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BONE RULES.
BONE RULES;
OR,
SKELETON OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
BY
Rev. JOHN B. TABB.
NEW AND REVISED EDITION.
NEW YORK, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO !
bemm2:ige:r brotmers.
Printers to the Holy Apostolic See. I9OI.
v
Qt>
CdPyRIGKT, 18,9:*, I<Y BflNZiGfi-R BROTHERS.
INSCRIBED
Zo ms pupils,
ACTIVE and passive ; perfect and imperfect ;
PAST, present, and future,
by their loving
Father Tabb.
m2()1493
CONTENTS.
PART I.— PARTS OF SPEECH.
PAGE
The Parts of Speech ii
The Noun ii
The Verb ii
The Adjective 12
The Adverb 12
Examples 12
Kinds of Verbs. , 13
Active Verbs 13
Passive Verbs 13
Neuter Verbs 13
Transitive Verbs 13
Intransitive Verbs 14
The Object and the Attribute 14
PART II.— NOUNS AND PRONOUNS.
Kinds of Nouns 17
Proper and Common Nouns 17
The Pronoun 17
Properties of Pronouns and Nouns 17
Gender ig
Number. , 18
Person 18
7
8 Contents.
PACK
Case i8
Kinds of Pronouns 19
Personal Pronouns 19
Relative Pronouns 21
Interrogative Pronouns 22
Adjective Pronouns 22
Remarks upon the Noun 23
Absolutes 23
PART III.— VERBS.
Conjugation 25
Moods 25
Tense 26
The Participle 28
Principal Parts of the Verb 28
Conjugation of ' ' To be " 29
Remarks on Conjugation 34
Formation of Passive Verbs 35
Some Irregular Verbs 35
Suggestion to Teacher 41
PART IV.— REMARKS UPON ADJECTIVES^
ADVERBS, CONJUNCTIONS, AND
PREPOSITIONS.
Remarks upon Adjectives 42
*• Comparison " of Adjectives 42
Memory Lines 43
Remarks upon Adverbs 43
" Comparison " of Adverbs 43
Memory Lines 43
Conjunctions and Prepositions 44
Contents, 9
PAGE
Apposition ^ 44
List of Prepositions 45
PART v.— THE SENTENCE AND ITS ^KINDS.
The Sentence 46
The Member and the Phrase 47
Forms of Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs 49
The Three Kinds of Sentences 50
Introductory Words 52
The Subject of the Infinitive 52
The Infinitive Member 53
"That" 55
"It" 56
''When," " Where " 56
"Than" 56
Absolutes 57
" Questions " 57
Participle Phrases 58
Infinitive Phrases 58
Complex Sentences 59
Antecedent or Relative Understood 60
Indirect Questions 61
Absolutes 62
Sign of Infinitive Understood 63
Sentences to be Corrected 64
PART VI.— RULES FOR PARSING, AND RE- MARKS UPON THE CASES.
Rules for Parsing 65
Remarks upon the Cases 66
Special Remarks on the Negative, the Participle, the Relative, Joint Reference, and Compari- son 68
lo Contents,
PACK
An Anomaly 70
Compound, 'Complex, and Long Simple Sen- tences 70
Examples of Bad English 90
Analysis and Correction 91-93
Sentences to be Corrected 94
PART VII.— RULES FOR PUNCTUATION.
The Period 105
The Colon 106
The Semicolon 107
The Comma 107
The Dash 113
Curves 114
Capitals and Hyphened Words, and Apostrophe. 115
Sentences to be Punctuated 116
Subject Members 116
Attribute Members 116
Apposition Members 117
Object Members 118
Sentences to be Punctuated 118
Bad English Corrected ; and Punctuation Made, and Accounted for in the Diagram. 126
Questions 129
Narration (Direct and Indirect) 131
Analysis of Latin Sentences 132-134
Poems for Analysis and Punctuation.
The Raven 135
The Brook... 143
BONE RULES ;
OR,
SKELETON OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
PART I.— PARTS OF SPEECH.
A sentence is a group of words making complete sense, and marked by a period.
Parts of speech are sorts of words that go to make up a sentence. The principal of these are the noun, the verb, the adjective, and the adverb.
The Noun.
A noun is a word that names anything that we can think of ; as, Earth, air, water , plant, bird, man.
The Verb.
A verb is a word that goes with a noun to say, or help to say, something about it ; as. Water ^^ze^^. Birds sing. Fishes swim, God created man. Christ is God.
u\ V: \J 'I \ :Bdfi$^Qf: Speech,
The Adjective.
An adjective is a word that qualifies a noun ; as, A ^/«^ friend. A bright fire. A cold day. A lojig journey.
The Adverb.
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb ; as, Time flies quickly. The night is very near. Too soon the dayHght dies.
Examples.
Name each part of speech in the following sentences :
I. Snow melts rapidly. 2. Very gently falls the dew. 3. Some birds never sing. 4. Early frost kills many flowers. 5. Rough roads seem always long. 6. All men are sometimes sad. 7. Good tidings never come too soon.
Each of these seven groups closed by a full stop, or period, is called a sentence^ because it makes com- plete sense.
There can be no sentence without at least two words — a verb, and a noun about which the verb says something. This noun is called the subject.
Verbs. 13
Kinds of Verbs.
Every verb in a sentence is active, or passive, or neuter, according to the way in which it represents its subject.
Active Verbs.
A verb is active when it represents its subject diS performing an act; as, Men labor. Birds sing. Streams flow. God created heaven and earth.
Passive Verbs.
A verb is passive when it represents its subject as receiving an act ; as, Man was created. God is worshipped.
Neuter Verbs.
Neuter means neither. A verb is neuter when it represents its subject as neither performing nor receiving an act; as, God waSy and is, and will be. The soul remains immortal. Christ abides forever.
There are two kinds of active verbs — transitive and intransitive.
Transitive Verbs.
A transitive (or passing-over) verb is one that represents its subject as performing an
14 Parts of Speech,
act upon some person or thing ; and the name of this person or thing is called the object.
Such verbs can never by themselves com- plete the sense of what is said about their subjects, but must have an added noun ; as, God made ; Thieves took .
Intransitive Verbs.
Intransitive means ;/^/-passing-over, or ;/^;^-transitive ; and as this kind of active verb follows the same rule as the passive and neuter verbs, we may call them all non- transitive.
Non-transitive verbs often express ac- tion, and, at times, they also need an added noun or adjective \.o make the sense complete; but the act belongs only to the subject, and can Jiever reach the added noun beyond.
When ;/^;^-transitive verbs need an added noun or adjective^ this word is called the attribute ; as, Mary became a mother, God was made man. The sun rose clear. Stars look small.
The Object and the Attribute. The object is the noun that is always needed to complete the sense of the transi- five verb.
Examples. 15
The attribute is either a noun or an adjec- tive that is sometimes needed to complete the sense of non-transitive verbs.
It is only the object of the transitive verb that can ever become the subject of the pas- sive verb ; as,
Romulus built Rome. Hence, Rome ivas built.
We can never say a thing is done till some one does it.
Examples Of Transitive and Non-Transitive Verbs.
I. Charity covereth a multitude of sins. 2. Lovest thou me ? 3. Am I my brother*s keeper ? 4. He was a friend to me. 5. Thou shalt not steal. 6. The word was made flesh. 7. Hallowed be Thy name. 8. Him have I offended. 9. I must become a borrower. 10. The man grows mad. 11. God gives us love. 12. The long day wanes.
13. Three years she grew in sun and shower.
14. Authority forgets a dying king. 15. That cap of yours becomes you not. 16. Never home came she. 17. His food was
1 6 Farts of Speech.
locusts. 1 8. Seemeth it but a small thing unto you ? 19. Be your tears wet ? 20. O, what can ail thee? 21. Ask thou not my name. 22. The rainbow comes and goes. 23. A lovelier flower on earth was never seen. 24. I have performed my task.
PART II.— NOUNS AND PRONOUNS.
Kinds of Nouns.
Proper and Common Nouns.
There are two kinds of nouns — proper and common. A proper noun is the name of some one particular thing ; as, Europe, London, Napoleon, Niagara, the Andes,
A common noun is the name of a whole class of things ; as, country, city, man, river, mountaifi.
The Pronoun.
A pronoun is a word that stands for a noun ; as, /, thou; he, she, it ; we, you, they ; this, that ; theirs, those, etc.
Properties of Pronouns and Nouns.
Pronouns and nouns in a sentence have four properties: gender, number, person, and case.
17
1 8 Kinds of Nouns,
Gender. Gender belongs to things male or female. Males are masculine; as, he; females are feminine; as, she ; and things that are neither male nor female are called neuter ; as, it. Nouns and pronouns take their gen- der from the things that they name or stand for.
Number.
Number is either singular or plural ; sin- gular, when it shows one thing only ; plural, when it shows more than one thing ; as, he, they; man, men; dog, dogs; goose, geese.
Note. — The plural of nouns is regularly formed by adding J or es to the singular ; as, boy, boys; fox, foxes.
Irregular plurals must be separately learned; as, man, men; goos^, geese.
Person. Person shows the one speaking; as, /; or the one spoken to; as, you; or the one spoken of; as, he, she, it. The speaker is called the first person ; the one spoken to, is called the second person ; and the one spoken of, is called the third person.
Case. Case is the relation of nouns and pro- nouns to other words.
Personal Pronouns. 19
In English there are three cases generally given— the nominative ^ the possessive, the objective (or accusative).
To " decline " a noun or pronoun is to name its three cases in the order above — nominative, possessive, objective.
Kinds of Pronouns.
There are four kinds of pronouns : per- sonaly relative, interrogative, and adjective.
Personal Pronouns.
A personal pronoun is one that shows its person by its very form, or spelling ; as, /, thou, he, she, it.
The personal pronouns are thus declined:
I, first person, any gender.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nom, I, Nom. we,
Poss. my, or mine, Poss, our, or ours,*
Obj, me ; Obj, us.
*No apostrophe is used with the possessive case of pronouns.
20 Kinds of Nouns,
Thou, second person, any gender.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Norn, thou, Nom. ye, or you,"^
Poss. thy, or thine, Poss. your, or yours, Obj, thee ; Obj\ you.
He, third person, masculine gender.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nom, he, - Nom, they,
Poss, his, Poss, their, or theirs,
Obj, him ; Obj, them.
She, third person, feminine gender.
Sing. Nom, she, [Same plural
Poss, her, or hers, as for he.]
Obj, her.
It, third person, neuter gender. Sing. iVi:?;/^. it, [Same plural
Poss, its, as for he.]
Obj, it.
Note I. — The word j^// added to the personal pro- nouns forms a class of covipound personal pronouns; as, sing, myself^ plur. ourselves; sing, thyself y plur. yourselves; sing, himself ^ herself ^ itself y plur. them- selves. They all want the possessive case, and are alike in the nominative and objective.
* '* You " is always plural, though often applied to one.
Relative Pronouns, 21
Note II. — After the possessives mine, thine, and his, the governing noun maybe expressed or under- stood ; as, It is mine, thine, or his (overcoat). After ours, yours, hers, and theirs, the noun is always under- stood.
Relative Pronouns.
A relative pronoun is one that relates to another noun or pronoun which is called its antecedent (or that wJiicJi goes before).
There are three relative pronouns, Who, which, and that; as, The man who spoke. The remark which he made. The crowd that he addressed.
Note I. — That is a relative when it equals who or which; as, The man that (or who) spoke. The remark that (of which) he made.
Note II. — As after the antecedents such or same, is a relative; as, He is such as he ever was. Such as are wise will obey.
Note III. — But, after a negative word, is some- times equivalent to a relative with " not "; as. There is no man but hates me; i.e., that hates me not. Such is the Latin " quin'\ But after never is an adverb; as, " It never rains but it pours"; i.e., "/>^«/itdoes not pour."
Note IV. — What, when it equals that which, is a double pronoun, which being the relative and that the antecedent; as, I see what you mean, i.e., I see that which you mean. ^
What when used otherwise is interrogative or iXdamatory; as, What said he ? What evil have I done? What ho! I asked what he meant.
22 Kinds of Nouns,
The relative who is thus declined in both numbers, singular and plural;
Norn, who,
Poss, whose,
Obj, whom. Which and that have no case-endings.
Remark I. — Who is applied lo persons only; which, to things only; and that, to both persons and things.
Remark II. — The relative takes ih^ gender, number^ and person oi lis antecedent ; as, I who speak. Thou who speakest. The man or woman who speaks. We, ye, or they who speak.
Remark III. — Whose is sometimes used for of which; as, ** Thou hadst a voice whose sound was like the sea."
Interrogative Pronouns.
Interrogative Pronouns are in form like the relatives. They are used in asking ques- tions, and have no antecedents; as, Who did it ? What said he ? Whose son are you ? Whom have I offended ? I wonder who he is?
Remark. — The interrogative maybe the antecedent of a relative; as. Who that has common sense can think so? But one relative can never be the antece- dent of another.
Adjective Pronouns. Adjective Pronouns are in form adjec- tives-with their nouns understood; as. One
Remarks upon the Noun. 23
is sick. Allot her is dead. Many are called : few are chosen.
Remarks upon the Noun.
Nouns in English have no case-endings for the nominative and objective, which are both alike in form. The difference between them is in their tise only.
The possessive case of nouns, whether singular or plural, is formed by adding to the nominative an apostrophe ('). To this, when the word does not end with "j," an ".y" is to be added; as, Man, maris; men, mens. Princess, princess'; princesses, prin- cesses'.
Note I. — Sometimes, when the noun itself ends with ** J," we find an "j " added after the apostrophe ; but of this there seems no need. To prevent a hissing sound, after such words a.s peace, cottscience, etc., noth- ing but the apostrophe is put when the next word begins with an "j."
Note II. — The number of ownerships is shown by the number of apostrophes ; as, Cain and Abel's father — one father for both; Cain's and Abel's father — one father for each.
Absolutes.
A noun or pronoun whose case depends upon no other word is said to be absolute^ or independent; as, ''Sir" or "Madam." "O
24 Kinds of Nouns.
me/' This last is the only objective abso- lute. " Sir " and " Madam " are nominatives of address (or vocatives^.
The absolute word, though depending on nothing, may often have something depend- ing upon it; as, *' This done, the rest is easy."
Examples. Relatives and Interrogatives.
I.
1. They that touch pitch will be defiled.
2. What have I done ?
3. I tell you that which you yourselves do
know.
4. What thou doest, do quickly.
5. Who was it that thus cried?
6. What do you mean ?
7. Ye have what I advise.
8. Whose son art thou ?
9. 111 blows the wind that profits nobody.
10. Repent what's past, avoid what is to
come.
11. He most shall merit who can most en-
dure.
12. Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace,
whose heart is stayed on Thee.
PART III.— VERBS. Conjugation.
To conjugate a verb is to name four things — its mood, tense, person, and num- ber. A verb takes its person and number from its subject^ with which it is, therefore, said to agree. Mood and tense belong wholly to the verb.
Mood means 7nanner. Tense means time.
Moods.
There are five moods : the Infinitive, the Indicative, the Potential, the Subjunctive, and the Imperative.
Finite means limited; and infinitive means not-X\m\\,^^.
The infinitive mood is that form of the verb which alone is not limited — as are all the other moods — by person and number. Its sign is the word to ; as, to be, to love, to die.
Note. — A verb in any other mood than the infinitive is called, by way of distinction, d, finite verb. 25
26 Verbs.
Finite Moods.
The indicative mood is that form of the verb which simply indicates, or declares a fact, or asks a question; as, I know him. Who knows him ?
The potential mood is that form of the verb which expresses liberty, possibility, or necessity ; as, may, ox can, or must go.
The subjunctive mood is that form of the verb which expresses some doubt, con- dition, or contingency ; as, If thou go. Were I a king.
The imperative mood is that form of the verb which expresses a co7nmand, exJiorta- tio7t, or entreaty ; as. Obey me. Excuse my mistake. Forgive us our trespasses.
Tense.
There are three natural divisions of time, — the present, the past, and the future. In Grammar the past and the ftiture are sub- divided ; the past into three tenses — pret- erit, perfect, and pluperfect — and the future into two — the first and the second future, or the future and the future per- fect. Hence we have six tenses :
Tenses. 27
The Present,
to tell what is happening now; as, He sleeps.
Past Tenses.
The preterit, to tell what happened in time fully past; as, He slept last night, yesterday, or the day before.
The perfect, to tell what has happened in time not fully past ; as. He has slept to- day, this week, or month, or year — any time not yet over.
The pluperfect, to tell what had hap- pened before some other past event ; as, Be- fore I woke him, he had slept an hour.
Future Tenses.
The future (or first future), to tell what will happen in time to come;" as. He imll sleep to-morrow, or the next day, or next week.
The future-perfect (or second future), to tell what zvill have happened before some other future event ; as, Before I wake him, he zvill have slept an hour.
Note I. — The present and preterit tenses may always be expressed in one word; as, He sleeps; he
28 Verbs.
slept. Each of the other tenses requires its own tense-sign; as, **have,*' for the perfect; '' had,'* iox the pluperfect; '' shair* or ''will'' for the future; " shall have " or " will have,'* for the future-perfect. Note II. — To form the perfect, the pluperfect, and the future-perfect tenses, we must add to the tense-signs ''have*' and "had,** a word called a participle.
The Participle.
There are three kinds of participles: present, past, and perfect.
The present participle is formed from the present indicative, and always ends in ing ; as, Love, loving; teach, teaching.
The past participle is likewise formed from the present indicative, and regularly ends in d ; as, Love, loved ; call, called. Irregular participles must be separately learned. (See p. 35.)
The perfect participle is formed by pre- fixing the word " having '' (from the tense- sign ''have'') to the past participle; as, Having loved ; having called.
Principal Parts of the Verb.
The principal parts of the verb are four: namely, the one-zvord tenses — the present and the preterit indicative ; and the one^
Conjugation of the Verb ^^ to be'' 29
word participles — the present and the past ; as, Love^ loved ; loving^ loved.
The neuter verb " to be " is thus con- jugated :
Principal Parts.
PRES. INF. PRETERIT IND. PRES. PART. PAST PART.
Be. Was. Being. Been.
Infinitive Mood.
(Not limited by person and number.) PresentTense, To be. Perfect Tense, To have been.
(Tense-sign, ''have.'")
Indicative Mood.
(Declares a fact, or asks a question.)
Present Tense.
(What is happening nozu. One-word.)
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I am, I. We are,
2. Thou art, 2. You "
3. He is; 3. They "
Preterit Tense. (What happened in time fully past. One-word.)
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I was, I. We were,
2. Thou wast, 2. You "
3. He was; 3. They "
30 Verbs,
Perfect Tense,
(What has happened in time not yet fully past. Tense-sign, ""have.'')
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I have been, i. We have been,
2. Thou hast " 2. You ** ''
3. He has " 3. They "
Pluperfect Tense,
(What had happened before some other past event. Tense-sign , ' ' had. ' ')
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I had been, i. We had been,
2. Thou hadst " 2. You ''
3. He had " 3. They**
First-future Tense,
(What will happen in time to come. Tense-sign, " shalV or " will.'')
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I shall be, i. We shall be,
2. Thou wilt " 2. You will "
3. He will " 3. They**
Note. — '* I wilV implies willingness, "Thou shaltj' or "he shall,'' implies obligation.
Conjugaiio7t of the Verb "^ to be,'' 31
Second' future Tense,
(What will have happened before some other future time. Tense-signs, '' shall have'' or " will have J"^
SINGULAR.
1. I shall have been,
2. Thou wilt "
3. He will "
PLURAL.
1. We shall have been,
2. You will '' "
3. They ''
Potential Mood.
(Liberty, "w^y"; possibility, "<:aw"; necessity, ** must,'*
Present Tense,
(Mood and tense-signs, ** may,'^ ''can,'' "must,")
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I may be, i. We may be,
2. Thou mayst " 2. You " "
3. He may " 3. They '' "
Preterit Te7tse.
(Mood and tense-signs, '' 7night'' ''could,'' "would," and " should.")
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. I might be, i. We might be,
2. Thou mightst " 2. You "• "
3. He might " 3. They " "
32 Verbs,
Perfect Tense,
(Tense-sign, '* have.'')
SINGULAR.
1. I may have been,
2. Thou mayst " "
3. He may ^* "
PLURAL.
1. We may have been,
2. You "
3. They *' "
Pluperfect Tense,
(Note this irregular ** have'' for pluperfect.)
SINGULAR.
1. I might have been,
2. Thou mightst "• "
3. He might " "
PLURAL.
1. We might have been,
2. You "
3. They " Subjunctive Mood.
(Doubtful, conditional, contingent.) (No personal ending of verbs in this mood. — See Note I.^page 34.)
Present Tense, This tense of the Subjunctive implies 2^ future con- tingency and depends on some word that implies time to be. This word may be shall or will — the signs of the Future Indicative — or an Imperative — a something to be done ; or nouns, such as
Conjugation of the Verb '^ to be" 33
hope, wish^ desire, expectation, which all look to some- thing in time yet to be. — See Remark under Preterit Tense, below.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. If I be, I. If we be,
2. If thou " 2. If you ''
3. If he " 3. If they "
Preterit Tense. This tense of the Subjunctive implies a mere sup- position of what is not true,
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1. If I were, i. If we were,
2. If thou were or wert, 2. If you "
3. If he were ; 3. If they "
N. B. — After "if," "though," etc., the Indicative is used where neither futurity is implied, nor suppo- sition of what is not so ; as, " If he makes debts, he pays them." " Though I was there, I did not vote."
Remark. — After the subjects "hope," ''wish," etc., the Subjunctive member is used as the attribute; as, " My hope is t/iat he conies
Imperative Mood.
Cotftmands (an inferior), exhorts (an equal), entreats (a superior).
Present Tense. Singular. 2. Be [thou], or Do thou be. Plural. 2. Be [ye or you], or Do you be.
Remark. — The 'Imperative is also used in the ist and 3d persons; as, "Break we our watch up." "Thy kingdom come." " Be it so."
34 Verbs.
Note I. — The only personal endings of a verb in any mood are " t " or " st " for the 2d person singular; and "s" for the 3d person singular in the present indicative 07ily.
Note II. — Any verb is neuter for which the verbs "to be" or " to become" may be substituted; as, " When the weather gets cold, the leaves turn brown.*'
Remarks on Conjugation.
All verbs may be conjugated according to this pattern of the verb " to be ; " as, Do, did, doing, done.
PRES. IND. PRET. IND.
I do, we do. I did, we did.
Thou dost, you do. Thou didst, you did. He does,"^ they do. He did, they did.
Besides this simple form of the one-word tenses — present and preterit — there are two compound forms. One makes use of the word above, " do " ; as, I do love. Thou dost love. He does love, for the present ; and I did love. Thou didst love, He didlowQ, for the preterit. This form is generally used in denying a fact ; as, I did not love, etc. The other makes use of iht present participle \ing\ which is added to any part of the verb "to be "; as, I am doing. Thou art doing ; I was
* In the third person singular, the solemn stylQ . changes s to th; as, he giveth, taketh, etc.
Some Irregular Verbs.
35
doing. Thou wast doing, etc. This form, in all the moods and tenses of the verb, ex- presses continuance.
Formation of Passive Verbs.
To form the passive verb, add to any part of the verb ''to be'' the one-zvord past participle of the transitive verb ; as, I am loved. Thou art loved, He is loved, " " seen, " " seen, " " seen,
" " sent, " " sent, " " sent.
" " taught, " " taiight, *' " taught.
Note. — The Past Participle is always «^«-transi- tive.
Some Irregular Verbs.
|
PRESENT. |
PRETERIT. |
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE. PARTICIPLE. |
|
|
Beat, |
beat. |
-ing, |
beaten or beat. |
|
Bid, |
bid or bade |
bidden or bid. |
|
|
Break, |
broke |
(( |
broken. |
|
Choose, |
chose. |
(< |
chosen. |
|
Come, |
came, |
i( |
come. |
|
*Do, |
did, |
n |
done. |
|
Draw, |
drew, |
n |
drawn. |
|
Drink, |
drank, |
if |
drunk or drank. |
|
Fall, |
fell, |
(t |
fallen. |
|
Flee, |
fled, |
it |
fled. |
|
Fly, |
flew, |
i( |
flown. |
36
Verbs,
|
PRESENT. |
PRETERIT. • |
PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE. PARTICIPLE. |
|
|
Forsake |
:, forsook. |
-ing |
forsaken. |
|
Freeze, |
froze, |
a |
frozen. |
|
Give, |
gave, |
a |
given. |
|
^Go, |
went. |
n |
gone. |
|
Grow, |
grew. |
<( |
grown. |
|
Know, |
knew. |
n |
known. |
|
*Lay, |
laid, |
a |
laid. |
|
^Lie, |
lay, |
lying |
, lain. |
|
See, |
saw, |
-ing |
, seen. |
|
^Set, |
set, |
n |
set. |
|
^-Sit, |
sat, |
n |
sat. |
|
Shake, |
shook, |
a |
shaken. |
|
Slay, |
slew. |
a |
slain. |
|
Smite, |
smote. |
<< |
smitten or smit. |
|
Steal, |
stole. |
ii |
stolen. |
|
Strive, |
strove, |
(( |
striven. |
|
Swear, |
swore, |
<( |
sworn. |
|
Take, |
took, |
(i |
taken. |
|
Tear, |
tore. |
n |
torn. |
|
Tread, |
trod. |
n |
trodden or trod, |
|
Throw, |
threw. |
li |
thrown. |
|
Wear, |
wore |
n |
worn. |
Obs. The verbs marked * are most often misused.
" Ought " ana '' Have."
The transitive verb ''ought'' has no tense-sign of its own, but takes its present or past from its object —
Simple Sentences. 37
the infinitive that follows it; as, "I ought to go; I ought to Jiave gone.^^
After the verb '' have^'' the infinitive implying a need or obligation, may be parsed as the object, " We have to sleep ; we have to die," means we have a need to sleep; or, we have need of sleeping, etc.
Remark. — Any word may be used as a verb ; as, " It out-herods Herod."
You head the list ;
I hand the quill, And toe the mark,
And foot the bill.
Simple Sentences.
Give in each example the mood and tense of the verb.
I.
1. Great praise the Duke of Marlboro' won.
2. Did ever knight so foul a deed ?
3. Thou thy worldly task hast done.
4. And him thus answered soon his bold compeer.
5. Give us this day our daily bread.
6. Twilight gray had in her sober livery all things clad.
38 Simple Sentences.
7. Was ever woman in this humor won?
8. Still would her touch the strain pro- long.
9. Sweet Christabel her feet doth bare.
10. She all night long her amorous descant sung.
II.
1. Henceforth his might we know.
2. Can she the bodiless dead espy?
3. His face deep scars of thunder had in- trenched.
4. I will deny thee nothing.
5. Such resting found the soles of un- blessed feet.
6. Me mightier transports move and thrill.
7. O never shall sun that morrow see.
8. Devil with devil damned firm concord holds.
9. With this ring I thee wed.
10. Their fatal hands no second stroke in- tend.
III.
1. A thing of beauty is a joy forever.
2. Few sorrows hath she of her own.
3. Me only cruel immortality consumes.
Simple Sente?ices. 39
4. Some pious drops the closing eye re- quires.
5. Home they brought her warrior dead.
6. Pale grew thy cheek and cold.
7. Ten thousand saw I at a glance.
8. Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield.
9. To me alone there came a thought of grief.
10. This to me in dreadful secrecy impart they did.
IV.
1. Other refuge have I none.
2. Much have I seen and known.
3. Dwells in all heaven charity so dear?
4. Thee nor carketh care nor slander.
5. Me my own fate to lasting sorrow doometh.
6. Him of the infernal gods have I desired.
7. Now is done thy long day's work.
8. No more shall grief of mine the seasons wrong.
9. Cleaves my helpless soul to Thee.
10. Heaven from all creatures hides the book of fate.
V.
I. The ploughman homeward plods his weary way.
40 Si77iple Sentences,
2. Flashed all their sabres bare.
3. Then pledged we the wine-cup.
4. Why should we yet the sail unfurl ?
5. Much have I travelled in the realms of gold.
6. Her song the lint-white swelleth.
7. Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight.
8. Faith and unfaith can ne'er be equal powers.
9. Unfaith in aught is want of faith in all.
10. Thy wheel and thou are shadows in the cloud.
VI.
1. Of one deep bliss thine ear hath been bereft.
2. Once did she hold the gorgeous East in fee.
3. He all the country could outrun.
4. The captive linnets which enthrall?
5. Thou hast thy father much offended.
6. Him running on thus hopefully she heard.
7. What female heart can gold despise ?
8. More doleful place did never eye sur- vey.
9. Thou my being gavest me.
A Suggestion to the Teacher, 41
10. Heaven have her in its sacred keep !
Give the mood and tense of the verb " cut,' in each of the following :
1. If you cut your finger, you cry.
2. " " cut " *' you cried.
3. " " cut " ** you will cry.
4. ** " cut " " cry.
5. " " cut " ** you would cry.
A Suggestion to the Teacher.
Here the Analysis, p. 47, and Rules L, H., HI., IV., p. 65, may be learned and appHed.
To begin the analysis with the finite verb ; to determine whether the verb is transitive or ;/(?;/-transitive, and so finis Ji the predicate before seeing the subject, is to master the difficulties.
PART IV.— REMARKS UPON ADJEC- TIVES, ADVERBS, CONJUNCTIONS, AND PREPOSITIONS.
Remarks upon Adjectives.
An Adjective either shows the quality y quantity, or rank of the noun which it modi- fies ; or merely demonstrates, or singles it out ; as, A good character, A large fortune, ThQ first martyr. This or that man.
'* Comparison " of Adjectives.
To compare an adjective is either to in- crease or lessen its force. There are three grades, or degrees, of comparison, called positive, comparative, and superlative ; as. Great, greater, greatest ; good, better, best.
The simplest form of the adjective is the positive. From this the comparative is reg- tilarly formed by adding er ; and the super- lative, by adding est ; or by prefixing the adverbs more and most, or less and least ; as, (Pos.) happy — (Cojnp.) happier, or 7nore happy — (Superl.) happiest, or most happy ; less happy, least happy.
42
Memory Lines. 43
Irregular comparisons must be separately learned.
Memory Lines.
To bodies, color, shape y and sisie And iveight, the adjective supplies ; And gives to things we cannot see Their rank, and zvorth, and quality.
Remarks upon Adverbs.
An adverb shows the tirne, place, manner, means, cause, degree, purpose, or consequence^ or merely asks about these things ; as, I shall go zvhen he comes. When will he come ? The tree fell zvhere it stood. Where did it stand ? etc.
" Comparison " of Adverbs.
Adverbs that admit of comparison follow always the pattern of the adjective ; as, Gladly, more gladly, 7nost gladly ; well, bet- ter, best, etc.
Memory Lines.
The time, Xh^ place, or whither, whence ; The manner how, the reason zvhy : T\\Q purpose, cause, and consequence — The adverb Can alone supply.
44 Adjectives, Adverbs, Conjunctions,
Conjunctions and Prepositions.
A conjunction is a link-word that stands between other words. It is generally an ad- verb in use ; but the following five are simple conjunctions : And, but, yet, or, either ; as, I and\\^. He is old, but happy.
A preposition is a word that stands before another word, with which it forms a phrase, the two together generally equalling an ad- verb ; as. At night {zvhen). With companions {Jiozv), In prison {where). For stealing {zvhy). Sometimes, but rarely, it equals an adjec- tive ; as, " He is of age,'' "A man ^/honor.'* "He is about to speak."
Note I. — The preposition is sometimes (and often in poetry) written after the word it governs ; but in analysis it must be placed before ; as, The boy whom I asked for. The boy for whom I asked.
Note II. — Prepositions standing alone are always adverbs ; as, He went up as I cameV(72£/«.
Apposition.
When a noun or pronoun is used, like an adjective, to explain another noun or pro- noun, it is said to be in apposition with the word which it explains and agrees with it in case ; as, "Christ our Lord,'' "Simon, son
List of Prepositions. 45
of Jonas,*' •* I, Paul myself,'' " Hamlet the Dane,'"
Note. — The word in apposition never stands in the done, and may always be substituted for the word it explains, without changing the sense.
N. B. — The Relative is 7iever so used.
List of Prepositions.
With on for after, at by in, Against instead of, near, between, By off from under, down below, Through over up, according to, Athwart across, beyond about, Before, behind, within, without, Among, around, amidst, above, Toward notwithstanding, into of, Beside aboard, betwixt upon — Are Prepositions, every one.
Note. — Some of these words are often grafted upon a verb (sometimes at the beginning of it, sometimes at the end) so as to form 2i part of it; as, overzova^^ undergo, overlook, etc. In the passive form they come at the end of the verb; as, The reference was looked n/>, the author found out and sent /or. The added word gives a new meaning to the verb, and is a real part of it.
PART v.— THE SENTENCE AND ITS KINDS.
The Sentence.
A sentence is a group of words making complete sense, and marked by a period ; as, ** Time flies." '* Seasons return." *' Life is real."
Note. — The sign of Question (?) or Exclamation (!) is sometimes put in place of the period, but only as a /^«<f-mark.
A sentence must have two parts, a sub- ject and a predicate ; as, *' Time flies." Here time is the subject, and fiies is the predicate.
The subject is the person or thing that tJie predicate speaks of. When we say, ** Time flies," time is the thing that the predicate speaks of.
The predicate is whatever is said about the subject. In the sentence, " Time flies," flies is what is said about the subject. Time.
The predicate always begins with a fijiite verb, and consists of — : 46
The Member and the Phrase. 47
1. A non-\.xz.x\^. verb alone ; as,
'*Time— yf^V^."
2. A //^A^-trans. verb + its Att,; as,
Att.
"Christ — /i- + 6^^^."
Att.
"Life— ^5+ reaiy
3. A trans, verb + its ^<^'. ; as,
o
" Qio^—made + many Note. — In analyzing a sentence, we say, "The predicate consists of the «^«-trans. verb alone, or of the «r«-trans. verb + att., or of the trans, verb -f obj.,'' putting the sign -|- between the verb and the other word, and separating the whole predicate from the subject by a dash, as in the sentences above. We then have what may be called the bone of the sentence.
The Member and the Phrase.
A member is a group of words having a subject and a predicate, but forming only a part of a sentence; as, *' While the sun shines/' " When the wind blows." " Were it so." " Which came yesterday." " Whom you saw."
A phrase is a group of words having no subject or predicate, and used as a noun, or an adjective, or an adverb.
Note I — The sentence is a whole thing, of which the member and the phrase are \i\x\. parts. The mem- ber has all that the sentence has, except complete sense; the phrase has iht meaning of a single word.
48 The Sentence and its Kinds.
Note II. — Phrases generally consist of —
1. A preposition and its object; as, "At dawn." ** About noon." '* After sunset."
2. A participle and its object or attribute ; as,
o ^ Att
** Seeing -{- me." "Being + sick," "Chosen + Att. king."
3. An infinitive alone, or with its object or attri- bute ; as, "To walk." "To dream." "To make
o Alt.
-|- friends." *' To be -j- men." " To be called +
Att. master."
Note III. — The use and not the form of a word, a
phrase, or a member, determines its analysis ; as,
"The well \s deep." " I dig a well." ** He is well."
" He sleeps well.'' " The waters welliorth." " Well"
well, 7vell r "The watchman makes his round."
" Worms round themselves into a ball." " The earth
is round.'' " The wheel turns round and round.'*
" Look r^ww^ the corner." " He moves «^^«/." "He
moves about the room." " He is about the same."
Whatever stands as the subject or object of a verb is, in use, a noun.
The attribute may be a noun or an ad- jective.
Note I. — When the attribute is an adjective word or phrase, a noun, meaning the same person or thing as the subject, is always understood ; " He is honest, — he is to be trusted," means " He is an honest man — a man to be trusted — trustworthy .''
Note II. — The subject and attribute must agree in case. When they happen to agree in person and
Forms of Nouns, Adjectives^ Adverbs. 49
number, as, "Who is he?*' a change of person will determine which is which; as, "Who aw//"* "Who art thou?'' — the verb thus agreeing with the subject* alone.
Forms of Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs.
A noun, an adjective, or an adverb may appear as a single word, a phrase, or a member, v. g. :
Att. Noun word; as ''Prayer — is + natural."
I Att.
Noun phrase ; as, *' To pray V is -|- natural."
Noun member; as, " That men pray >• is -f" Att. )
natural."
Adjective word ; as, " An honest man." Adjective phrase ; as, '* A man of honor, '' Adjective member ; as, " A man who is honest.'* Adverb word; as, " The dew iacUs gently.*' Adverb phrase ; as, "The dew falls at twilight.** Adverb number; as, "The dew falls when the sun
sets.'*
Remark. — No adverb word or phrase stands in the
bone.
Note. — When the subject is a group of words, we
mark it thus : >■ ; when the object or attribute is a
.' using the sign t \ to mark a group, thus : X group object, and the sign Att. to ' mark a group attribute.
50 The Sentence and its Kinds.
The Three Kinds of Sentences.
Every sentence is simple, or compound, or complex.
A simple sentence consists of one sub- ject and one predicate ; as, " God is good."*
N. B. — A sentence with less than ivjo complete m^m- bers must always remain simple ; as, "1 know God is good,*' For, so long as a transitive verb stands with- out its object there is no complete member, nor can there be a second member till the Jirst is finished. See pp. 53 and 54.
A compound sentence consists of two or mor^ independent members, connected by one of the five simple conjunctions ; viz., a?id, buty yet, either, or ; as, ** Men may come and men may go, but I go on forever."
A complex sentence is one that contains an adjective or an adverb manber ; as, " Small service is true service while it lasts." ** He prayeth best who loveth best."
An adjective member is one that contains a relative pronoujty expressed or understood, in the bone of it ; i.e., 7tot governed by a
* When a phrase or member (as on pages 53 and 54) is used as subject, attribute, or object, the kind of the sentence in which it occurs is in no wise changed. The same is true of a group in apposi- tion.
The Three Kinds of Sentences.
51
preposition ; "^ as, " Who was seen." " Whom you saw." ** Whose son you are."
Att.
Example. The boy — is -f- absent.
You — seek + whom You — have -\- book
who — did + it
Att.
is -|- absent,
whose
An adverb member is introduced by an adverb expressed or understood ; as, ** While the sun shines." " WJien the wind blows." " Were it so." " Had I been present."
The relative with its governing preposition forms, generally, an adverb phrase.
Example. The boy You — speak I of whom You — are interested in whom
o
You — sent + it
I to whom for " by " with " from "
* Exception.— When of -which, or of whom, equals whose, the member is an adjective in use ; as, "The man of whom you drew a likeness, is dead,"
52 The Sentence and its Kinds,
Note I. — A sentence containing a relative pronoun is always complex in construction.
Note II. — The antecedent is sometimes understood; as, Who steals my purse, steals trash : or the Rela- tive ; as. Take the goods the gods provide thee : or the Preposition before the relative ; as, I left the day that he came : or both Relative and Prepositioji ; as, I left the day he came.
Note III. — Datives and ablatives are, in use, ad- verbs.
Introductory Words.
That and there are often introductory words : there, when it does not mean in that place ; as, " There are two;" ^wdi that, when it merely introduces a member ; as, " That he is honest." When so used these words have no real value in parsing or analysis, and are therefore left out.
The Subject of the Infinitive.
When the member introduced by ^^ that'* is the object of a transitive verb, the " that " may be omitted without changing the sense ; as, '' I think that he is honest," = I —
think -[- j he — is + honest. Here we may
change the finite verb is into the infinitive to be, and the nominative he into the ob-
The Infinitive Member, , 53
jective case him ; as, I — think \ him — to
Att. . ^
be 4- honest."^
Note. — The neuter verb to be, or to become, in this construction, is often understood; as, "I think him honest."
The Infinitive Member.
As \,\\c finite member used as subject , attri- bute, or apposition, demands the word " that,'* so the infinitive member, used in Hke man- ner, demands the word '' for'' \ as, For him
) Att.
— to lie \ is -f- impossible — i.e., that he should
lie. It may be used also as the object of a preposition; as. There is no reason /<?r him to lie ; i.Q., for this.
Note I. — Either the finite or infinitive may be used after such verbs as think, knoWy believe^ etc. ; but the verb say is never followed by the infinitive, and the verb take, never by \.\\^ finite form; as, " I say he is honest ; 1 take hiyii to be honest."
Note II. — The transitive verbs bid, dare, feel, hear, let, make, need, and see, are generally followed by the infinitive without its sign to ; as, I saw him
die = I — saw -f- \ him — to die. (See p. 63.)
Remark. — The subject of the infinitive is never ««-
dersiood.
In Latin, this construction is so often used that the
English member having an introductory "that" be-
* A change of sense proves the infin. group 2, phrase; as, I — teach \ t > Att.
I >• to be -|- honest; i.e., /^^w to be honest, him ) or the virtue of honesty — not the fact that he is so.
54 "The Sentence and its Kinds.
comes in Latin, generally, the accusative with the infinitive ; as,
I -know \ God - is + good.
( Deum — esse + bonum,
Att. I ^ Att. Deum — esse -|- bonum f — is -f certain. Att. I — am + certain.
I Att.
Deum — esse -\- bonu7?t.
Remark. — When, instead of the introductory word thaty the member is introduced by an interrogative (or question) word — as, who? which? what? when? where ? whether ? why? etc. — it takes in Latin, in- stead oi the infinitive, the verb in the subjunctive; as,
I — ask -)-i who — comes. ( quis — veniat.
I — ask +-< why, how, when, he — comes. ( cur, quomodo, quando veniat.
Note IIL — After some verbs, such as name, call, keepy hold, etc., there seems to be sometimes an infini- tive understood; as, " I'll call thee Hamlet.'' " Keep thyself pure.'" The last word in each of these sen- tences is an attribute, for it completes the sense.
Remark. — The object of such verbs is no single word, but a group of words showing 2i fact or result brought about by the subject. Frost cannot make leaves^ nor can fire keep a house; but frost makes leaves fall ^ and fire keeps a house warm. (See p. 63.)
'' Thatr 55
" That/'
, When tJiat — the, it is, in use, an adjec- tive ; as, " I bought that book."
Remark. — The plural of the adjective "that" is "these."
When that = who or ivhich, it is, in use, a relative ; as, " The man that you saw is dead." When so used, it must, if it follows a preposition, be changed to which or whom. See p. 21, Note i.
When that — on purpose that, or that in consequence, it is, in use, an adverb ; as, ** I come tJiat I may bring him." " He was so kind that I loved him."
When that may be omitted without chang- ing the sense, it is merely introductory ; as, ** I hope that he is at rest."
Note. — That as a relative is preferable to who or which —
1. When the principal member begins with // ; as, " It was I that spoke."
2. After the adjective same; as, "This is the same man that I saw."
3. After any adjective in the superlative degree ; as, " The oldest that I know."
4. Whenever the gender of the antecedent is doubtful ; as, " The child that you met."
5. When the relative is restrictive. (See p. 69, Note III.)
56 The Sentence and its Kinds,
" It."
This word is often used with a group in apposition;'^ as, " It is base to lie." " It is certain that he died." To use the apposi- tion in place of "it," often simplifies the
fAtt. is 4" base. That he
died {• is -|- certain.
"When," "Where," Etc.
Whenever these words are not Interrog- ative, they equal the relative " which " and a preposition, and either refer to a foregoing noun, or else to a noim and preposition under- stood in such words as " then " and " there." When the foregoing noun is expressed " when " and " where " should be analyzed as phrases ; as, " O'er the grave where (in which) our hero lies sleeping." " It was the time when {at which) lilies blow."
" Than.^^
The conjunction " than'' always introduces another member, of which one of the princi- pal parts is often understood ; as, " He is older than I [am old)!' " Lovest thou me more than these ?" i.e., than these love me.
* See p. 45.
The Question.
57
Absolutes.
(See Part II., last paragraph.)
Absolutes, to show that they depend upon nothing, may be indicated thus :
|
this done |
||||
|
Sir |
0 me |
|||
Note. — The absolute with a dependent participle equals an adverb member, as do also such expres- sions as " generally speaking," "strange to say," '* considering the circumstances," "to tell the truth," etc., which are likewise rt<^j^/i^/^. V.g., "This done" = When this is, was, or had been, done. " Generally speaking " = if we speak in general, etc.
Obs. — In Latin, the absolute noun and its participle are put in the ablative case.
The Question.
There are two kinds of question — Direct and Indirect, (See p. 6i.)
The Direct question is a whole sentence ending with a question-mark ; as. Who did it? What have I said ? How, when, where, why was he chosen ?
The Indirect question is 2^ part 6f a sen- tence ; i.e., it is used as subject, object, at- tribute, or apposition in the sentence of which it forms a part ; as. Who did it is
58 The Sentence and its Kinds,
doubtful. I know wJio did it. The question
is wJio did it. It is doubtful how^ wheUy
where y why he did it, (See p. 61.)
N.B. — No question-mark goes with the Indirect question.
Participle Phrases.
1. Growing old, he resigned his ofifice.
2. Seeing the city, he wept over it.
3. Once chosen Queen of May, She reigned a single day.
4. Born free, 2ind proved a warrior brave, He found it hard to be a slave.
(See p. 48, Note II.)
Infinitive Phrases.
1. To give him half would make him laugh.
2. When I proposed to give him half, It made the little fellow laugh.
3. My purpose is to give him half When it is time to make him laugh,
4. 'Twould make him laugh to give him half
5. I should be glad to give him half If I were able to make him laugh,
6. To make him laugh, I gave him half.
7. To make him laugJi being my delight, I tickled him by day and night.
(See p. 48, Note II.)
Complex SenUnces. 59
Complex Sentences. I.
1. When most I wink, then do my eyes best see.
2. Few shall part where many meet.
3. The tender grace of a day that is dead will never come back to me.
4. What I have written I have written.
5. Rich gifts wax poor when givers prove unkind.
6. Truth more than dreams is dear.
7. She loves me best, whene'er I sing the songs that make her grieve.
8. We were the first that ever burst into that silent sea.
9. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.
10. He who would seek for pearls must dive below.
II.
1. I that speak unto thee am he.
2. They shall pursue thee until thou perish.
3. Three women sat up in the lighthouse tower, and trimmed the lamps as the sun went down.
6o The Sentence and its Kinds.
4. That life is long which answers life's great end.
5. He had a fever when he was in Spain.
6. Even a fool, when he holdeth his peace, is accounted wise.
7. The mariner, whose eye is bright, whose beard with age is hoar, is gone.
8. The music in my heart I bore Long after it was heard no more.
9. This life which seems so fair,
Is like a bubble blown up in the air.
10. The love where death has set his seal, No age can chill, no rival steal.
III.
Antecedent or Relative
Understood. (Note II., p. 53.)
1. Whom the Lord loveth He chasteneth.
2. Who enters here leaves hope behind.
3. Do all men kill the things they do not love ?
4. Hates any man the thing he would not kill?
5. Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed.
6. You have done that you should be sorry for.
Indirect Questions, 6i
7. Lives there who loves his pain ?
8. There are who ask not if thine eye be on them.
9. Take the goods the gods provide thee.
10. Beauty is truth, truth beauty, — that is
all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.
IV. Indirect Questions.
(See p. 57-)
1. Tell me where is Fancy bred.
2. She knows not what the curse may be.
3. I will not stop to tell how far she fled. Nor will I mention by what death she
died.
4. I cannot tell what flowers are at my feet.
5. And whether we shall meet again, I know not.
6. What judgment shall I dread, doing no wrong.
7. How he can, is doubtful ; that he never will is sure.
8. What private griefs they have, alas I know not, that made them do it.
9. And the chief captain demanded who he was and what he had done.
62 The Sentence and its Kinds.
lo. A remnant shall know whose work shall stand.
Absolutes.
1. The wind did blow, the cloak did fly,
Like streamers long and gay, Till loop and button failing both, At last it flew away.
2. That region left, the vale unfolds rich groves of lofty stature.
3. The purest treasure mortal times afford Is spotless reputation ; that away, Men are but gilded loam, or painted
clay.
4. Weep no more, woeful shepherd, weep
no more. For Lycidas, your sorrow, is not dead.
5. That policy may either last so long. Or breed itself so out of circumstance. That, I being absent, and my place
supplied. The general will forget my love and service.
6. The service past, around the pious man With ready zeal each honest rustic ran.
7. Thee, chantress, oft, the woods among I woo to hear my even-song.
Sign of Infinitive Understood, 63
8. Beneath her father's roof, alone
She seemed to Hve — her thoughts her own, Herself her own delight.
9. If you do sweat to put a tyrant down, You sleep in peace, the tyrant being
dead.
10. Time hath but half succeeded in his theft. Thyself removed, thy power to soothe me left.
The Sign of the Infinitive (to) understood.
(Note II., p. 53; Note III., p. 54.)
1. ^^'^them wash their faces.
2. I dare not call them fools.
3. He y>^/.y himself distracted.
4. I heard a voice cry, "Sleep no more ! "
5. Let the dead bury their dead.
6. rU make thee curse the deed.
7. He need not fear the sword.
8. I will see you hanged.
9. My father named me Autolycus. 10. We hold our time too precious.
64 The Sentence and its Kinds,
SENTENCES TO BE CORRECTED.
I.
1. We thought it was thee.
2. I should act the same part, if I washer.
3. It could not have been them.
4. Is it me that you was angry with ?
5. They believe him to be I.
6. It was thought to be him.
7. If it had been her she would have spoke.
8. We know it to be they.
9. Whom do you think it is ?
10. Who do you suppose him to be ?
II.
1. We did not know whom you were.
2. Art thou him who they seek ?
3. Who did he take you for ?
4. Him who you wrote to is dead.
5. Whom say ye that I am?
6. It is me that they are looking at.
7. If I had knew it to be she, I should have bowed.
8. Was it us or them that was suspected ?
9. We who you blame, the court has ac- quitted.
10. He who many love, many will envy.
PART VI.— RULES FOR PARSING,
AND REMARKS UPON THE
CASES.
Rules for Parsing.
(Inside the Bone.)
I. The subject of a finite verb is put in the nominative case.
II. The finite verb agrees with its subject in person and number.
III. Transitive verbs and their transitive participles always govern the objective case, and no other verb ever does,
IV. Non-transitive verbs, and all their participles, take the same case after them as before them.
V. The subject of the infinitive is put in the objective (accusative) case.
(Outside the Bone.)
VI. The possessive is governed by the name of the thing possessed ; as, JoJins hat, my glove.
65
66
Rules for Parsing.
VII. Prepositions govern the objective case ; as, For me, by thee, witJi him.
VIII. Apposition. Nouns or pronouns are put by apposition in the same case as the noun or pronoun they explain ; as, / Paul myself. The Emperor Alexander. Peter the Hermit. (" N. B.," p. 45.)
IX. Absolute. Words whose case de- pends upon no other words are said to be absolute, or independent ; as, '' Sir " or " Madam ; " '* O me," etc.
Remarks upon the Cases.
The nominative case — which can never be goverfied — may be used in four ways : inside of the bone, as subject and attribute ; outside of the bone, as apposition and abso- lute; as,
" O father, Jacob dead and gone, I, Joseph, am your only son ! "
Subj. Att.
I — am-}- son
\ App.
Joseph
Abs.
O father
|
Abs. |
||
|
I |
ace |
) b |
|
/ |
\ |
|
|
dead |
and |
gone |
The possessive case — which is never in- side of the bone — may be used in tivo ways
* Observe the sign of apposition, |.
Remarks upon the Cases. 67
only : either as governed by the noun which it modifies, or else as apposition ; as, Brother Joseph's coat.
coat
I
Joseph's
I
brother
The objective case — which is sometimes governed and sometimes ;/^/— may be used in six ways. In the same four ways as the nominative — subject and attribute, inside of the bone ; and apposition and absolute^ outside; as,
*' O me ! I fancied him To be my brother Jim."
Subj. Att.
him— to be-j-brother I — fancied \ \
Abs.
O me!
4. App.
Jim
In only two ways may the objective case be governed : by a transitive verb, or by a preposition; as, "I sent him to school."
o
I — sent + him to school.
68 Negatives — Participles,
Hence in tivelve ways may the cases be used : the nominative, four ways ; the pos- sessive, two ways ; the objective, six ways.
Special Remarks on the Negative, the Participle, the Relative, Joint Refer- ence, and Comparison.
Negatives. — Avoid double negatives ; as, " He did not do it, I don't think " ; "I did not tell nobody." Omit the second negative.
The participle. — I. Participles, when not governed by prepositions, are always in con- struction adjectives, and should, therefore, clearly refer to their nouns. When the reference is not clear, the fault may be cor- rected by substituting a common noun, a phrase, or a member, '' Being conscious of guilt, death becomes terrible." This may be corrected in all three ways : as, the conscious- ness of guilt, or with the consciousness, or when we are conscious, ** Opening the window, the bird flew in." Here any of the follow- ing substitutions may be made : ** When we opened the window," or " We opening the window," or *' The window being opened."
n. The participle when governed by a preposition, forms a phrase that is generally an adverb in use.
Relatives — Joint Reference — Comparison. 6g
III. When the participle is the leading word in sense^ it should be so in construction ; as, *' I admire the boy skating,'' i.e., the skat- ing boy. I admire the boys skating, i.e., the skating of the boy.
The relative. — The relative should stand as near as possible to its antecedent. " A man will never slander a neighbor zvJio is chari- table." Here the relative should follov/ its antecedent, ''man.''
Joint reference. — When two words or phrases x^i^x jointly to a third, they should conform to it in sense and construction ; as, '' I never have, and never shall forget him." Here, after ** have," the sense requires '' for- gotten." '' He was more anxious to have knowledge than about showing it." Here the two phrases should be conformed; or made alike ; as, '' To have knowledge than to show it," or, " about having knowledge than about showing it."
Comparison. — Care should be taken to complete the first term ; as, " He is as old, and much taller than I am." Here, after "old," the sense requires ''as''
" He is taller, but not so old as I am." Here, after " taller,^' the sense requires " than."
7o Parsing Exercises.
Note. — Never use '^ when'' in place of ''than'^\ as, *• He no sooner did it when he saw his mistake."
An Anomaly.
An anomaly is something that no rule will account for. Such is the seeming object of a ;^^«-transitive verb. ** He was told this " ** He was asked his opinion." '' He was taught the truth." If told, asked, taught equal in- formed, qiiestio7ied, instructed, the seeming object then needs a governing preposition, and so forms a group adverb.
Compound, Complex, and Long Simple Sentences.
I.
1. If there be anything that makes human nature appear ridiculous to beings of superior faculties, it must be pride.
2. Might I give counsel to any young hearer, I would say to him, try to frequent the company of your betters.
3. In all battles, if you watch the issue, each fighter has prospered according to his right.
4. They that stand high have many blasts to shake them, and if they fall, they dash themselves to pieces.
5. Where is the child that would forget the most tender of parents, though to re- member be but- to lament?
Compound and Complex Sentences, 7 1
6. Get on your nightgown, lest occasion call us, and show us to be watchers.
7. Lying robed in snowy white, That loosely flew to left and right, The leaves upon her falling light, Through the noises of the night, She floated down to Camelot.
8. 'Twas right, said they, such birds to
slay, That bring the fog and mist.
9. Let your courage be keen, but at the
same time as polished as your sword. 10. So much a long communion tends to make us what we are.
II. I. Sound of vernal showers, On the twinkling grass, Rain awakened flowers, All that ever was Joyous and clear and fresh, thy music doth surpass. 2. I died a Queen. The Roman soldier found Me lying dead, my crown about my brows, A name for ever ! — lying robed and crowned. Worthy a Roman spouse.
72 Parsing Exercises.
3. One touch of nature makes the whole
world kin.
4. It was at length the same to me, Fettered or fetterless to be.
5. For saddle-tree scarce reached had he,
His journey to begin, When, turning round his head, he saw Three customers come in.
6. She sought her lord, and found him
where he strode About the hall, among his dogs, alone, His beard a foot before him, and his
hair A yard behind.
7. And whether we shall meet again, I
know not ; Therefore our everlasting farewell take.
8. On Linden, when the sun was low, All bloodless lay the untrodden snow.
9. So may he rest ; his faults lie gently
on him.
10. Men are we, and must grieve when even the shade Of that which once was great has pass'd away.
Cornpomid and Complex Sentences. 73
III.
1. Burled and cold, when my heart stills
her motion, Green be' thy fields, sweetest isle of the ocean.
2. The old order changeth, yielding place
to new. And God fulfils Himself in many ways.
3. - Thou hadst a voice whose sound was
like the sea.
4. They also serve who only stand and
wait.
5. God, when He gave me strength, to
show withal How slight the gift was, hung it in my hair.
6. Now who be ye, would cross Lochgyle ?
7. While stands the Coliseum, Rome
shall stand.
8. The clouds that gather round the set-
ting sun. Do take a sober coloring from the eye That hath kept watch o'er man's mor- tality.
74 Parsing Exercises,
9. She saw her brother Peterkin Roll something large and round,
Which he, beside the rivulet, In playing there, had found ; He came to ask what he had found That was so large and smooth and round.
10. Such a one do I remember, whom to look at was to love.
IV.
1. Round many western islands have I
been, Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold.
2. Where Claribel low lieth, The breezes pause and die, Letting the rose-leaves fall.
3. That moment that his face I see,
I know the man that must hear me.
4. Heard melodies are sweet, but those
unheard are sweeter.
5. So sang the novice, while full pas-
sionately. Her head upon her hand, remembering Her fate when first she came, wept
the sad queen.
Compound and Complex Sentences, 7 e;
6. And all my knowledge is that joy is
gone.
7. He prayeth best, who loveth best
All things both great and sniall ; For the dear God who loveth us, He made and loveth all.
8. Here to the houseless child of want
My door is open still ; And though my portion is but scant, I give it with good will.
9. There is a tide in the affairs of men. Which, taken at the flood, leads on to
fortune ; Omitted, all the voyage of their life Is bound in shallows and in miseries,
10. Whom I most hated, living, thou hast made me now in his ashes honor.
V.
Sometimes, whoever looks abroad
may find Thee sitting careless on a granary
floor. Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing
wind.
76 Parsing Exercises,
2. No flocks that range the valley free,
To slaughter I condemn ; Taught by that Power that pities me, I learn to pity them.
3. In Islington there lived a man
Of whom the world might say. That still a godly race he ran Whene'er he went to pray.
4. The dog and man at first were friends,
But when a pique began, The dog, to gain some private ends, Went mad and bit the man.
5. " Ease and pleasure," said Lord Bur- leigh, ** quake to hear of death ; but my life, full of cares and miseries, desircth to be dis- solved."
6. It was to this part of the cap that the bells were attached.
J. I have seen him buy such bargains as would amaze one.
8. There often wanders one whom better days saw better clad.
9. He was carried to the nearest house ; and no one preventing me now, I remained near him, busy, while every means of restora- tion were tried.
Compound and Complex Sentences, 7 7
10. What I do thou knowest not now, but thou shalt know hereafter.
VI.
1. O God ! — Horatio, what a wounded name, things standing thus unknown, shall live behind me !
2. If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart, absent thee from felicity awhile, and in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain to tell my story.
3. Had I but died an hour before this chance, I had lived a blessed time.
4. My story being done, she gave me for my pains a world of sighs.
5. I dare do all that may become a man ; Who dares do more, is none.
6. It was a great ignorance, Gloster's eyes
being out, to let him live.
7. 'Tis not what man does' which exalts him, but what man would do.
8. Their moans the vales redoubled to the hills, and they to heaven.
9. The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.
78 Parsing Exercises,
lO. But me not destined such delights to
share, My prime of life in wandering spent
and care, Impelled with steps unceasing to
pursue Some fleeting good that mocks me
with the view. My fortune leads to traverse realms
alone, And find no spot in all the world my
own.
VII.
1. To sum up all, the lid, resisting Mrs. Peerybingle's fingers, first of all turned topsy-turvy, and then, with an ingenious pertinacity deserving of a better cause, dived in — down to the very bottom of the kettle.
2. These injuries having been comforted externally, and Mr. Pecksniff having been comforted internally, they sat down.
3. Romeo, there dead, was husband to that Juliet ; and she, there dead, that Romeo's faithful wife.
4. To .do a great right, do a little wrong and curb this cruel devil of his will.
Compound and Complex Sentences. 79
5. They stood aloof, the scars remaining, Like cliffs which had been rent asunder.
6. There is not wind enough to twirl The one red leaf, the last of its clan, That dances as often as dance it can, Hanging so light, and hanging so high. On the topmost twig that looks up at
the sky.
7. What's done cannot be undone.
8. Demand me nothing : what you know, you know.
9. I love to think of a well-nurtured boy, brave and gentle, warm-hearted and loving, and looking the world in the face with kind, honest eyes.
10. Year after year, unto her feet, She lying in her couch alone. Across the purple coverlet
The maiden's jet-black hair has grown.
VIII.
1. If fortune favors me, I laud her; If she frowns, I resign her.
2. There is no vice so simple but as- sumes some mark of virtue.
3. Accursed be the tongue that tells me so !
So Parsing Exercises,
4. What in me is dark, illumine ; What is low, raise and support.
5. To me the meanest flower that blows can give thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears.
6. More needs she the divine than the physician.
7. We look before and after And pine for what is not ; Our sincerest laughter With some pain is fraught,
Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought.
8. Duncan is in his grave ;
After life's fitful fever he sleeps well.
9. Thus done the tales, to bed they creep. By whispering winds soon lulled to sleep.
10. Then gave I her, so tutored by my art, a sleeping potion.
IX.
1. The love where death has set his seal. Nor age can chill, nor rival steal.
2. In me thou seest the twilight of such
day As after sunset fadeth in the west.
Compound a?id Complex Sentences. 8 1
3. What ardently I wished I long be-
lieved, And, disappointed still, was still de- ceived.
4. He instantly recalled the name,
And who he was, and whence he came.
5. The art of our necessities is strange That can make vile things precious.
6. Live we as we can, yet die we must.
7. I that am cruel yet am merciful ;
I would not have thee linger in thy pain.
8. So frowned the mighty combatants
that hell grew darker at their frown.
9. Who would be free, himself must strike
the blow.
10. I do entreat you that we sup to-
gether.
1. Thy wealth being forfeit to the state, thou hast not left the value of a cord.
2. It is my faith that every flower Enjoys the air it breathes.
82 Parsing Exercises,
3. It is the little rift within the lute That by and by will make the music
mute, And, ever widening, slowly silence all.
4. The hermit good lives in the wood That slopes down to the sea;
He loves to talk with marineers That come from a far countrie.
5. Then those two brothers slowly with
bent brows Accompanying, the sad chariot-bier Past like a shadow thro' the field, that
shone Full summer, to that stream whereon
the barge, Paird all its length in blackest samite,
lay.
6. Thee shepherd, thee, the woods and
desert-caves. With wild thyme and the gadding vine
overgrown, And all their echoes, mourn.
7. This is my son, mine own Telemachus, To whom I leave the sceptre and the
isle.
Compound and Complex Sentences. 83
8. I walked abroad, admired of all and
dreaded, On hostile ground, none daring my affront.
9. Our birth is but a sleep and forgetting;
The soul that rises with us, our life's
star, Hath had elsewhere its setting,
And Cometh from afar ; Not in entire forgetfulness, And not in utter nakedness ; But, trailing clouds of glory, do we
come From God, who is our home.
10. In the stormy east-wind straining, The pale yellow woods were waning, The broad stream in his banks com- plaining.
Heavily the low sky raining Over tower'd Camelot ; Down she came and found a boat Beneath a willow left afloat.
XI.
I. Who are these coming to the sacrifice? To what green altar, O mysterious priest,
84 Parsing Exercises,
Lead'st thou that heifer lowing at the
skies, And all her silken flanks with garlands
drest ?
2. That which he better might have
shunned, if griefs Like his have worse or better, Enoch saw.
3. All days are nights to me till thee I see, All nights bright days when dreams do
show me thee.
4. Lamp of Earth, where'er thou movest, Its dim shapes are clad with brightness. And the souls of whom thou lovest, Walk upon the winds with lightness.
5. Come, but keep thy wonted state With even step and musing gait, And looks commercing with the skies. Thy rapt soul sitting in thine eyes.
6. To Mary Queen the praise be given ! She sent the gentle sleep from heaven,
that slid into my soul.
7. That which hath made them drunk hath
made me bold ; What hath quench'd them hath given me fire.
Compound and Complex Sentences. 85
8. The music, yearning like a god in pain, She scarcely heard ; her heart was other- where ;
She sighed for Agnes' dreams, the sweetest of the year.
9. This flute, made of a hemlock stalk, At evening in his homeward walk, The Quantock woodman hears.
10. I the Nightingale all spring through, O Swallow, sister, O changing Swal- low,
All spring through till the spring be
done, Clothed with the light of the night on
the dew. Sing, while the hours and thewild birds
follow. Take flight and follow and find the sun.
XII.
1. O it is an excellent thing to have a
giant's strength. But it is tyrannous to use it like a giant.
2. What boots it at one gate to make de-
fence. And at another to let in the foe ?
86 Parsing Exercises,
3. Far off from these, a slow and silent
stream, Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls Her watery labyrinth, whereof who
drinks, Forthwith his former state and being
forgets, Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure
and pain.
4. Most noble lord, Sir Launcelot of the
Lake, I, sometime called the maid of Astolat, Come, for you left me taking no fare- well, Hither, to take my last farewell of you.
5. My little son, who looked from thought-
ful eyes, And moved and spoke in quiet grown- up wise. Having my law the seventh time dis- obeyed, I struck him, and dismissed With hard words and unkissed, His mother, who was patient, being dead.
6. With sloping mast and dipping prow, As who pursued with yell and blow,
Compound and Complex Sentences. 87
Still treads the shadow of his foe,
And forward bends his head,
The ship drove fast, loud roar'd the
blast And southward aye we fled.
7. Richard except, those whom we figlit
against, Would rather have us win than him they follow.
8. So saying, from her side the fatal key, Sad instrument of all our woe, she took.
9. And, as a hare whom hounds and horns
pursue. Pants to the place from whence at first
he flew, I still had hope, my long vexations
past, Here to return — and die at home at
last.
10. Here now in his triumph where all
things falter, Stretched out on the spoils that his
own hand spread. Like a god self slain on his own strange
altar. Death lies dead.
88 Parsing Exercises,
Example of a Long Sentence.
Mount some bold eminence, and look back, when the sun is high and full upon the earth, when mountains, cliffs, and sea rise up before you like a brilliant pageant, with out- lines noble and graceful, and tints and shad- ows soft, clear, and harmonious, giving depth, and unity to the whole ; and then go through the forest, or fruitful field, or along meadow and stream, and listen to the distant country sounds, and drink in the fragrant air which is poured around you in spring or summer ; or go among the gardens, and de- light your senses with the grace and splendor, and the various sweetness of the flowers you find there, then think of the almost mysteri- ous influence upon the mind of particular scents, or the emotion which some gentle peaceful strain excites in us, or how soul and body are rapt and carried away captive by the concord of musical sounds, when the ear is open to their power ; and then, when you have ranged through sights, and sounds, and odours, and your heart kindles, and your voice is full of praise and worship, reflect — not that they tell you nothing of their Maker — but that they are the poorest and
Example of a Long Sentence* 8g
dimmest glimmerings of His glory, and the very refuse of His exubeirant riches, and but the dusky smoke which precedes the flame, compared with Him who made them.
— Newman,
A Punishment.
I stopped an hour last night. To see two chickens fight ;
And, coming home, I got A Hcking on the spot.
EXAMPLES OF BAD ENGLISH.
(See the following three plates for analysis and cor- rection.)
1. If I was he and he was me, You would not now a beggar be.
2. Having laid two weeks in bed, He wanted to set up, he said.
3. Who she married I never knew ; But if reports that come are true.
What he commands, she will not do.
4. When we had ran a half a mile, We both set down to rest awhile.
5. My husband having went to sea. There now remains my babe and me.
6. It was her luck that who she met. Was him on who her heart was set.
7. Him and me being about the same height, Is often mistook by the neighbors at night.
90
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s
Pi o u
Q <
Bad English Corrected.
h
Bad English Cojrected.
a
o o
Bad Eng/ish Corrected,
93
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be |
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SENTENCES TO BE CORRECTED.
1. Whosoever the most number of votes belong to, he shall be chief.
2. It is kind of strange to see so little ap- preciation for truth in a historian.
3. I have a son who I wish to educate^ and am real pleased with finding such a good teacher.
4. I told you that if I was not at home, to stay till I come.
5. She did not wish the boy would have a knife, lest he cut himself with it.
6. If I was to teach him, I should insist upon him studying as much and even more than he use to do.
7. It is not us, but them, that deserves your rebuke.
8. Them that was foremost in making
the fuss. Is as old, and a hundred times meaner, than us.
94
Sentences to be Corrected, 95
9. I have never seen the man, much less enjoy the honor of his acquaintance.
10. I should be obliged to him if he will gratify me. but I shall neither be surprised nor disheartened if he refuses.
II.
1. Cost what it will, I determined to find out who he was like, and whom he could be.
2. Whosoever else they may have, to dis- charge, may it never be me.
3. The thought of her son having stole all
she had. Was the cause of tht* poor woman hav- ing went mad.
4. \Vhat signifies bc^nor and wealth to a man, when sickness or anxiety prey upon his mind until he is vtry near drove to despair ?
5. When the patient had laid a whole
week if^ bed. He wanted to set up a little, he said.
6. You aivj me have and should ever be such good friends that I would not offend you for nothing on earth.
7. He m.ay run quicker, but he can't hold out as long as me.
8. The account spoke of him using quill pens in preference for steel or gold ones.
g6 Sentences to be Corrected,
9. If it had have been us that done it, he would neither have spoke for nor against it.
10, He was sort of drunk, which made him ridiculous to the crowd whom he addressed ; so without him knowing it, I left.
III.
1. No quicker is the cats away When every mice begin to play.
2. Shattered by fever, his friends deserted him ; and mighty little feeling was shown by them, when, a few days subsequent, they heard of him dying with utter neglect.
3. If I had have had a little more sense, I never would have wrote the letter ; but me and him being such good friends, I did not doubt but what he would understand me.
4. I advised Felix sister for conscience sake to always let other folks business alone.
5. He said, when he had passed away, To let him with his children lay.
6. I should not have chose his method, had it not been more preferable and easier than yours ; and I doubt not but what you would do the same, had you have been me.
7. The man who they sent for to shave
him, Declined to accept what was gave him.
Sentences to be Corrected, 97
8. What was the good of me getting a piano, if I could not play?
9. As soon as he set down, I knew it was him ; though I was some doubtful about him recognizing me, as he use to be near sighted.
10. It is more good for a man to fall among crows than flatterers : for these only devour the dead ; those, the living.
IV.
1. When they asked what he wanted, the
traveller said To let him lay half an hour longer in
bed; So. caring for nothing, his board being
paid. He is laying this morning as last night
he laid.
2. " Lay still," his mother often said.
When Washington had went to bed. But little Georgie would reply, "" I set up, but I cannot lie." 3; My brother and me having went to the show, The neighbors all wanted their chil- dren to go; But whether they done what they wished, I don't knov/.
98 Sentences to be Corrected,
4. The bridges being washed away, Him who we hoped to see to-day, Has telegraphed a message home To tell us why he cannot come.
5. Had it been me that he took to be she, I should have been mad at him speak- ing to me.
6. He said, that if nobody hadn*t a gun, To make the boy go to the city for
one.
7. No sooner was the couple wed When every one that seen them said Altho' the husband raves and rants 'Tis her not him will wear the pants.
8. Them that done the business said To tell you that the dogs was dead.
9. I tried to learn him how to speak Correct both Latin, French, and Greek.
10. Had them three children did their best. They would have far outran the rest.
V. I. My friend is as old and more abler than me And if he liv^s longer a bishop he'll be,
Sentences to be Corrected. 99
2. My brother I think is as quick and
some stronger Than him and can play at the ordeal longer.
3. The boy who you seen having went
to the game, There remains not a chance of me doing the same.
4. He said that if he missed the fun To tell him what the others done.
5. He writes that no quicker they seen
what was done When hoping to save themselves home they all run.
6. This morning there was only two And ere I seen them one had flew.
7. What day he would come and how
long he would stay I do not remember of hearing him say.
8. The boy being always considered a fool Was what made the fellows most kill
him at school.
9. He said if I seen you before it was
took To tell you the physic had ought to be shook,
loo Sentences to be Corrected.
10. Such as is little and such as is large Has and must always be teached without charge.
VI.
1. Tho' the culprit seemed real con-
sumpted and pale They found him ten dollars and kept him in jail.
2. Had William not have understood
And worked so diligent He never would have done so good Nor been so well content.
3. Sailing up the river the villages that lay Along the banl^s seemed sailing too
but down the other way.
4. I wish that you saw yesterday
That dark-complected man Who both my wife and me believed To be a African.
5. A fellow hadn't ought to send Those kind of letters to a friend But now the quarrel once began I hope he'll prove himself a man.
Sentences to id' Corrected, loi
6. He was mighty near dead,
Tho' he set the night through, Nor laid down in bed
Till the. chickens had crew.
7. Had I not Hft him from the door He would have fell six foot or more.
8. If she refuses you and I
There's others that will come to try.
9. Most everybody thinks us two Is equally as old as you.
10. Had we knew who 'twas meant for Us boys would have went for The fellow you sent for.
VII.
1. If I had laid in bed as long.
Or longer than my brother Jim, I think I should have grew as strong. If not more stronger far than him.
2. My v/ife was feeling real sick Which made her temper kind of quick And mine being very near as bad
A hell of it at home we had.
3. Being thought orators in their own
town Was the cause of them coveting wider
i(^2 Sc/tUnc^s to be Corrected*
But there has not and never will be I
don't think Two fellows that smelt much more
stronger of drink.
4. He said if you was taken ill To send me home to get a pill.
5. Them that seen her being dead Few remembers who she wed.
6. There being no chance of him catch-
ing the train He should have went home to get sober again.
7. Tho' not half so tall he is stronger
than me Which make some suppose him much older to be.
8. If he had let you and I load him the
gun It would not have kick him so bad as it done.
9. What the doctor had wrote being pub-
licly read There was many reports of the boy being dead.
Sentences to be Corrected. 103
10. It was a disappointment my brother having went To find that for my friend and I no tickets had been sent.
VIII.
1. The child had laid so long in bed,
Expecting to get stronger,
That ere I seen him he had grew
Most fifteen inches longer.
2. Them you supposed to be we, Was the people I took them to be.
3. One of them two have rented my pew, And two of the others has rented my
brother's.
4. The girl who he wanted to wed having
died, He made her next sister Matilda his bride.
5. Us boys, the teacher having went. Was all to see the circus sent ;
And that one lesson learned us more Than ever we were teached before.
6. I did not see him since the day
That famous race was ran ;
I04 Sentences to be Corrected.
And he was most broke down, they say, Before it had began.
7. If one of we fellows had offer excuse He would have went for him and gave
him the deuce.
8. The boy was equally as good
As many of the rest,
And few was more superior
Among the very best.
9. If he does half as good to-day
As yesterday he done, Them fellows, tho' their best they play Will hardly make a run.
10. They that from the fight had flew, I should, had I been him, have slew; But them that fought and died so brave Had ought to have the warriors' grave.
PART VIL— RULES FOR PUNCTUA- TION. .
Punctuation-marks.
The principal marks of punctuation are the period (.), the colon (:), the semicolon (;), and the comma (,). The last three are used to show the structure of the sentence, and so help the reader to take in the sense.
Obs. — These marks are all used to show some dis- connection.
The Period.
Rule I. — The end of each declarative or imperative sentence is marked by a period : '' God is love." ^* Love thy neighbor as thyself." ^* Love is the fulfilment of the law."
Note. — After an interrogative sentence, the mark ?,and after an exclamatory sentence, the mark !, take the place of a period: '* Lovest thou me?" **How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank !" (See p. 57 — Questions?)
105
1 06 Rules for Punctuation,
Rule II. — Initials, abbreviations, signa- tures, addresses, and all titles, headings, and marks of subdivision — whether figures or letters — are followed by a period : " J. H. Card. Newman." " To One in Paradise." "The Ancient Mariner." "On Charity." "The MS. of Vo). I. was written A.D. 1825." " Sec. xviii., p. 8, Rule 2, Note A."
Note I. — Signatures and addresses are sometimes without punctuation.
Note II. — The period after an abbrevation is not a sign of pause, and excludes no other mark that the words in full would need.
The Colon.
Rule. — A brief statement followed, with- out a conjunction^ by fuller particulars, is set off by the colon : " Three nations ac- cepted the treaty : England, France, and Germany." " These were her parting words : * Stay but a little, I will come again.' "
Note. — " Namely," or ** in proof of this," or some such expression, is implied by the colon ; which, when the subdivision needs a semicolon^ is the best mark to use : " He's here in double trust : first, as I am his kinsman and his subject ; then, as his host."
The Comma. 107
The Semicolon.
Rule. — The semicolon stands in any part of a sentence where the comma will not show the disconnection of the groups : ''His promises were, as he then was, mighty ; but his performances, as he is now, nothing." " Pr'y thee, peace ; I dare do all that may become a man ; who dares do more, is none."
Note. — The meaning and structure oi a sentence are both to be considered in punctuation. In the first sentence above, four members are given — two, sep- arated by a comma, to the ** promises,** and two, likewise separated, to the " performances." Hence the semicolon to set off the pairs. In the second, no conjunction is found between the members ; and hence the greater pause than the comma would show.
The Comma.
The Simple Sentence.
Rule I. — The simple sentence, in general, admits of no comma : " A thing of beauty is a joy forever." *'The glance of melancholy is a fearful gift."
Exception i.— When a very long group — whether phrase or member — is used as subject y attribute, or apposition, a comma may mark it: "That he thought himself fully secure in his position, is much to be regretted." ** My own hope is, a sun will
io8 Rules for Punctuation.
pierce the thickest cloud earth ever stretched." " It were not for your quiet nor your good to let you know my thoughts."
Exception 2. — When an object group stands before the transitive verb, or is interrupted by it, a comma should mark it: ''Look on it again, I dare not." *' Then, I say, well uyiy we fight."
Remark. — In Ex. i, the length of the group is con- sidered ; in Ex. 2, its unusual position in the sen- tence.
Note. — A single word in an unusual position some- times demands a comma : ** Held his head high and cared for no man, he,'^
Rule 11. — Members of Compound and Complex Sentences.
A. The Compound Sentence.
When the members are eiiiphatically dis- tinct in construction, or of very unequal lengthy the comma should separate them : " I listened, but I could not hear.'* *^ I woke, and we were sailing on as in a gentle weather." " I am the vine, and my Father is the husbandman."
Note. — Emphatic distinction is sometimes made by a difference in subjects, moods, or tenses. The most emphatic is between yes and no: as, "He heard it, but he heeded not."
The Comma, 109
B, The Complex Sentence.
When a member stands in its natural /^j/- tion and restricts what it modifies, no comma goes before it.^ When out of its natural position, or ;/i7«-restrictive, it is marked by the comma.
'* If you have tears, prepare to shed them now." "They that have done this deed are honorable." "He was never, but where he meant to ruin, pitiful."
Note I. — The natural position of the relative pro- noun is after its antecedent ; that of the adverb mem- ber, after the leading member.
Note II. — A member, a phrase, or a word is re- strictive when, zuithotct it, the meaning of the rest of the sentence would be false or obscure; as, *'No man that hath a blemish, shall come nigh." " He that overcometh shall inherit all things." Without the re- strictive member, the first sentence would h^ false', the second, obscure. " The sailors, who were all Catholics, attended Mass in a body." Here the member is ;?<?«-restrictive.
Both the meaniiis^ and position of the words must be considered. " He jests at scars, that never felt a wound.'' Here the member, though restrictive, does not closely follow the antecedent " he," and is there- fore set off. " He that never felt a wound, jests at scars." Here the restrictive member closely follows its antecedent, and therefore no comma is required between it and "he,"
N.B. — When it or its antecedent is, ox in ay hz, under- stood, the relative is restrictive; as, "Take the goods the gods provide thee." " Who steals my purse, steals trash." (See p. 52, Note H., and p. 6g, Note HI.)
* After it, however, if the sense requires it, a comma is placed.
no Rules for Punctuation.
The Word or Phrase.
Rule \\\.— {Adjective (a), Adverb (b), Ap- position (c), Absolute (d).)
When a word or phrase stands in its natu- ral position, and restricts what it modifies, no comma should separate it. When out of its .natural position, or ;/^;^-restrictive, the comma should mark it.
{a) '* Forlorn of thee, whither shall I be- take me ? " ** She, ending, waved her hands." "Incensed with indignation, Satan stood."
Note I. — A participle, though always an adjective in construction^ has sometimes the vicanijig of an adverb phrase or member. When so used, it never can restrict a noun or pronoun. "The gentleman entering the room is my father." Here the participle is restrictive. "The gentleman, enterittg the rojm (i.e., upon entering the room), bowed politely." Here the participle has the force of an adverb phrase, and so cannot restrict the noun.
{V) *' Hard by, a cottage chimney smokes." " In this slumbery agitation, besides her walking and other actual performances, what, at any time, have you heard her say ? " ** And oftentimes, to win us to our harm, the instruments of evil tell us truths."
(c) " I Paul myself beseech you." " Simon, 5on of Jonas, lovest thou Me?" "The
The Word or Phrase. 1 1 1
thane of Cawdor lives, a prosperous gentle- man."
Note. — Where '^' namely'' is understood, the appo- sition word or phrase is always set off.
(</) ** Save, Lord, or we perish." " Son, thou art ever with me." ^' This done, the rest was easy." "" To tell the truth, I forgot you." " The roads, considering the season, were good." " The culprit, strange to say, was pardoned."
Note. — Absolutes are always to be set off by the comma.
Two Words Only.
Rule IV. — Two kindred words or phrases should not be separated : ** He was kind and considerate in word and deed."
{^Kindred words are words of the same denomina- tion : two nouns, two verbs, two adjectives, etc.)
Exceptions. — The comma is put between tliem :
1. When one word has an adjunct and the other has none, or when each has its own : " A man severe he was, and stern to view." " He was honest in his dealings, and attentive to his business."
2. When there is emphatic distinction : " I come to bury Caesar, not to praise," " This he said, and jiothing more,"
112 Rules for Punctuation.
3. Between the word and its definiiion : "Aline of stars, or asterisks."
Three Words or More. «
Rule V. — Three or more kindred words or phrases in succession, though connected by conjunctions, are sometimes to be sep- arated : " Crept to the garden gate, and opened it, and closed."
Note. — "Crept" is non-transitive, and " opened " transitive ; hence, in spite of the conjunction, the comma.
Words Omitted.
Rule VI. — When the sense requires it, a comma is put where a word is understood : " False, fleeting, perjured Clarence.** '* A poor, infirm, weak, and despised old man." " Nor rain, wind, thunder, fire, are my daughters." " Some hate idleness ; others, work." " One furnishes fuel ; one, lights." " The sister reads novels ; the brother, plays."
Repetition. Rule VII. — Words repeated for emphasis are set off by the comma : " Come, come, come: to bed, to bed." ** Alone, alone, all, all alone."
The Dash, 113
Quotations. Rule VIII. — Whatever precedes, inter- rupts, or follows the words in quotations, should be set off by the comma : '' Doth God exact day labor, light denied?", I fondly ask. ^' I am content," he answered, " to be loved." She only said, *^ The day is dreary." ** He cometh not," she said.
Note. — Commas inverted (" ") show the words which we quote.
Interjections.
Rule IX. — Interjections, when not ex- clamatory, are set off by the comma : " Alas, the heavy day ! " ^' Lo, where it comes again ! "
Note. — "O" as a vocative, is not to be set off: ^' O Brutus ! " " O wof ul day ! "
The Dash.
Rule I. — The dash shows a sudden inter- ruption or break in the structure of a sen- tence : " He is — but I really cannot describe him." " When I remember — ah, what avails it now ! "
Rule II. — The dash, where we cannot well put another mark, is convenient ; but it should not be too often used : " It weighs I
114 Eules for Functuation,
don't know what — whole hundredweights/* " He laughed — quite shouted, he laughed so loud." *' My God, my sire, my country — these I love/'
Note.— After •* Dear Sir," " My Dear Friend," etc. , the dash may be used with the comma or colon ; or any of these marks may be used alone.
Rule III. — The dash — but no longer as a sign of pause — may be used —
1. Between the heading and the body of a paragraph, and before the author's name : " The goddess Di-a-na. — The usual pronun- ciation is Di-an>a." — Smart.
2. Before the answer to a question, upon the same line : *^ Who comes here ? " — '^ A friend."
3. To show omitted letters in the body of
a word : " The Rev. C y of B n is
expected." ** Hum, hum, hum — m — m ! "
Curves.
Rule. — Words entirely broken from the structure that surround them, should be set off by curves of parenthesis : ** His death (what a blessing !) had long been expected."
Instead of the curves the dash may be used.
Note. — Punctuate the rest as if the curves were omitted ; and the words within the curves, as if they
Hyphen — Apostrophe. 115
stood alone : " There was a lady once ('tis an old story) that would not be a queen." " She gave (who can deny it?) all she had."
Capitals and Hyphened Words, and Apostrophe.
Capitals. — Every sentence and proper noun should begin with a capital, as also the adjec- tives formed from proper nouns. Titles and headings, and very important single words begin, and are sometimes spelled throughout, with capitals.
Hyphened Words. — The hyphen (a short dash) is sometimes used to connect com- pound words ; as, printing-press, man-of-war, son-in-law, etc. When in doubt, consult the dictionary. It is also used at the end of a line when some syllable of the end-word is carried over to the line following. A syllable is never to be broken.
The Apostrophe. — The apostrophe Q is used to show that some letter or letters of a word are left out ; as, "- e'er " for " ever," " it's " for *' it is," '* 'tis " for *' it is," etc.
SENTENCES TO BE PUNCTUATED.
Subject Members.
1. That imitation is the sincerest flattery- has generally been acknowledged.
2. How far I've proceeded and how far further shall is warranted by a commission from the consistory.
3. That it is glorious to die for one's coun- try is a sentiment uniformly cherished by all good men.
4. At what period the poems of Homer were composed has not been positively ascertained.
5. Who was the author of the Letters of Phalaris has been the subject of very ingen- ious and learned discussion.
6. Whether Columbus was the first dis- coverer of America or not is a question among historians.
Attribute Members. I. The great and decisive test of genius is that it calls forth power in the souls of others. 116
Apposition Members, 117
2. His grand exceUence was this that he was a true man.
3. One of the most useful effects of action is that it renders repose agreeable.
4. My own hope is a sun will pierce the thickest cloud earth ever stretched.
5. The important question is what next is to be done.
6. The physician's directions were that the patient should avoid excitement and that he should be careful in diet.
Apposition Members.
1. That I have ta'en away this old man's daughter it is most true.
2. It is not meet you know how Caesar loved you.
3. There is no foundation for the popular doctrine that a state may flourish by arts and crimes.
4. It was the fate of Dr. Bentley that every work executed or projected by him should be assailed.
5. It is surprising in what countless swarms the bees have overspread the far West within but a moderate number of years.
6. It is an exquisite and beautiful thing in our nature that when the heart is touched
ii8 Sentences to be Punctuated,
and softened by some tranquil happiness or affectionate feeling the memory of the dead comes over it most powerfully and irresistibly.
Object Members.
1. What private griefs they have alas I know not.
2. How long in that same fit I lay I have not to declare.
3. Who was to represent the Queen of Beauty and of Love no one was prepared to guess.
4. That I did not like the red light I see no reason to conceal.
5. Where the baby came from I don't know.
6. Where the dead body is bestow'd my lord we cannot get from him.
Sentences j:o be Punctuated.
1. And he lifted up his eyes and saw his brother Benjamin his mothers son and said Is this your younger brother of whom ye spake to me. And he said God be gracious unto thee my son. Bible
2. Then pilgrim turn thy cares forego
All earth-born cares are wrong
Sentences to be Punctuated, 119
Man wants but little here below Nor wants that little long
Goldsmith
3. The gold-seeker whom I sincerely- pitied at length clambered from the pit with the bitterest disappointment imprinted upon every feature and proceeded slowly and reluctantly to put on his coat which he had thrown off at the beginning of his labor Jupiter at a signal from his master began to gather up his tools This done and the dog having been unmuzzled we returned in pro- found silence towards home PoE
4. The one remains the many change and
pass Heaven's light forever shines earth's
shadows fly Time like a dome of many-colored
glass Stains the white radiance of Eternity
Shelley
5 . 'Tis a dark night sang the kettle and the rotten leaves are lying by the way and above all is mist and darkness and below all is mire and clay. DiCKENS
I20 Sentences to be Punctuated,
6. Small service is true service while it
lasts Of friends however humble scorn not
one The daisy by the shadow that it casts Protects the lingering dew drop from
the sun WORDSWORTH
7. I beg your pardon friend said the old gentleman advancing to him the more so as I fear your wife has not been well but the attendant whom my infirmity renders almost indispensable not having arrived I fear there must be some mistake The bad night which made the shelter of your comfortable cart may I never have a worse so acceptable is still as bad as ever. Dickens
8. To speak the truth I had no special relish for such amusement at any time and at that particular moment would most will- ingly have declined it for the night was com- ing on and I felt much fatigued with the exercise already taken PoE
9. God gives us love. Something to love He lends us but when love is grown To ripeness that on which it throve Falls off and love is left alone
Tennyson
Sentences to be Punctuated, 121
10. Life we have been long together Through cloudy and through pleasant
weather. Tis hard to part when friends are dear Perhaps 'twill cost a sigh a tear. Then steal away give little warning.
Choose thine own time Say not good-night but in some brighter clime Bid me good-morning Barbauld
11. And they lifted up their voice and wept again And Orpah kissed her mother- in-law but Ruth clave unto her And she said Behold thy sister-in-law is gone back unto her people and unto her gods return thou after thy sister-in-law And Ruth said Entreat me not to leave thee or to return from following after thee for whither thou goest I will go and where thou lodgest I will lodge thy people shall be my people and thy God my God Where thou diest will I die and there will I be buried the Lord do so to me and more also if aught but death part thee and me Bible
12. Where the bee sucks there suck I In a cowslip's bell I lie
122 Sentences to be Punctuated.
There I couch when owls do cry On the bat's back I do fly After summer merrily Merrily, merrily shall I live now Under the blossom that hangs on the bough Shakespeare
13. Howe'er it be it seems to me *Tis only noble to be good
Kind hearts are more than coronets And simple faith than Norman blood
Tennyson
14. He asked water and she gave him milk She brought forth butter in a lordly dish She put her hand to the nail and her right hand to the workman's hammer and with the ham- mer she smote Sisera she smote off his head when she had pierced and stricken through his temples.
At her feet lie bow^d he fell he lay down at her feet he bow^d he fell where he bowed there he fell down dead
15. The mother of Sisera looked out at a window and cried through the lattice Why is his chariot so long in coming Why tarry the wheels of his chariots
Her wise ladies answered her yea she re- turned answer to herself Have they not
Sentences to he Punctuated. 1 23
sped have they not divided the prey to every man a damsel or two to Sisera a prey of divers colours a prey of divers colours of nee- dle-work of divers colours of needle-work on both sides meet for the necks of them that take the spoil
So let thine enemies perish O Lord
Bible
16. Six or seven months had passed and I had recovered from the surprise and shock when one morning as the day was breaking I standing at the door looked towards the red light and saw the spectre again DiCKENS
17. I strove with none for none was worth
my strife Nature I loved and next to nature
art I warmed both hands before the fire . of life It sinks and I am ready to depart
Landor
18. From this state of inaction the baby was recalled shining very much and roaring violently to partake of of a slight repast after which he went to sleep again DiCKENS
19. Midnight had come upon the crowded
124 Sentences to be Punctuated.
city The palace the night-cellar the jail the madhouse the chambers of birth and death of health and sickness the rigid face of the corpse and the calm sleep of the child mid- night was upon them all. DiCKENS
20. Poor soul the centre of my sinful
earth Fool'd by those rebel powers that thee
array Why dost thou pine within and suffer
dearth Painting thy outward walls so costly
gay Why so large cost having so short a
lease Dost thou upon thy fading mansion
spend Shall worms inheritors of this excess Eat up thy charge Is this thy body's
end Then soul live thou upon thy servant's
loss And let that pine to aggravate thy
store Buy terms divine in selling hours of
dross Within be fed without be rich no more
Sentences to be Punctuated. 125
So shalt thou feed on death that feeds
on men And death once dead there's no more
dying then Shakespeare
PUNCTUATE THE FOLLOWING SO
AS TO SHOW ANOTHER MEANING.
1. What is no more again shall be.
2. The parson says the lawyer prays, But honest debts he never pays.
3. I never thought he such a liar could be.
ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING, AND NOTE THE DIFFERENCE.
1. The pupil advances in nothing he does, But remains in his classes the same as
he was...
2. The pupil advances in nothing he does. But remains in his classes the same ass
he was.
BAD ENGLISH CORRECTED; AND PUNCTUATION MADE, AND AC- COUNTED FOR IN THE DIAGRAM.
1. If he is the man who I takes him to be He will learn you more English and Latin
than me.
2. I think that there was nothing mean If what he done was what I seen.
3. Him and me being about the same height Is often mistook for each other at night But the sun having rose on our features
to shine You can see that his eyes is some littler than mine.
4. He said that in case of him getting home
late To let his son set up to open the gate.
5. Had we have went to college longer me
and him We would be most as strong or stronger than is Jim.
6. A fellow asking her her age The milliner got white with rage And boxing him upon the ear Declared he had insulted her.
126
Bad English Corrected,
127
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Of
QUESTIONS.
1. How many groups of words do we con- sider?
Ans. Three : The sentence, the member, and the phrase.
2. What is the Hkeness, and what is the difference, between the sentence and the member ?
Ans. Both contain a subject and predi- cate, but the sentence is the whole thing, of which the member is a part.
3. How many kiitds of sentences have we ? Ans. Three : Simple, compound, and com- plex.
4. "What is the likeness, and what is the difference, between the compound and com- plex sentence ?
Ans. Both have fnore than one member; but the compound sentence has no adjective or adverb member.
5. What is the likeness, and what is the difference, between the object and attribute ?
129
130 Questions.
Ans. Both complete the sense of the verb; the object, of the transitive ; and the attribute, of the ^/^//-transitive.
6. What is the Hkeness, and what is the difference, between the subject and attribute noun ?
Ans. Both are in the same case ; but the attribute is always 2i part of the predicate,
7. What is the likeness, and what is the difference, between the subject of the infini- tive and the object of the transitive verb ?
Ans. Both are in the objective case ; but the subject is never governed, and the object always is.
8. What is the likeness, and what is the difference, between the adjective and apposi- tion ?
Ans. Both relate to nouns ; but the appo- sition is always another noun or pronoun.
9. What is the likeness, and what is the difference, between the attribute noun and the apposition ?
Ans. Both agree in case with the noun that they refer to ; but the attribute is al- ways inside of the bone, and the apposition outside,
10. In how many forms may a noun, an adjective, or an adverb appear ?
Narration^ 131
Ans. Three : As a single word, a phrase, or a member.
II. What is a direct ^ and what is an indirect^ question ?
Ans. a direct question is a whole sen- tence ; an indirect question is but a /<^r/ of a sentence: i.e., it is used as subject, object, attribute, or apposition, in the sentence of which it forms a part. The direct question has always the interrogation-mark (?), the in- direct never has.
NARRATION.
There are two kinds of Narration, — Direct and Indirect.
To repeat a person's statement in his own words, is called Quotation or Direct Narra- tion ; as, He said, " Thou art my brother.'* To repeat, in any other way, what has been stated, is called Indirect Narration ; as. He said that / was his brother.
Were the first sentence on the next page a direct narration, it would appear thus :
Dirico-respondit + -
" Helvetii — sunt instituti
i
ita
illi - consuerint ■< accipere + obsides
et ( at
populus •- est + testis.
I rei
I ejus."
132
Analysis of Latin Sentences.
.2 •«
■" a
I
a 'I
Analysis of Latin Sentences.
133
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134
Analysis of Latin Se?itences.
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[These poems are chosen for analysis and punctua- tion.]
THE RAVEN.
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of for- gotten lore.
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping.
As of some one gently rapping — rapping at my chamber door.
*' 'Tis some visitor," I muttered, '* tapping at my chamber door ;
Only this, and nothing more."
Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak
December, And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost
upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow ; vainly I had sought
to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow — sorrow for
the lost Lenore, For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels
name Lenore,
Nameless here for evermore. 135
136 For Analysis and Punctuation,
And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each pur- ple curtain
Thrilled me — filled me — with fantastic terrors never felt before ;
So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating,
'''Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door —
Some late visitor entreating entrance at my cham- ber door ;
This it is, and nothing more."
Presently my soul grew stronger ; hesitating then no longer,
''Sir," said I, ''or Madam, truly your forgive- ness I implore ;
But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping.
And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door.
That I scarce was sure I heard you." Here I opened wide the door.
Darkness there, and nothing more.
Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood
there, wondering, fearing. Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared
to dream before. But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness
gave no token,
TJu Raven. 137
And the only word there spoken was the whis- pered word, * ' Lenore ! ' '
This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, ' * Lenore ! ' '
Merely this, and nothing more.
Back into the chamber turning, all my soul with- in me burning.
Soon again I heard a tapping, something louder than before.
*' Surely," said I, '^surely that is something at my window-lattice ;
Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mys- tery explore ;
Let my heart be still a moment, and this mystery explore ;
'Tis the wind, and nothing more."
Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a
flirt and flutter. In there stepped a stately Raven of the saintly
days of yore. Not the least obeisance made he, not a minute
stopped or stayed he. But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my
chamber door — Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my
chamber door —
Perched, and sat, and nothing more.
138 For Analysis afid Punctuation.
Then this ebon bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling,
By the. grave and stern decorum of the counte- nance it wore,
*' Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou," I said, *' art sure no craven.
Ghastly, grim, and ancient Raven, wandering from the Nightly shore.
Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore ! ' '
Quoth the Raven, *' Nevermore."
Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear dis- course so plainly.
Though its answer little meaning, little relevancy bore ;
For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being
Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door —
Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door,
With such a name as ** Nevermore."
But the Raven, sitting lonely on that placid bust,
spoke only That one word, as if his soul in that one word he
did outpour. Nothing further then he uttered, not a feather
then he fluttered.
The Raven, 139
Till I scarcely more than muttered, '* Other
friends have flown before ! On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes
have flown before ! ' '
Then the bird said, * ' Nevermore. ' '
Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken,
^'Doubtless," said I, '' what it utters is its only stock and store,
Caught from some unhappy master whom unmer- ciful Disaster
Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore —
Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy bur- den bore
Of * Never — nevermore ! ' "
But the Raven still beguiling all my sad soul into
smiling. Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of
bird and bust and door ; Then, upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to
linking Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous
bird of yore — What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and
ominous bird of yore
Meant in croaking '* Nevermore."
140 For Analysis and Punctuation,
This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable
expressing To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my
bosom's core ; This and more I sat divining, with my head at
ease reclining On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamplight
gloated o'er. But whose velvet violet lining, with the lamplight
gloating o'er.
She shall press, ah, nevermore !
Then, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed
from an unseen censer, Swung by Seraphim whose footfalls tinkled on the
tufted floor. '' Wretch ! " I cried, ^'thy God hath lent thee^
by these angels He hath sent thee Respite — respite and nepenthe from thy memories
of Lenore ! Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe, and forget the
lost Lenore ! "
Quoth the Raven, '^ Nevermore."
''Prophet ! " said I, '^hing of evil ! — prophet
still, if bird or devil ! Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed
thee here ashore, Desolate yet all undaunted, on this desert land
enchanted —
The Raven, 141
On his home by horror haunted — tell me truly, I
implore, Is there — is there balm in Gilead? Tell me! — tell
me, I implore ? "
Quoth the Raven, '* Nevermore."
"Prophet ! " said I, 'Hhing of evil ! — prophet
still, if bird or devil ! By that Heaven that bends above us — by that God
we both adore ! Tell this soul with sorrow laden, if, within the
distant Aidenn, It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels
name Lenore — Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels
name Lenore ? ' '
Quoth the Raven, ** Nevermore."
'* Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend ! "
I shrieked, upstarting. ** Get thee back into the tempest and the Nights
Plutonian shore ! Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy
soul hath spoken ! Leave my loneliness unbroken ! quit the bust above
my door ! Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy
form from off my door ! ' *
Quoth the Raven, *' Nevermore/*
142 For Analysis and Punctuation,
And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting
On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my cham- ber door ;
And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming.
And the lamplight o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor ;
And my soul from out that shadow that lies float- ing on the floor
Shall be lifted — nevermore. — Edgar A. Foe,
THE BROOK.
Here, by this brook, we parted ; I to the East And he for Italy — too late — too late : One whom the strong sons of the world despise ; For lucky rhymes to him were scrip and share, And mellow metres more than cent for cent ; Nor could he understand how money breeds, Thought it a dead thing ; yet himself could make The thing that is not as the thing that is.
0 had he lived ! In our schoolbooks we say. Of those that held their heads above the crowd. They flourish'd then or then ; but life in him Could scarce be said to flourish, only touch'd On such a time as goes before the leaf.
When all the wood stands in a mist of green. And nothing perfect : yet the brook he loved, For which, in branding summers of Bengal, Or ev'n the sweet half- English Neilgherry air,
1 panted, seems, as I re-listen to it. Prattling the primrose fancies of the boy,
To me that loved him ; for '^ O brook," he says, ** O babbling brook," says Edmund in his rhyme, ' * Whence come you ? " and the brook, why not ? replies :
'43
144 For Analysis and Punctuation,
I come from the haunts of coot and hern,
I make a sudden sally, And sparkle out among the fern,
To bicker down a valley.
By thirty hills I hurry down,
Or slip between the ridges, By twenty thorps, a little town.
And half a hundred bridges.
Till last by Philip's farm I flow
To join the brimming river, For men may come and men may go,
But I go on forever.
*' Poor lad, he died at Florence, quite worn out, Travelling to Naples. There is Darnley bridge, It has more ivy ; there the river ; and there Stands Philip's farm where brook and river meet.
I chatter over stony ways,
In little sharps and trebles. I bubble into eddying bays,
I babble on the pebbles.
With many a curve my banks I fret
By many a field and fallow, And many a fairy foreland set
With willow-weed and mallow.
I chatter, chatter, as I flow
To join the brimming river. For men may come and men may go,
But I go on forever.
** But Philip chatter'd more than brook or bird : Old Philip ; all about the fields you caught
The Brook, 145
His weary daylong chirping, like the dry High-elbow'd grigs that leapt in summer grass.
. I wind about, and in and out, With here a blossom sailing, And here and there a lusty trout, And here and there a grayling.
And here and there a foamy flake
Upon me, as I travel With many a silvery waterbreak
Above the golden gravel,
And draw them all along, and flow
To join the brimming river. For men may come and men may go.
But I go on forever.
' ' O darling Katie Willows, his one child ! A maiden of our century, yet most meek ; A daughter of our meadows, yet not coarse ; Straight, but as lissome as a hazel wand ; Her eyes a bashful azure, and her hair In gloss and hue the chestnut, when the shell Divides threefold to show the fruit within.
'' Sweet Katie, once I did her a good turn, Her and her far-off cousin and betrothed, James Willows, of one name and heart with her. For here I came, twenty years back — the week Before I parted with poor Edmund ; crost By that old bridge which, half in ruins then. Still makes a hoary eyebrow for the gleam Beyond it, where the waters marry — crost,
146 For Analysis and Punctuation.
Whistling a random bar of Bonny Doon, And push'd at Philip's garden-gate. The gate, Half-parted from a weak and scolding hinge, Stuck ; and he clamor'd from a casement, * Run ' To Katie somewhere in the walks below, * Run, Katie ! ' Katie never ran : she moved To meet me, winding under woodbine bowers, A little fluttered with her eyelids down. Fresh apple-blossom, blushing for a boon.
* ' What was it ? less of sentiment than sense Had Katie ; not illiterate ; nor of those Who dabbling in the fount of Active tears. And nursed by mealy-mouth'd philanthropies. Divorce the Feeling from her mate the Deed.
^ ' She told me. She and James had quarrel'd. Why? What cause of quarrel ? None, she said, no cause ; James had no cause : but when I prest the cause, I learnt that James had flickering "jealousies Which anger'd her. Who anger'd James? I said. But Katie snatch'd her eyes at once from mine, And sketching with her slender pointed foot Some figure like a wizard pentagram On garden gravel, let my query pass Unclaim'd, in flushing silence, till I ask'd If James were coming. * Coming every day/ She answer'd, * ever longing to explain, But evermore her father came across
The Brook, 147
With some long-winded tale, and broke him short ; And James departed vext with him and her/ How could I help her ? * Would I — was it wrong ? ' (Claspt hands and that petitionary grace Of sweet seventeen subdued me ere she spoke) ' O would I take her father for one hour, For one half-hour, and let him talk to me ! ' And even while she spoke, I saw where James Made toward us, like a wader in the surf, Beyond the brook, waist deep in meadow-sweet.
^' O Katie, what I suffered for your sake ! For in I went and call'd old Philip out To show the farm : full willingly he rose : He led me thro' the short sweet-smelling lanes Of his wheat-suburb, babbling as he went. He praised his land, his horses, his machines ; He praised his ploughs, his cows, his hogs, his
dogs ; He praised his hens, his geese, his guinea-hens ; His pigeons, who in session on their roofs Approved him, bowing at their own deserts : Then from the plaintive mother's teat he took Her blind and shuddering puppies, naming each, And naming those, his friends, for whom they
were : Then crost the common into Darnley chase To show Sir Arthur's deer. In copse and fern Twinkled the innumerable ear and tail. Then, seated on a serpent-rooted beech,
148 For Analysis and Punctuation.
He pointed out a pasturing colt, and said :
* That was the four-year-old I sold the Squire/
And there he told a long long-winded tale
Of how the Squire had seen the colt at grass,
And how it was the thing his daughter wish'd,
And how he sent the bailiff to the farm
To learn the price, and what the price he ask'd,
And how the bailiff swore that he was mad,
But he stood firm ; so the matter hung ;
He gave them line : and five days after that
He met the bailiff at the Golden Fleece,
Who then and there had ofifer'd something more,
But he stood firm ; and so the matter hung ;
He knew the man ; the colt would fetch its price ;
He gave them line : and how by chance at last
(It might be May or April, he forgot.
The last of April or the first of May)
He found the bailiff riding by the farm,
And, talking from the point, he drew him in,
And there he mellow'd all his heart with ale,
Until they closed a bargain, hand in hand.
^^Then, while I breathed in sight of haven, he, Poor fellow, could he help it ? recommenced, And ran thro' all the coltish chronicle, Wild Will, Black Bess, Tantivy, Tallyho, Reform, White Rose, Bellerophon, the Jilt, Arbaces, and Phenomenon, and the rest, Till not to die a listener, I arose. And with me Philip, talking still ; and so
The Brook, 149
We turn'd our foreheads from the falling sun, And following our own shadows thrice as long As when they follow'd us from Philip's door, Arrived, and found the sun of sweet content Re-risen in Katie's eyes, and all things well.
I steal by lawns and grassy plots,
I slide by hazel covers ; I move the sweet forget-me-nots
That grow for happy lovers.
I slip, I slide, I gleam, I glance. Among my skimming swallows ;
I make the netted sunbeam dance Against my sandy shallows.
I murmur under moon and stars
In brambly wildernesses ; I linger by my shingly bars ;
I loiter round my cresses ;
And out again I curve and flow
To join the brimming river. For men may come and men may go,
But I go on forever.
Yes, men may come and go ; and these are gone. All gone. My dearest brother, Edmund, sleeps, Not by the well-known stream and rustic spire, But unfamiliar Arno, and the dome Of Brunelleschi ; sleeps in peace : and he, Poor Philip, of all his lavish waste of words Remains the lean P. W. on his tomb : I scraped the lichen from it : Katie walks By the long wash of Australasian seas
150 For Analysis and Punctuation,
Far off, and holds her head to other stars,
And breathes in converse seasons. All are gone."
So Lawrence Aylmer, seated on a stile In the long hedge, and rolling in his mind Old waifs of rhyme, and bowing o'er the brook A tonsured head in middle age forlorn, Mused and was mute. On a sudden a low breath Of tender air made tremble in the hedge The fragile bindweed-bells and briony rings ; And he look'd up. There stood a maiden near, Waiting to pass. In much amaze he stared On eyes a bashful azure, and on hair In gloss and hue the chestnut, when the shell Divides threefold to show the fruit within : Then, wondering, ask'd her ''Are you from the
farm ? '' '* Yes'' answer'd she. '* Pray stay a little: par- don me ; What do they call you?" '* Katie." ''That
were strange. What surname ? " ''Willows." "No!" "That
is my name." " Indeed ! " and here he look'd so self-perplext. That Katie laugh'd, and laughing blush'd, till he Laugh'd also, but as one before he wakes. Who feels a glimmering strangeness in his dream. Then looking at her; "Too happy, fresh and
fair. Too fresh and fair in our sad world's best bloom.
The Brook. 151
To be the ghost of one who bore your name About these meadows, twenty years ago."
** Have you not heard ? " said Katie, '^ we came back. ,
We bought the farm we tenanted before. Am I so like her ? so they said on board. Sir, if you knew her in her English days. My mother, as it seems you did, the days That most she loves to talk of, come with me. My brother James is in the harvest -field : But she — you will be welcome — O, come in ! " — Alfred Tennyson.
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