo by
the Author.

\

.NEST -WU EGGS OF OREGON CHICKADEE.

THE FRONT WALL OF THE CONTAINING STUMP HAS BEEN REMOVED.

THE OREGON CHICKADEE.

277

squeak ()\er tlie strange iliscmery : the Steller Jay takes notice and sidles o\er
to spy upon the performance; wliile the distant-faring Crow swerves from his
course and bends an incjuiring eye toward tlie m^-stery. Dcc-dcc-dcc says the
Bkick-cap. A liundred lieady e_\'es are bent upon you. trying to resolve your
domino of corduro}' or khaki. Can' says the Crow in comprehension, and you
know that the game is up, — up for all but the Chickadee. He will stav and
talk with you as long as you nia_\- endure to pucker yciur lips to his fairy
lispings.

It is no exaggeration to say that the "S^vcc-tcc" note of the Chickadee,
passably imitated, is the quickest summons in the bird-world. It is the
open sesame to all woodland secrets. One drawback, however, attends
its use: you cannot compass it when the air is chilly and the lips thick.
Now, the eastern bird, (P. atricapillus) has a clear, high-pitched call-note,
Sii'ce-tcc, or Swcc-tcc tec ::p _^ -^ _^^_^ which must be taken as

^ '— ' -—I and the calls of the west-
derstood bv reference to

Ie^

or

the type of this genus
ern bird are best un-
this niirm. In the song of occidciitalis the first note of the tvpe, "high C,"
is oftenest repeated three or four times, and has a double character impossible
to represent on
paper: while the
w h o 1 e ends, or
not, with the lower
note of atricapU-
liis. These notes
may be called the
dco dco dco day
series. In rare in-
stances they be-
come a ravishing
trill on high C, be-
yond imitation or
analysis.

For the rest.
Chickadee's notes
divide themselves
into squeaks, vocal
notes, and wliis-
1 1 e s. O f t li e
scjueaks one is a
very high-pitched,

W h i n i n g note. Taken in Oregon. Photo by W. L. Finh-y.

, . , 1 , L.ADEN WITH DAINTIES.

which closely re- orecon chickadee near nest.

278

THE OREGON CHICKADEE.

semliles the keep-in-tduch, or

cry of the Western Golden-crowned

Kinglet. The Chickadees employ this when in company with Kinglets, or
while ranging thru the tree-tops when no other sound is audible in the
woods. Then there is a regular squeaking trill which is oftenest prelimi-
nar\- to the familiar dci' dcr ih'c dec Jrc (spoken) notes, but which some-
times appears alone, as by suspension or change of intent.

Of the whistled series the commonest are, first, a clearly rendered
Iciisiccc, not unlike the "Sweetee" theme, btit of lower pilch and more trivial

character ; and, second, the dco
(li\i ilcii ilav series, already
recorded. There is a striking
resemblance between the whis-
tled and the spoken series.
The day day words correspond
to the dec dco whistles, altho
they are oftenest ])receded by
a fairy sneeze, which we have
con\'entionalized in "Chick";
and there is a spoken, or rather
lisped, kiisi^'cw. which is very
charming and delicate. A
spoken trill occurs infre-
(|uentl\-, and offers its analogy
to l)oth whistle and squeak.

These may seem like fine-
spun distinctions. They are
offered only to be forgotten;
but the enjoyment of the next
Chickadee troop you encounter
will be enhanced by an effort
to realize the striking variety
of the notes heard.

Contrary to the wont of
most hole-nesting birds, the
Chickadee belie\'es in warm
lilankets. Into the chosen
ca\-ity, whether natural or
artificial, the birds lug im-
mense quantities of moss, wool, hair, or rabbits" fur, until the place is half
filled ; and the sitting bird, during the chilly days of late April and early May,
is snug and warm.

Ordinarilv, a hole is dug by the birds in a rotten stub at a height of two

Taken in Oregon.

Photo by Bohlmoit and I'l

A TIGHT FIT.

YOUNG OREGON CHICKADEE EMERGING FROM NEST.

THE MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE. 279

or three feet. The near presence of water is a prime requisite, and a low
swampy woods is the favorite location. Sometimes a deserted nest of a
Gairdner Woodpecker may be used; but, on the other hand, excavations
may be made in green wood at no little cost of e.xertion on the part of
the midgets. Several nests I have seen in willow and poplar trees, and at
a height of fifteen or twentv feet.

Young Chickadees are such cunning little creatures that the temptation
to fondle them is sometimes irresistible. The parents may have very
decided views as to the propriety of such action, or they may regard you
as some benevolent giant whose ways are above suspicion. Not infrequentlv,
if tlie }-oung are kindly treated, the parent bird will venture upon the hand
or shoulder to pursue its necessary offices.

No. 108.

MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE.

A. O. U. No. 738. Penthestes gambeli (Ridgway).

Description. — .Idiilts in spriiiy and sninincr: Somewhat as in P. atricapillus,
head and throat similar hut black interrupted by strong white superciliary stripe
nearly or quite meeting fellow on forehead ; upperparts plain deep ashy gray,
or mouse-gra)- ; wings and tail deeper gray with some pale grayish edging ; sides
of head and neck white; underparts (except throat) dull white more or less
washed on sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts with gray, .-idiilts in fall and
zvintcr: Upperparts washed with buffy ; brownish on sides; some white edging
on forehead and superciliary stripe broader. Young birds are duller as to black
of head and neck, and have a less distinct superciliary. Length about 5.00 (127) ;
wing 2.-^ (70) ; tail 2.35 (60) ; bill .40 ( 10.2) ; tarsus .70 (18).

Recognition Marks. — \\'arbler size ; much like Oregon Chickadee, but white
superciliary distinctive; range higher (on the average) than other species.

Nesting. — Nest: quite as in atrical^illiis and similarly situated. Eggs: 5-8,
pure zchitr. or only faintly marked with reddish brown. Av. size, .60 x .45 ( 15.2 x
11.4). Season: I\ I ay ; one brood.

General Range. — Mountains of western United States Irom the Rockies to
the Pacific Coast; north to British Columbia (chiefly east of the Cascades) ; south
to northern Lower California.

Range in Washington. — Resident in the mountains and timbered foothills,
chiefly east of the (Cascade) divide: casual at Seattle.

Authorities. — ["Mountain Chickadee" Johnson, Rep. Gov. W. T. 1884
(885), p. 22.] [Parns niontaniis. Gambel, Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pac. R. R.
Surv. XII. i860, p. 194. "Fort Dalles" ( Baird, "Fort Dalles, Oregon"). Not a
valid Washington record.] Parns qaiuhdi Lawrence, Auk, Vol. IX. Tan. 1892,
p. 47- C&S. L-. D'. D^ J.

Specimens. — L^. of W. Prov. C.

28o THE MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE.

IT IS either accident nv tlie iiiethutlical hal)it of scrutinizing every
passing bird which first reveals to you the Mountain Chickadee. He is quite
simihu" in general appearance and conduct to the foregoing species, altho the
white superciliarv line does confer a little air of distinction when you look
closely. His n(jtes, so far as observed, are not different ; and he exhibits
the cheerful confiding nature which makes the name oi Chickadee beloved.

GainbcU is a bird of the fo(.ithills as well as of the mountains, and is
confined almost exclusively to the East-side. I ha\-e not seen it on Puget
Sound : but a dead bird was once brought by one of the school children to
Miss A. L. Pollock, of Seattle.

Both of the nests which have come under my observation have been
placed in decayed stumps not abo\'e three feet from the ground. One, in
a wild cherry stub in northern Ok'anogan County, contained fresh eggs on
the i8th day of May. Their color had been ]iure white, but they were luuch
soiled thru contact M'ith the miscellaneous stufi which made up the lining
of the cavitv : moss, cow-hair, ra1>ljits" wool, wild ducks" down, hawks' casts,
etc. The birds were not especially solicitous, altho once the female flew
almost in my face as I was preparing the eggs for the cabinet. AikI then
she sat quietly for several minutes on a twig not abo\e a foot from my eyes.

On Senator Turner's grounds in Spokane — by permission — we came
upon a nestful of well-grown young, on the 5th of June, 1906. The nest was
two feet up in a stump, concealed by a cluiu]) of second-growth maples, pic-
turesquely nestled at the base of a volcanic knob. Upon first discovery the
parent birds both appeared with bills full of larvae, and scolded daintily.
Finalh-, after several feints, one entered the nesting hole and fed, with our
eyes not two feet remo\-ed. Photography was impossible because of the
subdued light, but it was an unfailing source of interest to see the busy
])arents hurrying to and fro and bringing incredible quantities of provisions
in the shape of moths' eggs, spiders, wood-boring grubs, and winged creatures
of a hundred sorts. Evidently the gardener knew what he was about in
sheltering these unpaid assistants. Why, when it comes to horticulture,
three pairs of Chickadees are equal to one Scotchman any day.

The young were fully fledged, and tlie irrepressible of the flock (there
is always an irrepressible) spent a good deal of time at the entrance shifting
upon his toes, and wishing he dared venture out. The old l^rds fed incess-
antlv, usually alighting upon the bark at one side of the hole and debating
for a moment before plunging into the wooden cavern, whence issued a
chorus of childish entreaties.

The next morning our Chickadees had all flown, and upon l)reaking into
tlie abandoned home we found a nest chamber some six inches in diameter,
with its original warm lining mingled with fallen punk and trodden into an
indistinguishable mass by the restless feet of the chick Chickadees. A special

THE CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE. 281

feature ui the interior constructidii was a km it, which had persisted as a hard
core when the surnjunding punk had been removed. This had evidently been
no end of amusement to tiie }-oung birds and of service to tlie parents as well,
for its surface was polished by the friction of many Pentliestine toes.

No. 109.

CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE.

A. O. U. No. 741. Penthestes rufescens Towns.

Description. — Adults: Crown and nape dull sepia brown becoming sooty
toward lateral Ixirder — black before and behind eye. separated from sooty black
throat patch by large white area broadening posteriorly on sides of neck; back,
scapulars, rump, and sides of body rich chestnut ; lesser wing-coverts grayish
brown; upper tail-coverts hair-brown or more or less tinged with chestnut; wmgs
and tail deeper grayish brown edged with paler gray ; remaining underparts
(centrally) white; under tail-coverts washed with brownish; bill black; feet
brownish dusky; iris brown. The brown of crown and hmd-neck deepens in
winter. Young birds are duller in coloration, especially as to the chestnut of back
and sides. Length about 4.75 ( i20.h) ; wing 2.35 (60) ; tail 1.90 (48.3) ; bill .37
(9.5) ; tarsus .65 ( 16.5 ).

Recognition Marivs. — I'ygmy size; chestnut of back and sides distinctive —
otherwise not easily distinguished in the tree-tojis from P. a. occidcntalis. Fre-
quents thicker timber and, usually, drier situations.

Nesting. — Nest: in hole of dead stub, usually some natural cavity enlarged
and customarily at moderate heights, 10-20 feet, a couch of fine bark-shreds, green
moss, etc., heavily felted with squirrel-, rabbit-, or cow-hair, and other soft
substances. Eggs: 7-9, pure white as to ground and sparingly sprinkled with
reddish brown dots, chiefly about larger end. Av. size, .61 x .47 ( 15.5 x 11.9).
Season: April 25-June 15 (according to altitude) ; one brood.

General Range. — Pacific Coast district, from northern California to Alaska
( Prince William Sound and head of L}'nn Canal), east to Montana.

Range in Washington. — Resident; abundant and thoroly distributed thru
forests of Olympic Peninsula and Puget Sound region, decreasing in numbers
from Cascade divide eastward (in heavier coniferous timber only). (We have
no records of its occurrence east of Stehekin.)

Authorities. — Parus rufescens Townsend, lourn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. YH.
1837, 190. T. C&S. L'. Rh. Kb. Ra. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W . P. Prov. B. E.

WHAT bus\- little midgets these are as thev go trooping thru the tree-
tops intent on plunder! And what a merry war they wage on beetle and nit
as thev scrutinize every crevice of bark and bract ! The bird eats insects at

282 THE CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE.

all times of Near, but his staple diet is fi.iriiied bv the eggs and larvae of insects.
These afe found tucked away in woody crannies, or else grouped on the under
surface of smaller limbs and persistent leaves, as of oak or madrone.

On this account the Chickadee must frequently hang head downward;
and this he d(.ies \ery gracefully, using his tail to balance with, much as a
boy uses his legs in hanging from a "turning pole," swuiging to and fro a;
tho he thoroly enjoyed it.

If possible, the ChestniU-backcd Chickadee is a little more delicately
moulded and mi:)re fay-like in demeanor than its gray-backed cousin, the
Oregon Chickadee. Lhilike the latter, it is found commonly in the densest fir
woods. It is found, also, in the oak groves (if the prairie country; and, in
general, it may be said to prefer dry situations. No hard and fast lines can
be drawn, however, in the distribution of the two species. In many sections
the_v mingle freeh-, and are equally alnuidant. In others, either may be
quite unaccountably absent.

.\s nearly as we have made out to date, the commoner notes of the
Chest nut -backed Chickadee closely simulate those of the Oregon. The szvccfcc
call is either indistinguishable or a mere shade smaller. The sneezing note
becomes UK.ire distinct as kcchc::^^'!^^ : and "CliiclauL-r" becomes kissailcc,
the latter given so caressingly that you waul to ])inch the little darling. The
Chestnutdjacked Chickadee has a rcallx' trul\' s<ing. liut it is anytlting rather
than musical. When the emotion of A])ri] is no longer controllable, the
minikin swain mounts a tir limb and raps out a series of notes as monotonous
as those of a Chipping Sparrow. The trial is shorter and tlie movements less
rapid, so that the half dozen notes of a uniform character ha\'e more individual
distinctness than, say, in the case of the Sparrow: Chick cliick chick chick
chick chick. Another performer may give each note a double character so
that the whole ma\' sound like the snipjiing of a barber's sliears : Chulip
chulip cliiilip chulip chulip.

Mr. Bowles finds that in beginning a nesting ca\ity this bird almost
always avails itself of some natural advantage, as a place from which a bit
of wood has been torn awa)-, or a hole made by a grub of one of the larger
Cerambycid beetles. On this account the bird enjoys a wider range of
choice in nesting sites than africapilliis. Fir or oak stubs are oftenest chosen,
and moderate heights are the rule: but I have seen birds go in and out of a
nesting hole at an elevation of eighty feet.

Every furred creattire of the woods may be asked to contriltute to the
furnishing of Chickadee's home. Upon a mattress of fur and hair the bird
lays from seven to nine eggs, white as to ground color, and sparingl}- dotted
with pale rufous. Chickadees are close sitters and must sometimes be taken
fi-oni the eggs. The\' have, mi>reover. a unique method of defense, for when

CHESTiVUT-BACKED CHICKADF.E.

284 THE BUSH-TIT.

an eye appears at the entrance, the Ijird briblles up and hisses in a \ery snake-
like fashion. This is too niucii for the nerves of a Chipmunk, and we guess
that the single bro(jd of a Chickadee is not often disturbed

No. 110.

BUSH-TIT.

A. O. U. No. 743. Psaltriparus minimus (Towns.).

Synonyms. — Lii.xsx Ri>ii-tit. I'igict Sound Bush-tit. Pacific Bush-tit.

Description. — Adults: Crown and hinchieck warm brown abruptly contrast-
ing with dull leaden or mouse gray hue of remaining upperparts ; wings and tail
slaty edged with pale gray; sides of head like crown but duller and paler; under-
parts sordid brownish white deepening into dull drab on sides and flanks. Length
about 4.00 ( loi ) ; wing 1.87 (47.5); tail 2.0s (52); bill .26 (6.9); tarsus .62
(15-8).

Recognition Marks. — PyS'^y size ; leaden coloration with brownish cap
unmistakable.

Nesting. — Nest: a pendulous pouch from six inches to a foot in length and
three or four inches in diameter, with small entrance hole in side near top; an
exquisite fabrication of mosses, plant-down and other soft vegetable substances
bound together b}' cobwebs and ornamented externally with lichens, etc., lined
with plant-down and feathers ; placed at moderate heights in bushes, rarely from
ten to twenty feet up in hr trees. Eggs: 5-8, usually 7, dull white frequently
discoloring to pale drab during incubation. Av. size .55 x .40 (13.9x10.2).
Season: April-July; two or more broods.

General Range. — Pacific Coast district from I^ijwer California to the Fraser
River.

Range in Washington. — Resident west of the Cascades at lower levels, rare
northerly — perhaps nearly confined to the I^uget Sound basin.

Authorities. — Pains iiiiniiiius, Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., VH.
1837, 190 (Columbia River). C&S. Ra. Kk. B."E.

Specimens. — L^. of W. Prov. B.

IT IS an age of specialists. The man who could do anything — after
a fashion — has gi\en place to the man who can do one thing well. And in
this we liave but followed Natiu'e's example. The birds are specialists.
The Loon is a diver ; the Cormorant a fisher ; the Petrel a mariner, and so
on inilil we come to Swallows, who are either masons or mining engineers;
and to Catbird and Thrush, who are trained musicians.

The Bush-Tits belong to the builders' caste. They are specialists in
domestic architecture. The little Ijirds not onl\- enjov their task; they have
nestd)uilding" on the jjrain. A beautifid home is more than meat to them.

THE BUSH-TIT.

28^^

For its succt'sstul rearing they are ready t(_) forswear the delights df foreign
tra\'el, and to its eniijellishnient tliey de\'Ote e\'erv surplus energy, even after
the children have come.

If there were time it would be interesting to trace the genesis of this
architectural passion. Sufhce it tij sav that the Bush-Tit comes of a race of
l.)uilders. They call him Tit, a name shared in common with all the Chicka-
dees; and Chickadee he is in structure and ljeha\ior, in his absolute indiiTer-
encc to ]josition or balance, in lu's daintiness and sjirightliness. .\'iiw Chicka-
dees, altho they sj^^sss-v,,-
have lost the art
of building, are
specialists in nest-
lining. (A nest
lined with rabbit-
fur means as
much to a Chicka-
dee as does a seal-
skin jacket to
you, my lady ! )
Hence the Chick-
adee strain is not
lost upon our sub-
ject. The Tit,
fm"ther, shows liis
afflnity with the
Kinglets in a
liabit of restlessly
flirting the wings ;
and the Kinglets,
as we know, are
master builders.
But it is to the
Wrens that the
Bush - Tit owes
most of all, and
especially to the
Tule Wren, for
he has taken the
general concep-
tion of a com-
pletely enclosed
nest and worked

Taken lu Tocoina.

Photo by DiKi'soit and Bozclcs.

NEST OF THE BUSH-TIT IN SITU.

286

THE BUSH-TIT.

it uiit more daintily. This, by the way, is no fanciful comjiarison, for there
is a strong strain of Wren blood in Bush-Tit's veins.

Nest-building begins on Puget Sound about the middle of March, at a
time when the shrubber}- is only beginning to leaf. Early nests, like the one
in our illustration, may be perfectly exposed. Indeed, the birds appear to be
at no pains to effect concealment, but trust to the general protection afforded
by the presence of other such masses, the withered panicles of "ocean spray"
or spiraea, drooping mosses, and collections of unfallen leaves, in the draperies
of the underforest. The pendant pouch is composed chiefl)- of moss niade
fast by vegetable fibres and cob-webs, and snugly felted with vegetable downs.
The lining is composed sometimes exclusively of white felt, Ijut oftener of
plant-down mingled with wool, fur, or feathers.

Egg-laj'ing may begin as soon as the nest is decently framed, or again, it
may be deferred for a week or ten da}s after the structure is practically com-

p 1 e t e. But,
however that
may be, the
birds ne\'er rest
from their la-
in )rs. A Bush-
Tit's nest is
like the James-
t o w n F a i r,
ne\-er finished.
The nest must
be ornamented
w i t h lichens,
Photo by petals, spider-

Bohlman and Fitilcy. . .

egg cases, bits
of tissue pa-
per,— in short, whatever takes the fancy of the birds in the course of their
restless foravs. The interior furnishings, likewise, must be continually aug-
mented. If the bottom of the nest \vas only an inch thick at the outset, it is
built up from within until it attains a thickness of two or three inches. Even
tho the eggs be near to hatching, the tlu-ifty hcaisewife, as she returns from
an airing, must needs lug in a l)eakful of feathers, which it would have been
a shame to waste, )-ou know. Besides this, the male bird has two or three
shanties under construction in the neighborhood, upon which lie can profit-
ably put in those tedious hours between three a. m. and sunset.

The mother Tit lays six or eight pearly white eggs, and these the Steller
Jay counts quite the daintiest item on his bill of fare. Hence, of all the
Bush-Tits' nests one sees in a season, fnll\- half have been slit open and

BUSH-TIT.

THE SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH. 287

robbed by the blue-coateil thug. One such tragedy, with its luiman interest,
is reported for us by Miss Adelaide L. Pollock, the well-known bird-lover
of Seattle, as follows :

"We found tlie lung piu"se-shaped nest swinging from the lower branches
of a giant red lir July 8th. and every day thereafter for two weeks some
member of our class in ornithology visited the castle in the air. It was woven
with a silken foundation gleaned in the cobwebs nf the forest, lined with the
pappus of the willnw anil the thistle, andthinked with moss, lichen, and faded
hazel blossoms. With an eye to man- fashion, the architects had papered the
home, but <jnly in spots on the outside. What a delight it was to watch the
parent birds light on the doorstep with a worm and plunge inside. By the
wriggling and swaying of the nest we knew there was something doing" there,
but we had to guess at the gaping mouths. Jul\' ijtli was a dreadful dav for
the nestlings. We heard the pitiful notes of birds in distress as we approached
and found the nest w-as gone. Searching the ground it appeared with a great
gaping hole in one side, which told of the work of ja\', crow, or chipmunk.
On investigation a tiny dead bunch of feathers was draw^n out; and then
something mo\"ed. The nest was tied to a hazel Ijranch and quick as a thought
the parents went in at the front and out at the new liack door. Gaining
courage they tried again, this time wdth food, and within the hour had apjiar-
ently forgotten their tragedy and settled down with the iine wee chick. While
the parents were foraging w?e opened the slit and the way that I)al)v I:)ird
turned tail-u|) and buried its head in tlie lining of the nest reminded us of
the ostrich.

"July JOth we saw the youngster scramble u]) the sides of his home to
the doorway, where he (.lerched blinking his round brown eves at us. He
seemed to enjoy having his throat and back scratched and did not resent our
presence, but his parents did, for the nest was deserted at sundown of Jul\-
22d after a long visit from the class in the afternoon. Yet the tinv fledgling
could scarcely leap from twig to twig of the tangled undergrowth into which
he disappeared. Two da_\'s later we fancied we recognized the same faniih'
by a peculiar white iris of one parent bird, as thev flitted from branch to
branch of an alder forty feet above the ground."

No. III.

SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH.

A. O. U. No. 727a. Sitta carolinensis aculeata (Cassin).
Description. — Adult male: Top of head, nape and upper boundary of back
shining black, with a slight greenish reflection; remaining upperparts ashv blue;

288 THE SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH.

outer wing-quills fuscous, the second and three or four succeeding primaries
narrowly touched with white on outer weh in retreating order ; inner quills and
coverts with much black centering; tail feathers, except upper pair, black, the
outer pairs squarely bUitcbed with white in subterminal to terminal order ; sides of
head, and neck well up, and nnderparts white with a faint bluish tinge; distinctly
marked, or washed more or less, on flanks and crissum with rusty brown ; bill
stout, subulate, the under mandible slightly recurved, — blackish plumbeous above,
lighter at base of lower mandible ; feet dark brown ; iris brown. Adult female:
similar to male, but black of head and back more or less veiled by color of back.
Length 5.50-6.10 ( 139.7-154.9) ; wing' 3.43 (87) ; tail 1.81 (46) ; bill .77 (19.5) ;
tarsus .72 ( 18.2 ).

Recognition Marks. — W'arliler to Sparrow size; tree-creeping habits; black
and ashy blue above ; wdiite below.

Nesting. — Nest: a deserted Woodpecker hole, or newly-made cavity in
stump or tree, usually at a considerable distance frotn the ground, and lined with
leaves, feathers, or hair. Eggs: 5-8, sometimes 9 or even 10, white, thickly
speckled and spotted with reddish brown and lavender. Av. size, .76 .x .56
( 19.3 X 14.2 ). Season: .April, May ; one brood.

General Range. — Pacific Coast states and British Columbia (to Ashcroft),
in the northern portion of its range east of the Cascades. Non-migratory.

Range in Washington. — Resident, of regular occurrence in pine timber east
of Cascades; rare antl local in Puget Sound region.

Authorities. — ? Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VHP 1839, 155
(Columbia River). Sitta aculeata. Cassin, Cooper and Sucklev, Rep. Pac. R. R.
Surv. XH. pt. n. i860, p. 193. (T.) C&S. Rh. D'. Ra. J. P. "

Specimens. — (LI. of W. ) Prov. C.

JJ'lio-eiv' Q-o-o-u-0-0-0-0-0-0 goes the Macfarlane Screech (3wl in l)road
daylight. There is an instant hush on the pine-clad hillside — a hush followed
by an excited murnnu- of inquiry among the scattered nieinbers of a winter
bird-troop. If you happen to be the Screech Owl, seated motionless at the
base of some large tree and half obscured in its shadows, perhaps the first in-
timation you will have that the search party is on your trail will be the click,
click, click, of tin}' claws on the tree-bole above your head, followed by a
quank of interrogation, almost comical for its mi.xture of baffled anxiety and
dawtiing susjDicion of the truth. He is an inquisitive fellow, this Nuthatch,
for, you see, prying is his business ; but he is bra\-e as well. The chances are
that he will venture down within a foot or two of your face before he flutters
off with a loud outcry of alarm. When excited, as when regarding a suspi-
cious object, lie has an odd fashion of rapidly right-and-left facing on a hori-
zontal bough, as tho to try both eyes on you and lose no time between.

Nuthatch is the acknowledged acrobat of the woods — not that he acts for
display; it is all business with him. A tree is a complete gymnasium in itself,
and the bird is master of it all. In all positions, any side up, this bird is there,
fearless, confident ; in fact, he rather jirefers tra\-eling head downw-ard, espec-

THE SLENDER-BILLED NUTHATCH. 289

ially on the main trunk route. He pries under bark-scales and lichens, peers
into crevices and explores cavities in his search for tiny insects, larvje, and
insects' eggs, especially the latter. The value of the service which this bird
and his associates perform for the horticulturist is simply incalculable. There
should be as hea\-y a penalty imposed upon one who wantonly kills a Nuthatch
or a Chickadee, as upon one who enters an enclosure and cuts down an
orchard or a shade tree.

The Nuthatch has a \ariety of notes, all distinguished by a peculiar nasal
quality. \Vhen hunting with the troop he gives an occasional softly resonant
tilt or tut-tut, as if to remind his fellows that all's well. The halloo note is
more decided, tin, pronounced a la fmiicaisc. By means of this note and by
using it in ccimbination, they seem to be able to carry on quite an animated
conversation, calling across from tree to tree. During the mating season,
and often at other times, they have an even more decided and distinctive note,
qiionk, (juonk, quoiik, or lio-onk, lio-oiik, in moderate pitch, and with deliber-
ation. They have also a sort of trumpeting song, but this is rarely heard in
Washington; and, indeed, all the notes of the Slender-billed Nuthatch have
a softened and subdued character as compared with tliose of the eastern bird,
typical S. carolincnsis.

The nest of this Nuthatch is placed in a cavity carefully chiselled out,
usually at a considerable height, in a pine stub, dead fir, or cottonwood. Both
sexes share the labor of excavation, and when the cavity is somewhat deep-
ened one bird removes the chips while the other delves. Like all the hole-
nesting species of this famil}-, but unlike the Woodpeckers, the Nuthatches
provide for tlieir home an abundant lining of moss, fur, feathers, and the like.
This precaution is justified from the fact that thev are early nesters — com-
plete sets of eggs being found no later than the second week in April.

The male is a devotetl hu.sband and father, feeding the female incessantly
during incubation, and sharing with her in the care of the large family long
after many birds have forgotten their young. The young birds early learn
to creep up to the mouth of the nesting hole to receive food when their turn
comes: and they are said to crawl about tlie parental tree for some davs
before they attempt flight.

The Slender-billed Nuthatch is of rare occurrence west of the Cascades,
being chiei^y confined to the wooded edges of the prairies. In the eastern
half of the State it mav be rare locally but increases in abundance in the north-
eastern section, ^^^^ere\•er found, this bird associates freely with the related
species and is especiallv fond of the societv of the Pygmies. A winter bird
troop encountered near Spokane included, beside a half dozen Slender-bills,
as manv Red-breasted Nuthatches, a score of Pygmies, a dozen Mountain
Chickadees, four or five Batchelder W'oodpeckers, a few Clark Nutcrackers,
and twentv Red-shafted Flickers.

290 THE RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.

Being non-migratory (with the irregular exception of S. canadensis)
Nuthatclies are called upon to endure the rigors of a northern climate witli its
occasional drop to thirty helow : hut this does not give them or their fellows
great concern, because of the unfailing character of their food su])pl\'. Beside
that, please remember that feathers and fat afford the warmest protection
known.

No. 112.

RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.

A, O. U. No. y28. Sitta canadensis Linn.

Synonyms. — Red-belliEd Nuth.\Tch. Canadi.\n NuTh.vTch.

Description. — Adult male: Crown and nape shining black; white sup-
erciliary lines meeting on extreme forehead; a black band thru eye; remaining
upperparts grayish blue ; wings fuscous, unmarked ; tail feathers, except upper
pair, black ; the outer pairs subterminally blotched with white in retreating order ;
chin, and sides of head, and neck below the black, pure white; remaining under-
parts rusty or ochraceous brown : bill short, subulate, plumbeous-black ; feet dark
brown. Adult female: Similar, but crown like the back, with only traces of black
beneath; lateral head-stripe blackish: usually paler rusty below. Immature:
Like adult female. Length, 4.25-4.75 (108-120.6); average of seven specimens.'
wings 2/>i (C>(^>.T,) ; tail 1.43 (36.3) ; bill .50 (12.7).

Recognition Marks. — Pygmy size; black and grayish blue above; rustv
below ; tree-creeping habits.

Nesting. — Nest: of grasses, feathers, etc., in a hole of tree or stub, excavated
by the bird, usually at lower levels. Egcjs: 4-6, white or creamy white, speckled
with reddi.sh brown and lavender, .\verage size, .63 x .4S (16x12.2). Season:
first week in May ; one brood.

General Range. — North America at large, breeding from northern New
England, northern New York, and northern Michigan northward, and southward
in the .Mleghanies, Rocky IMountains, and Sierra Nevada ; in winter south to
about the southern border of the United States.

Range in Washington. — Common resident and migrant in timbered sections
thruout the State, more numerous in the mountains; winter residents are, possibly,
Alaskan birds.

Authorities. — ? ( )rnithological Committee, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. \'II.
1837, 193 (Columl)ia River). Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. XTI.
pt. n. i860, 192. T. C&S. Rh. D'. Sr. Ra. D-\ Kk. J. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P". Prov. B.

THERE is nothing big about the Red-breasted Nuthatch save his voice.
If undisturbed, birdikins pursues the even tenor of his ways, like any other
winged bug-lnmter : but once provoke his curiosity or arouse suspicion.

THE RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.

291

and he jniljlislies f(.)rth\vitli a broadside of seiisalional e(lit(_)rial matter
which 110 thoughtful reader of the woods can overlook. The full
war-dance song of the Red-breasted Nuthatch, executed, for instance,
wdien he hears tlie false notes of the Screech Owl. is something like this:

iiyaa iiyaa nyaa nyaa nyaa

nyd iiyii iiya iiyu iiyCi iiya nya nydnya and soon, in an incoherent

Nyaa
nya nyd

strain of wild excitement,
until he runs clean out of
breath and quits, exhausted.
The early notes of this orgic
rhapsody are interrogative and
penetrating; the succeeding
notes are a sort of trumpeting
challenge for the intruder to
show himself: failing which,
the irate Creeper drops into a
lower, non-resonant series, of
doubtful meaning and more
doubtful morals. But the bird
is not always angry, and the
nasal call sounding on migra-
tion has a friendlv qualitv
about it which brings one has-
tening out-of-doors to greet
the traveler again. Contrary
to an early report, the Red-
breast is quite at home in our
deeper forests. Indeed, his is
one of the most characteristic
voices of the solemn fir woods.
He still claims an interest
however, in fleciduous timber,
in bottom lands, and in the
oak trees which border the
prairies. In western Washing-
ton, it is quite impossible to
trace or to estimate the bird's
migrations, since it is present everywhere at all seasons ; but it is probably
much less abundant with us in winter. In eastern Washington, it is
confined for the most part to the region of pine timber in summer,
and altho it also winters here irregularl\-, the numbers in this part
of the State are largely augmented by migrants during May and September.

RED-BRE.\STED XUTH.VTCH.

292

THE RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH.

'I'hiu the iineniiittfrn (|uaiil<iiiy nf a pair nf iIk-sc Ijinls, my attentiun was
directed to a cnuple of tall ilead tir trees near the center of a woods, then
known as the Puget Mill strip, but now as Moore's University Park Addition
to Seattle. .A little lazv scrutin\- descried the birds, mere twinkling bits of
blue-grav, about one hundred and tweiity-tive feet up; and two or three mys-
teri(_ius disappearances established a suspicion that they were interested in a
certain section of one of the trees. The sus]»icion received strong confirma-
tion when, after a longer disappearance than usual on the part of the Red-
breasts, a Harris
Woodpecker alight-
ed further up in the
same s t u I). The
Nuthatches immeili-
ately swarmed out
and set u])on the
Harris with \igor
and language. The
Woodpecker was dis-
posed to stand his
groiuid, whereat the
Nuthatches became
liigiiK' enraged and
charged upon the in-
truder so vigorously
that the ])oor fellmv
was obliged to dodge
about his chosen limb
in li\elv fashion.
The Hatches cried
iiyci iiya nyd as fast
as they could get
breath, and flirted
their wings between
whiles to \'ent their
outraged feelings.
Harris naturall\' de-
cided before long
that the game wasn't
wortli the bother.
Time and again

Taken in Pierce Lounty. Photo by the Author. .. . -

A TYPIC.M, NESTING SITE OF THE RED-BRE.'^STED NUTH.\TCH. 16 1 6 6 OWS CW

1 r* fo ^s fci 1 li\'P Til*

AN OAK TREE (QUERCUS GARRYANA) AT TTIE BORDER OF THE PRAIRIE. ci«^ivj.->0 tKJ cl ii\^ ill

THE PYGMY NUTHATCH. 293

tree, Imt i)nl_\" to cnnie back as often to the same fascinating bell. Finall\'.
from a new vantage point 1 made out the hole, a ver_\- fresh one in an open
stretch of bark al^otit one hundred and twenty feet u]). As I looked, one
bird entered the exca\'alion and remained, while the other nn united guard at
the entrance. After about fi\-e minutes of this the tiny miner emerged and
the other, the male, I think, trxjk her place. His duty ap])eared to be to
remove the chips, for lie stuck his head out at the entrance nionienlarih-, and
one imagined, rather than saw at that height, the tiny flashes of falling white.
All \'ery romantic, Ijut not a good "risk" from the insurance man's standpoint.

These Nuthatches must delight in work. Tlie\- will spend a week in
laborious excavation, and then abandon the claim for no apparent reason.
Perha]is it is an outcropping of that same instinct of restlessness which makes
Wrens build "<lecoy" nests. One such finished nest we fi.uuid to be sliajied
not unlike a nursing bottle, a bottle with a bent neck. The entrance was one and
three-eighths inches across, the ca\'ity three inches wide, one and a half dee]), and
eight long ( kee|:)ing in mind the analogy of the bottle resting on its flat side).

The birds do not alwa_\'s nest at ungetatable heights. A nest taken near
Tacoma on the 8th of June, 1906, was found at a height of only se\-en feet in
a small fir stump. The wood was verv rotten, and the eggs rested onl\- four
inches below the entrance. The nest-lining in this instance was a heavy mat
an inch in thickness, and \\as cC)mposed of vegetable matter — wood fiber, soft
grasses, etc. — without hair of any sort, as would sin-ely have been the case
with that of a Chestnut-backed Chickadee, for which it was at first taken.

The Nuthatches appear to leave their eggs during the warmer hours of
the (la\', and one must await the return of the truant owners if he would be
sure of identification. One mark, but not infallible, is the presence of pitch,
smeared all around and especially below the nesting hole. The use of this is
not quite certain, but Mr. Bowles's hazard is a good one; viz., that it serves
to ward otT the ants, which are often a pest to hole-nesting birds. These ants
not only annoy the sitting bird, who is presumabl}- able to defend herself, but
they sometimes destroy unguarded eggs, or }-oung birds.

No. 113.

PYGMY NUTHATCH.

A. O. U. No. 730. Sitta pygm^a \'igors.

Synonym. — California Nuthatch (early name).

Description. — .Idtilts: Crown, nape, and sides of head to below eye grayish
olive or olive-brown, a buffy white spot on hind-neck (nearly concealed in fresh
plumage) : lores and region behind eye (bounding the olive) blackish: remaining
upperparts plumbeous, browning (brownish slate) on flight feathers, etc., beconi-

294 THE PYGMY NUTHATCH.

ing black on rcctrices (except central pair) ; longer ])rimaries usually with some
edging of white: central pair of tail-feathers with elongated white spot; two outer
pairs crossed obliijuely with white, and the three outer tipped with slate; under-
parts sordid white, smoky brown, or even ferruginous, clearest (nearly white)
on chin and cheeks ; sides, flanks, and crissum washed with color of back ; bill
[jlumbeous, lightening below; feet plumbeous; iris black. ]'oiiiiy: Like adults but
crown and hind-neck nearly color of back ; sides and flanks washed with brownish.
Length 4.00 ( 101.6 ) or less ; wing 2.56 (65 ) ; tail 1.34 ( 34) ; bill .56 ( 14. 2j ; tarsus
•59 (IS).

Recognition Marks. — Pygmy size; top of head olive brown contrasting with
plumbeous of back; gregarious habits.

Nesting. — Nest: a hole in dead top of pine tiee, excavated by birds, smeared
about entrance with pitch, and lined with soft substances, grass, hair, and
feathers. Eggs: 5-8, pure white, flecked more or less heavily with reddish brown.
Av. size. .61 X .34 ( 15.5 X 13.7 ). Season: May 1-20; one brood.

General Range. — Western L'nited States from New Alexico, Colorado, and
Montana to southern California, ^^'ashington, and eastern British Columbia;
southward in ^[exico to Mount Orizaba.

Range in Washington. — Resident in niirthern and eastern portions of the
State east of the Cascade Mountains. Nearly confined to pine timber.

Authorities.— Baird, liep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. pt. H. 1858, p. 378. C&S.
D-. J.

Specimens. — Prov. C.

AS for the Pygmy, the pine tree is his lnjiiie. It is not quite proper,
liowever, to speak of this Nuthatch in the singular. Lilliputians must
hunt in troops and make up in numbers what they lack in strength. Pygmy
Nuthatches are not merely sociable; the_\- are almost gregarious. Where
a company of Kinglets would be content to straggle thru a dozen trees,
a pack of Pygmies prefers to assemble in one. Yet there is no flock im-
pulse here, as with Siskins. Each little elf is his own master, and a
company of them is more like a crowd of merry schoolboys than anything
else. It's "come on fellers," when one of the boys tires of a given tree,
and sets out for another. The rest follow at leisure but are soon re-
assembled, and there is much jolly chatter with some good-natured scuffling, as
the confederated mischiefs swarm over the new field of opportunity.

Ntilhatches are not methodical, like Creepers, in their search for in-
sects,— they are haphazard and happy. The branches are more attractive
to them than the tree bole, and the dead top of the tree is most alluring
of all. The Pygmies are never too busy to talk. The more they find the more
excited their chatter grows, pretty lispings and chirpings quite too dainty for
our dull ears. It makes us sigh to watch their iiappiness, and we go of¥
muttering, "We, too, were young."

Again, it shocks us when we find these youngsters in knickerbockers

THE SIERRA CREEPER. 295

and braids paired off for nesting time. Tut, tut! chiklren, so eager to taste
life's heavier joys? A nest is chiselled out with inlinite labor on the part
of these tiny beaks, in the dead portion of some pine tree. The cavity is
from four io tweh'e inches in depth, with an entrance a trifle over an inch
in diameter. The owners share the taste of the Chickadees, and prepare
an tlalji.irate layette of soft vegetable fibers, fur, hair, and feathers, in
which the eggs are sometimes quite smothered.

The parents are as proud as peacocks, and well they may be, of their
six or eight oval treasures, crystal white, with rufous frecklings, lavish
or scant. \\'hen the baisies are hatched, the mother goes in and out fear-
lessly under your very nose ; and you feel such an interest in the little family
that you pluck instinctively — but alas ! with what futility — at the fastenings
of your purse.

No. 114.
SIERRA CREEPER.

A. O. U. No. 726 d. Certhia familiaris zelotes Osgood.

Synonym. — California CrEKpi;r (Ridgway).

Description. — Adults: Above rusty brown, broadly and loosely streaked
with ashy white ; more finely and narrowly streaked on crown ; rump bright
russet : wing-quills crossed by two whitish bars, one on both webs near base,
the other on outer webs alone ; greater coverts, secondaries and tertials tipped
with whitish or gra}-ish buff; a narrow superciliary stripe dull whitish or brown-
ish gray ; underparts sordid white or pale buffy, tinged on sides and flanks with
stronger buffy. Bill slender, decurved, brownish black above paler below ; feet
and legs brown; iris dark brown. Length of adult male about 5.50 (139.7);
wing 2.50 (63.5); tail 2.39 (60.8); bill .63 (16); tarsus .59 (15). Female a
little smaller.

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size; singularly variegated in modest colors
above ; the only brown creeper in its range. Lighter colored than the ne.xt.

Nesting. — Nest: of twigs, bark-strips, moss, plant-down, etc., crowded be-
hind a warping scale of bark whether of cedar, pine or fir. Eggs: usually 5 or 6,
sometimes 7 or 8, white or creamy white speckled and spotted with cinnamon
brown or hazel, chiefly in wreath about larger end. Av. Size .61 x .47 (15.5X
II.9).

General Range. — The Cascade-Sierra mountain system from Mt. Whitney
north to central British Columbia, east to Idaho ; displaced by succeeding form
on Pacific Coast slope save from ^larin County, California, southward.

Range in Washington. — Resident in the Cascade Mountains, east in coni-
ferous timber to Idaho where intergrading with C. f. montana.

Authorities. — ? Certhia familiaris iiiontana Johnson (Roswell H.), Condor,
Yol. \TII.. Jan. 1906, p. 27.

Specimens. — U. of W. B.

296 THE TAWNY CREEPER.

PEOPLE are al\va3-s remonstrating with the bird-man fur the asser-
tion that birds are to be found everywhere if you but know them. Especi-
ally do they talk of the great silent forests on the western slopes of the
Cascade Mountains, wdiere they have traveled for forty miles at a stretch
withotit seeing or hearing a living thing. Well ; you cannot show me a
square mile of woodland in all that area where at least the following
species of birds may not be found : Western Winter Wren, Western Golden-
crowned Kinglet, W'estern Flycatcher, Varied Thrush and California
Creeper'' ; and these, except the Flycatcher, at any season of the year.
Silent birds they are for the most part, l)ut each gives vent to a character-
istic cry by which it may be known.

The Creeper is, par excellence, the bird of the forest. To him alone
the very bigness of the trees is of the greatest service ; for his specialty
is Ijark, and the more bark there is the harder is this little atom to dis-
tinguish. Not only does he inhabit the deeper forests of the Cascade ranges
and foothills, but his domain stretches eastward across the northern tier
of ].)ine-clad counties, and he is common aniung the tamaracks on the banks
of the Pend d'Oreille.

In June, in the Stehekin N'alley of Chelan Count}', we found these
Creepers leading about troops (if fully grown )-oung. A recently occu-
pied nest was disclosed to us by a few twigs sticking out from behind
a curled-up bark scale of a fire-killed tree, near the Cascade trail. The
twigs proved to be eighteen inches beli.>w the top of the nest proper,
which was thus about twelve feet from the ground. The intervening space
was filled in loosel}' with twigs, bark-strips, moss, cotton, and every other
sort of woodsy loot. The mass was topped by a crescent-shaped cushion
over an inch in thickness, deeply hollowed in the center, six inches from
horn to horn, and four and a half from bole to bark; and this cushion
was composed entirely of soft inner bark-strips and a \-egetable fiber re-
sembling flax in qualit^- — altogether a s])len(lid creation.

No. 115.
TAWNY CREEPER.

A. O. U. No. 726 c. Certhia familiaris occidentalis Ridgway.
Synonym. — C-\liforxi.\x CrHepKR (A. O. U.).

Description. — "Similar to C. f. zelotes but browner and more suiTused with
bufTy above: wing markings more pronouncedly butT: underparts more buiTy"

a. Shading into tlie following variety, C. f. occidentalis. upon the lower levels.

THE TAWNY CREEPER. 297

(Ridgway ). Length of male-; wing 2.44 ( 61.9 ) ; tail 2.41 (61.2) ; bill .60 ( 15.2) ;
tarsus .61 ( 13.5 ).

Recognition Marks. — As in preceding; darker.

Nesting. — Xcst: as in preceding; placed behind sprung bark scale usually
at moderate heights, 3-20 feet up (one record of 60). Inner diameter of one
nest 1% inches, depth 23/. Eggs: 5 or 6, as in C. f. zelotcs. Av. size .58 x .47
(14.7X II. 9). Season: May, June; two broods.

General Range. — Pacific Coast district from Northern California to Sitka.

Range in Washington. — Resident thruout the West-side from tidewater up.

Authorities. — ': Ccrtliia familiaris Orn. Com. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
\'II. 18^7, 193 (Columbia River). CcrtJiia anicricana Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R.
Surv.. IX. 1858, p. 372, part. (T). C&S. L'. Rh. Ra. B. E.

Specimens. — U. of \\'. Prov. P>N.

TO one who lo\-es birds with an all inclusi\'e passion — such as the
undecided bachelor is wont to confess for the fair sex — the temptation
to use superlatives upon each successive species as it is brought under review
is very strong. But here perhaps we may be pardoned for relaxing our
attention, or, it may be. for being caught in the act of stifling a little yawn.
Cerfliia is a prosy drab, and all the beauty she possesses is in the eyes of her
little hubby — dear, devoted creature.

This clerkling ( huljby, of course, I mean) was brought into the world
behind a bit of bark. His first steps, or creeps, were taken along the
bark of the home tree. When the little wings got stronger and wdien
the little claws had carried him up to the top of tree number One, he
fluttered and spilled thru tlie air until he pulled up sonielniw. with heart
beating fiercely, at the base and 011 the bark of tree number Two. Since
then he has climbed an almost infinit}' of trees (but I dare say he has
kept count ). Summers and winters have gone o\-er his head, but never
a waking hour in wdiich he has not climbed and tumbled in this worse
than Svsiphasan task of gleaning nits and eggs and grubs from the never-
ending bark. Why, it gets upon the nerves ! I pray }'ou think, has not
this animate brow'U spot traveled more relati\-e miles of ridgy brown bark
in his wee lifetime than ever mariner on billowy sea! W'ork, work, work!
With the industry of an Oriental he seeks to shame the rollicking caprice
of Chickadee, and to be a "living example" to such spendthrifts as Goldikins,
the Kinglet.

But wait ! I am not sure. Could anyone live in these majestic forests,
could anyone breathe this incense of perpetual balsam, could anyone mount
triumphantly these aspiring tree-boles, way, way up into the blue, without
growing the soul of a poet? Hark! "Teiv, tczvy, tczvy, Ping, tczvy," — an

298

THE TAWNY CREEPER.

angel dilty lisi)e(l in llie Iree-tojjs where tlie tender green fir fronds melt into
the sky — some Warhler, I guess; the Hermit, ])erha|.)S, rnuncHngout liis unsaid

devotions. And again, ' /'"-^ j^,,/ .^ ^ szvcc" like a garland of song caught

It Ice

up at either end and maile fast to the ether. No ! Would you believe it !

It

IS our prosy clerkhng!

He has turned fay, and goes carolling about his

task as blithely as a bejewelled artish' with nothing to do. Love? Yes;

love of the woods, for it is the mid-
dle of September.

All n{ which leads me to apologize
for the rude epithets pre\-iously used ;
for one who can sing belongs to the
immiirials: and never again will we
judge a brother harshly, for who
knows the vaulting heart of the
seeming plodder!

The ordinary, working note of
the Tawny Creeper is a faint
tsip. and this is varied from time
to time bv a longer double n(jte,
fsnr tsce (of a resonant quality
which cannot be made to appear
in the transcript). This latter it
is which one can never C|uite cer-
tainly distinguish from that of the
Western Gijlden-crowned Kinglet.
The full song is, indeed, very
sweet and dainty, with a bit of
a plaintive cjuality, which serves to
distinguish it from the utterances
of the W^ood Warblers, once you are
accustomed.
A knowledge of the Creeper's nesting habits would be quite unattainable
were the bird to choose the tree-tops; but with characteristic humilit}' it seeks
the lower le\'els at the nesting season, so that one need not look much abo\e
his head in searching for its nest.

The first one found was at the edge of the forest overlooking a woodland
road near Tacoma. We came u])on a pair of the l)irds gleaning from the
neighboring trees and calling encouragement to each other as they proceeded.
W^e were not long in divining their local attachments: and finally, after several
feints, the mother bird flew to an isolated tree at the very edge of the woods,
where investigatiijn disclosed a piece of bark warped and sprung by fire.

Wl'^-'^M

- •->

!

• * ■

'1

J

J j^i; . i

f^

,'i^^x

'*^^Pi'"

W;«V*. J^-^^^^'i''

E <m;"-

'^'J '

^i^w^

4 If

^-

Mk iW^^k,^-^-

•■ ^. i

^m

WNi^&f-rm^tm

waa^Bi^Km

Taken near Tacoma. Photo by Boiclcs and Dai<'SO}t,
TAWNY CREEPER APPROACHING NEST.

THE mother's beak IS LADEN WITH GOOD THINGS.

Taken near Tacoma. Photo by IV. Leon Dawson.

NESTING SITE OF THE TAWNY CREEPER.

30O

THE TAWNY CREEPER.

Tahcn near Tucotna. Photo by IV. Leon Dawson.

NEST OF TAWNY CREEPER IN DEAD OAK TREE.

DETAIL OF PRECEDING ILLUSTRATION. THE NEST APPEARS UNDER THE BARK

SCALE ON THE RIGHT, AND THE WONDER IS HOW

IT MAINT\INS ITS POSITION.

Ijeliiiul which si.x
callow habies rest-
ed on a soft cush-
ion of moss, iiair
and hark - filler,
s u p p o r t e d by
twi.^'s criss-crossed
and intcr\V()\'en.
to take up all
a\ailable space be-
low.

This looked
easy ; but the most
diligent search the
following season
served only to dis-
cover the records
of past years and
lni])eful prospects.
Bark scales of just
the right di-
mensions do not
abound, and those
which do 1 o (1 k
good prove to l)e
either too infinn
or else to have re-
cei\-ed the scant
compliment of a
few criss-crossed
sticks which mean,
■'\\'c would have
bm'lt here, if we
had not 1 i 1\ e d
some other place
better."

Not until May
5th, 1907. did Mr,
Bowles discover
the first eggs, five
speckled beauties.

THE WESTERN MARSH WREN. 301

No. 116.

WESTERN MARSH WREN.

A. (J. U. No. 725 c. Telmatodytes palustris plesius ( .berhoiser).

Synonym. — Interior Marsh Wren.

Description. — Adult: Crown blackish; forehead hght brown centrally, —
color sometimes spreading superficially over entire crown ; hind neck and scapn-
lars light brown (raw umber, nearly) ; rump warm russet; a triangular patch on
back blackish, with prominent white stripes and some admixture of russet; wings
and tail fuscous or blackish on inner webs, brown with black bars on exposed
surfaces ; upper and under tail-coverts usually and more or less distinctly barred
with dusky ; sides of head whitish before, plain brown or punctate behind ; a wdiite
superciliary line; underparts white, tinged with ochraceous buff across breast,
and with pale brown or Isabella color on sides, flanks, and crissum ; bill and feet
as usual. Length 4.50-5.75 ( 1 14.3-146) ; av. of ten males: wing 2.12 (54) ; tail
1.82 (46.4) : bill .56 ( 14.2) ; tarsus .79 (20.1 ).

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size; brown and black pattern of back with
white stripes distinctive; white superciliary stripe and long bill distinctive in
haunts. Strictly confined to bulrushes and long grass of marshes. Lighter and
larger than T. />. l^alndicola.

Nesting. — Nest: a ball of reeds and grasses, chinked and lined with cat-tail
down, with entrance in side, and suspended in growing cat-tails, bulrushes or
bushes. Eggs: 5-7, so heavily speckled with olive brown or sepia as to appear
almost uniform brown. Av. size, .65 x .52 (16.5x13.2). Season: May, July;
two broods.

General Range. — Western LTnited States and southern British Columbia
between the Ivocky Mountains aud the Cascade-Sierra Range, breeding from New
Mexico northward; south during migrations to Cape district of Lower California
and Western Mexico.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident in all suitable localities east of
the Cascades.

Authorities. — Telmatodytes palustris paludicola Brewster, B. N. O. C.
\I1 1882, 227 (Ft. ^^'alla Walla). D^ Ss'. J.

Specimens. — C. P.

"TO the Coots and Rails belong the ooze-infesting morsels of the swamp,
but all the little crawling things which ventttre into the upper story of the wav-
ing cat-tail forest, belong to the Long-billed Marsh Wren. Somewhat less
cautious than the waterfowl, he is the presiding genius of flowing acres, which
often have no other interest for the ornithologist. There are only two occa-
sions when the Marsh W^ren voluntarily lea\"es the shelter of the cat-tails or of
the closely related marshables. One of these is when he is (lri\en South by the
migrating instinct. Then he may be seen skulking about the borders of the
streams, sheltering in the weeds or clambering about the drift. The other

302

THE WESTERN MARSH WREN.

time is in the spring, when tiie male shoots up into the air a few feet above tlie
reeds, like a ball from a Roman candle, and sputters all the way, only to drop
back, extinguished, into the reeds again. This is a part of the tactics of his
courting season, when, if e\-er, a body may be allowed a little libert_\-. For the
rest, he clings sidewise to the cat-tail stems or sprawls in midair, reaching,
rather than flying from one stem to another. His tail is cocked up and his
head thrown back, so that, on those few occasions when he is seen, he does not
get credit for Ijeing as large as he really is" (The Birds of Ohio ).

Since his sphere of activity is so limited, we may proceed at once to the

main interest, that of nest-build-
ing. And this is precisely as the
Marsh Wren would have it, else
wh}- does he spend the livelong
day making extra nests, which are
of no possible use to anyone, save
as examples of Telmatodytine
architecture? It is possible that
I lie female is coquettish, and re-
i|uires tliese many mansions as
rxidence that the ardent swain
will be able to support her becom-
ingly after marriage. Or, it may
l>e, that the suitor delights to af-
ford his lady love a wide range
I if ch(iice in the matter of homes,
and seeks thus to drive her to the
ine\'itable conclusion that there is
only one home-maker for her.
Howe\'er this may be. it is certain
that one sometimes finds a con-
siderable group of nest-balls, each
of apparent suitability, I:)ef(^re any
are occupied.

On the other hand, the male continues his harmless acti\-ities long after
his mate has selected one of his early efforts and dejiosited her eggs: so that
the oologist may have to sample a dozen "cock's nests," or decoys, before the
right one is found. Some em])tv nests mav be perfectly finished, but others
are apt to lack the soft lining: while still others, not having recei\-ed the
close-pressed interstitial filling, will l)e sodden from the last rains.

The Marsh Wren's nest is a compact ball of \-egetable materials, lashed
mi(lwa\- of cat-tails or bulrushes, li\-ing or dead, anil h;i\ing a neat entrance
hole in one side. A consideralile \ariet\- of materials is used in construction, but

NEST OF WESTERN M.\KSII WREN, IN SITU.

THE TULE WREN. 303

ill an}- gi\en iiest only one textile snbstance will preponderate. Dead cat-tail
leaves may be employed, in which case the numerous loopholes will be filled
with matted down from the same plant. Fine dry grasses mav be utilized,
and these so closel_\- wo\-en as practically to exclude the rain. On Moses Lake,
where rankl}- growing l)ulrushes predominate in the nesting areas, spirogvra
is the material most largely used. This, the familiar, scum-like plant which
masses under water in (|uiet places, is plucked ijut b)- the \enturesome birds in
great wet hanks and plastered about the nest until the required thickness is
attained. While wet, the substance matches its surroundings admiral)ly, but
as it dries out it shrinks considerably and fades to a sickly light green, or
greenish gray, which advertises itself among the obstinately green bulrushes.
Where this fashion prevails, one finds it jjossible to pick out immediately the
oldest member of the group, and it is more than likely to prove the occu])ied nest.

The nest-linings are of the .softest cat-tail down, feathers of wild fowl, or
dried s]Mrogyra teased to a point of enduring fluffiness. It a]ipears, also, that
the Wrens often cover their eggs upon lea\'ing the nest. Thus, in one we
found on the 17th of May, which contained seven eggs, the eggs were com-
pletely buried under a loose blanket of soft vegetable fillers. The nest was
by no means deserted, for the eggs were warm and the mother bird very
solicitous, insomuch that she repeatedly \-entnred within a foot of m\- hand
while I was engaged with the nest.

The Marsh Wrens regard themselves as the rightful owners of the reedy
fastnesses which they occupy, and are evidently jealous of a\'ian, as well as
human, intruders. In one instance a Wren had constructed a sham nest hard
against a completed structure of the Yellow-headed Blackbird, and to the
evident retirement of its owner. Another had built squarely on top of a
handsome Blackbird nest of the current season's construction, and with a

spiteful purpose all too evident.

No. 117.

TULE WREN.

A. O. U. No. 723 a. Telmatodytes palustris paludicola (Baird).

Synonyms. — M-\RSii \\'rf;x (locally). Wicstkrx M.vesh Wri^n (now re-
stricted to T. p. picsiiis). C-^LiFORXi-v M.vRSH Wrex (inappropriate). P,\ciFic
Marsh Wrkx.

Description. — .Idult: Similar to T. p. plcsiiis, but smaller and with colora-
tion decidedly darker. Length about 4.75 (120.6); wing 1.97 (50); tail 1.73
(44) ; bill .52 (13.2') : tarsus .78 (20).

304 THE TULE WREN.

Recognition Marks. — Pygmy size; brownish coloration ; reed-haunting habits
and sputtering notes distinctive.

Nesting. — Nest: shaped hke a cucoannt, of reeds and grasses, hned with
plant-down, and with entrance in side ; placed two or three feet high in reeds,
rarely, high in bushes of swamp, ligys: 5 or 6, ground-color grayish brown but
so heavily dotted and clouded with varymg shades of chocolate and mahogany
as to be frequently obscured. Av. size .67 x .52 (17 x i3.-2j. Season: last week
in March to July; two broods.

General Range. — Pacific Coast district from British Columbia south iluring
migration tn month c.if Colorado River and extremity of Lower California.

Range in Washington. — Resident in suitable localities west of Cascades.

Authorities. — Cistotlionts ( Tehnatod\tcs) palnstris Cab. Baird, Rep. Pac.
R. R. Surv. Xll. pt. II.. 1858, p. 364. part". C&S. L-'. Ra. Kk. B. E.

Specimens. — U. of W. E. Prov.

WHEN the February sun wa\-es his golden baton over the marshes
of western Washington, tiiey yield up a chorus of wren song which is
exceeded only l^y that of the frogs. The frogs, to be sure, have the ad-
vantage, in that their choral offering has greater carrying pnwer; but the
Wrens at close quarters leave )'ou in no doubt that the jjalni belongs to
them. One hesitates to call the medley of clicking, buzzing, and sputter-
ing, which welters in the reeds, music; but if one succeeds in catching sight
of a Tule Wren, holding on for dear life to a cat-tail stem, and vibrating like
a drill-chuck with the effort of his impassioned utterance, he feels sure that
music is at least intended.

Wrens are ever busy bodies, and if they could not sing or chatter, or at
least scold, thev stnxly wotild explode. It is a mar\-el, too, that they find so
much to interest them in mere reeds, nuw green, now brown, set above a foot
or so of stagnant water. But, bless you ! Do not waste your sympathies upon
them. They have neighbors, — Red-wings, Yellow-throats, and the like —
and is it not the gossips of the little \'illage who are most exercised over their
neighbors' affairs?

It seems probable that our Tule Wrens are largely resident. Certainly
thev are abundant in the more sheltered marshes in winter; and, since the
species does not extend very far northward, it is ])ossibly not too much to
assume that our birds live and die in a single swamp. They are, as a conse-
quence, verv nuicli mixed up on their seasons, and I ha\'e heard a swamp in
full song in November.

Nesting in the Sotith Tacoma swamp, where several scores at least may be
fotmd, Ix'gins the last week in March, and full sets of eggs may certainly be
found by the first week in April. But "decoys" are, of course, the rule. In a
day Mr. Bowles found fifty-three nests, only three of which held eggs or
young. At least two Ijroods are raised in ;i season.

The eggs, usuallv five or si.x in ntuuber, are so overlaid with tiny dots as

THE SEATTLE WREN. 305

to appear of an almost uniform hair 1:)r()\vn in cnbir. \erv dark, except (jc-
casionally in the case of tlie last laid egg. The sitting bird must subject her
eggs to frequent turning in the nest, for they become highly polished during
incubation.

No. 118.

SEATTLE WREN.

.A.. O. U. No. 719 c. Thryomanes bewickii calophonus r)ljcrhoIser.

Description. — .Idiilts: .\bove. dark olivc-lirown, or warm sepia brown with
an olive tinge ; the rump with downy, ct)iicealed, white spots ; wings showing at
least traces of dusky barring, — sometimes complete on tertials ; tail blackish on
concealed portions, distinctly and finely barred with black on exposed portions ; the
outer pairs of feathers white-tipiied and showing white barring, incipient or com-
plete on terminal third ; a narrow white superciliary stripe, and an indistinct dark
stripe thru eye ; underparts grayish white, tinged on sides and flanks with brown :
under tail-coverts heavily barred with blackish ; bill dark brown above, lighter
below: culmen slightly decurved. Length: 5.00-5.50 (127-139.7); wing 2.08
(52.8) : tail 2.01 (52.3) : bill .59 ( 15) : tarsus .79 (20).

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size: known from Western House Wren by
superciliary stripe and whiter underparts, mostly unbarred: a little larger and
more deliberate in movements.

Nesting. — Nest: in holes or crannies about stumps, upturned roots, brush-
heaps, etc., or in buildings : a rather slight affair of dried grasses, skeleton leaves,
mosses, anfl waste, rarely twigs, lined with wool, hair, or feathers. Eggs: 4-6,
usually 5, white, speckled or spotted, rather sparingly, with reddish brown or
purplish, uniformly or chiefly in wreath about larger end. Av. size, .68 x .54
(17.3x13.7). Season: ,\pril 15-June 15 : two broods.

General Range. — Pacific Coast district from r)regon to southern P>ritish
Cohnnbia and A'ancouver Island : resident.

Range in Wa.shington. — Resident west of the Cascades. chiefl\- at lower
levels anil in valleys.

Authorities. — ? Townsend, Journ. .\c. Nat. Sci. Phila. \"TI. 1837, 154
(Columbia River). Thriothonis hewickii Baird, Pac. Rep. R. R. Sin-v. IX. i8s8,
p. 363 part. (T). (C&S). L-'. Rh. Kb. Ra. Kk. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P. Prov. P. PN. E.

TO thi.ise whi> are acquainted i>nl\- with the t\-])ical Bewick Wren of the
East, the added vocal accnmplishments of our western representative come
in the nature of a surprise. For to the characteristic ditty of bewickii proper.
cahif^lioiiiis has introduced so many trills and flourishes that the original
motif is almost lost to sight. Calof'hoinis means ha\dng a beautiful voice, or
sweetly sounding, and right well does the Ijird (leser\-e the name, in a region
which is all too conspicuous for its lack of notable songsters.

3o6 THE SEATTLE WREN.

Xor w;is it at all amiss for Professor Ridgway, the eminent ornithologist
of Washingttin, D. C, to name this bird in honor of the Queen City, for it is
in the immediate en\-irons of the city, as well as in the untidy wastes of half-
con(juered nature, tliat the local Bewick \\'ren fnids a congenial Imme.
Logged-oft tracts, slashings and burned-over areas are, howe\'er, its especial
delight, and if the bird-man catclies sight of one that has been making the
rounds of all the fire-l)lackened stumps in the neighbi>rhoiid. he is ready to de-
clare a new sub-species on the strength of the bird's soiled garments. Xo
junk-dealer knows the alleys of the metropolis lietter than this craft}' bird
knows the b\'wavs of his log-heaps and the intricate mazes of fire-weed and
fern. If there is an\' vuiusual appearance or noise which gives promise of mis-
chief afoot, the Seattle W'ren is the first to respond. Flitting, gliding, titter-
ing, the bir<l comes up and moves about the center of commotion, taking dIj-
ser\'ations from all possible angles anil making a running commentar_\' tliereon.
His attitude is alert and his movements \'ivacious, but the chief interest at-
taches to the bird's mobile tail, ^\'ith this expressi\e member the bird is aljle
to converse in a vigorous sign language. It is cocked up in impudence, wagged
in defiance, set aslant in coquetry, or depressed in whimsical token of humility.
Indeed, it is hardly too nuich to say that tlie bird makes faces with its tail.

While spying along the lower levels the Wren giggles and chuckles and
titters, or else gives \'ent to a grating cry, luoozccrp. which sets the woods on
edge. But in song the bird oftenest chooses an elewited station, an alder
sajjling or the top of a stump. Here, at short intervals and in most energetic
fashion, he delivers extended phrases of varied notes, now clear and sparkling,
now sliu"red or jiedalled. Abo\-e all, he is master of a set of smart trills. One
of them, after three preliminary notes, runs isu' tsii' fsii' tsii' fsii' fsu' , like an
exaggerated and beautified song of the T(^whee. Another scing, which from
its rollicking character deser\'es to be called a drinking song, terminates with
a brilliant trill in descending scale, rallcntando ct iliiiiiinicinlo. as tho the little
minstrel were actually draining a beaker of dew.

The Seattle Wren is altogether a hilarious iiersonage : and in a countr_\-
where most song birds are overawed by the solemnity of the forest, it is well
enough to have one cheerv wight to set all canons at defiance. E\'en the gray-
bearded old fir-stubs must laugh at a time over some of the sallies of this rest-
less little zany. The ^^'ren does not indulge in conscious mimicry, but since
his art is self-taught, he is occasionally indelited to the companions of the
woods for a theme. The Towbee motif is not uncommon in liis songs, and the
supposed notes of a Willi iw Gdldfinch, a little off color, were traced to Iiis
door, at Blaine.

Of the nesting ]\Ir. Bowles savs : "The building sites chosen by this
wren for its nests are so variable that hardly anything can be considered typi-
cal. It mav be in the wildest swampv wood far removed from civilization, but

THE WESTERN HOUSE WREN. 307

it is quite as likely to be found in a liouse in the heart c:)f a citv. A few of tlie
nesting sites I have recorded are in upturned roots of fallen trees, deserted
woodpecker holes, in bird boxes in the city, in a fishing creel hanging on a
P'jrch, under a slab of bark that has scaled away a few inches from the body
of a tree, or an open nest built on a beam under a bridge.

"A very complete study of this wren has con\'inced nie that it never builds
any nests except those used in raising the young. In other words, it is the only
wren in the Northwest that is positi\'elv guiltless of using 'decoys'.

"In constructing the. nest these birds do not often take over ten days, in
which proceeding the female does all the work. One pair, however, that I
visited occasionally, were ovev a month in completing a small nest in the
natural cavity of a stump. No explanation of this seems possible, except that
the female was not ready to lay her eggs any sooner.

"The nest is a rather slight affair, as a rule, the a\-erage nest containing
much less material than that of any other wren that I have seen. It is com-
posed of fine dried grass, skeleton leaves, green moss, wool, and verv rarely
has a basis of twigs, with a lining of hair, the cast skins of snakes, and many
feathers.

"A set contains from four to six eggs, most commonly five. These are
pure white in ground color, marked with fine dots of reddish brown. The
markings are variable in distribution, some specimens being marked very spar-
ingly over all. while in others the markings are largely concentrated around the
larger end in the form of a more or less confluent ring. The eggs are rather
short ovate oval in shape, and average in measurements .68 ,x .54 inches.

''Two broods are reared in a season : or perhaps it would be more correct
to say that fresh eggs may be found at any time between the middle of April
and the middle of June.

"Altho rather timid in the vicinity of her nest, the female generally
remains on her eggs until disturbed by a jar or some loud noise. She then
disappears and neither bird appears nor makes any complaint in cjbjection
to the intruder."

No. 119.
WESTERN HOUSE WREN.

A. O. V. No. 721a. Troglodytes aedon parkmanii (Aud.).
Synonyms. — P.^rkm.^n's Wrex. P.vcific Hoi'sf, Wrex.
Description. — Adult: Above, grayish rufous-brown, duller and" lighter on
forepart^: brighter and more rufous on rump, which has concealed downy white

3o8

THE WESTERN HOUSE WREN.

spots ; back and scapulars barred ( rarely indistinctly ) witli dusky ; wings on
exposed webs and tail all over distinctly and finely dusky-barred ; sides of head
speckled grayish brown, without definite pattern ; below, light grayish brown,
indistinctly speckled or banded with darker brownish on fore-parts ; heavily
speckled and banded with dusky and whitish on flanks and crissum ; bill black
above, lighter below ; culmen slightly curved ; feet brownish. Length 4.50-5.25
(114.3-133.,^ ); wing 2.0S (52.8): tail 1.75 ( 44.6) ; bill .51 ( 13 ); tarsus .68 (17.2).

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size; brown above, lighter below; everywhere
more or less s])ecklcd and banded with dusky, brownish, or white. Larger and
with longer tail than Western Winter Wren.

Nesting. — Nest: of sticks and trash, lined with fine grasses or chicken-

Takcn

in

Oregon

HOW'S THE \\'K.\THEU OUTSIDE?

WESTERN HOUSE WREN AT ENTRANCE OF NESTING HOLE.

feathers, placed in bird-boxes, holes in orchard trees, crannies of out-buildings,
etc. Eggs: 4-8, white, heavily speckled, and usually more or less tinged with
pinkish brown or vinaceous, with a wreath of a heavier shade about the larger
end. Average size, .64X.51 (16.3x13). Season: About May 15; one brood.
General Range. — Western LTnited States and Canada, north to British
Columbia, Alberta and Manitoba, east to Illinois, south to Mexico.

Range in Washington. — Not common summer resident, confined to lower
altitudes and, usually, vicinity of settlements.

Migrations. — Spring: Tacoma, April 25, 1906, April 28, 1907.

Authorities. — ? Trncjloditcs fnk'iis Ornithological Committee, Jonrn. Ac.
Nat. Sci. I'hila. V^U. 1837, p. 193 (Columbia River). ? Troglodytes parkuianii

THE WESTERN HOUSE WREN.

309

Auilulion. ( )rn. Biog. V. 1839, 310 (Columbia River). Troglodytes parkmanni.
Aud., Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. XH. pt. II. 1858, p. 368. (T.j C&S. D'. Ra.
D^ Ss^ Kk. J. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. Prov. P. B.

SlXCIi our country is pretty well supplied with W'rens, and those too
which are c<_)ntenl with our climate the year around, this bustling down-Easter,
arri\ing at what he considers the proper season, does not figure so largely in
local bird society as across

Altho original-

the Rockies.

ly tlescribed by Audubon
from material secured by
Townsend, at Vancouyer. in
the Thirties, parlciiiaiiii gi\-es
eyidence of being a new-
comer, comparatiyely speak-
ing. In the first place, the
late arrival, April 25th at
Puget Sound points, marks
the species in which tlie tra-
dition of a hard climate is
still strong. .\nd, in the
second place, the slightly
paler plumage acquired while
crossing the desert has not
\-et been lost, altho it is very
certain that it could not long
withstand consecutive cen-
turies of residence in our
humid climate. It is not
surprising, therefore, that
the House Wren is not
abundant nor well distribut-
ed in western Washington.
On the East-side it is neither
common nor rare, Iieing
found about long-established
ranches and wherever the
presence of a little timber
afifords the variety of cover which is essential to its happiness.

Once upon the scene. howe\-er, a little Recuse Wren goes a great ways.
He is bursting with energy, and music escapes from his busy mandibles like
steam from a safety valve. The first task is to renovate last year's quarters,

Taken in Oregon.

Photo by II'.
A VERY BUSY WREN.

L. Fiiiley.

NOT QUITE SO BUSY AS APPEARS, HOWEVER. THE PICTURE IS
COMPOSITE AND PRESENTS THE SAME BIRD TWICE.

3IO THE WESTERN WINTER WREN.

but tliere is alwax'S time un tiie side tu explijre a new lunsh-lieap, lo scold a
cat, (_ir to indulge innumerable song-bursts. In singing his joyous trill the
birtl reminds one of a piece of fireworks called a "cascade," for he fills the air
with a brilliant bou(|uet of music, anil is himself, one would think, nearly con-
sumed by the violetice of the effort. But the next moment the singer is
carrying out last year's feather bed Ijv great beakfuls, or lugging into some
cranny sticks ridiculously large for him.

During the nesting season both birds are perfect little spitfires, assaulting
mischievous prowlers with a fearlessness which knows no caution, and scolding
in a voice which expresses the deepest scorn. The rasping note produced on
such an occasion reminds one of the energetic use of a nutmeg grater by a
determined housewife.

In nesting, the W^rens make free of the liaunts of men, but are in nowise
dependent on them. Old cabins afford convenient crannies, forgotten augur-
holes, tin cans, bird boxes, a sleeve or pocket in an old coat hanging in the
woodshed, — anything with a cavity will do ; but, by the same token, an unused
Woodpecker's hole, or a knot-hole in a stump miles from the haunts of men
will do as well. In any case the cavity, be it big or little, must first be filled
up with sticks, with just room at the top for entrance. Into this mass a deep
hollow is sunk, and this is heavily lined with horse-hair, wool, feathers, bits of
snake-skin, anything soft and "comfy".

Since the W^estern House ^Vren makes a brief season with u^ it appears
to raise but one brood annuallv.

No. 120.

WESTERN WINTER WREN.

A. O. V. No. 722 a. Naiinus hiemalis pacificus (Baird).

Description. — Adult: Above warm dark brown, duller before, brighter on
rump, sometimes obscurely waved or barred with dusky on back, wings, and tail ;
barring more distinct on edges of four or five outer primaries, where alternating
with buffy; concealed white spots on rump scarce, or almost wanting; a pale
brownish superciliary line; sides of head speckled brownish and huffy, underparts
everywhere finely mottled, speckled or barred, — on the throat and breast mingled
brownish (Isabella-color) and buffy, 1)elow dusky and tawny, dusky predominat-
ing over brown on flanks and crissum ; bill comparatively short, straight, blackish
above, lighter below; feet light brown. Length about 4.00 (101.6) ; wing 1.81
(46) ; tail 1. 18 (30) ; bill .46 (11.6) ; tarsus .71 (18).

Recognition Marks. — Pygmy size ; dark brown above, lighter below : more
or less speckled and barred all over; tail shorter than in preceding species.

Nesting. — Nest: of moss and a few small twigs, lined heavily with wool,
rabbits' fur, hair and feathers, placed among roots of upturned tree, or in crannies

THE WESTERN WINTER WREN. 311

of decayed stumps, brush-heaps, etc. Eggs: 4-7, usually 5, white or creamy-white,
dotted finely but sparing!)' with reddish brown ; occasionally blotched with the
same; sometimes, almost unmarked. Av. size .69 x .50 (17.5x12.7). Season:
first week in .April to first week in July according to altitude : two broods.

General Range. — Western North .America, breeding from southern Cali-
fornia to southern Alaska, east to western Montana. Chiefly resident, but south
irregularly in Creat Basin States and California in winter.

Range in Washington. — Resident in coniferous timber from sea level to limit
of trees; less common east of the Cascade Mountains; of irregular occurrence in
open country during migrations.

Authorities. — [Lewis and Clark. Hist. (1814) Ed. Biddle: Coues. Vol. H.
p. 186. J ? Urn. Com. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VH. 1837, 193 (Columbia
River). Troqlodxtes (Anorthura) hveinalis Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX.
1858, I). 36Q. ' (T). C&S. L'. Rh. D-. Kb. Ra. Kk. J. B. E.

Specimens.— L'. of \\'. P. Prov. B. BN. E.

CliicL- — chick cliick — chick chick; it is the Winter Wren's way of say-
ing H(iw-(li:)-you-(lii? when you invade his doniain in the damp forest. The
\'oice is a size too large tor stich a mite of a bird, and one does not understand
its circumtlexecl quality until he sees its possessor making an emphatic curtsey
with each utterence. It is not every day that the recluse beholds a man. and
it may be that he has stolen a march imder cover of the ferns and salal
brush befiire iDtiching off his little mine of interrogatives at your knees. If
so, his brusque little being is softened by a friendly twinkle, as he notes your
surprise and then darts back chuckling to the cover of a fallen log.

Again, if your entrance into the woods has been unnoticed, so that the
little huntsman comes upon yi)u in the regular way of business, it is amusing
to watch with what ruses of circum\-ention he seeks to inspect }'ou. Now
he appears abo\e a root on your right gawking on tiptoe ; then drops at a
flash behind its shelter to reprove himself in upbraiding chick chick's for his
rashness. Then, after a minute of apprehensive silence on }-our part, a
chuckle at your other elbow announces that the inspection is satisfactorily
completed on that side. The Lilliputian has you at his mercy, Mr. Gulliver.

Dr. Cooper, writing fifty years ago, considered this the commonest
species in the forests of "tlie Territor}-." With the possible exception of
the Golden-crowned Kinglet, this is proljabh" still trtie, since it is found not
merely along streams and in romantic dells, but thruout the somber depths of
the fir and spruce forests from sea level to the limit of trees. It is fond of the
wilderness and has as vet learnefl n(T necessity of dependence upon man. Init it
by no means shuns the edges of town, if only sufficient density of cover be
provided. Because of the more open character of pine timber, tlie W^inter
W^ren is less common and is altogether local in its distribution east of the
mountains, being confined fur the most ])art to those forest areas which boast
an infusion of fir and tamarack.

312

THE WESTERN WINTER WREN.

Jn winter, because of heavy snows, the birds appeal" to retire to a large
extent upon the \aneys and lowlaiuls, nor do they appear to reoccupv the
mountain forests until they have rearetl a hrst brood upon* the lower le\'els.
Just how familiar a species this bird is at sea-le\el does not appear to be gen-
erally realized. In the spring of 1905 I estimated that forty pairs were nest-
ing in Ravenna Park
alone. Nor do they
by any means desert
the lowlands in toto
in summer, for they
are seen regularly at
that season thruout
Puget Sound, upon
the islands of Wash-
ington Sound, and
upon the West Coast.

It is the Winter
Wren, chiefly, which
gladdens the depths
of the ancient forest
with music. Partly
because of its unique
isolation, but more
because of the joy-
ous abandon of the
little singer, the song
of the Winter \Vren
strikes the bird-lover
as being one of the
most refreshing in
the Northwest. It
consists of a rapid
series of gurgling
notes and wanton
trills, not \-ery loud
nor of great \'ariety,
but ha\-ing all the
spontaneity of bub-
bling water, a tiny cascade of song in a waste of silence. The song
comes always as an outburst, as tho some mechanical obstruction had
given wav before the pent-uj) music. Indeed, one bird I heard at Moclips
preceded his song with a series of tittering notes, which struck me

Taken in Scotlh

Photo by titc Author.
A THICKET IN RAVEJ^NA PARK,

WHICH ONLY THE WINTER WREN WILL EXPLORE.

THE WESTERN WINTER WREN.

313

absurdh' as being the clicking of tlie ratchet in a nmsic-box being WDuncl up
fill" action.

Heard at close quarters the bird will occasionally eniplo)' a ventrilo(|uial
trick, dropping suddenly to sutto voce, so that the sung appears to come from
a distance. Again, it will
move crescendo and di-
minuendo, as tho the
supply pipe of this mu-
sical cascade were sub-
mitted to varying pres-
sure at the fountain
head.

A singing bird is the
best evidence available
of the proximity of the
nest. Usuallv the male
bird posts himself near
the sitting female and
publishes his domestic
happiness in musical
numl;)ers. But again, he
may only be i)ausing
to congratulate himself
upon the successful com-
pletion of another decoy,
and the case is hopeless
for the nonce.

For nesting sites the
Wrens avail themselves
of cubby-holes and cran-
nies in upturned roots or
fallen logs, and fire-holes
in half -burned stumps.
A favorite situation is
one of the crevices
which occur in a large
fir tree when it falls and splits open.

Taken in Seattle. Photo by the Axtthor.

NEST OF WESTERN V\1NTER WREN IN CH.\RRED STUMP.

NOTE TH.AT A SPIDES WEB .ABOVE CLOSELY SIMULATES THE NEST-
ENTRANCE, WHICH IS REALLY ABOUT MIDWAY.

Or the nest is sometimes found under

the bark of a decaying log, or in a crevice of earth in an unused mine-shaft.
If the site selected has a wide entrance, this is walled up by the nesting ma-
terial and onl}- a smooth round aperture an inch and a quarter in diameter is
left to admit to the nest proper. In default of any such shelter, birds have
been known to construct their nests at the center of some babv fir, or in the

314

THE WESTERN WINTER WREN.

drooping Ijraiiches of a fir tree at a lieight of a foot or more from the ground.

In stich case, the nest is finished to the shape of a cocoanut. with an entrance

liole in the side a httle above the center.

In all cases the materials used are subslantiall)- the same, chiefiy green

moss, with an abundance of
fir or cedar twigs shot thru
its walls and foundations.
This shell is heavily lined
with very fine mosses, inter-
mingled with deer hair or
other soft substances : while
the inner lining is of feath-
ers, which the Sooty and the
Ruffed Grouse ha\-e largely
contributed to the uphol-
stered luxur}' of this model
home.

"Cocks' nests," or decoys,
are the fax'orite diversion of
this indefatigable bird, so
that, as with the restless ac-
tivities of four-year-old chil-
dren, one sighs to tliink of
the prodigious waste of en-
ergies entailed. The aborig-
inal cause of this quaint in-
stinct, so prevalent among
the Wrens, would seem to
be the desire to deceive and
discourage enemies, but in
the case of the Winter \Vren
one is led to suspect that the
hard-working husband is
trying to meet a perpetual
challenge to occupy all
available sites — a miser
hoarfling opportunities.

A troop of young Wrens

just out of the nest is a cun-

le anxious parents cnunsel flight and the more circumspect of

the brood obey, but now and then one less sophisticated allows a little

pleasant talk, "lilarney," to quiet his beating heart. Then a little titillation

Tahcn near Tacoma.

PI'iOto by Dazcson and Bot^'U'S.
WINTER WRE.X IN

NEST ,\ND EGGS OF WESTERN
STUMP.

TOP OF STUMP REMOVED. AN UNUSUAL NESTING-SITE WHERE ONE
WOULD SOONER HAVE EXPECTED TO FIND OREGON CHICKADEE.

THE ROCK WREN. 315

of the criiwn feathers will quite win him o\-er. so that he will accept a
gently insistent finger in jjlace (_)f the twig which has been his support.
The unfaltering trust of childhood has subtlued many a savage heart, but
when it is exemplified in a baby Wren one feels the ultimate appeal to
tenderness.

Mr. Brown, of Glacier, coming upon an old Russet-backed Thrush
nest at dusk, thrust an exploratory finger o\'er its brim. Judge of his
surprise when out swarmed seven young Winter Wrens. Mr. Brown feels
reasonably sure, however, that the birds were hatched elsewhere, and that
they were only roosting temporarily in the larger nest, in view of its ampler
accommodations.

No. 121.

ROCK WREN.

A. O. U. Xo. 715. Salpinctes obsoletus (Say).

Description. — .-hiiilts: .\bove brownish gray changing on rump to cinnamon-
brown, most of the surface speckled by arrow-shaped marks containing, or con-
tiguous to, rounded spots of whitish ; wing-quills color of back, barred with dusky
on outer webs; middle pair of tail-feathers color of back barred with dusky;
remaining rectrices barred with dusky on outer webs only, each with broad sub-
terminal bar of blackish and tipped broadly with cinnamon-bufi" area varied by
dusky marbling; outermost pair broadly blackish- and cinnamon-barred on both
webs ; a superciliary stripe of whitish ; a broad post-ocular stripe of grayish
brown ; sides of head and unclerparts dull white shading into pale cinnamon or
vinaceous buff on flanks and under tail-coverts ; sides of head, throat and upper
breast spotted, mottled or streaked obscurely with grayish brown or dusky ; under
tail-coverts barred or transversely spotted with dusky. Bill dark horn-color above,
paling below; feet and legs brownish dusky; iris brown. Yoitng birds are more or
less barred or vermiculated above, without white speckling, and are unmarked
below. Length: 5.50-6.00 (139. 7-152.4) ; wing 2.76 (70) ; tail 2.09 (53) ; bill .70
(17.7) ; tarsus .83 (21).

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size; variegated tail with broad buft'v tips
distinctive; rdck-haunting habits.

Nesting. — Nest: in crannies of cliffs, of twigs, grasses, wool, hair and other
soft substances, approached by runway of rock-chips or pebbles. Eggs: 5-7, white
or pinkish white, sprinkled somewhat sparingly with pale cinnamon, chiefly about
larger end. Av. size .y^ x .56 (18.5 x 14.2). Season: May ist to June 20th; two
broods.

General Range. — Western United States, northern and central [Mexico, and
southern British Columbia, chiefly in hilly districts ; eastward across Great Plains
to Kansas, Nebraska, etc. ; retires from northern portion of range in winter.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident and migrant in open country east

3i6 THE ROCK WREN.

of the Cascades, cliiefl}' confineil to cliffs of Columbian lava; casual west of the
Cascades.

Authorities. — |"I\ock wren," Johnson, Rep. Gov. W. T. 1884 (1885), p. 22.]
Lawrence, Auk, IX. 1892, 47, 357. T. L". D'. D-. Ss'. Ss-'. Kk.

Specimens. — P. C.

"BUT Barrenness, Loneliness, such-like things.

That gall and grate on the White Alan's nerves.
Was the rangers that camped bv the bitter springs

And guarded the lines of God's reserves.
So the folks all shv from the desert land,
'Cept niebbe a few that kin understand." — Clark.

A discerning soul is Salf'ijictcs. He lox'es beyond all else the uplifted
ram]jarts of basalt, the bare lean battlements of the wilderness. They are
the walls of a sanctuary, where he is both verger and choir master, while
upon the scarred altars which they shelter, his faithful spouse has a place
"where she may la}- her young."

The Rock \Vren is nestled among the most impressive surroundings, but
there is nothing subflued or melancholy about his bearing. Indeed, he has
taken a commission to wake the old hills and to keep the shades of eld from
brooding too hea\ily upon them. His song is. tlicrefore, one of the spright-
liest, most musical, and resonant to be heard in the entire West. The rock-
wall makes an admirable sounding-board, and the bird stops midway of what-
ever task to sing a hvmn of wildest exultation. Whit tier, whit tier, whitticr.
is one of his finest strains ; while ka-zn'Iicc, ka-zvhcc, ka-wlwc is a sort of chal-
lenge which the bird renders in various tempo, and pimctuates with nerxous
bobs to enforce attention. For tlie rest his notes are too varied, spontaneous,
and untrammeled to admit of precise description.

Save in the vicinity of his nest, the Rock Wren is rather an elusive
sprite. If you clamljer to his haunts he will rem(i\-e, as matter of course, a
hundred yards along the clitT; or he will flit across the coulee with a noncha-
lance wdiich discourages further effort. Left to himself, however, he may
whimsicallv return — near enough pcrhai)s for you to catch the click, click
of his tin\' claws as he goes over the lava blocks, poking into crevices after
spiders here, nibbling larvae in vapor holes there, or scaling sheer heights
yonder, witliout a thought of vertigo.

At nesting time the clifTs present a thousand chinks and hidey-holes, any
one of which would do to put a nest in. The collector is likely to he dismayed
at the wealth of possibilities before him, and the birds themselves appear to
regret that they must make clioice of a single cranny, for they "fix up" half a

THE ROCK WREN.

317

dozen of tlit- likeliest. And wlien it comes to lining the apijroaches of the

chosen cavitv, what do you suppose they use.' Why. rocks, of course; not

large ones this time, but flakes and pebbles of basalt, which rattle pleasantly

every time the bird gi>es in ami i>ut. These rock chiles are sometimes an inch

or more in diameter,

and it is difficult to

concei\'e how a bird

with such a delicate

beak can compass

their removal. Here

they are, however, to

the cjuantity of half

a pint or more, and

they are just as much

a necessity to e\-ery

well-regulated Sal-

pinctean household,

as marlile steps are

to Philadelphians.

The nest itself is
rather a bulky affair,
composed of weed-
stalks, dried grasses,
and fine rootlets,
with a scantv linnis^
of hair or wool ( all
East-side birds are
enthusiastic advo-
cates of sheep-rais-
ing). "Two broods
are raised in a sea-
son, the first set of
eggs appearing early
in May, the second
about the middle of
June. It is possiljle
that even a third set

may sometimes be laid still later in the season, but tliese late sets are more
apt to be due to the breaking up of the first or second. The eggs vary from
five to seven, and are pure white in color, sprinkled rather sparingh" over
the surface with dots of a faint brownish red. most heavilv about the larger
end" (Bowles).

Taken in Douglas County. Photo by the AtitJior.

NESTING-SITE OF ROCK WREN IX BASAI,T CLIFF.

THE NEST OCCUPIES THE UPPER CRANNY BUT THE "FRONT WALK" IS
COMPLETED BELOW.

3i8 THE CANYON WREN

Failing a suitable cliFf-house — iidI all walls are built to Wrens' orders —
the birds resort to a rock-slide and the possibilities here are infinite. After
I had seen a devoted pair disapjiear behind a certain small rock no less than
a dozen times, and had heard responsive notes in different keys, a cluttering
which reminded one of bal)\' I\at\'dids, I thought I had a cinch on the nest.
'The cre\'ices of the rocks here and there were crammed with dried grass
and stuff which might fairly be considered superfluous nesting material, and

the }-oung birds ^^■ere too young to have trax'eled far; but as for the actual
cradle I could not find it, and I cannot certify that the wrenlets were hatched
within se\'en rods. The little fellows were as shy as conies, but their parents,
curiouslv enough, took my researches good naturedly. One of them came
within two feet of my face and peered intently at me as I sat motionless;
and even after some scjuare yards of the rock slide had been violently dis-
arranged, thev did not hesitate to visit their clamoring brood as tho nothing
had happened. Did they trust the man or the rocks rather?

No. 122.

CANYON WREN.

A. O. V. No. 717 a. Catherpes mexicaniis conspersus Ridgw.

Synonyms. — Canon Wren. Spkcklkd Caxox Wren.

Description. — Adult: "Upperparts brown, paler and grayer anteriorly, be-
hind shading insensibly into rich rufous, everywhere dotted with small dusky and
whitish spots. Tail clear cinnamon-brown, crossed with numerous very narrow
and mostly zigzag black bars. Wing-ciuills dark brown, outer webs of primaries
and both webs of inner secondaries barred with color of back. Chin, throat, and
fore breast, with lower half of side of head and neck, pure white, shading behind
through ochraceoirs-brown into rich deep ferruginous, and posteriorly obsoletely
waved with dusky and whitish. Bill slate-colored, paler and more livid below;
feet black; iris brown" (Coues). Length about 5.50 (139.7) > wing 2.35 (59.7) ;
tail 2.06 (52.4) ; bill .81 (20.5) ; tarsus .71 (18.1). Female a little smaller.

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size, rock-haunting habits: rich rusty red of
hinder underparts ; tail finely barred with black, its feathers without huffy tips as
distinguished from Salpinctcs obsolcttis.

Nesting. — Not known to nest in Washington but probably does so. N est and
eggs indistinguishable from those of the Rock Wren.

General Range. — Central arid districts of the western United States and
southern Uritish Columbia from \\'yoming and Colorado west to northeastern
California and south to Arizona.

Range in Washington. — Reported from Palouse country only, — is probably

THE CANYON WREN. 319

extending range into L'pper Soiitiran and Arid Transition zones of eastern
Washington.

Authorities. — C. mcsicaiiiis l^iiiictiilatiis, Snodgrass, Auk, \'(jl. XXI. Apr.
1904, p. 232. J.

Specimens.^P.

TO Mr. Roljert E. Snodgrass belongs the honor of tirst reporting this
species as a bird of Washington. He encountered it in the Snake River
Caiion at Ahnota in the summer of 1903. and mentions that it occurred also
at Wawawai Ferry, a few miles up the river. Roswell H. Johnson also
refers to it casually in the preface to his list of the birds of Cheney* as
occurring "where conditions were favorable to the .south and east."

It has long been supposed that the Cai'ion Wrens were confined to a much
more southern range. Ridgway'' assigns the northern limits of this species
to Wyoming and Nevada. Its appearance in Washington, therefore, is
matter of congratulation and may, perhaps, be taken as an instance of that
north-a'ani trend of species which undoubtedly affects many of the Passerine
forms, and none more notably than the Wrens.

The Cafion Wren frequents much the same situations as the Rock Wren
and has the same sprightly ways. In the southern part of its range it is said
to be a familiar resident of towns, and nests as frec|uently in crannies and
bird-boxes as does our House Wren (Troglodytes acdon parkiiianii). Its
alarm note is a "peculiarly ringing dink." and its song is said to excel, if
possible, that of the House W'ren. "What joyous notes! * * * His song
comes tripping down the scale growing so fast it seems as if the songster
could only stop by giving his odd little flourish back up the scale again at the
end. The ordinary song has seven descending notes, but often, as if out of pure
exuberance of happiness, the \Wen begins with a run of grace notes, ending
with the same little flourish. The rare character nf the song is its rhapsody
and tlie ricli \ibrant quality which has suggested the name of bugler for him —
and a glorious little bugler he surely is" (Mrs. Bailey).

a. "The Birds of Cheney, Washington," The Condor. \'ol \'III.. Jan.. 1906, p. 25 [No scientific
name given].

b. "The Birds of N. and M. America," \'ol. III., p. 659.

320 THE SAGE THRASHER.

No. 12J.

SAGE THRASHER.

A. O. U. No. 702. Oroscoptes montaniis Townsend.

Synonyms. — Sack ]\rocKi:R. AIouxtain Mockikg-rird (early name —

inapropos ).

Description. — .Idiills: (k-iKTal ])lumage ashj' brown, lighter below: above
gravish- or ashy-bn.iwn, the feathers. e,specially on crown, streaked mesially with
darker brown; wings and tail dark grayish brown with paler edgings; middle
and greater coverts narn.)wly tip]>eil with whitish, producing two dull bars; outer
rectrices broadly tipped with white, decreasing in area, till vanishing on central
pair; lores grayish; a pale superciliary line; cheeks brownish varied by white;
underparts whitish tinged with buffy brown, most strongly on flanks and crissum,
everywhere ( save, usually, on throat, lower belly, and under tail-coverts ) streaked
with dusky, the streaks tending to confluence along side of throat, sharply dis-
tinguished and wedge-shaped on lireast, where also heaviest ; bill blackish paling
on mandible; legs and feet dusky brownish, the latter with yellow soles; iris
lemon-yellow, i'ouiiy birds are browner and more decidedly streaked above;
less distinctly streaked below. Length about 8.00 (203); wing 3.82 (97); tail
3.54 (90) ; bill .65 ( 16.4) ; tarsus 1.20 (30.5).

Recognition Marks. — Chewink size; ashy-brt)wn plumage appearing nearly
uniform at distance; sage-haunting habits; impetuous song.

Nesting. — Nest, a substantial structure of thorny twigs (Sarcobatus pre-
ferred), usually slightly domed, with a heavy inner cup of fine bark (sage)
stri|)S, ])laced without attempt at concealment in sage-bush or greasewood. Eggs.
4 or 5, rich, dark, bluish green, heavily spotted or blotched with rich rufous and
"egg-gray" — among the handsomest. Av. size, .98 x .71 (24.9x18). Season:
May I-June 15; two ( ?) broods.

General Range. — Western I'nited States from western part of the Cireat
Plains (western South Dakota, western Nebraska, and eastern Colorado) north
to Montana, west to the Cascades and Sierra Nevada, south into New Mexico,
Lower California, and, casually, to Guadalupe Island.

Range in Washington. — Treeless portions of East-side; summer resident.

Authorities.— ("Sage IMirasher," Johnson, Rep. Gov. W. T. 1884 (1885),
p. 22. 1 Dawson, ^Vilson Bulletin, No. y). June, 1902, p. 67. (T). D=. Ss'. Ss-.

Specimens. — LI. of W. P. C.

IT takes a poet to appreciate the desert. Those people who affect to
despise the sage are the same to whom stones are stones instead of compacted
histories of the world's youth, and clouds are clouds instead of legions of
angels. It is no mark of genius then to despise common things. The desert
has cradled more of the world's good men and great than ever were coddled
in king's palaces. Whistler used to paint "symphonies in gray" and men held
back questioning, "Hr — is this art ?" A few, bolder than their fellows, pro-

THE CATBIRD. 321

noiinced favorably upon it, and it is allowable now to admit that \\'histler was
a great artist — that is, a great discoverer and revealer of Nature.

Xature has painted upon our eastern hills a symphony in gray greens, a
can\-as of artemisia, simple, ample, insistent. And still the people stand be-
fore it hesitating — it is so common — is it considered beautiful, pray? Well,
at least a bird thinks so, a bird whose whole life has been spent in the sage.
Listen! The hour is sunrise. As we face the east, heavy shadows still huddle
about us and blend with the ill-defined realities. The stretching sage-tops
tremble with oblation before the expectant sun. The pale dews are taking
counsel for flight, but the opalescent haze, pregnant with sunfire, yet tender
with cool greens and subtle azures, hovers over the altar waiting the con-
comitance of the morning hymn before ascent. Suddenly, from a distant
sage-bush bursts a geyser of song, a torrent of tuneful waters, gushing, as it
would seem, from the bowels of the wilderness in an ecstacy of greeting and
gratitude and praise. It is from the throat of the Sage Thrasher, poet of the
bitter weed, that the tumult comes. Himself but a gray shadow, scarce visible
in the early light, he pours out his soul and the soul of the sage in a rhapsody
of holy joy. Impetuous, impassioned, compelling, rises this matchless music
of the desert. To the silence of the gray-green canvas, beautiful but incom-
plete, has come the throb and thrill of life, — life brimful, delirious, exultant.
The freshness and the gladness of it touch the soul as with a magic. The
heart of the listener glows, his veins tingle, his face beams. He cannot wait
to analyze. He must dance and shout for joy. The wine of the wilderness
is henceforth in his \-eins, and drunk with ecstacy he reels across the en-
chanted scene forever more.

And all this inspiration the bird draws from common sage and the rising
of the common sun. How does he do it? I do not know. Ask Homer,
Milton, Keats.

No. 124.

CATBIRD.

.•\. O. U. No. 704. Diimetella carolinensis (Linn.).

Description. — Adult: Slate-color, lightening almost imperceptibly below:
black on top of head and on tail ; under tail-coverts chestnut, sometimes spotted
with slaty; bill and feet black. Length 8.00-9.35 (203.2-237.5): wing 3.59
(91.2): tail 3.65 (02.7): bill .62 (15.8).

Recognition Marks. — Chewink size: almost uniform slaty coloration with
thicket-haunting habits distinctive; lithe and slender as compared with Water
Ouzel.

322 THE CATBIRD.

Nesting. — Nest, of twigs, weed-stalks, vegetable fibers, and trash, carefully
lined with tine rootlets, placed at indifferent heights in bushes or thickets. Eggs,
4-5, deep emerald-green, glossy. Av. size, .95 x .69 (24.1x17.5). Season, first
two weeks in June : one brood.

General Range. — Eastern United States and British Provinces, west regu-
larly to and including the Rocky Mountains, irregularly to the Pacific Coast from
British Columbia to central California. Breeds from the Gulf States northward
to the Saskatchewan. Winters in the southern states, Cuba, and middle .\merica
to Panama. Bermuda, resident. Accidental in Europe.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident: not uncommon but locally dis-
tributed in eastern and especially northeastern Washington ; penetrates deepest
mountain valleys on eastern slope of Cascades, and is regularly established in
certain West-side valleys connected by low passes. Casual at Seattle, and else-
where at sea-level.

Authorities. — Galeoscol^tes cari)liiieiisis. Belding, Land Birds of the Pacific
District ( 1890), p. 226 (Walla Walla by J. W. W'illiams, 1885). D'. Ss-. Ss-=. J.

Specimens. — U. of W. Prov. P. C.

THOSE who hold either a good or a bad opinion of the Catbird are one-
sided in their judgment. Two, and not less than two, opinions are possible
of one and the same bird. He is both imp and angel, a "feathered Mephis-
topheles" and "a heavenly singer." But this is far from saying that the bird
lives a double life in the sense ordinarily understood, for in the same minute
he is grave, gay, ]jensive and clownish. Nature made liini brtth a wag and a
poet, and it is no wonder if the roguishness and high ])hilosophy become
inextricably entangled. One moment he stei>s forth before you as sleek as
Beau Brummel, graceful, pnlished, equal-eyed; then he cocks liis liead to one
side and squints at you like a thief ; next he hangs his head, droops wings
and tail, and looks like a dog being lectured for killing sheep: — Presto,
change! the bird ])ulls himself up to an extravagant height and with e.xag-
gerated gruffness, croaks out, "Who are you?" Then without waiting for an
answer to his impudent question, the rascal sneaks off thru the bushes,
hugging e\'er\- feather close to his fiody, delixering a running fire of cat-calls,
squawks, and ex])ressions of cuntemjit. There is no accounting for him: he
is an irrepressible — and a genius.

The Catbird is not common in Washington, save in the northeastern
portion of the State, where it is well established. Miss Jennie A\ Getty finds
them regularly at North Bend, and there is a Seattle record : so that there is
reason to believe that the Catbird is one of those few species which are ex-
tending their range by encroachment from neighboring territory. There can
be no question that civilization is conducive to the bird's welfare, primarily
bv increasing the quantity of its cover on the East-side, and, possibly, by re-
ducing it on tlie \\'est. Catbirds, when at home, are found in thickets and in
loose shrubbery. River-banks are lined with them, and cha]:)arral-covered hill-

THE CATBIRD. 323

sides Iiave their share ; but they also display a decided preference for the
\'icinage of man, and, if allowed to, will frequent the orchards and the rasp-
berry bushes. They help themselves pretty freely to the fruit of the latter,
but their services in insect-eating cc:>mpensate for their keep, a hundred-fold.
Nests are placed almost anywhere at moderate heights, but thickety places are
preferred, and the wild rosebush is acknowledged to be the ideal spot. The
birds exhibit the greatest distress when their nest is disturbed, and the entire
neighborhood is aroused to expressions of sympathy by their pitiful cries.

My friend. Dr. James Ball Naylor, of Malta, Ohio, tells the following
story in answer to the oft-repeated question. Do animals reason? The poet's
house nestles against the base of a wooded hill and looks out upon a spacious
well-kept lawn which is studded with elm trees. The place is famous for
birds and the neighborhood is equally famous for cats. Robins occasionallv
■\-enture to glean angle worms upon the inviting expanses of this lawn, but for
a bird to attempt to cross it unaided by wing would be to invite destruction
as in the case of a lone soldier climbing San Juan hill. One day, however, a
fledgling Catbird, overweening and disobedient, we fear, fell from its nest
overhead and sat helpless on the dreaded slopes. The parents were beside
themselves with anxiety. The birdie could not fly and would not flutter to
any purpose. There was no enemy in sight but it was only by the sufferance of
fate, and moments were precious. In the midst of it all the mother disap-
peared and returned presently with a fat green worm, which she held up to
baby at a foot's remove. Baby hopped and floundered forward to the juicy
morsel, but when he had covered the first foot, the dainty was still six inches
away. Mama promised it to him with a flood of encouragement for every
effort, but as often as the infant advanced the mother retreated, renewine
her blandishments. In tliis way she coaxed her bab}' across the lawn and up,
twig by twig, to the top of an osage-orange hedge which bounded it. Here,
according to Dr. Naylor, she fed her child the worm.

Comparing the scolding and call notes of the Catbird with the mewing of
a cat has perhaps been a little overdone, but the likeness is strong enough to
lodge in the mind and to fasten the bird's "trivial name" upon it forever. Be-
sides a mellow />/;///. />/;/// in the bush, the bird has an aggra\'ating incc-a-a,
and a petulant call note which is nothing less than Ma-a-r\, Cautious to a
degree and timid, the bird is oftener heard in the depth of the thicket than
elsewhere, Init lie sometimes mounts the tree-top, and the opening "Phut, phut,
coquillicot" — as Neltje Blanchan hears it — is the promise of a treat.

Generalizations are apt to be inadequate when applied to singers of such
brilliant and varied gifts as the Catbird's It would be impertinent to say:
Homo sapiens has a cultivated voice and produces music of the highest order.
Some of us do and some of us do not. Similarly some Catbirds are "self-
conscious and affected," "pause after each phrase to mark its efTect upon the

&

324

THE CATBIRD.

audience," etc. Some lack originality, feeling, are incapable of sustained
effort, cannot imitate other birds, etc. But some Catbirds are amojig the
most talented singers known. One such I remember, which, overcome by the
charms of a May day sunset, mounted the tip of a pasture elm, and poured
forth a hymn of praise in which every voice of woodland and field was laid
under contribution. Yet all were suffused by the singer's own emotion. Oh,
how that voice rang out upon the still evening air! The bird sang with true
feeling, an artist in every sense, and the delicacy and accuracy of his phrasing
must have silenced a much more captious critic than I. Never at a loss for a
note, never pausing to ask himself what he should sing next, he went steadily
on, now with a phrase from Robin's song, nnw with the shrill cry of the Red-
headed Woodpecker, each softened and refined as his own infallible musical
taste dictated ; now and again he interspersed these with bits of his own no
less beautiful. The carol of \'ireo, the tender ditties of the Song and Vesper
Sparrows, and the more pretentious efforts of Grosbeaks, had all impressed
themselves upon this musician's ear, and he repeated them, not slavishly, but
with discernment and deep appreciation. As the sun sank lower in the west
I left him there, a dull gray bird, with form scarcely outlined against the
evening sky, but my soul had taken flight with his — up into that blest abode
where all Nature's voices are blended into one, and all music is praise.

Taken near Stehekin,

Photo by the Author.

A H.AUNT OF THE CATBIRD.

THE AMERICAN WATER OUZEL. 325

No. 125.

AMERICAN WATER OUZEL.

A. O. U. No. 701. Cinclus mexicaniis unicolor (Bonap.).

Synonym. — American Dipi'ER.

Description. — Adults in spring and summer: General plumage slaty gray
paling below ; tinged with brown on head and neck ; wings and tail darker, black-
ish slate; eyelids touched with white; bill black; feet yellowish. Adults in fall
and zvintcr, and immature: Feathers of underparts margined with whitish and
some whitish edging on wings ; bill lighter, brownish. Voung birds are much
lighter below ; the throat is nearly white and the feathers of remaining under
plumage are broadly tipped with white and have wash of rufous posteriorly — tips
of wing- feathers and, occasionally, tail-feathers extensively white; bill yellow.
Length of adult 6.00-7.00 ( 152-178) ; wing 3.54 (90) ; tail 1.97 (50) ; bill .68
(17.3) ; tarsus 1.12 (28.5).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size but chunky, giving impression of a
"better" bird. Slaty coloration and water-haunting habits distinctive.

Nesting. — Nest: a large ball of green moss lined with fine grasses, and with
entrance on side ; lodged among rocks, fallen timber, roots, etc., near water.
Eggs: 4 or 5, pure white. Av. size, 1.02 x .70 (25.9X 17.8). Season: April-
June : one or two broods.

General Range. — The mountains of western North America from the north-
ern Ijoundary of Alexico and northern Lower California to northern Alaska.
Resident.

Range in Washington. — Of regular occurrence along all mountain streams.
Retires to lower levels, even, rarely, to sea-coast in winter.

Authorities. — Cinclus mortoni, Townsend, Narrative, April, 1839. p. ^39.
Also C. to-cvusendi "Audubon," Ibid., p. 340. T. C&S. L'. Rh. D-. Ra. D-\ B"; E.

Specimens. — Prov. B. E.

"ADVANCING and prancing and glancing and dancing.
And clashing and flashing and splashing and clashing;
And so ne\er ending, btit always descending.
Sounds and motions fore\-er and ever are blending.
All at once and all o'er, with a mighty uproar ;
And this way the Water comes dow-n at Lodore."

But the scene of aqueous confusion was incomplete unless a leaden shape
emerged from the spray, took station on a jutting rock, and proceeded to rtib
out certain gruff notes of greeting, jigic, jigic, jigic. These notes manage
somehow to dominate or to pierce tlie roar of the cataract, and they symbolize
henceforth tlie turbulence of all the mountain torrents of the West.

The Water Ouzel bobs most absurdly as he repeats his inquiry after your

326 THE AMERICAN WATER OUZEL.

health. Llul you wuuld far rather know of his, for he has just come out of the
icv hath, and as he sidles down the r(.)ck, tittering expectanth, \iiu iudge he is
contemplating another one. Yes; without more ado the bird wades into the
stream where the current is so swift you are sure it would sweep a man ofT
his feet. He flisappears beneath its surface and you shudder at the possibili-
ties, but after a half minute of suspense he bursts out of the seething waters a
dozen feet bel(_)W and Hits back to his rock chuckling cheerily. This time, it may
be. he will rest, and you have opportunity to note the slightly retrousse aspect
of the beak in its attachment to the head. The bird has stopped sjjringing now
and stands as stolid as an Indian, save as ever and again he delivers a slow
wink, u])side down, with the white nictitating membrane.

It has been asserted that the Ouzel flies under water, but I think that
this is a mistake, except as it mav use its wings to reach the surface of the
water after it has released its hold ui^on the bottom. The Isird creeps and
clings, rather, and is thus able to withstand a strong current as well as to attain
a depth of several feet in quieter waters.

The Water Ouzel feeds largel}- upon the lar\;e nf the caddice fly, known
locally as periwinkles. These are found clinging to the under surface of stones
lining the stream, and their discovery requires quite a little prying and ptiking
on the bird's part. The Ouzels are also said to be destructi\'e to fish fry, inso-
much that the director of a hatcliery in British Columbia felt impelled to order
the destruction of all the Ouzels, to the nuniljer of several lumdred, which
wintered along a certain protected stream. This was a very regrettalile neces-
sity, if necessity it was, and one which might easily lead to misunderstanding
between bird-men and fish-men. We are fond of trout ourselves, but we con-
fess to being a great deal fonder of this adventuresome water-s])rite.

The Ouzel is non-migratory, but the summer haunts of the birds in the
mountains are largely closed to them in winter, so that they find it necessary at
that season to retreat to the lower levels. This is done, as it were, reluctantly,
and nothing short of the actual blanketing of snow or ice will drive them to
forsake the higher waters. The bird is essentially solitary at this season, as
in summer, and when it repairs to a lower station, along late in November,
there is no little strife engendered by the discussion of metes and bounds. In
the winter of 1895-6, being stationed at Chelan, I had occasion to note that the
same Ouzels appeared daily along the upper reaches of the Chelan River. Think-
ing that such a local attachment might be due to similar occupation down stream,
I set out one afternoon to follow the river down for a mile or so, and to ascer-
tain, if possible, how many bird-squatters had laid out claims along its tur-
linlent course. In places wdiere there was an unusually long succession of
rapids, it was not alwavs possible to decide l^etween the conflicting interests
of rival claimants, for they flitted tip and down overlapping by short flights
each other's domains: but the very fact that these (^verla])pings often occa-

THE AMERICAN WATER OUZEL.

327

sioned sharp passages at arms ser\'ed to conhrni the conchision that the terri-
tory had been diAided, and that each bird was expected to dive and bob and
gurgle on his own beat. Tims, twenty-seven lairds were found to occupy a
stretch of two miles.

Here in winter quarters, the first courting songs were heard. As early as
Christmas the birds

began to tune up. and
that cjuite irrespective
of weather. But their
utterances were as
rare in time as they
are in quality. In fact,
it does not appear to
be generally known
that the ^^'ater Ouzel
is a beautiful singer,
and none of those who
have been so fortun-

ate as to hear its song,
have heard enough to
pass final judgment
on it. We know, at
least, that it is clear
and strong and viva-
cious, and that in its
utterance the bird re-
calls its affinity to
both Thrushes and
Tlirasliers.

The Ouzel places
its nest beside some
brawling stream, or
near or behind some
small cascade. In do-
ing so, the chief solici-
tude seems to be that
the living mosses, of
which the bulky globe
is composed, shall be kept moist by the Hying spray, and so retain tlieir
greenness. Indeed, one observer reports that in default of ready-made
conveniences, the bird itself turns sprinkler, not only alighting upon
the dome of its house after returning from a trip, but visiting the water

Taken in Calif ornia.

p;,<./..i by Fr.;ir

THE L.^ST STATION.

IN ANOTHER MOMENT THE OUZEL WILL VISIT HER BROOD UNDER THE
WATERFALL.

328

THE AMERICAN WATER OUZEL.

repeatedly for the sole purpose of shaking its wet plumage over the
mossy nest.

Unless we mistake, the bird in the first picture is about to visit a nest
behind the waterfall, and of such a nest Mr. John Keast Lord says: "I once
found the nest of the American Dipper built rmiongst the roots of a large
cedar-tree that had floated down the stream and got jammed against the mill-
dam of the Hudson Bay Company's old grist mill, at Fort Coh'ille, on a trilni-
tary to the upper Columbia River. The water rushing over a jutting ledge
of rocks, formed a small cascade, that fell like a yeW of water before the dip-
per's nest: and it was curious to see the l)inls dash thru the waterfall rather
than go in at tlie sides, and in that
way get behind it. For hours I have
sat and watched the busy pair, pass-
ing in and out thru the fall, witli as
much apparent ease as an ecjuestrian
performer jumps thru a hoop covered
with tissue paper. The nest was in-
geniously constructed to prevent the
spray from wetting the interior, the
moss being so worked over the en-
trance as to form an admirable ver-
andah."

Of the nest shown in the accom-
panying illustration, Mr. A. W. An-
thony says that it was completed un-
der unusual difticulties. A party of
survevors, requiring to bridge a
stream in eastern Oregon, first laid
a squared stringer. This an Ouzel Taken in Oregon
promptly seized upon, and in token of piwto by a. if. Anthony.
proprietorship began to heap up moss. an u.nsheltered nest.

This arrangement did not comport

with business and the nest foundations were brushed aside on two successive
mornings. A spell of bad weather intervening, the men returned to their work
some days later to find the completed nest, as shown, completed but still
unoccupied. It was necessarv to remove this also, but judge of the feelings
of the surveyors when, upon the following morning, they found a single
white egg resting upim the bare timber!

THE PURPLE MARTIN. 329

No. 126.

PURPLE MARTIN.

A. O. U. No. 611. Progne subis (Liiin.l.

Description. — Adult male: Rich, purplish black, glossy and metallic; wings
and tail dead black. .Idiilf female: Similar to male, but blue-black of upper-
parts restricted and duller: forehead, hind-neck, and lower parts sooty gray,
paler on belly and crissum. Bill black, stout, and broad at the base, decurved
near tip; nostrils exposed, circular, opening upward; feet moderately stout.
Young males: resemble adult female but are somewhat darker, the steely blue
appearing at first in patches. Length 7.25-8.50 (184.2-215.9); av. of eight
specimens: wing 5.75 (146.1} ; tail 2.72 (69.1) ; bill, breadth at base .73 (18.5) ;
length from nostril .33 (8.4).

Recognition Marks. — Chewink size; the largest of the Swallows: blue-black,
or blue-black and M.iot_\-gra}' coloration.

Nesting. — Nest, of leaves, grass, and trash, in some cavity, usually arti-
ficial,— bird-bo.xes, gourds, etc. Eggs, 4-5, rarely 6, pure, glossy white. Av.
size, .98X.73 (24.9 X 18.5). Season, first week in June; one brood.

General Range. — Temperate North .\merica, except southern portion of
Pacific Coast district, north to Ontario and the Saskatchewan, south to the
higher parts of Mexico, wintering in South America.

Range in Washington. — Not common summer resident — nearlv confined to
business sections of the larger cities.

Migrations. — Spring: c. April 15: Tacoma, April I, 1905. Pall: c. Sept. 1st.

Authorities. — Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. XII. pt. II. i860,
p. 136. (T). C&S. [L|. Rh. Ra. Kk."B. E.

Specimens. — Prov. B. E.

THIS virtually rare bird appears to be strict!}' confined during its
summer residence with us to the business districts of our larger West-side
cities. Records are in from Seattle, Tacoma, Olympia, Bellingham, Van-
couver, and \'ictoria only. Really, if this favoritism continues, we shall begin
to think of imposing a new test for cities of the first class; viz.. Do the
Martins nest with you?

Suckley remembers a time when, in the earlv Fifties, a few Martins were
to be seen about the scrub oaks of the Niscjually Plains, in whose hollows and
recesses they undoubtedly nested ; but all Washington birds have long since
adopted the ways of civilization. April ist is the earliest return I have noted,
and we are not surprised if they fail to put in an appearance before the ist
of May. Their movements depend largely upon the weather, and even if
they ha\"e come back earlier the\' are likelv to mope indoors when the weather
is cold and disagreeable. The birds feed exclusively upon insects, and are
thus quite at the mercy of a backward spring. Not only flies and nits are

330 THE CLIFF SWALLOW.

consumed, but Ijees, wasps, dragon llics, and sunie of the larger predatory
beetles as well.

The birds mate soon after arrival, and for a home they select some
crevice or hidey-hole about a building. A ca\ity left by a missing brick is
sufficient, or a station on the eave-plate of a warehouse. Old nests are
renovated and new materials are brought in, straw, string, and trasli for the
bulk of the nest, and abundant feathers for lining. Sometimes the birds
exhibit whimsical tastes. Mr. S. F. Rathbun of Seattle found a nest which
was composed entirely of wood shavings mixed with string and fragments of
the woven sheath which covers electric light wires.

The nest is not often occupied till June, when the l>irds may be most
certain of finding food for their offspring; and the rearing of a single brood
is a season's work. Five eggs are almost invariably the number laid, and they
are of a pure white color, the shell being very little glossed and of a coarser
grain than is the case with eggs of the other Swallows.

I'urple Martins are very sociable birds, and a voluble flow of small talk
is ke])t up bv them during the nesting season. The song, if such it may be
called, is a successitjn of pleasant warblings antl gurglings, interspersed with
harsh rubbing and creaking notes. A particular!}- mellow coo, coo. coo,
recurs from time to time, and anv of the notes seem to require considerable
effort (in the part of the performer.

It will prove to be a sad day for the Martins when the English Sparrows
take full possession of our cities. The Martins are not deficient in courage,
but they cannot endure the presence of the detested foreigners. The Sparrows
are filthy creatures, and it may be that the burden of the vermin, which
thev invariablv intnuluce to their haunts, bears more hea\'ily upon the skins
of oiH" more delicatelv constituted citizens than u])on their own swinish hides.

No. 127.

CLIFF SWALLOW.

A. O. U. No. 612. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say).

Synonyms. — E.-WE Sw.mj.ow. RKPrELiCAN Swali^ow.

Description. — Adult: A prominent whitish crescent on forehead; crown,
back, and an obscure patch on breast steel-blue ; throat, sides of head, and nape
deep chestnut ; breast, sides, and a cervical collar brown-gray ; belly white or
whitish; wings and tail blackish; rump pale rufous, — the color reaching around
on flanks ; under tail-coverts dusky. /;; \oitng birds the frontlet is obscure or
wanting; the plumage dull brown above, and the throat blackish with white specks.
P)ill and feet weak, the former suddenly compressed at tip. Length 5.00-6.00
I 127-152. 4) ; wing 4.35 ( 1 10.5) ; tail 2.00 (50.8) ; bill from nostril .22 (5.6).

THE CLIFF SWALLOW.

331

Recognition Marks. — "\\'arbler size," but comparison inappropriate, — better
say "'Swallow size"; white forehead and rufous rump. Found in colonies.

Nesting. — Nest, an inverted stack-shaped, or declined retort-shaped structure
of mud, scantily or well lined with grass, and depending from the walls of cliffs,
sides of barns under the eaves, and the like. Eggs, 4-5, white, spotted, sometimes
scantily, with cinnamon- and rufous-brown. Av. size. .82 x .55 (20.8x14).
Season. May 25-June 25.

General Range. — North America, north to the limit of trees, breeding south-
ward to the \'alley of the Potomac and the Ohio, southern Texas, southern Ari-
zona, and California; Central and South America in winter. Not found in
Florida.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident, abundant but locally distributed
east of Cascades; much less common in Puget Sound region.

Migrations. — Spring: .April 15-30. Fall: first week in Sept. Tacoma, April
4, ii)o8.

Authorities. — Ilinindo Innifrons, Sav, Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pac. R. R.
Surv. NIJ. iSoo. 184. T. C&S. D'. Kb. Ra. D^. Ss". Ss-'. j. B. E.

Specimens. — Prov. P. C.

FF.W birds ser\"e to recall more accurately a picture of sequestered
prinie\al peace than do these amiable tenants of Washington's

grandeur am

Taken in Douglas County.

THE CLIFF DWELLERS.

Photo by the Author.

332 THE CLIFF SWALLOW.

\'ery limited scab lands. It is true that certain Clitl Swallows, fcjllcnving
the example of their weaker eastern brethren, have taken to nesting under
the eaves of churches and barns and outbuildings, but they are a negligible
quantity in comparison with the swarms which still resort to the ancestral
"breaks" of the Columbia gorge and the weird basaltic coulees of Douglas
County.

The particular nesting site may be a matter oi a season's use, piiinilnus
this year and abandoned the next : but somewhere along this frowning face of
basaltic columns Swallows were nesting before old Chief Moses and his
copper-colored clans were displaced by the white man. Soon after the re-
treating ice laid bare the fluted bastions of the Grand Coulee, I think, these
fly-catching cohorts swept in and established a northern outpost, an outpost
which was not abandoned even in those degenerate days when deer gave
way to cayuses, cayuses to cattle, and cattle to sheep and fences — fences, mark
you, on the Swallow's domain!

Evidence of this age-long occupation of the lava-clift' is furnished not
only by the muddy cicatrices left by fallen nests, but, wherever the wall juts
(lut or o\erhangs, so as to shield a place below from the action of the elements,
b}- beds of guano and coprolitic stalagmites, which cling to the uneven surface
of the rock. Judged by the same testimony, certain of the larger blow-holes,
or lava-bubbles, must be used at night as lodging places, at least (_)ut of the
nesting season.

The well-known bottle- or retort-shaped nests of the Clift' Swallow are
composed of pellets of mud deposited in successive beakfuls by the industrious
birds. It is alwavs interesting to see a twittering company of these little
masons gathering by the water's edge and moulding their mortar to the
required consistency. Not less interesting is it to watch them lay the founda-
tions upon some smooth rock facet. Their tiny beaks must serve for hods
and trowels, and because the first course of mud masonry is the most par-
ticular, they alternately cling and flutter, as with many prods and fairy
thumps they force the putty-like material to lay hold of the indifferent wall.

There is usual))- mucli passing to and fro in the case of these clitt-
dwellers, and we can ne\-er hope to steal upon them unawares. When one
a])proaches from below, an alarm is sounded and anxious heads, wearing a
white frown, are first thrust out at the mouths of the bottles, and then the
air becomes filled with flying Swallows, charging about the head of the
intruder in bewiklering mazes and raising" a babble of strange frangible
cries, as the a thousand sets of tov dishes were being broken. If the
newcomer appears harmless, the birds return to their eggs by ones and twos
and dozens until most of the companv are disposed again. At such a moment
it is great sport to set up a sudden shout. There is an instant hush, electric,
ominous, while e\'er\- little Iniiui of them is making for the door of his

THE CLIFF SWALLOW.

333

wigwam. Then they are dislodged from the cliff like an avalanche of missiles,
a silent, down-sweeping clond ; but immediately they gain assurance in the
open and bedlam begins all over again.

The Cliff Swallows are. of course, beyond the reach of all four-footed
enemies, but now and again a June rain-storm comes at the cliff from an
unexpected quarter and plays sad havi:)c with their frail tenements. Besides

Taken m L'iniglas C oiinly.

Photo bv the Autiior.

A NESTING CLIFF, FROM BELOW.

this (in strictest confidence: one dislikes to pass an ill word of a suffering
brotlier ) the nests are likely to be infested with bed-bugs. Not all. of course,
are so afflicted, but in some cases the scourge becomes so severe that the nest
is abandoned outright, and eggs or young are left to their fate. In spite of
this compromising weakness, the presence of these Swallows confers an
incalculable benefit upon the farmer of eastern Washington, in that they alone
are able tij cope with a liost of winged insect pests. They race tirelessly
to and fro across the landscape. wea\'ing a magic tapestry of searcli, nnlil
it would seem that not a cubic inch of atmosphere remains withc^ut its in\-isil)le
thread of flight.

334 THE ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW.

No. 128.

ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW.

A. O. L^. No. 617. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (And.).

Description. — .Idiilt: Warm brownish gray or snuff-brown, including throat
and breast : thence passing insensibly below to white of under tail-coverts; wnngs
fuscous. Young birds exhibit some rusty edging of the feathers above, especially
on the wings, and lack the peculiar, recurved hooks on the edge of the outer
primary. Size a little larger than the next. Length 5-00-5.75 ( 127-146.1 ) ; wing
4.30 (109.2) : tail 1.85 (47) ; bill from nostril .21 (5.3).

Recognition Marks. — Medium Swallow size; thn.iat not white; warmish
brown coloration, and brownish suffusion below fading to white on belly. It is
easy to distinguish between this and the succeeding species if a little care is taken
to note the general pattern of underparts.

Nesting. — Nest, in crevices of cliff's, at end of tunnels in sand banks, or in
crannies of bridges, etc. ; made of leaves, grasses, feathers, and the like. — bulky
or compact according to situation. E;jgs. 4-8, white. Av. size, .74.x .51 (i8.8x
13). Season: May 20-June 5, June 20-July 10; two broods.

General Range. — I'nited States at large, north to Connecticut, southern On-
tario, southern Minnesota, British Columbia, etc., south thru Mexico to Costa
Rica. Breeds tliruout LInited States range and south in Mexico.

Range in Washington. — Sinumer resident, of general distribution, save in
moinitains. thrunut the State. ]\Iore common east of the mountains, where it
has taken a great fancy to banks of irrigating ditches, especially where abrupt.

Migrations. — S/^ring: First week in April; Tacoma, April 3, 1905, April 6,
1906 and 1908. I'al!:c. Sept. i.

Authorities. — Cotyle serripennis. Bonap. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX.
pt. II. 1858, 314. C&S'. L-( ?). L-\ Rh. Ra. J. B. E.

Specimens.— (U. of W.) Prov. P. B. E.

IT not infrequenth' liapi)ens that some oversight, or want of discrimina-
tion, on the part of early observers condemns a species to long obscurity or
unending misapjirehension. The Bank Swallow was at once recognized by the
pioneer naturalists of America as being identical with the well-known
Etiropean bird, but it was not till 1838 that Audulion distinguished its super-
ficially similar but structurally different relative, the Rough-wing. The cloak
of obsctiritv still clings to the latter, altho we begin to suspect that it may
from the first have enjoyed its present wide distribution East as well as W^est.
Hence, in describing it, we take the more familiar Bank Swallow as a point
of departure, and say that it differs thus and so and so.

In the first place it lias those curious little booklets on the edge of the
wing (es]iecially on the outer edge of the first primary ) — nobody knows what
thev are for. Thev stirelv cannot be of serx'ice in enabling the bird to cling to

THE ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW.

335

perpendicular surfaces, for they are bent forward, and the bird is not known
to cling head-downward. It is eas}' to see how the bird might brace its wings
against the sides of its nesting tunnel to prevent forcible abduction, but no one
knows of a possible eneniv which might be circumvented in this wav.

Again, the Rough-winged Swallow has a steadier, rather more labored
flight than that of its foil. Its aerial course is more dignified, leisurely, less
impulsive and erratic. In nesting, altho it may include the range of the Sand
Martin, or even nest side bv side with it, it has a wider latitude for choice and

'fuktjn iit Oregon.

Fiioiu by H. T. Bolilman ,ind 11'. L. ftnUy.

BABY ROUGH-WINCS.

is not hampered by local tradition. If it burrows in a bank it is quite as likely
to dig near the bottom as the top. Crevices in masonry or stone quarries,
crannies and abutments of bridges or even holes in trees, are utilized. In
Lincoln County where cover is scarce and the food supply attractive, I found
them nesting along irrigating ditches with banks not over two feet high. One
guileless pair I knew excavated a nest in the gravelly bank of an ungraded lot
only three feet above the sidewalk of a prominent street, Denny Way, in
Seattle. These birds were unsuccessful, but another pair, which enjoyed the

336 THE BANK SWALLOW.

protection of some sturd)- hv roots below ground, brought off a brood on
Fifty-fifth Street, near my home.

UnHke the Bank SwaUows, the Rougli-wings do not colonize to any great
extent, but are rather solitary. Favorable conditions may attract several pairs
to a given spot, as a gravel pit. but when together they are little given to
community functions.

These Swallows are pretty evenly distributed thruout the length and
breailth of the State, save that they do not venture into high altitudes. Since
they are so catholic in taste, it would seem tliat they are destined to flourish.
They are possiblv now to be considered, after the Clift" Swallow, the most nu-
merous species. I found tliem regularly along the west Olympic Coast in the
summer of 1906; and, with Mr. Edson, of Bellingham, in June, IQ05, found
a single pair nesting in characteristic isolation on Bare Island, off W'aldron.

Further than this, the bird under consideration resembles the other bird
Cjuite closely in notes, in habits, and in general appearance, and rec|uires sharp
distinction in accordance with the suggestions gi\en above under "Recognition
Marks."

No. 129.

BANK SWALLOW.

A. O. U. No. 616. Riparia riparia (I^inn).

Synonym. — Saxd Martin.

Description. — .Idnlt: LTpperparts ])lain, brownish gray: wings fuscous ;
throat and bellv white: a brownish gray band across the breast: a tiny tuft of
feathers above the hind toe. There is some variation in the extent of the pectoral
band : it is sometimes produced indistinctly backward, and sometimes even inter-
rupted. Length 5.00-5.25 f 127-133. 3I : wing 3.95 f 100.3); tail 1.97 (50): bill
from nostril .20 (5.1).

Recognition Marks. — Smallest of the Swallows ; throat white : brownish
gray pectoral band on white ground.

Nesting. — Nest, at end of tunnels in banks, two or three feet in : a frail
mat of straws and grasses and occasionally feathers. Breeds usually in colonies.
Eggs, 4-6, sometimes 7, pure white. Av. size, .70 x .49 (17.8x12.5). Season:
June : one brood.

General Range. — Northern Hemisphere : in America south to West Indies.
Central America, and northern South America ; breeding from the middle dis-
tricts of the United States northward to about the limit of trees.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident; not common. A few large
colonies are known east of the Cascades; westerly they are rare or wanting.

Migrations. — Spring: May 11, 1896, Chelan.

THE BANK SWALLOW.

337

Authorities. — Clificolu riparia, Dawson, Auk, \V>1. Xl\'. April, 1807, p. 179.
T. [L'.] D-. Kb. D-'. Kk. B. E.( H).
Specimens. — Prov. C.

^..^

BANK SWALLOW.

THOSE who know, conceive a regard for this plain-colored bird which
is quite out of keeping with its humble garb and its confessedly prosy ways.
The fact is, we have no other bird so nearly cosmopolitan, and we of the
West, who are being eternally reminded of our newness, and who are, indeed,
upon the alert for some new shade of color upon the feather of a bird for each
added degree of longitude, take comfort in the fact that here at least is an un-

338

THE BANK SWALLOW.

changeable t\pe, a visible link between Stuniptown-on-vSwinimiish and Flor-
ence on the Arno. Birds of ijrecisely this feather are suniniering on the Lena,
or else hawking at flies on the sunny Gaudalquivir, or tunneling the sacred
banks of the Ji.irdan ; and the flatter\- is not lost uixm us of such as still prefer
the Nespileni and the Pilchuck.

The life of a Swallow is so largely spent a-wing, that our interest in it

centers even more than

in the case of other

birds tipon the time

when it is bound to

Taken near tliclau.

Photo by the Author.

NESTING SITE OF THE BANK S\\ ALLOW.

earth bv familv ties. We are scarcely conscious of the presence of the Bank
Swallow until one day we see a great company of them fluttering about a sand-
bank which overlooks the ri\-er, all busily engaged in digging the tunnels which
are to shelter their young for that season. These birds are regularl}- gre-
garious, and a nesting colony frequently numbers hundreds.

The birds usually select a spot well up within a foot or two nf the top of
a nearly perpendicular bank of sr)il or sand, and dig a straight, round tunnel
three or four feet long. If, h<iwe\er, the soil contains stones, a greater length
and many turns may be required to reach a safe spot for the slight enlargement
where the nest pmper is placed. The bird appears to loosen the earth with

THE AMERICAN BARN SWALLOW. 339

its closed beak, swaying from side to side the wliile; and, of course, fallen
dirt or sand is carried out in the mouth. Sometimes the little miner finds a
lens-shaped tunnel more convenient, and I have seen them as much as seven
inches in width and onlv two in height. While the members of a colony,
especially if it be a small one, usually occupy a straggling, horizontal line of
holes, their burrows are not infrequently to be seen in loose tiers, so that the
bank presents a honey-combed appearance.

Communal life seems a pleasant thing to these Swallows, and there is
usually a considerable stir of activity about the quarters. A good deal of social
twittering also attends the unending gyrations. The wonder is that the rapidly
moving parts of this aerial kaleidoscope never collide, and that the cases of
turning up at the wrong number are either so few or so amicably adjusted.
The nesting season is, however, beset with dangers. Weasels and their ilk
sometimes find entrance to the nesting burrows, and they are an easv prev to
underbred small boys as well. The undermining of the nesting clifif bv the
swirling river sometimes precipitates an entire colony — at least its real and
personal property — to destruction.

A certain populous bank near Chelan faced west, and whene\er the west
wind blew, tlie fine volcanic ash, which composed the cliff, was wliirled into
the mouths of the burrows, so rapidly, indeed, that the inmates required to be
frequently at work in order to maintain an exit. A few dessicated carcasses,
which I came across in old, filled-up burrows, I attributed to misfortune in
this regard.

Bank Swallows are the least musical of the Swallow kind. — unless, per-
haps, we except the Rough-winged species, whicli is naturall}- associated in
mind witli this. The}- have, nevertheless, a characteristic twitter, an unmelodi-
ous sound like the rubbing together of two pebbles. An odd effect is produced
when the excited birds are describing remonstrant parabolas at an intruder's
head. The heightened pitch in the tones of the rapidly approaching bird, fol-
lowed instantly by the lower tone of full retreat, is enough to startle a slumber-
ing conscience in one who meditates mischief on a Swallow's home.

No. 130.

AMERICAN BARN SWALLOW.

A. O. U. No. 613. Hirundo erythrogastra P.odd.

Synonyms. — American Barn Swallow. Fork-tailed Swallow.

Description. — Adult: Above lustrous steel-blue; in front an imperfect
collar of the same hue; forehead chestnut; lores black; throat and breast rufous;
the remaining underparts, including lining of wings, more or less tinged with

340 THE AMERICAN BARN SWALLOW.

the same, according to age and season : wings and tail blackish, with purplish
or greenish reflections: tail deep!}- forked, the outer ])air of feathers being from
one to two inches longer, and the rest graduated ; white blotches on inner webs
(except on middle pair) follow the bifurcation. luunaturc: Forehead and
throat paler ; duller or brownish above ; lateral tail-feathers not so long. Length
about 7.00 (177.8); wing 4.75 (120.6): tail 3.00-4.50 (76.2-114.3); Ijill from
nostril .24 (6.1 ).

Recognition Marks. — Aerial habit: rufous of throat and nnderi)arts; forked
tail: nest usually inside the barn.

Nesting. — Nest: a neat bracket or half-bowl of nnul, luxuriously lined with
grass and feathers, and cemented to a beam of barn or Ijridge. In Washington
still nests occasionally in original haunts, viz., cliffs, caves, and crannied sea-walls.
Bggs: 3-6, of variable shape, — oval or elongated ; white or pinkish white and
spotted with cinnamon or umber. Av. size .76 x .53 (19.3x14). Season: last
week in May and first week in July ; two broods. Stehekin, Aug. 10, 1896, 4 eggs.

General Range. — North .America at large. Perhaps the most widelv and
generally distributed of any American bird. Winters in Central and South
America.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident of regular occurrence at lower
levels thruiiut the State, less common west of the Cascades, more common else-
where in the older settled valleys.

Migrations. — Sprint/: c. Mav ist; Yakima County, .\pril 27, 1907: May 3.
1908. Pall: c. September loth; Seattle, September 20, 1907.

Authorities. — Hirundo horeonini Benton. Cooper and Siickley, Rep. Pac.
R. R. Surv. XIL, pt. II.. i860, p. 184. T. C&S. L. Rh. D'. Kb. Ra. D-'. Ss'. Ss-\
J. B. E.

Specimens. — Prov. P'. C. E.

ONE hardly knows what quality to admire most in this boyhood's and
life-long friend, the Barn Swallow. All the dear associations of life at the old
farm come thronging up at sight of him. You think of him somehow as a
part of the sacred past ; yet here he is today as young and as fresh as ever,
bubbling over with springtime laughter, ready for a frolic over the bee-haunted
meadows, or willing to settle down on the nearest fence-wire and recount to
you with sparkling eyes and eloquent gesture the ad\-entures of that glorious
trip up from Mexico,

Perliaps it is liis childlike enthusiasm which stirs us. He has come many
a league this morning, yet he dashes in thru the open doors and shouts like a
boisterous schoolboy, "Here we are. you dear old barn ; ar'n't we glad to get
back again!" Then it's out to see the horse-pond; and down the lane where
the cattle go, with a dip under the bridge and a few turns over the orchard —
a new iiur]wse. or none, every second — life one full measure of abounding joy!

Or is it the apotheosis of motion which takes the eye? See them as they
cast a magic spell over the glowing green of the young alfalfa, winding about
iti tlie dizzv patterns of a heavenlv ballet, i>r \\'uilting at a thought to snatch an

THE AMERICAN BARN SWALLOW.

341

insect from the sky. Back again, in again, out again, away, an_\\vhere, exery-
uhere, witii two-mile a minute speed and effortless grace.

But it is the sweet contidingness of this dainty Swallow which wins us.
With all the face of Nature before him he yet prefers the vicinage of men, and
comes out of his hilly fastnesses as soon as we provide him shelter. We all like
to be trusted whether we deserve it or not. And if we don't deserve it : well,
we will, that's all.

The Barn Swallow is not a common bird with us as it is east of the
Rockies, nor is it evenly distributed thruout our State. Wherever the country
is well settled it is likelv, but n(jt certain, to be found; while for the rest it is

confined to such Imver
cliffs.

altitudes as afford it suitable shelter caves and nesting

At the head of Lake Chelan in 1S95 I found such a primiti\'e nesting
haunt. The shores of the lake near its head are \er\" precipitous, since Castle
Mountain rises to a height of over 8,000 feet within a distance of two miles.
Along the shore-line in the side of the cliff's, which continue several hundred

feet below the water, the wa\'es have hollowed out crannies and caves,
of these latter,
w h i c h penetrates
the granite wall to
a depth of some
twenty feet, I found
four or fi\-e Barn
Swallows' nests,
some containing
young, and two, al-
tho it was so late in
the season (July 9,
1895), containing
eggs. Other nests
were found in
neighboring cran-
nies outside the
cave. A \-isit paid
to this same spot on
August loth, 1896,
discovered one nest
still occupied, and
this contained four
eggs.

Mr. F. S. Merrill.
of Spokane, reports

In one

Taken near Spokane.

Fhoto by F. S. Me'rill.
NEST OF BARN SWALLOW.

342 THE A]\IERICAN BARN SWALLOW.

the Barn Swallow as nesting along the rock_\- walls of Hangman's Creek, in
just such situations as Cliff Swallows would choose; and back in '89, I found
a few associated with \^iolet-greens along the Natchez Cliff's, in Yakima
County.

A colony of some twenty pairs nia}^ be found yearly nesting on Destruc-
tion Island, in the Pacific Ocean. A few of them still occupy wave-worn
crannies in the sand-rock, o\'erlooking the upper reaches of the tide, but most
of the colon}- have taken refuge under the l)road gables of the keepers' houses

The nest of tlie Barn Swallow is quadrispherical, or bracket- shaped, with
an open top: and it usually dejiends for its position upon the adhesiveness of
the mud used in construction. Dr. Brewer says of them: "The nests are
constructed of distinct layers of mud, from ten to twelve in number, and each
separated by strata of fine dry grasses. These layers are each made up of

^ R 1 — h— f

■I ^

^

1— f

Taken ui Blaine. Prom a Photograph Copyright. 1908, by W. L. Dawson.

THE NOONING.

BARN SWALLOWS ON TF.LEGRAPH WIRES.

small [jellets of mud, that ha\'e been worked o\'er bv the liirds and placed one
by one in juxtaposition until each laver is complete." The mud walls thus
composed are usually an inch in thickness, and the cavity left is first lined
with fine soft grasses, then provided with abundant feathers, among which
the speckled eggs lie buriefl and almost in\isible.

THE TREE SWALLOW. 343

Bringing utif tlie brood is an event which nia}- well arrest the attention of
the human household. There is much stir of excitement about the barn. The
anxious parents rush to and fro shouting tisic, tisic, now in encouragement,
now in caution, while baljy number one launches for the nearest beam. The
pace is set, and babies number two to four f(_)llow both" after, now lighting"
safely, now landing in the hay-mow, or compromising on a plow-handle. Up-
on the last-named the agonized parents urge another effort, for Tabb\- may
appear at any moment. He tries, therefore, for old Nellie's back, to the mild
astonishment of that placid tnare, who presently shakes him off. Numljer
five tumbles outright and requires to be replaced by hand, if you will be so
kind. And so the tragi-comed}' wears on, duplicating human years in half as
many days, luitil at last we see our Swallows among their twittering fellows
strung like notes of music on the far-flung staff of Western Union.

H birds really mean anything more to us than so many Japanese kites
tlM\\n without strings, we may stu'ely join with Dr. Brewer in his whole-souled
a]»preciation of these friendl}- Swallows: "Innocent and blameless in their
lives, there is no evil blended with the manv benefits they confer on man.
They are his ever constant benefactor and friend, and are never known even
indirectl}' to do an injury. Fur their daily food and for that of their off-
spring, they destroy the insects that annoy his cattle, injure his fruit trees,
sting his fruit, or molest his person. Social, affectionate and kind in their
intercourse with each other: faithful and dev<:)ted in the discbarge of their
conjugal and parental duties: exemplary, watchful, and tender alike to their
own family and to all their race : sympathizing and benevolent when their
fellows are in any trouble, — these lovel\' and beautiful birds are bright ex-
amples to all, in their blameless and useful lives."

No. 131.

TREE SWALLOW.

A. O. U. No, 614. Iridoprocne bicolor (VieilL).

Synonym. — White-belliEd Sw.allow.

Description. — Adult male: Above, lustrous steel-blue or steel-green; below,
pure white ; lores black ; wings and tail black, showing some bluish or greenish
luster; tail slightly forked. Female: Similar to male, but duller. Ininiatiire:
Upper parts mouse-gray instead of metallic ; below whitish. Length about 6.00
(152.4) ; wing 4.57 (116.1) ; tail 2.19 (55.6) ; bill from nostril .25 (6.4).

Recognition Marks. — Aerial habits; steel-blue or greenish above; pure white
below ; a little larger than the next species.

Nesting. — Nest: in holes in trees or, latterly, in bird houses, plentifully lined

344

THE TREE SWALLOW.

with soft materials, especially feathers. Egys: 4-6, pure white, — pinkish white
before removal of contents. Av. size .75 x .54 ( 19. i x 13.7). Season: last week
in May. first week in July ; two broods.

General Range. — North America at large, breeding from the Fur Countries
south to New Jersey, the Ohio \'alley, Kansas, Colorado, California, etc.; win-
tering from South Carolina and the Gulf States southward to the West Indies
and Guatemala.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident; aliundant on West-side; not
C(jmnion east of the Cascade Mountains.

Migrations. — Spring: First week in March or earlier; Seattle, ]\hirch 4,
1889; March 7, 1890; Tacoma, March 2, 1907; March 3, 1908; Bellingham
(Edson), Tacoma (Bowles), Steilacoom (Dawson), February 25, 1905; Skagit
Marshes near Fir ( L. R. Reynolds), February i, 1906; Seattle (Dr. Clinton T.
Cooke), January 21, 1906.

Authorities. — Hiriindu biculor N'ieillot, fiaird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX.,
pt. II., 1858, p. 311. T. C&S. Rh. D'. Kb. Ra. D^ J. P.. E.

Specimens. — U. of W. P. Prov. C.

ONE vSwalluw does nut make a summer, but a little twittering company
(jf them faring northward makes the heart glad, and fills it with a sense of
exaltation as it responds to the call of these care-free children of the air.
The remark applies to Swallows in general, but particularly to Tree Swallows,
for in their immaculate garb of dark bine and white, they seem like crystalli-
zations of skv and templed cloud, grown animate with the all-compelling
breath of spring. They have about them the marks of high-born quality,
which we cannot but admire as they spurn with a wing-stroke the lower

strata, and rise to
accept we know
not wdiat dainties
of the upijcr air.
While not so
hardy as Robin
and Bluebird, since
it must maintain
an e.xclusive diet
of insects. Tree
Swallow is, occa-
sionally, very ven-
turesome as to
the season of its
northward flight.
Indeed a succes-
TREE SWALLOW. siou of mild wiu-

Taken in Seattle.

Photo by the Author.

THE TREE SWALLOW. 345

ters n:ight induce it lo become a permanent resident of the Puget Sound
country, and it is not certain that it has not ah^eady done so in some in-
stances. It often reaches Seattle during the first week in March; while it
was simultaneously observed at Tacoma (Bowles), and Bellingham (Edson)
on the 24th day of Februar\', 1905. In 1906 Mr. L. R. Reynolds reported
seeing it in numbers on the Skagit marshes near Fir, on the 1st of February;
and Dr. Clinton T. Cooke, looking from his office window in the Alaska
Building, saw a large specimen, apparently an adult male, soaring about over
the Grand Opera House, in Seattle, on the 21st day of Januarv.

The Tree Swallow is a lover of the water and is seldom to be found
at a great distance from it. It is close to the surface of ponds and lakes
that the earliest insects are to be found in spring, and it is here that the
bird may maintain the spotlessness of its plumage by frequent dips. Hence
a favorite nesting site for these birds is one of the partiallv submerged forests
which are so characteristic of western Washington lakes. The birds are not
themselves able to make excavations in the wood, but they have no difficulty
in possessing themselves of the results of other birds' labors. Old holes will
do if not too old, but I once knew a pair of these Swallows to drive away a
pair of Northwest Flickers from a brand new nesting-hole, on the banks of
Lake LTnion, and to occupy it themselves.

The nesting cavity is copiously lined with dead grass antl feathers : and
sometime during the last week of May from four to six white eggs are
deposited. The female sits very closelv and it is sometimes necessary to
remove her by hand in order to examine the nest. Both parents are very
solicitous on such occasions, and should a feather from the nest be tossed
into the air, one of them will at once catch it and fly about awaiting a chance
to replace it. Or if there are other Swallows about, some neighbor will
snatch it first and make off with it to add to her own collection.

Tree Sw^allows are slowly availing tliemselves of artificial nesting sites.
In fact, several species of our birds ha\-e become quite civilized, so that
nowadays no carefullv constructed and quietly situated bird-bo.x need be
without its spring tenant. A pair once built their nest in a sort of tower
attic, just inside a hole which a Flicker had pierced in the ceiling of an
open belfry of a country church in Yakima. When in service the mouth
of the swinging bell came within two feet of the brooding bird. One would
suppose that the Swallows would have been crazed with fright to find
themselves in the midst of such a tumult of sound ; but their enterprise
fared successfully, as I can testify, for at the proper time I saw the
youngsters ranged in a happ\-, twittering row along the upper rim of the
bell-wheel.

346 THE VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW.

No. 132.
VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW.

A. O. LI. No. 615. Tachycineta thalassina lepida (Mearns).

Synonym. — North krn \'iolet-green Swallow.

Description. — .Iditlt male: LIpperparts, including pileuni, hind-neck, back,
upper portion of nnnp, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts, rich velvety bronze-
green, occasionally tinged with purple, crown usually more or less contrasting
with color of back, greenish-brown rather than bronze-green, and more strongly
tinged with purple ; a narrow cervical collar, lower rump, and upper tail-coverts,
velvety violet-purple; wings (except lesser coverts) and tail blackish glossed with
violet or purple ; lores grayish ; underparts, continuous witli cheeks and area over
and behind eye, and with conspicuous flank patch, nearly meeting fellow across
rump, pure white : under wing-coverts pale gray, whitening on edge of wing.
Bill black; feet brownish black; iris brown. Adult female: Like male but
usually much duller, bronze-green of upperparts reduced to greenish brown, or
brown with faint greenish reflections. Young birds are plain mouse-gray above
and their iinier secondaries are touched with white. Length 4.50-5.50 ( 1 14.3-
139.7) : \^'''m 4-4' ' I'-) : tail 1.77 (45) ; bill .20 (5.2).

Recognition Marks. — Smaller ; green and violet above, white below ; white-
cheeked and whitc-runiped ( apparently ) as distinguished from the Tree Swallow.

Nesting. — Nest: of dried grasses with or without feathers, placed in crevice
of cliff or at end of vap(.)r hole in basalt walls; latterly in bird boxes and about
buildings. /:(/(/or.- 4-6, pure white. Av. size .72 x .48 (18.3 x 12.2). Season: June.

General Range. — \\'estern United States, from the eastern base of the
Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, north to the Yukon Valley, south in winter to
Costa Rica.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident, of regular occurrence in moun-
tain valleys and among the foothills ; rare or local elsewliere ; bec(.iming common
in the larger cities.

Migrations. — Spring: "About the loth of May" (Suckley)^; now at least
March; Chelan, March 27, 1896: Seattle, March 24, 1906; Tacoma, March 16,
1907; March 14, 1908; Olympia, February 27( ?), 1897.

Authorities. — ? Ornith. Com. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII., 1837, 193 (Columbia
River). Ilirnndo thalassina Swainson, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX., pt. II.,
1858, p. 312. T. C&S. L'. Rh. D'. D-'. Ss'. Kk. J. B. E.

Specimens.— (U. of W.) Prov. P'. C. E.

TO appear to the best advantage this dainty sky-child should be seen on
a bright day, when the livid green of back and crown may reflect the glancing
rays of the sun with a delicate golden sheen. At such a time, if one is clam-
bering about the walls of some rugged granite clifY of the lower Cascades, he
feels as if the dwellers of Olympus had come down in appropriate guise to

a. Cooper and Siickley. E^ep. Pac. R. R. Surv. XIL, pt. IL, i860, p.

2
s

d

:5

o

L (> t t ->

jchycineta thalassina iepida

H

K i i^RiJCiiiari

^ >-_— i-r... ;,,.;i '/bite 1'ic!oi-; : wlii'

<!

0

?

E

Eh h
1-1 "^

0 s 5

0
K

w at lea

ky-child sliould be

■iwer L;

THE VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW.

347

iiKjuire his l)usiness. Not, however, that these lovely creatures are either
meddlesome or shrewish. Even when the nest is threatened by the strange
presence, the birds seem unable to form any conception of harm, and pursue
their wa\' in sunny disregard. Especially pleasing to the eye is the pure wliite

of the bird's underparts, rising high
on flanks and cheeks and sharply
contrasting with the pattern of \'io-
let and green, in such fashion that, if
Nature had invited us to "remold it
nearer ti) the heart's desire,'' we
must have declined the task.

Before the advent of the white
man upon Puget Sound, these birds
commonly nested in deserted wood-
pecker holes and in natural cavities
of trees, while upon the East-side
they nested (and still do to a large
extent) upon the granite or lava
clififs. In the last-named situations
they utilize the rocky clefts and in-
accessible crannies, and are espec-
ially fond of the smaller \apor holes
which cliaracterize the basaltic for-
mations. Favorable circumstances
may attract a considerable colony, to the number of a hundred pairs or more.
but even so it is not easy to find a getatable nest. If one is able to reach the
actual nesting site, the mouth of the ancient gas-\ent which the birds have
chosen for a home may ])rove too small to admit the hand.

Thruout the State, however, and especially upon the West-side, these
exquisite birds are forsaking their ancient haunts and claiming protection of
men. Already they have become common in larger cities, where they occupy
bird-boxes and crannies of buildings. South Tacoma, being nearest to their
old oak nurseries, is quite given over to them, and it is a pretty sight on a
sunny day in April to see them fluttering about the cottages inspecting knot-
holes and rec'essed gables or, in default of such conv-eniences, daintily voicing
their disapproval of such neglect on the part of careless humans.

In these birds and in the Barn Swallows, the well known twittering and
creaking notes of Swallows most nearly approach the dignity of song.
Indeed, Mr. Rathbun contends tliat the song heard at close quarters is a
really credital:)le aftair, varied, vivacious, and musical.

The Violet-greens are somewhat less hardy or venturesome than the Tree
Swallows, arriving usually during the last week in March. Last year's

Taken in Oregon. Photo by Finlcy and Bohhnan.

YOUNG VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW.

348 THE BOHEMIAN WAXWING.

nesting site becomes at once the spring rendezsi.ius, but tlie duties of maternity
are not seriously undertaken until aljout the ist of June. At the head of
Lake Chelan some twenty pairs of these Swallows, having left the old nest-
ing cliff a mile away, had engaged quarters at Field's Hotel, being assigned
to the boxed eaves of a second-story piazza in this pleasant caravanserai;
l.)ut they had not }'et deposited eggs on the 20th of June, 1906.

Altho not formerly so fastidious — I ha\e found clift' nests composed
entirely of dried grass — these birds have become connoisseurs in upholstery
of feathers, and their unglossed white eggs, fi\-e or six in number, are
invariably smothered in purloined down, until we begin to suspect that our
fowls rather tlian our features have favored our adoption.

No. 133.

BOHEMIAN WAXWING.

A. O. IT. No. 618. Bombycilla garrula (Linn.).

Synonyms. — XdrthI'Kx Waxwixg. Gre.xter W.\xwing.

Description. — .-Idnlts: A conspicuous crest; body plumage soft, grayish-
brown or fawn-color, shading by insensible degrees between the several parts ;
back darker, passing into bright cinnamon-rufous on forehead and crown, and
thru dark ash of rump and upper tail-coverts into black of tail; tips of tail
feathers abruptly yellow (gamboge); breast with a vinaceous cast, passing into
cinnamon-rufous of cheeks; a narrow frontal line passing thru eye, and a short
throat-patch velvety black ; under tail-coverts deep cinnamon ; wing blackish-
ash, the tips of the primary coverts and the tips of the secondaries on outer webs.
white, tips of primaries on outer webs bright 3'ellow, whitening outwardly; the
shafts of the rectrices produced into peculiar flattened red "sealing-wax" tips ;
bill and feet black. Length about 8.00 (203.2): wing 4.61 (117.1); tail 2.56
(65); bill .47 (1 1.9).

Recognition Marks. — Chewink size; grayish-brdwn CDJoration. As dis-
tinguished from the much more common Cedar-bird: belly not yellow; white
wing-bars ; under tail-coverts cinnamon.

Nesting. — Not known to breed in Washington. Like that of next species.
Effgs, larger. Av. size, .98 x .69 (24.9x17.5).

General Range. — Northern portions of northern hemisphere. In North
America, south in winter irregularly to Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Kansas,
southern Colorado, and northern California. Breeds north of United States;
also, possibly, in the mountains of the West.

Range in Washington. — Winter resident, regular and sometimes abundant
east (if the Cascades, especially in the northern tier of counties; rare or casual
on the West-side.

Authorities.— .■?;;//'<'/« (/arndiis, Brewster, P.. N. O. C. VII. Oct. 1882, p.
227. D'. J. E.

Specimens.— (U. of W.) Prov. P'. C.

THE BOHEMIAN WAXWING. 349

XOTHIXG can exceed the retiiied elegance of these "gentlemen in feath-
ers" who \-isit us _\-early in winter, rarely on Puget Sound, but abundantly in
the nijrtheastern portion of the .State. Demure, gentle, courteous to a faidt,
and guileless to the danger point, and be^'ond, these lo\-ely creatures exceed in
beauty, if [jossible, their more familiar cousin, the Cedarl)ird. They move
about in flocks, sometimes to the number of hundreds, and as the rigors of
winter come on they search the orchanl and berry-patch for ungarnered fruit,
or divide with hungry Robins the largess of rowan trees. Much time is
spent in amiable converse, but it is not at all fair to call them "chatterers,"
or garniliis, as tho they were monkeys. Dignity is of the very essence of
their being, and, as fond as the}^ are of good li\'ing, thev would star\e rather
than do anything rude or unseemly.

An observer in Utah^ relates how an ill-mannered Robin, jealous of the
good be]ia\'ior of a company of these visitors, in an apple tree, set about to
abuse them. "He would bluster and scream out his denunciations till he
seemed unable longer to restrain himself, when, to all appearances, absolutely
beside himself with rage because the objects of his wrath paid no attention to
his railings, he did the catapult act — hurling himself straight at the intruders.
Several of the ^Vaxwings, in order to avoid an actual collision, left the places
where the}' were feeding, and alighting on twigs near bv paused for a moment,
as if to observe the antics of the ftu'ious Roliin, when thev would resume their
feeding. Their indifference to the loud bullying protests of the Robin, and
their persistence in remaining on the premises after he had ordered them off
so exasperated Mr. Redbreast that with screams of defiance he dashed from
group to group without stopping to alight, until, exhausted quite as much 1)\-
the heat of anger as by the unusual exertions he was making, he was glad to
drop to a branch and pant for breath" — while the Waxwings continued to
ignore the churl, as gentlemen should.

Concerning the nesting range of this bird there has been much surmise.
For many years the single eggs taken by Kennicott at Fort Yukon on Tulv 4,
1861, remained unique: but latterly we are learning that it also nests much
further south. Mr. Brooks took foiu- sets, one from a INFurrav pine and three
from Douglas firs, at 158-Mile House, B. C, in June. 1901''. Dr. C. S.
Moody"^ reports the taking of a set of five eggs at Sandpoint, Idaho, July 5,
1904. On June 26, 1904, Robert G. Bee, of Provn City, found a nest near
Sunn\-side, Utah''. W'hh such examples before us it is practicall}- certain
that the species will be found nesting in this State. Indeed, Mr. F. S. Mer-
rill, of Spokane, believes that he once found a nest of the Bohemian W'axwing
on the headwaters of the Little Spokane River near ^lilan. The nest he de-

Rev. S. H. Goodwin in "The Condor," \'ol. \'II., No. 4, p. 100.
The Auk, \'o]. XX., July, 1903, p. 283.
"Pacific Sportsman," \'ol. 2, June, 1905, p. 270.
The Condor, \'ol. \"II.. July, .\ugust, 1905, p. 100.

350 THE CEDAR WAXWING.

scribes as lia\'ing been placed in an alder at a height of eight feet, and it con-
tained four eggs on the point of hatching. The brooding bird allowed a close
approach while upon the nest, but was not seen again after being once flushed.

No. 134.

CEDAR WAXWING.

A. O. U. No. 619. Bombycilla cedrorum Vieill.

Synonyms. — Ced.\r-bird. Cherry-bird. Carolina ^\'AxwING. Lesser
Waxwixg.

Description. — Adults: A conspicuous crest; extreme forehead, lores, and
line thru eye velvety-black ; chin blackish, fading rapidly into the rich grayish-
brown of remaining fore-parts and head ; a narrow whitish line bordering the
black on the forehead ancl the blackish of the chin ; back darker, shading thru
ash of rump to blackish-ash of tail ; tail-feathers abruptly tipped with gamboge
yellow ; belly sordid yellow ; under tail-coverts white ; wings slaty-gray, primaries
narrowly edged with whitish : secondaries and inner quills without white mark-
ings, but bearing tips of red "sealing-wax"; the tail-feathers are occasionally
found with the same curious, horny appendages ; bill black ; feet plumbeous.
Sexes alike, but considerable individual variation in number and size of waxen
tips. Young, streaked everywhere with whitish, and usually without red tips.
I^ength 6.50-7.50 (165.1-190.5) ; wing 3.70 (94) ; tail 2.31 (58.7) ; bill .40 (10.2).

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size; soft grayish-brown plumage; crest;
red sealing-wax tips on secondaries ; belly yellow ; wings without white bars or
spots, as clistinguished from ])receding species.

Nesting. — Nest, a bulky affair of leaves, grasses, bark-strips and trash, well
lined with rootlets and soft materials ; placed in crotch or horizontally saddled
on limb of orchard or evergreen tree. Eggs, 3-6, dull grayish blue or putty-color,
marked sparingly with deep-set, rounded spots of umber or black. Av. size,
.86 X .61 (21.8x15.5). Season: June, July ; two broods.

General Range. — North .America at large, from the Fur Countries south-
ward. In winter from the northern border of the United States south to the West
Indies and Costa Rica. Breeds from Virginia, Kansas, Oregon, etc., northward.

Range in Washington. — Of regular occurrence in the State, but irregular
or variable locally. Resident, but less common in winter.

Authorities. — Ampelis cedroniiii Baird, Cooper and Suckley, Rep. Pac.
R. R. Surv. XII. pt. II. i860, p. 187. T. C&S. Rb. D'. Kb. Ra. D-\ Ss-'. Kk. B. E.

Specimens.— (U. of W.) Prov. P. B. E.

ONE does not care to commit himself in precise language up(in the range
of the Cedarbird, or to predict that it will be found at any given spot in a
given season. The fact is, Cedarbirds are gypsies of the feathered kind.
There are alwavs some of them about somewhere, but their comings and goings
are not according to any fixed law. A company of Cedarbirds may throng the

THE CEDAR WAXWING. 351

rowan trees in your front yard some bleak day in December ; the_\' may nest in
your orciiard the following July ; and you may not see them on vour premises
again for years — unless }-ou keep cherry trees. It must be confessed (since
the shade of the clierry tree is ever sacred to Truth ) that the Cedarbird, or
"Cherrybird," has a single passion, a consuming desire for cherries. But don't
kill him for that. Ynu like cherries yourself. All the more reason, then,
wh_\- you should be charitable toward a brother's weakness. Besides, he is so
handsome, — handsomer himself than a luscious cherry e\-en. Feast vour eyes
upon him, those marvelous melting browns, those shifting saffrons and Quaker
drabs, those red sealing-wax tips on the wing-quills ( he is canning cherries,
you see, and comes provided). Feast your eyes, I say. and carry the vision to
the table with you — and a few less cherries. Or, if there are not enough for
\ou both, draw a decent breadth of mosquito-netting o\'er the tree, and ab-
solve }-our soul of murderous intent. Remember, too, if you require self-
justification, that earlier in the season he diligently devoured noxious worms
and insect pests, so that he has a clear right to a share in the fruit of his labors.

Clierries are by no means the only kind of fruit eaten by these birds.
Like most orchard-haunting species, tliey are very fond of mulberries, while
the red berries nf the mountain ash are a staple ration in fall and winter.
Truth to tell, these beauties are sad gluttons, and they will gorge themselves
at times till the vevy effort of swallowing becomes a delicious pain.

The Cedarbird, being so singularly endowed with the gift of beaut\', is
denied the gift of song. He is, in fact, the most nearly \'oiceless of anv of
the American Oscines, his sole note being a high-pitched sibilant squeak. In-
deed, so high-pitched is this extraordinary note that many people, and the\'
trained bird-men, cannot hear them at all, even when the Waxwings are
squeaking all about them. It is an almost uncanny spectacle, that of a companv
of Waxwings sitting aloft in some leafless tree early in spring, erect, immov-
able, like soldiers on parade, but complaining to each other in that faint, pene-
trating monotone. It is as th(j }-ou had come upon a company of the Immor-
tals, high-removed, conversing of matters too recondite for human ken, and
surveying you the while with Olympian disdain. You steal away from the
foot of the tree with a chastened sense of having encountered something not
quite understandable.

The dilatory habits of these birds are well shown in their nesting, which
they put off until late June or July, for no apparent reason. In constructing
the nest the birds use anything soft and pliable which happens to catch the
eye. Some specimens are composed entirelv of the green hanging mosses,
while others are a complicated mixture of twigs, leaves, rootlets, fibers,
grasses, rags, string, paper, and what not. Tlie nest may be placed at any
moderate height up to fifty feet, and a great variety of trees are used altho
orchard trees are favorites. The birds are half gregarious, even in the nest-

fa

352 THE NORTHERN SHRIKE.

ing season, so tliat a small orchard nia_\" cimtain a dozen nests, while another
as good, a little way removed, has none. In the Nooksack Valley, near Glacier,
Air. Brown showed me a tin_\- pasture carved out of the woods, where he had
found, during the prex'inus season, six nests of the Cedarhird, placed at heights
ranging from three to six feet above the ground in small clumps of vine maple
or alder saidings. In Chelan we found them nesting in the tops of the
solilarv pine trees which line the stream.

The female sits closely upon her eggs, not infrequently remaining until
forcibly remo\'ed. Once ofif, however, she makes away without complaint,
and pa}'S no further attention to the incident until the intruder has departed.

Always of a most gentle disposition, when the nesting season arrives,
according to Mr. Bowles, these birds richly deser\-e the name of Love Birds.
A leaf from his note-book supports the statement : "July 7, 1896. To-day
I watched two Cedarbirds selecting a nesting site, first one location being-
tested, then another. Finally they decided upon a suitable ])lace and com-
menced picking both dry and green leaves from the surrounding trees, placing
them upon a liorizontal limb where two or three twigs projected,. Almost all
of these lea\es blew off as soon as placed, greatly to the surprise of the birds,
who solemnly watched them drop to the ground. These fallen leaves were
ne\er replaced, fresh ones being gathered instead, and these were always
secured from growing trees. Then one got a long strip of plant silk and,
placing it on the leaf foundation flew a foot or two away and lit. The other
bird promjitly ti)ok away the silk and brought it to its mate, who very gently
took it and put it back. This operation was repeated again and again. At
times both held the silk, sitting only an inch or two apart, whereupon the bird
who was the original finder would, iwy gently, pull it from the bill of its
mate and replace it. At the end of fifteen minutes of this loving passage I
was obliged to retire, and I sliall ne\er know whether the plant fiber was
successfull}' placed or merel_\- worn out."

No. 135-

NORTHERN SHRIKE.

A. O. U. No. 621. Lanius borealis A'ieill.

Synonyms. — Gre.\T Xorthkrx SuRiKr;. Butcher-bird.

Description. — Adult: Upperparts clear, bluish gray, lightest — almost white^
on upper tail-coverts; extreme forehead whitish: wings and tail black, the former
with a conspicuous white spot at base of primaries, the latter with large, white
terminal blotches on outer feathers, decreasing in size inwardly ; a black band
through eye. including auriciilars: below grayish white, the feathers of the breast

THE NORTHERN SHRIKE. 353

and sides narrow!}- tipped with dusky, protlucing a uniform, fine verniicnlation
which is always present ; bill blackish, lightening at base of lower mandible : feet
black. Young birds are barred or washed with grayish brown. The plumage of
adult is sometimes overcast above with a faint olivaceous tinge. Length 9.25-
10.75 (235-273-I) : wing 4.50 (114. 3) : tail 4.19 (106.4) ; bill .72 (18.3) ; tarsus
1.07 (27.3).

Recognition Marks. — Robin size; gray and black coloring; sharply hooked
bill ; breast verniiculated with dusky, as distinguished from next species.

Nesting. — Does not breed in Washington. Xcst: a well constructed bowl of
sticks, thorn-twigs, grasses, and trash, heavily lined with plant-down and feathers ;
in bushes or low trees. Eggs: 3-7, dull white or greenish gray, thickly dotted and
spotted with olive-green, brown, or lavender. Av. size, 1.07 x .78 (27.2 x 19.8).

General Range. — Northern North America ; south in winter to the middle
and southern portions of the United States. Breeds north of the United States
except sparingly in northern New England.

Range in Washington. — Spring and fall migrant and ncit common winter
resident ihrnont the State, chiefly at lower levels.

Authorities. — ? Townsend. Tourn. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VHI. 1839, 1^2
(Columbia River). Baird, Rep. "Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. i8vS, 325. C&S. D'. Ra.
D-\ B. E.

Specimens. — ( U. of W. ) P". Prov. B. E.

FLITTING like a gray ghost in the wake of the cheerful hi;)Sts of Juncoes
and Red]3olls, comes this butcher of the North in search of his accustomed prey.
If it is his first visit south he posts himself upon the tip of a tree and rasps out
an inquiry of the man with the gun. Those that survive these indiscretions are
thereafter faintly descried in the distance, either in the act of diving from some
anxious summit, or else winging swiftly over the inecjualities r)f the ground.

All times are killing time for this bloodthirsty fellow, and even in winter
he "jerks" the meat not necessary for present consumption — be it chillv-
footed mouse or pali)itating Sparrow — upon some convenient thorn or splin-
ter. In spring the north-bound bird is somewhat more amiable, being better
fed, and he pauses from time to time during the advance to sing a strange
medley, which at a little remove sounds like a big electric buzz. This is
meant for a love song, and is doubtless so accepted by the proper critics, but
its rendition sometimes produces about the same effect upon a troop of
Finches, which a cougar's serenade does upon a cowering deer.

Experts try to make out that this creatiu-e is beneficial, on the whole,
because of the insects he de\'Ours, but I ha\'e seen too much good red blood
on. this butcher's beak myself. My gun is loaded!

Sucklev writing in the Fifties remarks the scarcitv of all Shrikes in
Oregon or Washington "Territories," and this is fortunately still true, espec-
iallv west of the Cascades. The probable explanation is that the mild climate
of the Pacific slope of Alaska retards or pre\-ents the southward movement
of the more hardy species.

354 THE WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE.

No. 136.

WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE.

A. O. U. No. 622a. Lanius ludovicianiis excubitorides (Swains.).

Description. — . Idult : Dark bluish gray above, changing abruptly to white on
upper tail-coverts ; scapulars chiefly white ; wings black, a small white spot at base
of primaries; the inner ciuills narrowly tipped with white; tail black, the outer
pair of feathers chiefly white, and the succeeding liroadly tipped with white in
descending ratio until color disappears in two central pairs ; below white slightly
soiled on breast, but everywhere strongly contrasting with upperparts; narrow
frontal line including nasal tufts, lores, and ear-coverts, black, — continuous, and
passing mostly below eye; bill and feet black, liiiinatiirc: Colors of adult less
stronglv contrasted: lower parts washed with brownish; loral bar obscure; more
or less vermiculated with dusky all over (in younger birds), or upon the under-
parts alone; ends of wing-quills, coverts, and tail-feathers often with ochraceous
or rusty markings. Length of adult male; 8.50-10.00 (215.9-254); wing 3.96
(100.6) ; tail 3.9 (99) ; bill .60 ( 15.3) ; tarsus i.i (28).

Recognition Marks. — Chewink to Robin size ; dark gray above ; whitish be-
low; longitudinal black ])atch of head; wings black and white; breast of adult un-
marked, as distinguished from both L. borcalis and L. I. gambcli.

Nesting. — Nest: a bulky but well-l)uilt structure of sticks, thorn-twigs, sage-
bark, dried leaves, etc., heavily lined with wool, hair, and feathers ; placed at
moderate heights in sage-brush or sapling. Eggs: 5-7, dull grayish or greenish
white, thickly speckled and spotted with pale olive or reddish brown. Av. size,
.97 X .73 (24.6x18.5). Season: April, June ; two broods.

General Range. — Western North America from the Great Plains westward,
except Pacific Coast district and from Manitoba and the plains of Saskatchewan
south over the tal)lelands of ]\fexico; south in winter over the whole of Ale.xico
intergrading with L. 1. migrans in region of the Great Lakes.

Range in Washington. — Crimnion summer resident east of the Cascades,
chieflv in sage-brush countr}-.

Authorities.— Dawson, Auk. NIV. 1897, 179. (T). D". D-'. Ss'. Ss^
Specimens.— (U. of W.) P. C.

THE brushy draws of the low lava ranges and the open sage stretches of
the East-side constitute the favorite preserve of this lesser bird of prey. He
arrives from the South early in March when his patchy plumage harmonizes
more or less with the snow-checkered landscape, but he is nowise concerned
with problems of protective coloration. Seeking out some prominent perch,
usually at this time of year a dead greasewood or a fence-post, he divides his
time between spying upon the early-creeping field mouse and entertaining his
lady love with outlandish music. Those who have not heard the White-rumped
Shrike sing, have missed a treat. He begins with a series of rasping sounds,
wliicli are probabh- intended to produce the same receptix'e conditi(in in his

THE WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE.

355

audience which Die Bull secured Ijy awkwariHx' breaking one siring after an-
other on his \"iolin. till only ( me was left. There, howe\-er, the resemblance
ceases, for where the virtuoso could extract a melody of marvelous varietv and
sweetness from his single string, the bird produces the sole note of a struck
an\-il. Tliis poiu's forth in successi\-e three-syllabled phrases like the metallic
and reiterati\-e clink of a freely falling hammer. The chief difference which

Taken in Doughs Ccvnty-

fhotn by n.

THE SHRIKE'S PRESERVE.

appears between this love song and tlie ordinary call of warning or excitement
is that in the latter case the less tender passions have weighted the clanging
an\-il with scrap iron and destroyed its resonance.

The Shrike is a bird of prey but he is no restless prowler or ho\'erer, wear-
ing out his wings with incessant flight — not he. Choosing rather a commanding
position on a telegraph wire, or exposed bush top, he searches the ground with
his eye until he detects some suspicious mo\'ement of insect, mouse, or Ijird.
Then he di\'es down amongst the sage, and if successful returns to his post to
devour at leisure. The bird does not remain long enough at one station to in-
spire a permanent dread in the local population of comestibles : but rathermoves
on from jiost to post at short intervals and in methodical fashion. In flight the

356

THE WHITE-RUMPED SHRIKE.

Taken in Doughs Lojmty. Flioto by the Autltor.

NEST AND EGGS OF WHITE-KUMPED SHRIKE,

bird moves either by successi\'e plunges and noisy reascensicins, ijr else pitclies
downward from his perch and wings rapidly over the surface uf the vegetation.
The Sage Shrikes are prolific and attentive breeders. The first brood is
brought off about the ist of May, but fresh eggs may sometimes be found
as early as the last week in March in the southern part of the State. A
second brood may be expected from June ist to 15th.

The nest is a bulky
but usually well-built
affair, placed habitually
in a sage bush, or a
greasewood clump, with
wild clematis for third
choice. The structure is
designed for warmth
and comfort, so that,
whenever possible, to
the thickened walls of
plant fibers, cowhair, or
sheep's wool, is added an
inner lining of feathers,
and these not infre-
quently ctud over the
edge so as completely to
conceal the nest contents.
One nest examined in
Walla \\'alla County
contained the following
materials : Willow twigs,
broom-sage twigs, sage
bark, weed stems, dried
yarrow leaves, dried
sage leaves, hemp, wool,
rabbit fur, horse-hair,
cow-hair, chicken feath-
ers, string, rags, and
sand, besides a thick mat
of finely comminuted scales, soft and shiny, the accumulated horny waste
from the growing wing-quills of the crowded young — altogether a sad mess.
The ])arent birds are singularly indifferent as a rule to the welfare of a
nest containing eggs alone. The female sits close, but once flushed, stands
clinking in the distance, or else absents herself entirely. When the young are
hatched, howc\'er, the old birds are ca])able of a spirited and deafening defense.

THE CALIFORNIA SHRIKE. 357

It is curious that in Washington we ha\e seen no signs of the out-door
larder, consisting of grasshoppers, mice, garter-snakes, etc., impaled on thorns,
which the eastern birds of this species are usually careful to maintain some-
where in the vicinity of the nest. It may be simph' that the lack of con-
venient thorns accounts for this absence, or for the failure of the habit.

Altho this bird belongs to a bad breed, one containing, among others, the
notorious "Xcuntotcr," or Ninekiller, of northern Europe, concerning which
tradition maintains that it is never satisfied until it has made a kill of nine
birds hand-running, the evidence seems to be overwhelmingly in its favor.
Birds are found to constitute only eight per cent of this bird's food thrtiout
the year, while, on account of its services in ridding the land of undoubted
vermin, its presence is to be considered highly beneficial.

No. 137-

CALIFORNIA SHRIKE.

A. O. U. Xo. 622 b. Laniiis ludovicianus gambeli Ridgway.

Description. — Similar to L. I. e.vcubitoridcs but decidedly darker, duller gray
above ; underparts more sordid, tinged with brownish or with more or less distinct
transverse vermiculation of pale brownish gray on chest and sides of breast;
averaging slightly smaller.

Recognition Marks. — As in preceding — duller.

Nesting. — As in /.. /. e.vcubitoridcs — has not yet been reported from Wash-
ington.

General Range. — Paciiic Coast district from southwestern British Columbia
to northern Lower California; south in winter to Cape St. Lucas and western
Mexico.

Range in Washington. — Rare summer resident west of the Cascades.

Authorities. — ? ( )rn. Com., Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VII. 1837, 193
(Columbia River). Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides Lawrence, Auk, IX.
1892, 46.

RESIDENT Shrikes, presumably referable to this recently elaborated
subspecies, are exceedingly rare in western Washington. Mr. Bowles has not
seen any near Tacoma, and neither Mr. Rathbun nor myself have encountered
them in Seattle. Mr. R. H. Lawrence, however, notes having seen three
"White-rimiped Shrikes" on Jtme 10, 1890, in a small clearing on the Hump-
tulips River*.

The smaller Shrikes are birds of the open country, and the}- should be
found in at least Lewis, Thurston, and Pierce Counties.

a. Birds of Gray's Harbor, \\'ash., Auk, Vol. IX., Jan., 1892, p. 46.

358 THE RED-EYED VIREO.

No. 138.
RED-EYED VIREO.

A. ( ). U. No. 624. Vireosylva olivacea (Linn.).

Description. — Adult: Crown grayish slate, bordered on either side by
blackisli : a white hne above the eye, and a dusky hne thru the eye; remaining
upperparts hght grayish oHve-green : wings and tail dusky with narrow olive-green
edgings; below dull white, with a slight greenish-yellow tinge on lining of wings,
sides, flanks, and crissuni ; first and fourth, and scci:>nd and third primaries about
equal, the latter pair forming the tip of wing; bill blackish at base above, thence
dusky or horn-color; pale below; feet leaden blue; iris red. Little difference
with age, sex, or season, save that young and fall birds are brighter colored.
Length 5.50-6.50 ( 139.7-165.1) ; wing 3.15 (80) ; tail 2.10 (53.5) ; bill .49 (12.5) ;
tarsus .70 (18).

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size ; largest ; white superciliary line con-
trasting with blackish and slate of crown; red eye. Note smoother, and utterance
a little more rai)id than in L. s. cassinii.

Nesting. — iVi\s7, a semi-pensile basket or pouch, of bark-strips, "hemp," and
vegetable fibers, lined with jilant-down, and fastened bv the edges to forking
twigs near end of horizontal branch, five to twenty feet up. Eggs, 3 or 4, white,
with black or umber specks and spots, few in number, and chiefly near larger
end. Av. size, .85 x .56 ( 21.6 x 14.2). Season: c. June i ; one brood.

General Range. — Eastern North America, west to Colorado, LJtah, Washing-
ton and r.ritish Columbia; north to the Arctic regions; south in winter from
Florida to the ei|uator. I '.reeds ncarl\- thruout its North -\mcrican range.

Range in Washington. — Imperfectly made nut. Summer resident on both
sides of the Cascades. Either increasingly abumlant or more observed latterly
(Brook Lake. Chelan, Stehekin, Seattle, Tacoma, Kirkland breeding 1908).

.'Higrations. — Sf^ring: Seattle, May 3. igo8.

Authorities. — Belding, Land Birds of the Pacific District, 1890, p. 199.
(Walla Walla by j. W. Williams. 1885). Ss-\ B.

Specimens. — C.

WE are rubbing our eyes a little bit and wondering whether the Red-eyed
Vireo has really been here all the time, or whether he only slipped in while we
were napping a decade m- two since. Certain it is that the bird's presence in
the Pacific Northwest was unknown to the pioneers, Townsend, Cooper,
Suckley, and the rest ; and the first intimation we had of the occurrence of
this Vireo west of the Rockies was Chapman's record, published in 1890^ of
specimens taken at Ducks and Ashcroft, B. C. The year following, viz.,
August 4, 1 89 1, a singing Red-eye was recognized by Mr. C. F. Batchelder,

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., Vol. III., p. 149.

THE RED-EYED VIREO. 359

of Cambridge, Mass., at the Little Dalles, in tliis State^. Mr. Lyman Belding,
the veteran ornithologist, of Stockton, Cal., advises me, however, that this
A'ireo was first seen by his friend. Dr. J. W. Williams, of Walla Walla, on
June 4 and 24. 1885, and that six specimens were taken. Dr. Merrill, writing
in 1897'', records them as abundant summer visitors at Fort Sherman, Idaho;
and Fannin notes their occurrence ui)on \"ancouver Island. Messrs. C. \V. and
J. H. Bowles met with tliis species in the Puyallup A'alley on June 2^, 1899,
when they saw and heard at least half a dozen. Mr. Bowles and I were con-
stantl}' on the Idokout fr)r tliis bird during our East-side trip in May and June,
1906, but we failed to observe it in either Spokane or Stevens Counties. \Ve
found it first in a wooded spur of the Grand Coulee on June 13th; then com-
monly at Chelan, where it nested ; and also at the head of Lake Chelan with
Cassin V'ireos right alongside. And now comes the announcement of its
breeding at Kirkland where Miss Jennie \'. Getty took two sets in the season
of 1908.

The truth is, the Cassin Vireo has so long occupied the center of the
stage here in the Northwest, that we may never know whether his cousin. Red-
eye, stole a march on us from o\-er the Rockies, or was here for a century
grieving at our dullness of perception. In habit the two species are not unlike,
and their ordinary notes do not advertise diiiferences, even to the mildly olj-
servant. Those of the Red-eye are, however, higher in pitch, less mellow and
soft in quality, and are rendered with more sprightliness of manner. Its solil-
ocjuizing notes are often uttered — always in single phrases of from two to four
syllables each — while the bird is busily hunting, and serve to mark an overflow
of good spirits rather than a studied attempt at song. His best eft'orts are
given to the entertaining of his gentle spouse when she is brooding upon the
nest. A bird u< which I once listened at midday, in Ohio, had chosen for his
station the topmost bare twig of a beech tree a hundred feet from the ground,
and from this elevated position he poured out his soul at the rate of some fifty
phrases per minute, and without internfission during the half lnjur he was
under observation.

So thorol}' possessed does our little hero become with the spirit of poesy,
that wlien he takes a turn upon the nest he indulges, all unmindful of the dan-
ger, in frequent outbursts of song. Both birds are closely attached to the home,
about which center their fears and their hopes ; and well thev mav be, for it is
a beautiful structure in itself. The nest is a semipensile cui). Ixiund firmlv by
its edges to a small fork near the end of some horizontal branch of tree or bush,
and usually at a height not exceeding five or ten feet. It is composed largely of
fibers from weed-stalks, and fine strips of cedar or clematis bark, which also
forms what little lining there is. A curious characteristic of the entire \'ireo

a. The .\uk. Vol. IX.. Oct., 1892. p. 396.

b. The .Auk, Vol. XV., Jan., 1898, p. 18.

36o THE WESTERN WARBLING VIREO.

fainih" is tht- attentiDii paid to the outside instead of the inside of the nest. The
outside is carefully adorned with lichens, old rags, pieces of wasp nests, or bits
of newspaper, with no idea of furthering concealment, for the result is often
very conspicuous. The walls are not over a third of an inch thick, but are so
strong that they not infrequently weather the storms of three or four seasons.
When we came upon a female sitting cnntentedly in her nest in the center
of a charming birch tangle in Chelan Count}', we had as good as photographed
the eggs. We were particularly elated at our good fortune because the eggs
had not yet been taken within the limits of the State. When we had watched
the mild-eyed mother for ten minutes, and had lessened the distance to five
feet, we began to suspect young ; ]mt when she tiitted, we found nothing at all.
She was only fooling.

No. 139.

WESTERN WARBLING VIREO.

A. O. U. No. 627a. Vireosylva gilva swainsonii (Baird).

Description. — Adult: Above, dull ashy, almost fuscous, tinged with oliva-
ceous, same on i)ileum, — the last-named color brightest on interscapulars, rump,
and edgings of secondaries and rectrices ; wings and tail fuscous, the primaries
with faint whitish edgings : no wing-bars ; first primary spurious, — only about a
third as long as the others; point of wing formed by tbird, fourth, and fifth
])rimaries; second shorter than sixth: below white with slight tinges on sides, —
buffy on sides of head and neck, olive-fuscous on sides of breast, sulphur-yellow
on sides of bellv and flanks, and sometimes vaguely on breast ; lores and space
about eye whitish, enclosing obscure dusky line thru eye ; bill dusky above,
lighter below; feet blackish. Length 5.00-6.00 (127-152.4); wing 2.64 (67);
tail 1.94 (49.3): Ijill -.W fio); tarsus .69 (17.5).

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size ; general absence of positive characteris-
tics,— altogether the plainest-colored bird of the American avifauna.

Nesting. — Nest: a pensile pouch of bark-strips, grasses, vegetable fibers, and
trash, carefully lined with plant-down; hung usually from fork of small limb, at
any height. Eggs: 3 or 4, white, sparingly and distinctly dotted or spotted, or,
rarely, blotched with black, umber, or rerldish brown, chiefly at the larger end.
Av. size .75 X .55 (19x13.9). Season: June 1-20; one brood.

General Range. — Western United States and Canada (British Columbia,
Alberta and Athabasca), breeding south to southern border of United States
and southern extremity of Lower California: south in winter thru Mexico to
Vera Cruz and Oaxaca.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident thruout the State in deciduous
timber, chieflv at lower levels.

Migrations. — Spring: Yakima, May 6, 1900; Seattle, May 5, 1905;
Yakima. May 4, 1906: Tacoma, ]\lay 5, 1907: Seattle, May 3, 1908.

THE WESTERN WARBLING VIREO.

361

Authorities. — ? I'irco gilriis, Townsend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila., VIII.
1839, p- 153 (Ciiluniljia River). J'irco gilvus (szcaiiisoiiii proposed), Baird,
Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., IX. pt. II. 1858, 336. T. C&S. L. Rh. D-. Ra. D-'. J. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of \\\ Prov. B. BN. E.

THE ol<l-fasliioiiecl name "Greeiilet," as applied to the Vireos, was a mis-
nomer, if a description of plumage was intended; but if it was intended to
memijrialize the bird's fondness for greenery, nothing cnuld lia\'e been more
a]it. The \\'arl)ling \'ireo's surroundings must be not only green, ])ut freshly
green, for it frequents only deciduous trees in gro\-es and riverside copses. It
is not an abundant bird, therefore, in Washington, altho equally distributed,
whether in the willows and birches which gather about some lonesonre spring
in the bunch-grass country, or among the crowded alders and maples of the
turbid N(_ioksachk. Moreover, the bird is not so frequently found about parks
and shade trees as in the East, altho it looks with strung fa\-iir uijon the ad\'ent
of orchards. And the orchardist may welcome him with oiien arms, for there
is not among all his tenants a more indefatigalile gleaner of bugs and worms.
Because lie is clad in (Juaker gray there is little need for the \'ireo to show
himself as he sings, and he remains for the most part concealed in the dense
foliage, a \-ocal embodiment of the living green. Unlike the disconnected
fragments wliich the Red-eye furnishes, the song of this bird is gushing and
continuous, a rapid excursion o\-er pleasant hills and valleys. Continuous, that
is, unless the bright-eyed singer happens to spy a worm in nwiliiis res. in which
e\'ent the song is instantly suspended, to be resumed a moment later when the

hec
The notes are flute-like, tende
melodious, ha\'ing. as Chaj
"a singular alto under-
tone." All hours of the
day are recognized as ap-
propriate to melody, and
the song period lasts from
the time of the bird's
arrival, early in ]\Iay,
until its departure in Sep-
tember, with only a brief
hiatus in Jul}'.

In sharp contrast with
the beautiful canzonettes
which the bird showers
d(_)wn from the treetops,
come the harsh, wren-like western warbling vireo at nest.

362 THE CASSIN VIREO.

scolding ntJtes, which it often delivers when searching thru the bushes, and
especially if it conies across a lurking cat.

The Warbling Yireo's cradle is swung midway from the fork of some
nearly horizontal branch in the depths of a shady tree. In height it may
vary from fifteen to twenty-five feet above the ground; but I once found one
in a peach tree without a shadow of protection, and within reach from the
ground. The structure is a dainty basket of interwoven grasses, mosses,
flower-stems, and the like. It is not, however, so durable as that of some
other Vireos, since much of its thickness is due to an ornamental thatching
of grass, bark-strips, green iisncu moss, and cottonwood down, which dis-
solves before winter is over. The female is a close sitter, sticking to her
post even tho nearly paralyzed with fear. The male is usually in close
attendance, and knows no way of discouraging the inquisitive bird-man save
by singing with redoubled energy. He takes his turn at the eggs when his
wife needs a bit of an airing, and even, it is said, carries his song with him
to the nest.

No. 140.

CASSIN'S VIREO.

A. O. U. No. 629a. Lanivireo solitarius cassinii (Xantus).

Synonym. — W'kstern Solitary VirEo.

Description. — Adult male: Crown and sides of head and neck deep olive-
gray ; a supraloral stripe and eye-ring whitish, the latter interrupted by dusky
of lore; remaining upperparts olive-green overcast with gray, clearing, pure olive-
green on rump and upper tail-coverts ; wings and tail blackish with edging of
light olive-green or yellowish (white on outer web of outer rectrices) ; tips of
middle and greater coverts yellowish olive, forming two rather conspicuous bars ;
underparts white tinged with bufify, changing on sides and flanks to sulphur
yellow or pale olive ; under tail-coverts yellowish ; bill grayish black above, paler
below; feet dusky, iris brown. Adult female: Like male but duller, browner
on head and neck, less purely white below. Immature: Head and neck more
nearly like back ; supraloral streak, orbital ring, and underparts washed with
brownish bufT. Length about 5.50 ( L^Q-/) • wing 2.84 (72.2) ; tail 2.05 (52.2) ;
bill .39 (10); tarsus .75 (19).

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size; slaty gray head contrasting with oliva-
ceous back; whitish eye-ring distinctive; voice has more of an edge than that
of V. olivacea.

Nesting. — Nest: a semi-pensile basket of woven bark-strips, grasses, and
vegetable fibers, variously ornamented externally with cherry petals, spider cases,
bits of paper, etc., lashed to bark of horizontal or descending bough of sapling

THE CASSIN VIREO.

363

(oak, vine-maple, fir, etc.) at a height of from live to thirty feet; bulkier and
of looser construction than that of other \ireos ; measures 2I4 inches across
by 13/ inches deep inside; walls often -J^ of an inch in thickness. Eggs: 3-5,
usually 4, white or creamy white, sparingly marked with spots, which vary from
rich red brown to almost black — but unmarked specimens are of record. Av.
size .y^ x .53 ( 19 x 13.9). Season: May 15-June 5; one brood.

General Range. — Pacific Coast district north to British Columbia, east to
Idaho (Ft. Sherman; Ft. Lapwai), breeding from Los Angeles County, Cali-
fornia, northward thruout its range: south in winter to western ^Mexico.

Range in Washington. — Common summer resident on both sides of the
Cascades, found chiefly in timbered areas.

Migrations. — S faring: Seattle-Tacoma, c. April 15.

Authorities. — ? Virco solitarins, Ornithological Committee, Journ. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., VH. 1837. 193 (Columbia River). ]'. solitarins \'ieilIot, Baird, Rep.
Pac. R. R. Surv., IX. pt. II 1858, p. 340, part. (T). C&S. Rh. D'. Ra. D^ Ss^.
T. B. E.

Specimens.^( U. of W.) B. Prov. P".

NOTHING so endears a bird to a human admirer as a frank ex-
hibition of confidence. Overtures of friendship on the bird's i)art may
traverse all rules uf caution and previous procedure, but henceforth there
is a new relation established between them, bird and man, and the man,
at least, is bound to live up
to it. At the oncoming of
a smart shower on Capitol
Hill (before the "For Sale"
days) the bird -man init into
a fir-covered nook for shel-
ter, and had not been there
two mintites before a pair of
Cassin Vireos entered for the
same reason. They were not
in the least disturbed by the
man's presence, but cheer-
fully accepted him as part of
Things as They Are. There-
fore, they proceeded to preen
their dampened feathers at
distances of four or five feet,
while the bird-man sat with bated breath and glowing eyes. The birds
roamed freely about the nook and once, I think, lie made a grimace
behind the bird-man's back ; for when they came around in front again,
I judged slie was saying, "Ar'n't you the wag!" while he tittered in droll
recollection.

Taken in Oregon.

Photo by Finley and Bohlman.

C.^SSIN VIREO \r NEST.

364

THE CASSIN VIREO.

These \'ireos roam tlie lialf-fipen woods at all levels, like hapj)}-
school children; and their childish curiosity is as little to be resented. If
one hears a bird singing in the distance, he need only sit down and wait.
Curiosity will get the better of the bird, and under [)retense of chasing

carelessh'

ni>w

and

then, by way of
is stifled, and
as you do when \ou have overtaken
nesome street, all liands and feet with

At close range the smig

bugs it will edge over, singing
covering the inquisiti\e intent
you feel for the ensuing moments
and passed a bevy of ladies on a 1'
a most atrocious
swagger. Inspec-
tion done, the
bird suddenly re-
sumes the dis-
carded melody,
and you no
longer have to
"look i)leasant."

Like most \'i-
reos, Cassin sings
as he works ; and.
as he works a
good deal of the
time, albeit in
leisurely fashion,
he sings in tin\-
phrases, separated
b\' unembarrassed
inter\-als of si-
lence, a sort of
soliloquizing com-
mentary on life,
very pleasant to
the ear. — Jl'cc cc-
tsizveeoo - fson

psooi - pctciver - brimful.

ptir - sczvtrs - piti-

li'cc - surer - pisoiior. But our schnolbov does not fully express himself in
music so staid and delicate. He has at command a rasping, nerve-grating
war-cry, possibly intendetl by Nature as a defense against cats, but used,
as matter of fact, when the bird is in particularlv fine spirits. The note
in question may perha])s be fill}" likened to the violent shaking of a ]iepper-

Ta!:cn near I'acona.

Photo by Dawson and Booties.

THE CASSIN VIREO.

365

bux, a raltling, ruliljing, shaking note, of three or more vibrations, ending
in a little vocal flourish.

These Vireos swing a bulky basket from the lower or middle heights
of oak trees, fir trees, alders, or saplings of various sorts. Usually no
dependence is placed in cover, save that the ornamented nest corresponds
roughly with its general surroundings of leaf, moss and lichen. In shel-
tered places, the texture of the nest is so well preserved that it may
require close inspection the second season to distinguish it from a new
nest. One such I examined, green with growing moss, and stark at the

^^ lowermost branch-tip of an
unleafed cornel sapling, and
I could not have determined
its age save for a tin_\- weed-
shoot germinating from the
bottom of the cup.

Further Mr. Bowles
says of their nesting-
habits : "Both birds
assist in the duties of
incubation, the male
singing most assidu-
ously while on the
nest, and usually sing-
ing close to his mate
while she is sitting.
His turn at sitting
seems to come be-

Takcn near Tocoiua. Photo by Bozi-lcs and Daicson. tWCeU niuc o'clock iu

A DECOR.vTED xEST. the moming and noon,

and the . nest is not
hard to find if his song can be traced. The l)ird student must work
quietly, however, as the song at once ceases should any unusual noise
occur. The}' are most courageous while on the nest, seldom leaving until
removed by hand, when ].)oth birds remain within a few feet of the
intruder, scolding \-igor(_)usly. So much noise do thev make that all
the birds in the vicinity are attracted — indeed this is about the onlv sure
method of ascertaining the presence of some of our rarer Warblers.
On one such occasion a female Cooper Hawk left her nest, which was
seventv-five vards distant, and sat on a branch overhead, screamino-

- - ■ o

at me.

"They are the quickest as well as the slowest birds in com-
pleting their nests that have come under my notice. One pair built a

366

THE ANTHONY VIREO.

Taken near Tacoma.

PItoto by Bozulcs and Dazi'soti.
O'ER YOUXG TO FLIT.

handsome nest
and laid four
eggs in precisely
ten days ; while
another pair were
more than three
weeks from the
time the nest was
started until the
eggs were laid.

"They are the
only Vireos that
I ha\'e ever
km iwn to nest
in communities.
Single pairs are
the rule, l)ut
I have found
as manv as six
occupied nests

inside of a very
small area, the
nests being only a
few yards apart."

No. 141.

ANTHONY'S VIREO.

A. O. U. No. 632 c. Vireo liuttoni obscuriis Anthony.

Synonym. — Dusky VirKo.

Description. — Adults: Above dull olive, brightening (more greenish) poster-
iori}- : wings and tail dusky, edged chiefly with pale olive-green : two prominent
wing-bars of pale olive-vellow or whitish, formed by tips of middle and greater
coverts; tertials broadlv edged with palest olive on outer, and with whitish on
inner webs ; outer web of outermost rectrix whitish ; underparts sordid whitish
and more or less washed, chiefly on breast and sides, with dingy olive-yellow ;
lores pale : an orbital ring of whitish, or palest olive-yellow, interrupted midway
of upper lid by spot of dusky ; bill horn-color above, pale below. Length about
4.75 f120.fi) : average of three specimens in Provincial Museum at A'ictoria: wing
2.46 (59.9) : tail 2.20 (55.S) : bill .33 (8.9) : tarsus .j^ ( 19).

THE ANTHONY VIREO. 367

Recognition Marks. — P_\gmy to \varl3ler size ; ding)- coloration : wliitish
wing-bars serve to distingnish bird from I'lrcosykv g. szcaiiisoiiii. but throw it
into confusion in summer with the Western Fl^-catcher (Empidonax difticilis),
which it otherwise closely resembles, and in winter with the Sitkan Kinglet
(Regiilits c. griiinclli). From the Flycatcher it may be distinguished by its shorter,
narrower and yet thicker bill, and by its more restrained yellowness ; from the
Kinglet by its greater size and much stouter bill, more prominent wing-bars, and
rather less prominent eye-ring ; and from both by its demure ways.

Nesting. — Nest: a semipensile basket of interwoven mosses lined with grasses
(nine feet high in tir tree — one example known). Eggs: 2-51 ? ) ; .72 x .52 (18 x
12.9). Season: June ( probably also earlier ).

General Range. — Pacific Coast district from western Oregon to south-
western ISritish Columbia at lower levels (not at all confined to oak woods as
variously reported).

Range in Washington. — West-side, as above; strictly resident.

Authorities. — ? Towusend, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. VIII. 1839, iq^
(Columbia River). Bowles (C. W. and J. H.), Auk, X\'. 1898, 138. Ra. P.. E.

Specimens. — U. of W. Prov. D. E.

IN approaching the study of Anthony's \^ireo one must forget all he
knows or thinks he knows about Vireos in general. This bird is siii generis.
and deviations from all known rules are its delight. It has been, in fact, until
quite recently, a sort of wc^tidland spliinx. an ornithological invsterv, the sub-
ject of much inquiry and hazard. Its presence in Washinglon was quite over-
looked by Cooper and Suckley, and Mr. Rathbun's appears to be the record"* of
first occurrence, that of a bird taken May [4, 1895. I t<:)ok a specimen on
Capitol Hill on the third day of June of the same year: and since that time
appearances have become a matter of course to the initiated. Samuel N.
Rhoads'', writing in 1893, considered Anthony's Vireo a rare visitor to Van-
couver Island, where he secured a specitiien in 1892 near Victoria. Fannin"^
records it as "a summer resident on Vancouver Island." As matter of fact,
the bird is resident the year round wherever it occurs. I saw it near A^ictoria
during the coldest weather of 1905-6, and find it regularly at Seattle and Ta-
coma during the winter season. J. H. Bowles secured a specimen, a male in
fuU song, at American Lake on January the 26th, 1907. Moreover, this bird
had a bare belly as tho it might ha\'e been assisting with incubation.

The very fact that these birds winter with us argues that they have been
here for always and always, and the darkening of plumage (as compared
with the type form, J", huttoni) testifies further to their long residence.

Anthony's A^ireo is leisurely, almost sluggish at times, in its movements.

a. Auk. Vol. XIX., Apr., 1902, p. 13S.

b. Proc. -Vad. Nat. Sc!. Phila., 1893, p. 54.

c. Cat. B. C. lairds Prov. Mils., \'ictaria, 1904, p. 52.

368 THE ANTHONY VIREO.

During the winter it mingles freel_\- with llie local troops of Kinglets and
Chickadees, and keeps largely to the depths of hr trees. When nio\-ing about
silently, it bears a striking resemblance to the Ruby-crowned Kinglet. It is,
of course, slightly larger and much more deliberate, lacking especially the
wing-flirt of the Kaiserkin. The regiim about the eye is more broadly
whitish, and the wing-bars concede a tlif^'erence upon inspectiim, Init the
resemblance is so close as altogether to deceive the unwary.

In spring the bird separates itself frdm its late companions, and begins to
explore the budding alders and maples. As the season advances the bird plants
itself in some thicket and complains by the hour in strange, monotonous, unvi-
reonine notes. The songs varv endlessly in different individuals, but have this
in common, that they are a deliberate, unvarying succession of double notes,

usuallv, but not always, of a slighllx' nasal character. Chu-ivccm chn-

zucciii chii-ivcciii - - ad lib., is the common type : Pn-cliccan

pii-cheean pitchccan, is a French variation ; Poo-ci-p' poo-ccp' and

jiirec' - ji'ircc' - ji'ircc* are types lacking the nasal quality. Only (^nce I heard
the notes pr' mounced cjuite rapidly, pc-cg' , pc-cg' , pc-cg' , pc-cg' pc-cg' , ad
iiiPiiitnin, <ir rather ad adz'cntum shofgiiiii. Occasionally the lirst syllable is
accented: as, ( pcjcbcc-oo or chec-ou,chcc-oo.

Before he has found a mate Anthonv roams about with some degree of
restlessness, shifting his burden of song from place to place witli a view to
effect, and uttering now and then coaxing little requests which are certainly
meant to win the heart of the lady in hiding. This squeaking note is sometimes
raised to the dignit\' of song, at which times it is not unlike the whining of a
dog, a most extraordinary sound to come from so tiny a throat. And if one
mentions a chirp, or chuck', like that of a Refl-wing Blackbird on a small
scale, we liave most of the re]M"esentati\-e efforts of this eccentric genius.

Onh' one nest of this subspecies has been reported to date, that discovered
bv Mr. C. W. Bowles, on ]\mt 21, 1897, near South Tacoma. It was placed
nine feet up in a young fir, where it hung sus])ended by two small twigs.
Externally it was composed entirely of a long hanging moss, some variety of
Vsiica, very thicklv and closely interwoven, being thus conspicuously devoid
r)f such exterior decorations as other A'ireos provide. Inside was a carefully
prepared bed of fine dry grasses, uprm which lay two eggs half incubated.

"The female bird was on the nest when first seen and, unlike the majority
of our Vireos, flushed the instant the ascent of the tree was attempted. From
the nest she flew about twenty feet into a neighboring fir, where she looked
down upon our operations with apparently no concern whate\-er. Beyond
rearranging her feathers from time to time, there was nothing to indicate
that she liad a nest an\'where in the vicinity, as she made no sound or com-
])laint of an\- kind. Neither was there any of the ner\T)us ho])i)ing from

THE KINGBIRD. 369

twig to twig in the manner by which so many of the smaller birds as clearly
display their anxiety as tliey do by tlieir notes of distress."*

No. 142.

KINGBIRD.

A. O. U. No. 444. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linn.).

Synonyms. — E.^STRR^■ Kingbird. Bee M.arTin. Tyrant Flycatcher.

Description. — Adult: Above ashy black changing to pure black on head,
and fuscuns on wings; crown with a concealed orange-red (cadmium orange)
patch or "crest," the orange feathers black-tipped and overlying others broadly
white at base ; wings with whitish and brownish ash edgings ; tail black, all the
feathers broadly white-tipped, and the outermost pair often white-edged ; below
white, washed with grayish on breast ; bill and feet black. Inunature birds lack
the crown-patch, and are more or less tinged with fulvous or buffy on the parts
wdiich are light-colored in the adult. Length 8.00-9.00 (203-228.6) : wing 4.60
(116.8) : tail 3.31 (84.1) ; bill from nostril .32 (13.2).

Recognition Marks. — Chewink size; blackish ash above; zdiitc below; black
tail conspicuously tipped with white ; noisy and quarrelsome.

Nesting. — Nest: at moderate heights in trees, usually over water, of weed-
stalks, plant-fibres and trash, with a felted mat of plant-down or wool, and an
inner lining of fine grasses, feathers, rootlets, etc. Eggs: 3 or 4, sometimes 5,
white or cream-white, distinctly but sparingly spotted with dark umber and
occasional chestnut. Av. size .98 x .73 (24.9x18.3). Season: first week in
Jmie; one brood.

General Range. — North America from the British Provinces south ; in win-
ter thru eastern Mexico, Central and South America. Less common west of
the Rocky Mountains. Not recorded from northern Mexico and Arizona.

Range in Washington. — Not uncommon summer resident on East-side;
not common, but of regular occurrence in certain localities west of the Cascades ;
nearly confined to vicinity of water in lake or pond.

Authorities. — Tyrauiius caroliiieusis Baird, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv.,
IX. pt. II. 1838, p. 171. T. C&S. D'. Ra. D^ Ss-. Ss-'. J. B. E.

Specimens.— (U. of W.) Prov. P'. C. E.

NO one has come forward with a theory to account for the testiness of
this bird's temper, nor for the domineering qualities which distinguish him
above all others; but I hazard that it is because his glowing crown is partially
concealed by bourgeois black. Those whose regal marks are more patent are
\vont to receive homage as matter of course, but the scion of an unacknowl-

a. C. W. and J. H. Bowles in The Auk, Vol. XV., Apr.,

370

THE KINGBIRD.

edged house, a feathered Don Carlns, must needs spend a fretful hfe in de-
fense of liis claims Toward those who knuckle down tamely tlie little tyrant
is often very gracious, and it may be conceded that he does perform a real
service in holding the common enemies at ba\'. Who has not seen him as he
Cjuits his i)ercli on some commanding tree and hurries forward, choking with
vengeful utterance, to meet and chastise some murderous hawk, who before
an}- other foe is brave? Dnwn ccmies the a\'enger! The Hawk shies with a
guttural cry of rage and terror, while a little puff of feathers scatters on the
air to tell of the tyrant's success. Again and again the quick punishment
falls, until the tiny scourge desists, and returns, shaking with shrill laughter,

to give his mate
an account of
his ad\'enture.

It is easily
possible, how-
ever, to exag-
gerate the pug-
nacity of the
Kingbird, or to
infer from ex-
treme examples
that all are
quarrelsome. It
is not unusual
for Kingbirds
to be on the
best of terms
with their im-
mediate neigh-
bors, thieves al-
ways excepted.
I once found in

one small aspen tree at Chelan the nests of three birds each containing eggs,
viz., a Robin, an Oriole, and a Kingbird. The two latter were within five
feet of each other. Dr. Brewer also records an exactly similar case. King-
bird's courage, which is unquestionable, is often tempered by prudence:
altho at other times it quite overbalances his better judgment. The Bur-
rowing Owl will tolerate none of his nonsense, and I have seen the
birds make sad mistakes in molesting these virtuous mousers. The
sight of a Shrike will make a Kingbird shrink into the smallest possible
compass, while Catbirds, too, are said to be, for valid reasons, quite
exempt from molestation.

Photo by P. S. Merrill. Taken near Sf^okanc.

A DEJMURE YOUNG TYRANT.

THE KINGBIRD.

371

The food of the Kingbird consists entirely of insects, caught on the wing
for tlie most part, by sallies from some favorite perch. His eyesight must be
very good, as he not infrecjuently spies his prey at distances of from twenty
to fifty yards. Honey bees form an occasional but inconsiderable article of
diet. Grasshoppers are not overlooked, and they sometimes capture, not with-
out a scuffle, those big brown locusts (Mclauophis sp.) which make flippant
exposure of their persons on a summer day. Both in the taking of food and
in the discharge of police duties the Kingbird exhibits great strength and
swiftness, as well as grace in flight. Once, when passing in a canoe thru a
quiet, weed-bound channel, I was quite deceived for a time by the sight of
distant white-breasted birds dashing down to take insects near the surface of
the water, and even, occasionally dipping under it. They had all the ease and
grace of Tree Swallows, but proved to be Kingbirds practising in a new role.

This fondness for water is often exhibited in the birds" choice of a nesting
site. Where accustomed to civilization, orchard or shade trees are preferred, but
on many occasions nests are found on low-swinging horizontal branches over-
hanging the water : and. as often, in tiny willow clumps or isolated trees entire-
ly surrounded by it. The nest of the Kingbird sometimes presents that studied
disarray which is considered the height of art. Now and then a nest has such a
disheveled ap-
pearance as to
quite discour-
age investiga-
tion, unless
the owners'
presence be-
trays the se-
cret of occu-
pancy. On the
shore of Cold
Spring Lake,
in Douglas
County, we
noted a last
year's Bullock
Oriole's nest,
which would
not ha\'e at-
tracted a sec-
ond glance,
witli the new-
er nest hard

Taken in Douglas County,

Photo by IV. L. Uaics

COLD SPRING L.^KE.

THE ORIOLE-KINGBIRD NEST APPEARS NEAR THE TOP OF THE PROJECTING TREE.

372 THE WESTERN KINGBIRD.

by, had it not been for the constant soHcitude of a pair of Kingbirds. Investiga-
tion showed that the ancient pocl<et liad been crammed fnll of grass and twigs,
and that it contained two fresh eggs of the Flycatcher. Ordinarily the nest is
placed in an upright or horizontal fork of a tree at a height of from three to
forty feet. Twigs, weed-stalks, and trash of any kind enter into the basal con-
struction. The characteristic feature of the nest, however, is the mould, or
matrix, composed of vegetable plaster, ground wood, and the like, or else of
compacted wool and cow-hair, which is forced into the interstices of the outer
structure and rounded inside, gi\'ing shape to the whole. This cup, in turn, is
lined with fine grasses, cow-hair, or variously. Occasionally, nests are found
composed almost entirely of wool. In others string is the principal ingredient.

Altho the Kingbird never sings, it has a characteristic and not unmusical
cry, //,:.('(', fi::ic (spell it phfliisic. if you favor the old school) or fscc fscc fsce
tsce. in numerous combinations of syllables, which are capable of expressing
various degrees of excitement and emotion.

In eastern Washington this Kingbird is common and well distril)uted, tho
far less abundant than the larger, grayer "\\'estern." West of the Cascades it
is rare but regular, being found chiefly along the wooded margins of lakes.

No. 143.

WESTERN KINGBIRD.

A. O. U. No. 447. Tyrannus verticalis Say.

Synonyms. — .'Krk.ansas Kixgbikd. Ark.\xs.\s Fi,YC.\Tcni;R.

Description. — Adult Male: Foreparts, well down on breast, and upper back
ashv grav, lightening, nearly white, on chin and upper throat, darker on lores and
behind eye; a partially concealed crown-patch of orange-red (Chinese orange);
lateral boundaries of this patch olivaceous ; back, scapulars, and rump ashy
glossed with olive-green ; this color shading to black on upper tail-coverts ; wings
fuscous ; tail black, the outer web of outermost rectrix white, or faintly tinged
with yellow ; underparts below breast rich canary yellow, paler on wing-linings
and lower tail-coverts; bill and feet black; iris brown. Adult Female: like male
but crown-patch usually somewhat restricted, and primaries much less attenuated.
Young birds are duller and browner without crown-patch, and with little or no
olivaceous on back; the yellow of underparts is paler (sulphury or even whitish),
and the primaries are scarcely or not at all attenuated. Length of adult males
about 9.00 (228.6); wing 5.12 (130); tail 3.68 (93.5) I bill .jt, (18.7); tarsus
.74 (18.8). Females average less.

Recognition Marks. — Chewink to Robin size; noisy, petulant ways; ashy
foreparts and vcllow belly distinctive.

Nesting. — Nest: of twigs, grasses, string, wool, and other soft substances,
placed at moderate heights in bushes or trees, or more commonly on beams and

THE WESTERN KINGBIRD.

373

ledges of barn or outbuildings. Eggs: 3-5. like those of 7'. tyniiniiis. but averag-
ing smaller. .93 x .68 ( 23. 0 x 17.3 ). Season: first week in June ; one brood.

General Range. — Western United States, north regularly to southern British
Columbia, occasionally to Alberta, Assiniboia, and Manitoba, north to western
[Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and western Texas, breeding thruout range, and
south to Chihuahua, Mexico; south in winter thru Mexico to highlands of
Guatemala.

Range in Washington. — Ci miuKin summer resident east of the Cascades,
rare or casual on the West-side.

Migrations. — Spring: c Alay ist; W'allula April 26, 1905; Yakima April 30,
1900: Chelan May 11, 1896.

Authorities.— Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. 185S, p. 174. T. C&S. D'.
D-\ Ss'. Ss-'. J. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. I". Prov. B. E.

HERE is the presiding' genius uf all properly conducted ranches upon the
sunny side of the Cascade Mountains. Guest he is not, host rather ; and be-
fore you have had time to dismount from your panting cayuse this bird
bustles forth from the locust trees and hovers over vou with noisv effusive-

Takcn in Douglas Counly.

WESTERN KINGBIRD .AT NEST.

Photo by the Author.

374

THE WESTERN KINGBIRD.

ness. The boisterous greeting is one-third concern for his babies in the locust
tree hard-bv, one-third good fellowship, and tlie remainder sheer restlessness.
The Western Kingbird is preeminently a social creature. And by social in this
case we mean, of course, inclined to human society. For, altho the bird may start

up with vociferating
cries every time a
member of the be
sieged household sets
foot out of doors,
one is reminded by
these attentions rath-
er of a frolicsome
puppy than of a zeal-
ous guardian of the
peace. Those who
have been most hon-
ored by their pres-
ence year after year
claim that the birds
become fond of cer-
tain members of the
family, and allow a
familiarity in nest
inspection w h i c li
would be shriekingly
resented in the case
of strangers.

One can readil}'
guess a utilitarian
consideration in fa-
vor of ranch life,
viz., the greater va-
riety and abundance
of insects afiforded.
Of these the King-
birds enjoy a practi-
cal monopoly by rea-
son of their confi-
dence in man. They are fond of flies, moths, butterflies, crickets, winged
ants, and all that sort of thing. Moreover, they eat bees. But, — [Hold on,
Mr. Rancher! Don't grab that shot-gun and begin murdering Kingbirds]
they cat onl\ drones. A bee-keeper in California was curious on this point

Taken in Douglas County.

photo by the Author

''BEAUTIES THEY ARE.'

THE WESTERN KINGBIRD.

375

and dissected o\-er a hundred specimens of Western Kingbirds and Phoebes,
using a microscope in the examination of stomacii contents. The birds had
been sliot about the apiaries, where tiiey had been seen darting upon and
catciiing bees. Ahho many of the birds were gorged, no working bees were
found, only drones. This is an important distinction to bear in mind, for tlie
reduction of drones is unqualifiedly beneficial. And when one stops to think
of it, it is absurd to suppose that a bird could swallow bees, stings and all,
with impunity.

But the real secret of Kingbird's attachment for mankind is not dis-
co\-ered until we see his nest. It is our strings which have won his lieart.
Whatever else the nest may or may n(_)t contain, it is sure to have string, —
string in strands, string in coils, string in bunches, hanks, and tangles, drug
store string of a dissipated crimson hue, white string that came around the
sugar, greasy string that }i_iu had tied "around vour finger to remind you to
feed the chickens, string of e\'er}' length and size and use and hue.

Those Western Kingbirds which have not yet adopted men manage to
subsist somewhat after the fashion of their eastern cousins, and build a nest of
twigs, grass, weed-stalks, bark strips, and cottonwood down, placing it against
the trunk, or saddling it upon a horizontal fork of willow, poplar, cottonwood,
or pine, usually near water. One we found in Douglas County built in a small
willow which emerged from a shallow lake, a hundred feet from shi:)re.

But, more commonlv, nests are placed about crannies and projections of
farm buildings, fences, unused wagon-ricks, or upon the house itself. If no
such conveni- _,-
ences offer, a
shade tree is
second choice,
and the nest
includes a 1 1
the soft waste
which t h '
farm afifords.
bits of cloth.

wool, COAV-

hair, feathers,
and string.

Eggs to the
number of 4
or 5 are depos-
ited from the
1st to the

15th of June. A DIVIDED HOUSE.

r,j/.ii at Sn

Photo by the Author.

376 THE ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER.

Beauties they are too, creamy white with bold and handsome spots of chestnut
in two shades, and HIac-gray. Incubation is accomphshed in twelve or thirteen
days, and the youngsters fl_\' in a matter of two weeks.

These Kingbirds are model parents, de\'Oted in brooding and courageous
in defense. Noisy they are to a fault, gurrulous in an luuiumbered host of
cajolatives and ecstatics, as well as expletives. Unlike the members of
Tyranniis tyra]iiiiis. they are good neighbors e\-en among their own kind. At
the call of need neighbors rally to the common defense, but this is usually in
\'illages where demesnes adjoin. On several occasions I have found other
birds nesting peaceably in the same tree with these Kingbirds; and, as in the
case of T. tyraiiiiits. Bullock Orioles appear to be rather particular friends.

The nests shown in the cut on preceding page are the work of one pair
of birds. Embarrassed by a wealth of string and unable to decide which of
two good locations to utilize, the birds built in both: the female laid eggs in
both, three in one and two in the iither. ^^loreover, she sat in both, day anfl
day about, a bird of a divided mind.

No. 144.

ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER.

A. O. U. No. 454. Myiarchiis cinerascens (Lawrence).

Description. — Adults: Above dull grayish brown changing to clear browii
on crown ; wings dusky brown, the middle and greater coverts tipped broadly, and
the secondaries edged with pale buffy brown or dull whitish, the primaries edged,
except toward tips, with cinnamon-rufous; tail darker than back, with paler
grayish brown edgings, that of outermost rectrix sometimes nearly white ; tail
feathers, except central pair, chiefly cinnamon-rufous on inner webs; sides of head
and neck gray (slightly tinged with brown) fading into much paler gray on chin,
throat, and chest, changing to pale yellowish on breast and remaining underparts;
yellow of underparts strengthening posteriorly, and axillars and under wing-
coverts clear (primrose) yellow. Bill blackish; feet and legs black; iris brown.
Length of adult male about 8.35 (212) ; wing 3.94 ( 100) ; tail 3.63 (92) ; bill .75
(19) ; tarsus .91 (23).

Recognition Marks. — Chewink size; brownish gray above; ashy throat
shading into pale jellow of remaining underparts.

Nesting. — Nest: a natural cavity or deserted Flicker hole, copiously lined
with wool, hair, or other soft materials. Eggs: 3-6, usually 4, bufliy or creamy as
to ground, but heavily marked, chiefl)' in curious lengthwise pattern, with streaks
of purplish chestnut of several degrees of intensity. Av. size, .88 x .65 ( 22.4 x
16.5). Season: first week in June; one brood.

THE ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER. 377

General Range. — Western United States and northern Mexico, north ir-
regularly to Washington ; south in winter thru Mexico to Guatemala.

Range in Washington. — Breeding near North Yakima in summer of 1903;
one other record, Tacnma May 24, 1905.

' Authorities. — Snodgrass (R. E.), Auk. \'ol. XXI, Apr. 1904, p. 229. B.

Specimens. — 1'. C.

FLYCATCHERS are somewhat given to wandering, or at least exploring,
on their own account, regardless of traditions. A Gray Kingbird (Tyrannus
doiniiiici'usis) . normally confined to the Gulf of Mexico, is of record for Cape
Beale on \'ancouver Island ; and that dashing gallant, the Scissor-tailed Fly-
catcher, of Texas, has \'entured as far north as Hudsoii Bay. The Ash-
throated Flycatcher is typically a bird of the south-western United States;
but it is not altogether surprising that it should have extended its northern
range into the Upper Sonoran belt of eastern ^^'ashington, as it did in the
season of 1903, when it was observed at North Yakima b}- ]\Ir. Bowles, and,
independenth'. b\' 'Slv. Robert E. Snodgrass, the latter collecting for Pullman-
College. Without precedent or excuse, liowever, was the appearance of a
handsome jiair near Tacoma, as recorded by Mr. Bowles, on the 24th day of
May, 1905.

"The Ash-throated Flycatcher is quite expert upon the wing but never
indulges. in protracted flight if it can help it. It seems to be rather cpiarrel-
some and intolerant in its disposition toward other birds, and will not allow
an}- to nest in close proximity : in fact, I am inclined to believe that it not in-
fref|uentl\- dispossesses some of tlie smaller Woodpeckers of their nesting sites.

"Its food consists mainly of beetles, butterflies, grasshoppers, flies, moths,
and occasionally of berries, especially those of a species of mistletoe.

"By the beginning of May most of the birds ai"e mated, and nidification
begins shortly afterward. The nests are usually placed in knot-holes of
mesquite, ash, oak, sycamore, juniper, and cottonwood trees, as well as in
cavities of old stumps, in Woodpeckers' holes, and occasionally behind loose
pieces of bark, in the manner of the Creepers.

"The Ash-throated FI\xatcher nests at various heights from the ground,
rarely, however, at greater distances than twenty feet. The nest varies con-
siderably in bulk according to the size of the cavity used. \\'here this is large
the liottom is filled up with small weed-stems, rootlets, grass, and bits of dry
cow- or horse-manure, and on this foundation the nest proper is built. This
consists principally of a felted mass of hair and fur from different animals,
and occasionally of exu\i;c of snakes and small lizards : but these materials are
not nearly as generally used as in the nests of our eastern Crested Flycatcher —
it fact, it is the exception and not the rule to find such remains in their
nests" ( Bendire).

378 THE SAY PEWEE.

No. 145.

SAY'S PEWEE.

A. O. U. No. 457. Sayornis saya (Boiiap.).

Synonyms. — Say's Phoebe. ^^^ESTER^' Phoebe.

Description. — Adults: General color drab (grayish brown to dark hair-
brown), darker on pileum and auriciilars, lighter on throat, .shading thru upper
tail-coverts to black; tail brownish black: wings fuscous, the coverts and exposed
webs of tertials edged with lighter grayish brown; underparts below breast
citniamon-buff ; axillars and lining of wings light buff or cream-buff. Bill and feet
black; iris brown. Voiiiig birds are more extensively fulvous, and are marked
by two ciiuiamomeous bands on wings ( formed by tips of middle and greater
coverts). Length of adult male 7.50 (190.5) ; wing 4.14 ( 105) ; tail 3.23 (82) ;
bill .62 ( 15.71 ; tarsus .70 (20). Female averages smaller.

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size; drab coloring; cinnamon-colored belly;
mclancliijh- notes; freijucuts barns and outbuildings or cliffs.

Nesting. — Nest: composed of dried grasses, moss, plant-fibers, woolly ma-
terials of all sorts, and hair; placed on ledges, under eaves of outbuildings, under
bridges, or on cliffs. Eggs: 3-6, usually 5, dull white, occasionally sparsely dotted.
Av. size, .77 X .59 (19. 6x 15). Season: April 20-May 10, June 1-15; two broods.
Yakima County April 24, 1900, 5 young about five days old (eggs fresh about
April 7th ).

General Range. — Western North America north to the Arctic Circle in
Alaska, Yukon Territory, etc., east to Manitoba, western Wyoming, western
Kansas, etc., breeding thruout range, south to Arizona and northern Lower
California; southward in winter over northern and central Me.xico.

Range in Washington. — Common summer resident east of the Cascades
(chiefly in Upper Sonoran and Arid Transition life-zones), rare or casual west of
the mountains.

Migrations. — Spring: c March 15; Okanogan Comity March 17, 1896;
Ahtanum (Yakima Co.) Feb. 20, 1900.

Authorities.— Bendire, Life Hist. N. A. Birds, Vol. H. 1895, p. 277. (T).
D'. Kb. D^ Ss'. Ss-'. J. B.

Specimens. — P'. Prov. C.

A GENTLE melancholy possesses the Pewee. The memory of that
older Eden once blotted by the ruthless ice-sheet, still haunts the chambers of
the atavistic soul and she goes mourning all her days. Or she is like a Peri
barred from Paradise, and no profYer of mortal joys can make amends for
the immortal loss ever before her eyes. Kutcew. kiitchv!

In keeping with her ascetic nature the Pewee haunts solitary places,
bleak hillsides swept by March gales, lava clifYs with their solemn, silent
bastions. Or, since misery loves company, she ventures upon some waterless

THE SAY PEWEE.

379

townsitc and voices in unexpectant cailences the universal 3'earning for green
things and cessation of wind.

A part of the drear impression made by this bird is occasioned by the
time of year wlien it puts in an ajipearance, March at the latest, and, once at
least, as early as February 20th (in Yakima County). Flies are an uncertain
crop at this season, and it is doubtless rather from a desire for shelter than
from inclination to society, that the species has so largely of late years re-
sorted to stables and outbuildings. Twenty years ago Sav's Pewee was im-
known as a tenant of buildings in Yakima
County. Now, there are few well-estab-
lished farms in that part of the State
which do not boast a pair somewhere
about the premises ; while hop-houses are
recognized as [iroxiding just that degree
of isolation which the l)ird really jsrefers.
Say's Pewee, for all its depressed
spirits, is an acti\'e bird, and makes fre-
quent sallies at passing insects. These
constitute its exclusive diet save in early
spring when, imder the spell of adverse
weather, dried berries are sought. But-
terflies .and moths are favorite food, but
grasshoppers and beetles are captured as
well; and the bird, in common with cer-
tain other flycatchers, has the power of
ejecting indigestible ehtra and leg-sheath-
ings in the form of pellets.

The males arrive in spring some days in advance nf the females. Cnurtship
is animated in spite of the mejancholv procli\'ities of the Ijird : and the male
achieves a sort of song by repeating kii-tciv's rapidl}', on fluttering wing.
Besides this, in moments of excitement, both birds cry Look at 'ere. with
great distinctness.

Eggs are laid by the loth of April and usually at least two broods are
raised, in this latitude. In the natural state these Pewees nest about cliffs,
at moderate heights, and in shallow caves. In selecting a site, they show a
decided preference for a clifl: which enjoys the protection of nesting Prairie
Falcons. A stout bracket of twigs, weed-fibers, lichens, and other soft sulj-
stances, is constructed, and a lu.xurii)us lining of wool and hair is supplied :
but the whole must be partiallv shielded bv some projecting tooth or facet of
stone, or artificial construction.

The author in taking his first (and only) set of Say Pewee eggs selected a
nest on the south wall of Brook Lake, reached only bv canoe. The floor of an

Photo by
the Author.

SAY'S PEWEE.

38cj THE OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.

old Clilf vS wallow's nest, placed in a shad}- niche at a Jieighl i>\ sinue twelve
feet, formed the supijort of the Pewee's accumulations. The clitt was perfectly
straight, but by dint of half an hour's work ])iling la\a blocks and securing
footholds, with the aid of a double-blailed paddle he succeeded in reaching the
nest. Requiring the use of both hands in descent, he placeil the four fresh eggs
in bis hat, and the hat in his teeth, reaching the ground safely and dejiositing
the hat carefullw Tired out b\- the exertion he flung himself down upon the
narrow strip of shore and rested. Then noting the rising wind, he sprang up,
seized the coat and hat and — Oh! Did something drop? ! ! Yes, gentle
reader, the eggs were in it, — but only one was smashed. Only one ! As
perfect Ibe arch without its keystone as a "set" of eggs with the guilt v con-
sciousness of one missing!

No. 146.

OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.

A. O. IT, No. 459. Nuttallornis borealis (Swains.)

Description. — .Idiilt: L'pperparts brownish slate with a just perceptible
tinge of olivaceous on back ; top of head a deeper shade, and without olivaceous ;
wings and tail dusky-blackisli, the former with some brownish gray edging only
on tertials ; flank-tufts of fluffy, yellowish or white feathers, sometimes spreading
across rump and in marked contrast to it, but usually concealed by wings ; throat,
belly and crissum, and sometimes middle line of lireast, white or yellowish white ;
heavily shaded on sides and sometimes across breast with brownish gray or olive-
brown, — the feathers with darker shaft-streaks; bill black above, pale yellow be-
low; feet black. Immature: Similar to adult, but coloration a little lirighter ;
wing-coverts fulvous or buffy. Length 7.00-8.00 ( 177.8-203.J ) : wing 4.1G
( 105.7 ) ; tail 2. '14 ( f\y.] ) ; bill from nostril .53 ( 13. 5 ) ; tarsus .59 ( 15 ).

Recojjnition Marks. — Sparrow to Chewink size; heavy shade<l sides; bill
yellow below ; ti'7i'-tm' note ; keeps largely to summits of lir trees.

Nesting. — Nest: a shallow cup of twigs, bark-strips, etc., lined with coarse
moss and rootlets; saddled upon horizontal limb of coniferous trees, often at great
heights. Eggs: 3 or 4, creamy-white or pale buff, spotted distinctly with chestnut
and rufous, and obscurely with pur])lish and lavender, chiefly in ring about larger
end. .'\v. size, .85 .n .63 (21.6 x 16). Season: June 1-15; one brood.

General Range. — North America, breeding from the northern and the higher
mountainous parts of the ITnited States northward to Hudson Bay and Alaska.
Accidental in Greenland. In winter south to Central America, Colombia and
northern Peru.

Range in Washington. — jsummer resident in coniferous timber from sea
level tn limit of trees.

Migrations. — S'lriiig: c. Mav 15.

Authorities. — Contopus borealis, Haird, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX.
i8s8, p. 189. Ibid C&S. 169. C&S. D'. Kb. Ra. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P'. Prov. B. E.

THE OUVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.

381

FLYCATCHERS belong to the sub-order Claiiiatorcs. that is to say,
Shouters. Some few of our American Flycatchers lisp and sigh rather than
cry aloud, but of those which shout the Olive-sided Flycatcher is easily
dean. And it is as an elocutionist only that most of us know this bird,
even tho our njiportunities may have stretched along for decades. On a
morning in mid May, as surely as the season comes around, one hears a
strong insistent voice shouting, "See here!" There is not much to see, save

Taken in CItctan County.

Photo by \V. Leon Dawson.

CASCADE PASS AND THE \'.\LLHV OF THE STIUiEKIX.

A CHARACTERISTIC HAUNT OF THE OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.

a dun-colored bird seated at an impossible height on the summit of a tall
fir tree. Its posture is that easy half-slouch which with the Flycatchers
betokens instant readiness for action. \\'hile we are ogling, the bird launches
from his post, seizes an insect some thirty feet distant, and is back again
before we have recovered from surprise. "Sec here!" the bird repeats, but
its accent is unchanged and there is really nothing more to see.

An intimate acquaintance with tlie Olive-sided Flxcatcher is not easily
attained; but its characteristic cr\- carries to a distance of half a mile or

382 THE OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER.

more, and is, fortunately, quite unforgettable. Both in accent and energy
it seems to set the pace for several of the lesser Tyrants. Of course, like
many another of the voices of Nature, its interpretation depends a good
deal upon the mood of the listener. Heard on a dull day at sea-level it
may sound dismal enough, but heard in the sharp air of the mountains it
becomes an exultant note. There are miners in the heart of the Cascades
who regard the brisk evening greeting of this Flycatcher as one of the
compensations of solitude. "Three cheers!" the bird seems to say to one
who returns from the silent bowels of the earth and grasps again the facts
of outer life.

Borealis is a bird of the tree-tops and nearer you cannot come, save
in nesting season, when caution is thrown to the winds and a study in
morbid psychology is all too easy. The birds place a rustic saucer of inter-
woven black rootlets and mosses on tlie upper side of a horizontal branch,
whether of hemlock, fir, or cedar, and, as often as otherwise, at moderate
heights. They are very uneasy at the presence of strangers and flit about
witii a restless, tittering, cry, fezv-tczv. tezv-tezc. or fczv-fczr-fezv, a sound
which strangelv excites the blood of the oologist. Once the nesting tree is
made out and the ascent begun, the birds are beside themselves with rage,
and dash at the intruder with angry cries, which really stimulate endeavor
where they are intended to discourage it.

How fatal is the beauty of an egg-shell! There be those of us who
have drunk so oft of this subtle potion that the hand goes out instinctively
to grasp the proffered cup. Besides, the product of an Olive-side's skill
is of a very special kind — a rich cream-colored oval, warmed by a hint of
living flesh and splotched with saucy chestnut. It is irresistible! But,
boys, don't do it ! We are old topers oursel\-es : public sentiment is against
us, and our davs are numbered. It is right that it should be so. Besides
that, and speaking in all seriousness now, while it is desirable and necessary
that a few representative collections of natural history should lie built
up for the public use. it does not follow that the public good is secured
by the accunuilation of endless private hordes of bird's-eggs — whose logical
end, in ninetv-nine cases out of a hundred, is the scrap-heap. You are
probably one of tlie ninety-nine. Think twice before you start a collection
and then — don't !

THE WESTERN WOOD PEWEE. 383

No. 147.
WESTERN WOOD PEWEE.

A. O. U. No. 462. Myiochanes richardsonii (Swains.).

Synonyms. — Short-lkcckd Pku'io-:. Ricii.ardson's Pewee.

Description. — .liliilts: Above deep grayish brown or grayish oHvc-brown ;
a lighter shade of same continued around sides and across breast, hghtening on
chin and throat, on remaining underparts becoming white or yellowish white;
middle and greater coverts tipped with grayish ; outer webs of tertials edged with
grayish white. Bill black above, dusky (never light) below. Young birds have
the middle and greater coverts tipped with huffy ( forming two not inconspicuous
bars), and some buffy edging on rump and upper tail-coverts. This species bears a
curiously close resemblance to M. vircns of the East, insomuch that it is not
always possible to separate specimens in the cabinent ; yet the two are perfectly
distinct in note and habit and are not suspected of intergradation. Length of
adult males 6.00-6.50 (152.4-165.1); wing 3.43 (Sy); tail 2.60 ('66); bill .51
(13); tarsus .53 (13.4). Females a little smaller.

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size; dark coloration (appearing blackish),
— but much darker and a little larger than any of the JSiiipidoiiaccs. Mccaccr note
of animated melancholy distinctive.

Nesting. — Nest: a shallow cup of compacted moss, grasses, rootlets, etc.,
lined with fine grasses and wool or hair, and dccoratefl externally, or not,
with lichens ; saddled midway or in fork of horizontal limb, chiefly at moderate
heights. Eggs: usually 3, sometimes 4, creamy white, marked by largish spots of
distinct and obscure rufous brown or umber, chiefly in open wreath about larger
end. Av. size, .71 x .55 ( 18 x 14). Season: June lo-July 10; one brood.

General Range. — Western North America ; breeding north to Alaska and
Northwest Territnr)-, east to Manitoba and western portion of Great Plains to
Texas, south to northern Mexico; south in winter over ]\Icxico and Central
America to Equador. Peru, and Bolivia.

Range in Washington. — Common summer resident and migrant east of the
Cascades, chiefly in coniferous forests, occasionally in open sage; less common
west of the mountains.

Migrations. — S faring: c. May 15: Tacoma May 5. 1907; Yakima May 14,
1895, May 15. 1900; Newport IMay 20, 1906; Conconnully May 2/. 1896. 7^(7// .•
c. Sept. I.

Authorities. — ["Western Wood Pewee," Johnson, Rej). (jOv. W. T. 1884
(1885), 22. 1 ? Mnscicapa richardsonii. Aud. Orn. Biog. V. 1839, pi. 434.
[Contopus richardsonii, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. 1858, 189, 190. "Colum-
bia River O. T. T. K. Townsend."] Canto t^us richardsonii}?) Belding, P. B. P.
D. 1890, p. 99 (Walla Walla, Dr. ]. W. Williams). L'. Rh. D'. Kb. Ra. D-\
J. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P'. Prov. B. E.

384

THE WESTERN WOOD PEWEE.

THE prey of gentle melancholy and the heir to gloom is this Pewee of
the West. The day, indeed, is garish. The leaves of the fragrant cotton-
woods glance and shimmer nn<ler the ardent sun: while the wavelets of the
lake, tired of their morning romp, are sighing sleepily in the root-laced cham-
bers of the overhanging shore. The vision of the distant hills is blurred by

heat pulsations; the song of birds
has ceased and the very caddis-
flies are taking refuge from the
glare. The sun is dominant and
all Nature yields drowsy allegi-
ance to his sway. All but Pewee.
He avoids the sun, indeed, but
from a sheltered perch he lifts a
voice of protest, "Dear Mc!"

It seems uncalled-for. The
bird does not appear to be un-
happ}'. Flycatching is good, and
the Pewee cocks his head quite
cheerfully as he returns to his
perch after a successful foray.
But, true to some hidden impulse,
as you gaze upon him, he swells
with approaching effnrt, his man-
dibles part, and he utters that
doleful, appointetl sound, dear
inc. His utterance has all the
precision and finality of an as-
signed part in an orchestra. It is
as if we were watching a single
player in a symphony of Nature
whose other strains were too sub-
tle for our ears. The player
seems inattentive to the music, he
eyes the ceiling languidly, he notes
a flashing diamond in the second box, he picks a flawed string absently, but at
a moment he seizes the bow, gives the cello a \'icious double scrape, dear iiic,
and his task is done for that time.

The Western \\'oo(l Pewee is a late migrant, reaching the miilille of the
State aliont the 15th of Alay, and the northern border from five to ten days
later. It is found wherever there is timber, but is partial to half-open situa-
tions, and is much more in evidence East than West. It is especially fond
of pine groves and rougli brusliv hillsides near water. Cannon Hill, in

WESTERN WOOD PEWEE.

THE WESTERN FLYCATCHER. 385

Spokane, is a t_\pical resort and a mere tynj can see three or four nesls there
on a June day.

The Pewee takes the puhhc ipiite into her confidence in nest biulchng.
Not only does she Ijuih.l in the open, without a x'estige of leafv cover, but
wlien she is fully freighted with nesting material, she flies straight to the
nest and proceeds to arrange it with perfect nonchalance. If a nest with eggs
is discovered in tlie bird's absence, she is quite likely to return and settle to
her eggs without a troubled thought.

The nest is a moderately deep, well-made cup of hemp, fine bark-strips,
grasses, and similar soft substances; and it is usuall\- saddled upon a hori-
zontal limb of pine, larch, maple, alder, oak, asjjen, cottonwood, etc. But,
occasionally, the nest is set in an upright cnitch of a willow or some dead
sapling. Xests ha\-ing such support are naturall\- deeijer than saddled nests,
but the characteristic feature of both sorts is the choice of a site, Cjuite
remo\"ed from the protection of leaves. The gravish tone of the bark in
the host tree is always accurately matched in the choice of nesting materials
and, if the result can be secured in no other way, the exterior of the nest
is elaborately draped with cobwebs.

All eggs appear beautiful to the seasoned oolngist, but few surpass in
dainty elegance the three cream}- o\-als of the Pewee, with their spotting of
quaint old browns and subdued lavenders. Thev are genuine antiques, and
the connoisseur must pause to enjoy them e\en tho he honors the prior rights
of -\Ir. and Mrs. AI. Ricliarilsiiiiii.

No. 148.

WESTERN FLYCATCHER,

A. O. U. No. 464. Empidonax diftlcilis P.aird.

Synonym. — \\'esterx YKLLOW-BELLiiiD Flyc.\tciiER.

Description. — ^-Idnlts: Above and on sides of breast olive or olive-green ;
a lighter shade of same color continued across breast ; remaining underparts 3'el-
low (between sulphur and primrose), sordid on throat and sides, clearest on
abdomen; bend of^wing sulphur-yellow; a faint yellowish eye-ring; axillaries and
lining of wings paler yellow; middle coverts and tips of greater coverts, continu-
ous with edging of exposed secondaries, yellowish gray, forming two more or
less conspicuous wing-bars. Bill brownish black above, yellow below: feet and
legs brownish dusky; iris brown. Young birds are browner above and paler
below; wing-bars cinnamon-buff}-, (and not certainly distinguishable in color from
young of E. trciillii). Length 5.50-6.00 (139. 7-152. 4) ; wing 2.64 (67) ; tail 2.24
(■57); bill .47 (12) ; tarsus .67 (17).

Recognition Marks. — \A'arbler size; characterized by pervading vellowness;

386 THE WESTERN FLYCATCHER.

— really the easiest, because the most common of this difficult group ; note a soft
piszi'it : a woodland recluse. Adults always more yellow than £. traillii, from
which it is not otherwise certainly distinguishable afield (save by note).

Nesting. — Nest: placed anywhere in forest or about shaded cliffs, chiefly at
lower levels ; usually well constructed of soft green moss, fine grasses, fir needles
and hemp. Eggs: 3 or 4, dull creamy white, sparingly spotted and dotted or
blotched with cinnamon and pinkish brown, chiefly about larger end. Av. size
.66 X .52 ( i6.8.\ 13.2). Season: ]\Iay i-July i; one or two broods.

General Range. — Western North America from the eastern base of the
Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, breeding north to Sitka and south chiefly in the
mountains to northern Lower California and northern Mexico; south in winter
into Mexico.

Range in Washington. — Common summer resident in timbered sections
thruout the State.

Migrations. — Spring: Seattle-Tacoma, April 15. Fall: c. Sept. i.

Authorities. — Empidonax difficilis. Baird, Re]:). Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. i8s8,
p. 193 "Catal. No. 5920." L. D'. Ra. Ss'. Ss^ R. E.

Specimens.— (U. of W. ) P. Prov. B. BN. E.

PLEASE observe the scientific name, ififficilis. that is. difficult. There
is a delicate irony about the use of this term as a distincti\-e appellation for
one of the "gnat kings." for, surely, the plural, Empidoiiaccs difpcilcs. would
comprehend them all. There is something, indeed, to be learned fmm the
notes of these little Fl\-catchers, and the first year the author studied them
seriously he supposed he had a sure clew to their specific unra\eling". But
that was in the freshmen year of Empidonaxology. In coming u]) for "final
exams." he confesses to knowing somewhat less about them.

The bird, also, is well called Western; for however difficult the genus, we
know at least that difficilis (speaking seriously now) is the commonest species;
tliat it appears under more varied conditions and enjoys a more general dis-
tribution than any other species of Empidonax in the West. The bird is, also,
the first to arri\-e in the spring, returning to the latitude of Seattle about the
middle of April, or when the yellow-green racemes of the Large-leafed Maple
(Acer niacrophylluin) are first shaken out to the breeze. The little fay keeps
well up in the trees, occttpying central positions rather than exposed outposts;
and so perfectly do his colors blend in with the tender hues of the new foliage
that we hear him twenty times to once we see him.

The notes are little explosive sibilants fenced in by initial and final "p" or
"t" sounds. If one prints them they are not at all to be vocalized, but only
whispered or hissed, pssscct. pssseeit. pssivit. or piszvit. Other variations are
sc a-wit, slowly and listlessly ; clcotip. briskly ; kitshchtlip. a fairy sneeze in
Russian. One becomes familiar with these tiny cachinations, and announces
the Western Flycatcher unseen with some degree of confidence. But the way
is beset with dangers and surprises. Once, in June, at a point on Lake Chelan,

THE WESTERN FLYCATCHER.

387

after an liour's discriminating study, I shot from practically the same stand,
tliree birds which said swit, pisziit, and pisoo respectively, and picked up a
Wright's Flycatcher (E. zi'riglitii), a Western Flycatcher (E. difficHisj and a
Trail Flycatcher('ii.;;-o////('j. The same woods contained Hammond's Flycatcher
(E. hauunondi). while the Western W^ood Pewee (Myiocliaiics richardsoiiii),
which has the same general economy, was abundant also. Difficilis.^ Etiain!
The W'estern Flycatcher inhabits the deepest woods and occurs thruout
the State wherever sufficient shade is offered. It is rather partial to well-
watered valleys, and will follow these well up into the mountains, but does not
occur on the mountain-sides proper at any consid-
erable altitude. Nor does it appear to visit, save
during migrati(_ins, those green oases in the dry
country which are the delight of E. traillii. It
mingles with traillii in summer along the bank';
of streams and at the edges of swamps; with
hammondi in the more open woods and along the
lower hillsides ; with zvrighfii along the margin
of mountain lakes and streams; but in the forests
proper it is easily dominant.

The W^estern Flycatcher is a catholic nester.
It builds almost always a substantial cup of
twigs, grasses, and hem]), lined with grass, hair
or feathers. The outside is usually plentifully
bedecked with moss, or else the whole structure
is chiefl}- composed of this substance — not, how-
ever, unless the color-tone of the immediate
surroundings will permit of it. In position it
varies without limit. We find nests sunk like
a Solitaire's in a mossy bank, or set in a
niche of a rocky cliff', on logs, stumps, or
beams, in a clum]) of ferns, or securely lodged
in a fir tree at a height of forty feet. One I
found in a swamp was saddled on the stem
of a slanting \-ine maple without a vestige of
cover other than that afforded by the general
gloom.

Eggs to the number of three or four,
rarelv five, are deposited late in ^lay or early
in June, and onl_\- one brood is raised in a season
creamy white color, spotted and blotched rather lightly with cinnamon brown
and pinkish buff, easily distinguishable from all others sa\'e those of the
Traill Flycatcher.

Taken near Taconta.

Pliolo by J. H. Bowles.

NEST OF WESTERN
FLVC.XTCHER.

T

le eggs are

if a dull

388 THE TRAll.L FLYCATCHER.

Tliese Flycatchers in nesting time are verv confiding and very devoted
parents. One may sometimes touch tiie sitting hird, and, when off, she
flutters about \ery close to the intruder, sneezing violently and sni])])ing her
mandiljles like fairv scissors.

No. 149.

TRAILL'S FLYCATCHER.

-A. ( ). L. Xii. 466. Empidonax traillii 1 And. ).

Synonyms. — Littlic Fl\ catch liK. EiTTi.i-; \\'1':sticrn Fi^vc.vtcher.

Description. — Plumage of upperparts very >iniihu- to that of E. difhcUis. but
olive inclining to brownish ; wing-bars usually ])aler. more whitish : outer web
of outer rectrix pale grayish white: sides of head and neck decidedly browner;
underparts everywhere paler, nearly white on throat ; breast sordid, scarcely
olivaceous ; lower abdomen and crissuni pale primrose yellow ; bend of wing yellow
flecked with dusky; a faint eye-ring pale olive-gray. Kill black above, light
brownish below (not so light in life as E. difficiUs} . Yoiiutj: much as in preced-
ing species, but averaging browner ; more \ellow below than adult. Length 5.50-
6.00 ( 139. 7-1 52.4) ; wing 2.^0 170): tail 2.2s * ^7 ) : bill .41; (12.^); tarsus
.65 (16.5).

Recognition Marks. — \\'arbk'r ^ize; olivaceous coloration: not so vellow
below as preceding s|)ecie^: brush-haunting hal)its : note a smart s-a'if'choo.

Nesting. — Nest: a rather Ijulky but neatly-turned cu]) of plant-fibres, bark-
strips, grass, etc., carefully lined with fine grasses: ])laced three to ten feet up, in
crotch of bush or sapling of lowland thicket or swamp. Eijf/s: 3 or 4, not certainlv
distinguishable from those of preceding species. Av. size, .70 x .54 ( 17. S x 13.7 ).
Season: June; one brood.

General Range. — Western North America, breeding north to southern
.Alaska (Dyea). "east, northerly, to western portion of (ireat Plains, much
farther southerly, breeding in Iowa(?). Missouri, southern Illinois, and
probablv elsewhere in central Mississip]ii \'allc)" : south in winter over Mexico
td Colombia, etc.

Range in Washington. — Tm])crfect1y made out — summer resident in thickets
at lower le\-els thruouti ?i the State.

Authorities. — Eiiif^iilniiax f^usilhis Cabanis, Baird, Rc]). Pac. R. R. Surv.
IX. 1858, p. 195. Ibid. C&S. 170. (T). C&S. L^ D'. Ra. P.. E.

Specimens. — iV. of A\'. 1 Trov. P. E.

DIvSCRHlINATIOX is the constant effort of those who woubl study the
Empidonaces, the Little Fl\'catchers. Comparing colors, Traill's gi\es an im-
pression of brownness, where the Western is yellowish green, Hammond's
blackish, and \\'right"s grayish dusk\-. These distinctions are not glaring, but

THE TRAILL FLYCATCHER. 389

the}' ohlain iduglily alic-lil, in a gruuii vvlnre e\cr\ lloaiing mote <<i difference
is gladl}' welcomed. Tiie Traill Flycatcher, morcnver, is a l()\er of the half-
open silnations. bush_\- rather than timbered, of clearings, low thickets, and
river banks. L'niike its congeners, it will follow a stream out npon a desert;
and a spring, which gladdens a few hundred \ards nf will(_>ws and cnitccgi in
some n(jok of the bunch-grass hills, is sure to numljer aniung its summer
boarders at least one [y,\\v of Traill Flycatchers. This ])artialit_\- for water-
courses does not. howe\er, ])re\'ent its fre(|nenting drv hillsides in western
Washington and the Ijordcrs of mountain meadows in the Cascades.

TrailTs Fh-catclier is a tard\- migrant, for it arrives not earlier than the
20th of May, and frequently not before June 1st. In 1890, the bird did not
appear at Ahtanuni, in \'akima County, until the 14th of June; and it became
C(immon immediately thereafter. This bird is restless, energetic, and imgna-
cious to a fault. It posts on C(_)nspicuous places, the to])most twig of a
j_\'ringa Inish, a will<iw, i>r an as|)en, making frequent outcries, if the mood
is on, and darting nimbly after passing insects. During the nesting season
it [joimces on [massing birds rif whatever size and drixes them out of bomids.
It is not always so hardy in the presence of man, and if jjresseil too closely
will whisk out of sight for good and all.

The m'ltes of the Little Flx'catcher, as it used to be called, are \-arious and
not always distinctive. Particularly, there is one style which cannot be dis-
tinguished from the commonest note of the Hammond Flycatcher, szvitchoo.
szi'cccliciv, or iniblushingly, .zwccbcw, .ZK'ccbczi'. .':::zvrct. C)ther ni;>tes, deliv-
ered soinetimes singly and sometimes in groups, are pisoo: si^'it'oo. s:vci-t.
s'Zi'it'oo; St^'cr. kntip, kutip; Hi<.'it or Iiooif. softly.

Nesting begins late in June and fresh eggs may be expected about the
4th of Jidw Xests are ])laced characteristically in upright forks of willows,
alder-l)err\- bushes, roses, etc. They are usually compact and artistic struc-
tures lit dried grasses, hemp (the inner bark of dead willnws) and plant-
down, lined with fine grasses, horse-hair, feathers and other soft substances.
Xot infrequently the nests are placed o\'er water; and low ele\'ations of, say,
two or three feet from the ground appear to i>re\'ail wester! w ,\ \';Lkima
Co.unty nest, taken Jul\- loth, containing two eggs, was half saddled npon,
half siuik into the twigs of a horizontal willow l)ranch one aufl a half feet
aliiA-e running water, and had to be readied b\- wading.

Tncu!:)ation lasts twelve days, and the babies require as much more time
to get a-wing. But In' September ist, tickets are bought, grips are packed —
or, no! think of being able tn traxel without luggage — goodbyes are said;
and it's "Heighln'! foi- Mexico!"

390 THE HAMiMOND FLYCATCHER.

No. 150.
HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER.

A. O. U. No. 468. Empidonax hammondi (Xantus).

Synonxm. — Dirty Little Flycatcher.

Description. — Adult: Above olive-gray inclining to ashy on foreparts, —
color continued on sides, throat and breast well down, only slightly paler than back ;
remaining underparts yellowish in various degrees, or sometimes scarcely tinged
with yellow^; pattern and color of wing much as in preceding species; outermost
rectrix edged with whitish on outer web ; bill comparatively small and narrow,
black above, dusky or blackish below. Young birds present a minimum of yellow
below and their wing-markings are buffy instead of whitish. Length about 5.50
(139.7) ; wing 2.80 ( 71 ) : tail 2.29 ( 58) ; bill .41 ( 10.5) ; breadth of bill at nostril
.19 (4.83 ) ; tarsus .63 ( 16). Females average a little smaller.

Recognition Marks. — Warbler size, the smallest of the four Washington
Einpidonaces, and possibly the most difficult (where all are vexing) ; olive-gray
of plumage gives impression of blackish at distance ; the most sordid below of the
Protean quartette; nests high in coniferous trees; eggs white.

Nesting. — Mcst: of fir-twigs, grasses and moss, lined with fine grasses,
vegetable down and hair; placed on horizontal limb of fir tree at considerable
heights. Eggs: 4, pale creamy white, unmarked. Av. size, .65 x .51 (16.5 x 12.7).
Season : June ; one brood.

General Range. — Western North America north to southeastern Alaska,
the valley of the Upper Yukon and Athabasca, breeding south, chiefly in the
mountains, to Colorado and California; south in winter thru Mexico to the high-
lands of Guatemala.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident in coniferous timber on both
sides of the Cascades, irregularly abundant anrl local in distribution.

Authorities. — ["Hammond's fly-catcher," [ohnson, Rep. Gov. W. T. 1884
(1885), 22. 1 Bendire, Life Hist. N. A. Birds," Vol. H. 1895, p. 3isff. D". Ra.
D-\ B. E(H).

Specimens. — C.

HAMMONDI is the western analogue of iiiiniiiius. the well-known Least
Flycatcher of the East. It has not, however, attained any such distinctness in
the ptiblic mind, nor is it likely to except in favored localities. These chosen
stations are quite as likely to be in the city as elsewhere ; but no sooner do we
begin to arrive at conclusions as to its habits, notes, etc., than the bird forsakes
the region and oiu- work is all to do over again at some distant time.

Li the summer of 1S05 I found Hammond Flycatchers fairly abundant
on Capitol Hill (which was then in its pin-feather stage). Twenty or thirty
might have been seen in the course of a morning's walk in June. Ever^'where

a. Ridgway (P.. of N. & M. .-Xm.) recognizes two color rl'ases of this bird, a white- and a yellow-
bellied. In the latter the plumage of npperparts inclines more strongly to olivaceous.

THE WRIGHT FLYCATCHER. 391

were to be hearil brisk Scwiciys in the precise fashion of eastern miniums;
and at rarer intervals a more intense but still harsh and unresonant Szvec-chezv.
These observations were confirmed by the taking of several specimens; but
elsewhere and in other seasons I have found the bird most unaccountably
silent, and have been able to add little to its repertory of speech.

In the summer of 1906 we found these Flycatchers preparing nests on
Cannon Hill in Spokane. In both instances the birds were building out in the
open after the fashion of the \Vestern Wood Pewee (Myiochancs richard-
sonii) ; one on the bare limb of a horse-chestnut tree some ten feet from the
ground: the other upon an exposed elbow of a picturesque horizontal limb of
a pine tree at a height of some sixty feet. Near Newport, in Stevens County,
we located a nearly completed nest of this species on the 20th of May, and
returned on the ist of June to complete accounts. The nest was placed seven
feet from the ti'unk of a tall fir tree, and at a height oi fortv feet. The bird
was sitting, and when frightened di\"ed headlong into the nearest thicket,
where she skulked silently during our entire stay. The nest proved to be a
delicate creation of the finest vegetable materials, weathered leaves, fibers,
grasses, etc., carefully inv^'rought, and a considerable quantity of the orange-
colored bracts of young fir trees. The lining was of hair, fine grass, bracts,
and a single feather. In position the nest might well have been that of a
W'ood Pewee; but, altlm it was deeply cupped, it was much broader, and so
relatively flatter. The four fresh eggs which it contained were of a delicate
cream-color, changing to [jure white upon blowing.

The Hammond Flycatcher was also found to be a common breeder in the
valley of the Stehekin, where Mr. Bowles has taken several sets in very similar
situations, viz., upon horizontal l^ranches of fir trees at considerable heiglits.

No. 151.

WRIGHT'S FLYCATCHER.

A. O. U. No. 469. Empidonax wrightii Baird.

Synonym. — Little Gr-w Flycatcher.

Description. — Adult (gray phase): Above dull bluish gray or faintly olivace-
ous on back and sides ; throat and breast pale gray to whitish with admixture of
ill-concealed dusky; remaining parts, posteriorly, faintly tinged with pale prim-
rose ; a whitish eye-ring ; wing-markings, of the same pattern as in other species,
or more extensive on secondaries and outer webs of tertials, definitely white ;
outer web of outermost rectrix pale whitish. Adult (yelloii'-bcllicd phase): As
in gray phase, but underparts strongly tinged with yellow and upperparts faintly
tinged with olive-green ; wing-markings less purelv white. Bill blackish above,

392 THE WRIGHT FLYCATCHER.

more or less pale below and dusky tiiiped. Yoiiny birds are whitish below and the
wing-bands are buffy as in other species. Length about 5.75 ( 146) : wing 2.69
(68 I ; tail 2.40 ( 61 ) : bill .47 ( 12 ) ; tarsus .71 ( 18 I.

Recognition Marks. — Warbler ^ize: jirevailing gray coloration : whitish eye-
ring; exce>bi\eh- retiring habits.

Nesting. — Nest: of hemp, bark-strips, etc., softly lined ; built in upright
crotch of bush. Eggs: 4 or 3, white, unmarked. .\v. size, .68 x .52 ( 17.3 x 13.2 ).
Season: June; one brood.

General Range. — Western United States and southern LSritisli Columbia,
breeding in Transition and Canadian life-zones, south to southern Arizona and
east to Rocky !\Iountains ; south in winter thru southern California and Mexico.

Authorities. — Dawson, Auk, Xdl. X]\'. Apr. 1897, p. 176.

Specimens. — I'rov. C.

BIRD-.\FRAID-OF-HIS-SHADOW is the name this shy recluse de-
serves. The few seen in Washington have always been skulking in the
depths of brush patches, or in clumps of thorn Imshes, and they seem to
dread nothing so mnch as the human eye. For all they keep so close to
co\'er thev move about restlessly and are never still long enough to afford
an\' satisfaction to the beholder.

The only note I have ever heard it utter (and this repeatedly by different
individtials ) was a soft liquid szvit. But Major Bendire says of its occur-
rence at Fort Klamatli in Oregon: "I do not consider this species as noisy
as the Little Flycatcher [£. traillil] which was nearly as common, but its
notes are very similar; in fact they are not easily distinguishable, but are
given with less vigor than those of the former, while in its actions it is
fullv as energetic and s|)rightly as any of the species of the genus Enipi-
doiiax."

Wright's Flvcatcher aft'ects higher altitudes than du the cither species
during the nesting season. The nest is i)laced at heights ranging from two
to twenty feet, and is built in upright forks of bushes, or against the trunks
of small saplings. Willows, alders, aspens, buck-larush, and serxice berry are
common hosts. Perhaps the only nesting record for Washington consists
of a set of four fresh eggs taken by myself from a draw on the side of
Boulder Mountain overlooking the vStehekin A'alley, on May 30, 1896. The
nest had been deserted because of a brush fire wdiich had swept the draw,
but it w^as uninjured; and the situation, an alder fork eight feet up, together
with the Tt7;;7r eggs, made identification certain.

THE BLACK-CHINNED HmOHNGBIRD. 393

No. 152.

BLACK-CHINNED HUMMINGBIRD.

A. O. U. Xo. 429. Trochilus alexandri I'.durc. iS; Mul*.
. Synonjms. — .Vlexaxder Hummingbird. Spo.\i;e Hu.mmer.

Description. — .Adult male: Upperparts including middle pair of tail-feathers
shining bronzy green ; wing-quills and remaining rectrices fuscous with purplish
retlections; tail double-rounded, its feathers broadly acuminate, and central pair
of feathers about .12 shorter than the third pair, the outermost pair shorter than
middle pair; the gorget chiefly opaque velvety black, on each side of the median
line a small irregular patch of metallic orange, or else with various jewelled
iridescence posteriorh- : remaining underparts white, heavily tinged with greenish
on sides, elsewhere lightly tinged with dusky and dull rufous ; bill slender, straight.
.-idiilt female: Similar to male in coloration but without gorget, a few dusky
specks instead ; tail different, single-rounded, central feathers like back in colora-
tion, and scarcely shorter than succeeding pairs, remaining feathers with broad
subterminal space of purplish black, and tipped with white, lateral feathers
scarcely acuminate, the outermost barely emarginato on inner web. Length f)f
adult male: about 3.50 (88.9) ; wing 1.75 (44.5) ; tail 1.25 (31.8) : bill .75 ( 19.1 ).
Female, length about 4.00 ( 101.6) : wing 1.95 (49.5).

Recognition Marks. — Pygmy size: black gorget of male distinctive; female
larger than in Sttlliila calliope, with which alone it is likely to come into com-
parison.

Nesting. — Xest: Of plant down secured by cobwebs, saddled upon small
descending branch at moderate height, or lashed to twigs of small fork. Eggs:
2 or, rarely. 3. pure white, elliptical oval in shape. Av. size, .50 x .33 ( 12.7 x 8.3 1.
Season: May or June according to altitude; one brood.

General Range. — Western United States, except the northern Pacific coast
district, north in the interior into British Columbia, breeding south to northern
Lower California and east to the Rocky Mountains; south in winter into Mexico.

Range in Washington. — Not common summer resident east of the Cascades
only.

Authorities. — ?Bendire, Life Hist. N. A. Birds, \o\. H. 1895, P- i99
(inferential ). Dawson, Auk, \'ol. XR". Apr. 1897. P- 175- ^r. Ss-. T-

Specimens. — ( U. of W. ) P". C.

THOSE of us, who as children were taught tn call lady-bugs 'ia<l}'-birds,"
might have been pardoned some uncertainty as to the whereabouts of the divid-
ing line between insects and birds, especially if, to the vision of the '"Hum-
bird's" wings shimmering by day above the flower bed, was added the twilight
visits of the hawk-moths not a whit smaller. The Hiniinier is painted like a
butterfly: its flight is direct and buzzing like a bee's; it seeks its food at the
flower's brim by poising on rapidlv \ibrating wing like the hawk-moth ; but
there the resemblances cease. For the rest it is a bird, migrating, mating, and
nesting quite like grow'ii folks.

394 THE BLACK-CHIN X ED HUMMINGBIRD.

While more than fi\f luimlretl species of Huniniingbirds — and these all
confined to the New World — are known to science, those which have looked
northward at all have shown a decided preference for the Pacific Coast. Thus,
we have four species in Washington, and we send our boldest member, Sclas-
phorus nifiis, as far north as the St. Elias range in Alaska, while our frienils
east of the Mississippi River know only one species, the Ruby-throat, Tro-
cliilus cohihris. which is own cousin, and only own cousin to our T. alc.vaiiilri.

Contrary to the popular belief Hummers do not feed largely upon nectar,
but insert their needle-bills into the depths of flowers mainly for the purpose of
capturing insects. This explains the otherwise puzzling habit the birds have of
revisiting the same flower beds at frecjuent intervals. It is not to gather new-
flowing sweets, but to see what flies the sweets themselves have gathered. If
a Hummingbird extracted honey to any great extent — it d(5es some — it would
be rifling the bait from its own traps. Again, the bird is not footless, as
some suppose, for it spends a good deal of time perching on exposed limbs,
from which it may dart. Flycatcher fasliion, after passing insects.

Nor is the bird cjuite songless. At La Claire's, on the banks of the
Pend d' Oreille River, we once witnessed a very pretty episode in the life of
the Black-chinned Hummer. We were passing beside a brush-and-log fence
in a clearing, when we noticed the rocking song-flight of a male Black-chin.
The bird first towered to a height of forty feet, or such a matter, with loudly
buzzing wing, then descended noisily in a great loop, passing under a certain
projecting branch in the fence, and emitting along the lower segment of his
great semicircle a low, musical, murmuring sound of considerable beauty.
This note, inasmuch as we stood near one end of the fairy Io\'er's course, was
raised in pitch a musical third upon each return journey. Back and forth the
ardent hero passed, until he tired at length and darted ofi^ to tap a Canada
lily for nourishment, or the pretense of it. Then he perched on a twig at
ten feet and submitted to a most admiring inspection.

The Hummer's back, well up on the neck, was of a dull green shade, the
wings were dusky, and the head dusky, shading into the deep velvety brownish
black of the throat. There was no lustrous sheen of the gorget in the dull
light, but on each side of the median line of the throat lay an irregular patch
of metallic orange. The underparts were tinged with dusky and dull rufous;
and these modest vestments completed the attire of a plain-colored but very
dainty bird.

LTpr)n the passionate resumption of his courting dance we ordered an
investigation, and succeeded in finding "the woman in the case." She rose
timidly from the thicket at the very lowest point of the male's song circuit,
but at sight of us cjuickly took to the brush again.

The fairj^'s nest is commonly saddled to an obliquely descending branch of
willow, alder, cottonwood, or young orchard tree. It is a tiny tuft of vege-

THE RUFOUS HUMMER. 395

table duwn. bouiul logetlK-r and laslicd lo its suppurl b\' a wealth of spider-
webbing. Unlike tlie nest of colubris. the nest of alcraiidri is not decorated
witli lichens: and it not infrequentl}- resembles some small fine sponge, not
only in its yellow-brown tint, but in the elastic texttn-e of its walls, which re-
gain their sha]ie after being lightly squeezed. The eggs, two in number (but
sometimes three in this species alone ), look like homeopathic pills — so dainty,
indeed, that the owner herself must needs dart off the nest everv now and
then and ho\er at some distance to admire them. The male deserts his mate
as soon as she is well established, and the entire care of the little family falls
upon her shoulders. The young are fed by regurgitation, " a frightful
looking act." as Bradford Torre\- savs.

No. 153.

RUFOUS HUMMER.

A. O. U. No. 433. Selasphorus rufus (('imel.).

Synonyms. — Red-b.^iCked Hummingbird. Nootka Hummer.

Description. — Adult male: In general above and below bright rufous or
cinnamon-red, changing to bronzy green un crown, fading to white on belly and on
chest, where sharply contrasting with gorget: wing-quills purplish-dusky" on tips;
the central pair of tail-feathers broadened and broadly acuminate : the succeeding
pair with a deep notch on the inner web and a slighter emargination on the outer
web ; gorget somewhat produced laterally, of close-set rounded metallic scales, shin-
ing coppery-red, fiery red, or (varying with individuals ) rich ruby-red. Bill slender
and straight. Adult female: Above rufous overlaid with bronzy green, clear
rufous on rump and tail-coverts; pattern of tail as in male but less decided;
central tail-feathers green tipped with black: lateral feathers chiefly rufous,
changing to biack subterniinally, and tipped with white ; underparts whitish,
shaded with rufous on sides; gorget wanting or represented by a small central
patch. Young males: Like adult female but more extensively rufous above and
throat flecked with reddish metallic scales. Young females: Like adult female
but rump green and throat flecked with greenish scales. Length of adult male
about 3.50 (88.9): wing 1.65 (41.91); tail 1.30 (33); bill .65 (16.5). Female:
3.70 (94): wing 1.75 (44.5); tail 1.28 ( 32.5 ); bill .68 (17.3).

Recognition Marks. — Pygmy size; abundant rufous of male distinctive;
female requires careful discrimination from that of .S". alleni and may be known
certainly from it by notching of next central tail-feather, and bv outer tail-feather
more than .10 wide.

Nesting. — Nest: Of plant down and fine mosses bound together with cob-
webs, and ornaiuented with lichens, placed on horizontal or declining stem of
bush or tree. Eggs: 2, pure white, elliptical oval. Av. size, .50 x .33 (^12.7 x 8.3).
Season: April 15-July 10; two broods.

396 THE RUFOUS HUMMER.

General Range. — \\'estern North America from the Rocky Mountains to the
i'acitic, breeding south in mountainous regions to Arizona and north to Mount
St. Elias and southwest Yukon Territor) ; soutli in winter over the tablelands of
Mexico.

Range in Washington. — ConinKiu summer resident on the West-side from
sea-level to timber-line; less common <mi the eastern slopes of the Cascades; rare
in the minnitains of eastern Washington.

Migrations. — Sprimj: March ij-April 15.

Authorities.—.^ Trochiliis nifiis. And. ( )rn. Biog. IV. 1838, 555, pi. 372.
Sclasplwriis nifiis Swains, Baird, Rep. I'ac. R. R. Surv. IX. 1858, p. 135. T.
C&S. L'. Rh. D-. Sr. Kb. Ra. Kk. J. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P. Prov. B. BN. E.

THESE gaudily dressed little fellows, seemingly part and parcel of the
sunshine itself, are by no means the delicate creations they appear to be.
West of tlie Cascades they are. strange to say, among the very first of the
spring arri\als from the South. The vanguard always arrives by the last
week of March, and sometimes as early as the middle of that month. East
of the Cascades they are considerably later, and are not found in nearly so
large numbers. The}' are seldom to be seen in greatest abundance, however,
much before the middle of April. At this season certain bushes flower in
l)rofusion, and in these flowers the hummers find unlimited food and drink, —
honey, and the innunieralMe liii)' insects wdiich it attracts.

Wright Park, situated in the center of the city of Tacoiua, has been very
extensively jjlanted with the decorati\-e wild currant; and it is here that hum-
mers mav oftenest be seen in great numliers. It is not uncommon to see
them by hundreds in this park, and often as many as twent}' disport them-
selves in and around a single bush. They are the most pugnacious little
creatures and are continually squabbling, the females being quite as quarrel-
some as the males. Their war song is a penetrating squeak, or chirrup.
The pausing of one of the birds to select some luscious insect from a cluster
of flowers seems to be the signal for an onset from one or more of its fellows,
when all squeak with greatest animation. One cannot help believing that
this is more or less in the nature of play, for it is joined in by both the males
and llie females, and the one attacked never resents it in the least. Usually
it describes a great circle in the air and descends into the center of some
other bush, where it sits watching the others and occasionally preening its
feathers. Thev are exceedingly tame at this season, and the bird-lover may
seat himself under some flower-laden bush while these most lieautiful little
birds ho\-er and i>erch within three or four feet of him.

What appears to be the only cither vocal accomplishment of this hummer
is a somewdiat long-drawn, rasping note, very loud and harsh for so small a
bird. This is made bv the male, and, curiously enough, it is the love song

THE RUFOUS HU:kI]\IER.

397

uttered wliile wuoing his mate. She perches quietly in the center (^f some
small tree, aijparently quite insensible to his frenzied actions. These consist
in flying up to a very considerable height, and then dropping in a circular
course to within a few feet of where she sits. It is on the downward course
that he makes
his declaration
of love, and if
it is (I cine to
arouse her he
ought to be suc-
cessful. Cer-
tainly it is a

sound

most

startling to a
human being,
when it ex-
plodes unex-
pectedly with-
in a few feet of
his head.

It is aluKTSt
unnecessary to
say that the
nesting liabits
of these little
birds are of un-
usual interest.
The male is a
disgracefulh' idle fellow

building the nest, and leavin

Photo by
Finlcy and
Bohlman.

KUFOUS IIL.M.MKI': .\ 1 .\I-.M.

never doing a stroke of work while the female is
ler as soon as the eggs are laid. It seems that
at least he might feed her while she sits so patienth' up(:)n her eggs ; but no.
he retires to some warm, sunny gulch and spends his time in selfish enjoyment.
Strange to say, tlie first nest-building occurs during the first week in
April, at which season sleet and cold rains are of not infrequent occurrence.
This is long before the majority of the species ha\'e arri\ed from the vSouth,
and it would lead one to think that the first comers are alread\- paired wdien
the_\' arri\e. A nest containing two fresh eggs was found on the 14th of
April, the eggs hatching on the 26th. On this last date it was raining in
torrents wnh a bitter cold wind, yet the tiny young did mit seem to suffer in
tlie least, altho frequently left for as long as fifteen or twent}- luinutes bv

398

THE RUFOl S IILMMER.

tlieir mother. Indeed it was a mystery wliere she could possibly have found
anything to eat. This nest was saddled upon a twig a few feet above the
ground amidst the sheltering jjranches of a huge cedar, thus protecting the
young from any direct contact with the rain.

There is scarcelv a concei\'able situation, except (Hrecll\- on the gmund,
that these birds will not select for a nesting site. Such ni\d places have been
ciiosen as a knot in a large rope that hung fmm the rafters of a woodshed;
and again, amongst the wires of an electric light globe that was suspended in
the front porch of a
city residence. It may
be found fifty feet up
in some huge fir in the
depths of the forest, or
on the stem of some
blackberry bush grow-
ing in a city lot.

Very often they
form colonies during
the nesting season, as
many as twenty nests
being built in a small
area. Some large fir

generallv

Taken near Taconia. Photo by the Authors.

NEST OF RUFOUS HU.MMER ON FIR HR.WCII.

grove IS

chosen for the colony,

but a UK^st interesting

one was located on a

tiny island in Puget

Sound. This island has

had most of its large

timber cut away, and

is heavily overgrown with huckleberrw l)lackberr\-, rnid small alders. In the

center is the colon}-, the nests ])laced only a few yanls apart on any \'ine or

bush that will serve the purpose. Huckleberry bushes seem the favorites,

but many nests are built in the alders and on the blackberry vines.

The nesting season is greatly iirotracted. for fresh eggs ma\- be found
from April till July. This makes it seem probable that each pair raises at
least two broods during the spring and summer. After incubation is some-
what advanced, the female is most courageous, often permitting herself to be
lifted off the nest before its contents can be examined. At such times the
bird student must be on his guard, as the little mother will often resent the
intrusion, and her attack is always made at the eyes.

THE ALLEN HUMMINGBIRD.

399

The eggs, so far as has ever been recorded, are invariabl\' two in
miniber. They are immaculate milky white in color: and when freshly
laid the yolk makes them look like little pink moonstones, such as one
finds on the beach. In
shape they are elliptical, and
seem large for so
a bird, measuring .
inches.

The young are
fed by regurgita- e.r
tion. For several
days after hatch-
ing their bills are |^|
little longer than g
those of any other ^
young bird: but
by the time they
leave the nest,
their sword-like
beaks are nearly
as long as those
of theh" parents '""'"" """ ''^°"""'- p'""° ^J' "'■ ■^''"" D.m'snn.

-J- TT p . , TREASURE TROVE F0r< THE HUMMER.

\. in. riOW I.ES. COBWEBS ABE LARGELY UTILIZED IN THE BUILDING OE A HUMMINGBIRD'S NEST.

No. 154.

ALLEN'S HUMMINGBIRD.

A. O. U. No. 434. Selasphorus alleni Hensh.

Synonym. — GreEn-b.vcked RuFois HuMMiNCBiRn.

Description. — Adult male: Similar to adult male of 5'. rtifus. but upperparts
shining bronzy green (duller on crown) ; underparts, including belly, cinnamon-
rufous, changing to white on chest only : tail-feathers without notching or
emargination, the two outer pairs smaller and very narrow, the outermost acicular.
Adult female: A'ery similar to adult male of S. rufiis. but with tail as in male
5". alleni. Length of adult male: 3.25 (82.6) : wing 1.32 (38.6) : tail 1.17 (29.7) ;
bill .63 (16). Female a little larger.

Recognition Marks. — Pygmy size : fiery gorget with f/reeii back of male
unmistakable: female indistinguishable out of hand from that of ,9. rufus: outer-
most tail-feathers less than .10 wide.

Nesting. — As in preceding.

General Range. — Pacific Coast district north to southwestern British Colum-

400 THE ALLEN HUMMINGBIRD.

l)ia, east, suiithf riy. tn Arizmia: south in winter to Lower California and Sonora.

Range in- Washington. — Im|)crfectly made out: at least summer resident
and migrant west of the Cascades: m.it yet reported from the East-side.

Authorities. — Lawrence, Ank, \'ol. IX. Jan. 1892. ]>. 44. L. Ra. Kh. B. E.

Specimens. — C. E.

IT is the misforttme of certain well-cleser\'ing mortals to be known to
fame as the htisbands or brothers or cousins of some celelirity. Allen's
Hummer is the daintier, as he is the rarer, of the summer Si'Iosf'hori. Init
we know him thus far only as a momentary vision. At each appearance we
pause to assure ourseh'es that we really did see a Hummer with a green back
(iii'J a red gorget, for otherwise, we ha\e been fluped again bv one of those
liresrime female Rufouses.

Mr. R. U. Lawrence records the Allen Hummer as a summer resident of
the Grav's Harbor countr}-. and says of it^ : "Perhaps as common as T. nifiis,
and freijuenting similar ])laces. First noted in i8qi (tu the East Huniptuli]is.
\])ril 30. I had a g 1 \iew of one on Otiiniault Lake June 13."

Mr. Chas. .-\. Allen, of Xicasio. Cal.. wdio discovered this species and in
wh<Tse honor it was named. sa_\s of these birds'"": "Their courage is bevond
(|uestion: I once saw two of these little w-arriors start after a Western Red-
tailed Hawk, and tliey attacked it so vigorously that the Hawk was glad
to get out of their way. But these little scamps were e\en tlien not satis-
fied, but hel])ed liim alrmg after lie had decided to go. Each male seems
to claim a particular range wdiich he occti])ies for feeding and breeding
])urposes, and e\-erv other bird seen liy him encroaching on his preserve
is at once so determinedly set u])on and harassed that he is onh- too glad
to beat a hasty retreat. During their quarrels these birds keep up an incessant
sharp chirping, and a harsh rasping buzzing with the wings, which sounds
verv different from the low soft humming thtv make with these while
feeding. * * * During the mating and breeding season the male
frequently shoots straight up into the air and nearly out of sight, nn\y to
turn suddenly and rush headlong down until within a few feet of the
ground. The wings during the dr)wnward rushes cut the air .-uid catise
a sharp, whistling screech, as the}' descend with frightful velocit\-, and
should they strike an}'thing in their downward course, I believe the\- would
be instanth- killed."

a. .'\uk, \'ot IX., Jan. 1S02, p. 44.

h. Bendire, Life Historie.s X. .A. Rirds, \'n]. IT., pp. 217, 218.

.M*' jltn [ .. 'tj ■;, !^;i v\ rein i;.

utii m \viiUi_i" lo i.owcr i

'licvfcrth- I'-iriilc (Hit: at '

ie rarer

r: T ...

^■n^imiM- VI

'luenting similar

r ; !

iie East irluinptui

'.]ir.,i i;n ] ,,ii-.(; j une T^."

W'hn ilivcnvcrcd thi> >iirrir'-- nir

1 1 oiuc CALLIOPE HUMMERS

r.,,,-1- -..;';'.,.,

MALE ANO FEMALE], , 5/6 LIFE SIZE
From a \Va.xkr-coi.ok Painting by Allan Brooks

down until wi'
>wnwar

iiig sel-
ler run-

;nL nil
believi

f

THE CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD. 401

No. 155.

CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD.

A. O. U. No. 436. Stellula calliope Gould.

Synonyms. — CALi.iorK Hummer. Star Hummer.

Description. — Jdult male: Upperparts golden-green ; tail chiefly dusky,
rufous at base, paler on tips, slightly double-rounded, its feathers broadening dis-
tally and nearly round at tips : sides of throat and underparts white, washed
with greenish and lirownish on sides; gorget somewhat produced laterally, of
lengthenefl acuminate feathers having white bases, rose-purple, or violet, with
lilac reflections. Bill straight, black above, yellowish below. Jdiilt female:
Coloration of upperparts, save tail, as in male ; central tail-feathers green tipped
with dusky ; remaining rectrices greenish gray mingled with rufous basally.
crossed with black, and tipped with white. Young birds resemble adult female
but are heavily washed with rufous below and have throat more or less specked
with dusky. Length of adult male: 2.75-3.00 (69.9-76.2); wing 1.55 (39.4);
tail 1. 00 ( 25.41 ; bill .^y ( 14.5 1. Female nnicli larger — u|i to 3.50 (88.9).

Recognition Marks. — Pygmy size ; the smallest of the northern ranging
species; gorget of male with radiating feathers of rose-purple hue distinctive, but
female hard to discriminate afield.

Nesting. — Much as in other species. Av. size of Eggs: .47 x .30 (ii.gx
7.6). Season: June or July according to altitude; one brood.

General Range. — Breeding in the mountains of the West, north to central
British Cnlunibia; south in winter to the mountains of Mexico.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident, chieflv in Transition and Canadi-
an zones, east of the Cascailes. and in these mountains to the limit of trees. Mr.
Lawrence's record remains unique for the ^^'est-side, but the bird probably breeds
in the ( )lympics also.

Authorities. — ? Lawrence, .\uk. \'ol. IX. Tan. 1892, p. 44. Bendire. Life
Hist. N. A. Birds, Vol. II. 1895, P- 219. L'. D^ J. B.

Specimens. — P'. C.

ORNITHOLOGISTS ha\-e been hard put to it to provide names for
these most exquisite of birds, the Hummers. The realms of callilithology,
chromatics, esthetics, astronomy, history, classical m^'tholog}', and a score
beside, have been laid mider tribute to secure such fanciful and high-soimding
titles as the Fiery To]iaz, Ruhy-and-Topaz. Allied Emerald, Red-throated
Sapphire. Sparkling-tail, White-booted Racket-tail. Fork-tailed Rainbow, the
Sappho Comet, the Circe, Rivoli and Lucifer Hummers, the Adorable
Coquette, and, last Init not least, the tinil}- Marvelous Hummingbird I Loddi-
gesia niirabilis ) . What wonder, then, that with so man\' children to provide
for, Gould, the great monographer of the Trochilida:. sluiukl have named

402

THE CALLIOPE HUMMINGBIRD.

this iiearl}- silent but ;il\va}-s beautiful species after the muse of eloquence,
Calliope?

While it is true that the S])ccies may be fnund in alnuidance thruout
the higher Cascades, and esjiecially along their eastern slopes, it is hardly
just to say with Rendire, that "the (^alliope Hummingbird is a mountain-
loving species and during the breeding
season is rarely met with below alti-
tudes of 4,000 feet, and much more
frequently lietween 6,500 to 8,000
feet."^ We have found it commonly
in the northern and eastern ]iortions
iif Washington at much lower alti-
tudes, and ha\'e taken its nest in the
Ijurning gorge of the Columbia at
an altitude of only six hundred feet.
Tn the mountains the bird knows no
restriction of range, save that it
avoids the hea\ily timbered slopes of
the \Vest-side; and it is at least as
common along the divide as is the
Ruf(ius Hummer.

Witiiout doubt the mind remembers
longest those birds which \-isit the
mountain heather beds, gorgeous with
flowers, and varied beyond descrip-
tion. A bit of heather on Wright's
Peak at an elevation of 8,000 feet,
yielded thirty-two s])ecies of plants in conspicuous bloom within a stone's
throw of camp. The Hummers appear to be attracted to the flower beds by
color and position rather than by scent, and as sure as we neglected to rise
with the sun, a troop of jnizzled lione_\'-hunters hovered by turns over inn-
parti-colored blankets. Once a Hummer minutely inspected a red bandana
handkerchief which graced the bird-nian"s neck: and once, I regret to say it,
fluttered for some moments before his nose ( sunlnirncd !).

The tower and di\e of the Calliope Hummer prmluces at its climax a
squeak of the tiniest and shrillest quality. It is a sight well worth seeing
when one of these elfin gallants, flashing like a jewel and bursting with self-
consciousness, mounts slowh' upward on vibrating wings to a height of a
hundred feet, then darts back with the speed nf lightning to make an afi^ec-
tionate pass at the placid lady on the twig below. The same tactics are

Taken in Spokane. Photo by F. S. Merrill.

C.M.LIOrF. HUMMER, FEM.^LE.

Bendirc, Life Hist. N. A. Birds, Vol. II., p. 219.

THE CALLIOPE HUAIMINGBIRD.

403

pursued when the cat or a smjoping
chipmunk is the object of attention,
but tlie change in temper is unmis-
takalale. I do not feel sure that tlie
spitfire will strike an enemy. Ijut the
sudden explosions nf winged fury
hard about the ears are quite suffici-
ent to ]jut a prowler in a panic.

The secret of nest-finding in the
case of Hummingbirds lies in the
tell-tale wing-ljuzz of the female as
she quits her nest. In this way, on
the 17th of June. 1906. we found
the first ^^'asllington nest of the
Calliope, in the dense greenery of
La Chapelle's Springs, on the
Columbia Ri\-er, near Chelan Falls.
The nest was saddled on a slender
descending branch of a red birch
tree, at a point seven feet out from
the trunk and twelve feet from the
ground. It was overshadowed by a
little canopy of leaves, and was held
in ]jlace not only by its lashings of
cobwebs, but by a drooping filament
from a loftier branch.

In eastern Oregon Bendire found
these birds nesting extensively in
the pine trees. The nests were usu-
ally settled upon a cluster of pine

cones, and so closely simulated their surroundings that detection would have
been impossible save for the \'isits of their owners. Ridgwav figures* a four-
story nest taken at Baird. California, and belie\ed to represent tlie occupation
of successive seasons.

Taken in Sp'ohanc.

Photo by F. S. Merrill.

A NEARER VIEW.

a. The Hummingbirds (Rep. Nat. Mus.,

pp. 253.383, plate I).

404 THE POORWILL.

No. 156.
POORWILL.

A. O. U. No. 418. Phalaenoptilus nuttallii (And).

Description. — Adult: A narrow l)an(l of pure white across throat; below this
in abrupt contrast a band of black: under tail-coverts clear creamy buff; the three
outer pairs of recfrices tipped broadly with white or buffy white ; remaining
plumage an exquisite complex of skeletonized black centers of feathers with buffy
and intermingled dusky marginings, the whole producing a frosted or tarnished
silvery effect ; black most conspicuously outcrop])ing on back and on center of
crown : buff'}- "silvering" most complete on sides of crown, wing-coverts, and
upper surfaces of tail-feathers ; black of underparts appearing chiefly as bars
where also mingled with pale olivaceous ; flight feathers finely and full)- banded,
ochraceous and blackish. Bill black; feet (drying) dark brown; iris brown.
Length: 7.00-8.00 (177.8-203.2); wing 5.50 (130.7); tail 3.50 (88.9); tarsus
.65 (16.5).

Recognition Marks. — Strictly Chewink size but appearing larger ; smaller
than a Nighthawk, which it superficially rcsenililcs in coloration. Poorii'ill cry
heard a hundred times to once the bird is seen.

Nesting. — Ef/gs: 2 laid upon the bare ground, creamy wdiitc with a faint
pinkish tinge, oval to blunt elliptical oval in shape. Aw size, .99 x .75 (25.2 x 19).
St'cisoii: c. June ist; one brood.

General Range. — Breeds from the western ])ortinns of the Great Plains west
to the Cascade-Sierra Ranges, north into British Columbia, Alberta, etc.; south in
winter thru Mexico to Guatemala.

Range in Washington. — Not common summer resident in treeless portions
of eastern Washington.

Authorities. — . hitiostoiinis intttaUti Cassin, "Illustrations." (1856) p. 237.
C&S. D'. D-\ Ss'. J.

Specimens. — Prov. C.

THE sun has set and the last chore is done, all save carrying in the
brimful paii of milk, wdiich slowly yields tribute of escaping bubbles to the
evening air. Sukey. with a vast sigh of relief, has sunk upon the ground,
where, after summoning a consoling cud, she regards her master wonderingly.
But the farmer boy is loath to quit the scene and to exchange the wntching
twilight for the homely glare of the waiting kerosene; so he lingers on his
milk-stool watching the fading light in the western sky and dreaming, as only
a boy can dream, of days which are yet to be. Every sense is lulled to rest,
and the spirit comes forth to explore the lands beyond the hills, to conquer
cities, discover poles, or scale the heights of hea\'en, when suddenly out of the
stillness comes the plaintive cry of the Poor-wn'Il. Poor-will poor-will. It is
not a disturbing note, but rather the authentic \-oice of silence, the }-earning

THE POORWILL. 405

of the bortlering wilderness made \-ocal in appeal to the romantic spirit of
youtli. Poor Will! Poor Will! you think upon cities, actions, achievements;
think rather upon solitude, upon quietness, upon lonely devotions. Come, oh,
come to the wilderness, to the mystic, silent, fateful wastes! And e\'er after,
even tho duty call him to the city, to the stupid, stifling, roaring, (and glori-
ous ) city, the voice of the Poor-will has wrought its work within the heart of
the exiled farmer l)oy, anil he owns a reverence for the silent places, a lo\'alty
of affection for the wilderness, which not all the forced subservience of things
which creak or blare or shriek may fully efiface.

The Poor-will spends the day sleeping on the ground under the shelter (jf
a sage-bush, or close beside some lichen-cm-ered rock, to which its intricate
pattern of plumage marvelously assimilates. When startled, by day, the bird
tlits a few yards over the sage-tops and ])lumps down at haphazard. If it
chances to settle in the full sunlight, it ai)i)ears to be blinded and mav allow a
close approach ; but if in the shade, one is not likely to surprise it again. Even
after nightfall these fairy moth-catchers are much more terrestrial in their
habits than are the Nighthawks. They alight upon the grouml upon the slight-
est pretext and. indeed. a])pear most frequently to attain their object by leap-
mg u]5 at passing insects. They are more strictly nocturnal in habit, also, than
the Night Jars. ;md we know of their later movements only thru the inter-
mittent exercise of song. Heard in some starlit canon, the passing of a Poor-
will in full crv is an indescribal)le experience, producing feelings somewhere
between pleasure and fear, — jjleasure in the delightful melanchol}- of the notes
heard in the dim distance, but something akin to terror at the near approach
and thrilling climax of the portentous sounds.

Taken in the hand, one sees what a quiet. in<)ffensi\'e fa\' the Poor-will is.
all feathers and itself a mere featherweight. The silken sheen and delicate
tracerv of the frost-work upon the i)lumage it were hopeless to describe. It is
as tho some fairy snowball had struck the bird full on the forehead, and from
thence gone shi\'ering with e\-er lessening traces all over the upperparts. Or,
perhaps, to allow another fancv, the dust of the innumerable moth-millers,
with which the bird is alwa\'s wrestling, gets ]iowdered over its garments.
The large bristles which line the upper mandi])le. and which increase the catch-
ing ca]3acity of the extensive gape by half, are seen to be really modified feath-
ers, and not hairs, as might be supposed, for in younger specimens the\' are
protectefl Iw little horny basal sheaths. With this equipment, and wings, our
melancholy hero easily becomes the envy of mere human entomologists.

4o6 THE PACIFIC NIGHTHAWK.

No. 157.

PACIFIC NIGHTHAWK

A. O. U. No. 420 part. Chordeiles virginianus hesperis J. Ciriniiell.

Synonym. — I'.ri.L-i'.AT.

Description. — .liliilt male: Muttleil, black, gray and ochraceons, and with
white in ])atches ; above black predominates, especially on forehead and back,
mottling falling into indistinct bars on upper tail-coverts and tail ; anterior edge
of wing white : the wing-quills dusky ; a large, white, transverse patch about
midway on the first five primaries, save on the outer web of the first ; a large
\'-shaped throat-patch white ; remaining underparts distinctly and finely barred,
dusky and whitish with some faint ochraceous. — the latter found especially on
the parts adjacent to the white throat-patch : the crissuni sometimes pure white,
usually barred, at greater intervals than on breast : a white band crossing tail
near tip, except on central feathers. Bill without evident bristles, the horny part
very small, but length of gape about an inch. Tarsus very short ; the middle
claw enlarged, and with a curious, horny, comb-like j)rocess on the inner edge.
Adult female: Similar, but without white band on tail, and with white spots
on primaries often much reduced ; throat-patch tinged with ochraceous, and suffu-
sion of underparts by this color more pronounced. Iiiiuiatnre: More finely and
heavily mottled than adults, and with upperparts more heavily marked, or even
suffused with ochraceous-buft". Length 9.00-10.00 (228.6-254): wing 4.85
(123.2) ; tail 4.32 (109.7) '■ ''ill from nostril .21 15.3).

Recognition Marks. — To appearance "'Little Hawk" size — really smaller;
central white s])ot in long wing distinctive.

Nesting. — Eggs: 2, deposited on the bare ground, often among rocks, some-
times upon a flat rock, or on the gravel roof of a tall building: grayish white, or
dull olive-ljuff marbled, mottled, or clouded and speckled with various shades of
olive, and brownish- or [lurplish-gray. .\v. size, I.i8x .86 (30x21.8). Season:
June : one broofl.

General Range. — Pacific coast slope mirth to P>ritish Columbia.

Range in Washington. — ^^'est-side, summer resident in open situations.

Authorities. — Chordeiles popetiie. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. 1858,
p. 153. T. C&S. B. E.

Specimens. — Prov.

THE Nighthawk arri\es so tardilv — ne\er before the middle of May
and from that date to the middle of June — tliat he reminds us of the naughty
child who has disregarded the ijarental summons and comes upon the scene
sleepy and cross at 9.30 a. ni.. when all good little children are at school. We
are sure, too. that it must be something like the necessity of eating cold victuals
that makes the bird grumble bayard - bayard as it flits about discontentedly on
the first morning. Moreover, there is always something incongruous about
the appearance of this prairie species in the land of tall timber. He is like the

THE WESTERN NIGHTHAWK. 407

man from Kansas. He has a perfect right here and he is a \-ery good feUow.
Oh, to be sure !

The Pacific Xightliawk differs by scarcely assignable characters from the
typical form of the eastern United States, but it is separated from it in distri-
bution Ij_\- two bleached [ihases, C. I', hciiryi and C. :■. sciiiictli. of the desert
and plain respectively: so we feel confident that it represents a resaturation of
the intermediate stock rather than a di\'ision or ccjlonv of C. I'irgiiiianiis
proper. Bird of the plains tln) it be. it is pushing its way determinedly on the
West-side where\'er openings offer, and is as likely to occur upon the San
Juan Islands or in some little clearing of the mountain valleys as upon the
ampler reaches of the Chehalis prairies. Latterly, also, it has accommodated
itself to the life of the city, and from the fearless way in which it appears
over Pacific Avenue in Tacoma. or Second Avenue in Seattle, we judge that it
must be following the well established eastern custom of laying its eggs on tlie
fiat roofs of down-town buildings.

No. 158.

WESTERN NIGHTHAWK.

A. O. U. Xo. 420a. Chordeiles virginianiis henryi (Cass.).

Description. — Similar tu C". r. Iicspcris. but jialer thruout ; areas of black
reduced, white patches of throat, wing, and tail averaging larger ; below more
extensively tawny whitish.

Recognition Marks. — As in preceding.

Nesting. — Xcst and E[/gs not distinguishable from those of C. r. hrsl'cris.

General Range. — Arid Transition and Canadian life-zones of the Western
United States from the eastern slopes of the Rocky ^Mountains to the Cascade-
Sierra ranges, north into British Coluniljia : south in winter to northern South
America.

Range in Washington. — Common summer resident in cipen situations east
of the Cascade Alountains.

Migrations. — Spri)iy: Moses Lake. May 13. iqo6: Chelan. May 29. 1905;
Oro. May 29. i8g6.

Authorities. — ["\\'estern Xightliawk." Johnson. Rep. Gov. W. T. 1884
( 1885 1 22J ; Bendire, Life Hist. X. A. Birds" \o\. II, 1895. P- 168. D-. Sr. Ra.
D-'. Ss'. Ss-'. Kk( ?). J.

Specimens.— (U. of W. ) P'. Prov. E.

THESE X^ighthawks are perfectly harmless except to moths, midges, and
their ilk: and their uplifted wings half careened by the evening breeze furnish

4o8

THE WESTERN NIGHTHAWK.

one oi tlie most pleasing adijrniiients of lowland meadow or sage-covered
upland. The birds "quarter the air'" incessantly in a bat-like flight of irregular
zigzags, often limiting as they go, bayard - bayard. They are not so strictly
nocturnal as the Poor-wills, Init put a liberal construction on "twilight," being
careful to
avail them-
selves of all
cloudy days,
and, in fact,
moving about
at will when-
ever the siui
slants fairly.
The m i d d 1 e
hours of the
day are spent
11 p o n the
ground, where
their neutral
tints serve a
protective piu"-
pose and are
almost imjilic-
it]\' relied on.
During tiie
mating season
the males take
great ])ara-
bolic headers
in the air,
returning
sharply and
producing a
1 o u d boom-
ing daw-zv —
whether by the
rushing of air
thru the wings
termined.

Token near Sfokaiic. Photo by F. S. Merrill.

EGGS OF WESTERN XIGITTII.SWK, IN SITU.

across the opened mouth.

wil

perhaps, never be de-

During migrations scores of these birds are sometimes seen moving aloft
in loose array and, customarily at this season, silent. While not at any time
strictly gregarious, favorable conditions are likely to attract considerable

THE WESTERN NIGHTHAWK.

409

nunilters to a gi\-eii syjut. I have seen scores at a time winging nniselessh' to
and fro over the tran(|nil waters of Brciok Lake, and once 1 saw a ciinii>anv
of not less than two hundred executing a grand march with bewildering
evolutions, in a Vakima pasture. The date in the last-mentioned instance
was August JOth. and it is more likely that the birds had discovered some
notable e\'ent in the insect world, tlian that they themseh'es were preparing

The eggs of the Nightluuvk are hea\ily nit.ittled with slat}- and other
tints, wdiich render them practicallv in\isible to the searching e\e. e\'en tho
they rest upon the bare ground or. as (jftener. upon an exposed lava ledge.
Except during the \-ery warmest hours ( when the sun's rays might addle
them) and the coolest (when thev might becoiue chilled), the sitting bird
is likely to rest beside her eggs instead of on theiu. The young birds when
hatched place great reliance upnn their ])r(itective coloration, and even permit
the fondling of the liand rather than c<infess the defect of their fancied

^i:\

Token '.war Spokane.

Telcl>hoto by IV . H. U'right.

WESTEKN NIC.HTHAWK AT MIBDAY.

security. The old bird, meanwhile lias fluttered away over tlie ground with
uncertain wing and drooping tail to drop at last on the \ery point of death.
Or failing in this ruse, she is charging about in mid air with plaintive cries.
Look upon the babies fur tlie last time, for they will be sjjirited away before
your return. — borne uff. it is said, between the thighs of the parent liird.

4IO THE BLACK SWIFT.

No. 159.
BLACK SWIFT.

A. O. U. No. 422. Cjpseloides niger borealis (Kennerly).

Synonyms. — Cloud Swift. Xuktiiekn Black Clijud Swift.

Description. — Adults: Soot\- black; feathers of extreme chin, anterior por-
tion of lores, forecrown, linini;" of wings, abdomen, sides, crissum, and under tail-
coverts, narrowly skirted with white. ISill. feet, and eyes black. Length about
7.00 ( i//-^ } : wing 6.30 ( 165.1 ) : tail 2.01) ( 53 ).

Recognition Marks. — S])arrow size but appearing larger; long wings and
rapid flight, cloud-haunting habits with color and size distinctive.

Nesting. — Xrst: in crannies of cliiTs ; reported by Bendire from the breaks
of the Columbia in Douglas County. Ef/gs: unknown. Season: presumably
June.

General Range. — \\'cstern Xorth America from the Rocky ^Mountains to
the Pacific, north thru British Columbia to southwestern Alaska; partially
nomadic, erratic, and far-ranging; winters south to Central America.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident in the higher Cascades and (pre-
sumably ) the (Jl_\nipics ; apjiears sporadically at lower levels, chiefly west of
the Cascade Mountains.

Migrations. — Spvimj: Seattle, May 16, IQ05. Fall: Seattle, September
20, 1907; Octiiber 7, 1905; Tatoosh Lsland, June 4, 1907.

Authorities. — Cvpscloidcs burcalis. Kennerly, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. IX.,
Nov. 1857. 202: fide Baird. Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX.. 1858. p. 143. Rh. D'. Ra.
B. E.

Specimens. — Prov. C. E.

NO other bird of equal prominence in the North American ornis has
so successfully eluded the in\estigation of the curious. Of equal prom-
inence, I sa}-. for on occasion the birds do exhibit themselves at close
quarters with every appearance of frankness. And it is precisely because
they do occasionally stoop to our le\'el, that we long to follow them as
they sweep the clouds or hasten back at a thought to their mountain
fastnesses.

Cloud Swifts hunt in great straggling companies, and wdien one of
them has attracted attention by swooping near the ground, and the eyes
are lifted, a dozen others may be noted in the neigiiliorhood, and a hun-
dred more in the sk_\-, up. up to the limit of vision. Certain atmospheric
conditions, especially a drizzling rain, may impel the whole company to
seek the lower levels, and hundreds may be seen at once hawking over
the townsite, or, better vet, nver the surface of a lake, as W'hatcouL or

THE BLACK SWIFT.

411

W'asliington. But 011 brighter days, ami ortlinarih'. the passing tlirong
occupies tlie whole heavens, and a bird seen darting across a distant cloud
mav in anotiier instant descend to the tree-tops. Altho not quite so speedy
as the \Vhite-throated Swift, there is no bird whose aerial evolutions convey
such a sense of power and unfettered freedom as do those of tliis veritable
sky-scraper.

The extraordinary \ 1 ilitalnrial powers possessed 1>\- the Cloud Swifts
])erniit a breadth of dail}' range unmatched in the case of anv other species.
We sujjpose that the flocks which appear here and there at sea-lexel thruout

ni.Ac 1; s\\ ii'i s

the summer nest onl}- in the Cascade ^ilountains: and it is easy to see that a
hundred mile dash before breakfast would hardly figure in the day's work.
On this account, we may fairly presume that the Cloud Swifts are really less
numerous than might be supposed from the analogy of other birds. Per-
haps half a dozen roving bands woidd comprise the entire population of
the State. A company nesting on Glacier Peak might elect to spend one
day hawking over Gray's Harbor, and the next in the Palouse country.
Some such diurnal shifting does exist, for at Chelan I have seen the Swifts
in June passing down the vallev at earlv morning, and retiu'uing in the

412

TiiE i;lack swift.

evening f(jr several successive days,
after which they would absent them-
selves for a month, .\gain, at early
morning, we have seen them filing thru
Cascade Pass from west to east, hot-
wing, as tho they had business in
Idaho.

These Black Swifts nest chiefly in
the mountains upon the face of inac-
cessible cliffs. This nnicli we know,
but the nest and eggs are still un-
known". The closest call which these
elusive fuwls ha\e iiad at nesting time
is thus reported by Alajor Bendire'' :
"The only locality where I have ob-
served this species was on the upper
Columbia River, opposite Lake Chelan,
Washington, in Julv, iS/O- Here quite
a co](>n\- nested in a In'gli pcr]ien(h'cular
cliff' on the south side of and aliDut a
mile back from the river, and numljers
iif tlicm flew tn and fmrn the \allev
below, where the}' were feeding. The
day was a cloud}- one, and the slow
drizzling rain was falling nearlv the
entire time I was there: this caused
the birds to fly Ii^w and they were easily
i<lenlihe<l. The\' e\identl\' liad \'oung,
;mil the twitterings of the latter could
i-eadih- l)e lieard as soon as a l)ird
entered one of the numerous cre\-ices
in the cliff' abo\'e. This was utterlv

.1. Tliese words are used advisedly. The case re-
jiorted from tlie sea-wall of Santa Cruz County, Cali-
fornia, claims no nest and only one egg. If this be not
a case of misidentification, then it is an example of
freak nesting utterly at variance with all Swift tradi-
tions, and with much that is actually known concerning
the habits of this species.

The classic instance reported from Seattle in tlie col-
umns of the -\uk (V'ol. y., '88, p. 424) of a nest
"made of straws, chips, paper, etc.," proved to concern
the handiwork of the Purple Martin (Prague subis),
hut the mistake was a not unnatural one in view of
the then rarity of the Martin,

b. Life Hist. N. A. Birds, \ol, II,. 1895. p, 176.

Taken in i lieliin (

■iuthor.

c.^sc.^DE PASS.

WHEse BLACK SWIFTS HAVE BEEN SEEN.

THE VAUX SWIFT. 413

inaccessible, being full}' 300 feet higli and almost perpendicular: and without
suitable ropes to lower one from above it was both useless and impracticable
to make an attempt to reach the nests. These were evidently placetl well
back in the fissures, as nothing bearing a resemblance to one was \'isible
from either above or below. In this locality I belie\e fresh eggs mav Ije
looked for about June 23."

I had word of the nesting of these birds in the summer of 1906 upon
a majestic rock wall overliH iking the Sahale Glacier in the Upper Horseshoe
Basin of Chelan County, but a visit paid to this scene the following season
failed to discover either nests or birds, altho local miners were readv to
confirm the report of their presence the previous season. Dr. IvJward Hasell.
of Victoria, informs me that tliev have nested about a certain cliff overlookine
Cowichan Lake on \'ancouver Island. The cliff referred to is about 1,600
feet high, and access was, therefore, out of the question. Mr. ^V. H. \\'right,
the well-known nature student and guide, of Spokane, tells me that he once
saw these birds nesting among some cliff's called "The Chimneys," which
are five or si.x miles distant from Priest. Idaho. He saw the Swifts carrying
twigs to the cliff's, but did not take further notice of their actions. He
visited The Chimneys at the same time of vear on each of two succeeding-

- - o

seasons, but saw nothing of the Swifts. From these reports, and from the
fact that the country referred to by Bendire has been ransacked in vain. I
conclude that the Black Swifts are continually shifting the scene of their
annual nestings, being, in fact, as erratic in this regard as thev are in the
matter of their local appearances at the lower levels.

No. 160.

VAUX'S SWIFT.

A. O. U. Xo. 424. Chaetura vauxi (Townsend).

Description. — .Adults: Above, sooty brown, lightening, nearly hair-brown,
on rump and upper tail-coverts : below, light sooty gray, lightening, nearly white,
on chin and throat ; lores velvety black ; shafts of tail-feathers denuded' at tips
a third of an inch. Length about 4.50 (114. 3) ; wing 4.50 (114.3) ; tail 1.59 (40).

Recognition Marks. — Strictly "pygmy size," Init comparison misleading —
to appearance, swallow size ; rapid erratic flight and bow-and-arrow-shaped
position in flight distinctive. Altho this species is only half the size of the
preceding, careful discrimination is necessar}^ while the birds are a-wing.

Nesting. — Xcst: a shallow half-saucer of short twigs, glued together with

414 THE VAUX SWIFT.

the bird's saliva and similarly cemented to the wood inside of a hollow tree.
Eggs: 4-6, pure white. Av. size, .77 x .50 (19.6x12.7). Season: June; one
brood.

General Range. — Pacific Coast States and British Columbia, breeding thru-
out its range ; south in winter to Central .America.

Range in Washington. — Not common summer resident in timbered sections
and in mountain valleys ; locally distributed.

Migrations. — Spring: Blaine, i\Iay 8. 1905. Fall: Seattle, Se])tember 20,

I907-

Authorities. — Lxpschis vaitxi Townsend, "Narrative," 1839, 348. T. C&S.
Rh. D'. Ra. D-'. B. E.

Specimens. — Prov. C. E.

«

"TPIE wa\' iif an\- bird in the air cuniniands interest, btit the way of the
Swift pro\-okes both admiration and astonishment. With \'olitatorial powers
which are uneqiialed by any other land bird, this a\'ian missile goes hurtling
across the sky without injury, or else minces along slowdy with pretended
difficulty. Now it waddles to and fro in strange zigzags, picking up a gnat at
every angle, and again it "lights out" with sudden access of energy and alter-
nate wing strokes, intent on hawking in heaven's upper story. At favorite
seasons the birds cross and recross each other's paths in lawless mazes and fill
the air with their strident creakings, while here and there couples and even
trios sail about in great stiff curves with wings held aloft. It is the only
opportunity afforded for ])ersonal attentions, and it is probable that the sexes
have no further acquaintance excejit as they pass and repass in ministering
to the young.

"In nesting the Chimney 'Sweeps' seek out the smaller chimneys of
dwelling houses, and usually onlv one pair occupies a single shaft. Short
twigs are seized and snapped off by the bird's beak in midflight, and these,
after being rolled about in the copious saliva, are made fast to the bricks, a
neat and homogeneous bracket being thus formed. This will be sufficient to
support the half dozen crystal white eggs and the hissing squabs which follow,
unless a premature fire or a long-continued rain dissolves the glue and tumbles
the fabric into the grate.

"Sitting birds, when discovered, oftenest drnp below the nest and
hide, clinging easily with the tiny feet supported by the spiny tail. The
male bird seldom pays any attention unless there are young, in which
case he even brushes past the intruder and enters the nest in his eager-
ness to share the hour of danger. The young are rather slow in develop-
ment and it requires, according to Mr. Otto Widmann, two months to rear
a family of them. Usually only one brood is raised, but a .second nesting

THE WHITE-THROATED SWIFT. 415

is undertaken even as late as August if the first has ])rnven unsuccessful"
(Birds of Ohio).

Save in the matter of nesting, the \"aux vSwift does not differ
essential!}- in habit or appearance from the well-known Chimney Swift,
referred to in the preceding paragraphs. It is, however, very much less
common and is only of local distribution, chiefly in the lower mountain
valleys. Local attachments are doubtless largely determined by the presence
of large cottonwood timber, but the birds descend to the lowlands, especially
after the close of the nesting season, in small ro\-ing parties, somewhat after
the fashion of the Cloud Swifts, with which indeed they frequently asso-
ciate. The}- have thus been regularly reported by West-side observers at
Tacoma, Seattle, and Bellinghani, and I have seen them at Blaine, and in
l!-ie valleys of the Xooksack (at Glacier), Skagit, Nisquallv (in Rainier
National Park), and Ouillayute Rivers. The only East-side records appear
ti) be those from the north fork of the Ahtanun-i, in Yakima County, and
the valley of the Stehekin. in Chelan County.

Vaux's Swift with us nests onl}- in the hollow recesses of tall dead
cottonwood trees, where they glue a shallow bracket of broken twigs,
cemented with hardened sa!i\-a. to the curving inner wall. In California,
however, they are said to be adopting the wa}S of civilization, and are be-
ginning to nest in chimneys, after the fashion of C. pclagica.

No. 161.

WHITE-THROATED SWIFT.

A. O. U. No. 425. Aeronautes melanoleucus (Baird).

Synonyms. — Rock Swift. Mouxtaix Swift. Rocky Mouxt.mx .S"wift.
White-thro.\ted Rock Swift.

Description. — Adults: Plumage black (variable, sooty brown to glossy
black ) : forehead and line over eye paler ; lore velvetv black ; chin, throat, breast,
and belly, centrally, white — also outer edge of outer primary, tips of secondaries,
lateral tail-feathers, and a conspicuous patch on flank, sometimes nearly meeting
fellow across rump; bill black. Length 7.00 (177.R) or under; wing 6.50-7.00
(165.1-177.8); tail 2.65 {f^■J.^,^.

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size but larger to appearance ; exceedingly
rapid flight with flashing white underparts and flank patches distinctive.

Nesting. — "The nest is securely placed far in holes or crevices of rocks or
indurated earths, usually at a great height ; it is a saucer-like structure, about
5x2 inches, with a shallow cavity, made of various vegetable materials well
glued together with saliva, and lined with feathers. Eggs several, in one instance

4i6

THE WHITE-THROATED SWIFT.

3, narrowh- subelliptical. 0.87x0.32, white" (Cones). Season: May and June.

General Range. — Western United States from the Rocky Mountains to the
Pacific, north to Montana, Idaho, and southern British CoUnnliia ( r)i<anagan
\'alley) ; south in winter to Guatemala.

Range in Washington. — Known only from the valley of the Columbia near
Chelan, the (".rand Coulee (near Cold Spring Lake), and the Cascade Pass.

Authorities. — Dawson, Auk, XI\'., 1897, p. 175.

Specimens. — C.

SWIFT, swifter, swiftest, will best express the relations (if mir Wash-
ington Cyl^scli. where the positi\e degree is represented by the Vaiix Swift,
the comparative by the Black Clmid Swift, and the superlative by the White-
throat. No one who is troubled with acrophobia, the fear of high places,
should attempt to spy upon the nesting haunts of these Swifts from above;
for when to the ordinary terrors of a sheer cliff, say a thousand feet in
height, is added the hurtling passage of resentful Swifts flashing about like
hurled scimetars, the situation will try the strongest nerve. Mewed from
below, in the open air, the evolutions of these birds may be regarded with
some degree of equanimity; but when a Swift dips toward the ground, or
measures its speed across the face of .some frowning precipice, one sees
what a really frightful velocity
is attained. There is no exact
wav of measiu'ing tliis, but an
estimate of five miles per minute
would he well within the mark,
and six not unreasonable. The
bird, that is. would require only

Photo by the Author.
Taken in Douglas County.

COLD Sl'KlM, L.VKli.

WHITE-THROATED SWIFTS NEST ON THE PRECIPITOUS WALLS OF THE BUTTE.

THE WHITE-THROATED SWIFT. 417

an hour to flit from Spokane to Aberdeen; or, it might breai<fast at Osooyoos
on the Forty-ninth Parallel, lunch in Chihuahua, and dine, a trifle late, in
Panama.

This Rock Swift nests only in crevices and caves of the most inaccessible
clififs. iNIost of its hunting, however, is done in the upper air, where its
lighter colors soon render it indistinguishable. It appears also to be less
sociable than the other species upon the hunt, so that almost the only op-
portunities for careful study of it are afforded near the cliffs. Here there
is much amorous pursuit, and the frequent sound of thrilling notes. The
characteristic notes constitute a sort of war-cry, rather tlian song, and con-
sist of a liquid descending scale of musical chuckling, or rubbing tones.
The noise produced is much as if two pebbles were being fiercely rubbed
together in a rapidly-filling jar of water.

The birds exhibit a preternatural cunning in the selection of nesting-
sites. Not only do they choose sheer walls, but those which, because of the
fissures so afforded, are crumbling and dangerous to a degree. The butte
shown in the illustration consists of a hard lava capping over a disintegrating
bed of tufa, impossible of ascent and impracticable of descent. Here in some
remotest crevice the birds affix a narrow shelf, of straws, bits of weed-
stalks, and miscellaneous trash, agglutinated with sali\a ; and in this four or
five narrowly elliptical white eggs are deposited late in June or early in
July.

These interesting birds are newcomers within our borders, and their
comings and goings are as yet little known. Bendire in 1895 remarked^
their utter absence from Oregon and Washington. In 1896 I saw a single
bird in the gorge of the C<:)lumbia near Chelan, and upon revisiting this
scene in Alay, 1906, found that quite a colony of them were haunting a
granite wall some 800 feet in height. Late in the same season, and in each
succeeding year I ha\-e found them in the vicinity of Cold Spring Butte in
Douglas County ; and have everj^ reason to suppose that other such colonies
exist in the Grand Coulee. In the summer of 1906 Mr. Bowles and myself
observed them crossing the Cascade Pass in company with Black Swifts;
while still more recently, Mr. Charles De Blois Green announces'' that
thev have extended their range up the \-alley of the Okanogan into British
Columbia.

a. Life Hist. N. A. Birds, Vol. II., p. 185.

b. -Mian Brooks in The .\uk, Vol. XXVI., Jan. 1909.

4i8 THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN HAIRY WOODPECKER.

No. 162.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HAIRY WOODPECKER.

A. (). I . Xn, 3()3 e. Dryobates villosus monticola Antiiony.

Description. — . Iditlt iiiaU-: Aljove. in general. l)lack, — glossy, at least on
crown and cervix, dull on tail, fuscous on wings; a narrow scarlet band across
the nape ; broad white superciliary and rictal stripes separated by a black band
thru e3-e (including lore), continuous with nape; a black malar stripe broadening
behind ; white nasal tufts ; a lengthened white patch down middle of back ; wing-
coverts black, or sometimes lightl}- spotted with white ; primaries and outer
secondaries spotted with white on both webs (often very lightly on inner webs),
the spots on the outer webs confluent in bars on the closed wing; tail black cen--
trally, the two outer pairs of feathers white on exposed portions, the third pair
white-tipped; entire underparts clear white; bill and feet light plumbeous. Adult
female: Similar but without scarlet band on hindneck. Young birds have the
crown chiefly red or bronzy or, rarely, yellowish. Length of adult: 10.00- 11.00
(234-279.4) ; wing 3.20 (132) ; tail 4.20 (106.7) • 'j'H i-50 (38).

Recognition Marks. — Robin size; black-and-white ]5attern of head (11
alternating areas d black and white, viewed anteriorly), with size, distinctive;
lores black and underparts (•/('<;)• icliitc. as compared with /'. i. hyloscofus.

Nesting. — Nest: A hole excavated in tree, usually in dead portion, unlined.
Eggs: ^-ft. white. Av. size, 1.08 x .77 (27.4x19.6). Season: May 15-June i;
one brood.

General Range. — Rocky jNIountain district of the United States from New
Mexico n<irth [n Montana, west to LUah and eastern Washington.

Range in Washington. — Mountain districts of eastern Washington, inter-
grading with I>. z'. Itarrisii along eastern slopes of Cascades, especialh' northerly.

Authorities. — Xot previously published. Tiased here on specimen taken May
23rd, 1906, at Usk, Wash. ( Ident. by Biol. Surv., \\'ashington, D. C.) J. (Open
to c|uestion thru confessed lack of specimens).

Specimens. — P).

THIS form fniall}- displ;ices Harris (D. 7'. Iiarrisii. with which it inter-
grades on tlie eastern slopes of the Cascades) only in the northeastern corner
of the State and in the Blue ^fountains. It differs in no essential respect from
the western variety in habit ; but because of the nmre ojien character of the
timber, is rather more in e\"idence thrunut its range.

On the 22nd of ■Ma\-, 1906, a male of this species was sighted at Usk, on
the banks of the Fend d'Oreille Ri\-er, as he clung to the to]) of a forty-foot
pine stub and deli\'ered. rather gcntlw his rulling tattoo, or call-note. After
rcjieating this several times he dropiied down and entered a hole a few feet
lower. We returned the following morning and found the male bird (dis-
tinguishable h\- his red nuchal patch ) again on the nest. When I rapped gentl}'

THE CABAXIS WOODPECKES.

419

on the stub lie emerged :
and proceeding to \\\>
drumming ground above, he
rolled repeatedly. By and
b}' the ^ female answered in
the distance with the pliiiip
or plick note. Soon she ar-
rived upon the nesting stub,
whereupon Mr, Hairy took
himself i)tt promptl}-, and
Mrs. Hairy entered the nest
and settled to her eggs. Or
so you would have supposed,
wouldn't }-ou? By the aid
of sixteen spikes, "6o"s,"
and a rope, I climbed to the
nest. thirt\'-fi\e feet \\\).
With a small hand-axe I en-
larged the entrance ( sacri-
ficing incidentally a thumlj-
nail. and gi\'ing sad exidence
of the sway of "mortal
mind'') to find oiih- one
fresh egg. fourteen inches
down.

Of ciiurse it was disap-
pointing, but the egg was a
pearl, so transparent that one
could see the \-erv outlines
of the imprisoned yolk.

Tal:ett iit Steiens Coinitv.

N'ESTIXG SITE OF ROCKY MO
WOODPECKER.

Plioto by J.
I'NT.MX H

H. Bo-,vtcs.
AIRY

No. 163.

CABANIS'S WOODPECKER

A. O. U. No. 393d. Dryobates villosrs hyloscopus (Cab.).

Synonym. — Rocky jNIount.mx H.mry Woodpecker (name now restricted
to preceding form ) .

Description. — Similar to D. v. iiiniificola but averaging smaller; lores chiefly
or entirely white ; underparts more or less si )iled whitish ; some few white spots

420 THE HARRIS WOODPECKER.

ajjpearing on wing-coverts and upon inner secondaries (thus shading into eastern
forms of the D. villosus group).

Recognition Marks. — As in preceding.

Nesting. — As in D. :■. mnnticola.

General Range. — Imperfectly made out as regards that of D. %■. monticola —
"Western United States from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, excepting the
special range of D. v. harrisii, and southward into Mexico" (Coues).

Range in Washington. — Undetermined; perhaps resident in eastern Wash-
ington between ranges of iiiouticola and harrisii. perhaps only casual west of
Cascades.

Authorities. — Bendire, Life Hist. X. A. Birds, Vol. H. 1895, p. 53.
Puyallu]). Wash.. Dec. 25. 1895, by Geo. G. Cantwell (Ident. by Biol. Surv. Wash-
ington, D. C).

Specimens. — C.

\\'OOr)PECKERS of the Dryobalcs group are not migrants, but they
are inclined to experiment, and so not infrequently turn up in their neighbors'
preserves. A specimen taken at Puyallup, December 25. 1895. must be re-
garded as a wanderer from the North, althn Brooks characterizes this form
as regular at Sumas, B. C.

No. 164.
HARRIS'S WOODPECKER.

A. O. I^. No. 393c. Dryobates villosus harrisii (And.).

Description. — Similar to D. i\ hyloscopus, but underparts light smoky brown
or smoke-grav ; sometimes narrowly streaked with black on sides ; spotting on
wing-quills still further reduced, that of wing-coverts usually wanting. Length
of adult: 9.00-10.50 (228.6-266.7); wing 5.00 (127); tail 3.35 (85.1); bill 1.25

f3i-8)-

Recognition Marks. — Robin size; black-and-white pattern of head (with
touch of scarlet on hind-neck of male) ; smoky below as compared with D. v.
monticola or D. v. hyloscopus.

Nesting. — Nest: a hole about 25 feet up in a dead fir tree, lined with chips.
Eggs: usuallv 4, crystalline white. Av. size, 1.03 x. 74 (26.7x18.8).

General Range. — Pacific coast dist"ict fnim northern California north to
southern .Alaska.

Range in Washington. — \\'est-side, resident, chiefly at lower levels; east
slopes of Cascades, where intergrading either with D . v. honionis southerly ( ?)
or D. V. luotiticola northerly.

Authorities. — Picus harrisii. Andubon. Orn. Biog. 1839, 191 '• pl- 4'7-
Townsend, Narrative, (1839), p. 347. T. C&S. L'. Rh. D'. Kb. Ra. Kk. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P. Prov. B. BN.

THE HARRIS WOODPECKER.

421

Div. COOPER judged ihe Harris lo be the most abundant \\'oodpecker
in Western W'ashington ; and this, with the possible exception of the Flicker
(Colaptes cafcr saturatior), is still true. The bird ventures well out upon
the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains, and is found sparingly in the
higher motintain valleys; but his favorite resorts are burns and the edges of
clearings, rather than the depths of the woods. Altho he is resident the vear
around we are quite likely to
overlook his presence until
cold weather appears to quick-
en his pulses, and to send him
careering noisily o\er the
tree-tops. He has spent the
night, it ma\" be. in the heart
of a fir stub at the end of his
winter tunnel, and now he
covers a half-wooded pasture
with great bounds of flight,
shouting, plick. plick. from
time to time; and he gives a
loud rolling call — a dozen nf
these notes in swift succes-
sion— as he ]nills up in the
top of a dead tree to begin
the day's work.

He is an active fellijw.
hitching up or dropping down
the tree trunk with brusque
ease, and publisliing his prog-
ress now and then in cheerful
tones. But he knows how to
be patient too. In the search
for hidden worms and bur-
rowing larvae it seems not ini
jirobaljle that the \\'oodpecker
depends largely upon the
sense of hearing — that he
practices auscultation, in fact. A meditative tap, tap. is followed by a pause,
during whicli the bird apparently marks the effect of his strokes, noting the
rustle of apprehension or attempted escape on the part of the hidden morsel.
It is not unusual for the bird to spend a half hour tunneling for a single taste,
and even then the wary game may withdraw along some tunnel of its own,
e\"en bevond the reach of the bird's extensible tongue. But besides that which

Tiiken in Oregon.

Photo hy Boltlinan and Finley.
HARRIS WOODPECKER.

422 THE UUW'XY WOODPECKER.

must liL- stcuix'il Imiii the 1)ii\\l'1s of tlic wmiil, tlitTc is imicli tn !)(.' gleaned
from the siirtace and in the crannies i)f the l)ai"k. The winter fare is also
suppleinented l(\' cnrnel heniLs and the fruit of certain hardy shrubs.

It is a fair (|uesti<in wliether the Marris Wnndpecker did Udl get his dingy
breast thru lung association with his grimy grub cupboards. The dead trees
which he frequents, where not actually blackened by fire, are often stained
b\- (leca\'ing fungic growths and clinging spores, so that the snowN' shirt-front
of the eastern Hairv Woodpecker would be sinall satisfaction to him here. Or
if this grim\- conditidn uf tree-trunk be not the tcrniiiiiis a quo the sniokv front
of tlie Wood])ecker started, it is certainly the tcniiinits ml qiiciu its color is
accuratel_v tending. And, of course, it is easy to see how these conditions are
due exactly to the Iiumidity which pre\ails on the Pacific Coast, and to a
lesser degree thruout the Cascades. The dr\' dirt uf llie R(ick\' Mountain
pines is by comparison clean ilivt, .and so Dryobafcs I'illiisiis is al)le to take
some decent pride in his linen as he proceeds eastward.

The Harris Woi:)dpecker \'isits the winter tmupes onh' in a patronizing wa\'.
He is far too restless and independent tu l)e counted a constant nieml)er <if any
little gossip club, and, exce])t brielly during tlie mating season and in the
fanfilv circle, lie is rarelv to be seen in the coinpan\' of his own kind.

The nest of this bird is usuall\- |ilaced well up in a small dead fir tree in
some burn or slashing (Hi dry ground. It is about ten inches dee]') and has no
lining sa\e fine chips, among which the crystal wliite eggs, four nr li\e in
number, lie ]>artiallv imbedded. Incubation is I)egun fmni the last week in
April to the last week in May, according to altitude, and liut one brood is
raised in a season. These Woodpeckers are exceptii malh' \aliant in defense of
their voung, the male in particular becoming almost beside himself witli rage
at the ajipearance of an enemy near the home nest.

No. 165.

DOWNY WOODPECKER.

A. O. V. No. 394c. Dryobates piibescens medianiis (Swains.).

Description. — Similar to P. :•. iiioiiticola, Init much smaller; wing-coverts
heavily spotted with white, — a round blotch <in tip of each feather; wing-quills
and primary-coverts heavily spotted with white on both webs, the blotches on
outer webs iforming bars on the closed wing; tertials barred and tipped with white;
the outer tail-feathers barred with black; underparts white or slightly soiled.
Length of adult 6.2S-7.00 (158.8-177.8); wing 3.75 (QS-3>'' tail 2.60 (66.1);
bill .66 C16.8).

Recognition Marks. — S]iarrow size; black-and-white color pattern with

THE BATCHELDER WOODPECKER. 423

small size distinctive: red iia])e of male; lieavih- white-spotted on wings as com-
pared with D. p. hoiiionis: white below as compared with D. p. gairdncrii.

Nesting. — Does not breed in Washington. Nest: A hole in stub or decayed
limb of tree, nsnall}- at moderate height, unlined. H(/gs: 4-6, white. Av. size,
.75 X .51) ( iQ.i X 15 ).

General Range. — Middle and northern portions of United States and north-
ward; of casnal occurrence in the Pacific Northwest.

Range in Washington. — One example, Seattle, Feb. 20, 1892, by S. F.
Rathbiui.

Authorities. — Dryobaics piibcsccus (Linn. I, Bendire, Life Hist. N. A.
Birds, \ ol. II. 1895, pp, 55, 56. Ra.

Specimens.— Pm?). C. E.

ON the 20th of February, 1892, Mr. S. F. Rathbuii took what is con-
sidered to be a typical specimen, a female, of this species, near Seattle ;
and on the 23rd of March. 1896, I took one at Chelan which belongs either to
this or to the more recently elaborated /'. p. iirlsoiii. Apart from D.
yairthicrii. whose center of distribution, at least, is pretty well kn<iwn, great
confusion exists in our knowledge of Dryobatcs piibcsccus and its varieties
in the Northwest. Downy WV)odpeckers are not migrator}-, but they rove
considerably in winter, and the most we can say of these W'ashington speci-
mens is that the\' jioint to the presence <if D. piibcscois or D. p. uclsivii. or
both, as resident birds in British Columbia.

No. 166.

BATCHELDER'S WOODPECKER.

A. n. U. No. 394b. Dryobates pubescens homorus (Cab.).

Synonym. — Rocky Mouxt.mn Dowxv ^^'ooI)rl•A•KI•:K.

Description. — Similar to D. p. nicdianiis. but larger, clearer white below, and
with less w^iite spotting on wing, that of middle and greater coverts reduced or
wanting. Length: 6.75-7.50 (171.5-190.5) wing 4.00 (101.6); tail 2.65 (67.3);
bill .77, ( 18.5).

Recognition Marks. — As in preceding: white spotting of wing reduced as
compared with P. p. iitcdianiis: underparts dear ivliite as compared with D. p.
.gairdnerii.

Nesting. — Xest and Eggs as in preceding. Season: May; one brood.

General Range. — Rocky Mountain region of western LTnited States and
British Columbia, west to eastern slopes of Cascade-Sierra Range.

Range in Washington. — East-side, not uncommon resident, especially in

424 THE GAIRDNER WOODPECKER.

valleys of more heavily timbered section ; intergrades with next form on eastern
slopes of Cascades.

Authorities. — Dawson, Auk, X'ol. XIV". 1897, p. 174. J. E(H ).

Specimens. — V. of W. Prov.

IN the nature of the case the line of deniarcation cannot be clearly
drawn between this species and the more abundant Gairdner's. Specimens
taken by Dr. J. C. Merrill, U. S. A., at Fort Sherman, Idaho, near our
eastern boundary, were doubtfully referred to this subspecies, and really
represent intergrades between Iioiiionis and gairdncrii. I have seen specimens
in Spokane Count\- which favored this form, in the whiteness of the under-
parts, much moi'e strongly than gairducrii.

Moreover, Batchelder's Woodpecker, if it be he, is not nearly so com-
mon in the pine and larch districts of the extreme Northeast, as is the Rocky
Mountain Hair\-. In the covu'se of a two-weeks' trip along the Fend d'Oreille
in Ma}' and June we encountered it only once. Bendire met with Downy
W^oodpeckers of some sort near Walla Walla, but found them cf rare occur-
rence and confined to the willows of stream banks.

No. 167.

GAIRDNER'S WOODPECKER.

A. O. \j. No. 394 a. Drjobates piibescens gairdncrii (And.).

Description. — Similar to D. p. hoiiionis. but white spotting of wing still
further reduced, usually wanting on coverts : underparts smoky gray ; under tail-
coverts spotted or barred with black. Length of adult about as in D. p. iiicdianiis.

Recognition Marks. — Sparrow size ; black-and-white pattern of head : white
back contrasting with black scapulars, etc.; much the commonest woodi)ecker;
wing scarcely spotted as compared with D. p. nicdiaiiiis : underparts smoky as
compared with D. p. homnrus.

Nesting. — Nest: A hole, usually in dcciiluous tree, some 20 feet up. Eggs:
4-6, glossy crystalline white : roundefl ovate in shape. Av. size, .74 x .56
(18.8x14.2). Season: c. May ist; one brood.

General Range. — Pacific coast district from southern California north to
British Columbia ; extends somewhat beyond eastern slopes of mountain ranges
southerly, shades into D. p. hoiiiorus along ridge of Cascades northerly.

Range in Washington. — West-side, common resident, especially in lowland
groves and about clearings ; occupies eastern slopes of Cascades southerly.

Authorities. — Picas qairdncri. Audubon, ( )rn. Biog. V. 1839, 317. T. C&S.
Rh. Kb. Ra. D^ Ss^ Kk.'B. E.

Specimens. — U. of W. Prov. B. E.

'Hi'.-.-.\^ra^Vl^

CAIKDNKl; WOODPliCKIiU,

426 THE GAIRDNER WOODPECKER.

THE liical representati\-e of the widespread Downy type is a jierfect
miniature nf ihe more ainnidant Harris Woodpecker, even in flight and
voice; and In the same causes must be attributed tlie soihng of a bosom
once immaculate. Unhke his greater tluuble. li(jwe\er, Gairdner's Wood-
pecker is for the most part confined to deciduous timber, and sliows a great
preference for wooded Ijuttoms and the borders of streams. Here his
industrious tap, tap and clieery /^iiik notes may be heard not alone from the
trunks of trees, but from the smaller liranches. These he traces to the
\ery end in a search iov lurking grub or nit.

The presence of this bird is a benediction in an orchard, for he in-
spects every niche and crevice of a fruit tree, and if he finds deep-seated
troubles, the holes he drives are as necessary as the physician's lancet.
But folks still call them "sapsuckers," and shoot their little benefactors.
Such people should be fined, fi^r a first offense ; and the fine remitted only in
case thev agree to "read up." For a second offense — W^ell, I believe in
cajiital punishment myself.

The little Downies, strictly resident, as they are, wherex'cr found, are
not so hardix' ])ut to it t(_) subsist in winter here as they are north and
east. If grubs are scarce there are always edible berries and seeds to fall
back on. ^'el Gairdners relish nuts or a bit of suet hung out in winter
time: and if the would-be i)atron be not too eager in first advances a very
prett\- friendship may be established in the course of a season.

Also, because of the season's mildness, winter bird troupes are not
such an important institution as in the frigid East. But wherever Kinglets,
Juncoes, Creepers, W'rens. and Chickadees do associate together for be-
nevolent offense and defense, there is Downy in the midst, — and one can
hardh- helj) adding (the Master would be the last to forbid it) "and that
to bless."

It is at times difficult to distinguish, in the case of the f^iiik notes and
the longer rattling call, between the voices of this bird and tlie Harris,
but the notes of the smaller bird are usually much less in volume and
strength, and have a rather uKjre nasal quality. All Wood])eckers have
also a sort of signal system, or Morse code, consisting i)f sundry tattoos on
resonant wood. These calls are used principally, or exclusively, during the
mating season, and consist, in the case of the Gairdner, of six or seven
taps in regular and moderate succession. The birds have favorite places
f(^r the production of these sounds; and it is probable that birds are able
to distinguish their calling mates ]>y the timbre of the smitten wood, as
well as by some subtle variation of tempo which escapes unfamiliar ears.

Gairdners place their nests at inconsiderable heights in deciduous trees,
and those, if possible, among thick growths on moist ground Both se.xes
assist in excavation, as in incubation. Partially decayed wood is selected

^ THE WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER. 427

and an oijcning made about an incli and a (juarter in dianietcT. After
driving straight in an inch or two, the passage turns down and widens two
or three diameters. At a depth of a foot or so the crystal white eggs are
deposited on a neat bed of fine cliips. Incul)ati(in hists twelve days and the
young are hatched about the 1st of June.

Mr. Bowles asserts that when a tree cnntaining eggs is rapped the
sitting bird will try, sometimes successfully, to deceive the inquirer bv coming
to the entrance and dropping out a mouthful of chippings, thus conve\ing
the impression that she is still building. It's a shame to give it away.

No. 168.

WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER.

A. O. V. No. 39<j. Xenopicus albolar\atus (Cass.).

Description. — .idiilt male: Body plumage and tail glossy black : wings dull
black with large blotch of white 011 median portion of inner jirimaries and
secondaries, and some disconnected white spotting distally: throat and entire head
(not deeply) white; a scarlet patch on nape. Bill and feet slatv black; iris red.
Female: Exactly as male Ti'/Z/fo/ff scarlet nuchal band. Length: 9.00-9.50 (228.6-
241.3) ; wing 5.15 I 130.8) ; tail 3.50 (88.9).

Recognition Marks. — Chewink to Robin size; white head nni(|ue.

Nesting. — Xest: A hole in live pine tree at moderate height. H(](/s: ^-J.
usually 4, pure white. Av. size, .95 x .71 1 24.1 x 18). Season: June-July, accord-
ing to altitude ; one brood.

General Range. — Mountains of the Pacific Coast States north into I'.ritish
Columbia, east to Idaho and Utah.

Range in Washington. — Resident in the mountains, chieflv cast of the Cas-
cade summit.

Authorities. — Piciis albolari-atiis. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. 1858. p.
97. C&S. D'. D-\ J.

Specimens. — Prov. C.

THERE is a Gray's Harbor record for this bird, but the i)ccurrence
is unique west of the Cascades. So far as our experience goes, the White-
head is to be looked for only in the pine timber which clothes the eastern
slopes of the Cascades and tlieir outliers. The range of the species extends
casually northward into British Columbia, but the southern boundary
of Oregon is nearer its center of distribution, and the birds decrease rapidly
in numbers north of the Peshastin Range in Washington.

At first glance we would say that this bird eschews protective coloration
altogether, but Mrs. Bailey argues that even black and white are not very

s

428 THE WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER.

conspicuous colors under our interior sun, and claims that the bird gains
inattention from its very unbirdlikeness. Dr. Merrill, who made a most
satisfactory study of this species near Fort Klamath in Oregon, regards the
bird in winter as the very simulacrum (if a l:)r()ken branch strongly shadowed,
and crowned with snow.

Concerning its food haliits, 1 )r. Merrill sa_\'S''' : "I have rarely heard
the \Voodpecker hammer, and even tapping is rather uncomnmn. So far
as I have observed, and during the ^^Mnter I watched it carefully, its principal
supply of food is obtained in the bark, most of the pines having a very
rough bark, scalv and deeplv fissured. The bird uses its bill as a crowbar,
rather than as a hammer or chisel, i)r\ing off the successive scales and layers
of bark in a \'ery characteristic way. This explains the fact of its being
such a (juiet worker, and, as would l)e expected, it is most often seen
near the base of the tree, where the bark is thickest and roughest. It
must destroy immense numbers of Scolytidcc. whose larva; tunnel the bark
so extensively, and of other insects that crawl beneath the scales of bark
for shelter during winter. I have several times imitated the work (_>f this
bird by prying oft" the successive layers of bark, and have been astonished
at the great number of insects, and especially of spiders, sij exposed. As
a result of tliis, and of its habit of so searching for food, the Wbite-lieaded
Woodpeckers killed here were loaded with fat to a degree I have ne\'er
seen equallefl in any land binj, and scarcely surpassed by some Sandpipers
in autumn."

The White-headed Woodpecker is a quiet bird in manner and voice. I
ha\e never heard it utter a sound even in the presence of a nest robber
but it is said to have "a sharp, clear '-ccitt-ivitt' " which it uses after the
fashion of the Harris Woodpecker, when, it flies from tree to tree. The
bird is quite wary; but when it cherishes suspicions, it flies away com-
posedh', with no such air of ostentatious oft'ense as Harris indulges on
occasion.

The first nest reported from this State was found on Jul}- 2_'nd, 1896,
in the valley of the Methow, where this Woodpecker is not at all common.
The entrance showed like a clean-cut augur hole, one and five-eighths inches
in diameter, dri\'en in a live ])ine ; and was reached conveniently from liorse-
back. Four fresh eggs lay on a bed of chips, some eight inches down, and
thev were remarkable only for a somewhat uniform distribution of sparse,
black spots, — probably dots of adherent pitch, derived from the chips, and
soiled to blackness by contact with the sitting liird.

a. The Auk, Vol. V.

THE ARCTIC THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. 429

No. 169.

ARCTIC THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

A. (.). U. No. 400. Picoides arcticus Swains.

Synonym. — Black-backed Three-toed Woodpecker.

Description. — Adult male: Upperparts glossy blue-black, duller on flight
feathers ; primaries and outer secondaries with paired spots of white on edges of
outer and inner webs; a squarish crown-patch of yellow (cadmium orange) ; a
small post-ocular spot of white, a transverse white cheek-stripe meeting fellow
on forehead and cut off by black malar stripe from white of throat and remaining
underparts : sides heavily barred or mingled with blue-black. Bill and feet
plumbeous black; iris brown. Adult fcuialc: Like male, without yellow crown-
patch. Length 9.00-10.25 (228.6-260.4) ; wing 5.25 ( 133.3 ) : t^'l 3-5O-4.00 (88.9-
101.6) ; bill 1.25 (31.7).

Recognition Marks. — Chewink to Robin size: yellow crown-patch of male;
back witlmut white as compared with P. aiiicricanus fasciatus ; and black of head
continuous with that of back as compared with the Drvobatcs I'illosus group.

Nesting. — Not known to breed in Washington, but probably does so. Nest:
hole in pine or fir stub, 10-18 inches deep. Eggs: 4-6, white, moderately glossed.
Av. size, .96 X .72 (24.4 X 18.3). Season: last week in May, June; one brood.

General Range. — Northern North America from the Arctic regions south
to northern tier of states, and in the Sierra Nevada to Lake Tahoe, south in
New England and in Alleghany Mountains in winter, but breeding thruout
western range.

Range in Washington. — Rare resident in coniferous forests of the central
Cascades.

Authorities. — ["Black-backed three-toed woodpecker." Johnson, Rep. Gov.
W. T. 1884 (1885), 22.] Bendire. Life Hist. N. A. Birds, Vol. H. 1895. p. 74. E.
Specimens. — U. of W. Prov. C. E.

THE Black-backed \\V)od])ecker should occur in all uur niotmtains,
and especially upon the pine-timbered slopes of the eastern Cascades and
in the Blue Mountains. It must, however, be considered rather rare, for
we ha\'e never met with it afield, and lia\-e records of onlv two specimens,
one taken at Glacier and the other near Lake Kichelas. The species is
practically non-migratory and should breed wherever it occurs. It is ordi-
narily a very quiet bird, devoting itself assiduously to its search for tree-
boring insects and their larvse, chiefly Biiprcstidcr and Ccrainhycidcr; and at
other than breeding seasons appears stolidly to ignore the presence of
strangers. Its note is described as a sharp, shrill "chirk, chirk" ; and it is
besides a most persistent drummer, rattling away at a single station for

430 THE ALASKAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

minutes at a time, so that the oniithLilugist wh^i is suspicious may follow
the lead from a half mile's distance.

Nesting- is chiefly at moderate heights — from two anil a half to eight
feet from the ground, Bendire says ; so that there ought not to Ije any difli-
culty in studying this species once it is found.

No. 170.

ALASKAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

A. O. U. No. 401 a. Picoides americanus fasciatus Raird.

Synonym. — L.\DDER-n.\CKKD Tiirek-Tokd Woodpecker.

Description. — .Idiilt iiialc: Up]ierparts chiefly Ijlack, the back strongly
barred with white, these bars more or less confluent centrally; flight-feathers
marked with paired white spots, and wing-coverts sometimes more or less spotted
with white: two central pairs of tail-feathers black, the ne.xt succeeding pair
black mingled with white, and the remaining ])airs pure white: a squarish yellow
patch on crown: a distinct white post-ocular stripe extending to nape; a broad
white stripe from lore to side of neck ; underparts white, the sides and flanks
lieaviK- but narrowly barred with black. Bill and feet plumbeous black; iris
brown. .Iiliilt fciiialc: Similar but without yellow crown patch: sometimes
largely white on crown. Length of adult.- 8.00-9.50 (203.2-241.3): wing 4.60
(1 16.8) : tail 3.60 (01.4) : bill 1.20 (30.5).

Recognition Marks. — Chewink to Robin size: lustrous Ijlack above with
central white in broad bars: sides black-and-white barred.

Nesting. — Kcst: In hole at various heights. Eggs: usually 4, white. Av.
size, .92 .X.70 (23.4x17.8). Season: June; one brood.

General Range. — Timbered mountains of northern Washington, British
Columbia and Alaska.

Range in Washington. — Sparingly resident in northern Cascades.

Authorities. — Brewster, Auk. X. July, 1893, p]). 236, 237.

Specimens. — I'rov. C.

THIS is a permanent resident of the Hudsonian zone on the Mt
Baker range both north and south of the international boundary: also at
lower elevations on \"ancouver Island and on Salt Springs Island, Gull
of Georgia. Further in the interior it is of irregular distribution, being
in son-ie districts replaced by Picoides arcticiis. ai-id in others occupx-ing the
same localities as that species. I liaxe no records fi_M" arcticiis west of the
Cascade range. At one time I was convinced that the Alaskan Three-toed
Woodpecker occupietl a higher breeding zone than the Black-liacked species
(arcticiis). but had to modify this o])inion on finding a pair of fasciatim

t>

THE RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER. 431

breeding in tlie low hills back of Clinton, where one would hardly expect
to find any three-toed woodpecker. Usuall}- the species is found in the
gloomy forests of balsam, s])rnce, and hemlock, and up to timber line
Here it is a silent bird, its tapping being usually the onlv sign '"if its
presence.

The cr_\- is a sharp cluck without the insistent ring of its allies of
the Dyrobatcs group. In spring the usual chattering cry, common to so manv
woodpeckers, is heard, Init this is more sufxlued and guttural than that of
the Hair}- \\'(ii>dpecker. The males will also hang for hours on some dead
spire beating the regular rattling tattoo of all true woodpeckers.

When shot. e\en if instantly killed, three-toed wi:iod]ieckers of both
species ha\e a mar\elous faculty uf remaining clinging tci the tree in death.
Where the trunks are draped with Usiica moss, it is impossible to bring one
down, e.xcept when winged — then they attempt to fly, and fall to earth :
but when killed outright they remain securel_\- fastened l.iy their stnmg curved
claws. Repeated shots fail to dislodge them, and it is no joke to drop
a big tree with a camp axe, as I ha\-e done, 1 mly to find at the finish
that you cannot discover the object of your quest in the tangle of broken
branches and dense rhododendron scrul). The only chance is to leave the
bird and to visit the foot of the tree when the relaxing muscles have at
length permitted the biidy to drop — usuall}' within two da^"?. Once I was
fortunate enough to observe the exact position that enabled the bird to
maintain its grip. I had shot and killed an Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker
on a low stumi). On gning up I fmuid the bird's feet to be three inches
apart by measurement: the tail was firmly braced, and the further the body
was tilted back the more firmly the claws held in the bark.

Ai.r..\x Brooks.

No. 171.

RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER.

A. O, U. No. 402 a. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis Baird.

Description. — Adult male: Bilcum, throat, and nuchal band carmine (or
poppy-red to crimson ) : crown and throat patches defined In- black, narrowly on
sides, broadly behind, the black border of throat below forming a conspicuous
crescentic chest-band : a white streak over and behind eye, more or less continuous
with black-and-white mottling of upper-back ; a transverse stripe from nostril
around throat and chest, and continuous with white of underparts : remaining
upperparts black, variously spotted, banded, and blotched with white ; middle
coverts and upper tail-coverts nearly pure white, the first-named forming with
the exposed edges of the greater coverts a broad white wing-band ; underparts
centrally pure white or flushed with sul])luir-yell(iw : sides, flanks, and under tail-

432 THE RKI) X AI'ED SAPSUCKER.

coverts heavil)- barred, or marked chiefly in hastate pattern, with black. Bill and
feet slaty black; iris brown. Adult female: Like male but carmine nuchal patch
reduced or wanting; throat-patch reduced by white of chin. In young birds the
areas of red are much reduced (wanting except on crown?) the throat being
clouded with dusky instead. Length about 8.50 (215.9): wing 5.00 (127); tail
3.20 (81.3); bill i.oo (25.4).

Recognition Marks. — Chewink size ; highly variegated black, white, and red
(and sometimes tinged with yellow below) ; red throat-patch defined by black (or
white above in female) distinctive.

Nesting. — Nest: A gourd-shaped excavation in decaying wood of live aspen
tree, 5 to 30 feet up; entrance i^i inches wide; hole 8-10 inches deep; no lining.
Eggs: 3-6, white, moderately glossed, ovate to elliptical ovate. Av. size, .90 x .67
(22.9x17). Season: June 1-15; one brood.

General Range. — Rocky Mountain and adjacent ranges from Arizona and
New Mexico north to about Lat. 54° in Alberta and British Columbia; west to
eastern slopes of Cascade Mountains in Washington and Oregon and to the
Sierra Nevada: in winter south to Lower California and Mexico; casual in
Kansas.

Range in Washington. — In general, in the hilly country of the northeastern
part of the State and in the Blue Mountains ; commonly along river bottoms in
Stevens County; rare or casual on eastern slopes of the Cascades.

Authorities.— Bendire, .\uk, \'ol. Y. July, 1888, 226. Sr'. J.

Specimens. — Prov. C.

THE western variety of the Yellow-bellied Sapsucker differs only slightly
from the eastern bird in appearance, and not at all in disposition. Of ivriiis I
have already said"* :

Before the maple sap has ceased running, our woods are invaded
from the south by a small army of hungry Sapsuckers. The birds are
rather unsuspicious, quiet, and sluggish in their movements. Their com-
mon note is a drawling and petulant kcc-a, like that of a distant Hawk;
but they use it rather to vent their feelings than to call their fellows, for
altho there may be twenty in a given grove, they are only chance associates
and have no dealings one with another. Starting near the bottom of a
tree, one goes hitching his way up the trunk, turns a lazy back-somersault
to reinspect some neglected crevice, or leaps out into the air to capture a
passing insect. The bulk of this bird's food, however, at least during the
migration, is secured at the expense of the tree itself. The rough exterior
bark layer, or cortex of, say, a maple, is stripped oft', and then the bird
drills a transverse series of oval or roughly rectangular holes through
which the sap is soon flowing. The inner bark is eaten as removed and
the sap is eagerly drunk. It is said also that in some cases the bird relies
upon this sugar-btish to attract insects which it likes, and thus makes its

'Birds of Ohio,'

THE RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER. 433

little wells do triple service. According to Pfofessor Butler, an observer
in Indiana. Mrs. J. L. Hine. unce watched a Sapsucker in earlv spring
for se\'en hours at a stretch, antl during this time the bird did not move
above a yard from a certain maple tap from which it drank at intervals.

Orchard trees suffer occasionally from this bird's dejiredations, but
the sap of pine or hr trees is its favorite diet antl a\ailable the ^•ear
around.

In nesting the Red-naped Sapsucker shows a marked preference for
aspen trees and its summer range is practically confined to their vicinity.
A nest found nn the banks of the Pend d'Oreille. opposite lone, was placed
twent\'-ti\-e feet up in an aspen tree some sixteen inches in diameter. The
tree was dead at the heart but there was an outer shell of li\-e wood two
inches in thickness. The bird had penetrated this imter shell with a tunnel
as round as an augur-hole, and an inch and a half in diameter, and had
excavated in the soft heart-wood a chamber ten inches deep \erticallv, five
and a half horizontally, and three from front to back. Here five eggs, "as
fresh as paint," reposed on the rotten chips. Like all, or most. Woodpecker
eggs, these were beautifully transparent, with the position of the contained
yolk clearh- indicated. One egg was l:)r<")ken with a small round hole, as
tho a careless claw had been stuck into it.

The parent birds, especially the male, who was caught on the eggs as
tho inspecting the latest achievement, were \ery attentive, flying back and
forth in neighboring trees, and gi\'ing utterance to the kec ah and other notes.
After my descent from the ruined home, the male alighted beside the hole
and tapped at the edges, as tho seeking in the sound of the wood explana-
tion of the disaster.

No. 172.

RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER.

\. O. U. No. 403. Sphyrapicus ruber frimel.).

Synonym. — RfiD-BRE.-\sTr.D Woodpecker.

Description. — Adult male: Somewhat as in preceding Init distinctive mark-
ings of head and neck and chest nearly obliterated by all-prevailing carmine which
reaches well down on breast ; marks alluded to most persistent in anterior portion
of transverse (white) cheek-stripe and in black of lores; breast (posterior to
carmine) and remaining underparts strongly sufifused with yellow ; white spotting
of npperparts greatly reduced in area and oftenest tinged with yellow ; white
wing-bar fully persistent but often yellow-tinged — thus an evolved form of S. i'.
nnchalis. with which males are said to exhibit every degree of gradation. Adult

434 THE RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER.

female: like male but duller. Young birds are said to be "gray with tlull reddish
suffusion as if the head had been dipped in claret wine." Length, etc.. as in
preceding.

Recognition Marks. — Chewink size; bright crimscm of head, "shoulders"
and fore-breast distinctive ; yellow underparts. Brighter than succeeding.

Nesting. — Xest and Eggs as in S. r. iiotkensis.

General Range. — Northern Lower California, the I'acific Coast States and
British Columbia, save in northwestern portion where displaced Ijy succeeding
form ; retires from northern portion of range in winter.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident and migrant chiefly along the
eastern slnpcs of the Cascades, shading into succeeding form west of the divide.

Authorities. — [Lewis and Clark, Hist. Ex. (1814) Ed. Eiddle : Coues, Yol.
]]. p. 183. 1 Bendire, Auk. \V,1. \'. July. 1S88. p. 230. T. D'.

Specimens. — L. nf W.

IT is all very well for the economic ornithologist to tell us that Sap-
suckers are somewhat injurious to orchard trees, but the sight of one of
these splendid creatures, drupjiing with a low cry to the base of a tree and
iiitching cof|uettishly u]) 'ts length, is enough to disarm all resentment.
From what spilled chalice of old Burgundy has the bird been sipping?
Or from what baptism of biood has be latelv escaped that he should be
dyed red for half his length? Recrudescent mythology, ill at ease in these
commercial times, ne\'ertheless casts furtive glances at him, aufl longs to
account in its inimitable wa_\- for the telltale color.

Fiir nn-self, if young fruit trees will lure such beauty from the woods,
I will turn mchardist. Xor will I begrudge the early sap from my choicest
]>i])pins. I am fond of cider m\self, but there are worthier. Drink, pretty
creature, drink !

^^^ell, of c(.)urse, there are biogra])hical details: but what of it? Have
vou not vourself been so smitten with beauty that you forgot to inquire
pedigree? Tut, now; you do not even remenil^er a single sentence she said
that day. But you remember her. Enough !

r)nce when the Ijird-man was camping on the Snoi|ualniie trail, this
crimson visinn ai:)];earefl al the edge of a clearing, and jiroceeded to inspect
our plant approvinglv ; and while the bird-man's heart was in bis mouth, it
lit on the tent-post and gave it two or three in(juiring raps. What need of
details!

•I;

f

'/■ A MOH'-l

Mi^anii ail
'he hv:<\ h

RED-BRIilA^STED SAPSUCKER '" '

hnn,

MALE, NEARLY LIFE SIZE
From a. W^ater-color Painting bt Allan Brooks

UVUi^-^ \'S\-v>o\V5--

^HE NORTHWEST SAFSUCKER. 435

No. 173.

NORTHWEST SAPSUCKER.

A. O. L'. Xo. 403 a. Sphyrapiciis ruber notkensis Suckow.

Synonyms. — Xortherx Red - hkkastkd Sapsucker. Crimson - headed
Woodpecker.

Description. — Like preceding but darker, red a deep crimson or maroon
purple. Original markings of 5. 7'arius niicliatis still further effaced. Av. meas-
urements of two adults from Glacier : Length, <>04 1 .252.5 ) ; wing 5.24 ( i ^3.1 ) ;
tail 3.40 (86.4); bill 1.03 (26.2).

Recognition Marks. — Chewink size; dark crimson of head, neck, and breast
distinctive.

Nesting. — Xcst: An unlined ca\-ity e.xcavated in dead hr or living deciduous
tree, usually at considerable height. Eggs: 5-7, white. Av. size, .92 x .69 (23.4 x
17.5). Season: May or June; one brood.

General Range. — Breeding in Xorthwest coast district of North America
from CJregon td v^itka, Alaska; south in winter to southern California.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident west of the Cascades; also par-
tially re>iik"nt in winter.

Authorities. — S/^livra/'iciis ruber Baird, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX.
1858, pii. 104, 105. C&S. Rh. Ra. B. E.
Specimens. — 1'. Prov. B. E.

VICTOR SAVINGS, of Blaine, ])i)inle(l nut a hole fifty feet up in a big
fir stub as the Sapsucker's nest. Soon the female flew to the entrance; where-
upon the male liird emerged, gorgeous in crimson panoply, and flew awav, the
female taking his place on the eggs. After a bit \'ictor pounded on the tree
to raise a possible Harris further up, for the tree above is riddled with nesting
holes. The female Sapsucker promptly thrust out her head and studied the
situation for fi\-e minutes or so. after which she dropped back cnntent. The
only notable thing about the nest externally was a round smooth patch, the size
of a dollar, upon the tree about four inches below the nest, worn and polished
by the tail-feathers of the alighting birds. Judged by this mark of identifica-
tion, only one of the unused holes above belongerl to the Sapsucker; the
remainder to the Llarris W^iodpecker.

The stub commands a \-iew of the Savings's orchard, where. \'ictor savs,
the Sapsuckers do immense damage, especially to the pear trees. This nesting
tree was sixteen feet around at tlie base, al)o\"e the root bulge, and perfectly
desolate of limbs. Fortunately, also, it had long since disposed of its shaggy
coat of bark, — fortunately. I say, for when a fir stub sheds its fir coat it does
so suddenly, and great is the fall thereof.

It was a far cry up that barren shaft with one knew not what jiossiliilities of

436

THE NORTHWEST SAPSUCKER.

defeat at the end of it : but, of course, if one wanted eggs, one had to go after
tlieni. Fir.st, we laid out a Hljeral >ui)i)ly of stout two-foot fir cleats, and a
couple of pounds of small sjiikes. A ladder ga\-e us a twenty-foot start, after
which I nailed up the cleats with the aid of a three-quarter-inch rope passed

round the tree and my body My com-
panion at the bottom of the tree supplied
building materials which I hoisted from
time to time h\' means of another rope.

In this laborious fashion the nest was
reached. The birds, meanwhile, having be-
come increasinglv anxiiius, made frequent
approaches from a neighboring tree, crying,
L\'L'-a. kcc-iui. in helpless bewilderment.
S e \' e r a 1 times they
lighted near the scene
of operations, but were
frightened off by the
resounding blows of
the hand-axe. W^hen
all was over, they
raised a high, strong
qnc-oo. — qiic-oi), never
before lieard, and re-
minding (ine generic-
ally of the Red-headed
Woodpecker of boyhood
days.

By the time I had a
hole large enough to
thrust in the hand, the
eggs were quite buried
in chips and rotten
wood. But when they
were uncovered, they
were seen to lie, seven
of them, in two reg-
ular lines, four in
the. front rank witli
sides touching evenly, and three in the rear with points dove-tailed between.
There was, of course, no lining for the nest, save the rotten wood itself. The
eggs were perfectlv fresh and had a warm ])\u\< tint before the contents were

Taken near Blaine. Photo by Victor Savings

NESTING SITE OF THE NORTHWEST SAPSUCKER.

THE WILLIAMSON SAPSUCKER. 437

removed. Their surface is highly pohshed, and their texture \aried, giving
an effect as of water-marked hnen pajjer, in heavy Ijranching hnes and coarse
frost-work patterns.

No. 174.

WILLIAMSON'S SAPSUCKER.

A. (>. U. No. 404. Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cass.).

Synonyms. — Williamson's Woodpecker. Red-thro.\ted Woodpecker
(male). Browx-iie.\ded Woodpecker (female). Black-breasted Wood-
pecker (female).

Description. — Adult male: In general glossy black including wings and tail;
throat, narrowly, scarlet ; belly gamboge yellow ; sides, flanks, lining of wings and
under tail-coverts more or less mingled with white, — black-and-white barred, or
marked with black on white ground ; a broad oblique bar on wing-coverts and
small more or less paired spots on wing-quills and upper tail-coverts, white : a
white post-ocular stripe and a transverse stripe from extreme forehead passing
below eye to side of neck. Bill slaty ; feet greenish gray with black nails ; iris dark
brown. Adult female: Very different; in general, closely barred black-and-white,
or black-and-brownish ; breast only pure black, in variable extent ; whole head
nearly uniform hair-brown, but showing traces of irrupting black; post-ocular
stripe of male faintly indicated and occasionally with touch of red on throat;
some intermediate rectrices black but exposed surfaces of central and outer tail-
feathers black-and-white barred ; white spots of wing-quills larger, paired, and
changing to bars on inner quills. Young male: Like adult male, but black not
glossy; belly paler; throat white. Young female: Like adult female but barring
carried across head, neck, throat, and breast. Length of adult : 9.00-9.75 (228.6-
247.6) ; wing 5.25 ( 1.33.3) '• tail 3.80 (96.5) ; bill .90-1.15 (22.9-29.2).

Recognition Marks. — Small Robin size; fine barring of female distinctive;
extensive black of male with white head-.stripes, white rump (upper tail-coverts)
and white wing-bar; pattern of underparts (in male) clearly a modification of
that of .9. T'. nucludis, but red of throat nuich reduced, and black much extended.

Nesting. — Nest: A hole excavated by birds at any height in live deciduous
tree or dead conifer. Eggs: 3-7, usually 4, white. Av. size, .96 x .67 (24.4 x 17).
Season: Alay-June; one brood.

General Range. — Western United States chiefly in mountains and foothills
from eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains to western slopes of Sierra-Cascades,
breeding from mountains of Arizona and New Mexico north to British Columbia
(in the valley of the C'kanaganj; south in winter to Southwestern States an<l
Mexico.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident chiefly on eastern slopes of the
Cascades.

Authorities.— Bendire, Life Hist. N. A. Birds, Vol. II. 1895, p. 97. D^

Specimens. — C.

438 THE NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER.

OVER and beyond the interest of life, wliich is always the greatest cliarm
of an animal, be it bird or snail, a curious interest attaches to many creatures
tin^u some accident of disco\"er}', some misapprehension, or neglect, or absurd
surprise, — the historical interest, humanly considered. Now the amusing
thing about ^\'illiamson Sapsuckers, male and female, is that ages after God
had joined them together man snatched them rudely asunder, thrusting Mr.
Williamson into one pigeon-hole, labeled ivi/liamsoiiii, and Mrs. Williamson —
under a vernacular alias of Brown-headed Woodpecker — since she was indis-
creet enough to flit nut ali>ne one day, into another, labeled Picas thyroideiis.
This legal crime, which was committed in the probate court of ornithological
inexperience in 1853 and 1857, was not corrected until 1873, when Mr. Hen-
shaw caught a pair of these really very dissimilar birds innocently conspiring
to set the decree of a blundering divorce court at naught.

Of the occurrence of this species in Washington, there is little lo Ije said.
There is a record for British Columbia, Similikameen, June, 1882, by R. V.
Gritfin, whence Bendire evidently assumes its presence along the eastern slope
of the Cascade Mountains in Washington. I am aware of only one published
instance'"', recording a female narrowly observed by myself at the Yakima
Soda Springs, on August 9, 1899. Besides that we have obtained momentary
glimpses of others in the Stehekin Valley in three successive seasons, 1906-
1908.

Bendire notes that these Sapsuckers are like the other species in habit,
except that they are not at all confined to deciduous trees, and that they are
found (in Oregon, California, and Colorado) at the higher levels, from 5000
feet up. So far, we have found them in Washington only at altitudes of
1000 to 1500 feet.

No. 175.

NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER.

A. O. U. No. 405a. PhlcEotomus pileatus abieticola (Bangs).

Synonyms. — LoGcocK. CocK-oF-THE-^^'ooDs. Bl.-\ck Woodcock.

Description. — Adult male: General plumage sooty black, lusterless save on
wings and back ; whole top of head and lengthened crest bright red ; red malar
stripes changing to black behind, and separating white spaces ; chin and upper
throat white : also a white stripe extending from nostrils and below eye to nape,
and produced downward and backward to shoulder ; narrow white stripe over and
behind eye; lining and edge of wing, and a large spot (nearly concealed ) at base
of ]iriinaries, white: black feathers of sides sparingly white-tipped: bill dark
plumbeous above, lighter below, save at tip : feet black. In some specimens the

a. The Wilson Bulletin, No. 39, June, 1902, p. 6z-

THE NORTHERX PILEATED ^^'OODPECKER. 439

whites arc cvt-nwiiere tingfil with pak- sulphiir-xcUnw . the- color being especially
noticeable in the axillaries and lining of wings. Adult fciualc: Similar, but black-
en forehead, and black instead of red malar stripes. Length 15.50-19.00 (393./-
482.6); wing 8.50-10.00 I 215.9-254) : tail 5.85-7.40 1 148.6-188) ; head 4.50-5.50
( 1 14.3-139.7): bill i.75-2.r.5 (44.5-67.3).

Recognition Marks. — Largest size: black, white and red i>n head in stripes;
body maiiilv l)lack.

Nesting. — Xcst: high in dead trees. Eggs: 4-(i. white. Av. size, 1.29 x .94
(32.8 .X 23.9). Season: May; one brood.

General Range. — Formerly the heavily wooded regions of North America
south i.if about latitude 63°. except in the southern Rocky Mountains. Now rare
or extirpated in the more settled parts of the Eastern States.

Range in Washington. — Xot uncommon resident in larger coniferous for-
ests thruout the State.

Authorities. — [Lewis and Clark, Hist. Ex. (1814) Ed. Biddle : Coues, \'ol.
H. p. 185. 1 Hxlatomus pilcatiis Baird, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX. 1858,
p. 107. T. C&S. L-'. Rh. D-. Ra. Kk. B. E.

Specimens.— IT. of W. V. I'rov. 1^ liN.

OX'E'S first ac(iiiaintance with this huge black fowl marks a red-letter
day in woodcraft, and it is permitted the serious student to examine the bird
anatomically just once in a life-time. The scarlet crest attracts first attention,
not onl}- Ijecause of its brilliancy, but Ijecause its presence counterbalances the
bill, and imparts to the head its hammer-like aspect. This crest was much
sought after b}- the Indians of our coast, and figured i)romiuently as a personal
decoration in their medicine dances, as did the bird itself in their medicine lore.
A measurement of twenty-eight inches from wing-tip to wing-tip marks the size
of this "Black Woodcock," while the stiffened tail-feathers with their down-
turned vanes show what adecjuate suppc>rt is gi\en tlie clinging claws when the
bird delivers one of its powerful strokes. The bill is the marvel. Made ap-
parently of horn, like other birds' bills, it has some of the attributes of tem-
jjered steel. The bird uses it recklesslv as both axe and crowbar, for it hews
its wav thru the bark of our largest dead fir trees, in its el¥orts to get at the
grubs, which ha\"e their greatest field of activity between the bark and the
wood. It pries ofi great chi])s and Hakes hv a sidewise wrench of its head.
A carpenter is known by his chips, but no carpenter would put his chisels to
such hard service as the bird does his. As a result there is no mistaking
the bark pile which surrounds the Ijase of certain old stubs in the forest for
the work of an\- other agency.

Possibly the most interesting of all is the Log-cock's tongue, which it is
able to pi-otrude suddenlv to a distance of four or fi\e inches beyond the tip
of its beak. This provision enables the bird to economize lal)or in the track-
ing of buried sweets, and the arrangement is made possible by the great

440

THE NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECKER.

(leveli:)])inent of the hyoid bones witli their muscular attachments. Tliese
extend backward from the base of tlie tongue over and around the skull,
nearh' to the u])])er base of the bird's bill again.

The great forest tires which have ravaged our State ha\'e proved a god-
send to the Woodpeckers, altho they are in no way responsible for them.
The Pileated Woodpecker does his share in staying tlie ra\-ages of the wood-
working insects, but he is even more interested in the spoliation of fallen logs
and so liastens rather than retards decay. A ]iair of these Woodijeckers will
gradually tear a rotten log to pieces in pursuit of the grubs and wnoihboring
ants which it harbors. They are shy or confiding just in proportion to the
amount of persecution which they have been called upon to endure. I ha\'e
waited half a day trying to get a specimen, and again I have sal under a
shower of chips or
ogled a bus}' pair in
the o]ien at forty feet.

The Log-cock has a
varielx' of notes, and
one who learns them
will find the bird much
more common than he
may ha\'e sup]30sed.
The most noteworthy
of these is a high-
pitched stentorian call.
which is not exactly
laughter, altho some-
thing like it in form,
/;.//■ lia ha ha ha ha ha
ha hit. '".At a distance
this call sounds me-
tallic ; but when at close
range it is sent echoing
thru the forest, it is
full and clear, and it is
the most untamalily
wild sound among bird
notes."

In this connection I
wish to mention a mys-
terious sound which I
have several times j-,,;,..,, ,„ p,v,.„. co,n,ty. Photo by j. h. bo-.oIcs.

heard in the depths of pileated woodi-eckek le-winc, .\est.

THE LEWIS WOODPECKER. 441

the western forest, I)nt t(.i w Imse autliiirship I lia\e nn clew unless it \n-o-
ceeds from this l:)ird. The note comes from well up in the trees, and is
repeated slowly, after little intervals, and with a sort of funereal solemnity.
If I \-enture to literate it, the letters are to lie tliought rather than said, —
or better still, thought while whistled in a low key (si) poolk{ng) - - -
(si)poolk(iig) - - (si)poolk(iig). \\'ho will "riddle me this mystery"?

The Pileated \\'ood])ecker chisels out its nesting hole at an\- height in
dead timl:)er. whether of fir, ])ine. spruce, or other. It nests regularlv in this
State, but the taking of its eggs is something of a feat ; so, in default of much-
coveted "luck," we fall back on Bendire^ : "From three to five eggs are
usuallv laid to a set, but I haxe seen it stated that the Pileated Woodpecker
often laid six, and that a nest found near Farm\'ille, Virginia, contained eight.
An egg is deposited daily, and incu1)ation Ijegins occasionally before the set is
completed, and lasts about eighteen days, both sexes assisting in the duty, as
well as in caring for the young. Like all Woodpeckers the Pileated are very
devoted parents, and the young follow them for some weeks after leaving
the nest, until fully capable of caring for themselves. Only one brood is raised
in a season. The eggs of the Pileated Woodpecker are pure china-white in
color, mostly ovate in shai^e ; the shell is exceedingly fine-grained and \'ery
gloss\-, as if enameled."

No. 176.

LEWIS'S WOODPECKER.

A. O. U. No. 408. Asyndesmus lewisi Riley.

Synonym. — Bl.\ck Woodpiccker.

Description. — Adults: .\bove shining black with a greenish bronzy luster;
"face." including extreme forehead, space about eye, cheeks, and chin, rich
crimson ; a collar around neck continuous with breast hoary ash ; this ashy mingled
intimately with carmine, or carmine-lake, on remaining underparts, save flanks,
thighs and crissum, which are black ; feathers of nape and underparts black and
compact at base but finely dissected on colored portion of tips, each barb length-
ened and bristly in character. Bill and feet black ; iris brown. Youiuj birds lack
the crimson mask and hoary collar; the underparts are gray mingled with dusky
below, with skirtings of red in increasing abundance according to age. Length of
adult: lo.oo-ii.oo (254-279.4); wing 6.75 (171. 5); tail 4.50 (114.3); h\\\ 1.20

(30.5)-

Recognition Marks. — Robin size; shining black above, hoary collar and
breast ; red mingled with hoary ash on underparts distinctive.

a. Life Histories of N. A. Birds, Vol, II.,

442 THE LEWIS WOODPECKER.

Nesting. — Xcst: in hole excavated in dead tree, usually at considerable
height. Bfiijs: 5-9. white, slightly glossed. Av. size. 1.03 .x .80 (26.2x20.3).
Season: third week in Mav to first week in June; one brood.

General Range. — Western United States from the Black Hills and the
Rocky Miiuntains to the Pacific, and from southern British Columbia to southern
Alberta, south to Arizona, and (in winter) western Texas. Casual in Kansas
(A. O. v.).

Range in Washington. — Summer resident in timljered sections (Arid Tran-
sition arid lower Canadian life-zones) east of the Cascades; especially partial to
Cottonwood timber lining the larger streams ; locally distributed or colonizing
west of the mountains, chiefly in burns.

Authorities. — [Lewis and Clark, Hist. Ex. ( 1814). Ed. ISiddle: Cmies, \'ol.
H., [). 187J. Mclanerpcs torqnatus. Bonap. Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX.,
1858, p. \\(\. T. C&S. L-\ D'. Kb. Ra. D-'. Ss'. Ss-'. Kk. J. B. E.

Specimens. — U. of W. P. Prov. C. E.

NOT the least strange of the many new creatures discijxered ijy a famous
e.xpedition of a hundred _\ears ago was this curious black Woodjjecker, which
\\'ilson named lonjiiatiis (collared), but which soc.m became known ])\- the
name of the intrepid leader, Cajitain Meriwether Lewis. In habit and appear-
ance the bird combines Crow, Jay, Woodpecker, Flicker, and Flycatcher. It
is perha])s as flycatcher that we know him Ijest, as we see him sail out from
the stiiiimit of a cottonwood or towering pine-tree and make connection with
some object to us invisible. H the insects are flying freely, the bird mav
conclude to remain aloft for a few minutes, lluttering about in great watchful
circles, readv for inomentar}- dashes and adroit seizures. A dozen of his
fellows mav be similarly engaged in the same vicinity, for Lewis is ever a
sociable bird, cmd when he returns to his perch he will raise a curious raucous
twitter, a rasping, grating, obstructed sound, which is his best effort at either
conversation or song.

In passing from tree to tree the Woodpecker presents a Crow-like apiiear-
ance, for it moves with a labored, direct flight, wdiich is quite different from
the bounding gait so characteristic of many of its real kinfolk. In alighting,
also, the bird is as likely to bring up on top of a limb, in respectable bird-
fashion, as to try clinging to the tree trunk.

Lewis Woodpeckers are rather wary, and if one starts out to secure a
specimen, he is surprised to note how the birds manage to edge off while still
out of range, and to fly away across the tree-tops rather than trust them-
selves to the lower levels. It is well worth one's wdiile to examine a specimen,
because of the exceptional character of the bird's plumage. The hoary ash
of the collar contrasts strikingly with the glossy green of the upperparts,
wdiile the rich crimson, mingled with ashy, below, serves to emphasize the
extraordinary hair-like character of the feathers themselves. If it had been

THE LEWIS WOODPECKER.

443

ti)'

a Sapsucker, now, nr a Harris, we could rea<lil\- unilersiand Iiia\- the ab-
diiminal plumage might ha\e lieen teased to rags thru constaut friction
with rough bark; but this Iaz\- Jack-of-all-trades. who is more flycatcher than
true woodpecker, how did he get his unde'--plumage so teartully mussed?

For all the Black
Woodpecker keeps
largeh' to the tops of
trees, it is not averse to
ground - meats, a n d
where unmolested, will
descend tii feed with
Cousin Flicker upon
crickets, geotic beetles,
or fallen acorns. Grass-
hoppers are a favorite
food, and during the
season of their greatest
abundance the bird re-
cjuires little else. Serv-
ice-berries are a staple
in season, wild straw-
berries are not often
neglected, and the bird
has been knr)wn to filch
a cherry now and then.
Indeed, it is noteworthy
that in certain fruit-
growing sections, such
as the Yakima \'alley.
Black Woodpeckers
ha\-e increased in num-
bers of late. It must
not be hastily conclud-
ed on this account that
the Woodjiecker is a
menace to the orchard.
He earns what he eats.
Orchards attract in-
sects, and insects attract birds,
insects, and so, ex'entually, no fruit?
fruit for all ?

The occurrence of the Black

jNOTOoKg

I.ICW IS W OOni'IX'KKK.

Which will yiiu ha\e, no birds, more
birds, fewer insects, and enough

or more

\\'oodpecker west of the Cascades is

444

THE LEWIS WOODPECKER.

subject to little-understood fluctuations. One year the birds will abound
in a certain section, wiiile the year following none are seen. Whether
this is because the local food ^u])|ily lias becimie exhausted with a season's
foraging, or whether the birds are sini]>lv wliimsical in cliriice, we do not

Taken in ll'hntconi County.

FItoto by the Author.

.\N OLD BURN SUCH AS LEWIS WOODPECKERS DELIGHT IN.

know. Doubtless, in any event, the rapid opening uj) of new territory, thru
the cutting and ]>artial burning of timber, has provided a field of oppor-
tunilv too large for the species to fully occupy. With such wealth before
them the earlv colonists may naturallv have become a little saucy.

THE YELLOW-SHAFTED FLICKER. 445

No. 177.

YELLOW-SHAFTED FLICKER.

A. O. U. No. 412 a. Colaptes auratiis liiteiis Bangs.

Synonyms. — Flicker. Northern Flicker. Golden-winged Wood-
pecker. Yellow-h.\mmer. High-hole. High-holder. Pigeon Woodpecker.
Wake-up.

Description. — .Idiilt iiialc: Top of head and cervix ashy gray, with a vina-
ceous tinge on forehead ; a bright scarlet band on the back of the neck : back, scapu-
lars, and wings vinaceoiis gray with conspicuous black bars, brace-shaped, cres-
centic or various ; primaries plain dusky on exposed webs ; lining of the wing and
shafts of the wing-quills yellow; rump broadly white; upper tail-coverts white,
black-barred in broad, "herring-bone" pattern ; tail double-pointed, black, and
with black shafts on exposed upi)er surface; feathers sharply acuminate; tail
below, golden-yellow and with yellow shafts, save on black tips ; chin, sides of
head, and throat vinaceous, enclosing two broad, black, malar stripes, or mous-
taches ; a broad, black, pectoral crescent ; remaining underparts white with heavy
vinaceous shading on breast and sides, everywhere marked with sharply defined
and handsome round, or cordate, spots of black. Bill and feet dark plumbeous.
Adult female: Similar, but without black moustache. Sexes about equal in size.
Length 12.00-12.75 (304.8-323.9) ; av. of thirteen specimens: wing 6.13 ( 155.7) ;
tail 4.34 (110.2) ; bill' 1.34 (34).

Recognition Marks. — Size not comparable to that of any better known bird ;
scarlet nuchal band; yellow "flickerings" in flight; pectoral crescent; white rump;
black-spotted breast, etc.

Nesting. — Does not breed in Washington. Nest: an excavation in a tree or
stump, usuallv made by the l)ird. at moderate heights; unlined. save bv chips.
Ei/i/s: 4-10, usually 7 or 8, glossy white. Av. size, 1. 09 x. 85 (27.7x21.6).

General Range. — Northern and eastern North America, west to tiie eastern
slo])e of the Rocky Mountains and Alaska. (Occasional on the Pacific slope from
California northward. Accidental in Europe.

Range in Washington. — Casual during migrations — a straggler from Alaska.

Authorities. — Dawson, Auk, Vol. XX\'., Oct. 1908, p. 484.

Specimens. — Prov. E.

THE true Yellow-shafted Ficker, the familiar bird of the Eastern States,
is occasionalh" taken as a straggler during the fall migrations. Mr. D. E.
Brown took a txpical specimen at Glacier, in 1904, and Mr. \^ictor Savings, of
Blaine, has shot one and seen se\-eral others. A specimen in Mr. Rathbiui's
collection was taken by Mr. Matt. H. Gormley, on Orcas Island, October 15,
1903. The bird is a male and is typical save for the faintest possible tinge
of salmon in the yellow, which marks him as a border-line specimen, pn)bably
a British Columl)ian l)inl whicli did not deflect eastward sufficiently in the
atitumn retreat.

446 THE RED-SHAFTED FLICKER.

According to Nelson, this bird is abundantly distributed thruuut the tini-
bered portions of Alaska, west even to the neighborhood of Bering Straits, and
it is only surprising that so few of them come straight south to winter.

Upon the eastern borders of the range of C. cafcr, viz., upon the eastern
slopes of the Rocky Mountains in Britisli Columbia, Idaho, Montana, and
southward, specimens showing mixed characters oi ■ cafcr and auratus are
found — in such numbers, indeed, that they were formerly given a distinctive
name, Colaptcs liybridus Baird. This half-breed stock is perhaps the most
interesting exam])le wf liybridization in American ornithology, ])resenting, as
it does, not the familiar border-line nf types being differentiated by varying
environment. ])ut the re-amalgamation (if related types, differentiated ages ago
from a common stock. i)resumal.)l\' in Mexico.

No. 178.

RED-SHAFTED FLICKER.

A. O. U. Xo. 413. Colaptes mexicaniis collaris (Mgors).

Synonyms. — Red-winced W'ooDPiiCKEK. High-holder. "Yhllow-h.\.m-
MER." Pigeon Woodpecker.

Description. — Adult male: Similar to C. auratus lutcus, but yellow of
feather-shafts, etc., replaced by orange-vermillion ; cast of upper plumage cor-
respondingly reddish (very faintly, a mere vinaceous tinge to the brown); no
scarlet nuchal patch; a broad malar strijjc of scarlet (replacing the black stripe
of C. a. lutcus); sides of head ami throat clear bluish ash; underparts tinged
with lilaceous. Adult fciualc: Like male but scarlet malar stripe replaced by
brown, lietween this and Colaf'tcs auratus lutcus every form of gradation
exists. Hybrids (for such they really are) most frequently reveal themselves
by the jiresence of three scarlet patches (in the male), i. e.. two malar and one
nuchal. Length: averaging larger than ('. <;. lutcus. up to 14.00 (355-6) ; wing
6.90 (175.3); tail 5.00 (127); bill 1.50 (3'*^.!).

Recognition Marks. — Little Hawk size; brown finely barred with black
above; underparts heavily spotted with black; flame-color of under wing surface
prominent in flight; scarlet malar stripe of male distinctive; lighter than suc-
ceeding.

Nesting. — Much as in C. a. lutcus. and eggs indistinguishable. For nesting
sites makes use of wooden Ijuildings or earth-banks in default of trees. Season:
May: one l)rood, rarely two.

General Range. — Western L'nited States and British Columbia from the
Rocky Mountains to the Pacific and south into northern ]\Iexico, giving place to
succeeding form on northwest coast slopes, to C. chrysoidcs in extreme south-
west, and Inbridizing with C. auratus lutcus in northeastern and ncirthern portion
of range.

Range in Washington. — East-side, common summer resident and migrant.

THE RED-SHAFTED FLICKER. 447

found to timber-line in the Cascades, where shading into next ; partially resident
in winter.

Authorities. — [Lewis and Clark. Hist. E.x. (1814) Ed. Middle: Coues, \'ol.
H.. p. i8tJ ? C. cajcr. Allen, B. N. O. C. \'L ( 1881 ), p. 128. iT ). L'.( ?) D'.
Sr. D-. Ss". Ss-\ J. 1'..

Specimens.— ( L. of W.) 1". Prov. B. BN.

NATURE has nut dealt justly with the East-side Flicker in the matter
(if pro\-iding an abundance of dead tiniljer for nesting sites. What more
natural, then, than that the stinted bird should joyfullv fall upon the first
"frame" houses am! riddle iheni with holes? The front door of a certain
country ]iarsonage near North Yakima testifies tc_i at least one pastoral vaca-
tion, by the presence of three large Flicker holes in its panels. The church
hard b_\- is dotted w ith tin patches which conceal tins bird's handiw<,)rk : and the
mind recalls with glee how the irreverent Flicker on a summer Sundav replied
to the parson's fifthly, by a mighty rat-at-at-at-at on the weather siding. The
district schoolh(_)Use of a neighboring township is worst served iif all, for forty-
one Flicker holes punctuate it.s weather-beaten sides — reason enough, surely,
for teaching the young idea of that district how to shoot. Indeed, the school
directors became so incensed at the conduct of these naughty fowls tliat they
offered a bounty of ten cents a head for their destruction. But it is to laugh to
see the fierce energy with which these birds of tlie plains, long deprived of
legitimate exercise, fall to and perforate such neglected out])OSts of learning.
The bird l:)ecomes obsessed by the idea of filling a particular wall full of holes,
and no ingenuity of man can deter him. If work during union hours is dis-
couraged, the Ijird returns stealthily to his task at four a. m.. and chisels out a
masterpiece before breakfast. If the gun speaks, and one bird falls a martyr to
the sacred cause, another comes forward prompth' to take his place, and there
is always some patriotic Flicker \o uphold the rights of acadenfic research.

Of course the situation is much relievetl in the timbered foothills and
along the w^ooded banks of streams, where rotten stubs abound. The Flicker is
at home, also, to the very limit of trees in the Cascade Mountains. Nests are
ordinarily excavated late in A]jril, and any tree or stump may ser\-e as host. In
Okanogan County I saw a Flicker's nest in a stump only two feet high, and its
eggs rested \irtuall\- upon the ground. Others occur in li\e willows, cotton-
woods, and apple trees, as well as in dead pines — the last named occasionally at
a height of sixty or seventy feet. They nest also in the walls of buildings, in
wdiich case they lug in the chips to la}' on beam or sill, and so |)revent the eggs
from rolling. In Chelan County a nest was found in a bank of fine earth among
those of a colony of Bank Swallows. True to tradition the birds had gone down-
ward after entering this bank. Excavation proved to be such a pleasant task
that thev had dug a hole not only eighteen inches deep but two feet long and one
wide, meastu'ed horizontallv. Three cubic feet of earth these industri-

448

THE RED-SHAFTED FLICKER.

ous birds had re-
moved, not after
the famihar pick
and kick fashion
of most bank
dehing species,
Iwt by the 1)eak-
fiil, as Wood-
l>eckers should.

Frnni six to ten
liit^hl}- piihshed,
semi-transparent,
wliite eggs are
laid upon the rot-
ten w o o d or
chips, which usu-
all\' line a nest;
and incubation
liegins customa-
rily when the last
egg is laid. Ben-
dire notes an in-
stance, in the
Blue Mountains
of Oregon, of a
Flicker's nest
which contained
at one time tliree
young birds just
h a t c h e d. two
]iipped eggs, and
fi\e perfectly
fresh eggs, of
wliicli one was a
runt.

The female is a close sitter and instances are on record where pebbles
dropped in upon her have failed to dislodge her, or where once being lifted off
she brushed passed the disturber to re-enter the nest. Altho provided with a hill
which might prove a formidable weapon, the Flicker is of too gentle a nature
to wield it in combat, and seldom offers any resistance whatever to the intruder.

After fourteen days young birds are hatched, blind, ugly, iielpless. In a
few days more, however, they are able ti) cling to the sides of the nesting

Tahcu in Oregon. Photo by A. ]V . Anthony.

NEST AND EGGS OF RED-SHAFTED FLICKER.

THE NORTHWESTERN FLICKER. 449

hollow, and are ready to set up a clamor upon the appearance of food. This
noise has been compared to the hissing of a nest of snakes, but as the fledg-
lings grow it becomes an uproar equal to the best efforts of a telephone pole
on a frostv morning.

The young are fed entirely by regurgitation, not an attractive process,
but one admirably suited to the necessities of long foraging expeditions and
\-arying fare. ^Vhen able to leave the nest the fledglings usually clamber
about the parental roof-tree for a day or two before taking flight. Their
first efforts at obtaining food for themselves are usually made upon the
ground, where ants are abundant. These with grasshoppers and other ground-
haunting insects make up a large percentage of food, both of the voung and
adults. It will appear from this that the Red-shafted Flicker is not onlv harm-
less but decidedly beneficial — save in the matter of hostility to school boards,
above mentioned.

No. 179.

NORTHWESTERN FLICKER.

A. O. U. No. 413 a. Colaptes mexicaniis saturation Ridgwav.

Description. — Like C. in. colhiris but darker ; ground color of upperparts
burnt umljer with a purplish tinge ; ground color of underparts vinaceous buff
to color of back ; sides of head and throat deep smoke-gray ; pileum cinnamo-
nieous. Specimens in the Provincial Museum at Victoria indicate hybridization
between this form and C. auratits lutcus. Of twenty-seven males from Van-
couver Island nine possess in whole or in part the scarlet nuchal patch character-
istic of anratus. Length up to 14.00 (355.6) ; av. of five Glacier specimens : wing
6.55 (166.4); tail 5.13 (130.3); bill 1.55 (39.4).

Recognition Marks. — As in preceding; darker.

Nesting. — .Vr.s-^- much as in preceding, but usuall}- higher up. Eggs: usually
6, somewhat less glossy than those of C. in. collaris.

General Range. — Northwest coast from northern California to Sitka,
hybridizing with C. a. lutcifs northerly.

Range in Washington. — Common resident west of Cascades, breeding from
tide-water to timber-line, migrating irregularly to East-side in winter; probably
some substitution of northern birds for local summer residents on Puget Sound
in winter.

Authorities. — ? Picits nuwicainis, Auduljon. C)rn. Biog. V., 183c;, 174, pi. 416.
Colaptes mexicaniis Swains, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX., 1858, pp. 120, 121.
C&S. Rh. Kb. Ra. Kk. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P. Prov. B. BN. E.

450

THE NORTHWESTERN FUCKER.

THOUGHTLESS people often call ihe Flickers of Washington
"Yellow-hammers," quite regardless of the fact that the western Flicker
is no longer yellow, but orange-red. Such an oversight is unpardonable, but
it would require a nice eye to distinguish out of hand this really deeply-tinted
bird from its lighter brother, the Red-shafted, across the Cascades. The
Cascade Mountains mark the ground of intergradation between inexicanns

and saturafior,
and it would
seem probable
that specimens
taken in winter
in eastern
Washington and
dubbed saturati-
or, are really
birds which sum-
mer on the east-
ern slopes of the
Cascades, and
which approach
t h e saturated
type of plumage,
rather than
migrants from
across the moun-
tains, as has been
assumed. These
are mere sub-
tleties. It is more

important to note that birds of the nic.vicanus type do not appear to differ
in song or in psychology from the familiar Colaptes auratus of the East. I
therefore transcribe three paragraphs from "The Birds of Ohio" without
apology, only substituting flame (i. e., orange-red) for "cloth of gold."

It is perhaps as a musician that tiie Flicker is best known. The word
musician is used in an accommodated sense, for tlie bird is no professional
singer, or instrumental maestro; but so long as tlie great orchestra of Nature
is rendering the oratorio of life, there will be place for the drummer, the
screamer, and the utterer of strange sounds, as well as for the human obligate.
The Flicker is first, like all other Woodpeckers, a drummer. The long rolling
tattoo of earlv s])ringtime is elicited from some dry limb or board where the
greatest resonance mav be secured, and it is intended both as a musical per-
formance and as a call of inquiry. Once, as a student, the writer roomed

Taken iiciir I'ictoria.

Photo by the Author

THE 0.\K TREES OF CEDAR HILL.

A NESTING HAUNT OF THE NORTHWESTERN FLICKER.

THE NORTHWESTERN FLICKER.

451

in a large building, whose unused chimneys were covered with sheet-iron. A
Flicker had learned the acoustic value of these elevated drums, and the sound
of this bird's reveille at 4: 00 a. m. was a regular feature of life at "Council
Hall."

The most characteristic of the bird's vocal efforts is a piercing call delivered
from an elevated situation, liapc or k!y-ak. and clicer or kcc-vcr. The scythe-
whetting song is used for greeting, coaxing or argumentation, and runs from
a low ivee-co, wcc-co — thru zvakc-up, wakc-up, wake-up — to an emjjhatic
ivy-kle, zvy-kle, ivy-klc, or, in anotlner mood sounds like flicker, flicker, flicker.

In the ear-
ly days of
April court-
ship is in
progress, and
the 1 o V e-
making o f
the Flicker is
both the most
curious and
the most con-
spicuous of
anything in
that order.
An infatuat-
ed Flicker is
a very soft
and foolish-
looking bird,
but it must
be admitted
that he thor-
oly under-
stands the

feminine heart and succeeds in love beyond the luck of most. A bevy of
suitors will lay siege to the affections of a fair lady, say in the top of a
sycamore tree. Altho the rivalry is fierce, one gallant at a time will be
allowed to display his charms. This he does by advancing toward the female
along a horizontal limb, bowing, scraping, pirouetting, and swaying his
head from side to side with a rythmical motion. Now and then the
swain pretends to lose his balance, being quite blinded, you see, by the
luster of milady's eyes, but in reality he does it that he may have an
excuse to throw up his wings and display the dazzling flame which lines

Taken in Rainier National Park. Photo by IV. Leon Dawson.

A NESTING SITE OF THE NORTHWEST FLICKER.

THE LARGEST STUB CONTAINED SIX EGGS ON THE POINT OF HATCHING JULY 7, I908,
WHEN THIS PICTUfiE WAS TAKEN.

452 THE CALIFORNIA CUCKOO.

them. The lady is disposed to be critical at first, and backs away in
apparent indifference or flies off to another limb in the same tree. This is
onl\' a fair test of gallantry and provokes pursuit, as was expected. Hour
after hour, and it may be day after day, the suit is pressed by one and
another until the maiden indicates her preference, and begins to respond in
kind by noflding and bowing and swaying before the object of her choice,
and to i:)our out an answering flood of softly whispered adulation. The best
of it is. h(_)we\er, that these affectionate demonstrations are kept up during
the nesting season, so that even when one bird relieves its mate upon the
eggs it must needs pause for a wln'le outside tlie nest to how anfl swa\- and
swap compliments.

The Northwestern Flicker is largel}-. but not exclusively, resident in
winter. Being restricted at that season as to its insect diet, its presence
appears to depend more or less upon the abundance of fruits and nuts. It
eats not onlv grubs and worms but seeds, acorns and berries i)f various kinds.
The fruit of the madrone appears to Ije a special favorite with this bird, as
it is with the Robin, and I fancied that Flickers were unusually abundant on
that account in the winter of 1907-08.

No. 180.

CALIFORNIA CUCKOO.

A. O. U. No. 387 a. Coccyzus americanus occidentalis Ridgway.

Synon\-ms. — Western Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Rain-Crow.

Description. — Adult: Above nearly uniform, satiny, brownish gray, with
something of a bronzy-green sheen ; the inner webs of the primaries cinnamon-
rufous, the outer webs and sometimes the wing coverts tinged with the same;
central pair of tail-feathers like the back and completely covering the others during
repose: remaining pairs sharply graduated, — blackish with broad terminal white
spaces, the outer pair white-edged ; a bare space around the eye yellow; underparts
uniform silky white or sordid; bill curved, upper mandible black, except touched
with yellow on sides; lower mandible yellow, with black tip. Immature: Similar
to adult, but plumage of back with slight admixture of cinnamon-rufous or vina-
ceous ; tail-feathers narrower, — the contrast between their black and white areas
less abrupt. Length 12.50-13.50 (317.5-342.9); wing 6.00 (152.4); tail 6.50
(165.1) ; bill 1.06 (26.9) ; depth of bill at base .38 (9.7).

Recognition Marks. — Robin to Kingfisher size; slim form and lithe appear-
ance; In'own aljove, white below; sharply-graduated, broadly white-tipped tail-
feathers.

Nesting. — Nest: a careless structure of twigs, bark-strips, and catkins, placed
in trees or bushes, usually at moderate heights. Eggs: 3 or 4, pale greenish blue,

THE CALIFORNIA CUCKOO. 453

becoming lighter on continued exposure, .^v. size, 1. 31 x .94 (33.3x23.9).
Season : June-,\ugust ; one brood.

General Range. — Western temperate North .America from northern Lower
CaUfornia north to southern British Cohunbia. east to New Mexico and western
Texas, and south over tablelands of Mexico.

Range in Washington. — Rare summer resident, chiefly west of Cascades.

Authorities. — [■■Yellow-billed cuckoo" Johnson, Rep. Gov. W. T., 1884
(1885), 22J. Lawrence, .Auk, \'ol. IX.. No. I, Jan. 1892, p. 44. T.(?) L". D'.
Ra. B. E.

Specimens. — ( U. of. W.) Prov. E.

IT IS possible that these birds are really more numerous in Wash-
ington, west of the Cascades, than is generally supposed. They are, how-
ever, extremely shy and retiring in their habits, and very local in distribution.
The latter characteristic is carried to .such an extent that they may almost
be said to colonize. For example, the only place they ma\- be found wnth
certainty, near Tacoma, is in a small area well within the citv limits and
surrounded by houses. In this small space four or fi\e pairs mav be found
at any time during the summer.

Their harsh krow-kroin'-kroiv-krozv. and the more plaintive knt-kru.
kni-kru. is most often heard along the outskirts of some swamp encircled
by a heavy growth of brush and small conifers mixed with deciduous trees.
From the krow-krow note the birds have gained the name Rain Crow, popular
superstition pointing out the fact that it usually rains soon afterward (an
occurrence not at all unlikely to happen in western ^^'ashington, irrespective
of the suggestion of the Cuckoo).

Their food consists entirel}' of caterpillars, spiders, and other insects,
this being perhaps the only bird to make war extensively upon the tent-
caterpillar. Tlie poem, "He sucks little birds' eggs to make his voice
clear," etc., applies only to the Cuckoi) of Europe. Small birds, it is true.
are very often seen in pursuit of a Cuckoo, but this mtist be purelv on
account of its close resemblance in form to that of their arch-enemy, the
Sharp-shinned Hawk.

The nest is rather a frail structure, tho much more bulky than nests
of the Black-billed or Yellow-billed Cuckoo. It is placed from four to
ten feet from the ground, usually nearer ten, and is most often built against
the trunk of a baby fir. The materials used consist of coarse dead twigs,
heavily lined with coarse tree-moss and sprays of dead fir needles.

The eggs are two or three in number, most often three, and are laid
from the second week in June to the first of July. They are a pale bluisli
green in color, overlaid with a light chalky deposit, somewhat like that found
on Cormorant eggs. In shape they vary from long to rounded oval, and

454 THE BELTED KINGFISHER.

avL-rage in iiioasurcment 1.60X.99 inches. A week often elapses between
the laying of the first and the last egg.

Upon one occasion I noticed a most interesting trait in these birds,
wliich I never observed in any other species. While standing in an open
woodland listening to a pair of Cuckoos calling to each other, I saw the
male suddenly fly past with a large green worm in his bill. He flew directly
to the female, who was perched in a tree a few yards distant, and for a
moment or two they sat motionless a few inches apart looking at each other.
Tiie male then ho\-ered lightly over his mate and, settling gently upon her
shoulders, gracefully bent over and placed the worm in her bill. It was a
pretty and daintily performed piece of love-making.

J. H. Bowles.

No. 181.

BELTED KINGFISHER.

A. O. V. No. 390. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.).

Synonym. — Commonly called plain Kingfisher.

Description. — Adult male: Above, bright bluish gray, feathers with blackish
shafts or shaft-lines; loosely crested; edge of wing white; primaries dusky, white-
spotted on outer web, narrowly white-tipped, broadly white on inner web ; coverts
often delicately tipped or touched with white; tail bluish gray above, the central
feathers with herring-bone pattern of dusky ; remaining feathers only blue-edged,
dusky, finely and incompletely barred with white ; lower eyelid white, and a white
spot in front of eye ; throat and sides of neck, nearly meeting behind, pure white ;
a broad band of bluish gray across the breast; remaining underparts white, sides
under wing, antl flanks, heavilv shaded with blue-gray ; bill black, pale at base
below; feet dark. Adult female: Similar, but with a chestnut band across lower
breast, and with heavy shading of the same color on sides. luuiiature: Like
adults, except that the plumbeous band of breast is heavily mixed with rusty
(suggesting chestnut of female). Length 12.00-14.00 (304.8-355.6) ; wing 6.21
(157.7) ; tail 3.84 (97.5) ; bill from nostril 1.69 (42.9).

Recognition Marks. — "Kingfisher" size ; blue-gray and white coloration ;
piscatorial habits; rattling cry.

Nesting. — A''('.s-f; at end of tunnel in bank, four to six feet in, unlined. Eggs,
6-8, pure white. Av. size, 1.31x1.04 (33.3x26.4). Season: May; one brood.

General Range. — North America from the Arctic Ocean south to Panama
and the West Indies. Breeds from the southern border of the United States
northward.

Range in Washington. — Summer resident, chiefly at lower levels; partially
resident west of the Cascades, and casually resident on the East-side.

Authorities. — [Lewis and Clark, Hist. Ex. (1814) Ed. Biddle: Cones. Vol.
II., p. 189.] Ceryle alcvoii, Boie, Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv. IX., 1858, p. 158.
T. C&S. L'. D'. Sr. Kb." Ra. D^ Ss'. Ss-'. Kk. J. B. E.

Specimens.— U. of W. P. Prov. B. BN. E.

THE BELTED KINGFISHER.

455

WHEN we were small boys and had successfully teased our fathers
or big brothers to let us go fishing with them, we were repeatedly admon-
ished not to "holler" for fear of scaring the fish. This gratuitous and
frequently emphatic advice would have been discredited if the example of
the Kingfisher had been followed. Either because noise doesn't matter to
fish, or because he is moved by the same generous impulse which prompts
the cougar to give fair and frightful warning of his presence at the be-
ginning of an intended fi:)rav. the liird makes a dreadful racket as he moves

THE KING ROW.

up stream and settles upon his fa\-orite perch, a bare branch overlooking
a quiet pool. Here, altho he waits long and ]iatiently, he n(jt infrequently
varies the monotony of incessant scrutiny by lireaking out with his weird
rattle — like a watchman's call, some have said ; but there is nothing metallic
about it, only wooden. Again, when game is sighted, he rattles with ex-
citement before he makes a plunge ; and when he bursts out of the water
with a wriggling minnow in his beak, he clatters in high glee. If, as rarely
happens, the bird misses the stroke, the sputtering notes which follow speak
plainly of disgust, and we are glad for the moment that Kingfisher talk is
not exactly translatable.

It is not quite clear whether the bird usually seizes or spears its prey,
altho it is certain that it sometimes does the latter. The storv is told of

456

THE BELTED KINGFISHER.

■>,:^?>?if-"^

'"•"'Wi^

a Kingfisher wliicli. spying some minnows in a wooden tub nearly hlled
with water, strtick so eagerlv that its Ijiil ])enetrated tlie bottom of the
tub, and so tiiorolv tliat tlie bird was unable to extricate itself: and so

died — a death almost as
ignominous as that of the
king who was drowned in
a butt of Malmsey wine.

When a fish is taken the
bird first thrashes it against
its perch to make sure it is
dead, and then swallows it
head foremost. If the fish
is a large one its captor
often finds it necessary to go
thru the most ridiculous
contortions, gaspings, writh-
ings, chokings, regurgita-
tions, and renewed attempts,
in order to encompass its
safe delivery within.

Kingfishers lia\e the repu-
tation of being very unsocial
birds. Apart from their
familv life, which is idvllic,
this reputation is well sus-
tained. Good fishing is so
scarce that the birds deem
it best to portion off the
territory with others of their
own kind, and they are very
punctilious about the observance of boundaries and allotments. For the
rest, why should they hunt up avian companions, wdiose tastes are not
educated to an appreciation of exposed, water-soaked stubs, and a commanding
view of river scenery? However, I did once see a Kingfisher affably hob-
nobbing with a Kingbird, on a barren branch which overlooked a crystal
stream in Idaho. I wonder if they recognized a mutual kingliness, this
humble fisherman and this petulant hawk-driver?

Kingfisher courtship is a very noisy and spirited affair. One does not
know just how many miles up and down stream it is considered proper for
the gallant to pursue his enamorata before she yields a coy acceptance; and
it is difficult to percei\-e how the tender passion can survive the din of the

Token near Portland. Fliolo by A

A FISHER PRINCE AT HOME.

THE BELTED KINGFISHER.

457

actual propcsal, where bc:)tli vociferate in wooden concert to a distracted
world. But la ! love is mighty and dotii mightily prevail.

The nesting tunnel is driven laterally into the face of a steep bank,
preferably of sand or loam, usually directly over the water, but occasion-
ally at a considerable distance from it. Dr. Brewer reports one in a
gravel pit at least a mile from water. The birds are not so particular
as are the Bank Swallows about digging near the top of the bank, but,
especially if the bank is small, usually
select a point about midwa_\\ The
tunnel goes straight in or turns sharp-
ly to suit an occasional whim, until a
convenient depth, say five or si.K feet,
is reached, when a considerable en-
largement is made for the nest cham-
ber. Here, early in May, six or seven
white eggs are laid, usually upon the
bare earth, but sometimes upon a lin-
ing of grass, straw and trash. From
time to time the birds eject pellets
containing fish scales, the broken
testcT of crawfish and other indi-
gestible substances and these are
added to the accumulating nest ma-
terial. Sanitarv regulations are not
very strict in Kingfisher's home, and
by the time the young are ready to
flv we could not blame them for be-
ing glad to get away. The female is
a proverbially close sitter, often per-
mitting herself to be taken with the
hand, but not until after she has
made a vigorous defense with her
sharp beak. If a stick be introduced
into the nest she will sometimes
seize it .so tightly that she can be lifted from the eggs, turtle fashion.

The parents are \ery busy birds after the \oung have broken shell,
and it takes many a quintal of fish to prepare si.x, or maybe seven, lusty
fisher princes for the battle of life. At this season the birds hunt and
wait upon their young principally at night, in order not to attract hostile
attention to them liy da\iight \'isits. Only one brood is raised in a
season, and since fishing is unquestionably a fine art, the youngsters
require constant supervision and instruction for several months. A troop

EVENIN'G ox THE PE.\D D' OREILLE.

458 THE BELTED KINGFISHER.

of six or eight birds seen in August or early in September does not
mean that Kinglisher is indulging in mid-summer gaities with his fellows,
but onlv that the family group of that season has not yet been broken up.

The Kingfisher is not only a fresh water bird of wide distribution, but
a lover of the sea. It is found thruout the length of our ample shores on
both sound and ocean; but is, of course, most common where suitable nesting
bluffs of clay or sand are afforded. Thruout western Washington the bird
is largely resident, and if this very stable species ever does begin to show
variation, it will be in the Pacific Northwest.

^WK

1

a

I

r^^

1

%

I

cn

ut

■

»

o

3

I

03

W

■

M

^,

■

«^

! CO

CD •

I

O

to t-

O

w

\ ■ J

3

L«

AMNH LIBRARY

00109967