ilSiiliiiiiiiiniii is;,..i.,ii„h..i,,.iii ' iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiipuiui iiinli iiyii^ i 1 1 iii lültlll I il miltiiinntiiiif liiiif»iiii)t iitiiiiiiüiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ,,1 K' II 1r lJ, 'tmm iM, iiidltiiifliii ^pH^YÖRKBOTMICALGAB»! ALIS rOLAT PROPRIIS:' ELEVENTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE Board of Horticulture TO THE TWENTY-SIXTH LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY REGULÄR SESSION OF THE STATE OF OREGON 1911 ^^ fi R 9 -V SALEM, OREGON Wir LIS S. DUNIWAY, STATE PRINTER laii IS > > o 3 13 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Gaston, Oregon, January 1, 1911. To the Honorable the Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon: Gentlemen : In conformity with the Statute which directs the Board of Horticulture to report biennially to you, I here- with submit my report of the work of the board for the years 1909 and 1910. The board as now organized consists of five members for the five horticultural districts of the State, a commissioner at large and a secretary, and is supplemented by a county fruit inspector for each of the prominent fruit-growing counties. It is the duty of the district commissioners to look after the enforcement of the horticultural laws in their respective dis- tricts, to train and supervise their county inspectors, to gather Information and statistics, and to attend to inspection of nur- series. The law requires that the commissioner at large, who is ex-officio President of the board shall visit all the principal fruit growing sections of the State at least once each year, and the fruit shipping centers during the shipping season, and that he shall at all times meet and address as many fruit growers' meetings and associations as possible. The efficiency of the inspection work has been greatly increased during the past two years as evidenced by the improved condition of the orchards in general, and especially by the vastly better grade of fruit to be found on the markets. But considerable difficulty has been experienced by the com- missioners in securing and retaining the Services of competent county inspectors owing to the small remuneration connected with the Office. I would respectfully call your attention to my report of April, 1910, to the board, regarding the "Lafean Bill." This is a matter of federal legislation which came before the last Congress, that is highly inimical to the interests of the fruit growers of this State as it would require great changes in the size and shapes of our apple boxes as well as the methods of packing, grading, and labeling. We feel that we cannot submit to such legislation but it was only by great effort that it was defeated at the last Session of Congress, and in all Letter of Transmittal. probability it will come up again at the Coming session. It is perhaps desirable that there *shall be some federal regula- tion, but it must be such as shall not discriminate against any section, nor hamper the free movement of fruits to the mar- kets, and all sections must be consulted in framing such legis- lation. In this connection we desire a slight change in the wording of the act appropriating funds for the work of the board. The act at present does not specificially provide for the payment of expenses of a member in travelling outside of the State when such is necessary, As in the case of the Lafean Bill there are times when it is vitally necessary that some member of the board be able to attend sessions of Congress or other meetings outside of the State. The present appropriation is sufficient for the work of the board for the Coming two years and we respectfully ask that it be left at the same figure. You will observe from the following reports that the fruit Output of the State has doubled in the last two years reaching, this year, the handsome sum of $6,612,000. The appended semi-annual reports of the commissioners and secretary show in detail the work that has been accomplished and how the funds have been expended, and I respectfully call your atten- tion to them for further details. Respectfully submitted, W. K. Newell, Commissioner at Large and President of the Board. OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. W. K. NEWELL R. H. WEBER H. M. WILLIAMSON President Treasurer Secretary Office: Portland, Oregon. BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS STATE AT LARGE W. K. NEWELL FIRST DISTRICT M. O. LOWNSDALE CHAS. A. PARK SECOND DISTRICT THIRD DISTRICT A. H. CARSON Gaston Portland Salem GRANTS PASS R. H. WEBER FOURTH DISTRICT The Dalles JUDD GEER FIFTH DISTRICT COVE DISTRICT BOUNDARIES FIRST DISTRICT Multnomah, Clackamas, Tamhill, Washington, Columbia, Clatsop and Tilla- inook Counties. • SECOND DISTRICT Lincoln, Marion, Polk, Eenton, Linn, and Lane Counties. THIRD DISTRICT Douglas, Jackson, Klamath, Josephine, Coos, Curry, and Lake Counties. FOURTH DISTRICT Morrow, Wasco, Gilliam, Hood River, Crook, Sherman, and Wheeler Counties. FIFTH DISTRICT Umatilla, Union, Baker, Wallowa, Malheur, Grant, and Harney Counties. COUNTY FRUIT INSPECTORS Baker — Ben ton — Clackamas — A. J. Lewis, R. F. D. No. 3, Oregon City. Clatsop — C. S. Dow, Astoria. Columbia — S. J. Pomeroy, Scappoose. Coos — P. M. Hall-Lewis, Marshfield. Crook — Curry — Douglas — F. A. McCall, Roseburg. Gilliam — T. C. Mobley, Olex. Grant — Harney — Hugh Harris, Burns. Hood River — G. R. Castner, Hood River. Jackson — J. W. Myers, Central Point ; Assistants : J. G. Medley, Med- ford ; Clyde Barnum, Phoenix ; T. F. Smith. Ashland. Josephine — J. F. Burke, Grants Pass. Klamath — O. A. Stearns, Klamath Falls. Lake — A. M. Smith, New Pine. Lane — J. Beebe, Eugene. Linn — D. W. Rumbaugh, Albany. Lincoln — S. G. Irwin, Newport. Malheur — E. B. Conklin, Ontario. Morrow — Marion — E. C. Armstrong, Salem. Multnomah — J. E. Stansbery, .582 Windsor St., Portland. Polk — Ross Nelson, Independence. Sherman — A. P. Altermatt, Rufus. Tillamook — Umatilla — S. J. Campbell, Freewater. Union — • Stillwell, La Grande. Wallowa — Ford C. Potter, Wallowa. Wasco — J. P. Carroll, Mosier. Washington — S. J. Galloway, Hillsboro. Wheeler — Tamhill — REPORTS OF W. K. NEWELL. President of Board and Commissioner at Large. ^or>fc «i-^ü. APRIL MEETING, 1909. Gaston, Oregon, April 15, 1909. To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture: I trust that the reports that you will submit today contain a record of activity in horticultural field work during the past season and are füll of encouragement for the Coming one. At this early date it is almost impossible to make any close estimate as to the Coming crop ; at best only the conditions to date can be recorded. As far as my personal Observation over the greater part of Western and Northern Oregon is con- cerned, I find things quite encouraging. It is a great satisfaction to ride along and see almost every orchard or home garden lot of trees all nicely sprayed and the neglected, unsprayed tree the exception, instead of as formerly vice versa. Our coimty inspectors are rapidly bringing the delinquents into line and soon it will be the universal rule to give every tree at least one good pruning and spraying annu- ally. Once that is accomplished and the good results seen, further necessary care will be freely given. Eastern Oregon and the northern part of the Willamette Valley experienced this year the coldest winter recorded in many years, and as a result there has probably been some damage done to the more tender f ruits, such as peaches and loganberries. It is impossible to teil how extensive the injury has been as yet, but there is certainly no reason to fear any famine in these lines. ' '' ''^ ''' This matter of preparing reports of crop prospects is a difhcult one but one of great importance, and I trüst you will use all care to be just as accurate as possible; erring, if at all, always on the side of conservatism. A light crop rarely ever proves so nearly a failure as is at first feared, nor does a bumper crop ever turn out quite so big äs anticipated. Reports of either extreme condition may do a great deal of härm to the pärties most directly concerned. I believe that reports of very large yields of apples last year cost the growers a good deal of money; parties that were well informed knew that the average crop was light, yet persistent boom reports from certain sections gave the impression that the crop was phenomenally large..'" ' / '^ ' '";",'' ' ''.' ''/ ;, 8 Report of State Board of Horticulture. I trust that we can today formulate some plan whereby our inspectors can make some accurate reports of conditions as they exist in their respective counties. The tenth biennial report of the board is just now coming from the press; I am very sorry that it has been so long delayed, as it should have been printed earlier. In spite of our best efforts it seemed impossible to get the material ready for the State Printer soon enough for him to get it printed before the legislature met, hence we had to wait until that work was out of the way. I do not know as there was any one to blame, and the only remedy I see is for us to be a little earlier next time and then demand precedence. In preparing this report the aim has been to condense mat- ters a great deal in comparison with former reports; to cut out all Alling and all matter not directly applicable to our own conditions. Although far short of what I had hoped to have it, I trust that it will be found of some benefit to our growers. We have a generous allowance of them this time, having been granted a 50 per cent increase in the number printed. There is need for extreme vigilance in the matter of the inspection of incoming nursery Stocks, seedlings as well as other stock. There is such an amount of planting now being done in the State that our local supplies of trees are totally inadequate and a vast amount of importing is now being done. As there are no regions where trees are now grown in any quantity that are free from pests, we are in grave danger from these importations. I feel that a word should be said here in appreciation of the careful work done by Inspector E. C. Armstrong of Marion County in detecting the presence of the justly dreaded brown-tail moth in a shipment of nursery stock coming from France. He had never seen them before but recognized them from the cuts and descriptions that he had been studying. The alarm was immediately sounded and other shipments from the same source were traced and thoroughly examined, with the result that Oregon has been spared this scourge for the time at least. The matter of national legislation regarding the size of apple boxes, the grading of fruit, and the marking of the packages is going to demand our attention the coming regulär Session of congress. The Porter bill has been laid aside and another measure but little less objectionable has been substi- tuted and labeled a compromise measure, to which all the interested parties are supposed to have agreed. This bill has been introduced by Representative Lafean of Pennsylvania, and I understand will be pushed vigorously next winter. We should bring the matter to the attention of our Report of W. K. Newell. fruit growers' societies and try to agree on the changes that we wish made in this bill. Some kind of a measure we must submit to, it seems, but we cannot allow the size of our box to be increased arbitrarily some ten per cent, and that by parties who do not use the box package at all. We need some careful experiments this season as to the best methods of protection of orchards from frost. There is but little doubt that they can be successfully protected from mod- erate frosts, but the question is how to apply the heat or smoke in the most effective manner. I wish that you would each of you obtain as much light on this subject as possible. W. K. Newell, Commissioner at Large. CCTOBER MEETING, 1909. Gaston, Oregon, October 11, 1909. To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture: I herewith submit my report for the term ending Septem- ber 30. The fruit crop of the State as a whole is not a heavy one this year, but it is encouraging to note that the quality is uniformly excellent and that good prices have, in the main, been received. It is yet too early to give accurate figures on the yield or values received. The only noticeable shortage is in the apple crop, which is also uniformly light over almost the entire United States. Peaches were a short crop in some sections where trees were injured last winter. The pear crop was very heavy in the Rogue River Valley, and a large crop of prunes is now being gathered and evaporated in the Wil- lamette Valley. , A noticeable new feature of the season was the shipping of prunes from the Willamette Valley in the fresh or green stage. This has been practiced from the Snake River and Grand Ronde Valleys for many years, practically the entire crop of those sections being handled in this manner, but it has been commonly believed that the Valley prune, being so much larger and juicier, would not carry well. The experience of the season seems to show that when properly packed they can be shipped successfully. Although the Profits received were not very large they show^ a sufficient marq-in above the Drices r>aid for fruit for evaporating to make their further shipment in this manner attractive. 10 Report of State Board of Horticulture. t About 125 cars of green prunes were shipped fi'om Salem, Corvallis, Dundee, and Eugene. The experiment was also tried of shipping cherries from Salem and Eugene, and, as with the prunes, while the prices received were not what it was hoped to obtain, still it gives good promise of success for the future. The experience of others in the shipment of f resh fruits shows that some System of cooling the fruit before loading is an absolute necessity for successful handling of all the more perishable varieties. When loaded at once into the iced car and started on its journey there is not sufficient Ventilation to carry off the moisture and it condenses and falls back upon the top layers and the result is a large percentage of spoiled fruit. By the use of a pre-cooling device, of which there are now several successful ones patented, a strong blast of cold air can be forced through the fruit for several hours before shipment and all the surplus moisture removed, and the fruit made to carry many days longer in good condition. Every fruit growers' union in the State should investigate this matter and prepare to install such a plant before next season. Then, with great care in the selection of the fruit to be packed I am sure we can send our berries, cherries, prunes, and pears to any market in the United States. When in Washington last June I called upon the officials of the Department of Agriculture and requested their help in this matter of the preparation of green fruit for shipment, and was promised the service of an expert for next season provided we could get our congressmen to secure a small appropriation extra for that purpose. Mr. G. Harold Powell of the Department of Horticulture, who has this work in his immediate Charge, was then just on the point of leaving for a trip to the Puyallup Valley, Washington, for the purpose of investigating the shipment of raspberries and blackberries from that district, and I asked that he at least stop at Salem long enough to meet with the officials of the union there. This he did some weeks later and was able to give them some assistance of value and the promise of füll co-operation in future. This is a point that we must follow up and render every assistance in our power to get fully established, for the success of our green fruit shiDments is absolutely essential to our füll development as a fruit-producing State. There is every indication of an enormous increase in the acreage of orchard to be planted this Coming season ; this means many trees and as the home supply is not large great Report of W. K. Newell. 11 quantities will have to be imported, and it will require careful work upon the part of our inspectors to see that none but clean stock be allowed to enter. This fact you should each impress upon your county inspectors. The discovery last season of the dreaded brown-tail moth on shipments of seedlings from France makes it imperative that further importations of this stock be closely examined. There has been much discussion the present season over the matter of orchard smudging to prevent frost injury. I have taken considerable time to investigate this matter both in Medford district and at Grand Junction, Colorado, and am inclined to think that some rather extravagant Claims have been made as to the success obtained. While no doubt much good has been accomplished there has also been considerable money and effort wasted, and we need some very careful work done along this line to determine what is feasible. Next spring the members of the board should co-operate with the Horti- cultural Department at the State Experiment Station in mak- ing some careful tests. As nearly as I can judge of the results of the work done in various places this season where the trees were of good size and rather closely planted, and the foliage well developed it was possible to raise the temperature to some extent and to maintain it there during the danger season. The best results were obtained where the work was begun before the temperature had fallen. For the benefit of those who think that the fruit business is already overdone I wish to call attention to the fact that a great many carloads of apples are now being shipped into Oregon and Washington from California points; that we depend on California for fully one-half of our strawberry supply, berries being shipped in from there for weeks after our own are ripe, and that grapes are imported each year from Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. There is yet room for the fruit industry in Oregon to expand. W. K. Newell, Commissioner at Large. APRIL MEETING, 1910. Gaston, Oregon, April 11, 1910. To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture: Once more has the time arrived for taking account of fruit crop prospects and conditions. Judging from the appearance of the trees in those parts of the State which I have visited 12 Report State Board of Horticulture. this spring, if we have favorable weather through blooming time, we will surely have a bountiful crop of nearly all kinds of fruit this year. The impression certainly exists this is to be a year of big fruit crops. , Each succeeding year in Oregon shows better general care of the orchards, and although the past winter was a very difficult one in which to accomplish the usual winter's work, it was compensated for by the beautiful month of March which allowed the work to be brought up to date. In many sections the blooming season is nearly over for the early f ruits ; in others it is just at hand, and with no reports of injury or damage as yet. PROGRESS OF ORGANIZATION. A noticeable feature of the past winter has been the large number of fruit growers' organizations which have been formed. Almost every Community in which there is now any activity in orchard-planting has its association, Many of these associations will have but a small amount of fruit to market for a year or two, but they will do splendid work in having uniform methods of planting adopted; in guiding their mem- bers in the selection of varieties, and in the purchase of all kinds of supplies. And, of even more importance than any of these, their members will acquire the habit of working together and of subordinating individual preferences to the will of the majority. THE GRAPE JUICE INDUSTRY. The year 1909 marked the beginning of what I believe will grow to be a great industry, and that is the production of grape juice on a commercial scale. The Concord grape is superior to all others for the production of fine juice, and this grape succeeds admirably on the foothills of Western Oregon. Five thousand gallons of this justice that is the equal of any- thing on the market is just now being bottled and distributed to the trade, and is meeing with a ready sale. The Company which made this juice paid from $35 to $40 per ton last season for the grapes, and teil me they can pay $35 per ton the Com- ing season and for the future if conditions are not materially different. The grape industry has been slow of development in Oregon because of the lack of a certain market; the local markets were easily overstocked and other markets could not be reached, but with a certain market and an attractive price the industry will grow rapidly and can be increased enor- mously. Report of W. K. Newell. 13 THE LAFEAN BILL. The matter of federal legislation relating to the apple indus- try has attracted our attention during the past winter, and from present indications will need fiirther attention before the case is finally settled. The Lafean bill, which has been before congress the present Session, seeks to accomDlish two main objects: to standardize the packages used in interstate commerce, and to standardize the System of grading and marketing the fruit. The reason for the agitation in this direction is that there has been confusion in the markets from the use of four different styles of barreis in the eastern states, and from the ifse of one size of box in Colorado and another from the Pacific Northwest and California. Absolute lack of any rules of grading whatever in the average eastern barrel- packed fruit also caused discussion. The objects sought to be attained by the supporters of the bill, who are principally the commission dealers and retail grocerymen of the eastern cities, are laudable ; but it seems very imDrobable that the bill, if passed and enforced, would accomplish the results desired. So objectionable were the terms of the bill to the growers of the Northwest that it was found necessary to send representatives to Washington to Pro- test against it. C. E. Whisler of Medford, J. A. Wilson of Hood River, and myself represented Oregon ; and L. B. Monroe of Spokane, and J. A. Tichenal of Wenatchee, appeared for Washington. The Standard apple box provided for in this bill contains 2,342 cubic inches, which is 170 inches more than our present box contains ; the contention being that our box does not con- tain a füll bushel, or as the retailer puts it, it will not measure out four heaped pecks such as he must deliver when he sells by the peck or half-peck. This is a very important point, as we found on careful investigation of the markets of all the cities which we were able to visit, that our apples were being discriminated against to a marked degree on this account. While we were able to demonstrate to the füll satisfaction of the committee on agriculture, before whom the hearing was held, that our box, when packed honestly and carefully, would measure out four heaped pecks, yet we were unable to find any boxes of our apples on the regulär market at Washington that would measure füll quantity. This was the weakest point in our Opposition to the bill, and it was very mortifying to have it caused by the carelessness of our own packers. There has been very general complaint from the dealers and consumers in the eastern markets that our fruit this year was not up to the Standard either in pack or quality. We set so c xn 3 c o m O Report pF W. K. Newell. 15 high a Standard in former years and secured such splendid prices on accoimt of it that even a slight falling off is very noticeable and brings a strong protest. Careful investigation showed US that this complaint was justified to a large extent. I wish to urge as strongly as possible upon our growers that such a policy will not do — that it will be suicidal. Only fruit of high quality and absolutely honest pack can be marketed successfully against the strong competition to be met in the eastern market. We were much indebted to M. 0. Lownsdale and to the Hood River and Wenatchee fruit unions for the boxes of splen- did aDples which they so kindly donated for our use in demon- strating to the committee on agriculture. The committee members also appreciated the apples. EUROPEAN MARKET CONDITIONS. I am in receipt of a splendid report on European market conditions from our consul at Belfast, H. B. Miller, which I submit herewith. This will be given as füll Publicity as pos- sible through the press, and will be published in füll in our next biennial report. There are many points in it of the great- est interest to us. The demand in those markets for pears is surprising and we must find the varieties that will be the best adapted for shipping over there. With the completion of the Panama canal we will be able to load refrigerator steamers at Portland and land our fruits in any European market at very low rates. W. K. Newell, Commsisioner at Large. FINAL REPORT, 1910. To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture: The year 1910 has been the most prosperous one in the history of Oregon horticulture. The apple crop has been fully double that of any former year, and owing to better methods of thinning and spraying, a far larger percentage of the crop has been marketable. The prune crop was apparently short of normal, but fine w^eather permitted the entire crop to be saved, and the quality was the very finest, with the price higher than has ruled for several years ; so that the aggregate value is above the average. The peach crop was something phenomenal; it seems as though every peach tree in the northwest fairly outdid itself in producing a crop. There were too many small peaches on the market throughout the season, and prices were depressed 16 Report of State Board of Horticulture. largely on that account. Peach growers must thin their fruit more carefully in years of heavy crop. With the immense number of peach trees being planted growers will in the near future be compelled to make Provision for canning and drying a large percentage of the crop. Dried peaches are in good demand and at fair prices and a reasonable profit can be made in disposing of the crop in this manner. The pear crop was about the same as that of last year, f rosts having done some damage at blossoming time. All fruits have ripened early this season and for that reason the Bartlett pears from Oregon crowded the California crop very closely in the eastern markets and did not bring quite the prices they should have done. Still, prices were very attractive and leave a hand- some margin of profit to the grower. Comice, Anjou, and Winter Nelis pears brought fancy prices, The season was an exceptionally favorable one for grapes and the crop was the largest and finest ever produced. The grape sections of Eastern and Southern Oregon sent in fruit of the California varieties that surpass anything that Cali- fornia has sent to our markets, while Willamette Valley points supplied local and Puget Sound markets with the finest kind of Concords, Niagaras, etc. The fruit crop of Oregon should double every two years in the near future and our problem is now principally one of proper distribution. Gratifying progress is being made in the enlargement of work of the fruit growers' unions. The Rogue River growers have Consolidated all their local unions with headquarters at Medford, and for the first time the Umpqua Valley growers have succeeded in handling large lots of pears and apples for eastern shipment. The Hood River union con- tinues its good work by again making the best sales of apples reported from any point in the Northwest. The Milton- Freewater growers have made a splendid success of the work of their union for the season. The Lane County growers have enlarged their capital stock and have taken over the local can- nery and evaporating plant and are now splendidly equipped for business and are doing plenty of it. The Salem growers have built a large prune-packing plant in addition to their packing house for fresh fruits. They have again shipped fresh prunes to eastern markets with good success, and also handled a number of cars of Gravenstein apples. This work of Organization must continue until we have a local union in every fruit-producing locality and a central sell- ing agency for all the unions. Report of W. K. Newell. 17 I submit the following estimate of the amount and value of the crop of the different fruits grown in Oregon in 1910 : Amount. Apples 2,650,000 Pears 292,000 Peaches 970,000 Cherries 4.600,000 Plums and Fresh Prunes 300,000 Dried Prunes .28,000,000 Apricots 15,000 Grapes 4,500,000 Strawberries 10,500,000 Blackberries 1,750,000 Raspberries 2,250,000 Log-anberries 4,000,000 Currants 425,000 Gooseberries 500,000 Quinces, etc Nuts 250,000 Value. boxes $2,500,000 boxes 420,000 boxes 485,000 pounds 200,000 crates 195,000 üounds 1,680,000 boxes 10,000 pounds 135,000 pounds 577,000 pounds 75,000 pounds 105,000 pounds 165,000 pounds 25,500 pounds 20,000 35,000 pounds 35,000 Total value $6,662,500 W. K. Newell, Commissioner at Large. Report of M. O. Lownsdale. 19 REPORT OF M. 0. LOWNSDALE Commissioner for First District. APRIL MEETING, 1909. Lafayette, Oregon, April 12, 1909. To the Honorahle State Board of Horticulture: Horticultural conditions in the first district of Oregon were never so promising in many respects as at the present time. There is a disposition to work for a distinct betterment of orchard conditions. This disposition is wide spread and is increasing in fervor and gives hope of clean orchards and consequent thrift in the Willamette Valley in the very near future. During the past year the battle for upholding the law and of compelling negligent orchard owners to respect the authority of the State board has been fought out. It had to be fought out sooner or later and ample time had been given for preparing and educating uninformed growers. When the fight came the authorities were splendidly backed ud by the Courts, and we are now able to send our inspectors afield with füll confidence in their success. The leaven of thrift and cleanliness is at work and on every hand is seen evidence of a disposition to accept the inevitable and to rid the State of the worst menaces to the fruit-growing industry. The effect of this revolution in the dispositions and methods of owners of cid orchards who have hitherto been obstructionists has been to give a renewed confidence in the horticultural possibilities of the western portion of our State. The Willamette Valley has again come into her own — please God — never again to be dispossessed. I have little to report about fruit prospects for the Dresent year. It is too early to predict with any certainty. Present conditions if continued will give a fair crop of all fruits with the possible exception of apples. In the first district apple orchards are not showing a heavy per cent of bloom. The district seems spotted — a füll crop here and there, while in the same neighborhood orchards will be bare. There may be a possible 40 per cent crop. The cherry crop will probably be large unless cold rains intervene within the next two weeks. But the market outlook for the cherry crop is not of the brightest, much of the canned Output of last year being still unsold. Some cannery com- 20 Report of State Board of Horticulture. panies are discussing the advisability of not operating their plants this season. Such a course would dump a lot of fruit on local markets, with disastrous results to the growers. The detail work of county inspectors in the first district has been progressing slowly because of the difRculty of getting qualified inspectors. Appointments have been made recently, however, which will insure more vigorous enforcement of the law in all counties. County courts in this district are awake to the vital necessity of keeping inspectors in the field if we are to build up the fruit industry and make certain the econ- omic develoDment of our section. The necessity of constant watchfulness to prevent the spread and to stamp out apple anthracnose, the "dead spot" disease, has excited intense in- terest in the minds of county judges and commissioners. If it were not for the wise support of these authorities we could accomplish little in the line of inspection. Our counties are so large that an inspector must be employed continuously if improved conditions are to be enforced in all sections. It is Dleasing to note, however, that in Yamhill County, where the battle to establish respect for the law was fought out last year, more progress is being made in cleaning up old orchards than elsewhere in the State. Inspectors find but little Opposi- tion to their Orders to renovate. From this time forward enforcement of the law will simply be a matter of constant watchfulness and attention to detail. M. O. LOWNSDALE, Commissioner fo7' First District. Report of Chas. A. Park. 21 REPORTS OF CHAS. A. PARK Commissioner for Second District. OCTOBER MEETING, 1909. Salem, Oregon, October 11, 1909. To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture: I beg leave to submit this my report UDon the horticultural conditions in the second district, dealing in particular with that portion of Oregon known as the upper part of the Wil- lamette Valley — that part south of Clackamas and Yamhill counties. When we are in doubt as to just what topic upon which to lead out, we always feel it is safe to talk about the weather, so I wish to teil you that the climatic conditions dur- ing the past winter and spring have not been at all favorable to fruit trees and their croris. The unr)recedented cold snap we exDerienced last January killed many small trees that had been planted the season before, and in some few cases old bearing trees were killed. I might state in passing that the old trees that were killed were growing in a soil where the moisture was more than normal, which kept the trees füll of sap until late in the fall and the wood had not seasoned up. The spring opened late and dragged on slowly — cold and cheerless. The pears bloomed abundantly and the fruit set füll. After the pears had reached the size of half an inch in diameter many feil off leaving hardly 25 per cent of a crop. The apples didn't bloom with any uromise of a crop, What fruit set on the apple trees stayed with us and promise to give up 20 per cent of a croio. The peaches in our district did well. I can report that the condition of the peach trees and the crop was normal and that the peach growers have enjoyed a füll crop. The cherries bloomed füll, but the cold, backward spring thinned the crop to 50 per cent. The prunes came through the season in good condition. We have a füll crop of prunes. If any complaint is to be made, it is that there are too many prunes on the trees, which has reduced the size. The interest in horticultural matters in the second dis- trict has been going forward and upward. Old orchards are becoming fewer and some are being made to produce good crops of good fruit. The owners seem to have dis- Ol > 0) s Co <: c +-> Ol C o TS >» I <ü > Report of Chas. A. Park. 23 covered a good ürofit in a resource which had been abandoned. In fact, the Willamette Valley appears to have been dis- covered by a new lot of explorers. Much land has been planted to all kinds of fruit and the inquiries as to what varieties of fruit to plant have exceeded those made at any previous time in the history of the Willamette Valley. The question naturally comes up : If all these people go into fruit growing what will we do with the fruit that is raised? Where will we find a market? For the past ten years, at least, the experience haa been that the price of fruit has been on the up grade and the quantity raised has made it necessary that the quality be on the up grade also. Grow- ers are organizing fruit unions where they can unite in pre- paring their fruits for market. The packing is as essential as the growing. Cherries and fresh Drunes have been shipped successfully from the Willamette Valley this year, a thing that has not been attempted in many years. Where sufficient quantities of fruit are raised in this section, it will Warrant the expense of the establishment of pre-cooling stations. I have been informed by the men who were detailed by the agricultural department of our government to experiment in the pre- cooling of fruits for shipment, that our cherries, prunes, peaches, loganberries, raspberries, and strawberries may be cooled before shipping and then shipped to any part of the United States. Thus our markets may be enlarged and extended. We can raise the stuff if we have a market to reimburse us for the expense. Chas. A. Park. Commissioner for Second District. FINAL REPORT, 1910. To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture: I herewith respectfully submit my reüort as commissioner of the second district for 1910. This district consists of the counties of Lane, Linn, Marion, Polk, Benton and Lincoln. Lane County is the most southerly county in this district and extends from the summit of the Cascade Mountains west to the Pacific Ocean. Linn County extends from the summit of the Cascade Mountains west to the Willamette River. Benton County lies immediately west of Linn County and extends into the Coast Range where 24 Report of State Board of Horticulture. Lincoln County begins and continues to the Pacific Ocean. Marion County lies north of Linn County and Polk County lies north of Benton County. These counties comprise the greater part of the Willamette Valley, which was the earliest developed part of Oregon, and the first to develop the horti- cultural side of farming; the first to grow the big red apple, at which time apples and pears were grown to perfection with little or no care, for the reason that there were no insect pests nor fungus diseases to destroy or mar their normal development. The apple orchards that came into bearing first bore fruit that sold for a nominal price of $16 per box. Many of these old orchards are still standing and they still contain trees as sound as the sturdy oaks that grow near them. I am sorry to say that many of these old orchards have been neglected and have received no cars or attention for years ; they have been left to grow wild, the owners thinking that such trees are of little or no value. I will cite one instance to show what can be done with these old trees. A young man in Marion County had one of these old orchards consisting of a few äcres on his farm. Rather than cut it down he pruned, sprayed and cared for these trees accord- ing to the best methods known to orchardists. The first year after he commenced the care of these trees, he was rewarded with a crop of beautiful waxen apples which netted $500 per acre. Many inquiries have come to my desk within the past two years asking for information concerning each of the par- ticular counties which make up the second district, and a few words at this time along the line of general information may not be amiss. The topography of this section of the State consists mainly of a large Valley through which flows from south to north the Willamette River, the headwaters of which are in the mountains of Lane County. This Willamette Valley — an area of five million acres — is bounded on the east by the summit of the Cascade Mountains, on the west by the Coast Range, and contains the elevated mountains on each side with their corresponding foothills, and the broader rolling lands of the lower reaches extending to the banks of the Willamette River. The western parts of Lane County and Lincoln County lie in the Coast Range and consist of mountains with their Val- leys and streams which are tributary to the Pacific Ocean. The Willamette Valley, with its alluvial bottom lands, its upner benches of gray clay loam, and its hill lands of red soll gives opportunity for the successful production of many varieties of fruit. The alluvial river bottom lands consist Report of Chas. A. Park. 25 of a rieh, sandy soll and will grow nearly everything that can be grown in Oregon. Fine quality of peaches are grown on this soil with few failures from frost. The American varieties of grapes do well. Pears, apples and cherries are successfully grown. All kinds of berries and garden truck do exceedingly well. The gray clay loam of the bench land is especially adapted to the growing of a fine quality of apples and pears, but care should be exercised in selecting this land for planting orchards. Much of this land is wet and will have to be tiled before any kind of a tree can be grown successfully. The red soil of the hills produces excellent prunes, cherries, apples and pears. It has been demonstrated that a hillside with the right slope to the southwest produces a high colored fruit. The climatic conditions of the Willamette Valley are pecu- liarly adapted to the successful growing of fruit. During the Summer months little or no rain falls, which gives the orchardist the most favorable opportunity for applying the sprays to his fruit trees and the best of conditions for har- vesting his crop. The soil of the Valley is such that with proper cultivation the moisture in the ground can be con- served so that a much better quality of fruit is grown than can be produced by means of Irrigation. To irrigate fruit trees in the Willamette Valley would entail a loss in two ways : the expense of Irrigation would be needless, and the results of Irrigation would be a positive injury to the fruit, both in quality and keeping properties. I understand that next year many fruit growers of this State who do not irri- gate their fruit will label each box of fruit "jiot irrigated" so that the buyer may distinguish such fruit from that grown on irrigated lands. The Willamette Valley is well served with transportation facilities. It is traversed by the main line of the Southern Pacific Railroad which passes through Woodburn, Salem, Jefferson, Albany, Eugene and Cottage Grove with branch lines of the Southern Pacific Railroad running out of Port- land on the west side of the Willamette River. One branch extends as far south as Corvallis in Benton County and the other extends to Dallas in Polk County. The Corvallis and Eastern Railroad passes from east to west through the counties of Marion, Linn, Benton and Lincoln, beginning in the Cascade Mountains and terminating at tide water at Yaquina Bay where ocean going vessels may dock. Besides these railroads there are numerous elec- tric lines being projected throughout the Valley. One electric Report of Chas. A. Park. 27 line of importance is the Oregon Electric built several years ago between Salem and Portland. It must also be remem- bered that the Willamette River is navigated by steamers between Portland and Salem throughout the year. Thus it may be seen that the produce which is raised in this Valley may readily reach a market. During the past two years many acres have been planted to apples, prunes, pears, peaches and walnuts. The planting of apples far exceeds any of the other varieties of fruit. The opportunity and favorable conditions have attracted many fruit growers to this section of Oregon who are going for- ward either on a small or large scale. It is not uncommon to find individuals and companies planting from 100 acres to 600 acres to fruit. In the year 1909 the fruit crop was not satisfactory neither in quantity nor quality. This condition was not con- fined to this district of Oregon alone, but was the same throughout the northwestern part of the United States. The year 1910 has been very satisfactory. The fruit crop for the year 1910 for this district is estimated as follows: Apples 500,000 boxes. Pears 60,000 boxes. Peaches 75,000 boxes. Prunes (cured) , 9,000,000 pounds. Cherries 2,000,000 pounds. Strawberries 1,000,000 pounds. Loganberries 3,000,000 pounds. Raspberries : 500,000 pounds. Blackberries 250,000 pounds. Gooseberries 200,000 pounds. Grapes 100,000 pounds. Chas. A. Park, Commissioner for Second District. 28 Report of State Board of Horticulture. REPOETS OF A. H. CAESON, Comniissioner for the Third District. APRIL MEETING, 1909. To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture: As commissioner of the third district, I respectfully submit my semi-annual report to the thirty-first of March, 1909. The past winter in Southern Oregon has been favorable for all kinds of fruit trees, vines, berries, etc. While colder than a normal season for that section of the State, no extremes of temperature have been recorded to in any way damage the tenderest of fruits. The cold weather during January and February came on gradually, which was an advantage to prepare all orchards to withstand the lowest temperature, 17 degrees above zero, which occurred in Jan- uary. This low temperature in no case injured the tender terminal twigs of any of our fruits. From the fact that our fruit trees have wintered in such fine condition, nursery- men in the northern part of the State, Washington, Idaho, and Montana, have shipped many thousand of apple and pear scions from the Rogue River Valley the past winter for propa- gation. The present promises for a record-breaking crop for all kinds of fruit were never better. March being a cool month, the bloom is two weeks later than in a normal year. February being a wet month, spraying with the lime and sulphur Com- pound was retarded, but March conditions being favorable, spraying for the scale was universal throughout the district. Jackson County has been very active in planting out new orchards. It is a conservative statement to say that in this county there have been 1,000,000 apple and pear trees planted the past winter. Josephine County has planted a number of new apple and pear orchards, and of grapes the county has planted near a half a million vines, the Tokay and Malaga being the vari- eties mostly planted. Were the hills and slopes of Josephine County cleared of brush and timber, grape planting would have been very large in this county. Douglas County is taking on new life in her horticultural development. Many new apple and pear orchards were Report of A. H. Carson. 29 planted the past winter, and many acres of her choice lands for the apple and pear are now being sold, and another year will see vast orchards of apples and pears planted in this county. Douglas has such a vast acreage of choice apple and pear lands that are so well adapted to growing this fruit, that in a few years it will be the leading fruit section of the State at the present rate of planting. InsT^ector Stearns of Klamath County writes me there has also been unusual activity in that county the past winter in planting commercial apple orchards. With railway connec- tions now had at Klamath Falls horticultural development will be rapid. The pear blight that threatened the oear and apole orchards of Jackson County is now under control. Through the teach- ings of Professor O'Gara our fruit-growers have learned how to meet this dreaded disease. Inspectors Taylor and Smith of Jackson County have been active, and taught grow- ers how to combat this disease successfully. Orchards that would have soon been destroyed by the germ were treated by cutting out the diseased parts, and saved. To treat the pear blight with success when the trees are dormant the grower must know how to identify hold- over blight, and cut out all diseased parts. I confess when the blight was first discovered in the orchards of Jackson County, I looked upon it as a serious problem, and it was a serious one, but with the aid Professor O'Gara gave us we have been taught how to successfully handle it. A. H. Carson, Commissioner for Third District. OCTOBEE, MEETING, 1909. To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture: I respectfully submit the following report of the horticul- tural progress and present conditions of the fruit industry in the third district for the past six months. At the beginning of the growing period this season prom- ises for a record output for all kinds of fruits were flattering. As the season of growth advanced it became apparent these promises, owing to abnormal climatic conditions, were not to be realized. From the middle of March until late in Septem- ber the rainfall was practically nothing. Usually in all nor- mal years during April, May, and June the Rogue River Val- ley has ample precipitation to stimulate the growth of all kinds of fruits and agricultural crops, but this year during these months we had no rains, with cool north winds prevail- Peach Tree, Merlin District. Yielded 25 Boxes, lyiü. Report of A. H. Carson. 31 mg which dried the ground to such an extent that it was almost impossible to cultivate and put the ground in condition to conserve the moisture. All these conditions were a handi- cap to the fruit grower's anticipations of a large crop to supply market demands that always prevail in the Rogue River Valley for her süperb apples and pears at harvest time. The low temperature during the blooming period kept the fruit-grower of the Valley in a nervous condition, and had it not been for the energy and push and practical knowledge of the virtue of smudges during frosty periods of P. J. O'Gara, the government pathologist, assigned to aid the fruit-grow- ers of this district in eradicating the pear-blight in this dis- trict, the greater part of the apple and pear crop on the lower levels would have been lost through frost. During this frosty period, Professor O'Gara, with headquarters at Medford, watched the temperature, and when it become dangerously low, warned the growers Jby telephone, and smudge fires were built to Protect the buds from the blighting frost. Had it not been for Professor O'Gara's zeal, and the confidence his ability inspired in the pear and apple growers in and about Medford, Grants Pass and Ashland, our fruit crop this year would have been a very small one. Every fruit grower that heeded Professor O'Gara's warning and built fires and smudged as he directed, saved fruit on all the low levels where low temperature is dangerous. Many growers for want of faith did not heed his warnings, and lost all their fruit. That it is as much a practical detail of the fruit-grow- ers' duty to smudge for frost during the frosty periods as it is to spray with lime and sulphur for the scale or to spray for the apple worm with arsenate of lead, is evidenced by the object lesson we had in the Rogue River Valley last spring. Last June, I spent several days with Professor O'Gara and Inspector Taylor visiting the pear and apple orchards of the Valley about Medford, and Central Point. Every orchard along Bear Creek that had been smudged as directed by Pro- fessor O'Gara was loaded with fruit, and was being thinned at the time of our visit. Adjoining the heavily loaded orchards that had been smudged were orchards without fruit that the owners had neglected to smduge. If any fruit had been left on these orchards that had not been smudged, the quantity was very small, and what had been left showed frost marks that would prevent it maturing to fruit that would have a market value. There are no fruit zones in any section of the United States but have some Springs liable to killing frosts. The fruit-grower to be up-to-date, must be prepared with mater- 0) Cü a O o O) Pl, o p Report of A. H. Carson. 33 ials on band to smudge bis orcbards and save bis fruits, or eise bis endeavor for a year is lost tbrougb a killing frost. It is useless for tbe man witbout faitb in tbe virtue of smudge fires to Protect fruit from frost to argue against tbe demon- strations tbat were bad tbe past spring in tbe Rogue River Valley. Tbe men wbo smudged and attended to it bave tbis fall a large crop to market. Tbe men witbout faitb lost tbeirs. Tbe knowledge gained tbrougb tbese experiments of smudg- ing sbould not be ignored by tbe progressive fruit-grower, but be sbould be prepared to smudge bis orcbard next spring, if necessary. The time to prepare for smudging is NOW. Preparation sbould not be put off until tbe busy work of pruning, spraying and cultivation of spring work, or eise wben spring arrives it will be neglected, and sbould frost occur, for want of preparation tbe crop again would be lost. Many metbods were employed in tbe Rogue River Valley tbe past spring in smudging. Some used tbe patent oil pots and crude oil, wbile otbers used sucb materials as prunings, sbav- ings, and wood picked up about tbe wood-lot, and tbe results were all alike. Tbose wbo energetically built fires and smudged saved tbeir fruit. One tbing was demonstrated during tbe period of smudging, tbat wben tbe temperature becomes low enougb so tbat fires sbould be started, a small amount of crude oil in dry kindling was a material belp in starting tbe smudge quickly; or wbere oil was not used to Start tbe fires witb quickly, pitcb kindlings, so plentiful tbrougb our pine woods, were used witb good results. Wbere tbe oil pots are not used, wet straw, or new barnyard manure is good to deaden down tbe fires after well started, as tbis material gives oflF a dense, beavy smoke, and I used it more tban twenty years ago to save peacbes from a frost witb suc- cess, wben on tbe same nigbt neigbbors adjoining me lost all tbeir fruit. Preparation for smudging must be from now on one of tbe details of tbe fruit-grower if be would profit and get tbe most out of tbe industry. Tbe results of smudging for frost tbe past spring gives tbe Rogue River Valley about 400 cars of pears, and about tbe same number of cars of apples to sbip to eastern markets tbis fall, but bad tbe smudging not been done we would bave bad but a small number of cars to sbip tbis year. The loss from frost was much greater tban tbe amount we will sbip from tbis valley tbis year, owing to so many growers lacking in faitb, and ignoring tbe warnings sent out by Professor O'Gara. Had bis warnings been beeded, and fires for smudg- ing been general tbrougbout tbe valley, tbis fall tbis valley would bave approximately bad 2,000 cars of apples and pears s:g. 2 34 Report of State Board of Horticulture. for market. It will be a reflection on the intelligence and energy of any fruit-grower of this Valley if he falls to smudge for frost next spring, should the necessity require it. PEAK BLIGHT. This is a germ or bacterial disease of the pear, apple, and quince. Professor O'Gara says it affects the wild crab apple, haw and serviceberry, A little more than two years ago this disease aDpeared among some of the apple and pear trees of the Valley. When it first appeared none of our growers had any knowledge of a practical nature as to its treatment. Many fake remedies and suggestions as to Controlling it were scattered among the fruit-growers, and not until Professor P. J. O'Gara, government expert on pear-blight, was assigned to this district to aid the growers was any progress made in Controlling the diesase. Pear blight in its worst stage was called "sour sap" by growers who were without knowledge , as to its origin, and their remedy to relieve the "sour sap" they supposed was the matter of their trees only spread the germs of the disease, and caused increased infection of healthy wood. About fifteen hundred trees that were in bear- ing were lost from pear-blight in the Rogue River Valley for want of scientific knowledsfe as to what the disease was, and its method of treatment. Professor O'Gara taught our grow- ers how to treat the disease with success, and how to identify it. Now we are having gratifying success in Controlling it by cutting out the parts of the tree that are infected with the germs. There are but two ways for a healthy tree to become dis- eased with the germs. One through the blossom, and the other where an abrasion is caused by careless cultivation. In all cases where pear-blight exists in an orchard the source of annual infection is from hold-over blight that be- comes established in the larger sappy limbs. The germ, to live through the winter, must have ample moisture, and the larger limbs furnish this moisture. For want of moisture, many germs perish in the smaller limbs, but hold-over is sure to be found in the spring if not sooner discovered and cut out. As the tree becomes dormant in the fall and sap ceases to be active, the germs in a hold-over case also become dor- mant, and do not multiply rapidly. With the first warm days of spring the sap becomes active, the heat of the sun warms up the hold-over, and the diseased tissue of the hold-over fer- ments, and the fermented sap exudes, carrying millions of germs. The bees and other insects feed on this diseased flow from the hold-over, fly to a pear or apple bloom, and infest Report of A. H. Carson. 35 it with the germs. At the blooming period the sap is very active, and where many hold-over cases have been permitted to develop the source of annual spring infection to the bloom is great. In a short time after infection of the bloom it will be noted that the infected bloom begins dying, and in a few days the terminal limbs begin dying back very rapidly. Every grower, immediately on noticing the terminal gröwth dying back, should not neglect for a moment to cut out the limbs that show infection, and burn the same. In cutting out diseased twigs, cut well below the part that shows dis- ease, and always sterilize the shears, or knife with corrosive Sublimate. For sterilizing the knife buy a 25-cent bottle of antiseptic tablets that are soluble, Dissolve two of these tab- lets in eight ounces of water, dampen a sponge with the Solu- tion, and as every limb is cut off wipe the knife across the sponge to prevent infection when cutting off a new limb. Sterilizing the knife after cutting off a diseased limb is very necessary, as it is possible you might not get below the infected part on the limb, and in cutting off the next limb in healthy tissue you are liable to cause infection from the knife, Professor O'Gara says that the germs of the pear- blight are so small that the pricking of a needle into a case of hold-over, and then pricking the same into healthy tissue would infect it. Were the dangerous character of the pear-blight fully understood by the fruit-men of Oregon, they would not delay a moment from discovery of the disease in their orchards until they would be cutting it out, and burning the diseased wood. It is an easy disease to treat and destroy, if taken at the beginning, but if permitted to spread and become well established in an orchard or fruit district, it becomes a serious Problem and means expense and worry, as well as loss. It is an easy problem, if one discovers a fire in a dwelling, at the beginning to put it out with but a little loss of time and injury to the building, but neglect it, and the building is lost. So, too, with the pear-blight, it is as necessary to begin active work at the moment it is discovered to save the orchard as it would be to put out the fire in a dwelling when first dis- covered. To illustrate: In July, 1908, I was in Douglas County looking over the orchards. I föund no pear-blight for nearly a week and believed it had not got established in that county. While in Edenbower in Mr. Hays' orchard of thirty- five acres, I found two pear trees that were diseased with the blight. Mr. Hays and myself cut out all diseased twigs, and destroyed them. Mr. Hays then called my attention to a few pear trees in an orchard adjoining, owned by Mr. Lyons. c Ja o 1-5 o Ph o o Oh Report of A. H. Carson. 37 We made an examination of these trees and found them dis- eased with the blight. I instructed Mr. Lyons how to treat the trees and cut out the diseased germs, which he Dromised to do the next morning. Mr. Lyons cut out the diseased twigs on three of his trees, and left two trees that showed but a slight mdication of the disease. In July, 1909, I was in both the Hays and Lyons orchards. The two trees Mr. Hays and I treated were healthy and free of the disease, nor was there a tree to be found in the Hays orchard but was free of the blight. At the same date the Lyons orchard was examined, the^ three trees he had treated were healthy, and free of the disease. The two trees in this orchard which in 1908 showed but slight infection and were not treated, were nearly dead in July, 1909, with the blight. His (Lyons') neglect to cut out the few diseased tv/igs had evidently permitted the devel- opment of hold-over blight, with the result that more than fifty apple and pear trees in the vicinity of these trees had become diseased with the blight. The Lyons orchard is east of the Hays orchard, and the trees that were infected from the hold-over in the trees neglected were around these neg- lected trees. In that locality the prevailing wind in spring is from the west. The bee, the germ carrier, fed upon the dis- eased sap that flowed from the hold-over, and was the cause of so many trees being diseased with the blight in the Lyons orchard. The disease is now in Douglas County, but I have every confidence of Controlling it through the activity of Inspector McCall, of that county. We know the results of the blight in California, the loss the orchard men of that state had a few years ago. Also, we know what the blight has done for eastern pear growers. To save the pear orchards from this disease, when now we know it can be done. (thank- ing Professor O'Gara for teaching us how), should we not alarm the apple and Dear growers of this State to a realiza- tion of the danger of the disease, as the people of Jackson County are now alarmed, and exterminate it as they are doing? Jackson County, with her large acreage, is making a success- ful and determined fight, with O'Gara at the head of four inspectors who work every day. A large acreage in orchard takes much help, and Jackson's county court, alive to the necessity of the Situation has given me four inspectors who are succeeding. We should at all times antagonize the adver- tised rem.edies. There is no spray that can reach the blight. The only remedy is to cut it out. Many growers mistake the pear-blight for apple anthracnose. Apple anthracnose is a fungus disease, and the remedy for the disease is spraying with bordeaux early in the fall. The bor- 38 Report of State Board of Horticulture. deaux kills the fertility of the spore of anthracnose, and re- moves the cause of the disease. Anthracnose grows into the bark of the tree, destroys the tissue, and a dead spot is the result. Anthracnose is always dry, it never exudes sap on the part of the tree it has its growth. In all hold-over cases of pear-blight it ferments the sap, and causes it to exude and drip when the saD flow is active in the spring. To identify pear-blight cut into the affected part of the tree where it is working, and you will find a brownish discoloration of the inner bark next to the hard wood. In many cases of pear- blight you will find it running down one side of a large limb, or the trunk of the tree, and where the germs are at work can be readily detected by this brownish discoloration next to the wood. Where a large limb or the trunk is affected, follow down with the knife, and cut out all that part of the side of.the tree that shows unhealthy tissue, and you can save the tree. Frequently we find large limbs, in bad cases of long infection where the brownish discoloration girdles the limb. In such cases the limbshould all be cut out below where infec- tion shows. Where the entire trunk of the tree is infected with the germs, then cut down the tree, and burn it. I feel sure the apple and pear growers of Oregon should be awake to the dangerous character of the pear-blight, or eise when it becomes bad in a district it becomes costly to control it, if it does not destroy the orchards. A. H. Carson, Commissioner for Third District. FINAL BEPORT, 1910. To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture: I herewith respectfully submit my biennial report for the Third Horticultural District, embracing Coos, Curry, Douglas, Josephine, Jackson, Klamath and Lake counties. This report Covers, to an extent, the development of new orchards planted for commercial purposes during the two years, 1909-10. The past two years the planting of new orchards in the third district has been greater than ever in the history of the fruit industry. This activity of the land holders in plant- ing new orchards to the aüple and pear is being stimulated by the high prices apples and pears from the Rogue and Umpqua Valleys seil for in eastern markets, and the seemingly unlim- ited demand for the fruit of these Valleys. I believe I am warranted in saying that nearly all the progress made the past six years, in better homes and the easy financial condition Report of A. H. Carson. 39 of all the üeople in Jackson, Josephine, and Douglas counties, is due to the fruit development had during that time. The evi- dence of this prosperity is seen in the growth of the towns in this district. Four to five years ago, Ashland and Medford, in Jackson County, Grants Pass, in Josephine County, and Roseburg, in Douglas County were small places from 1800 to 2500 Population, but are now eitles with population from 6000 to 9000 people. The principal business streets of each of these eitles have been paved with bitulithic. Miles of wide cement sidewalks have been constructed. In connection with five or six public school buildings in each place, each city has constructed high school buildings that have cost thousands of dollars, and maintain first-class high schools. A portion of the improvement of this section is due to mines and lum- ber, but 75 per cent is due to the development of the fruit industry — the production of apples, pears, peaches, table grapes and small fruits. I estimate that the taxable property in the district has more than doubled in the past two years for the reason that our peo- ple have learned, after many years, the great value of the soll and climate of the Rogue and Umpqua Valleys for growing apples and pears for the world's markets. Sixty years ago, back in the fifties, when Jackson Creek, Rieh Gulch and Stir- ling diggings were yielding thousands of dollars in gold to the miners of Jackson County, and Althouse, California Bar, Sailor Diggings, and Galice Creek were making the miners of Josephine County rieh, with money to burn in those early days, then when the mines "petered out" and the miners left the country, and flocked to Frazier's River in 1858, there was perhaps not a man in all this country but thought they had taken everything worth taking, not realizing for a moment that they were leaving the best soll and climate on earth whieh later generations would take advantage of, plant thou- sands of aeres of orehards, build elegant homes, and create a lasting industry that would produce riches the early Argonaut never dreamed of. Had the Argonaut of the fifties been able to see what intelligent development on higher lines of civiliza- tion could do in the development of the natural resourees he then overlooked in the Rogue and Umpqua Valleys, today he or his deseendants would be in possession of the "golden fleece." As an evidenee of the optimistie faith the people have in the possibilities of the future of the fruit industry in Southern Oregon, the aereage planted to new orehards has been larger in the third district than ever before. Eight thousand aeres were planted to apples and pears in Jackson County during 40 Report of State Board of Horticulture. the Winter of 1909-10; three thousand acres in Josephine County, and five thousand acres in Douglas County. In fact, had it been possible to have procured the young trees of vari- eties desired, many more acres would have been planted. Four county inspectors were on duty every day during the Winter inspecting nursery stock at Medford, Ashland, Central Point, and Gold Hill in Jackson County. I have instructed all inspectors to make rigid inspections for insect pests and fungous diseases injurious to fruit trees, and in many instances they found diseased stock from other states which were condemned and not permitted to be planted. The fruit grower has enough to do, starting with healthy nursery stock, to keep it healthy during its maturing to a bearing age. The great demand and high prices for nursery stock stimulate unscrupulous tree dealers to ship in nursery stock that they evidently know is diseased, taking the chance that it might slip by the inspectors and be delivered to the con- signees. Through the rigid inspection had in the third dis- trict the past two years these unscrupulous tree dealers have not profited to the extent of their desires. In one instance two cars of trees were shipped to Medford ; part of the stock was healthy and good, but in each bündle of 25 trees in the two cars about half were diseased. When the condition of the stock was discovered by the inspector at Medford and the consignor's attention called to the diseased trees among the healthy, the seller demanded an inspection and a segrega- tion of the healthy trees from the diseased ones. The inspector notified me, and I at once quarantined the two cars, and would not permit an inspection and segregation excepting at the expense of the consignor. The consignor wanted the diseased trees after segregation to ship back home, presumably to ship to some other district where the insDection is less exacting. I had the diseased stock burned, and the healthy stock I permitted to be delivered on payment of the inspector's work for the inspection. Unscrupulous dealers must be taught that the sorting out of bad diseased trees shipped here to be imposed on our tree planters will hereafter be at their expense, not at the expense of the county or State. Many eastern people are Coming here each year, purchas- ing land, and planting the same to orchards, apple and pear. Many of these people are without experience as to soils adapted to growing fruit or the subsequent management of an orchard after planting out. Land to them is land. They come here with the "land hunger," to live the "simple life." There is no doubt that some of these people have made serious Report of A. H. Carson. 41 mistakes in buying land that is not adapted to the fruit they desire to grow. They believe (and this belief is encouraged by unscrupulous land dealers) that to own land in fee, plant it to apples and pears, means they have built a foundation for an income for life. Where land is well adapted to the growth and maturity of these fruits this is true, providing the grower bestows intelligent labor, and plenty of it. Any and all men who have for a number of years been growing fruit here with success, making money — big money, for the capital invested — owe their success to their willingness to do the hard work that must be done to make an orchard a paying Invest- ment. There are no details in the management of their orchard that are neglected. Cultivation, spraying, pruning, thinning the fruit at the proper time, carefully gathering it, and properly packing it for market are attended to, hence their success. To be a successful fruit grower is "not a picnic." New people Coming here from the east have as a usual thing not considered climatic conditions as they are on this coast. They take the tables giving our annual rainfall and compare it with the same in the state where they came from, and find it the same, or nearly so. The greater rainfall in the east is had during the growing season of crops, while here the greater part of our annual rainfall occurs during the winter months and early spring, and but a very light rainfall occurs during June, July, August, and September, when crops of all kinds grow and mature. For the want of rain here during the grow- ing period but few weeds grow on some of our best fruit lands, and from that fact many neglect to cultivate their orchards to conserve the moisture that goes into our soils from the winter rains. These dry soils without cultivation soon lose the moisture by capillary attraction. Under a hot sun during the dry period here capillary tubes form, and the action of the sun's rays pumps the moisture from the soll that should be conserved and retained for the growth of the orchard. During the dry season there are but few soils in this section but should have the top surface fined and worked into a dust for a mulch to conserve moisture. After the top soil is worked into a fine dust, capillary tubes will soon form under a hot sun, and where an orchard is maturing a large crop of fruit or a young orchard is to be kept thrifty and growing, this top dust mulch should be stirred once a week in Southern Oregon with a harrow or spring-tooth until September first to firm the soil and cut off these capillary tubes. MISTAKES OF NEW ORCHARD PLANTERS. In many new orchards the past year I have noted that the owners were growing between the rows of young trees wheat Overland Orchards. Remaking 45-year-old Tree. Commissioner Carson at the left. Overland Orchards. Same Tree Six Months Later. 44 Report of State Board of Horticulture. or oats for hay. A small strip along the trees had been plowed and perhaps cultivated once during the season. In every instance I talked with these men who were growing wheat and oats between their young trees they assured me they cultivated their young trees well. They were men with- out experience, and did not realize that every particle of moisture they conserved by cultivation along the narrow strip was drawn to the growing grain and the young tree received but little benefit. A young apple or pear tree when taken from the nursery has its life shocked by its removal. When planted out in orchard — its new home — it should have every care and attention until it has recovered its vigor from the shock of transplanting, This care and attention can only be given it by thorough cultivation to conserve moisture which is so necessary to make the plant food in the soil you have planted it soluble; if not, you will have a stunted tree that will always be a reproach to your skill as a horticulturist. I say don't attempt to grow wheat or oats among your young trees, or old ones for that matter, for you will fail to grow a profitable orchard by doing so. Corn, beans, or potatoes can be grown among young trees as a filier crop to pay the expense of cultivation of a young orchard, if the cultivation is good, but wheat or oats never should be grown. Our seasons here are variable. Usually we have good heavy rains during April and May, then with good or reasonably good cultivation crops or all kinds respond and are "bumpers." The past two years we have not been favored with these April and May rains. Poor cultivation or no cultivation shows a shortage in apples and other fruit that is under size. Where good cultivation has prevailed on soils of the same character the apple crop is good — of good size, highly colored, and is now selling at top prices. On the other hand, where poor cultivation has prevailed the Output will be poor, apples too small to come up to grade. A careful inspection of the orchards the past month convinces me that the Output of the apDle and late pear crop of the Rogue and Umpqua Valleys will be 33 per cent less than it should have been had the aople and pear growers given intense cultivation to their orchards during July and August. This is the condition as I know it to be, and is a subject that the progressive fruit grower should not hereafter neglect. If he does neglect it, it is only a question of time when for want of Drofits in his business he will have to go out of the business because he is a man that does not "do things." Why, I was in aüple orchards in Jackson County, splendid orchards too — good soil, where the cracks in the earth were a foot deep, and large enough for an apple to roll into them. Report of A. H. Carson. 45 These orchards were bearing heavy crops of fruit, and yet the surface had not been cultivated and fined up enough to create a dust mulch to obliterate the cracks and conserve the moisture so necessary to mature the heavy crops of fruit they bore. The loss for want of cultivation in these orchards could not be less than one-third when an expenditure of not over two per Cent of the loss in better cultivation would have been a saving of 31 per cent to the owners. BLIGHT. This disease that first made its appearance in the Rogue River Valley about four years ago has to a great extent been controlled in the larger commercial orchards. Orchards in which it was first discovered were treated by cutting out the twigs that were blighted and a tree-to-tree inspection made, and every hold-over (the source of annual infection) cut out, with the result the disease has been controlled and these orchards have recovered their vigor and are bearing heavy crops of fruit. The orchards that showed the blight at first were in the hands of careful men, and the Instruction as to method of treatment by Professor O'Gara were literally followed, hence their success in fighting the blight. Where the blight gets into an orchard district, as it did in the Rogue River Valley four years ag-o. to clean it out of that district requires the co-operation of every fruit grower in the district. It must be honest, enthusiastic co-operation of every one to clean it out and prevent loss of trees as well as fruit. It is hard to alarm averae-e fruit o-rowers as to the dangers of a disease whose source is a minute germ. They can see the effect of the germ. but becaus^ they cannot see the germ they attribute the result from the blight to many causes of a sunerstitious nature. In fact the germ theory of disease in the human family was propounded a long time before it was accepted by the medical Drofession. In fact, as Dr. Pickel of Medford stated recently in a lecture before the Rogue River Horticul- tural Society, "Thirty years aß-o but few among the medical Profession accepted the germ theory of tynhoid, tuberculosis, and other diseases of the human family, but today there is not a reputable physician anywhere but does accept it." Dr. Pickel has made a study of the blight germ, and he says that to save a tree from the germ there is no treatment but the knife to cut out the parts that have become diseased with the germs; that there could be no spraying Compound that could reach them. In this lecture of Dr. Pickel he says just what Professor O'Gara taught us about the origin of the dis- ease and the only remedy. Dr. Pickel owns a large orchard Rogue River Valley Peach Tree, 17 Months from Planting Report of A. H. Carson. 47 in the valley. He understands the blight and its remedy, the knife. He has his men cut out the germs when first seen, and has no losses from the blight. A majority of the fruit growers now, through the educational work of Professor O'Gara and his practica! demonstrations on trees that have the disease, are now Controlling the blight, but not all are doing so. They reject O'Gara's teachings as to remedies, but get hold of some faker's advertisement wherein "his spraying Compound has never been known to fail to rid an orchard of the blight," and believing this bosh and use the spray, with the result the trees continue to die from the germ. Several such cases occurred in the valley this year. A very valuable orchard was badly damaged by the blight. When it first started in this orchard a day's work with the knife cutting out the germs would have exterminated it. The county inspector gave the owner careful Instructions how to treat it. The owner prom- ised the inspector to carry out his Instructions, but in place of doing so heedlessly sprayed his trees with a remedy recom- mended to eure the blight. The result of violating the Instruc- tions of the inspector and using the useless spray Compound was that a good portion of the orchard was badly damaged from the blight, and a number of trees killed. In fact, the whole orchard would have been a thing of the past had not the owner sent up a distress signal, calling O'Gara and the inspectors to his aid, who at once set the men to cutting out the diseased germs and saved many trees. The result of Professor O'Gara's and the inspectors' work is that now the orchard is healthy and recovering from the blight. Another annoying obstacle to the successful Controlling of the blight is bulletins issued by some who have a theoretical knowledge of the blight, but nothing that is practical. Recently I noted a clipping in a newspaper credited to a bulletin issued by some professor, whom I do not now recall, saying it was easy to control the blight by cutting out the hold-over infection, that it was unnecessary to cut out the dead blighted terminal twigs. This Professor had but little practical knowledge of this disease or eise he would have emphasized the necessity of cutting back all blighted twigs, well back too, to control the blight. For two reasons he should have done so. First, it is true that in many of the blighted terminal twigs the germ dies, and in those that they do die there is no danger, but many of the twigs have moisture enough in them to keep some germs alive. With a few murky, rainy days the sap quickens and the live germs in a twig rapidly multiply, work down into the larger limbs, and develop a hold-over. So it is unsafe and poor practice to leave a single twig that has blighted for fear some of them might have a few live germs that when 48 Report of State Board of Horticulture. conditions were right for them to multiply and then develop a hold-over for next spring-'s infection. Second, any practica! horticulturist would cut out the dead terminal twigs, for the reason a dead twig cannot be any benefit to the growing trees, as it absorbs some moisture from the growing tree and cannot give anything in return from being there. Then, too, it is surely an unsightly object on a healthy tree. SPRAYING. There is not today a fruit grower in the Valley but under- stands the benefits derived from spraying for insect pests, and fungous diseases. Contrasting the hard work this board had to get the fruit grower to spray to protect his fruit and trees from injurious insect pests and fungous diseases with his willingness today is a gratifying proof of the value of the board's educational work to induce spraying and production of better fruit. We are now seeing the results in every section of clean fruit in our local markets. The results of spraying for the codling moth has reduced the loss from wormy fruit from 50 to 75 per cent a few years ago down to at least two per cent at present. Spraying the peach while in foliage last sprin? for the peach blight with the lime and sulphur Compound (one to thirty) in Ashland was unfortunate, as the trees were defoliated and the crop on the trees rendered worthless. This spraying the neach while in foliaee is risky at any strength of lime and sulphur, and especially at a strength of one to thirty of the Compound. INSPECTION WORK. The county inspectors in Coos, Douglas, Josephine, Jackson, Klamath, and Lake have been active and have accomplished much good work towards bettering orchard conditions in these counties. Inspector P. M. Hall-Lewis, since his appointment, has proven an active, intelligent worker for better methods and conditions in Coos County; while Inspectors F. A. McCall of Douglas, J. F. Burke of Josephine, and W. J. Myers, assisted by several deputies given him by the county court of Jackson County, have done good work in their respective counties. The people of Jackson are alive to the necessity of protecting their large acreage devoted to fruit. It was found impossible for one or two inspectors to cover the orchards of Jackson, and the fruit growers of that county asked the court to aDpoint a number of denuties, with the approval of the commissioner, to do the Dolice work in Controlling the blight, which the court readily granted. For the past six Report of A. H. Carson. 49 months we have had seven competent inspectors in that county, at an average of $600 per month expense to the county. This spirit has done much towards the success that has been had in Controlling the blight in that county. During the past two years I have visited all the principal centers of the several counties of my district. I have held horticultural meetings in all the larger fruit counties, and personally visited many orchards, lectured, and made practical demonstrations as to the control of fungous diseases and insect pests. OFFICE WORK. As the acreage to fruit grows, the office work increases. It would not be unreasonable to say that on an average I answer five letters a day from the fruit growers from all parts of the district. They seek information on every phase of the handling of their orchards. I have distributed 800 copies of the tenth biennial report of this board, and had many requests for more than my allotment. I have urged and advised many new people with small means not to overlook the possibilities of small fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries, etc. With water available for irrigation, the growing of two to three acres of strawberries means a good living for a family, as the market always demands a good grade of this fruit at a good profit to the grower. With water unavailable for irrigation and where gravity Systems cannot be had, wells can be dug and water raised by pumping to irrigate quite large tracts in straw- berries and the garden that would make it possible for the man with small means to make a good living and lay aside njeans to meet the cares of old age. In this climate these opportunities are here, and the man who desires to make a small and comfortable home should look these opportunities over, and not overlook them. Another source of diversity in connection with small fruit growing is poultry raising. Eggs in the local markets today at Grants Pass are 45 cents per dozen. Broilers, two to two and a half pounds weight, readily seil for 50 cents. With proper yards and daily care of poultry a small family could easily make money. I have in mind an old gentleman in this county that devotes his time to poultry (he lives 20 miles from Grants Pass) . He keeps 200 hens, buys a little feed, raises much from his garden, and every ten days markets $20 worth of eggs the year around. This man's success is because he daily attends to the wants of his hens, changes their feed, and notes results, If he has a hen that fails to respond and does not lay her quota of eggs, she is sent to market. He keeps five hens in each pen, and keeps a o 05 -t-> ta bß S < na" o tu ^3 OS o CO M Report of A. H. Carson. 51 daily record of each pen's production. Method in this. What business ever paid without method as to detail? There is a tendency in the third district to plant exery available acre to fruit that in my opinion is wrong. After the Civil War the southern states became single-crop planters. Every acre that would grow cotton was planted to the exclu- sion of all other crops that they needed to make a cotton crop. Their hay, bacon, flour, nearly every necessity they required to make their cotton was bought from the north. They paid heavy transportation charges for necessities that they could easily raise on the farm, The southern planters lost money until they w^ere worked out of their single-crop System. Will not the apple, pear, peach, and prune growers in the end lose money if they persist in planting every acre to fruit and neglect to grow hay and other necessities they have to have to grow a fruit crop? Thousands of tons of hay the past year was shipped into the third district, which the fruit growers bought at $20 to $25 per ton and hauled to their orchards to feed the stock necessary to cultivate and care for their orchards. This System is wrong. It should be discouraged. Especially when it is possible on any fruit farm to set aside a few acres and grow alfalfa for hay that is so badly needed for the stock that cultivate the orchards. A few years ago I went to one feed firm in Grants Pass and got a statement of their Imports for feed that they sold for a year to the f armers growing fruit in the county, and found that for the year it aggregated $102,000. This was only one feed firm out of several in that city. This amount of imported feed one firm sold, when it is possible to grow all the feed the county requires, and have a surplus for export. Why should the fruit growers of Jack- son, Josephine, and Douglas counties pay transportation charges to the Southern Pacific for necessities that they can so easily grow with any reasonable business System? The past year I have taken up this subject of raising on the farm the necessary feed to maintain the stock that operates the fruit farm at several horticultural meetings that I have attended in the district. I believe, if it is possible, for the suc- cess of the fruit grower that this System of one crop be dis- couraged. CROP REPORTS FOR 1909-10. ■ There are many factors that enter into the question of fruit each year produced on a given acreage. Some years climatic conditions are so favorable that a small effort brings large production. 52 Report of State Board of Horticulture. There are years that under adverse climatic conditions the fruit grower after the most strenuous work falls to reallze his anticlpations. A sufRclent precipitatlon durlng April, May, and June, followed wlth good cultlvatlon, Insures a large Output If bloom is good. Durlng the year 1909 spring frost on low levels Injured the bloom, excepting In orchards where falth was strong In the oll pots to ralse temperature on frosty nlghts. All growers that heeded the warnings In and about Medford, phoned to every grower by Professor P. J. O'Gara, had good crops. Those who dld not heed the warnlng lost the greater part of thelr crop. The same conditions as to frost prevailed durlng the spring of 1910. The men thls year that heeded the warnings of O'Gara have good crops; those that dld not, have a very llght crop to seil. The experlments had in the Rogue River Valley the past two years in smudglng wlth the oll pots convlnces me that Insofar as frosts are con- cerned the fruit grower can save his crop if he industriously uses the oll pots and keeps them burnlng on frosty nlghts. True, a warm bed on a frosty night is wlth many a hard thing to leave, but the results had by those who had the falth in the vlrtue of the oll pots should stlmulate every grower to be prepared to smudge each year the necessity arlses. I am convlnced that smudglng to prevent spring frost from Injury of the fruit bloom will become one of the details of the fruit industry, as now are spraying, pruning, etc. The followlng tabulated statement will be found near the amount the several countles of the third dlstrlct marketed in the years 1909 and 1910: DOUGLAS. 1909 1910 Apples, boxes (one bushel) 30,000 60,000 Peai-s, boxes 15,000 25,000 Peaches, boxes 60,000 80,000 Prunes, cured (pounds) 5,225,000 7,500,000 Peaches, dried (pounds) 10,000 18,000 Strawberries, 14-cup crates 10,000 15,000 Blackberries, crates 7,000 9,000 JOSEPHINE. Apples 20,000 40,000 Pears 2,400 5,000 Peaches 30,000 35,000 Peaches, dried 4,000 6,000 Strawberries, crates, 15-cup 3,000 5,000 Blackberries, crates 2,500 3,000 Grapes, 30-lb. crates 5,000 8,000 JACKSON. Apples, boxes 230,000 430,000 Pears, boxes 100,000 150,000 Report of A. H. Carson. 53 Peaches, boxes 50,000 120,000 Prunes, cured, pounds 150,000 200,000 Strawberries, 15-cup crates 75,000 150,000 Peaches, dried, pounds 5,000 15,000 Blackberries, crates 10,000 20,000 Grapes, crates 800 1,000 COOS. Apples, boxes 30,000 40,000 Pears, boxes 1,000 2,000 Strawberries, 24-cup crates 3,000 3,500 Cranberries, busheis 700 900 A. H. Carson, Commissioner for Third District. o i-H OS TD o o TS C Ol c c o ü o u O 3 'S c Eh Report of Judd Geer. 61 thousands of trees planted and being planted, and it will be but a few years until it will be known as one of Oregon's best fruit raising sections. Union County is another of Eastern Oregon's large fruit growing counties. This county is known by the medals it takes at all the world's expositions and national apple shows. The young orchards in the northern end of the county known as the Imbler and Elgin sections where large commercial orchards of from 40 to 200 acres have been planted in the past few years, some of the older orchards are beginning to bear and in a personal letter from Geo, L. Cleaver who is now in Iowa to F. K. Bridges of La Grande, Mr. Cleaver says that he has just sold a carload of Cleaver-Bridges crop, grown at Imbler, at $2.50 per box. This is perhaps the largest price that a carload of apples from here has received in several years, and indicates that this Valley is able to vie with any other apple growing section in the world. Malheur County comes under the head of what is known as an irrigated district, and for fruit growing, stock raising, and alfalfa hay is one of the leading counties of the fifth district. Baker County is divided into three distinct Valleys — Eagle and Pine in the eastern part, and the Baker Valley in the west or central part. Baker Valley is a light clay loam and on the western side is irrigated and subirrigated by numerous streams and Springs, while the eastern side is irrigated from large ditches and reservoirs, and on account of the higher altitude raises apples, cherries, pears, peaches, etc., of unsurpassed flavor and keeping qualities. Eagle Valley is perhaps one of the finest Valleys for its size in the entire northwest, and can raise anything in the fruit line that is grown in the Pacific northwest. Pine Valley is separated from Eagle by a ränge of hills and is some five or six miles distant, with a gradual slope to the east of about ten miles to Snake River. Both of these Valleys have just come into connection with the outer World by railroad facilities. Grant County though exporting but ä small quantity of fruit up to this time has some very fine orchards, and there will be a great many more planted in the near future as they raise fruit of excellent quality. With Harney County I am unacquainted personally, but have seen fine samples of fruit, grain, etc., from there, and it is only a question of a short time until they will have railroad transportation, when it will become one of the lead- ing counties of the State. There is no doubt about the fifth district being one of the best fruit sections in Oregon, and I know that we can grow anything that can be grown in the northwest, but the growers 62 Report of State Board of Horticulture. must learn one thing before they can expect to establish a reputation on the market, and that is that their fruit must be packed fairly and squarely according to its merit and in the most attractive manner possible. Some growers seem to think that if their product is good enough for them it is good enough for the purchaser regardless of the quaUty and the fairness of the pack. Such growers can keep up that prac- tice tili doomsday, but they will find outside markets against them just as long as they persist in letting nature handle and attend to everything. The fruit crop of the district for the year 1910 has been approximately as follows: umatilla county. Carloads. Apples 600 Pears 35 Fresh Prunes 90 Peaches 210 Cherries 20 Plums 25 Strawberries 40 Grapes 10 UNION COUNTY. Apples 430 Pears 8 Fresh Prunes 45 Peaches 10 Cherries 30 Plums 15 Strawberries 5 MALHEUR COUNTY. Apples 25 Pears 5 Fresh Prunes 15 BAKER COUNTY. Apples 30 Pears -*- 5 Fresh Prunes 10 Peaches 15 GRANT COUNTY. Apples 20 JUDD GEER, Commissioner Fifth District. SPRAYS AND SPRAYING Prepared for this report by Prof. A. B. Cordley, Entomologist of the Oregon Experiment Station, pursuant to a resolution adopted by the Oregon State Board of Horticulture. Knowledge of a multiplicity of sprays is not essential to success in spraying. Equipped with an understanding of the ränge of usefulness of three or four Standard sprays, with a good spray pump, and with a determination to do thorough work, one is as well fortified as may be against most orchard pests. Therefore this article will be brief. In practically all of the orchard spraying done in this State but three kinds of spray are used, and probably one of these may soon be largely dispensed with. To treat of more is but to waste time and Space and to lead to confusion. Most growers now understand that spraying is primarily to prevent loss from insects and from fungous diseases, and that a spray which is effective against one pest may be totally ineffective against another. Still, for the benefit of the novice, it may be necessary to emphasize the fact that there is no cure-all. Poisons like arsenate of lead or paris green are used to destroy codling moth and other insects which actually swal- low plant tissues — usually caterDÜlars and beetles which feed upon leaves. They have little or no value as fungicides and are not effective against San Jose scale, plant lice and other sucking insects. Borderaux mixture is used to prevent attacks of fungous diseases and has but little value as an insecticide. Lime-sulphur is both an insecticide and a fungicide. Its ränge of usefulness is therefore greatly increased, but it is not a cure-all. As intimated above, the three principal sprays in use in this State are arsenate of lead, Bordeaux mixture, and lime- sulphur Solutions. ARSENATE OF LEAD. Arsenate of lead is now the chief poison used in spraying for the codling moth, although paris green is cheaper and gives approximately as good results. Many brands of commercial arsenate of lead are now to be had, and so far as our observa- tions go all are reasonably pure. The various brands may, however, be arranged into two definite groups which may be termed the acid arsenates and the neutral or normal arsenates. While the evidence is not conclusive, it appears to be true that 64 Report of State Board of Horticulture. the acid arsenates have some tendency to injure foliage and that they cannot so well be used with the lime-sulphur Solu- tions as can the neutral arsenates. While the available evi- dence upon the above points is not sufficient to justify one in condemning the acid arsenates, growers are advised to use neutral arsenates wherever possible. Most manufacturers advise the use of three pounds of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water. The Washington Experiment Station has demonstrated that in the dry climate of Eastern Washington one pound to 50 gallons gives equally good results in Controlling codling moth. We have found that two pounds are sufficient in the Willamette Valley. It is quite probable that one pound may be sufficient here, but since this has not been demonstrated we think it best to advise two pounds to 50 gallons for the more humid portions of this State. Some growers prefer to prepare the arsenate of lead as it is used. This is but little if any more troublesome than to mix the prepared arsenates in water and should be some- what cheaper. It can be readily prepared after the following formula : Arsenate of soda 4 ounces Acetate of lead 11 ounces Water 15 to 20 gallons Dissolve the arsenate of soda in two quarts and the acetate of lead in four quarts of warm water. When dissolved add them to the required amount of water. This formula is especially valuable for spraying very deli- cate foliage or for use against insects which are killed only by large amounts of poison, since it can be used UDon plants in much stronger Solutions than the other food poisons with- out injury to the foliage. If it is desired to use a combined insecticide and fungicide, arsenate of lead may be added to Bordeaux or to lime-sulphur Solution in the same Proportion as when water is used. BORDEAUX MIXTURE. Bordeaux mixture has been the urinciüal Dreventive of funp-ous diseases. It is of some value as an insecticide, has a beneficial effect uDon plants indeDendent of its effect uDon their insect and fungous parasites and may be used for most purposes in place of water in the preparation of the arsenical sprays. Bordeaux for winter use may be made as follows : Copper sulphate 6 pounds Quick lime 6 pounds Water 50 gallons Sprays and Spraying. 65 This is known as the 6-6-50 formula. It should be used only upon dormant trees. When the trees are in leaf the following 4-6-50 formula is used: Copper sulphate 4 pounds , Quick lime 6. pounds Water 50 gallons For spraying peach foliage it is best to use the still weaker 3-6-50 formula: Copper sulphate 3 pounds Ouick lime 6 pounds Water 50 gallons To prepare Bordeaux mixture dissolve the copper sulphate in hot or cold water in a wooden or earthen vessel. Slake the lime, using only sufRcient water to insure slaking. The lime should not be allowsd to become dry while slaking nor should it be submerged in water. After the lime is slaked add water and stir until the "milk of lime" is of the consistency of Cream. The best results are obtained by diluting the milk of lime and the copper sulphate Solution each to 25 gallons and then pouring these two dilute Solutions together. The lime Solution should always be strai^ed through a sieve to exclude particles that might clog the nozzles. A brass wire sieve, 20-mesh, large enough to fit the head of a barrel or the opening of the spray tank, will prove a great convenience. When large quantities of Bordeaux are required, it is most convenient to make stock Solutions of lime and of copper sulphate of known strength. A convenient stock Solution of copper sulphate is made by dissolving 100 pounds in 50 gal- lons of water; one of lime, by slaking 100 pounds and diluting with water to 50 gallons. Each gallon of the stock Solutions will then contain two pounds of lime or of copper sulphate and the amount to be used in preparing any quantity of Bordeaux according to the above formulas can be readily computed. If sufficient lime has not been used, or if that used was of inferior quality the Bordeaux may injure the foliage or may cause a "russetting" of the fruit. It is, therefore, always best to determine whether enough lime has been used by test- ing the mixture. TESTING BORDEAUX. There are three simple tests which may be used. First, hold a clean, bright knife blade in the Bordeaux for at least one minute. If it becomes copper-plated more lime should Sig. 3 66 Report of State Board of Horticulture. be used. Second, pour some of the Bordeaux into a shallow dish and holding it up to the light blow gently across its surface. If properly made a thin pellicle will form on the surface of the liquid. Third, dissolve one ounce of ferro- cyanide Solution. If sufRcient lime has been used no change will be noticed. If a brownish-red discoloration takes place, more lime should be added. Unfortunately, even the most carefully prepared Bordeaux will sometimes cause serious "russetting" of the fruit. This russetting seems to be most serious when rainy or at least humid weather prevails at the time of the first spraying after the blossoms fall, and as such conditions do usually thus prevail, at least in the Willamette Valley, "spray injury" fol- lowing the use of Bordeaux offen becomes almost as serious as the fungous injury it was expected to prevent. LTME-SULPKUR SOLUTION. It is offen desirable and practicable to use sprays w^hich combine both fungicidal and insecticidal qualities. The time, expense, and annoyance of one or more sprayings may fre- quently be eliminated by such combinations. Thus Bordeaux mixture and Paris green, or arsenate of lead, has long been used as a combined spray for apple-scab and codling moth and the expense of Controlling these two important apple pests has thereby been materially reduced. This spray, however, Combines only the fungicidal value of Bordeaux and the food poison value of the arsenical. It is of little or no value as a contact insecticide — in other words it is of no value against Scale insects, plant lice and the numerous insects which belong to Group II. During the past five years we have conclusively demon- strated that the lime-sulphur spray, which has long been known as the most satisfactory winter spray for San Jose Scale, has fungicidal qualities nearly or quite equal to those of Bordeaux. We have also conclusively demonstrated that it may be used in combination with arsenate of lead without materially detracting f rom the value of either ; and that when so used it is at once an efficient contact insecticide, food poison spray, and fungicide. It has also the advantage that when proüerly diluted it may be used either as a winter or summer spray. As a winter spray one application of lime-sulphur spray each year will do more for the neglected orchard than can be done in any other way by the same expenditure of cash and energy. If not only destroys San Jose scale, but it also destroys the branch form of woolly-aphis, the eggs of the green-aphis, the pear-leaf blister mite, the hibernating larvse Sprays and Spraying. 67 of the prune twig-miner, probably the hibernating larvse of the bud-moth, together with most other insects which may Chance to be wintering upon the trees. It is also a good fungicide. If applied in fall it is nearly or quite equal to Bordeaux as a preventive of apple-tree anthracnose; applied to peach trees just before the buds open in spring it is a preventive of peach-leaf curl. As a summer spray the results of the past five seasons* work at the Oregon Experiment Station prove conclusively that when properly diluted it can be safely used upon the apple, pear, plum and prune, potato, celery and other hardy plants, and that it gives better results in Controlling apple scab than does Bordeaux, which has been the Standard spray for this disease, and further that it does not produce the dis- astrous "spray injury" to the fruit which is so common and often serious when Bordeaux is used. There are two methods of preparing the lime-sulphur spray. The formula which has been most generally used in this State is as follows: Quick lime 50 pounds Sulphur 50 pounds Water 150 gallons Slake the lime thoroughly, add the sulphur, and boil briskly for at least an hour or until the mixture is of a deep blood- red color with but little free sulphur on the surface. Add water to make 150 gallons. Apply with considerable force through a coarse nozzle. The "stock Solution" method which is now most generally used in this State has been developed during the past three years. During that time there have appeared upon the mar- ket a number of concentrated lime-sulphur Solutions, which have only to be diluted with water to be ready for use. Care- ful experiments extending over three seasons have demon- strated that these sprays are fully equal to the old home- made lime-sulphur spray in destroying San Jose scale. Whether all of them can safely be used for summer spraying is yet to be demonstrated. The Chief fault to be found with these commercial prepar- ations is that they cost too much. The retail price is $9.00 to $12.00 per barrel of 50 gallons. The lime and sulphur necessary to prepare 50 gallons of stock Solution which is equally as efficient costs at present retail prices approximately $3.00. It may be prepared as follows : Sulphur (best finely ground) one sack 110 pounds Lime (best grade, unslaked) 55 pounds Water, sufficient to make 60 gallons 68 Report of State Board of Horticulture. Slake the lime, mix the sulphur into a thin paste with a little water, add it to the lime, add sufficient water to make 60 gallons, bring to a boil and boil vigorously for 30 to 45 minutes. The sediment is then allowed to settle, after which the clear dark amber-colored liquid is drawn off and may be stored in casks for future use. Every grower who expects to prepare his own spray by the stock Solution should provide himself with a Beaume's Acid Scale Hydrometer. Such an Instrument, which should not cost over $1.00, furnishes a very simple and convenient method of testing the strength of the Solution. A "stock" Solution 'prepared as above described should test approximately 30 degrees upon such a scale. If the grower be provided with a hydrometer, it is not at all necessary to obtain stock Solutions of uniform strength. The following table gives the proper dilution to be used with stock Solutions of various degrees of density, both for win- ter and summer spraying: Stock Solution Dilution Dilution Baume Scale- ^Deg. Winter Strength. Summer Strength. 32 1 12 1 32 31 1 11 1 31 . 30 1 10 1 30 29 1—9 1/2 1 29 28 1 9 1 28 27 1—8 1/2 1 27 26 1 8 1 26 25 1—7 V2 1 25 24 1 7 1 24 23 1—6 1/2 1—23 22 1 6 1—22 KEROSENE EMULSION. Kerosene oil, or coal oil, is a powerful insecticide. The undiluted oil is, however. Kable to seriously injure plants to which it is applied. This difhculty is overcome by using one of the special spray pumps which have been devised for the.purpose of mixing the oil with water in any dösired Pro- portion ; or by forming an emulsion with some substance that may be readily diluted with water. Soap is most commonly used for this purpose, as f ollows : Kerosene oil 2 gallons Hard soap (preferably whale-oü) V2 pound Water 1 gallon Dissolve the soap in the water by boiling. Add the suds, boiling hot, to the oil. Churn the mixture violently with a spray pump until it becomes a thick, creamy mass. If per- Sprays and Spraying. 69 fectly emulsified, the oil will not^rise to the surface even after Standing an indefinite time. Such an emulsiön may be used immediately or may be kept as a stock mixture. Before using dilute one part of the stock emulsiön with ten to fifteen of water. This will be found to be an efficient remedy for green aphis, woolly aphis, red spider, mealy bugs and certain scale insects. WHALE-OIL SOAP AND QUASSIA. Strong soap suds made from any good soap are useful for destroying soft-bodied insects like plant-lice. It is usual, however, to employ for this purpose special soaps made with fish-oils, and sold as whale-oil soaps. These vary consider- ably in composition, some being made with soda, others with potash lye. The latter are much^superior and buyers should insist on having potash soaps. For Scale insects, whale-oil soap is sometimes used in as concentrated a Solution as two pounds of soap to one gallon of water, but only upon dormant plants. As a remedy for the various plant-lice one pound of soap to eight or ten gal- lons of water is usually sufficient. Hop growers are inclined to believe that better results are obtained, when spraying for hop-lice, by adding some quassia decoction to the soap Solu- tion, as f ollows : Whale-oil soap 10 pounds Quassia 5 pounds Water '... 100 gallons Place the quassia chips in a sack, cover with eight or ten gallons of water and soak twelve to twenty-f our hours. Then bring to a boil, remove the chips, add the soap and boil until it is dissolved. Add water to make 100 gallons. The whale- oil soap and quassia spray is used principally by hop growers. BLACK LEAF SHEEP DIP. Black leaf sheep dip, a proprietary tobacco preparation, may be used for the same purpose as kerosene emulsiön or whale-oil soap and quassia and has the advantage that it does not injure foliage and is ready for use. One gallon diluted with 75 to 100 gallons of water makes a very efficient aphidi- cide, WHEN TO SPRAY. General directions as to how many times to spray and when the applications should be made are at best unsatisfactory. The answer to both questions depends not only upon the vari- ety of fruit to be sprayed, but also upon the conditions pre- 70 Report of State Board of Horticulture. vailing in the orchard to be sprayed, and the relative impor- tance of the orchard crop to other crops. The orchardist can afford to do more spraying than can the farmer. An almost universal practice in this State — and a good one — is to spray the orchard, vv^hatever the kind of fruit, with lime-sulphur at some time while the trees are dormant. While this application is made primarily for San Jose scale, I believe there is no other which has such a generally beneficial result. It is the annual "house-cleaning" of the orchards. The best time for this winter spraying is immediately after the leaves drop in fall — even before they are all off — or just before the buds open in spring. Personally, I prefer the lat- ter, but attention should be called to the danger of unfavor- able weather conditions at that time and to the consequent inadvisability of delaying the work too long. All other sprayings are for special purposes and can best be considered in connection w^ith particular pests. APPLE. APPLE SCAB. Spray with Bordeaux or with lime-sulphur (1-20) : first, when the blossoms are beginning to unfold; second, immediately after the blos- soms fall; third, ten days or two weeks later. (If the trees were sprayed with winter strength lime-sulphur Solution before the buds Started, the first of the above applications may be omitted. If pro- longed rainy weather follows the third spraying, a fourth two weeks later may be profitable.) CODLING MOTH. Add arsenate of lead or paris green to the second scab spray. Endeavor at this time, by the most thorough work, to fill the blossom end of every apple with the sprav. If this be well done, and if the fruit be again thoroughly sprayed late in June, fairly good results may be obtained without further applications. It is our experience, however, that in the Willamette Valley at least, it usually pays to spray once or twice for the second brood. The first of these applica- tions should be about August 1 ; the second some three of four weeks later. While thorough work should be done at all times particular emphasis should be placed upon the two first sprayings. If all of the first brood larvae could be killed there would be none of the second. SAN JOSE SCALE. Spray in winter with lime-sulphur, either immediately after the leaves fall or before the buds start in spring. Do thorough work. Soak every part of the tree. APHIDS or PLANT LICE. {Woolly-aphis, Green-aphis, Brown-aphis, Black-aphis.) The plant lice rarely if ever become troublesome in orchai'ds which receive an annual winter spraying with lime-sulphur. Dilute kerosene emulsion or black-leaf sheep dip applied just after the leaf buds start or at any time the aphids become troublesome, is also effective. Sprays and Spraying. 71 APPLE TINGIS. Practice clean culture, clean up and burn all rubbish about the orchard. Spray when eggfs are hatching in late May or early June with kerosene emulsion or black-leaf sheep dip. APPLE TREE ANTHRACNOSE. Spray with Bordeaux or lime-sulphur soon after fall rains begin or at least as soon as fruit is picked. Spray again with lime-sulphur as soon as leaves have fallen. CHERRY. SHOT-HOLE FUNGUS. Spray with Bordeaux or lime-sulphur when blossoms are opening, and again when petals have fallen. CHERRY SLUGS. Spray with arsenate of lead whenever they become troublesome. BLACK APHIS. See under "Apple." SAN JOSE SCALE. See under "Apple." CHERRY GUMMOSIS. No satisfactory remedy known. The best that can be done is to prune and burn dead branches, cut out gum-pockets and wash or spray wounds with Bordeaux. BROWN ROT. See under "Peach." PEACH. PEACH LEAF CURL. Spray thoroughly before buds open with Bordeaux or lime-sulphur. PEACH BLICHT. Spray with Bordeaux or lime-sulphur soon after fall rains begin or immediately after late fruit is gathered. PEACH FRUIT SPOT. Spray same as for blight. Also sprav once or twice in late May and June with weak Bordeaux or lime-sulphur. Do not make these appli- cations during rainy weather. BROWN ROT. Destroy all rotting fruit. Spray as for blight. If disease still persists spray with dilute lime-sulphur when fruit is ripening. SAN JOSE SCALE. See under "Apple." 72 Report State Board of Horticulture. FEAR. fear scab. See under "Apple Scab." CODLING MOTH. See under "Apple." SAN JOSE SCALE. See under "Apple." FEAR SLUG. See under "Cherry Slug." FEAR BLICHT. This is the most destructive disease of the pear; it also attacks the apple and other related trees. Extreme care and thoroughness are necessary in dealing with this disease. Examine trees carefully and repeatedly during the winter and cut out and burn every particle of hold-over blight that can be detected. Examine not only branches but trunk, and even roots. Sterilize tools frequently with Solution of corrosive Sublimate. FEAR-LEAF BLISTER MITE. Spray with lime-sulphur just as buds are starting. PLUM AND PRUNE. BROWN ROT. See under "Peach." See under "Cherry.' See under "Apple." SHOT-HOLE FUNGUS. SAN JOSE SCALE. APPENDIX MARKETING FRUIT By Hon. W. K. Newell. President of State Board of Horticulture. The question of most vital importance that now confronts the fruit growers of Oregon is that of marketing. Situated as we are at a great distance from the large cities of the eastern states and Europe, and prodncing a large surplus that must be exported, the matter of reacbjng these markets at a profit is a serious one. There is unques- tioriably a market for our fruit if we can find it and reach it, a price that will not be prohibitive to the consumer. Statistics show an immense falling off in the production of apples in the United States; the crop of 1896 was 67,000,000 barreis while that of 1909 was only 22,735,000 barreis, and the present year only very slightly in excess of last, while the population has increased from 70,000,000 to 90,000,000. Instead of showing this surprising decrease of production and consumption, the apple industry should show a growth commensurate with the increase in population. At a time when all food stuffs have been increasing in price, the attention of the consuming public should have been turned more sharply to the food value of apples. President Howard Elliott, of the Northern Pacific R. R., in an address delivered at the opening of the Spokane apple show is authority for the Statement that "apples compare very favorably with bread, dried beans and similar articles of food in the total amounts of food material present, and that it is a source of energy rather than of tissue form- ing material. Verv careful experiments have been made and show that ten cents worth of fresh apples used as food furnishes 1467 units (calories) of energy to the body; ten cents worth of porterhouse steak furnishes 441 units (calories) of energy; ten cents worth of dried beans furnishes 892 units (calories) so that in general, it may be said that the apple furnishes a wholesome, palatable and very attractive addition to the food supply of the family; and the increasing production of the apple should help to offset the growing price of meat and other forms of food." Horticultural societies and kindred organizations should take steps to spread such knowledge in a way to reach the consuming public in a forcibl.2 ntanner. Althovigh it may be truthfully said that Oregon leads the way in methods of marketing and that we are far better organized than are the growers of any other fruit section, still it must be confessed that we are far from being organized as we should be. At present we are attempting to market a great quantitv of fruit of a class that should never be placed upon the market in the fresh state, and we are crowding upon tho market in ont or two months time a supply that should be distrib- uted ovei six or eight months. The fruit-consuming public demands, and is certainly entitled to have, a fruit that is at least reasonablv sound, well colored and free from insect injuries, and in a clean, attractive package, if it is to pay prices that are remunerative to the grower. The markets are getting more and more particular each year as to the quality of the fruit and the attractiveness of the package, and CO a> P. P. < 'S Marketing Fruit. 77 nothing pays better than to cater to this demand for the best. Even the most careless grower has some good fruit and it will be money in his pocket to pack and seil that little by itself. A prominent eastern horti- cuUiirist who came out here to learn our methods went home and said, "that the.western growers had learned that two good apples are worth more tban two good apples with two poor ones thrown in." This is undeniably true even if we have not all learned it yet. It is not alone the waste of time and material in packing but it means the demoralization of our markets to dump great quantities of stuff on the market that should have gone to the cannery, evaporator, eider mills or the pig pen. That is the ti'o'uble with the local markets at the present time; there is so much poor stuff being offered at a low price that there is not a healthy, active demand for good fruit. We must have more facilities for utilizing the fruits that are not fit for the market in the fresh stage. Every fruit growers' union must provide itself with a canning and evaporating plant with eider presses and vinegar tanks and a cold storage warehouse. Then the fruit can be graded as it comes in and handled accordingly; if prices are right, the best can be placed upon the market, and the overripe and culls be canned, dried or made into vinegar as its condition will Warrant. If advisable the cold storage warehouse will furnish storage while waiting for prices to adjust themselves. We simply must be in shape to take care of all the crop, so that none shall be wasted, nor any unfit fruit be forced upon the market for lack of other means of disposing of it. And we must be able to störe and hold our fruit if the markets are not in good condition. At present we are too much at the mercy of the buyers; every well informed grower knows that apples should be bringing better prices and meeting with readier sale than they are at present, but many of the large dealers lost money last year, so they claim, in buying, and this year have industriouslv peddled stories of great yield, over-produc- tion, etc., and have refused to buv heavily, knowing that the growers had not facilities for storing and must force the crop on the market. If ever we are to have anything to say as to the prices our fruit shall bring, we must be able to control it until the consumer is readv for it. The success of the fruit industry of the Northwest for the future depends entirely upon the way in which we meet and solve this question of marketing. We can produce the fruit and will produce it in ever increasing quantities, provided it can be sold profitably. Manifestly it is beyond the abilitv of any grower, local dealer, or local fruit union to reach out very far in the development of new markets, or of increasing our sales in our present markets. At present the different districts of the Northwest, whose interests are identical, as our export fruits must reach the same markets, are competing with each other instead of cooper- ating as they should do to prevent the glutting of certain markets, and the ruinous cutting of prices. The Northv/est Fruit Exchange, recently organized in Portland is working along the right lines and has been of great benefit this vear in the working up of new and untried markets. This movement must be perfected and controlled more exclusively by the growers. We have much to learn from the orange growers of California who have organized their business so well that oranges are found on sale in the most remote crossroads villages all over the land, and their fruit is the most stable in price of any on the market. In addition to their well organized central selling agency. thev have recently established an orange auction sales department at Los Angeles where oranges are sold daily to the highest bidder. This plan is said to be working extremely well. We must have a strong local union at every shipping point in the Northwest, which union shall have absolute and exclusive control of c (D u > o M Ol Oh =i 03 Ol 'c3 I— < o Peak Culture in Oregon. 83 and solely to the growing of the trees. The young trees should be headed low, not over eighteen inches above the ground and I would prune the young tree so as to produce the vase shaped tree. Keep the limbs headed back, so as to produce a stockv and strong limb. When the trees are old enough to bear crops of fruit, it is well to raise a cover crop in the orchard frequently and plow it under so as to keep up the fertility of the soll. Do not allow the trees to grow hieb into the air, keep them headed back so that you can spray them easily, which is absolutely necessary, and so that the fruit may be more easilv gathered, both of which items are a saving in expense. We have trees that are headed back every year so that they do not grow any larger, but they grow stronger and are able to Support a füll crop without a prop to keep the limbs from breaking. If left alone pear trees will grow very large. I have seen pear trees that were at least fifty feet high and had a spread of forty feet. It is impos- sible to give such a tree the proper care and very difficult to save even a minor portion of its load of fruit. In passing I will state that I have seen many of these large pear trees throughout the Willamette Valley, they were planted by the pioneers of this Valley. I remember of seeing one of these trees cut down for fuel. It measured twenty-four inches in diameter at the base and I counted forty-five rings in the cross-section of the cut; each ring represented a year's growth, and the trunk was sound throughout. As to how much longer such a tree would live and produce a crop of pears, if left alone to the forces of nature, I leave for you to conjecture. Do not think that all a young orchard needs is cultivation, that because the trees are small they need no other care. The trees must be pruned everv year, they must be sprayed everv season. Some sprays are used as a preventive and some sprays are applied as a specific remedy. There are fungous diseases and insect pests that will sap the vitality and life of the tree if not controlled by known remedies. The better plan is to keep the orchard free from all these ills, rather than to rescue it after infection has taken place. The trees should begin to bear crops of fruit when they are 8 or 10 years old. Now that the trees are in bearing, the fruit must be sold in some market, for the band that holds the plow, the pruning shear and the spraying rod must be compensated. What a beautiful sight it is to stand near by where you can overlook the Comice trees, the Buerre Clairgeau trees and P. Barry trees, all uniform in size and well-laden with fruit evenly distributed. As the afternoon sun strikes the ripening pears a flame is thrown over the orchard and you realize the promises of the orchard have been fulfilled, the prophecy of the spring has been rolled into history. The forces of nature have been guided to produce a perfect product. The remainder of the work is mechanical. How will the fruit be prepared for market and where is the market? The pears are picked bv band and handled as carefully as eggs, cari'ied from the orchard to the packing house near by on spring trucks, each pear is wrapped in paper and properlv placed in the shipping box. After the cover is nailed tightly on a well-filled box of pears, it is ready for shipment, under refrigeration, to any market in the United States or England. The pears are not only ready for shipment, but are shinned to all of these markets. I have personally shipped pears from the Wallace Orchard to nearly all of the larger eitles of the United States and to London, England, with the result that the pears arrived in good condition and good prices realized. Nearlv all of the growers of pears are doing the same thing. Markets have become established. What has been done in the past can be more easily accomplished in the future as the grower goes forth equipped with the experience of his predecessors. 73 O na TS u ü O CO !1> w CO .A- ORCHARD DRAINAGE A NECESSITY By A. H. Carson, Commissioner for Third District. There are many orchards, already planted, and being planted where the question of drainage has not had the thought and consideration of the planter that it should have to Warrant the future success of the orchard. A fruit tree of any kind cannot be planted in wet, cold soil, thrive, and be a source of profit. If the land is not naturally drained by a gravel sub-soil that is porous, and freely admits of the water from winter rains passing through it, and draining off below, then it should be drained by tiling. Many of our tree planters take it for granted that our hin slopes are naturally drained because of the grade to the slope, when, as a matter of fact, but few hill slopes in southern Oregon but would be materially benefited and improved by underdrainage with tile. Our hill slopes in southern Oregon are clay loams resting often on a stiff clay sub-soil, or a hardpan from two to three feet below the surface soil. These red clay loams during our winter rains, if resting on a clay sub-soil or a hardpan, hold water in Suspension, fill up, and the water then flows off over the surface. A wet winter keeps soils of this character filled with water from three to four months . during the wet period. A fruit tree planted in such soil has its roots submerged during all the wet period of the year until in many cases the tree is drowned, actually killed. If not killed, its vitalitv is so greatly weakened by the roots being submerged for so long a period that when the growing period arrives it falls to respond, and eventually dies. The hill slopes of southern Oreeon from surface indications look the same, red loam. Their adaptabilitv to the growth of fruit of any kind is a question of depth, and the texture of the sub-soil to facilitate drainage. If the red clay loam soil has a depth of four or more feet resting on a porous gravel, or on decomposed bed rock, then such conditions would insure natural drainage, and such soil could be safely planted to the apple and pear, and would bv thorough cultivation to conserve moisture give the planter returns for care bestowed. On the other band, should this red clay loam be from two to three feet in depth, resting on a clay sub-soil, such soil should never be planted to fruit of any kind until under-drained. This is a shallow soil, with the water-table too near the surface, which would hold water during the wet period which would drown the tree planted in it. The only way to make these shallow soils ayailable for successful tree grov/th is bv under-drainage bv tiling. In such soils the water-table being only two feet below the surface, a fruit tree planted in soil of this shallow depth would not have depth of soil sufficient to anchor itself and sustain the force of a strong wind-storm when the ground is saturated with water, as the roots will not penetrate below the water- table. Then there is not a depth of soil that would give soil enough for the tree (should it live) to draw nourishment enough to mature a crop of fruit, and it would not be practical with the best of cultivation to make a tree in such a shallow soil grow, for the reason the soil, being filled with water during the wet period, would not drain off until late in the spring, when the top would bake, and then if stirred with the plow heavy clods would form, and it would be impossible to fine and create a dust mulch so necessary to conserve moisture for the growth of the tree during the dry ■»4 'S- ?. . t" u O K C3 0) Ol o Orchard Drainage a Necessity. 87 period of the season. Without this dust mulch such shallow soils dry out through capillarv attraction to the water-table, then the tree perishes for the want of moisture. These shallow soils where the water-table is near the surface are during our wet period the wettest soils we have on this coast, and during our dry periods are the dryest. A soll of this kind can be made available for fruit growing by lowering the water-table to four or five feet below the surface by under-draining by tiling. Bv tiling to a depth of four to five feet the rains during the winter pass through these soils, and drain off through the tile. This draining off through the soil causes in a year or two the clay sub-soil to break up, slake, and become porous, and to the depth you have laid the tile, vou have deepened the soil. It takes from two to three years after the tiles are laid for all the stiff clay sub-soil to break up, and become porous. We under-drain shallow soils, and achieve by so doing a depth of soil greater than before drained. We carry off the excess of water that falls during a wet winter through the soil to the drains below. We create a depth of soil that has double the amount of storage of water by absorption that we can conserve for the growing tree by good cultivation, and a fine dust mulch. By drainage we carry the water through the soil which is a fertilizer, making it possible for whatever plant food there is in the soil to decay, and become soluble for the growing tree, and through the action of the air passing through the soil give the tree the essential gases — oxygen and nitrogen — it must have for a healthv growth. As paradoxical as it mav seem, we tile wet.land to make it dry, and to make it wet. This is seemingly contradictory, yet it is a fact. Yet no more a fact than that our wettest soils during a wet period are our dryest soils during a drv period. Through tiling we make it possible for air circulation through the tile, and through the soil. At the dryest period the air always is charged at night with more or less invisible moisture, and by the air circulating through the tile and soil particles, condensation through the difference in temperature occurs, and the moisture is left in the soil for the growing plant. This has been one of our very drv years, and where Irrigation could not be had, many growing crops have been short, and particularly is this shortage noted on shallow soils. Yet on all soils that have been under-drained by tiling it has been observed that crops, both fruit and truck, have grown luxuriantly. The under-drained soils have had a continual supply of moisture from con- densation that occurs from air circulation through the soil by the way of the tile. Many of our hill slopes that do not require drainage to carry off the water from heavy rains can be made very pi'oductive bv tiling so as to create the necessary moisture for growing crops through air circulation through the soil. Where drainage is contemplated. the one who does it must not forget that the deeper the tile is laid. the greater area of ground it will drain, and the deeper he has made bis soil. Another essential is grade. Every tile should be laid on grade. In fact, where a plot of ground is to be drained it will pav to have the Services of a competent civil engineer to lay off the mains and laterals, and establish the proper grade. There should be no guess-work as to grade. Every tile must be laid on grade, or eise the purpose of cutting ditches for tile, which is expensive, would be lost. A Single tile out of grade would soon fill up, and your purpose to drain your land would be defeated. The expense of under-drainage is a factor that perhaps deters manv from undertaking it. However, when the benefit derived from under- drainage is once understood the time will come when manv thousand acres in Oregon will be under-drained. In fact, the question of Irrigation 88 Report of State Board of Horticulture. will be one of the factors that will force under-drainage, as it is one of the Problems of Irrigation to get the water to the land, and then to get it away from it, and shallow soils with a clay subsoil cannot be successfully irrigated without under-drainage. To emphasize the fact that with general Irrigation that will in time come in southern Oregon when the benefits are better understood, that under-drainage will be forced on many of our soils where the water-table is forced near the surface by reason of an impervious clay, or cement hardpan subsoil, I quote Mr. Carl S. Schofield, Agriculturist in Charge of Western Agricultural Exten- sion, Bureau of Plant Industry, which will be found under the caption, "The Problems of an Irrigation Farmer," Year Book of the Department of Agriculture, 1909: "One of the most striking features in the history of Irrigation in the Old World is the ruin of Irrigation enterprises caused by the rise of Underground waters and of alkali. Botb in theory and practice these phenomena are closely associated. Arid lands almost universally contain large quantities of soluble salts, because these salts — the products of rock disintegration and soll formation — are not leached out by rain. The more common salts thus formed are sodium chloride, sodium sulphate, and sodium carbonate. and though only the last is really an alkaline salt, the populär term 'alkali" is applied to whatever salts occur in the soll water in sufRcient quantities to check or prevent plant growth. "Excessive Irrigation in time fills the soll with water, in which these salts are dissolyed, and the eyaporation of the water from the ground brings the salts up and leayes them at or near the surface in constantly increasing quantities. Unless natural drainage courses are present or artificial ones are created the inevitable result of excessive irrgation is that the land becomes too wet or too alkaline for the growth of crop plants. This problem of Underground waters should be contantly in mind, not only in the selection of an irrigated farm, but also in its management. It does not sufRce that a f armer himself uses Irrigation water .iudiciously, for the reckless use of water on adiacent higher land may ruin a farm completely. It is true that either Underground waters or alkali alone may cause trouble in some cases, but they occur most frequently together and both yield to the same remedy. which is adequate drainage." Irrigated land, where the subsoil is not porous and there is reckless use of water, soon becomes swamp. This condition of land becoming swamp is to be found in eyerv Irrigation district. From Secretary Wilson's report in the Year Book for 1909, it is estimated that about 700,000 acres of land haye become swamps through irrigation, throughout the West. This land is ;mder water, and the only possibility of reclaiming and making it productive is by under-draining by using tile. Any and all contemplated Systems of irrigation should haye careful suryeys made of the subsoil to determine if the same is porous, and will afford the neces- sary drainage before water is conducted to the land for irrigation, or eise the Promoters may stand to lose large sums of money. The outlay at the beginning to put unfayorable land that requires drainage in condition for irripration is expensiye, but the results in production will in the end be a profitable Investment. When land is once properly drained, with necessary depth, it lasts forever, and is always productive with ample water, and gains riches with each generation for all time. THE LABOR PROBLEM OF HARVESTING A LARGE APPLE AND PEAR CROP By A. H. Carson, Commissioner for Third District. It is poor business method on the part of the apple and pear growers to grow large crops of apples and pears in the Rogue and Umpqua Valleys without seriouslv considering the labor problem, To harvest the crop in its proper season, 'quickly, with the least cost to the growers, is one of the problems that must be considered, and the best methods as to the details worked out to pick and pack the crop at a minimum cost to avoid loss. At present the acreage in apples and pears in the third district that are in bearing is only about twenty per cent of the acreage that is planted. To harvest the present crop taxes the available labor that is to be had in the district. There are at present in Jackson, Josephine and Douglas counties 1,650,000 apple and pear trees in the old and newlv planted orchards. Annually the new orchards are increasing the number of trees by 600,000 to 800,000. Had the present acreage been in bearing this year, and averaged five boxes to the tree, there would have been 8,250,000 boxes of apples and pears, or 13,583 car- loads. With the present population of the third district, if we had to pick, pack and ship 13,583 cars of apples and pears, where could the labor be drawn from to save the crop without loss at a minimum cost? In gathering pears the time to handle the different commercial vari- eties is limited. The reasons varv. Some years pears ripen slowly. To meet the various conditions of ripening and o-ather the crop with economy requires the necessary number of laborers in the country for the growers to draw their help from at harvest time. The same conditions as to labor prevail at apple-picking time. When Newtowns, Spitzs, and other commercial varieties are ready to pick, they should be gathered promptly and stored in the packing house. The grower takes a risk to let his apples remain on the trees after they are ready to gather. Should the grower let his apples hang when ready to gather, he is liable to loss from the fall rains that alv/ays bring with them more or less wind that shakes off many choice apples. The loss from wind is alwavs to be considered, and onlv ample labor to gather and störe quickly can reduce this loss to a minimum. In Jackson County there are several orchards that contain four hundred acres, or more, under one m.anagement. When these large orchards come into bearinff. and Droduce maximum crops, the picking, packing and shipping to market will call for the best business methods to handle with economy and without loss. If labor is ever so plentv. the handling of a large force of apple pickers in one of these large orchards requires thorough Organization to work at the best advantage to secure the best and most work at the least cost. The averasre aople and pear picker has only his daily or hourly wage in view, and unless supervised by a competent foreman much fruit mav be injured in gathering by careless handling in picking that might make it unfit for long-distance shipping, causing a loss to the grower. The question of labor is in mv opinion of such vital importance that I would suggest the fruit-growers all over the State, in their horticultural o 0) pH Ol o Labor Problem of Harvestimg a Large Apple and Pear Crop. 91 meetings, raise the question as to the best methods of quickly and cheaply picking an apple and pear crop. Through the horticultural societies this question can be discussed, and details worked out by the best business talent in the societies on business lines that will appeal to the majority of the growers, so that each may take advantage of the best System in the conduct of harvesting a large apple and pear crop. To secure apple pickers, I quote the methods of a large apple grower in West Virginia: "When he could estimate the number of pickers he would require, he advertised in the local papers that pickers were wanted, also sent hangers to all the local stores in his county that pickers were wanted, and requested those who desired to pick to make application. Three times the number required made application. In order to hold the best of these applicants, certain rules and regulations were adopted covering the conduct of the pickers. Some of the more hilarious spirits obiected to the rules, and at once were discharged, and others taken in their places. "This enforcement of discipline at the beginning had an excellent effect. The pickers retained were divided into squads under competent foremen. The pickers were responsible to the foreman, and each foreman was responsible for the work of his squad to the manager. Each foreman was furnished with written Instructions in regard to the picking, which they were to follow. The pickers were paid for their work by the hour." That rules and regulations as to how apples should be picked, and a strict enforcement of the same, are necessary, where a large number of pickers are employed, is evident. It is useless to grow and mature a large crop of apples and at gathering time have them carelessly picked and bruised to lessen their value in shipping a long distance to market. Nearly all apples and pears grown in the Northwest Pacific states have to seek a market in the East, or in Europe, hence the greatest care in gathering and packing to get to the long distant markets in the best of condition must always be considered. TEACHING HORTICULTURE IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. By R. H. Weber, Commissioner for Fourth District. With the great "Back to the Farm" movement now in progress, and which is particularly strong in the Pacific Northwest, the question as to how are the city folk who answer nature's call and migrate back to soil and nature prepared to cope with the difficulties confronting them in their newly chosen vocation naturally arises. This question is difficult of Solu- tion, and would suggest the necessity of reconstructing our methods and System of public school education to include courses in agricultural and horticultural training in all elementarv branches. Particularly is this true of horticultural subjects, for if we are to grow "BETTER FRUIT" we must of necessity have "BETTER FRUIT GROWERS," and to get these requires training. True it is that our agricultural Colleges offer some relief in this direction, but the students attending these institutions are of an advanced age, and, lackinp- the elementary horticultural training which should be supplied in our public schools, find themselves obliged in early manhood to resort to a primer in the two most important Industries, Agriculture and Horticulture. We, in Oregon, especially in those districts where fruit growing is the principal industry. should insist on having included in the curriculüm of our public schools the elementary principles of this most important branch. Farm life of today, especially the remunerative horticultural branch, offers splendid pecuniary rewards when carried on scientifically, and is a most pleasant and attractive vocation. While there are on record cases of city-bred men having successfully met and conquered the soil, it cannot be vouchsafed that they entered upon their work without much trepidation such as would entirely be eliminated with proper early traininsr in soil tillage. Why, with all professional branches crowded to the starvation point, we should persist in preparing a still greater army for the professions, to which our present educational system leads, when the farm offers a ready Solution of the Problem, is difficult of comprehension. With modern conveniences, such as gasoline engines, for instance, to pump water and do innumerable other chores and supply power for electric lighting, the farm offers irresistible attractions today that were unknown to our fathers. Let US then break away from the old slip-shod way of farming without any knowledge of the art bv inculcatinp- in the minds of the young in our public schools the required knowledge that will enable them to enter upon farm work v/ith a comprehension that will make it as fascinating as it is bound to be profitable. The Problem of "HIGH COST OF LIVING" would readily be solved by training the youthful minds of the urbanites along agricultural and horticultural lines, thus creating in them a desire to remove into God's free country, with its manv blessings, away from the contaminating influ- ences of overcrowded tenement and other cheap lodging districts in our large eitles, where thev would soon not only be self-sustaining by reason of producing evervthing needed for their own wants, but assist in sup- plying those who perforce were compelled bv circumstances or choice to remain in their urban caves. Farming, no more than any other business. can be done by one who does not know how, although it is a eood business, when properly con- ducted by one who knows the business, for as it is, the man without training or experience would be apt to nrove a dismal failure at farmine as he would as a merchant or manufacturer, were he to enter this field without training. Let US then make every endeavor to bring about a knowledge of farm- ing among the masses, as a Solution of social and economic conditions confronting the present and future generations. THE STONE FRUITS IN OREGON By R. H. Weber, Commissioner for Fourth District. The stone f ruits have for many years occupied a prominent position in the horticultural industry of the State; in fact, it can be said that the Position of stone fruits is in the lead when considered from a financial point of view as reference to the files of the biennial reports of the State Board of Horticulture will readilv show. Nor is there much danger that this Position will be surrendered to any other class of fruit in the very near future, as manv trees are being olanted everv vear of all kinds of stone fruits which flourish in all sections of the State of Oregon and greatly add to its fame as one of the greatest fruit-growing states in the Union, and which in a few vears hence will doubtless rank first in point of acreage and quantity of fruit produced. The Italian prune at this time is unquestionably in the lead as to number of trees in bearing and quantitv of fruit produced. This variety in the evaporated State now finds readv sale in the markets of the United States and Europe, with an ever-increasing demand on account of its large size and fine qualitv. Nowhere in the wide world does the Italian prune grow to greater perfection, both as to size and flavor, than in this State, many thousands of acres of rieh soll both in eastern and western Oregon are devoted to its growth. Perhaps in no other place in the known world are there so many large Italian prune orchards as in the Willamette Valley, yielding annually many millions of pounds of the dried product and bringing to the State sums of money which run above a million dollars every year. While the product of the prune orchards in western Oreeon is put upon the market in the evaporated State for the most part, those grown on the easterr\ slope of the Cascade mountains are invariably shipped in the fresh state to the eastern and even European markets, to which places they are shipped under refrigei-ation and where they find a ready market at profit- able prices to the growers. Demand for prunes, both dried and fresh, has been so streng the last few vears and prices have ruled so high that many growers are making extensive additions to their orchards. The prune, bemg a staple product, and being marketable both fresh as well as evaporated, there is little danger of an over-production, especially since its^ production is practically confined to the Pacific Northwest, and principally to the State of Oregon, which is in the proud position of being looked to by the entire world for its supply of Italian prunes. Flums do well in all parts of Oregon, but as they cannot be profitably evaporated and must be marketed fresh, there is not so large a field for them as for prunes, unless our friends, the canners, should come to the rescue and put them into cans to be put upon the market. There is, how- ever, a great demand for the large, juicv plums which grow in Oregon in our eastern cities, and many carloads find their way to these markets every year. If varieties and locations were studied, there is no question but what much money could be made raising plums, for they surely grow to perfection as regards size and qualitv and are wonderfully productive. Many of the newer varieties recentlv introduced are immense in size and beautiful in color with most delicious flavor and bring enormous prices. PEACHES. Next to prunes in order of acreage come peaches, of which Oregon has many large orchards and thousands of trees yielding immense revenue to their lucky owners. If there is a place in the State where peaches will Stone Fruits in Oregon. 95 not grow, it had not been discovered up to the time of the taking of the last census. The annual production ol peaches within the boundaries of the State amount to millions of boxes, which find a ready market in the cities of our own and adjoining Stades and in Alaska for the most part, while a great many carloads und their way to a profitable eastern market. While peaches are the most perishable fruit grown in the State, the fact that their period of ripening extends over so long a season makes them a most desirable fruit. Season of ripening begins in the month of May for the earliest sorts, and extends away into October, a period of six months. This is really the poor man's fruit to raise, as it enables him to harvest bis own crop with bis own help, thus saving the wages of hired hands whose pay soon eats into the profits. Nectarines grow to perfection in Oregon, but the fruit-eating public does not take kindly to them, so it does not pay to raise in commercial quantities, and we will dismiss them without further comment. • APRICOTS. Demand for apricots of late years has been so great that growers have been unable to supply their customers with either the fresh, evaporated or canned stock. This brisk demand has had the tendency on growers to extend their plantings considerablv and unless the markets continue to improve on this varietv, a few years will see the product nearer equal the demand. Apricots flourish as if indigenous to Oregon's soll, and as they come into bearing very young. and are heavy annual yielders, they are a most profitable fruit to cultivate. Their season of ripening does not extend over so long a season as peaches, and for that reason they are somewhat more difficult to handle in large quantity. CHERRIES. Last, but not least ,come cherries. If peaches can be called the poor man's fruit, cherries certainly have the distinction of being the lazy man's fruit. The cherry, after it comes into bearing, requires the least work and attention of any fruit grown, and therefore the profits derived f rom its production are correspondingly greater. Pruning of cherries is unnec- essary after they come into bearing; spraying is next to unnecessary, as the common orchard pests seldom attack it, and owing to the fact that it ripens its fruit in four months from the bloom it requires but a Short season's cultivation, as cherries should not be cultivated after the fruit has been picked. The only thing of any importance that needs doing is picking the fruit, and after that counting the money, then eight months for travel and recreation until the next season's crop requires attention. On account of the small cost of production, cherries are the most profit- able of any fruit crop grown in Oregon. Gare must be taken in selecting a location for cherries, as they require a well drained soil and will not stand for wet feet. The fact that cherries are in great demand fresh, canned, evaporated and preserved or maraschinoed, is füll proof against an over-production, and will always insure a good market at fair prices. Another matter to consider in connection with cherrv culture is the fact that they cannot be profitably grown except on the Pacific Coast, and only in favored localities here, so that it would seem certain that the cherrv business will always be profitable from the growers' standpoint. Cherries are most prolific. The tree in the accompanying cut bore 620 pounds of fruit this year, which at the low price of 5c per pound would be $31.00, a large sum when it is considered that the cost of production is much less than that of any other fruit, leaving the net profits correspondingly greater. For the 96 Report of State Board of Horticulture. reason that they mature their fruit so early in the season, before the winter's moisture is exhausted, cherry trees can be planted closer than other varieties of fruit, greatly increasing the per-acre yield over other kinds of fruit. ^ The stone fruits as a general thing are produced much more cheaply than apples or pears, as most of them ripen early in the season, require less cultivation, this we will call saving No. 1; with the exception of peaches, apricots and a few varieties of olums, thinning of stone fruit is not required, which is saving No. 2; positively no summer spraying necessary, as codlin moth, so destructive to apples, attacks not the stone fruits, this is saving No. 3. Supposinp- now that each point of saving amounts to 10 per cent in cost of production, we then can grow our stone fruits 30 per cent cheaper than apples or pears, which naturally must bring correspondinglv larger profits. SMALL FRUITS IN EASTERN OREGON By JuDD Geer, Commissioner for Fifth District. There ai'e few section in eastern Oregon where the farmer cannot grow almost the entire list of small fruits that can be grown in a temperate climate; cherries of everv known variety as well as berries of every kind; the red, yellow, and black raspberries, strawberries, black- berries, loganberries, gooseberries and currants, as well as a large number of novelties which are of no commercial value. The question is not what we can grow, but what shall we grow, that will be of commercial value? So easilv ai-e these fruits produced that I feel that it is hardly necessarv to treat the sub.iect for the benefit of the family table, as whatever applies to the commercial phase of the question applies likewise to the producer for home use. The object of the Horticultural Board is to aid in developing an industry, hence too much thought and consideration cannot be given to the monev-making side of the question, as it has been proven in many places that it is only where fruit has been grown of highest quality and the best methods have prevailed that the most money is made. I feel that one of the leading points in view in building ud an industry is the money side of it. It- appeals to the practical man when all the theorles of scientific research fall to move him. The Chei'ry. — Cherries most easily take the lead over all small fruits. The grower who is seeking something which will yield him good money early in the season can make no wiser move than to plant a cherry orchard. The climate and conditions seem made for this fruit in Eastern Oregon. The early rains mature the crop without irrigation; yet, I have never known a crop to be iniured to anv extent from Cracking because of rain. The dry season usually begins at about the time of the harvesting of this crop. The cool nights of our high altitude produce a fruit which is very solid and firm and will bear shipping long distances, some specimens of which I have known to be two wecks in transit and the fruit remain sound. No crop save strawberries brings returns so early in the season. While we cannot hope to get the big prices realized by the California grower, still we have a "good thing" and that should satisfy any reason- able grower. For mv own use in growing for profit, the list has practically narrowed dovra to three varieties, the Bine". Lambert and Royal "Ann; although there is a large list of very choice cherries which are equal and perhaps superior for family use, there has proved to be little or no money in growing them. We are too far from market to consider the sour cherry as a source of income. The Bing cherry is a wonder; it seems not to have a fault. It is ahead of anv known variety for this climate. The Black cherry, however, will not bring so good a -orice by 25 per cent when sold for canning or preserving and when the fresh fruit market "goes to pieces" as it sometimes does the fruit must then be sold in bulk for such purposes. For this reason I would plant largely of Royal Anns. During the past cherry season an eastern firm bought the bulk of the Royal Anns in Grande Ronde and shipped them in large barreis containing some liquid preservative. They were to be made into the famous Maraschino cherrv of commerce, so much used for flavoring and decorative purposes where choice ices and drinks are served. Sie. 4 CO CO 6 0) Ol 3 Co Ol O) Small Fruits in Eastern Oregon. 99 The demand for cherry trees far exceeds the supply. For some reason they have proved with me more difficult to propagate than any other tree. Something seems to happen every year to cut off the supply of cherry trees. I would give a good deal to know a safe and sure method of growing the infant tree. Under present conditions the price of it must remain high. In growing the cherry as well as other fruits, "eternal vigilance is the price of success." The trees must be closely watched lest diseases invade your orchard and destroy either the trees or fruit. The following is well worth preserving by those who are interested in cherry growing. The buUetin was prepared by Prof. S. A. Beach and E. E. Little of the Iowa Agricultural College, after actual test approved and recommended by some of the most successful practica! growers. From experience I can say last year curculio nearly destroyed my cherry crop and had been more or less troublesome in previous years. I followed directions with best possible results, the cherries being free from worms. GENERAL TREATMENT FOR THE CHERRY. When to spray and what to spray for: (1) Just before blossoms open, for fruit rot, Bordeaux mixture: (2) just before blossoms fall, fruit rot, leaf spot, Bordeaux mixture; curculio worms in fruit, paris green or arsenate lead; (3) just after picking fruit, leaf spot, Bordeaux mixture; (4) three or four weeks later, repeat 3 for leaf spot; (5) for cherry slugs, when first seen any time during season except when fruit is ready for market, paris green or arsenate of lead. THE STRAWBERRY. Next on the list of small fruits I place the strawberry. It is first in importance among berries. It is not only first in quality and first in season, but first in monev value. I think I can safely say that its cash value to the people of Oregon is easily ten times that of any other berry. It has not one failing. It is queen among berries, and there is point in the old rhyme — " Wlien the angel made shad the devil was mad ; For it seemed such a dream of delight. So he worked hands and feet, to spoil the good meat, And he stuck in the bones out of spite. When the strawberry red first illumined their bed, Tlie angel looked down and was glad, But tlie devil, 'tis said, fairly pounded his head — He had used all the bones on the shad." By all means select a berry of dark rieh color clear through and of firm texture. Probablv there is no better berry when it can be grown than the Clark's Seedling that has won a name for itself in the markets over half a continent. In some places it does not succeed and it is best to use those varieties that are well known to be adapted to your particular location, while testing for better varieties. Of course much depends on the handling of the fruit when grown; much care being given now by successful Prowers to putting the fruit up in an attractive way, sorting out the small berries and facing the basket with those of an even size. In manv cases they are literally packed like other fruit. There is less jarring in transit and the fruit is in much better condition if packed firmlv. When strawberries are grown for a permanent business great care should be taken that the soll be thoroughly prepared before setting" the plants. It should be plowed, harrowed, and thoroughly pulverized. In the matted row System mark the rows three feet aoart and cross-mark the rows 30 inches apart so that you can cultivate both ways until the runners get a good Start. Do not cut off the first runners except in hill culture. Let 100 Report of State Board of Horticulture. the first ones set and train them to fill the positions in which you wish them to bear fruit. When you have the rows filled remove all surplus runners. For hill culture in the field mark the rows 30 inches apart and set the plants 12 or 15 inches apart in the row, keeping off all runners so that the plants may stool. It may be necessary to combat some of the pests which annov the strawberry grower, so I append the best method obtainable. GENERAL TREATMENT FOR STRAWBERRY. When to spray and what to spray for: (1) When growth begins and as often as necessary for rust or leaf spot, Bordeaux mixture; (2) after picking fruit, cut and burn foliage on windy day; (3) at first appearance of leaf roller, arsenical poison every week if necessary but not after fruit is half formed. THE RASPBERRY. Next in line for quality, popularity, and quantity produced is the raspberry. Following closely after the strawberry it fills a much-felt want in the markets. If anything would make us cease to miss the strawberry it is the advent of the raspberry season. There are several varieties quite different in flavor and manner of growth. The same method of treatment applies with but slight Variation to all varieties. Of course the soll must be thoroughlv prepared as for strawberries ; if any difference the plowing should be unusually deep as the plants once placed remain for several years and the roots should have every opportunity to grow deep that the plants may obtain every possible amount of moisture. This berry, as well as all other varieties, requires a large amount of moisture in order to oroduce luscious fruit. Red raspberries are usually propagated bv transplanting the numer- ous suckers which come up freely around the original hills. The black raspberrv, usually termed the black cap, does not sucker so freely and the best plants are obtained by cuttings laid down in the fall. For a commercial plantation the plants ai'e best placed four by eight feet apart as this gives room to cultivate, disc, or spray without injury to the plants. This is important to the commercial grower, as one man and team can do more and better work in a day than half a dozen men with band tools. The ground should at all times be kept clean and well cultivated. The canes growing one summer bear fruit the next season and then die, while new canes develop each year for the succeeding crop. Fre- quently the canes which have fruited are allowed to remain until the following spring before removal but better results are obtained bv cutting and burning them as soon as the ci-op is harvested, besides insects and fungous diseases are often destroved by so doing. In the spring the growth of new canes should be thinned. From three to five canes to the hill are better than a larger number. GOOSEBERRIES AND CURRANTS. These berries are easily grown and so far have not proved profitable in a commercial wav in this section. I have known some growers to experiment for a few years with them but they soon cleaned out the plants and used the space for something more easilv turned into money. If you have the variety that you want and take the trouble to encourage natural lavering it is best to grow vour own bushes. If vou are depending on a nurseryman bv all means order very earlv. Thev Start at a verv low temperature and even en route if the weather is warm they will start to grow, which of course injures them. Any limb with a root, however tiny. will make a bush if carefully transplanted early in the season. SMALL FRUITS IN WESTERN OREGON By H. M. WiLLiAMSON, Secretary of the State Board of Horticulture. In this article Western Oregon will be considered as including that part of the State which lies west of the Cascade Mountains, excepting that portion thereof drained by the Rogue River. The natural conditions of Western Oregon are peculiarly favorable for the production of small fruits. The temperature rarely falls to zero in winter, and the summers are cool and free from drying winds; and large yields, produced through a prolonged ripening season, are the rule. THE STRAWBERRY. In Western Oregon, as elsewhere, the strawberrv is the leader among small fruits. Few other sections can be found where the strawberry yields such large crops of fruit of the best quality as are grown here. By reason of the ample supply of choice berries at a moderate price throughout a long season the consumption of strawberries per person is unusually large in Portland and the other eitles of the State. The quantities taken by canneries is steadily increasing, and this increase will be more rapid when the completion of the Panama canal gives freight rates sufficiently low to encourage the shipping of canned straw- berries to eastern markets. By reason of favorable climatic conditions strawberries are grown at lower cost in Western Oregon than in any portion of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The United States census of 1900 showed that Oregon then raised more straw- berries than Iowa and 50 per cent more than Minnesota, although Iowa then had more than five times as many inhabitants as Oregon, and Minnesota about four times as many. The pioneer settlers of Oregon found strawberries growing wild here in great profusion and for many vears the wild strawberries sufficed to meet the wants of the farmers and of the residents of the smaller eitles and villages of the country. The native strawberries of Oregon begin to ripen earlier than any cultivated variety, but little effort has been made to select or propagate from this stock varieties worthy of cultivation. In 1858 Seth Lewelling brought from the east a number of varieties of cultivated strawberries but found the demand at that time for straw- berries so small that it did not pav to raise them. A few years later the demand for strawberries in Portland began to grow rapidly. Partly by chance and partly as a result of systematic effort a number of new varieties of strawberries have originated in Oregon in the past 30 vears which have proved especially well adapted to production in this State. It is probable that at the present time more than 90 per Cent of the strawberries grov/n in the State are of varieties which originated in Western Oregon. The leaders among the varieties which originated here are the Clark's Seedling (also called the Hood River and Clark's Early) , Magoon, Oregon, and Gold Dollar. The oldest of these varieties is the Clark's Seedling. It originated as a result of experimental planting of strawberrv seeds bv Mr. Fred Clark, a gardener and fruit grower who lived in the Mount Tabor district near Portland. The date of its origin has not been learned but plants of this variety were set at Hood River in 1883 by Mr. T. R. Coon. The variety proved peculiarly well adapted to the Hood River Valley and for many years Original Magoon Strawberry Plant. Standing in a large washtub. Small Fruits in Western Oregon. 103 has been the only variety grown for shipment from that place. As grown at Hood River it is the best shipping strawberry grown in the United States and outsells all other berries in every market in which it has been introduced. It is commonly known in the markets to which it is sent as the Hood River strawberry. The berries are of medium size, richly colored all through and present a most attractive appearance. The berries contain more of both acid and sugar than the average strawberry which gives them a decidedly rieh flavor although they are to be classed with sour rather than with sweet strawberries. This variety is not as populär with growers in Western Oregon as with those at Hood River. It yields as a rule less than half as much as the varieties grown for supplying the home markets of Oregon and the Pacific north- west. At "the present time no effort is made to ship strawberries to distant points from Western Oregon and the superior shipping and keeping qualities of the Clark's Seedling do not offset its smaller yield in producing berries for the home market in the opinion of the majority of the growers. There has been observable within the past two or three years a tendency to increase the production of this variety in Western Oregon from the facts that an increasing number of consumers are willing to pay a materially higher price for it than for the larger and milder flavored varieties, and that in times of glut the Clark's Seedling can always be sold to the canners who will not buy large and soft berries except in times of great scarcity. The Clark's Seedling thrives best on Solls which contain a considerable proportion of sandbut it requires more moisture than almost any other variety, being in this respect like the old Triomphe de Gand, which was, before the introduction of the Clark's Seedling, the best shipping berry grown in Oregon. The leading strawberry grown for the home markets in Western Oregon is the Magoon. This variety originated as a chance seedling in the garden of W. J. Magoon, a fruit grower in the suburbs of Portland. He first called attention to it at a meeting of the Multnomah Fruit Growers' Association held at the South Mount Tabor school house, June 9, 1894. He took one plant from the ground with care and set it in a common washtub and exhibited it at the meeting with its load of fruit in all stages of development. . Within four years from that date the Magoon had become the leading strawberry in the Portland market and has held first place up to the present time. The berries are large, symmetrical, a deep crimson in color, and of excellent quality. They hold their appearance well after picking and stand shipment better than most large strawberries. They are among the best of the large berries for canning but are not taken by canners when a sufficient supply of Wilson or Clark's Seedling strawberries can be obtained. The season of the Magoon is rather later than the average, and it is one of the varieties which can be made to bear in the fall; in fact in Western Oregon it frequently bears to some extent in the fall with ordinary care. The worst fault of the variety is that the fruit lies on the ground. It thrives best on deep clap loam soils. The vine growth is very large and the richer the land the further apart the plants must be. The "Oregon" originated near Salem a few years later than the Magoon. The berries are large and handsome, and very attractive when fresh but do not retain their fine appearance as well as the Magoon. A few growers prefer the variety to the Magoon, but the greater part of the growers report that the Magoon surpasses the Oregon in yield and is a better market berry. The Oregon is highly commended for raising for home use as it can be had fresh from the vines in perfect condition and has a long bearing season. The Gold Dollar was originated by Mr. Z. Mills, of Springbrook, Oregon, and was one of a large number of seedlings grown by him. 104 Report of State Board of Horticulture. He believes it to have grown from a seed of an Excelsior berry. It is as early as the Excelsior and begins to ripen soon after the first of May in the Willamette Valley. It is larger, handsomer, sweeter, and more prolific than the Excelsior and is fast supplanting that variety in this State. The berries are too soft to permit their shipment except to markets near the place where raised. There are a number of other new varieties of promise which have been originated in this State but which are not yet thoroughly tested. The only varieties introduced here from the east which are grown to any great extent in Western Oregon are the Marshall and Wilson. The Marshall is as large or larger than the Magoon and somewhat resembles it in shape and appearance. It ripens a little earlier than the Magoon. Apparently it is better adapted than the Magoon to the typical hill lands of the Willamette Valley, but this has not been as yet thoroughly settled. A large majority of the growers prefer the Magoon to the Marshall, and report the Magoon much the better yielder of the two, and say that the Magoon holds up better after being picked than the Marshall. The old Wilson is still grown to a considerable extent in Western Oregon because it is preferred to all other varieties for canning both in the home and by commercial canners. It requires especially careful culture in order to prevent the berries from becoming too small in the latter part of the bearing season. The Warfield does well in Oregon and is an excellent all-purpose berry but is not grown enough to be known on the markets of the State. The Excelsior, which for a number of years was the first early strawberry on the local markets of home growth, is now being abandoned by growers as the Gold Dollar is a more profitable first early variety for the home markets. soiLS, planting, cultivation, etc. Strawberries can be grown on almost any of the soils of Western Oregon. The type of soil known as a clay loam is the best for most varieties. Peaty soils should be avoided and soils which are coarse grained and dry out quickly are not satisfactory. Land which has been under cultivation for many years is usually too deficient in humus and if strawberries are to be grown on such soil a crop of common vetches should be grown and plowed under the year before the plants are set, the vetches to be followed by cultivated crop. It is not well to plant strawberries on land v/hich has recently been in clover as the crown borer works in both the clover and strawberry plants. Fiat land which lacks drainage is not desirable. For the earliest varieties a southern slope of a hill is desirable if the site is such as to be unusually free from frost. The preparation of the land should be most thorough. Mr. A. J. Shipley, a successful grower of Monmouth, Oregon, says he has never been able to get his land in first-class condition for planting with less than three plowings, following each plowing with thorough discing. He says further: "The first plowing should be about four inches deep; the second, seven, and the third about ten inches deep. When the ground is in proper condition to work it can't be disced, harrowed, and clod-mashed too much." Strawberry plants may be set in the fall or as early in the spring as it is possible to get the soil in good condition. Many growers prefer to plant late in the spring as the soil can then be more readily put in the best condition than earlier. If the plantation is large enough to permit, it is best to set the plants of the varieties which make large tops so they can be cultivated both ways. On good soil Magoon plants should stand three and one- Small Fruits in Western Oregon. 105 half feet apart both ways as this variety makes large tops and does not bear well if the plants crowd each other. Marshall, Wilson, Oregon, and Gold Dollar plants may be set three feet apart if cultivated both ways, or three by two if cultivated one way. Clark's Seedling plants may be set eight inches apart in rows three feet apart, or the plants may be set two feet apart in the rows and each plant allowed to set three or four additional plants lengthwise of the rows. When obtaining plants for setting one should take pains to obtain young plants set from runners of plants that have not fruited, as such plants are more vigorous than those developed from plants which have been exhausted by bearing. The plants should be carefully handled when taken up so as to keep the roots from drying out. As soon as the planter receives them he should at once heel the plants in mellow moist (not wet) soil. When preparing for planting straighten out the roots and cut off about one-third of the length evenly with shears. Cut off also all but two of the leaves. Be sure to keep the roots moist from the time the plants are taken out of the ground until they are set. The land is usually marked with a sied with runners which can be adjusted to the desired width. In planting very large fields machine planters are used. Ordinarily the work of planting is done by two persons. One of these vises a spade which is set in the earth where the plant is to be and is then shoved forward, leaving a space for the plant. The other person who carries the plants takes a plant, spreads its roots and inserts in the space left by the spade in such a way that the crown will be just barely below the surface of the land. The spade is then withdrawn in such a way as to avoid hitting the plant or its roots and inserted back of the plant and pressed forward to fill the cavity in which the plant was set. The eai'th should then be firmed around the plant with the foot. Planting should never be done when the earth is so moist that it will not crumble when compressed in the band and then released. This applies to the planting of all plants and trees. Frequent cultivation throughout the growing season is necessary. After every rain the land should be cultivated and clod-mashed äs soon an it is dry enough to work. This should be supplemented by hoeing around the plant to mellow the soil not reached by the cultivator. With such varieties as the Magoon, Marshall, Oregon, and Gold Dollar cut all runners as they appear. An old scythe bent into semi-circular form and provided with a handle makes a good runner cutter. It is cönsidered the better practice to clip off all blossoms v/hich appear the first year. The cultivation should be as thorough the second year as the first. As soon as the crop is picked the plants should be mowed and when the tops are dry burn them. As soon as this is done cultivation should be resumed and kept up during the season. It was formerly the custom to take four crops of strawberries from the vines in Western Oregon before plowing them up, but since the crown borer and other pests have been introduced it is not now common to take more than two crops, and after the second crop is harvested the land mav at once be plowed. If the same land is wanted for strawberries again vetches should be sown early in the fall to be plowed under in the following spring and be followed by a cultivated crop before straw- berrv plants are again set. Commercial fertilizers have not yet been used to any extent in raisin^;.; strawberries in Oregon, but in a few instances applications of potash and phosphoric acid to crops preceding strawberries have proved decidedly bei <^ficial to the strawberry crop. The familiär crown borer is the most common pest to be contended w-^ih. If the methods described in this article are followed this pest doe'^ not greatly injure the crop. The white grub, the larvje of the 106 Report of State Board of Horticulture. Miiy bug, ifc- not known in Oregon. In a few districts of the State — in the vicinity of Mount Tabor, in the Milton-Freewater district, and in one or two other sections — a small white grub does much damage by feeding on the roots. In obtaining plants for setting one should avoid getting them from an infested district. If planting in a district which is already infested plants should be obtained from an uninfested district and set after the middle of June. The beetle which lays the eggs does not appear to fly far, and the pest spi-eads slowly unless taken on plants. raspberries. All varieties of raspberries find most congenial conditions in Western Oregon. A native blackcap is common and is of good quality, bears well and thrives under cultivation. Red raspberries yield so abundantly that the berries are usually sold here at prices far below those which pievail in the east. Until within a few years a variety known as the Antwerp was the leader among the red raspberries grown for the local markets in Oregon. It is not known whether or not it is the true Red Antwerp. The berries are very large and the yield on good land enormous, but the fruit is soft and unusually sour. This variety has now been almost supplanted by the well known Cuthbert which does well here and yields good, firm fruit liked both for consumption fresh and for canning. Raspberries thrive in Western Oregon on any rieh, deep, well drained soil, but soll which holds moisture well is best for the blackcaps. While it is possible by the use of thorough methods to ship both red raspberries and blackcaps as far east as the Mississippi River, it has been the practice so far to grow them almost exclusively for home consumption and the canneries. Blackcap raspberries are grown to some extent for drying, and it appears possible to extend quite materially this branch of the industry, as there is a demand for a large quantity of evaporated raspberries at prices which make the production profitable. Rev. Joseph Hall of New- berg, Oregon, took the lead in the development of the industry of pro- ducing evaporated raspberries in this State. He has found by more than ten years' experience in the Willamette Valley that while as a safeguard it is necessary to have an evaporator, it is only on rare occasions when the berries cannot be dried in the sun at lower cost than in an evaporator. At the prices paid in recent years the crop has been decidedly profitable, netting from $100 to $200 per acre per year. The Gregg is the variety of blackcap most grown for market in Oregon. It is thought that the Kansas is one of the best varieties for drying. A variety introduced at Springbrook from Kentucky is the most populär in the Newberg district. It is the common practice in Oregon to raise raspberries in rows about six feet apart, with the plants about four feet apart in the rows. Some growers use a single row of posts for each i'ow with three galvanized wires to tie to. Others use a double row of posts about ten inches apart with one or two wires on each set of posts, and keep the canes between the wires. THE LOGANBERRY. This berry originated on the grounds of Judge J. H. Logan at Santa Cruz, California, about 1880. It is supposed to be a cross between the red raspberry and the Aughinbaugh dewberry. It was introduced at Ashltind, Eugene, and other places in Oregon soon after 1890 and found especially congenial conditions in the western portion of this State. The plant is an evergreen and the tops are killed by zero Small Fruits in Western Oregon. 107 temperatures. The canes or vines are long and similar in habit of growth to the dewberrj% but are more robust. The berries are as large as the largest blackberries, but are of the shape of dewberries. They become a light red in color several days before they are ripe and become a dark crimson when fully ripe. Eaten raw, they much resemble the red raspberry in flavor, but are especially pleasing when cooked, as in the process of cooking a rieh flavor is developed which is intermediate between the red raspberry and the native dewberry of the Pacific Coast (locally called the wild blackberry). They are much in favor for home canning. Loganberry pies are populär wherever known. The juice can be used for making a delicious summer drink. A new method of utilizing .the crop has been developed within a few yeaj'S, and that is placeing them upon the market in evaporated form. A few years ago Mr. W. K. Newell, President of the State Board of Horticulture, persuaded a few Oregon growers to evaporate some logan- berries and he shipped the product to a prominent eastern house which deals in dried fruits in order to have the product tested on the market, particularly for making pies. A demand was at once found for this new product and both demand and supply have been growing. This year many tons of evaporated loganberries have been shipped from Oregon to the east and the supply was not sufficient to fully meet the deinand. The prices obtained by the growers for the evaporated logan- berries have been from 18 to 22 cents per pound. About five pounds of fresh berries are required to make one pound of evaporated, and the amount of dried product per acre is from 2,000 to 3,000 pounds on good land. Because of the large size of the loganberries they can be picked at less cost than raspberries. The loganberry is propagated in the same way as the blackcap raspberry; that is, from the tips. To obtain plants throw a spadeful of earth over each tip of the new canes early in the fall. These tips will root and the plants thus started be ready for planting the following spring. The late Mr. A. M. A^spinwall of Brooks, Oregon, who was one of the most extensive and successful growers of the loganberry, read a paper at the annual meeting of the Oregon State Horticultural Society, held in January, 1908, from which the following extracts are taken: "Select a deep, rieh, dark loam soll if you have it. A elay subsoil is to be preferred to one of sandy or gravelly texture. Drainage is important. If the water does not draw off naturally tile draining should be provided. In planting I prefer the month of April if the conditions of the soil are right. I prefer to . set the plants eight f eet apart each way. The first year the vines will not interfere materially with cultivation until about the first of August, after which they frequently shoot out 18 or 20 feet, or even more, before winter. They ehould be trellised during the fall. Build your trellis substantially. Use good strong cedar posts and set them not farther than 32 feet apart in the rows. Securely fasten to these three or four No. 12 galvanized wires, spaeing them equal distances apart. Train each vine separately on the wires. Distribute evenly and see that each wire carries its füll share of the weight. If practicable have the trellised rows run north and south; thus the vines are proteeted from the pre- vailing winds of the Willamette Valley and the fruit ripens more evenly. As a rule the loganberry needs little pruning. Do not thin them out until more than a dozen canes appear in a hill, and then remove only the weaker canes. Cultivation should be thorough and frequent. I prefer to plow both in the fall and in the spring, turning the furrow against the row in the fall and into the center in the spring. Then use the disc or spring-tooth harrow until in July. Start the cultivation o Q a) > p 6 Small fruits in Western Oregon. 109 as early in the spring as the ground can be worked and go over the surface at least once each week. As the season advances see that the harrow is set more shallow with each cultivation and follow it each time with the clod-masher. Have a careful trainer go ahead of culti- vator to turn in all arms that dangle out from trellis to prevent the team from breaking them. In the Willamette Valley the first berries are usually ready for gathering about the middle of June. The ripening will increase steadily until in July when the füll harvest is on. The harvest continues six weeks during which time the vines should be carefully gone over every alternate day and the ripened berries gathered. Do not allow the fruit to get over-ripe. When the season for gathering loganberries arrives everything should be in readiness — plenty of crates on band and made up, and enough pickers and attendants engaged. It requires about ten good pickers for each acre of loganberries." Burbank's Phenomenal berry is so much like the loganberry that a casual observer does not see any difference. The berries are said to be better shippers than the loganberries, but the yield is less and Phenomenal plants are no longer in demand for planting in Western Oregon. blackberries and dewberries. The native dewberry of Oregon, commonly called the "wild black- berry," grows abundantly in open woods in Western Oregon, and is highly prized for household canning. It thrives under cultivation but is not grown to any extent in that v/ay. The flavor when cooked is unsurpassed by any other berries of its kind. The leaders among the varieties of Standard blackberries cultivated in Western Oregon are the Snyder and the Kittatiny. The rows of blackberries should be eight feet apart, and plants may be set four to six feet apart in the rows. The manner of supporting the canes is the same as with red raspberries. Very few Standard eastern dew- berries are grown in Oregon, but a number of varieties of blackberries with running vines are grown to some extent. The most common of these is the variety known as the Evergreen. The foliage and habits of growth of this plant are quite distinct from other blackberries and dewberries, but the fruit is very similar to other blackberries. The bearing season is long and the yield on moist ground very great. The vines are rampant growers, and if neglected become a nuisance. If handled in the same manner as dewberries or loganberries and kept in check by pruning, the fruit is improved in size and the variety is profitable, as the berries of this variety are well liked by canners. The Mammoth blackberry is also a plant of trailing habit and requires about the same method of treatment as the loganberry. The fruit is large, soft, and of good flavor. It ripens early or aoout with the Lucretia dewberry and the flavor is morc like that of Standard blackberries than is the case with ordinary dewberries. The Himalaya blackberry is another of the trailing type of blackberries. It is said to be a better shipper and a much better bearer than the Mammoth. Neither variety is grown extensively in this State. All of the blackberries need deep, rieh soll which naturally retains moisture well. This is especially true of the Standard and evergreen varieties as they ripen late in the season and on moist soil continue to bear until late in the fall. The soil should be well supplied with humus and the supply be maintained by growing winter cover crops of vetches to be turned under as early in the spring as the ground is in good working condition. Cultivation should be thorough and be maintained until the fruit begins to ripen. 110 Report of State Board of Horticulture. CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES. The climatic conditions are well nigh ideal for these berries in Western Oregon. The main demand for gooseberries is that made by commercial canners, and it is not safe to plant extensively without first making a contract with a cannery for a term of years. The Oregon Champion, a variety which originated in Western Oregon and is now well known in many other portions of the United States, is grown almost to the exclusion of other varieties. Its large size suggests the probability that it is a cross between European and American varieties but it is free from mildew. The same varieties of currants are populär here and in the east, and the methods of planting and caring for gooseberries and currants are the same here and in the east. cranberries. Along the Oregon coast there are tracts of land adapted to cran- berry culture, and in Coos and Tillamook counties the industry of grow- ing cranberries for market has been established. Mr. C. D. McFarlin, who established the industry in Coos County, commenced planting in 1885. In 1891 he had nearly five acres in bearing, and he reports that since that time there has never been a year in which his net returns have been less than $200 per acire, and in some years the profit has reached nearly $400 per acre. He states that cranberries grown in Coos County contain more starch and less acid than those grown in the east and make a better flavored sauce. The successful cultivation of the cranberry requires a peat soll free from sediment, in a locality where clean sand can be readily obtained, and so situated that the tract can be flooded at will. Mr. McFarlin advises every person who thinks of engaging in cranberry culture to get a copy of "Cranberry Culture," by J. J. White, published by the Orange Judd Co., New York City. Apple and Pear Market in Europe, and Prospects of the Northwest Growers in that Market By Hon. H. B. Miller, Consul at Belfast. IMPORTATION OF APPLES INTO THE UNITED KINGDOM, WITH COUNTRIES FROM WHICH THEY COME. FRUIT NOT LIABLE TO DUTY. Apples, Raw. From — 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. Germany $ 19,385 $ 70,390 $ 20,890 $ 7,695 Netherlands 141,105 64,480 100.580 118,220 Belgium 121,800 126,395 176,560 475,265 France 276,440 80.585 107,240 365,420 Portugal 220,165 228,395 171,585 212,440 Spain 122,760 17.780 81,880 5,165 United States of America 4,684,340 4,342,190 4,299,100 3,649,215 Other foregn countries 1,020 1,040 1,935 1,935 Channel Islands 61,445 52,810 28,520 24,950 W. Australia 300 2,920 2,295 S. Australia (including N. Ter.) 139,770 117,715 59,115 264,115 Victoria 122,175 106,990 218,005 140,555 New South Wales 1,000 1,355 3,535 6,970 Queensland 25 Tasmania 894,590 666,505 1.278,000 1,114,530 Canada :. 3,519,750 2,889,910 4,604.370 4,007,780 Other British Possessions 320 535 2,400 1,440 Total $10,325,965 $8,767,885 $11,156,635 $10,398,515 GREAT BRITAIN. Great Britain is not in a general term an apple-growing oountry. Ireland is perhaps the best apple-producing section of the empire, but its production does not excced over 50,000 barreis. The apples grown in Ireland are especially prized for cooking purposes, and there is no doubt but that the production of cooking apples will tend to increase, but it will be many years before it will have any appreciable effeet upon the market. The Department of Agriculture is endeavoring to encourage apple growing by establishing experimental orchards and giving Instruction in horticulture in various districts. The table given shows the importation of apples into Great Britain for four years, together with the countries of their origin. A review of the apiDle importation into Great Britain for a period of years prior to this schedule, shows that for a number of years the annual importa- tion amounted to between five and six million dollars. In 1892 the Imports for some unknown reason nearly doubled, and reached about $10,000,000, and since that time they have remained close to that value, varying only slightly either way, and for the last year of statistics, 1908, the total Imports amounted to $10,398,500. It seems clear, there- fore, that there is little likelihood of any decrease in this quantity of imports of apples into Great Britain. There is a fair prospect, under favorable conditions of industrial prosperity, of this amount being considerably increased. IMPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES. The United States of America shares in this market to the extent of something over one-third, averaging for the past four years $4,000,000 T3 O O o O c o Apple and Pear Market in Europe, Etc. 113 per annum. Canada is now our strengest competitor, sharing about equally with us in the amount of exports. Belgium and France are the next in trade, Australia and Tasmania following. We are not competitors with the Australian and Tasmanian apple, because they come into the markets at a different time of the year, mostly during May and June, while our apples are almost entirely fall and winter varieties. character of fruit pack. The great bulk of apples in the markets of Great Britain are shipped in barreis and, measured by the Pacific Coast Standard of quality and pack, are of a very inferior grade. The consumption of apples in Great Britain, however, is largely for cooking purposes, and on this account it consumes an enormous quantity of inferior and low grade stock. The bulk of these apples are bought by brokers from the orchard, thrown into the barreis in an indiscriminate and careless way, and shipped without any thought or care for the reputation of the business. This style and method of handling fruit, when it is met by the superior skill and care of growers and shippers of the North Pacific Coast, will be very readily discovered in the trade. FURTHER PROSPECTS FOR THE OREGON APPLE. If the Pacific Coast orchardists continue to produce their present high quality of stock, and improve upon their methods of handling same by superior packing and enlarging and improved organizations of associa- tions for reliable grading and marketing, there seems to be no reason why they should not command the largest part of the apple trade of Great Britain. The most serious difficulty at present standing in the way is not a sufficient quantity, with a well established reputation of quality and grading, together with too high cost of transportation. The reputation of Oregon apples in the British market now Stands highest of all that are shipped from any part of the world. There is no question whatever concerning the possibilities of the north- west producing a quality of fruit that will command this market. A little better understanding in relation to the varieties for the market in future plantings would be of great value. The taste of the British apple consumers demands a fruit filled with juice; a dry apple will never be populär here. Sufficient acid to make it a good cooker is also important. TRANSPORTATION. The present cost of transporting a box of apples to the European market from the Pacific Coast is 75 cents. The great market for the apples of the north west in Europe cannot well begin until the completion of the Panama Canal. Considerable quantities of good grade stock will find a market here from nov/ on at a profitable rate, and shipments ought to increase very materially every year, but t^e mnrl-et for Pacific Coast anoles is not likely to reach into the million dollar class until the completion of the Panama canal. By that time, however, shipments ought to reach in the markets of Europe from three to six million dollars per annum, and cost of transportation should not be over 35 cents per box. If proper attention is given to this great future market by the states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, the bulk of these shipments can be made from Poi-tland bv refrigsrator ste^me^s at a rate not to exceed 50 per cent more thin the regulär merchandise steamer rate. There is no apple growing district of equal value in production any- where on the North American continent as close to tidewater as the 114 Report of State Board of Horticulture. territories of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, for which Portland can be the shipping center. Apples are Coming into the British market in January and February from the Pacific Coast badly injured by freezing; this of course will not occur in shipments by steamer after the opening of the canal. VARIETIES OF APPLES. The following are the leading varieties of apples being imported into Great B ritain with the selling value according to the standing in the column : Grimes Golden. Yellow Newtown Pippin. King. Northern Spy. Jonathan. Russet. Baldwin. Gano. Ben Davis. There are many other kinds in the markets both in barreis and boxes, but it is safe to take the above as all being Standards. Kings, Jonathans and the best of the Baldwins are marketed before the first of the year. IRRIGATED APPLES. This year (1909) all the apples from irrigated districts have proved very unsatisfactory, especially those arriving after January first, as from one-quarter to one-third are more or less decayed. I have Seen large, fine looking Winesaps and Rome Beauties, and other equally hardy varieties from irrigated districts, arriving in a bad State of decay, and dealers have entered a strong complaint. I find that apples from non-irrigated districts Coming into the markets after the first of the year, uniformly bring the best prices. GERMAN APPLE MARKET. IMPORTATION OF APPLES INTO GERMANY FROM VA«IOUS COUNTRIES. Figures given in busheis. 1907. 1908. 1909. Belgium 478,632 820,608 509,568 France 187.200 220,41^ 187,200 Italv 3,329,376 298,176 3,329,376 Netherlands 906,964 998,160 906,864 Austria-Hungary 2,140,656 3,005,472 2,140,656 Switzerland 1,193,136 2,986,464 1,193,136 Servia 168,576 168,576 United States 442.992 207,600 442,992 Australia Confed 75,888 64,272 Total importation 8,983,632 8,640,816 8,983,632 Note. — The figures for 1909 are for the first eleven montlis only. The value of Imports of fresh apples and pears into Germany has been between five and eight million dollars per annum for the past ten years. The share of the United States in this trade is comparatively small, but I am of the opinion that it could be very materially increased by a proper effort on the part of the Pacific Coast growers to advertise and push their products. The Apple and Peak Market in Europe, Etc. 115 Germany is making a creditable effort in the production of apples, and the number of apple trees planted in the empire is over fifty-two millions. IMPORTATION OF PEARS INTO GERMANY FROM VARIOUS COUNTRIES. Gei-man reports place imports of pears and quinces together in the f ollowing talale : Figures given in busheis. 1907. 1908. 1909. Belgium 349,300 300,950 459,600 France 208,700 Italy 173,900 181,550 278,950 Netherlands 402,100 158,100 308,300 Austria-Hungary 944,650 432,450 1,570,000 Switzerland 71,750 60,600 305.000 Total importation 2,159,950 1,278,500 3,009,650 The average import price per 100 kilos (220.4 Ibs.) in 1907 was M. 14.82 ($3.53), in 1908 M. 13.13 ($3.12) and 1909 it was M. 17.34 ($4.12). The average import price in 1907 and 1908 was about 1% Cents per pound, and in 1909 nearly two cents per pound. From this table it seems that the United States has no part of con- sequence in the pear trade. Not having had an opportunity of a personal inspection of the Ger- man fruit trade, I am not able to give detail Information that would be of value either in the apple of pear markets. There are over twenty-five million pear trees in Germany. IMPORTATION OF PEARS INTO THE UNITED KINGDOM. Pears, Raw. From — 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. Germany $ 59,080 $ 117,830 $ 87,425 $ 9,390 Netherlands 138,975 89,895 199,865 64,415 Eelgium 221,455 327,630 611,715 422,430 France 1,019,205 1,736,055 1,190,270 1,415,310 United States of America 471,490 437,010 132,210 470,185 Other foreig-n countries 6,650 4,280 11,570 5,465 Channel Islands 19,240 52,595 30,845 29,570 Cape of Good Hope 6,440 20,395 35,365 56,100 Australia 44,560 23,765 75,240 23,290 Canada 51,965 51,905 18,540 83,455 Other British possessions 25 10 10 10 Total importation $2,039,085 $2,861,370 $2, 393, $55 $2,579,620 Pears to the value of two and a half million dollars are annually imported into Great Britain. This amount has been remarkably constant for the past five years. France has a little over half of this trade with Belgium usually second and the United States third. The Pacific Coast pear is becoming well established and the Oregon fall and winter pears are beginning to make a first class reputation. More of them is all that is required to enlarge the market, as dealers everywhere are calling for more of the Oregon fall and winter pears and offer every encouragement to the increase of the market. They do not speak so encouragingly of the market for summer pears. Oregon can produce these pears that are particularly desired in this market, and in the planting of orchards considerable study should be given to varieties capable of good production in the different dis- tricts and fitted to this trade. The most profitable will be those suited to the holiday trade. A pear satisfactory to the Christmas trade will have very little Opposition in the British markets because the French and Belgian are difficult to keep so late, and as soon as pears begin to soften the dealers do not care to handle them. 116 Report of State Board of Horticulture. One of the finest openings for fruit, and one that I do not hestitae to commend to the attention of Oregon horticulturists is this British market for winter pears. Fruit commission houses have been paying from two to three cents each for pears in twenty pound boxes of from forty to fifty pears each. The following varieties are common sellers : Clairgeau, Hardy, Comice, Anjou, Easter, American Duchess, Arenberg, Charles Ernest, (this is an exceptional favorite as a winter pear) , Magnifique, Glout Mor- ceau (is a high priced and poular winter pear), Josephine de Malines, (is one of the best winter pears). This season the Keiffer has been a splendid seller. Small pears, however luscious, do not seem to answer the demands of this market, such as Winter Neils. pears from SOUTH AFRICA. During the latter part of February this year, large consignments of Bartlett pears came to the British markets from Cape Town, South Africa, under the name of "Bon-Chretien," also known in the street as "William Pears." These pears were introduced from France to England by a man by the name of William, and therefore pass under his name here. The same pear was introduced into America by a Mr. Bartlett, and hence in the United States is known as the Bartlett pear. Thousands of boxes of these pears are consigned into the British markets now, and will continue to come until some time in May. They come in small single layer boxes of twenty-eight pears each and seil here at $1.00 per box from the commission houses. This fruit comes by steamer, a distance of over six thousand miles, requiring about twenty days for the trip from Cape Town to London. Those that I have seen have been landed in fine condition. Unless Oregon can produce a pear that will compete successfully against the Bartlett for the spring season, it would not be advisable to grow pears for this market to be delivered here after the end of January. The best opportunity seems to be to produce something good for the holiday trade. The Royal Horticultural Society of Great Britain is to a large extent responsible for the development of horticulture in South Africa. They are taking great interest in the production of fruit for the British markets in the various British colonies, and the results of their efforts are showing good returns in many cases. APPLES AND PEARS IN FRANCE. Importation of apples and pears into France, figures given in busheis: From— 1907 1908 Germany 5,930 Austria-Hungary 10,080 Turkev - 2,275 United States 82,875 19,765 Canada 1,245 790 Other countries 2,340 695 Total 103,740 21,250 I have been able to get very little Information concerning the French market. From the above table you will observe that so far as imported apples and pears are concerned the market for foreign stock is not very great. My advices indicate that no pears are imported into France from the United States, and those that are imported are of two varieties, "Amorelle" and "Blanche." Horticulture in France is a most pros- The Apple and Peak Market in Europe, Etc. 117 pering industi-y, and besides growing fruits for their own markets, they are extensive exporters to various European districts. In October, 1909, a technical board of horticulture was created and attached to the ministry of agriculture, The purpose of the board is to promote the development of horticulture in France. In the European markets, especially in pears and the more delicate fruits, France has a great advantage over the United States and in arranging for marketing our fruits in this part of the World, care should be taken to avoid such plantings for this trade as are likely to be ruinous against the French product. A special study should be made of the French productions in Order to get a thorough understand- ing of this phase of the subject. growers and organizations. It is clear that any apple growing section, in Order to make a per- manent success, must establish and maintain a Standard of fruit and pack that will fix its reputation high and substantial in the markets of the World. If this part of the business is left to commission men er brokers it will fall, because their interest is only for the season, and they have no Investment in the reputation in which the grower's entire capital of orchard land and life's occupation are invested. The quality of his product, the grade of his pack, the method and System of placing his Output in the market, which fixes reputation, makes his capital invested, good or bad. These things are as much his business as the growing of the fruit. Experience has proven that these features of the business can best be carried on by associations. The larger, stronger and better the association, the more the profit, and the greater the value of the orchard investm.ent. In Order to be an important factor in the European markets, the shipping Organization of apple growers must be large and strong financially and otherwise, and should control a million boxes or more of fruit. A single ship from New York has just brought into Liverpool over thirty thousand busheis of apples, and this is only one of several ships Clearing every week carrying fruit during the season. The British markets consume between ten and twelve million dolHrs' worth of imported apples each year with an increasing tendency. Why should not the district that has the highest reputation in this market for its fruit, increase to an enormous extent its exports? Oregon apples are the choice of all, and some capable Organization that would take up the matter of making a careful study of the markets of Europe, and how to provide for them, would be able to add millions to the wealth and much to the happiness of the people of the entire northwest coast of the United States. The Ontario parliament of Canada, a year ago passed an act pro- viding for grading, marking and inspection of apples, and for a fine for falsely marking packages. This has had a good effect in impi-oving the grading and has brought better returns in cash. The formation of an association of Ontario fruit growers, and establishing of gen- eral packing houses, and uniform packing guaranteed by the associa- tion has had a still better effect, and the association product brings the highest price in the market. Already the Hood River and Rogue River associations in Medford and Grants Pass have their fruit in the markets here, and the dealers are much pleased with their products, brands and grading. These various local organizat'ons should remain intact and form a general selling agency with supervisory pov/ers over methods and quality of pack. The association method will be much better than a g;nei-al law on the subject, and should be relied upon as the important thing in regulation of the business, rather than a State law. EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR OREGON FRUITS EUROPEAN MARKETS FOR OREGON FRUITS. Read by Hon. H. B. Miller before the 1910 annual meeting of the Oregon State Horticultural Society. This article Supplements the preceding one by Mr .Miller. GREAT BRITAIN. Of all the European markets, Great Britain offers the most inviting prospect for the products of the orchards of Oregon and the North- west. The annual importation of apples alone into Great Britain ranges between ten and twelve million dollars in value, one-third of which now comes from the United States, with a very small per cent from the Pacific Northwest. Great Britain Imports annually pears to the value of between two and three million dollars. A very small sprinkling of this importation of pears comes from the Northwest of the United States. In fact the Oregon pear is just beginning to beco^-*"-^ known in the more important markets of Great Britain. Wherever the Oregon apples and Oregon pears have been introduced into these markets they have established a splendid reputation. The dealers every- where say that the Oi'egon apples are far superior to those received from any other country or district.. There should be no trouble in marketing great quantities of Oregon Bartlett pears in British markets. FRESH PRUNES AND PLUMS. The markets of Great Britain are beginning to open for fresh prunes and plums from the Northwest. There are now to be found in nearly all of the leading fruit Stands throughout Great Britain, Coes Golden Drop plums and Oregon prunes, selling at retail from 16 Cents to 20 per pound. The total importation of raw plums into the British markets is $2,150,000, largely from France, and mostly of the variety which we know as the French prune. There was also imported into Great Britain from France, fresh cherries to the value of one million dollars. All raw fruits are imported into Great Britain without duty, and the total value of all classes of fruits imported into Great Britain without duty amounts to $53,000,000 per annum. In addition to this is a very large importation of fruits that pay duty. In looking at the tremendous Imports of fresh fruits into Great Brit- ain, it must be borne in mind that there is no month in the year when they are not importing fresh fruits from some country. Fresh riears, peaches and apples come into the markets from South Africa in Febru- ary, March and April. Similar fruits reach the same market from Australia, Tasmania, and New South Wales in May, June and July. Fruits from Oregon in the markets of Great Britain compete with those from the eastern part of the United States, from Canada, France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands. Our apples compete with apples from all these countries, but more particularly with those from California, Canada, and the eastern part of the United States. European Markets for Oregon Fruits. 119 Our pears compete with the early ones from California, the eastern part of the United States, but primarily with those from France. There is generally at the present time in all of the fruit markets of Great Britain a strong demand for increased importation of Ore- gon pears; more especially of those coming into the markets in Novem- ber and December. I consider the opportunity for the marketing of Oregon pears in the British markets from present appearances far more inviting than any other class of fruits which we can produce. I have met with so many surprises in the matter of raw fruits in the British markets from all parts of the world that I am not prepared to assert that even the Oregon grape and cherry will not some day find a profitable market in the British Isles: When you consider that summer peaches are delivered in the British markets from South Africa in splendid condition by refriger- ator ships, taking from 17 to 20 days for the trip, it is not too much to expect that on the completion of the Panama Canal, we may be able to ship from the Northwest, our most delicate fruits in the fresh state by refrigerator steamers. It would be a surprise to the Oregon fruit grower to visit the fruit markets of Great Britain as well as those of all the European countries, to discover the vast quantity of inferior, immature, scabby, scaly and rotten stuff sold as fresh fruit. A very large per cent of the fruit consumed in the European markets would not be gathered from the ground by an up-to-date Oregon fruit grower. This class of fruit is not only consumed by the poor people, but represents the quality of the large consumption of fruit by the middle and fairly well-to-do people. A very large proportion of the fruit shipped into Great Britain from the United States is of an inferior quality, gathered from the grornd in a most indiscriminate way, put into barreis, and shipped regardless of the reputation of the grower. Much of it is covered with Scale, scab, and is also wormy. Oregon is making its reputa- tion by the quality and the character of the pack of the fruit shipped. This is giving it the highest price for its product. and making a profitable and substantial mar!:et. It is important that this Standard of qualitv fruit, and character of package be permanently maintained. Our strongest competitor in the apple markets of Great Britain will be for many years to come, Canadian fruit. By organizations and associations for marketing, and by laws regulating Standards, by exam- ination and government inspection, the Canadians are improving their reputation and markets in Great Britain, and if in the re-organization of the fiscal System of Great Britain, which is now being much dis- cussed, there should be a preferential tariff^ established on fruit in favor of British possessions then Canadians would still have another advantage over the United States apple trade in Great Britain. Oregon and the Pacific Northwest now hold the best position in the apple markets of the British Empire, and if through proper organ- izations for producing and marketing their fruits they take advantage of every opportunity in reducing the cost of transportation and mar- keting methods, I am convinced that for many years to come they will be able to command the best apple markets of the country. The possibilities in the British markets for the Oregon apple are previously been led to believe. It is a mistake of the horticulturalists of previous been led to believe. It is a mistake of the horticulturalists of the Northwest to imagine that their markets for fresh fruits in Europe are to be confined to the winter apple. There is no reason whatever why the Oregon Gravenstein, and apples of a similar quality and season can not find a profitable market in Europe. This year quite a few Oregon Gravensteins are to be found in the British markets, bringing 120 Report of State Board of Horticulture. the highest price, and reaching the trade in perfect condition. They have been selling by the commission houses at $3.00 per box, the con- sumer paying four cents each. California Gravensteins are also in the market, but are not the choice when Oregons can be secured. DRIED AND PRESERVED FRUITS, ETC. The total Imports of dried plums and prunes such as are produced in the Northwest into Great Britain, amount to $1,285,000. The total importation from the United States of fruits preserved with and with- out sugar other than dried fruits is about $1,500,000, the larger Pro- portion of which comes from California. There is imported from the United States, prunes, plums, and dried fruits to the value of $335,000. largely the French prune from California, with a small proportion of the Oregon prune from the north. Dried currants pay a duty of 48 cents per cwt. Dried figs, plums, prunes, raisins, etc., pay a duty of $1.68 per cwt. Preserved fruits also pay a duty of $1.68 per cv/t. FRANCE. France is primarily a fruit producing country, producing pears and apples, prunes and other fruits, not alone for her own consumption, but extensively for exportation. Our markets there, however, are extremely limited, and even the surrounding countries export very few apples and pears into France. The total importation for table use in 1908 amounted to about 25,000 busheis, 20,000 of which came from the United States. The apples from the United States pay a duty into France of about 10 cents per bushel. This is the minimum tariff rate which the United States enjoys. The maximum rate is just double this amount. Fresh pears pay a minimum duty of 12% cents per bushel. Dried apples and dried pears pay per cwt. four times that of the fresh fruit. Dried prunes pay a duty of five times per cwt. of that on fresh apples. The total exports of table apples and pears fresh from France in 1909 amounted to something over $2,000,000. One and a half million dollars' worth was in pears exported into Great Britain. Dried Drunes exported amounted to about $2,500,000, and the value of nuts exported amounted to $2,700,000. This does not include almonds, chest- nuts, and peanuts. Statistics in France give the total production of apples and pears for table use for 1907 at about $5,000,000. The nro- duction of apples and pears for eider and perry making amounted to $12,000,000. Plums and prunes amounted to $4,500,000. What fruit is imported into France of such varieties as v/ould be produced in the Northwest come into the markets at a different time of the year from the French fruits and at a different time of the year from those which we could export to that country. It seems to me, therefore, that it is hardly worth while to anticipate any market in France for our fruit products. The total quantity of eider manufactured in France in 1908 amounted to 100,000,000 galloiis. GERMANY. Next to Great Britain, Germany oflFers perhaps the best market for our fruits. This market, however, has not yet been as well sup- plied or exploited as the market of Great Britain with fruits from the Pacific Coast of the United tSates. APPLES. The greater per cent of apple importations comes from Italy, next Austria-Hungary, next Switzerland, then the Netherlands, then Bei- European Markets for Oregon Fruits. 121 gium, then the United States. It will be observed, however, that the countries immediately surrounding Germany are the ones producing the imported fruits for Germany's consumption. pears. In pears, the total importation into Germany is between two and three million biishels, mostly from Austria-Hungary, with very few from the United States. With its Population of 56,000,000 of people, Germany, for instance, consumes 10,000,000 busheis of apples raised in other countries, while the United States secures a trade there not to exceed half a million busheis. There is no question whatever as to the possibilities of extend- ing the market for good Oregon apples to a wonderful extent in Ger- many. The great bulk of the apples imported into Germany is what we call culls on the Pacific Coast. Immatures, unripe, ill-shapen, scabby and small apples and pears are to be found in all of the principal eitles of Germany in the fruit Stands and peddling carts. It is quite a surprise to See well-to-do people purchasing this fruit, and consuming it. Immense quantities of what we know as the French prune are marketed in the green state in a miserable dirty condition. If Oregon apples were put upon the German market at a price that would be very satisfactory to the growers, under a well organized and extensive System of marketing at a price within the ränge of even the ordinarily well-to-do people of Germany there is no doubt as to the expansion of our trade. The vast majority of apples consumed in Germany are grown in Italy and Austria- Hungary. I am not familiär with the condition of production in Italy, but the apples produced in Austria-Hungary are grown in a most desul- tory fashion. The apple trees are mostly old trees, and almost entirely uncultivated. They are grown along the highways mostly and bordering the fields, and where they are grown in the fields they are scattered about in a very irregulär way and are gro^\^l on very tall trees with cattle and stock of different kinds grazing beneath the fruit. Apples grown in Germany are also produced in the sarr.e careless way. Apples are merely and adjunct to the other farming, and are not grown or marketed with care, skill, or systematic method. Germany has the appearance of the most thrifty, industrious, and prosperous country of Europe. It is certainly extremely progressive, and developing in a most substantial way. All of the conditions would seem to indicate that it is one of the best foreign markets to be culti- vated, especially for our apples. According to sections 47 and 48 of the German customs tarifF, the Import duties per 100 kilos (220.4 Ibs.) upon fresh and dried fruits imported from the United States and other countries at present enjoying the minimum rates are as follows: fresh fruit — APPLES, PEARS, QUINCES. (1) Unpacked— From Sept. 1 to Nov. 30 Free From Dec. 1 to Aug. 31, M. 2, 220 Ibs 48 cents (2) Packed— (a) By mail in packages of 5 kilograms (11.02 Ibs.) or less, gross weight Free (b) In sacks weighing at least 50 kilos (110.231 Ibs.) gross weight — From Sept. 1 to Nov. 30 Free From Dec. 1 to Aug. 31, M. 2, 220 Ibs 48 cents (c) In other packing — In Single covering M. 3.20. 220 Ibs 76 cents In more than one cover. M. 5, 220 Ibs $1.19 Apricots ..Free 122 Report of State Board of Horticulture. PEACHES. (1) By mail in packages of 5 kilos (11.02 Ibs.) or less, gross weight Free Otherwise, M. 2, 220 Ibs. DRIED fruit. Apples, pears, apricots, peaches, M. 4, 220 Ibs 96 cents It will be observed that in order -to secure the minimum tariff rate on fresh fruits of 76 cents for 220 Ibs. it will be required to pack the 220 Ibs. of apples in one package with one covering. This seems to be the one serious problem in our securing a great market in Germany for our apples and pears. GREAT BRITAIN AND GERMANY. Great Britain and Germany together offer a most promising field for the markets of apples from the Northwest; but these markets will not hunt for our fruit. Our fruit must hunt these markets. In what way is this problem of marketing the fruits of the Northwest in Europe to be taken up? What System and method is necessary and best to cultivate this trade, secure it and hold it? That is the most important problem before the fruit growers of this country. If we need these markets and want them; if they are important to our industry; if they are essential to the expansion and welfare of the horticultural interests of the Northwest, some systematic organized method must be devised to adver- tise our products, to supply the trade and maintain permanent, substantial, and direct commercial relations between the dealers of Europe and the growers here. I expect no permanent market for our products in Europe to justify our great production until some such Organization is permanently created. I do not mean by this that nothing can be done in any other way. I do not mean to intimate that our trade with Europe will not grow to some extent without it, but I do insist that nothing satisfactory, permanent or extensive in the matter of European markets will be established for our products until the growers create a proper Organization to that end. The cost of transportation in the completion of the Panama Canal will be reduced at least one-half. Many of our more delicate fruits will readily find a good market in Europe when this line of transportation is established. There will then be no reason why direct connection and direct shipments can not be made with enormous exports from the city of Portland to all the lej^ding fruit markets of Europe. In preparation for this great world's change in trade and for our great opportunities in the Old World, we ought to be sending our products into that country sufficiently to establish their reputation, and we should have agents making a careful study of condi- tions, and using every possible method for introducing our products into all the important markets. This can be done nöw on a business basis with a substantial profit to the growers, provided they have properly organized machinery for carrying on the work, and by the time shin- ments begin through the Panama Canal, our trade will be so well estab- lished that we will be able to hold it and increase it with the reduced cost of transportation against the world. HOW to IMPROVE the european market for OREGON FRUITS. There are so many things to be done in order that the fruits of the Northwest may receive proper consideration in the European markets that I feel timid about specializing because of the number of things which I am sure will be overlooked. ADVERTISING. It is of the utmost importance that the splendid fruits of the Northwest should be properly advertised in the markets of Europe. It European Markets for Oregon Fruits. 123 is the common thing to see Oregon apples labeled in the fruit Stands, "California Fruit." It is almost the universal thing to see Oregon prunes labeled "California Plums." It is equally common to see the finest Rogue River pears marked "Pears from California." Everywhere our fruit falls to get its proper recognition on account of the general popularity of California fruit, and the fact that it is sufRciently adver- tised to make the labelling of it an advantage in its sale. The dealer will teil you that the Oregon apple, the Oregon pear, and the Oregon prune is superior to those received from California, but at the same time w^ill proceed to label the Oregon products California fruit. Nearly all the fruit from the Pacific Coast in the European markets, although received in small packages, is sold by the grocer and the fruit dealer, and at the fruit Stands, by the pound or the piece. The man who sells to the consumer buys by the box, and all of them are especially anxious to advertise the product as either American or California. They have these placards printed "American" and "California" in large and attractive letters and keep them on hand for their fruit sales. It would be of great value to the Oregon product to have a small neatly printed placard "Oregon Apples," "Oregon Pears," "Oregon Plums or Prunes," etc., that could be placed in the boxes that go into the European markets, or sent to the dealers for distribution. This would perhaps be one of the best means for advertising. Other advertising methods, however, should not be overlooked. Another important feature in the matter of enlarging the market fo^- fruits of the Northwest, and perhaps the most important of all, is improvement in some form, of methods of getting this fruit to the market, and providing it to the consumer at a less cost. Sixteen cents per pound, for instance, is rather a high price for the green Oregon prune. The price of apples and pears to the consumer ranging from 4 to 10 Cents each is rather exorbitant, and hardly compatible with the plan of enlarging the market. One of the first steps in the matter of extension of the markets for Oregon fruits in Europe, is to send a representative into the markets of Europe to study all of the conditions, and to super- intend the whole plan of marketing the fruit. Our fruits are now marketed by people who only have a temporary interest, and that is to get as big a price as possible for the present season. The proper marketing of our fruits, and the establishment of an intelligent representative leads into the question "Organization of the Growers." I have no hope or faith whatever in the substantial and successful expansion of our markets in Europe in any other method than by proper Organization of the growers for that purpose. Until that is accomplished everything will be spasmodic and uncertain. There was a splendid example of the benefits of proper Organization in protecting the British market for bananas by the great "Banana Import Organization" during the past year. There was a great shortage in the supply of bananas during a large part of the past season, and a splendid opportunity for a temporary profit to be made by this Organ- ization that Controls the impoi'tation of bananas into the British market. On account, however, of their interest in the permanent consumption and maintaining a substantial market, they absolutely refused to raise the price of bananas, and compelled them to be sold at the same price as though the market were perfectly supplied, and the result has been entirely satisfactory to the Organization. The primary work, therefore, as it seems to me, necessary to the enlargement of the fi'uit markets of the Northwest in Europe, lies in the perfection of an Organization of the growers for the purpose of handling the European market primarily in their interest. This Organization must find methods of transportation and marketing that will be of the most economical character. They must have representatives in Europe to watch and care for the trade and devise every possible means for extend- ing and improving it. :SSt^^^^g||iOR^H Hp^jT 'fKilH^I^S^HKä Jonathan Apple Tree in Orchard of B. M. Sproat, Reedville, Oregon. Set January, 1906; photographed fall of 1909; yielded one box apples, 1909. THE APPLE IN OREGON Extracts from Bulletins of the Oregon Expe7-im,ent Station, Preparei by Prof. E. R. Lake. THE PROBLEM OF PLANTING. Before the question of what to plant arises in the mind of the person about to engage in the growing of the apple, there have come those other questions: Shall I grow apples? If so, to what end? For home, local market, or shipment? And it is presumed that to these suggestions a final answer has been given. Whether this reply makes the one or the other object the purpose of the planting matters little, so far as the real work of planting and future care is concerned, though too offen the plants upon which a crop is grown for home use are given little or no intelligent, appreciative attention. There is no adequate excuse for the usual neglect of the trees, shrubs, and vines that produce the fruits for home use. Only clean, healthy, vigorous trees may be expected to produce choice fruit, and what tiller of the soll would that his family should have fruit of an inferior quality? The plea that is usually offered in extenua- tion of the offense of an ill-kept, fruit bearing plantation is that "We can't take time from the regulär work to look after it." This is the merest absurdity. An essential part of man's duty to himself and family is to maintain good health. No Single part of our usual diet does more to promote this condition than wholesome fruit. It is only with the best of health that the soil tiller may expect to successfully compete with his fellow; hence how important that he avoid, as far as possible, all demands upon the physician's Services, for such demands mean a lessening of his earning capacity, as well as an increase in financial expenses. Not alone this, for the growing of good fruit for home use gives a tone, keenness and enthusiasm to the family such as many times repays the outlay. The man, woman or child who works much out doors craves a good supply of f resh fruit, and such an one works harder and more cheerfuUy when liberally supplied with it. Reasons enough, certainly, why the fruit garden about the home should be cultivated and the plants otherwise well treated. And thus it should appear evident that there is really no essential difference between the problem of planting for home and that of plantin"- for the market, except so far as relates to the varieties most desirable for the particular purpose in view. Location. — -From several points of view the problem of where to locate the apple orchard is one of considerable moment. Now that good, clean fruit, free from worms and fungi, is to be secured only at the expense of liberal and effective spraying, it is imnortant that the orchard be located so that this work may be done to the best advantage. Other conditions being equal, one should locate near the home buildings and water supply. For the home orchard it will not be difRcult to group the trees about the buildings in such a manner as to make them easily accessible for spray- ing, the most important, yet the most neglected, part of the orchard's care at present. But for the commercial orchard the question of location assumes various other phases, such as the cost of land; access to shipping points; facility of tillage, depending upon character of soil and climate; the inter-adaptability of climate and varieties, and the prevailing climatic conditions of the locality. 126 Report of State Board of Horticulture. Select for a site as low priced land as is compatible with the desired requirements; deep, well-drained, moderately heavy, friable, fertile soil, in a locality where climatic conditions and transportation facilities are favorable to the development of the crop. SITE, AS TO SOIL. Upon this very important phase of orchard-making, all authorities are practically agreed. From the old orchards, and especially the old trees of both Europe and America, the west and the east, the same lessons are learned. WSth one accord these trees, though separated by leagues of land and water, proclaim the creed of the apple tree — complete air and water drainage, and a deep, loamy soil. Speaking upon this topic aboiit 200 years ago, Miller, an English authority, said: A gentle hazel loam, which is easy to work -and does not retain the wet, is the best. Although these trees will grow on very strong land they are seldom so thriving, nor is the fruit so well flavored as upon trees grown on a gentle soil. Dry, sandy, or g^avelly soils are wholly unfit for the apple tree. Delaville,* writing upon the subject of soils suitable to fruit culture in France, says: A good soil for all fruit trees is composed of equal parts of sand, clay, and lime. Baltet,** a populär French horticultual writer, in discussing the subject of soils desirable for the apple, remarks that: A wheat soil is the soil for the apple tree when grown as a Standard. The importance of thorough drainage in connection with a good soil is emphasized by the same author in these words : The fruit of the apple is largest in the humid Valleys, but best flavored on the hills and dry table lands. The excess of humidity, as the need of free air, inducing canker and favoring the aphis. Nanot,*** in his treatise upon the eider apple, thus speaks of the soil as bearing upon this fruit: The apple is not very particular as to the nature of the soil ; it neither dislikes very clayey, very limey, nor very sandy soils, but the best flavored and longest keeping f ruits come from trees grown on clay loam. Dr. L. H. Bailey,**** speaking of apple-growing in the eastern United States, says: As a rule, rather light or loamy soils, with deep and porous sub-soils, are best adapted to apple growing. Natural drainage is imperative. Apple trees are impatient of wet feet. At a meeting of the Oregon State Horticultural Society, held in New- berg in 1901, E. L. Smith made the following Statements while speaking briefly of the apple: Apples grown on sandy soil will weigh much less per bushel than those grown on clay or clayish soils, other conditions being equal. Apples to be long keepers must be grown on soil having some clay. In reply to a question relative to this point, Col. G. B. Brackett, the pomologist of the U. S. D. A., writes (1904) : "I know of no experiments along this line, but I am inclined to think that apples grown upon clay loam, other conditions being equal, would be somewhat heavier than those grown upon light, sandy soil. I know that apples that are grown on heavy clay soil are apt to keep better than those grown upon light, sandy, *Cours Practique D'Arboriculture Frultiere, 1897. **Traite de la Culture Fruitiere, 1900. ***Ld -p' iid id »1 1 tX5Db- 00 ICX X — x t~x X 1 o; t- OS ic in -«■ X . 1 1 OS X It- j t-lO lObt- 1 1 -^ (NS^M S a^i 55 5^1 5-1 -M -M 7^1 5M " Q<1 5^1 5^ 5- in '!M ■M n r . n n in ' nn .nn ■w-^rid ^ji TT TJ- Tj« ■^Tj^'-rrp-* ■■^■^'ic^-^ i^ ■»■ ■» 1 1 •«! -^ i-a! t TP -a.' 1 -a« «* loä a o: ; 1 1 1 1 p 1 1 1 1 « r 1 1 n 1 1 ■ 1 <^ i i i irfic = CO •c 1 1 1 i o 1 1 1 1 ; o 1 1 1 1 •^ I 1 1 I § pq i i ; ^ i>. t- X X S-1 1 1 1 1 r~< I 1 1 1 rH [ L^t l^ l^ Ut O "^ [ [ J [ id ; ] ; ; ' lÄ X 3; M 1 1 1 1 1 1111 < i i ; IC 7-1 — riri 1 I 1 1 [ so ; 1 ; 1 ■ IC TT l£ -T '^J* TJ* ■■ .t 1 1 td 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 ^■x«-* ^H ' t*c_ r'r: ' ' '^' "^ -» '"* 3S 1 ! 1 xo ■-HO t- _ TP PX ^ U3U3 IC ' i£: lO o IQ ! i ic" tc ic ic sr_ 11 . lOlO 1 1 1 1 X — t~ n— 't- ■ r-rH-OrH X rrX n r- xn— cx 1 ic IC id ■^ICIO licididid id idic id ididicidid » 3J ! 1 1 !x xxxos ■ ast- o OS OS !P jootSosS 1 pQOOt- t- i c: -M -I- *4 1 rr IC »TIC sjn ] 1 1 msn^i — inn 1 VI (N n -H n nn n idtd U3 1 IC lO lO -^ 1 1 iC lO iC tQ ^lO j 1 1 ■ ^'id-g^ •t' -^-^ 1 rr' Tf" o I OSI^X ^ I '. — •M = X rix' i i ■ O -M o' b-a; l!DX = ■>] OS i- o n X » — i S^ 1 S — 7i •?! ! , ^ ^1 « ,^ ■ ( TT TT -T -T 5^1^ 1 ■ 1 TT ■^' I 1 t rH rH c" -^ -1" ■ rH rH n n "H nn ^~* M n n n n ; -J-' rr -^ ^ rj-' ■^ rj- ^T TP* TT* TP* -a" -a^ . i lO la X > Ic X Ixx losioo o C X Ixo X ^ loo 1 1^^ 1 ii-( 1 1 1 s^M-^oq 1 icO'-;n inn .nnr-x CO M-H n .nco-nn üiö |lÖ 1 1>Ö I iiC •nr löiöiö . 1-iTlÖ-a! 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'«1'' 1 "''" "^' '■- \ je 1 lo I40 ! 1 = ~ : cco 0 1 05 I CO |o ' S li 0 X L. 1 0 1 a ! 3 Ml 1 >1 > «IM 5-- ;£ O i; ~ ^ et ~— •- ■? c :; v. 5-?* =- >" t •^ 0 - = - >>*-. — Ö « -^ tZ^ -C s; ™ -^ ^ a> .^ ^ X X X X ''I.f.f.'lr.i^'^ ^ c ? er" ^ 1?^ ^^Ss J^S?^^^^ 1 0, ^ 0 0^ a Y, 0^ , Im 4.9 . a 0 ■r. T c 0 ^ 0» c o T. IC o .. Ä— »c IM 3 t. Sic 05^ 0 £i 4/ 4^ a c C 03 ^ X 0 « ■0 0 c *l-l CS-C w u ^^_ cn a> c -^ csas ■C « » <^ 142 Report of State Board of Horticulture. TILLAGE. Modern soil tillage has in view two chief ends, namely, to improve the mechanical condition, and to increase chemical and biological activities or changes. In the growing of shallow rooted crops, tillage aims to serve both purposes equally, but in the growth of the orchard crop the chief aim is the latter purpose, that is, to induce vigorous chemical and biological changes. The roots of the orchard crop feed so deeply in the soil that tillage Operations cannot be expected to greatly modify the physical conditions, except upon the surface. This is one of the leading reasons why a deep, porous, well drained soil primarily should be selected for an orchard site. Plowing, subsoiling, harrowing, and cultivating break up the soil to a depth suitable for the root Systems of the cereal, root and forage crops, but such Operations only serve to help the orchard crop for the first few years of its growth. By the time the tree comes into bearing its principal roots should be feeding in the soil far beneath the reach of the plow and cultivator, and besides havoc would be wrought if tillage tools were to reach among the roots for the purpose of putting the soil in better physical condition. This phase of the subjeet need receive no further consideration here save this Observation : The importance of the first preparation of the soil for the reception of the trees is not to be underrated. Deep, thorough tillage of a well broken and subdued soil is an essential to success in the first Steps of orcharding. When the young tree is transplanted it undergoes a severe check to its vegetative functionings. Too much cannot be done by way of putting the soil in a fit condition to favor rapid and unobstructed root growth. A point always to be kept in mind when one is dealing with the problems of tree life is that a living, working tree requires a more or less definite amount of energy to produce new wood and leaf growth and a crop of fruit. Any object that obstructs in any way the freedom of growth, or checks the supply of available food materials reduces the tree's supply of energy, and thus retards its growth or croppage. Clods, rocks, puddled earth particles, coarse vegetable matter and other materials may offer obstructions to the course of growth of the roots, or render the food supply more diflficult to obtain; all these conditions are hindrances to the plant's best development. So much of the plant's energy, best efforts, vigor, is used in overcoming these obstacles that frequently the young tree falls to survive the shock of being transplanted. Every time a young root turns out of a quite direct course in its growth there is lost pHnt effort; every time an absorbing rootlet is obliged to encompass a clod instead of penetrating between fine pai'ticles, more plant energy is wasted; every time the roots of plants are si\rrounded with clods, lumps, and soil masses so large that the water of the soil cannot be con- served against evaporation during periods of dry, warm weather, the root System receives a check which too often results. disastrously to the young tree; if there is too much half-rotted vegetable matter in the soil when the young roots begin to push out the heat of this during the process of further decay may rise so high as to kill the tender young roots; or, it may drive off the soil water to such an extent that not enough remains 'to make the mineral plant food of the soil available. For the use of most plants mineral substances must be in very weak Solutions, as one part of mineral matter to 10,000 parts of water, or even as weak as ons in 15,000 parts of water. All these conditions, so unfavorable to tree gro'yvth, are eliminated by such thorough tillage as should be given the soil for at least one year, and preferably two or three years preparatory to the planting out of the young trees. The Apple in Oregon. 143 A thoroughly subdued, deep, fertile, friable soil worked fine is an ideal place in which to transplant a young tree, and under such con- ditions there is little danger of it not enduring the change. Tillage, for the purpose of inducing chemical and biological changes in the soil, is all-important to the orchardist, or other soil tiller for that matter. It has been long known to students of soils that there are two classes of changes constantlv going on in ordinary agricultural soils independent of tillage Operations, but both of which may be greatly augmented by judicious tillage. Chemical changes in the soil result more or less directly in the release of mineral substances needed by the plant. These changes are hastened and increased by the presence irt the soil of water, ' heat, and air in sufficient quantities, and by the stirring and consequent changing of position of the soil particles, These requirements, or rather desirable conditions, are fully induced by proper tillage Operations. By pulverizing the soil, air is admitted; this warms the soil; the water of the soil during the dryer part of the season, by this same Operation, is kept from passing off in the form of vapor as readily as it otherwise would, and while the position of the soil particles is greatly changed, their size is also reduced. The biological changes taking place in the soil and which are like- wise greatly facilitated by good tillage, are various and quite imperfectly understood. A few of the more important ones like nitrification, have received much attention in recent years and results of much moment to the soil tiller are being reached through the biological investigations of the soil now being carried on in nearly every scientific center. CULTIVATION. Tillage Operations generally discussed as cultivation are as variable as the individuals that are engaged in orcharding. Some rely chiefly upon the old-time plow, but more count the modern disc-harrow the staple tool. These latter foUowed by clod-crushers, acme harrows, and scarifiers do most effective work under the usual soil conditions to be found in Oregon orchards. One plowing in alternate years is held to be sufficient for all the mellow soils, though some find that disking alone is all-sufficient. Upon the clayey soils most cultivators decm one plowing a year desirable and in this practice the two Operations of contiguous years are at right angles, ;'. e., one year plow east and west; next year, north and south. Plowing or disking are usually followed by clod crusher or pulverizing harrow. The first Operation is usually just after the blossom.s fall. Then at intervals of two or three weeks the pulverizing harrow follows until the middle of July or first of August. By this time or even by the middle of June, the surface soil from two to three inches deep is a perfect dust, the so-called "dust mulch" or "earth blanket" — a most important factor in the conservation of soil moisture. Where ferns or some other deep-rooted perennial plants persist in playing the part of weeds it is often necessary to go over the ground at intervals of ten days with a tool known as a scarifier. By removing the tops at frequent intervals the roots finally become exhausted, and as there is left no other means for the plant to propagate itself it disappears. It frequently requires from three to four years to rid a piece of land of a well established crop of ferns. Occasionally one hears that trees should not be planted on a fern ridge because the plant is such a pest in the orchard. In truth fern ridges when once subdued are the very best of sites for orchard purposes. Ferns only grow abundantly on well drained soil. The ramifications of their Underground stems and the ultimate death and decay of these very materially aid in oxidizing and aerating the soil, to the depth of two feet, or even 144 Report of State Board of Horticulture. more. This oxidization and aeration are highly important processes in the biological functionings of the soil, and most useful factors in rendering the plant food of the soil available for tree growth. COVER CROPS. This is a phase of orchard management that has received little attention as yet. Speaking more particularly of Western Oregon it may be said: Thus far our orchards that are thoroughly tilled have shown no especial need of Service in the directions in which a Cover crop would aid them, but the time is approaching when such conditions will no longer exist. Thorough tillage increases oxidization in the soil. The humus burns away, as it were, and need for material to replace the original supply will be manifest, in a dryer, harsher soil, some- times heavier, sometimes lighter; in a soil that will be cloddy and intractable, generally throughout Western Oregon. This material can be obtained at least expense by means of cover crops, as oats, wheat, rye, vetch, clover, mustard, and the like. As to the functions of a cover crop altogether, it may be well to quote from bulletin No. 61, of the Delaware Station, which says: " WH AT DOES A COVER CROP DO? 1. If sown at the proper time, about August Ist if weather con- ditions are favorable, it competes with the trees for soil moisture and plant food. The supply of moisture and food to the trees is lessened and their growth is checked. This is desirable, because at that time the trees should stop growing and ripen their wood for the winter;* 2. It Catches soluble nitrates late in the fall when root action of the trees has nearly or quite ceased, thus much plant food is saved rather than allowed to escape in drainage; 3. It prevents erosion of the surface soil by catching the rains as they descend and by conducting them into the soil. This is in contrast to streams of water flowing over the bare surface and cutting Channels for the escape of surplus water. It also holds the snow of Winter, which adds to the efficiency of the protection; 4. It protects the ground from frost to a certain extent; that is, actual tests have proven that ground protected by live cover crops during the winter does not freeze so deep as does bare ground; 5. In the spring it catches soluble nitrates that might leach out of the soil before active root action of the tree begins; 6. It pumps the surplus water out of the soil early in spring so that the ground warms up and may be plowed earlier than if no Cover crop were used; 7. When plowed under, these crops add enormous amounts of vegetable matter or humus to the soil. The humus improves the mechanical condition of the ground by loosening up the soil particles; it increases the water-holding power of the soil, provides a favorable home for soil bacteria, furnishes elements of plant food in available form, and assists in breaking up chemical Compounds of plant food which would otherwise remain unavailable; 8. Experience has shown that the continued use of cover crops will, to a certain extent, make heavy land lighter and light land heavier. This is an immense advantage in practical orchard Operations." Cover crops may be grouped into two — possibly three — classes; the leguminous, as peas, beans, alfalfa, clovers, vetches, cow peas, and the *This Statement applies more particularly to young trees. Bearing trees with US would need no such check and It would be well to sow the cover later, thus not shorten ng the supply of water for the fruit. The Apple in Oregon. 145 like; the potash gatherers, as turnips, rape, and probably kale, and the non-leguminous, as rye, wheat, oats, barley, mustard, buckwheat, rape, millet, corn, and others. The first class are the so-called nitrogen gatherers, and may be considered as fertilizers as well as cover crops. One of the most impor- tant materials used in plant growth is nitrogen. This material bought as a commercial fertilizer or applied with barnyard compost is quite expensive. It abounds in the air as one of the principal gases and, so far as we know at present, this gas can be used directly only by leguminous plants. Or, in other words, this free nitrogen of the air, which is inexhaustible, is made available as plant food through the agency of leguminous plants, while other plants must get the nitrogen required for their growth from the supply in the soll or that set free by decomposing plants or animals. Then, since nitrogen is one of the most valuable of plant foods, it is evident that any plant which is able to get its supply of this element from the inexhaustible stock of the air must be doubly valuable as a cover crop. By recent analyses* it is made evident that certain plants, cowhorn turnips and rape, are rieh in potash. It thus appears that such crops used for cover purposes might put the potash supplies of the soll within easier reach of the tree. If the soil of an orchard is rieh in humus and nitrogen, a cover crop of potash-gathering plants, if from such knowledge as we have of them, we may call them such, would be the logical one to use. In this connection it may be well to note the fact that Scotch kale, a plant closely related to the turnip, has been giving some remarkable yields in Western Oregon, as a forage plant for dairy purposes. It seems probable that this plant would do efficient Service as a cover crop on soils in good tilth and well supplied with humus. And since potash tends to hasten the maturity of a crop, increase the sugar content, and heighten the color, indirectly, at least as a consequence of earlier maturity, its importance to the fruit grower in the moisture sections of our State becomes evident, and any secondary or catch crop that will render the potash of the soil more readily available for the trees is to be held as a useful factor in örcharding. But, as before stated, only practical tests upon the site will determine the course to be followed in each instance. The crops, rotation or tillage, will depend upon the local conditions and the successful orchard- ist will be the intelligent experimenter in these matters. A rotation of cover crops is as important as a rotation of general farm crops. The constant use of a leguminous crop would tend to make the soil very rieh in available nitrogenous materials. This would induce excessive wood and foliage growth at the expense of flowers and fruit. To offset this, cover crop as often as the trees appear to be growing too vigorously at the expense of fruit production. Then we must not lose sight of the fact that though a cover crop may not of itself use the free nitrogen of the air, it will avail itself of such niti'Ogen material as is obtainable in the soil during its period of growth, and, as this is at a time when the dormant tree could make no use of such nitrogen material, which, if not used, soon escapes as' a waste by leaching from the soil, it is seen that the cover crop thus becomes a saver of nitrogen as well as other substances and thus performs a work as important as that of a nitrogen gatherer under the circumstances. In Western Oregon orchards in particular, not a foot of soil should remain uncovered or bare of plant growth from the time the crop is fully grown to the time when the fruit begins to form the following ♦Delaware Station. 146 Report of State Board of Horticulture. spring. The warm winter temperature, together with the rainfall, results in a set of conditions quite suitable for the growth of many hardy plants. Under the same conditions biological and chemical changes in the soll are setting free much soluble plant food material. This material, if not used by active plants on the ground, will be wasted very largely by surface washing or leaching through the drainage System. An active crop saves this waste; puts it in such form as can be more readily used by the trees when they become active in the spring. And thus, while saving what would otherwise be lost to the soll tiller, the cover crop performs a preliminary or preparatory work for the trees, getting ready for their use early in the spring a quantity of predigested breakfast food, as it were. And, as with the human, the more substantial the breakfast the better the start in the season's work. While the list of plants that may be grown for cover purposes is quite long, each locality and each grower will find that local conditions and personal requirements will render some more suitable than others for his purpose. So far as reports have been made the vetch — Vida sativa — appears to give the best results in Western Oregon. PRUNING. " Pruning is commonly resorted to only for the purpose of increasing the vigor of feeble trees, or to regulate or improve the form of healthy and luxuriant trees." — Downing. " The course to follov/ in pruning will depend upon which of the two leading objects, vigor of growth or fruitfulness, is in view. Pruning at one scason will produce one result, while pruning at another will yield a different result, hence prune in winter for wood and summer for fruit." — Warder. " Bad pruning of the apple is disposed to give an alternate produc- tion of fruit." — Passy. Pruning and training should go band in band in orchard making. To prune is to remove surplus or undesirable wood; to train is to evolve an ideal or cori-ect form as a result of the pruning, but it should be remembered that the form will vary not only with the several kinds of trees but also with the different varieties of the same kind, as is well illustrated, for example, by the Northern Spy and Grimes Golden. The pruner must have the ideal form in mind and then prune accord- ingly. A brief discussion of the philosophy of tree growth may serve to aid the beginner in getting a better idea of how to proceed in the work of pruning. In the first place it must be kept well in mind that the tree is a Community Organization. Each bud is measurably independent — ^it is an individual. Every individual is struggling to make the most of its opportunities. Every bud that is enabled to develop into a branch becomes an important factor in the plant's cconomy, and its importance will depend upon the magnitude of its growth, and this depends very largely upon position and period of formation. Every tree is endowed with an Impulse to grow upward and outward. This Impulse is governed very largely by the influences surrounding the tree as light, heat, moisture, wind, food supplies, and roorn. One of the chief influences determining the form of the top is light. Every bud, every shoot, every branch, for its best develop- ment, needs ample light, other conditions being favorable, that bud or branch that has the best light relation will make the best growth. The best light relation normally is to be found about the top and outside of the tree's head. As a result of this better light relation growth begins earlier in the spring and continues later in the fall. The terminal buds are the last to go into the resting stage; the lateral The Apple in Oregon. 147 ones, and especially those well in toward the center, start last and stop first. The growth Impulse gradually weakens in these inner twigs and shoots and many of them yield to their fellow branches on the outside. This process even goes to such an extent that many buds upon the inner and lower branches fail to develop into shoots at all, and still further, the lower buds upon a thrifty growing outside shoot often remain dormant. Thus it is that, practically, only the later formed buds of a season are the ones that develop into new parts. Another of the active influences in the tree's growth is the water and mineral matter supplied by the roots. This supply as it is forced or drawn upward through the tissues of the stems and branches, endeavors to follow the lines of least resistance. Usually a straight line oifers the best course; hence, we commonly see the erect, straight branches or shoots growing fastest, and we come to think of the chief growth of a tree as being upward and outward. If the tree is crowded by its fellows, its lateral light relations will be poor, and accordingly growth will be chiefly upward. All this results in what amounts to being a struggle for existence. Every bud and branch is using its best effort to get the best light and food supply. Some must yield by either becoming dormant or dying after a brief existence. This is nature's way of pruning. We See splendid examples of the process in thickets of young firs, and in the dense tops of old maples or evergreens. The lessons that nature would have us learn from these examples are that pruning should be such as to remove those shoots which are not in position to do the best ultimate Service; that the removal of some branches is necessary to the best development of others; that thinning of the wood growth is necesary because more buds are formed and more twigs are started than can find light and space for successful development; that the judicious removal of undesirable or poorly located shoots in their earliest stages of growth, is economy of labor- and material (plant energy). Hence, remove undesirable wood, as far as possible, while it is small. This does not imply that large branches may not be taken off whenever found to be undesirable, but it does imply th^t such removal means a greater loss of the plant's energy. This view of pruning and training calls for a füll knowledge of the individual types of trees, their charac- teristic forms of growth, and a comprehensive understanding of the requirements of economic plant culture. If a young apple tree has been received from the nursery as a "switch" or "stick" one year old, there will be little pruning to be done at the time of planting out, save cutting back the top to correspond with the loss of root System made necessary by removal from the nursery row, and the trimming of wounded roots. Should the tree to be planted be of two or more years, as is too frequently recommended by nursery- men and dealers, then the whole top should be removed to such an extent as will correspond with the amount of roots cut away. The writer recommends only one-year-old trees for general trans- planting. A one-year-old tree is small; it does not suffer so severe a check upon removal from the nursery as an older tree. Less cutting back, relatively, is necessary at setting out. The wounds made are smaller and accordingly heal over more readily, allowing less opportunity for attack by injurious fungi. All Operations save tillage are benefited by the formation of low heads. As the growers of Eastern Oregon remark: " We like to work on the ground floor, for it facilitates the work of picking and thinning": while in sections where heavy winds prevail much less loss of fruit occurs in orchards of low headed trees, and the trees themselves are of better form, thus requiring less attention and labor in pruning. 148 Report of State Board of Horticulture. As to the manner in which the head may be formed there are several important points to keep in view. And first, perhaps as to whether a central leader shall be left, or all main branches trained to develop uniformly. The latter has been the common practice in later years. Then, after this question of form is settled there comes the ques- tion of branches or laterals. Not more than four, and usually three, are quite enough for this purpose, especially if a central leader is left. Too many branches make a bushy close top, while too few would leave a top too open or ill-shapen. In cases without a central leader the buds which are to form the chief branches of the head should be left not closer than eight inches apart. When the tree has grown to füll size there will then be no more open space between them than is necessary to maintain a good strong union, a point that is too often overlooked in the formation of the heads of all kinds of fruit trees. When the few topmost buds of the young tree are left to form the head they are usually so close together that in a few years the forks of all are united and the result is a weakened union. There is not sufficient distance upon the main stem for the several branches, as they increase in size, to make a close union with it. At the end of the first season's growth the young branches that are destined to form the top should be cut back about one-half. From these stubs the next year two chief secondary branches should be allowed to form upon each. The following winter the young growth should again be cut back about one-half. The third and fourth years the tree should receive similar treatment. The fifth year, such branches as interlace should be removed; irregulär, diseased, and malformed shoots should be cut back or taken out, as the case may demand. If the trees are planted upon deep, heavy, well-watered soll and continue to make excessive wood growth it may be necessary to give them a summer pruning, which Operation tends to check wood growth and induce the formation of fruit buds. In the warmer, dryer sections, and where the soil contains con- siderable sand, trees will begin to bear at five years or even earlier, but in those sections where the climate is cool and moist and the soil heavy and deep, trees may show a disposition to devote all their effort to the production of wood until they are seven, eight, or even nine years old. In such cases the check given by summer pruning is often desirable, though it may be a question as to whether trees ought not to be allowed to make their füll growth before being forced into fruit production. Still, there is an advantage in hastening the time at which the trees are brought into bearing, and, if not allowed to overbear the first years of fruiting, they may complete their füll growth with- out disadvantage to size or vigor, though the final growth will be made more slowly than would be the case if the trees had not been hastened into bearing. The need for future pruning of the orchard will be variable. Each variety has a characteristic habit of growth. The pruning necessary to make the growth conform to our chosen type will depend upon how far apart are the "type" and the "habit." If the grower at the outset has adopted the plan of studying the habits of the different varieties, and has pruned for the purpose of getting the best results with the natural form of the variety rather than for the purpose of making all the trees conform to a common artificial ideal, then the work of pruning will be greatly simplified and reduced. The cutting back of excessive growths; the cutting out of interlacing, crossing, chafing, rubbing, and diseased branches; and the shortening in, as an offset against winds, will be the chief points to keep in view in all subsequent pruning Operations. In the past, too little attention has been given to the study The Apple in Oregon. , 149 of the individual habits of growth. Pruning has been indiscriminate. Not principles, but practices have prevailed in the direction of the work, until we can find trees of Western Oregon cast in the same mould as those of California or Southern and Eastern Oregon. Pears, apples, plums, and cherries have been treated alike as to cutting back, form of head, and style of branching! The practice foUowed with a species in a particular section, giving good results, has often been heralded as the ideal form for all fruit trees in, at least, the same cultural zone. That such a course is most ill-advised can be readily seen if one will but observe the trees growing in any well-kept home orchard, and it may be said just here that the beginner in this work of growing an orchard would be well repaid by making a study of some of the best kept local orchards. Nothing can give one so good an idea of the traits of character of the different fruit trees as a study of the real plants as they develop under the band of a good orchardist. u m O 'V u Ca o O Ol O o 'S I 3 O PEACH GROWING IN WILLAMETTE VALLEY By A. M. LaFollette, Salem, Oregon. Read at the 1910 meeting of the Oregon State Horticidtural Society, and printed in this report in response to freqtient demands for Information on peach growing in the Willamette Valley. I was requested by Mr. Atwell to teil the members of this society and people present at this annual meeting what I know about raising peaches in the Willamette Valley, the diseases of the peach in this sec- tion, their treatment, pruning and planting, mode of cultivation, varieties successfully grown and probable profit per acre. I will first take up the diseases of the peach in the Willamette Valley. The curl leaf is one of the most dangerous and destructive diseases, in my judgment, known to the tree of this most delicious fruit. I con- tend that when once a tree is fully inoculated with this disease it never recovers fully from the attack. It may live for awhile, grow fairly well, and raise fruit, but in the end it will succumb to the eflfect of this deadly disease. I can teil by looking at a tree whether it has ever been affected with this destructive disease, I think, just as certain as a physician can teil whether a patient has consumption or tubercu- losis germs in his System. The tree, as I have said, may partially recover from being affected with this disease but the leaves will never be large and symmetrical with a very dark green color and smooth and slick like they had been highly varnished; on the other hand, they will be only about two-thirds size, irregulär, dull green color, and imeven. Now it is very easy to control this disease, as in my orchard I have complete control of it and this is why I have had success in raising peaches in the Willamette Valley. To control curl leaf I spray with a strong lime and sulphur Solution from the first of December tili the first of February, then following from the first of February tili the fifth of March with a Solution of four pounds of sulphate of copper and four pounds of lime to 45 gallons of water, giving the trees a thor- ough spraying with this and you would be astonished at the effect it will have on their growth through the summer. There is another disease the growing peach is subject to, called the brov/n rot; a very destructive disease, attacking som.e of the peaches when only half grown and others when just ripening. Two or three peaches affected with this disease packed in a box of healthy ones will inoculate them all with this disease and ruin the whole box within 24 to 36 hours. Thorough spraying will control this dread disease. Any diseased or dried, mummified peaches left hanging on the trees should be immediately destroyed as the diseased spores dry and the wind spread them through the orchard. Some years ago I was troubled greatly with this disease, but now I seldom ever find a peach affected with it. The California peach blight is also another disease that attacks the peach. It attacks the newly grown wood early in the fall or winter. It kills the leaf buds and turns the twig black, giving it a sooty appear- ance. I was also troubled with this disease in my peach orchard, but since I have adopted a thorough System of spraying it has disappeared altogether. I will add that the agricultural College is experimenting 152 Report of State Board of Horticulture. at present in spraying for this disease on Mr. George Weeks' orchard, near Salem, which is very badly affected with it. This disease is the cause of so many peach trees being denuded of their foilage, only a few tufts of leaves growing at the ends of the limbs, caused, as I Said before, by the leaf buds being killed along the new-grown wood. Now in planting a peach orchard in the Willamette Valley, I plant my trees 20 feet apart each way, I plant one-year-old trees and cut them off, so they are four to eight inches high above the ground, I let only three or four buds grow the first year, rubbing the others off when about an inch long, spacing them evenly around the tree, and the first year's growth I cut back to six or eight inches. When the buds have grown on these limbs to about two inches in length I rub them all off excepting two buds on each brauch, spacing them off so as to balance my tree as evenly as possible. This gives from six to eight limbs to start the future bearing tree from. About the first of August I pinch back the ends of the main limbs from three to four inches, thereby making the main limbs more stocky and stout, by stop- ping the growth in length and throwing it back into the side limbs and roots. The next spring after the buds start I prune out all sur- plus branches thoroughly, cutting the branches left to form the future tree back about one-third. The tree will now be making its third year's growth. Now I keep all water sprouts pulled off and, where the new growth is too dense, thinned out, as the perfect peach has to have plenty of sunlight and air. About the first of August I clip back all branches, cutting from three to five inches from the ends of this year's growth. By doing this I compel the tree to produce an enormous amount of fruit buds and where there are such a great amount of fruit buds there will be from 10 to 15 days' difference in the first blooms and last ones opening on the same tree, and it will be almost a miracle if the frost gets all the buds with 15 days' difference in the first and last buds blooming on a tree. With a peach tree pruned in summer, if one-tenth of the buds survive the winter you will have a füll crop. If a peach blooms out and gets from five to eight days without a killing frost, nine times out of ten it is safe and immune from injury from any subsequent frost. When a peach is from the size of a currant to the size of a gooseberry it can freeze solid and will not be injured. In proof of this I will state that some years ago my peach trees bloomed early in February and when the peaches were about the size of a gooseberry there came a killing black frost and froze them tili you could not cut them with a penknife. I went down in the orchard, exam- ined the peaches, came back and told my wife we would have to do without peaches that year, but the freezing did not hurt them in the least and we had an extra fine crop of peaches that season. Now I think that by following the rules I have laid down you reduce the damage of frost almost to a minimum, and in proof of my theory I will cite you to the fact that I have failed to have a füll crop only once in 29 years. Do you want any better proof? Now as to the variety of peaches: In planting a peach orchard for commercial purposes I would not plant too many that ripen at the same time, but would plant desirable kinds and lengthen out the gathering season to about two or three months, for 20 or 30 acres of peaches ripen- ing all at the same time requires an army of help to take care of them before they are too ripe to market. I have a three-year-old peach orchard in which I planted a great many different varieties so as to prolong the gathering season from the first of July tili the middle of October, being three months and a half of continuous peach harvest, which I think is far better than to have a few varieties all ripening inside of 15 or 20 days. Come to my orchard any time from the first Peach Growing in Willamette Valley. 153 of July tili the middle of October and you will find me shipping peaches to market. To accomplish this I will name the varieties in their Order of ripening, namely: Early Alexander, Amsden June, Waterloo, Tri- umph, Early Columbia, Hale's Early, Mamie Rose, Lovell, Champion, Early Crawford, Early Charlotte, Tuscan Cling, Golden Cling, Muir, Late Crawford, Elberta, Fitzgerald and Salway. Anyone planting these 17 varieties can have this luscious fruit continuously for at least three and a half months. As for the best canning and all-around peach I think the Elberta heads the list as the best freestone peach, and to prove this to you, I will state that at the National Horticultural meeting, held in St. Louis in 1905, according to statistics given there, three-fourths of all the peach trees planted in the United States were Elbertas, some of the eastern states planting them almost exclusively. It is one of the most vigorous growers, but the most susceptible to the curl leaf in this climate of any peach grown. As for the cling peaches, I think the Tuscan is the best, being a very large peach with dark red cheeks and one of the hardiest peach trees grown and very little subject to that dread disease, curl leaf. The Early Charlotte is a very fine freestone peach. The tree is very hardy and inclined to curl leaf but very little. It is a seedling from the Early Crawford and originated in Salem many years ago. The Salway is as late a peach as I think advisable to plant in the Willamette Valley. It ripens from the first to the 20th of October. The Fitzgerald is a little later than the Salway and a very fine large peach. As to the life of a peach orchard in the Willamette Valley that has been pruned and sprayed under scientific principles, I should think from 35 to 50 years would be no exaggeration. I have a lot of 21-year- old trees that bear every year and seem to be as healthy and vigorous as when they were 10 years old. I have some trees that are over 30 years old that are loaded with peaches every year. My son at Wheat- land has a peach orchard in which some of the trees are 37 years old and they are loaded with fruit every year. This proves to me that a peach tree properly treated in the Willamette Valley will live at least a generation, but if not taken care of and treated with up-to-date methods they will succumb to the diseases they are subject to and die in a very short time. To grow a successful peach orchard in the Wil- lamette Valley there are four fundamental rules to observe; the first and most important one is a thorough spraying at the right time and not too late; the next is a severe cutting back and pruning the first three years after planting so as to make the tree stocky and its roots strong and vigorous; the next is a thorough cultivation through the Summer, keeping the moisture as near the surface as possible until the middle of September, and last, but not least, a thorough cutting back the ends of the branches about three inches from the first to the 20th of August, thereby insuring a profusion of fruit buds. Anyone having a good location, planting a peach orchard in the Willamette Valley, and observing these rules strictly will surely be successful. But if you do not observe them you will surely fail and had better keep the money in your pocket that you have to pay for trees. The net income per acre from a peach orchard is a hard thing to figure on in advance. It depends a great deal on the age of the trees, how they have been cared for, cost of transportation and the scarcity in the markets. I think a fair average for five-year-old trees would be from eight to fifteen 20-pound boxes of peaches to the tree. It cost me a fraction over 14 cents per box to pack, wrap and box my crop the past season. I sold them at 65 cents f. o. b., leaving a net income of about 50 cents per box. Now I am not a stickler after locations or favored spots as some are, for the winds and storms have almost a mile's sweep 154 Report of State Board of Horticulture. at my orchard fi-om any direction and I have as good success as my neighbors whose orchards are well protected. I admit that an orchard not protected from the cold winds and storms will be more subject to curl leaf and other fungous diseases, but with thorough spraying and proper pruning of an orchard I think there is very little difference as to locations. What is most needed to grow a successful peach orchard is good rieh land, well-drained, with the hardpan, if there is any, well broken up and where the water will not stand within three feet of the surface — thoi-ough spraying, very heavy and judicious prun- ing, and thorough cultivation. With this I think it possible to raise a successful peach orchard in the Willamette Valley and as fine fruit as can be grown anywhere in Oregon and I think that anyone who saw my peach exhibit at the Oregon State Fair last September will agree with me in this assertion. In conclusion, I will add that the people of the Willamette Valley are beginning to realize that they are on the map of the peach-growing districts of Oi'egon. I know there are some here who will take issue with me as to the Willamette Valley ever becoming a noted peach- growing district, but if they are "from Missouri" we propose to show them. Why, this season, within a radius of three miles from my farm, there were over 20,000 boxes of peaches raissd, mostly from young trees. There is now, adjoming my place, 360 acres of young peach trees set out in one tract and this is only one hour and twenty minutes' travei from this beautiful city by electric line. Now this may be news to many of you, living right here in Portland, but I assure you it is not to that great empire builder, James J. Hill, who has done so much for the Pacific Northwest and at present is doing for the great Willamette Valley and all Oregon. I say, it is not news to Mr. Hill, for did I not show John F. Stevens, bis master builder and engineer, through these orchards and rieh lands? Mr. Stevens said to me: "This is one of the riebest and most ideal seetions of land for fruit I have ever seen." And ever since Mr. Stevens' visit to our section of the Willamette Valley, when I hear the shrill toot of the electric train every hour in the day,'it seems to me they say, "Ye tillers of the soil get a move on you, for we are over anxious for the time to come when we will be called upon by you to transport a trainload of your match- less fruits to the markets of the world every day." Report op^ State Board of Horticulture. 155 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES IN OREGON. Oregon State Horticultural Society — President, H. C. Atwell, Forest Grove; Secretary, F. W. Power, Lumbermen's Building, Portland. Clackamas County Horticultural Society — A. J. Lewis, Oregon City, President. Clatsop County Horticultural Society — J. Q. A. Bowlby, Astoria, President; Frank J. Taylor, Astoria, secretary. Hood River Apple Growers' Fellowship — C. D. Thompson, Hood River, President; A. W. Peters, Hood River, secretary. UpDer Hood River Valley Progressive Association — Charles Golds- bury, Hood River, President; Charles Moody, Parkdale, secretary. Lane County Horticultural Society — H. C. Bushneil, Junction City, President; Frank Needham, Eugene, secretary. Marion County Horticultural Society — C. J. Kurtz, Salem, President; E. C. Armstrong, Salem, secretary. Stanfield Fruit Growers' Association, Stanfield. Walnut Club, McMinnville — W. C. Hagerty, McMinnville, President; W. H. Latourette, McMinnville, secretary. Mosier Horticultural Society — Amos Root, Mosier, president; A. P. Bateham, Mosier, secretary. FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATIONS AND UNIONS IN OREGON. Oregon City Fruit and Produce Growers' Union — George Waldron, Oregon City, President; M. J. Lazelle, Oregon City, secretary. Mt. Hood Fruit Growers' Association ^Cooper, Cherryville, President; E. D. Hart, Sandy, secretary. Estacada Fruit Growers' Association — W. R. Stokes, Estacada, Presi- dent; A. O. Whitcomb, Estacada, secretary. Strawberry Growers' Association, Canby. Yankton Fruit Growers' Association — A. J. Tarbeil, Yankton, Presi- dent. Douglas County Fruit Union — W. J. Harris, Roseburg, president; L. B. Skinner, Roseburg, secretary. Umpqua Valley Fruit Association — C. I. Leavengood, Myrtle Creek, President; C. H. Arundel, Myrtle Creek, secretary. Riddle Fruit Growers' Association, Riddle. Hood River Apple Growers' Union— G. A. McCurdy, Hood River, President; C. H. Sproat, Hood River, secretary. Rogue River Fruit Association — C. W. Wilmeroth, Medford, manager. Grants Pass Branch Rogue River Fruit Association — W. E. Woods, Grants Pass. secretary; F. Eisman, manager. Coquille Valley Fruit Growers' Association — T. M. Hermann, Myrtle Point, President; G. G. Swan, Myrtle Point, secretary. Coos Bay Fruit Growers' Association — P. M. Hall-Lewis, Marshfield, President; V. Henderson, Marshfield, secretary. Eugene Fruit Growers' Association — H. F. McCornack, Eugene, President; J. O. Holt, Eugene, secretary and manager. Siuslaw Fruit and Produce Association — R. W. Johnson, Florence, President; J. T. Miller, Florence, secretary and manager. Albany Fruit Growers' Union, Albany. Salem Fruit Union — C. L. McNary, Salem, president; E. C. Arm- strong, Salem, secretary. .-W^ r ^M '' M 1 . "*"'""™Ifv^ ''M .:< li '- '^^ ^f^fiS ^^^^^m F B , ' ■ ■ ■^)^i ^^1 ^^H liiii ' ■"*'■■ ''^'^''^ '^^^1 I^H H^BSh ^n ■*• "^^i^p ^mBHH BBttM } '# ' ^ iJ^^ ^BJKi l^vVä. '^^M ^^^«HH ^^Bp^^fm' "^K - •£ V ^ 1 ^e ^^^ ' ^^^3c* ^^w^H^^B BH^^hgI HB mNI^>^m*!J^ < j '^-'^^^'Q^P^^II^^^vKMBSnH^^B wS^^p. ^^»1 "'^TOr^ < ' ' ''" «V ' > ' jg^!WWS?fif^8Kff!BB HSH^^S i^^E'^'JlP ' ^' * '^^y^yflJwym^^^K ^S^SSg • ^/^BS^6t^^* ""^ IC^ISB'VQh^^R ^SsB W^Wmm^f^' ^'^^ ^ ^^m i^M^BB^P^' f- ■ ^it^BS^ ^^ feM^^^^Bijro ^^Sj *. mWbB ^fflj{imii^^^B| cS^KMitfftl WB*^&r '' ' ^' ' ^^^^B^ 4 * i ' rJ^P^K!! ^^^ ä ^ ^^9l^lr^jlK3wi^BI^HKS^^&/^^i» ^^ ^^P^^r^^ > ^1 gJSB^^iiiaiSiHiaM ^Slw §Bm|^P|K$ '■ ' H BSdS jjfflaBHBpgfc^ i^sä^SE wHMBB3H»y(^Kf y ' ' ^ ^ ^^^hHH ^» Ü^^P^i^' '1 ^ ^^^I^^B |K w^s^^SßSI^St^S^^^KIS^^ "^ 1 ^^^H ^^^1 r^^ V^^Kr^-^^^KM^HHEn^NSS^^ä B^H^hBS C^^HtRl^SuIBam' « y L Br "TMHqt^gfP^BnB^^^S^^MI^^B ^H^HRBl MHSaBBaWPBJfc- ^ ' ' ä"' 7^ ^^^Hnß 9wH^Q8^Bi|Hdu&^ v9 ^'I^'^l^l ^^Hi I^^HMII^IBI^hH •f" 'x. .^f^B^II^^^I ^^^H I^^^^^^^^^^I^B • '^.^. ^. RHU ^m^^^mnn Report of State Board of Horticulture. 157 Willamette Prune Association — W. J. Crawford, President; H. S. Gile, Salem, secretary and manager. Butte Falls Prune Association — E. W. Coulson, Scotts Mills, secretary. Lincoln County Fruit Growers' Union, Toledo. Milton Fruit Growers' Union — E. P. Jensen, Freewater, President; August Tanke, Freewater, secretary; H. D. Lamb, Freewater, manager. Grand Ronde Valley Fruit Growers' Union, La Grande. The Dalles Fruit Growers' Association — Dr. G. E. Sanders, The Dalles, President; J. W. Merrill, The Dalles, secretary; J. W. Patterson, The Dalles, manager. Dufur Valley Fruit Growers' Union — C. P. Balch, Dufur, president; P. W. Knowles, Dufur, secretary and manager. Mosier Fruit Growers' Association — Amos Root, Mosier, president; J. M. Carroll, Mosier, secretary; H. M. Huxley, Mosier, manager. Washington County Fruit Growers' Association — Ferd Groner, Hills- boro, President; B. N. Sproat, Reedville, secretary. Newberg Apple Growers' Union — J. D. Gordon, Newberg, president; ■ Keim, Newberg, secretary. Hylands Fruit Growers' Association, Sheridan. McMinnville Fruit Growers' Association — D. C. VanDorn, Dayton, President; J. G. Eckman, McMinnville, secretary. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CANNERIES IN OREGON. Ashland Preserving Co., Ashland. Arcadia Canning Co., Arcadia. Brownsville Canning and Preserving Co., Brownsville. Canby Canning Co., Canby. Corvallis Cannery Association, Corvallis. Eugene Fruit Growers' Association, Eugene. Weber-Bussell Canning Co., Freewater. Independence Cannery Association, Independence. Waters' Cannery, Lebanon. Monmouth Evaporating and Canning Co., Monmouth. Monroe Cannery Association, Monroe. Myrtle Fruit Packing Co., Myrtle Creek. Weber-Bussell Canning Co., Newberg. Holmes Canning Co., Portland. Oregon Packing Co., Portland, Erie & Parker, Portland. Pacific Coast Syrup Co., Portland. Mutual Canning Co., Salem. Soringbrook Canning and Preserving Co., Springbrook. The Dalles Cannery Co., The Dalles. Seuffert Cannery, The Dalles. Woodburn Canning Association, Woodburn. Southern Oregon Canning Co., Yoncalla. HORTICÜLTURAL LA WS OF OREGON (From Lord's Oregon Laws.) THE STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. § 5470. Board of Horticulture Constituted. There is hereby created a board of horticulture, to consist of six mem- bers, who shall be appointed by a board, consisting of the Governor, Secretary of State, and State Treasurer. One member of the said board of horticulture shall represent the State at large and shall be the Presi- dent and executive officer of the board, and one member shall be ap- pointed to represent each of the five districts as hereby created, to wit: (1) The first district, which shall comprise the counties of Multnomah, Clackamas, Yamhill, Washington, Columbia, Clatsop, and Tillamook; (2) the second district, which shall comprise the counties of Marion, Polk, Benton, Lincoln, Linn, and Lane; (3) the third district, which shall comprise the counties of Douglas, Jackson, Klamath, Josephine, Coos, Curry, and Lake; (4) the fourth district, which shall comprise the counties of Wasco, Sherman, Morrow, Gilliam, and Crook; (5) the fifth district, which shall comprise the counties of Umatilla, Union, Wallowa, Baker, Malheur, Harney, and Grant. [L. 1889, p. 126, §1; L. 1891, p. 174, § 1; L. 1895, p. 33, § 1 ; L. 1899, p. 55, § 1; B. & C. § 4176.] § 5471. Residence of Members — Terms of Office — Duties of President. The members shall reside in the districts for which they are respec- tively appointed. They shall be selected with reference to their knowl- edge of and practical experience in horticulture and the Industries con- nected therewith, and shall be engaged in practical horticulture during their incumbency of the office of commissioner. They shall hold office for the term of four years, and until their successors are appointed and have qualified unless removed by the appointing boai'd for failure to perform their duties. It shall be the duty of the president to visit, at least once a year, every district, and examine the orchards, nurseries, and work of the district commissioners, and ascertain whether or not the law and regulations of the board are being properly executed. He must personally inspect most of the orchards during the fruit growing season, see that the regulations of, the board regarding spraying are being faithfully executed wherever insects, pests, or disease injurious to tree or fruit are to be found. He must visit the principal fruit shipping points during the shipping season, inspect the fruit shipped, and prevent the shipment of insect and pest-infested fruit. He shall give notice through the public press one week in advance of his visit to each county, giving the time and place of his visit, where he shall receive complaints of fruit growers and distribute to them printed and oral Instructions regarding destruction of pests and other Information, including proper methods of handling, packing, and shipping fruits. It shall also be his duty to visit, when possible, if requested by an asso- ciation or a number of fruit growers, the meetings of such associations HORTICULTURAL LaWS OF OREGON. 159 of fruit growers, and aid them in the Organization of proper associa- tions beneficial to the growing and marketing of fi'uits. The President shall preside at all the meetings of the board, and may call special meetings whenever an emergency may require it. He shall make an annual report to the appointing board of the general condition of the fruit interests of the State and success of the commissioners in the work of exterminating pests and executing the law. [L. 1889, p. 126, §2; L. 1895, p. 34, §2; L. 1899, p. 56,§ 2; B. & C. §4177.] § 5472. Secretary of Board, His Salary — Treasurei' — Oath of Members. Said board shall employ without their number a secretary, who shall exercise the powers and discharge the duties conferred upon him by this act, and whose compensation shall not exceed $100 per month, to be paid in the same manner as other state officers. Said board shall also elect from their own number a treasurer. Before entering upon the discharge of his duties, each member of the board shall make and subscribe an oath to support the Constitution of the United States and of the State of Oregon, and to diligently, faithfully, and impartially discharge the duties of his office, which said oaths shall be filed with the secretary. The secretary shall make and subscribe a like oath, which shall be filed with the treasurer of the board. [L. 1899, p. 127, § 3; L. 1895, p. 34, §3; B. & C. §4178; L. 1905, c. 222, p. 385, §6.] § 5473. Each Member May Appoint Deputies — Their Authority. Each member of the State Board of Horticulture shall have author- ity to appoint, whenever it shall seem to him expedient, a special deputy or deputies, who shall be empowered to discharge any and all the duties prescribed for the members of said board in section 5487, but the work and authority of said deputies shall be confined to the districts of the commissioners by whom they are respectively appointed. [L. 1903, p. 251, §1.] § 5474. Compensation of Deptities. Any deputy appointed under the authority conferred by this act shall receive as compensation for his Services $2.00 per day for each day actually spent in the Performance of his duties as such deputy, and all Claims for compensation of such deputies shall be audited and paid in the same manner as claims of members of the Board of Horticulture. [L. 1903, p. 251, §2.] § 5475. Expense, How Paid. Any expense incurred under the provisions of section 5474 of this act shall be paid out of the appropriation allowed to the State Board of Horticulture. [L. 1903, p. 251, §3.] § 5476. Board May Receive Donatione, Etc., and Select Lecturers, Meet- ings of. The board may receive, manage, use, and hold donations and bequests of money and property for promoting the objects of its formation. It shall meet on the second Monday of April and October in each year, and as much oftener as it may deem expedient, for consultation on and for the adoption of those measures that will best promote the horti- cultural Industries of the State. It may, but without expense to the State, select and appoint competent and qualified persons to lecture in each of the districts named in section 5470, for the purpose of encour- aging and improving practical horticulture, and of imparting Instruc- tion in the best methods of treating the diseases of fruits and fruit 160 Report of State Board of Horticulture. trees, cleansing orchards, and exterminating orchard pests. [L. 1889, p. 127, §4; B. & C. §4179.] § 5477. Office of Board, Where Held, When Open. The ofRce of the board shall be located at such a place as a majority thereof may determine. It shall be kept open to the public, subject to the rules of the board, every day excepting Sunday and legal holidays, and shall be in charge of the secretary during the absence of the board. [L. 1889, p. 127, §5; B. & C. §4180.] § 5478. Board May Make Quarantine Regulations — Violation a Mis- demeanor. For the purpose of preventing the introduction into the State or spread of contagious diseases, insects, pests, or fungous growths among fruit or fruit trees, and for the prevention, treatment, eure, and extir- pation of fruit pests, and diseases of fruit and fruit trees, and for the disinfection of grafts, scions, orchard debris, fruit boxes and packages, and other material or transportable articles dangerous to orchards, fruit or fruit trees; said board may make regulations for the quar- antining, inspection, and disinfection thereof, which said regulations shall be circulated by the board in printed form among the fruit growers and fruit dealers of the State; shall be published at least four succes- sive times in some daily or weekly paper in each county in the State before the same shall be in force therein, and shall be posted in three conspicuous places in each county in the State, one of which shall be at the county court house. Such regulations, when so promulgated, shall be held to Import notice of their contents to all persons within the State, and shall be binding upon all persons therein. A willful vio- lation of any quarantine or other regulation of said board, necessary to prevent the introduction into the State, or the shipment, sale, or distribution of any articles so infected as to be dangerous to the fruit growing interest of the State, or the spread of dangerous diseases among fruit trees or orchards, shall be deemed a misdemeanor^ and on conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not less than $5.00 nor more than $100 for each offense, or by fine and imprisonment not less than five nor more than thirty days. [L. 1889, p. 127, §6; L. 1891, p. 175, §6; L. 1895, p. 34, §4; B. & C. §4181.] § 5479. Members to Visit Districts, Inspect and Quarantine Orchards. It shall be the duty of the several members of the board, and of the secretary under their direction, to visit their respective districts, and to see that all regulations of the board and all provisions of law to prevent the introduction or spread of fruit pests and diseases of trees or plants injurious to the horticultural interests of the State are enforced. Any member of the board, or the secretary thereof, shall forthwith, upon the complaint of interested parties, inspect orchards, nurseries, and other places suspected to be infested with fruit pests or infected with contagious diseases injurious to trees, plants or fruits. If, upon report of any member or the secretary, the board shall be of opinion that any locality, district, orchard, or place is infested with fruit pests or infected with contagious diseases, or injurious to trees, plants, or fruits, and liable to spread to other orchards or localities to their damage or injury so as to be a public danger, said board shall, by an order entered upon its minutes, declare such place to be under quarantine, and shall give notice thereof by posting a notice in writing in a conspicuous place upon the premises, specifying with convenient certainty what place or premises are under quarantine regulations, and by delivering a copy HORTICULTURAL LAWS OF OREGON. 161 of such notice to the owner or person in charge of the premises, if he may be found thereon; and such place shall thereafter be subject to quarantine regulations of the board, and violation thereof shall be pun- ishable as hereinbefore provided. As soon as, in the opinion of any member of the board, or the secretary thereof, the danger from such quarantine locality shall have ceased, he may suspend the said quar- antine, and shall immediately report the fact to the board, who may confirm such action or may re-establish the said quarantine, in which ciise it shall not be again suspended but by action of the board. [L. 1889, p. 128, §7; L. 1895, p. 35, §5; B. & C. §4182.] § 5480. May Appoint Quarantine Guardians, Fix Salaries, Report Vio- lations of Law. The board, and, in case of necessity during the recess of the board, the member residing in the quarantined district, or the secretary may appoint such quarantine guardians as may be needed to carry out the provisions of this act, whose duty it shall be to see that the regulations of the board and the instructions of the secretary are enforced and carried out. They shall also report to the board all infractions or vio- lations of said regulations or of the law in regard to quarantining, disinfection, and destruction of pests. The salary of quarantine guard- ians shall be fixed by the board at not to exceed $2.00 per day, and shall be paid by the owners of orchards or other places under quarantine, and they may maintain an action therefor before any justice of the peace in any district in which any quarantined locality is wholly or in part located; but in no case shall they have any claim upon the State for such Services. [L. 1889, p. 128, §8; L. 1891, p. 176, §2; L. 1895, p. 36, §6; B. & C. §4183.] § 5481. Authority Conferred in Last Two Sections, Exercised in Emer- gencies. The powers conferred in the two preceding sections of this act shall be exercised only in great and imminent danger to the fruit interests of the State, and with the utmost caution and regard for the rights of individuals affected, consistent with the safety and welfare of the fruit interest of the whole State. [L. 1895, p. 36, § 7; B. & C. § 4184.] § 5482. Countjy Inspector, When County Court May Appoint — Qxiali- fications. Upon a Petition of not less than twenty-five residents and fruit growers of any county in this State, the county court of said county shall appoint a county inspector, whose duty it shall be to inspect the apple and other fruit orchards of said county, and to enforce the laws now in force and that may be hereafter in force in this State, applicable to the fruit industry and to the growing, handling, and selling of fruit, fruit trees, and other nursery stock; provided, that the inspector so to be appointed shall be recommended and certified to be competent for such position by the State district commissioner of the State Board of Horticulture for the said county, and said county inspector shall hold his office during the pleasure of said county court. [L. 1905, c. 222, p. 383, § 1.] § 5483. District Commissioners to Lyistmct and Supervise Couyity In- spectors. It shall be the duty of the State district commissioner to instruet and educate the county inspectors as to the laws and quarantine regu- lations of this State, and the rules and regulations of the State Board Sig. 6 162 Report of State Board of Horticulture. of Horticulture. The county inspector shall perform bis duties under the general supervision of the State district commissioner for said county, to whom he shall make reports in the manner prescribed by the State Board of Horticulture. [L. 1905, c. 222, p. 384, §2.] § 5484. Compensation of County Inspector, Report of Time and Ex- penses. Such county inspector shall be paid for bis Services, by the said county, a sum not exceeding $3.00 per day, and shall be reimbursed for bis actual each outlay for team hire and railway fares for each and every day actually employed in the Performance of bis duties as herein provided, and the said county inspector shall report monthly to the Said State district commissioner the time for which he is entitled to pay during the month next preceding, and also a Statement of his own personal expenses while engaged in the Performance of his duty as such county inspector during said month, and shall also file vouchers showing expenditures for such personal expenses, and the said State district commissioner shall certify the same to the county court before such compensation and personal expenses shall be paid to said county inspector. [L. 1905, c. 222, p. 384, §3; L. 1907, c. 58, p. 109, §3.] § 5485. Inspector of Adjacent County May Perform Duties When County Falls to Appoint. If any county for any reason falls to appoint a county inspector as herein provided, then the inspector of any adjacent county may per- form such Services, and his compensation and the necessary expenses incurred in the Performance of his duty shall be charged against the county where the service is performed, as if he had been appointed by the county court of said county. [L. 1905, c. 222, p. 384, § 4.] § 5486. . Appeals From County Inspectors to District Commissioner. The State district commissioner of horticulture shall hear and promptly decide all appeals from the county inspectors in his district, and his decision shall have füll force and effect until set aside by the Courts of the State. All appeals from county inspectors to the district commissioners shall be under the form and regulations as prescribed by the State Board of Horticulture. [L. 1905, c. 222, p. 384, §5.] • § 5487. Infested Trees Nuisances — Proceedings Relating Thereto — Authority to Abate. It shall be the duty of the several members of the board and of the secretary or the county inspectors under their direction, whenever they shall deem it necessary to cause an inspection to be made of any orchards, nurseries, trees, plants, vegetables, vines, or any fruit pack- ing house, storeroom, salesroom, or any other place within their dis- trict, and also of any fruit trees or nursery stock shipped from beyond the limits of this State, and if found infected with any pests, diseases or fungous growth injurious to fruits, plants, trees, vegetables, or vines, or with their eggs or larvae liable to spread to other places or localities, or of such nature as to be a public danger, they shall notify the owner or owners or persons in charge of or in possession of such articles, things or places, that the same are so infested, or in case such fruit trees or nursery stock, although apparently sound and not infested by any pest, shall have been from an infested district beyond the limits of this State, they shall also so notify the owner or owners or persons in Charge of or in possession of the same, and shall require said persons to eradicate or destroy said insects or pests or their eggs or larvae, or HORTICULTURAL LaWS OF OREGON. 163 such imported fruit trees or nursery stock of infested districts without the limits of the State, or to treat such contagious diseases within a cer- tain time to be speeified in said notice. Said notice may be served upon the person or persons, or any of them, owning, having charge or having possession of such infested place, article, or thing, by any member of the board, or by the secretary thereof, or by any person deputed by said board for that purpose, or they may be served in the same manner as a summons in an action at law. Such notice shall contain directions for the application of some treatment approved by the commissioners for the eradication or destruction of said pests, or the eggs or larvae thereof, or the treatment of contagious diseases or fungous growths. Any and all such places, orchards, nurseries, trees, plants, shrubs, vegetabies, vines, fruit, or articles thus infested are hereby declared to be a public nuisance; and whenever any such nuisance shall exist at any place in the State on the property of any owner or owners upon whom or upon the person in charge or possession of whose property notice has been served as aforesaid, and who shall have failed or refused to abate the same within the time speeified in such notice, or in the prop- erty of any nonresident or any property not in the possession of any person and the owner or owners of which cannot be found by the resi- dent members of the board or the secretary or county inspector after diligent search within the district, it shall be the duty of the board or the member thereof in whose district the nuisance shall exist, or the secretary or county inspector under his or their directions, to cause such nuisance to be at once abated by eradicating or destroying said insects or pests or their eggs or larvae, or by treating or disinfecting or destroying the infested or diseased articles, or imported fruit trees or nursery stock imported from an infested district without the limits of this State. The expense thereof shall be a county charge and the county court shall allow and pay the same out of the general fund of the county. Any and all sums so paid shall be and become a lien on the property and premises from which said nuisance shall have been removed or abated, in pursuance of this act, and may be recovered by a suit in equity against such property or premises, which suit to fore- close such liens shall be brought in the circuit court of the county where the premises are situate, by the district attorney in the name and for the benefit of the county making such payment or payments. The pro- ceedings in such cases shall be governed by the same rules, as far as may be applicable, as suits to foreclose mechanics' liens, and the prop- erty shall be sold under the order of the court and the proceeds applied in like manner. The board is hereby invested with the power to cause such nuisances to be abated in a summary manner. [L. 1895, p. 37, §8; B. & C. §4186; L. 1907, c. 58, p. 110, §2.] § 5488. Duties of Secretary. It shall be the duty of the secretary to attend all meetings of the board, and to preserve records of the proceedings, correspondence, and actions of the board, to collect books, pamphlets, periodicals, and other documents containing valuable Information relating to horticulture, and to preserve the same; to collect statistics and general Information showing the actual condition and progress of horticulture in this State and elsewhere; to correspond with agricultui-al and horticultural soci- eties, Colleges, and schools of agriculture and horticulture, and such other persons and bodies as may be directed by the board, and prepare as required by the board reports for publication. [L. 1889, p. 129, §9; L. 1895, p. 38, §9; B. & C. §4186.] 164 Report of State Board of Horticulture. § 5489. Biennial Report — Compensation of Board Members. The board shall biennially, in the month of January, report to the legislative assembly a statement of its doings with a copy of the treas- urer's repoi'ts for the two years preceding the Session thereof. The members shall receive as compensation their actual expenses while engaged upon the work of the board or the enforcement of the pro- visions of this act, and shall be allowed $3.00 a day for the time actually employed. [L. 1889, p. 129, §11; L. 1895, p. 38, §11; B. & C. §4187.] § 5490. Duties of Treasurer. The treasurer shall receive all moneys belonging to the board, and pay out the same only for bills approved by it, and shall render annually to the board a statement in detail of all receipts and disbursements. [L. 1889, p. 129, § 12; L. 1895, p. 39, §12; B. & C. §4188.] § 5491. Board to Report to Legislature. The Said board shall report to the legislative assembly, commencing in January, 1891, what, if any, legislation is needed in aid of the horticul- tural and fruit growing interests of the State. [L. 1889, p. .130, §14; B. & C. § 4189.] § 5495. All Prunings and Cuttings Required to be Burned. It shall hereafter be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation owning or operating any nursery, fruit orchard of any kind, hopyards, flower gardens, or ornamental trees to throw any cuttings or prunings from any fruit trees, nursery stock, ornamental trees, or hop vines into any public road, highway, lane, field, or other inclosure, or into any water course of any kind; but shall destroy such cuttings or prunings with fire within thirty days from the time such cuttings or prunings are made. [L. 1899, p. 97, §1; B. & C. §4190.] § 5496. Owners of Nurseries, Etc., Required to Spray. It shall hereafter be the duty of any person, firm, or corporation owning or operating any such nursery, fruit orchard, hopyard, flower garden, or oi-namental trees, and knowing such to be infected with any kind of insects, pests, or disease, to immediately spray or destroy the same in such manner as the fruit commissioner for his district may direct. [L. 1899, p. 97, §2; B. & C. §4191.] § 5497. Certificate of Purity to go With Packages of Spraying Material. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation doing business in the State of Oregon to seil p?ris green, arsenic, london purple, sulphur, or any spray material or Compound for spraying purposes, in quantities exceeding one pound, without providing with each package sold a certificate, duly signed by the seller there of, guaranteeing the qualitv and per cent of purity of said materials. [L. 1899, p. 98, §3; B. & C. § 4192.] § 5498. Penalty Where Material Does Not Conforvi to Certificate. Any person, firm, or corporation selling any of the above materials which do not conform with the certificate furnished therewith shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be subject to a fine of not less than $25 nor more than $100. [L. 1899, p. 98, §4; B. & C. §4193.] HORTICULTURAL LAWS OF OREGON. 165 § 5499. Unlawful to Import or Seil Infested Fruit. It shall be unlawful for any person, fii-m, or Corporation to Import or seil anv infested or diseased fi'uit of any kind in the State of Oregon. [L. 1899, p. 98, § 5; B. & C. § 4194] § 5500. Packing, Etc., or Delivering for Shipment Infected Fruit, Etc., a Misdemeanor. Every person who packs or prepares for shipment to any point within the State, or who delivers or causes to be delivered to any express agent or railroad agent, or other person, or to any transportation Company or Corporation, for shipment to any point without the State, any fruit or fruits, either fresh, cured or dried, that is infected with insect pests or diseases injurious to trees, shrubs, plants, fruits, or vegetables, is guilty of a misdemeanor. [L. 1899, p. 98, §6; B. & C. §4195.] § 5501. Penalty for Violating Provisions of Act. Any person, firm, or Corporation violating any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished bv a fine of not less than $25 nor more than $100. [L. 1899, p. 98, § 7; B. & C. § 4196.] § 5502. Commissioner of Horticultiire to Present Evidence, and District Attor7iey to Prosecute. It shall be the duty of the Commissioner of the State Board of Horti- culture of the district in which a violation of this act occurs to present the evidence of the case to the district attorney, whose duty it shall be to prosecute any person guilty of a violation of this act, which prosecution may be brought in any of the justice courts of this State. [L. 1899, p. 98, §8; B. & C. §4197.] (d) OF PACKING AND LABELING FRUIT AND NURSERY STOCK. § 5503. Green Fruit Packed for Market to Be Labeled. Any person, firm, association or Corporation engaged in growing, selling or packing green fruits of any kind within the State of Oregon, shall be required, upon packing any such fruit for market, whether intended for sale within or without the State of Oregon, to stamp, mark, or label plainly on the outside of every box or package of green fruit so packed, the name and postoffice address of the person, firm, association or Corporation packing the same; provided further, that when the grower of such fruit be other than the packer of the same, the name and post- office address of such grower shall also prominently appear upon such box or package as the grower of such fruit. [L. 1907, c. 11, p. 22, § 1.] § 5504. False Representation as to Place of Raising or Packing Fruit Forbidden. It shall be unlawful for any dealer, commission merchant, shipper or vendor, by means of any false representations whatever, either verbal, printed or written, to represent or pretend that any fruits mentioned in section 5503, were raised, produced or packed by any person or Corpor- ation, or in any locality, other than by the person or Corporation, or in the locality where the same were in fact raised, produced or packed, as the case may be. [L. 1907, c. 11, p. 22, § 2.] § 5505. Possession of Fruit Falsely Labeled — Evidence. If any dealer, commission merchant, shipper, vendor or other person. shall have in his possession any of such fruits so falsely marked or 166 Report of State Board of Horticulture. labeled contrary to the provisions of section 5503, the possession by such dealer, commission merchant, shipper, vendor, or other person, of any such fruits so falsely marked or labeled shall be prima fade evidence that such dealer, commission merchant, shipper, vendor, or other person, has so falsely marked or labeled such fruits. [L. 1907, c. 11, p. 22, § 3.] § 5506. Penalty for Violation of Act. Any person violating any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed gnilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not less than $5.00,* nor more than $500, or by imprisonment in the county jail not less than ten nor more than one hundred days, or by both such fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of the court. [L. 1907, c. 11, p. 22, § 4.] § 5507. Liabüity for False Representation as to Variety of Nursery Stock. Any person selling nursery stock, or young trees, and representing the same to be of a variety different from what said nursery stock of trees actually are, shall be required to replace all such trees with stock of the same grade and variety as the original order and shall be required to make reasonable compensation to the purchaser for expenses and loss of time due to such error having been made. [L. 1907, c. 57, p. 109.] QUARANTINE REGULATIONS. At a special meeting of the Oregon State Board of Horticulture, held in Portland, April 2, 1895, all members present, the following regulations were adopted, in accordance with the laws regulating such matters, and are, therefore, binding upon all persons: Rule 1. — All consignees, agents, or other persons, shall, within twenty-four hours, notify the qviarantine officer of the State Board of Horticulture, or a duly commissioned quarantine guardian, of the arrival of any trees, plants, buds, or scions, at the quarantine Station in the district of final destination. Rule 2. — All trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or, scions imported or brought into the State from any foreign country or from any of the States or territories, are hereby required to be inspected upon arrival at the quarantine Station in the district of final destination; and if such nursery stock, trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions are found to be free of insect pests and fungous diseases, the said quarantine officer or duly commissioned quarantine guardian shall issue a certificate to that effect; and, furthermore, if any of said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions are found infected with insect pests, fungi, blight, or other diseases injurious to fruit or to fruit trees, or other trees or plants, they shall be disinfected and remain in quarantine until the quarantine officer of the State Board of Horticulture or the duly com- missioned quarantine guardian can determine whether the said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions are free from live, injurious insect pests or their eggs, larvse or pupse or fungous diseases before they can be offered for sale, gift, distribution, or transportation. All persons or companies are hereby prohibited from carrying any trees, plants, cut- tings, grafts; buds, or scions from without the State to any point within the State beyond the nearest point on its line or course to the quarantine Station in the district of ultimate destination; or from any point within QUARANTINE ReGULATIONS. 167 the State to any point therein, until such trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds. or scions have been duly inspected, and, if required, disinfected as hereinbefore provided; and all such shipments must be accompanied by the proper certificate of the inspecting officer; provided. howe%-er. that after such persons or Company have given the proper officer four days' notice, he or they shall not be required to hold such shipments further, without the direction from such officer. Rule 3. — All peach, nectarine, apricot. plum, or almond trees, and all other trees budded or grafted upon peach Stocks or roots, all peach or other pits. and all peach, nectarine. apricot, plum. or almond cuttings, buds, or scions, raised or gro'^'n in a district where the "peach yellows" or the "peach rosette" are known to exist, are hereby prohibited from being imported into or planted or offered for sale. gift, or distribution w-ithin the State of Oregon. Rule 4. — All trees. plants. cuttings, grafts. buds. scions, seeds, or pits arriving from any foreign country found infected v,ith insect pests or their eggs, larvae, or pupas, or with fungi, or other disease or diseases hitherto unknown in this State, are hereby prohibited from landing. Rule 5. — Fruit of any kind grown in any foreign country, or in any of the States or territories, found infected with any insect or insects. or with any fungi, blight or other disease or diseases injurious to fruit or fruit trees, or to other trees or plants, is hereby prohibited from being offered for sale. gift, or distribution within the State. Rule 6. — Any boxes, packages. packing material. and the like, infected with insect or insects, or their eggs. larvje or pupse. or by any fungi, blight, or other disease or diseases known to be injurious to fruit or to fruit trees, or to other trees or plants, and liable to spread contagion, are hereby prohibited from being offered for sale. gift. distribution, or trans- portation until said material has been disinfected by dipping it in boiling water and allowingr it to remain in said boiling water not less than two minutes; such boiling water used as such disinfectant to contain, in Solu- tion, one pound of concentrated potash to each and every ten gallons of water. Rule 7. — All trees. plants, grafts, cuttings. buds. or scions may be disinfected by dipping in a Solution of three-fourths of a pound of whale- oil soap (80 "per cent) to each and every gallon of water; said whale-oil soap Solution shall be kept at a temperature of 100 to 150 degrees. Said trees, plants. cuttings, grafts, buds. or scions shall remain in said Solu- tion not less than two minutes. After said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions have been disinfected, they shall remain in quarantine fourteen days unless otherwise directed by the inspecting officer. for subsequent inspection. and if deemed necessary by the quarantine officer of the State Board of Horticulture, or a duly commissioned quarantine guardian, for further disinfection. Rule 8. — All trees. plants, cuttings. grafts, buds, or scions may be disinfected by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, as follows: Said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions shall be covered with an air- tight tent or box, and for each and every 100 cubic feet of space therein one ounce of (C. P.) Cyanide of potassium (98 per cent), one fluid ounce of sulphuric acid. and two fluid ounces of water shall be used. The Cyan- ide of potassium shall be placed in an eai'thenware vessel, the water poured over the said Cyanide of potassium, afterward adding the sulphuric acid, and the tent or box to be immediately closed tightly, and allowed to remain closed for not less than forty minutes. After said trees, plants, cuttings. grafts. or scions have been treated with hydrocyanic acid gas as above directed, they shall remain in quarantine for fourteen days. unless otherwise directed Isy the inspecting officer, for subsequent inspection. and if deemed necessary* by a member of the State Board of Horticulture, or 168 Report of State Board of Horticulture. the quarantine officer of said Board, or a duly commissioned quarantine guardian, for subsequent disinfection. Rule 9. — All trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, oi' scions imported or brought into the State shall be inspected upon arrival at the quarantine Station in the district of final destination, and if found infected with any injurious insects or diseases which cannot be destroyed by the remedies required in rules 7 and 8 of these regulations, are hereby prohibited from being planted or offered for sale, gift, or distribution, and shall be pro- ceeded against as a nuisance. Rule 10. — If any person or persons having in their possession trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, scions, seeds, or pits infected with an insect or insects, or with any fungi, blight, or other disease or diseases injurious to fruit trees, or to any other trees or plants, shall refuse or neglect to disinfect the said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, scions, seeds, or pits as is required by rules 7 and 8 of these regulations, after having been notified to do so by a member of the State Board of Horticulture, the quarantine officer of said Board, or a duly commissioned quarantine guardian, the said trees, plants, .cuttings, grafts, buds, scions, seeds, or pits shall be declared a public nuisance, and shall be proceeded against as provided by law. Rule 11. — Animals known as flying fox, Australian or English wild rabbits, or other animals or birds detrimental to fruit or fruit trees, plants, etc., are prohibited from being brought or landed in this State, and, if landed, shall be destroyed. Rule 12. — ^Quarantine stations: For the first district, comprising the counties of Multnomah, Clackamas, Yamhill, Washington, Columbia, Clat- sop and Tillamook, shall be Portland. W. K. Newell, quarantine officer, or any member of the Board or the secretary thereof. For the second district, comprising the counties of Marion, Polk, Benton, Linn, Lincoln and Lane, shall be Salem. L. T. Reynolds, quarantine officer, or any member of the Board or the secretary thereof. For the third district, comijrising the counties of Josephine, Coos, Curry, Douglas, Jackson, Lake a.nd Klamath, shall be Ashland. A. H. Carson, quarantine officer, or any member of the Board or the secretary thereof. For the fourth dis- trict, comprising the counties of Morrow, Wasco, Gilliam, Crook, and Sherman, shall be The Dalles. Emille Schanno, quarantine officev, or any member of the Board or the secretary thereof. For the fifth district, comprising the counties of Umatilla, Union, Baker, Wallowa, Malheur, Grant and Harney, shall be Milton and Pendieton. Judd Geer, quarantine officer, or any member of the Board or the secretary thereof. At all stations such other quarantine officers as may be from time to time appointed by the Board, notice whereof will be given, and complete lists of whom may be obtained from the secretary or any member of the Board. Rule 13. — Importers or owners of nursery stock, trees or cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions, desiring to have such nursery stock, trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds, or scions inspected at points other than regulär quarantine stations, may have such inspection done where required; pro- vided, however, that such importers shall pay all charges of inspection; such charges and expenses to be paid before a certificate is granted. Transportation companies or persons and consignees or agents shall deliver and cause to be detained all nursery stock, trees, plants, and fruit at one or the other of the quarantine stations, for inspection, as provided by the rules and regulations of the Board. Rule 14. — The fee for the inspection of apple, pear, plum, peach, nec- tarine, prune, cherry, apricot, nut-bearing trees and all other trees, shrubs or plants, shall be as follows: Thirty cents per hour, including the time from leaving home, inspection and return home of the inspector, and actual traveling and other expenses. On all fruits the fee for inspection QUARANTINE REGULATIONS. 169 shall be $1 on any sum up to $35, and $2 on any sum over that amount, and $5 for carload lots. Rule 15. — All persons growing nursery stock, trees, and plants for sale, or to be ofFered for sale, are hereby required to i'eport to the com- missioner of the district in which said nursery stock, trees, or plants are grown, for inspection during the months of September, October, or November of each and every year, and the commissioner of such district. or his duly appointed deputy, shall inspect such nursery stock, trees, ov plants prior to shipment and delivery. When said nursery stock, trees or plants are found by said inspecting officer to be worthy of a certificate setting forth the freedom of such nursery stock, trees, or plants from live injurious insect pests, their eggs, larvse, pupze, or fungous disease the said inspecting officer shall then issue to the owner or owners of said nurseiy stock, trees, or plants, a certificate of inspection. The condition under which this certificate is granted is, that the party or parties receiving such certificate shall be compelled to disinfect by fumigation with hydro- cyanic acid gas, as described in rule 8, all pear and apple trees, or other stock grown on apple roots, after lifting the same and before delivery to purchaser or carriers; and, in case such fumigation is neglected, said certificate of inspection shall be void and of no efltect. Passed at a meeting of the State Board of Horticulture at Portland, Oregon, April 3, 1895, and amended at a regulär meeting of the State Board of Horticulture at Salem, Oregon, October 15, A. D. 1895. At a regulär meeting of the Oregon State Board of Horticulture, held October 14, 1907, Rule 8 of the Quarantine Regulations of the State Board of Horticulture was amended so as to read as follows: All trees, plants, grafts, buds or scions grown in the State of Oregon and offered for sale within the State, and all such trees, plants, grafts, buds and scions grown out of the State of Oregon, and sold within the State for planting and propagation, shall be disinfected either with hydro- cyanic acid as follows : Said trees, plants, cuttings, grafts, buds or scions shall be covered with an air-tight box or house, and for each and every 100 cubic feet of space therein one ounce of chemically pure Cyanide of potassium (93 per cent) , one fluid ounce of sulphuric acid and two ounces of water shall be used. The Cyanide of potassium shall be placed in an earthenware vessel, the water poured over the said Cyanide of potassium, afterward adding the sulphuric acid, when the box or house must be immediately closed tightly and allowed to remain closed for not less than forty minutes, or instead of such fumigation such trees, buds, or scions may be dipped in a Standard Solution of lime and sulphur of the strength required for winter use in spraying San Jose scale. , INDEX INDEX. A Page Apple and Pear Market in Eui-ope H.B.Miller 111-117 Apple in Oregon, The. Extracts from bulletins by Prof. E. R. Lake 125-149 The Problem of Planung 125 Site and Soll 126 Selection of Trees and Planting 129 Distance Apart to Plant 131 Pollination 135 Tillage and Cultivation 142 Cover Crops 144 Pruning 146 Associations of Fruit Growers in Oregon 155-156 C Carson, A. H. Article, The Labor Problem 89-91 Article, Orchard Drainage a Necessity 85-88 Reports as Commissioner 28-53 Commissioners and Commissioner Districts 5 Cordley, A. B. Article, Sprays and Spraying 63-72 County Fruit Inspectors 5 Law relating to 161 E European Markets for Oregon Fruits Hon. H. B. Miller 118-123 F Falsa representation as to place of raising unlawful 165 False representation as to variety of trees 166 Fruit crop estimates — State as whole, 1910 17 Second district, 1910 27 Third district, 1909 and 1910 52-53 Fourth district, 1910 57-5 8 Fifth district, 1910 62 Fruit Growers' Associations and Unions in Oregon 155-156 Fruit packed for market must be labeled 165 Q Geer, Judd. Article, Small Fruits in Eastern Oregon 97-100 Reports as Commissioner 59-62 H Horticultural Societies in Oregon 155 Illustrations — Apple tree, Jonathan, B. N. Sproat 123 Apple tree, Jonathan, flve-year-old 22 Apple orchard, Ashland 134 174 Index. Illustrations — Contimted - page Apples, thinning 76 Apple orchard, three-year-old, of B. N. Sproat 1