C 55. \'l' /«^ AEC-DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE-DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE-NASA-NSF DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR-DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION BOMEX BULLETIN NO. 12 November 1975 Prepared by Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20235 TELEPHONE 202-634-7324 CONTENTS Page Preface iii Final Report of the BOMAP Advisory Panel 1 Part A - Report of the BOMAP Advisory Panel 5 I. Introduction 7 II. Functions of BOMAP: Achievements and Work Remaining 8 III. Critical Issues and Recommendations 12 IV. Value to Future Progams : Lessons Learned 13 V. Summary of Recommendations 16 References 18 Part B - Report of the Director, BOMAP 19 1. History 21 2. Chief Accomplishments 26 3. Chief Problems 29 4. VJhere Do Things Stand? 32 References 33 Appendix I - BOMAP Publications 35 Appendix II - BOMEX Archive Products 41 Appendix III - Status of BOMAP Data Sets 78 Wind Stress and Turbulent Energy Budget Measurements in the Undisturbed Surface Boundary Layer Over the Sea; the Tern Buoy Experiment, by Paul Frenzen and Richard L. Hart 79 o % a. o to Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS IVIembers and Sloan Foundation http://archive.org/details/bomexbulletinpreOOunit PREFACE This is the last issue in the BOMEX Bulletin series. The delay in getting it out has been considerable, but it was thought desirable to wait with publication until most of the other BOMEX tasks for which the Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis (CEDDA) has been responsible had been completed. The major one among these has been, of course, the valida- tion and archiving of the BOMEX data, which are now available from the National Climatic Center (NCC) in Asheville, N.C. Descriptions of the processing methods, and inventories of the archived data, are contained in NOAA Technical Report EDS 12, issued in May 1975. It seems appropriate to publish in this last issue, as a matter of "historical interest," the Final Report of the BOMAP Advisory Panel, dated May 1973. In the first part of that report, the Panel members correctly anticipated that the experience gained by CEDDA — the "EX" in BOMEX — would yield benefits later. This has been true in the case of both the 1972-73 International Field Year for the Great Lakes (IFYGL) and the 1974 GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). The data from the major U.S. IFYGL collection systems have been fully processed and placed in the IFYGL Archive at NCC. CEDDA' s close involvement in the planning and in the field phase of GATE, as well as in the data processing, has paid off in terms of a much more demanding (yet attainable) data processing schedule than was true of BOl'lEX. Practically all our resources are now being applied to meeting that schedule. In Part B of the BOMAP Advisory Panel report, I reviewed the history of BOMEX and BOI^lAP (the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Analysis Project) . One question I raised at the time dealt with the responsibility for providing a comprehensive scientific synthesis of BOMEX. This question I am now personally addressing in a technical report which will review the major findings as reflected in the more than 200 BOMEX-related papers that have, so far, appeared. A second question, concerning the lack of focus in the analysis of the Tropical Convection Program during the fourth BOMEX observation period, is being ameliorated in a wave of current work including that by Martin and Sikdar at the University of Wisconsin, Bluestein at MIT, and Zipser and his coworkers at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. The last three of the BOMEX atlas publications are currently in press: BOMEX Period III Radar-Satellite Atlas, BOMEX Rawinsonde Atlas, and BOMEX Atlas of Low-Level Atmospheric Data. The radar precipitation analysis was published recently in NOAA Technical Report EDS 13, and another technical 111 report is forthcoming on the BOMEX Core Experiment analysis, for which the budget calculations are complete. With these things done, BOMAP will be behind us. However, the analytical work being continued elsewhere, partic- ularly in the testing of convection parameterization models by Nitta and Esbensen at UCLA, Ogura, Cho , and Soong at the University of Illinois, Betts and his coworkers at Colorado State University, and others, testifies to the usefulness of the BOMEX data. This usefulness may even increase as GATE data become available for comparative studies of the atmospheric and oceanic processes over the eastern and western tropical Atlantic Ocean. Joshua Z. Holland Director, CEDDA IV NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING aiOl CONSTITUTION AVENUE WASHINGTON, D.C. 2O418 U.S. COM.MirTF.E FOR THE GLOB.SL ATMOSIMIEIUC UESKAKCII rROCRAM DIVISION OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES October 11, 197 3 Dr. Robert M. IVhite Admini s tr a tor National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Department of Commerce , Room 5130 Washington, D.C. 20230 Dear Bob: It is with pleasure that I informally transmit the final report of the BOMAP Advisory Panel which reported to the U.S. Committee for the Global Atmospheric Research Program (U3C-GARP) at its September meeting. With the approval of the officers and members of the Committee , this report is being provided for the further assistance and guidance it will provide you for the comple- tion of the BOMAP activity , and to the subsequent and re].ated activities of NO/vA and others in the developing plans for U.S. participation in the Global Atmospheric Research Program. I believe the BOMAP Advisory Panel has proved very heJ.pful during the course of the BOMAP activities and has carried out its responsibilities with a high degree of dedication, purpose and achievement. This is an area of crucial importance to the science , which you have long recognized. Further, it is the primary responsibility of the governm.ent to assure the excellence of its continuing work in data processing and management. Many lessons have been learned as a result of this activity. The job required to execute it well has proved to be bigger and of longer dura- tion than anyone had earlier contemplated. And there is still a significant way to go before it gets fully in hand. You will note that the Panel's report has identified several tasks that remain for the BOMiAP to be truly effective and complete in its activities, and which, no doubt, will V Dr. Robert M. IVhite -2- October 11, 1973 becoiTie basic tenets for the continuing work and role of CEDDA in its future activities. The work still before CEDDA is clearly identified, and these and our earlier recommendations should be given deliberate and careful attention. As you will note , copies of this report are being provided other appropriate offices in NOAA , as well as to those in NSF and NASA, whose cooperation and assistance can also contribute to the excellence of the execution of this federal task. The support of NOAA and NSF during the v/ork of the BOriAP Advisory Panel is fully appreciated, as was the prompt, attentive and positive response of the personnel at CEDDA and NOAA management to the evolving suggestions and recommendations of the Panel over the past several years. Sincerely yours , /'• ■- X / Verner E. Suomi Chairm.an, U.S. Committee for the Global Atmospheric Research Program Enclosure cc: Prof. Robert G. Fleagle GATE Project Office , NOAA CEDDA , NOAA GARP Project Office, NASA , . GARP Project Office, NSF vx FINAL REPORT OF THE BOMAP ADVISORY PANEL U.S. COMMITTEE FOR THE GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH PROGRAM National Academy of Sciences National Research Council Washington, D. C. July 1973 BOMAP Advisory Panel Members Robert G. Fleagle, Chairman, University of Washington Alfred K. Blackadar, Pennsylvania State University Charles S. Cox, Scrlpps Institution of Oceanography Thomas 0. Haig, University of Wisconsin Noel E. LaSeur, Florida State University John M. Wallace, University of Washington Edward J. Zipser, National Center for Atmospheric Research Final Report of the BOMAP Advisory Panel Part A: Report of the Panel Part B: Report of the Director, BOMAP PART A Report of the BOMAP Advisory Panel Membership Robert G. Fleagle, Chairman Alfred K. Blackadar Charles S. Cox Thomas 0. Haig Noel E. LaSeur John M. Wallace Edward J. Zipser PART A Contents I. Introduction y II. Functions of BOMAP : Achievements and Work Remaining 8 1. Archiving g 2. Atlases and data summaries 9 3. Core experiment analysis 10 4. Coordination and data exchange H 5. Development of data handling capabilities H III. Critical Issues and Recommendations 12 1. Completion of core analysis 12 2. Processing, archiving, and access to non-BOMAP data 12 3. Continuing responsibilities beyond BOMAP 13 IV. Value to Future Programs: Lessons learned 13 1. Planning 13 2. Data processing system 14 3. Key measurement capabilities 14 4. Inter-agency coordination 15 5. Government-university coordination 16 6. Training and experience 16 V. Summary of Recommendations 16 References .■ 18 '" I. Introduction Upon initiation of the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Analysis Project (BOMAP) in August 1969 the objectives were identified as follows: (1) To reduce all data collected in BOMEX under BOMEX Project Office direction and make it available to all investigators. (2) To complete analysis of the BOMEX "Core Experiment" (com- parison of estimates of sea-air exchange of energy by the line integral, budget, and aerodynamic methods with direct measure- ments by eddy-convariance methods) , for which ESSA, through the BOMEX Project Office, provided the Principal Investigators, and for which the ship and aircraft arrays and operating schedules during the first three operational periods of BOMEX were designed. (3) To provide a central contact point and information exchange for all BOMEX investigators during the data reduction and imme- diate analysis period, and to provide a channel for unified public- cation of BOMEX experimental methods and results. The BOMAP Advisory Panel was appointed by J.G. Charney, Chairman of the USC/GARP, in November 1969 to (1) review the program of analysis, and (2) facilitate exchange of all BOMEX data. The Panel has met on five occasions for two days each and has reported after each meeting its findings and recommendations for insuring that the BOMAP objectives are achieved. These reports were transmitted to the Director of BOMAP, the Administrator of NOAA, and to the Chairman of the USC/GARP.* The Panel has been concerned especially with two issues: man- power quality, and carry-over of BOMAP capabilities to subsequent national programs. We are now satisfied that these issues have been adequately and properly cared for. Our over-all assessment at this time is that the objec- tives can be achieved under the program now in progress and nearing comple- tion, and that the Center for Experimental Design and Data Analysis (CEDDA) , which was created from BOMAP in 1971, is a strong, well-organized unit which should be invaluable in planning and data processing for GATE. *1. Memo to Director, BOMAP, January 19, 1970 2. Memo to Director, BOMAP, September 30, 1970 3. Memo to Director, BOMAP, July 7,19 71 4. Letter to Administrator, NOAA, June 5, 19 72 (with cc to Director, BOMAP; and Chairman, USC-GARP) 5. Letter to Chairman, USC-GARP, July 24, 1973 (transmittal of final report of Panel) Analysis of BOMEX data Is still in progress by CEDDA and by many of the Individual principal Investigators In other Institutions. It Is too early to attempt a final assessment of results of the whole experiment. On the other hand, completion of the central CEDDA tasks of data archiving and calculation of surface fluxes from the Core Experiment are In sight, and the outlines of the major results of BOMEX probably can be seen. However, completion of the Core Experiment calculations based on budget equations must await final processing of the rawlnsonde data. Arrays of technical memoranda, atlases, and scientific papers have been published by CEDDA, and others are in progress. An appraisal of BOMEX results has been published by Fleagle (1972) , and Hldy (1972) has included comments on BOMEX in his review of air-sea interaction research. CEDDA plans a final BOMAP report for completion by mid-1974. Organizational aspects of BOMAP and later of CEDDA have presented diffi- culties. The unit was organized and objectives assigned after the field ex- periment, initial staffing was carried out largely by transfers from other NOAA units, the staff was not familiar with many aspects of the observing pro- cedures, and the staff required considerable training and experience in data processing techniques. A great many corrections to data had to be made by hand, and correction techniques had to be devised and perfected. BOMAP was assigned responsibility both for data processing and archiving and for analysis of Core Experiment data. This dual responsibility has con- stituted a problem for management, and the effectiveness of this organization has been a subject of discussion at Panel meetings. The Panel's view is that coupling of the two responsibilities has been necessary and valuable in BOMAP. It has contributed substantially to staff morale and has helped to Insure a high level of quality control. It is doubtful if the Core Experiment analysis could have been carried out in any other way. CEDDA is now organized into a division of data processing and a division of analysis with clearly defined responsibilities and schedules for completion of tasks. This organization should enable CEDDA to carry to completion its BOMAP responsiblltles over the next year while undertaking increasing respon- sibilities for other major field programs. Further evolution of the structure of CEDDA may be appropriate in order to carry out data processing for GATE. The Suiranary Report by J. Z Holland, which accompanies this report, re- views the history of BOMAP and its present status from the perspective of BOMAP. II. Functions of BOMAP: Achievements and Work Remaining 2. 1 Archiving Among the principal objectives of BOMAP has been to: "Reduce all observations taken under BOMEX Project Office scientific direction, consisting of data taken from: (a) Ship's holding station in the array; (b) Aircraft flights in support of the Core Experiment and the BOMEX Tropical Exploration Program; (c) Island stations operating under BOMEX Project Office direction. "To archive all BOMEX data for the benefit of the general scientific community so as to insure proper: (a) Storage with minimal degradation of information content; (b) Prompt retrieval; (c) Dissemination. Reduction and archiving of the ship STD and boom data, BLIP, aircraft, dropsonde, radar, and satellite data are essentially completed. All four periods of rawinsonde data will be processed by September 30, 1973, and this will conclude the archiving task. Data not processed as part of BOMAP are in the hands of the several responsible investigators, and the status of these data varies from case to case. Certain problems associated with these data are discussed later in this report. In reviewing the BOMAP archiving effort, several important points should be mentioned: (1) CEDDA has developed excellent formats for data archiving. Most data can be retrieved in either graphical or tabular form. (2) The magnitude of the archiving task was not fully appreciated at any time during planning. All estimates of resources or time required to complete the archiving task have been exceeded. The amount of hand work required to reduce and validate data has been much greater than expected. (3) The archiving task was complicated because the personnel, the soft- ware, and the procedures needed to examine, test and qualify the data had to be assembled or invented. If the same data set were presented to the present CEDDA organization, it would take only a few months to reach the same level of archive achievement. 2.2. Atlases and Data Summaries Preparation of atlases and data summaries has proceeded at a steady and impressive rate. The following atlases have been published: BOMEX Field Observations and Basic Data Inventory. March 1971. BOMEX Period III High-Level Cloud Photography Atlas. May 19 71. 10 ' BOMEX Atlas of Satellite Cloud Photographs, V.A. Myers. July 1971- BOMEX Period III Upper Ocean Soundings, V.E. Delnore. In Press. The technical quality of these publications is high, and they should be of great value to later investigations of the tropical ocean. Their appearance within about two years of BOMEX is especially noteworthy. The following atlases are in preparation: BOMEX Period III Radar-Satellite Atlas Boom and BLIP Time Series Synoptic Scale Weather Maps Radiosonde Time Cross Sections The data available in the BOMEX Temporary Archive were documented in January 1972 as NCAA Technical Report EDS 10 (ed. Terry de la Koriniere) . The BOMEX Permanent Archive will be described in a publication planned for mid-1974. 2 . 3 Core Experiment Analysis Calculation of mean fluxes for the BOMEX area during the months of May and June from the budget equations for water vapor, heat, and momentum has been one of the major responsibilities of BOMAP. The associated data proc- essing task has proved to be enormous, and it appears that observational failures and errors will limit calculations to about 19 days. Some of the lessons learned from this experience are reviewed later in this report. Trial calculations using the Aq (preliminary) data have been completed for a period of 5 undisturbed days (virtually no precipitation) and a period of 2 disturbed days (precipitation at an average rate of 3.7 mm/day over the area) . Calculated values of average vapor flux at the sea surface for these two periods are considered accurate to within 20 percent. Calculations have yielded vertical profiles of horizontal velocity divergence, vertical transfer of horizontal momentum (horizontal stress) , and other quantities which are not directly measurable. These calculations have served to validate the pro- cedures for correcting and processing data and for performing calculations. Upon completion of the A data set for all valid data, anticipated by September 19 73, budget calculations can be carried out in a matter of a few days. Rawinsonde observations have provided the primary data used in the budget calculations. Aircraft data have been useful in determining that horizontal eddy flux terms were negligible for the periods analyzed, and cloud photo- graphs from aircraft have been valuable in verifying data and in describing and defining mesoscale features. Dropsondes have not been useful to the budget calculations. A scheme has been developed for carrying out budget calculations using base data distributed nonuniformly in space and time. This scheme fits linear combinations of analytic base functions to the data; and it yields space-time 11 derivatives, integrals, estimated variances, and confidence limits. The scheme has been tested successfully using the 7 days of budget calculations. It should be very valuable in coping with the variety of data expected in GATE. The Panel is assured, that, even though the major portion of the budget calculations remain for the future, they will be carried out expeditiously upon completion of the A (final) data set. 2 .4 Coordination and Data Exchange Expecially since the establishment of the Temporary Archive in February 19 71, BOMAP has succeeded to a rather high degree in making the data from BOMEX available to the community at large. Prior to that time, despite a fully cooperative attitude on the part of the BOMAP staff, information ex- change was hampered by the need for personal service to outside users. The Temporary Archive, combined with the invitations to students to visit, re- sulted in more widespread use of the data, and the personal involvement of the BOMAP staff in helping others was very important to the success of many of these users in getting worthwhile results. The maintenance of a directory of all participants and projects and the regular appearance of the BOMEX Bulletins and Technical Memoranda was an important and successful step in information exchange. In serving as a clearinghouse for information, BOMAP has consistently given service when asked. In the possibly competitive situation between "in-house" and "out- house" research, the evidence is strong that there was, if anything, prefer- ence given to outside scientists. Upon completion of the data archive and publication of the atlases which are planned, access of the scientific community to BOMEX data should be easy and straightforward. However, maintenance of a "mailing address," and some- one to answer the mail, will be essential. Use of BOMEX data may well in- crease when the archive is completed. New customers especially will require a certain amount of personal service. 2.5 Development of Data Handling Capabilities It is clear that the data processing capability of CEDDA represents a national resource which has long been needed to support large-scale environ- mental observation programs, and that CEDDA will be used for data processing for IFYGL, GATE, DST, FGGE, and in all probability, a continuing series of such programs. The data processing costs for these later programs should be reduced significantly, both because CEDDA need not be duplicated and because CEDDA personnel can improve data processing efficiency by participating in early program planning. 12 III. Critical Issues and Recommendations 3. 1 Completion of Core Analysis Processing of data for the Core Experiment analysis has absorbed a large fraction of BOMAP energies, and successful completion of this task has been a major focal point of Panel interest. The Panel is disbanding before BOMAP has completed the Core Experiment analysis. We are assured that the calculations will be carried out as soon as the A data set is completed and that this elu- sive milestone is in sight. Despite some concern on this matter, we are impressed with CEDDA's capability and its determination to see this through. We believe that the Core Experiment must continue to receive the attention of the scientific staff until all budget calculations are completed. Upon completion, we recommend that a small conference be convened under auspices of the USC/GARP to discuss the results of the Core Experiment . 3. 2 Processing, Archiving, and Access to Non-BOMAP Data The issue addressed here stems from the fact that the Core Experiment was one of approximately 100 experiments carried out in BOMEX under different principal investigators. Data processing for the 99 other experiments has been the responsibility of the individual principal investigators; included here are the data recorded on FLIP, the NCAR Queen-Air, and NASA Convair 990, the FSU tethered balloon and buoy, and the surface observations made on Barbados. BOMAP has not had the resources or the authority to coordinate these efforts or to incorporate all BOMEX data in the Permanent Archive. Many of the data sets are highly specialized and are in non-standard formats. In some cases processing and interpretation can be done only by the individual principal investigators. For these reasons, it is not feasible to include all BOMEX data in the Permanent Archive. However, as much as possible of these data should be accessible to the scientific community. The Panel believes that in accepting public support for a scientific program, each scientist should recognize his obligation to provide processed data on a rea- sonable schedule. This is a matter that was never adequately resolved in BOMEX. The Panel believes that it is essential to determine what data exist, and to provide an efficient method for accessing all the data. To that end, the Panel recommends that CEDDA contact each principal investigator responsible for BOMEX data not already archived at NOAA; and (a) Identify the data sets, their current status, format, degree of documentation, users, etc. (b) Document the data so that anyone examining the files to be estab- lished can determine what was collected, where it is, what form it is in, and how to access it. (c) Maintain an index of BOMEX data for use by interested persons. 13 On the basis of this information CEDDA should decide which data sets, if any, should become part of the Permanent Archive and should take steps necessary to archive the data in appropriate format. At appropriate periods CEDDA should issue a brief updated index of BOMEX data to advise users of the status and accessibility. 3. 3 Continuing Responsibilities Beyond BOMAP With completion of the data processing and transfer of data to the National Weather Records Center, and upon completion of Core Experiment data analysis and reporting, the primary BOMAP program will be completed. Data archives will be managed by other units within the Environmental Data Service. However, there is a need for a focal point to continue to exist to receive, to coordinate, and to respond to queries and requests concerning BOMEX and the BOMEX data. Also, as noted, a continuing pressure to move BOMEX data from the several Individual investigators into the archives appears to be needed. It seems clear that only CEDDA provides the right combination of complete program comprehension, organizational permanence, and motivation required to meet this on-going need. The work load should be small, but it should be recognized as an important portion of the CEDDA mission. IV. Value to Future Programs: Lessons Learned 4. 1 Planning In addition to the intrinsic results of BOMEX-BOMAP efforts, the ex- perience gained can be of great value to the planning of future observational programs, especially GATE. Some of the lessons learned have been presented in detail by Holland and Williams (1971) and Fleagle (1972) . The following are especially important. (1) Large-scale efforts require several years of planning, funding, organization, execution, and analysis of results; it is essential to have continuity of key personnel throughout all phases of the effort. (2) Scientific input to the experimental design should be provided early enough that effective operational plans can be developed which will in- sure the collection of the required data in the required form. This requires redundancy of sensors and of physical principles. (3) Supervisors for each discrete activity should be appointed who understand the objectives and are able to exercise options to the best interest of the overall objectives. (4) Preparation for the field program should include: adequate field testing of observational systems and procedures, especially inter- comparison and calibration of different sensor systems; complete and careful documentation of calibrations, inter-comparisons and operating procedures. Real-time processing of some data should be provided in order to detect malfunctions and to insure that the experimental objec- 14 tives are being met. Carefully written standard operating procedures should be provided, and complete documentation of unanticipated, non- routine events should be required. (5) A detailed plan for data processing, archiving, and dissemination should be developed. This should reflect the needs of various groups engaged in the analysis of scientific results. 4 . 2 Data Processing System CEDDA is now organized in two sections, one concerned with data process- ing and archiving under Mr. Mitchell, the other concerned with data analysis and the preparation of scientific papers under Dr. Rasmusson. The data proc- essing section represents a unique capability not duplicated elsewhere in NOAA, nor available to the atmospheric research programs from any other orga- nization. The value of the analysis section to the CEDDA function is found in the guidance which the scientists who are involved in using data can give to the data processors. In planning for processing of the GATE data by CEDDA, careful considera- tion should be given to systematizing as many processes as possible and to capitalizing on the BOMAP experience in all respects. However, processing of data for GATE will present a new challenge to CEDDA. CEDDA' s procedures will have to be developed in phase with requirements of scientific groups coordi- nated with USC/GARP and the GATE Project Office. Data will have to be proc- essed simultaneously for several scientific programs of equal importance, and parallel scientific inputs will be needed from appropriate groups of scien- tists. CEDDA activities will constitute part of the international data management program, so that procedures for effective coordination and data transfer on the international level will be essential. For these reasons, the structure of CEDDA, which evolved through experience with BOMEX, may require further changes to be fully effective in GATE. 4. 3 Key Measurement Capabilities The "EX" of BOMEX might well be applied to the experience gained in mak- ing crucial measurements in the hostile environment of the ocean — experience that will be invaluable for the planning and execution of future oceanic field experiments. Much of this experience has been recorded in a recent article by Holland and Williams (1971). Through inter-comparisons of redundant observations and experiments in BOMEX, we know that atmospheric budget analyses of rawinsonde data can give acceptable determinations of sea-air fluxes of water vapor, latent heat, sensible heat, momentum, and kinetic energy over a 500 km square surface averaged for a 5-day period. It has also be demonstrated that over a similar 5-day period, evaporation rates can be measured consistently (though in this case not for identical areas and times) by six different methods: water- vapor budget (rawinsondes) , ocean heat budget, aircraft covariance measure- ments, surface based (FLIP) covariance measurements, mean profiles, and bulk aerodynamic method. Perhaps the most important demonstration is the enormous advantage gained by maximizing the redundancy of observations and experiments. 15 Any of these methods could have been executed alone, with far less planning and effort. Had they not been done in BOMEX, most of these experiments could have and probably would have been carried out at different times and places at a total aggregate cost that would have been roughly comparable to their share of the BOMEX costs. The fact that they were done as part of the coordi- nated field program makes possible inter-comparisons that permit far-reach- ing conclusions that would have been impossible otherwise. Such knowledge should prove useful in future experiments to provide both for adequate re- dundancy of observations and for the most effective deployment of observa- tional resources. Finally, mention should be made of new techniques that were given the first real shakedown in BOMEX. A notable accomplishment was the deployment of a tethered Boundary Layer Instrument Package (BLIP) and the recording of about 700 hours of data. The need for a balloon-borne wind and turbulence profile measuring technique was recognized several years earlier (Panofsky e_t al., 1964) . Although a number of serious difficulties were encountered in BOMEX, the limited success of this instrument system must be rated as an important contribution to future measurement capabilities. 4. 4 Inter-agency Coordination Although BOMEX was endorsed by the Interdepartmental Committee for Atmospheric Sciences (ICAS) and was intended as an inter-agency research pro- gram, planning was done largely by ESSA (Department of Commerce) , and the individual agency programs were budgeted and managed separately. A number of very serious consequences resulted from lack of an effective inter-agency mechanism for planning, budgeting, and m^anagement. (1) FLIP was the primary base for surface flux measurements. However, it was available only for the first month of BOMEX, when other BOMEX units were least reliable. Scheduling of research teams during this time was based largely on accommodating ONR contractors rather than on provid- ing coherent sets of high quality data for flux comparisons. In conse- quence, comparison of independent surface flux measurements has been severely limited. (2) Individual investigations were funded independently by NSF and other agencies, analysis has proceeded in a largely uncoordinated manner, and there is no means for insuring that all data are processed or for developing a coherent synthesis from all relevant data. (3) Meso-scale oceanographic data taken by two Navy ships are not avail- able to the scientific community or to BOMAP. Despite these serious deficiencies, BOMEX exhibited a higher degree of inter-agency cooperation than had been achieved in prior programs. Navy air- craft operated effectively under BOMEX Project Office management. Valuable capability in data processing was provided by NASA. Coordination and communi- cation among NSF- and ONR-supported programs and the BOMEX Project Office was generally good. 16 4.5 Government-University Coordination BOMEX included about 45 investigations carried out essentially independ- ently by scientists from universities and research institutes. Several Ph.D. theses have been based on BOMEX data, and the number of papers in the scien- tific literature is growing steadily. This broad participation properly can be considered one of the highlights of the program. The chief means for coordinating the individual investigations has been through scientific meetings with special emphases. Although these meetings have been productive and a considerable number of papers have resulted, there remains need for introducing discipline into data processing and reporting. It seems reasonable to the Panel that in future programs of this type recip- ients of research grants should be responsible for processing and reporting all data, or representative samples of data where this is more appropriate, on a reasonable but specific schedule. We recognize that the issue or pro- prietary data is controversial, but in the case of a coordinated program where major facilities are provided by government we believe that the individual investigator's priority is adequately protected by his intense scientific Interest which presumably motivated his proposal and by his initial familiar- ity with the data. This problem will be more serious in GATE than it has been in BOMEX, and the Panel proposes that NOAA and NSF , with USC/GARP review, develop guidelines and procedures to insure prompt processing and access to GATE data. 4 . 6 Training and Experience The systems engineering and programming expertise which have been de- veloped in BOMAP should be very valuable to subsequent large field programs. Individuals who gained experience in BOMEX and BOMAP are now playing important roles in GATE, and CEDDA provides an essential competence in planning and data processing. Without the training and experience of BOMEX and BOMAP it is dif- ficult to see how GATE could be carried out successfully. V. Summary of Recommendations 1. Upon CEDDA' s completion of the Core Experiment analysis, a small confer- ence should be convened under the auspices of the USC/GARP to discuss the results. 2. CEDDA should communicate with each principal investigator who is respon- sible for BOMEX data not already archived at NOAA, and (a) Identify the data sets, their current status, format, degree of docu- mentation, users, etc. (b) Document the data so that anyone examining the files to be estab- lished can determine what was collected, where it is, what form it is in, and how to access it. (c) Maintain an index of BOMEX data for use by interested persons. 17 On the basis of this information CEDDA should decide which data sets, if any, should become part of the Permanent Archive and should take steps nec- essary to archive the data in appropriate foirmat. At appropriate periods CEDDA should Issue a brief updated index of BOT-^EX data to advise users of the status and accessibility. 3. CEDDA should continue to serve as the focal point for information concern- ing BOMEX data. 4. NOAA and NSF, with USC/GARP review, should develop guidelines and pro- cedures to insure prompt processing and access to field data taken by scien- tists and agencies participating in future cooperative programs. 18 References Holland, J. Z., and S.L. Williams, 1971: On Planning for Large-Scale Observa- tional Programs. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 5_2, 850-856. Panofsky, H.A., 1964: Meso-micrometeorological Requirements for the Atmos- pheric Sciences. NCAR Tech. Note 64-2, 14 pp. Fleagle, R.G., 1972: BOMEX: An Appraisal of Results. Science, 176, 1079- 1084. Hidy, G.M. , 1972: A View of Recent Air-Sea Interaction Research, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, 53, 1083-1102. 19 PART B Report of the Director, BOMAP Director, BOMAP Joshua Z. Holland 20 PART B Contents 1. History , 21 2. Chief Accomplishments 26 3. Chief Problems 29 4. Where Do Things Stand? 32 References 33 Appendix I - BOMAP Publications 35 Appendix II - BOMEX Archive Products 41 Appendix III - Status of BOMAP Data Sets 78 21 July 30, 1973 Summary Report to the EOMAP Advisory Panel by Joshua Z. Holland Director, BOMAP 1. History The idea of the limited-area experimental investigation of air-sea energy exchange was included in the recommendations to the Government by a joint panel of the NAS/NRC Committees on Atmospheric Sciences and Oceanography in 1962 (Benton, 1962) . A Federal interagency panel responded by recommending a Federal Air-Sea Interaction program with the Department of Commerce as lead agency. Subsequently the new Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) assigned responsibility for developing the program to its Institutes for Environmental Research under George Benton and, within the Institute of Oceanography, to the Sea-Air Interaction Laboratory (SAIL) under Feodor Ostapof f . The proposal for the Barbados Oceanographlc and Meteorological Experi- ment (BOMEX) was first presented in two documents dated March 1967, prepared by SAIL. One was addressed to the Joint ICO/ICAS Panel on Air-Sea Interaction and essentially presented ESSA's objectives and plans for BOMEX. The second reviewed the overall scientific and technical background, plans, and status, of the Federal air-sea interaction program, the available experimental tech- niques, and preliminary design consideration for BOMEX. These plans drew heavily on earlier studies by the Florida State University group (Gars tang and La Seur, 1968), and on experience gained in the International Indian Ocean Expedition (Fleagle, Badgley, and Hsueh, 1968). The scale and approach fol- lowed closely the recommendations of the NAS/NRC Panel on International Mete- orological Cooperation (Charney, 1966). Emphasis in BOMEX was to be placed on determining the air-sea exchange of energy, momentum, and water vapor by the "line integral" and "trajectory" techniques. In addition to these two, four other techniques were listed for comparative evaluation: the aerodynamic, eddy correlation, energy dissipa- tion, and geostrophic departure techiques. Problem areas singled out were: "The magnitude of the space and time scales for which estimates of average flux are needed, "The parameterization of turbulent and convective exchange processes appropriate for the various space and time scales, "The present levels of understanding of the basic physics of the turbulent exchange of energy, momentum, and water vapor." 22 ' The basic plan was intended to be both self-sufficient as a field experi- ment and within the in-house capability of ESSA to execute. During 1967, William Barney was appointed as Project Manager and Ben Davidson as Scientific Director of BOMEX (Dr. Davidson worked part-time until mid-1968). Subsequently six other agencies responded to ESSA's invitation to join and enlarge the project and the four ESSA ships were augumented by three Coast Guard ships and one Navy ship by February 1968 (BOMEX Bulletin No. 1). By that time the basic data array configuration for the Core Experiment had been established. It was also planned to have five Odessa buoys in a meso-scale array, three meteorological buoys of the Triton type, and a roving ship to obtain oceanographic data at higher spatial resolution within the array. In the spring of 1968 the U. S. National Committee for GARP, at its first meeting, reviewed the plans for BOMEX, adopted BOMEX as a U. S. contribution to GARP, and established the BOMEX Advisory Panel under the chairmanship of Prof. Fleagle. Dr. Ben Davidson had by that time developed the basic design for the experiment. There was considerable uncertainty regarding adequacy of the available aircraft or ballon-borne sensors for measurement of humidity and of the upper air winds for the determination of the horizontal flux di- vergences of mass and water vapor. During mid-1968 NASA offered the resources of its Mississippi Test Facil- ity to provide data acquisition systems for the ships and to take responsi- bility for BOMEX data management. Dr. Davidson then began to spell out in briefings and informal notes the scientific computations which would be re- quired, the observational inputs to these computations, the accuracy require- ments and expectations, and the averaging which would be required. Field tests with the ESSA research ship Discoverer, one RFF DC-6 aircraft, the NCAR Queen-Air and the Triton buoy were carried out east of Barbados in the summer of 1968. These were closely integrated with an extensive Florida State University observation program on the Island under the direction of Michael Garstang, and were designed to provide necessary information on random and systematic errors and a test of equipment and procedures. In fact, ex- tensive comparative data were obtained on: Boom vs. Triton wind, temperature and humidity data; aircraft vs. rawinsonde temperature and humidity measure- ments; overland vs. oversea aircraft doppler winds, etc. Dr. Davidson became very ill during the fall of 1968 and died in December. In the last months he was very heavily occupied with difficult decisions and shifting options regarding hardware procurement, and regarding deployment and scheduling of platforms, instruments, and people. Could the Odessa buoys be made ready in time? The BLIP? The gust probe? Would the Navy's FLIP be available or not? Should the Discoverer, with the only available shipboard precipitation radar, be moved from the center to a corner of the square to replace the Rockaway whose wind finding radar was inadequate? This decision, one of his last, was a wise and important one, assuring the feasibility of the divergence and water budget computations. 23 Less urgent demands for his attention were presented by the need for care- ful analysis of the 1968 field test data, and for specification of scientific requirements for data processing. The development of plans for the analysis of the data was pushed even farther into the background. Following Dr. Davidson's death, Dr. Joachim Kuettner was* appointed as the new Director of BOMEX, and in February 1969 I was loaned to ESSA by the Atomic Energy Commission to become Chief Scientist for the Sea-Air Interaction Program. By March 1969 (BOMEX Press Kit) the Odessa buoys had been cancelled, and the three Triton buoys had been reduced to one. After strenuous interagency negotiations, the participation of FLIP had been secured, but only for the first month of BOMEX. Meso-scale oceanographic coverage was to be accom- plished through two traverses of the array by the Advance II and the Gilliss, and by the Navy current meter and temperature arrays. The number of aircraft equipped with turbulent flux instruments had grown from one to four. It had been decided to limit the Sea-Air Interaction Program to the first three of the four 2-week observation periods planned, and to devote the fourth period to the "Tropical Convection" program under the direction of Dr. Jule Charney. Arrangements had been made for directly receiving data from the ATS-3 satel- lite at Barbados during the fourth period. At that time (March 1969) it was stated: "It is planned that all BOMEX basic core recorded data will be avail- able to all interested parties not later than 6 months after the end of the observation period." In the BOMEX field operations. May- July 1969, most of the planned data collection was accomplished successfully. The first period served as a shake- down period, during which many systems were marginally operative, and numerous repairs and adjustments were carried out. The BLIP systems were assembled for the first time. Two of the deep-sea moorings failed. A vital replacement part for the Discoverer radar antenna was late in arriving. Much effort was given to solving a variety of problems which cropped up in the shipboard rawinsonde system. By the middle of the first period all ships were on station, observation schedules were being largely met, the FLIP direct flux instruments were work- ing satisfactorily, and many FLIP intercomparisons were flown by the NCAR Queen-Air and RFF DC-6 flux-measuring aircraft. In the second period the aircraft line integral flight patterns were changed from a mode designed to supply spatial interpolation data for the ship rawinsonde array to one which could be used alone to compute the atmospheric water vapor budget in the event the rawinsonde data should prove to be inade- quate. But basically. Dr. Davidson's design proved to be very sound. Both the aircraft and rawinsonde systems appeared to be producing data of adequate quality and quantity, while the radar data assured that the precipitation amounts were low enough to permit closure of the water vapor budget. 24 In the fourth period the cllmatological prediction continued to hold up. From predominantly undisturbed trade-wind weather in May and June, the fre- quency and intensity of disturbances increased, presenting a variety of types for investigation. Much useful experience was gained in executing multi- aircraft reconnaissance of cloud features appearing on the ATS-3 pictures. The decision by the Administrator of ESSA to establish BOMAP as a provi- sional organization within the Research Laboratories was made in Barbados in July 1969, ending the uncertainty about who would supervise reduction of the ESSA data, complete the Core Experiment analysis, and serve as a contact point for the BOMEX investigations after the field phase. The process of ac- quiring staff (on a temporary basis) to augment the small group of BOMEX hold- overs (Holland, Glaser, Williams, de la Moriniere, Reeves) began in Rockville in August. Meanwhile, at the MTF, it was becoming evident that the data would require considerable manual inspection and editing in order to be put in suitable con- dition for scientific computations or analysis. It began to be realized too, that the digitization of ship data alone would take up at least the 6 months allowed for processing all the data, and that the data reduction software sill needed extensive debugging and further development work. The devastation of hurricane Camille further set back the effort at MTF. It was estimated that the data processing and Core Experiment analysis would be completed in 3 years (by June 1972) . It was decided during the fall of 1969 that a first, automated reduction ("A ") of the shipboard data would be done at MTF, and that BOMAP would carry out a manual review, make necessary changes in the software, and reprocess the data to final form. A BOMAP detachment of six people (borrowed from the Environmental Data Service) was stationed at MTF. It was planned to complete the data processing, archiving and documentation by the summer of 1971 and the analysis and reporting by the summer of 1972 (BOMEX Bulletin No. 6). The ship boom and rawinsonde data were digitized, reduced and reviewed for satisfactory program operation by the fall of 1970. The rawinsonde data, in addition, were carefully reviewed for various hardware and software defects to be addressed in the development of the final process. Completion of the BLIP data took several months longer. The STD data were digitized separately and reduced by BOMAP at Rockville. Arrangements were made with the National Hurricane Research Laboratory to do the initial processing of the RFF aircraft data, using existing software. For various reasons including software and computer turnaround problems, an underestimate of the magnitude of the data preparation tasks, and competition from a very productive STORMFURY season, this task also took more than a year, about twice as long as expected. Similar factors affected the other data types. Following the second review by the BOMAP Advisory Panel in September 1970, it was decided to make the preliminary, unvalidated reduced data available to the scientific community through a temporary archive. All preliminary reduced 25 data tapes were copied and reformatted as necessary. Documentation and graph- ical data were microfilmed, films were copied, and the temporary archive was in operation by February 1971, 19 months after the completion of the field program. A subsidy for visits by graduate students was established, and word was gotten out through BOMEX Bulletins, The Bulletin of the AMS , EOS, and letters to all known University Departments of Meteorology or Oceanography in the United States. About a dozen graduate students have taken advantage of this offer and visited the BOMAP office. Some 200 data requests have been filled. Atomospheric mass and water vapor budget calculations were begun in early 1971 for a 5-day undisturbed period in June 1969 based on rawinsonde data. Aircraft data were checked and divergence computations by various methods attempted. Precipitation estimation methods using the radar scope photo- graphs were tested and correlations were developed between the ship and island radar, and between radar and satellite. The analysis of the heat budget of the oceanic mixed layer was begun based on STD data. Results of all these preliminary analyses of the preliminary data were encouraging. However, it was thought that the additional accuracy, time resolution and reliability to be gained by a careful reprocessing of the rawinsonde, aircraft and radar data would more than justify the added effort. Furthermore, in early 1971 it appeared to us that this added effort would not require slippage of the completion date for the archive beyond June 19 72. As the Panel was told at some length in the spring 1972 review, this final processing stage again has taken longer than had been expected. Much effort of the scientific staff has gone into the analysis of data quality and errors, and development of editing, reduction and correction procedures. Analysis has been delayed by this slippage in processing of data. Some of the problems will be mentioned in a later section. Substantial progress has nevertheless been made during the past year in several areas of scientific analysis, such as: the analysis of radar and aircraft data; the examination of time and height variations in observed and derived quantities; the application of simplified forms of the vorticity equa- tion to the estimation of vertical velocity at the top of the boundary layer; the use of BOMEX data for testing more generalized objective analysis schemes for the derivation of vertical velocities and other quantities, which are not directly measurable, from arbitrary observation grids; and the analysis of the oceanic energy, mass and salt budgets. BOMAP has also served as a communication point and clearinghouse for in- formation about BOMEX, i.e., what "the other 99" investigators are doing as well as what they may want to know about the status of BOMAP 's data reduction and analysis. This has been accomplished through the BOMEX Bulletin series, the latest of which (No. 11) contains abstracts of BOMEX related publications; through correspondence, visits to BOMAP by many of the participating scien- tists; and through presentation of informal seminars and briefings on BOMEX at various universities, research laboratories, scientific conferences, committee meetings, etc. 26 In inid-1971 the temporary BOMAP organization was given permanent status as the Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis (CEDDA) and began to build a broader capability for data management and software development to support the International Field Year for the Great Lakes (IFYGL) and GATE. In mid-1972 CEDDA was transferred from the Environmental Research Laboratories to the Environmental Data Service (EDS) where CEDDA has continued to have responsibility for B014AP. BOMEX and BOMAP have enjoyed a very high priority and strong top-manage- ment support in the competition for ESSA and NOAA resources. NSF support has also been available for those BOMEX investigators who have sought it. 2 . Chief Accomplishments Some of the major BOMEX accomplishments, in both technological and scien- tific areas, will be listed. Some of these can be credited in part to BOMAP (see Appendix I) . The technological contributions of BOMEX are quite impressive but will only be touched upon here. In the field operation phase the percentage of planned observations accomplished, the adherence to schedules and budgets, the accomodation of a large number of participants, and the overall safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of the operation were highly noteworthy and gratifying. In the data management area, NASA's Mississippi Test Facility made an important contribution to the technology for automated recording and process- ing of a wide variety of shipboard observations. Their initial processing of the data, carried out under very difficult circumstances, resulted in the availability of a unique and valuable data set for researchers about a year and a half after the experiment. The following are examples of instrument systems which were used success- fully for the first time in a tropical marine environment; some were opera- tional for the very first time: o Tethered balloon system (BLIP) for profiles and time series of wind, temperature, and humidity up to 600 m; o Aircraft (DC-6) gust probe/ref ractometer for turbulent water vapor flux down to 18-m altitude ; o Lyman-alpha "humidiometer" for fast-response humidity measure- ments on FLIP and Queen-Air; o Hot-film anemometers for space and time structure- function measurements on FLIP; o Sonic anemometer on Queen-Air aircraft; 27 o Scanwell "wind-f Indlng-at-sea" system; o Wave height and velocity spectrum by land-based radar; o Lidar profiling of aerosols; o Twin-wave radiometer for remote measurement of sea-air energy flux from aircraft; o ATS-3 satellite pictures for real-time operations planning and control. A new deep-sea mooring system for the five stationary ships was thoroughly tested. Two of the moorings survived for about 50 days. Among the scientific accomplishments of BOMEX are: o For the first time in the tropics, the surface fluxes of heat, water vapor and momentum were thoroughly documented in BOMEX by covariance and energy (variance) dissipation techniques as well as by profile, bulk aerodynamic and volume integral techniques in the atmosphere. At the same time the radiative input to the sea and detailed oceanic mixed-layer temperature profiles were obtained, The intercomparisons provide necessary guidance for the selection of techniques to be used in future field programs. The sensible heat flux in the surface layer turned out not to be proportional to the very small air-sea temperature difference, but more nearly to the water vapor saturation deficit. For momentum and water vapor flux, the bulk aerodynamic technique was well validated under undisturbed tradewind conditions. o The radiative role of dust and marine aerosols was made quantita- tive by aircraft and balloon-borne radiometry. It was found that the absorption of solar radiation by atmospheric aerosols over the ocean was much more important than previously thought. The implications for the diurnal variation of temperature deduced from the new semi-empirical radiative flux estimates were borne out by the 1 1/2-hourly shipboard rawinsondes, which show a maximum amplitude at 1-2 km altitude. o The computation of horizontal divergence on the 500- km scale from the preliminary rawinsonde data was shown to be feasible with sufficient accuracy to determine the water vapor budget within 20% or better over averaging periods of 5 days or less, and to determine the diurnal variation of vertical velocity over a similar period. This diurnal variation is consistent with the diurnal temperature wave at and above the level of maximum solar heating and, at lower levels, is consistent with the diurnal vari- ation of radar echoes. 28 o Divergence computed from aircraft data on this same scale was shown to be closely comparable to the rawinsonde results with resolution equivalent to about 6 hours in time and about 50 mb vertically. The kinematically computed vertical velocities at the top of a 500-mb box were found to agree well with those esti- mated from thermodynamic considerations. Those at the top of the frictional boundary layer were found to be reasonably well esti- mated from the curl of the surface stress, confirming the "bound- ary layer pumping" part of CISK, but only when development or advection of disturbances was not involved. o The depth of the frictional boundary layer and the stress profile were well defined for the first time in the trade-wind zone by momentum budget analysis. It was found that application of the geostrophic departure technique was precluded by errors of a few tenths mb in the surface pressure measurements but the assump- tion of negligible acceleration, on which the technique is based, was confirmed for the conditions of the experiment. o The previously suspected absence of an "Ekman" layer on the equatorward side of the ITCZ has been confirmed in BOMEX, posing problems regarding the boundary layer pumping mechanism in re- lation to the CISK hypothesis. o The vertical profiles of heat and moisture sources and sinks, derived for moderately disturbed as well as undisturbed conditions, show important extrema in the trade inversion layer in undisturbed conditions and in a higher stable layer in the disturbed case. The analyses by BOMAP have been independently confirmed, using the same data, by Yanai's group at UCLA, and are very similar to results obtained from ATEX. o The eddy flux convergence of sensible heat in the boundary layer was found to compensate the radiative heat sink, but the mechanism by which this is accomplished turned out to be somewhat different from what was previously assumed. The boundary-layer scale eddy energy is supplied primarily by water vapor bouyancy, augmented by thermal buoyancy only in the surface layer, and opposed by thermal buoyancy in the upper part of the boundary layer (cumulus layer) . Detailed information on along-wind and cross-wind spectra of vertical velocity, temperature and humidity and their cross- spectra from FLIP have provided a wealth of documentation of the structure and interactions of the eddies and their roles in the transport processes. o A complete chain of evidence was obtained linking the Sahara dust streams, seen on satellite pictures over the Atlantic, to dust samples collected on aircraft, to radon content reflecting recent contact with a continental surface, and to a potential temperature and mixing ratio structure seen on shipboard rawinsondes at the altitude of the dust layer and identifiable with that observed over Africa and over the Cape Verde Islands. 29 o A preliminary analysis underway of geostrophlc mass, heat, and salt transport in the ocean has already demonstrated the suitability of long, detailed series of oceanographic tempera- ture and salinity soundings, taken on a synoptic grid, for this purpose. o Some of the BOMEX observations have already attained nearly "classical" status: for example, the FLIP temperature and humidity spectra, and the vertical profile of horizontal di- vergence. These have been re-appearing in various publications. The latter was used as one of the illustrations in the ISMG GATE Proposal. The July 14, 1969, disturbance east of Barbados was probably the most completely observed and analyzed tropical cloud cluster to date. o If imitation is the sincerest form of flattery, the Soviet TROPEX-72 project, employing a BOMEX-type five-ship square array in the eastern tropical Atlantic, attests to the value of BOMEX as perceived by the Soviet scientific community. Dr. Petrosyants, scientific director of the expedition, had been put on the BOMEX Bulletin mailing list, at his own request, a year or so earlier. o BOMEX experience has been deliberately integrated into GATE at the interanational level through assignment of key roles to BOMEX/BOMAP veterans, for example: the appointment of Dr. Kuettner as Director of the International Scientific and Manage- ment Group (ISMG) ; the use of Terry de la Moriniere as ISMG staff member for international data management planning; my own role on the ISMG Boundary Layer Advisory Group. o Published contributions by BOMAP are listed in Appendix I. Of course the greatest effort of BOMAP has been invested in the process- ing of the BOMEX data. This is just now coming to an end. Appendix II con- tains descriptions and examples of the principal archive products. The interest in BOMEX as a source of experimental material for trying out ideas for GATE may well be increasing rather than diminishing in the scientific com- munity. The future scientific contributions of BOMEX may be as important as those already behind us . 3. Chief Problems Problems resulting from inadequate lead time, inadequate planning effort, and inadequate command of resources by the project director, associated with the loosely coordinated interagency management structure, have been pointed out by Fleagle (1972) and are evident in the history of the project as re- viewed in an earlier section. 30 Of particular current and future importance are the following two problems which were not solved satisfactorily in BOMEX: (a) how to get the data processed promptly; and (b) how to keep an adequate analysis effort focused on the central scientific objectives of the project. It now seems fairly certain that the time required for reduction and analysis of the data might have been significantly shortened, and the scien- tific value of the results increased, if half a dozen reasonably well-trained scientific assistants, supported by a dozen technicians and programmers, had been available to the Scientific Director during the critical final year of preparation. A few of the most urgent tasks of test data analysis, procedure and process specification and testing could then have been receiving sustained and concentrated attention concurrently. And, of course, if Dr. Davidson had lived to put the pieces together. It seems reasonable to conclude, also, that it could have made a big dif- ference if a few qualified and experienced atmospheric scientists had been assigned to the BOMEX data management effort at the MTF in order to communi- cate effectively with the BOMEX Scientific Director, to become fully knowl- edgeable regarding the scientific requirements, to translate them into more detailed processing specifications, and generally to provide scientific guidance and review of the work at the MTF. This might have increased sig- nificantly the effectiveness of NASA's multimillion dollar investment in data acquisition hardware, computer programming, and data processing. The lack of experience with any previous project of this type and magni- tude was undoubtedly a factor in the consistent underestimates of time and effort required. BOMEX was a large step up from the Indian Ocean Expedition and Line Islands Experiment. It had to be done when it was in order to have value for the further development of GARP, and possibly, as Fleagle (19 72) has suggested, if it was to be done at all. The trade of BOMEX lead time and resources (including experience) for GATE lead time and resources was thus, in a sense, deliberate and well justified. Some of the lessons we had learned by 1971 were published by Holland and Williams (1971). In mid-1971 the problems remaining were, unfortunately, the most diffi- cult ones: manual reduction of the second period GMD-1 wind observations aboard the 0 ce an o gr aphe r (when the automated Scanwell system was out of action) ; development of a satisfactory correction for radiative heating and thermal lag of the humidity elements in the radiosondes and dropsondes; re- navigation of the ships to determine ship-motion corrections for the surface and upper air winds after the moorings had failed; development of software which would follow the radiosonde temperature and reference frequencies through their crossing; and generally dealing with a great number and variety of irregularities in the boom, BLIP, and rawinsonde data. 31 The delays in processing have caused delay in scientific analyses by BOMAP as well by other BOMEX participants whose studies required that they wait for the final ship and aircraft data. The second problem, which has been pointed out by Hidy (1972) , is the lack of a coordinated and comprehensive interpretation of the data gathered in the experiment. This may be related to the deficiency of federal inter- agency coordination of funding and management pointed out by Fleagle (1972) . BOMAP has not had the mission to provide a comprehensive scientific synthesis of BOMEX, nor have we had the resources, the skills, or the authority to coordinate and integrate even the data processing efforts, much less the analytical efforts of the "other 99" of the "100 experiments" of BOMEX. Does this responsibility reside anywhere? If so, where? I believe this is a question which should be addressed by the BOMAP Advisory Panel. In the case of GATE the need has been recognized in advance and effort is now underway to define the analysis plan and to identify those responsible. In retrospect, one glaring gap in the 1968-69 final planning period was the lack of a continuing, working non-governmental (e.g., NAS or UCAR) scien- tific "presence": a group of scientists dedicated to BOMEX who would share the responsibility for defining the necessary analyses, and would secure com- mitments from the individuals who would do these. Such a coordinating group _, continuing after the field phase, could have helped to assure the fulfillment of these commitments by scheduling meetings for exchange of results, developing plans for joint, integrative reports, etc. Communication has been dependent on the willingness of the other BOMEX investigators, as well as on the energy invested by BOMAP, and has been in- complete. We have the impression that continuity of effort by the "other 99" on BOMEX data reduction and analysis has been hampered by graduate degree research cycles, funding lapses, transfers of key investigators from one institution to another, and pressures or attractions of other projects. A great deal of data of considerable potential value seems not to have been analyzed, reported or archived, and no effective mechanism seems to exist for making this happen. Examples are: large fractions of FLIP and Oueen-Air turbulence data, Gilliss and Advance II oceanographic data (except for Vukovich, 1971), Navy temperature array data. The "Tropical Convection Program" to which the fourth period was de- voted, has lacked focus in the analysis phase. Can anyone say whether the objectives of this program were attained? In summary, the difficulties and delays in processing the bulk of the BOMEX data have aggravated but have not been the sole cause of the diffuseness and fragmented character seen by some in the scientific results which have been coming out. 32 4. Where do Things Stand? Clearly more analysis of BOMEX data is needed in order to fulfill the expectations of the proposers, planners, and supporters of the experiment. At least more syntheses and more comprehensive pulling together of results are needed. Considering the impressive "fragments" already reported, such a synthesis might be enough to establish "successful completion." As to the potential for further findings, we are now at the beginning of the hard part of the work. The easy, obvious, first-order results have been published. These tend to be descriptive and particular. What are their gen- eral implications? To what extent do they reflect local, transitory condi- tions? What can be gleaned about the next order of relationships, such as: the variation of the drag coefficient; the interaction of the vertical pro- file of radiative energy flux divergence with the cloud field and dynamics; the interdependence of the observed time-varying 500-km bulk quantities with the larger scale systems in which they are observed; the scales within the 500-km grid at which the sub-grid-scale processes are occurring? While there has continued to be an expectation by some scientific parti- cipants that BOMEX would contribute new information about the contribution of meso-scale atmospheric flow features to energy and water vapor transports and conversions, and to the problem of parameterizing such contributions, the actual experimental layout for the first three periods of BOMEX provided data essentially on the 500-km scale and on the microscale. The aircraft and BLIP data certainly contain information on the intermediate scales which might be useful, but no one (including BOMAP) has given this topic a high priority because, compared to other topics, it is ill-defined in terms of objectives and methods, it is open-ended in terms of the amount of time and effort which could be invested in it, and it is now well served by the BOMEX data grid. Available are time-height sections from rawinsondes, single-station time se- ries from BLIP along-wind and across-wlnd horizontal line samples at several levels (at different times) from aircraft; but never 3-dimensional or 4- dimensional meso-scale sampling. Nevertheless, the observations which exist are of high quality, unique, and rich in scientific potential. They might lend themselves to a variety of case studies by graduate students with par- ticular hypotheses in mind regarding structures or mechanisms. The data are available or will be within a few months. (Appendix III gives the status of the various data sets.) BOMAP as a mechanism for carrying forward the analysis, and as a focal point for information exchange, is scheduled to be phased out in about a year. Its task will have been completed and the first crop of scientific results will have been harvested. The op- portunity for further research, making use of the unique national asset which has been created in the BOMEX data archive, continues and should be exploited in the future. 33 References Benton, G. S. (Chairman) (1962), Report of the Joint Panel on Air-Sea Interaction, Committee on Atmospheric Sciences and Committee on Oceanography, NAS/NRC, Washington, D. C. Charney, J. (Chairman) (1966), The Feasibility of a Global Observation and Analysis Experiment, report of Panel on International Meteorological Cooperation, Committee on Atmospheric Sciences, NAS/NRC, Washington, D. C. Fleagle, R. G. (1972), "BOMEX: An Appraisal of Results," Science, 176, 1079-1084. Fleagle, R. G. F.I. Badgley, and Y. Hsueh (1967), "Calculation of Turbulent Fluxes by Integral Methods," J. Atmos . Sci., 24, 356-373. Garstang, M. and N.E. La Seur (1968), "The 1968 Barbados Experiment," Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. , 49, 627-635. Hidy, G.M. (1972), "A View of Recent Air-Sea Interaction Research," Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. , 53, 1083-1102 „ Holland, J. Z. and S. L. Williams (1971), "On Planning for Large-Scale Observational Programs," Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc, 52, 850-856. Kuettner, J. P. and J. Holland (1969), "The BOMEX Project." Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc, 50^ 394-402. Vukovich, F. M. (1971), "Detailed Sea-Surface Temperature Analysis Utilizing NIMBUS HRIR Data," Mon. Wea. Rev. , 99, 812-817> 35 APPENDIX I BOMAP PUBLICATIONS Status as of May 3, 1973 Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Washington, D. C. 20235 36 ATLAS PUBLICATIONS Published BOMEX Field Observations and Basic Data Inventory. March 1971. BOMEX Period III High-Level Cloud Photography Atlas. May 19 71. BOMEX Atlas of Satellite Cloud Photographs. V. A. Myers. July 1971. BOMEX Period III Upper Ocean Soundings. V. E. Delnore. In Press. In Preparation BOMEX Period III Radar-Satellite Atlas. Boom and BLIP Time Series. Synoptic Scale Weather Maps. Radiosonde Time Cross Sections. TECHNICAL REPORTS Published Weather Radar Investigations on the BOMEX. Michael D. Hudlow, Research and Development Technical Report ECOM-3329, U. S. Army Electronics Command, Fort Monmouth, N. J., September 1970, BOMEX Temporary Archive: Description of Available Data. Terry de la Moriniere. NOAA Technical Report EDS 10. January 1972. In Preparation Trial Integral Calculations. Eugene M. Rasmusson. Radar-Satellite Precipitation Analysis of a Five-Day BOMEX Data sample. Michael D. Hudlow. 37 Planned BOMEX Permanent Archieve: Description of Available Data. BOMEX Core Analysis: Final Report. Eugene M. Rasmusson. A Detailed Study of the Structure of the Trade Inversion During BOMEX. Robert W. Reeves. TECHNICAL MEMORANDA Published High-Level Cloud Photography Inventory, BOMEX Period IV. Vance A. Myers. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERLTM-BOMAP 1. September 19 70. A Statistical Data Plan for BOMEX. T.W. Horner. NOAA Technical Memoran- dum ERL BOMAP-2. December 1970. Mass, Momentum, and Energy Budget Equations for BOMAP Computations. Eugene M. Rasmusson. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL BOMAP- 3. January 1971. High-Level Cloud Photography Inventory, BOMEX Period II. Vance A. Myers. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL BOMAP-4. March 1971. Preliminary Velocity Divergence Computations for BOMEX Volume Based on Aircraft Winds. Robert W. Reeves. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL BOMAP-5. April 19 71. Ship's Influence on Surface and Rawinsonde Temperatures During BOMEX. Warren M. Wisner, NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL BOMAP-6. June 1971, High-Level Cloud Photography Inventory, BOMEX Period I. Vance A. Myers. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL BOMAP- 7. December 1971. BOMEX Flight Tracks Reconstructed From Near-Simultaneous High-Level Cloud Photography by Two Aircraft. Vance A. Myers and Martin Predoehl. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL BOMAP-8. December 1971. The BOMEX Sea-Air Interaction Program: Background and Results to Date. J. Z. Holland. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL BOMAP-9. March 19 72. In Preparation BOMEX Water Vapor Budget Computations Using Aircraft Data. Robert W. Reeves . Estimate of Precipitation From Salinity Measurements During BOMEX. Garry W. Elliott. 38 A Technique for Deriving Precipitation Estimates for a Tropical Atmos- phere. Wolfgang D. Sherer and Michael D. Hudlow. Time Series of Fluxes for BOMEX Period II. Jason K.S. Ching. Estimating Vertical Velocity Using the Vorticity Equation. Jason K. S. Ching. BLIP Profiles of Temperature and Humidity. James A. Almazan. RFF Aircraft Sensor Performance During BOMEX. Donald T. Acheson. BOMEX Radiosonde Humidity Errors and Correction Procedures. Leslie D. Sanders . BOMEX Dropsonde Reduction Procedures. Leslie D. Sanders. An Algorithm for Direct Computation of Wet-Bulb Temperature From Dry- Bulb Temperature and Relative Humidity. Leslie D. Sanders. Moisture and Heat Flux Through Top of BOMEX Volume as Function of Pre- cipitation Rate. Vance A. Myers. Planned Radar-Satellite Precipitation Analysis for BOMEX Period II. Wolfgang D. Scherer. A Comparison of BOMEX Temperature Soundings During Disturbed and Undis- turbed Conditions. Jason K.S. Ching and Wolfgang D. Scherer. JOURNAL ARTICLES Published or in Press The BOMEX Project. Joachim P. Kuettner and Joshua Z. Holland. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 50, No. 6, June 1969, pp. 304-402. Preliminary Report on the BOMEX Sea-Air Interaction Program. Joshua Z. Holland, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 51, No. 9, September 1970, pp. 809-820. Interim Report on Results From the BOMEX Core Experiment. Joshua Z. Holland. BOMEX Bulletin No. 10, June 1971, pp. 31-43. BOMEX Atmospheric Mass and Energy Budgets: Preliminary Results. Eugene M. Rasmusson. BOMEX Bulletin No. 10, June 1971, pp. 44-50. 39 Three-Dimensional Model of Precipitation Echoes for X-Band Radar Data Collected During BOMEX. Michael D. Hudlow. BOMEX Bulletin No. 10, June 1971, pp. 51-63. A Technique for Assessing Probable Distribution of Tropical Precipitation Echo Lengths for X-Band Radar From Nimbus 3 HRIR Data. Wolfgang D. Scherer and Michael D. Hudlow. BOMEX Bulletin No. 10, June 1971, pp. 63-68. Analysis of Radiosonde Humidity Errors Based on BOMEX Data. H. L. Crutcher and J. T. Sullivan. BOMEX Bulletin No. 10, June 1971, pp. 68-76. Comparative Evaluation of Some BOMEX Measurements of Sea Surface Evapora- tion, Energy Flux and Stress. J.Z. Holland. Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol. 2, No. 4, October 1972, pp. 476-486. On Planning for Large-Scale Observational Programs. Joshua Z. Holland and Scott L. Williams. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vo. 52, No. 9, September 1971, pp. 850-856. Diurnal Variation of Temperature and Energy Budget for the Oceanic Mixed Layer During BOMEX. Victor E. Delnore. Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol. 2, No. 3, July 1972, pp. 239-247. A Statistical Method for Analyzing Wave Shapes and Phase Relationships of Fluctuating Geophysical Variables. Joshua Z. Holland. Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 1973, pp. 139-155. Measurements of the Atmospheric Mass, Energy, and Momentum Budgets Over a 500-Kilometer Square of Tropical Ocean. Joshua Z. Holland and Eugene M. Rasmusson. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 1973, pp. 44-55. Observation System Intercomparison. Joshua Z. Holland and Donald T. Acheson. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Electronics, Vol. GE-11, No. 2, April 1973, pp. 101-109. Marine Influence on Weather and Climate. Joshua Z. Holland and Eugene M. Rasmusson. McGraw-Hill 1973 Yearbook of Science and Technology. In Press. In Preparation An Assessment of BOMEX Upper Wind Measurements. Scott L. Williams. To be submitted to Journal of Applied Meteorology. Depth-Area Model of Tropical Rainfall Based on BOMEX Radar Data. Michael D. Hudlow. To be submitted to Monthly Weather Review or Journal of Applied Meteorology. 40 Radar-Satellite Precipitation Analysis of an Eight-Day BOMEX Data Sample. Michael D. Hudlow and Wolfgang D. Sheerer. To be submitted to Monthly Weather Review. A Note on the Bulk Aerodynamic Technique. Jason K.S. Ching and James A. Almazan. To be submitted to Journal of Applied Meteorology. Estimates of Bulk Aerodynamic Transfer Coefficients. Jason K.S. Ching. To be submitted to Journal of Applied Meterology. An Evaluation of Shipboard Winds: BOMEX and ATEX. Jason K. S. ching and Ernest Augstein. To be submitted to Journal of Physical Oceanography. Water Motion East of Barbados as Calculated From the BOMEX Oceanographic Data. Victor E. Delnore. To be submitted to Journal of Physical Oceanography. CONFERENCE PAPERS An Atmospheric Budget Analysis Scheme. John B. Jallckee and Eugene M. Rasmusson. Preprints, Third Conference on Probability and Statis- tics in Atmospheric Science, Boulder, Colorado. June 19-22, 1973. American Meteorological Society. In Press. The BOMEX Boundary Layer Instrument Package. James A. Almazan. Pre- prints, Second Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instru- entation, American Meteorological Society, San Diego, California, March 27-30, 1972, pp. 138-144. Radar Echo Climatology East of Barbados Derived From Data Collected Dur- ing BOMEX. Michael D. Hudlow. Preprints of Papers Presented at the 14th Radar Meteorology Conference, Tucson, Ariz., November 17-20, 1970, American Meteorological Society, pp. 432-437. 41 APPENDIX II EOMEX Archive Products Description and Samples: Ship Systems STD Boom Ship Renavigation BLIP Rawinsonde Radar Aircraft .Systems Photographs Aircraft Meteorological Data Dropsonde May 3, 1973 42 Preparation of STD Data for BOMEX Archive On April 2, 1973, CEDDA placed the last deposit of sallnlty-temperature- depth (STD) data, taken during the Barbados Oceanographlc and Meteorological Experiment during the summer of 1969, Into the final archive at the National Oceanographlc Data Center. Beginning In October 1970, this massive array of STD data from 1,650 STD soundings taken on five ships over a 3-month period was carefully reduced and edited, producing 53 clean tlm.e series STD tapes, which were placed In the archive In August 1972. To Increase the Immediate useablllty of BOMEX STD data and to provide a convenient synopsis of each STD sounding, salinity and temperature were sorted by depth Into declbar-^ Interval , l,000-'polnt arrays for each sounding, which were then recorded on tape and plotted on microfilm. All BOMEX STD data, on 53 time-series tapes, three depth-sorted data tapes, and four reels of microfilm, are Immediately avail- able to the scientific community. 43 M X O o CO I 0) OJ ex O •H 4J QJ 4-1 u O CO CX 4-1 ex CO I 'O ^ cu en 4-J 4-1 4J CX !-i O M 44 IBCrtFX STD O'if^MOG^'-PHEP YEAR 1969 Oa' 151 TIMe 10*58^»MT LAT.17*36N l1Br05<»»38M 0 POINTS a"?F IN TRIPLES OF (P .S» T) . _TIME . BETWEEN TRIPLES .IS 0. 120 . SECONDS QPORMA'- IS GIVEN BELOW . RECORDS CONTAIN 100 TRIPLES, LAST RECORD ZERO FILLED. FnRPAT(';(F6.2.2F5.3) » OSENSOR IMFORMATION STQ MODEL 9006 SERIAL 01 PARAMETER= ( FREOUENCY-ZI ♦$♦(; OSALINTTY SN = ^3^3 Z= «.995. S= .003«»3 C= 28.0 PARTS PER THOUSAND TEMPERATURE SN = ?253 Z= 2127. S= .0179 C= -2.0 DEGREES CENTIGRAD'=' PRESSURE2 SN = 2297 -Z= 9712, S=-l,279 C= CO OECIBARS OSURFACE REGION STO OBSERVATION. OSENSOR DESCENDS FROM SURFACE TO 63 OECIBARS, •■ 16373'.675?7t}67 16353'(67£.27U67 16323t.67527t.63 16323«.S7227t.63 162e3t.67327<»6l 16253t.67327K63 1625 3a67527E IN triples of-^cs»t,sigma-t)^ pressure Can be OETiiRMiNEO as^follohs 1 i: ) . 20»80 CHARACTERS/RECORD, BOMEX STO OCEANOGRAPMER YEAR 1969 DAY 151-riME 10 + 56 GMT LAT.17+36N LON.05t«4.38W SENSOR INFORMATION §TD MODEL 9006 SERIAL 01 PARAMETER=(FREQUENC Y-Z) ♦S+C SALINITY SN = 2323 2= t,995.0 ,003t»3 TEMPERATURE SN=2253 Z= 2127.0 ,01790 PRESSURE2 SN=2297 Z= 9712.0 1.27900 SURFACE REGION STD OBSERVATION. SENSOR DESCENDS FROM SURFACE TO 63 OECIBARS. 2e.tt5 PARTS PER THOUSAND -2.00 DEGREES CENTIGRADE 0,00 OECIBARS 000 000 000 000 000 0 0 0 0 0 0 3511327t.6322G75 35llG27t.6622576 351 1727'.G822677 3511927«.6822676 351 1 82 7'.G62267 6 351 1327i.G6L'2G 78 3511C27't6822677 35120274.7122670 3511927'.7122677 3511927t.7 022G7 7 35 1 192 7*. 7 0226 77 3511 92 7 1,7 022677 3 51 2727'.7 12 2663 3515527t.702270'. 352:i227i.'.72278t« 35*. 302732922957 355'.02720023a53 355t«32 72662 3062 Depth-Sorted STD Data. Dump of header record and first few card ijnagcs from data record. 45 o u u •H e e o u M-l (U .H •H M-l O ^1 P H w M-l O u u CO 4J cd H CO dJ 4-1 O CO r 4-J O. (U n 46 Preparation of Boom Data for the BOMEX Archive Final BOMEX shipboard boom data are now available for shipment to NCC. These data are in two forms : one in 10- and 30-minute averages on magnetic tapes in BCD format; the second as time-series plots of the 10-minute averages . A third set of data in the form of the original 2 samples per minute will also be available this month on magnetic tapes in BCD format. This set is a byproduct of the 10- and 30-minute average product. 47 STATUS OF PREPARATION OF BOOM LATA FOR THE BOMEX ARCHIVE; ALL SHIPS BCD Copy Archive Tapes Period "A" Boom Binary Archive Micro- BCD and Edit Tapes Tapes film Tapes Microfilm for NCC 10- and 30-minute averages I 9/15/72 10/15/72 3/15/73 4/18/73 5/1/73 5/2/73 II 9/15/72 10/15/72 3/15/73 4/18/73 5/1/73 5/2/73 III 9/1/572 10/15/72 3/15/73 4/18/73 5/1/73 5/2/73 IV 9/15/72 10/15/72 2_ 3/15/73 samples p( 4/18/73 ^r minute 5/1/73 5/2/73 I 9/15/72 10/15/72 5/15/73 5/31/73 6/15/73 II 9/15/72 10/15/72 en 5/31/73 6/15/73 III 9/15/72 10/15/72 list heck( 5 5/31/73 6/15/73 IV 9/15/72 10/15/72 5/31/73 6/15/73 bC O eJ (1) CO ^ 48 o o o LU a: CO CO LU cr a. > LU _l < LU CO 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2.0 1 . 5 1 .0 . 5 0 . 0 h 3 TEN MINUTE AVERAGES BOMEX BOOM DATA 03/22/73 SHIP OCEANOGRAPHER 0 DATE 3 MAY 69 JULIAN DAY1Z3 PLATE 3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 GMT '^f**#H«*^fcH+tf +-+i,., .u r'-ri-l-F*' *^. '^=H=f. "+^rt^?^'-F^ - 22 '^ -^. "^■W^j.H+<>Hftif' t^ ^ _._!__._ 24 DO Upper Frame: + sea level pressure Lower Frame: + incident solar rad. x net tot. rad • reflected solar radiation < cc i i I I i i ; 1 5 18 20 o o 18 ° 16 LU 1 4 ^ ' ^ en en uu 12 Q^ CL 10 LU > < LU 6 CO 4 2 0 2. 0 1 . 5 1 . 0 . 5 0.0 . 5Q GMT ^ 49 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 00 90 80 70 60 50 1 TEN MINUTE AVERAGES BOMEX BOOM DATA 03/22/73 SHIP OCEANOGRAPHER 0 DATE 3 MAY 69 JULIAN DAY 123 PLATE 1 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 GMT -^H.^H.^H^M^^^^^'^^ yV L+fV^ XX: V, xXxX * X XXXX xi ,xxxx I X x^ ''^^''^''xxxx./xx ^"^""^^'^ -" ^"'^^^ '^^^ • '" ""xx^ -"x^"*"*"^ '"""" nxX""" XXX,,X,''XX'" 1- 21 Q 5: 19 3 X (_J 1 7 LL LJ 15 LU CL co 50 en LU LU cr LU Q LU a: Q CO Q LU a. Z70 Z40 Z10 1 80 1 50 120 90 60 30 360 330 300 Z70 Z5 ZO 15 10 5 0 Z TEN MINUTE AVERAGES BOhEX BOOM DATA 03/ZZ/73 SHIP OCEANOGRAPHER 0 DATE 3 MAY 69 JULIAN DAY 123 PLATE 2 0 3 6 9 1Z 15 18 Z1 GMT -4-- I ^^+t^ + yvy--^ "•■+1 • ; HvK -^+, xxx" X X I X X' i ;-»* ^- » -X-- -Tx «^ r- ' V xi X X . Xx j * X X X, X „ X ! X : X ; ^x" I 'X vX K ; X x' -^ --^ XX,- - ^XXxX" XX xx^x Xx X X X Xx X ; , X Xx , xf„* X X upper Frame: + wind direction -gyro heading x wind direction rel. to ship Lower Frame: + relative hind speed i I I I I I Z70 Z40 Z10 180 1 50-- en LU IZO^ LU 90 2 60 o I— 30 ^ LU oc 360S 330 300 Z70 Z5 ZO 1 5 en 10 Q LU LU 5 ^ -> CO 1Z 1 5 Z1 GMT 51 Preparation of Ship Renavlgatlon for BOMEX Archive Adjusted hourly ship position data In terms of latitude and longitude for Observation Periods II and III have been completed for each of the five ships In the BOMEX fixed-ship array. These data are available In tabular form on microfilm; they are also reproduced In digital form and available on magnetic tape. Ship motion data for the same periods are available in terms of u and v components (Cartesian geometry) by operational mode (drift or steam). The data have been compiled by using drift motion calculated on the basis of 6-hour Increments. The motion data are available in the same form as the ship position data. 52 X o PQ < E-i <: n § o o M H s PLI M en F^ O o <: PM pLi O H ^3 o •H > 5-1 M (U PL) o •H M !-i M 0) M PM O •H M Vi M OJ P-i Id o •H >-i M 01 P^ •H en 0) Ml O C CO 0) O O iH I— 1 ^ !-i 4-1 (U CO •H g > o ^ d o ^ •H • CO o d 4-1 •H o f^ :^ o Pi CO 4J rt T3 d o •H +J •H CO O o- •T3 C CO . d nd o CU •H 4-1 4-1 QJ o i-H e & e QJ o d u •H CO !-* 4-1 0) CO +J TJ CU e o o •H 4J 4-1 •H CU CO XI ^ O i nd dl Id 4-J O § ^ O (U B d 4-1 o 4-1 a, •H CO •H 4-1 j:; o o CO e d II II li d o (xJ 53 d cu •H Td g 3 ^-' 4-1 •H bC d 0 y--^ o O bO •H hJ d) ■U 'V •H ^.^ m o P^ ■XJ 0) ^-^ 4-1 d m 01 •H 3 T3 e •I-) 3 s.^^ •n 4J <: •H ■U ^—v^ CO 60 hJ 'T3 •H c O •H 4-1 •H > CO 3 0) -H p ^ 4-1 •H bO o bc CO bO Td IS •H O 0) ^ 4-1 CO >, >, CO CO -H d coc)OcxD<3^c3^ooa^o^oo^^^^^•»^^DLnLOLr)Ln>,D^vO'^o^^^~^^^'~^^^|^^OLO CT^(J^C7^C7^C3^C7^<3^C3^Q^C3^CJ^O^C3^C3^(3^<3^0^C3^0^0^CJ^e3^CT^CT^CT^CJ^0CTNOOoooooor~~^vovor-~r^i — i — r-~cxDoor~~>x)Lrivoo iOLnLninLnX)^vCvO^^D'vDv£>VD'X'VO^^'>D>X)v£>vO^^^'X)^\£) Lrloo^vr!u~iLn ij^LnLOLnLniJ^u^LnLnLnLnLri^OOOOOOOOC3000C»OOCXDOOC3000CX3COC»C!OOOC^ CNCNlCNJCNCMCNICNirslCslCNCNCNCMCNlOJCNCNJCNICMCNICNlCNICNCNlCNCNJCNICNlCNJ r^r^r^r^ooooc»c30c»cx3c»oocx)c»c»c»ooooc30c»oocooocx3C30cx5oocx3cr. --^ -*--* -^ -*--*• --^ -*-* --^ -*■-* --^ -^ ~cr .D v£) ^ vC 58 OCEANOGRAPHER DAY : U5 BLIP RUN : 1 OCEANC w.^K'^^'^"^'^'^"^^^^'^^vvy^.M^M>Za\^ v^v^ r yv^ ./'V'V^ ^ ^1W/^^V^^'^^ A. V//Vil\JlfV^'''Hffli^H TD8 THB .^Vl/r/ ^^A/ n^^K "WW \ ,,^jj\ V I "A I Aft ^ /^;^A'\>^^^Vi^\V'yH 7 u^ V *Av\/ SPD vVVi 22. 7.00 22. 8.00 22. 9.00 22.10.00 22.11.00 22.12.00 22.13.00 22. U.OC 22.15.00 TIME (HRS.MIN.SECS) Example of BLIP data plots 59 Status of BOMEX Rawinsonde Processing as of May 1, 1973 All necessary programming for processing the five BOMEX ship rawinsondes has been completed and checked out. Computer runs are going on. Almost all computer runs for Period III have been completed, and that phase is in final inspection stage. This is a stage of selecting which version of a sounding, "automatic" or "manual," is of archive quality. We expect to have magnetic tapes and microfilm assembled for the archive of Period III by May 31. Remaining periods will be completed in the order of II, I, IV. An estimated 75% of necessary computer runs have been completed for Period II. Runs for Periods I and IV will be started within May. We expect to complete Period II by June 30, Period I by July 31 and Period IV by August 31, 1973. The entire automatic processing is divided into 7 stages: I. Convert from 2-sample-per-second data to 5-second averages of temperature, humidity, slant-range and azimuth. II. Merge auxiliary data (surface pressure, pressure calibrations, ship position, etc.) with data from Stage I. III. Compute the sounding into meteorological units (pressure, tem- perature, moisture, winds). IV. Microfilm pseudo-adiabatic and wind (u and v component) plots from data of Stage III. V. Compute similar output as in Stages II, III, and IV for data Introduced by manual means. VI. Inspect microfilm outputs of Stages IV and V to determine which soundings are of archiveable quality, including a choice between "automatic" and "manual" if both are available. VII. Assemble soundings chosen for archive in Stage VI onto magnetic tape and microfilm in time sequence for each ship. 60 o IS M w <; X o PQ fn O CO en d 1 o in m o in o in T-\ ^ > y-i -H iH iH > >. CU 4-1 4-1 XI (U .H d pj d rH iH d CO CO o -p a, •H cc B 3 d d d d d d d •T) l-> •-) 1-) •^ >-) bC bO M p o d d CU o <; < Pm X H pq O ^ o o o o o m o o CM Q) O ',■■■';'■ P-t o c h-l O ; M M-l -H rH rH rH M O -P rH n n CU T3 0) M b !>. !>. O J-l p. i5 CO CO •H CO 6 :^ s S J-l p O OJ O P^ X . >. >^ >, CU CU "O 0) iH , CO CO CO CO o 4-) a •H CO e ^ s is: S >-) I-) n p o CU o ! ■'■ p^ X 0) M 4-1 4J S d CU O 0) rH o o CO o o in o o woo, :■ O o CT. 00 r^ in iH iH 0) o PL, O d o I+-I -H m LT) iH CM in rH r-\ rH M O 4-1 CN CM CO iH rH CO CO cn CU na CU >H >> >. >. CU CU >• >^ >! O 4J PU CO CO CO d d CO rH T-^ •H CO g s s s 5 d S d d ^^ p o •d •-^ >-i '-^ (U CJ PM X . d CO en 4-1 e o d 4-1 4-1 CO X! bO CO rH It-I u o CO -H ^4 4-1 bO d -p •H •H !-i 13 2 d •H d 14-1 >v CU B 4-1 (U -H +j e •H CO Ti D4 o r— 1 > rH CO 2 TO IS! bO -P d e i-* rH -i •H r-i M B M CO d o o CO x; CO bO o (U ^ rH CO Ph <; S < O 61 rsjrsifsjf\ir\jrNgf\j(xjr\jrsjr\jrNjfNjr^jf\jr^jfsjrsjf\jr\jr\jrsjr\jiNir^ (/) I t I I I I I I I I I t I I I I t I I I I I I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I I I Q_ O w <--.-^^~^r\jfsjrsjrgp\irsjr\jf\jrNJfNjrNJfsjr^jrNjrsjrNjf\jr\jf\jr\. w^sJ^^I^^Jf\Jr\Jr\Jr^Jr\J^\J^Mf^J^\JrJ^\)f\J^^lf^J^\J^sJr\Jr\JrM^vJ^\J^^)r\Jr\^ en ^ I t^>4"r^coooooooo*0^0^0*oooooooooor^<)sOu^u^LOLOLriLn^rnf-o^^ ^^-4- ^j* ^ ••4-u'^-^u~iinir\u~\-^^^ir^rnt^t<^t<^^ :(XL30C><)roro^4-un<3^ooo^^f\jrNjr\j«— »— sO--tf^*>r\j|v^vtLrio^ -^ UJ OQOooh^»— r-o-4'-^r^rsj^^r^ ■— '«— oo<3'— *— »— ooooo^orsJf\j(>oof\jooLrir^(>o^sO^-^^^^ro(xi*— •— ac > -^ —I Q < -> < (-J z: z < _i ID < (_) — Q ^ — =)-^ 3 I:r^^^f^ooooooO^C>oc>c>^c>00'— '— »— f\jr\jr^u~*u^i^r^oo<>c>jrsjfNjro^ ■^mui-OO^or^rv.ooooooooooo v-^(^o^(>(><3c>c^c^<>ooc^<^c^oc>'— <— ^— »—«— t— *—»—*— t— ^— <—»— t— .— r— T— ,— ,— .— »—,-,— ,— ,— ,— .^r\j (X)rNjr\jfNjf^(XirsjixjrvjrofNnror^iv^roiv->r-^fv-)rororv-ir^ LUX <— ^—irioO'— rs)u-^r— cor^r\j^(>'^oorsjoou^oof^O(>(>'— ooc>^rx.eofsj«— u^f^T— ir^CT^f^^ E CD • O— — c>(>u^ooiniNjc>*— ro(:>r^C)roroLnu^ooOvOu^r^rsjoo«— -j-rsjo^ir^*— «— oo>Oi/^r*^Lr»rou~roi^c>iinoou^r\jro'— r^»— ^ uuLUt Ou^*— 0^0^»— fNjr^^O*— ooror— r^(Njfo-j-Lnun^fNj(>or^u^c>-4'r\j(>fNj<— r^^roi^%0 c3X^-' ^^J'J■^<^NO^^^^O*»— '— r\iror^^>4'sOvOoooo<3rsjf^Nj-u-^r^oo(>«— »— fNjroLr^r^CT'<^^ OX *— *— ^ro^ro^r-iri<3u-isO^NO'— '-J■^^^^•-TO^-^f^JO^NOOoou~^lnr^u-to^oT— u~>^u~>o^r^«— oo*— - a^ rsj Q X o :d Q. CO 1— O < LU — LU > cc C3 O CL Z CD LU O < 1— CC s: —1 -1 < Q. — i CO 1 1— - > Q'^^l^^^oo^^sJO*un^^oooo•— li^u^*— ror^>O^Ou~»ooooo^ CT^ »— »— .— .— .— »— f\jfNj»— *—'—•—•—»— <— fsjfsj'— •— r\jf\j«— «— .— r\j <-• romro*— <::>oooooOsOOi/^^r^ro'Nirsjrsj»— <— •— »— c^o^oooor^vOir^^rororxjrsjc^oof^ sOii~»^ ^rsj^— «— ooo^oooooooon. o^c^(>c^o^o^c>o^o*c^(><>(>c>o^c^oooooooooocoooooooooeoooc>0^^^^>.(^oo^^Jfo^OO*r^>4■0*u^^*^oof^c^^ QQLOLr»or^ ^r^ ^*— rsjr-.oO'j'OLOu^ooOLnLn ^j- •>j-ou^C5<3"j"(>>oO'N3-(>oor^r^i/^f^'— o*— r^r^r\jrovOK^oooooor^NO<)^ LJ m ^ ^ ■ O to 3 O O • —I LU O LU CT) Z _l Q cn < ZD LU UJ ^ h- l_> C/) -^ — . o < a: I— cc X o < C CL Z _i E ^-'O-O^rsjc^hs.rv.xOi/^^rjT— «— ooooooo0>Oi/^>J' 'j-rorsj*— »— oooooor^f^ sONOtou-^u-tun -^ vj- -^-^ -^ -j-ro f^rnr^r^r-^fNjf\jfsjr\jtNjr\jr\jr^f\jr\jrsjrsJfNjr\jrsjrsj«— «—•—<— T— T— *— t— ^— t^ > Cn ^ I — — "t — c^c>^o^ocy'u^f\JC>u^r\J^— o-Oto^*— sO^r^u^LO*— i/^<><>rO"^r\jNO^r\jfNjL^ —lazLj UJ^CL -^ -j-f^ ■^oooooooo-j-fNjfOioO^f^ ^oof^p^ OO*^ sOi/^i/^io^ ^|v^^sJf\J^sJfv^u-^r^(7'C>^oc>c>sOoO'— Lnc>ror\j*— to ccx ^ooooi^ooc>c>c>C5e<)oooooooooooooor^roror^ror^roror^r<>roi^^r^ror^^ ^inu-^tnLnin -.j-ooooooooOnO 3 t— ^ OCLLJ I f^^^o|v^u-lsOf^^^^--<>ooo<>oc>(>(>0^0^'— por^r^r^r^rv,r-^rsj o LU : CD CL : < CO O— IIILJ ZLU^Q.^*— u^c:>u^oooo^roooo>0'— u^roixjr^r^r^ OOu-^ij-i ^j- -j-rofsjfxj*— <3C>ci>«— rou-^^O^^c>^^^^'NJ^f^r\Jlr->^^<)-4■rn^oc> q;x *-^oooof^oooooooo^^^^oooooooof^^o^opor^^or^ro^o^o|^. rorohohorof^^ >j- ^ m u-\ -^ ^r^r^ooooooooin •rororsisOr\j-4'>J'oO' X .« CD < —• u-i O- CC —1 r-- o Li- •— ~^ > m r— ce >- rNJ o < — u_ o f^ o 1— ^ z ID < CL — • LU CL (— —I 1— •— 1 =1 =)< X O -> Q CO OOOoo>OLoror\ji\J i *— r\jr\jrofOLr>LnLr>u^^ (/5'^^0■O^^Ju~)^^Jf^(>oo^o^^oooof\J^^Jl^r^^— Lor^unrof^potnrsj" — ^c^/^^^"-J■u^<3*~oOu~lC>Lr><)sOLO<>oc>ooc:>*— r\iLor\jf\j LU OD Qit->*" ^oosOOoO'iv.Lnoo -^j-r^iNjrof^fo*— C50o0" ^i^rot— nOo^ooor^oo-sj-oo0s0'0'0 Q. '^«— *— ooOsO>Oi/->vrror\ioooooor^^sO^ ^^sJ^\Jc>oo^-.sOl>^^^^^^^|c^oc>c^r^Lor^r^J^^Jooo^^^^^u^u^^^o^^f^f^J oooooCT'OO^OOOoooooooooooooooooooooof^rx.r^r^f^r^r^r^ r-. NO-0-o>o>OsO^>OOu-iu->u-^u-^o->urtu-»Lnir~>ir-»u-» LU -^ t<-JOf\JoOOsJ^CI>fM<3C>C>ooC><3oOOC>OoOC:> -^ LU K— C/>oOu^'si'iOoO(>^u~>rNJir>-sru^i/^i/^C>u^u*iu^ "^ »~<)v*'oo<0'— rou-^>Of\iOsjoooo>d" rsl t >— O f" ^ » z DC " o UJ O — 1 z <-> u. 3 O Z3 O X OU3HdS0UiV OUVONVIS) i33d iO SaNVSOOHi Nl QNV M^ NI XH0I3H ■W lvt'/^'lvvl'f>'lvi'lvi'lv|')\'IS^I'i't'^^'lV^'l'i'\'lVi'fVl'f^'l'MM'i'ph'^h'/h'|'i'IV ( j^.d) aw Nl 3UnSS3Ud 63 BOMEX Radar Data Reduction During BOMEX 74 rolls of 35-iran film of surface radar data were collected and these were placed in the archive. Out of these, 2,200 individual PPI frames were manually digitized for Period III and 3,200 frames were digitized for Period II. The manually digitized PPI photographs consist of gain step sequences. For Periods II and III the digitized sequences are compressed into PPI composites showing for each data point the highest gain step level observed. The composite data will be archived on both magnetic tape and microfilm. 64 CD •P <+4 •H O W O en I' CO i-H o iH O o & >-i cn e •H <4-l 1— 1 TS o •H M-l M • O PM o U Fm !s CJ •H O •H CO •H Cfi CU 4-J O O 0) fr C c g CU bO o 13 CO o cr e 0) M-l Cfi M-l O o d CO •H . (1) CO O P. bO S CO 1^ H p-1 cn CO Ph ^ d '^ CO CO QJ !-i g N 00 •H O 4-1 4-) O -H O bO^ . -H CI, O t3 M-l .», cn e cn iH rH o .H •H •1-1 O M-< o U O x: U a M-l O O •H M e p^ • PL, o M-l s O o •H !-i CU PM »-l VJ QJ CU !-i !-i QJ CU nd > 13 > C O d o CO O CO a rH cn iH cn cn •H cn •H M Q M n !-i 5-1 CU CU S-i 5-1 0) CU T3 > n3 > d O d o CO O CO o tH cn ^ cn cn •H cn •H M Q M C VO o CN in 5-1 5-1 T3 > d O d o CO u CO u r-i cn iH cn cn •H cn •H M P M c 5-1 u (U CU 5-1 5-1 CU CU nd > 13 > § o a u o CJ iH cn .H en cn •H cn •H M C M O o o o o o o o o vO vO m r- c^ r^ CO o # bO 03 d o •H •H cn 5^ cn (U CU P-i o o U 5-1 O CM M-l M « CU M M 4-1 M CU 'T3 M tH O a •H •xi e 5-1 O o (U •H a PL| 5-1 CU 6<: M-l PM o 00 O ^ d O d o M-l o •H •H 4-1 CU 4-1 (U ■U CO .H CU N CX, iH •H g PM 4-1 O g •H a O bO o •H Td T3 CU cn 4J cn iH CO CU CO g o d •H o 4-1 5-1 Pti cn w 65 - BOMEX DIGITIZED RADAR DATA DATE 150 START TIME12360Z END TIME 1Z483Z RADAR 1 FIRST PIC 3000 LAST PIC 3004 LAST PIC CODE Z ANT. TILT 0 LAT 0 LON 0 CLTR 40 FID ANG. 70 FID.DIST.300 SCALE 406 STC 0 COMPOSITE POINTS 36 PER CENT ACC. 95 GAIN STEP POWERS RANGE MARKER INTERVAL 1Z1.80 Z 3 4 5 6 Z 64 58 48 40 0 III II I 111 lllll I III III 1 1 III I III 1 1 II I III 1 1 III 1 1 Ijl II MM I Ijl 1 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 ll| I II III 1 1 1| 111 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 so 60 70 10 90 loo 110 120 20 30 ilO ,20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .JO .'JO 100 110 120 1 1 1 1 1 N 1 1 1 1 1 1 H 1 1 1 1 1 1 lllll 1 1 11 1 II I II 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 66 BOMEX DIGITIZED RADAR DATA DATE 150 START TIME152515 END TIME 152630 RADAR 2 FIRST PIC 5000 LAST PIC 5002 LAST PIC CODE 1 ANT. TILT 0 LAT 0 LON 0 CLTR 25 FID ANG. 0 FID.DIST.345 SCALE 448 STC 1 COMPOSITE POINTS 22 PER CENT ACC. 95 GAIN STEP POWERS 12 3 4 5 6 91 76 70 0 0 0 RANGE MARKER INTERVAL 134.40 lllllllll|lllllllll|lllllllll|lllllllll|lllllllll|lllllllll|lllllllll|lllllllll|lllllllll|lllllllll|llllllllin 10 20 30 «0 JO to 70 10 «0 loO 1 10 120 I In In In In 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 In 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 67 Preparation of RFF Cloud Photographs and Instrument Panel Photographs for BOMEX Archive During the course of the RFF flights, a series of photographs of clouds were taken and have been presented in moving picture form. Those taken from the nose of the aircraft are 16-mm color photographs, while those taken from the right and left sides of the nose of the aircraft are 35-mm black and white pictures . In addition to the cloud photographs, pictures were also taken of the instrument panel on the aircraft. These are presented either in 35-mm black and white moving pictures or as microfilm. 68 o u Pi o O H CO e iH •H IW rH O iH o O OJ nJ ^ S iH CO W (U ■u p^ g •H M-l 1 g O in fO CO 0) •H ^ > o o CO :^ 4-> cq 0) 00 I CO d CO Q) r-\ 4-1 pq 0) M-l ■P QJ in CO •H > O CO u B O CO rH CJ O CJ 0) I en o o •H fin n3 ■r) ^o Td •H 5-1 O -H CO O 0) O Pi g o m 0) • a o ca m •H s O CO X! o S U O 0) CO ro m CO r^ r^ CO r^ r^ in ir\ •~-^ tH in iH iH -* 00 tH T3 na 0) 0) 00 •U CO ■u r^ CO 0) r^ OJ — ^ r^ rH ->^ rH iH "■^ Cu • CO O 0) o •H Q) PL, cj ■P •H 4-J •H CO cu rd 4-1 ^ O CO •S s o CO •H 4-t cd cti & o 73 LU X o — LU LL CD X OCf-'\l-OI^<— KloO-OOO^O^rO'— ^--C3<— >— (\) -^oo*— Lf-isOvO^oooor^ -^Lnr\joo^or\jr\j O T s: Q. O Q. O — CJ cz>»— LnNOf^^LrtLOsOoo-j-LOooooooo^ixi^'Xj-^ cz^vOLnc^fNJ^^oo^^IX)^OLoor\J^^u-^oo^Ou-'K^C^ — a. O .— fO ^ oo ■— O -O O -^ rxi Ln Olo*— <— u-irxjLOoohorx.cT'r'-^O z I— ^ < a: LU ~ LD 2: > LU Q ro<— r\ ^<— 1— LU 0 Q SI 0 _1 3 1— Q. ^ 0 0 e: • Q. LU CD -j-r^r\jixi->j-LriC>i-n< — •— -OOvOLOi^oooc^^---•C^G'C>c>ooooc<)ooooooooN,^^^^^-~^v.^•0 r^(X)rsjfXjiXjrvirsjr\j(XirNjrj(X)r\jixir\J(X)r\jr\jr\jrM <— (O*— o*— Ln^o•sJ-c<)^o^o^n'O^^J 1 rsj LU LU ~ CD no ■SI Q C) LU ^ ro •-^ CL Q r»-i *" (y- ^ •0 t — ^-s T 1— -0 CJ Q ^ 5: LU ~ CD en CD Q- 2: ^ LU — - LU U~) ZD --- h- LU Q 3: CD < 2: ID ^^ < ■z^ — . 1— ^— — . 1— — < 0 1— cr cn -^ Q cc 1 0 CD CO 0 < Q- UJ sz 0 0 < cr — LU LJ 1— > Q. 1— I LJ r\j CD LU 0 . — . ce vO 1 ce ce ^ cr ^ -^ LL ID 0 DO 0 0 K1 K- Q. s: LJ — . < < — 1— --^ cn ^ —i — . LT. LU CO > 0 LU Q- LU '^ > CJ '-- 1 \— — — h- < — < CO 1— 2; CJ 1— Q 2: 1 r) Q. Z •^^ LU 3: ^ < cn 00 -O O -vT T— *— r^O--J-rooooLri-sj--,j-iv,(v,|sn' ■<— ooc^'— Lr^r^C^oorMoo^\JfXlO'vO'0■<— ro-— oc- Chf^c:3<>Dr^r^r^-4'r\jro^orsjr^unLOfXjc>f^-j'ro rsj ixj (Nj ^ ^ oooooOvOLn-J"r^ ro-sjr^.— LOoo-^r^rOf—r^-sj-Ln'— c>--J-r^'— 0000 CD CL 1X1 LU —. 0 ^ cr cn cr ZD Q CO LU LU CO X cc 1— LU 1— 0 < CC u_ Q Q- cn •— • 1— Z 1— rj < X CO CL — CD . — t h- _l ^- X r) =D —I (— 0 -i> u_ Q- CJ s:; LU CD I— LU Q LU CD q: 21 Q. -^ ^ IXI CX3 r^u-iLO^ C5«— a^^r\jf\jLi-tr\jrsjr^r^oo'~u^^oof^ooc^fXIr^J *— nO(X)sO(XJ»— oooroocJ^ooi^ciscornc^oO'— ^oc>Lr^O^OO^sO oor^czjfNjLnoor^Lj-irofNj^t— c>rv^->r^o<— Lo ^— »— »— '— (X)f\jf\jr\jrof^or^r^ LU Q r^oo~<— CT-fNjr^-orovOLnfNjN~io-sOf^iri^<— t^ ^>— •J-fNJt^O'— >— lXIO00INJOr^u^s0O--J--0^ C>OO^OOOOoOoooooOoooor^f^f^(^C-^r^vO Kir^rsjfNjror\jr\jrsjr\irsjrsjr\jrsi(\jr\jf\jf\jrNjrNjrNj CD O t — Q.^ r^fXiLOooo^^— •— LOvOLr^o-O*— OJ-vO*—*— ro ccz: -4•l^f\l^<^l — LU Iv-iooOfX)*— OOoOoOoot^rvJC^CT-Of^-J-rgOro Q OOOChOOoOoOoOoooOooooN~oor^(^(^--DsO rofxifNjtxifXifXjr\jfXi(X)fNjfNjr\jfxir\j(Xjfxir\jr\jfNjrNj o I— Q- :^ O SI Q. LU CD - CO cc (— LU \— CJ < t— 3 z 1 (XJ LU LU — CD rsl ■SI Q 0 LU ^ ro •. CL Q ro "~ 0- vT 0 % — ^^ % — 1— -0 L_) C; -- ■SI LU — 0 CO CD CL z: :^ LU ^^ LU CO X ^ < y- LU 0 X CD 1— < 5: X ^^ < z ■ — i 1— Q i — • 1— i — t Q 1— QC CO ^ Q CC _l 0 CO CO LU 0 < Q- LU 21 1— 0 < cr -- (-J CJ 1— > CL LU X cr rsj CD cc 0^ — 0 nO —1 CC cc — (-J 2: - — LL X 0 CO 1^ 0 K1 1— CL s: ZD •— ■ < < --- 1— -•~^ CO > —J ^— LO LU CO > 0 LU a. LU ^^ > Q '- _l 1— • •— • — 1— r— < m H- SZ CJ (— Q SI _J X CL ^ ^^ LU X — < CC CJ ixi •— 1 ~o u_ 0 -J- • — 1 ^ CL CJ z ro 2: CD CL rsj LU LU CD •— < 0 < — cr 1— LU CO CC Q X CO Q LU LU en X CC 1— LU 1— 0 < CC LL Q CL CO in en -^ .— t t— ■z 1— LU QD XI < X oc s: CO CL —— CD CL ^ .— t t— 1 1 — I X X X _l ho*— unooroootnf\jc> -^O-^j-nO*— i-Oi-OvOoOooo ooooO'— LnLOsOr^r^ooooo*— ro-^(\c:)(v-ioooo ^^Jr^J^\JIv-l(v-lf^o^^^o^orv-|^o^^^ofv-^ro^n^v-^(v-l(^ r^rot— unO'C>(Xiooc:3C>i-n'~sOc>r^sOsOf^-^0 I r\jf\jLr>vtu-^r\jrorNjsOoO(>ro-vONOC)ro ^^JLoC^^O^^J^ou^l/*l^\Jc3^C>vOunLor\Jc:>oo^o•^ orx. -4-roosOu^-J"i-nc>oooiv->*— *— r— ^— «— -Nrr^r\jLO«— hn'~C>'— ■~c:>-^ooc>Lnoorsj <— Of\Jooiv^r^ngr^-Oc:3hOLnoooor\jc>r^--J'^o *— r^rxioorsjooi^LnooC>sD-J-(>oOfXJf\JC>oOoO oocT>r\jc>Lor^C)^^— -j-c:>c>oor^s£)Ln^rooo *— fNjr\j<— «— *— oONor^O^*— r^r\jc>oof^roc>Lnc» fNJf\Jf\J'— *—*—*—»—*—'— ^— III C50ooc^0(3oc3)c3c:)c:>(0o-sro<3or-^c:> <30u^'<— oooc>Lri'Oc>ooc>u~>c>roc> *— f^roor^ixj*— Ooor^NO'— oo^vOfNjoo^rosO OOOoOoOoooor^t^f^r-v.l^sOO<3'Ou~iLOvd-^ 75 c^o^^JNO^OLn^^^^l^Ooof\Jou~l^v.o^oo»— sOoi^x)LnroLooooo<)C>r^r^r^ooc3r\j(><::^ C3'— WO'— <— i^o*— O^Lno^^•-J^•J-lXJC>c^OlXJ^OL^lcc^^Jooooc^^^^^^^r\Jr^^^ <— ^^J^o-J■u-^sO^^<>^C^CI)«— *~lX)^ovrL/~l.oooc>0'— iXjr^-J'u^or^<>DO'— r^ ,— ,— r— T~T— .— ,— ,— t— ^— f\Jf^Jf\J^^J^^)lXllX)^^Jl%J|v-^|v-l|^o^^|v-l|v-1r^(^o^o-^ O X 21 CL O CL o — o .— .— »— f— <—<—.— <—<— r— r\jrsjrNjr-jixirMfNjr\jr^jroror^K^r^iv-i|sor^ro-sr--r^ --J-->J- --j- --t w^ in m u~< u~^ — Q_ X CD z h- :^ < cr LL) — LD ^ > LU oc:Jc7'(^c^c^c^c^c^C^o<5ooooooootxDcoooooco rv-1|^o^orofv^^gf^Jr\J^^J^Mr\J^\Jf^Jr^JlXJr\J^^l%J^^J(Xll~^J^^J|^ I— Q_ ^ CC 31 — . LU LD > I— LU oOLorxjOLTi'— >— •— fXiNOLnrorsjooor^ vOfXioor^r^!^orv.|v-i|v-, -j-iNjLnooroooooo«— r^r\joou~>*— oor^'— sOor^'-Jununooou"* •^LT^sO^^i^oC'— •-j-i^o-4'corsj^c>N^oo-oooooor^r^<)Lnvj-|v-,[Xj<— oc^«^o^«^cor^^^^Ol/^L^ C^ <0> O^O^C>r^Junoor\Ju-^ivisOC>oorv.,OsOLrirsj ^-^ 1— Z — (— < _ 1 , Q Q 1— ce en '^ CC —1 O LO CQ Q O < Q. 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