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With Six- teen Illustrations in Color Charles Scribner’s Sons New Medan M ACCCXLCIX Copyright, 1883, hy The Independent Copyright, 1899, hy Mary Day Lanier QL 6b7L jae 4 ied st Ho i 2, - copy accepted Order Div, Prefatory Note HE poet Stdney Lanier loved to swing in full-muscled walks through the fields and woods ; to take the higgest how and quiver out of the archery implements provided for himself and his hrood of hoys, and with them trail- ing at his heels, to tramp and shoot at rovers ; to he- stride a springy horse and ride through the mountains and the valleys, noting what they were pleased to show of tree and hird and heast life. He could feel the honest savage tnstintt of the hunter (and lose it in hes first sight of a stag’s death-eyes ). A rare hird’s nest with eggs produced in him the rapture vouchsafed to harharian Boy, along with the divine suggestions vouchsafed to the Poet. This may he worth while to say to those of Lanter’s readers who may think of him as a sensitive, delicate man of letters, and who must see in most of his writing evidences of extreme sensihility. It was this hahtt of a prathical, face-to-face conversation with nature which, joined with the artist’s instinéi, makes the sketch of “Bob” so veracious a pitiure of a hird-indi- vidual and a hird-spectes. Lanier’s wife and chil- dren remember well the delight the hird had for his hrother artist; how the amused flute would trill with extravagant graces to the silent hut heedful wonder of the caged one. Every surprising token of intelli- gence, of affection, of valor displayed hy Boh was hailed hy Mr. Lanier with a hoy’s ecstacy over a pet, and a poet’s thankfulness of a heautiful work of the Creator. | There 7s, doubtless, no need to assure the reader that the events of Boh’s life as hereinafter depitied are historically true; he was acquired hy one of the poet’s hoys, who, forhidden to roh nests, remembers his fear, on the way home with Boh in his straw hat, that the account of the hird’s helpless condition would not serve as a fair and reasonable excuse for keep- ing him as a pet. The illustrations which form so important a part of the effort to make a pitture of Boh, are unusual in their origin and tn their method. Mr. Dugmore made photographic studies of a young mocking-hird, or, rather, of a number of young mocking-hirds, the photographs were colored hy him, and the plates from these photographs were printed tn color. The variety of rare tints in any hird’s plumage, their extreme delicacy, and the infinitely fine gradations of shading have almost always haffled the artist and the printer. The present attempt to reproduce Mr. Dugmore’s masterly pittures tn color shows at least a handsome advance in the difficult art. Charles Day Lanter. Ofioher, 1899. SE of Illustrations From Photographs made from Life and colored hy A. R. Dugmore - * Boh lying in a lump” To face page 4 '“To tncrease the volume of his rudimentary feathers” - “Throw his head hack and open his yellow- lined heak” “He scrambled to the hars of the cage which his feeble companion was unable to do” “For it was his own image in the looking- glass of a bureau” “H7s hath” “When he smoothed his feathers” - “And as many times slid down the smooth surface of the mirror and wounded himself upon the perilous pin-cushton” ' “The most elegant, trim .. . little dandy” j «4 sidelong, enquiring posture of the head, .. . Is she gone?” ' “ He eats very often” “Boh never negletis to wipe his heak after each meal” “He stretches hts hody until he seems incredi- bly tall” “When he ts cold he makes himself into a round hall of feathers” \ “When hes feathers fall. He ts then uns peak- ably dejetied. . . . every feather dropped from his tail” ; \ “We have only to set Boh’s cage where a spot of sunshine will fall on tt. . . . up goes his heak, and he ts off” ACCA oes) cs q The Mocking-Bird Superh and sole, upon a pluméd spray That o'er the general leafage holdly grew, He summ’d the woods tn song ; or typic drew The watch of hungry hawks, the lone dismay Of languid doves when long their lovers stray, And all hirds’ passton-plays that sprinkle dew At morn in brake or hosky avenue. Whateer hirds did or dreamed, this hird could say. Then down he shot, hounced atrily along The sward, twitched in a grasshopper, made song Midfiight, perched, prinked, and to hes art again. Sweet Sctence, this large riddle read me plain: How may the death of that dull tnseét he The life of yon trim Shakspere on the tree? =e OT that his In respect of his behavior during a certain trying pe- riod which I am presently to recount, he ought to be | called Sir Philip Sidney: yet, by virtue of his con- duct in another very trou- Bo p | blesome business which I will relate, he has equal claim to be known as Don Quixote de la Mancha: while, in consideration that he is the Voice of his whole race, singing the passions of all his Jellows better than any one could sing his own, he is clearly en- titled to be named Wil- liam Shakspere. For Bob ts our mocking- the top of a certain great june in a certain small city on the sea-coast of Georgia. In this tree and a host of his lordly fellows which tower over that little city, the mocking-birds abound in unusual numbers. They love the prodigious masses of the leaves, and the gen- erous breezes from the neighboring Gulf Stream, bird. He fell to us out of Bop 8 B | and, most of all, the infi- | nite flood of the sunlight which is so rich and cor- dial that it will make even aman lifthis head towards the sky, as a mocking-bird lifis his beak, and try to sing something or other. About three years ago, in a sandy road which skirts a grove of such tall pines, a wayfarer found Bob ly- ing ina lump. It could not have been more than a few days since he was no bird at all, only an egg with possibilities. Lhe finder brought him to our fence and turned him over to a young man who had done us the honor to come out of a Strange Country and live at our house about six years before. Gladly received by this last, Bob was brought within, and family discus- Bo Rp | sions were held. He could not be put back into a tree: the hawks would have had him in an hour. The origi- nal nest was not tobe found. We struggled hardagainst committing the crime—as we had always considered it—of caging a bird. But finally tt became plain that there was no other resource. In fact, we were obliged to recognize that he had come tous from the hand of Pro- vidence, and, though we are among the most steady- going democrats of this Republic, we were yet suf- ficiently acquainted with the etiquette of courts to know that one does not re- Suse the gift of the King. Dimly hoping, therefore, that we might see our way clear to devise some means of giving Bob an education F 0 p | thatwould fit him for a for- ester, we arranged suitable accommodations for him, and he was tended with motherly care. He repaid our attentions Jrom the very beginning. He immediately began to puck up in flesh and to in- crease the volume of his ru- dimentary feathers. Soon he commenced to call jor his food as lustily as any ay a 5 Le ro a Lr az - se “i a in atime od spotled child. When it was brought, he would throw his head back and open his yellow-lined beak to a width which no one would credit who did not see it. Into this enormous cavity, whichseemedalmostlarger than the bird, his protec- tress would thrust —and the more vigorously the bet- ter he seemed to like 1it— ball after ball of the yolk of hard-boiled egg mashed up with trish potato. How, from this dry com- found which was his only Jare except an occasional worm off the rose-bushes, Bob could have wrought the surprising nobleness of spirit which he displayed about six weeks after he came tous ...1s a matter which I do not believe the most expansive application Y a ° E o" 3 am) Oz ~ 7 of Mr. Herbert Shencer’s Bo B theory of the genesis of emotion could even remote- ly account for. I refer to the occasion when he fairly earned the title of Sir Philip Sidney. A short time after he became our guest a cou- ple of other fledgelings were brought and placed in his cage. One of these soon died, but the other con- tinued for some time longer Bo B to drag out a drooping Cx istence. One day, when Bob was about six weeks old, his usual ration had been delayed, owing to the pres- sure of other duties upon his attendant. He was not slow to make this circumstance known by all the language available to him. He was very hungry indeed and was squealing with every appearance of entreaty and EEE ee ee . of indignation when at last Bo R the lady of the house was able to bring him his break- fast. He scrambled to the bars of the cage—which his feeble companion was unable to do—took the prof- Jered ball of egg-and-fo- tato fiercely in his beak, and then, instead of swallowing it, deliberately flapped back to his sick guest in the cor- ner and gave him the whole of it without tasting a mor- sel. Now when Sir Philip Sid- ney was being carried off the battle-field of Zutphen with a fearful wound in his thigh, he became very thirsty and begged for wa- ter. As the cup was handed him, a dying soldier who lay near cast upon it a look of great longing. This Sid- ney observed : refusing the i t 4 “SR Ati BR SMH UIE RA nit mest rr og ‘ “ e a BN 3) aa er. ix 4 ae nna ensue ania RIT MORIN cen: toa damnebeRinisinliiesahenriicsons cuns he ordered thai i should be handed to the soldier, saying, ‘His ne- cessity 1s greater than mine.” Mocking - bird is called Bob ' gust as a goat is called Billy or Nan, as a parrot ts called Poll, as a squirrel is called Bunny, or as a cat 1s called Pussy or Tom. In spite of the suggestions forced upon us by the similarity of his be- havior to that of the sweet young gentleman of Zut- phen, our bird continued to bear the common apjpel- lation of his race and no efforts on the part of those who believe in the fitness of things have availed to change the habits of Bob’s friends in this particular. Bob he was, is, and will probably remain. Perhaps under a weight- ier title he would not have thriven so rosperously. Ais growth was amazing ce B \in body and in mind. By the time he was two months old he clearly showed that he was going to be a singer. About this period certain little feeble trills and ex- perimental whistles began to vary the monotony of his absurd squeals and chir- rups. The musical busi- ness, and the marvellous work of feathering him- self, occupied his thoughts continually. I cannot but suppose that he superin- tended the disposition of the black, white and gray markings on his wings and his tail as they succes- sively appeared: he cer- tainly manufactured the pigments with which those colors were laid on, some- where within himself, — and all out of egg-and- jotato. How he ever got Be p |\the idea of arranging his feather characteristics ex- actly as those of all other male mocking-birds are arranged—is more than I know. It is equally beyond me to conceive why he did not— while he was about it— exert his individuality to the extent of some litile peculiar black dot or white stripe whereby he could at least tell himself, from any other bird. His failure to Bo B attend to this last matter was aflerwards the cause ofa great battle from which Bob would have emerged in a plight as ludicrous as any of Don Qutxote’s,— considering the harmless and unsubstantial nature of his antagonist—had not this view of his behavior been changed by the cour- age and spirit with which he engaged his enemy, the gallantry with which he continued the fight, and the good faithful blood which he shed while it lasted. In all these particulars his batile fairly rivalled any encounter of the much- bruised Knight of la Man-. cha. He was about a year old when it happened, and the fight took place a long way from his native heath. Bo B He was spending the sum- mer at a pleasant country home in Pennsylvania. He had appeared to take gust as much delight in the clover fields and manston- studded hills of this lovely region as in the lonesome Sorests and sandy levels of his native land. He had sung, and sung: even in his dreams at night his Sensi- Bo B | tive little soul would often get quite too full and he would pour forth raptur- ous bursts of sentiment at any time between twelve o’clock and daybreak. If our health had been as little troubled by broken slumber as was his, these melodies in the late night would have been glorious ; but there were some of us whohad gone into the coun- try especially to sleep; and ¥ OB we were finally driven to swing the sturdy songster highupinour outside porch at night, by an apparatus contrived with careful re- ference to cats. Several of these animals in the neighborhood had longed unspeakably for Bob ever since his arrival. We had seen them eyeing him from behind bushes and through B OR | windows, and had once rescued him from one who had thrust a paw between the very bars of his cage. That cat was going to eat him, art and all, with no compunciion in the world. His music seemed to make no more impression on cats than Keats’s made on crit- ics. If only some really discriminating person had been by with a shot-gun when The Quarterly thrust its paw into poor Endym- ion’s cage! One day at this country- house Bob had been let out of his cage and allowed to fly about the room. He had cut many antics, to the amusement of the com- pany, when presently we left him, to go down to din- ner. What occurred afier- ward was very plainly told by circumstantial evidence when we returned. As soon as he was alone, he had availed himself of his un- usual freedom to go explor- ing about the room. In the course of his investigation he suddenly found himself confronted by ... it is impossible to say what he considered it. If he had been reared in the woods he would probably have re- garded tt as another mock- _ing-bird, —for it was his own image in the looking- glass of a bureau. But he had never seen any member of his race except the for- _lorn litile unfledged speci- men which he had fed at six weeks of age, and which bore no resemblance to this tall, gallant, bright-eyed figure in the mirror. He had thus had no opportu- F OB |ntty to generalize his kind; and he knew nothing what- ever of his own personal appearance except the par- tial hints he may have gained when he smoothed his feathers with his beak after his bath in the morn- ing. It may therefore very well be that he took this sudden apparition for some Chimera or dire monster which had taken advan- io + f ae 7 , < 7 wk , : a © ie ; * is 5 La ih ‘ .. \ , i j Ae far i aN = x t = > F * \ ‘i ‘ x ' haf tg ' | 3 7 7 ‘ te A ( ¢ é ° ; i a ; 2 . a " 4 +. , ie ae J * ] ts i me Ko ary ; \ Geo. eae Ln aoe 1 tage of the family’s tempo- rary absence to enter the room, with evil purpose. Bob immediately deter- ‘mined to defend the prem- uses. He flew at the invader, literally beak and claw. But beak and claw taking no hold upon the smooth glass, with each attack he slid struggling down to the foot of the mirror. Now i so happened that a pin- cushion lay at this point, which bristled not only with pins but with needles which had been tempora- rily left in it and which were nearly as sharp atthe eye-ends as at the points. Upon these Bob’s poor claws came down with Jury: he felt the wounds and saw the blood: both he attributed to the strokes of his enemy, and this roused AR Dugmore: a } K ‘ ee "5 - 2A : 4 “ , \ ) f ' ‘ i ‘ ih) 4 hy d f , f ( him to new rage. In order | to give additional momen- tum to his onset he would retire towards the other side of the room and thence fly at the foe. Again and again he charged: and as many times slid down the smooth surface of the mir- ror and wounded himself ufion the perilous pin-cush- ion. As I entered, being Jjirst up from table, he was in the act of fluttering down against the glass. The counterpane on the bed, the white dimity cover of the bureau, the pin-cush- ion, all bore the bloody re- semblances of his feet in various places,and showed how many times he had sought distant points in or- der to give himself a run- ning start. His heart was beating violently, and his feathers were ludicrously Bo B tousled. And all against the mere shadow of him- self! Never was there such a temptation for the head of a family to assemble his people and draw a prodi- gious moral. But better thoughts came: for, after all, was it not probable that the poor bird was de- Jending —or at any rate believed he was defending —the rights and proper- ites of his absent masters against a foe of unknown power? All the circum- stances go to show that he made the attack with a faithful valor as reverent as that which steadied the lance of Don Quixote against the windmills. In after days, when his cage has been placed among the boughs of the trees, he has not shown any warlike Jeelings against the robins and sparrows that passed about, but only a, friendly interest. Ait this present writing, Bob is the most elegant, trim, electric, persuasive, cunning, tender, coura- geous, artistic little dandy of a bird that mind canim- agine. He does not confine himself to imitating the Bo B | songs of his tribe. He ts a creative artist. I was wit- ness not long ago to the se- lection and adoption by him of a rudimentary whistle- language. During an ull- ness it fell to my lot to sleep in a room alone with Bob. Inthe early morning, when a lady—to whom Bob is passionately atiached — would make her appear- ance in the room, he would Nee EEE salute her with a certain F OB joyful chirrup which ap- pears to belong to him pe- culiarly. I have not heard it from any other bird. But sometimes the lady would merely open the door, make an inquiry, and then re- tire. It was now necessary Jor his artistic soul to find some form of expressing grief. For this purpose he selected a certain cry al- Bo p | most identical with that of the cow-bird—an tinde- scribably plaintive, long- drawn, thin whistle. Day after day I heard him make use of these expres- sions. He had never done so before. The mournful one he would usually ac- company, as soon as the door was shut, with a side- long inquiring posture of the head, which was a clear repetition of the lov- er’s Is she gone? Is she really gone? amaoe TERE ts one d particular in which | DY - Bob’s habits cannot be recommended. He eats very often. In fact f Bob should hire a cook, it would be absolutely necessary for him to write down his hours for her guidance; and this writing would look very much ltke a time-table of the Pennsylvania, or the Hudson River, or the FET OR TOORAK i Old Colony, Railroad. He would have to say: ** Brid- get will be kind enough to get me my breakfast at the following hours: 5, 5-30) 5-40, O, O15; 0.30, O45) 7 7-20; 7.40, 8 (and so on, every Jifieen or twenty minutes, until 72 M.); my dinner m2, F2.20; 12.70, 1, 0275, 7:70 (and so on every fifteen or twenty | Bo Rp | minutes until O [.m.); my supper is irregular, but I wish Bridget particularly to remember that I always eat whenever I awake in the night, and that I usu- ally awake four or five times between bedtime and daybreak.” With all this eating, Bob never neglects to wipe his beak afier each meal. This he does by drawing it quickly, three . ° E o = = ia <<. aA a! or four times on each side, against his perch. I never tire of watching his motions. There does not seem to be the least friction between any of the com- ponent parts of his sys- tem. They all work, give, play in and out, stretch, contract, and serve his desires generally with a smoothness and soft pre- cision truly admirable. Bo B| Merely to see him leap Jrom his perch to the floor of his cage 1s to me a never- jailing marvel. It is so instantaneous, and yet so quiet: clin, and heis down, with his head in the. food- cup: I can compare i to nothing but the stroke of Fate. It is perhaps a strained association of the large with the small: but when he suddenly leaps down in this instantaneous Bo B way, I always feel as if, while looking down ujfon the three large Forms of the antique Sculpture, ly- ing in severe postures along the ground, I suddenly heard the clip of the fatal shears. — His repertory of songs is extensive. Perhapsit would have been much more so if his life had been in the B O PB | woods where he would have had the opportunity to hear the endlessly-various calls of his race. So far as we can see, the stock of songs which he now sings must have been brought in his own mind from the egg, or JSrom some Surther source whereof we know nothing. He certainly never learned these calls: many of the birds of whom he gives per- Sectimitationshave been al- ways beyond his reach. He does not apprehend readily anew Set of tones. He has caught twoorthreemusical phrases from having them whistled near him. No sys- tematic attempt, however, has been made to teach him anything. His proce- dure in learning these few tones was peculiar. He | would not, on first hearing Bo Rp | them, make any sign that he desired to retain them, beyond a certain air of at- tention in his posture. Up- on repetition on a differ- ent day, his behavior was the same: there was no attempt at imitation. But sometime aflerward, quite unexpectedly, in the hila- rious flow of his birdsongs would appear a perfect re- froduction of the whistled tones. Like a great artist Bo RB | he was rather above futile and amateurish efforts. He took things into his mind, turned them over, and, when he was perfectly sure of them, brought them forth with perfection and with unconcern. He has his little joke. His favorite response to the en- dearing terms of the lady whom he loves is to scold F OB | her. Of course he under- stands that she under- stands his wit. He uses Jor this purpose the angry warning cry which mock- ing-birds are in the habit of employing to drive away intruders from their nests. At the same time he ex- presses his delight by a peculiar gesture which he always uses when pleased. He extends his right wing meat Ve Thee and stretches his leg along Bo B the inner surface of it as Jar as he is able. He has great capacities in the way of elongating and contraching himself. When he is curious, or alarmed, he stretches his body until he seems incredibly tall and of the sixe of his neck all the way. When he is cold, he makes himself into a round ball of. feathers. THINK I envy % him most when he a goes to sleep. He takes up one leg somewhere into his bosom, crooks the other a trifle, shortens his neck, closes his eyes, —and it 1s done. He does not ap- pear to hover a moment in the borderland between sleening and waking but hops over the line with the same superb decision with which he drops from his | Bo B : perch to the floor. I do not | think he ever has anything on his mind after he closes his eyes. It ts my belief that he never committed a sin of any sort in his whole life. There ts but one time when he ever looks sad. This is | during the season when his feathers fall. He ts then unspeakably dejected. | Never a note do we get rom him until it ts over. Nor can he be blamed. Last summer not only the usual loss took place, but every eather dropped from his tail. His dejection during this period was so extreme that we could not but be- lieve he had some idea of his personal appearance under the disadvantage of no tail. This was so ludi- crous that his most ardent MPO aie ay nore lovers could scarcely be- hold him without a smile ; and it appeared to cut him to the soul that he should excite such sentiments. But ina surprisingly short time his tail-feathers grew out again, the rest of his apparel reappeared fresh _|and new, and he lifted up his head: insomuch that whenever we wish to fill the house with a gay, con- jident, dashing, riotous, innocent, sparkling glory of jubilation, we have only to set Bob’s cage where a shot of sunshine will fall on it. His beads of eyes glisten, his form grows in- tense, up goes his beak, and he is off. Finally we have sometimes discussed the question: ts it better on the whole, that Bob should have lived in Y » 9 £ *~ 3 a: os < a cage than tn the wild- | wood? There are confict- ing opinions about it: but one of us ts clear that it ts. He argues that although there aremany songs which are never heard, as there are many eggs which never hatch, yet the general end | of a song ts to be heard, as that of an egg ts to be hatched. He further argues | that Bob’s life in his cage | Bo p | has been one long blessing to several people who stood in need of him: whereas in the woods, leaving aside the probability of hawks and bad boys, he would not have been ltkely to gain one appreciative listener for a single half-hour out of each year. And, as I have already mercifully released you from several morals (continues this disputant) which Imight have drawn rom Bob, I am resolved | thatno power onearth shall prevent me from drawing this final one.—We have heard much of ‘the privi- leges of genius,” of ‘the right of the artist to live out his own existence Sree | from the conventionalities of society,” of ‘the un- morality of art,” and the like. But I do protest that Bo PB | the greater the artist, and the more profound his pity toward the fellow-man Jor whom he passionately works, the readier will be his willingness to forego the privileges of genius and to cage himself in the conventionalities, even as the mocking-bird ts caged. Ms struggle against these will, I admit, be the greal- est: he will feel the bitterest sense of their uselessness in restraining him from wrong-doing. But, never- theless, one consideration will drive him to enter the door and get contentedly on his perch: his fellow-men, his fellow-men. These he can reach through the re- | snectable bars of use and wont; in his wild thickets of lawlessness they would never hear him, or, hear- ing, would never listen. In truth this is the sublimest of self-denials, and none but a very great artist can compass it: to abandon the sweet green forest of liberty, and live a whole life behind needless con- straints, for the more per- feet service of his fellow- men. q : To Our Mocking-Bird Died of a Cat, May, 1878 Raat | Trillets of humor,—shrewdest whistle-wit,— Contralto cadences of grave desire Such as from off the passionate Indian pyre Drift down through sandal-odored flames that split About the slim young widow who doth sit And sing ahove,—midnights of tone entire, — Téssues of moonlight shot with songs of fire ;— Bright drops of tune, from oceans infinite Of melody, sipped off the thin-edged wave And trickling down the heak,—discourses hrave Of serious matter that no man may guess,— Good-fellow greetings, cries of light distress— All these hut now within the house we heard: O Death, wast thou too deaf to hear the hird ? II Ah me, though never an ear for song, thou hast A tireless tooth for songsters: thus of late Thou camest, Death, thou Cat! and leap’st my gate, And, long ere Love could follow, thou hadst passed Within and snatched away, how fast, how fast, My hird—wit, songs, and all— thy richest freight Since that fell time when in some wink of fate Thy yellow claws unsheathed and stretched, and cast Sharp hold on Keats, and dragged him slow away, And harried him with hope and horrid play— Ay, him, the world’s hest wood-hird, wise weth song — Tell thou hadst wrought thine own last mortal wrong. Twas wrong! *twas wrong! I care not, wrong ’s the word— To munch our Keats and crunch our mocking- hird. Iil Nay, Bird; my grief gainsays the Lord’s hest right. The Lord was fain, at some late festal time, That Keats should set all Heaven’s woods tn rhyme, And thou in hird-notes. Lo, this tearful night, Methinks I see thee, fresh from death’s despite, Perched tn a palm-grove, wild with pantomime, _ Oer blissful companies couched in shady thyme, — Methinks I hear thy stluer whistlings hright Mix with the mighty discourse of the wise, Till hroad Beethoven, deaf no more, and Keats, "Midst of much talk, uplift their smiling eyes, And mark the music of thy wood-conceits, And halfway pause on some large, courteous word, And call thee “ Brother,” O thou heavenly Bird! Baltimore, 1878. Tue | 1 eet ; 3 Wh f i > ) f Pen f f ‘ ; im i “ 4 ; \ j i : \ i ens f ; Tee D. B. Updike The Merrymount Press 104 Chestnut Street Boston