THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

Biology Library

BEQUEST OF

Theodore 3. Palmer

. vS,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

VOL 4, PP. 1—64.

BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK

ELON HOWARD KATON

ROCHESTER, N. \'.

ISHMD P,Y 'IHK S
KTARN', ic)ul.

*

7 £3

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
VOL. 4, PP. i-64. FEBRUARY 15. 1901.

BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK.

BY ELON HOWARD EATON.
{Read before the Academy, March /^, 1899.}

CONTENTS.

Page

Introductory i

Region represented i

Faunal areas 2

Season of occurrence 3

Relative abundance 4

Migration 5

Habitat 5

Nesting dates 5

Economic value 5

Incomplete records 6

Summary of species 7

Acknowledgments 7

Bibliography, explanations 7

Migration and residence tables 9

Annotated check-list 16

Hypothetical List 59

Index 63

INTRODUCTORY.
REGION REPRESENTED.

The territory covered by this list is the western portion of New
York State, extending eastward through the " Finger Lake" region.
It will be seen upon inspecting a contour map of the state that this is
a natural division consisting of three east and west belts. The south-
ernmost of these is the northern extremity of the Alleghany Plateau,
ranging from 1,500 to 2,000 feet in elevation, and drained southward
principally by the Allegheny and Susquehana rivers. The high, roll-
ing plains of the middle belt have a gentle slope toward the north,
their lowest elevation of 1,000 feet being along an irregular line from
Buffalo to Syracuse. These elevated plains are much cut up by the
north and south valleys of ancient drainage channels, many of which

542

2 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

were dammed at the close of the glacial period by the retreating ice
sheet, and are now occupied by the central chain of lakes. The north-
ern belt is a level or slightly undulating plain widening toward the
east. Its lowest portion, lying along the southern shore of Lake
Ontario, and about Oneida, Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, is below 500
feet in elevation. The drainage of the northern and middle belts is
through the St. Lawrence system.

FAUNAL AREAS.

Western New York lies principally in the Transition life zone, as
mapped by Dr. Merriam (Bui. No. 10, Biological Survey, U. S.
Dept. of Agriculture, and in the Geographic Distribution of Life in
North America, Smithsonian Report, 1891).

This zone stretches across the northern portion of the United
States and southern Canada, and is divided into the eastern, or humid,
and the western, or arid, regions. The humid division, which is the one
represented in western New York, is knowrn as the Alleghanian faunal
area, and there corresponds very nearly with the middle and southern
belts defined above. This fauna includes the greater portion of our
characteristic birds.

The Upper Austral life zone, which in general lies south of the
Transition zone, has its humid division east of the icoth meridian.
This is known as the Carolinian fauna, an extension of which stretches
along the northern shore of Lake Erie, passing into western New
York along the southern shore of Lake Ontario, widening toward the
east and south through the central lake region, thus corresponding in
western New York to the northern belt of low, undulating plains.

The Boreal region, which includes the transcontinental coniferous
forest belt of Canada, passes southward along the mountain ranges of
the United States, and reaches western New York near the southern
jine, in the counties of Steuben, Allegany and Cattaraugus, where the
altitude rises above 2,000 feet.

The southern division of the Boreal region here represented is
known as the Canadian zone. Thus the warmest life belt of our region
lies farthest to the north, the coldest to the south, — the influence of
altitude, and the modifying effects of the Great Lakes, combining to
transpose the normal positions of the life zones.

To the Carolinian fauna belongs the greater portion of our sum-
mer visitants, and a goodly number of the summer residents of the
northern belt of western New York mentioned above. Such repre-

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 3

sentatives of this fauna as the king rail, worm-eating warbler, yellow-
breasted chat, Carolina wren and blue-gray gnatcatcher are known to
breed occasionally ; while the red-bellied woodpecker, green-crested
flycatcher, orchard oriole, rough-winged swallow, Louisiana water
thrush, hooded warbler and cerulean warbler breed more or less com-
monly in the central lake region, and in the western counties.

To the Boreal fauna belongs a large number of our transient
and winter visitants. Many of the Boreal species breed with us
occasionally, as is the case with the American merganser, blue-winged
teal, Wilson's snipe, yellow-bellied flycatcher, winter wren, brown
creeper, red-breasted nuthatch, hermit thrush, and olive-backed
thrush. In the hilly regions of the south, especially at Springville,
Olean and Branchport, as well as in some of the colder swamps, several
of the Boreal birds are quite common breeders, among them the
Canadian, mourning, Blackburnian, magnolia and black-throated blue
warblers. The junco is also a common breeder at Springville, Olean,
Naples, and in most of the hilly regions toward the south. In many
localities the boreal and the Carolinian forms may be found breeding
side by side. At Springville, for example, the hooded warbler and
the red-bellied woodpecker breed in the same wood with the junco and
the Blackburnian, black-throated blue, Canadian and mourning war-
blers. On Cananadaigua Lake the rough-winged swallow, Louisiana
water thrush and Canadian warbler breed in close proximity with the
generally distributed scarlet tanager, wood pewee and crested
flycatcher.

SEASON OF OCCURRENCE.

The birds have been grouped according to the time of their
occurrence, as residents, or those species which are with us throughout
the year, like the great horned owl, ruffed grouse and downy wood-
pecker/ summer residents, or those which come to us in the spring,
raise their young, and depart in the fall, as the red-winged blackbird,
vesper sparrow and yellow warbler ; transient visitants, or those which
make a short stay with us in the spring and fall, on their way to and
from their breeding grounds which lie mostly to the north, such as
the golden plover, ruby-crowned kinglet and myrtle warbler ; winter
visitants, which are boreal or arctic species that spend a portion of
the colder season with us, returning to their northern home on the
approach of spring, e. g. , the snowflake, tree sparrow, pine grosbeak ;
summer visitants, or southern species, which appear for a short time
during the heat of summer, but are not known to breed in this region,
.e. g., the American egret, glossy ibis and summer tanager.

4 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Many species are difficult to classify under any one of the heads
just given, as, for example, the robin, which is a summer resident
and at the same time is often found throughout the winter, and hence
might be classed as a resident; or the mallard, which is chiefly a
transient visitant, but has been known to breed in this region, and
also occurs throughout the winter in favored localities. In cases
such as these, the bird is ranked according to the general, rather
than the exceptional mode of occurrence, and the exceptions noted.

RELATIVE ABUNDANCE.

It is practically impossible to take a census of the bird life of
any region ; nevertheless an attempt has been made to give a general
idea of the comparative abundance of birds by adopting terms in
ordinary use. The commonest birds, such as the robin, cat bird, song
sparrow, etc. , are called abundant species ; next in order come birds of
common occurrence, such as the meadowlark, savanna sparrow and
bobolink.

Fairly common birds are such as may be found in limited
numbers at the proper place and season : for example, the loggerhead
shrike, rose-breasted grosbeak and scarlet tanager.

The expression uncommon has been applied to birds, which,
though by no means rare, are met so seldom that they can not be
called fairly common ; they visit the region regularly, but in very
limited numbers. Birds of occasional occurrence are those which
are not found here regularly each season, but may be expected in
each locality at intervals of a few years at most; the whistling swan,
redpoll and snowy owl are examples.

The term rare is reserved for birds which have been recorded
but a very few times in this region, but yet cannot be regarded as
stragglers from their regular range or migration routes; to this class
belong the Eskimo curlew, kittiwake and blue-gray gnatcatcher.

Accidental birds are those which are wanderers from their proper
home, usually driven here by storms or unknown causes; here belong
the petrels, tropic bird, black skimmer, Bullock's oriole and cinnamon
teal.

In the residence and migration chart a closer approximation to
the correct statement of relative abundance may be found graphically
represented.

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 5

MIGRATION.

The dates given for the appearance and disappearance of our
commoner species of birds are the averages taken from records
extending over periods of five years at Springville, six at Canan-
daigua, and four at Rochester. The dates of arrival and departure
have been found practically the same at these three stations, as
might be expected, when it is considered that Springville, though
nearer the winter home of our summer birds, is on a higher level,
and consequently is reached at a slightly later period than its latitude
alone would lead us to expect.

Under normal circumstances, different species will be found to
follow the dates recorded. But it must be borne in mind that
exceptional weather conditions in March and April may hasten or
retard for many days the arrival of early migrants, while the time
of arrival of May migrants has been found to vary but few days at the
most. The autumn movements of birds are more difficult to observe,
but the figures given are the best that can be offered in the present
state of our knowledge. For a graphic representation of the migration
of all species which have been definitely recorded for this region, the
reader is referred to the chart accompanying this list.

HABITAT.

An attempt has been made in the list to indicate briefly the
chosen habitat of each species. This while easy in the case of a bird
like the marsh wren, is more difficult in the case of such birds as the
robin, which is almost equally at home in the door-yard, orchard,
field and forest.

NESTING DATES.

Just as in the case of the migration records, the breeding data are
the result of many years' observations. The dates given are not
absolute, but are subject to the same variation as those referring to
migration, and noted under that heading. The earliest date given
under each species, is that on which the nesting has begun on at least
two different seasons, and the second date is the latest upon which,
under ordinary conditions, freshly laid eggs may be found.

ECONOMIC VALUE.

Little has been said in this list regarding the food of the different
species, but in the case of birds which are decidedly injurious or
beneficial, mention has been made of such fact for the guidance of

6 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OE SCIENCE.

those not familiar with the food habits of the species, and also to serve
as a possible stimulus for further interest along the line of bird protec-
tion.

For a detailed statement of the food of our common birds,
reference is made to the bulletins of the Biological Survey, U. S.
Dept. of Agriculture.

INCOMPLETE RECORDS.

Some of the species recorded in this list as occurring in Western
New York are entered on the authority of persons who have been
unable to furnish definite data regarding the time of capture. None of
these records seem improbable, and in some instances the specimen
upon which the record is founded is still in existence. Under this
head should be placed the following :

Laughing gull, Prothonotary warbler,

Arctic tern, Magpie,

Harlequin duck, Dickcissel,

Greater snow goose, Summer tanager,

American white-fronted goose, Carolina chickadee.

Trumpeter swan, Whooping crane,

Snowy heron, Sandhill crane,

Yellow-crowned night heron, Clapper rail,

American avocet, Purple gallinule.

The records for laughing gull, snowy heron, yellow-crowned
night heron, clapper rail, magpie, dickcissel, summer tanager and
Carolina chickadee, may possibly be due to error in observation, since
in the case of these species we have found either no trace of the speci-
mens or that they have been recorded only as having been seen.
From our present knowledge, we should especially question the
records of the night heron, clapper rail, magpie and Carolina chick-
adee.

In the case of Bullock's oriole, while the record of time and place
is definite and reliable, the specimen itself has apparently disappeared.
This species and the cinnamon teal are here reported for the first time
as New York species.

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 7

SUMMARY OF SPECIES.

Species definitely recorded, - 297

Species with indefinite records, 18

Species here exterminated, 2

Foreign species introduced, - 2

Abundant species, - 38

Common species, - 59

Fairly common species, - - 76

Uncommon species, - 29

Occasional species, - 22

Rare species, - 54

Accidental species, •» 39

Residents, - 23

Summer residents, - 99

Transient visitants, - 112

Winter visitants, - 41

Summer visitants, - 13

Species which regularly breed, - - 97

Species which occasionally breed, - 43

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

Credit has been given in the text for all contributions to the
list for which the author is not personally responsible, but for services
which cannot be thus recognized, thanks are due Louis Agassiz Fuertes
of Ithaca; Egbert Bagg of Utica; James Savage of Buffalo, and
A . W. Perrior of Syracuse.

BIBLIOGRAPHY, EXPLANATIONS.

The chief publications which have been consulted in the prepara-
tion of the list are as follows:

"A Revised List of the Birds of Central New York." Auburn, N. Y.
1879. Prepared for publication by FRANK R. RATHBUN.

"Annotated List of the Birds of Oneida County, N. Y.," etc., by
WM. L. RALPH, M. D., and EGBERT BAGG.

[From the Transactions of the Oneida Historical Society \ ///, 101 ; i886J\

" List of the Birds of Buffalo and Vicinity," 1889, by W. H. BERG-
TOLD, M. D.

[Bulletin of the Buffalo Naturalists' Field Club, Vol. /, No. /.]

" Birds of Niagara County, N. Y.," by J. L. DAVISON.
[ ' 'Forest and Stream, ' ' September, 1889. ]

8 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

" Catalogue of the Birds of Chemung County," by WM. H. GREGG,
M. D. 1891.
[Proceedings of the Elmira Academy of Sciences, Vol. 7, No. /.]

" Birds of Western New York, with Notes," by ERNEST H. SHORT.
Second Edition. 1896.

[Published by Frank H. Lattin, Albion, N. K]

" Provisional Check List of N. Y. Birds," 1898, by MARCUS S. FARR.

[Bulletin of N. Y. State Museum.'}

" The Natural History of New York; Birds," by JAMES DE KAY. 1846.

" Our Birds in their Haunts," by ]. H. LANGILLE.
[S. E. Cassino & Co., Boston, 1884.]

" Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club," 1876-1883.

"The Auk," 1884 to date.

' ' The Ornithologist and Oologist. ' '

" The Museum."

"The American Ornithologists' Union Check- List of North American
Birds," second edition, 1895.

Chapman's " Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America," 1898.
Coues's " Key to North American Birds," etc., 1884.
Ridgway's "Manual of North American Birds," 1887.

The abbreviations used in the check-list referring to authorities
may be easily understood by consulting the list of works mentioned
above.

The numbers, classification and nomenclature used are those of
the American Ornithologists' Union. For reference to the original
description of genera and species, as well as a detailed statement of
their distribution, the reader is directed to the A. O. U. check-list of
North American birds.

Since this paper was presented before the Academy of Science,
several species have been added to the list, some have been dropped,
and many records of rare or uncommon birds have been inserted.

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK.

MIGRATION AND RESIDENCE TABLES.

In the following tables an 'attempt is made to give a graphic
presentation of the times of occurrence and relative abundance of the
birds definitely recorded for this region. The constant presence of a
species is indicated by a continuous line, uncommon or occasional
occurrence by a broken line, and rarity or accidental occurrence by a
dotted line. A heavy line indicates greater abundance, and the cul-
mination and decline in the numbers of any species is shown by a cor-
responding swelling and diminution in the width of its line.

It has been found impossible to use a series of lines which will
show exactly the relative abundance of all species ranging between
the English sparrow and the bald eagle ; but between birds of the
same family or those of similar habits comparisons may be freely
made. It must also be borne in mind that the lines are intended to
show the presence of birds in their peculiar habitats, and consequently
some water-fowl of limited distribution in this region are given quite
as wide lines as birds of such universal distribution as the white-
breasted nuthatch and vesper sparrow, although the latter are much
more abundant when the whole number of birds throughout the region
is taken into consideration.

The breeding range of each species has been stated as nearly as
could be determined by reference to Dr. Allen's "Origin and Distri-
bution of North American Birds" (Auk 10, 97-150); Dr. Merriam's
publications already noted ; the A. O. U. revised check-list ; Chap-
man's Handbook, and Coues's Key.

The abbreviations refer to the Boreal, Austral and Tropical
regions ; to the Arctic, Hudsonian, Canadian, Transition, Upper
Austral and Lower Austral Zones ; and to the Alleghanian, Carolinian,
Austroriparian and Sonoran faunal areas, recognized by Merriam and
other writers. Those species which breed in all the regions are des-
ignated as North American (N. A. or E. N. A.), and those which be-
long to the sea or seacoast or interior are also designated by appro-
priate signs (pelag. , mar. , int. )

No attempt has been made to state exactly the breeding ranges
of our birds, but only to give a general idea of their distribution for
the benefit of those who are studying the faunal areas represented in
eastern North America, and especially in western New York.

IO

ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

No. COMMON NAMES. Range.

JAN.

FEB.

MAR.

APR.

MAY

JDNK

JULY

Aco.

SEPT.

OCT.

Nov.

DEC.

3 Horned grebe, EOT.
6 Pied-bijled grebe, N. & 8. A.
7 Loon, , EOT.
11 Red-throated loon, EOT.
31 Brunnich's murre, Bor. &. Arc.
35 Skua, Arc.
36 Pomarint jaeger. Arc.
37 Parasitic jaeger, Arc.
40 Kittiwake, Bor. & Arc.
42 Glaucous gull, Arc.
43 Iceland gull, Arc.
47. Gt. black-backed gull, Arc.
5! Herring gull, Bor.

•

•

• •

— «•

41
— ^1

»
^-~

—^

-^^
•fc-
-^B

r^MH

*•—
•»

K^MH

84 Ring-billed gull, Bor.
60 Bonaparte's gull, Bor.
64 Caspian tern, N. A.
70 Common tern, N. A.
72 Roseate tern, Aus.
74 Least tern, Trop. & Aus.
75 Sooty tern, Trop. & Au. Rip.
77 Black tern, Up. Aus. & Bor.
80 Black skimmer, Trop. & L. Aus.
98 Black-capped petrel, Pelag.
f>9 Scaled petrel,
103 Wilson's petrel, Prlag.
n-i Yellow-billed tropic bird, Trop.
ll!» Cormorant, Mar. Bor. & Arc.
120 Double-crested cormorant, Bor.
125 American white pelican, Bor.

•

—fi

»*• —
— «W

— ^BWn

^— i

- •

•i

— .^M

•B^—

• • •*

•

—•

•

^ ii

S ' Bo

131 Hooded merganser, N. A
•132 Mallard, TJp. Aus. & Bor

-

-

- — «

•
MB— -
"

-

-

~

-

^

— — *
^

•

••— -
^ —

-

135 Gadwall, Up Aus & Bo»

W>

136 Widgeon, Bor
137 Baldpate, Bor

— *i

Kte—

— «^«—

140 Blue-winged teal Bo

141 Cinnamon teal. W. Aus. & Cai
142 Shoveller, N. A
143 Pintail, Trans & Bo

^"^

-

— ^M

^ -

144 Wood duck. Au

146 Redhead, Bo

147 Canvasback, Bo

•

^

i

l^.

150 Ring-necked duct. Bo

-

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK.

II

No. COMMON NAMES. Range.

JAN.

FEB.

MAR.

APR.

MAT

JCNK

JULY

AUG.

SEPT.

OCT.

Nov.

DKC.

151 American golden-r.ye, Bor.

_

-

I S3 Bufflehead, Bor.
154 Old squaw. And. & Arc.

-

-^

•--

— <

^B*

160 American eider, Bor.
162 King eider, Arc.
163 American scoter. Arc.

*
*•

•

^*—

••MH^
•

••u;r> White-winged scoter. Had.
166 Surf scoter, Bor.
167 Ruddy duck, Trop. & N. A.
172 Canada goose, Bor.
172o Hutcbins's goose, Bor.
173 Brant, Bor.
174 Black brant, W. Bor.
180 Whistling swan, Arc.
186 Glossy ibis, Trop. & L. A.m.
187 White-faced glossy ibis. Sun.
190 American bittern, Aus. & Can

-

-

— «•

-^
^

-^

j

•

-

—•»
-^fc"

-^B-

-^1

•

—
—

^•v

*—

-

194 Great blue beron, N A

196 American egret, L Ana.
201 Green heron, Aua

-

to* Blk.-crowned night heron, Ana
208 King rail. Gar

-

- -

-

iii Virginia rail, AL & Can,

214 Sora, Al. & C&a

215 Yellow rafl, Bor.
216 Black ran. Car.

-

-

—

221 American coot, N. A.
222 Red phalarope. Arc.
223 Northern phalarope, Arc.
224 Wilson's phalarope, Int. Trans.

-^

- -

-

4»-

•

231 Dowitcher, Bor
*38 Long-billed dowitcher. W. Bor
233 Stilt sandpiper. Arc.
«4 Knot, Arc
235 Purple sandpiper, Arc
2:w Pectoral sandpiper. Arc.

-

If

-^^a

m**

•

241 Baird's sandpiper. Arc.
242 Least sandpiper, Hnd
243a Red-backed sandpiper. Arc
*i« Semipalmated sandpiper, E. Arc

1^"

-

«— — -

^

*

247 Western sandpiper, W. Arc.
248 Sanderling, Arc.
849 Marbled godwit, Bor
251 Hudsonian godwit, Arc
254 Greater yellow-legs, Bor

-

•

n^-

12

ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

No. COMMON NAMES. Range.

JAN.

FEB.

MAK.

APR.

HAT

JOSE

JCLT

Aco.

SEPT.

OCT.

Nov.

Dsa

255 Yellow-legs, Bof.
256 Solitary sandpiper, Can.
258 Willet, E. Aus.

•».-

--

•— ^

-^•1
^—

**—- •

262 Buff-breasted sandpiper, Hud.
203 Spotted sandpiper, N A.
S64 Long-billed curlew, Int. Ana.
265 Hudsonian curlew, Arc.
266 Eskimo curlew, Arc.
270 Black-bellied plover, Arc.
272 American golden plover, Arc.

- - —

<••

*

1KB

•IV

«^-

> — «
— ^

•

274 Semipatmated plover, Arc.
277 Piping plover E. Aus.
280 Wilson's plover. L. Aus.
283 Turnstone, Arc.
8 Bo

•

•

—•••

3t5 Passenger pigeon, N A.

-

-

326 Black vulture, Trop. & L. Aus.

-

431 Marsh hawk, N. A.

M2 Sharp-shinned hawk, N A.

342 Swainson's hawk, W. N A.

347a Am. rough-legged hawk, Hud.
349 Golden eagle, W. N A.

-

-

—

-

—

—

3546 Black gyrfalcon, Hud.
356 Duck hawk, N. A.
357 Pigeon hawk, Bor.

:

— —

«B^

•

-

Amer sparr r hawk.

365 American barn owl, Car.

•

- -

-

367 Short-eared owl D Aua. & Bor

368 Barred owl, Aus.

370 Great gray owl, Hud.

373 Screech owl Aus. & Can

375 Great horned owl E. N A

377a American hawk owl, Hud.
387 Yellow-billed cuckoo, Aus.

•

• -

EATON — BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK.

No. COMMO.V NAMES. Range.

JAN.

FEB.

MAE.

APR.

MAY

JCTNB

JULY

AUG.

SKPT.

GOT.

Nov.

DEC.

388 Black-billed cuckoo, Aus & Can.

393 Hairy woodpecker Al & Can

400 Arctic 3-toed woodpecker, Bor.
402 Yellow-bellied sspsucker, Bor.

•

•

~^m

-

-

•-

-

m^*~

» • *

417 Whip-poor-will, Aus.

423 Chimney swift, -E. N. A.

.

438 Ruby-th. hummingbird, £. N. A.

456 Phoebe, Aus. & Can.

459 Olive-sided flycatcher, Bor.
461 Wood pewee, Aus. & Can.
463 Yellow-bellied flycatcher, Can.
465 Green-crested flycatcher,* Car1

•,

•"•

•••••

•«»

-

• •

466a Alder flycatcher, , Al. & Can.

467 Least flycatcher,' Al. & Can.

474 Horned lark, Arc.

— — —

— — •

•M* -

4

••w

^•laiiiana

477 Blue jay UNA

486<* Northern raven, Bor.
488 American crow, N. A,

•

"

404 Bobolink, Al.

495 Cowbird, Aus.

498 Red-winged, blackbird, E. Aus.

501 Meadow lark, E. Aus

406 Orchard oriole Car

' •

'«0? 'Baltimore oriole, E; Aus.

508 Bullock's oriole, W. Aus.
609 Rusty blackbird, Bor.
5116 Bronzed grackle, Int. N. A.

•

*•

-

5U Evening grosbeak, W. Hud.
615 Pine grosbeak Hud

•

517 Purple finch, Al. & Can.

"

"""

621 American crossbill, Bor

622 White winged crossbill Hud

* ^

— -^— •

528 Redpoll, Bor

"

• —

529 Atner. goldfinch. U. Aus. & Can.

m

533 Pine siskin, Bor.
•534 Snowflake, Arc.
536 Lapland longspur. Arc.
640 Vesper sparrow, U. Aus. & Can.

mm*m

mmmm.

— -~***

^•••B

«42o Savanna sparrow, U. Ans. & Bor.

S46 Grasshopper sparrow, Car.

_._

-

ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

No.

COMMON NAMES. Range. JAN.

547 Henslow's sparrow, Up. Aus.

548 Leconte's sparrow, Int. Aus.
549' Nelson's sparrow, Int. Up. Aus.
649U Acadian sparrow, Mar. Can.
654 White-crowned sparrow, Hud.
558 White-throated sparrow, Bor.
659 Tree sparrow, Hud.
560 Chipping sparrow. E. N. A.
563 Field sparrow, E. Up. Aus.
567 Slate-colored junco, E. Bor.
53 1 Song sparrow, E. U. A us. & Can.

583 Lincoln's sparrow, Al. & Bor.

584 Swamp sparrow, Al. & Bor.

585 Fox sparrow, Hud.
687 Towtiee, K. Aus.
593 Cardinal, Car.
595 Rose-breasted grosbeak, Al.
598 Indigo bunting, E. Aus
608 Scarlet tanager, E. Aus. & Can

611 Purple martin, Aus

612 Cliff swallow,

613 Barn swallow,

614 Tree swallow,
616 Bank swallow,

6)7 Rough-winged swallow,

618 Bohemian waxwing,

619 Cedar waxwing,
621 Northern shrike,

N. A
N. A
N. A
N. A
Car
Bor

Al. & Can
Hud

622 Loggerhead shrike, E. Aus
622a White-rumped shrike, Int. Aus
624 Red-eyed vireo, Aus. & Can
026 Philadelphia vireo, Bor

627 Warbling vireo, N. A

628 Yellow-th'd vireo, Aus. & Can.

629 Blue-beaded vireo, Al. & Can
6296 Plumbeous vireo, Rocky Mta
631 White-eyed vireo, Car
636 Black and white warbler, N. A
639 Worm-eating warbler, Ca

641 Blue-winged warbler, Car

642 Golden-winged warbler, A

645 Nashville warbler, Al. &£a

646 Orange-crown'dwarbler.W.Bor
C47 Tennessee warbler, E. Bor
848o Nor. parula warbler, Up. Au
C50 Cape May warbler, E. Bor
052 Yellow warbler, N. A

654 Black-th'd blue warbler, E. Can

655 Myrtle warbler, E. Bo
657 Magnolia warbler, E. Can

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK.

No. COMMON NAMES. Range.

JAN.

FEB.

MAK.

APR.

MAT

JUNE

JULY

Aco.

SEPT.

OCT.

Nov.

DEC.

658 Cerulean warbler Car.

659 Chestnut-sided warbler. Can.

«60 Bay-breasted warbler. E. Bor.
661 Black-poll warbler, E. Bor.

—

»-

— 1»

•,.

667 Black-tb'd green warbler Can

671 Pine warbler. E. A as.
678 Palm warbler, W. Bor.
672o Yellow palm warbler, E. Bor.
673 Prairie warbler, Car.
C74 Oven-bird, E. Up. Aug. & Can.

-^

——

-

-

675 Water-thrush, E. Bor.

-

-

-

*

^— »— -

677 Kentucky warbler. Car.

-

-

C79 Mourning warbler, AI. & Can

6S1 Maryl'd yet. -throat, E. Au«. i Can.

683 Yellow-breasted chat, Car.
684 Hooded warbler. Car

--

—

G85 Wilson's warbler, Bor.
68C Canadian warbler, E Can

.-

687 Amer. redstart, U. Aus. & Can.

697 American pipit, Are.
703 Mockingbird. L. Aus.
704 Catbird, Aus. & Can

•— — .

—

-

-

-

-^V*.

•-

705 Brown thrasher E Aus

718 Carolina wren. Oar

721 House wren, E. Aus.

722 Winter wren, E. Bor.
724 Short billed marsh wren, E.Au

• <«••••

-

-

-

-

- -

"— -

-

725 Long-billed marsh wren, E. Au

726 Brown creeper E. Bo

727 White-breasted nuthatch Au

728 Red-breasted nuthatch Can

720 Brown headed nuthatch, L. Au
731 Tufted titmouse. Ca
735 Chickadee E Up Aus & Cat

-

-

748 Golden-crowned kinglet Bo

749 Ruby-crowned kinglet, Bo
761 Blue-gray gnatcatcher, Ca
755 Wood thrush E An

— -

—

- -

-

•

— —

756 Wilson's thrush Al & E Ca

757 Gray-cheeked thrush, Bo
758o Olive-backed thrush. Bo
7596 Hermit thrush. Bo

-^

«•••»
-^•M

•

-

W

_M

U^»

^English sparrow.
Mongolian pheasant

-

-

-

-

"

-

-

-

-

*

r

-

16 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

ANNOTATED CHECK LIST.
Order PYGOPODES. Diving Birds.

Family PODICIPIDAE. Grebes.

2. Colymbus holboellii (Reinh.) Holboell's grebe.
Transient and winter visitant ; uncommon. Oct. 20 — May 4.

Has been taken at Murray, Wilson, Buffalo, Springville, Branchport,
Penn Yan, Canandaigua, Cayuga Lake and Utica. The last record,
Canandaigua Lake, Oct. 20, 1900.

3. Colymbus auritus Linn. Horned grebe.

Transient visitant; common, especially in the spring. April i —
May 15, Oct. i — Nov. 20. Occasional winter visitant. Found on
lakes and ponds.

6. Podilymbus podiceps. (Linn.) Pied-billed grebe.
Summer resident ; uncommon. April 4 — Nov. 18. Common

transient visitant. Breeds on the weedy margins of secluded ponds
and streams.

Family G AVI I DAE. Loons.

7. Gavia imber (Gunn. ) Loon.

Transient visitant ; common. April i — May 30, Sept. 15 — Dec.

10. Occasional winter visitant. Found on lakes, ponds and rivers.
Often seen migrating by day, singly or in small companies.

11. Gavia lumme (Gunn.) Red-throated loon.

Winter visitant ; uncommon. Nov. — May. Has been taken on
Niagara River, Lakes Erie, Ontario, Keuka, Owasco, Onondaga and
Oneida. Last record, Canandaigua Lake, April 20, 1899.

Family ALCIDAE. Auks, murres and puffins.
31. Uria lomvia (Linn.) Briinnich's murre.

Occasional winter visitant from the North Atlantic coast. Form-
erly this bird was unknown here, but in recent years has been taken in
considerable numbers. Mcllwraith records nearly fifty captured in
the Province of Ontario during the fall and winter of 1893. The
following Western New York records are worthy of note : Buffalo,
several taken during Nov. and Dec., 1894 — James Savage. Boone-
ville, Dec. 15, 1894 ; Utica, Dec. 24, 1894 — Auk 12, 177. Johns-

EATON — BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 17

town, winter '94— '95 — Auk 12, 290. Seneca Lake, Dec. 23, 1895 '>
May, 1896 ; numbers, winter of 1896 — Auk 14, 202. Penn Yan,
Dec. 20, 1896 — Verdi Burtch. Murray, Mar., 1897, and Kendall —
Auk 1 6, 193. Canandaigua, Dec. 20, 1897. Cayuga Lake, winter
of 1899. Rochester, Nov. 27 — Dec. 2, 1900, four birds were captured
near Cranberry Pond.

Order LONGIPENNES. Long -winged swimmers.
Family STERCORARIIDAE. Skuas and. jaegers.

35. Megalestris skua. (Briinn. ) Skua.

Accidental visitant. Niagara River spring of 1886 — Auk 6,
331 ; and Berg. p. 3.

36. Stercorarius pomarinus (Temm.) Pomarine jaeger.
Transient visitant; very rare. Buffalo, two records — James Savage.

37. Stercorarius parasiticus (Linn.) Parasitic jaeger.
Transient visitant; very rare. Buffalo, one record — James Savage.
Mouth of Niagara River, Sept.. 1897 — Harry Lansing.

Family L A R I D A E. Gulls and terns.
40. Rissa tridactyla (Linn.) Kittiwake.

Winter visitant ; rare. Seneca Lake, — Aub. p. 41. Oneida
Lake, Nov. 9, 1890 — Auk n, 162. Buffalo, (< tolerably common
migrant" — Berg. p. 3.

42. Larus glaucus Briinn. Glaucous gull.

Winter visitant ; rare. Buffalo, Jan. 29, 1895 — Auk 12, 312.

43. Larus leucopterus Faber Iceland gull.

Winter visitant ; rare. Cayuga Lake, winter of 1896-7 — L. A.
Fuertes. Peterboro, Feb. i, 1884 — Auk i, 240.

47. Larus marinus Linn. Great black-backed gull.

Winter visitant ; occasional. Lewiston, Feb. i, 1886 — J. L.
Davison. Buffalo, Jan. and Feb., 1895 — Jas. Savage. Branchport,
April 1 8, 1898 — C. F. Stone. Brockport — Short, p. 5.

51. Larus argentatus Briinn. Herring gull.

Specimens answering the description of this species are occasion-
ally captured on the lakes. I have examined one bird from Lake
Ontario which was decidedly argentatus and have seen several which
intergrade between this species and the following.

2, PROC. ROCH. ACAD. Sci., VOL. 4, JANUARY 30, IQOI.

1 8 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

51^. Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues American her-
ring gull.

Winter visitant ; abundant in the spring and fall ; common in
winter; Aug. i3~May 20. Migrates by day, usually in small com-
panies, high in air. Often taken on the smaller inland ponds and
streams.

54. Larus delawarensis Ord Ring-billed gull.

Transient visitant ; occasional. Seneca Lake — Aub. p. 41
"Occasional migrant" — Short, p. 5. Branchport, spring of 1894 — Auk
1 6, 284. Canandaigua, Oct. 20, 1898.

58. Larus atricilla Linn. Laughing gull.

Accidental visitant. Buffalo, — Berg. p. 3.
60. Larus Philadelphia (Ord) Bonaparte's gull.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. April 10 — June 10, Sept. i
— Nov. 20. Found on lakes, ponds and rivers. Sometimes seen
coursing over plowed fields.

64. Sterna caspia Pallas Caspian tern.

Transient visitant ; rather rare. Kendall, Sept., 1890 — Auk 16,
193. Buffalo, late fall, 1893 — Auk 12, 313. Canandaigua, April 28,
1895, 3 specimens. Buffalo, Sept. 20, 1899 — Edward Reinecke.

70. Sterna hirundo Linn. Common tern.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. May — June; Aug. — Oct. 10.
Occasional in summer. Breeds near Buffalo — Ottomar Reinecke.

71. Sterna paradisaea Briinn. Arctic tern.
Accidental visitant. Buffalo — Berg. p. 3.

72. Sterna dougalli Montag. Roseate tern.

Summer visitant ; accidental. Youngstown, Niagara River, May
31, 1886 — J. L.'Davison. Penn Yan, — Aub. p. 41.

74. Sterna antillarum (Less.) Least tern.

Transient visitant; occasional. Branchport, Sept. 6— n, 1896,
Auk 1 6, 284 ; also Aug. 27 — Sept. 8, 1899 — Clarence F. Stone. New
Hartford, Oneida Co. — R. £ B., p. 104. Cayuga Lake — Aub. p. 41.
Buffalo, — Berg. p. 4.

75. Sterna fuliginosa Gmel. Sooty tern.

Accidental visitant. Owasco Lake, Sept. 20, 1875 — Aub. p. 41.

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 19

77. Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmel.) Black tern.
Transient visitant ; fairly common ; frequently seen in summer.
April 28 — Sept. 20. Said to breed on the northern shore of Lake
Ontario. Found on lakes, ponds and rivers.

Family RYNCHOPIDAE. Skimmers,

80. Rynchops nigra Linn. Black Skimmer.

Accidental visitant. Whitestown, Oneida County, fall of 1893 —
Auk n, 162.

Order TU BIN A RES. Tube-nosed swimmers.
Family PROCE LL AR 1 1 DAE. Fulmars and shearwaters.

98. Aestrelata hasitata (Kuhl) Black capped petrel.
Accidental visitant. Oneida Lake, Aug. 28, 1893 — Auk n, 162.

99. Aestrelata scalaris Brewst. Scaled petrel.

Accidental visitant. The type and only specimen of this bird
was taken at Mt. Morris during the first week in April, 1880. Bui.
Nutt. Orn. Club, 6, 91-97. Also Auk n, 389-393. Also Farr,p. 219.

109. Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl) Wilson's_petrel.

Accidental visitant. Lockport, Oct., 1875 — Auk i, 294. Also
Dav. No. 12.

Order STEGANOPODES. Totipalmate swimmers.
Family PHAETHONTIDAE. Tropic birds.

112. Phaethon americanus Grant Yellow-billed tropic bird.

Accidental visitant from the tropical seas. Knowlesville, Sept. ,
1876 — Langille, p. 615. Also Bui. Nutt. Orn. Club, 5, 63. Also
Short, p. 6. Also Farr, p. 219.

Family PHALACROCORACIDAE. Cormorants.

119. Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.) Cormorant.

Transient visitant ; rare. Niagara River — Berg. p. 4. Oneida
Lake, Nov. 15, 1877 — Aub. p. 40. Onondaga Lake, 1883— A. W,
Perrior. Oneida Lake, 1890 — Egbert Bagg.

20 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

120. Phalacrocorax dilophus (Swain.) Double-crested cormo-
rant.

Transient visitant ; uncommon. Aug. 14 — Nov. 30. Has been
taken near -Buffalo, Branchport, Syracuse and Naples. Last record,
Canandaigua, Nov. 7, 1899.

Family PELECANIDAE. Pelicans.

125. Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmel. American white peli-
can.

Transient visitant ; very rare. Buffalo, Oct. 5, 1894 — Auk 12,
3 i 3-

Order ANSERES. Lamellirostral swimmers.

Family AN ATI DAE. Ducks, geese and swans.

129. Merganser americanus (Cass.) American merganser.
Winter visitant ; common. Oct. 20 — Apr. 20. Occasional

summer resident. Found on lakes and rivers. Breeds near Buffalo,
nest in hollow tree — Ottomar Reinecke ; also at " Blind Sodus Bay"
— Aub. p. 40.

130. Merganser serrator (Linn.) Red-breasted merganser.
Winter visitant : fairly common. Common transient visitant.

Oct. 10 — Apr. 30. Found on lakes and ponds.

131. Lophodytes cucullatus (Linn.) Hooded merganser.
Transient visitant ; fairly common. March 20 — May i ; Oct. 15

— Nov. 25. Occasional summer resident. Rare in winter. Found
along swampy streams, ponds and bays.

132. Anas boschas Linn. Mallard.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. March 15 — April 30 ; Oct. I
— Nov. 20. Occasionally met with both in summer and midwinter.
Found along swamps, streams and lakes. Often alights in dry fields
and oak groves to feed. Breeds, West Barre, May 10, 1899 — James
Savage.

133. Anas obscura Gmel. Black duck.

Transient visitant ; common. Winter visitant ; fairly common.
Summer resident ; occasional. By far the commonest of the river
ducks on Canandaigua Lake, remaining in considerable numbers
through the coldest weather. Breeds in Tonawanda Swamp, Monte-
zuma Marshes, West Barre and Niagara River.

EATON — BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 21

135. Chaulelasmus streperus (Linn.) Gadwall.

Transient visitant ; less common than the mallard. March 20 —
April 30 ; Sept. 20 — Nov. i. More confined to the marshes than
either the mallard or black duck.

136. Mareca penelope (Linn.) Widgeon.

Accidental visitant. Keuka Lake, March 25, 1899 — C. F.
Stone.

137. Mareca americana (Gmel.) Baldpate.

Transient visitant; fairly common. March 20 — April 25; Sept.
20 — Nov. 10. Frequents the marshes and shallow bays.

139. Nettion carolinensis (Gmel.) Green-winged teal.
Transient visitant; fairly common. April; Sept. — Oct. Rare

winter visitant. Said to have bred near Buffalo — Berg. p. 4. Found
on marshy lakes, ponds and streams.

140. Querquedula discors (Linn. ) Blue-winged teal.
Transient visitant; fairly common. April; Sept. — Oct. A rare

summer resident. Found along the lakes, bays and streams.

141. Querquedula cyanoptera (Vieill. ) Cinnamon Teal.
Accidental visitant. Mr. James Flahive of Penn Yan has in his

collection a fine specimen of this bird, which was killed in Yates County
on Seneca Lake in April, 1886.

142. Spatula clypeata (Linn. ) Shoveller.

Transient visitant; not common. April; Oct. — Nov. Found on
marshy streams and lakes.

143. Dafila acuta (Linn.) Pintail.

Transient visitant; common in the spring. March 15 — April 15.
Much less abundant in the fall, Sept. 25 — Nov. 15. Frequents the
flooded swamps, marshy streams and lakes.

144. Aix sponsa (Linn. ) Wood duck.

Summer resident; fairly common. March 30 — Nov. 15. Found
on secluded, marshy streams and ponds. Less common than formerly
on account of the destruction of its nesting sites.

146. Ay thy a americana (Eyt.) Redhead.

Transient visitant ; common. Sept. 25 — Nov. 25; Mar. 20 — April
30. Occasional winter visitant. Found on the lakes and larger ponds.

22 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

147. Aythya vallisneria (Wils.) Canvasback.

Transient and winter visitant; occasional. Fairly common on
the smaller lakes during the winters of 1896 — 97, 1897 — 98, 1898 — 99.
Nov. 15 — March 20.

148. Aythya marila (Linn.) American scaup duck.
Transient visitant; common. Not uncommon in winter, Oct. i —

April 25. Found on all our larger bodies of water. Called ''Lake
Bluebill."

149. Aythya affinis (Eyt.) Lesser scaup duck.

Transient visitant; common. March 20 — May 20; Oct. i — Nov.
20. Often taken in winter and a few remain through the summer.
Found on lakes, ponds and streams. Called "Marsh bluebill" and
"Creek bluebill."

150. Aythya collaris (Donov.) Ring-necked duck.
Transient visitant; uncommon. I have never taken it. "Com-
mon on Lake Ontario" — Short, p. 7. Buffalo "Tolerably common
migrant" — Berg. p. 5. Elmira, "to be met with at most all seasons "
— Gregg No. 186.

151- Clangula clangula americana Faxon American golden-
eye.

Winter visitant ; common. Nov. i — April 25. Found on all our
lakes. Called "Whistler."

153. Charitonetta albeola (Linn.) Buffle-head.

Transient visitant; common. Oct. 10 — Nov. 25; April 10 — May
20. Frequently taken in midwinter. Found on all lakes and ponds.
Called "Butterball."

154. Harelda hyemalis (Linn.) Old-squaw.

Transient visitant; common on lakes and ponds. Oct. 15 —
Nov. 20; April i — 25. Common on Niagara River in winter, and
abundant in migration. Called ' 'Coween. ' '

155. Histrionicus histrionicus (Linn.) Harlequin duck.
Accidental visitant. Buffalo, — Berg, p. 5.

1 60. Somateria dressed Sharpe American eider.

Winter visitant ; rare. Branchport, Feb., 1873 — Aub. p. 39.
Buffalo, "occasional winter visitant" — Ottomar Reinecke.

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 23

162. Somateria spectabilis (Linn.) King eider.

Winter visitant; occasional. In November and December, 1877,
was quite common near Buffalo — Auk, 1880, p. 62. Has been taken
several times on Oneida Lake — See R. & B. p. 108. Also on Cayuga
Lake — L. A. Fuertes.

163. Oidemia americana Swains. American scoter.
Transient and winter visitant ; fairly common. Rarely seen in

spring (May) ; most common in October. Found on the lakes.

165. Oidemia deglandi Bonap. White- winged scoter.
Transient visitant; common for a short time in May and October.

Found on the lakes.

1 66. Oidemia perspicillata (Linn.) Surf scoter.

Transient visitant; common in autumn. Oct. i — Nov. 10. Old
birds are of rare occurrence. Uncommon in the spring. Found on
the lakes, rarely on small ponds.

167. Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmel.) Ruddy duck.
Transient visitant ; fairly common. March 25. — April 20; Sept.

25. — Oct. 30. Much more common in the fall than in the spring.
Frequents the lakes and bays, but sometimes found on the smaller
ponds.

1693. Chen hyperborea nivalis (Forst. ) Greater snow goose.

Winter visitant ; rare. Chautauqua Lake, — See Bui. Buf. Soc.
Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, page 34. Buffalo, " occasional winter visitor"
Berg. p. 6.

i7ia. Anser albifrons gambeli (Haiti.) American white-fronted
goose.

Chautauqua Lake, — See Bui. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., Vol. 4, page 34.

172. Branta canadensis (Linn.) Canada goose.

Transient visitant ; common. Mar. 10. — April 25 ; Oct. i. — Nov.
30. Sometimes seen in Dec. and Jan. Frequents our larger bodies
of water, visiting meadows and wheatfields to feed.

1723. Branta canadensis hutchinsii (Rich.) Hutchins's goose.
Transient visitant; rarely captured. Gaines, 1888 — Auk. 16,
P- 93-

24 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

173. Branta bernicla (Linn.) Brant.

Transient visitant ; rare. Cayuga Lake, Dec., 1877, and Nov.
26, 1878 — Aub. p. 36.

174. Branta nigricans (Lawr.) Black brant.

Transient visitant ; rare. Oneida Lake, Lewis Point, Oct. 30,
1891 — Egbert Bagg.

1 80. Olor columbianus (Ord) Whistling swan.

Transient visitant ; occasional. Has been taken near Buffalo,
Lewiston, Medina, Oneida Lake and Utica. "Nearly every season
a number of this species are taken in a wounded condition in Niagara
River below the falls" — Dav. No. 36. Last record, Honeoye Lake,
Apr., 1898, 3 birds observed.

181. Olor buccinator (Rich.) Trumpeter swan.

Accidental visitant. Cayuga Lake — Aub. p. 36. Buffalo, "Acci-
dental— Chas. Linden ' ' — Berg. p. 6.

Order HERODIONES Herons, ibises, etc.

Family IBIDIDAE. Ibises.

186. Plegadis autumnalis (Hasselq.) Glossy ibis.

Summer visitant ; very rare. Dunkirk, April, 1894 — Auk 12,
393. Tonawanda Swamp, May, 1884 — Auk 16, 193.

187. Plegadis guarauna (Linn.) White-faced glossy ibis.
Accidental visitant. Niagara River, Aug., 1884 ; — 3d ann. rept.

N. Y. state museum, p. 22; also Auk 4, 253.

Family AR DEI DAE Herons, bitterns, etc.

190. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montag. ) American bittern.
Summer resident ; fairly common. April 18 — Nov. 10. Found

in swamps and marshes, more generally distributed than the least
bittern. Breeds in secluded grassy marshes ; May 15 — June 10 ;
eggs 3-5-

191. Ardetta exilis (Gmel.) Least bittern.

Summer resident ; fairly common in grassy marshes. May 15 —
Sept. 15. Nest built of dead grass among sedges growing in shallow
water ; June 10-25 I eggs 3'5-

EATON — BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 25

194. Ardea herodias Linn. Great blue heron.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. March 30 — April 25; Aug. i
— Nov. 10. Locally a summer resident. The most noted breeding
colonies are at Oneida Lake, Potter Swamp, Seneca River, Tonawan-
da Swamp, Lime Lake and Conewango Swamp.

196. Ardea egretta Gmel. American egret.

Summer visitant; uncommon. Usually taken late in summer.
The following records are of interest; Penn Yan in the spring — Aub.
p. 34. Medina — Short, p. 8. Springville, Aug. 10, 1881, young bird,
two others seen. Kent, Orleans Co. , July 27, 1883 — Auk, 16, 193,
three specimens; cf. Forest and Stream 24, 204. Herkimer in the
spring of 1882, one taken and six seen; also at Deerfield and Marcy,
1889 — Egbert Bagg. Olcott, Aug. 18, 1886 — Auk 4, 159. Baldwins-
ville, Sept. 1895; also Skaneateles, Sept. 1895, adult — A. W. Perrior.
Newark Valley, June I, 1896 — G. B. Sutton.

197. Ardea candissima. Gmel. Snowy heron.
Buffalo, "accidental — Otto Besser" — Berg. p. 6.

201. Ardea virescens Linn. Green heron.

Summer resident; fairly common. May 3 — Sept. 28. Found
along streams and the borders of ponds. Nest in a low tree, May 15
—June 20; eggs 3-5.

202. Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Bodd.) Black-crowned
night heron.

Transient visitant; rather uncommon, but of regular occurrence in
the fall. Last records : Canandaigua, Sept. 30, 1899. Rochester,
Sept. 1900. Ithaca, "regular spring and fall visitant" - L. A.
Fuertes.

203. Nycticorax violaceus (Linn. ) Yellow-crowned night heron.
Accidental visitant. Buffalo, — Berg. p. 7.

Order PALUDICOLAE. Cranes, rails, etc.

Family GRUIDAE. Cranes.

204. Grus americana (Linn.) Whooping crane.

Formerly transient visitant. Several years ago a specimen was
killed on Cayuga Lake — Frank A. Ward.

206. Grus mexicana (Mull.) Sandhill Crane.

Formerly transient visitant. Buffalo, — Berg. p. 7.

20 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Family R ALL I DAE. Rails, gallinules and coots.

208. Rallus elegans Aud. King rail.

Summer resident; rather rare. Carlton, Aug., 1880 — Langille,
p. 400. Canandaigua, Oct., 1894. Springville, Sept., 1898, two seen
and one captured. Mr. Ottomar Reinecke of Buffalo reports taking a
fully formed egg from a bird killed there several years ago; and his
son Edward took a set of ten eggs of this species near Buffalo, May 30,
1894.

211. Rallus crepitans Gmel. Clapper rail.

Accidental visitant. Two instances near Syracuse, J. A. Dakin,
per A. W. Perrior. Perhaps R. elegans was mistaken for this
species.

212. Rallus virginianus Linn. Virginia rail.

Summer resident; fairly common. April 20 — Oct. 10. Frequents
grassy swamps and margins of streams. Nest, in a swamp, concealed
in the grass or under a brush pile; May 10 — June 20; eggs 8-12.

214. Porzana Carolina (Linn.) Sora.

Summer resident; common in grassy swamps and marshes. April
25 — Oct. 1 8. Nest, a bunch of dead flags carefully concealed in the
dense sedge-grass; May 26 — June 15; eggs 6-n.

215. Porzana noveboracensis (Gmel. ) Yellow rail.
Transient visitant; rather uncommon. Usually taken in the fall.

Sept. i — Oct. 15. Reported from Buffalo, Brockport, Murray, Penn
Yan, Dresden, Utica and Rochester. Canandaigua, Oct. 4, 1894 ;
also Sept. i, 1896. Spring record: Murray, Apr. 21, 1894 — Auk 16,
194.

216. Porzana jamaicensis (Gmel. ) Black rail.

Summer visitant; very rare. Two instances recorded in the Au-
burnlist, p. 35; Penn Yan, 1870; Watkins, spring of 1872. Thesecond
specimen is in the John B. Gilbert collection at Elmira College.

218. lonornis martinica (Linn.) Purple gallinule.

Summer visitant ; accidental. A bird of this species was cap-
tured some years ago by the Haight brothers near East Homer —
G. B. Sutton.

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 27

219. Gallinula galeata (Licht.) Florida gallinule.

Summer resident; common in the large reed-covered marshes.
April 28 — Oct. 25. Nest, a heap of dead weeds and flags, in or near
the water, concealed among thick grass; May 15 — June 20; eggs, 10
—14. Commonly called "mudhen."

221. Fulica americana Gmel. American coot.

Transient visitant; fairly common in the fall, less so in the spring.
April 25 — May 20; Sept. 10 — Nov. 5. Found along reedy streams
and marshy shores, usually swimming like a duck. Said to breed in
the Montezuma marshes and along the shore of Lake Ontario. Also
called "mud hen."

Order LIMICOLAE. Shore birds.
Family PHALAROPODIDAE. Phalaropes.

222. Crymophilus fulicarius (Linn. ) Red phalarope.
Transient visitant; rare. Buffalo, Sept. 26, 1894; and Oct., 1892

— Auk 12, 313. Oneida Lake, Oct. 4, 1889 — Auk 7, 229. Penn Yan
—James Flahive.

223. Phalaropus lobatus (Linn.) Northern phalarope.
Transient visitant; rather uncommon. Has been captured at Buf-
falo, Baldwinsville, Onondaga Lake, Westmoreland, Oneida Lake,
Owasco Lake, and Penn Yan. Last record : Branchport, May 16,
1895 — Auk 1 6, 285.

224. Steganopus tricolor Vieill. Wilson's phalarope.
Transient visitant; rare. Ithaca, fall, 1892 — L. A. Fuertes. Onon-
daga Lake, Sept. 2, 1886— C. P. L. Noxon. Oneida Lake, Oct. 6,
1883 — R. & B. p. 112. Penn Yan — Aub. p. 30.

Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE Avocets and stilts.

225. Recurvirostra americana Gmel. American avocet.
Summer visitant; accidental. Buffalo— Berg. p. 7.

Family SCOLOPACIDAE Snipes, sandpipers, etc.
228. Philohela minor (Gmel.) American woodcock.

Summer resident; fairly common in swampy alder and willow
coverts. In fall often found in upland woods. Much less common
than formerly. March 10 — Nov. 15. Nest, on the ground ; April i —
20; eggs 4.

28 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

230. Gallinago delicata (Ord) Wilson's snipe.

Transient visitant; common. April 9 — May 10; Sept. i — Nov.
25 ; rare in summer. Found in marshes and swampy meadows. Breeds :
Springville, April 22 — May 10; Bergen Swamp, May 30, 1899; Buf-
falo— Berg. p. 7 and Ottomar Reinecke; Branchport — C. F. Stone.
Nest on a hummock in the midst of a marsh; eggs, 4.

231. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmel.) Dowitcher.
Transient visitant; rather rare. Niagara River, Oct., 1892 —

Auk 12, 313. Oneida Lake, Sept., 1883; also in 1880 — R. & B. p.
112. Auburn, Sept., 1875 — Aub. p. 31.

232. Macrorhamphus scolopaceus (Say) Long -billed

dowitcher.

Transient visitant ; rare. Strawberry Island, Niagara River,
Oct., 1892 — Auk 12, 313.

233. Micropalama himantopus (Bonap.) Stilt sandpiper.
Transient visitant ; rare. Penn Yan, Oct., 1875 — Auburn List,

p. 31. Buffalo, Sept. 16, 1893 — Auk 12, 313.

234. Tringa canutus Linn. Knot.

Transient visitant ; uncommon. Carlton, Sept. 9, 1897 — Auk 16,
194. Oneida Lake, Aug. 26, 1891 — Auk n, 162. Syracuse, ''rare
visitant" — A. W. Perrior. Penn Yan, Oct. 15, 1874; also one in
the Flahive collection — Aub. p. 32. Buffalo," rare migrant" — Berg,
p. 8.

235. Tringa maritima Briinn. Purple sandpiper.

Winter visitant ; very rare. One specimen taken in winter on
Seneca Lake, — Aub. p. 32.

239. Tringa maculata Vieill. Pectoral sandpiper.
Transient visitant ; common in the fall ; uncommon in spring.

May ; Sept. i — Nov. 5. Found in marshes and along the shores of
lakes and streams.

240. Tringa fuscicollis Vieill. White-rumped sandpiper.
Transient visitant ; occasional. Sept. 29 — Nov. 4. There are

published records for Carlton, Branchport, Utica and Oneida Lake
(several instances). Canandaigua, Oct. 17 and 25, 1895 ; Oct. 25
and Nov. 4, 1898; Sept. 30, 1899. Penn Yan, "eighteen years
ago" — Flahive collection. This bird often escapes identification,
which accounts for its apparent rarity.

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 29

241. Tringa bairdii (Coues) Baird's sandpiper.

Transient visitant ; occasional. Aug. 25 — Nov. 20. Several rec-
ords ; Waterport, Lakeside Park (several), Locust Grove, Verona
Beach (two). Canandaigua, Nov. 20, 1895 ; and Oct. 6, 1900 (two).
This bird like the preceding species is probably not as rare as is com-
monly supposed.

242. Tringa minutilla Vieill. Least sandpiper.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. May ; Aug. 20 — Sept. 25.
Found on sandy and marshy shores.
2433. Tringa alpina pacifica (Coues) Red-backed sandpiper.

Transient visitant ; common in fall ; seldom seen in the spring.
May ; Sept. 25 — Nov. 10. Found on marshy or sandy shores

246. Ereunetes pusillus (Linn.) Semipalmated sandpiper.
Transient visitant ; common. May ; Sept. i — Nov. 5. Found

on marshy or sandy shores.

247. Ereunetes occidentalis Lawr. Western sandpiper.
Transient visitant ; fairly common. May ; Aug. 20 — Sept. 25.

Found on marshy or sandy shores.

248. Calidris arenaria (Linn. ) Sanderling.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. May 15 — June 10 ; Sept. i
— Oct. 10. Found on muddy or sandy shores.

249. Limosa fedoa (Linn. ) Marbled godwit.

Transient visitant ; rare. Syracuse, June 18, 1876 — Auburn List,
p. 32. Niagara River, occasional migrant — Lang. p. 554.

251. Limosa haemastica (Linn.) Hudsonian godwit.

Transient visitant ; rare. Onondaga Lake, Oct. 13, 1883 —
A. W. Perrior. Oneida Lake, Sept. 7, 1891 ; one other, later in the
season — Egbert Bagg. See also Auburn List, p. 32.

254. Totanus melanoleucus (Gmel. ) Greater yellow-legs.
Transient visitant ; fairly common. Apr. 20 — May 10 ; Aug. 15

— Nov. 5. Found in marshes and along the shores of ponds and
lakes.

255. Totanus flavipes (Gmel. ) Yellow-legs.

Transient visitant ; fairly common in fall. May 10-20 ; Aug. 15
— Oct. I . Found on marshy or sandy shores.

30 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

256. Helodromas solitarius (Wils.) Solitary sandpiper.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. May 1-20 ; July 15 — Sept.
20. Found along woodland ponds and streams.

258. Symphemia semipalmata (Gmel. ) Willet.

Accidental visitant. "A regular migrant, three in fall of 1876 —
Aub. p. 33. One killed at Canandaigua about 1878, in summer, by
George Herendeen. Niagara River, occasional migrant — Lang. p.
526.

261. Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.) Bartramian sandpiper.
Summer resident ; fairly common, but somewhat local in distri-
bution. April 20 — Sept. 10. Found in dry upland pastures, meadows
and stubble fields. Nest, in slight hollow in the ground ; May 20 —
June 10 ; eggs 4-5.

262. Tryngites subruficollis (Vieill. ) Buff-breasted sandpiper.
Transient visitant ; rare. Lockport, Aug. 31, 1886 — J. L. Davi-

son. Kendall, about 1885, and Gaines, fall of 1897 — Auk 16, 194.
Buffalo — Berg. p. 8. Penn Yan — James Flahive.

263. Actitis macularia (Linn. ) Spotted sandpiper.

Summer resident ; abundant. April 18 — Sept. 10. Found along
the streams and shores. Nest, concealed in the grass of a swamp or
pasture ; May 15 — June 10 ; eggs 4. Beneficial.

264. Numenius longirostris Wils. Long-billed curlew.
Transient visitant ; rare. Oneida Lake, Oct. 5, 1880 — Ralph &

Bagg List, p. 115. "Regular but somewhat rare" — Auburn List,
p. 33. Canandaigua, Sept., 1885 — A. P. Wilbur. Buffalo, "occa-
sional" —Berg, p. 33.

265. Numenius hudsonicus Lath. Hudsonian curlew.
Transient visitant ; occasional. Records for Murray, Sept. 1879

— Auk 1 6, 195. Oneida Lake, Sept. 5, 1899 — Auk 17, 177. Canan-
daigua, May 30, 1897. Also reported from Branchport, Auburn, Lock-
port and Buffalo.

266. Numenius borealis (Forst.) Eskimo curlew.

Transient visitant ; rare. Otisco Lake, 1873 — A. W. Perrior.
Lockport, Oct. 2, 1879 — J. L. Davison. Buffalo — Berg., p. 9.

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 3!

Family CHARADRIIDAE. Plovers.

270. Squatarola squatarola (Linn.) Black-bellied plover.

Transient visitant ; fairly common in the autumn, irregular in the
spring. May 20 — June 10 ; Aug. 20 — Oct. 12, Found on the shores

of lakes and streams.

i

272. Charadrius dominicus Mull. American golden plover.

Transient visitant ; fairly common in fall ; rare in spring. Aug.
15 — Oct. 15. Frequents muddy and sandy shores.

273- Aegialitis vocifera (Linn.) Killdeer.

Summer resident ; abundant ; March 10 — Nov. 15. Frequents
pastures, shores of streams, ponds and lakes. Nest, in slight hollow
in meadow or pasture, often long distances from water ; April 15 —
May 20 ; eggs 4. Beneficial.

274. Aegialitis semipalmata Bonap. Semipalmated plover.

Transient visitant ; fairly common in the fall. Aug. 20 — Sept.
25. Uncommon in spring. Found on sandy or marshy shores.

277. Aegialitis meloda (Ord) Piping plover.

Transient visitant ; accidental. Owasco Lake, Auburn, 1876 —
Auburn List, p. 30. Lockport, Aug. 20, 1885 — J. L. Davison.

280. Aegialitis wilsonia (Ord) Wilson's plover.

Summer visitant ; accidental. Penn Yan, spring, 1868 — Auburn
List, p. 30. Oneida Lake, 1880 — Ralph & Bagg List, p. 115.

Family APHRIZIDAE. Surf birds and turnstones.

283. Arenaria interpres (Linn.) Turnstone.

Transient visitant; fairly common in spring. May 15 — June 10.

This bird is known as the ' ' black heart ' ' on Canandaigua Lake,
where it sometimes occurs in large flocks. Uncommon in autumn.

Order GALLINAE. Gallinaceous birds.
Family TETRAONIDAE. Grouse, Partridges, etc.

289. Colinus virginianus (Linn.) Bob- white.

Resident; fairly common, except in the colder, hilly and
mountainous districts. Found in thickets, meadows and hedgerows.
Occurs in bevies of 10-30, after the breeding season is ended. Nest,
concealed in the grass, often at the foot of a small bush ; May 25 — June
15; eggs 10-20.

32 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

300. Bonasa umbellus (Linn.) Ruffed grouse.

Resident ; common in woodlands. It is making a good fight
against extermination and will succeed if the laws are enforced. Nest
on the ground at the foot of a stump or tree. April 15 — May 10.
Have found fresh eggs on June 5, the first nest probably having been
destroyed ; eggs, 6-14.

30oa. Bonasa umbellus togata (Linn.) Canadian ruffed grouse.
Resident ; occasionally met with in Erie County. Mr. L. A.
Fuertes reports it from Ithaca, where it is sometimes found in the
markets. Rochester, Nov. 29, 1900, a typical bird of their race was
killed by Mr. A. E. Babcock.

Family PHASIANIDAE. Pheasants, etc.

3ioa. Meleagris gallopavo fera (Vieill.) Wild turkey.

Formerly resident ; long since exterminated. DeKay in his
zoology of the state, 1846, reports it as still found in Allegany and
Cattaraugus counties.

Phasianus torquatus Gmel. Mongolian pheasant.

This bird has been introduced with considerable success in
western New York, especially in the Genesee valley and in the warmer
counties which constitute the northern belt of the region. This
pheasant survives the cold and snowy winters and is known to breed
in several localities.

Order COLUMBAE. Pigeons.

Family COLUMBIDAE. Pigeons.

315. Ectopistes migratorius (Linn.) Passenger pigeon.

Formerly a transient in immense numbers, and an irregular
summer resident. Now rare or accidental. A young bird three-
fourths grown was taken by the writer at Springville, July 21, 1882 ;
a few were seen in Ithaca, spring of 1892 — L. A. Fuertes ; a flock in
Lewis County, May 22, 1896 — Auk 14, 88. An adult male killed,
Canandaigua, Sept. 14, 1898 — A. P. Wilbur.

The last great pigeon nesting in western New York was in 1868
near Ceres, about fifteen miles south of Olean, on Bell's Run. Mr. Fred
R. Eaton of Olean, has furnished the following particulars; the height
of the nesting season was reached about the tenth of May. The

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 33

country occupied by the birds lay principally across the state line in
Pennsylvania; and millions of birds were nesting in the hemlock, pine
and hardwood trees, covering a strip of land about fourteen miles in
length. In a large hemlock there frequently were 30 or 40 nests con-
taining eggs or young. Both male and female birds took part in
incubation and in feeding the squabs. The birds scattered mostly
toward the north, to feed upon beech mast and all kinds of grain.
Just before the laying they fed along the banks of streams and on low
ground, when many were taken by the netters. There was a great
flight of birds from the nesting grounds at dawn, consisting only of
red-breasted cocks; and another "cock flight" about the middle of
the afternoon of each day. The ' ' hen flight ' ' occurred about eleven
in the forenoon.

' During this nesting dozens of wagon-loads of squabs and old
birds were often shipped in one day from Olean.

After the Ceres nesting the birds nested further south in McKean
Co., Pennsylvania; but no remarkable nestings occurred after 1875.

316. Zenaidura macroura (Linn.) Mourning dove.

Summer resident ; common. Mar. 20 — Nov. 15. Found in
orchards and woodlands, feeding in stubble-fields and coming to the
shores and ' 'watering holes' ' in pastures to drink. Gathers in flocks of
10—50 in autumn. Nest, in the orchard or woods on a low branch.
April 20 — June 10 ; eggs 2. Mainly beneficial.

Order RAPTORES. Birds of prey.
Family CATHARTIDAE. American vultures.

325. Cathartes aura (Linn.) Turkey vulture.

Summer visitant ; occasional. Westmoreland, May, 1879 — R.
& B., p. "117. Kendall, May 23, 1884— Auk, July 1884. Phelps,
July 3, 1891 — Auk 8, 396. Clarendon, July 18, 1891 — Auk, April,
1892. Maynard, Aug., 1896 — Auk 14, 227. Penn Yan, "1885 and
1898" — James Flahive. Geneva, Aug., 1894 ; Stanley, Sept., 1895 ;
Bristol, Dec. 28, 1897 ; Canandaigua, Aug. 13, 1899.

326. Catharista urubu (Vieill. ) Black vulture.

Summer visitant ; accidental. Shelby Center, May 28, 1892 —
Auk 1 6, 195. West Seneca, June, 1884, seen by Charles Linden
—Berg. p. 10.

3, PROC. ROCH. ACAD. Sci., VOL. 4, FEBRUARY 8, 1901.

34 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Family FALCON I DAE. Falcons, hawks, eagles, etc.

331. Circus hudsonius (Linn.) Marsh hawk.

Summer resident ; fairly common. April I — Oct. 20. Fre-
quents low meadows and swamps, flying and perching low. Like all
hawks, migrates by day. Nest, on the ground amidst the grass and
low bushes of the marsh, May 5-20 ; eggs, 4-5. Rather more
injurious than the red-tail, but destroys more mice than birds.

332. Accipiter velox (Wils.) Sharp-shinned hawk.

Summer resident, fairly common. Apr. i — Nov. 10. Like the
following species, rarely seen in winter. Frequents mixed woodlands.
Nest, usually in evergreen trees, 12-40 feet from the ground, May 8
— June 5 ; eggs, 3-5. Injurious ; feeds almost exclusively on small
birds, often visiting the orchard and farmyard.

333. Accipiter_"cooperii (Bonap.) Cooper's hawk.

Summer resident ; fairly common. Apr. I — Nov. 15 ; occa-
sional in winter. Found in mixed woodlands, often coming into the
fields, orchards and farmyards in search of birds. Nest, in the fork
of a tree, 25-50 feet from the ground, May 1-20 ; eggs, 3-5.
Injurious ; feeds principally on birds and poultry.

334. Accipiter atricapillus (Wils.) American goshawk.
Winter visitant ; uncommon. Oct. 21 — Mar. 20. Many records.

Found in woodlands of mixed evergreen and deciduous trees. Some-
times comes to the barnyard in quest of pigeons and chickens.
Injurious ; very destructive to game and poultry.

337. Buteo borealis (Gmel.) Red-tailed hawk.

Resident ; common. More partial to rugged, hilly woodlands
than the following species. Nest, in a tall tree, Mar. 15 — Apr. 20 ;
eggs, 2-4. This hawk is more destructive to poultry, game and
small birds than our other "buzzards," but does much good by
destroying mice and red squirrels.

339. Buteo lineatus (Gmel. ) Red-shouldered hawk.

Summer resident ; common. Mar. i — Nov. 15. Occasional
resident. Found in swampy woods. Nest, in the fork of a decid-
uous tree, 30-70 feet from the ground, Apr. I — May 10 ; eggs,
3-5. Mainly beneficial ; food, mice, frogs, insects, etc.

342. Buteo swainsoni Bonap. Swainson's hawk.

Accidental visitant. Brockport, Oct. i, 1889 — Short, p. 10.

EATON — BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 35

343. Buteo latissimus (Wils.) Broad-winged hawk.

Summer resident ; rather rare. Mar. — Oct. Found in low,
open woods and swamps. Its nest has been found in Oneida Co. ,
Apr. 24, 1883 — R. & B. , p. 1 1 8. Also probably breeds near
Buffalo — Ottomar Reinecke. Beneficial.

347a. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel. ) American

rough legged hawk.

Winter visitant ; fairly common. Oct. — Apr. Found in open
country perching on isolated trees or hunting over swamps and mead-
ows. Beneficial ; food, mice and other small quadrupeds.

349. Aquila chrysa'etos (Linn.) Golden eagle.

Accidental visitant. Clinton, May, 1896 — Auk 14, 227.
Rochester, Oct. 25, 1900. — This bird evidently struck an electric
light wire at night when dazzled by the light, on Clinton Avenue near
St. Michael's church. Exhausted by long flight and fasting, and
injured by the blow it had received, the bird was captured in the
morning and is now in Seneca Park. Mr. C. E. Laney assures me
that the bird bore no marks of previous confinement.

352. Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linn.) Bald eagle.

Resident ; uncommon. Most frequently seen on the shores of
our lakes and along large streams. Apparently does not breed in
Western New York except at Sodus Bay.

354b. Falco rusticolus obsoletus (Gmel.) Black gyrfalcon.

Winter visitant; very rare. Monroe Co., Oct., 1890 — Auk
9, 203.

356. Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonap.) Duck hawk.
Transient visitant; rare. Ithaca, 1899 — L. A. Fuertes. Grand

Island, 1885 — Berg. p. 10. Seneca Lake, winter of 1878 — Aub. p.
27. Breeds in Hamilton Co. — Auk 14, 226.

357. Falco columbarius Linn. Pigeon hawk.

Transient visitant; rather uncommon. Apr., Sept. — Nov. Usually
seen near the edges of woods or along the border of lakes and streams.
Reported as breeding near Buffalo — Berg. p. 10; and Naples — Short,
p. ii. Injurious; feeds mostly on small birds.

36 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

360. Falco sparverius Linn. American sparrow hawk.

Summer resident; common. March 15 — Nov. i. Occasionally
remains all winter. Frequents isolated trees, telegraph poles and the
borders of woods. Nest, in a hollow tree or a woodpecker's hole, 20
-70 ft. from the ground; May 10-25; eggs 4~6. Mainly beneficial;
food, insects, mice and birds.

364. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmel.) American osprey.
Transient visitant; fairly common. April 12 — May 15; Sept. 15—

Oct. 20. Occasionally seen throughout the summer. Found along
the lakes and rivers. Often visits small ponds far inland, Feeds al-
most exclusively on fish.

Family STRIGIDAE. Barn owls.

365. Strix pratincola Bonap. American barn owl.

Summer visitant; rather rare. Reported from Navy Island, Niag-
ara River, — Langille, p. 607. Buffalo, July 5, 1890 — Auk 7, 400;
also July 18, 1895 — Auk 12, 393. Cincinnatus, Sept. 13, 1891 — Auk
'10, 301. Marcy, Sept., i898-Auk 17, 177. Canandaigua, June 18,
1900.

Family BUBONIDAE. Horned owls, etc.

366. Asio wilsonianus (Less.) American long-eared owl.
Resident; fairly common. Frequents evergreen woods and dense

swamps. Nest, usually in an old crow's or squirrel's nest. Mr. C. F.
'Stone found its nest in Potter Swamp, Yates County, May 16, 1898,
the eggs just hatching. Eggs 3-6. Mainly beneficial.

367. Asio accipitrinus (Pall.) Short-eared owl.

Winter visitant; fairly common in November and April, Not
known to breed, although specimens have been taken May 20 and
August 8. Found in grassy swamps, usually in small companies.
Quite active by day, but hunts mostly at twilight. Mainly beneficial,
a large portion of its food being mice.

368. Syrnium nebulosum (Forst.) Barred owl.

Resident; common in the more wooded districts. Nest, in a hol-
low tree or old crow's nest; eggs 2-4. Not as beneficial as the screech
owl, nor as injurious as the great horned owl.

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 3.7

370. Scotiaptex cinerea (Gmel.) Great gray owl.

Winter visitant; rare. Three records; Marcy and White Lake,
Oneida Co. , and Painted Post, Steuben Co. , all in February. R. &
B. p. 120. Auk 5, no; also 12, 301.

372. Nyctala acadica (Gmel.) Saw-whet owl.

Resident; rather rare in Western New York. "Not very uncom-
mon" in Oneida Co., where it breeds in deserted woodpeckers' holes,
March and April — R. & B. p. 120, Also Auk 7, 230, Beneficial.

373. Megascops asio (Linn.) Screech owl.

Resident; common. Frequents woods, orchards and shade trees.
Nest often built near the house in a hollow tree; April i — 25; eggs 4
-6. Mostly beneficial; food principally mice and insects, but destroys
some insectivorous birds,

375. Bubo virginianus (Gmel.) Great horned owl.

Resident ; common in wooded districts. By day it is found among
evergreens in swamps and rugged ravines. Nest, in an old hawk's or
crow's nest; Feb. 20 — March 15; eggs 2-3. Injurious; destroys
poultry, grouse, rabbits, skunks, etc.

376. Nyctea nyctea (Linn.) Snowy owl.

Winter visitant ; occasional. Oct. 20 — March. Some winters it
is common, e. g., 1876-77.

3773. Surnia ulula caparoch (Mull.) American hawk owl.

Winter visitant ; rare. Naples, two instances of its occurrence —
Short p. ii. Onondaga Co., three records — A. W. Perrior. Niagara
Co. , ' ' rare winter visitor ' ' — Davison. Clark' s Mills, Oneida Co. , 1 885
— R. & B. p. 122. Holly — Auk 16, 195. Gorham, Nov., 1875 —
O. & O. 6, 13.

Order PSITTACI. Parrots, etc.
Family PSITTACIDAE. Parrots.

382. Conurus carolinensis (Linn.) Carolina paroquet.

Now extinct in this region. Formerly, according to Audubon,
this species ranged as far north as the southern shore of Lake Ontario,
See also Auk, 1891, pp. 369-379.

38 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Order COCCYGES. Cuckoos, etc.
Family CUCULIDAE. Cuckoos, etc.

387. Coccyzus americanus (Linn.) Yellow-billed cuckoo.
Summer resident ; fairly common. May 10 — Sept. 15. Fre-
quents groves, hedgerows and thickets, especially on the borders of
swamps and streams. Nest, near the ground in a thick bush or vine ;
June 10-30 ; eggs 3-5, usually laid at intervals of a few days. Bene-
ficial, fond of tent caterpillars.

388. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wils. ) Black-billed cuckoo.
Summer resident ; common. May 10 — Sept. 25. Found in

groves, orchards and hedgerows. Nest, a few feet from the ground
in a thick bush ; June 1-30 ; eggs 2-5. Beneficial like the preceding.

Family ALCEDINIDAE. Kingfishers.
390. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.) Belted kingfisher.

Summer resident ; common. Apr. 6 — Nov. i. Occasionally
seen in winter. Found along streams and the shores of lakes and
ponds. Nest, in a bank at the end of a hole 5-8 feet in length ; Apr.
15 — May 20 ; eggs 5-7. Destructive to young fish and tadpoles.

Order PICI. Woodpeckers, etc.
Family PICIDAE. Woodpeckers.

393. Dryobates villosus (Linn.) Hairy woodpecker.

Resident ; fairly common. Frequents woodlands : sometimes
visits orchards and shade trees. Nest, excavated in a dead limb or
stub ; Apr. 20 — May 25 ; eggs 4-5. Beneficial, like all the wood-
peckers, by destroying grubs, beetles, etc.

394c. Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swains. ) Downy wood-
pecker.

Resident ; common. Frequents woodlands and orchards. Nest,
in a dead limb, 15-50 feet from the ground ; Apr. 25 — May 30 ; eggs
4-5-
400. Picoides arcticus (Swains. ) Arctic three-toed woodpecker.

Winter visitant ; rare. Tully, Feb. 27, 1880 ; and Syracuse,
Dec. 25, 1883 — Auk 7, 206. Ithaca, winter of 1895-96 — L. A.
Fuertes. Orleans County, 3 records — J. A. Davison.

EATON — BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 39

402. Sphyrapicus varius (Linn.) Yellow-bellied sapsucker.

Transient visitant ; common. Apr. 10 — May 15 ; Sept. 15—
Oct. 20. Occasional summer resident. Reported as breeding in
Cayuga, Yates and Oneida Counties. Found in woods, orchards and
shade trees during migration. Often does harm by girdling young
trees to feed on the sap, 50-100 holes through the bark in a single
ring being. not uncommon. Otherwise beneficial.

4053. Ceophloeus pileatus abieticola Bangs. Northern pileated
woodpecker.

Resident ; occasionally found in the wildest and most secluded
hemlock woods, especially in the counties of Erie, Cattaraugus and
Allegany. According to Mr. Ottomar Reinecke it breeds in Tona-
wanda Swamp. At Springville I have known of only four birds of
this species captured in ten years.

406. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linn.) Red-headed wood-
pecker.

Summer resident ; common. May 5 — Oct. i. When beech-
nuts are abundant this species always remains throughout the year ;
otherwise migrates as above stated. Frequents woodlands, groves
and telegraph poles. Nest, in a dry stub ; May 15 — June 20 ;
eggs 4—5. Fond of cherries, berries and apples, but mostly beneficial.

409. Melanerpes carolinus (Linn.) Red-bellied woodpecker.

Resident, at least in Erie, Monroe and Ontario counties ; not
very uncommon. Found mostly in dry woodlands of beech and
maple. Breeds, Springville, June, 1896. Also at Benton, May, 1898 —
Burdette Wright.

4i2a. Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs Northern flicker.

Summer resident ; abundant. Apr. 10 — Oct. 20. Occasionally
found in winter. Frequents orchards and groves, often feeding on
the ground in open fields and pastures. Nest, excavated in a dry
limb or stub, 10—70 feet from the ground ; May 10 — June 30 ; eggs
5—7. Beneficial ; destroys ants, grubs and beetles. Its fruit diet is
mostly confined to wild cherries, poke berries, woodbine, etc.

40 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Order MACROCHIRES. Goatsuckers, swifts, etc.
Family CAPRIMULGIDAE. Goatsuckers, etc.

417. Antrostomus vociferus (Wils.) Whip-poor-will.

Summer resident ; fairly common in secluded glens and wood-
lands. May 2 — Sept. 15. Beneficial.

420. Chordeiles virginianus (Gmel. ) Nighthawk.

Summer resident ; often seen in large towns and cities. May 10
— Sept. 25. Common in August and Sept. about wide fields and
open woods. Seen circling in air at early evening. Nest, usually on
flat roof of large buildings ; eggs 2. Beneficial.

Family MICROPODIDAE. Swifts.

423. Chaetura pelagica (Linn.) Chimney swift.

Summer resident ; abundant. Apr. 25 — Sept. 30, Practically
seen only in the air. Nest, in chimney, rarely in gable of barn ; May
15 — July 10 ; eggs 4-5. Beneficial.

Family TROCHILIDAE. Hummingbirds.

428. Trochilus colubris Linn. Ruby-throated hummingbird.

Summer resident ; common. May 10 — Sept. 10. Found in
dooryards, orchards and woods. Nest, on limb of apple, maple,
beech or tamarack tree, 8-40 feet from the ground ; June 5 — July 20 ;
eggs 2. Beneficial.

Order PASSERES. Perching birds.
Family TYRANNIDAE. Tyrant flycatchers.

444. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linn) Kingbird.

Summer resident; abundant. May i — Sept. i. Frequents
orchards, fields and roadsides. Nest, usually in apple tree or thorn
bush ; May 20 — June 15 ; eggs 3-5. Mostly beneficial, sometimes
destroys bees, but mostly drones.

452. Myiarchus crinitus (Linn.) Crested flycatcher.

Summer resident ; fairly common. May 6 — Aug. 20. Found
in groves and woodlands. Nest, in hollow tree or stump, or deserted
woodpecker's hole ; May 30 — June 15 ; eggs 4.

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 4-1

456. Sayornis phoebe (Lath.) Phoebe.

Summer resident ; abundant. Apr. 5 — Oct. 15. Found about
dooryards and in vicinity of streams. Nest, in porches, eaves, sheds,
bridges or overhanging banks ; Apr. 20 — June 15 ; two broods ;
eggs 3-5. Beneficial, like all the flycatchers.

459. Contopus borealis (Swains. ) Olive-sided flycatcher.

Transient visitant ; rare. Canandaigua Lake, Oct. 22, 1898.
Orchard Park, 1885 — Berg. p. 13. Lockport, "rare" — Davison.
Penn Yan — Aub. p. 23.

461. Contopus virens (Linn.) Wood pewee.

Summer resident ; abundant. May 15 — Sept. i. Found in
groves, orchards and woodlands. Nest, saddled on limb of apple
tree, hemlock or maple, June 5 — July 20 ; eggs, 3-4.

463. Empidonax flaviventris Baird Yellow-bellied flycatcher.

Transient visitant ; uncommon. Rare summer resident. Tully
Lake, summer of 1884 — A. W. Perrior, reporting the observation of
J. A. Dakin. Buffalo, "breeds" — Ottomar Reinecke. Lockport,
"rare" — Davison. Oneida Co., breeds, June 24, 1885 — R. & B. p.
126. Hulberton, Orleans Co., May 26, 1890 — Auk 16, 195.

465. Empidonax virescens (Vieill. ) Green-crested flycatcher.

Summer resident ; rather uncommon. May 12 — August. Syra-
cuse, tolerably common — A. W. Perrior. Auburn, "breeds" — Aub.
p. 23. Buffalo, "breeds" — Ottomar Reinecke. Lockport, rare,
nest found June 14, 1887 — Davison. Ithaca, June 4, 1899 — T. L.
Hankinson.

466a. Empidonax traillii alnorum Brewst. Alder flycatcher.

Summer resident ; -rather uncommon. May 10 — Aug. Reported
as not uncommon and breeding at Buffalo, Ithaca, Auburn and Utica.
The last record of its breeding is at Penn Yan, July 22, 1900, eggs
hatching — Verdi Burtch.

467. Empidonax minimus Baird Least flycatcher.

Summer resident ; common. May 6 — Aug. 20. Found in
orchards and groves. Nest, in apple tree or maple tree, May 20 —
June 30 ; eggs, 3-5.

42 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Family ALAUDIDAE. Larks.
474. Otocoris alpestris (Linn.) Horned lark.

Winter visitant ; fairly common. Nov. — Mar. Associates with
the prairie horned lark.

4740. Otocoris alpestris praticola Hensh. Prairie horned lark.

Resident ; abundant in spring and fall. Feb. 20 — Apr. 10 ;
Sept. 20 — Nov. 10. Not common in winter. Found in meadows
and plowed fields. Breeds Mar. 10 — Apr. 10. Second brood often
reared in May. Half-fledged young reported at Buffalo in February,
— see " Forest and Stream," 14, 489. Eggs, 4. Beneficial.

Family CORVIDAE. Crows, jays, magpies, etc.
477. Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.) Blue jay.

Resident ; common in wooded districts. In fall and winter often
visits orchards and cornfields. Nest, in a small evergreen tree, Apr.
i — May 10 ; eggs, 4-6. Injurious from its destruction of eggs and
young of insectivorous birds.

486a. Corvus corax principalis Ridgw. Northern raven.

Rare or accidental visitant. Skeleton found in Wayne Co., 1875,
is reported in the Auburn List. Specimen shot on Canandaigua
Lake about 1885 is in the possession of Dr. Lot D. Sutherland of
Canandaigua.

488. Corvus americanus Aud. American crow.

Resident ; abundant. In winter they roost in immense rook-
eries ; one near Canandaigua is frequented by many thousands ; by
day scattering over widely extended country. Nest, 15—70 feet from
the ground ; Apr. i — May 15 ; eggs, 4-6. Does much good in the
destruction of cut-worms, May beetles, grasshoppers, etc., but more
harm, not merely in injuring newly planted crops, ripening grain,
green peas, early apples, etc. , but principally in destroying the eggs
and young of smaller insectivorous birds.

Family ICTERIDAE. Blackbirds, orioles, etc.
494. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linn.) Bobolink.

Summer resident ; common. May 4 — Sept. 15. Frequents
meadows in early summer; in fall, grassy swamps. Here it does
not gather in the large flocks seen further south. Nest, on the
ground, in the thick grass ; May 20 — June 10 ; eggs 4-6. Beneficial
with us, from destruction of insects and weed seeds.

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK, 43

495. Molothrus ater (Bodd. ) Cowbird.

Summer resident ; abundant. Mar. 20— Oct. 25. Occasional
in winter. Found in pastures, orchards and hedgerows. In autumn
gregarious like all blackbirds, feeding in grain fields and meadows.
Entirely parasitic, a variety qf hosts being selected, varying in size
from yellow warbler to mourning dove. Warblers, vireos and the
chipping sparrow usually chosen. This bird is a menace to the
increase of our smaller insectivorous birds.

498. Agelaius phoeniceus (Linn.) Red-winged blackbird.

Summer resident ; abundant. Mar. 10 — Nov. 10. Frequents
swamps and lowland pastures. Nest, over the water in the sedge
grass or low bush ; May 3 — June 15 ; eggs 4-5. Large flocks in fall
do much olamage to the ripening grain ; otherwise beneficial.

501. Sturnella magna (Linn.) Meadowlark.

Summer resident ; common. Mar. 12 — Nov. 20. Occasional in
winter. Found in meadows, pastures and swamps. Nest, concealed
in the grass ; May 10 — July 10 (probably a second brood); eggs 4-5.
Beneficial.

506. Icterus spurius (Linn.) Orchard oriole.

Summer resident ; rather uncommon. May 15 — Aug. Reported
from Holly, Gaines, Chili, Cayuga, Ithaca, Utica, and Port Byron.
Has bred at Lakeside Park — Auk 16, 195 ; Buffalo — Ottomar Rei-
necke ; Montezuma, May 27, 1899 — Burdette Wright; Hamilton,
May 26, 1899 — Geo. C. Embody.

507. Icterus galbula (Linn.) Baltimore oriole.

Summer resident; abundant. May 3 — Sept. i. Frequents
orchards and shade trees. Nest, usually suspended from the droop-
ing branches of an elm, or the twigs of an apple or maple tree, 10-40
feet from the ground ; May 15 — June 10 ; eggs 4-6. Mainly benefi-
cial, but sometimes destroys fruit buds, green peas and small fruits.

508. Icterus bullocki (Swains.) Bullock's oriole.
Accidental visitant. This western species was taken at Onondaga

Valley, May 17, 1879, by J. A. Dakin — A. W. Perrior.

509. Scolecophagus carolinus (Mull. ) Rusty blackbird.
Transient visitant ; abundant in the fall ; fairly common in the

spring. April 1-30 ; Sept. 10 — Nov. 15. Practically confined to
the vicinity of water, and wades almost as well as any snipe.

44 ROCHESTER 'ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

5iib. Quiscalus quiscula aeneus (Ridgw.) Bronzed grackle.

Summer resident ; abundant. Mar. 12 — Nov. 10. Feeds in
pastures, plowed fields and along the borders of ponds and streams.
Nest, usually in evergreens, often several in the same tree. Apr. 20
— June i. I have found the nest of this species in a deserted wood-
pecker's hole ; eggs 4-5. Often destructive to newly planted corn
and ripening grain.

Family FRINGILLIDAE, Finches, sparrows, etc.

514. Coccothraustes vespertinus (Coop. ) Evening grosbeak.
Winter visitant ; rare and irregular in occurrence. Reported

from Buffalo, Medina, Lockport, Br.ockport, Gaines, Chili, Naples,
Wayland and Ithaca in the winter of 1889-1890 ; from 'Brant and
Buffalo, winter of 1886-87 (as late as Apr. 15) ; and from Marcellus,
July 8, 1882 — Auk, Oct., 1888 ; also at Clinton— Egbert Bagg.

515. Pinicola enucleator canadensis (Cab.) Pine grosbeak.
Winter visitant ; like crossbills, of irregular occurrence. Found

in small flocks feeding on fruit of mountain ash, black ash, tamarack,
etc. Springville, Dec. 30, 1882. Lockport, Feb. 29, 1883 — Davison.
Bristol, Dec. 21-30, 1895. Yates Co. , Mar. 15, 1896 — Verdi Burtch.
"Common, winter of 1895-96" — Short, p. 14.

517. Carpodacus purpureus (Gmel.) Purple finch.

Summer resident ; fairly common ; common as transient visitant.
Mar. 25 — Nov. 5. Found in orchards and groves. Nest, usually in
evergreens 10-20 feet from the ground ; May 10 — June 15 ; eggs 3-5.

521. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm) American crossbill.
Winter visitant ; irregular, but often fairly common. Nov.—

May 12. Accidental in summer; Lockport, June 8 and July 28,
1888 — Davison. Found among coniferous trees in small flocks.

522. Loxia leucoptera Gmel. White-winged crossbill.

Winter visitant ; irregular. Found in flocks, feeding on seeds of
coniferous trees. Auburn, Dec. 24, 1878 — Aub. p. 17 ; Springville,
Dec. 28, 1882; Holly, Feb., 1888— Auk 16, 195; Benton Centre,
Feb. 28, 1897 ; also Penn Yan, Feb. 4 — Apr. 19, 1900 — Verdi
Burtch.

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 45

528. Acanthis linaria (Linn.) Redpoll.

Winter visitant ; of irregular occurrence. . Cayuga Co. , common,
fall and winter of 1878-1879 ; Erie Co., common, winter of 1880-1881,
Nov. 25 — Apr. 6. Some years not found at all. Occurs in flocks,
feeding on seeds of the birch, alder and weeds.

529. Astragalinus tristis (Linn.) American goldfinch.
Resident ; abundant in summer, of irregular distribution in

winter. Found in gardens, fields, orchards and hedgerows ; swamps
in winter. The latest of our birds to breed ; July 5— Aug. 10. Nest,
in bush or low tree ; eggs 4-5. Beneficial.

533- Spinus pinus (Wils. ) Pine siskin.

Winter visitant ; rather irregular in distribution ; sometimes
abundant and sometimes not seen for years in a given locality. Nov.
—Apr.

534. Passerina nivalis (Linn.) Snowflake.

Winter visitant ; some years abundant. Oct. 25 — Mar. 15.
Travels in flocks, feeding on weed seeds in the open field.

536. Calcarius lapponicus (Linn.) Lapland longspun

Winter visitant ; rare. Several records. The last, Canandaigua,
Jan. 27, 1898. Found in company with snowflakes.

540. Pooecetes gramineus (Gmel.) Vesper sparrow.

Summer resident ; abundant. Apr. 2 — Nov. i. Frequents
open fields and roadsides. Nest, on the ground among the grass ;
May 2 — June 30 ; two broods ; eggs 4-5. Beneficial, like all our native
sparrows.

542a. Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna (Wils. ) Savanna

sparrow.

Summer resident ; common. Apr. 10 — Oct. 20. Found in
open fields, prefers lower meadows than the vesper sparrow. Nest,
on the ground among the thick grass, May 5 — July 15 ; two broods ;
eggs, 3-5-

546. Ammodramus savannarum passerinus (Wils.) Grass-
hopper sparrow.

Summer resident ; fairly common among rolling sand-hills, but
by no means of general distribution. May 18 — Oct. 5. Nest found
at Maplewood, Monroe Co., June I, 1893 — Short, p. 15. Also at
Phelps and Chili.

46 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

547. Ammodramus henslowii (Aud. ) Henslow's sparrow.
Summer resident ; rare. Syracuse, June 30, 1887 — Auk 4, 350.

548. Ammodramus leconteii (Aud.) Leconte's sparrow.
Transient visitant; rare. Ithaca, Oct. n, 1897 — Auk 15, 189.

549. i. Ammodramus nelsoni (Allen) Nelson's sparrow.
Transient visitant ; rarely detected in its marshy habitat. Utica,

Oct. 12, 1883 — R. & B. p, 131. Canandaigua, Oct. 7, 1895.
Hamilton, Oct. 8, 1898 — George C. Embody.

549. la. Ammodramus nelsoni subvirgatus (Dwight) Acadian

sharp -tailed sparrow.
Transient visitant ; rarely seen. Penn Yan, Oct. 7, 1896 — Auk

14, 93. Ithaca, Oct., 1897, several observed — L. A. Fuertes.

554. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst. ) White-crowned sparrow.
Transient visitant ; fairly common. May 5-25 ; Sept. 20 — Oct.

15. Frequents hedgerows and shrubbery.

558. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel. ) White-throated sparrow.

Transient visitant; abundant. Apr. 24 — May 12 ; Sept. 15 —
Oct. 30. Found in scattered companies among briers and shrubbery.

559- Spizella monticola (Gmel.) Tree sparrow.

Winter visitant ; abundant, especially in late fall and early
spring. Oct. 20 — Apr. 25. Found in small companies among weeds
and shrubbery, along the edges of woods and swamps.

560. Spizella socialis (Wils.) Chipping sparrow.

Summer resident; abundant. Apr. 12 — Oct. 25. Frequents
orchards and shade trees. Nest, few feet from ground, in porch vines,
shade trees, etc. ; eggs 4-5.

563. Spizella pusilla (Wils.) Field sparrow.

Summer resident; fairly common. Apr. 10 — Nov. I. Found
in bushy hillside pastures and open woods. Nest, on or near the
ground ; May 15 — June 20 ; eggs 4-5.

567. Junco hyemalis (Linn.) Slate-colored junco.

Transient visitant ; abundant. Mar. 25 — Apr. 20 ; Sept. 25 —
Nov. 20. Occasional resident. Breeds in higher and cooler localities,
regularly at Springville and Olean ; May 10 — June 15. Nest, in
mixed woodlands on mossy banks ; eggs 4.

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 47

581. Melospiza fasciata (Gmel.) Song sparrow.

Summer resident ; abundant. Rare in winter. Mar. 10 — Nov.
12. Frequents gardens, shrubbery, edges of fields and borders of
streams. Nest, on or near the ground ; May i — July 20 ; two or
three broods reared ; eggs 4-5. Beneficial by destroying noxious
seeds and insects.

583. Melospiza lincolnii (Aud.) Lincoln's sparrow.
Transient visitant ; apparently rare. Last records : Ithaca, May

12, 1899 — L. A. Fuertes ; and Buffalo, Oct. 27, 1900 — James Savage.
Breeds in Herkimer Co.— Bui. Nutt. Orn. Club, 6, 246 ; also R. & B.
p. 132-

584. Melospiza georgiana (Lath.) Swamp sparrow.
Summer resident ; common. Apr. 15 — Nov. 10. Frequents

grass and tangled shrubbery of the marshes. Nest, on or near the
ground ; May 15 — June 10 ; eggs 4-5.

585. Passerella iliaca (Merr.) Fox sparrow.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. Mar. 25 — Apr. 18 ; Oct. 10
— Nov. 10.

587. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linn.) Towhee.

Summer resident ; fairly common in bushy pastures and "slash-
ings." Apr. 15 — Oct. 20. Nest, on the ground at the foot of a small
bush or stump ; June 1-30 ; eggs 4.

593. Cardinalis cardinalis (Linn.) Cardinal.

Occasional visitant from the south ; several instances recorded.
Lockport, May 10, 1883 ; also twice in January — J. L. Davison.
Onondaga Co., two records — A. W. Perrior. Bluff Point, Keuka
Lake — James Flahive. Buffalo — Berg. p. 15.

595. Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linn.) Rose-breasted grosbeak.

Summer resident ; fairly common in moist or swampy woods.
May 7 — Sept. 15. Nest, in a bush or tree, 8-20 feet from the ground ;
May 15 — June 20 ; eggs 3-5, usually 4.

598. Cyanospiza cyanea (Linn.) Indigo bunting.

Summer resident ; common. May 10 — Sept. 30. Frequents the
borders of woods, berry-patches and copses. Nest, in a low bush ;
May 30 — July 20 ; two broods ; eggs 3-5.

48 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

604. Spiza americana (Gmel. ) Dickcissel.

Accidental summer visitant. Small flock seen at Tully in 1 883
—A. W. Perrior.

Family TANAGRIDAE. Tanagers.
608. Piranga erythromelas Vieill. Scarlet tanager.

Summer resident ; fairly common in woodlands. May 7 — Sept.
30. Nest, on a horizontal limb 10-50 feet from the ground, May 20
—June 15 ; eggs, 3-4.

610. Piranga rubra (Linn.) Summer tanager.

Summer visitant ; accidental. Two birds of this species recorded
at Olean by Mr. W. V. Smith.

Family HIRUNDINIDAE. Swallows.

611. Progne subis (Linn.) Purple martin.

Summer resident ; fairly common about towns and cities. Apr.
1 8 — Aug. 30. Nest, in martin boxes or about the cornices of tall
buildings ; May 15 — June 20. This species is diminishing in num-
bers, due to the occupation of its nesting sites by the English spar-
rows. Beneficial like all the swallows.

612. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say) Cliff swallow.

Summer resident ; common. Apr. 24 — Sept. 8. Nests, almost
invariably in the eaves of a large barn, in communities of 5-100 ;
May 14 — July 10 ; eggs 4-5 ; sometimes two broods. Before the
autumn migration this species and the barn swallow, together with a
few of other species, gather in countless numbers at chosen spots to
roost in low willows. Near Springville is such a swallow roost. It is
most populous about Aug. 20. The birds gather at sunset and scat-
ter again at daybreak.

613. Hirundo erythrogaster Bodd. Barn swallow.

Summer resident ; abundant. Apr. 15 — Sept. 12. Migrates
mostly by day. Frequents barns and sheds. Nest, on beams or
rafters, sometimes under the eaves ; May 5 — July 30 ; two broods ;
eggs 4-6.

614. Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.) Tree swallow.

Summer resident ; fairly common. Apr. 2 — Sept. 28. Often
abundant in April and September. Migrates by day in large companies.

EATON — BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 49

Nest, in a 'hollow stump, tree or bird-box ; May 25— June 15 ; eggs 5.
More fond of living near the water than all other swallows, except the
rough-winged species.

616. Clivicola riparia (Linn.) Bank swallow.

Summer resident ; abundant. Apr. 21 — Aug. 25. Breeds,
usually, in large communities in sandbanks ; May 15 — June 20 ;
eggs 4-6.

617. Stelgidopteryx sterripennis (Aud. ) Rough-winged swal-

low.

Summer resident ; rather uncommon. Apr. 25 — Aug. 10.
Breeds in small communities along the shaly banks of the * 'Finger
Lakes' ' and sometimes in the sides of gravel pits. Fresh eggs found
June 15 ; eggs 6-8.

Family AMPELIDAE. Waxwings, etc.

6 1 8. Ampelis garrulus Linn. Bohemian waxwing.

Winter visitant ; occasional. Reported from Buffalo, Lockport,
Penn Yan, Syracuse and Utica. Last record, Syracuse, Feb. 10,
1899 — E. H. Johonnot per A. W. Perrior.

619. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.) Cedar waxwing.

Resident ; common. Somewhat erratic in winter, but many
flocks survive the coldest weather, feeding on cedar and mountain ash
berries. Nest, in orchards and shade trees ; June 1-20 ; eggs 5.

Family LANIIDAE. Shrikes.

621. Lanius borealis Vieill. Northern shrike.

Winter visitant ; fairly common. Oct. 25 — Apr. 12. Frequents
the borders of woods and isolated trees in wide meadows and pastures.
Often enters the city in quest of English sparrows. Partly injurious,
but the majority of its food is meadow mice.

622. Lanius ludovicianus Linn. Loggerhead shrike.
Summer resident ; fairly common. Mar. 25 — Oct. i. Fre-
quents upland fields, pastures and hillsides, especially among scattered
thorn-trees. Nest, in a low thorn-apple tree ; Apr. 20 — May 15 ;
eggs 4-6. A second brood (probably), June 30. Mostly beneficial.

4, PROC. ROCH. ACAD. OF Sc., VOL. 4, FEBRUARY 15, igor.

50 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

6223. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (Swains.) White-

rumped shrike.

What has been written about the preceding species may also be
said of the white-rumped shrike, if the current descriptions of these
species are to stand.

Family VIREONIDAE. Vireos.

624. Vireo olivaceus (Linn.) Red-eyed vireo.

Summer resident ; abundant. May 1 1 — Sept. 5. Found both
in dooryards and woodlands. Nest, suspended from a twig about
5-10 feet from the ground ; May 25 — June 30 ; eggs 4. Like all the
vireos, very beneficial.

626. Vireo philadelphicus (Cass. ) Philadelphia vireo.
Transient visitant ; rare in Ontario and Monroe counties.

Onondaga Co., not common — A. W. Perrior. Niagara Co., rather
rare — J. L. Davison. Buffalo, rare migrant — Berg. p. 17.

627. Vireo gilvus (Vieill. ) Warbling vireo.

Summer resident ; common. May 4 — Sept. 15. Frequents
shade trees, orchards and groves. Nest, usually in an apple or maple
tree, 12-20 feet from the ground ; May 18 — June 10 ; eggs 3-4.

628. Vireo flavifrons Vieill. Yellow-throated vireo.
Transient visitant ; common. Summer resident ; occasional.

May 5 — Sept. i. Nest, on a branch about 10—30 feet from the
ground ; May 25 — June 15 ; eggs 4.

629. Vireo solitarius (Wils.) Blue-headed vireo.

Transient visitant ; uncommon. May 5-30, Sept. 1-20. Some-
times found in summer above the i,5OO-foot line of the Alleghany
foot-hills.

62gb. Vireo solitarius plumbeus (Coues) Plumbeous vireo.

Accidental visitant. One record for central New York, Peter-
boro, Madison Co., Sept. 24, 1893 — Auk, Jan. 1894, 79.

631. Vireo no veboracensis (Gmel.) White-eyed vireo.

Summer resident; rare. Onondaga Co., "rare" — A. W.
Perrior. Buffalo, "rare migrant "—Berg. p. 17. Penn Yan— Aub.
p. 1 6. Breeds near Lockport — Lang. p. 254.

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 51

Family MNIOTILTIDAE. Wood warblers.

636. Mniotilta varia (Linn.) Black and white warbler.
Transient visitant ; fairly common. Occasional summer resident.

Apr. 28 — Aug. 20. Found in woodlands, especially along the
gullies of the ' ' Finger Lakes. ' '

637. Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.) Prothonotary warbler.
Accidental visitant, Buffalo, " rare migrant — Chas. Linden," —

Berg. p. 17.

639. Helmitherus vermivorus (Gmel.) Worm-eating warbler.

Summer resident ; rare. Breeds at Branchport, June, 1896 — C.

N. Davis ; also 1899 — C. F. Stone. Chili, occasional migrant — Short,

p. 17. Penn Yan, occurs regularly — Aub. p. 10. Also Lang. p. 604.

641. Helminthophila pinus (Linn.) Blue-winged warbler.
Transient visitant ; rare. Reported in Auburn List, p. 10.

Also in Bergtold's List, p. 17. Lockport, July 21, 1889 — Davison.
Elmira, May 22, 1867 — Gregg, p. 21.

642. Helminthophila chrysopt era (Linn. ) Golden- winged warb-

ler.

Transient visitant ; rare. Penn Yan, May, 1872 — Aub., p. n.
Onondaga Valley, May, 1879 — A. D. Brainard per A. W. Perrior.
Buffalo, rare — Berg. p. 17. Elmira, May 22, 1867 — Gregg, p. 21.
Summer resident at Chili, Medina and Naples — Short, p. 17.

645. Helminthophila rubricapilla (Wils.) Nashville warbler.
Transient visitant ; fairly common. May 4-16. Found in open

woodlands, mostly among deciduous trees. Rare summer resident
at Chili — Short, p. 17. Also at Holland Patent — R. & B. p. 137.

646. Helminthophila celata (Say) Orange-crowned warbler.
Transient visitant ; rare. Syracuse, Oct. 2, 1886 — Auk 4, 350.

Utica, Sept. 16, 1880— R. & B. p. 137.

647. Helminthophila peregrina (Wils.) Tennessee warbler.
Transient visitant ; rather rare. Auburn, Sept. 18, 1878 — Aub.

p. ii. Utica, Sept. 30, 1879 — R. & B. p. 137. Lockport, Oct.
31, 1880 — Davison. Ithaca, May, 1893 — ^, A. Fuertes. Chili, rare
summer resident — Short, p. 17.

52 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

6483. Compsothlypis americana usneae Brewst. Northern
parula warbler.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. May 10-30; Sept. 1-20.
Found in orchards and woodlands. " Common summer resident"
Aub. p. 10, also R. & B. p. 137. "Rare summer resident" — Short,
p. 18.
650. Dendroica tigrina (Gmel. ) Cape May warbler.

Transient visitant ; uncommon. Syracuse, tolerably common —
A. W. Perrior. Ithaca, May 10,1899 — L. A. Fuertes. Buffalo, rare
migrant — Berg. p. 17. Penn Yan — Aub. p. 12. Oneida Co. — R.
& B. p. 137-
652. Dendroica aestiva (Gmel.) Yellow warbler.

Summer resident; abundant. May i — Sept. 25. Found in
gardens, orchards and edges of groves. Nest, usually 5-8 feet from
the ground ; eggs 4-5. Beneficial like all the warblers.

654. Dendroica caerulescens (Gmel.) Black - throated blue

warbler.

Transient visitant ; common. May 10-25 > Sept. 15 — Oct. 12.
Occasional summer resident; found breeding near Buffalo, Spring-
ville, Utica and Branchport. Nest placed amidst dense undergrowth ;
June 1-15 ; eggs 3-5.

655. Dendroica coronata (Linn.) Myrtle warbler.
Transient visitant ; abundant. Apr. 24 — May 18 ; Sept. 15 —

Oct. 25. According to Mr. Ottmar Reinecke it breeds near Buffalo.
Usually found in small companies, frequenting thickets and wood-
lands.

657. Dendroica maculosa (Gmel.) Magnolia warbler.
Transient visitant ; common. Occasional summer resident. May

12 — Sept. 25. Frequents mixed woodlands and found breeding at
Springville, June i, 1895 ; also Yates Co., June 4, 1899 — C. N. Davis.

658. Dendroica rara Wils. Cerulean warbler.

Summer resident ; locally not uncommon. May 12 — ?. Breeds
near Buffalo, Lockport, Chili, Penn Yan, Seneca River and Oneida.
Auk 5, 430 ; also 17, 178.

659. Dendroica pensylvanica (Linn.) Chestnut-sided warbler.
Summer resident ; common. May 8 — Sept. 5. Found in thickets.

and edges of woods. Nest, in a low bush, usually in berry patches ;
May 15 — June 10 ; eggs 3-4. Second brood sometimes reared, July 5.

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 53

660. Dendroica castanea (Wils.) Bay-breasted warbler.
Transient visitant ; common in the spring of 1897 and 1898.

Usually of fairly common occurrence. May 12-28 ; Sept. 15-30.

661. Dendroica striata (Forst. ) Black-poll warbler.
Transient visitant ; common. May 21 — June 5 ; Sept. 10 — Oct.

15. Found in orchards and groves.

662. Dendroica blackburniae (Gmel. ) Blackburnian warbler.
Transient visitant ; common. Occasional summer resident. May

8 — Sept. 25. Breeds in the higher and cooler forests of hemlock,
birch and maple, Springville, June i, 1895 ; also in Tonawanda
Swamp — Langille.

667. Dendroica virens (Gmel.) Black-throated green warbler.

Summer resident ; fairly common. May 5 — Oct. 15. Found in
moist, mixed woodlands. Nest, 20-40 feet from the ground, usually
in hemlock trees ; June 1-20 ; eggs 4.

671. Dendroica vigorsii (Aud. ) Pine warbler.

Transient visitant ; uncommon. Ithaca, ' ' not rare in spring and
fall" — L. A. Fuertes. Lockport, "rare" — J. L. Davison. Syr-
acuse, "rare" — A. W. Perrior. Breeds at Oneida Lake, 1889 —
Egbert Bagg.

672. Dendroica palmarum (Gmel.) Palm warbler.
Transient visitant ; rather rare. Has been taken at Buffalo,

Penn Yan, Lockport, and Utica. Last records, Holly, May 12, 1888
— Auk 1 6, 195. Utica, several taken — Egbert Bagg.

672a. Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgw. Yellow palm
warbler.

Transient visitant; uncommon. Apr. 18 — May 10 ; Sept. 20 —
Oct. 15. Found among bushes and low trees, often feeding on the
ground. Ithaca, "not uncommon in early spring" — L. A. Fuertes.
Syracuse, rare migrant — A. W. Perrior.

673. Dendroica discolor (Vieill. ) Prairie warbler.

Summer visitant ; accidental. Penn Yan, two specimens col-
lected by James Flahive. DeKay says it is abundant along the shores
of Lake Erie.

54 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

674. Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.) Oven-bird.

Summer resident ; abundant. May 4 — Sept. 10. Found in all
woodlands. Nest, on the ground, by a small bush or bunch of
grass ; May 20 — June 10 ; eggs 4-5.

675. Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmel.) Water-thrush.
Transient visitant ; fairly common. May 4-20 : Aug. i — Sept.

20. Found in swampy woods. According to Bergtold, Short and
Bagg, this species breeds. I have never had the fortune to find it in
the breeding season.

676. Seiurus motacilla (Vieill.) Louisiana water- thrush.
Summer resident ; common in the gullies of the ''Finger Lakes"

and along many woodland streams. Apr. 20 — Aug. 20. Nest, near
the water among the ferns, roots and mosses ; May 20 — June 15 ;
eggs 4-6.

677. Geothlypis formosa (Wils. ) Kentucky warbler.
Transient visitant ; rare. Not reported as yet in summer.

Potter Swamp, Yates Co., Sept. 27, 1896 — C. F. Stone. Chili, May,
1894 — Short, p. 1 8.

678. Geothlypis agilis (Wils. ) Connecticut warbler.
Transient visitant ; uncommon. Cayuga Co., Sept. 7 and 17,

1878 — Aub. p. 13. Yates Co., Sept. 17, 1896 — Verdi Burtch.
Utica, Sept. 18, 1880; Sept. 8, 1881— R. & B. p. 141. Chili, Aug.
1893 — Short, p. 1 8. Penn Yan, Sept. 4, 5 and 8, 1900— Verdi
Burtch.

679. Geothlypis Philadelphia (Wils.) Mourning warbler.
Summer resident: fairly common. May 15 — Sept. 20. Found

in woodlands among brier patches and thickets. Nest, on or near
the ground among ferns and briers ; May 30 — June 20 ; eggs 4.

68 1. Geothlypis trichas (Linn.) Maryland yellow- throat.

Summer resident; common. May n — Oct. 10. Frequents
swampy thickets. Nest, near the ground ; May 25 — June 15 ;
eggs, 3-5.
683. Icteria virens (Linn.) Yellow- breasted chat.

Summer resident ; rather rare. Has been taken at Lancaster,
West Seneca, Shelby Centre, Penn Yan and Ithaca. Also found
breeding at Chili, May 26, 1900 — Oologist, Sept., 1892, and Short,

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 55

p. 19 ; Holland Patent, June 6, 1898 — Auk 15, 331 ; Branchport,
May 30, 1898, and June 13, 1899 — Auk 16, 285 ; Penn Van, July 8,
1900, second set and nearly ready to hatch — Verdi Burtch.

684. Wilsonia mitrata (Gmel.) Hooded warbler.

Summer resident ; fairly common. May 12 — Aug. 15. Found
in rather dense woodlands, usually near the ground. Nest, in a low
bush 1 8 inches from the ground ; June 1-20 ; eggs 3-4.

685. Wilsonia pusilla (Wils. ) Wilson's warbler.

Transient visitant ; uncommon. May 10 — 30. Sept. i — 20.
Frequents bushes and lower portions of trees.

686. Wilsonia canadensis (Linn.) Canadian warbler.
Summer resident of the higher and cooler districts. Common

transient visitant. May 8 — Sept. 15. Breeds in mixed woodlands
(hemlock, beech, maple and birch) amid dense undergrowth. Nest,
on or near the ground ; May 30 — June 10 ; eggs 4.

687. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.) American redstart.
Summer resident ; fairly common. May 10 — Sept. 18. Migrates

by night. Found in groves and woodlands. Nest, in a bush or on a
low limb, usually in maples or beeches ; May 20 — June 15 ; eggs 4.
Beneficial.

Family MOTACILLIDAE. Wagtails.

697. Anthus pensilvanicus (Lath. ) American pipit.

Transient visitant ; fairly common, especially in autumn. Sept.
25 — Nov. 10 ; Apr. — May 15. Often seen migrating by day in small
companies. Found in low meadows and on marshy shores in com-
pany with sandpipers and plover.

Family TROGLODYTIDAE. Wrens, thrashers, etc.

703. Mimus polyglottos (Linn.) Mockingbird.

Summer visitant ; accidental. Buffalo, two records — James
Savage. Olean — W. V. Smith.

704. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linn.) Catbird.

Summer resident ; abundant. May 5 — Sept. 30. Migrates by
night. Found in gardens, hedges and thickets. Nest, in low, thick
bush ; May 15 — July 5 ; 2 broods ; eggs 3-5. Mostly beneficial.

56 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

705. Harporhynchus rufus (Linn. ) Brown thrasher.

Summer resident ; fairly common. May i — Oct. 10. Migrates
by night. Found in bushy pastures and about copses and borders of
woods. Nest, in a low, thick bush ; eggs 3-5 ; May 15 — June 20.
Beneficial.

718. Thryothorus ludovicianus (Lath. ) Carolina wren.

Summer resident; rare. Ithaca, ''regular summer resident.
Breeds" — L. A. Fuertes. Buffalo, Nov. 5, 1894 — James Savage.
Tully, Aug. — Dec., 1892 — J. A. Dakin. Batavia, Dec. 24, 1894 —
Short, p. 19.

721. Troglodytes ae.don Vieill. House wren.

Summer resident ; formerly common, now becoming rare in many
places. May 4 — Sept. 20. Found in gardens, orchards and woods.
Nest, in bird-boxes or hollow stumps ; May 15 — July 5 ; eggs 5-9.
Beneficial.

722. Anorthura hiemalis (Vieill.) Winter wren.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. Apr. 8 — May 12. Sept. 25
—Nov. 30. Migrates by night. Found in gardens and forests,
among the shrubbery and brush piles, usually near water. Breeds at
Ithaca, according to F. H. King, Bui. Mut. Orn. Club 3, 195; and
Bergen Swamp — James Savage.

724. Cistothorus stellaris (Licht. ) Short-billed marsh wren.
Summer resident ; apparently uncommon. Last date, Ithaca,

Oct. 15, 1898 — T. L. Hankinson. I have never found its nest, but
according to the Buffalo, Chili, Auburn and Utica lists it breeds.

725. Cistothorus palustris (Wils. ) Long-billed marsh wren.
Summer resident ; common. May 10 — Oct. 20. Migrates by

night. Found in reedy bogs and marshes. Nest, suspended in the
tall grass; May 30 — June 25 ; i brood ; eggs 5-8. Beneficial.

Family CERTHIIDAE. Creepers.

726. Certhia familiaris fusca (Barton) Brown creeper.
Transient visitant ; common. Mar. 15 — May i; Oct. i — Nov.

10. Fairly common in winter. Occasional summer resident. Found
breeding at Buffalo by Ottomar Reinecke. Occurs in orchards,
shade trees and woods. Beneficial.

EATON — BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 57

Family P A R I D A E . Nuthatches and tits.

727. Sitta carolinensis Lath. White-breasted nuthatch.
Resident ; abundant. Found in orchards and woodlands. Nest,

in hollow tree ; Apr. 18 — May 15 ; i brood ; eggs 6-9. Beneficial.

728. Sitta canadensis Linn. Red-breasted Nuthatch.

Winter visitant ; fairly common. Oct. i — Mar. 30. Occurs
mostly in secluded woodlands. Breeds at Buffalo, — Berg. p. 20 ; at
Holland Patent — Auk 7, 230.

729. Sitta pusilla Lath. Brown-headed nuthatch.

Summer visitant ; accidental. Elmira, May 24, 1888 — Auk 5, 432.
731. Parus bicolor Linn. Tufted titmouse.

Accidental visitor from the south. Holly, March 17,1899, — Auk
1 6, 196. Buffalo — Berg. p. 20. Elmira — Gregg p. 24.

735. Parus atricapillus Linn. Chickadee.

Resident ; abundant. Found in trees and shrubbery. Nest, in
hollow stump or tree ; Apr. 18 — May 25. Eggs 6-8. Beneficial.

736. Parus carolinensis Aud. Carolina Chickadee.
Accidental visitant. Lancaster — Berg. p. 20.

Family SYLVIIDAE. Warblers, kinglets, gnat 'catchers.

748. Regulus satrapa Licht. Golden-crowned kinglet.
Transient visitant ; common. Occasionally found in winter.

Oct. i — Apr. 30. Migrates by night. Found in orchards, groves
and woodlands.

749. Regulus calendula (Linn.) Ruby-crowned kinglet.
Transient visitant ; common. Apr. 15 — May 7 ; Oct. 10 — Nov.

i. Migrates by night. Found in copses and woodlands. Beneficial.

751. Polioptila caerulea (Linn.) Blue-gray gnatcatcher.

Summer resident ; rare. Canandaigua, June 3, 1886 — Elias J.
Durand. Lancaster — Berg. p. 20. Breeds, Coldwater, 1890 —
Short, p. 20.

Family TURDIDAE. Thrushes, stone-chats, blue-birds, etc.
755. Hylocichla mustelina (Gmel. ) Wood thrush.

Summer resident ; common. May 6 — Sept. 20. Migrates by
night. Found in city parks, and in woodlands. Nest, usually in low
tree or bush, but sometimes 30 feet from ground. May 20 — June 15 ;
Eggs, 3—4. Beneficial, like all the thrushes.

58 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

756. Hylocichla fuscescens (Steph.) Wilson's thrush.

Summer resident ; common. May 6 — Sept. 10. Migrates by
night. Found in copses and woodlands. Nest, on or near the
ground, May 20 — June 30. Eggs, 4-5.

757. Hylocichla aliciae (Baird) Gray-cheeked thrush.

Transient visitant ; fairly common. May and October. According
to the Auburn List this species is more common than the olive-backed
thrush in Cayuga Co. ; but the writer has found it much less common
in Springville, Rochester and Canandaigua.

758a. Hylocichla ustulata swainsonii (Cab. ) Olive-backed thrush.

Transient visitant ; common. May 8-30 ; Sept. 20 — Oct. 15.
Migrates by night. Found in shrubbery of dooryards and in deep
woods. Nest found in YatesCo., June 13, 1897, by Verdi Burtch.

759b. Hylocichla aonalaschkae pallasii (Cab.) Hermit thrush.

Transient visitant; common. Apr. 23 — May 8; Sept. 25 — Oct. 30.
Migrates by night. Found in shrubbery of dooryards as well as in deep
forests. Nest found in Yates Co., May 29, 1898, by C. F. Stone.

761. Merula migratoria (Linn.) American robin.

Abundant summer resident, rare in winter. March 3 — Nov. 20.
Migrates by day, usually in scattered companies. Found in door-
yards, orchards and groves, feeding mostly in open fields. Nesting
site varied, usually in a low tree. Apr. 15 — July 5. 2-3 broods ;
eggs, 3—5, usually 4. Fond of cherries but mainly beneficial.

766. Sialia sialis (Linn.) Bluebird.

Summer resident ; common. Mar. 5 — Nov. 20. Migrates by
day in small companies or pairs. Found in orchards, pastures and
stump-lots. Nest, in a box or hollow tree ; Apr. 15 — July 8 ; 2 or 3
broods ; eggs, 4-6. Beneficial.

Passer domesticus (Linn.) English sparrow.

Introduced. Strictly resident. Very abundant. Unworthy of
a place among our birds. Gradually crowding out the wren, the
martin, and the bluebird. Becoming a scourge to the grain fields
and smaller garden fruits.

EATON BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 59

HYPOTHETICAL LIST.

Inasmuch as this paper is published chiefly for the use of bird
students in western New York, it seems advisable to add a list of
those species which may possibly be taken in this region. Many of
these birds are more liable to be found here than the accidental species
which have actually been captured. For example, the black-throated
loon, Barrow's golden-eye, Forster's tern, Cory's least bittern,
Richardson's owl, purple grackle, Kirtland's warbler and Hudsonian
chickadee might more naturally be expected to occur than such birds
as the scaled petrel, tropic bird, cinnamon teal and Bullock's oriole.

The authorities for all statements relating to the ranges and
accidental records of the hypothetical species are the Auk, the A. O.
U. Check-list and Chapman's Hand-book.

9. Gavia arctica (Linn. ) Black-throated loon.

This species has been taken on Lake Erie and also off Toronto
on Lake Ontario.
38. Stercorarius longicaudus Vieill. Long-tailed jaeger.

" Northern hemisphere; south in winter to the Gulf of Mexico."
62. Xema sabinii (Sab.) Sabine's gull.

' * Arctic regions ; south in winter to New York and the Great
Lakes,"
65. Sterna maxima Bodd. Royal tern.

' * Tropical America ; casually northward to Massachusetts and
the Great Lakes."
69. Sterna forsteri Nutt. Forster's tern.

This species formerly bred on northern shore of Lake Erie and
undoubtedly has occurred in this region,
128. Fregata aquila Linn. Man-o'-war bird.

Tropical regions; casually northward to Nova Scotia, Ohio and
Wisconsin,
(138.) Nettion crecca (Linn.) European teal.

' ' Occasional in eastern North America. ' '
152. Clangula islandica (Gmel.) Barrow's golden-eye.

' * South in winter to New York. ' ' This species has been taken
at Lorain, O. , and Toronto, Can.
(168.) Nomonyx dominicus (Linn.) Masked duck.

Tropical America; accidental in Wisconsin, .Lake Champlain and
Massachusetts.

60 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

169. Chen hyperborea (Pall.) Lesser snow goose.

Western N. A. ; casually eastward to New England.
169.1. Chen caerulescens (Linn.) Blue goose.

Interior N. A. ; occasionally eastward to the Atlantic Coast.

I73a. Branta bernicia glaucogastra (Brehm) White-bellied
brant.

Arctic America; southward in winter.
188. Tantalus loculator Linn. Wood ibis.

Southern U. S. ; casually northward to New York.
191.1. Ardetta neoxena Cory. Cory's least bittern.

This species has been taken several times and found breeding at
Toronto; therefore it may be looked for in western New York.
200. Ardea caerulea Linn. Little blue heron.

Eastern U. S. ; casually north to Massachusetts, New Hampshire
and Labrador.
(217.) Crex crex'(Linn.) Corncrake.

' ' Casual in eastern N. A. "
226. Himantopos mexicanus (Miill. ) Black-necked stilt.

Temperate N. A.; rare in the eastern states.
(227.) Scolopax rusticola (Linn.) European woodcock.

Occasional in eastern N. A, ; has been taken in New Jersey,
Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.

243. Tringa alpina Linn. Dunlin.
"Accidental in eastern N. A."

244. Tringa ferruginea Briinn. Curlew Sandpiper.
" Occasional in Eastern N. A."

(260.) Pavoncella pugnax (Linn.) Ruff.

"Occasional in eastern N. A." Has been taken at Toronto.
277a. Aegialitis meloda circumcincta Ridgw. Belted piping
plover.

"Mississippi Valley — eastward to Atlantic coast."
278. Aegialitis nivosa Cass. Snowy plover.

Western U. S. ; has been taken twice at Toronto.
301. Lagopus lagopus (Linn.) Willow ptarmigan.

Arctic regions ; often straggles southward in winter. Has been
taken at Watson, New York; and Whitby, Ontario.
327. Elanoides forficatus (Linn.) Swallow-tailed kite.

Interior U. S. ; casually to Manitoba, New York and New Eng-
land.

EATON — BIRDS OF WESTERN NEW YORK. 6l

337b. Buteo borealis calurus (Cass.) Western redtail.

Western N. A. Has been taken at St. Thomas and Toronto,
Ont.

353. Falco islandus Briinn. White gyrfalcon.

Arctic regions ; wandering southward to Maine and Long
Island.

354. Falco rusticolus Linn. Gray gyrfalcon.
Arctic regions ; straggling southward in winter.

354a. Falco rusticolus gyrfalco (Linn.) Gyrfalcon.

Arctic regions ; rarely south in winter to Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, Long Island.

371. Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni (Bonap.) Richardson's
owl.

Arctic America ; south in winter to northern U. S. Has been
taken in western Pa.
378. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea (Bonap.) Burrowing owl.

Western U. S. ; accidental in N. Y. and Mass.

393a. Dryohates villosus leucomefas (Bodd.) Northern hairy
woodpecker. .

Northern N. A. ; south to northern U. S.

401. Picoides americanus Brehm. American three-toed wood-
pecker.

Northern N. A. ; resident in Herkimer and Lewis Cos. , N. Y.
443. Milvulus forficatus (Gmel.) Scissor-tailed flycatcher.

Accidental in New Jersey, New England, Ontario and Manitoba.
447. Tyrannus verticalis Say. Arkansas kingbird.

Western U. S. ; accidental in Maine, New Jersey and New York.
475. Pica pica hudsonica (Sab.) American magpie.

Indefinitely reported for western N. Y. by De Kay. The nearest
recent record, Odessa, Ont. — Auk 15, 274.
484. Perisoreus canandensis (Linn.) Canada jay.

A common resident in Herkimer Co., but has not yet been noted
in the region included in this list.

497. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonap,; Yellow-headed
blackbird.

Western N. A. ; casually east to Mass. , Penn. , etc. This bird
has been reported from Rochester, N. Y. , but the record is an error.
511. Quiscalus quiscula (Linn.) Purple grackle.

Southern states north to Mass, and the Hudson Valley. Has not
yet been reported with certainty from western New York.

62 ROCHESTER ACADEMY OF SCIENCE*

Acanthis hornemannii exilipes (Coues) Hoary redpoll.

Arctic regions ; southward to northern U. S.
5283. Acanthis linaria holboellii (Brehm) Holboell's redpoll.

' ' South in winter to New York and Massachusetts. ' '
5280. Acanthis linaria rostrata (Coues) Greater redpoll.

South in winter to New England and New York. Has been
taken at Locust Grove, Lewis Co.
538. Calcarius ornatus (Towns.) Chestnut-collared longspur.

Interior N. A. ; casually eastward to Massachusetts and Long
Island.
552. Chondestes grammacus (Say) Lark sparrow.

Interior N. A. ; casually east to Massachusetts, Long Island, New
Jersey, etc.
597. Guiraca caerulea (Linn.) Blue grosbeak.

Southeastern U. S. ; casually northward to New England. Mr.
Rufus Stanley thinks he has seen it at Elmira, N. Y.
605. Calamospiza melanocorys Stejn. Lark bunting.

Western U. S. ; casually east to Massachusetts, New York and
South Carolina.
607. Piranga ludoviciana ( Wils. ) Louisiana tanager.

Western U. S. ; casually east to Massachusetts, Connecticut and
New York.
656. Dendroica auduboni (Towns.) Audubon's warbler.

Western U. S. ; casual in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania.
663. Dendroica dominica (Linn. ) Yellow-throated warbler.

Southern U. S. ; casually to New York and Massachusetts.
670. Dendroica kirtlandi Baird. Kirtland's warbler.

This bird has been captured in Ohio, and Toronto, Ont.
740. Parus hudsonicus Forst. Hudsonian chickadee.

Northern N. A. ; this bird is a resident in Herkimer Co. and at
Remsen, Oneida Co.
7573. Turdus aliciae bicknelli (Ridgw. ) Bicknell's thrush.

Mountainous parts of Eastern states. Dr. Merriam has recorded
it for Lewis Co.
763. Hesperocichla naevia (Gmel. ) Varied thrush.

Pacific coast ; accidental in New York, Massachusetts and New
Jersey.
765. Saxicola oenanthe (Linn.) Wheatear.

Greenland and Labrador ; straggling southward to Maine, Long
Island and Louisiana.

INDEX.

Avocet, American, 6, 27.
Baldpate, 10, 21.
Birds of prey, 33.
Bittern, American, 11, 24.

Cory's least, 60.

least, 11, 24.
Blackbird, red-winged, 3, II

rusty, 13, 43.

yellow-headed, 61.
Bluebill, sec scaup duck.
Bluebird, 15, 58.
Bobolink, 4, 13, 42.
Bob-white, 12, 31.
Brant, 11, 24.

black, 11, 24.

white-bellied, 60.
Buffle-head, 11, 22.
Bunting, indigo, 14, 47.

lark, 62.
Butterball, see buffle-head.

Canvasback, 10, 22.

Cardinal, 14, 47.

Catbird, 4, 15, 55.

Chat, yellow-breasted, 3, 15

Chickadee, 15, 57.
Carolina, 6, 57.

Hudsonian, 62.
Coot, American, 11, 27.
Cormorant, 10, 19.

double crested, 10, 20.
Cowbird, 13, 43.
Crake, corn, 60.
Crane, sandhill, 6, 25.

whooping, 6, 25.
Creeper, brown, 3, 15, 56.
Crossbill, American, 13, 44.

white-winged, 13, 44.
Crow, American, 13, 42.
Cuckoo, black billed, 13, 38

yellow-billed, 12, 38.
Curlew, Eskimo, 4, 12, 30.

Hudsonian, 12, 30.

long-billed, 12, 30.
Dickcissel, 6, 48.
Diving birds, 16.
Dove, mourning, 12, 33.
Dowitcher, 11, 28.

long-billed, 11, 28.
Duck, American scaup, 10,22.

black, 10, 20.

harlequin, 6, 22.

lesser scaup, 10, 22.

masked, 59.

ring-necked, 10, 22.

ruddy, 11, 23.

wood, 10, 21.
Dunlin, 60.
Eagle, bald, 12, 35.

golden, 12, 35.
Egret, American, 3, 11, 25.
Eider, American, 11, 22.

king, 11, 23.
Finch, purple, 13, 44.
Flicker, northern, 13, 39.
Flycatcher, alder, 13, 41.

crested, 3, 13, 40.

green-crested, 3, 13, 41.

least, 13, 41.

olive-sided, 13, 41.

scissor-tailed, 61.

yellow-bellied, 3, 13, 41.

Gadwall, 10, 21.
Gallinule, Florida, 11, 27.
purple, 6, 26.

purple, 6,
tcatcher,

Gnatcalcher, blue gray, 3,

Godwit, Hudsonian, 11, 29'.

marbled, 11, 29.
Golden-eye, American, 11, 22

Barrow's, 59.

Goldfinch, .American, 13, 45.
Goose, American white-
fronted, 6, 23.

blue, 60.

Canada, 11, 23.

greater snow, 6, 23.

lesser snow, 60.

Hutchins, 11, 23.
Goshawk, American, 12 34
Grackle, bronzed, 13, 44.

Grebe, Hoiboell's, 10, 16.

horned, 10, 16.

pied-billed, 10, 16
Grosbeak, blue, 62.

evening, 13, 44.

pine, 3, 13, 44.

rose-breasted, 4, 14, 47
Grouse, Canadian ruffed, 12
32

ruffed, 3, 12, 32.
Gull, American herring, 10
18

Bonaparte's, 10, 18.

glaucous, 10, 17.

great black-backed, 10, 17

herring, 10, 17.

Iceland, 10, 17.

laughing, 6, 18.

ring-billed, 10, 18.

Sabine's, 59.
Gryrfalcon, 61.

black, 12, 35.

gray, 61.

white, 61.

Hawk, American rough-
legged, 12, 35.

American sparrow, 12, 36.

broad-winged, 12, 35.

Coopers, 12, 34.

duck, 12, 35.

marsh, 12, 34.

pigeon, 12, 35.

red-shouldered, 12, 34

red tailed, 12, 34.

sharp-shinned, 12, 34.

Swamson's 12, 34.
Heron, black-crowned night,
11,25.

great blue, 11, 25.
reen, 11,

snowy, 6, 25.
yellow-crowned night,

High-hple, see flicker,
ummingbird, ruby-throat-
ed, 13, 40.

bis, glossy, 3, 11, 24.

white-faced, glossy, 11, 24.
wood, 60.

aeger, long-tailed, 59.
parasitic, 10, 17.
pomarine. 10, 17.

Jay, blue, 13, 42.

Canada, 61.
Junco, slate-colored, 3, 14, 46

Kildeer, 12, 31.
Kingbird, 13, 40.

Arkansas, 61.
Kingfisher, belted, 13, 38.
Kinglet, golden-crowned,

15, 57.

ruby-crowned, 3, 15, 57.
Kite, swallow-tailed, 60.
Kittiwake, 4, 10, 17.
Knot, 11, 28.

Lark, horned, 13, 42.

prairie, horned, 13, 42
Longspur, chestnut-collared,
62

Lapland, 13, 45.
Loon, 10, 16.

black-throated, 59.

red-throated, 10, 16.

Magpie, American, 6, 61.
Mallard, 4, 10, 20.
Man o-war bird, 59.
Martin, purple, 14, 48.
Meadowlark, 4, 13, 43.
Merganser, American, 3 40,20

hooded, 10, 20.

red-breasted, 10, 20.
Mockingbird, 15, 55.
Mud-hen, see gallinule and

Murre, Briinnich's, 10, 16.
Nighthawk, 13, 40.
Nuthatch, brown-headed,

15, 57.

red-breasted, 3, 15, 57.

white-breasted, 15, 57.

Old-squaw, 11, 22.
Oriole, Baltimore, 13, 43.

Bullock's, 4, 6, 13, 43.

orchard, 3, 13, 43.
Osprey, American, 12, 36.
Oven-bird, 15, 54.
Owl, American barn, 12, 36.

American hawk, 12, 37.

American long-eared,

12 36

barred, 12, 36.

burrowing, 61.

great gray, 12, 37.

great horned, 3, 12, 37.

Richardson's, 61.

saw-whet, 12, 37.

screech, 12, 37.

short-eared, 12, 36.

snowy, 4, 12, 37.

Croquet, Carolina, 37.
Cartridge, see ruffed grouse,
'ehcan, American white,

'erching birds, 40.

etrel, black-capped, 10 19

scaled, 10, 19.

Wilson's, 10, 19.
ewee, wood, 3, 13, 41.
halarope, northern, 11, 27.

red, 11, 27

Wilson's, 11, 27.
heasant, Mongolian, 15, 32.
hoebe, 13, 41.

64

INDEX.

Pigeon, passenger, 12, 32.
Pintail, 10, 21.
Pipit, American, 15, 55.
Plover, American golden,
3, 12, 31.

belted piping, 60.

black bellied, 12, 31.

piping, 12, 31.

semipalmated, 12, 31.

snowy, 60.

Wilson's, 12, 31.
Ptarmigan, willow, 60.

Quail, see bob- white.

Rail, black, 11, 26.

clapper, 6, 26.

king, 3, 11, 26.

Virginia, 11, 26.

yellow, 11, 26.
Raven, northern, 13, 42.
Redhead, 10, 21.
Redpoll, 4, 13, 45.

greater, 62.

hoary, 62.

Holboell's, 62.
Redstart, American, 15, 55.
Radtail, western, 61.
Robin, American, 4, 5, 15, 58.
Ruff, 60.

Sanderling, 11, 29.
Sandpiper, Baird's, 11, 29.

Bartramian, 12, 30.

buff -breasted, 12, 30.

curlew, 60.

least, 11, 29.

pectoral. 11, 28.

purple, ll, 28.

red-backed, 11,29.

semipalmated, 11, 29.

solitary, 12, 30.

spotted, 12, 30.

stilt, 11, 28.

western, 11, 29.

white-rumped, 11, 28.
Sapsucker, yellow-bellied,

13, 39.
Scoter, American, 11, 23,

surf, 11, 23.

white- winged, 11, 23.
Shore birds, 27.
Shoveller, 10, 21.
Shrike, loggerhead, 4, 14, 49.

northern, 14, 49.

white-rumped, 14, 50.
Siskin, pine, 13, 45.
Skimmer, black, 4, 10, 19.
Skua, 10. 17.

Snipe, Wilson's, 3, 11, 28.
Snowflake, 3, 13, 45.
Sora, 11, 26.

Sparrow, Acadian sharp-
tailed, 14, 46.

chipping, 14, 46.

English, 15, 58.

field, 14, 46.

fox. 14, 47.

Sparrow, grasshopper, 13, 45.

Henslow's, 14, 46.

house, see sparrow, Eng-
lish.

lark, 62.

Leconte's, 14, 46.

Lincoln's, 14, 47.

Nelson's, 14, 45.

Savanna, 4, 13, 46.

song, 4, 14, 47.

swamp, 14, 47.

tree, 3, 14, 46.

vesper, 3, 13, 45.

white-crowned, 14, 46.

white-throated, 14, 46.
Stilt, black-necked, 60.
Swallow, bank, 14, 49.

barn, 14, 48.

cliff, 14, 48.

rough-winged, 3, 14, 49.

tree, 14, 48.
Swan, trumpeter, 6, 24.

whistling, 4, 11, 24.
Swift, chimney, 13, 40.
Swimmers, lamellirostral, 20.

long-winged, 17.

totipalmate, 19.

tube-nosed, 19.
Tanager, Louisiana, 62.

scarlet, 3, 4, 14, 48.

summer, 3, 6, 48.
Teal, blue-winged, 3, 10, 21.

cinnamon, 4, 6, 10, 21.

European, 59.

green- winged, 10, 21.
Tern, arctic, 6, 18.

black, 10, 19.

Caspian, 10, 18.

common, 10, 18.

Forster's, 59.

least, 10, 18.

roseate, 10, 18.

royal, 59.

sooty, 10, 18.
Thrasher, brown, 15, 56.
Thrush, Bicknell's, 62.

gray-cheeked, 15, 58.

hermit, 3, 15, 58.

olive-backed, 3, 15, 58.

varied, 62.

Wilson's, 15, 58.

wood, 15, 58.
Titmouse, tufted, 15, 57.

Towhee, 14, 47.

Tropic bird, yellow-billed, 4.
10,19.

Turkey, wild, 32.
Turnstone, 12, 31.
Vireo, blue-headed, 14, 50.

Philadelphia, 14, 50.

plumbeous, 14, 50.

red-eyed, 14, 50.

warbling, 14, 50.

white-eyed, 14, 50.

yellow-throated, 14, 50.
i Vulture, black, 12, 33.

turkey, 12, 33.

Warbler, Audubon's, 62.

bay -breasted, 15, 53.

black and white, 14, 51.

Blackburnian, 3, 15. 53.

black poll, 15, 53.

black-throated blue, 3, 14,
52.

black- throated green, 15,
53.

blue- winged, 14, 51.

Canadian, 3, 15, 55.

Cape May, 14, 52.

cerulean, 3, 15, 52.

chestnut-sided, 15, 52.

Connecticut, 15, 54.

golden- winged, 14, 51,

hooded, 8, 15, 55.

Kentucky, 15, 54.

Kirtland's, 62.

magnolia, 3, 14, 52.

mourning, 3, 15, 54.

myrtle, 3, 14, 52.

Nashville, 14, 51.

northern parula, 14, 52.

orange-crowned, 14, 51.

palm, 15, 53.

pine, 15, 53.

prairie, 15, 53.

prothonotary, 6, 51.

Tennessee, 14, 51.

Wilson's, 15, 55.

worm-eating, 3, 14, 51.

yellow, 3, 14, 52.

yellow palm, 15, 53.

yellow-throated, 62.
Water-thrush, 15, 54.

Louisiana, 3, 15, 54.
Waxwing, Bohemian, 14, 49.

cedar, 14, 49.
Wheatear, 62.
Whip-poor-will, 13, 40.
Whistler, see golden-eye.
Widgeon, 10, 21.
Willet, 12, 30.
Wood warblers, 51.
Woodcock, American, 11, 27.

European, 60.
Woodpecker, American,

three-toed, 61.

arctic three-toed, 13, 38.

downy, 3, 13, 38.

hairy, 13, 38.

northern hairy, 61.

northern pileated, 13, 39.

red-bellied, 3, 13, 39.

red-headed, 13, 39.
Wren, Carolina, 3, 15, 56.

house, 15, 56.

long-billed marsh, 5, 15, 56.

short-billed marsh, 15, 56.

winter, 3, 15, 56.
Yellow-legs, 12, 29.

greater, 11, 29.
Yellow-throat, Maryland, 15,

-.