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NOW PUBLISHING,

“CONSTABLE’S MISCELLANY

*

OF
ORIGINAL AND SELECTED WORKS,
IN THE

VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS OF

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND THE ARTS.

‘Being intended for all ages as well as ranks, CoNsTABLE’s MIscELLANY is
printed in a style and form which combine at once the means of giving much
matter in a small space, with the requisites of great clearness and facility.

Every Volume contains a Vignette Title-page ; and numerous other illus-
trations, such as Maps, Portraits, &¢, are occasionally given.

Each Volume contains at least 320 pages, price 3s, 6d.; a limited number
being printed on fine paper, with early impressions of the Plates, price 5s.

A large paper Edition is printed of some of the Volumes, to range with
Lardner’s Cyclopedia, &c.

WHITTAKER, TREACHER, & CO. LONDON ;

AND
H. CONSTABLE, EDIN BURGH.

—

1832.

——————__ ——— nines Sn

Mors than five years have elapsed since the commencement of
ConsTABLE’s MIscELLANY, and its universal popularity, the,
continued support of all the leading periodicals, and the numerous
imitations of it that have subsequently appeared, are the best
proofs that can be given of the excellence of its plan, and of its
perfect adaptation to the wants and wishes of the age. The
increased and increasing diffusion of wealth and knowledge has
formed, in these kingdoms, a new and very numerous class of
readers, persons to whom the economy both of time and money is
an object of importance, but who are, at the same time, anxious
not to be left behind in the march of intelligence, and who are
desirous to acquire information suited to the present advanced
state of society. For such persons this series of publications was
primarily designed ; the convenient size of the volumes permitted
them to be studied without any interruption to the necessary
avocations of life and business; their cheapness placed them
within the reach of every reader, and the neatness of their form,
and elegance of their typography, rendered them ornamental as
well as useful in the library. Even a cursory survey of the cata-
logue will suffice to show that the subjects selected for the Mis-
cellany are precisely those respecting which information is most
desirable, such as combine interest with utility, and valuable in-
struction with rational entertainment. The names of the writers,
containing among them some of the first in the annals of modern
literature, must be a sufficient guarantee for the style and exe-
cution of the several volumes; and the few specimens selected
from the vast mass of favourable criticism will suffice to show,
that from its commencement up to the present hour, the design,
the successive parts, and the whole of ConsTABLE’s MIscreL-
LANY, as far as completed, have received the warmest approba-
tion from the legitimate guardians of literature.

Though the work has now passed into other hands, no change
will be made in the original plan; the new proprietors are sih-
cerely anxious to preserve its established character, and to make
the concluding volumes like those that have already appeared,
worthy of public favour, by preserving the great characteristics
of the work,—cheapness, interest, and utility.

OPINIONS OF THE PERIODICAL PRESS.

“ Areal and existing library of useful and entertaining knowledge, neither
puffed up by an upstart pseudo-monopoly, a junta in an university committee,
nor a prostituted review.”—London Literary Gazette.

‘* The projection was magnificent, and worthy of the name associated with
it.”—Scots Times.

x “ This is a very delightful publication, conceived in the true spirit of
genius, and executed with proportionate ability.”—The Sun,

“‘ We shall ever be amongst the first to bestow sincere and warm enco-
miums on works of real utility; and we cannot but consider Constable’s Mis-
cellany as possessing an indisputable claim to this honourable distinction.”—
London Weekly Review.

“* We know not where so much good and valuable reading can be obtained
at such an exceedingly moderate cost.’”-—Courier.

‘* The first numbers have been very judiciously selected, and there is as
rich promise of future excellence in the list attached to the present numbers,
We cordially wish success to this speculation.”—New Monthly Magazine.

“ In every respect, this work seems well calculated to promote the great-
ness, and the happiness, the beneficial influence, and the true glory of our
country.” —Ldinburgh Theological ‘Magazine.

** We have heard, and we rejoice, that the Miscellany has been eminently
Successful. It well merits success, as well for its cheapness as for its elegance,
_ and the intrinsic merit of the works which compose it.”—Scots Times.

_ We should think it difficult to attract the attention of the public too fre-
- quently to this work, whether we regard the judgment which must have dic-
_ tated the comprehensive excellence of its general plan, or the very meritorious
_ Manner in which that plan has hitherto been carried into execution.”—Edin-
_ burgh Observer.

__ “ This excellent design continues to increase in extent and value as it
proceeds ; and we are glad to find that its merits are rewarded by a correspond-
ing increase of popularity.”—London Literary Gazette.

“To this patronage it is no doubt entitled merely on the grounds of its own
Merits.”—-Glasgow Free Press.

“ If this Miscellany is put, volume by volume, into the hands of youth, we
now of no means by which their minds can be so effectually enlarged and
Stored with useful knowledge.”—Edinburgh Weekly Journal,

4
Of a select portion of the Miscellany, an edition is printed in small octavo.

Chambers’ Scottish Rebellions. 5 vols. 25s.

Bell’s Life of Mary Queen of Scots. 2 vols. 11s.
Koch’s Revolutions in Europe. 3 vols. 15s.
Conway’s Travels in Norway, Switzerland, &c. 3 vols. 16s.
White’s Natural History of Selborne. 1 vol. 6s. 6d.
Sinclair’s Autumn in Italy. 1 vol. 5s.

Stafford’s History of Music. 1 vol. 5s.
Bourrienne’s Napoleon. 4 vols. 20s.

Memes’ Josephine. 1 vol. 6s. ;
Sutherland’s Knights of Malta. 2 vols. Ils.

St. John’s Normandy. 1 vol. 5s. 6d.

American Ornithology. 4 vols. 24s.

The Histories of the Scottish Rebellions and of Queen Mary illustrate so
amply those periods in the Scottish annals on which Sir Walter Scott has
founded his most popular novels, that the Proprietors have printed them in a
form to match with the new edition of his works.

Koch’s Revolutions of Europe is a work so indispensable to every historical
library that has even the most ordinary pretensions to completeness, that it was
judged expedient to publish an edition of it, unconnected with the Miscellany,
in a size and form that would render it not unworthy the notice of those who
require some of the luxuries of literature, fine paper, and superior typography.

Few travellers have enjoyed such extensive and well-deserved popularity as
Mr. Inglis, or, as he chose to call himself, Mr. Derwent Conway ; the large
paper edition of his travels is designed to range in the library with the other
works not included in the Miscellany, which have been written by this admired
author, and very extensively circulated.

The value of White’s Selborne is so universally acknowledged, that the Pro-
prietors of the Miscellany determined to prepare an edition of it more complete
than the limited size of the volumes in their series would admit. To this edi-
tion are added the author’s “ Observations on various Parts of Nature,” his
*‘ Summary of the Weather,” his ‘‘ Naturalist’s Calendar,” his ‘‘ Posthumous
Poems,” and the original alphabetical Index.

Stafford’s History of Music is published in this size and form, for the conve-
nience of those who wish to combine beauty with utility in the formation of a
library, being precisely that class of society in which music is most cultivated.

For the convenience of continental travellers, Sinclair’s Italy, and St. John’s
Normandy, have been published in this separate form: they will be found
instructive guides and entertaining companions.

The History of the Knights of Malta is almost the only isolated portion of
modern history; it is complete in itself, and scarcely, if at all, is connected
with the great continental revolutions. To poets and novelists it has furnished
the themes most pregnant with exciting interest; and, if common fame may
be credited, more than one of our greatest writers are even now about to select
subjects from the romantic annals of those champions of Christendom.

The American Ornithology is so generally acknowledged to be one of the
most delightful works on natural history, that the proprietors resolved to pub-
lish an enlarged edition of the work in aseparate form, that would more easily
admit pictorial illustrations than the small volumes of the Miscellany.

Bourrienne’s Napoleon, and Memes’ Josephine, in the large edition, form the .
most complete account of Napoleon and his family that has yet been published.

CONSTABLE’S MISCELLANY. 5

VOLUMES I. Il. III.
CAPTAIN HALL’S VOYAGES,

viz.—I. Voyage to Loo Choo, &c. in the Eastern Seas.
II. Interview with Napoleon, at St. Helena, in August, 1817.
IIL. Journal written on the Coasts of Chili, Mexico, and Peru.

Captain Hall is too well and too favourably known to the public, to require
any remarks on his great and varied qualifications as a descriptive writer.
His voyages now rank among the standard works of English literature, and
must hold that place while the union of a sailor’s frankness, with a scholar’s
refinement, will be justly estimated. Being uniform with his interesting
*“ Fragments of Voyages and Travels,” it forms a very appropriate companion.

** We do not know a more entertaining traveller, or one who more graphically de-
seribes persons and places in the various interesting countries he visited.”—Scots Times.

“ Works which combine the interest and entertainment of a first-rate novel, with the
truth and dignity which belong to history.”"—Dumfries Courier.

al Iv. .
ADVENTURES of BRITISH SEAMEN.
By Hucu Murray, Esq. F.R.S.E.

The just pride that all Englishmen feel in their navy, will be gratified by
the perusal of this volume, which contains many striking instances of the
patient fortitude and unconquerable energies displayed by British sailors in
the hour of danger. :

** The volume, altogether, vies in interest with the excellent voyages of Captain Hall,
which preceded it."—Scots Times,

V.

MEMOIRS of the
MARCHIONESS LAROCHE-JAQUELEIN.

With a Preface and Notes, by Sir WaLTER Scorv, Bart.

_ This volume contains a narrative of the Vendean War, by a lady who per-
sonally shared in all the exciting events of that unparalleled campaign.

“While it contains an important picture of French history, it is full of romantic adven-
tures, and of sentiments in the highest tone of chivalrous loyalty.”—Cowrant. 1

** It is the most affecting piece of female autobiography that has hitherto been given to
the public. She is the only authentic historian of the revolutionary troubles of her own
district.”—Obdserver.

VI. VII.
CONVERTS from INFIDELITY.

By ANDREW CRICHTON.

Archbishop Sharpe said that the best evidences of Christianity might be
obtained from the death-bed—these volumes amply illustrate the truth of his
assertion, and show that the philosophy which leads men to forget religion in
the vigour of life and sunshine of prosperity, deserts them at their utmost
need; and that in the time of adversity and of sickness, piety alone is a source
of consolation, and pure religion the only support in the hour of death.

6 CONSTABLE’S MISCELLANY.

VIII. IX.
SYMES’ EMBASSY to the KINGDOM of AVA.

With a Narrative of the late Military and Political Operations in
the Birman Empire.

The anomalous empire founded by the British in India, presents every day
some new and strange features to the public view; but none that better merit
attention than its future probable relations with the Burmese. They do not
disguise their anxiety to contest with us the empire of Hindoostan, and this
work being the only authentic account of their character, deserves to be at-
tentively read by all interested in the fortunes of our eastern dominions.

“ It bears, in every page, sufficient evidence, that the author was at once a man of su-
perior intellect, a close observer, and a veracions historian. The style is perspicnous and
manly, the narrative free and unexaggerated.”"—Odserver.

X.
TABLE-TALK: or, SELECTIONS from the ANA.

Works of this kind are more common on the continent than in England,
where, in fact, they are supposed to be a species of jest-books; they are, how-
ever, an essential part of literature, being the casual observations of men of
genius on topics that are rarely the subject of formal works.

XI.
PERILS and CAPTIVITY,

viz.—I. The Shipwreck of the Medusa Frigate.
II. Captivity of M. de Brisson.
III. Voyage and Sufferings of Madame Godin.

Independent of the deep interest of these narratives, they are valuable in a
philosophical point of view, since they furnish a curious illustration of the in-
fluence of affliction on the lively temperament of our Gallic neighbours, and
form therefore an essential portion of the history of national character.

XII.

SELECTIONS of the
MOST REMARKABLE PHENOMENA of NATURE.

By H. G. Bett, Esq.

The descriptions of natural wonders contained in this volume have been
taken from numerous and very expensive works, not likely to fall into the
hands of the general reader. To youth especially the work must be of great
value, since it will stimulate them to further enquiries respecting the pheno-
mena of the universe.

CONSTABLE’S MISCELLANY. 7

XIII. XIV.

MARINER’S ACCOUNT of the NATIVES of the TONGA
ISLANDS, in the South Pacific Ocean.

From this work the most striking portions of Lord Byron’s poem, The
Island, have been derived.

“€ We have had many striking pictures of savage life and manners, but never so fine a
piece of savage history as is contained in these volumes.”—Quarterly Review.

8 XV. XVI.

HISTORY of the REBELLION in SCOTLAND,
in 1745, 1746.

By Rozert Cuamsers, Author of “ Traditions of Edinburgh,” &c.

In these volumes will be found many of the traditions on which the novels
of Waverley and Redgauntlet have been founded.

“ Till Sir Walter Scott, or Stewart of Garth, take up the pen, this history must remain
the popular and standard narrative of these civil broils."—Edinburgh Observer.
“Tt is a work of high national interest.”—Caledonian Mercury.

XVII.

VOYAGES and EXCURSIONS on the EAST COAST, and in
the INTERIOR of CENTRAL AMERICA.

By Ortanpvo W. RoBeErtTs, many years a resident trader.

The countries described have been rarely visited by Europeans, and by
none under circumstances so favourable to observation as Mr. Roberts. The
volume contains some curious pictures of savage life, and is enriched by
—* practical hints respecting the extension of commerce in the Pacific

cean.

XVIII. XIX.

The HISTORICAL WORKS of FREDERICK SCHILLER,
from the German.

By Georce Morr, Esq. Translator of ‘* Wallenstein.”’

The history of the thirty years’ war, which, after unparalleled vicissitudes,
terminated in securing the establishment of the Protestant religion and the
independence of the Germanic states, is here related by Schiller, whose name
is scarcely second to Goéthe’s in the modern continental literature.

_ “© We are really grateful to Mr. Constable for having introduced this excellent history
into his ‘ Miscellany.’ It bears Leite fal the stamp of genius; it is distinguished in
every part by deep research, order, and perspicuity; by an enlightened humanity, sound
policy, a noble and manly philosophy, an ardent admiration of iberty, and, above all, by
. uncompromising love of truth, rarely met with in an historian.”—London Weekly

eview.

“* Of the present translation, we have to say, that it is like every thing of the kind
which has issued from Mr. Moir’s hands—the most perfect specimen of correct and spi-
rited transmutation,”—Scots Times.

8 CONSTABLE’S MISCELLANY.

XX. XXI.
An HISTORICAL VIEW

of the Manners, Customs, Dresses, Arts, Literature, &c. of Great
Britain, from the time of the Saxons down to the 18th Century.

By RicuHarp Tuomson, Esq.
Author of *‘ Chronicles of London Bridge,” &c.

This is a proper supplement to the history of England, and enables the his-
torical student to understand the causes and course of many events, which,
from the change of customs and feelings, might otherwise appear absurd or
even incredible.

XXII.

The GENERAL REGISTER of POLITICS, SCIENCE, and
LITERATURE, for 1827.

An authentic memoir of Canning, and a judicious account of the establish-
ment of the independence of the South American republics, give to this
volume a more permanent interest than its title appears to claim.

XXIII.
LIFE of BURNS.
By J. G. Locxuart, L.L.B.

The editor of the Quarterly has never written anything more creditable to
his head and to his heart than the life of Burns.

“ We have read with unmixed delight his Life of Burns.——An original work of great
power and beauty.”—London Weekly Review.

** Among the men of power who have written worthily of our great national poet, Mr.
Lockhart will now be numbered, and his Life of Burns will occupy a high place in our
biographical literature, The whole of this Life of Burns is honourable alike to the bio-
grapher’s head and heart."—Blackwood’s Magazine.

“ He uniformly treats Burns as the high and remarkable man the public voice has long
pronounced him to be. The book gives more insight into the true character of Burns than
any prior biography.”—Edinburgh Review.

XXIV. XXY.

LIFE of MARY QUEEN of SCOTS.
By Henry GuassrorD BELL, Esq.

Few biographies are more interesting than that of the unfortunate Mary
Stuart—none has given rise to more lengthened and more angry controversy.
In these two volumes the principal events of her hapless life are detailed with
great clearness, and the evidence for and against her stated very impartially.

** What we have read of it we have read with more than common delight."—London
Weekly Review,

‘* The work is animated and eloquent; and we may add, that it bears marks of care
and research. The narrative is ample and satisfactory, and the accuracy of every im-
portant fact is vouched by reference to authorities."—Edinburgh Weekly Journal.

“* As a biographical work, it is the highest praise to say, that it is not unworthy of the
subject.”—Caledonian Mercwry.

|

—_—

CONSTABLE’S MISCELLANY. 9

XXVI.
EVIDENCES of CHRISTIANITY.
By the Venerable Archdeacon WRANGHAM.

In this volume the truth of Christianity is proved by seven successive and
‘independent series of arguments; each separately is a perfect demonstration,
but the effect of the whole united is irresistible.

We hail this well-timed publication with great pleasure. This is the true ‘ book’ (of
human origin) ‘ of the Christian Church.’”—London Weekly Review,

XXVII. XXVIII.
MEMORIALS of the LATE WAR,

viz.—I. Journal of a Soldier of the 71st Regiment.—II. The
Spanish Campaign of 1808. By Apam Neate, M.D. F.L.S.—
III. Despatch after the Battle of Corunna. By Lieut.-Gen. Sir
Joun Hore.—IV. Reminiscences of a Campaign in the Pyrenees
and South of France. By Joun Matcouim, Esq.—V. Memoirs
of the War of the French in Spain. By M. de Rocca.—VI.
Narratives of the Battles of Quatre-Bras, Ligny, and Waterloo.—
VII. Death of Napoleon Bonaparte.

The history of the late war was 4 subject too interesting and important to
be omitted in the Miscellany: these volumes contain the narratives of those
eye-witnesses who had the best capacity and opportunity for observation, and
Boe were least likely to have their judgments warped by partiality or preju-

ce.

‘* Well selected, and, where original, extremely interesting.”—Literary Gazette.

** These records of British courage and constancy will sometimes soothe under disaster,
by bringing to remembrance the greater sufferings of others; and they will produce many
a patriotic throb, when the British soldier, as he reads these pages, thinks of his country,

and looks upon her banner, and hears of her glory, in all ends of the earth.”— Caledonian
ereury.

XXIX. XXX.

A TOUR in GERMANY,
and some of the Southern Provinces of the Austrian Empire,
in 1820, 21, 22.

By Joun Russet, Esq.

The influence of German literature on the English mind is daily becoming
stronger, and it is therefore useful to have the means of determining what
result that influence will have, by seeing an account of the effects it has pro-
duced in its native land.

*¢ We must say, that we do not recollect to have met with a more reasonable Nighi

or, indeed, with many authors of any description, who have more successfully unit
amusement with solid information, or entered on so great a variety of subjects, with so

little hazard of being represented as either tedious or superficial."—Edinburgh Review.

“* Universally acknowledged to be the best of the multifarious works descriptive of that
country that has recently appeared.”—Edinburgh Observer,

10 CONSTABLE’S MISCELLANY.

XXXI. XXXII.

HISTORY of the REBELLIONS in SCOTLAND
under Montrose and others, from 1638 to 1660.

By Rosert Cuamsers, Author of “The Rebellion in 1745,” &c.

These volumes contain several striking illustrations of the most powerful
scenes described in the Waverley novels.

“ Mr. Chambers has studded his pages with numerous anecdotes, traits of character,
and local incidents, which excite the attention, and transpose the reader to the scenes he
represents. We identify ourselves with the period, and imagine we see before us the
peaked hats, black cloaks, the stern faces, and ferocious hearts, of that most religious era
of history."—New Monthly Magazine. -

“« They are, in fact, living pictures of the men and events they represent, and place
both before us with all the force and truth of ocular demonstration.”—Scots Times.

“* Amply do these pages repay the perusal. We most cordially recommend, not only
these volumes, but the whole Miscellany, of which they form an interesting part. Prettily

got up, neatly printed, and very moderate in price, we know of no literary collection
more worthy of public patronage.”—Literary Gazette.

XXXIII. XXXIV. XXXY.
HISTORY of the PRINCIPAL REVOLUTIONS in EUROPE,

from the Subversion of the Roman Empire in the West, till the
Abdication of Bonaparte.

From the French of C. W. Kocu, by ANDREW CricHuToN..

Koch’s Revolutions are in fact the grammar of modern history, and as such
deserve to be studied most diligently. The three volumes contain a distinct
and accurate outline of all the great changes that have occurred in Europe
since the Roman empire was broken up, details the causes that have produced
the rise and fall of its various dynasties, and shows to what concatenation
of events its present political condition must be ascribed.

“« This is a valuable and an interesting work, every page of which teems with import-

ant knowledge.”"—Edinburgh Literary Journal. ,
“* This work, to the student in history, is an invaluable treasure.”—Carlisle Journal,

XXXVI. XXXVII.

NARRATIVE of a PEDESTRIAN JOURNEY THROUGH
RUSSIA and SIBERIAN TARTARY.

By Captain Joun Dunpas Cocurans, R.N.

A pedestrian tour by a captain in the royal navy is such a strange anomaly,
that the volumes cannot fail to be amusing, but they possess much higher
merits, for they afford us valuable information respecting the remote pro-
vinces of Russia, which cannot be obtained from any other source.

“* These are oi volumes, The author does every thing, and says every eons in

h as litt c

— a frank manner, that he wins our liking even when he le to tell us.”—Scots
imes,

CONSTABLE’S MISCELLANY. 11

XXXVIII.

A PERSONAL NARRATIVE of a TOUR THROUGH
' NORWAY, SWEDEN, and DENMARK.

By Derwent Conway, Author of “ Spain in 1830,” &.

This volume contains an animated description of the magnificent scenery
of Norway, and many interesting particulars respecting the present inhabit-
ants of that country, which produced the heroic sea-kings, the conquerors of
England, of France, and of Sicily.

“ A more amusing volume has not, for some time, attracted our notice, Altogether this
little volume is well worthy of its place in the excellent collection to which it belongs.”
— Literary Gazette.

XXXIX.

HISTORY of SCULPTURE, PAINTING, and.
ARCHITECTURE.

By J. S. Memes, L.L.D. Author of *‘ The Life of Canova,” &c.

The histories of the plastic art are, for the most part, too technical for un-
professional readers, and too expensive for ordinary purchasers. In this
volume will be found an account of the progress of these arts, sufficiently po-
pular for general purposes, and at the same time so accurate, as not to be
beneath the notice of men of science.

“ This work is entitled to a high rank among the elegant literature of the day.”—Edin-
burgh Literary Journal.
“ Of the work itself, suffice it to say, that we deem it one of the most useful of the many

_ useful volumes of that well-selected library of instruction and amusement.”—Scots Times.

XL. XLI.°

HISTORY of the OTTOMAN EMPIRE,
from its establishment in 1326 to 1828.

By E. Urnam, Esq. Author of ‘‘ The History of Budhism,” &c.

The fortunes of the Turkish empire, in its rise, progress, and decay, present

_ phenomena unparalleled in the annals of nations. This is the only English

work that contains the modern history of the Turkish people, and indeed all
the former histories were very expensive, and are now so rare as not to be
acquired without difficulty.

“* Mr. Upham’s history of this remarkable people is composed with much candour and
impartiality ; and contains a great deal of information not to be met with in any other
English book with which we are acquainted.”—Edinburgh Literary Journal.

XLIIe

The REBELLIONS in SCOTLAND, under DUNDEE and
MAR, in 1689 and 1715.

By R.Cuamsers, Author of “ The Rebellion in Scotland in 1745.”

“ This little volume contains a far more distinct and satisfactory view of these two

. remarkable pasegrs in Scottish history than is any where else to be found,”—Edinburgh

Weekly Journa

12 CONSTABLE’S MISCELLANY.

XLIII. XLIV.

HISTORY of REMARKABLE CONSPIRACIES
connected with European History.

By J. P. Lawson, M.A.

In these volumes are contained accounts of the assassinations of James I.
and James III. of Scotland; the history of Fresco’s conspiracy against Genoa;
the history of the death of Don Carlos, which has afforded such a powerful
theme to our best modern dramatists; the Gowrie conspiracy and the raid of
Ruthven; the plot against Venice, the subject of Otway’s great tragedy; the
history of Massaniello; and an impartial account of the Gunpowder and Meal-
tub plots in England.

XLy.
NATURAL HISTORY of SELBORNE.
By the late Rev. Gilbert White, M.A.

With Additions, by Sir W. J ARDINE, Bart. Author of
“ Tllustrations of Ornithology,” &c.

Few works have enjoyed a more enviable or merited popularity than the
Natural History of Selborne; the observations of a naturalist, enthusiastically
devoted to the contemplation of the works of creation, written as they were
suggested by the phenomena, with all the accuracy, but without the parade of
science, constitute a volume whose peculiar interest can scarcely be paralleled.
The labours of the editor have added many curious facts in animal economy,
derived from the researches of modern naturalists.

** A work which men of science, as well as general readers, agree in considering one of
the most delightful books ever written.”—New Monthly Magazine. __

‘* The most fascinating piece of rural writing, and sound English philosophy, that ever
issued from the press,.”—Athenceum.

XLVI.

An AUTUMN in ITALY; being a TOUR in the AUSTRIAN,
TUSCAN, ROMAN, and SARDINIAN STATES, in 1827,

By J. D. Srncuarr, Esq.

The condition of modern Italy is hourly becoming a matter of greater im-
portance to Europe, on account of the consequences with which it is pregnant.
This volume is, at the same time, a guide to the traveller and the politician;
the former will find it a useful director, the latter will see described in it those
elements of future strife which soon threaten to be fatally developed.

“* It contains an incredible quantity of information, on a great variety of important
subjects, Ifthe object of the reader be useful and accurate knowledge, he is sure to find
it in the volume now before us.”—Scots Times.

“* Mr. Sinclair’s manner of communicating the substance of notes takenonatour through
some of the pleasantest regions of Europe, is spate ps and unaffected. People going
to Italy, or Austria, should throw the book into a corner of their portmanteau; it will not
coonpy — than a few inches, which, in our opinion, can scarcely be better employed.”
- tlas.

lS Taig Ne

CONSTABLE’S MISCELLANY. 13

XLVII. XLVIII.
The HISTORY of OLIVER CROMWELL,

comprising the History of the Commonwealth, from the year
1642 to the Restoration of Charles II. in 1660.

By M. RusseEtt, L.L.D.

On the interesting period of history embraced by these volumes, many
valuable works have been published, but they are, for the most part, so dis-
figured by the virulence of party, that they are unsafe guides for the histori-
cal student. This work not only contains the biography of the Protector, but
also a full account of the times in which he lived, the parties by which he was
supported, and those with which he had to contend, the public policy of the
period, and the private influence by which that policy was controlled.

“ We rejoice, therefore, that the biography of that remarkable man has fallen into the
hands of a writer who brings to his task so much diligence, research, moderation,
feeling, and good sense, as Dr. Russell has manifested in the volumes before us,”—British

ritic.

“* We have not met with any work which does more ample justice to the subject, or
conveys more instruction to the reader.”—TZ%mes,

XLIX.
LIFE of HERNAN CORTES;
including the History of the Conquest of Mexico.
By Don TELEsForo DE TRUEBA.

The interest that always attaches to the story of a life, is in this volume
united to the importance of the greatest event that modern history records;
an event that at once changed the entire face of Europe, and whose influence,
even on private life, was scarcely of less magnitude than its effect on public
policy.

“ A very succinct and interesting narrative of very extraordinary events.”—Lit. Gaz.

“* The narrative is most animated and graphic, and for breathless interest is equal to
any romance whatever.”—Edinburgh Weekly Journal.

He has told the tale of Cortes with a good deal of spirit. It cannot, be read without a
lively interest."—The Athenceum.

L- LI.

HISTORY of CHIVALRY and the CRUSADES.
By the Rev. Henry Stespsine, M.A.

These two volumes contain more information than can be found in any
English work on these very interesting subjects.

“ One of the best of the series in Constable’s Miscellany. Style clear, sentiments and
eed just, descriptions picturesque, and the stream of narrative strong and flowing.

rt. Stebbing is a rising writer.”"—Blackwood's Magazine.

“ It shows a cultivated mind, judicious reflection, much care in the execution, and is,

together, one that merits a cordial recommendation.”—London Literary Gazette.

“* A work replete with that most attractive kind of interest which springs from a mix-
ture of the bad ideal of romantic incident and feeling, with the absolutes of history.”—
Court Journal.

14 CONSTABLE’S MISCELLANY.

LII.

THE HISTORY OF MUSIC.
By W. C. Starrorp.

The treatises on the history of Music, like those on the plastic arts, were so |
expensive and technical, that the proprietors of Constable’s Miscellany deemed
that it would be no unacceptable service to procure a work on such a delight-
ful subject, whose price should be within the reach, and whose matter within
the comprehension of all classes.

“‘ The present little volume embodies much information touching the origin, composi-
tion, and performers, from the earliest period till the present day.”—Literary Gazette.

“ We are thankful to Mr. Stafiord for the coup d’oeil of the science which he has thus
presented, for the information which he has so industriously collected. We cordially
recommend this little volume to the notice of the general reader.”—La Belle Assemblée.

LIII. LIV.
LIFE of SIR WILLIAM WALLACE of ELDERSLIE,
with the History of his Struggle for the Independence of Scotland.

By Joun D. Carrick, Esq.

The name of Wallace is too deeply engraven on the hearts of all who lore
their country, no matter to what nation or clime they belong, for us to doubt
that any person can read these volumes without feeling himself elevated by
the consciousness that he belongs to the same species as the hero,

“* The best history with which we are acquainted of those important events, which,
ander the auspices of that hero and patriot, led to the re-establishment of Scottish inde-
pendence,”—Edinburgh Literary Journal.

“* We conscientiously think that the ability and research he has displayed in illns-
trating this important period in Scottish ‘history entitle the author to the gratitude of -

is country.”—Inverness Courier,
LV. LVI.
LIFE of KING JAMES the FIRST.
By Rospert CHAMBERS.

These volumes, besides being of great importance to all students of English
history, possess no small interest for the lovers of romance, since they con-
tain the principal legends on which Scott has founded his tale, The Fortunes
of Nigel. t

“* Fall of curious details, and amusing anecdotes, forming two most entertaining vo-
lumes.”—Literary Gazette.

“« In every respect a clever work, strictly impartial, and well digested.”—Sun,

LVII. LVIII. LIX.
“=~ MEMOIRS of NAPOLEON BONAPARTE,
from the French of Bourrienng, Private Secretary
to the Emperor.
By Joun 8S, Memes, LL.D.

Bourrienne was the playmate of Napoleon in early life, his companion
through his first campaigns, and his private secretary after he had reached
the summit of power. He has made the best use of his opportunities, and
has revealed to us more of Napoleon’s real character as a man, than any of
the countless writers that have attempted his biography.

“* We know from the best political authority now living in England, that the writer's
accounts are perfectly corroborated by facts,"—Literary Gazeite,

i

i ee ee al

CONSTABLE’S MISCELLANY. 15

LX. LXI.

HISTORY of the WAR of INDEPENDENCE in GREECE.

. By Tuomas KEicut ey, Esq.

' This is the best and almost the only complete account of the Greek war of
independence, and its details furnish us with better descriptions of the mo-
dern Greek character than any other English work can supply.

‘© No one can read, without emotion, this plain and unyarnished narrative of dauntless

valour, deyoted heroism, and nnwearied perseverance in the cause of liberty, which
would not have been unworthy of the best days of ancient Greece. The style is concise,

perspicuous, and unpretending.”—Derbyshire Courier.

LXII.
HISTORY of the CONQUEST of PERU by the SPANIARDS.

By Don TELEsFORO DE TRUEBA Y CosiIo,

The establishment of the independence of the South American republics
was attended by circumstances little understood in Europe, from the ignorance
that prevailed respecting the ancient history of the Spanish colonies. This
volume contains very valuable information on the subject, andis, besides, more
than ordinarily interesting from the pictures it contains of chivalrous enter-
prize, mixed with mercenary speculation, in the character and conduct of the
Spanish captains.

** The material has been collected with much industry, and arranged with great spi-
rit.’—Literary Gazette,

LXIII. LXIV.
The ACHIEVEMENTS of the KNIGHTS of MALTA,

from the Institution of the Hospitallers of St. John, in 1099, till
the Political Extinction of the Order, by Napoleon, in 1800.
By ALEXANDER SUTHERLAND, Esq.

The History of the gallant community of the Knights of Malta is the most
extraordinary union of romantic incident with historic truth that can be ima-
gined. There never was a narrative, each page of which was crowded with
such strange and important events, and each sentence more replete with ex-
citing interest, than that contained in these volumes.

“* Most admirably has Mr. Sutherland sketched their chivalrous and romantic deeds.”—
Atheneum.
: LXV.

JOURNAL of a RESIDENCE in NORMANDY.
By J. A. St. Joun, Esq,

This volume contains some very delightful descriptions of rustic manners
in a part of France rarely visited by tourists, and is replete with valuable in-

_ struction for those whom circumstances or inclination may lead to seek either

a permanent or temporary abode among our Gallic neighbours,

Tt is full of sound and healthy remark, new or hitherto unappropriated facts, and,
strange to say, light yet learned annotation and research. Its perusal is like reading a

letter from relatives settled in another clime.”—Scots Times.

16 CONSTABLE’S MISCELLANY.

LXVI. LXVII.

A JOURNEY through the NORTHERN PROVINCES of
FRANCE, the PYRENEES, and SWITZERLAND.

By DERWENT Conway.

The countries described in these volumes are rarely visited by ordinary
’ tourists, and they are pourtrayed with all that graphic energy which so pecu-
liarly distinguishes the author’s writings.

LXVIII. LXIX. LXX. LXXI. -
AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGY of ALEXANDER WILSON
and C. LUCIAN BUONAPARTE,
with Notes and Additions, by Proressor JAMESON.
Of this, the most interesting work on Natural History that ever has been

published, it is only necessary to say, that the editor has made this edition as
accurate in science as it is delightful in description.

LXXIi.
MEMOIRS of the EMPRESS JOSEPHINE.

By J. S. Memes, Esq. LL.D.

This life of the faithful but hapless wife of Napoleon, is a very suitable
companion to Bourrienne’s Memoirs.

LXXIIIl. LXXIV.
The HISTORY of the CIVIL WARS of IRELAND.
By W. C. Taytor, M.A.

These volumes relate the calamitous history of the wars with which Ireland
has been so long and so frequently devastated, and point out the effect they
have produced on the present condition of that country. With what success
the author has treated his subject may be seen by the following extracts
from periodicals of every shade of political opinion.

“ From the excellent style, and very careful and impartial manner in which these
volumes are executed, they form one of the best works of that long series of publications
to which Constable’s Miscellany has now extended. A good lvistory of the civil wars ot
Ireland was a desideratum in our literature.”—Monthly Review.

** We can recommend this as the best compendium of Anglo-Irish history that has
eens It is dispassionate, but not dull; concise, but not obscure.”—New Monthly

az

‘Wwe would not desire to enquire into the case of Ireland under better auspices than
are supplied in the pages before us.’—Dublin Morning Register.
LXXV. LXXVI.
The BOOK of BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS, and SPHINXES;
containing, in addition to Descriptive Letter-press, 120 Engray-
ings, coloured from Nature.

By Captain Tuomas Brown, F.R.S. F.L.S. M.W.S. &c.

«

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_ CONSTABLE 'S MISCELLANY
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VOL. LXXY.

| THE BOOK OF BUTTERFLIES, VOL.I.

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. LONDON:

PRIS TED FOR WHITTAKER TREACHER & Ce
4 AND WAUGH & INNES. EDINBURGH.
1832.

THE

BOOK OF BUTTERFLIES,

SPHINXES AND MOTHS;

ILLUSTRATED BY

NINETY-SIX ENGRAVINGS,

COLOURED AFTER NATURE,

PRESIDENT or THE ROYAL PHYSICAL SOCIETY.

IN TWO VOLUMES.

WHITTAKER, TREACHER, AND CO.; AND
WAUGH & INNES, EDINBURGH.

1832./;

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MRS COLONEL OGILVY OF CLOVA,

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ARE DEDICATED AS A MARK OF RESPECT,
BY HER

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THOS. BROWN.

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CONTENTS.
PREFA CE,
INTRODUCTION,

- On the Physiology of the Eeps of Pajinideldbis

Insects,

. Of the Larva, or Caterpillar faa :
- Of the Pupa, or Chrysalis State,
- Of the Senses of Lepidopterous Insects,

Of Touch,

Of Taste,

Of Smell,

Of Hearing,

Of Vision, . é
Pairing of Lepidopterous Insects, .

- Associations and Migrations of Sepilepiahia

Insects, . e

- Indirect Injuries to Mankind from Soni
- Means of Defence of Butterflies,

- Of Malformations of Butterflies,

. Classification of Lepidopterous Insects,

Vili CONTENTS.

Page
Genus Paprzio, of Linneus, : 4 114
The Peacock Butterfly, : : - 156
The Nettle Tortoise-shell Butterfly, . é 127
The Oriental Emperor, ‘ : - 180
The Hector Trojan, ° ; ; 131
The Amphrysius Butterfly, : : - 182
The Cramerian Butterfly, . ' . : 133
The Galanthus Butterfly, : : - 134
The Amphinome Butterfly, : : 135
The Atys Butterfly, . . . » TS
The Marsyas Butterfly, : : 137
The Imperial Trojan, , : - 138
The Aineas Butterfly, : ‘ . 140
The Anchises Butterfly, : ; - 414)
The Andromachus Butterfly, é : 143 ©
The Orange-tip Butterfly, . ; - 144
The Adonis Butterfly, ; : ; 146
The Great Copper Butterfly, ; : - 147
The Clouded Yellow Butterfly, $ 148
The Silver Blue Butterfly, ‘ » 160
The Emperor of the Woods, : : 152
The Plantain Fritillary, ; ’ - 155
The Archippus Butterfly, . z. ; 156
The Peranthus Butterfly, ‘ ‘ ..* 3
The Swallow-tail Butterfly, , : 158
The Camberwell Beauty, : ‘ - 160

The Brimstone Butterfly,

———

s pT ——— — _— -),
f

CONTENTS.

The Mazarine-Blue Butterfly,

The Bolina Butterfly,

The Brown Hair-Streak Butterfly,
The Cassia Butterfly,

The Deiphobus Butterfly,

The Chalk-hill Blue Butterfly,
The Phorcas Butterfly,

The Marbled Butterfly,

The Purple Hair-Streak Butterfly,
The Black and Gold Butterfly,
The Cerulean Butterfly,

The Apollo Butterfly,

The Forked Butterfly,

The Large White Cabbage Butterfly,
The Apaturina Butterfly,

The Silver Stripe Butterfly,

The Andromache Butterfly,

The Nicippe Butterfly, -

The Radiated Butterfly,

The Small Copper Butterfly,

The Statirian Butterfly, .
The Licarsis Butterfly,

The Helenus Butterfly,

The Phlegia Butterfly,

The Helius Butterfly, °
The Amalthea Butterfly,

The Eutrepe Butterfly,

204
205

x CONTENTS.

The Lyncellus Butterfly,
The Charlotte Butterfly,
The Ludovica Butterfly,
The Belise Butterfiy,
The Cleona Butterfly,
The Ricini Butterfly,

PREFACE.

Tue intention of the following little work is to
give a popular view of the habits and economy
of the most elegant of the Linnean orders of
Insects, and, from the attractive beauty of the
objects, to excite in the reader some inquiry
into their history, which, although by no means
so striking as that of many other departments
of Entomology, is nevertheless sufficiently won-
derful to deserve our admiration.

There are but few individuals who have not
been struck with the resplendent and gorgeous
colours of some of the Butterfly tribe: and
where is the human being who can behold even
the most simple and unadorned of the species,

y (the common Cabbage Butterfly, ) without asso-
ciating with it “the scenes of his childhood, so

VOL. T. B

xii PREFACE.

dear to the heart,” when chasing the wayward
roamer from field to field? Who can meet
with the pupa of one of these animals, without
feeling anxious to become acquainted with the
extraordinary process by which so singular a
production is transformed into an animal of
such beauty ?

There are few who have not, at one period
of their lives, suffered in some way from the
consuming powers of the caterpillars of various
tiny Moths, who find ways of insinuating
themselves into the inmost recesses of the most
sacred repositories, and, if undisturbed, quickly
destroy the finest cloths and most valuable furs.
The means by which they effect this, forms not
the least interesting part of their history.

Part of our inquiry will embrace the instincts
and economy of an animal which has, for nearly
two thousand years, contributed to our comfort,
the elegance of our attire, and our commercial
and mercantile prosperity, namely, the Silk-
worm Moth. Of the millions who wear, in one
form or another, the beautiful and durable
fabrics manufactured from the cocoon of this

little creature, how few, comparatively, know

PREFACE. xill

any thing of the habits of the animal by which
it is produced! On this division of the subject
I have been pretty full, shewing the extent and
importance of the manufacture to Great Britain,
as well as to many continental states. If I have
descended to too statistical a detail, I trust the
importance of the subject will make amends for
what naturalists might consider as a fault.

In the selection of illustrations, I have in
some instances been guided more by the singu-
larity of the shape and markings of the insect, .
than by the beauty and variety of the colours.
It is not pretended that the figures are by any
means entitled to consideration as works of art,
but, such as they are, it is presumed that a
work, requiring the same labour, and executed
in a similar style, has not before been offered to
the public at so cheap a rate. Another edition
can never appear at the same price, nor would
the present, had not the publishers pledged
themselves to their numerous subscribers.

I have chosen the Linnean arrangement in
preference to that of Latreille, or other cele-
brated modern authors: not that I think it

-more perfect, but because it will be more easily

XIV PREFACE.

understood by the general reader, for whose use
the book is chiefly intended. Ihave, at the same
time, as much as possible, stript the descriptions
of such terms as can be understood only by
the technical entomologist.

When the reader. has perused this book,
which embraces so trifling a department of
Entomology, I hope that he may be induced to
dip deeper into a science which, although it has
been much neglected, abounds nevertheless in
wonderful and diversified manifestations of
creative wisdom. It contains, besides, objects
of equal beauty to any other department of
Natural History, possessed of forms which, if
not so grand as that of the noblest of animated
beings, are certainly more remarkable for
the singularity of their conformation, and the
striking peculiarity of their habits.

Entomology is, of all branches of natural
science, the most comprehensive. There appears
to be no limits to it; and I am convinced, that _
of the minuter species we do not know a fiftieth
part. Microscopic investigation has shewn,
that, so far as the power of a lens could lead us,
the most minute insect we have yet discovered.

PREFACE. XV

is liable to be inhabited by a parasite infinitely
more minute than itself. The mind of man, in
the contemplation of phenomena so astonishing,
is lost in wonder.

Although Entomology met with some atten-
tion from the earliest natural historians, yet
it has, till very lately, been much neglected,
from the circumstance of its being considered a
trifling and childish pursuit. We are told by
Harris, in his description of the Plantain, or
Glanville, Fritillary, (Plate 22. of this work, )
that “ This Fly took its name from the ingenious
Lady Glanville, whose memory had _ nearly
suffered for her curiosity. Some relations that
were disappointed by her Will, attempted to set
it aside by acts of lunacy ; for they suggested,
that none but those who were deprived of their
senses would go in pursuit of Butterflies. Her
relations and legatees cited Sir Hans Sloane
and Mr Rae to support her character. The
last gentleman went to Exeter, and on the trial
satisfied. the judge and: jury of the lady’s
laudable inquiry into the wonderful works of
Creation, and established her Will.” *

* Harris's Aurelian, p. 27.

XVi PREFACE.

The accomplished and amiable Sir Joseph
Banks, it will be remembered, came under thé
satirical lash of Dr Walcot’s pen for a similar
reason. But, notwithstanding, he has left behind
him an imperishable name.

Another cause why this inexhaustible and
interesting study till lately made so little
progress in Britain, was the want of elementary
books. But this is now completely obviated,
first, by the delightful and amusing Jnéroduction
to Entomology, by Messrs Kirby and Spence,
in four volumes, the first of which appeared in
1815; and, subsequently, by the more technical -
introduction of Mr Samouelle; and, still more
recently, by the popular productions of Professor
Rennie, entitled Jnsect Transformations, Insect
Architecture, and Insect Miscellanies.

The pursuit of nature carries along with it
many charms, and there is no division of the
subject beneath the attention of man. “ Even
in favour of the mere butterfly hunter, he who has
no higher aim than that of collecting a picture
of Lepidoptera, and is attached to insects solely
by their beauty or singularity, it would not be
difficult to say much. Can it be necessary to

PREFACE. xvii

declaim on the superiority of a people, amongst
whom intellectual pleasures, however trifling, are
preferred to mere animal gratifications? Is ita
thing to be lamented, that some of the Spitalfield
weavers occupy their leisure hours in searching
for Papilio Adonis, and others of the more
splendid Lepidoptera, instead of spending them
in playing at skittles, or in an alehouse. Or is
there, in truth, any thing more to be wished
than that the cutlers of Sheffield were accus-
tomed to employ their Saint Mondays, and to
recreate themselves after a hard day’s work, by
breathing the pure air of their surrounding hills,
while in search of this ‘ untaxed and undisputed
game.’ ” *

Crabbe, in his poem of The Borough, beauti-
fully illustrates the pleasure to be derived from
pursuits of this kind :—

Oft have I smiled the happy pride to see
Of humble tradesmen in their evening glee,
When of some pleasing fancied good possest,

Each grew alert, was busy, and was blest ;

* Kirsy and Srence’s Introduction to Entomology,
vol. i. p. 43,

XVili PREFACE.

Whether the call-bird yield the hour’s delight,
Or, magnified in microscope, the mite,
Or whether tumblers, croppers, carriers, seize

The gentle mind, they rule it, and they please.

There is my friend the weaver, —strong desires

Reign in his breast; ’tis beauty he admires :

See! to the shady grove he wings his way,

And feels in hope the rapture of the day ;

Eager he looks, and soon to glad his eyes,

From the sweet bower by Nature form’d arise

Bright troops of virgin moths, and fresh-born butterflies,
Who brake that morning from their half-year’s sleep,
To fly o’er flowers, where they were wont to creep.

Above the sovereign oak, a sovereign skims,
The Purple Emp’ror, strong in wing and limbs ;
There fair Camilla takes her flight serene,
Adonis blue, and Paphia, silver queen ;
With every filmy fly, from mead to bower,
And hungry Sphinx, who threads the honey’d flower ;
She o’er the Larkspur’s bed, where sweets abound,
Views ev'ry bell, and hums the approving sound ;
Poised on her easy plumes, with feeling nice,
She draws from every flower, nor tries a floret twice.
He fears no bailiff’s wrath, no baron’s blame,

His is untax’d and undisputed game. *

* Page 110.

PREFACE. X1x

We hope the time is now gone by when a
defence of any department of natural history is
necessary. Should any one ask what is the use
of the pursuit, we would answer, first, that in
/a contemplation of the many wonders which
present themselves, even in the study of
Butterflies, Sphinges, and Moths, there will
be found much to excite our admiration, and
sufficient to shew us that a knowledge of their
history-enables us to guard against the ravages of
some of the destructive species. It also enables
us to turn the produce of others to highly useful
purposes, and even to give employment to tens
of thousands of our fellow men. But a consi-
deration, of a still higher kind than its palpable
utility, recommends the study of Nature to
mankind: it is an inexhaustible source of rational
and innocent amusement, and a delightful
exercise of our reasoning faculties. In surveying
the wondrous works of Creation, even in the
simplest of forms, we are naturally led to admit
the truth of the maxim, that “ the contemplation
of Nature raises the mind up to Nature’s God.”
There can hardly remain a doubt, that all His

ex. PREFACE:

works were designed to afford His rational
creatures useful and pleasing instruction.. The
wisest of men says, “ Go to the ant, thou
sluggard, and be wise.”* The inspired Jeremiah
says, in reference to the knowledge of the stork
and swallow, that they are aware of their
“ appointed times,” and “ the times of their.
coming.”+ Our Saviour directs the attention of
man to the fowls of the air, and the lilies of the
field, as affording good moral lessons. St
Paul, in his refutation of the gainsayers in their
philosophical unbelief, impugns their false doc-
trines; by an illustration of the possibility of the-
resurrection from the dead, drawn from the
ordinary process of vegetation.{ A closer
analogy will, however, I think, be found in the
transformation of Insects; as is more fully
illustrated in our observations on the Sphinz
Ocellata.

Wherever the student of Nature turns his
eye, he perceives objects which command his

* PRovERBS, Vi. 6. + JEREMIAH, Vill. 7.
¢ CortnTHIAns, xv. 36, &c. § Plate 62.

PREFACE. “xxi
admiration and his wonder; deep reflection on
these leads him to

Find tongues in trees, books in the living brooks,

Sermons in stones, and good in every thing.

“In a moral view,” says an anonymous writer,
“JT shall not, I believe, be contradicted when I
say, that, if one train of thinking be more
desirable than another, it is that which regards
the phenomena of nature with a constant refe-
rence to a supreme intelligent Author. To
have made this the ruling, the habitual sentiment
of our minds, is to have laid the foundation of
every thing which is religious. The world
thenceforth becomes a temple, and life itself one
continued act of adoration. The change is no
less than this; that whereas, formerly, God was
seldom in our thoughts, we can now scarcely
look upon any thing without perceiving its
relation to Him. Every organized natural body,
in the provisions it contains, for its sustentation
and propagation, testifies a care on the part of
the Creator, expressly directed to these pur-
poses. We are on all sides surrounded by such
bodies—examined in their parts, wonderfully

XXil PREFACE.

curious—compared with one another, no less
wonderfully diversified,—so that the mind, as
well as the eye, may either expatiate in variety
and multitude, or fix itself down to the inves-
tigation of particular divisions of the science.
And in either case it will rise up from its
occupation possessed by the subject ina very
different manner, and with a.very different
degree of influence, from what a mere assent
to any verbal proposition which can be formed
concerning the existence of the Deity —at least
that merely complying assent with which those
about us are satisfied, and with which we are
too apt to satisfy ourselves, —will or can produce
upon the thoughts. More especially may this
difference be perceived in the degree of admira-
tion and of awe with which ‘the Divinity is
regarded, when represented to the understand-
ing by its own remarks, its own reflections, and
its own reasonings, compared with what is
excited by any language that can be used by
others.”

INTRODUCTION.

THE wonderful metamorphoses of insects affords a
pleasing subject of contemplation to the human mind;
and what in early ages seems to have been known as
an undoubted fact, especially by the Greeks and
Romans, was held to be merely imaginary in Britain,
so late as the year 1634. Sir Theodore: Mayerne,
who edited Mouffet’s work on insects, entitled Jnsec-
torum sive Animalium Theatrum, says, “that if
animals are transmuted, so may metals.”

These astonishing and diversified transitions in
the insect tribes, so well known to the ancients, gave
a colouring to, and excited a belief in, many of the
metamorphoses recorded by their poets. They were
utterly unacquainted with the truths of modern
physiological discoveries, so that the fact of a cater--
pillar being transformed into a butterfly, must have
appeared to them sufficient to upset all unbelief in the
transmigration of souls. There can be but little doubt
that the principles of metempsychosis originated from

XXIV INTRODUCTION:

this cause. Nothing could appear to them more con-
firmatory of the doctrine, than that an inert aurelia
should be again transformed into a living body. The
only method they had for accounting for this, was,
that it had been tenanted by the soul of some
wretch whose misdeeds on earth had merited such a
pilgrimage. .

In the institutes of Menez, we are told that a priest
who has drunk wine, shall migrate into a moth or fly,
and be doomed to feed on ordure ; and that the man
who steals gold from a priest, shall inhabit a thousand
times the bodies of spiders. If any one steal honey,
he shall be re-born a great stinging gnat. Shake-
speare puts the same idea into the words of old
Christopher Sly, the drunken tinker, in the Indue-
tion to the Taming of the Shrew. “ Am I not old
Sly’s son, by birth a pedlar, by education a card-
maker, by transmutation a bear-herd, and by
profession a tinker.”

The story of the phcenix arising from its own
ashes, is no doubt of similar origin. The tradition
is, that it lives five or six hundred years in the
wilderness, and when thus advanced in age, builds
itself a pile of sweet wood and aromatic gums, and
firing it with the wafting of its wings, thus destroys
itself; while from its ashes arises a worm, which in

time grows up to be again a phoenix.

INTRODUCTION. XXV

In the Annals of Tacitus,* it is stated, that, in
the year 787 of Rome, the pheenix revisited Egypt,
which created much speculation among the learned.
The accounts of the longevity of this creature vary
from five hundred to one thousand five hundred
years. It was considered sacred to the sun.

The ancients made many allusions to the wonderful
changes which the insect tribes undergo, and built
a number of their fictions on them. The mytho-
logical tale of Cupid and Psyche, is an allegory of
the human soul, which is sometimes cherished, and
sometimes tormented by the passions. Psyche, in
Greek uy, signifies the soul, as also a butterfly ;
shewing that the ancients were sufficiently struck
with the transformation of the butterfly,. and its
revival from a seeming temporary death. Cupid is
an emblem of desire.. Psyche is frequently repre-
sented by a butterfly, not merely from the beautiful
appearance of that insect, but on account of its
surviving the chrysalis condition ; and this breaking
from its confinement certainly finely designates man’s
future existence, after he shall rise from the dead.
This fable is perhaps the invention of Apuleius, as no
mention of Psyche, nor any allusion to such amours
of Cupid, occurs in any Greek or Latin writer of an

* Book vi. sect. 28. -

X Xv1 INTRODUCTION.

earlier date. Apuleius calls it an old woman’s story ;
and puts it into the mouth of an old hag in a cave of
robbers, to soothe the grief of a young lady, their
captive.

It is worthy of remark, that the figures of Cupid
and Psyche embracing, are found on many of the
gems called Abraxas, from the name of the Egyptian
deity, whose worship the Gnostics and Basilidians in
Syria and Egypt contrived to blend with miscon-
ceived notions of Christianity. These gems were
used as amulets, or charms, against various maladies
and perils.

The learned senator Philip Buonarotti, attempts to
shew that the fable of Cupid and Psyche is derived
from the solemn mysteries of love, celebrated among
the Thespians, &c. and carefully concealed from the
profanation of the vulgar eye. It is highly probable
that of the many gems in which the God of Love is
variously represented, with or without the butterfly,
a great number are anterior to the time of Apuleius
and allude to sacred ceremonies ; that the butterfly
was displayed in these rites as a symbol of the soul ;
and that the gems which bear the figure of Cupid
chasing, tormenting, caressing, and sporting with a
butterfly, are emblematic of desire acting on the
human soul: but it does not follow that they have
any allusion to a fiction resembling that of Apuleius.

INTRODUCTION. - X¥Xvii

They are probably founded on allegories of more
ancient and more sublime invention.

These days are gone by; the metamorphoses,
now thoroughly known, have been stript of their
tales of marvel.

The transformations of insects, more correctly
speaking, consist rather in a series of developments
than in any absolute metamorphosis; being only a
transition of changes in organs which lay concealed
from human view, the caterpillar being compound in
its nature, with the germs of the imago state hidden
in a succession of cases. The first is the covering of
the pupa, which is concealed within three or four
mantles, the one over the other; these will in succes-
sion enrobe the larva, and, as it enlarges, the parts
become visible, and are alternately thrown off, until
the perfect insect emerges from its confinement.
The celebrated Swammerdam found, by dissection,
the skins of the larva and pupa enveloped in each
other, and also the butterfly with all its organs, but
these in a fluid state. Malpighi discovered within
the chrysalis of a silkworm, that was only a few days
old, the eggs of the future moth: and those of. the
Bombyx dispar were discovered by Reaumur within
the caterpillar, only seven days before its change into
the aurelia state.

_ Although these discoveries disprove all snitapitons

VOL. I. Cc

¥XVIii INTRODUCTION.

intervention, still we are wonderstruck on reflecting
that this simple larva, when first it emerges from the
egg, not thicker than a thread of silk, should contain
its own triple, or in some cases its octuple covering,—
the mask of an aurelia and a butterfly, folded in the
most astonishing manner over each other ; and besides
these, different respiratory and digestive organs;
a nervous system, and muscles of motion peculiar to
each stage of its existence. It is inconccivable how
these successive changes should be effected, through
the agency of the food which it takes into its stomach
during the caterpillar state. - And what is still more
incomprehensible, is, that this stomach, at one time,
is incapable of digesting vegetable food, the nectar of .
flowers being all it can contain. In this perfect
condition, it is deprived of the very organs by which
it could feed on vegetable matter, and is supplied
by a proboscis ‘for sipping the honey. It is no less
remarkable, how, at one period of its existence, it
emits from that stomach a substance for the formation
of silky filaments, which in its imago condition, it is
ineapable of doing.

~ The knowledge of all these facts shut out the strict
analogy which existed, before their discovery, between
the transformation of lepidopterous insects, and the
resurrection of the human body; yet there is a striking
picture of that eventful change. Swammerdam, the

a re

INTRODUCTION. — NXIX

“very person whose discoveries have rendered this
analogy less complete than it had been before his
time imagined, still impressed with the singular tran-
sitions, says, “ this process is formed in so remarkable
a manner in butterflies, that we see therein the resur-
rection painted before our eyes, and exemplified so
as to be examined by our hands.’’ *

The Rev. Mr Kirby makes this interesting allusion
to the subject: “ But although the analogy between
the different states of insects, and those of the body
of man, is only general, yet it is much more complete
with respect to his soul. He first appears in this frail
body —a child of the earth—a crawling worm— his
soul being in a course of training and preparation for
a more perfect and glorious existence. When it has
finished this course, it casts off this vile body, and
goes into a hidden state of being in Hades, where it
rests from its works, and is prepared for its final
consummation. The time for this being arrived, it
comes forth clothed with a glorious body, not like its
former, though germinating from it, for though < it
was sown an animal body, it shall be raised a spiritual
body,’ endowed with augmented powers, faculties
and privileges commensurate to its’ new and happy
state. And here the parallel holds perfectly between

* Hitt’s Swammerdam, vol. i. p. 127, a.

xxx INTRODUCTION.

the insect andthe man. The butterfly, the represen-
tative of the soul, is prepared in the darva for its
future state of glory; and if it be not destroyed by
the ichneumons and other enemies to which it is
exposed, symbolical of the vices that destroy the
spiritual life of the soul, it will come to its state of
repose in the pupa, which is its Hades; and at length,
when it assumes the imago, break forth with new
powers and beauty to its final glory, and the reign of
love. So that, in this view of the subject, well might
the Italian poet exclaim, —

Non v’accorgete voi, che noi siam vermi,

Nati a formar l’angelica farfalla.”*

These ideas are beautifully developed in the fol-
lowing little poem, in which the progress of the
insect is correctly depicted :—

THE BUTTERFLY’S BIRTHDAY.

Tue shades of night were scarcely fled,
The air was mild, the winds were still,

And slow the slanting sunbeams spread
O’er wood and lawn, o’er heath and hill.

* Do you not perceive that we are caterpillars, born to form
the angelic butterfly ?

INTRODUCTION.

From fleecy clouds of pearly hue
Had dropt a short but balmy shower,
That hung like gems of morning dew
On every tree and every flower.

And from the blackbird’s mellow throat
Was pour’d so loud and long a swell,
As echoed with responsive note

From mountain side and shadowy dell.

When, bursting forth to life and light,
The offspring of enraptured May,
The BurreRFty, on pinions bright,

Lanch’d in full splendour on the day.

Unconscious of a mother’s care,

No infant wretchedness she knew;
But as she felt the vernal air,

At once to full perfection grew.

Her slender form, ethereal light,
Her velvet-textured wings enfold ;
With all the rainbow’s colours bright, .
And dropt with spots of burnish’d gold,

Trembling with joy a while she stood,
And felt the sun’s enlivening ray ;

Drank from the skies the vital flood,
And wonder’d at her plumage gay !

And balanced oft her broider’d wings,
Through fields of air prepared to sail ;
Then on her vent’rous journey springs,

And floats along the rising gale.

XXXi

XXXKH INTRODUCTION.

Go, child of pleasure, range the fields,
Taste al} the joys that Spring can give,

Partake what bounteous Summer yields, ~
And live, whilst yet ’tis thine to live.

Go, sip the rose’s fragrant dew,
The lily’s honey’d cup explore,

From flower to flewer the search renew,
And rifle all the woodbine’s store :

And let me trace thy vagrant flight,
Thy moments, too, of short repose,
And mark thee then with fresh delight
Thy golden pinions ope and close.

But, hark ! whilst thus F musing stand,
Pours on the gale an airy note ;
And, breathing from a viewless hand,

Soft silvery tones around me float !

They cease — but still a voice I hear,
A whisper’d voice of hope and joy,
“Thy hour of rest approaching near,
Prepare thee, mortal! thou must die f

“* Yet, start not !—on thy closing eyes
Another day shall still unfold,
A sun of milder radiance rise,

A happier age of joys untold.

** Shall the poor worm that shocks thy sight,
The humblest form in Nature’s train,
Thus rise in new-born lustre bright,
And yet the emblem teach in vain ?

INTRODUCTION. XXXIil

* Ah! where were once her golden eyes,
Her glittering wings of purple pride ?
Conceal’d beneath a rude disguise,

A shapeless mass, to earth allied.

“* Like thee the hapless reptile lived,
Like thee he toil’d, like thee he spun,
Like thine his closing hour arrived,

His labour ceased, his web was done.

«¢ And shalt thou, number’d with the dead,
No happier state of being know ?

And shall no future morrow shed
On thee a beam of brighter glow ?

*¢Is this the bound of power divine
To animate an insect frame ?

Or shall not he who moulded thine —
Wake at his will the vital flame ?

*‘ Go, mortal! in thy reptile state,
Enough to know to thee is given ;
Go, and the joyful truth relate,
Frail child of earth, high heir of heaven !”

It would be difficult to assign a cause, why insects
undergo so many changes before arriving at a state
of maturity. Why is it that they do not, like other
animals, preserve the same general form from infancy
to perfection ?. This is a question which is not easy
to answer, but no doubt the thing was wisely ordered

XXxiv INTRODUCTION.

by the Creative Power. We know, however, that
one very important part is assigned to insects, —that
of destroying the redundancy of decaying animal and
vegetable matter ; and in performing this office, few
agents could be more effectual; for, in the larve
state, they are not only extremely voracious, but,
possessing a stomach nearly the size of their whole
body, and having rapid digestive powers, are capable
of consuming an immense quantity of food. This
period of their existence is by far the longest.
Having allayed their almost insatiable yoracity,
and completed the materials for the development
of those organs which are destined to form their
future corporeal condition, they become an aurelia,
during which state they are quite inert, and without
any cravings of hunger. Thereafter they assume
the imago, or perfect condition, when, in general,
their stomachs are contracted to a tenth of their
former capacity; and they frequently exist without
food at all, or only sip the nectar of flowers. After
this period, the chief aim the animal seems to have
in view, is to propagate its kind, and no other object
ean divert it from its purpose.

The new relations which this singular arrangement
introduces into nature, are not less wonderful than

striking ; for one individual animal combines in itself

INTRODUCTION. XXXV

three animals, in all respects specifically different,
whiose manner of existing, and alimentary nourish-
ment, are diametrically opposite.

Several of the vertebrate animals, such as frogs,
toads, and water newts, undergo metamorphoses in
some respects analogous to those of the insect tribes ;
the first form of these being a tadpole, which is
widely different from that which they afterwards
assume. These reptiles, too, as well as snakes, cast
their skins by an operation somewhat similar to the
larvee of insects. There is nothing, however, in
their metamorphosis at all resembling the pupa, or
chrysalis state in insects. *

All insects pass through four states, — namely, that
of the egg; the larva, or caterpillar; the pupa, or
chrysalis; and the imago, or perfect insect. These
different forms I shall treat in succession. The egg
state will apply to the whole order; but I shall only
enter into a general account of the physiology of
the larve condition, as applied to the three genera,
Butterflies, Sphinges, and Moths, and give a detailed
account, in the first instance, of Butterflies ; reserving
the most singular facts which are connected with the
iistory of Moths, to precede the description of the
animals of that genus.

* See Krrsy and Spence, Intr. v. pl. i. p. 81.

XXXvVi INTRODUCTION.

When we alter the soil of a country by agricul-
tural operations, plants will follow, of their own
accord, the progress of man’s improvement; and
wherever plants are introduced, animals are certain
to find their way thither. It would be difficult to
give a satisfactory account how this takes place.’
Let brassicas be introduced into the most remote
valleys, which were formerly the receptacles for dry
heaths and furze, if they increase to any extent,
caterpillars will certainly be found in them; if
nettles are by any means introduced, the beautiful
butterflies which feed on them are sure to be found
there; and as these again increase, insectivorous birds
will become resident on the spot. In confirmation of
this fact, Mr Loudon says, “ Having made some oak
plantations, though only on a small scale, near my
residence, I have occasionally found therein .Thecla
quercus, (Purple hair-streak Butterfly,) and Militea
euphrosyne, ( Pearl-bordered Fritillary, ) insects which
previously had never been seen within some miles
of the spot. I have seldom planted the Athenian
poplar without finding it taken possession of by Sme-
rinthus populi, (Poplar Hawk Moth,) and Cerura
pinula, (Puss-Moth,) and by other less common
Phalenide. The copious growth of broom in our
plantations induced, for several seasons, the appear-
ance of Phalena spartiata, (the Broom Moth,

INTRODUCTION. XXXVli

Chesias spartiata of Stephens,) a species which I
had not observed before, and which has disappeared
again since the removal of the broom on which the
larva feeds. The Caterpillar of Acherontia Atropos,
(Death’s-head’ Sphinx,) it is well known, feeds on
the potato, the very extensive cultivation of which
vegetable root in the present day, will at once
account for the far more frequent occurrence of
this fine insect of late years than formerly. We
are informed, by an able practical entomologist,
that some of the fir-feeding Lepidoptera, (the French
Sphinx pinastri and Geometra piniaria,) which
formerly occurred in scarcely any other part of this
island, save Scotland or the north of England, have
of late years, since the growth of firs has been more
extensively encouraged, been taken, one or both of
them, in great abundance in the more northern parts.*
The same law, or something analogous to it, holds
good also in the vegetable world. Plants sometimes
spring up, as it were spontaneously, or at least
nobody knows how, as soon as the soil and situation
are rendered suitable to their growth.”

The field of Nature is of vast and ever boundless
extent, and the objects which lie within it are exceed-
ingly numerous and diversified. To the mind,

* See Hawortn’s Lepidoptera Brit. p. 278, 279.

XXXViii INTRODUCTION.

therefore, that has acquired a relish for cultivating a
knowledge of natural objects, it never fails to prove
an’inexhaustible source of amusement.

“The physical sciences have a strong tendency to
arrest the attention of the youthful mind, being
replete with striking phenomena; and, in mature
years, few can pursue the study of Nature without
acquiring an ardent zeal for the extension of their
knowledge. The varied forms which daily present
themselves to the inquiring eye, give the mind a
strong bias for observation and reflection. Hence the
utility of introducing natural history as a preliminary
branch of education; and it would be well if people
of rank and fortune would see the importance of
instilling a love of this science into the infant minds
of their offspring, when they are yet alive to the
influence of early impressions. They might thus be
preserved from those ignoble pursuits which are the
too general concomitants of wealth and rank.

THE

BOOK OF BUTTERFLIES.

CHAPTER I

ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EGGS OF PAPILIONACEOUS
INSECTS, AND THEIR MODE OF HATCHING, &e.

. Bourrterruiss, Sphinges, and Moths, like the whole
known species of insects, are strictly oviparous
animals.

There is an unerring foresight possessed by the
female, that of depositing her eggs in the precise
place where food, suitable to the existence of the
caterpillar after its exclusion, is found. With very
few exceptions the eggs are enveloped in an adhesive
cement, which fixes them to the spot on which they
are deposited. When eggs are extruded singly, this
cement generally envelopes each individual with a
thin coating, as in the case of the Admirable Butter-
fly, ( Vanessa atalanta,) but when they are deposited

40 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EGGS

in groups, the cement is generally spread over the
whole, as in the instance of the White Satin Moth,
(Zeucoma salicis of Stephens.) This glutinous
substance is evidently intended by nature to prevent
the eggs from being carried from the place selected
by the mother insect for their depository. The
Hipparchia hyperanthus, another butterfly, deposits
her eggs at random, on different plants. The
caterpillar of this insect is polyphagous. It has
been observed that all larvz which live in solitude,
proceed from eggs laid singly by the female butterfly,
which is provided with an instrument for the purpose.
De Geer mentions, that these eggs are in some
instances deposited with great rapidity; especially
by the common Moth, called in many places of
England, the Ghost (Hepialis Humuli.) This insect
lays a large number of minute black eggs, resembling
the grains of fine gunpowder. She ejects them so
fast, and with such force, that their extrusion
resembles the shot from a pop-gun.

It is a curious fact that the female insects of those
whose larve spend a solitary life, or those which live
in societies, take the utmost care to deposit their
eggs in a manner corresponding to the state in
which the future caterpillars are destined to exist.

Several species of Moths cover their eggs with a
thick coating of the hair stripped from their own bodies.
This is particularly the case with the Arctia chry-
sorhea, and Hipogymna @ispar. They pluck off
this hair with the pincers, which are at the point of
their ovipositors. A downy-like bed is first formed

OF PAPILIONACEOUS INSECTS. 4]

on the surface of some leaf, upon which they place
in succession layers of eggs, taking care to surround
them with a coating of a similar kind. When they
- have deposited the whole number, they lay a neat
thatched-like roof of hair over the surface.

These little creatures are endowed with a peculiar
instinct, which looks remarkably like intelligence ;
for, the hairs employed in forming the inside of the
nest are placed promiscuously, while those used for
the external covering, are arranged with perfect
regularity, and such skill, that they render the nests
impervious to water; one layer lies over the other,
with such neat precision, that, as Mr Kirby says,
the whole resembles a well-brushed piece of shaggy
cloth, or fur. When the female has finished her
labour, in which she is usually employed about
twenty-four hours, and in some cases forty-eight, her
_ body, which was before thickly beset with hair, is now
rendered quite naked. She has thus denuded herself
for her offspring’s sake, and, having completed the
last task assigned to her by Nature, she finishes her
earthly pilgrimage, and expires.

Creative power has made provision for the fulfil-
ment of all these singular instincts in a wonderful
manner. The little Gipsy Moth does not exist in
its perfect condition more then fourteen days, and
often not more than a week. The male is not furnished
with this down, as it is of no use to him.

__ When the female Gipsy Moth is on the eve of
laying her eggs, she places herself on'the trunk of an
elm or oak, and always with her head downwards.

42 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EGGS |

In this situation she continues to place her eggs one
above the other, in the shape of an inverted cone. Her
first care is to make a small bed of down, into which
she places the egg intended to form its apex; and
the egg being covered with a glutinous substance,
attaches itself to all the fine downy hair, and at the
same time adheres to the tree. In this employment
she continues for many hours, adding to the cone, and
taking rest at intervals; and as frequently does she
protect her eggs by a layer of down. The following
is a representation of the Gipsy Moth, in the act of
laying her eggs, with the shape of the cone when
completed. The cut represents the Moth half the
size of nature.

Professor Rennie mentions having picked up some
specimens of the Gipsy Moth in the Netherlands,
and enclosed them in chip boxes. On opening one

of these some time afterwards, he found that one of -

the moths had deposited her eggs; but, owing to the

OF PAPILIONACEOUS INSECTS. 43

situation not being favourable, they were laid in the
form of a wheel, of which her body was the radius,
as represented in the following figure :

The rim of this wheel was about a quarter of an
inch broad, and regularly sloped like a candle shade,
and had down laid all around it in an imbricated
manner. Another of these captives, although in a
box of the same size as the other, instead of forming
a wheel, laid the eggs in a conical form, like a little
mound. The Professor conceives that this form
might have been assumed in consequence of the
moth, in all probability, having laid part of the eggs
before being captured, as it did not contain above a
sixth of the number which the other deposited. The
same general slope was, however, preserved, and it
was as regularly thatched as the other, as represented
in the following figure :

These eggs produced, when in the possession of Mr
Rennie, in April, 1830, a numerous brood of
caterpillars.

VOL. I. D

44 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EGGS

As these eggs are laid in August, and destined
to endure the storms of winter, the female seems
to have some foresight of this, in forming so compact
and appropriate a covering, constructed on principles
equal to the best devised methods of human ingenuity.
It is the spring of the year before they are hatched,
when the elm comes into leaf.

The whole number of eggs laid by one female is
frequently placed in a single group, and at other times
in several smaller ones; either remote from each
other, on the same plant, or on others which are
contiguous. The parent insect seems to hold in view,
in the latter case, the impropriety of ovipositing more
in one situation than will supply the quantity of
food sufficient to satisfy the wants of the excluded
caterpillars.

There is great diversity in the arrangement of
the eggs after extrusion. Sometimes they are depo-
sited in confused masses; but in general, they are
arranged in the most orderly and even systematic
manner. The common Cabbage Butterfly, with
various other insects, place their eggs upon one end,
ranked close together in perfect order: by this
arrangement the larve, which on hatching emanate
from the upper end, cannot disturb the adjoining
eggs. The eggs of many Papilios are formed so that
they are intended to be placed in this position. For
example, those of the Puss Moth ( Cerura vinula)
have the case of a gummed transparent substance,
while the rest is cinereous and opaque. The Emperor
Moth lays eggs, by which the caterpillar can make

OF PAPILIONACEOUS INSECTS. 45

an easy retreat; these are piled on their side, in the
same manner as bottles of wine in a cellar.

The Lackey Moths deposit their eggs on the twigs
of trees, on which they are arranged with such
extraordinary regularity and neatness, that they
resemble pearls set by the hand of the most skilful
jeweller. Hence the name giyen to them by garde-
ners of “ Bracelets.” They are deposited in close
spiral circles, of from fifteen to seventeen distinct
rows, having their interstices filled up with a tena-
cious brown gum, which secures them against the
winter’s cold, and preserves them from the attacks
of devouring insects. Each of these depositions
consists of two or three hundred pyramidal eggs
with their tops flattened, haying their axes perpen-
dicular to the circumference of the twig to which they
are attached, which will be more easily understood
by the following figure :

It is not very easy to imagine how these little
animals can accomplish this beautiful arrangement,
by means of their tail and feet, in such a manner,
that the hand of man could not perform it with
greater exactness and nicety. The ingenious Reaumur
made many attempts to investigate this operation,
butin vain. He collected numbers of the moth from
the eggs, and supplied the females with appropriate

46 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EGGS

twigs; but they most pertinaciously avoided the
accustomed symmetrical regularity of their kind, and
extruded their eggs at random.*

The following is a representation of the eggs of
some unknown moth, which in some years may be
seen rather plentifully in orchards, deposited in a
manner very similar to that of the Lackey Moth:

In depositing its eggs, the female Vapourer Moth
( Orgyia Antiqua) takes care to avail herself of the
pupa case, which she has recently left. This envelope
is lined with a fine soft silky substance, which forms
a comfortable asylum for the eggs. Swammerdam
says, that “this custom of fastening the eggs to the -
web in a constant method, and by the immutable law
of Nature, is so peculiar to this species of insects, that
I have never observed it in any other kind what-
soever. This female, like a most prudent housewife,
never leaves her habitation, but is always fixing her
eggs to the surface of the web out of which she has
herself crept, thus affording a beautiful instance of
industrious housewifery. ”

The reason why the female of this moth is so
domesticated is, that her wings are so very short that
they are of little use in rendering her buoyant, being

* REAUMOR, i. p: 95,

OF PAPILIONACEOUS INSECTS. 47

of that description which naturalists call rudimentary.
This is also the case with the females of some other
moths. So different are these females from the males,
that they may be taken for animals of distinct genera.
Their bodies are broad and thick, in proportion to
those of the males, and the wings excessively small,
as will be seen by the following figure of the female
Vapourer Moth:

On the other hand, the wings of the male are
extremely large, in proportion to the size of the body,
as. exemplified in the figure beneath :

y Yi ff,
YY I)
Y Y Yy YY

There can be little doubt that the silken web keeps
the eggs in a proper temperature during winter.
These cocoons are besides always under the shelter of

‘some wall or in the hollow ofa tree. Silk is known
to be an excellent non-conductor of electricity, and
therefore must preserve the eggs in an equable
temperature. The following is the appearance

48 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EGGS

presented by the eggs laid in the cocoon from which
the female has issued:

I shall revert to this subject again, when treating
of Moths, and give examples of many peculiarities in
the different species, and of the manner in which they
deposit their eggs.

In reference to the degree of cold which the eggs
of insects can endure, I shall give the ingenious
experiments of John Hunter and Spallanzani on this
interesting subject. Indeed, the heat also which they
are capable of withstanding is not less astonishing.

“Intense cold,” says Spallanzani, “ does not destroy
the eggs of insects. The year 1709 was celebrated
for the intensity of its cold, and its fatal effects on ©
animals and plants. Fahrenheit’s thermometer fell to
1°, ‘Who can believe,’ exclaims Boerhaave, ‘ that
the severity of this winter did not destroy the eggs
of insects, especially those exposed to its influence
in open fields, on the bare earth, or on the exposed
branches of trees! Yet the general warmth of spring
having again tempered the air, these eggs were
hatched, and as numerously as in the mildest winters.’
Since that time, there have been winters still more
severe ; for, in France, as well as in several other
European states, in December, 1788, the thermo-
meter fell considerably beneath that of 1709.

OF PAPILIONACEOUS INSECTS. A9

* I subjected eggs of several insects to a more
severe trial than in the winter of 1709. Among
others were those of the Silk-worm Moth, and the
Elm Butterfly, which I enclosed in a glass vessel,
and buried five hours in a mixture of the ice and
rock salt, when the thermometer fell six degrees
below zero; notwithstanding which caterpillars were
extruded from all the eggs, and exactly at the same
time with those which had not been subjected to this
experiment. In the succeeding year, I exposed them
to a still greater degree of cold. I prepared a
mixture of rock salt and nitrate of ammonia, and
reduced the thermometer to twenty-two degrees
below zero, which was twenty-three degrees lower
than the cold of 1709. They suffered nothing from
this rigorous treatment, as they were hatched in due
season.

* From these combined facts we must conclude, that
cold is less prejudicial to germs and eggs than to
animalcula and insects. In general, it is found that
germs can survive the cold of two degrees below
zero; while it is known that some animalcula die at
the freezing point, and others at about twenty degrees.
The eggs of various insects are productive after
being exposed to a temperature of twenty-two degrees
below zero, while insects themselves die at sixteen
and fourteen degrees. This I have proved in the

-eggs of the Silk-worm Moth, and of the Elm
Butterfly; and although I ascertained that some
insects can stand a great degree of cold, I have
invariably found it to be in a much less ratio than

50 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EGGS

what can be resisted by their eggs. What can be
the cause of this great difference? Insects killed
at sixteen and fourteen degrees, are so completely
penetrated and frozen, that their members do not
yield to the pressure of the finger, and even under
the knife they appear perfect ice. This is not the
case with eggs; for the contents of the shell, or
crust, remain as fluid under the influence of the
greatest cold, which can be ascertained by squeezing
them with the nail of the finger. This may arise
from their constituent parts being oleaginous or
spirituous, or from some inherent principle adapted
to resist the power of cold.”

We are not at all enlightened by what Spallanzani
has offered as a cause why eggs are enabled to resist
the effects of cold, as he has given us no satisfactory
explanation of the phenomenon.

He proceeds, “ If eggs do not freeze, it is probable
that the included embryoes do not freeze. Is there -
any thing surprising, therefore, that they are capable
of resisting that cold which proves fatal to their
contained insect when produced? Perhaps, for the
same reason, (and I can perceive no applicable
objection,) animaleula concentrated, or in the germ,
can support a degree of cold which they are incapable
of enduring when emerged.

“ It may be asked, as the temperature of freezing
still retains a portion of heat, why should it not
develope the germs of the most minute animalcula ?
If we had never seen any eggs hatched but those of
birds, which require a hundred and four degrees,

OF PAPILIONACEOUS INSECTS. 51

we should have naturally concluded that all others
required the same. A slight knowledge of the
physiology of minute animals, instructs how many
kinds produce at a much lower temperature. The
eggs of butterflies and many other insects hatch at a
temperature so low as forty-five degrees. If thesé
eggs emerge at fifty-nine degrees lower than is
required for the development of birds, what difficulty
can we have in believing that at thirteen degrees less
than the freezing point, other animals are capable of
being hatched? Nor should I be surprised at being
told, that there are animals whose eggs would hatch
in a much greater degree of cold, after being aware
that there aré plants, which are beings so similar to
animals, that flourish amidst the regions of winter,
and even fructify.”

From the experiments of John Hunter, we find that
a hen’s egg will freeze by a great degree of cold,
while, at the same time, it is possessed of a principle
of vitality which prevents its destruction ; but, if
once that principle is destroyed, cold operates on it
more easily. He mentions that an egg was frozen
by the cold of zero, After it was thawed, and again
exposed to the same depth of cold, it froze seven
minutes and a half sooner, A new laid egg took an
hour to freeze in fifteen and seventeen degrees ; but
when again exposed, it froze in twenty-five degrees,
in half that time.*

With all these facts before us, we are warranted in
coming to the conclusion that cold does not destroy

* See Hunter on the Animal Economy.

ae ee

52 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EGGS

the vital principle in the eggs of insects; and it has
been often noticed that, after a severe winter, insects
were more numerous in the succeeding spring and
summer,

We now proceed to give an account of the sub-
stance of the eggs of Lepidopterous Insects. These,
like those of birds, consist, first, of a coat, or shell,
which is strong, flexible, and much of the consistence
of honey. It will not easily yield to the knife. It
contains little calcareous matter, if any at all, and
consequently resists the action of the muriatic and
other acids.

With the composition of the fluid, which is
contained in these minute shells, we are not at all
acquainted, and can only suppose that it is analogous
to the white and yolk of birds’ eggs. When the
egg has arrived nearly to the time of hatching, the
embryo may be distinctly seen by the use of a strong”
microscope, coiled up in an annular form, as in the
following figure of the egg of a Priest-hawk Moth,
(Sphinx ligustri.)

Some of the eggs of this order of insects are
covered with hair, or a downy substance, as may
be instanced in those of the Figure-of-eight Moth
(Bombyx ceruleocephala.)

OF PAPILIONACEOUS INSECTS. 53

There is considerable variation in the number of
eggs laid by different species. The Silk-worm Moth,
(Phalena mori,) lays five hundred ; the Great Goat
Moth, ( Cossus ligniperda,) one thousand; and the
Tiger Moth, ( Calimorpha caga) one thousand six
hundred. This may be considered extraordinary
fecundity in such small animals; but, compared to the
Queen Bee, it sinks into imsignificance; for she
extrudes the extraordinary number of 2,419,200 in
a lunar month, and exceeds in fruitfulness every
other animal in the world.

Some of the larger fishes lay vast numbers of eggs ;
for Lewenhoek has ascertained that the sturgeon’s
roe contains 1,500,000, and the codfish deposits the

“amazing number of 9,000,000. .

The eggs of birds are all nearly of the same shape,
which is supposed to arise from the similarity of the
form of these animals. The eggs of insects, on the
contrary, are infinitely varied in their forms, and why
this should be the case, it is not easy to conjecture.
Dr Paley has justly remarked in his Vatural Theology,
that the cause of these differences of forms is, for the
most part, concealed from human investigation.
Besides the dissimilarity of shape, they havea character
which distinguishes them from all the eggs of other
oviparous animals, being for the most part exter-
nally ornamented with a variety of beautiful figures.
Some are figured on one side, and plain on the other ;
while the eggs of the Tusseh Silk-worm, (Attacus
pappea,) and some other of the Moths of the
division Bombyx, are always orbicular and depressed

54 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EGGS

with a central cavity above and below, and have their
circumference crossed with wrinkles, corresponding
with the rings of the enclosed embryo. There are
others which are figured all over. In the buttertly
Hipparchia Egeria, all the surface is covered with
hexagonal reticulations, as under :

In the new and restricted genus Vanessa of the
French authors, we find two species of butterflies,
which differ but little in their forms, the chief dis-
tinction being that the one is much larger than the _
other: yet the eggs are so dissimilar, that they would
indicate insects of a totally different form. Those of
the small Tortoise-shell Butterfly are of a cylindrical
shape, with eight prominent ribs, as under :

While the eggs of the large Tortoise-shell Butterfly

OF PAPILIONACEOUS INSECTS. 55

are of a flask shape, and quite smooth, as represented
beneath:

The following are striking varieties of the eggs of
Moths :

AN EGG OF THE ANGLE SHADES MOTI.

This egg greatly resembles an Echinus or Sea
Urchine.

TWO EGGS OF THE LACKEY MOTH.

ae
Ala

These are widely different from any we have yet
represented, and yet in the insects themselves, there is
but little variation of form.

The eggs of the Cabbage Butterfly are of an upright
longitudinal shape, neck very finely ribbed, not

2

56 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EGGS

unfrequently concealed by elevated ridges, crossing
them at right angles, as under:

Those of the Meadow Brown Butterfly (Hip-
parchia Jurtina) are crowned by imbricated scales
like the tiles of a roof, as in the following figure :

The period of hatching varies according to the
state of the atmosphere. A certain degree of heat
is also necessary to the exclusion of the caterpillar.
This heat is in most instances derived from the state
of the air; but other causes sometimes produce it.
Those species which have several broods in the year,
—such as the Nettle Tortoise-shell Butterfly, are
hatched in a few days after they are laid; but should
the female lay late in the autumn, the eggs remain in

OF PAPILIONACEOUS INSECTS. 57

a state of hybernation till the sueceeding spring.
That this condition and difference are attributable
to the influence of temperature, has been proved by
numerous experiments. These late laid eggs may be
hatched by placing them in the temperature of summer
heat. The Silk-worm is never hatched till six weeks
after its extrusion. However, by artificial means, the
ordinary laws of nature may be altered; for in coun-
tries where they are much propagated on account of
the silk, it is the practice for women to hatch them
in less than a month, by carrying the eggs in their
bosoms.

Kirby and Spence assert, that “to retard their
hatching with particular views is in any circumstances
impossible. When the heat of the atmosphere has
reached a certain point, the hatching cannot be
retarded by cellars; and M. Faujas has remarked,
that in time the Silk-worm’s eggs would hatch in an
ice-house.” *

Contrary to the above assertion, in one instance, —
and indeed the only time I ever tried the experiment,
—I found that, by placing the eggs of a Silk-worm
Moth in a cold damp cellar, they were kept from
hatching from the year 1818 till the year 1820,
when they were exposed to the sun’s heat, which
speedily brought them to the larva state. Young,
in his History of France, states, that no art will
hatch the eggs of the common Silk-worms the
first year, or that in which they are laid; but that

-

* Introduction to Entomology, iii. p. 102

58 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EGGS.

there is a species brought from Persia, which are
hatched three times a-year, and which will break
from the egg in fifteen days, under a proper temper-
ature. But it is stated, as a circumstance out of the
ordinary laws of Nature, that in the year 1765, the
common sort hatched in the first year.

In some species, the caterpillar is some hours in
extricating itself from the shell at hatching. In the
instance of the Satyrus mera, Saturnia pavonia,
and various others, the shells are furnished with a
little lid, which, when the larva is completely deve-
loped, it can force up, and emerge at pleasure. *

* Braum, 249. Rosen. iv. 130.

CHAPTER II.

OF THE LARVA, OR CATERPILLAR STATE.

Tue second, or larva state, is that condition of the
animal which follows its exclusion from the egg. The
Caterpillar is soft, without wings, and usually of an
oblong shape, differing, however, very considerably
in the various species. The lower figure of Plate I,
represents the larva of the Peacock Butterfly,
(Papilio Io.)

The word larva (which, in Latin, signifies a mask, )
was adopted by Linnzus, because he considered that

_the real insect, while in that condition, was under a

mask, In the English language caterpillar is the
term employed for the grub of the butterfly in this
condition.

The larve of butterflies are extremely small at
first, when they issue from the egg, but they grow
rapidly, and to a great size in proportion to their
original bulk. The larva of the Goat Moth, ( Cossus
ligniperda,) when it has arrived at its full size, is

VOL. I. E

60 OF THE LARVA STATE.

seventy-two thousand times heavier than when it
emerges from the egg; and the maggot of the Blue
Fly is, in twenty-four hours, one hundred and fifty-five
times heavier than at its birth.

Caterpillars have sixteen legs, and devour their
food by means of two jaws; they have twelve eyes,
so exceedingly minute, as to be nearly imperceptible
without the aid of a microscope.

The quantity of food which is daily eaten by a
caterpillar is surprising, being greatly more in pro-
portion to its bulk than is consumed by any other
animal. Many larve eat twice their own weight of
leaves within twenty-four hours. John Hunter assigned
as a cause, that their stomachs have not the power of
dissolving vegetable matters, but merely the faculty of
extracting a juicefrom them.* This seems indisputable
from the feeces, consisting of coiled up hardened par-
ticles of leaves, which, after being immersed in water,
will expand like tea leaves. The quantity, also, in pro-
portion to the mass consumed, is farther confirmation
of the fact. Colonel Marshall made some detailed
experiments, and found that the larva of the Bombyx
caja, which weighed thirty-six grains, voided every
twelve hours from fifteen to eighteen grains weight
of excrement ; while it only increased in weight

‘during that time from one to two grains. While in
this condition they generally eat voraciously, and
pepose but for short intervals. As they enlarge,
which they co very rapidly, they cast their skins —

* Observations on the Animal Economy, p- 221.

OF THE LARVA STATE. 61

several times. When the larva has attained its
full size, it soon afterwards ceases to eat, becomes
excessively restless, and searches for a place, fitted
to its nature, to which it may retire for the purpose
of being transformed from one state of existence tu
another. It spins some silky filaments, generally
attached to the under side of flowers, the crevice of
a wall, or such safe retreat ; and again its skin
separates from the body, exhibiting the animal in its
‘third condition. This Linnzeus called the pupa.
When we know the astonishing numbers of eggs
produced by various species of lepidopterous insects,
-we may wonder what becomes of them, for we see
few, comparatively, of the perfect insects to these
eggs or even to the caterpillars of some species we —
-meet with. The Creator of all things has, in his
-wisdom, checked the progress of these destructive
larve, by forming a genus of insects to prey
upon them, diminutive in their size when compared
‘to the caterpillars. These are termed Ichneumons
by Linneus, and Microgaster by the celebrated
French entomologist Latreille. Professor Rennie, in
treating of these little destructors, says, “ It must
have occurred to the least attentive observer of the
Cabbage Butterfly, (Pontia brassice,) that when
it ceases to feed, and leaves its natural cabbage to
creep up walls and pailings, it is often transformed
into a group of little balls of silk, of a fine texture,
and a beautiful canary yellow colour; from each of
- which there issues, in process of time, a small four-
winged fly, (Microgaster glomoratus spinola,) of a

62 OF THE LARVA STATE.

black colour, except the legs, which are yellow. By
breeding these flies in a state of confinement, and
introducing to them some Cabbage Caterpillars,
their proceedings in depositing their eggs may be
observed. We have more than once seen one of
these little flies select a Caterpillar, and perch upon
its back, holding her ovipositor ready brandished to
plunge between the rings, which she seems to prefer.
When she has thus begun laying her eggs, she does
not readily take alarm; but, as Reaumur justly
remarks, will permit an observer to approach her
with a magnifying glass of a very short focus.
Having deposited one egg, she withdraws her ovi-
positor, and again plunges it, with another egg, into
a different part of the body of the caterpillar, till
she has laid in all about thirty eggs. It is not a
little remarkable, that the poor caterpillar, whose
body is thus pierced with so many wounds, seems to
bear it very patiently, and does not turn upon the
fly, as he would be certain to do upon another
caterpillar, should it venture to pinch him, a cir-
cumstance by no means unusual. Sometimes, indeed,
he gives a slight jerk ; but the fly does not appear
to be at all incommoded by the intimation that her
presence is disagreeable.

“The eggs, it may be remarked, are thrust suffi-
ciently deep to prevent their being thrown off when
the caterpillar changes its skin; and being in due
time hatched, the grubs feed in concert on the living
body of the caterpillar. The most wonderful cir-
cumstance, indeed, of the whole phenomenon, is the
instinct with which the grubs are evidently guided to

OF THE LARVA STATE. 638

avoid devouring any vital part, so that they may not
kill the caterpillar, as in that case it would be useless
to them for food. When full grown, they even eat
their way through the skin of the caterpillar without
killing it, though it generally dies in a few days,
without moving far from the place where the grubs
have spun their group of silken cocoons in which to
pass the winter.” *

THE EGGS AND THE LARVA OF THE MICROGASTER

GLOMORATUS.

Fig. 3. the eggs, natural size ; Fig. 1. larva, natural size ;
Fig. 2. the larva magnified.

THE PUPA OF THE MICROGASTER GLOMORATUS,
Fig, 1. size of life; Fig. 2. magnified.

THE MICROGASTER GLOMORATUS.
Size of life.

¥

* Insect Transformations, p. 61.

64 OF THE LARVA STATE.

The cocoon in which the pupa of these little
animals are destined to remain for a time, is fur-
nished with a distinct lid, which moves on a sort of
hinge, which the perfeet insect has the power of
forcing open, to escape from its confinement, after it
is transformed from the pupa envelope.

COCOON OF THE MICROGASTER GLOMORATUS.
Fig. 1. natural size ; Fig. 2. magnified.

Besides the larva of the Cabbage Butterfly, many
others are liable to be preyed upon by parasites,
similar to the Microgaster glomoratus. The col-
lectors of lepidopterous insects are often greatly
disappointed in consequence; for, when they have
gathered the caterpillars of some fine butterflies,
moths, or sphinges, which they have fed with care,
and seen transformed into chrysalides, from which
they expect Butterflies to emerge in the most perfect
condition, they find in their stead a numerous brood
of these minute insects.

The Rev. Mr Bree says, “I once fed in confine-
ment a caterpillar of Lasio campo quercus of
Stephens, (the Large Egger Moth,) which, after
having spun its cocoon, and changed to a pupa, in
due time produced a host of small Ichneumons, with

OF THE LARVA STATE. 65

long ovipositors, somewhat resembling the Ichneumon
manifestator in miniature.” *

The early entomologists of this, as well as of
other countries, were greatly puzzled to account for
the generation of these minute parasites. Joannes
Goedarti, in allusion to the Microgaster glomoratus,
and another species, speaks of them as being “ won-
derful things, nay, scarcely credible or before heard
of ;”” and, in reference to the second, he says, “ These
things I have myself found by experience, and
observed not without astonishment ; because it seems
beside, nay, contrary to, the usual course of Nature,
that, from one and the same animal, an offspring of a
different species should be generated; and that one
and the same creature should procreate in three
different ways, which yet is manifestly the case with
these caterpillars, from what I have briefly related.’’+
Goedartus alludes to the two species of Ichneumon.
and the Cabbage Butterfly, being all produced, as he
supposed, from the pupe of these insects.

* Loupon’s Magazine of Nat. Hist. v. p. 106. For an
interesting account of these parasite insects, see Insect T'rans-
Sormations, p. 55, 58.

+ Geoparti1, Metamorphosis Exper. xl. +.

CHAPTER III.

OF THE PUPA, OR CHRYSALIS STATE.

From the resemblance of the animal in this condition
to a mummy, or a child swathed in close trusses,
which is a practice of many of the northern nations,
particularly the Laplanders, Linnzeus gave the chry-
salis this name.

THE PUPA OF THE PEACOCK BUTTERFLY.
Plate 1. — Upper Figure.

OrueER terms used for this state are the chrysalis,
and the aurelia ; the former from a Greek word, and
the latter from a Latin word. Various species of
lepidopterous insects, previous to this condition, spin
for themselves a casement of silky filaments, which
naturalists term the cocoon. In this they lie con-
cealed, until their final change.

Ie

PUPA AND LARVA OF THE PEACOCK BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Jo. — BRiTAin.

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OF THE PUPA STATE. 67

After remaining for some months in the pupa con-
dition, the skin, or casement bursts, and the creature
then emerges in its perfect or imago state. This
term was employed by Linnzeus, from its haying laid
aside its mask, or swaddling clothes, and become a
true image of its species.

Butterflies, in their perfect form, have only six feet,
ten of those with which it was furnished in its cater-
pillar state having disappeared. The jaws, also, are
lost, and replaced by a curled up proboscis, incapable
of mastication, and only suited for extracting the
liquid sweets from flowers. The head is totally
changed in form ; and it has acquired four wings, to
enable it to make rapid and extensive aérial flights.
Two long horns project from the upper part of its
head, and its twelve eyes are replaced by two, which
are composed of at least twenty thousand convex
lenses, each supposed to possess distinct and effective
vision.

The internal change of structure is no less asto-
nishing than that which is presented externally. In
the caterpillar, there are some thousands of muscles,
which are replaced in the imago by others of a form
and structure entirely different. Almost the whole
body of the caterpillar is occupied by a capacious
stomach. In the butterfly, this changes into an
almost imperceptible thread-like process ; and the
abdomen is inflated by two large packets of eggs, or
other organs, which are not visible in its former
condition. The caterpillar has two spirally convoluted
tubes filled with a silky gum, but in the butterfly

-

68 OF THE PUPA STATE.

both these have nearly disappeared ; and equally
wonderful changes have taken place in the structure
and dispositions of the nerves and other organic
processes.

Such are the extraordinary metamorphoses to which
this animal is subject. It will be observed, that the
change from the one form to the other was not direct,
and that a distinct, and not less singular state
intervened. After casting its skin several times, and
even parting with its jaws, and at length, progressing
in bulk, and attaining its full growth, the caterpillar
attaches itself to a leaf by a silken filament. In this
condition its body becomes much contracted ; its skin
splits once more, and discloses a uniform mass, without
exterior eyes, mouth, or limbs, and exhibiting no
appearance of life except when touched, in which case
it gives indications of existence by aslight motion. In
this death-like casement, in a state of torpor, it remains
for months without food. The casement at length
bursts, and although not longer than an inch, and in
diameter a quarter of an inch, a butterfly springs into
existence of dimensions extraordinary, covering a
surface of nearly four inches square.

Butterflies and moths, while in the pupa state, are
enclosed in a membranous skin, with their legs,
antenne, and wings, closely folded over their breast
and sides. The whole body is enclosed in an external
case, or covering of a horny consistence, which pre-
vents the organs beneath from being so distinctly
seen through, as may be observed in many other
species of insects. These pupz are often tinged with

OF THE PUPA STATE. 69

gold: hence the Roman name aurelie, and the Greek
term chrysalides. These terms have now been con-
verted into English words, and, more general in their
application, signify all pupe, whether gilded or not.

For general convenience, chrysalises may be divided
into two great classes; namely, those devoid of
angular projections, and those with such projections.
Each of these present a variety of forms, and possess
peculiar characters.

The first, or angular pupe, are confined to Butter-
flies ; in some of which the head projects into one
short conical protuberance, as in the chrysalis of the
common Cabbage Butterfly, and others to which it is
_ allied; others project into a horn; in a third, the
head is armed with conical eminences; some have
nasiform prominences,

The second, or conical, include the nocturnal
lepidoptera, such as Moths, &c. They are without
protuberances, and subject to less variety of form.
Exceptions, however, present themselves in the Goat
Moth, and Orange-tip Butterfly: the former having
two points on the head, while the latter is dis-
tinguished by a fusiform process from the head and
tail.

CHAPTER IV.

OF THE SENSES OF LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS,

Tue order /epidoptera includes Butterflies, Sphinges,
and Moths. The name of this order was given by .
Linnzeus from the mealy scales with which the wings
are covered.

There is much difficulty in determining the different
organs by which the senses of insects are manifested.
This arises from the great physical differences which
exist between vertebral warm-blooded animals, and
those lower orders of creation without bones, and
having cold blood ; so that little can be drawn from
analogy. The subject, therefore, is still in much
obscurity, notwithstanding the patient investigations
of Fabricius, Miiller, Wollaston, Kirby, Spence, and
Rennie.

OF THE SENSES OF INSECTS. 71

OF TOUCH.

Most naturalists are now of opinion, that the organs
of touch, in insects in general, are the antennee and
palpi, or what have usually been called the feelers.

Cuvier and Dumeril think that the palpi of insects
are the organs of touch. While in search of food,
these are used to try every object which they meet
with. When walking, they are used to feel the
ground ; while they are used as hands by the scorpion,
and sometimes as feet by the spiders. Professor
Rennie is of opinion, that an important organ of
touch in insects, which has been altogether over-
looked by naturalists, is the surface of the wings, being
minutely furnished with nerves, which appear to him
expressly formed for that purpose.* He says,—* It
must be this, mdeed, which in a great measure serves
to direct their flight, as the focus of the eyes appears,
according to our ideas of senses, to be too short for
the purpose.” The impulses of the atmosphere on
the delicate and sensitive organs, may, in a great
measure, assist, but certainly the eyes are the organs
by which they direct their course.

In illustration of this doctrine, the Professor
observes,—“ We remarked, for several weeks, near
St Adresse, in Normandy, a very limited spot, close
by the sea, to be daily frequented by about half a
dozen of the Clouded Yellow Butterfly, (Colas.

* Insect Miscellanies, p. 12.

72 OF THE SENSES OF

edusa, Stephens,) which seemed to make a regular
circuit, and return again, altogether independent of
the direction of the wind, against which they often
made way. Now, as they rose to so considerable a
height, that they must have lost sight of the ground,
we conclude, that they guided their flight more by
the weight of the superincumbent air, than by the
direction of the wind,—an inference rendered more
probable, by their never being seen on the heights:
which there rise steeply from the shore.” *

We are well aware, that the wings of bats are
analogous to the human hand, but possess a degree
of feeling much more exquisite than that organ in
man. For it is certainly by the nervous sensibility
of their wings that they are enabled to avoid flying
against walls, trees, and other objects, in the dark.
Moths possess this faculty, but in a degree not so
perfect as bats. It is a well known fact, that all
insects are extremely sensible of any atmospheric
change, and that when it is in an electrified state,
they retire to some sequestered retreat. This is
especially the practice with butterflies, moths, and
sphinges.

“ The excellence of the sense of touch in many
insects,” says Dr Darwin, “ seems to have given’
them wonderful ingenuity, so as to equal or even
excel, mankind in some of their arts and discoveries.”
He has beautifully illustrated this in his Temple of
Nature.

* Insect Miscellanies, p. 12.

LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. 73

The wasp, fine architect, surrounds his domes
With paper foliage, and suspends his combs ;
Secured from frost, the bee industrious dwells,
And fills for winter all her waxen cells ;

The limning spider, with adhesive line,

Weaves his firm net immeasurably fine ;

The wren, when embryon eggs her cares engross,
Seeks the soft down, and lines the cradling moss ;
Conscious of change, the silkworm nymphs begin,
Attach’d to leaves, their gluten-threads to spin,
Then, round and round they weave their circling heads,
Sphere within sphere, and form their silken beds. —
Say, did these fine volutions first commence

From clear ideas of the tangent sense ?

From sires to sons by imitation caught,

Or in dumb Janguage by tradition taught ?

Or did they rise in some primeval site

Of larva-gnat, or microscopic mite ;

And, with instinctive foresight, still await

On each vicissitude of insect state ?—

Wise to the present, nor to future blind,

They link the reasoning reptile to mankind ! —
Stoop, selfish Pride! survey thy kindred forms —
Thy brother emmets and thy sister worms! *

OF TASTE.
As in the sense of touch, analogy leaves us no
grounds for supporting the doctrine of taste in insects ;

for if the physiological distinctions in the higher
animals were held up as tests, then it might be inferred.

* Darwin’s Temple of Nature, p. 119.

74 OF THE SENSES OF

a priort, that insects had no taste; for in place of
the organs being soft, moist, and furnished with
innumerable papillae, their tongues are rigid, dry,
and hard. But there can be but little doubt that
they do enjoy this sense in a considerable degree,
from the fact that they are very particular in the
choice of their food ; and most of the butterfly tribe,
while in their various conditions, will feed only on
the plant on which they were brought into existence,
or when in a perfect state, on the nectar of flowers.

Last autumn, a box and several flowerpots, with
mignionette, was covered with numerous caterpillars
of the Papilio rhamni. 1 took many of these off, and
put them into a tumbler, to feed and watch their
progress as to growth and time of transformation.
Wishing to. ascertain whether or not they would
feed on any other plants than that on which
they had been hatched, I allowed them to consumé
all the leaves, and when I supposed them very
hungry, supplied them abundantly with lettuce, sour
dock, and other vegetables ; but they refused them
all, preferring to gnaw and totally consume the
epidermis of the dry stalks, rather than take the
proffered food, which, it would appear, was not their
native aliment, and they would have died rather
than taste any other. The moment that leaves of
mignionette were introduced, they speedily found them
out, and greedily devoured them.

De Geer remarked the same thing ; for he found
that the larva of a Papilio, which inhabited both
the sallow and poplar, would feed only on the trees

3

LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. 75

on which they were hatched ; for those produced
on the sallow would rather die than eat the poplar,
while those propagated on the poplar would not eat
the leaves of the sallow.

It is well known that the Antler Moth,* which
devours a considerable variety of grasses, and that to
such an extent as almost totally to consume some of
the richest pastures of Sweden, is nevertheless so
fastidious in its taste, as to reject most scrupulously
the fox-tail grass, which in flavour so nearly resembles
other grasses on which it feeds, that the most sensitive
palate of man is incapable of distinguishing the
difference. The larva of the Ringlet Butterfly + will
only feed on the poa ;{ and the Gate-keeper$ abstains
from all other food but the dog’s-tail grass. ||

If we judge from cireumstances, the taste in bees
does not seem very perfect ; “for,” says the elder
Huber, “ contrary to the received opinion, they dis-
play little choice in collecting honey ; nor do they
testify greater nicety in the quality of the water which
they drink, as the most corrupted marshes and ditches
seem to be preferred to the most limpid streams, nay,
even to dew itself. Nothing, therefore, is ‘more
unequal than the quality of honey, the produce of
one district differing from another, and the honey of
spring being unlike that of autumn.”

* Chareas graminis of Stephens.
+ Hipparchia hyperanthus of Fabricius.
¢ Poa annua.
§ Hipparchia pamphilus.
|] Cynocerus cristatus.
VOL. I. F

76 OF THE SENSES OF '

Although insects appear to have dry, rigid mouths,
yet they possess the salivary glands, which are neces-
sary for moistening their food, and fitting it for
mastication. Professor Rennie has recently made some
conclusive experiments on this interesting subject.
He says, “one of the circumstances that first awakened
our curiosity with regard to insects, was the manner
in which a fly contrives to suck up, through its
narrow sucker, (or haustellum,) a bit of dry lump
sugar ; for the small crystals are not only unfitted to
pass, from their angularity, but adhere too firmly
together to be separated by any force the insect can
exert, Eager to solve the difficulty —for there could
be no doubt of the fly’s sucking the dry sugar—we
watched its proceedings with no little attention ; but
it was not till we fell upon the device of placing some
sugar on the outside of a window, while we looked
through a magnifying glass on the inside, that we
had the satisfaction of repeatedly witnessing a fly let
fall a drop of fluid upon the sugar, in order to melt
it, and thereby render it fit to be sucked up,—on
precisely the same principle that we moisten with
saliva, in the process of mastication, a mouthful of
dry bread, to fit it for being swallowed,—the action
‘of the jaws, by a beautiful contrivance of Providence,
pressing the moisture along the channels at the time
it is most wanted.”

To the investigations of Swammerdam, we are
indebted for our first knowledge of these vessels ; _
he observed them in the small Nettle Tortoise-shell
Butterfly ; but he was unable to trace their termina-

a

LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. 77

tion ; and cautiously observes, “ What the office of
these vessels is, and whether they may not be salivary
ducts, I cannot take upon me to determine.” * That
naturalist, as well as Ramdohr, was inclined to
suppose these the silk reservoirs ; but that they were
not was proved by Lyonnet, who detected a conspicuous
pair of salivary ducts in the larva of the Goat Moth ;+
and in his investigations, he is borne out by the
dissections which were afterwards made by Heroldt,
in his minute and tere paper of the Cabbage
Butterfly.

- Butterflies, in their mature alates have but little
fluid matter in them ; and, besides, being so much
exposed to the scorching rays of the sun, in which
they are continually sporting, are liable to great
thirst. They are often, therefore, to be seen in
the act of drinking by the sides of pools of water ;
particularly in the sultry autumnal months. Mr
Rennie says, “ At Compton Basset, in Wiltshire, I
once counted about fifty of the small White Butterfly
(Pontia rape, of Haworth,) all assembled within a
space of a few yards on the sludge which had just
been left by the water of a pond, partially dried up
by the sun. What was most remarkable, they seemed
to have quite lost the pugnacious disposition which
they were affirmed to display when they meet with
their congeners on the wing. At the pond, on the
contrary, all was harmony among these light winged

* Book of Nature, part ii. p. 21.
+ Traité Anatomique, p. 112.

78 OF THE SENSES OF

belligerents, no one disturbing its neighbour, though
they stood side by side, and almost touching one
another. They were, indeed, too intent on quenching
their thirst to think of attack or defence. We
remarked, in the autumn of 1829, a similar congre-
gation of the same species of butterfly on the watered
roads in the vicinity of London. They do not seem
to be more choice in the quality of their water than
bees, who, most naturalists tell us, prefer that which
is stagnant and putrescent.’’*

It is remarkable that some insects feed upon
substances which are poisonous to other animals ; for
example, the Caterpillar of the Papilio cupido feeds
on the leaves of tobacco, which proves a deadly
poison to most of the mammiferous animals, and
is even destructive to many of the insect tribes.

OF SMELL.

Tuere can be little doubt that the sense of smell
is enjoyed by most insects in a high degree of
perfection. Mr Rennie remarked, that, in a narrow
garden, enclosed with stone walls, about fifteen
feet high, at Havre de Grace, every butterfly which
passed over it was sure to visit the blossoms of an
Alpine blue nettle, (the Centaurea montanea.) This is
the more remarkable, as that flower is known to have
but little effect on the olfactory nerves of the human

* REAUMOR, v. p. 697.

LEPIDOPITEROUS INSECTS, 79

species. Now, these butterflies were alive to its
odour at upwards of twenty feet. This fact is the
more striking, as the odours of flowers are said by
M. Le Chat to be much heavier than atmospheric air,
and therefore but seldom rise in it. We have ascer-
tained this to be true, from the circumstance, that
mignionette, although possessing a powerful odour,
and planted close to a building, can be but faintly, if
at all, perceived from a window ‘one story high ;
although on going to the surface of the earth, we
find the atmosphere surcharged with its fragrance
at the distance even of from fifty to an hundred yards.
Mr Rennie remarked that even the Painted Lady
Butterfly, (Cynthia cardui,) which always flies at a
considerable height, alighted on the plants above
mentioned, thus proving that their perception of
odours is very acute.

It is a practice with collectors to entrap the large
Tortoise-shell Butterfly, (Vanessa polychlorus,) by
spreading honey on the leaves of a tree which they
are in the habit of frequenting.

There is great difficulty in determining by what
means the organ of smell in insects manifests itself ;
for, as they do not breathe like quadrupeds, or other.
warm-blooded animals by the mouth, but by an innu-
merable number of spiracles along each side of their
bodies, where then can this organ be situated? The
theory of smell in the higher animals, is, that it is
felt by a current of air which is impregnated with
odoriferous particles passing through a moistened
channel, This was first most ably described by

80 OF THE SENSES OF

Schneider, nearly two centuries ago.* Reasoning
from analogy, we would say that insects enjoy this
sense by the same process. Hence, Baster, Cuvier,
Dumeril, and Lehmann, are of opinion, that insects
perceive odours by means of their breathing holes.
Blainville says the antenne are the organs of
smell. He is of opinion that the modification of the
skin with which they are invested, is in general
olfactory only in a small degree ; this power appear-
ing to be more acute in the thickest parts of the
organs, where it is more soft and tender. A difficulty
to the establishment of this theory is, that spiders
have no antenne, consequently do not possess this
sense, if his doctrine were true. Latreille entertains
the same opinion ; “ for,’ says he, “ the exercise of
smell consists only of the action of the air impregnated
with odoriferous particles on the nervous, or olfactory
membrane, which transmits the sensation. If insects
are really endowed with an organ furnished with
similar nerves, and with which air, charged with
odoriferous particles, comes in contact, such an organ
may be regarded as that of smell. Should, therefore,
the antennz present a tissue of many nerves, what
inconvenience can take place from supposing this
tissue the medium of transmitting odours? Would
not this hypothesis, on the contrary, be more simple
and more consonant to anatomical principles, than
that which fixes the seat of smell at the entrance of
the stigmata ?” |

* De Sensu ac Organo Odoratus. Witteb. 1655.

LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. 81

Mr Kirby, however, mentions one observation he
made in his description of the Long-horned Bee
(Eucera.) “ A singular circumstance distinguishes
their antenne, which, to the best of my knowledge,
has never been before noticed, and which may
possibly lead to the discovery of the use of these
organs. Placed under a powerful magnifier, the last
ten joints appear to be composed of innumerable
hexagons, similar to those of which the eyes of insects
consist.” Mr Rennie, in alluding to this fact, says,
' © If we reason from analogy, this remarkable circum-
stance will lead us to conjecture, that the sense, of
which this part so essential to insects is the organ,
may bear some relation to that conveyed by the eyes.
As they are furnished with no instrument for pre-
serving and communicating the impressions of sound
similar to the ear, that deficiency may be supplied
by extraordinary means of vision. That the stemmata
are of this description seems very probable; and
the antennz may, in some degree, answer a similar
purpose : the circumstance just mentioned furnishes
some presumption that they do this, at least, in the
ease of the males ; else why do they exhibit that
peculiar structure which distinguishes the real
eyes ?”’*

Huber’s experiments seem to go far to establish
a different theory. He says, “ Let us now inquire
into the state or organ of this sense, whose existence
has been so well established.

* Insect Miscellany, p. 63.

82 OF THE SENSES OF

“ Nostrils have not yet been recognized in insects ;
nor do we know in what part of the body they, or
any other organs corresponding to them, are placed.
Probably odours reach the sensorium through the
medium of a mechanism similar to our own, —that is,
the air is introduced into some opening at the termi-
nation of the olfactory nerves ; and hence we should
examine if the stigmata* do not perform this function,
or whether the organ we are in quest of be not
situated in the head, or in some other part of the
body. With the view of elucidating the matter, we
made the following experiments :—

“1. A pencil dipped in oil of turpentine—one of
the substances most disliked by insects—was pre-
sented successively to all parts of the body of a bee,
which did not appear in the least affected, whether
on approaching the thorax, abdomen, or stigmata of
the thorax. 2. We then took a fine pencil, that it —
might reach every point of the head, and brought it
near the antenne, the eyes, and protruded trunk of a
bee in the act of feeding, but without producing the
least effect. It was otherwise on carrying it near the
cavity of the mouth, above the insertion of the pro-
boscis. At that instant the bee receded, left the
honey, and, beating its wings, while moving about in
much agitation, it would have taken flight had not
the pencil been withdrawn. Having renewed its
repast, we resumed the application, always carrying

* Certain apertures, generally called stigmata, appear on
each side of the body of insects, which naturalists believe to
be appropriated exclusively to respiration.

LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. 83

the impregnated portion near the mouth. The bee
now quitting the honey, fixed upon the table, and
fanned itself during some minutes. The organ of
smelling, therefore, seems to reside in the mouth
itself, or in the parts contiguous.

“ Bees not occupied in feeding appeared more
sensible of the odour of the turpentine. They were
affected by it at a greater distance, and speedily took
flight, whereas, when so engaged with the trunk
immersed in honey, several parts of the body might
be touched by the pencil without their withdrawing.
We inferred, that their attention was either absorbed
by the smell of the honey, or their organs less exposed
to the effluvia. This could be ascertained in two
ways,— either by covering all parts of the body with
a varnish, and leaving the sensible organ free ; or
allowing the whole parts to remain untouched,
excepting that in which the sense of smell was sup-
posed to reside.

«“ The latter method appearing the more practicable
and decisive, we seized several bees, and, compelling
them to unfold the trunk, filled the mouth nearly
with flour paste. When this was dry enough, so that
they could not rub it off, they were released, and
none seemed to suffer any inconvenience from. it.
They breathed and moved with the same facility as
their companions. Honey, however, did not attract
them, as they neither approached it, nor were they
affected by odours which, in other cases, are offensive
to them. Pencils were dipped in the oil of turpentine
and cloves, in ether, in fixed and volatile alkalis, and

84 OF THE SENSES OF

their points insinuated very near their mouth. But
the odour of these fluids, which would have occasioned
a sudden shock to bees in their natural state, had no
sensible effect on them. On the contrary, several
mounted on the impregnated pencils, and traversed
them with impunity: therefore, we held that their
sense of smelling was obstructed by the paste put
into their mouths.’’*

Humboldt is of opinion, that different parts of the
body, in the various orders of insects, are adapted to
the purpose of conveying to their sensorium the
odours of substances. |

Kirby and Spence, following up the experiments
of Huber, say that the olfactory sensation is conveyed
by “the extremity of the nose, between it and the
upper lip, or under those parts ;” and that it is
analogous to this sense in mammiferous animals ; and
conceive that no one can look on an insect without
coming to this conclusion.t But as we are not
furnished with any experiments by which we are
made acquainted that insects breathe at all through
their head, we are at a loss how to account for the
conviction of these authors. And being still so
imperfectly acquainted with this part of the insect
economy, we must leave it to be decided by future
investigations. If, however, the conclusions of Dr

* Huser on Bees. Edinburgh Translation, 1821, p. -
162—164. :

+ Kirsy and Srrence, Introduction to Entomology, iv.
p- 256.

LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. 85

Rousseau be correct,—that without the sense of
smelling, we could have no taste, then it appears
pretty evident that there must be spiracles in the
mouths of insects, by which smell is conveyed to the
sensorium.

Rousseau made some experiments on the human
species, by which, we think, he was fully warranted
in adopting his theory. He successively blindfolded
some young medical students, who were sceptical
regarding his opinion, and after effectually stopping
their nostrils, gave them onions to eat, which they
took for apples, and they supposed camphor to be
bread.

OF HEARING.

Naturalists are much divided in opinion regarding
the organs of hearing in insects, and many maintain

‘that they are insensible to sounds. The antenne, by

some, are supposed to correspond to the ears of other
animals, but as yet no satisfactory proofs have been
discovered to warrant this conclusion.

It is well known that insects emit various sounds ;
but whether these are heard by their congeners, is
still matter of dispute. We can, however, conceive,
that if these sounds are not heard, in the strict sense
of the word, yet it is quite possible that they may be
perceived by the impulses they produce on the
atmosphere through the medium of the antenne, or
other organs, which may possess an exquisite sensi-
bility in this respect.

86 OF THE SENSES OF

After an attentive perusal of all which has been
written on this subject, we are quite unable to venture
even an opinion ; and it would only be a waste of
time to adduce all the arguments which have been
held on both sides of the question.

OF VISION.

Mucnu difference of opinion exists among naturalists,
regarding the extent of vision in insects. In the
instance of bees, Huber says,—“ How great is the
perfection of their organ of sight !— Since, from a
distance, the bee recognizes its habitation, amidst an
apiary of numerous others resembling it, and returns
in a straight line with great velocity, we must
suppose that it is distinguished by marks escaping
our notice. The bee departs, and flies straight to the
most flowery field. Having ascertained its course, it
is seen traversing it directly, as the flight of a cannon
or musket ball. Its collection being made, it rises
aloft in the air, to reconnoitre its hive ; and returns
with the rapidity of lightning.’’ *

On this subject, very opposite opinions prevail ;
for Wildman maintains, that he has observed bees
searching for the door of their hive, and frequently
been obliged to rise in the air again, in order to find
it. This, according to the views of Dr Bevan, is,
because they see objects at a distance better than

* Huser on Bees, Edinburgh Edition, p, 255.

— —

LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. 87

those that are near, from the contraction of their
eyes. The experiments of Dr Evans and Sir G. S.
Mackenzie, both tend to support Wildman’s views.

We. are yet but imperfectly acquainted with the
vision of insects ; and, from the great variety in the
construction of their eyes, it is no wonder we should
be so. For example, a centipede has twenty eyes, a
spider has eight, and a butterfly and its congeners but
two; but these two have thirty-five thousand facets
in each. It may, therefore, seem remarkable, how
they see but one object ; but it isnot a more difficult
question, than how we see but one object with two
eyes.

When the facetted eye of a butterfly is examined
a little closely, it will be found to have the appear-
ance of a multiplying glass, the sides, or facets,
nearly resembling a brilliant cut diamond.

In the experiments performed by Mr Herschel, he
describes the impulses received by the eyes of insects
as analogous to those of sound, as given by Wollaston.
He says,—“ Although any kind of impulse or
motions, regulated by any law, may be transferred
from a molecule in an elastic medium ; yet, in
the undulating theory of light, it is supposed that
only such primary impulses as occur according to
regular periodical laws, at equal intervals of time,
and repeated many times in succession, can affect our
organs with the sensation of light. To put in motion
the molecules of the nerves of our retina with sufficient
efficacy, it is necessary that the almost infinitely
minute impulse of the adjacent etherial molecules

88 OF THE SENSES OF

should be often and regularly repeated, so as to
multiply, and, as it were, concentrate their effect.
Thus, as a great pendulum may be set in swing by a
very minute force often applied, at intervals exactly
equal to its time of oscillation ; or, as one elastic solid
body can be set in vibration, by the vibration of
another at a distance, propagated through the air, if
in exact unison ; even so may we conceive the gross
fibres of the nerves of the retina to be thrown into
motion, by the continual repetition of the etherial
pulses ; and such only will be thus agitated, as from
their size, shape, or elasticity, are susceptible of
vibrating in times exactly equal to those at which
the impulses are repeated. Thus, it is easy to
conceive how the limits of visible colour may be
established ; for, if there be no nervous fibres in
unison with vibrations, more or less frequent than
certain limits, such vibrations, though they reach the
retina, will produce no sensation. Thus, too, a single
impulse, or an irregularly repeated one, produces no
light ; and thus, also, may the vibrations excited in
the retina continue a sensible time after the exciting
cause has ceased, prolonging the sensation of light,
(especially of a vivid one,) for an instant in the eye.
We may thus conceive the possibility of other
animals, such as insects, incapable of being affected
with any of our colours, and, receiving their whole
stock of luminous impressions from a class of vibra-
tions altogether beyond our limits, as Dr Wollaston
has ingeniously imagined, (we may almost say,

LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. 89

proved,) to be the case with the perenpiions, of
sound,” *

PAIRING OF LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS.

In almost all insects, there is great variety in
the colour of the males and females ; and in many
they are so different in form, as to be taken for
different species.

In butterflies, the males are usually of a brighter
colour than the females, and, not unfrequently, of
totally different colours. Want of experience in
this department, led the great Linneus into an
egregious blunder ; for he considered them not only
specifically distinct, but also as belonging to different
families. His divisions of Trojans and Grecians is,
in many instances, liable to this objection. The male
Brimstone Butterfly, (Goneptyrex rhamni,) is of a
beautiful sulphur yellow; while the female is of a
dirty greenish white. In the Orange-tip Butterfly,
(Pontia cardamines,) so named from the fine orange
spot towards the points of its superior wings, the
spot is possessed by the male only. The male Argus
Butterfly, (Polyommatus argus,) has the upper surface
of the superior wings of a dark mazareen blue ; while
_ those of the female are of a deep brownish purple.

The female butterflies are less frequently to be
seen than the males, as they conceal themselves in

* Encyclopedia Meiropolitana, Article Lieut.

90 OF THE SENSES OF

some quiet retreat. In these situations, they are
supposed to be discovered by the sense of smell in
the males, which can be accomplished at a great
distance. This has long been known to British
entomologists. For we find, by the writings of Barbut
and Moses Harris, that they were aware of this fact,
and practised a mode of catching the males, which
they termed sembling, from possessing a female of the
species in confinement. Haworth says, “ It is a
frequent practice with the London Aurelians, when
they breed a female of the Lappit Moth, (G@aster
opacha quercifolia,) and some other day flying
species, to take her in a box with a gauze lid, into
the vicinity of the woods, where, if the weather be
favourable, she never fails to attract a numerous train
of males, whose only business appears to be an
incessant, rapid, and undulating flight in search of the
females. One of these is no sooner discovered, than
they become so much enamoured of their fair kins-
woman, as absolutely to lose all fear for their own
personal safety, which, at other times, is effectually
secured by the reiterated evolutions of their strong
and rapid wings. So fearless, indeed, have I beheld
them on these occasions, as to climb up and down the
sides of the cage which contained the dear object of
their eager pursuit, in exactly the same manner as
Honey Bees which have lost themselves, climb up
and down the glasses of a window.”

After the butterflies, sphinges, and moths, have
arrived at their perfect, or imago condition, their
whole business seems to be the fulfilment of that

3

LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. 9]

universal law of nature, the reproduction of their
kind. This is prettily told by Darwin, in the follow-
ing lines :—

Hence, when the morus,* in Italia’s lands,

To spring’s warm leaves its timid leaf expands,
The silk-worm broods in countless tribes above
Crop the green treasure, uninform’d of love ;
Erewhile the changeful worm, with circling head,
Weaves the nice curtains of his silken bed ;

Web within web involves his larva form,

Alike secured from sunshine and from storm ;

For twelve long days he dreams of blossom’d groves,
Untasted honey, and ideal loves,

Wakes from his trance, alarm’d with young desire,
Finds his new sex, and feels ecstatic fire ;

From flower to flower, with honey’d lips he springs,
And seeks his velvet loves on silver wings.

Mr John Henry Davies, curator of the museum of
the Portsmouth Philosophical Society, has recorded
some curious and satisfactory observations on the
subject.t Hesays,—<“ It has been asserted, that the
males of lepidopterous insects are guided to the
females by a peculiar instinct ; so that an unimpreg-
nated female being carried in a wire cage along the
hedges and other haunts of this tribe, will attract the
males of that species, so that they may be easily
captured.

“ I have never had an opportunity of trying this

* The mulberry tree.
+ Zoological Journal, vol. v. p. 142.

VOL. I. G

92 OF THE SENSES OF

experiment ; but the following fact, which has lately
fallen under my observation, leayes me no room to
doubt the correctness of the assertion, as it proves the
existence, and exhibits the operation of this instinct
in a very remarkable manner.

« Being engaged in adding the British insects to the
collection of the Portsmouth Philosophical Society, I
had procured a variety of larvee, (the insects thus
obtained being generally in a better condition than
those taken by the net.) They in due time passed
into the pupa; and the first which emerged, was a
female Sphinx convolvuli. On going into my study
in the evening, I found it fluttering on the floor. On
lifting it up, it ran up my coat, and seyeral times
round the collar, before I could place it in safety. I
went from thence immediately into my garden, to
shut some hot-bed lights, where I was occupied about .
ten minutes ; from thence again to my study, where I
found that two fine males of the Sphinx convolvuli
had, whilst in the garden, attached themselves to the
collar of my coat, where the female had previously
been.

- “ After this, another female of the same species had
been produced ; three males found their way into my
study down the chimney, there being no other mode
by which they could obtain entrance; and one of
them fell into a vase standing under it, where he was
captured. A few days after, two females of the
Phalena salicis emerged. On the same evening, I
saw several of that species fluttering against the

%

LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. 93

window ; and, on opening it, six males rushed in, and
instantly sought the females.

«I state these facts just as they occurred. They
are certainly curious, and go to prove, that the
females emit an odour perceptible to the delicate
olfactory organs of the males at a great distance, who,
when attracted, are stimulated to overcome every
obstacle in the way of the fulfilment of the great law
of nature. After the female has become gratified,
this effect appears to cease.

“ Precisely similar circumstances took place with
the Phalena neustra, the males presenting themselves
at the window.”

- Professor Rennie says this does not always suc-
eeed ; for, says he,—*“ In the spring of 1830, we
bred a female of the Lime-hawk Moth, (Smerinthus
tilie of Latreille,) and placed her on a small lime
tree, planted in a garden pot, and left her at full
liberty, trusting to the known stationary habits of
female insects for not losing her. In this we were
not deceived ; for though the tree consisted only of
a single stem, of about three feet high, she never left
it, remaining upon the same leaf sometimes for
several days without stirring; and when she did
move, it was only to perambulate the plant, agitating
her wings the while, (as she did while stationary, )
with a sort of tremulous quivering, not very percepti-
ble, unless closely inspected. It might be, that there
were no males in the vicinity, though the insect is by
no means rare around Lee. At all events, she
remained without a male for about three weeks, as

94 OF THE SENSES OF

the eggs, which she at length laid, proved to be
infertile ; and she died soon after. In the instance
of a much rarer insect, the Clear Under-wing,
( Zigeria asiliformis of Stephens,) having discovered
a brood in the trunk of a poplar tree, we were
desirous of securing all that issued from it ; and
having caught a female, we placed her in a box
covered with gauze, at the root of the tree,—the
notion of surrounding the tree itself with gauze, not
having occurred to us at the moment. As this moth
is one of the day flyers, we expected to make sure of
all the males in the neighbourhood ; but, to our no
small disappointment, not one approached the box,
though we afterwards enclosed in it another female.
This was the more remarkable, that, from the protru-
sion of the pupa cases from the tree, there was
evidently not only one or two, but a considerable
number evolved, after the box had been placed there.
In 1818, having discovered a beautiful male Crane
Fly, (Ctenophora pectinicornis, of Meiger,) apparently
just disclosed from the pupa, we carefully examined
the old willow stump upon which it rested, expecting
to find more of the same brood. Next day, we
accordingly observed a female, and imagining it to be
one of the rare species, (Ctenophora ornata, or
Jlaveolata,) we placed her in a gauze-covered box ;
but no male approached for five days, when a large

hunting spider found means to introduce himself into -

the box, and made a meal of her.
“ There is one extraordinary fact connected with
this subject, which is worthy of being prominently

a

LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. 95

stated, namely,—that after insects pair, and the
females deposit their eggs, they very soon die,
seldom living a few days, sometimes only a few hours
afterwards ; but should pairing be prevented, their
lives, and particularly that of the female, may be
protracted to an indefinite period. Collectors, indeed,
find it is with the utmost difficulty a female can be
deprived of her life before laying ; and we have no
doubt, that the marvellous stories reported of the
revival of flies and other insects, after long immersion
in spirits, or after being crushed in shutting a book,
originated in this circumstance, as well as the
prolonged life of some insects, which is given on
good authority.” *

It is a most singular circumstance, in the case
above quoted, that moths which have not met with a
mate, should live so considerable a time beyond the
limits ordinarily prescribed by nature; and it would
be difficult, on physiological principles, to account for
it. There are also some instances of butterflies
continuing their existence even for months, as may
be instanced in the Peacock Butterfly, the Nettle
Tortoise-shell Butterfly, and several others, which
are hatched late in the autumn, and live in a torpid
state till the spring, when they meet with a mate.
Had these been hatched earlier in the summer, and
laid their eggs, they would have died, like most of
their congeners.

* Insect Miscellany, p. 217.

CHAPTER V.

ASSOCIATIONS AND MIGRATIONS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS
INSECTS. —

In quadrupeds, birds, and fishes, there are instances
of extraordinary periodical migrations, principally
for the purpose of obtaining food in more abundance,
when it becomes scarce, from the effects of climate.
or other circumstances. In insects, too, there are
frequent extensive migrations, to account for which
we find some difficulty. It is easy to see the reason
why some species of caterpillars associate, as they,
for their mutual protection, construct nests wherein
to retire, both during night and in bad weather.
The Papilio Io and canixia are examples of this: the
- former constructs a nest like the Processionary Moth,
although differing in some particulars.

Some insects associate only in their imago state ;
while others are gregarious in both conditions,
Others, again, congregate while in their larvee form ;
which, with a very few exceptions, is the case with
the numerous tribe of lepidopterous insects. These

ASSOCIATIONS AND MIGRATIONS. 97

are hatched together, and remain in compact, for the
purpose of rearing, by their united labour, a comfort-
able dwelling.

There have been instances of butterflies associating
in large bodies ; but for what purpose, no one has as
yet been able to ascertain. We are informed by Mr
Knapp, that on a calm summer day, he observed a
prodigious number of the Papilio brassice, or Large
Cabbage Butterfly, flying from northeast to south-
east ; and so immense were their numbers, that their
flight was continuous for upwards of two hours.* And
Kalm relates in his T’ravels,+ that he noticed this
remarkable flight nearly half across the British
Channel. It is recorded by Lindley, in the Royal
Military Chronicle, that in the beginning of March,
1823, in Brazil, there were prodigious flights of white
and yellow butterflies, which lasted for many days
successively. They were not observed to settle any
where, but proceeded on their course from northeast
to southeast. So direct was their line of travel, that
nothing stopped them; and their progress was
towards the sea, which was not far off, where they;
in all probability, would perish. It is curious, that, at
the time this flight was observed, no other species
could be seen; and this is the more remarkable, as
the country abounds in a variety of these insects.

« An extraordinary flight,” says Captain Adams;
“ of small butterflies, with spotted wings, took place

* Roset’s Amusements of Insects, ii. 135.
+ Kaum’s Travels, p. 13.

98 ASSOCIATIONS AND MIGRATIONS

at Annamaboo, on the Guinea Coast, after a tornado,
The wind veered to the northward, and blew fresh
from the land, with thick mist, which brought off
from the shore so many of these insects, that for one
hour the atmosphere was so filled with them, as to
represent a snow storm driving past the vessel at a
rapid rate, which was lying at anchor about two miles
from the shore.”

In the Journal de Rouen, we are informed that
several persons testified, they had witnessed, at Sotte-
villes-les-Rouen, a rain of white butterflies, which
fell in abundance towards the close of the day. This,
no doubt, proceeded from one of these flights, and
the insects, in all probability, becoming paralyzed,
from mounting too high in the atmosphere.

An extensive migration, but somewhat different,
was noticed in one of the Cantons of Switzerland. -
Madame de Meuran Wolff, and her family, who were
residing at Grandson, on the Lake of Neufchatel, one
day noticed, in the garden, an immense flight of
butterflies, of the species called Painted Lady, pro-
ceeding with great rapidity. They flew close together,
in the same direction, from south to north; and,
although repeatedly approached, they exhibited no
signs of fear, nor were they diverted from their
straightforward course. This extraordinary flight
consisted of a column of from ten to fifteen feet in
breadth, and continued, without interruption, for
upwards of two hours. Although the garden was
plentifully supplied, at the time, with melliferous
flowers, not a single butterfly was seen to alight, but

OF LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. 99

all continued to pursue their course, in a low and
equal manner. What renders this fact the more
singular is, that from the moment the caterpillars of
this species are hatched, they lead a solitary life ;
and even in their perfect, or imago condition, they
are not observed to be gregarious.

Professor Bonelli of Turin, however, observed a
similar flight of the same species of butterflies; in
the end of the March preceding their appearance
at Grandson. Their flight was directed from south
to north; and their numbers were immense. At
night, the flowers were literally covered with them.
Towards the 29th of March, their numbers diminished :
but even in June a few still continued. They have
been traced from Coni, Raconni, Lusa, &c. A similar

_ flight of butterflies is recorded at the end of last

century, by M. Louch, in the Memoirs of the Academy
of Turin. During the whole season, these butterflies,
as well as their larvae, were very abundant, and more
beautiful than usual.

Among the larve of butterflies which associate
may be particularly mentioned that of the Papilio
cinvia, This animal may be found on the leaves of
the narrow-leaved plantain, on which it feeds. They
usually associate in families, amounting to about one
hundred in each. By their united labour, they weave
a silken tent of a pyramidal form. This contains a
variety of apartments, is always pitched over the
plants on which they feed, and answers the double
purpose of sheltering them from the heat of the sun,
and from heavy showers of rain, neither of which is

100 AssocIATIONS AND MIGRATIONS

at all agreeable to their tender frames. After they
have devoured all the leaves within the verge of their
covering, they set to work, and construct a new one
over some other roots of the same plant ; and it not
unfrequently happens, that several of these encamp-
ments are within a few feet of each other. On the
approach of winter, they construct a stronger tent,
consisting of one apartment. When the cold weather
sets in, they retire within it, roll themselves up into
a sort of ball, and lie huddled together until April,
when they break up their community, become solitary,
and continue so, till they assume the pupa condition,

Where food is abundant, there have been many
instances of papilionaceous insects performing won-
derful migrations ; while others limit their excursions
to a very narrow range. The Forester, (Ino statices
of Leach,) has been observed in vast numbers
disporting on the north bank of the Serpentine, in
Kensington Gardens, while not a single one was to
be seen on the opposite bank, nor even in any other
spot in the neighbourhood. Professor Rennie, on
one occasion, observed many hundreds of the Burnet
Moth, (Anthrocera filipendule of Stephens,) on the
north shore of the Great Cumbrya Island, at the
mouth of the Clyde, but not on any other part of the
island, nor on the opposite shore at Largs, although
he made a round of the island on the sameday. He
also visited the Isle of Bute; but did not meet with
a single specimen.

Harris says, that the Marsh Fritillary (the Melite
artemis of Ochsenheimer) is so extremely local in

OF LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. 101

its habits, that it seldom leaves the field on which it
is bred, although hundreds of them may be seen
flying low, and frequently alighting on plants. This
insect was only found by him at Wilsden, near
Harrow-on-the Hill; but recent collectors have been
unable to detect it there. _

These local associations seem rather to be unusual
to the general law which regulates the motions of
lepidopterous insects, for almost the whole tribe,
particularly the papilionaceous genera, seem to rove
from field to field, without any fixed plan or motive.

As their wings are usually so ample, we need not
wonder that the lepidopterous insects are such excel-
lent fliers. Indeed, they seem to flit untired from _
flower to flower, and from field to field ; impelled at
one time by hunger, and another by love or maternal
solicitude. The distance to which some males will
fly is truly astonishing. One of the Silkworm
Moths (Bombyx paphia of Fabricius) is stated to
travel sometimes more than a hundred miles in this
way.*

The most beautiful of all the British butterflies,
the Purple Emperor, (Papilio iris of Linnzeus,) when
he makes his first appearance, fixes his throne on the
summit of some lofty oak, from whence, in sunny
days, unattended by his empress, who does not fly,
he takes his excursions. Lanching into the air,
from one of the highest twigs, he mounts often to so
great a height, as to become invisible. Hence his

* Linnean Transactions, vol. vii. p. 40.

102 ASSOCIATIONS AND MIGRATIONS.

synonymous name of the Purple Highflier. When
the sun is at the meridian, his loftiest flights take
place ; and, about four in the afternoon, he resumes
his station of repose.*

The large bodies of the Hawk Moths (Sphinz)
are carried by wings remarkably strong, both as to
nerves and texture, and their flight is proportionally
rapid and direct. That of butterflies is by dipping
and rising alternately, so as to form a zigzag line,
with vertical angles, which the animal often describes
with a skipping motion, so that each zigzag consists
of smaller ones. This, doubtless, renders it more

difficult for the birds to take them as they fly ; and >

thus the male, when paired, often flits away with the
female. +

* Hawortn’s Lepidoptera Britannica, i. p. 19.
+ Kirey and Spence, ii. p. 355,

a

CHAPTER VI.

INDIRECT INJURIES TO MANKIND FROM BUTTERFLIES.

Ir has been the will of Providence to place around
man, in this sublunary world, many animals, which
we cannot suppose to have been formed for his good.
Among these is a host of insects, which lay waste
the most valuable of our culinary vegetables, and
others direct their ravages to the fairest and most
delightful of our flowers.

In dry summers, the Caterpillar of the common

Cabbage Butterfly often proves destructive to whole

gardens, consuming every thing which is green ; to
prevent which, no effectual means have been devised.
They feed indiscriminately on the leaves of turnips,
cabbages, greens, and other plants. What vegetable

can be more agreeable and wholesome than brocoli ?

and how often have we seen its foliage ravaged, in
the autumn, by numerous hordes of the caterpillar of

the Cabbage Butterfly !
2

104 INJURIES FROM BUTTERFLIES.

The larve of the Papilio rape are often found
insinuated into the bosom of the flowers of cauli-
flowers.

The caterpillar of the Hawthorn Butterfly (Papilio
crategi of Linnzus) was very destructive to the
foliage of fruit trees, in some parts of Germany, in
the year 1791.*

Dr Bright, in passing through the district of
Kormond, in Lower Hungary, says,—*“ I observed an
extensive forest of oak, apparently six weeks later in
its vegetation than any we had passed. On inquiry,
it appeared that it arose from the ravages of a destruc-
tive species of caterpillar (probably that of the Papilio
betule) stripping the whole forest of its leaves ;
which, the peasants told me, was here no uncommon
occurrence. I find agricultural writers in Transyl-
vania speaking frequently of this circumstance, and
their fruit nurseries, in particular, seem to suffer
greatly from these insects.”

* RosEL, i. chap 2, p. 15.

CHAPTER VII.
MEANS OF DEFENCE OF BUTTERFLIES.

Creative Wisdom has endowed this tribe of
animals, like many others, with certain means of
defence suited to the condition in which they are
placed. Several larvee of butterflies will bite very
sharply, —these are distinguished, by having at their
head a semicoronet of strong spines ; while others have
singular anal organs, which may have a similar use.

A numerous host of these little animals escape
from birds, and other assailants, by their being so
like in colour to the plants which they inhabit, or the
twigs of shrubs and trees, their foliage, flowers, and
fruit, that their devourers cannot readily see them.

The brilliant colours with which many of the
Papilios are invested, is, in all probability, another
means of defence, rather than a mere ornament, —
they may dazzle their enemies. The radiant blue
of the upper surface of the wings of the gigantic
butterfly so prevalent in Brazil, the Papilio menelaus,
or Silver-blue Butterfly, (see plate 20) which, from

ty

106 MEANS OF DEFENCE OF BUTTERFLIES.

its size, would be a ready prey for any insectivorous
bird, may by its splendour, which, we are told, is
inconceivably bright, produce an effect upon the sight
of such birds, which would give it no small chance of
escape. Latreille has a similar conjecture with
respect to the Golden Wasps.

The long hairs, stiff bristles, and spines, and also
the hard tubercular prominences with which many
caterpillars are clothed, may also be intended for
their protection. That these are really the means of
defence, is rendered more probable by the fact, that,
in several instances, the animals so distinguished, at
their last change of skin, previous to their assuming
the chrysalis condition, appear with a smooth skin,
without any of the hairs and spines for which they
were before remarkable. Mr Kirby has a small lepi-
dopterous caterpillar from Brazil, which is thickly
beset with such sharp, strong, branching spines on
the upper surface, as would enter the epidermis of
the finger, and would furnish it with effective weapons
against enemies less formidable than man.*

Madam Merian has figured an enormous cater-
pillar of this kind—which, unfortunately, she could
not trace to the perfect insect —by the very touch
of which, she says, her hands were much inflamed,
and the inflammation was succeeded by the most
excruciating pain.

The chrysalids are protected by other contrivances.
equally effectual.

* Krray and Spence, Jntr. ii. p. 226.

CHAPTER VIII.

OF MALFORMATIONS OF INSECTS,

LePipopTEROus insects, like other animals, are
subject to malformations. We have on record accounts
of some curious dusus nature of these tribes.

Such insects are often termed hermaphrodite
insects. They frequently prove very puzzling to
inexperienced collectors ; and are often supposed
distinct species. The above term is completely
misapplied, and we are not aware of any specimens
entitled to this appellation having been found.

Many instances of dusus nature in this order of
insects might be adduced, but we consider the follow-
ing as sufficient to show the extent of the phenomenon.

In the collection of insects belonging to Professor
Germar are the following curiosities :—

1. Papilio atalanta. 'The left side male, the right
side female. The left pair of wings is smaller, and
more deeply indented than the right ; and the left
antenna shorter than the right.

VOL. I. H

108 MALFORMATIONS OF BUTTERFLIES.

2. Papilio antiopa, — of which the right side is male,
and the left side female. The right antenna is much
shorter than the left.

3. Papilio phebe. The left side is male, and the
left antenna shorter than the right ; and the left pair
of wings smaller, but the colour and margin the same
as the right, Hinder part of the body the same as
the male.

Mr H. 8S. Smith, of Leeds, an excellent and zealous
entomologist, has in his possession a singular dusus
nature of the Peacock Butterfly, which he took in
1827, that is entirely destitute of eyes on the inferior
wings, as well as of the dark ground they are placed
on, and the light coloured circle that surrounds them.

CHAPTER IX.

CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS.

Tuts is the third Order of Insects, according to
the Linnean classification.

The insects of the order which contains the various
kinds of Butterflies, Sphinges, and Moths, have all
four wings, covered with scales, or a sort of farina ;*

* These scales are so very minute, that they are taken
for extremely fine dust. When, however, they are examined
through a powerful lens, the scales are found to be placed in
the most perfect order, and, where there is a diversity of
colour, not unlike mosaic work of the most exquisite descrip-
tion. It cannot but be extremely pleasing, to the contemplative
mind, to draw a comparison between the finest productions of
human art, and those of the Divine Architect. Comparisons
have been made between the irregularity that appears in the

finest needle, when examined by a microscope, and the won-
- derful accuracy of the sting of a bee or a wasp; and the
unequal contexture of the finest cambric, when compared
with seme natural productions. The comparison instituted

110 CLASSIFICATION OF

they have a mouth with palpi, a spiral tongue, and a
body set with hairs. The scales resemble feathers ;
they lie over one another, in an imbricated manner,

between mosaic and the scales on the wings of papilionaceous
insects, is not less interesting.

Mosaic work is of very ancient invention, but the moderns
have greatly improved the art. Pictures of various subjects
are formed of it, of amazingly fine workmanship ; imitations
of buildings, trees, ground of various kinds, and distant moun-
tains; and the human figure, both singly and ingroups. These
are produced by small pins, of variously coloured glass, stuck
into a kind of paste: They are so minute in many cases, that we
can hardly discern them to be an arrangement of an infinite
number of particles of glass; they rather look like a picture
painted with the finest colours, harmoniously blended together.
The calculation made by Keysler is, that a piece of eighty
square feet, if perforated with tolerable care and delicacy,
would employ eight artists the space of two years.

A small piece of the wing of Papilio Io, (the Peacock
Butterfly, ) a quarter of an inch square, was cut out, and placed
under the third magnifier of an opaque microscope, when
seventy rows of scales were counted, and ninety in each row.
Consequently, there were six thousand three hundred scales
on one side of this small portion of wing; so that the square
inch of a wing must contain the astonishing number of one
hundred thousand seven hundred and thirty-six scales. The
number of glass pins in a square inch of mosaic being only
eight hundred and seventy, the coarseness of such a picture,
compared with the mosaic of the wing of this insect, is in the
proportion of one hundred and fifteen at least to one ; that is,

such a picture is one hundred and fifteen times coarser than

this natural mosaic.
The Peacock Butterfly is one of medium size, and the scales
on it are in proportion to its size. What then must be the

Ce ee eee

——— a

LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. lil

or like the tiles on a roof; the shafts towards the
body of the insect, and the expansion towards the
end of the wing, reflecting often the most beautiful
colours. The eyes are reticulated and large ; and,
besides these, some have two or three stemmata,
situated on the forehead. - The palpi have from two
to three articulations ; they are hairy, standing out-
wards, and sometimes a little upwards. Butterflies,
with their spiral tongues, suck the nectareous juices
of flowers ; but, in general, they need little food ;
some, indeed, whose tongue is very short, seem to
take no nourishment at all. They have, on each
side, nine spiracula, or organs of respiration, of which
one is situated on the thorax, the other eight on the
segments of the abdomen; the last segment is without
any. The principal function of the perfect insect
is to propagate its species, for which purpose the
female, from a peculiar instinct, deposits her eggs on
such plants, and in such places, as afford the proper
nourishment to the larva when excluded ; after which
both sexes soon cease to live.

proportion if we compare with it some of the smaller Butterflies
whose whole dimensions are not a quarter of an inch?

The wing of a Peacock Butterfly, prematurely taken out of
a pupa, was subjected to the same mode of investigation, when
it was found to be nine and a quarter times finer than that of
the perfect insect ; and that the square inch contained nine
hundred and thirty-one thousand eight hundred and eight
scales to the square inch. So that this natural mosaic must
be above ten hundred and sixty-three times finer than the
mosaic of the boasted pictures of modern Rome, where inge-
nuity, animated by zeal, has exerted its utmost efforts,

112 CLASSIFICATION OF

Of this order Linnzeus forms three genera, namely,
Papilio, Sphinx, and Phalena; which are called in
English, Butterflies, Hawk Moths, and Moths.

The French authors have sub-divided this order
into a variety of families, tribes, and genera ; but to
enter into these would occupy a space far beyond
our limits. I therefore confine myself to the Lin-
ngan arrangement.

The first genus to be considered is that of Papilio,
or what, in our language, is termed Butterfly ; which
Dr Johnson says is so named because it first appears
in the beginning of the season of butter. According’
to Dr Webster, it is much more probably derived
from the colour of a yellow species, which is the most
common.

The varied and splendid tints of Butterflies, and
their generally elegant and graceful forms, afford
ample means for contemplation and admiration. Miss
Jarmyn has justly observed, that the tribes of
these animals, which inhabit the tropics, are at least
equal in the brilliancy of their general colour to
those of the birds of the same countries. Linneeus,
alive to all the dazzling splendour of Butterflies,
emphatically says—“ See! the large, elegant, painted
wings of the butterfly, four in number, covered with
delicate feathery scales! With these, it sustains
itself in the air a whole day, rivaling the flight of
birds, and the brilliancy of the peacock. Consider
this insect through the wonderful progress of its —
life,—how different is the first period of its being
from the second, and both from the parent insect !

LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS. 118

Its changes are an inexplicable enigma to us: we
see a green caterpillar, furnished with sixteen feet,
feeding upon the leaves of a plant ; this is changed
into a chrysalis, smooth, and of golden lustre, hanging
suspended to a fixed point, without feet, and sub-
sisting without food. This insect again undergoes
another transformation, acquiring wings and six feet,
and becomes a gay butterfly, sporting in the air, and
living by suction upon the honey of plants. What
has Nature produced more worthy of our admiration
than such an animal coming upon the stage of the
world, and playing its part there under so many
different masks ?”’

It is nO wonder that mankind were early struck
with these wonderful phenomena, and that the
ancients should have considered a butterfly as an
emblem of the human soul. It has afforded much
scope for poetry, and served to heighten the beauty of
allegorical fictions : here is an example of the latter :-—

Now on broad pinions from the realms above,
Descending Cupid seeks the Cyprian grove ;
To his wide arms enamour’d Psyche springs,
And clasps her lover in aurelian wings. *

* Darwin’s Temple of Nature.

Genus PAPILIJO.— Linnz&vs.

Generic character.— The antenne growing thicker
at the extremities, in general, club-shaped, or capi-
tated ; the wings, when at rest, erect, and meeting
upwards. The species all fly by day.

This genus comprehends those insects called in
English Butterflies, which fly by day. The first pair
of legs in some of them are short, and used rather as
hands for cleaning themselves, than as feet for walking.
Their flight is in general quick. The caterpillars
have all sixteen feet, and are for the most part prickly.
Some, however, are smooth, others set with short
hairs ; some have a sort of tail, and others have two
blunt horn-like feelers on the head.

Linnzeus divides this genus into six families. The
names of the first, being mostly exotic, he has taken
from those of the Trojan and Grecian chiefs ; those
of the others, as most of them are European, and
their history and habits better known, are taken
chiefly from the plants on which the caterpillars feed.

GENUS PAPILIO. 115

I. Equires.— Those whose upper wings are longer
from the posterior angle to the apex, than from
the angle to the base. Their antennz are often

~ filiform.
They are subdivided as follows :—
A. Troes ; often black, with bloody spots on
the breast.
B. Achivi; without the bloody spots; an
ocellus at the angle of the tail.

II. Heticonn.— With quite entire and narrow
wings, which are sometimes naked, especially
towards the extremities ; the upper ones oblong,
the under ones very short.

III. Parnassur.— With quite entire wings; the
upper ones rounded. _

IV. Danat.—With entire wings.

A. Candidi ; with white wings.
B. Festivi ; with wings variously coloured.

V. NympuaLes.— With indented wings.

A, Gemmati; the wings ocellated.
a. ocelli, in all the wings.
6. ocelli, in the upper wings.
e. ocelli, in the under wings.
B. Phalerati ; the wings without ocelli.
VI. Presen.—Small ; the larva generally contracted.
A. Rurales ; the wings with obscure spots.
B. Urbicole ; the wings with spots, which are
often pellucid.

116

THE PEACOCK BUTTERFLY.

Papilio Io.—Brirain.
PLATE Il.

Papilio Io, Merian’s Ins. Eur. i. 226. Alb. Ins. pl. 3.
Wilk. Pap. 55. pl. 3. a. 2. Harris’ Avrddicm, pl. 8.
J, Rk, t.—Vanessa Io, Latreille.

Specific character.—The head, throat, and abdomen
of this splendid butterfly are of a deep reddish brown,
and covered with pretty long hairs. The wings are
angular, and considerably indented at their posterior
margins, and surrounded by a broad black band, the
superior ones being of a high toned brown, approach-
ing to red, with large compound eyelets, reddish in
the centre, and the inner half of the outer circle of a
rich golden yellow, the outer half being of a fine sky
blue, with several dark spots in it. These eyelets are
bounded on their inner sides by’a triangular semi-
lunar black patch, beyond which is a wedge-shaped -
patch of rich yellow, bounded with an abbreviated
black band ; on the exterior margin is a transverse
band of golden yellow, thickly punctured with black ;

9

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THE PEACOCK BUTTERFLY.
Papilio To. — Brira.n.

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THE PEACOCK BUTTERFLY. 117

in the centre of the wing are two pretty large sky
blue spots. The lower wings are of a pale reddish
brown, with the margins considerably indented, and
a deep, black, broad border, with sub-caudal wings.
There are on each of the lower wings a large oval
sequilaterous eyelet, of deep black, surrounded by an
ash-coloured ring, bounded on its outer extremity by
another ring of black: the spots on the centre are
deep blue, with a white semilunar one at top.

This insect is subject to considerable variety, in
some of which the. margins are deep brown. The
under side of this butterfly is almost entirely black.

The caterpillars of the Papilio Io are produced from
eggs which are deposited in the spring of the year
on nettles. The larvee are of a fine deep black, thickly
beset with sharp spikes, and finely powdered with
minute white specks. The belly legs are of a tawny
brown, and the others black. They live in society,
and are seen in the early part of summer feeding on
nettles. Shortly after the little animals are hatched,
they begin to spin for themselves a large and com-
modious web, into which they fly for shelter on the
approach of rain, which the exquisite sensibility of
their nervous system enables them to foresee a con-
siderable time previous to its falling ; they therefore _
may be depended on as excellent prognostics of
changes in the state of the atmosphere. They also
take refuge under this covering during the night.

When they have attained their full growth, which
is about the beginning of July, they seek out some
proper place where they can safely assume their

118 THE PEACOCK BUTTERFLY.

chrysalid form. In the performance of this change,
they suspend themselves vertically, with the head
downwards ; and the pupa, thus pendent, continues
for about twenty days, at the end of which time the
insect becomes perfected, bursts from its shell, expands
its wings, and flies away.

The Peacock Butterfly is to be found all over
Europe, especially in the more temperate parts of it.
It is not uncommon in the south of England, but it is
extremely rare in the north. During the winter it
conceals itself, and does not die until it has deposited
its eggs in the ensuing spring.

This Papilio, also the P. urtice, atalanta, poly-
chloros, and several allied species, soon after emerging
from the chrysalis form, when they take their first
flight, discharge a few drops of a reddish coloured
fluid, which is sometimes of the intensity of blood.
In situations where these insects are numerous, it has
had the appearance of a shower of blood, and, by
early writers, was considered the precursor of some
extraordinary event. Ovid commemorated an occur-
rence of this kind among the prodigies which took
place after the death of the great dictator, in fe
following passage :—

Szepe faces visee mediis ardere sub astris :
Szpe inter nimbos guttz cecidere cruente.

Which has been thus translated, —

' With threat’ning signs the lowering skies were fill’d,
And sanguine drops from murky clouds distill’d.

The explanations of the appearance of blood on the

THE PEACOCK BUTTERFLY. 119

earth, are historically divided into four distinct
periods, — namely, first, the theocratic, or period of
miracles ; second, the period of the Hippocratic
school; third, the physical, or natural historical ;
and, fourth, the atmospherical, or cosmical.

The first of these periods extends from the com-
mencement of history, down to the time of Cicero,
the Roman orator. In the second, the admissibility
of miracles began to be questioned ; and a belief ina
crude and veiled condition of atmospherical and
terrestrial moisture began to be prevalent. The third
period was commenced by Peiresc of Aix. And the
fourth was established by Chladnei, who was afraid of
the encroachments of natural historians, in accounting
for these phenomena.

In the first period, we have recorded in the Books
of Moses the most ancient accounts of these miracles,
—that of the blood-coloured water from Egypt, which
was an immediate operation of the Almighty, and
performed by Moses in the presence of Pharaoh. The
Nile became red and fetid, the fishes died, and all the
waters of Egypt were changed in the same manner.*

Homer took advantage of appearances of a similar
kind—the showers of bloody rain which had been
observed previous to, and at his time—alluding to
them with enlivening effect, and representing them
as a direct encroachment of the gods on the established
laws of nature.

The Greek and Roman classics frequently make

* Exodus, chap. vii. verses 19, 20, 21.
2

120 THE PEACOCK BUTTERFLY.

mention of the Red Sea, as deriving its name from the
red colour exhibited by its waters at different periods,
owing to the showers of blood, which they considered
as the immediate operations of supernatural powers,
and as direct violations of the established laws of
nature. Cicero was the first to question the preter-
natural origin of these phenomena, and endeayoured
to account for them by physical means. The red
colour of water he accounts for from its holding in
solution a mixture of red coloured earthy ingredients,
and the express traces of blood drops on plants and
stones to the bloody colouring of moisture.

From the time of Cicero till the beginning of the
seventeenth century, we have many records of such
natural phenomena ; but no accurate or philosophical
investigations of them have been offered. There was
an absurd doctrine supported by the Hippocratic
believers, among whom was the physician Garceeus,
who, in 1568, says, blood-rain is rain boiled by the sun.

The aim of Chladnei was, the advancement of the
study of truly cosmical and atmospherical bodies.

It would be foreign to our subject, although
extremely interesting, to introduce, in chronological
order, the sudden overflowings of rivers with red or
bloody water which have taken place, without any
previous rain of that colour ; or of lakes and stagnant
waters which have been suddenly or gradually coloured,
without any previous red rain. But we may mention,
that modern discovery has led to a belief, that all
these can be accounted for as arising from the water
containing innumerable animalcule, of the order called

THE PEACOCK BUTTERFLY. 121

by naturalists infusory animals. In the year 1797,
Girod Chantron observed a pond in France to be of
a blood-red colour, He examined it accurately, and
found, that the water, which appeared to be of a
brilliant red colour, the shade of which was between
cinnabar and carmine, was not itself actually red, but
assumed this appearance from innumerable animalcule,
which were not visible to the naked eye, but which
could be distinctly seen by the aid of a microscope.*
Captain Scoresby mentions, that, in 1820, he observed
the water of the Greenland Sea striped alternately
with green and blue, and that those particular colours
were produced by animalcule, of such extreme
minuteness, that he reckoned, in a single drop of
water, 26,450 animalcules ; hence, reckoning 60 drops
to a drachm, there would be in a gallon a number
equal to one half of the population of the globe.
This coloured water, to the extent of six degrees of
latitude, formed one-fourth of the surface of the
Greenland Sea.t Although this observation does
not. belong to the bloody colour of water, yet it
clearly indicates the abundance of microscopic organic
beings in water.

The meteoric substances, which are usually colour-
less,——such as dew, snow, rain, and hail, have been
said to fall blood-red from the atmosphere.

In Stowe’s Chronicle, we have two accounts of
showers of blood; he says, that, in the reign of

* Bullet. de Sc. Nat. a. 6.
+ Scorzssy’s Arctic Regions, vol. i.

122 THP PEACOCK BUTTERFLY.

Rivallo, 766 years before Christ, “ it rained bloud
three dayes ; and then a great mortalitie caused almost
desolation.”” He afterwards writes,* “ Brithricus, of
the blood of Cerdicus, was made king of the West
Saxons, (about a. p. 793,) and ruled seventeen yeares.
In his time it rained blood, which, falling on men’s
cloathes, appeared like crosses.” +

There are two passages in Homer, which, however
poetical, are applicable to rain of this kind ; and the
accounts of the bloody sweat on some of. the statues
of the gods, mentioned by Livy, must be referred to
the same phenomena ; as the predilection of those
ages for marvel, and the want of accurate investiga-
tion in the cases recorded, as well as the rare
occurrence of these atmospherical depositions in our
own times, incline us to include them among the
bloodred drops deposited by insects. — Sask

Many accounts of occurrences of this kind are
recorded, but erroneously investigated, as related in
Roman history, prior to the birth of Christ. Dio
Cassius, in particular, considered, that the bloodrain
which fell in Egypt in the time of Octavian, must be
recorded as a thing very remarkable, because it never
rained in Egypt. This however is a mistake.

We are told that, in the year a. p. 65, during the
reign of Nero, bloodrain fell, which tinged the rivers
with a red colour. Two other instances are recorded
in the tenth century ; one in the eleventh ; two in
the twelfth ; one in the thirteenth; two in the

* Page 9. + Page 31.

THE PEACOCK BUTTERFLY. 123

fourteenth ; one in the fifteenth ; and five in the
sixteenth.

The circumstances under which these isolated
incidents happened, are not related, — whether these
showers fell from clouds, or whether there were an
abundance of clouds in the atmosphere at the time :
nor are we informed if these red showers were
actually seen falling, or whether they were merely
observed on the ground, and hence concluded to be
drops of red rain which had fallen. ‘These accounts
have, for the most part, been accompanied with such
superstitious notions, and additions so manifestly false,
that we venture to account for them by sonable
within the reach of physical science.

It is no new discovery that insects are the cause of
showers of blood, for Sleidan mentions, that, in the
year 1553, a great part of Germany swarmed with
immense multitudes of butterflies; and that they
sprinkled the leaves of plants, buildings, and clothes,
with blood coloured drops, as if there had been
showers of blood.*

M. de Reaumur was the first who recorded a satis-
factory and philosophical explanation of this pheno-
menon. An extensive shower of this kind took place
at Aix, in France, in the beginning of July, 1608,
which threw the people of that place into the utmost
consternation. It fell in the suburbs, and extended
for several miles round the town. The celebrated
M. de Peiresc, a philosopher who, with his varied

* Mourret, Insect. Ann. Theatrum, p. 107.
VOL. T. I

124 THE PEACOCK BUTTERFLY.

acquirements, had studied the habits and economy of
insects, was consulted on this momentous occasion.
On examination, he found the walls of a cemetery
near the place, as well as those of several villages,
spotted with large drops of a blood-red liquid. A
short time prior to this, he happened to pick up a
large chrysalis, which he had carefully laid up ina
box. Soon after its metamorphosis into the butterfly
state, he found that it had emitted a drop of blood-
coloured liquor on the bottom of the box, of the size
of a French sol. On comparing this with the spots
on the stones in the roads, and in the fields, he found
that they were identically the same ; and he then
unhesitatingly pronounced that they proceeded from
the same cause. His opinion was strengthened by
having observed, that prodigious numbers of butterflies
disported in the air at the time. He farther noticed,
that these miraculous drops of what the people
supposed bloody rain, were never found in the middle
of the town, and appeared only in places bordering
on the country ; and that they were not to be found
on houses higher than the ordinary flight of butterflies.
M. de Peirese explained the phenomenon to many
curious and learned individuals, and established it as
an incontrovertible fact, that the imagined shower of
blood was in reality but the drops of a red liquid
emitted by the butterflies. The same idea seems to
have been entertained by Swammerdam, though he
does not appear to have verified it from personal —
observation.

Reaumur mentions an instance of a gardener at

THE PEACOCK BUTTERFLY. 125

Rouen being much terrified by digging up some of
the singular cases of the leaf-cutter bees. These he
considered as the results of witchcraft, and as foreboding
some dreadful calamity. He exhibited them to the
priest of the parish, who advised him to proceed
immediately to Paris and shew them to his master,
But the gardener had more sense than his pastor, and
went first to the eminent naturalist Nollet with them.
He knew well what they were; and, while the
astonished gardener eyed him with superstitious awe,
Nollet opened one of the cases and pointed out the
grub it contained, and thus dispelled his apprehen-
sions.*

In the year 1780, Romberg noticed a shower of
blood, that had excited universal attention, and which
he could the more satisfactorily shew to be produced
by the flying forth and the casting of bees, as the
phenomena in the place around the beehives them-
selves were remarkably striking. From this fact it
is evident, that the appearance is attributable to
other insects as well as the lepidoptera.

We have many other records of showers of blood,
which, no doubt, may be referred to the same source ;
and it is worthy of remark, that these are invariably
stated to have taken place in warm seasons of the
year, when the papilionaceous tribes are most
numerous.

This provision in the physical habits of butterflies,
is analogous to a similar process in other animals,

* REAUMUR, Vi. p. 99.

126 THE PEACOCK BUTTERFLY.

and affords a satisfactory explanation of what has
been looked upon as a prodigy, and as fearful prog-
nostics of some approaching direful event. That’
which historians recorded as preternatural, is now
stripped of its terrors, and is ranged among cir-
cumstances which happen in the common course of
nature. These appearances, both in ancient and
modern times, in the hands of wicked men, had a
wonderful influence in farthering their base designs
over the superstitious.

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3.

THE NETTLE TORTOISE-SHELL BUTTERFLY.

Papilio Urtice. — BRITAIN.

127

THE NETTLE TORTOISE-SHELL BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Urtice. —Brirain.
PLATE Il.

Papilio Urtice, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 777. No. 167.—
Wilk’s Pap. 56. pl. 3. a. 5.— Vanessa Urtice, Latreille.

Tuls is one of the most beautiful papilionacegus
insects of Britain. The ground colour of its wings is
red, the upper wings are marked with alternate
abbreviate bands of black and pale orange, or golden
yellow, on the exterior margin. There are three black
spots on each wing, and mottled at top, the under
one large, oval, with a yellow spot at its base ; the
posterior margins of both superior and inferior wings
have a broad black band, edged with yellow at their
outer extremity, and, in their centre, a catenated
fascia of blue; these margins are considerably
indented; body, head, and antennae, black; the
former being thickly set with dark brown hairs ;
lower edge of the segments, brown.

The Papilio urtice makes its first appearance in a
winged state about the middle of April. It is a short
lived insect ; it lays its eggs in the beginning of May
in great numbers on the higher stalks of nettles, and
dies very shortly afterwards.

128 NETTLE TORTOISE-SHELL BUTTERFLY.

The eggs of this insect are covered with a moist,
glutinous substance, by means of which they adhere
firmly to the plants on which they are deposited.
About the middle of May, the young caterpillars
emerge from this envelope, and may be observed, of
a light green colour, congregated and moving about
on the tops of the nettles, under a web of exquisitely
fine fibres, which covers the whole tops of the plant,
and is taken for a spider’s web—to which it has a
strong resemblance —by those unacquainted with the
history of insects. It is not long before they cast
their first skin, at which time they shift to a fresh
part of the plant, and leave behind them their old
covering, adhering to the web. On acquiring their
third skin, they again change place, but still keep
under the protection of their web. In this change
they become black ; after which they quickly inerease-
in bulk, and are soon so large, that the community
are forced to separate into distinct companies. They
undergo, altogether, six changes of skin while in the
caterpillar state, in the last of which they become
solitary, living a retired life, quite remote from each
other ; and, in this condition, they make such ravages
among the nettles, that nothing remains on the plants
to. which they attach themselves but the fibres of the
leayes and stalks. These caterpillars are frequently
80 numerous, and so thickly studded on the plants, as
to give them the appearance of being covered with
black velvet.

The larvee of the Nettle Tortoise-shell Butterfly
arrive at their full size about the beginning of June,

NETTLE TORTOISE-SHELL BUTTERFLY. 129

when they throw out from their tails a web, by which
they suspend themselves under the leaves, or on the
stalks of nettles, and are transformed into chrysalids.
These are at first of a green colour; but, in the
course of two or three days, they change either into
a bright golden yellow, or greenish brown, approach-
ing nearly to bronze green. In this condition they
continue for about twenty days, when they burst
from their casement, and assume the perfect, or
butterfly state. '

136

THE ORIENTAL EMPEROR.
Papilio Ripheus. — Cura.
PLATE IV.

Papilio Ripheus, Gmelin’s Linneus, p. 2285.—Fabr. Mant.
Ens. p. 6, n. 43.— Cramer, Pap. 33, t. 385. f. a. B.

THE superior wings are golden green, paler
towards their interior margins, and clouded with large
longitudinal patches of black. The colour deepens
to a brilliant verdigris green, as it approaches the
exterior margin. Inferior wings, golden green, ver-
digris green at their anal margin, and with large
clouds of black. Near the centre, in each, is a large
undefined spot of deep carmine, with two black spots
in the middle. Each of these wings is furnished
with three acute points, and three caudate wings.
The body is quite black ; the antenne are subulate.
When extended, this butterfly measures, from the tip
of each wing, five inches and a quarter.

The caterpillar of this species is unknown ; but,
in all probability, it bears a strong resemblance to
that of the Papilio leilas, which has been figured in
Madam Marian’s Surinam Insects.

Besides the extreme rarity of this species, it may
be reckoned the most beautiful of this splendid tribe.
It is a native of China, and various other places of
the East.

4,

THE ORIENTAL EMPEROR.
Papilio Ripheus. — CuHina.

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THE HECTOR TROJAN,
Papilio Hector. —Inp1a.

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131

THE HECTOR TROJAN.
Papilio Hector. —Ixvra.
PLATE V.

Papilio Hector, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 744.— Shaw's Nat.
ry Miscellany, pl. 271.

Tuts Papilio is wholly of a deep velvet black,
the upper wings clouded with cleft patches of
pale ochre yellow, and the centre and lower parts of
the under wings, head, and tail, with crescent-shaped
regular patches of bright scarlet ; and with an edge,
or fillet of white round the whole margins. Inferior
margin with a caudate wing.

The Hector Trojan is a native of India, but of rare
occurrence, and measures four and a half inches
from tip to tip of extended wings. The antennz are
very long and slender.

The strong contrast of the deep black and scarlet
of this insect, gives it a striking effect.

132

THE AMPHRYSIUS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Amphrysius.— Java.
PLATE VI.

Papilio Amphrysius, Marian’s Ins. Surinam, t. 72?— Cra-
mer, t. 219, f. a.—Shaw’s Nat. Miscellany, pl. 650.

THE upper wings are black, with yellow streaks,
and slightly indented. The lower wings are yellow,
with a broad yandyked border of black, and conside-
rably indented. The upper part of the body is deep
black ; and the segments, or anular process, is yellow.
The eyes are scarlet. .

Although this butterfly has but two colours, yet,
from the strong contrast of these, it is a beautiful insect.

The Amphrysius Butterfly is a native of the islands
of Java and Amboyna, and measures upwards of five
inches and a quarter from the extremity of one wing
to that of the other. e

6.

THE AMPHRYSIUS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Amphrysius. — Java.

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THE CRAMERIAN BUTTERFLY,
Papilio Cramerianus. — JAVA.

133

THE CRAMERIAN BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Cramerianus.— Java.

PLATE VII.

Papilio Iphigenia, Cramer, Desc. de Papillons, pl. 67, fig. D.E.
— Papilio Cramerianus, Shaw’s Nat. Miscellany, pl.

Tue wings are scalloped and black. Upper wings,
with three sesquilaterous blue bands, and variously
spotted with the same colour. They have also six
oblong spots of white, partly edged with pale blue,
and a quadruple macular band of bluish white on the
posterior margin, and a large triangular scarlet spot
on each. The under wings have a very large white,
transverse, and lunated band, edged with shining
blue. Next.the lower posterior margin, there isa row
of white semilunar spots, above which is an undulated
belt of blue; and still higher up, a macular band
of the same colour. Under surface of the wings,
variously clouded, streaked, and spotted with black.
The colour, orange and gray. The body is brown,
and black in the middle. The eyes are red ; and the
antenne slender, with large club shaped points.

This elegant butterfly is a native of the island of
Java, and measures four inches, with extended wings.

Ww

134

THE GALANTHUS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Galanthus. — Surinam.
PLATE VIII.

Papilio Galanthus, Turton’s Linn. iii. p. 58.— Cramer, Desc.
de Papiilons, iii. pl. 25, fig. D. E.

Tue surface of the upper wings of the Galanthus
Butterfly is scarlet ; the posterior margins, which
are scalloped, have a pretty broad margin of deep
black, which extends upwards of half an inch on the
anterior margin ; and nearly close to the tips are two
white spots. There is a large and broad articulate
band extending nearly across the wings ; the under
wings are black, with a broad articulate band of
scarlet. The body is black, and the eyes scarlet.
The antenne are very slender.

The strong contrast of the intense black and the
scarlet, renders this a very striking insect. It inhabits
Surinam.

8.

THE GALANTHUS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Galanthus. — SuRINAM.

Se a id

“Theo: apie: ar TRF atendin,

ao tae wrung, orlines eee

eptded! seupdtiot tia very vase:
eriwers.. > z

Ld

ePtAdTTUG RONTRMIAD INT
VAAIOTe — sodbewlek) dfaqy

etant ay. $¥er hae ch, gu bibaae,. ach” Oe

-

4,

Peete fee. bueder of sooty

™ ; ;
rat “CCA pean s eEdvPrut iu! wew

POI:

‘S/N thos Tivew TAs rye
a Ue da Gira ait ee hen '
ee ' ves I * with. ¢
awe

sae ity, ‘nil Sev (ecakye,

) nano
What!

ey Wee Sy; Awe

vVREtg iby

, ev he

ae teih cum af

ae} , nnd oh tras

ST ee ee

- ae

a

9.

THE AMPHINOME BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Amphinome. — SURINAM.

Ses il

135

THE AMPHINOME BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Amphinome.— Surinam.
PLATE IX.

Papilio Amphinome, Marian’s Ins. of Surinam, pl. 7.
— Cramer, Desc. de Papillons, pl. 54, fig. E. F.

Tue wings of this insect are indented, black, and
clouded with bluish green above ; the upper pair
marked, both on the upper and under sides, with a
large, broad, white band, which extends across the
wings towards their tips, from the anterior to the
posterior margin, in an oblique direction ; the inner
margins are of a raw umber colour. Under side of the
upper wings, black, clouded with the same green as
the upper surface ; the lower wings are black, variously
clouded, and marked with scarlet : a'l the posterior
margins have a border of semilunar green spots.

The caterpillar is three inches long, of a dusky
colour, with three longitudinal green spots, extending
from the one extremity to the other; the head is
furnished on its coronal surface with eight long horn
like spines, and the tail with two. It feeds on the
Plumeria rubra, changes into a chrysalis in June, and
emerges the complete butterfly in the month of July.

Inhabits South America, and Surinam.

136

THE ATYS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Atys.— Surinam.
é “PLATE X.
Rh. Lo

Papilio Atys, Cramer, Desc. de Papillons, pl. 269, fig. z. F.
— Shaw's Nat. Miscellany, pl. 951.

Tue wings of this pretty Papilio are black, with the
body, and centre of the wings, of a rich and clear
yerdigris green, spreading in streaks from the body
through the black ; near the anterior margin on each
wing are two ovate black spots, blue in the middle :
there are two caudate appendages on the base of the
lower wings, which terminate in a circular nob. The
eyes are scarlet.

The Papilio atys is a native of Surinam, and is
represented in the plate of the natural size.

10.

THE ATYS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Atys, —SuRtNam.

helt |

pha.

7

The: howe Atasrr:

rs)

ound? hag #
z

we hee MOTT Rehas- of werviedy:

Wb tc at | panei

pri t vt Fahvulyaieay cig! nT w Spi. £ "he: Ne is wievials
° s rt coast wat thir Fa Pew,
i en ae po wf set
Screg Pe Ne dinntsl of the Apion Wine

ie 3

eZ

cea |e

‘ x sraiune tavsaaie's saa
iA, aint semaines 9%

i +

1}.

THE MARSYAS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Marsyas. —SouTH AMERICA.

THE MARSYAS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Marsyas.—SoetuH AMERICA.
PLATE XI.

Papilio Marsyas, Zinn. Syst. Nat. p. 788.—Shaw’s Nat.
Miscellany, pl. 888.

THE wings are entire ; the anterior and posterior
margins haye a very broad band of black, while the
area of the upper wings is of a rich azure blue,
softening, as it descends, into a fine deep straw yellow.
The lower wings are of a pale bluish green, with two
long slender caudate wings on each, furnished at the
points with round knobs ; above the lower edges are
crescent-shaped black spots, surmounted by a round
black spot, at the outer side of which is placed an
upright club-shaped black spot. The body is black ;
straw brown on the centre.

This beautiful little Papilio is a native of South
America. It is figured of the natural size.

138

THE IMPERIAL TROJAN.
Papilio Priamus. — AmMBoyna.
PLATE XII.

Papilio Priamus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 744. No. 1.—
Clerk, Icon. Ins. Var. t.17.— Shaw’s Nat. Miscellany,
pl. 15.

Tuis superb butterfly has the upper surface of its
wings of a brilliant green, shaded of a paler colour
towards the upper and lower discs of the superior
wings ; all the wings have a black margin entirely sur-
rounding them ; in the centre of the upper wings are
two large longitudinal black patches, which occupy
nearly the half of them ; on each of the lower wings
are four large circular black spots, and a golden yellow
square spot close to the edge of the upper surface ; the
head, and upper part of the back, are black, the latter
with a large oval spot in its centre, the upper half of
which is green, and the under half yellow, and two
smaller green spots beneath it ; the eyes are bright
fawn colour ; the abdomen is of a pale chestnut ; the
inner edges of the wings are pale brown ; the antenne
are thickened at the top, but taper to a point.

Linnzus considers this to be the most beautiful of |
all the papilionaceous tribe of insects. He says, “ It
is by far the most august of all the Papilios, being

2

12.

THE IMPERIAL TROJAN.
Papiho Priamus.— AMBOYNA,

UN Ses
ht hu ae 4h a ae

ipa ay
gee Tacyale alety

ae chy salary y Ml ¥ .

chiles Wack gow, ole BT"

itor «: pie eh Oey EVs, Sol ges NRT

hag ony Ayes! Ae “pig! fry is aud i” ae i

+ na > Home) Ga ti J

Wuhan lay Rit} e: \e.

ra
wines Sit

‘wy mae ter (Pacey Be xv pr
me eiids <A ogre eRe boa hie Teen a
lal derte 1th re a rate pipet (ea ae

j xg PmnTM DIEM Ve Pete
Lisp sy NER RR AAI ‘to fe rer
ie ee Bei ee raat, aangenak et all she batik:

’

Me: ’ » ae

THE IMPERIAL TROJAN. 139

all over of a silky appearance ; and it may be doubted
whether Nature has produced any object more beauti-
ful amongst insects.” |

The Imperial Trojan is a native of the island of
Amboyna, and it is regarded as one of the most
curious and valuable of butterflies. Nothing can
exceed the richness of the green colour, which, in
particular lights, is not only of an appearance far
superior to the finest satin, but has also a golden
tinge diffused through it, which forms the most beau-
tiful contrast with the deep blue greet on the rest
of the wings.

The Papilio Priamus measures upwards of seven
inches and a half from the tip of one wing to that of
the other, and stands foremost amongst the Linnean
division of the large butterflies, which are divided
into the two sections of Trojan and Grecian Warriors,
or Equites. These two sections of butterflies are
distinguished from all others by the remarkable shape,
or outline, of their upper wings, which are larger, if
measured from the hinder corner to their anterior
extremity, than from the same point to their base.
The Trojan Equites have generally red, or blood
coloured spots on each side of their breasts. The
prevailing colour, also, of this division is black.

«at

VOL. I. K

inn

140

THE ANEAS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Zneas. —Cocutn Cuina.
PLATE XII.

Papilio Aineas, Zinn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 747. No. 16.—
Gmelin’s Linn. p. 2233.— Shaw’s Nat. Miscellany,
pl. 512. fig. 1.

Tue whole upper surface of the wings of the
Aineas Butterfly is black ; in the centre of the superior
wings is a large, irregular, bright green patch ; the
under wings haye each five oblong-oval crimson
radiated spots ; the upper wings are slightly, and the
under ones deeply, indented on their posterior mar-
gins ; the body is black, furnished on each side with
a row of crimson spots ; on the shoulders, there is a
crimson triangular spot; the head and eyes are
green.

This rare and splendid butterfly is a native of
Cochin China, It measures four inches and an eighth
in breadth.

IS,

THE A NEAS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Eneas. — Cocnin-CHINa,

el esi an ns. cg RS. St

(OV. me RRR é DLP ER

te

o] ip ey

Niet * wy Leta

i

ai

ac od pa
‘tee iy iy Se Sk ie 4 4
eee Tt a: | mS

tHPyi ane yy rs

ean § : Re | ; ee x. : oF a f
apr bee peer hy ee a, BAK.
ates art bot fw tah ar a ake

a Me a ain tie eiahldirrs, (Gewecit n
Orhan weiaragheeitie | wat %- Yi mA Do yare\ ie shal
* ¥ ~? +a
Eat

Tig ae ae ah #}- cyrs Mynt re mtv & ee. ees

(oa tabi Were bien cee fet a
in haath,

j

SDR AA eae a. ade
AACE —~ At rahi 0M,

Nivdras FF ecw

Ane
Be pe)
a wits Wha oe

hy ca rake

P/

he
Pale atphuryy ave!

Ae RE 5 Ss a4 an Cr pyte)) \— , erhal ieee rei
“aah prorated wietth Cen "ae SOTA. ert Tye
* *

whiar pane. ae wack. waa 'y. the tell je citiptedd,
et:
“2 Bees de b te atetre retain: Kerk: Bh ete Cer are saeet ye Te

i

yr

'
a

f Lixpane x partes. 7
Wiacuhd. Micron, A RON agylatian wl

"ae Heated Wairia Sk, Sages. i Ms a
ee te Cada ~ sah Shure:
ay hall the ster of the bees Reid,

Ma ate PA

Bn ysate. Che sporting deacedagah “Thu Grea. of
Bia husctr ee, ‘when Gaor wiles and exvemded, to fee

1 My

14,

THE ANCHISES BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Anchises. — SURINAM.

141

THE ANCHISES BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Anchises.— Surinam.
PLATE XIV.

Papilio Anchises, Zinn. Syst. Nat. p- 146.— Seba Mus.
iv. pl. 7, f. 27, 28.—Merian, Ins. Surinam, pl. 17.

Tue whole upper surface of the wings of this
Papilio, as well as the body, is black ; the posterior
margin of both upper and under wings considerably
indented, with a row of white semilunar interrupted
white spots along the margin of the upper wings, and
a white continuous, narrow border on the lower ones ;
- on each of the upper wings is a large patch of pure
white, and the under wings have each six oblong-oval
upright spots of crimson ; on the internal margin of
the wings, parallel with the crimson spots, are two
small white dots on each wing ; the tail is ciliated,
and the antenne thick at the base and tapering to
a point, the tips being lance-shaped. The breadth of
the butteffly, when the wings are extended, is five
inches and three quarters.

According to Madam Merian, a small species of
lemon grows in the woods of Surinam, rising to the
height of a tall apple tree, but with leaves and flowers
of not more than half the size of the common kind.

142 THE ANCHISES BUTTERFLY.

On these trees are found great numbers of the cater-
pillars of the Anchises Butterfly, collected together
in groups, and adhering to each other like snails.
Their colour is brown, the annulations being inter-
sected by numerous white longitudinal stripes ; and,
when touched, they protrude from their front a pair
of soft, yellowish horns, as if to defend themselves, or
to attack their enemies. Madame Merian kept some
of these caterpillars on lemon leaves till the 20th
March ; at that period they changed into a chrysalis,

out of which, on the 2d of April, proceeded the
Butterfly.

Wet
wy e

> ch

a
«<

,
mapas fs athe oi cae a BB ata

heal a% al . \
ye Dey tas PYLE Lot eteg yirtgied 7
"
4

i 4 Al .

prarunin, "i PAN Ey TO call ae neem
Re: Po
eet —

i% wash’ VO 5

a tee: Tee money a
oe thor te takin
hal PR, Prat |

4

gr

15.

THE ANDROMACHA BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Andromachus, — South AMERICA.

143

THE ANDROMACHUS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Andromachus.—Sourn AMERICA.
PLATE XV.

Papilio Andromachus, Shaw’s Nat. Miscel. pl. 685. —Linn.
Syst. Nat. p. 744. — Cramer, Des. de Papillons, pl. 56, f.

A. B

Tuts large and curious insect is of a dull fawn
colour, fulvous at the posterior margin, within which
is a broad, black, doubly vandyked band, and a large
triangular patch of black, extending from the insertions
of the wings three-fourths across them; they are
slightly indented ; the under wings have a greatly |
broader black band than the upper ones ; it reaches
to the very margin, with a double row of equidistant,
oblong, fawn-coloured spots within the edge, and a
single row of four round spots, of the same colour,
towards its upper extremity ; the body is dark brown ;
the antenne are very long and slender.

This insect is an inhabitant of the warmer parts of
South America. It is of a large size, extending, from
the tips of the wings, to six inches and three quarters.

144

THE ORANGE TIP BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Cardamines. —Britain.
PLATE XVI.

Papilio Cardamines, Zinn. Syst. Wat. ii. 261, n. 85. — Wilks’
Pap. ii. p. 50, tab. a, 5.—Pontia Cardamines, Latreille.

Tue wings are rounded, white; with the edges
very slightly scalloped ; posterior margin, black, with
a row of white spots near the edge ; within the black
edge is a large patch of orange, having a black spot
in the middle ; under side of the wings, marbled with
green ; the under wings are white, marbled with
grey, and an interrupted black border on their outer
margin ; the body is white, with an oval black mark
on the back, and triangular black patches on the
segments of the abdomen ; the eyes are green, and
beneath each a small circular spot of red.

The female has no orange tip to the wings. The
specimen from which our figure is taken was foreign,
and is nearly double the size of those found in Britain.

This pretty butterfly is also called the Lady of the
Woods, and may be taken in great abundance in the
month of May. The caterpillar is common in May
and June; is of a deep reddish brown colour, and

lo,

THE ORANGE-TIP BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Cardamines, — BRITAIN.

Se ed
e 7 7 .

eR Biel sae crpeeypsees ese teaser” ea cu abd

et ee a ee *
| ios: dec aml emia aoc cena

ee

gnome, Hemp BLP

aos = “pest of il
r OTR ip vs Ghee

Pi pe pcos ra
scene co! Ting. ahaa rosie ce Bi
wi fn» he ee ert. wgftanmn

THE ORANGE TIP BUTTERFLY. 145

feeds on shepherd’s purse, (thlaspi bursa pastoris,)
common lady’s smoke, (cardamine pratensis.) Harris
says it also feeds on wild cole.

The caterpillar changes to a chrysalis about the
end of June, and it is not till the following May that
it becomes a butterfly.

146

THE ADONIS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Adonis.— Surinam.
PLATE XVII.

Papilio Adonis, Zinn. Syst. Nat. p. 744. — Cramer, Deser.
de Papillons, pl. 61, fig. a. B.

THE wings on the whole upper surface are of a
bright Antwerp blue, and slightly denticulated ; the
extreme points of the upper wings are black, and
the lower angle of the under ones the same ; towards
the points of the upper are two white spots on
each ; the under surface of the wings is gray, clouded
with undulated patches of pale brown and dark gray,
with five ocellated, fawn-coloured spots.

The breadth of the extended wings is four inches
and a half.

This highly beautiful insect is a native of Surinam.

17.

THE ADONIS BUTTERFLY.
, Papilio Adonis. — Surinam.

4
efi ae

wie

° / | ; > ’

rk id | f ;
ae i HONS atta) . Ava 1
Prin’: AA cae MOREE he phe , |

: Di ay

fi ATR KV Eh 7 oe - Ao,

rn 2 Nn ;
q wis par Pane Tht ea at wy , ee son sy ' |
i L.>. sh tee obnlinted) iweaolaaad & inti, sy
f ck, | Rey daria we thie chbtyedael wing te Tour tiie. .
2 a ;

| ; ‘ 4 Tote hint ay tere th” east Ts 4 Tat

vt

i TF Spacers vel #inota ABT
ae Pm Hae sl pit 4

ram oMaty

jn bee ‘on
Bea " aed oF iat ay
‘ois 4D ow Sale PEER cane ;
7 li bawier wings ave aise bowmibonsdaibatl (20

if Y Reece sateree nb Ure aren isa stadia
nj encticied wiht Suk, celays tenad orem
ioe» 2 the — eins panes thor

18.

THE GREAT COPPER BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Hippothoe. — Burra,

147

THE GREAT COPPER BUTTERFLY.

Papilio Hippothoe.— Britain.
PLATE XVIII.

Papilio Hippothoe, Linn, Syst. Nat. ii. p. 798, n. 254.
—Donovan’s Brit. Ins. pl. 217.

Tue whole upper surface of the wings has a
brilliant red copper lustre, as well as the body ; all
the wings have an external border of deep black, and
the upper ones a row of oblong, transverse, equi-
distant, black spots within the border, and two black
spots near the centre of the wings ; the border on the
lower wings is vandyked at its upper edge ; a black
longitudinal line runs along the centre of the body ;
the lower wings are semi-swallow-tailed.

The under surface of the upper wings is brownish
ash colour, ocellated with black, having a broad cream-
coloured border ; the lower wings are grayish blue,
and ocellated with black ; exterior margin, of same
colour, within which is a broad border, or fillet, the
colour of the upper wings, with a row of equidistant
black round spots on each side ; body, beneath, fawn
colour.

This is the largest of the Copper Butterflies which
is found in Britain ; it is not uncommon in Scotland.
‘The female is larger than the male, and with a —
number of black spots on the wings.

148

THE CLOUDED YELLOW BUTTERFLY. —rematez.
Papilio Hyale. —Briratn.
PLATE XIX.

Papilio Hyale, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 764, n. 100.—Fav. So.
1040.—Donovan’s Brit. Ins. pl. 238.

Tue Hyale Butterfly extends two inches and a
quarter from the tips of the wings ; the antenne are
short ; the head, throat, and abdomen are of a brownish
yellow ; the superior wings are of a yellow orange ;
on the upper wings, a black, on the lower, an orangé
spot in the centre, and a deep irregular border of
black on the margin. The female hasa row of yellow
or white spots in the centre of the border, which
in both sexes is fringed.

This insect has been described by several authors,
English as well as foreign, and the naturalists of
Germany have generally noticed it. In Britain,
insects of this order seem to be, in general, peculiar
to our country ; but the Clouded Yellow Butterfly
appears to be found in almost every part of Europe,
and is said to abound also in Africa and America,
differing a little, of course, with the locality.

19,

THE CLOUDED YELLOW BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Fyale. — BRiTAtN.

Sl ee oe. Se See c
Whe” as : ° - St Tce aa esl ell a

gre ree ida diapeeedetah aoaliee

ie one margin. ‘The tetnabe bos 6 row of ye
. ter both waxee in Hinged.

Ye mac ne 7 = i
pik tht emits, wed a deep tregalwe bendy

eee ojart In ie conten ia the hostlaty

‘Sinly ae cy: Han deen dreathtons fy és
Kage. 99: meh 99 fore sad tle
Goon iayevgiien. is gicpd ah day
tomeeta of Rika anllver "Retsn t0 veh some
a ems Cea Nao ‘voids
apiorary, ie be, Es dad yeas a
wkd. be gnbl te, abomns 2 LT) Annie
c= soa ws A pea

aad

*

THE CLOUDED YELLOW BUTTERFLY. 149

Its breadth, in England, rarely exceeds two inches ;
but, influenced by a warmer climate, they are found
of a much greater size. Northern countries do not
seem to be so congenial to the growth of papiliona-
ceous insects, as more southerly latitudes. In Britain,
the Papilio hyale, is considered rare, although it has
occasionally been abundantly found in Kent and the
neighbouring counties. Inthe year 1793 it abounded
in these districts. The fly is to be taken in autumn,
but seldom after August.

150

THE SILVER BLUE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Menelaus.— Soutn AMERICA.
PLATE XX.

Papilio Menelaus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 749.—Merian’s Ins.
Sur. pl. 58.— Cramer, Des. de Papillons, ii. pl. 21.

Tue upper surface of the wings of the Silver Blue
Butterfly, is of a brilliant verdegris blue ; the ante-
rior margin has a broad black band, in which are five
oblong-ovate transverse white spots ; round the whole
posterior margin is a narrow black border, the margins
being indented ; the body and eyes are black ; the
whole under surface of the wings, clouded with
brown, and marked with large ocellated spots ; the
antenne are short, and thickening towards the points,
which are club-shaped ; extent of the wings, five
inches and three quarters.

So uncommonly bright and brilliant is this superb
insect, that it can be but faintly expressed by the
utmost efforts of artificial colouring, and may serve as
an instance, amongst many others, of the inimitable
beauty which Nature alone can produce.

Linneus, in his description of this splendid insect,
observes, that the blue on the upper surface is so
polished and lively, that scarcely any other natural

20,

.

THE SILVER-BLUE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Menclaus.—SouTa AnERICA,

Doe Re ee lai

BW v7 ee we
e wer : :

“a pee rt | og) eae \

‘« ; ; My , x 2 4 be

SE Mite te Ret, a eee OT a are ‘ y

ary he Pea Ye ORE mW ’

* ; vet wr ee J =. {

' A J
‘

cgianlaes hu mas |

ae" -

f tlre vet

oa ; proctor
* pete

Sie sagan se Bri, i ibe tarivanets vad
De RRR atee Rimini. eile oP thes alg
P< SRR Dinner yet
in 6, teheie Rg hes sau or Dhines de i of
; omelet) AO EEE oc ony sapien
Pot eagt ieee eee: coloetig, eott capa
he < kecbainame, bilder! susie «nets, tte
ej. aly Nitta Gee cifita suena, .
iL! 4) Meteehbny gedit cietoinaginny 40 SN
ia ebnerse.. RN a ae HE MO Dey
ar Lanai ik Beaker Wik ray edd

THE SILVER BLUE BUTTERFLY. 151

object can come in competition with it. On the
contrary, the under surface of the same animal exhibits
an example of a species of beauty, resulting from a
varied combination of the plainest and most sober
colours, the ground colour being brown, slightly
streaked with higher shades, and marked by several
very large ocellated ferruginous spots, with dark rings
and white pupils.

Dr Shaw says,—“ If it were not almost bordering
on temerity to attempt a reason for this striking
difference between the two surfaces of the same
insect, one might suppose that this sobriety of colour-
ing on the lower side, is intended, in some measure,
to secure the animal, when sitting at rest with its
wings closed, from the depredations of birds, which
are less likely to be attracted in this state, than by
the full lustre of its expanded plumage.”

It is a native of South America ; the caterpillar is

very large, and of a yellow colour, thickly beset with
black spines.

152

THE EMPEROR OF THE WOODS, OR PURPLE ©
HIGHFLIER.

Papilio Iris. — Britain.
PLATE XXI.

Papilio Iris, Linn. Syst. Nat. p4. 76. — Harris’s Aurelian,
_ p. 5, pl. 3.— Shaw's Nat. Miscel. pl. 862.

THE antenne are club-shaped; the wings are
indented, purple above, changing to brown in different
lights ; they are darker round the edges, the depth of
tone being nearly black ; the upper wings have seven
distinct white spots, the largest of which is triangular,
which joins to a sesquilaterous white band, crossing
them in a diagonal direction ; in the centre of the
lower half is an annulet of bright orange, with an
internal ring of black and white in the centre ; the
head and body are dark raw umber brown ; the eyes,
orange ; the whole under surface of the insect is
black, brown, and white.

The Papilio Iris is esteemed among the most
beautiful, and placed with the rare, of the British
Lepidoptera. The cursory reader may not perceive
that superiority, particularly as many of the minute
insects infinitely excel it in real beauty and richness
of colouring ; but the scientific will be ever ready to

give it the first place as a British Butterfly.
3

Zhe

THE EMPEROR OF THE WOODS, OR PURPLE HIGHFLYER.

Papilio Iris. — Barrvin.

yi Piet Puendiy rte Aaa’, omg pestis *>

} i j
Sent sd eit Wy J eae as

: : Day ey a Yi eS xs
A ae Se ot Ae tk hehe ay.
e vith TSR ES ae Ea
D8, .i¥e ee ny y i

; Dale a) he #55. * Whe ef : iy

Pag dete
ray vid

iil
is Suey ile
ap Ray ee Ws
deen: OR oy Eee ra
Tek Se Ce. vie f ;
awed Miia dt Phat. edie Va The oe r

xe

, 4

Ane ae re pels 6) gether oT Se
a | whats Re . aa
eo eee
vee, wort ‘yee Piety), Gwe oa ae rg i
oe ee

inh Sat Pnn “hi | ey a oie ay wt ‘* a sd “
ER * Pi t al bs * eM re es Nhe «& Petar Soares ‘ b,
are i Ce

*-

THE PURPLE HIGHFLIER. 153

It derives the title of Purple Highflier, as it very
_ rarely descends to the ground ; except in some few
instances, having hitherto been only captured in
elevated situations ; and eyen those instances have
been after a strong wind or heavy fall of rain. The
tops of the loftiest forest trees afford it an asylum ;
and in the caterpillar and chrysalis state, it is preserved
from the wanton cruelty of man, by the almost
inaccessible height of its habitation. The larve feed
on the sallow, (salix caprea.) They are obtained
by beating the branches of the tree with a pole
twenty or thirty feet in length ; in which case it is
a necessary precaution to cover the ground beneath
with large sheets, to a certain distance, lest the larvee
should fall and be lost among the herbage.

The caterpillar is hatched about the end of May or
beginning of June; and in the beginning of July, it
passes to the chrysalis condition ; and undergoes its
final change into the imago, or perfect butterfly, in the
end of that month, or in August.

The great difficulty and trouble in rearing the
caterpillar of this Papilio, even after it has been found,
and the still greater difficulty of taking the butterfly,
has stamped a valuable consideration on it, and par-
ticularly so when the colours are bright and the insect
in a perfect condition ; and, therefore, a high price is
obtained for it when in a good state of preservation.
The male is smaller, but more beautiful than the
female, the upper side of the wings of the female
not being enriched with that vivid change of purple,
which the male possesses in such an eminent degree ;

154 THE PURPLE HIGHFLIER.

but, on the other hand, Nature has, to a certain extent,
compensated for this in the female, as the under side
of her wings are far richer, in the various tints of
colour, than those of the male. They are both beauti-
fully spotted, mottled, and covered with brown, black,
white, and orange. The chrysalis is of a very delicate
texture, much resembling the white pupa, and is
tinged in several parts with a very lively purple hue,
which is transmitted from the wings of the enclosed
insect, and bears the characteristic mark of a Papilio,
by being suspended from the tail, with the head
downward.

ee ig with a
t prsien Fay ONY

¢

ad ewe eM Ae .
a a NavS 5 vb oe a
B wreaths! whi Bleek “yi i [ <
Th. sent Yeo Pelcarig,. Freaue! wiiahi: sek wm See
Reet, weber. The abet cai cenlaede, WARP ay
E Pee witty soute.y, aad Mtoe fon wee wed Le a
ate ae tbe. Devinegt pekoeatadcs iw Avra hi ~. Tak Rens ata br
putt, iuiec See ge: "Sie Aide irae aad les i:
tity: SGN stare on. iE coi on ain :
isto ae ‘thea nent RS y

: > ; ’ eepat aA 217% . + ae f
ba rh ry mm ay, AR Ue he n°
“TRAST REA ME fyi
ATINE — SERS ORL eT

“ b ‘

THE PLANTAIN FRITILLARY.
Papilio Cinxia, — BRITAIN.

155

THE PLANTAIN FRITILLARY.
Papilio Cinzia,—Britain.
PLATE XXII,

Papilio Cinxia, Zinn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 784, No. 205. —
Wilk’s Pap. 58, tab. 8, a. 8.— Donovan’s Brit. Ins. pl.
242.

THE wings are indented, and of a bright chestnut
brown colour, clouded with black ; the margin with a
row of oblong white spots ; the under side is fulvous,
with three whitish bands across the lower wings,
marked with black spots.

The larva is black, beset with spines and tufts of
the same colour. The sides are marked with a
double row of white spots ; and the feet are red. It
is found on the long plantain in April. It becomes
the perfect insect in May. This is the rarest of the
British Fritillary Butterflies, if we except the Papilio
Lathowa, the Queen, of Spain Butterfly.

VOL. f. L

156

THE ARCHIPPUS BUTTERPLY. -
Papilio Archippus.— AMERICA.
PLATE XXIII.

Papilio Archippus,; Fabr. Ent. iv. p. 49.— Cramer, Des. de
Papillons, pl. 206, fig. 8, u.¥.

TuE centre of all the wings is deep fulvous brown,
surrounded by a black band, which is thickly
studded with irregularly shaped white spots and dots.
At the outer extremity of the upper wings there are
two large oblong fulvous spots, and several others of
yellow and purple. The body is black, and dotted
with white on the back. !

The extent of this insect is four inches and an
eighth. The antenne are rather short and slender
for the size of the butterfly. It inhabits Carolina and
Virginia.

The caterpillar is white, with transverse bars of
dark brown. It feeds chiefly on the leaves of the
Asclepias carassavica. The pupa is of a pale green,
with several bright golden yellow spots.

23.

THE ARCHIPPUS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Archippus. — AMERICA,

ow ke eal
oe Uae ‘Ae ae bagi
: oe nites or Pike toa" . a
5 ame ahaa tite int - oaates »
eg At hms ain Be! Ra eee.
ne ha Bae Bers mR Me iio ad

painp sti.

.

ris ana ithe
tro bhiged : ima +s.
Ths tal eded, otireves nee hath « geet Be Rey»
Rare thech, ie norte Yep, Hey akan ial! iy :
3 rhs OURS Bevan, ier hawlinad andi lure :
oaiiaica by Sriadlky, .
The naire iplhedhiny 1% ile Chiu, Sa a we OD : fi
a Rarrmksble & Sy thm siugianity, ef Ten panini, Sanat Pare
Be thax fo ihe heputy. sport iy wnseate Aruiy:, sahamaeg Y
Bs as te ile vy THe SaRNO. iF Bat ts u.
f Terrie fee At an? 5
Ae A pe yma wate wAL y wee ue oo:

P ' ‘ f >
+ ; ‘ ‘ fA

24.

THE PERANTHUS BUTTERFLY,
Papilio Peranthus. — CocuiIn-Cuina.

157

THE PERANTHUS BUTTERFLY.

Papilio Peranthus.—Cocuin Cun.
PLATE XXIV.

Papilio Peranthus, Gmelin’s Linne, p. 2232.—Shaw’s Nat.
Misc. pl. 512, fig. 2.

Tue upper and under wings of this insect are
black, with an area of yellow green around the body,
and a macular band of transverse oblong-ovate olive
green spots in centre of the black, on the upper wings,
which are entire. The lower wings are considerably
scalloped, or indented, with two broad caudate
wings. The body, head, and eyes are black ; and the
antennee are short, in proportion to the size of the
insect, which measures nearly four inches and three
quarters in breadth.

This insect inhabits Cochin China, and is more
remarkable for the singularity of its general form,
than for its beauty. It is exceedingly clumsy
and heavy in its appearance.

158

THE SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Machaon.
PLATE XXV.

Papilio Machaon, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 750, No. 338.—
Wilk’s Pap. tab. 47, fig. 1, a. 1.— Donovan's Brit. Ins.
pl. 209.

Tue upper surface of the wings is of a fine deep
straw yellow. Upper wings long, in proportion to
the under ones; their whole ‘exterior margins are
furnished with a broad black border, near the outer
edge of which is a double row of longitudinal spots
of the same colour as the wings, within which,
on the upper wings, are corresponding fasciculi of
small dots. Towards the external margin are two
large oblong patches of black, in the middle of which
are blotches of azure blue. Under wings, consider-
ably indented ; in place of the bundles of dots, are
corresponding blotches of azure blue; and at the
anterior angle of the lower wing, on the border, is 4
scarlet circular spot. Under wings, bushy.

The body is black, blue in the centre, having a
longitudinal central line, extending nearly to the
point of the tail.

25.

THE SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Maechaon. — BRITAIN.

bmi i Mead cca Sd se Oa,
< * a ie iy d re a t Dies’ e » in Ry a

se
=i t
=

‘station yh tat
OS a, a : -
Ae Atala ball" if ( ee | Pick Meiers <a
ae Lae, me ea te oe Wiig 1
‘a TRY andr Rew: ee i, ea ligt
vessels Bret ie A oe ae
oo oe Riou gee an :
oa ae oo fale kee
1 ORR RS
ziorapen
haan’ ba 1
et is ak
ae tay | bh Pata

na is Te er te ding Le woe

Th a a j A el
. > ees /

a.

bck ay Ubero sss 4 a ve

ice he ll

SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY. 159

This Papilio and the Papilio podalirius, are the
only two species of Swallow-tail Butterflies that have
yet been found in Britain. Both are very scarce; ~
but the present less so thanits congener. Harris says
it feeds on wild fennel and carrots. He mentions
that one he found, remained in the chrysalis state
from the 23d September, till the 15th May following ;
and another, that changed July 14th, produced a
butterfly on the 10th of August. He adds, that the
species was found in the meadows of Bristol and
| Westram.

This insect is common on the Continent of Europe.

160

THE CAMBERWELL BEAUTY.
Papilio Antiopa. —Brirarn.
PLATE XXVI.

Papilio Antiopa, Zinn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 776, No. 169.—
~ Maxima Nigra, Wilk’s Pap. 58, tab. 2, a. 10.

THE wings are angulated, of a rich purplish brown,
with a pale straw-coloured exterior marginal border,
within which is a fillet of black, with a row of
equidistant blue eyes in the middle ; on the anterior
margin of the upper wings, are two straw coloured
spots, and nearer the body a double row of little
punctated spots of the same colour. The body is
burnt umber brown, the eyes scarlet, and the antennze
claviform. The under side of the butterfly is of a
blackish brown, with irregular dark streaks. The
yellowish border is visible on that side.

This beautiful insect is found in every part of
Europe. In Germany in particular it is very common ;
and no less frequent in America. Britain is the only
country where it is esteemed a rarity, although some
seasons it is found abundantly in England ; but its
appearance is neither annual nor periodical; hence
its value by English collectors.

26.

THE CAMBERWELL BEAUTY.
Papilio Antiopa. — BRiTAin,

i's
*
.
4
4

fi

parma epee d¥ the eaaie tolwe “Ye Banihe’ en
+
rib

weprenbice b ne ithns nihil joy :

ae , >
wot pao Fe

eas,

oe th, iy aphten Cw ved 3 denne aw a

meter Devieer, tine egret exacted: geil theo samelniialle
Peathe-. bee wayder @ile oF oy titel Boa |
heeds taney, with Be a tek” poe ie
reliaweieh beanvber WO ob that ale Oe

Ths tread tied ject te. Sewn is avery a
Bevogra Lat Co rtlgtary 1 pertucuhe fe le vere ¢
sandd. bh Wena fevtayrern FOE mecca, Beitiee’ ye :
roetabny whys Kyle but abit bars — :

Sea oF eer |

te - his by Lortivh dulldotawa,

CAMBERWELL BEAUTY. 161

There have been several instances of this insect
being found in different parts of the country in mild
seasons, as plentifully as the Peacock or Admirable
Butterflies ; in the summer of 1793, in particular, they
were in some places as numerous as the common
White Butterfly.

But, as a proof that its appearance does not alto-
gether depend upon the temperature of the weather,
there have been many of our hottest seasons, which
-are most favourable to the propagation of all kinds of
insects, in which not a single specimen of the Cam-
berwell Beauty was to be met with.

It is from the uncertainty of the appearance of
this Papilio, that we have such varied accounts of its
scarcity and abundance. It must have been long
known to the British lepidopterist ; yet it received
the name of Grand Surprise from Harris, or some of
the Company of Aurelians, of whose society he was a
member. This name was evidently intended as a
significant expression of their admiration, not of the
~ beauty of the insect, but of the singular circumstance
of the species remaining so long in those very places
where the most diligent researches of preceding
collectors had been made in vain. Of their unwearied
industry they were well persuaded ; and were, there-
fore, unable to account for the appearance of a
numerous brood of large insects, which must have
remained concealed many years, or been lately
transported to those places.

Harris, in his Aurelian, calls it the Camberwell
Beauty ; and, in his list of English Butterflies,

162 CAMBERWELL BEAUTY.

Hawk Moths, and Moths, he uses the name Grand
Surprise. We mention this circumstance, as it
appears very inconsistent, that he should make use
of these two names indiscriminately in the several
editions of both works. We still find it, in the
Aurelian, Camberwell Beauty, and in the other,
Grand Surprise; from which it might readily be
inferred, that he meant two distinct insects, were it
not for the addition of the Linnean name, Papilio
antiopa. .

The English specimens differ from those of other
countries, in the colour of the light exterior border of
the wings. In the former, that part is very pale
straw yellow, or, in some instances, inclining to dirty
white. In the latter, it is of a deep yellow, marked
and spotted with brown. Fabricius, who notices this,
says they are varieties ; but this variation we consider
the result of local habitation alone. ;

The caterpillars feed on the willow; and are
generally found on the highest branches of the tree.
They change from this state to that of the chrysalis,
in July. .

TEA uy

Ra tices ois OD ye

of ate pore Prater thee, bas isbn Un aaa

‘ iy Gee yay el aoe Len ibe: xan es phates
eel Aci i and ay Ail Wein

27.

THE BRIMSTONE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Rhamni. — BRITAIN.

— ee

THE BRIMSTONE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Rhamni.
PLATE XXVII.

Papilio Rhamni, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 765, No. 106. —

Donovan’s Brit. Ins. pl. 145.—Goneptyrex Rhamni, Lat.

THE wings are angulated, sharp at the dimidiate
margin; the colour, a bright sulphur yellow, with
a small crimson spot in the centre of each; the head
and antenn, deep crimson, the eyes and body, bluish
gray ; the under side, pale yellow, the exterior margin
being of a deeper colour, with equidistant small spots
of pink ; centre of the wings, with pale crimson spots.

The Brimstone Butterfly is common in many
places in the month of June. In its caterpillar state,
it is very seldom taken; and when in the chrysalis
condition, it is generally so concealed among the
herbage, that it is almost impossible to be discovered,
from its green colour according so well with the sur-
rounding leaves. In this state it is suspended by the
tail ; but has such muscular strength, that if touched,
it can throw itself upright immediately, in the same
manner as the pupa of the Phalena pentadactyla.
The caterpillar feeds chiefly on buckthorn, whence it
has received the specific name of Rhamni.

The male alone is of a vivid yellow. The female
is of a dull greenish white.

164

THE MAZARINE-BLUE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Arion.
PLATE XXVIII.

ro Arion, Zinn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 789, No. 230. —
Donovan's Brit. Ins. pl. 184.

Tue whole upper surface of this insect is of a fine
deep blue. The exterior margin in both wings has a
border of deep black; the upper wings, a row of
equidistant, and the under ones a row of triangular
blue spots. On the centre of each wing is a lunated
black spot, betwixt which and the border on the
upper wings is a row of four oval black spots, and
on the lower wings, under the lunated spot, is a row
of similar shaped black spots, six in number. On the
outside of the black border, is a very narrow edge of
white, which is fringed. The body is purple aboye ;
and the whole under surface of the insect is pale
brown, studded thickly with black spots.

The Mazarine Blue Butterfly is a very scarce
insect in this country ; and it does not appear to be
much more common in any other part of Europe.
We are as yet totally ignorant of its larve. ;

28.

THE MAZARINE-BLUE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Arion. — BRITAIN.

this . : phe ‘
i akasaale ii, silt cit

= <i Seal?

LOO OT CL I PAI OD IE LR

ra a i
- «

Dake arbi om w toe wich
Seas A a ae 7 nea Hoban i § Na
ea a

“Ta a Digees - aye Teta sean ae By, ea ae

£ elithtiy 0 oe rnc nia Mone >a eee
| Tis Shaw \ +m oh
pen rd oy Geet

wads) peel pba re ee Res

Avent 4 aR tee. Aig Yah pttrehy «) Pise

wets {4 ihe sib “iphrede, ypes

ferrell tele Aue tei seplatiger? odd PVs! ta ee,
Ba bata: wboggueba Giger sli. pee Py lel}

Eat Ral thik» Hirth: Hetshden Sli. Gadinatl il
hat mei ‘Stems od dda in iN i ety Sap.

\

29.

THE BOLINA BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Bolina,— AMBOYNA,

165

THE BOLINA BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Bolina.
PLATE XXxIxX.

Papilio Bolina, Cramer, Des. de Papillons, pl. 205, fig. A. B.
— Shaw’s Nat. Mise. pl. 955.

THE wings are of an intense black, denticulated
with a vandyked border of white. On each side
of the wings is a large, circular, violet spot, soften-
ing into white in the centre. The upper wings
have, besides, two pale blue spots towards their
extreme points. The body is peach colour; the head
is black, with four eyelet spots; and the eyes are
searlet. The antennee are long and slender. The
under surface is variously clouded, streaked, and
mottled with black, brown, orange, and blue. The
extent of the wings is four inches.

The Bolina Butterfly inhabits the island of
Amboyna. There are several varieties of this insect.

166

THE BROWN HAIR-STREAK BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Betule.
PLATE XXX.

Papilio Betule, Zinn. Syst. Nat. ii. 220.—Donovan’s Brit.
Ins. p\. 250.—Hisperia Betule, Fabricius Ento. Syst.
1070.

Tue wings and body are of a rich, high-toned,
reddish brown, with a large semilunate patch of
rich orange on the upper wings, slightly clouded with
brown on its upper disc. The lower wings are
furnished with short caudate wing appendages, of a
bright orange colour. The -under surface of the
wings and body is of a fulvous colour, the upper
wings having a border of dark brown in their interior
margin; also, a large sesquilaterous band, and a
circular spot of dark ash colour, surrounded by a
white margin. The lower wings have two long
sesquilaterous fasciee, extending nearly across their
centre. '

The male of this species is distinguished by the
orange spot on the upper wings, the female being
devoid of it. The larvais remarkable, on account of —
its being so broad and flat. It is of a dull green,
streaked, with a row of short hairs extending along its

30.

THE BROWN HAIR-STREAK BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Betule. —Britatrny.

oP bee a Siete
UEP ed + le

Pr gy

+ — eR

ee

a

aie eR fT ee

no

wi §
a Swhranee
Se wae ¥
4 ‘ Torre wlipiipetal $F a7
% Cag aN pe hae, ae ips
: egy cen! Ane ds wa daha ne iN ash ine -
ae hi dele \sccorn iv. casean kas
Hy Meander 3° aed tay “ ee’ tied EE ‘mas
i ae ae .
ot he leans Ae tery npg. 2 ”
! olay AEN ce. ete, sf
| ORE 7 } ;
‘Be peice wh és el ia teks
fe ee ee |
Pasi va hy st
Lis tates Ee Te pall.

=

eo

a! » fe a
¢ ‘

BROWN HAIR-STREAK BUTTERFLY. 167

back. It is found in the months of May and June,
on the alder and sloe, on which it feeds ; and changes
to the chrysalis condition in the first week in July.
The pupa is of a burnt umber-brown colour, and
changes to the perfect insect in August.

168

THE CASSIA BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Cassia.
PLATE XXXI.

Papilio Cassie, Shaw’s Nat. Mise. pl. 791.

Tue upper surface of the wings is of a bright
cinnamon brown, and considerably indented, with a
broad, scalloped, sesquilaterous, bright golden-yellow
band, traversing both the upper and lower wings.
At the exterior margin, it is of a deep saffron, or
golden-yellow, gradually softening into the prevailing
tint. The body is of the same colour as the wings.
On the upper wings, towards their tips, are two pale
blue roundish spots. This Papilio measures four
inches and a half in breadth. The caterpillar is
large, being three inches in length. It is of a pale
willow-green above, with transverse broad bands.
A longitudinal fillet of blue extends from the head
to the tail, banded on each side by crimson ; beneath
which is another longitudinal band of rich yellow,
bounded on its lower extremity by a white band.
The belly is deep olive green. The head is green,
furnished with two ciliated appendages, like antenne,
and two hooked teeth-like processes. On the coronal

2

31.

THE CASSIA BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Cassia, — SURINAM.

id sede ae wieined : sy 4 a Ser

,

ae ee oe AEG |
i. 7

' q wa al th al
eh nscale ; Pa a %e “
ge siting ty hit, RM eens trot Me? sacred

~ ea ti baat Gaya A FH ae seta ce en or “tp

hdtv Hg phage ie aliens wri bare a, gna) ts poten 9

Ce poate: “Py ceili 44 cnmetes fog

a dy Neal Sy Reet P er ;

Teg pin ie Weer he Peder «| a

PARMA GRA bo hore RE

ae A, i alanine éf fas ote dy Wie oe
ven tweet Vagal ay Pacts, wk ing pene rier
eels Ty sacar 4 Sear. bac ani

hearin’ ‘ry ats rons are

pti belly th aie AE i ' » 4
ie, rs ea er fs vein Oe Peierls *
@ Realtor booked Cinpiipelibeh ranaentianee ap ther
i i ae
ce; ;

sar

CASSIA BUTTERFLY. 169

surface, are three upright horns of green, tipped
with crimson. The tail has two long horn-like
appendages. ‘This caterpillar feeds on the different
twigs of the cassia tree, and changes to the chrysalis
in the month of May, It is an inhabitant of Surinam.

The chrysalis is two inches long, beautifully clouded
with brown, pink, and cinnamon.

The Cassia Butterfly emerges from the chrysalis in
June, and may be regarded as one of the prettiest
of its species, from the richness and harmony of its
colours.

170

THE DEIPHOBUS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Deiphobus.
PLATE XXXII.

Papilio Deiphobus, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 744. — Cramer,
Des. de Papillons, i. p. 64, pl. 40.—Shaw’s Nat. Misc.
pl. 540.

Tue upper wings are deep brownish black, slightly
indented, and marked with two acute triangular
patches of crimson on the shoulders. The lower
wings are deeply indented, and clouded with white,
crimson, and black ; furnished with two large caudate
wings. The body, head, and eyes, are black. The
antennz are rather slender, with large knobs at their
tips.

This insect measures six inches and a half in
breadth. It inhabits India. The different specimens
are observed to vary occasionally in their colours.

32.

YHE DEIPHOBUS BUTTERFLY
Papilio Deiphobus. — INDIA.

Fae ¥
aie v1
vies es

as cy

oe ise eg

Ra

ee
‘
-
==

oooh’ weep

+

Por il al
*

nl ‘ gus j r

q nity ti iif
eb he pry rf

’
«

ha * : ; te wy |
WEwagt Se it SEY PD YR a Oe oe |
z Peete ete eS ee i LY,“ ta et Suey. B ed
i) pact. ytrtie ewe
> tebe Fe Dates ay ie ; | ; i
ai as ‘is | ay ze « t
| w } , a
, = bs A sitite 7 "
; re
Fo SePREreod eceonial ane

- Sy" yw PADS, dee

Biches ae ith rs
B ahdse apices bi theo
q pr Oe yori asepectbetsithe
‘ pt ne Ve ego queda ty 1 7 3

} tems ly twain epg ef wen ‘hades sits, ee tens
be ae Revdiopeet, yearthons thy ey Leemigy’ Bkt> Penite

, Rencing Som Dantied the weed
i Faene. This aunertty bay Gem culled the
nbc fe: Bistorily. We belie: St bis woe
F a Vu: fe agp ver aN. ae Lamson. ° Phe
phon. Ue appegnts or tee winged stat) ti:

I
= me aan avr f

mene te ae

33.

THE CHALK-HILL BLUE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Corydon. -— BRITAUN.

171

THE CHALK-HILL BLUE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Corydon.
PLATE XXXII.

Papilio Corydon, Donovan’s Brit. Insects, pl. 236.— Hesperia
Corydon, Fabricius, Ento. Syst. iii.

Tue whole upper surface of the wings and body of
this butterfly are of a pale silvery blue, with a broad
black fringed margin ; that of the lower wings with
a row of central equidistant blue rings, or eye-like
spots. The under surface of the insect is of a grayish
brown, with a black margin, having a double row of
white spots in the centre. All the other parts of the
wings are ocellated.

This is an exceedingly local British butterfly, and
has only been found on the Chalk Hills, between
Dartford and Rochester, particularly on a long range
of hillocks, leading from Dartford to the wood of
Darent-Home. This butterfly has been called the
Chalk-Hill Blue Butterfly. We believe it has not
been found in any other part near London. The
larva is unknown. It appears in its winged state in
the first and second week of July.

VOL. I. M

172

THE PHORCAS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Phorcas.
PLATE XXXIV.

Papilio Phorcas, Gmelin’s Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 2239.
Cramer, Desc. de Papillons, i. pl. 2, f. B. c.

Tue upper surface of the wings, the body, head,
and eyes of this Papilio are black, and a large cloud
of a bright green runs through the centre of the
upper and under wings, the latter of which are
furnished with caudate wings, and macular bands of
green, about an eighth of an inch from the margins ;
the upper wings have a large and small. green spot
near their points. The under side of the body is the
same as the upper, but paler in the colour.

This is a fine insect ; it is a native of Africa, and
is said to be not uncommon at Sierra Leone. It
measures four inches in length.

34,

THE PHORCAS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Phorcas. — SIERRA LEONE.

Ag)

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STARS SAI BRP
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‘A oye Ge weitial: me wy ‘

35,

THE MARBLE BUTTERFLY.

Papilio Marmorea. — BRITAIN.

173

THE MARBLED BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Marmorea.
PLATE XXXV.

The Marmoreas, Harris Aurelian, pl. 11, fig. k. — Hipparchia
Galathea of Latreille.

Tue upper surface of the wings are black, beauti-
fully marked with various shaped spots of white and
yellow; there is a belt of white and black square
_ spots surrounding the posterior margins of both
wings, and on the lower one are two annulated eye-
like spots.

The eggs of this insect are dropped separately
amongst grass, and are of a yellowish colour when
first deposited, but become afterwards of a clear
white.

The caterpillar feeds on grass, and lives through
the winter. It gets full fed in the beginning of
June, and then changes into a chrysalis ; in which
condition it remains twenty days, when it emerges
the perfect butterfly.

The female differs considerably from the male, the
lower wings being of a tawny orange colour.

Although there is but little variety of colour in
this insect, yet it is very beautiful, and may be

174 THE MARBLED BUTTERFLY.

considered as one of the most interesting of British
lepidopterous insects.*

* Professor Rennie says, that a species of mite, or bug,
( Leptus phalangii of Degeer) infests this insect ; and that he
particularly remarked it in the year 1830, at Havre de Grace.
So thickly studded were some of the poor animals with these
troublesome parasites, that they were hardly able to fly, from
the exhaustion caused by the little bloodsuckers; and so
pertinaciously did they maintain their hold, that several of them
adhered to the Papilios even after they were placed in the Pro-
fessor’s cabinet. It is a remarkable circumstance, that although
the Ringlet Butterfly, (Hipparchia hyperanthus,) was very
abundant at the same time, and their food and habits are
similar to those of the Galathea, not one of the parasites was
to be found in some hundreds which he caught expressly for
the purpose of ascertaining the fact.+ The common Humble
Ree is infested by a parasitic mite, which often proves the cause
of its death ; but it has been observed, that, differently from the
mites above mentioned, they always quit the bee before death,
or at least the instant it dies.

t+ Insect Trans. p. 28.

ee ae

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PBN FYE TBE BET TERELY

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wind Aaille eIR

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Si hi li cig hit Ipabisin, teeneRy
Forth Kesinndes Sua oak’ ahhh 68 hake a heme get i
te pew ea, park Ghee, ben Hor peau Deeb eee bse Peet |
thas <pepimany nein gS (ie
» Phe dee diaeory Tet ab a: oie vwngy allan:

<5-

aes —

ee.

Oe sith werysn: bconsas. Men stabi, aaet Uae si salle a
See hd Diy, anieewegi avanuaed dia of gehen 4
» she Jorn ey eerie ae Mee yetien at are sey nein

a anil ie tc Re Cnciiad tay vin eSorploes athe, Ae Abyss ?
ie 4: Toatiaiadek caadmmevoke\uannaeen eae
“ ghne, Siti 0d. ' sa Wp Hives

sa Wecve wafly dea:lithkew fa Jae : | v Ny

36,

THE PURPLE HAIR-STREAK BUTTERFLY.

Papilio Quercus, — BRITAIN.

175

THE PURPLE HAIR-STREAK BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Quercus.
PLATE XXXVI.

Papilio Quercus, Gmelin’s Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 2341. —
Donovan's Brit. Ins. pl. 460. — Hesperia Quercus, Fabri-
cius, Sp. Hist. ii. p. 118, No. 527.

Tuer wings are of a deep bistre brown, the upper
ones having a large triangular patch of bright blue
towards their junction with the body ; the posterior
margins of both wings are of a pale fawn colour, and
fringed ; the lower wings have small caudate wings ;
the under surface is of an ash colour, with three
macular bands, and an eye-like spot of rich green
near the lower angle of the under wings ; the body
is bright yellow beneath.

The female has no patch of blue on her upper
wings, and differs, in the colour being more inclined
to purple, than it is in the male.

The larva is very fat, of a beautiful rosy colour,
with a yellow stripe along its sides, and in the middle
of each annulation is a minute round dot of green ;
the lower surface is also yellow. It feeds on the oak,
and is to be found in the caterpillar state in June.
The chrysalis is glossy, of a ferruginous colour, with
three dorsal lines of brown dots; it changes to the
perfect butterfly condition in July.

176

THE BLACK AND GOLD BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Helena.
PLATE XXXVII.

Papilio Helena, Zinn. Syst. Nat. p. 748. — Cramer’s Desc. .
de Papillon, pl. 22, f. 1.— Shaw’s Nat. Miscellany,
pl. 77.

Au the wings of the Helena are black, with alter-
nate radiations, rendered visible by the play of light ;
the upper wings are very slightly indented, and the
lower ones considerably so, with a large patch of
bright golden yellow on each ; the body is light burnt
umber brown; the antennze are rather short and
slender, with pretty large knobs at their tips.

The Papilio Helena is a South American insect,
and principally found in Surinam. It is considered
as one of the most striking of the exotic butterflies,
and is distinguished by the deep velvet black of its
wings, which are marked by a few lighter stripes,
accompanying the fibres ; while the lower wings are
ornamented by a very large spot or patch of the
richest golden yellow, traversed by several veins of
black.

37.

THE BLACK AND GOLD BUTTERFLY<

Papilio Helena. — SURINAM.

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Rie RACs il ee renlige 7

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eee eT ee
TaN ah MMM uni cic aS ay in ca’
MRS Ohne, hes, lovee ellen
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Wind lenin vb ante oc se lenges patdeowsais

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<~weneeey ah veer woe

Scr marrers os chevelle seal bli |
an + ieapecdg enta « Ue ie Apu fie eee pile of
_ sees Seah toot ave Dense
aa

38.

THE CZ, RULEAN BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Cerulea — Female. — BriTatn.

177

THE CASRULEAN BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Cerulea.
PLATE XXXVI

Papilio Argus, Harvis Aurelian, p. 75, pl. 39, fig. i. — Linn.
Syst. Nat. p. 789- — Polygommatus Argus; Latreille.

Tur wings of the Cerulean Butterfly are of a
deep azure blue, as also the body ; the under, wings
have a very broad band of dull crimson at their lower
margin, which reaches nearly to their centre ; this

band is spotted with circular and triangular black
dots ; the whole posterior margins of both wings are
surrounded by a white edge.

The female differs considerably from the male, the
upper side being of a dark brown colour.

The under side of the wings are handsomely
bordered with eye-like spots ; the other parts of the
wings are of an ash colour, besprinkled all over with
small ocellated spots, or circles.

This butterfly emerges from its chrysalis about the
beginning of June. It is found in several parts of ”
Britain, but not in great abundance. \

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179

disposed in a semilunar manner, and thus forming a
longitudinal waved line on each side within the two
rows of red spots. The anterior part of the head is -
furnished with tentacula, furcated when completely
spread out, and which the animal can advance or
retract at pleasure. The pupa is slightly folliculate,
somewhat ovate, and of a bluish colour.

This large and beautiful butterfly is an inhabitant
of various parts of Europe, and is found also in the
more temperate parts of Siberia. It is inserted among
the British Papiliones, on the authority of Mr
Haworth.

180

THE FORKED BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Furcillata.
PLATE XL.

Vanessa furcillata, Say’s American Entomology, vol. ii.
pl. 27.

THE wings are angular, with a common fulyous
band, and two fulyous spots on the superior ones ;
beneath, brown, with black lineations. The supe-
rior wings are black above, with a broad fulvous
sub-marginal band, which is bifid at the costal
margin, having the exterior division terminated
by a white spot, and the inner division by a
pale yellow one; between the band and the base
of the wing, are two fulvous transverse spots ;
costal rib near the base with yellow variegations ;
inferior wings above, black, with a broad fulyous
sub-marginal band, and on the black margin is a
series of six or seven small sub-lunate purplish opha-
lescent spots; all the wings beneath are blackish,
with very numerous transverse blacker lineations,
some of which are undulated, and deep velvet black ;
a common pale brownish sub-marginal band, also

with the blackish lineations ; the antenne are yellow

at the tip of the club ; venter, dull whitish.
This pretty species of butterfly was observed by
Mr Say several times in the northwest territory,

’ a
_——— ——

40.

THE FORKED BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Furciliata,~ Univrep States.

f aA
AY
°°
:
: y <, a
a, -
' q ’ ‘ ‘ ie | oe |
Dk Died Mivtan SCST ORR Ape F
ee ee tiie i ae GH scllet “ye ee
te
on will cota
ae
= tae
w 3 ear zt:
7 7 eas we

‘

THE FORKED BUTTERFLY. 181

during the progress of the late expedition under the
command of Major S. H. Long, over that region.
In the vicinity of Fort William, an establishment of
the Hudson Bay Fur Company, it frequently
occurred in the month of September, whilst the party
remained at that place. It is closely allied to the
Polychloras and Urtica of Europe, but is sufficiently
distinct from either.

The larye of the genus Vanessa live on plants of
little altitude, and are often gregarious; they are
armed with numerous, long, rigid, dentated spines,
which, like the quills of the hedgehog, constitute
their only defensive weapons. The chrysalids are
attached to a fixed object by the tail, and in this
reverse posture quietly wait the period of their final
emancipation and perfection.

182

THE LARGE WHITE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Brassice,
PLATE XLI.

Papilio Brassice, Zinn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 759, No. 75.
Donovan’s Brit. Ins. pl. 446.— Pontia Brassice, Latreille.

THE wings are rounded and entire, of a pale
yellowish white ; the posterior margins fringed ; the
upper wings have a large patch of black at their tips,
and three large black spots, the upper ones being near
the centre, and the other beneath ; the lower wings
have a single black spot in the centre of their anterior
edge ; the female marked with two black spots ; the
body is black above, and yellow underneath.

The larva is of an ashen-gray above, and cream

colour beneath, with a central line of yellow down its

back, the colour of its back and belly being divided
by a yellow line ; the head is black ; the whole upper
surface is thickly speckled with irregular punctated
black dots.

In dry seasons, favourable to the growth and
increase of these pernicious insects, the larvee become
very injurious to our gardens, and would be infinitely
more so, were it not for the number of small birds-
which prey upon them, and thus lend their friendly
aid to destroy these rapacious intruders. They feed,

41.

THE LARGE WHITE GARDEN BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Brassica. — BRITAIN.

“ef

iad

es ee”

Toy ae eee 4

apt i irri ve '
: Ge, at “i
“iP

‘a ' nt yA :
a phi

: | : hi oe va by

i ail presi
6 Aiea ha ee eb
f "9 ie ets ty pe ee eho gpane perce deat
SERA i watt og teth one ak tax Palacio
Werth, thie er ea Rak ed hes ie
Ta it Se ope hay homed attic. aaa
Plersmueti rere yh iol nek ore “yd isla

ne ives 09 hae

had ial lan yah ia Wah saiahiy a i
a ALTA aah, Pceting te te youl ke
ait Wet MIR Aa Hoth) 1 ether ati: Hiren,

LARGE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. 183

for the most part, on cabbages, and some other of our
culinary plants, which renders them more injurious to
the kitchen garden than any other. We have seen a
garden, with many hundreds of cabbages completely
devoured by these caterpillars. They are of the
number of those known in England by the trivial
name of grub, and in the perfect or winged state, they
are distinguished by the less ambiguous epithet of
Large Cabbage Butterfly.

From the astonishing fecundity of these insects, it
may be wondered that they do not, in the course of
time, completely overspread the face of the earth, and
totally consume every green plant. This would
certainly be the case, if the Omnipotent had not put
a check to their progress. There is a genus of little
insects, called by naturalists the Ichnewmon, which
always oviposits within the body of other insects, or
their larva or pupe. Different species have assigned
to them particular insects, and the parent Ichneumon
will lay her eggs no where else ; she searches for
these caterpillars with unremitting assiduity, till she
is successful. In these caterpillars the eggs are
deposited, and are hatched; there they continue
during their larva state, preying upon the vitals of
the animal ; they pass to the pupa condition, and
eventually emerge the perfect insects. Some idea
may be formed of the service rendered to mankind by
these Ichneumons which prey upon noxious larva,
from the fact, that out of thirty individuals of the
common Cabbage Caterpillar which Reaumur put
into’ a glass to feed, twenty-five were fatally pierced by

184 LARGE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY.

the Ichneumon globatus, which had totally consumed
their intestines. * Ido not, however, give this as an
average of the numbers destroyed by their means.
The following interesting observations by the Rey.
Mr Bree, which are of a recent date, may serve to
shew the more probable numbers which suffer by this
means :—“ Towards the end of June last, I observed
a brood of the caterpillars of Pontia brassice, amount-
ing in number to twenty-four, feeding on the cabbages
in my garden. I placed them in confinement ; and,
as they were nearly full grown, they soon commenced
preparing for their transformations. By the first of
July, nine out of the twenty-four had turned to the
chrysalis state, and the remaining fifteen produced
the silken clusters of pup of Microgaster glomoratus.
I mention this circumstance, not at all under the idea
of its being any thing new or extraordinary ; for I
am aware, on the contrary, that it is one of every-day
occurrence, and my object is to arrest the attention
to the enormous extent to which the destruction of
Pontia brassice is effected by the Microgaster. Nine

caterpillars only, out of the twenty-four, came to —
maturity as butterflies ; the remaining fifteen (i e.
nearly two thirds,) were destroyed by the parasite,
Now, if the present instance is to be taken as a fair
average example of what usually occurs, (and I see
no reason why it may not,) we should have had this
season, were it not for the ravages committed by the
Microgaster, almost two-thirds more of this already

* Reaumur, ii. p. 419. + 1830.

5

LARGE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. 185

very abundant butterfly than we now have. In the
course of a few seasons, supposing no other ‘ prevén-
tative check’ to come into operation, the Cabbage
Butterfly would increase in a kind of geometrical
proportion ; our gardens would soon be absolutely
devoured and laid waste by the caterpillars ; and it
would scarcely be possible to walk abroad without
being smothered by the winged insects. So greatly
are we indebted to this apparently contemptible little
parasite, (whose operations are unheeded by all but
naturalists, and of whose very existence the generality
are perhaps scarcely aware,) for keeping down the
increase of an insect, which would otherwise become
a serious and alarming evil.

« T may observe, that, though the Cabbage Butter-
flies did not come forth from the chrysalis till July
18th to 20th, the silken pupz of Microgaster pro-
duced swarms of the winged insects by the 12th, -
ready to go forth and commence their destructive
operations on fresh broods of caterpillars.

« The Cabbage Butterfly appeared to me to be
unusually abundant, between London and Dartford,
the first week in August; I observed them even
hovering about the stalls and green grocer’s shops in
the outskirts of London, attracted, no doubt, by the
cabbages and other vegetables exposed for sale.

“ Subsequent observation induces me to believe,
that I have by no means overrated the ravages of the
Microgaster, but that what is stated above, may be
considered as no more than an average example of its
destructive powers. The chalk cliffs at Dover abound

186 LARGE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY.

with the wild cabbage, (Brassica oleracea,) which, as

might be expected, affords food to an immense num- °

ber of the Cabbage caterpillars ; and, accordingly,
the butterfly is exceedingly abundant in that neigh-
bourhood. The latter end of September I saw many
caterpillars creeping about the cliffs, and undergoing
their transformations. I remarked, that those which
were infected by the Microgaster, far exceeded in
number those which would arrive at the chrysalis

state. I have also had occasion to make the same

remark at Matcham, in Surrey. I may add, that on

the 25th of September, I observed at Dover many

specimens of Microgaster in the winged state, adhe-
ring to the pupa, from which they appeared to have
just emerged ; and the same also at Matcham, on the
8th of October. The flies thus produced at this late
season of the year, would, no doubt, attack the later
broods of Cabbage caterpillars, which are often to be
met with so late as the end of October, or even in
November. The large and continuous supply of this
little parasite throughout the summer and autumn, so
long as its services are required, is one of those wise
and beneficent provisions, which cannot but excite
our admiration.” *

If we compare the myriads of caterpillars that
often attack our cabbages and broccoli, with the small
number, comparatively, of butterflies of this species
that usually appear, we may conjecture that they are

* Loudon’s Magazine of Natural wre No. XXIII. for
January, 1832.
3

LARGE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. 187

commonly destroyed in some such proportion,—a
circumstance that will lead us thankfully to acknow-
ledge the goodness of Providence, in providing such
a check to prevent the total destruction of some of
our most useful and esteemed culinary plants.

The larva of the Large Cabbage Butterfly appears
in spring, and, indeed, throughout the greater part of
the summer, as there are two or more broods every
year.

The chrysalis is of a rich yellow, clouded with
gray, and speckled with crimson dots.

The appearance of the Large Cabbage Butterfly
on the wing, in a morning, is considered generally as
an unerring prognostic that the weather will clear up,
and the day eventually prove fine.

The caterpillars of the Cabbage Butterfly, like
various other species, have a particular mode of
climbing, which is either by a sort of ladder or single
rope of their own construction. There are few
persons who have lived in the country but must have
noticed the larva of this insect climbing up a wall, or
over the glass of a window. If this process is closely
observed, on the square which the animal is traversing,
it will be noticed, that the creature leaves a visible
tract behind it, like a snail. If this is examined with
a microscope, it will be seen that it consists of little
silken threads, which it has spun in a zigzag direction,
forming a rope-ladder, by which it ascends a surface
it could not otherwise adhere to. The silk which
comes from these spinners is a gummy fluid, which

VOL. 1. N

188 LARGE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY.

hardens in the air, so that they have no difficulty in
making it stick to the glass.

Many caterpillars that feed upon trees, particularly
the Geometers, have often occasion to descend from
branch to branch, and sometimes to the ground—
especially previous to their assuming the pupa
condition. Had they to descend by the trunk,
supposing them able to traverse with ease its rugged
bark, what a circuitous route must they take before
they accomplish their purpose! Providence, ever
watchful over the welfare of the most insignificant of
its creatures, has gifted them with the means of
attaining these ends, without all this labour and loss
of time. From their own internal stores, they can
let down a rope, and prolong it indefinitely, which
will enable them to travel where they please. Shake
the branches of an oak, or other tree, in summer,
and its inhabitants of this description, whether they
are reposing, moving, or feeding, will immediately
cast themselves from the leaves on which they
are stationed ; and, however sudden the attack,
they are nevertheless provided for it, and will all
descend by means of the silken cord alluded to,
and hang suspended in the air. Their name,
Geometer, was given them because they seem to
measure the surface they pass over, as they walk,
with a chain. If one is placed on the hand, it will
be felt to draw a thread as it moves. When they
move, their head is extended as far as they can reach
with it; then, fastening their thread there, and
bringing up the rest of their body, they take another —

LARGE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. 189

step, never moving without leaving the clue behind
them, the object of which, however, is neither to
measure nor to mark its path that it may find it
again, but thus, whenever the caterpillar falls, or
would descend from a leaf, it has a cord always ready
to support it in the air, by lengthening which, it can
with ease reach the ground. Thus it can drop itself
without danger from the summit of the most lofty
trees, and ascend again by the same method, As the
silky matter is fluid when it issues from the spinners,
it should seem as if the weight of the insect would be
too great, and its descent too rapid, so as to cause it
to fall with violence upon the earth. The little
animal knows how to prevent such an accident, by
descending gradually. It drops itself a foot, or half
a foot, or less, at a time, then, making a longer or
shorter pause, as best suits it, it reaches the ground
at last without a shock. From hence it appears, that
these larvee have power to contract the orifice of the
spinners, so that more of the silky gum shall issue
from it, and to relax it again when they intend to
resume their motion downwards ; consequently there
must be a muscular apparatus to enable them to effect
this, or at least a kind of sphincter, which, pressing
the silk, can prevent its exit. From hence it also
appears, that the gummy fluid which forms the thread
must have gained a degree of consistence even before
it leaves the spinner, since, as soon as it emerges, it
can support the weight of the caterpillar. In

_ ascending, the animal seizes the thread with its jaws,

as high as it can reach it ; and then, elevating that

190 LARGE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY.

part of the back that corresponds with the six perfect
legs, till these legs become higher than the head,
with one of the last pair it eatches the thread, from
this the other receives it, and so a step is gained ; —
and thus it proceeds till it has aseended to the point
where it wishes to reach. At this time, if taken, it
will be found to have a packet of thread, from which,
however, it soon disengages itself, between the two
last pair of perfect legs.* To see hundreds of these
little animals pendent at the same time from the
boughs of a tree, suspended at different heights, some
working their way downwards and some upwards,
affords a very amusing spectacle. Sometimes, when —
the wind is high, they are blown to the distance of —
several yards from the tree, and yet maintain their
threads unbroken. +

* Reaumor, ii. p. 875.
+ Kirsy and Srence, ii. p. 294.

ou 7 ey
i

se
+ f

sAapaten: lath ae ;
n: & si , oe ae pa
Be ~TARBATTAR CIN Y RAYA ant
er Se gm nunitegh wilbgn’t. -

: 5, arte orn “- se th
h
Oe | : oe a : ‘ Fis af .

.

+ /

42,

THE APATURIN BUTTERFLY,

Papilio Apaturina, — Java.

i9i

THE APATURINA BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Apaturina.
PLATE XLIl.

Aconthea Apaturina, Horsfield’s Descriptive Catalogue of
Lepidopterous Insects, in the Museum of the East India
Company, part ii.— Zoological Journal, vol. v. p. 68,
pl. iii. fig. 15 1, a.

THE upper wings are velvet black, with a double
row of white dots along their disk, with two sub-
lunar white patches next the oval margin, which is
sub-crenated ; within these are three white spots,
q with a sub-lunar patch below ; all these patches are
half covered with pale royal blue; and a solitary
blue spot near the anterior margin, and approach-
ing the sesquitertious margin. The lower wings
are black, and sub-crenated, with a very broad
band extending nearly half the length of the wing.
About an eighth of an inch from the oval margin, is
an articulate white band, with a macular band of
black ; close to its side, the sesquitertious margins
are hirsute, of a pale umber colour ; body, black ;
antennee, long. When the wings are expanded, it is
about two and a half inches broad.

The native place of this butterfly, as far as Dr
Horsfield has ascertained, is the island of Java.

192 THE APATURINA BUTTERFLY.

The metamorphosis of the genus Aconthea is very
remarkable, and strikingly illustrates the analogy
which exists between the forms of the individuals
of the class Ametabola, and the larve of diurnal
lepidoptera.

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ith im vida + : rely? are Oe %

th ; re hei Seriun iets; ae ae

ise eter n Srna RET ureter °
va site se gniliten,

ie ne. Pe ath 4 ime Lettes tiles <i vine ie fs cea
sprees miuging MELO MTENICE te vatisbooed sae ey.
| 0 whith eine of the Duropein Prbtillary Barculee 9G
Yi gine: ctrtactebid : Vat, in Pepdtio yeaba, thy ables ie
1 as Ps a] ‘Aa. vphawh ew, ar eevee; F alailis, im ‘ee
Bapedie peypia, it TUTOR, in SUS hAEL INE aineakia, ;
aus saedpeiiny un Rache syporst meee Uke neath ven
ie yptoote, wh lit ihe, wed gpa iggy m
ae pet utes he ae 4
“bane Hepa Mba wit * ae tame He : 4
rene A te if ee x

43.

THE SILVER STRIPE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Paphia. — BRitTain.

193

THE SILVER STRIPE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Paphia.
PLATE XLII.

Ppilio Paphia, Zinn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 786, No. 209. —
Wilk’s Pap. 57, 2, a. 7.—Donovan’s British Insects,
pl. 247.

THE wings are fulvous, or bright yellow, con-
siderably indented on their posterior margin; the
upper surface is elegantly spotted with black. The
under side is striped with a silvery metallic lustre.

The Papilio paphia is one of the most elegant of
the British Papiliones. In size, colour, and general
appearance of the upper side, it is very similar to
Papilio agala; in the under side, it is extremely
different. Both these butterflies are remarkable for
that peculiar shining appearance of polished silver
with which a few of the European Fritillary Butterflies
are ornamented ; but, in Papilio agala, this silver is
disposed in distinct splashes, or spots; while, in
Papilio paphia, it appears in transverse streaks.
These streaks are finely softened into the red and
olive green of the wings, and produce altogether a
singular and charming effect. It is from the latter
circumstance the early English collectors termed this
the Silver-wash Fritillary.

194 SILVER STRIPE BUTTERFLY.

The caterpillar of this butterfly is found on the
grass in May. It is of a plain yellowish brown, with
several longitudinal stripes of dark brown ; it is also-
thickly beset with barbed spines, a quarter of an inch
in length ; and has, in particular, two of a remarkable
form on the first annulation next the head. It
remains in the chrysalis condition twenty or twenty-
one days, and appears in the winged state early in
June.

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bast . elena boaelgt

Bit he

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Arid whys. bes

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ee herve, todwomo aud bord ad ’
Ber Fe ik lage gneve pale Sins ered
fe he: maine cadice, witeruaiely whiisse wind bhank ;
. Men. gengerbar: “wines with a sore, Tawcnens aatere
Bec) lee eros the eidetle, dn aebeelde a erin
; Pid jew fopomus epegtitiane ooetios, wily eteaiie: Seibe
a St cine smpgiibett, them 4h Bith, ine viet Beret aarp
Ry tecige Aaaagts, ahi shat: wally nations, otek wlth
Bytes ct grt lasevine ¢ ¢ omantte 4% ae podocnxia,
‘ios & Dosa RRM MAblatRe gud. anit
‘ mapas PETRIE SEINE Tory Megane litte 8 BEM yo ware des
+s uronad Saghaee prrieqwane Catv, tay etic oma the

af

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44,

THE ANDROMACHI BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Andromacha. — UNITED STATES,

THE ANDROMACHA BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Andromacha.
PLATE XLIV.

Papilio Andromacha, Zinn.— Maniola Andromacha, Schrank.
— Satyrus Andromacha, Zatreille. — Hipparchia Andro-

- macha, Fabricius, Say.—Oreas Marmorea Andromacha,
Hubner.

THE wings are brown, with sub-marginal blackish
spots ; beneath, paler sub-perlaceous, with a series
of ocellet spots ; the body above and the superior
surface of the wings ate brown ; the anterior wings
beyond the middle, with a broad paler band, bifid
below, and including a series of four fuscous oval
spots, or epupillate ocelle, of which the second, and
sometimes the third, are small, and the posterior
one largest ; between the band and the exterior
edge is a single narrow pale line, sometimes obso-
lete ; exterior edge, alternately white and black ;
the posterior wings with a narrow, fuscous angu-
lated line across the middle, in which is a series
of fine fuscous epupillate ocelle, with a yellow iris,
the third smallest, then the fifth, and the first largest ;
exterior margin, slightly tinged with rufous, and with
one or two fuscous lines ; beneath it is perlaceous,
with a brown narrow band before the middle, and
another rather beyond the middle ; beyond which is
a broad lighter perlaceous band, in which, on the

196 THE ANDROMACHA BUTTERFLY.

superior wings, are four epupillate ocelle, the two or
three anterior ones, small ; and on the inferior wings
are six ocellate spots, consisting of a fuseous spot
surrounded by a yellow line, and having a white
pupil ; first spot, distant ; third, small ; fifth, double ;
exterior margin with a yellow line.

This Papilio frequents Arkansaw, in the United
States ; and it seems probable that it also inhabits
the southern Atlantic States, as Hubner has given a
plate of the insect. It has not been found so far
north as Pennsylvania.

The caterpillar of the Andromacha Butterfly is
downy and bimucronate behind ; the pupa suspended
by the tail ; it is angulated, and bimucronated on the
front.

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(ee MCE MOREY
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far terk aioyiusl) manta
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ID tieih iietininehens of tito tay oteres pty ee
Diet ppl atao yo the: ‘ator msetans, whi 6
pe clot, sme abagAdy timers with Fodeians eaelie abled.
ee 2 homie pelt om aark igdecaeruf ithe adee,
pniel sat WOFd, tiriehe,, Fink sori. Spek eee ets Seatmeh 9 Hise
Pts tev elle ~cngerprisy abt ther tecierine: wesgen alte a
bw he aeatey steadier: “a tiap bub: fie Rieariaie.
‘pane 6 OF she’ pee oft sah ms Renney

Leechers

Nigh 4

45.

THE NICIPPE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Nicippe. — UNITED STATES.

197

THE NICIPPE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Nicippe.
PLATE XLV.

Papilio Nicippe, Cramer, table 210, fig. c. p. —Herbat. Nat.
Ins. part v. p. 176, pl. 107, fig. 3, 4. —Pieris Nicippe,
Schrank, Say, vol. ii. pl. 30.—It is the Colias and
Pontia of Fabricius, and Gonepteryx of Leach.

THE wings are slightly crenate, fulyous, and the
terminal margin black brown ; upper pair of wings
with a black abbreviated line above the middle, on
each pair; the inferior pair with abbreviated ferru-
ginous lines and spots.

The black terminal margins of the upper wings
extend along the costal margin, nearly to the middle ;
the black transverse line on this pair of wings is very
short, and consists of two curvatures ; this curvilinear
line appears also on the inferior surface, which is
yellow, very slightly tinged with fulvous on the disk,
with a blackish point at each indentation of the edge,
and an oval, bright, fulvous spot near the base ; the
black terminal margin of the inferior wings has a
prominent undulation in the middle ; the inferior
surface of this pair of wings is yellow, marked by
numerous brownish, or ferruginous, abbreviated, trans-
verse lines ; a minute black point in the centre of the
wings, and two or three more obvious, irregular,

198 THE NICIPPE BUTTERFLY.

undulated, ferruginous, oblique lines; head and
thorax above, blackish ; antennze beneath, white,
with black incisures ; the feet are whitish ; the abdo-
men is black, each side furnished with a yellow line ;
the venter with yellow incisures.

This insect is said by Cramer to inhabit Virginia,
in the United States ; but it is also found in Pennsyl-
vania, and in all the southern states. It is subject to
some little variations ; the fine fulvous spot near the
base of the inferior surface of the upper wings is
sometimes white ; and the oblique lines under the
inferior wings differ considerably in width and dis-
tinctness.

The genus Pieris of Schrank is one of the many
genera into which the extensive genus Papilio of
Linnzeus has been separated. The generic character,
as restricted by this author, is as follows :— The feet
are nearly equal ; the nails of the tarsi, very apparent,
bifid, or unidentate ; the inferior wings dilated beneath
the abdomen, so as to form a groove.

These butterflies are natives of various regions of
the globe ; some of them are very frequent in almost
every field, and must have been noticed by the most
casual observer, flitting, in a devious direction, over
the herbage; and, on meeting with a companion,
mounting aloft in the air, with a hurried and irregular
movement. Some species occasionally alight, in great
numbers, on moist places on roads.

The caterpillar is destitute of the retractile tentacula
of the neck ; and the chrysalis is of an angulated

form, attached to a fixed object by a thread passed.

around the body, the head being upwards.

oO

awe aliens caidas wise bab peor pee
| RE Me etic ae bork bn freien pe thi
ing oll Cie Neale: fw tte, he ee joie sn is
Walt vee epee ry 17 when

Thin set a wihtnncsion hee hg, es vali
epewte CM tin Se ee
wedi ited sf amnenk OR: galanide. 8! tage ae
SO od fi Rn TE ane el: An canny “le
HERE ENC WW Comatnernal game ANNA! Willa ge drvendeal Sia

tablet, Vii: Seine tee aR, se carte bic |

wae ys; iempenthare, I spate, hl adh wna Dec

be J

.

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5

;
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:

Me cal ee

46.

THE RADIATED BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Ulysses. — Asia.

199

THE RADIATED BUTTERFLY. |
Papilio Ulysses. _
PLATE XLVI.

Papilio Ulysses, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 748.—Fabr. Spec.
Ins. ii. p. 18. — Cramer, Descr. de Papillons, ii. pl. 121.
— Shaw’s Nat. Mise. pl. 92.

Boru the upper and under wings of this insect are
black ; from the body, extending over three-fourths
of the wings, it is of a fine verdigris blue, radiating
towards the posterior margins ; the upper wings are
entire, and the under wings deeply indented, with a
margin of white semilunar spots, and a large caudate
wing at the lower extremity of each wing. The body
is black, changing into green with iridescent radiance ;
the lower surface of the wings has seven ocellated
spots. The antenne are short in proportion to the
size of the insect, which measures five inches and a
half in breadth.

This insect is of uncommon beauty. The wings
are of the deepest velvet black ; while the area, or
middle part of each, is occupied by a very large
proportion of the most brilliant and iridescent blue,
-and which terminates in a radiated manner round the
edges. This insect also affords an excellent example
of the caudated Papilios, in which the lower wings

3

200 THE RADIATED BUTTERFLY.

are furnished with a pair of appendages resembling
tails. It is an Asiatic insect. The ground colour
in some specimens is rather brown than black. The
under surface is black, tinged with rufous, large near
the tips ; and the edges of the lower pair are orna-
mented by a series of ocellated spots, of a reddish
colour, tinged with blue, and edged with black and
white.

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pM ‘Stee
itl Aer

fig Bye "His sient Sache hii
Ree wth: ently need y ae ie
eee AA wey will ty, Ribiciidiad .

ne Baa sate te eben: etch haf Foner dene

Y sinapiecreos, cuppa, feeda soo seam Fred ip

Mn ao athiay von thd a Sie W pre a)
Pe 7 He va we x

AG Why Pragtisl cotiheted 16 earrest ( he eMyt, “tbe

rf wae ‘Aterant is ‘oeemliinon yO daidiiens vinden: ee
pape w3ili hbase Prom Ogg i, agent oe on be

re

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6.2 le ee ee ce al!
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—

47,

THE SMALL COPPER BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Virgauree. — Buiratn,

201

THE SMALL COPPER BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Virgauree.
PLATE XLYVII.

Papilio Virgauree, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 793, No. 253. —
Donovan's Br. Ins. pl. 172.

THE wings are angulated, the upper side of a fine
brown, or red copper colour, with a black margin ;
under side, light brown, with several white spots,
some having a black spot near the centre.

A specimen of this rare insect has been taken at
Cambridge. It has always had a place in the cabinets
of the principal English collectors ; but we cannot
learn by whom it was first discovered in this country.
This and the Hippothe have been frequently con-
founded with each other; but, on comparison, a
material difference will be discovered.

Harris has made one error, which is of importance
to the English collector to correct ; he says, “ the
Papilio virgauree, copper, feeds on grass, found in
June and August in meadows ; is shining copper,
spotted with black.” From this it appears he could
mean no other than the common Copper Butterfly,
which is found in June and August in meadows.

202

THE STATIRIAN BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Statira.
PLATE XLVIII.

Papilio Statira, Cramer, Desc. de Papillons, pl. 120, fig.
c. p. —Colias Statira, Swainson’s Illus. Zool.

Tue wings are diluted yellow, or fulvous ; the
anterior with a black border and central dot, which,
beneath, is ferruginous ; posterior beneath, each with
two unequal snowy spots ; palpi lengthened.

Swainson says this insect is only to be found in
Brazil ; and thinks that Godart and Latreille have
erroneously considered it as a variety of Colias
juguthina, which he considers as a native of India
only.

—

48.

THE STATIRIAN BUTTERFLY,
Papilio Statira. ~— Brazi..

7 is cso catty CH z
occas, 1, heel

a ote dapadynt | a a id: ; eget rai
(ree: ce | rae ‘gee ie

Toerug ey; oa = sa Ceili: wm 4

ee cosets He yeni mga) ME, wre vet

‘2 anal ‘iitale = csopeitiewy te native afl ie

$s w al a hs’

ii wale Lr
tn oe
\) 4
‘
‘
J 2
4 ;
tg
7 —
ey
%
~
,

49.

THE LICARSIS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Licarsis, —Surinam.

=e

—--

203

THE LICARSIS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Licarsis.
PLATE XLIX.
Papilio Licarsis, Cramer, Descr. de Papillons, pl. 63, fig. cy

Tuis remarkable butterfly is black; the upper
wings have two sesquilaterous light blue bands,
which are continued through the under wings, which »
are much elongated, with very long caudate wings ;
about the centre of the anterior margins of which,
they are deeply indented ; there are two transverse
light blue spots a little way above the caudate
wings ; and near the middle, at the inner margin,
are similar spots of scarlet, and also one on each
side of the anterior margins. of the upper wings,
close to the body ; antennz, short and erect ; along
the posterior margins of the caudate wings, are
narrow bands of white ; body, very short.

This very uncommon butterfly is a native of
Surinam, and is, perhaps, one of the most curiously
formed of the papilionaceous tribe.

VOL. I. O

204

THE HELENUS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Helenus.
PLATE L.

Papilio Helenus, Zinn. Syst. Nat. ii. p» 745, No. 4.—
Cramer, Desc. de Pap. ii. p. 90, pl. 153, fig. a. B.

Tue upper wings are black, and entire ; the lower
ones also black, and scalloped, with black caudate
wings ; round the posterior margin of the lower wings
are semilunate white spots ; in the centre of the wings
are large spots of straw yellow, and at the lower
nner margins are two semilunate spots of scarlet on
each wing. ‘The body is of a deep blackish brown.

This curious butterfly inhabits India and China,
and is said to be found in the island of Amboyna.

50.

THE HELENUS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Helenus. ~ Invi.

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hastening :

ol,

THE PHLEGIA BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Phlegia. —SuR1NaM.

205

THE PHLEGIA BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Phlegia.
PLATE LI.

Papilio Phlegia, Seba, iv. tab. 34, fig. 7, 8.— Cramer, Desc.
de Pap. iii. p. 9, pl. 197, fig. F.

_ Tue upper and under sides of this pretty butterfly
are black, as well as the body, with a wedge-
shaped transverse patch of reddish orange extending
from the body half across the upper wings, and a

small one, the same shape and colour, on the under

4
_ where it is said to be rather rare.

‘ 3

wings. The back has five spots of the same colour,

_and the segments of the body on each side are spotted

with this colour; eyes scarlet, with a spot of the

same colour below their outer upper surface. All the

other parts of both wings are spotted with white,
those on the upper wings are irregular in the centre,
and forming a double row near the margins; the
under wings are radiated. -

_ The male differs from the female in having the

black borders of the upper wings crossed by two
narrow transverse bands of a reddish brown colour.
This interesting species is a native of Surinam,

:

206

THE HELIUS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Helius,
PLATE LII.

Papilio Helius, Cramer, Desc. de Pap. iii. p. 10, pl. 198,
. fig. 13. Bue.

THE wings are entire, and black, as well as the
body ; the lower ones have very large patches of
scarlet on each ; the body is bluish black ; the eyes
are scarlet ; and the antenne, short and erect. The
under surface of the wings is black, and iridescent
green. The abdomen is marked with yellow rings
beneath. It is a native of the West Indies.

This Papilio, although small, is nevertheless very
pretty, from the strong contrast of colour which it
exhibits.

52,

THE HELIUS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Helius.— East Inptes.

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ele aden a Use wah bo $ badily J
avin: PE Willner to Sigh heel aR ae
Weed. 1 & cullen of Uys Wont Fa
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PR ty Faitce ine Vibe wort

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yee Let AAMT ae SA rh
a _ Re mage? desig Saga, cian | ;
* RM Sade

53.

THE ALMATHEA BUTTERFLY
Papilio Almathea. — Surinam.

207

THE AMALTHEA BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Amalthea.
PLATE LIII.

Papilio Amalthea, Zinn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 779, No. 174.—
Cramer, Dese. de Papillons, iii. p. 29, pl. 209, fig. a. B.

THE upper wings are entire, and the under ones
indented at their posterior edges, with sub-caudate
wings, curiously directed obliquely outwards at their
points. The insect is black ; within the whole posterior
margin there is a double row of white spots, with eight
other irregularly placed white spots on both wings ;
a sesquilaterous divided band of deep crimson passes
over the middle of both upper and under wings, with
several spots of the same colour on the upper wings.
The body is dark reddish brown, the whole of which
is surrounded by a broad band of the same colour,
extending from the anterior margin of the upper
wings, to the lower inner angle of the under ones ;
a transverse narrow band of the same colour runs
from the body half way along the exterior margin ;
the eyes are scarlet ; and the antenne short.

The general aspect of this Papilio is rather uncom-
mon. It inhabits Surinam, and was first figured by
Madame Merian.

208

THE EUTREPE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Eutrepe.
PLATE LIV.

Papilio Eutrepe, Cramer, Desc. de Papillons, iii. p. 89,
pl. 246, fig. p.

Boru the upper and under wings and body of this
species are black ; they have an articulate band of
rich fawn colour, with which, in all the wings, are a
number of oblong oval and lineated spots of a bluish
white colour, very transparent ; a row of similar spots
is disposed along the centre of the back, one on
each segment ; on the upper part of the body are
four white and two fawn coloured spots, with a white
one on the centre of the head.

The under surface of the wings in all respects
resembles the upper side, but the under part of the
body is white.

This Papilio is a native of Surinam.

54,

THE EUTREPE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Eutrepe. — Surinam.

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CLEATOR NEEM BE,
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55.

THE SYNCELLUS BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Syncellus. ~ Surinam.

209

THE LYNCELLUS BUTTERFLY.
’ Papilio Lyncellus.
PLATE LV.

Papilio Lyncellus, Cramer, Desc. de Papillons, iv. p. 86,
pl. 334, fig. a. B.

Tue superior surface of the wings is of a rich
verdigris blue, of fine satiny lustre, and thickly set
with black bands ; the posterior margins are black,
in the middle of which is an interrupted row of
high-toned fawn coloured spots ; segments of the
body, fawn colour ; back, blue, the same as the wings ;
the eyes are of a bright scarlet, and the antenne short
and straight.

The Lyncellus Butterfly is one of the rare insects
of Surinam.

210

THE CHARLOTTE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Charlotta.
PLATE LVI.

Papilio Charlotta, Zeach’s. Zool. Miscel. p- 23, pl. 11.

Tue upper surface of the wings is of a rich fawn
colour, covered with various patches of dark brown ;
the exterior margin has a scalloped band of the same
colour, with a row of longitudinal dots in its centre,
and a macular fascia inside of it ; body, same colour
as the wings; under surface of the “upper wings
nearly the same colour as the upper surface, fading
into a sulphur yellow towards their acute angle, with
a macular band of silyer spots. Under wings beneath
sulphur yellow, with macular bands of silver ; body
covered with a thick coat of ubated hairs ; the antenne _
rather long, with pretty long knobs on their extre-
mities.

This curious and pretty Fritillary was discovered
by the Rev. Dr Charles Abbot, in Bedfordshire, and
was named by Dr Leach, who first figured it, in honour
of the late Princess Charlotte.

The Papilio Charlotta stands next to the Papilio
Agiaia in the Linnean system.

io)

56.

THE CHARLOTTE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Charlotta, —Briratn.

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57,

THE LUDOVICA BUTTERFLY,
Papilio Ludovica, ~ Suginam.

211

THE LUDOVICA BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Ludovica.
PLATE LVII.

Papilio Ludovica, Cramer, Desc. de Papillons, iy. p. 17,
pl. 297, fig. Es

THE external sides of the upper wings of this
insect are black, with various small patches of fine
yellow ; and a large band of the same colour bounds
the black, within which, and extending over the body
and lower wings, is a fine chestnut colour; the
lower wings have a marginal band of black, with a row
of white dots in the middle, which are continuous in
the upper wings ; the upper part of the back has four
small round dots of white ; the eyes are scarlet ; and
the antenne long and slender. The under surface
of the wings corresponds in every respect with the
upper surface.

This is one of that tribe which is so remarkable for
its oblong transverse shape ; the body is also singularly
‘formed, being excessively small at the commencement
of the segments, and gradually bulging till about the
middle one, from whence it abruptly tapers to the tail,
which is short.

It is a native of Surinam.

212

THE BELISE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Belise.

PLATE LVIII.

-

Papilio Belise, Cramer, Desc. de Papillons, iy. p. 171, pl.
376, fig. E. F.

Tue upper wings are black, with an oblong spot
of white towards their posterior margin, and two
small spots near the lower angle of the wings. There
is a large crescent-shaped white band, which occupies
nearly the whole under wings ; the disks terminate
about the centre of the upper wings; this is sur-
rounded with a broad edge of beautiful clear light
blue, near the lower edge of which is a transverse
fillet of black, and the lower posterior margin of the
under wings is bounded by a white band. The body
is dark brown, and the eyes scarlet.

This very pretty insect is a native of Surinam.

58,

THE BELISE BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Belise. — Surinam.

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59,

THE CLEONA BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Cleona,— Amsoyna.

213

THE CLEONA BUTTERFLY.

Papilio Cleona.
PLATE LIX.

Papilio Cleona, Cramer, Desc. de Papillons, iv. p. 178,
pl. 377, fig. F.

Tue wings and body of this handsome Papilio are
black, with large, variously shaped spots of yellowish
‘green, and three umber coloured spots towards the
lower edge of the under wings ; the whole posterior
margins of the wings are surrounded by a double row
of white dots.

At the extremity of the abdomen are two tufts of
hair shaped like brushes, which seem peculiar to
some butterflies, but are of rather rare oecurrence.
The back has six white dots.

The Cleona Butterfly inhabits Amboyna, and is
scarce.

214

THE RICINI BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Ricine.
PLATE LX.

Papilio Helicon, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 756, No. 63.—
Papilio Ricine, Cramer, Desc. de Papillons, iv. 174, pl.
378, fig. A. Be

THE upper and under wings and body of this insect
are black ; the upper wings entire, and the under
ones slightly scalloped. In the centre of the upper
wings are large oblong upright spots of rich yellow,
and smaller ones of the same colour towards the
extremity ; the interior margin is of a beautiful crimson
colour, extending over half of the lower wings ; on
the back there are two yellow dots behind the head,
with a horse-shoe-shaped mark beneath them, below
which are four small dots of the same colour ; the’
segments of the body are spotted with yellow on each
side. The eyes are scarlet.

This insect inhabits America : the caterpillar feeds
upon the Ricinus palma christi. The anterior pair of
feet are short, as is the case with all those butterflies
with oblong wings, which foreign naturalists distinguish
by the name of narses.

60.

THE RICINI BUTTERFLY.
Papilio Ricini. — AMERICA.

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215

WE close our description of these sparkling, but
short-lived beings of the sunbeams, with the following
beautiful verses from the pen of Mrs Hemans :—

TO A BUTTERFLY NEAR A TOMB.

BY MRS HEMANS.

I stood where the lip of Song lay low,

Where the dust was heavy on Beauty’s brow ;
Where stillness hung on the heart of Love,
And a marble weeper kept watch above ;

I stood in the silence of lonely thought,

While Song and Love in my own soul wrought ;
Though each unwhisper’d, each dimm’d with fear,
Each but a banish’d spirit here.

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Then didst thou pass me in radiance by,
Child of the Sunshine, young Butterfly !
Thou that dost bear, on thy fairy wing,
No burden of inborn suffering.

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Thou wert flitting past that solemn tomb,
Over a bright world of joy and bloom ;
And strangely I felt, as I saw thee shine,
The all that sever’d thy life and mine.

| Mine, with its hidden mysterious things

a Of Love and Grief, its unsounded springs,

And quick thoughts, wandering o’er earth and sky,
With voices to question Eternity !

Thine, on its reckless and glancing way,
Like an embodied breeze at play !

Child of the Sunshine, thou wing’d and free,
One moment — one moment—lI envied thee.

216

Thou art not lonely, though born to roam,
Thou hast no longings that pine for home ! :
Thou seek’st not the haunts of the bee and bird
To fly from the sickness of Hope deferr’d.

In thy brief being no strife of mind,

No boundless passion, is deeply shrined ;
But I—as I gazed on thy swift flight by,
One hour of my soul seem’d infinity!

Yet, ere I turn’d from that silent place,
Or ceased from watching thy joyous race,
Thou, even thou, on those airy wings,
Didst waft me visions of brighter things !

Thou that dost image the free soul’s birth,
And its flight away o’er the mists of earth,
Oh! fitly thou shinest mid flowers that rise
Round the dark chamber where Geitius lies.

END OF VOL. I.

EDINBURGH:
Printed by ANDREW SHorTREED, Thistle Lane.

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