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THE

BOOK OE EVERGREENS.

A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE

CONIFERS,

OR CONE-BEARINa PLANTS.

BY

JOSIAH HOOPES,

MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIEHCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

NEW YORK:

ORANGE JUDD & COMPANY,

245 BROADWAY.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by
ORANGE JUDD & CO.,

At the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the
Southern District of New-York.

LOVEJOY, SON & Co.,

ELECTROTYPEKS & STEREOTYPEKS,

15 Vandewater Street, N. Y.

TO THE MEMORY OF
Dr. ^VIM

AS A SLIGHT TRIBUTE OF RESPECT AND ADMIRATION

FOR HIS MANY VIRTUES,
DISPLAYED THROUGHOUT A LONG AND USEFUL LIFE.

PREFACE.

If a life devoted to the study of trees and plants be a
sufficient excuse for an unknown author to intrude his
views and experiences upon the public, then the writer of
this volume feels at liberty to present his first offering.

His principal inducement for undertaking a work of this
kind was. the want he had himself experienced at the com-
mencement of his own studies. Having for years awaited
the appearance of a publication suited to the climate of
this country, he at last concluded to compile the results of
his own observation and practice.

There has not heretofore been an American work on
Conifers, giving descriptions of all the different species
and varieties that will endure the climate of the Middle
States ; and without wishing to detract from the merits of
the few excellent works that treat upon this subject to a
limited extent, he believes that the present volume will fill
up a blank in our works on horticulture, that has hereto-
fore been much felt. In its compilation he has collected
much valuable information from the most approved writers
on the subject, and added his own experience and observa-
tion in a plain and impartial manner, with a view to aid his
countrymen in making a selection of the most suitable
Conifers for their respective situations.

The differences of European and American author-
ities, with respect to nomenclature, are numerous and per-
plexing, and where there were dissimilar opinions, the
author has studied the characteristics of the doubtful
plants, and placed them under what he considered their
5

VI PREFACE.

proper titles, without regard to nationalities or prejudices.
The author acknowledges his indebtedness to the excellent
works of Gray, Chapman, Darlington, Endlicher, Richard,
Loudon, Gordon, Lawson, Murray, Nuttall, Michaux, and
others, from which a portion of the descriptions have been
drawn.

To the following friends, who have aided him in his
11 labor of love" he would return his sincere thanks, whilst
gratefully remembering the many acts of kindness received
from others, who are not particularized in this place.

To Thomas Meehan, editor of the " Gardener's Monthly,"
for his constant aid from the commencement of the work,
and especially for valuable information in regard to the
newer species.

To his esteemed correspondent, Dr. C. C. Parry, of
Davenport, Iowa, for many interesting notes furnished on
our Rocky Mountain Coniferae.

To Professors S. S. Rathvon, and J. Stauffer, of Lan-
caster, Pa., for valuable notes on insects injurious to this
family of trees.

To Prof. George Thurber, of New York City, for his
careful supervision of the whole work, and by whose prac-
tical knowledge its value has been greatly enhanced.

To the late John Evans, of Radnor, Pa., for many excel-
lent ideas, as well as for numerous specimens contributed,
the result of a long life of study and travel.

To the late Dr. Wm. Darlington and Joshua Hoopes,
of West Chester, Pa., for unvarying kindness, unsolicited
assistance, and the advice and instruction which enabled
him to become acquainted with this important subject.

Should this first attempt be rewarded by the encourage-
ment of the reader, and a renewed interest awakened even
in a few, the author will feel that the time devoted to its
compilation has been well spent.

JOSIAH HOOPES.

Cherry Hill Nurseries, West Chester, Pa.

CHAPTER I.

N T R O D U C T O K Y

In writing a work upon a particular family of plants,
the author is at loss to know how fhr he can presume up-
on the knowledge of the reader with respect to plants in
general. Believing that there are many who would con-
sult this work to learn some points about Coniferce, or
Cone-bearing plants, who are not familiar with plant
structure and the systems of classification, the writer has
preferred to be elementary and explain many terms that,
to the botanical student, would need no definition. No
one who has not attempted to write a work that shall be
equally useful to the experienced man and the novice, is
aware of the difficulties attending the task. We are
obliged to assume that the reader is aware — or if not ad-

O

vised, we have to state — that all plants are divided into
two great series, the Flowerless and the Flowering Plants.
The former are called Cryptogamous, meaning plants with
hidden fructification; and the latter Phcenogamous, or
those in which the parts concerned in fructification are
readily observable. Flowering (Phcenogamous) plants,
those with which we are most familiar, are subdivided into
two classes : Dicotyledonous plants, having two seed-leaves
to the young plant, or embryo, and their stems showing a
distinct pith, wood and bark ; and the Monocotyledonous
plants, that have but one seed-leaf to the embryo and no
distinct wood, pith, and bark in the stem. Besides this,
7

8 THE BOOK OP EVERGREENS.

monocotyledonous plants have usually leaves with parallel
veins, while those of the other class have the veins of the
leaves more or less interwoven or netted. The stems of the
woody dicotyledonous plants show a regular annual
growth ; each year a layer of wood is deposited outside of
the older growth, and they are called Exogens, or outside
growers, while, as this order of growth is not observed in
the monocotyledonous plants, and the newer woody fibres
are mostly in the centre of the stem, they are called
Endogens, or inside growers. To the first of these classes,
the JExogens, or Dicotyledons, belongs the Coniferae, or
Pine Family, which presents peculiarities of structure
differing from other Exogens, and which will be described
farther along.

To the Cryptogamous or flowerless plants belong the
Mosses, Ferns, Club-mosses, and Others still more simple
in their structure.

Geological researches have shown that after the forma-
tion of this lower order of vegetation, the Coniferce came
into being. This period was coeval with the formation of
stone coal, which is indicated by the distinct and beauti-
ful impressions found in the various strata throughout the
coal regions.

In the three great periods or epochs of geological his-
tory, we find by the vegetable remains that, during the
first period, their flora consisted principally of the crypto-
gaim'ge, or flowerless plants, with a few dicotyledonous
plants. These two classes were about equally divided in
the second period ; and in the third, the dicotyledonous
plants constituted much the larger portion, whilst the
cryptogamia were rare.

Monocotyledonous plants existed in every period, al-
though by no means plentiful in any of them.

In the first period the prevailing families were Ferns and
enormous Equisetums, or Horse-tails ; in the second epoch,
only one-third were Ferns, and the remaining two-thirds

INTRODUCTION. 0

Coniferae and Lycopodiaceae, or Club-mosses, with inter-
mediate allied forms. The third period presented much
the same disposition of vegetation as the present existing
forms.

Dr. Buckland, in his Bridgewater Treatise on Ge-
ology, says: "The family which has most universally
pervaded every stage of vegetation is that of Coniferae,
increasing in the number and variety of its genera and
species at each successive change in the climate and con-
dition of the surface of the earth. This family forms
about one three-hundreth part of the total number of ex-
isting vegetables."

The ancient writers frequently mention the existence of
the Coniferae, and used the Pines and Cedars as striking
illustrations of strength and durability. The Romans
used garlands of pine branches for crowning the victors in
their games, and the wood to form their funeral piles.
The cones and seeds were considered medicinal, and were
sought after for flavoring their wines. The rare graceful-
ness and artistic arrangement of many of the species
were used as models by the sculptor, and the timber was
employed for building purposes. According to Theophras-
tus, an early Greek writer, the wood of the pine was so
saturated with resin that it formed excellent torches, which
were used at the sacred ceremonies.

The assertion of Pliny that the wood of the Larch never
creates a flame when burning, as well as that it never
flowers, is an error that leads us of the present day to
question whether he ever saw the tree. The same author
speaks of the preservative properties of the juice of the
Cedar, and states it was used in preparing mummies^ The
Cedar of Lebanon was considered by the profane writers
as symbolical of durability, but it is very probable that
other Conifers were known under this name.

The wood of the Cypress was also held in great respect
by the ancients, and the branches employed in religious
1*

10 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

exercises. Its "balsamic properties were considered medic-
inal, even to the odor exhaled from the trees. The tim-
ber was used extensively in both naval and civil architect-
ure ; and in ornamental plantations, particularly for ceme-
tary purposes, the Cypress was regarded as the most eli-
gible plant known.

The Juniper was also known to the early writers, being
noticed by Pliny and Virgil ; and whilst they generally
admit the medicinal virtues of the fruit, its shade was
considered by them as highly injurious to animal life. The
Yews are, perhaps, more frequently mentioned by the an-
cient writers than any other genus of the Coniferae, allu-
pions being made to them in the writings of Caesar, Pliny,
Suetonius, Nicander, Plutarch, Galin, etc. Their poison-
ous properties appear to have been greatly overrated, for
Gerard, the quaint old writer, in his day exposed the fal-
lacy of most of these statements.

The exceeding toughness of the wood of the Yew, how-
ever, was known and appreciated, for it was used exten-
sively for manufacturing bows. The custom of planting
the Yew around the graves of the departed was universal
with the ancients, and has continued popular until the
present day.

In many places throughout the sacred writings we find
the Conifers beautifully mentioned, the similes often be-
ing among the most eloquent passages known in the Eng-
lish language.

The Cedars are much more frequently quoted than any
other genus, and are particularly described as being ex-
ceedingly durable and strong ; thus endorsing the state-
ment^ of the profane writers, but in which we, of the
present day, cannot acquiesce. So highly was the Cedar
tree held in the estimation of the inspired writers that the
attributes of strength, height, size, growth, and fruitful
ness were constantly made comparable to this tree. The
Fir was seldom mentioned, and the Pine was alluded to

INTRODUCTION. 11

even less frequently. In the First Book of Kings it is
stated that Elijah "lay and slept under a Juniper tree in
the wilderness." This tree is also incidentally mentioned
in the Books of Job and Psalms, but we believe, with these
exceptions, in no other instance throughout the Scriptures.
The Yew is not alluded to by any of the sacred writers.

According to Loudon, " the first author who wrote ex-
clusively on trees and shrubs appears to have been Belon,
a Doctor of Medicine of the faculty of Paris, who pro-
duced a small quarto volume, entitled: De Arboribus,
Coniferis, Hesiniferis, etc., printed in Paris in 1523, and
illustrated with a number of engravings on wood. Dif-
ferent species of Juniperus and Cupressus, the Thuja
Orientalis, Cedrus Hbani^ and several pines and firs, as
well as the Larch, are described and figured ; and a num-
ber of other plants are mentioned incidentally." Since
Belon's time, however, the French have paid the Coni-
fers marked attention; more, perhaps, than any other
nation.

Loudon also says : " In Delamarre's Traite Pratique de
la Culture des Pins, 3rd Edition, published in 1834, will
be found an alphabetical catalogue of forty-three authors,
who have written more or less on the culture of the Pine
in France."

Among the many writers on Conifers, the same author-
ity states that Tournefort was the first to study them scien-
tifically, and to class the order into genera, as described
in his Institution es, published in 1717 and 1719. He was
followed by Linnsus in his Genera Plantarum, published
1737; by Adanson, in his Families des Plantes, published
1763 ; and by Jussieu, in 1789, in his Genera Plantarum.
These writers were succeeded by Solander, in 1786 ; by
Gsrtner, in 1791 ; by Lambert, in his first volume entitled
Monograph' of the Genus Pinus, published in 1803;
which was followed by his second volume in 1832, and the
third in 1837. Other botanical authors have, during the

12 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

present century, devoted much labor to the investigation
and proper classification of this important order. Promi-
nently, we may mention the names of L'Heritier, Smith,
Link, Persoon, Barrelier, Salisbury, Ventenant, Desfon-
taines, Tazzetti, Schubert, Richard, Mirbel, Tristan, La-
marck, R. Brown, Michaux, Rafinesque, Don, Lindley,
Loudon, Douglas, Menzies, Endlicher, Siebold, Hooker,
Knight, Nuttall, and others, with the more recent authors,
Carriere, Gordon, Veitch, Murray, Engelmann, Gray, Par-
ry, etc.

The great natural order Conifers very appropriately
derives its name from its peculiar mode of fructification,
which signifies, literally, a Cone-bearing tree ; and, as a
considerable number of distinct characteristics mark its
every stage of growth from the embryo to the mature
tree or shrub, it should claim, in 110 small degree, our pa-
tient investigation and research.

Having commenced, therefore, with the first evidences
of its formation, we will follow its history through the
changes that mark its growth.

The ConiferaB is the only well-known order belonging to
the sub-class Gymnospermcea / i. e. naked-seeded. Their
peculiar, yet simple, mode of fructification is exceedingly
interesting to the botanist, and furnishes the most reliable
and distinctive characters by which the different genera
and species are distinguished. The several members of
this important family are all trees and shrubs, abounding
throughout their entire structure with resinous juice. Ex-
amined by the microscope, the walls of their wood-cells
are marked by curious circular disks and glands, but the
wood is entirely destitute of ducts. The leaves are linear
or lanceolate, diverging into needle-shaped, awl-shaped,
or scale-shaped, with all their intermediate and combined
forms ; excepting in the Salisburia, which ha*s a very cu-
rious fan-shaped or wedge-shaped leaf, on a long petiole.
The LariX) (Pseudolarix?), Taxodium, Qlyptostrobus,

INTRODUCTION. 13

and Saltsburia r,produce deciduous leaves,and the remainder
of the family are all evergreen, or have persistent foliage.

The chief peculiarity of this order is in the naked ovules
or rudiments of seeds, which are borne mostly on the inner
surface of a scale or carpellary leaf, and fructified by the im-
mediate application of the pollen, without the service of a
pistil or the appendages of calyx and corolla. The flow-
ers are borne principally in aments or clusters, and are
either in the axils of the leaves, as in the Junipers and
Yews, or at the extremities of the branches, as in the
Pines and Cypresses. In the pistillate aments each indi-
vidual carpellary scale acts as a separate and distinct flow-
er, and the whole combination, when mature, forms a spe-
cies of multiple fruit, or, as it is generally designated, a
cone. The sterile flowers are also in aments, and usually
consist of a small collection of stamens, adhering to the
under side of a scale.

In fruiting, this order displays a great diversity of forms
and characters. In the sub-order AbietinaB and most of the
CupressinaB the species are recognized by the woody cones
of different sizes and shapes, whilst in the Juniperus and
Taxacese the fruits in their primitive condition are small
cones and furnished with carpellary leaves, but swelling
at maturity into drupe-like berries, or fleshy, naked drupes.
The albumen of the seeds is of an oily, fleshy consistency,
with the embryo in. the axis. The cotyledons in this
family range from two to many in a whorl.

The near affinity displayed between many genera, as in
Larix and Cedrus, Abies and Picea, Cupressus and
Chamcecyparis (.?), Taxodium and Qlyptostrobus, etc.,
has caused much controversy and apparent diversity of
sentiment in many of the authorities before quoted ; and
even to this day no established rule can possibly be given
to settle these disputed points. In the sub-orders, any one,
by careful study, can ascertain the leading characteristics
that bind together the different genera composing them,

14 THE BOOK OF EVEKGREENS.

and thus be enabled to trace any particular tree or plant
to a description in this work.

The order is subdivided into three sub-orders, or sub-
families, which are, by some botanists, given the rank of
orders.

The sub-order Abietince, or Pine sub-family, are all large
sized trees, growing mostly in a conical form, and having
large, spreading, roots, and horizontal branches with droop-
ing branchlets. The members of this group all have ev-
ergreen or persistent leaves, excepting the Larch, (Larix^)
with both sterile and fertile catkins, usually on the same
tree but on different branches. The cones, or strobiles,
which form the main point in distinguishing the sub-or-
ders, are in this very much alike in structure, although
differing greatly in size and shape. Seeds, mostly edible,
resinous and oily, the embryo with from 2 to 12 cotyle-
dons. Buds, scaly.

The sub-order, Cupressince, has, with few exceptions,
smaller sized trees or shrubs. They are all evergreen ex-
cept the Taxodiums and Glyptostrobus, with generally a
conical form, which, in many instances, approaches the fas-
tigiate. The cones of this group are smaller than those in
the foregoing, and are composed of dry scales, excepting
in the Junipers, which are drupe-like berries at maturity.
Buds, naked.

The Third sub-order, Taxinece, or Yew sub-family, is
very distinct from the others, and is by many botanists
separated from the Conifers. The species belonging to
this are about equally divided between the medium-sized
and smaller class of trees, and produce in fruit a naked
drupe, or, in some instances, a fleshy, drupe-like berry.
Buds, scaly.

No known order of plants presents such a diversity of
size as that of the Conifers. From the humble, trailing
shrub, it embraces trees of every size to the lordly Sequoia
gigantea of 300 feet in height. Every shade and tint of

INTRODUCTION. 15

green is also beautifully displayed in the foliage of the
various species, and in the many curious and unique vari-
eties we have the variegated leaves that occasionally occur
throughout the whole of our flora.

The extensive fir and pine forests of Northern Europe
that clothe the mountain ranges so universal in those coun-
tries, cover millions of acres, and contain some magnif-
icent specimens in size and beauty. But large as these
enormous tracts appear, they are inferior to those of our
Western regions. Immense tracts of timber clothe the
summits and sides of a large portion of the Rocky Moun-
tains, and the section of country west to the Pacific Coast.
Some of the enormous trees found in these localities are
of almost incredible size. Specimens of the Pinus Lam-
bertiana, Picea nobilis, Picea grandis, and Sequoia gi-
gantea, are often met with reaching a height of 200 feet
and upwards.

The several genera composing this order are limited to
no particular climate or country, but are natives of the
torrid, frigid, and temperate zones, throughout the whole
world. Each region has its own representative, marked
by its peculiar type of growth. On the coldest summits
of the Alpine peaks of Lapland, at the very utmost limits
of arborescent vegetation, are found many of the d warier
species ; whilst, on the other extreme, the splendid Arauca-
carias and Dacridiums develop their beauty beneath the
scorching sun of a torrid clime.

Although the family is not remarkable for producing
edible fruit, and only a few members of it that of sufficient
value for exportation, yet many of the species bear very
nutritious seed, upon which the natives of those countries
where they grow, almost entirely subsist.

The Pinus Xambertiana, for instance, has large, dark-
brown seeds, that are eagerly gathered by the Indians,
and form one of their principal articles of food. The P.
pinea also produces large, nut-like seeds, about three-quar-

16 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

ters of an inch in length, which are considered quite nutri-
tious, and are even in limited demand as an article of
commerce.

For their medicinal and mechanical properties, the pro-
ducts of this family constitute a very important item of traf-
fic. Various so-called balsams and resins, that are service-
able in the materia-medica, as well as the pitch, tar, rosin,
and turpentine of trade, have yielded an immense annual
income to the manufacturers. For building purposes, both
in naval and civil architecture, the lumber furnished by the
Abietina? is, perhaps, the most useful and valuable in the
market. The immense rafts of White and Yellow Pine,
as well as Hemlock Spruce, that are conveyed yearly to
our large cities, contribute largely to their mercantile
prosperity, and produce a livelihood for large numbers
of workmen in those sections from whence it is obtained.

CHAPTER II.

SOIL AND PLANTING.

We desire in this chapter to point out many of the evil
practices into which planters, in this country, too fre-
quently fall ; as well as to give a few concise instructions
in regard to the proper time and manner of transplant-
ing, selection and preparation of soils, etc. These rules
are the fundamental principles upon which everything
else depends; for, if correct ideas are wanting at the
commencement, failure will inevitably be the result.

In planting evergreens on a lawn, care must be observed
to ascertain whether the soil is suitable for their healthy
growth and subsequent development. With a very few
exceptions, the Conifers prefer a light, sandy subsoil, open
and porous, that will admit of a perfect drainage, yet
with a deep, rich surface soil, to afford a proper supply
of healthy nourishment to sustain the large quantity of
fibres with which their roots are furnished.

We have closely observed for a number of years that
on stiff, clayey soils, or those which are retentive of moist-
ure, the half-hardy species will inevitably be killed, or
what is more annoying, be severely injured. Experiments
in various parts of the country, in regard to this particular,
have always decided that much more depends upon the
quality of the soil, than on the temperature of the atmos-
phere. The reason of this is obvious ; for, in almost every
instance where an unacclimated tree has been injured, we
17

18 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

find that the plant has either been prevented from forming
its growth early in the season, and, in consequence, has
been overtaken by the frosts, or, as is very often the case,
it has grown over-luxuriantly, and the nature of the soil
has prevented it from properly ripening the young wood.

An excellent example of the value attached to light
soils is shown by a Deodar Cedar that is standing on our
own grounds.

This beautiful species has been pronounced tender by
almost all planters, and its dissemination consequently
discouraged. The specimen to which we allude is, at the
present time, about 25 or 30 feet in height, and quite broad
in proportion ; and so perfectly is it adapted to the situ-
ation, and, to all present appearances, entirely acclimated,
that it passes through each winter without the least pro-
tection; and by all owners of heavy soils is regarded with
undisguised astonishment.

It is growing in a somewhat warm exposure, and in al-
most pure sand, with a good, mellow surface. Thus, whilst
the tree is debarred from making a rank growth, the wood
ripens sound and healthy, and the very end buds remain
until spring sound and full of vitality.*

The magnificent specimen of Abies Douglasii, referred
to in the description of that species, and at the present
time growing in the Evans Arboretum, is another excellent
example of the influence of soil on the growth of half-
hardy plants.

Trees that are natives of low, swampy grounds will
also, in many cases, thrive satisfactorily in dry situations.
Near the Deodar above mentioned, is growing a fine,
healthy, deciduous Cypress, (Taxodium distiehum,) that
inhabits the low miasmatic swamps of the Southern States;
and yet, on this apparently dry ground, it flourishes with
all the vigor that the wild trees do in their marshy soil.

* This tree has, since the above was written, been killed by unprecedented^
severe weather.

SOIL AND PLANTING. 19

We do no*t wish to be understood as recommending a
poor, thin soil, but we prefer a good mellow surface that
is not too rich, especially in organic manures, and that
would produce fair crops of grain ; on such the great ma-
jority of evergreens will develop that peculiar rich green
foliage which causes the family to be so universally ad-
mired.

In all cases where the soil is not naturally in the above
condition, the drain-tile should invariably be used, as stag-
nant water, when allowed to remain in the vicinity of
roots, is sure to cause decomposition. In such cases, when
a tree is lifted, long, bare roots that are almost entirely
destitute of fibres, are found in the place of a mass of
small rootlets, ramifying in every direction.

Another important consideration, and one that we pre-
sume our cultivators have entirely overlooked, is the fact
that different formations of soil tend to produce contrary
effects in many species of the Coniferae ; and the same spe-
cies that flourishes in a limestone soil, will not unfre-
quently languish on a talc-slate, or red shale. As regards
this indiscriminate planting without a proper observance
of the especial constitutional requirements of each tree,
we desire to call the attention of our readers to the fol-
lowing remarks of the Earl of Ducie, which originally ap-
peared in the Transactions of the Scottish Arboricul-
tural Society, a few years since :

" As a general and sufficiently obvious rule, the Coniferaa
thrive in proportion to the depth of the surface soil on
which they stand. This is especially the case with the
Deodar and Finns insignis. The rule does not, however,
appear to apply invariably to Abies Douglasii, as I pos-
sess specimens growing as vigorously on the cold and
sterile shales of the carboniferous limestone, as others on
the deep and warm soil of the old red sandstone.

" The most fastidious of the Coniferse which I have had
an opportunity of observing, is, undoubtedly, Cryptome-

20 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

ria Japonica. On the limestone, its leading shoot is al-
ways defective, and its growth generally devoted to the
formation of a nest-like mass of small roots ; whilst, on
the old red, a formation deficient in lime, its growth is
regular, upright, and graceful, and so rapid that I have no
hesitation in affirming that, in this locality, it would out-
grow the Larch.

" The Deodar, on the other hand, appears to be the least
discriminating and the most accommodating of all the
Coniferse. No position, and no variety of soil, appear to
come amiss to it ; on lime or sandstone, rock or clay, it
grows with equal facility, though depth of soil, as before
stated, invariably contributes to rapid growth.

" In Araucaria imbricata, though planted in consider-
able abundance, and in every variety of soil, I have not
been able to detect any decided preference for one forma-
tion over another. It has an evident dislike to a wet lo-
cality, and it generally, though not exclusively, thrives
best upon a dry soil."

A number of other instances are given, but as they are
of species which we are debarred from cultivating on ac-
count of climate, we have not quoted them. We are un-
aware of any observations having been made in our coun-
try in regard to this important subject, but as every
incident connected with the proper acclimating of trees is
of incalculable benefit to planters, we earnestly desire a
careful investigation of this subject, believing it will even-
tually lead to discoveries which will very materially en-
large our list of available Conifers.

In planting, a sufficiently large hole should be excavated
to allow full scope for the roots to start vigorously into
action. A very deep hole is unnecessary, as those roots
that principally maintain the health and vigor of the tree
extend near the surface of the ground ; and the large
roots that penetrate downward for a great distance are
for the purpose of sustaining the tree erect, and prevent-

SOIL AND PLANTING. 21

ing the action of storms from disturbing its equilibrium.
This latter class of roots is seldom of large size in nur-
sery-grown trees, owing to their having been frequently
removed ; but in a young seedling taken from the forest,
it is almost always the only kind that are found.
These tap-roots are considered by most writers on the sub-
ject to be of only secondary importance in affording
nourishment to the tree, the rootlets and small fibres
thrown out just under the surface of the ground perform-
ing that service.

When transplanted, young forest trees very frequently
die from the want of a sufficient number of these surface
or fibrous roots ; but, were it not for the long and power-
ful tap-roots when the tree arrived at maturity, and, as is
.often the case, presenting a tall, branchless body, the tree
would inevitably be destroyed by heavy winds.

Every intelligent writer for years has "kept it before
the public " that a tree should never be planted deep, and
in fact, shallow planting is absolutely necessary to insure
a healthy growth. In setting out a tree, allowance should
always be made for the settling of the recently moved
earth, so that when the soil returns to its usual compact-
ness, the tree shall stand the same height as it did pre-
viously to being disturbed.

This is, perhaps, the most important part of the whole
operation, and upon a close observance of this fact de-
pends the future prosperity of the tree.

In planting evergreens, many ignorant persons use fresh
stable manure, placing it directly in contact with the
roots. This will assuredly cause decomposition to take
place, and the death of the tree will frequently be the result.

The soil for filling-in should be taken from an old pas-
ture, or along roadsides, first paring off the sod. This,
with the addition of a little sand, unless the soil is
naturally very light, is, without doubt, the most suit-
able that can be used. When convenient, peat, from

22 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

an old swamp, that has been exposed in a heap to the
frosts of at least one winter, and well decomposed leaf-
mould, in limited quantities, will also prove beneficial.

When fertilizing materials are used, they should be ap-
plied to the surface, that the rains may carry the necessary
ingredients contained therein to the proximity of the roots,
which then gradually absorb the nourishment by degrees,
and are not entirely suffocated, as -is often the case when
an impatient planter indulges his passion for fertilizing, at
the expense of his favorite tree.

After planting, it is highly necessary that the tree should
be securely fastened to stakes, for the purpose of prevent-
ing the action of strong winds from displacing it; and, at
the same time, it should be borne in mind, that the bark
must be protected by straw bands or matting, to prevent
rubbing.

After carefully experimenting and watching with inter-
est for many years the proper season for transplanting ev-
ergreens, the author is compelled to add that so great a
diversity of sentiment is apparent among intelligent plant-
ers, that to advance any proposition as infallible would
be entirely absurd ; and yet no question is so frequently
asked a nurseryman as this.

We know that many of our best cultivators frequently
advance theories that are exactly contrary to those that
we advocate, but as we are desirous of adhering strictly
to well-known facts, and recording the results of our own
experience in support of them, we request an impartial
trial of our doctrines before they are condemned.

The generality of the order, among which are the Pines
and Firs, form and perfect their growth by midsummer.
At that period, during a long and rainy season, they may
be removed with excellent success ; but, should a drought
set in, woe betide the poor tree, for all the waterings
and mulchings that the anxious owner can bestow upon
his favorite, will not avail ; — the plant will almost certainly

SOIL AND PLANTING. 23

die. But we are quite willing to acknowledge that many
hundreds of these trees are annually removed during this
season, with entire success, and notwithstanding this, we
repeat, local conditions are needed to insure success.

While a tree belonging to another order is removed
early in the spring successfully, the structure of the
Conifene family is such, that an evergreen, transplanted
at the same time, would doubtless fail. When the case
is reversed and each is planted after the soil has become
warmed by the sun's rays late in the season, and the trees
show indications of growing, the latter will prove most
decidedly more certain. This is a practical view of the
case, and may be relied on. In a comparison of spring
and autumn planting, the former season has long since
been decided to be the most certain for removing ever-
greens in this climate.

The following extract from Lindley's Theory of Horti-
culture gives an English author's views, although we
differ from him in the above mentioned particular. " As
evergreens are never deprived of their leaves, so they are
never incapable of forming roots ; on the contrary, they
produce them all winter long, and rapidly at any other pe-
riod of the year which is favorable to their growth ; so
that they are capable of making good an injury to their
roots much more speedily than deciduous plants, especially
as, in the majority of cases, the roots are numerous and
fibrous, and not so liable to extensive mutilation when
transplanted. Now, if an evergreen is planted in the
month of May, and the weather happens to be cloudy,
mild, and damp, as the plant is just then commencing the
renewal of its growth, and is forming fresh roots abund-
antly, if such a state of weather lasts for a week or two,
there is no doubt the plant will succeed very well, and so
it will if removed at midsummer." Again, the same
author, remarks: "In short, I am certain that, if expe-
rience only is looked to, it will give the same, answer as

24 THE BOOK OF EVEEGEEENS.

theory to the question of what season is the best for plant-
ing evergreens, namely : that which is best for other trees ;
and such coses to the contrary as may appear to exist, will
always be found exceptions to the rule, in consequence of
some peculiar circumstances attending them ; not unfre-
quently, I believe, from the operation having been per-
formed upon a very small number of plants, to the removal
of which a degree of care was given wholly incompatible
with general and extensive practice."

The editor of the American edition of'Lindley's work, the
late A. J. Downing, thus comments upon the foregoing :
" These remarks must be received with great modification,
especially in the Northern and Eastern States. The moist
or rainy winters of England are the exact opposite of our
cold and dry ones, during which, for two months at least,
the soil is severely frozen, and vegetation is nearly or quite
dormant. Our whole experience goes to prove that the
practice of transplanting evergreens in autumn is, for this
country, extremely injudicious, as the damage which the
trees sustain in their removal greatly increases their sfcs-
ceptibility to injury by the cold of winter. The early
spring is the most favorable period for the purpose, since
the abundant and long continued rains which occur from
the vernal equinox to the middle of April, enable the
plant to recover itself and emit new roots with rapidity.
We have been very successful in May, but then so much
depends upon the occurrence of rainy weather that the
risk is greatly increased. Next to the selection of the
proper time, the preservation of the roots in a moist con-
dition is the most essential point in removing all ever-
green trees."

As far as these remarks apply to the superiority of
spring over autumn planting, they have our decided ap-
proval ; but we cannot coincide with the writer's views in
advocating an early spring removal. Practice has fully
proven to us the utility of performing the operation about

SOIL AND PLANTING. 25

the time the buds commence perceptibly to swell ; at that
period the trees, when transplanted, start immediately into
action and perform their functions in the new soil ; 011 the
other hand, the peculiar fleshy texture of the roots renders
them remarkably impatient of being in a state of inactivi-
ty at such a period, and they will frequently perish from
this cause, as is instanced in very early spring planting.

The tenacity of life in the ConifersB is certainly less than
in most deciduous trees ; therefore great care should be
taken to always preserve the roots fresh and moist, when
out of the ground. They evince at this critical season a
strong desire for moisture, not only at their roots, but
over their whole foliage. Trees, when removed during
rainy weather, always succeed better than during a dry
season.

Another evil practice is the careless manner in which
trees are too frequently taken up, sufficient care not being
exercised to preserve the root fibres, as many ignorant
gardeners deem the larger roots sufficient to maintain the
life of the tree. In regard to this practice, Lindley says :
"It would be the duty of the gardener to save every mi-
nute fibre of the roots, if it were practicable ; but as this
is not the case, his care must be confined to lifting his
trees with the least possible destruction of those important
organs ; remembering always that it is not by the coarse,
old, woody roots that the absorption of food is carried on,
but by the younger parts." Now, when these small root-
lets are cut off by the spade during the digging process,
every one so destroyed removes one of the vital organs
of the tree, and lessens its chances of living.

After removing a tree that has been growing in a situ-
ation for one year, the ends of all such cut roots will be
found supplied with a new set of fibres ; plainly showing
that nature has endeavored to return to her fixed laws,
relative to the growth of plants.

An error into which many unpractised planters frequeut-

26 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

ly fall, is that of planting large trees ; and it is one which
we consider so opposed to sound common sense, that it
should meet with cHsapproval from every true friend of
arboriculture. We are well aware that the owner of
every new place is anxious to produce what is usually
known as an immediate effect, and therefore he at once
proceeds to plant large evergreens, covering his grounds
with great, unsightly trees, swaying about with the wind,
and in most cases destitute of branchlets or leaves on the
lower limbs. Such a system as this may produce an im-
mediate eifect, but it is certainly opposed to good taste.

Men of experience seldom desire such trees, knowing
full well the baneful effects of transplanting large ever-
greens. In almost every case of this kind, the lower limbs
are apt to die, and thus greatly disfigure the symmetry
of the tree.

The Pine family proper, in such cases, invariably shed
their foliage on all the lower branches, and forever after
present a pitiable sight.

Young and healthy plants, when carefully taken up and
as properly replanted, are never subject to this disfigure-
ment, and are almost certain to form handsome specimens.

Before leaving this subject, we desire to give a few di-
rections for transplanting young seedling evergreens from
the woods. Much disappointment very frequently results
from the performance of this operation, notwithstanding
it should be entirely successful if the proper conditions are
observed. Such seedlings, it is well known, are gener-
ally found in moist, shady localities, and, as is very reason-
able to suppose, are utterly unable to withstand the heat
of the sun after removal, or comparative dryness in the soil.

After digging (not pulling) the plants, especial care is
necessary that the roots be properly protected and not al-
lowed to become in the least dry, as this is the most es-
sential point in the whole transaction. They should then
be carefully packed in damp moss, with numerous holes in

SOIL AND PLANTING. 27

the box, to allow free circulation of air and prevent de-
composition.

The soil in planting must be light and deep, well pulver-
ized, and in a shady situation, such as the north side of
a building.

The plants should be set in beds very thickly, after dip-
ping the roots in a puddle of thin mud. As a covering
we prefer evergreen boughs, raised about three feet above
the plants on a rough trellis work. In this manner we
have succeeded admirably with all kinds of young ever-
greens, and especially with Hemlock Spruce and American
Yew, which are generally considered to be the most im-
patient of removal,

CHAPTER III.

PROPAGATION.

The propagation of the Coniferse is, perhaps, the most
difficult, and the least understood, of that of any order
of plants grown by our nurserymen. The vicissitudes
of a changeable and severe climate, with its conse-
quent cold and wet winters, followed by hot and dry sum-
mers, render the operation extremely precarious and
uncertain, even under the hands of the most experienced
propagator. Foreign gardeners upon their arrival in this
country, feel confident the difficulties have been overrated,
and therefore proceed in the course practised in the old
country; a very short experience, however, convinces
them of their mistake, and compels a resort to artificial
means to accomplish what they have been accustomed at
home to leave to nature.

Conifers are increased by the seed, by cuttings, layers,
and grafts.

SEEDLIXGS. — " A seed," says Lindley, " is a living body
separated from its parent, and capable of growing into a,
new individual of the same species. It is a reproductive
fragment, or vital point, containing within itself all the
elements of life, which, however, can only be called into
action by special circumstances." It is important to know
what external causes affect the vitality of seeds, and in-
duce or retard their germination.

A seed contains a delicate little embryo, which consists
of cotyledons or seed-leaves, and a radicle or primary stem,
28

PROPAGATION. 29

in a quiescent state, always ready to start into action if sub-
jected to certain conditions that are absolutely necessary
to awaken it into active life. The structure of seeds, par-
ticularly in the thickness of their integuments, varies so
widely in the different species, that it is necessary to study
closely the characteristics of each, and follow a distinct
course with the different kinds. For instance, many acorns
germinate so readily, that the merest contact with moist-
ure is sufficient to start vegetation ; but, on the other hand,
the seeds of Holly and others with hard shells, will often
lie dormant in the ground for three and four years.

The embryo in many of the Coni-
fers differs from that of most other
exogenous plants in having more than
two cotyledons, or seed-leaves. While
the seedlings of some present only two
seed-leaves, in others there will be a
whorl of several — sometimes as many
as fifteen. Fig. 1 shows a young
seedling of Norway Spruce just
germinating.

A perfectly ripened seed will retain
its vitality just so long as the various
substances composing it, such as
starch, oils, etc., can be preserved from
decomposition. For this reason the
seeds of Conifers are generally difficult Fig. 1.— GERMINATING
to preserve unimpaired for a long
time, owing to the excess of oil they contain. Seeds pro-
duced by this order should, invariably, if possible* be
allowed to remain in the cones until wanted for planting,
as no artificial package can supply the place of these
natural receptacles.

Darkness, although not in all cases a necessary condi-
tion in the germination of seeds, is, however, important ;
as in the absence of light the chemical changes take place

30 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

more freely, and, consequently, the embryo is brought into
action more readily. The practice of old gardeners of
placing their seeds on cotton in a vessel of water, for the
purpose of testing their vitality, is well known ; and we
have seen acorns, while on the parent tree, sprouting. But
these are only illustrations showing how readily some
seeds germinate, and should be regarded as exceptions
to the general rule.

If seeds of the Conifers are to be sent long distances,
they must be protected from contact with moisture,
•whether in the air, or in the packing material. An excel-
lent method for protecting seeds from the atmosphere is
to place them in a tightly corked bottle ; but this plan has
its disadvantages and is deprecated by many, but for lim-
ited periods we have seen excellent success result from it.
Various plans and suggestions have been offered by men
of experience for transporting seeds, yet none are entirely
infallible. Probably the best method is that recommended
by Prof. Lindley. He says: "Upon the whole, the only
mode which is calculated to meet all the circumstances to
which seeds are exposed during a voyage, is, to dry them
as thoroughly as possible, enclose them in coarse paper,
and to pack the papers themselves very loosely in coarse
canvass bags, not enclosed in boxes, but freely exposed to
the air ; and to insure their transmission in some dry, well
ventilated place.

"Thus, if the seeds are originally dried incompletely,
they will become further dried on their passage ; if the
seed-paper is damp, as it almost always is, the moisture
will fly off through the sides of the bags, and will not
stagnate around the seeds." The same authority states :
" For seeds containing oily matter, which are peculiarly
liable to destruction (by their oil becoming rancid), ram-
ming in dry earth has been found advantageous." Our
own experience with this latter plan has been very satis-

PROPAGATION. 31

factory ; and we have likewise found pure, dry sand use-
ful for the same purpose.

Warmth and moisture are the principal agents that
induce germination, but a superabundance of either
just as readily causes decay. The moment seeds are
placed in contact with moisture, they absorb oxygen,
the starch and other compounds are decomposed, carbon-
ic acid is given off, and the development of the em-
bryo plant commences. It is also necessary that a
certain degree of heat should attend the operation, and
the amount varies in different species of plants ; there-
fore no definite rule can be given, but the judgment
of the propagator must be exercised to prevent an excess,
and, what is equally requisite, preserve a sufficient amount
of warmth in the soil.

Most seeds of the Coniferge germinate easily, but the
young plants are so sensitive to adverse circumstances,
such as dampness, heat, drought, etc., that they are ex-
ceedingly liable to be lost before forming their true leaves.
This is the critical point in raising seedlings ; for, after
the plumule has developed into leaves, and the radicle
has formed sufficient fibres to nourish the young plantlet,
the danger is chiefly past and less care is required in its
growth.

Seeds should always be sown thinly and evenly for sev-
eral reasons. If the young plants stand too close to each
other, a portion are shaded, which not only draws them
up with long stems, but in many cases destroys them en-
tirely. The stronger also abstract the nutriment from the
soil, to the detriment of the weaker plants, and the latter
very soon become stunted and often worthless.

A high temperature is decidedly unfavorable to the
growth of seedling Conifers, and, for this reason, the seed,
when planted in the open ground, should either be sown
in the autumn, or, as some of our best propagators now
prefer, as early in the spring as the frost will allow.

32 THE BOOK OF EVERGKEEXS.

These observations of course do not apply to natives of
tropical climates, for the temperature in growing these
must be so graduated as to suit the nature of the plant.
As an excess of moisture is one of the greatest evils to be
guarded against, especial care must invariably be taken
that the soil during the critical season is only sufficiently
damp to preserve the young seedling from wilting, whilst
the humidity in the atmosphere (when the beds are covered
with sash) may be maintained by syringing slightly, or
watering through a fine rose. In fact, water should never
be applied in large quantities, as if the young plants were
radishes or cucumbers, but as gently as possible, to imitate
an invigorating dew.

Dry ness, on the other extreme, is almost sure to pro-
duce decay; for when young evergreens once suffer for
want of moisture in the soil, they rarely recover, and oc-
casionally the sudden transition from drought to damp-
ness kills them almost immediately.

Although a large proportion of the seeds produced by
the Conifers will germinate readily, the Yews appear to
be an exception. The hard, bony integuments of their
seeds closely resemble those of the Thorns, and conse-
quently require to be sown immediately after gathering.
Our plan is to wash the pulp from the seed, and sow at
once in light, sandy soil, cither in boxes or frames. The
English method is to throw the fruit into heaps, when the
soft, pulpy disks soon rot, and the seed is then treated as
above. Should the seeds become dry before sowing, they
will frequently lie in the ground for two and even three
years before germination takes place.

Seeds of the Cypress germinate and grow in a few weeks
after sowing, but the Thujas, if not sown immediately
after ripening, will lie in the ground for a year. Junipers,
if not washed from their pulpy covering, will keep for
several years ; but they are very slow about sprouting,
and will usually lie in the ground for two years.

PROPAGATION. 3l>

A peculiarity of the cones of the Cedar of Lebanon is
the length of time necessary to perfect them. They are
generally not matured until the third year, and the seeds
will keep well for five or six years afterward, provided
they are left undisturbed in the cones.

The seeds of some species as, for instance, those of the
Cedar of Lebanon and several species of Pines, are ex-
tremely difficult to dislodge from the cones. When this is
the case, the cones should be thrown into hot water for a
short time, which will loosen the scales, or a \vedge may
be driven through the centre and the seeds obtained from
the fragments. In the use of hot water, great care should be
exercised that the seeds receive no injury. Cones are also
frequently dried in the sun, or placed in a moderately
warm kiln in order to procure the seeds.

Seeds are often sown too deep, and perhaps as much dis-
appointment arises from this cause as any other. Most
seeds of the Conifer® require but a light covering, say
from one-quarter to one-half an inch in depth.

An excellent compost for growing seedling Conifers is
sods, muck, and coarse sand, with a small portion of old,
well-rotted manure ; the whole thoroughly incorporated,
and allowed to remain in a heap at least one year before
using. An occasional stirring of the mass is advisable.
This should never be run through a sieve, but used in a
rough state, simply pulverizing the larger lumps. The
idea is to have well-rotted, fibrous earth, rich in vegetable,
fertilizing material, coarse and light, with a perfect drain-
age when in use.

For growing the common varieties of evergreens, all
that is needed is a simple cold frame with sash. The soil
should be dug in the autumn, and prepared very nicely by
working sand and well-rotted manure through it ; but nev-
er, under any circumstances, fresh manure from the stables.
The surface should then be raked evenly and smoothly,
and the seeds thinly sown. We prefer pressing them into
2*

34 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

the fresh soil with the back of the spade, and covering
with a thin layer of earth, then moistening with water
from, a fine rose. Care must be taken through the winter
to prevent the attacks of mice, which are exceedingly
partial to oily seeds. An occasional airing on mild days
will be beneficial ; and should the soil become dry, a slight
sprinkling will be necessary. As the warm days of spring
approach, the young seedlings will commence showing
themselves above ground, and the attention of the garden-
er is demanded at this particular period. A slight lifting
of the sashes during the warmer portions of the day, care-
ful syringing, and an occasional watering, will be neces-
sary. As the plants mature their wood, the sash may be
dispensed with, for the critical season will be past.

An excellent plan for groi/ing rare species is to sow the
seeds during the autumn in boxes of light, sandy loam, that
is entirely devoid of any stimulating manures, care being
taken that the seeds are placed thinly over the surface and
not covered too deeply ; also that the boxes have perfect
drainage. By placing them under the staging of a cool
green-house, and keeping them moderately moist, but never
wet, the young plants will make their appearance quite
early in the spring. Especial care is required at this
critical period that the soil be neither too wet nor yet
too dry; either extreme will prove fatal to the seed-
lings. One year old plants may be set out in a cold frame,
or planted singly in small pots, according to the rarity
of the kind.

The following process, as recommended by T. Meehan,
Editor .of the Gardener's Monthly, we have thoroughly
tested and found to possess unusual merits :

" A common board frame is placed over a carefully pre-
pared bed of light mould, and covered with shaded hot-
bed sash. Under each corner of the frame is placed a
prop, raising the bottom about three inches above the sur-
face of the ground. The advantages of this contrivance

PKOPAGATICXN". 35

will at once be appreciated when we consider that the most
essential conditions in raising evergreen seedlings are to
obtain a moist atmosphere, protection from the direct rays
of the sun, and at the same time a free circulation of air
through the plants."

The satisfactory manner in which the above plan an-
swers all of these requisites, the small amount of labor,
and little expense attending it, should recommend it for
general use.

CUTTINGS. — We are aware that cuttings of some species
of plants root very readily, and others cannot be made to
grow with all the skill and attention that can possibly be
bestowed upon them. The family of Conifers furnishes ex-
cellent illustrations of both the above extremes. We have
noticed trimmings of Siberian Arbor Vita3 that had been
thrown into the rubbish heap, rooting in the refuse mass,
and forming young plants without any artificial help ; but
on the other hand, the Pines are exceedingly difficult to
propagate by cuttings, even under the most advantageous
circumstances. Occasionally we find instances in the same
genus, as for example among the Junipers, where some of
the species are propagated by the thousands from cuttings,
with little or no artificial heat, and yet others invariably
refuse to root under the best systems known to gardeners.

Among the Abietinem^ the Pines are perhaps the most
difficult to increase by cuttings ; the Larches will grow
rather more easily ; the Cedars are more tractabl e still ;
and the Spruces, with some few species of Firs, the most
easy of the sub-order. The Cunninghamia is not very
difficult to increase by cuttings, but the Araucaria we
find very stubborn.

In the Cupressinece, all the members root more or less
readily. Commencing with the American Arbor Vitse
which is the easiest of all Conifers to root, we next rank
the greater portion of the Junipers. The Chinese Arbor
Vitae, (Biota,) of which the golden variety is a fair exain-

36 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

pie, requires more heat, and our best propagators very
frequently lose a large proportion of their cuttings. The
Thuiopsis strikes quite readily. The Cypress, Japan Cedar
(Gryptom&riaJ) Mammoth Tree (Sequoia,} and Libo-
cedrus, are quite uncertain, — some seasons giving us a few
young plants, but more frequently failing badly.

In the Taxinece, or drupaceous-fruited Conifers, the
propagator has a wide and interesting field for experiment,
as they can all be grown from cuttings with varying suc-
cess. The Yews, ( Taxus^) are grown, if given reasonable
care, with possibly one exception, — the Taxus adpressa.
The Torreya, Cephalotaxus, Dacridium, and Podocarpus,
are rather more easily rooted ; and the Salisburia, (a de-
ciduous-leaved genus,) may be increased with profit if
sufficient care be exercised. In every genus, however,
there are always some species more tractable than others,
although depending in a great measure on the state of the
atmosphere where they are grown, the requisite amount
of heat, humidity, etc. This can only be ascertained by
trial, as it varies according to circumstances.

As a rule, all plants having variegated leaves are diffi-
cult to manage; for, whilst the Siberian Arbor Vitae roots
by mere contact with warm and moist earth, the varie-
gated-leaved varieties with the best of care rarely ever
succeed. To this statement, however, we find one excep-
tion, as the variegated Yews form roots much sooner, and
with less attention, than any others of the sub-order
Taxinece. So also we find in the same immediate genus
a curious problem to solve. The Abies Menziesii roots
very easily, and the A. Douglasii and A. Canadensis
act just the reverse. The Biota Orientalis is not very
difficult to propagate, but its variety, pendula, is most
certain to "damp off" and die. The Irish Juniper is
quite easy to manage, and yet the Chinese species will
scarcely ever succeed under the best of treatment. Picea
Fraseri is exceedingly sensitive of the moist sand, but its

PROPAGATION. 37

variety, Hudsonia, roots without trouble ; and so on we
might multiply cases, but the above sufficiently exemplify
our meaning.

We now notice the structure for producing the condi-
tions to ensure success. In erecting a propagating house,
that heated by hot water has been usually considered best
adapted for evergreens. It not only gives us a more even
temperature, but it is always charged with moisture, and
this the evergreen cutting particularly enjoys ; but an ex-
cess of humidity must likewise be carefully avoided, to
prevent " damping off," an evil serious in its nature and
greatly to be dreaded. We merely desire sufficient moist-
ure to overcome the frequently dry atmosphere of an ar-
tificially heated apartment.

In the case of hot air flues being used for heating pro-
pagating beds, it is advisable to introduce pans filled with
water, to supply the necessary humidity, and as this heat-
ing arrangement is more cheaply constructed than the hot
water tanks, many intelligent gardeners are dispensing
with the latter altogether. In either case, it is desir-
able to have the least amount of sand that can be used
without actually allowing the base of the cutting to touch
the boards of the cutting bench.

Those who have not the more modern conveniences for
striking cuttings may succeed reasonably well in a com-
mon hot-bed ; the cuttings are first placed in boxes of
sand early in the season, and then allowed to stand for
some time in a cool place previous to applying the bottom
heat. This method may do for the Arbor Yita3s, and
some few others that form roots easily. Siberian Arbor
Vitse, as well as the Tree Box (not a Conifer,) will often
succeed in the open air in a moist, shady spot ; but this
cannot be relied on every season, and never sufficiently to
repay the commercial grower.

In preparing the cutting for use, there is one important
point frequently overlooked by propagators, and that is to

38 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

use ripened wood only. We have often — we may say
very generally — noticed after a few weeks' insertion quite
a number of the Irish Juniper cuttings, for instance, turn-
ing yellow, and the lower portion in a state of decay.
This is almost always attributed to the use of unripe
wood, and consequently the open spaces in the beds might
have been in a great measure avoided by throwing such
weak succulent growth on the brush heap. Cuttings are
generally prepared too small. We prefer them large and
vigorous, with all the immature tips removed down to the
ripened wood ; the latter being easily distinguished by the
light-brown color of the bark, whereas the younger and
unripened shoots are of a pale yellowish-green.

The cutting with a heel, Figure 2, is perhaps the best,
and should always be selected when the subject is
difficult to manage; but in growing the easier
kinds, such as Arbor Vitses and Junipers, it is un-
necessary and expensive. Although opposed to
all good rules, and calculated to encourage neg-
ligence in the young gardener, yet the practice
of carefully taking off every leaf on the lower
end of the cuttings of Irish Junipers is super-
fluous, and maybe avoided where time is every-
thing to the energetic nurseryman. We have
always been careful to have every leaf cut off as
smoothly as possible, and never to allow a rough or jag-
ged edge to appear on any part of the cutting ; but we
feel bound to confess that the best strike we ever saw
was in a bed of cuttings prepared in a very careless man-
ner, by merely placing them on a board and drawing the
blade of a knife close along the stem, severing at one cut
all the leaves. Nevertheless, we believe too much care
cannot be exercised in making a smooth, clean cut at
the base of the shoot, and we always desire the knife to be
as sharp and smooth as possible. Most propagators make
this lower cut squarely across the wood, but we prefer

PROPAGATION. 39

it to be slightly oblique, as shown in Figure 3. Some
Conifers have long Recurrent leaves, adnate to the
branches ; or, in other words, the base of the leaf is
prolonged, and adheres tightly to the shoot for
some distance from the point of insertion. When
instances of this kind occur, we make the lower
incisions directly beneath two opposite leaves, as
in Figure 4. This method is especially applicable
to the Cryptomeria, etc. Figure 5, A, represents
a cutting of Juniper ready for placing in the sand
of the cutting bench.

Different species of evergreens often require en-
tirely opposite systems of management during the rooting
stage, particularly in the degree of heat necessary to cause
tile formation of roots without injury to the cutting. The
Golden Arbor Vitae will perhaps endure a higher
temperature than any other; also, Cupressus
Lawsoniana, C. Nbotlcaensis, and some few
others, like a warm place. Junipers do not relish
so strong a heat, but will passively endure it,
whilst the different American Arbor VitaBS always
succeed best in a temperate atmosphere. How-
ever, all evergreen cuttings should be brought
forward by degrees, and the heat raised very
gradually in all instances. A sudden change
from cold to heat often proves disastrous.

The process of rooting commences first by gran-
ulation, or callusing, which is followed by the roots and
leaves almost simultaneously developing themselves. It. is
therefore of primary importance that the cutting should
form its granulation before the process of vegetation be-
comes active ; and this is only accomplished by allowing
it to be in a cool temperature, for a short time previous
to being forced. The callus at the base of the cutting is
shown in Figure 5, .#, and in (7, of the same figure, the
roots have commenced to form.

THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Fig. 5. — PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS. — A, CUTTING PREPARED; B, THE
SAME CALLUSED ; C, THE ROOTS FORMING.

PROPAGATION. 41

The most successful method of striking cuttings of the
Conifers is as follows : During the callusing season they
should be preserved cool, and the buds prevented from
swelling ; but when the action of the sap forces the growth
of the cutting, the atmosphere must be kept moist
and warm. The waterings and syringings should also be
frequent, but care must be taken that the drainage is per-
fect ; otherwise, they will assuredly rot.

The callusing process, which soon ensues after heat is
applied, is no criterion that the cutting is about to root,
as they will frequently stand for two years in a perfectly
quiescent state ; the large, spongy excrescence at the bot-
tom gradually enlarging until it has to be removed alto-
gether. The Yews are striking examples of this peculiarity,
especially the T. adpressa ; and, therefore, for the pur-
pose of assisting Nature in her endeavors to form these
secondary roots, we remove a portion of the uncouth
callus by making a smooth perpendicular cut through the
mass, and frequently roots will then emanate from the cut
edges in a short tune.

Evergreens are sometimes grown from what are termed
" soft-wood " cuttings, that is, the young wood in a grow-
ing state. These are rarely successful if taken from a
plant growing in the open air ; but when the old plant
forms its new growth under glass, the shoots are then
suitable for the operation, and the method is certainly
desirable for increasing our stock of new and rare trees.
The Lawson's Cypress, which is extremely difficult to
grow by the usual mode, succeeds tolerably well under
this treatment. The proper season for preparing and
setting evergreen cuttings is during the months of October
and November, leaving them cool and passive until severe
weather sets in, when the heat may be gradually applied
until the necessary degree shall be attained.

In conclusion we desire to add, that as the foregoing
sketch is intended only as a guide to the beginner, he will

42 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

soon learn very many little ideas in connection with the
business which cannot be found in books. Application
and energy are the most valuable assistants, and with
these he will soon become expert.

LAYERS. — As this method is so seldom practised on ev-
ergreens, excepting to increase the dwarf, trailing species,
or an occasional limb on the taller kinds, it is not neces-
sary to devote much space to its discussion. The usual
mode of layering deciduous plants is also practised on
these ; and as an additional inducement to cause the forma-
tion of roots, we would advise, a slight covering of ever-
green branches as a protection from the sun, and to pre-
vent a too sudden evaporation of moisture from the soil.
A sudden twist will answer the purpose of checking the sap
much better than the usual method of tonguing. As a
rule, most plants with variegated leaves are difficult to
strike from cuttings, so that we are obliged to resort to
other modes. In such cases pots or boxes may be elevat-
ed to a level with the branches that we desire to operate
on, and the young shoots be layered in them, bearing in
mind that they will frequently require attention to prevent
the soil from becoming too dry. A protection must al-
ways be given them, as mentioned above.

GRAFTING. — As a means of reproduction among ever-
greens, grafting is the most difficult and least certain plan
in use. In the moist, even temperature of France and
England, it is prosecuted with great success ; but our va-
riable climate prohibits the use of it to any great extent.
Under glass, where the temperature can be regulated to
suit the operation, grafting, in some cases, is expedient.

It should always be borne in mind when selecting
stocks, that some species in a genus are more closely related
than are others. For instance, the pines are generally di-
vided into groups, and each group has particular charac-
teristics, or idiosyncracies, that bind them together.

Taking the White Pine (P. Strobus) as an illustration,

PROPAGATION.

43

we find that this and the P. excelsa, Pt Lambertiana, P.
monticola, and others,
have many peculiarities
in common. They have
each live leaves in a
sheath, and are similar
in appearance. Their
cones are long, with the
scales not thickened at
the apex. The habit of
the trees is also much
alike. The White Pine
serves as a stock for all
these. So with the Scotch
Pine, (Finns sylvestris),
which is suited as a stock
to the related species P.
Banksiana, P. pumilio,
P. pungens, and others.
The following method
for grafting evergreens
we have practised for
several years, and con-
sider it the most certain
and easily performed.
Having, during the pre-
vious autumn, potted the
plants to be used as
stocks, and wintered
them in a cool frame,
they may be gradually
forced into growth to-
ward spring. When the
buds commence to swell,
the plant is in a suitable
condition for the operation.

6. — GRAFTING EVERGREENS.

In all cases the graft should

44

THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

be perfectly dormant, and the stock in a slightly growing
condition. Having prepared the scion by smoothly cutting
the lower end into a wedge-shape, the incision is then made
in the side of the stock with a clean, smooth, downward
cut. In placing the scion in the incision, particular care
must be taken that the bark of each exactly corresponds.
The grafts should be tightly fastened by strips of bass bark,
or soft woollen strings, and the whole wound completely
covered with grafting wax or waxed paper. This kind of
grafting is shown in Figure 6, the tying material being
omitted in order to show the manner of making the cut.

The plants must be placed in a cool, shady situation for
about two weeks, and then gently forced on a mild hot-
bed with the glass shaded ; always keeping up a moist at-
mosphere by frequent syringing.
The pots should be frequently ex-
amined to prevent excessive dry-
ness, or the opposite extreme, either
being exceedingly dangerous to the
success of the operation. "When the
grafts have started into growth, the
strings may be cut, and in a short
time the stock headed down. In
the engraving, Fig. 6, the branches
of the stock are represented as cut
off, merely to take up less room on
the page ; it is only when the graft
shows that it has formed a union
that the stock is cut back, and then
it is separated by a smooth cut close
to the point of insertion of the graft.

The French practise grafting evergreens by using young,
succulent wood ; but in this country success is much more
certain with the foregoing plan. This herbaceous graft-
ing is performed by breaking off the young, brittle wood
of the stock a short distance below the terminal bud, and

Fig. 7.— GRAFTING WITH
NEW WOOD.

PROPAGATION. 45

preparing the graft from the young and tender wood of
the species to be propagated. The well-known mode of
cleft grafting is then employed, and the plant shaded from
the rays of the sun and heavy rains until the two are
firmly united. Figure 7, from Dubreuil's Arboriculture,
illustrates the operation. The wood, both in the stock
and graft, should have acquired a little toughness before
using, but should not be fully ripened.

We have seen excellent success in grafting Arbor Yi-
ta3S in the open air, by the common method of cleft graft-
ing. The stock in this instance is headed down close to
the ground ; and after performing the operation, the earth
is drawn closely around, leaving the upper portion of the
graft only above the surface. An occasional wetting will
be sufficient to start it into action. Other methods are
practised by gardeners, but differ only in minor details
from these described.

CHAPTER IV.

PRUNING AND AFTER-MANAGEMENT.

With fruit trees, "summer pinching, as well as limb and
root pruning, are often resorted to for the purpose of pro-
ducing fruitfulness ; but in the case of ornamental trees,
pruning is seldom necessary, except to preserve a sym-
metrical shape and to remove all unhealthy or dead
branches.

The entire system of pruning a Conifer depends very
much upon the same principles that govern the trees of
other classes, with the exception that almost every species
of the Conifers has a tendency to the conical form, and
this peculiarity should therefore always be encouraged
during the trimming process.

Many a cultivator, through a mistaken idea of beauty,
utterly spoils his trees by pruning off the lower branches,
and thus forming a long, naked body to the tree, most
disagreeable to the eye of an intelligent planter.

In pruning the branches of an evergreen, always select
a strong bud to cut back to, thus allowing a chance for
the limb to start apparently from the end bud, and thus pre-
vent the artificial means that have been employed from be-
ing observed. An excellent plan to preserve a perfect shape,
is to extract the centre bud from any shoot that projects
beyond the proper limits. The remaining buds will form
branches which are induced to spread apart, and in a dif-
46

PRUNING AND AFTER-MANAGEMENT. 47

ferent direction from the one to which the leader or main
shoot inclined. This method of extracting buds is also
successfully followed to produce a more dense growth in
many evergreens that are naturally of an open habit.

Many of the upright growing Junipers as, for instance,
e/i communi^, and its varieties, Hibernica, Suedca,
etc., are greatly benefited by an annual pruning of the
over-luxuriant bran chlets, thereby causing them to thicken,
and otherwise vastly improve in appearance. When the
leader or main stem of a Conifer becomes destroyed by
accident or otherwise, a new one may readily be formed by
tying up a lateral in as nearly an upright position as pos-
sible. All of the species evidently endeavor to supply the
loss either from a dormant bud, or, in many instances, from
a prominent one on a side branch; but it is too often the
case that two leaders will start and cause a distortion,
which is often observed in so-called ornamental trees.
The strongest should be selected to remain, and the others
cut away as soon as noticed.

When a tree is disposed to lean upon one side, a suitable
contrivance to remedy the defect is to fasten one end of a
strong wire to the main body of the tree near the top,
and secure the other end to a stout stake driven into the
ground a short distance off, taking care to wrap the body
of the tree with some soft substance, to preserve the bark
from injury.

CHAPTER V.

EVERGREEN HEDGES,

Nothing,in our opinion, is so peculiarly attractive in a well
kept place, as an evergreen hedge neatly and frequently
trimmed; 'and nothing really injures the appearance of
a place more than one that is neglected and allowed to
grow at will. Either as an ornamental boundary, or for a
protective screen, no class of plants can equal those with
persistent or evergreen leaves. Always green and cheer-
ful throughout the whole year, an impassable barrier to
winds and storms, easily clipped, and remarkably beauti-
ful when properly cared for, of rapid and dense growth,
and comparatively free from disease, they comprise indeed
nearly all the requisites needed for a hedge.

True, they cannot be formed into a defensive barrier
against the incursions of unruly cattle and the depreda-
tions of the fruit stealer ; but in beautifying our homes and
endeavoring to create additional attractions in their sur-
roundings, we desire something more than the merely
practical ; and we therefore insist that there can be no
place, however small, but what may receive an added
charm by the introduction of a neat evergreen hedge, such
as we have described. Such improvements are invariably
associated with good taste and refinement.

Evergreen hedges may very properly be divided into
two distinct classes, which, in the planting, selection of
varieties, and after-management, differ very essentially
48

EVERGREEN HEDGES. 49

from each other : first, those intended strictly for shelter
or to conceal unsightly objects ; and secondly, the true
ornamental hedge. The former requires less care, and is
intended mainly for the unfrequented portion of the
grounds, and very frequently needs no attention, excepting
an occasional clipping of the stronger branches and a head-
ing-in of the taller plants.

What is needed more particularly in a screen or barrier
to break the force of storms, is a strong growing, hardy
species that is not easily affected by the wind, and such
we find in the hardier class of Pines and Spruces ; as the
White, Scotch, and Austrian Pines, and Norway Spruce.

Although we find the common Red Cedar (J. Virgini-
ana), Chinese Arbor Yitse (JSiota orient alis), and the
common Juniper (Juniperus communis), occasionally rec-
ommended for this purpose, we are compelled to discour-
age their use owing to their unfortunate habit of dying out
near the base, and thus disfiguring the symmetry of the
screen as well as opening a passage for the cold winds.
This may not be the case throughout the West, and indeed
Dr. Warder, in his work on Hedges and Evergreens,
maintains the contrary opinion; but in the Eastern States
we have frequently noticed this drawback to their culture.
The late William Reid, of Elizabeth, K. J., than whom no
more skillful hedge-grower could possibly be found, stated
to the writer that these plants would never answer the
purpose, and that after several years of patient trial he had
entirely given them up. The American ArJ^or Vitae
( Thuja occidentalis) affords an excellent protective screen,
in a small place ; but on an extensive scale, we prefer the
Pines and Spruces.

The true ornamental hedge, to please the eye by its sym-
metrical proportions, and richness of color, should receive
a full amount of care and attention, for the neglect of one
season will very frequently cause it to become disfigured
3

50 THE BOOK OF EVEKGREENS.

to such a degree as to require several years to rectify the
damage caused by the reraissness.

After determining the location for the hedge, the ground
should be plowed or dug deeply, about four feet (or even
more) in width, and the plants set along the centre of
the pulverized strip. The proper distance apart for the
plants will be determined in a great measure by their size
and the species used. We prefer the height from 12 to 15
inches for Arbor Yitse, Hemlock, and other plants of me-
dium and slender growth. In large screens, this distance
must be modified, and the plants set three, four, and even
a greater number of feet apart, according to the required
density of the screen.

Nothing further is needed during the first season than
to trim off the tops of the larger plants, or an occasional
side shoot, that projects out further than the main portion
of the hedge. Always bear in mind that the ground must
be kept scrupulously clear of weeds, and be frequently
stirred. Mice very often attack a neglected hedge, but
very seldom a clean, well cultivated one. In stirring the
soil, the hoe or cultivator should not run so deeply as
to destroy the numerous small rootlets with which the
ConiferaB are so abundantly furnished. "We usually scat-
ter a slight dressing of well-rotted manure over the sur-
face of the soil during the winter, and thus at the same
time protect the roots and furnish nutriment for the ensu-
ing season's growth.

The second year the plants ought to make a reasonable
growth, and a clipping during the summer will be requir-
ed in addition to the regular autumnal shearing. If in-
clined to grow strongly, a frequent trimming will be ben-
eficial, as it should always be the aim of the cultivator to
produce an impenetrable mass of foliage, especially at the
base of the hedge. The requisite shape should also be
given as soon as circumstances will permit.

"We prefer the curvilinear form for many reasons, the

EVERGKEEtf HEDGES. 51

most practical of which is its ability to shed a heavy
weight of snow that would otherwise adhere, and, by
pressing out the side branches, mar the beauty of the
hedge. Novices must always bear in mind that it is very
easy to produce a tall hedge, but to form one with a close,
broad bottom, requires frequent trimming, and a proper
amount of attention ; for after the hedge is grown, this can-
not be accomplished. In after years, when the hedge ar-
rives at its required height, all that will be necessary is the
frequent use of the shears, and due attention to keep the
weeds and other strong growing plants clear from the row.

SEASON FOR PRUNING CONIFERS.

Many intelligent cultivators utterly disregard all set
times for performing this important operation, under the
belief that the best season to trim is when they have the
most time to devote to it. There is, no doubt, an advan-
tage to be gained by this course, but there are principles
that govern this operation, as well as those of planting,
propagating, etc.

In a young hedge, for the first two or three years, we
do not desire to trim severely, as the object should be to
encourage, not weaken the growth, and consequently our
own practice has been to cut them but once in the season,
say in October, and when the young shoots have ripened,
but not by any means after freezing weather sets in. One
main reason for not pruning late in the autumn is, that after
the external portion of the hedge is removed, the inner
and weaker parts are then exposed, which, being in a very
tender state, are liable to become injured by evaporation
and sudden changes of temperature. In an older hedge,
the object in pruning is to weaken growth, and this is
best gained by pruning early in the month of June.
At that season the unmatured shoots are suddenly checked
by being cut back, and the growth weakened very mate-

52 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

rially in consequence. A second trimming is also given
the hedge in October, to bring it into shape.

The same principle governs the pruning of specimen
evergreens. When we wish to weaken the growth, trim
the young shoots early in the season ; but on the contrary,
if we desire a stronger growth, cut back in the autumn
after the shoots are ripened.

Observation and practice will soon teach the operator
many facts in relation to this subject that cannot be
learned in any other way, as much depends upon the ob-
ject we desire to accomplish.

CHAPTER YT.

DISEASES OP CONIFERS.

The diseases incident to this order of plants are compar-
atively very few, and, as a general rule, mostly confined
to a few species, and restricted probably to certain condi-
tions of the atmosphere and soil. The causes that influ-
ence the appearance and dissemination of a portion of
these evils are not at present sufficiently understood;
nevertheless we will give the most approved views on the
subject, hoping thereby to induce more careful experiments
which shall tend to counteract the direful effects of at least
a part of these maladies.

As already stated, a rich soil abounding in organic ma-
nures, is, no doubt, one of the chief causes that produce
unhealthiness in coniferous trees, by inducing a strong suc-
culent growth which rarely allows the young tree sufficient
time to mature its wood, and consequently, if not killed
by the severe cold, it very frequently becomes in a man-
ner diseased, and after lingering a few years ultimately dies.

Another source of disease, and one also to which we
have already called attention, is that of an imperfectly
drained soil. Disease often occurs to the tree from this
very simple, yet baneful cause, which will eventually de-
stroy its life, although oftentimes it may linger for several
years, gradually, though surely, approaching its death.
There is no doubt that three-fourths of the diseases com-
mon to this family arise from the two causes just alluded
to ; an unhealthy condition is indicated by the appearance
53

54 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

of moss, lichens, and numerous fungi on the bark, but these
are undeniably the effect, and not the cause, thereof.

We frequently find evergreens making short annual
growths and losing the foliage on the young wood, or, per-
haps, the bark is covered with lichens, and the leaves with
minute parasites; yet the primary cause that produces
this state of unhealthiness is not apparent. To counter-
act these diseases, we must consequently commence at the
foundation and search for and remove the cause, when all
the outward forms incidental thereunto will surely dis-
appear.

Among the most mysterious causes of death in the Con-
iferae, is that of blight, which has heretofore been gen-
erally confined to the White Pine, (JPinus fitrobus,) and a
few allied species. So insidious is its approach that we
scarcely have become aware of its presence before the tree
is lost. Plants that are to all outward appearances per-
fectly healthy, suddenly turn yellow, the foliage whitish,
and death in a very short time ensues. This is the more
trying, as other plants closely adjoining still continue to
thrive luxuriantly, and by their rich, dark green foliage
lull us into fancied security, and then perchance fol-
low the course of their departed companions in a few
weeks. The requirements of the Sir obi group of Pines
differ widely from those of any other, and demand certain
conditions in the soil, to prevent disease and promote a
healthy growth. They will not succeed in a wet, undrain-
ed situation ; but if light and dry, their future success may
safely be depended on.

The most rational cause that we can assign for the ap-
pearance of blight in the family of Conifers, is that due
to a too luxuriant growth.

One of the newer diseases prevalent among evergreens,
and one from which the Stroll group of Pines is singu-
larly and entirely exempt, manifests itself as follows :
Early in the autumn a few minute spots are noticed at the

DISEASES OF CONIFERS. 55

apex of the leaves, which gradually extend downward to
the base, until they cover almost the entire surface. The
leaves finally become so diseased as to fall off, thus leaving
a long, bare branch, either completely destitute of foliage,
or occasionally with a small tuft of reddish-brown leaves
at the extremity. We have noticed that until very re-
cently, trees growing on low, damp grounds, where there
was imperfect drainage, were always attacked first. Es-
pecially was this the more clearly shown in nursery rows,
where we would observe a few trees standing in a spot
where, during winter particularly, there was stagnant wa-
ter about the roots, and whilst these trees would be gradu-
ally dying with this mysterious malady, others in the
adjoining rows would be perfectly free from its effects.

Within the past year, however, this disease has become
less fastidious in its selection of situations, and has assum-
ed more of the character of an epidemic, spreading to
trees that were growing in soils exactly the opposite in
nature to the above. We have lately observed its appear-
ance on a number of Pinus Austriaca, and P. Laricio,
standing on a dry, gravelly hill-side, where the surface
had been washed away by the heavy rains.

To these two extremes of unsuitable soils this disease is
almost entirely confined, and rarely can it be observed in
such pines as are growing in well prepared ground.

After having examined and patiently studied this un-
healthy state of the tree, from the first intimation of dis-
ease through its various stages until death ensues, we are
obliged to admit that we cannot make any positive state-
ments in regard to its cause or eradication. In the disease
under consideration, small spots are perceived on the leaf
of the Pine, which spread rapidly until they cover the
whole surface. Under a good lens, these spots are discov-
ered to be a very minute fungoid plant, which, finding a
suitable condition for its growth, speedily destroys the

56 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

leaf. As all vegetable productions when in a perfectly
healthy state, are free from the numerous parasitic growths
that are common to diseased plants or trees, therefore,
when any appearance of the lower order of Cryptogamia,
such as fungi, mosses, and lichens, becomes visible, some-
thing must be assuredly wrong in the functions of the
plant itself. This parasitic vegetation is not the primary
cause of ill-health, as some imagine, and hence the mis-
chief is performed before these outward forms become ap-
parent ; and although these are charged with being the
prime instigators, they are in reality but the effect of dis-
ease previously contracted by the tree.

The species that we have found to be most easily af-
fected, are the Pinus Austriaca, P. Laricio, P. Pyrenaica,
P. Pallasiana, with perhaps a few others ; and in every
case the diseased trees were members of the two-leaved
group of Pines.

The disease known as Etiolation, or blanching, entirely
destroys the verdure of plants, and renders them pale and
sickly. This arises from an insufficiency of light. It is
mostly observed on such plants as are growing in the dense
shade of trees ; but may occur from a variety of causes,
such as insects nestling in the rootlets and consum-
ing the food of the plant, thus debilitating the leaf so as
to render it insusceptible to the action of the light ; or the
same appearance may arise from extreme poverty of the
soil. It is not prevalent, and in the majority of instances
may be easily detected and remedied.

Gangrene, however, is of a different nature, and is
mostly confined to the half-hardy plants, or such as are
easily affected by sudden changes of the atmosphere. It
is mainly attributable to two causes, the one arising
from an excessively high degree of temperature, the other,
from extreme cold. A very low temperature destroys or
shrivels the .green leaves and shoots, turning them to a dark

DISEASES OP CONIFERS. 57

brown color ; and so will excessive heat destroy their vi-
tality. A too rapid growth of a particular branch will
very frequently deprive the one adjoining of its due share
of nourishment, and death ensues. Again, certain winds
have a disastrous effect on the young shoots ; or the early
frosts of spring deprive them of life.

CHAPTER VII.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CONIFERS.

Coniferous trees have some insects peculiar to themselves,
and they are also preyed upon by those that are found as
well upon a number of deciduous trees. We shall briefly
describe the most troublesome of these, and give some
hints towards ridding our collections of these destructive
pests.

The Drop-worm, or Basket-worm, ( Oiketicus conifer-
arum, of Harris; or Thyridopterix
ephemcereformis. — The larva of this in-
sect surrounds itself by a case,or "basket,"
constructed of the leaves of the trees on
which it feeds. These cases are very
tough, and likewise difficult to displace
from the twig to which they are at-
tached. Fig. 8 shows the case, and Fig. 9
the larva removed from it. When feed-
ing, the worm fastens its curious little
house to a twig by means of a few silken
threads, which are removed and refasten-
ed at pleasure. They will also drop
from one limb to another by means of these threads, and
commence their work of destruction in a fresh place.

This terrible little pest, now be-
coming so well known in this
country, was only discovered here
a comparatively few years ago, and
the above name was given it by Prof.

Harris. Although his description would lead one to infer
58

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CONIFEEJ3. 59

that it confined its ravages to the Conifers alone, it never-
theless depredates severely on many of the deciduous
trees. It is particularly troublesome on the Arbor Vitaes,
and in a very short time will completely demolish every
vestige of foliage on the plant. We have also seen its
silken cases very numerous on the Larch and the Decidu-
ous Cypress, as well as on the Plemlock Spruce.

The little insects are exceedingly numerous, and rapidly
multiply if not destroyed when first observed. The young
worm is quite timid, and upon the least noise or disturb-
ance of any kind, immediately withdraws into its cover-
ing, which closes up tightly at each end, thus securely pro-
tecting it.

The female is without wings, and never leaves her chrys-
alis until her approaching dissolution, which takes place
after depositing her eggs in this singu-
lar, basket-like case. The male moth
is at least J inch in length, of a dark
brownish color, and is extremely shy
and impatient of confinement. Its
ordinary shape is shown in Figure 10 ;
it has the power of extending its abdomen after the man-
ner of a telescope, as seen in Figure 11. Immediately
upon hatching, early in the spring, the
little worms scatter over the sur-
rounding foliage, and each soon pre-
pares a little basket for itself, which
is enlarged as its occupant needs
more space. The only method of
eradicating them is to pick the nests,
or baskets, off by hand, and dc-
stroy them by burning or otherwise.

Galls* — We have noticed, of late, curious resinous galls
or excrescences on the ends of the shoots of some Pines,
and particularly on the Scotch Pine, which may possibly
belong to the Tortrix, or some allied genera. Its manner

60 THE BOOK OF EVEEGEEENS.

of living is very similar to that of the Orthotcenia.resin-
ella, of Linnaeus, a European moth, described and figured
in London's Arboretum, Vol. IV, page 2146. As no cer-
tainty has been arrived at in regard to the correct nomen-
clature of this species, we are unable to pronounce it new,
although Kollar, Harris, Fitch, etc., evidently do not de-
scribe it. In particular seasons and localities they become
quite numerous, and large numbers of these resinous balls
may be noticed, always on the extreme end of a main
branch, or frequently and disastrously on the main shoot
of the tree. The eggs are deposited at the base of the
bud, and the worm bores downward for some distance in-
to the branch.

These gall-like excrescences are caused by the exuding
resin, and often increase to the size of two inches in diameter.

The moth is usually quite small, of a dull lead color,
with broad, entire, fore wings, which form a triangle with
the body when at rest, slightly deflexed at the sides and
dilated towards the shoulders.

The only plan to destroy them is to examine these ex-
crescences early in the autumn and dislodge the worm, or,
if left until spring, the shoot should be cut away and
burned.

Plant-lice. — The family of Plant-lice, or Aphidce, are
mostly so minute as to be scarcely perceptible to the nak-
ed eye, and yet they frequently appear in such immense
numbers as to destroy the plants in a short time. These
insects cause the foliage on the younger twigs to curl up
tightly, and may on this account be very readily detected.
Prof. Stauffer, of Lancaster, has detected an undescribed
species feeding on the Norway Spruce. Its proboscis is
much longer than its body. Another species has lately
been found with a shorter proboscis, and differing very es-
sentially from the above. A third species, and distinct
from both the foregoing, has a woolly appearance, and is
found on. the branches . of .evergreens. In England, the

INSECTS INJTJEIOTJS TO CONIFERJ2. 61

Aphis juniperi is mentioned as infesting the various Juni-
per as well as a species of Thrips (Thrips juniperi.) To
completely destroy these little insects, it is only necessary
to drench them well with a solution of whale-oil soap or
tobacco water. Perhaps the best and most convenient
remedy is hot water a few degrees below the boiling point,
which will not injure the plant but effectually destroys
these pests.

Scale-Insects. — The Scale-insects are occasionally found
on some of the Conifers, and more particularly on many
of the Junipers. In fact, so injurious are they on some
specimens, even of a large size, that we have known the
plant to be killed in a single season. They will attack the
leaves of pines, particularly if the tree should be in an un-
healthy condition. These insects are the most formidable
enemies we have to contend with, owing to their peculiar
habits.

The visible token by which we recognize the presence
of these pests is the scale-like covering ; this is in reality
the relics of the parents which remain to act as a protection
to the young brood ; these extract the juices from the
tree beneath their tough covering, and kill it gradually.
As we cannot apply to the scale any of the various solu-
tions that are employed in killing the Plant-lice, it becomes
necessary to scrape them off; and here again another diffi-
culty arises, — for among the multitude of closely imbricat-
ed leaves found on the Junipers, this plan is absolutely
impossible. The hot water remedy with us is first tried
thoroughly, and if that fails to remove these tough little
coverings, we proceed to the final resource, that recom-
mended by the old Dutch farmer for killing off the curcu-
lio, i. e. "Cut the trees down;" only in our case it has
the recommendation of preventing the insects from spread-
ing to other trees in the vicinity.

The Pine-leaf Scale-insect, (Aspidiotus pmifolia), is

62 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

a new species discovered by Fitch, that preys upon the
leaves of the Pine genus, and is very distinct from the
scale that infests the Junipers.

An insect, new to the writer, has made its appearance
during the past season in large numbers ; and although
very readily destroyed, it may nevertheless become a great
nuisance if not promptly attended to when first observed.
They are pale yellowish-green caterpillars, about an inch
in length, and feed in communities ; in fact, so voracious
are they, and so very numerous, that frequently they will
clear a young pine of all its foliage in two days. The
Dwarf Pine appears to have their preference, although we
have met with them on the Scotch, Loblolly, etc. A plen-
tiful deluge of hot water, however, quickly destroys them.

Colcoptera. — We have lately received the following
brief but interesting list of " Coleopterous Insects " infest-
ing the Conifers, from Prof. S. S. Rathvon, of Lancaster,
Pa., all of which he states have been found in Lancaster
and York Counties, Pa., or in Virginia and Maryland,
around Washington City, and a few farther north.

" The trunks and roots of some pines (P. Strobus, P.
rigida, etc.,) are often attacked by small white grubs, al-
lied to the common grub of the May-beetle, and will al-
ways be found lying on their sides in a semi-circular form.
This is especially the case when these parts are aifected
with decay, although I am not prepared to say that they
are the primitive cause of it. These are the larvae of a
small Melolonthon, called the c Bristle-necked Valgus ' by
Dr. Fitch, Valgus seticallis, Brauv. The Valgus serrical-
Hs also attacks the pine, particularly the roots. The lar-
vse of Chalcophora Virginiensis, a rough-bronzed beetle,
nearly an inch and a half long, attack the trunks of pines.
This insect belongs to the Buprestidm, the larvse of which
are long and flattened, having the anterior segments much
developed, in shape something resembling a newly-wrought

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CONIFERS. 63

horse-shoe nail. Also other species of the same genus, C.
immaculata j C. liberta / C. novaboracensis, etc., etc.

" In May and June, on the Pine and Spruce trees, the
Chrysobothris Harrisii and the Buprestis aurulenta ap-
pear, (the latter a beautiful green and bronzed beetle), the
Iarva3 boring into the trunks of those trees. There is also
the JSuprestis fulvoguttata, and the Dicerea punctulata,
which particularly affect the Pinus rigida. The Bupres-
tidce are spindle-shaped insects, tapering most towards the
hind end, all more or less bronzed beneath ; and the larvse
of all of them very similar in shape, white fleshy worms
with small or rudimental feet, and a small black, or brown
glossy head. Monohammus notatus, a ' Long-horned bee-
tle,' in the larva state, bores transversely into pine timber
at least, and is also found in decayed or dead parts of
standing and living trees.

" The Iarva3 of some of these ' Long-horns ' much resem-
ble those of the JBuprestans, only they are not so thick in
front, and do not narrow so suddenly into the nail, or tad-
pole-shape. Also the M. titittator, M. marmoratus, M.
scutellatus, etc. ; this last named species being more abund-
ant on the northern border of our State, (Pa.)

" Among the Longicornia, infesting the different kinds
of pine, are also Eupogonius pinisora ; Leptostylus com-
mixtus ; Euderces pini ; Callidium antenuatum ; Hylo-
trupes bagulus y Orthosoma Pennsylvanica^ (a large,
long, brown beetle) ; Tragosoma Harrisii ; Rhagium
lineatum ; Tomicus xylographus, nigricalis, niger^ et
fulvus, et caligraphus, et pini, et pusillus^ et mater iarius,
etc., etc. Then we have Hylurgus tenebrans ; Hylastis
pinifex, et carbonarius ; JETylobius pales, et picivorus,
etc. All these insects, both in the larvae and perfect state,
affect the pines immediately under the bark, or in the
wood of the trunk and large limbs.

"Affecting the twigs, is the Pissodes strobi, a small,
black { Curculio ' ; but then there are also species belong-

64 THE BOOK OP EVEEGEEENS.

ing to the Hymenoptera and Homoptera, which affect the
leaves as well as the twigs. There are also Lepidoptera
which do the same, especially the Toricidce. In addition
to the aforenamed Coleoptera, the following affect the
leaves : CTvrysomela Philadelphia ; Grtyptoscellis hirtus /
Dichdonycha albicallis ; Anomala pinicola ; and Met-
achoma 6-notata. Liopus facetus^ and Hylurgus dentatus^
on the Cedars and Junipers."

There are other insects infesting the Conifers in this
country, but not sufficiently numerous to require special
notice. For instance, in the Southern States, Michaux
mentions extensive tracts of the finest pines covered only
with dead trees, caused by swarms of small insects (prob-
ably Hylopius pales) which lodge themselves in different
parts of the stock, insinuate themselves under the bark,
penetrate into the body of the tree, and cause it to perish
in the course of the year ; but such instances as the above
are, perhaps, only local, and occur unfrequently.

CHAPTER VIII.

SITUATION AND SELECTION" OF VARIETIES.

In a pecuniary point of view, the planting of evergreens
around dwellings is advisable, as they protect them from
the violence of the storms, which trees with deciduous
leaves, are unable to do during the winter months. This
important view of the case has been very ably argued by
Dr. Warder in his work on "Hedges and Evergreens,"
and certainly ought to be carried out in practise by our
farmers generally.

The above mentioned author, after showing conclusively
the great saving that will thus accrue in the matter of fuel
alone, recommends farmers to plant belts of evergreens
around their barns and farm-houses, for the better preserva-
tion of their stock from the inclemencies of the winter,
and, particularly, for those living in the far West, on the
vast prairies, these belts will, undoubtedly, prove highly
economical and useful.

In many instances, throughout England especially, Pine-
turns have been .formed, composed entirely of all the spe-
cies and marked varieties of this order. Where such is
the case, we often find many half-hardy plants succeeding,
that under ordinary cultivation obstinately refuse to be-
come acclimated.

This is entirely owing to the shelter which the larger

growing and hardier kinds afford these natives of a milder

climate. Some of the large English Pinetums contain

specimens of all the rarer species, at the present time, of

65

66 THE BOOK OF EVEEGEEENS.

fine size; whilst we, from some cause, are almost entirely
ignorant of their very existence. In the United States,
owing to the want of sufficient enthusiasm, or the need of
pecuniary means, such a collection has never been at-
tempted ; although there have been a few instances with-
in the past few years where energetic individuals have de-
voted much time to the subject, and have created quite
creditable collections.

To the general planter these specialties are of little in-
terest, and excepting as mere botanical specimens, or for
the purpose of testing every known species and variety,
not to be recommended. The idea of this work is not to
encourage an undue interest in the Coniferge to the exclu-
sion of other trees, but to enable the uninformed planter
to ma.ke a judicious selection, which should be systemat-
ically planted as recommended by those who have made
it a study and are best qualified to judge.

The great diversity of form and color as displayed
in this order is calculated, in the hands of a competent
person, to create an impression that will always please the
eye ; but, on the contrary, if undertaken by an unskillful
hand, an incongruous mixture will be the result, that not
only pains the eye of a person of taste, but in most
cases will prove a mortification to the proprietor in after
years.

The desire of every owner of a plf^ce should be to plant
his trees in such a manner as will harmonize with the nat-
ural landscape, by a prudent admixture of the varied
forms and shades of color. This, if properly done, will
be a constant source of satisfaction to himself and others.
We do not, however, wish to be understood as recom-
mending a strict observance of the arrangement c-f trees
in our woods; but we do sincerely desire to see a more
natural and less artificial system pursued than that so
frequently practised by many planters of the present day.

In one of Bayard Taylor's works, he thus beautifully

SITUATION" AND SELECTION OF VARIETIES. 67

alludes to the true principles of landscape-gardening : " In
the forms and colors of the trees, and their disposition in
regard to each other, and to the character of their back-
ground, we detect that art which never appears as art, —
never can offend because it is developed through the ordi-
nary processes of nature. Plant a tree, and it will take,
of itself, its own characteristic. Nature, however, can
simply produce; she cannot combine and arrange. She
will not plant yonder Weeping-ash on the slope, so that
its outer boughs shall just touch the water ; she will not
rear those Purple Beeches to relieve the huge green mass-
es of the ancient Lindens, nor give the Silver Birch an
airy lightness and distinctness by a back-ground of Pine.
She plants weeds among the flowers, and ripple-grass in
the turf; muffles the brook with autumn-leaves ; and fills
the pond with sickly water-mosses."

Many species appear to much better advantage when
grown singly, to allow of a perfect development of shape,
whilst others are beautifully calculated to form groups ;
but in the arrangement of the latter, a guarded care should
be exercised to prevent an unsightly, crowded cluster.
Downing, in his " Landscape Gardening," says : " Noth-
ing at first thought would appear easier than to arrange
a few trees in the form of a natural and beautiful group, —
and nothing really is easier to the practised hand. Yet
experience has taught us that the generality of persons, in
commencing their first essays in ornamental planting, al-
most invariably crowd their trees into a close, regular
dump, which has a most formal and unsightly appearance,
as different as possible from the easy, flowing outline of
the group.

" Natural groups are full of openings and hollows, of
trees advancing before or retiring behind each other ; all
productive of intricacy, of variety, of deep shadows, and
brilliant lights."

The great value of evergreens for grouping consists in

68 THE BOOK OF EVEEGEEENS.

the contrast exhibited between them and the round head-
ed class of trees, so that, when two or three Pines or Firs
are inserted in the centre of such a group, they produce a
beautiful effect. A fine specimen of the Common Hem-
lock Spruce, when planted on an open space, with generous
cultivation, becomes the perfection of beauty in a tree.
The rich, dark green foliage, and graceful drooping branch-
es, waving and glistening in the passing breeze, create an
impression of quiet elegance.

A frequent error, and one utterly devoid of true taste,
is that of planting trees in straight lines. We have in our
recollection more than one lawn on which the trees are
planted so strictly in right angles, as to remind one of a
geometrical figure. In an orchard or garden of fruit trees,
this system is expected, and indeed is proper ; but on a
lawn, it should never be tolerated. Another erroneous
practice is that of planting large-sized trees in small door-
yards, without taking into consideration their ultimate
size. There are a number of evergreens belonging to the
smaller class of trees, or large shrubs, that would answer
the purpose equally well, which would not grow out of
proportion.

No undeviating rules can be laid down to instruct the
planter how to arrange his trees correctly ; but general
principles may be given to prevent confused and meaning-
less effects. To form plantations according to correct prin-
ciples and carefully executed ideas belongs to the person
of taste.

We conclude this subject by one more extract from the
writings of Bayard Taylor, in which he thus alludes most
eloquently to the intelligent landscape-gardener: "In his
eyes all its features are, to a certain extent, plastic. That
which he cannot change or remove, he can throw into per-
spective, or so conceal by the intervention of other forms,
that its individual ugliness shall become a component part
of the general beauty. To contracted spaces he can im-

SITUATION AND SELECTION OF VAEIETIES. 69

part a character of expansion ; dead levels he breaks by
picturesque interruptions ; he works not alone for the eye,
but excites the fancy by stolen glimpses which hint at
some concealed charm. He collects the wandering rills,
and opens a mirrowed under-sky to brighten the too uni-
form green ; he arranges his trees with regard to their
forms and tints, to the lights they catch and the shadows
they cast, until they stand as far in beauty above the un-
cultured woods, as the pediment groups of Grecian tem-
ples are above a group of ordinary men. He sees, like the
sculptor, the suggestions of Nature, and pilfers the graces
of a hundred forms, to blend them harmoniously in one
ideal. Should not this * Earth Sculpture ' have its place
among the Fine Arts ? "

CHAPTER IX.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA OF CONIFERS.

In order to present the genera described in this work
arranged in their proper sub-orders, the following synopsis
has been prepared. It is intended as an artificial key to
aid in determining the genus to which a plant belongs,
rather than as a scientific grouping of the genera. The
number placed after the name of the genus refers to its
position in the work. The characters of the Family are
described at length on page 12, and we here give only a
brief recapitulation of them:

NATURAL ORDER CONIFERS,— THE PINE FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs with a resinous juice, and mostly linear,
scale-formed or awl-shaped, and entire leaves. Flowers,
monoecious or dioecious, without calyx or corolla, usually
crowded into short, scaly aments. Ovules and seeds, nak-
ed. Embryo in the axis of the albumen. Cotyledons,
two to many, in a whorl. The wood destitute of ducts, but
the fibre marked with numerous circular disks.

SUB-ORDER I.— THE PINE SUB-FAMILY— ABIETINE J3.

Fertile flowers in aments, consisting of scales each
from the axil of a bract, and bearing at its base two in-
verted ovules ; fruit a cone. Buds, scaly.

A Flowers monoecious ; leaves persistent.

* Seeds 2 to each scale of the cone and adherent to it.

Pinus — (PINE.) — 1. Leaves needle-shaped ; 2, 3, or 5
in a cluster, with a scaly sheath at base.

Abies — (SPRUCE. — FIR.) — 2. Leaves short, needle-
shaped, 4-sided or flat, scattered on the branches or some-
what 2-rowed, not clustered ; cones with thin scales.
70

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA OF CONIFERS. 71

Cedrus — (CEDAR.) — 3. Leaves 4-sided, clustered on the
old branches, solitary and scattered on the young shoots ;
scales of cones deciduous.

* * Seeds varying in number, and free from the scale.
Cunninghamia* — 4. Leaves linear-falcate, alternate, de-
current ; scales of cone 3-seeded, without bracts.

Sciadopitys. — 5. Leaves whorled, elongated, sub-fal-
cate ; scales of cone with small bracts, 5 to 9-seeded.

ArthrotaxiSi — 11. Leaves scale-formed; scales of the
cone 3 to 5-seeded, (usually dioecious.)

Sequoia* — 6. Leaves oblong awl-shaped or linear, scat-
tered or somewhat two-rowed; scales of cone shield-shap-
ed, 3 to 7-seeded.

B Flowers monoecious; leaves deciduous, clustered on the old
branches and solitary on the young shoots.

Larix — (LARCH.) — 7. Cones with persistent scales.

Pseudolarix — (FALSE LARCH.) — 8. Cones with de-
ciduous and divergent scales.

C Flowers dioecious ; leaves persistent.

Araucaria* — 9. Leaves scale-formed; anthers with
many cells ; scales of cone mostly deciduous, with a single
adherent seed.

Dammara. — 10. Leaves oblong-lanceolate; scales of
cone with 1 free seed.

Arthrotaxis. — 11. Leaves scale-formed ; scales of cone
with 3 to 5 free seeds, (sometimes monoecious.)

SUB-ORDER II.— THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY.-

(ClJPRESSLOLE.)

Fertile flowers in aments, consisting of few scales with-
out bracts ; scales mostly shield-shaped, and bearing one
to several erect ovules ; fruit a strobile of few scales or
berry-like ; buds mostly naked.
A Leaves persistent.

* Fruit berry-like at maturity.

72 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Jimiperus — (JUNIPER.) — 12. Fruit of few scales, with
1 to 5 ovules at the base of each, ripening into a drupe-
like berry.

* * Fruit a small cone, with the scales valvate, i. e., meeting at the
edges, but not overlapping.

Widdringtonia. — 13. Scales of the cone 4, equal in
size, 10-seeded.

Callitris. — 14. Scales of the globular, woody cone, 4,
the alternate scales smaller, 1 to 2-seeded.

LiboccdrilS. — 15. Scales of the oval, leathery cone, 4,
the alternate scales smaller, 1-seeded.

Actinostrolms. — 16. Scales of cone 6, equal, 1-seeded.

Frcncla, — 17. Scales of cone 6, the alternate ones
smaller, many seeded.

Fitzroya. — 18. Scales of cone 9 (?), in whorls of 3,
many seeded.

* * * Fruit a cone, with imbricated or overlapping scales.

Thuja — (AMERICAN ARBOR YIT^E.) — 19. Cone ovate;
scales leathery, 2-seeded.

Thlljopsis. — 20. Cone globular; scales woody, 5-seeded.

* # # Fruit a cone, with shield-shaped scales, mostly pointed at the
apex. ^

Biota — (CHINESE ARBOR VITJS.) — 21. Cone obovoid;
scales leathery, 2-seeded.

Cupressus — (CYPRESS.) — 22. Cone globular; scales
woody, many seeded ; seeds mostly without resinous dots.

Retinispora* — 23. As in Cupressus, the seeds marked
with resinous blotches or cells.

Cryptomeria. — 24. Cone globular, woody, with wedge-
shaped scales fringed on the edges.
B Leaves deciduous, or nearly so.

Taxodium — (DECIDUOUS CYPRESS.) — 25. Leaves in
two TOWS ; cones globular ; scales shield-shaped, woody.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENEKA OF CONIFERS. 73

GlyptOStrolwS, — 26. Leaves scattered; cones oblong;
scales leathery, unequal.

SUB-OKDER III.— THE YEW SUB-FAMILY.—

Fertile aments solitary, without an ovary or carpellary
scale, and ripening into a drupaceous fruit. Buds scaly.

A Flowers dioecious. * Leaves persistent, linear, or needle-shaped.

TaXUS— (YEW.) — 27. Seeds nut-like, erect in the centre
of an open, fleshy disk; anthers 8-celled.

Torre ya, — 28. Seeds large, ovoid, and without a fleshy
disk ; anthers 4-celled.

Cephalotaxus. — 29. Seeds similar to Torreya, but the
fruit in clusters; anthers 3-celled.

PodocarpllS, — 30. Leaves mostly 1-nerved ; seed with
a fleshy integument, inverted and attached to thick, fleshy
stalks.

* * Leaves persistent, scale-like or needle-shape.
Dacrydium, — 31. Seeds with a hard, bony covering,

erect in a fleshy, disk-like integument.

* * * Leaves deciduous, fan-shaped.

Salisburia. — 32. Seeds large, with a fleshy disk closely
surrounding their base ; anthers 2-celled.

B Flowers monoecious. * Leaves persistent, scale-formed.

PhyllOCladus, — 33. Branchlets flattened and leaf-like;
seeds small, nut-like, and partly enclosed at the base by a
fleshy disk ; anthers 2-celled.

Microcachrys. — 34. Leaves in opposite pairs ; seeds
erect with a thin, dry, membranaceous covering.

* * Leaves persistent, linear, and flat.

Saxc-Gothea.— 35. Leaves alternate, two-rowed, or
scattered ; base of the seeds enclosed by a thin membra-
naceous integument.

* * * Leaves persistent, opposite, elliptical or lanceolate, nerveless.
Nageia. — 36. Sometimes dioecious ; seeds with a thin,

bony shell, and enclosed by a fleshy or leathery covering.
4

CHAPTER X.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY.— ABIETINE.E.

Tha general characters of this sub-family are given in
the Synopsis on page 70, and we illustrate them by a
figure, (Fig. 12,) modified from Richard, of the flowers of
the Scotch Pine, (Pinus sylvestris). A. cluster of sterile
aments of the natural size is shown at #, and at b one of
the aments enlarged ; the scales of which it is composed
are stamens, the back of one of which is seen at d, and
the front; showing the two anthers, at c. A solitary fertile
ament at the end of a short branch is shown at e / f is
the same enlarged; g is one of the carpellary scales, or
open pistils, with its accompanying bract ; h is a view of
the same, with the two inverted ovules at its base. These
scales, in ripening, form the cone ; a separate cone-scale,
with the seeds at the base, is given at i.

I.— PINUS, Linnaeus.— PINE.

Flowers, monoecious. Sterile aments, in spikes or clus-
ters, formed of numerous stamens on the axis, with very
short filaments. Anthers, 2-celled, with a scale-like con-
nective, and opening lengthwise. Fertile aments, solitary
or in clusters, and terminal. Fruit, a cone, persistent, and
formed of woody imbricated scales. Seeds, nut-like, situ-
ated in an excavation at the base of the scales, and mostly
winged. Cotyledons, linear, from 3 to 12. Leaves, nee-
dle-shaped, almost cylindrical, in clusters of 2, 3, or 5,
with a sheath at the base ; persistent.

The genus Pinus comprises a much larger number
of species than any other belonging to the order. The
74

THE PINE SUE-FAMILY.

75

Fig. 12.— FLOWERS OF PINUS SYLVESTKIS, TO ILLUSTRATE TUB
INFLORESCENCE OF THE PINE SUB-FAMILY — ABIETINE^E.

76 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

recent discoveries in Mexico by Roezel have added several
to the already large list, and although none of these can
in all probability be acclimated in the Northern States,
very many of them will form highly ornamental trees for
more congenial climates, particularly in portions of Eng-
land and France.

The derivation of the name of this genus is involved in
uncertainty ; some writers asserting it is derived from the
Greek pinos, signifying a Pine tree, whilst others contend
it came from the Celtic pen, a mountain, the natural hab-
itat of the family. The Greek pion, meaning fat, in allu-
sion to the resinous oily matter produced, is also a deriva-
tion mentioned by some authors. The first is probably
correct.

The different members of the genus are found all over
the world, and in point of usefulness are unsurpassed by
any other belonging to the order.

The resinous secretions contained in the wood render it
invaluable for fuel, especially where an intense heat is
required. Vast quantities of Pitch Pine, (P. rigida,) and
Red Pine, (P. resinosa,) are yearly consumed in this
manner.

The wood of the Yellow Pine, (P. mitis,) Long-leav-
ed, or Yellow Pine of the South, (P. australis,) and
White Pine, (P. tStrobus.) is exceedingly valuable, and
forms the most important lumber in the markets of this
country ; whilst that manufactured from the Scotch Pine,
(P. sylvestris?) is celebrated throughout Europe. The
important commercial products, such as tar, turpentine,
rosin, etc., are principally obtained from the P. australis,
and other kindred species.

For ornamental purposes, many of the Pines are unsur-
passed for beauty, and form magnificent conical trees that
create an effect peculiar to themselves. The newer intro-
ductions from Northern California and Oregon are perfect
specimens of elegance, and as many of them have proven

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 77

hardy in this latitude, we may derive great pleasure from
their introduction.

In our division of this genus into sections or sub-genera,
we follow the excellent plan pursued by Loudon, and
adopted by Gordon.

SECT. I.— BITVJE.— Two LEAVES IN A SHEATH

It P. Austriaca, Hoess. — AUSTRIAN PIXE. — Syn. P.
Laricio Austriaca, JEndlicher ; P. nigra, Link. — Leaves,
long, rigid, slender, incurved, sharply mucronate ; rich,
dark green color, and from short sheaths. Cones, medium
size, (2^- to 3 inches long,) conical, slightly recurved and
light brown color. Scales, smooth and shining, with a
dull spine in the centre.

According to Gordon, the Austrian Pine " is found on
the calcareous mountains in Lower Austria, Styria, Mora-
via, Corinthia, Transylvania, and in the neighborhood of
Mehadia in Banat." It forms a large, spreading tree,
about 120 feet in height, and produces strong timber, which
is extensively used in its native localities.

This valuable tree, although of comparatively recent
origin, being unknown in Britain previous to the year
1835, has gradually worked its way into public favor, un-
til at the present time it ranks as one of the most popular
species, and one of the few well-known Pines that are ex-
tensively planted. The numerous, rough branches, are
placed regularly around the tree, and impart a massive ap-
pearance. The rather long, rigid, dark green leaves, are
remarkably beautiful when viewed from a distance ; but
on the other hand, a very close inspection reveals a coarse
and rather rough character, that should prevent its use
for planting in the near vicinity of the residence.

The cones are very handsome, being regular in shape,
and of a rich brown color, which is heightened by a pecu-
liar glossiness on the surface.

78 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

The hardiness with which it stands our climate is also
an additional claim for its extended use ; as in the coldest
winters of our Northern States, and particularly in the
most northern portions of them, specimens of this species
succeed and thrive as admirably as the natives themselves.

It also adapts itself to almost every soil and situation, but
prefers a rich, light loam, with a well drained subsoil, and
in such grows rapidly, and speedily forms a tree. Where
the soil is retentive of moisture, and consequently becomes
sour and soddened, we have seen this species succeeding
moderately well, whilst the White Pine, (P. Strobus^)
planted in the same situation, died outright.

We desire to advocate the claims of the Austrian Pine
for planting wherever a strong, hardy evergreen is desired
to break the force of the wind from buildings or orchards;
and in groups, or for avenues, in particular situations, it is
one of the most available trees at our command. Taking
into account its rapidity of growth and the certainty with
which it will speedily produce an effect, owing also in a
great measure to the peculiar prominence of its general
outline, we consider it unrivalled for a newly planted lawn.

2. P, Banksiana, Lambert. — BANKS' OR GRAY PINE. —
Syn. P. rupestris, MX. / P. Hudsonica, Lamarck. — Leaves
from a very short sheath, one inch long, rigid, divergent,
numerous, evenly distributed, and grayish-green in color.
Cones nearly two inches in length, ovate-conical, recurved,
hard, smooth, light gray color, with almost pointless
scales. Seeds, very small, with long wings.

This species, which is a native of our most northern lim-
its of arborescent vegetation, generally forms a large,
straggling shrub ; but in milder regions grows much larg-
er, and will in favorable situations attain to the height of
a small or medium-sized tree. In Canada, and northward
to Hudson's Bay, the Gray Pine is frequently met with ;
and even after all other trees have disappeared, this is oc-
casionally seen growing about three feet high and strag-
gling over the ground.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 79

Dr. Richardson, during his journey to the Arctic Seas,
speaks of it as attaining the height of from 20 to 40 feet,
and even upwards in favorable situations ; and also that
he found it occupying dry, sandy soils. He describes it as
forming an elegant tree, with long, flexible, spreading
branches. Douglas, likewise, mentions it as forming
good sized trees in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains.

The timber is remarkably light, with a straight, tough
fibre, and according to Dr. Richardson much prized by
the Indians for building their canoes, and for other purposes.

For ornamental planting, JSTuttall says, " it is prized in
Great Britain; but with us, as yet, the appearance of pines
is too plebeian, from their abundance and predominance
throughout the barren and uncleared lands by which we
are still surrounded."

Notwithstanding the existence of this species has been
known to botanists for a number of years, and with a
knowledge that in England it makes a fine specimen under
generous cultivation, we are scarcely aware of its being
planted in this country, excepting by a very few enthusi-
astic botanists, who desire to examine the habit of every-
thing belonging to the order.

Michaux, in his " Sylva," speaks rather disparagingly
of its merits. After mentioning the supposed medicinal
properties contained in the cones, he remarks : " If this
property, which is said to belong also to the fruit of the
Black Spruce, is proved to exist, it forms the only merit
of a tree too diminutive to be of any other utility."
From which assertion we differ, for Ave know of no other
species that is apparently so well adapted for creating a
peculiar effect in picturesque landscapes, as the one under
notice ; and particularly in close proximity to wild, rocky
scenery, when it may be allowed to grow as a low, strag-
gling shrub, and thereby appear appropriate.

Michaux certainly never saw it in cultivation, for London
thus eulogizes it :

80 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

" As an ornamental tree, we think it one of the most in-
teresting of the genus, from the graceful manner in which
it throws about its long, flexible, twisted branches, which
are generally covered throughout their whole length with
twisted, glaucous-green leaves, with here and there a
whorl of curiously hooked, horn-like cones. It is one of
the hardiest of the Abietinese, enduring in the Floetbeck
Nurseries 12° of Reaumur (5° Fahr.,) and therefore it
may be safely planted in pinetums in the extreme north,
not only of Britain, but of Europe."

3, P. Brutia9 Tenore. — CALABRIAN CLUSTER PINE. —
Syn. P. conglomerate G-rcefer ; quoted by Lambert. —
Leaves in twos rarely in threes, very long, slender, glabrous,
wavy, spreading, about 9 inches long ; light green, cana-
liculate above, convex beneath, serrulate on the margins,
terminated by a small callous mucro ; sheaths about $ i"ch
long, persistent, of an ash-brown color, membranaceous,
entire round the tops ; guarded at bottom with a linear-
lanceolate, revolute, bright brown, thread-like, ciliated
scale (metamorphosed leaf.) Cones, sessile, generally in
clusters, ovate, smooth, brownish, 2 inches to 3 inches
long; cones truncate at the apex, flattish, trapezoidal, um-
bilicate, smooth, obsoletely four-angled ; umbilicus, dilat-
ed, depressed, somewhat hollow, ash-colored. (D. Don.)

A large tree from the Calabrian Mountains, where, ac-
cording to Prof. Tenore, it attains the height of 70 feet.
It is remarkably spreading in its character, and the bright
green foliage produces a beautiful effect. After testing its
hardiness for several years, it may now be recommended
as reliable and quite valuable in a collection of ornamental
trees. Many authorities have at different periods been at
a loss to determine the true position of this species, and
have through an ignorance of its distinctive characters
ranked it as a variety of P. pinaster, etc. ; and Spregel
referred it to that species, without considering it suffi-
ciently marked to even form a variety. It is, however, very
distinct in many points. It so closely resembles the P.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 81

Ualepensis in general appearance, as to be frequently mis-
taken for that species, although the latter is very uncertain
in this climate.

The fruit, however, is very unlike ; as that produced by
the P. J3rutia is almost invariably borne in large clusters,
and sessile; and the P. Halepensis produces its cones sol-
itary or occasionally in pairs, with long footstalks, and
likewise forms a smaller tree than the former.

It is one of the foreign species to which little attention
has been paid, notwithstanding its merits fully entitle it
to the attention of cultivators, and when better known,
will certainly be regarded with favor.

Lambert says the timber is very valuable and adapted
to a variety of uses.

4. P, COntorta, Douglas. — TWISTED-BRANCHED PINE.
— Leaves, 2 inches long, from a short, dark, imbricated
sheath, numerous, rigid, sharply mucronate. Cones, from
2 to 2^- inches long, smooth, ovate, clustered ; scales fur-
nished with a caducous mucro. Branches, twisted, slen-
der, spreading, and thickly covered with leaves. Buds,
very resinous, roundish, obtusely pointed, and brown color.

A rare tree in cultivation, having been quite recently
introduced into European collections. Loudon says :
" This pine was fo'und by Douglas in North-west America,
on swampy ground near the sea-coast ; and, abundantly,
near Cape Disappointment, and Cape Lookout. Dried
specimens, with cones, were sent home in 1825-6-7."

Pinus contorta, says Dr. Parry, '* is quite abundant on
the crest and slopes of dry sub-alpine ridges, forming the
principal part of the forest there, and extending to near
the snow line ; a symmetrical tree of rapid growth, 30 or
40 feet high, with slim and tapering trunk a foot in diam-
eter, a smoothish, grayish-brown bark, detached in thin
scales, and tough but coarse wood, which is liable to warp,
and rarely cut into boards."

Other writers have described this species as attaining
4*

82 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

the height of from 10 to 20 or 30 feet, and state that it is

o "

found along the north-west coast of North America, where
it forms a low, straggling bush, not unlike P. Uanksiana,
or poor specimens of P. mops. In fact, Hooker consider-
ed it as a mere variety of the latter; but other botanists,
among whom was the discoverer Douglas, claim it as a
true species. We feel not the least hesitancy in placing it
as such, since more modern research has given it a just
right to the distinction.

Being an inhabitant of the most northern confines of ar-
borescent vegetation, it will certainly prove hardy with
us, and for peculiar situations, as well as for producing
particular effects in landscape gardening, it may prove of
use ; but as an ornamental tree, we fear its straggling and
crooked branches will prove objectionable.

5t P* glabra9 Wctlter. — SPRUCE PISTE. — Branches and
branchlets, smooth, whitish. Cones, generally solitary,
somewhat cylindrical, spines nearly obsolete. In close,
rich soil, near Black Oak, South Carolina. (Ravenel.) — A
tree from 40 to 60 feet high, with smoothish bark and soft
white wood, branching from near the ground. Leaves,
from 3 to 4 inches long. Cones, about 2 inches long.
" Wings of the seed lighter colored, more tapering, longer
and less gibbous than those of P. mitis" This species of
Walter, long overlooked, but lately revived by Mr. Rav-
enel, is, if I mistake not, not uncommon in the low hum-
mocks of this State (Florida), and is distinguished here, as
in South Carolina, as the Spruce Pine. (Chapman).

We introduce this species to the notice of our readers
on account of its being a native, believing that our own
trees should receive our especial attention, if in the least
deserving. This species may be rather tender for a north-
ern latitude, but we confess our ignorance on the subject,
never having 'had an opportunity of examining or testing
it. The above description is taken from the reliable work
by Dr. Chapman, entitled "Flora of the Southern States,"
on the authority of which we have placed it here.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 83

A number of the Southern Conifers having been suc-
cessfully grown in the Middle States, such as the Torreya
taxifolia, Taxodium distichum, Plnus australis, etc., we
can perceive no cause why this fine tree should not prove
equally available.

6. P, Halepensis, Mill. — ALEPPO PIXE. — Syn. P.
hierosolymitana, Du Samel. — Leaves, 2 or 3 inches long,
seldom *in threes, slender, dark green in color. Cones,
from 2^- to 3 inches in length, invariably turned down-
wards, long peduncled, and producing medium-sized seeds,
with long wings. Cotyledons, 7. Branches, long and
naked. Buds, from -J to £ inch long, roundish, imbricated,
and destitute of resin.

This species, notwithstanding its resemblance to the P.
Jlrutia, is vastly inferior to it, especially in this latitude.
It is found in several of the countries bordering on the
Mediterranean, especially in the south, of Spain, France,
Greece, etc. It forms a small tree, scarcely ever exceed-
ing 25 feet in height.

Our experience with it has not been so satisfactory as
we could have wished ; some seasons standing without
protection, and in others being entirely killed.

Its healthfulness depends much upon the nature of the
soil, as it is extremely impatient of a cold, damp soil, and
on such almost absolutely refuses to thrive ; whilst on a
more congenial, light, well-drained border, which is also
somewhat protected from the cold north winds, it may
succeed.

The specimen in the Evans' Arboretum, at Radnor,
Delaware Co., Pa., appears to be pretty well acclimated,
and although it is in a very sheltered situation, has the ap-
pearance of being somewhat out of its latitude. London
says : " P. Halepensis is the most tender of European
Pines, not even excepting P. Pinea;" and afterward
adds : " In Britain, P. Halepensis can only be considered
as ornamental, and, when planted singly on a lawn, it

84 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

forms one of the handsomest species of the genus. Ac-
cording to Bosc, it is the most elegant of European Pines."

The foliage, we think, is the only redeeming feature of
the tree, being of a beautiful, light green color ; but un-
fortunately, this is shed so copiously as to impart a naked
appearance, which has anything but an ornamental effect.
A variety,

P, Halepensis Pityusa, Stevens, which has been honored
by eight or ten synonyms, is also cultivated in Europe,
and is described as being very distinct from the type in
the size of the leaves and the cones, as well as in forming
a much larger sized tree.

This variety has been frequently sent out by foreign
nurserymen as P. maritima, a name that is apparently
only used when a plant is unknown, or as a convenient
appellation for the Pine genus at large, for any, and every-
thing that dishonest dealers wish to dispose of, for a reason-
able compensation. We have seen so many distinct plants
sent out under tins name, all of which belonged to old,
well-defined species, that P. maritima has become, to us,
a synonym of doubt and uncertainty. There is no species
by that name in the Conifer®.

Yar. minor, London, and var. genuensis, London, are
placed as synonyms of the species by Gordon ; and the
var. maritima, London, or P. maritima, Lambert, is con-
sidered as synonymous with the var. Pityusa, by the same
author.

7. P. inops, Alton. — JERSEY OR SCRUB PINE. — Leaves,
2 to 3 inches long, short, rigid, seldom in threes, with
a short sheath. Cones, solitary, oblong-ovoid, 2 or 3
inches in length, frequently curved; peduncle, short.
Scales, armed with a straight, rigid spine. Branches,
spreading nnd very flexible", with a rough, dark bark.
Seeds, small, and winged.

This common native Pine is found very abundantly in
many of the interior States of this country, and especially

\

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 85

where the soil is of a poor, sandy character ; in such situa-
tions it grows from 15 to 30 feet high. In the barren sec-
tions of New Jersey, particularly, this species covers
large tracts of waste lands, which are known as the Pine
barrens.

Some of the specimens even in these localities are quite
handsome, being remarkable for the pale yellowish twigs
and leaves, and in many instances forming fine sized trees
of regular conical shape, although the large majority of
them are but small, stunted shrubs, and far from orna-
mental.

The appearance of this tree is peculiar and striking ;
the straggling branches are covered with dark, rough bark ;
the young shoots, beautifully tinged with violet ; and the
whole plant is almost covered with exuding resin, which
emits a pleasant fragrance or balsamic odor. In some
parts of Kentucky tar is obtained from this tree, but for
other purposes the wood is of little value.

We cannot recommend it for ornamental planting, but
in a large collection, one or two well-grown specimens
would not be amiss, it being greatly improved by generous
cultivation. A noted European writer has said that, " as
in Europe, almost all the American Pines can only be con-
sidered in the light of ornamental trees, this species, as
such, well deserves a place in collections, from the singu-
larity of its form, its delightful fragrance, and its hardi-
ness." We are afraid our cultivators are not sufficiently
interested in arboriculture, however, to appreciate these
eulogistic remarks.

8, P, Laricio, Poiret. — CORSICA^ PIXE. — Leaves,
from 4 to 6 inches long, slender, very wavy, with short
sheaths. Cones, 2 to 3 inches or more in length, conical-
oblong, recurved at the apex, tawny brown in color.
Scales, with a scarcely perceptible prickle. Branches, in
regular whorls, spreading, and very resinous. Buds, £ to

SO THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

1 inch long, ovate, ending in a long narrow point. Seeds,
rather large. Cotyledons, @ to 8.

A fine, hardy tree, from the south of Europe, in the
Island of Corsica, etc. Prof. Tenore mentions vast forests
composed of this species on the Mountains of Sila, in
Calabria. It mostly attains a height varying with the
situation, from 80 to 100 feet ; and London states : " In
the Island of Corsica, it is said there are trees of this spe-
cies, from 140 to 150 feet in height." On Mt. Etna, it
forms forests at an elevation from 4000 to 6000 feet.

This species, according to Loudon, is a more rapid
grower than even P. sylvestris,'b\it it is quite a short lived
tree, the duration being in Corsica but from 70 to 80 years.

From the many instances of its rapid growth given in
London's Arboretum, we make the following extracts: —

5 O

" The rate of growth in the climate of London is from 2
feet to 3 feet in a year. A tree in the Horticultural Soci-
ety's Garden, having been 12 years planted, was, in 1834,
20 feet high, and is now, 1837, 25 feet high. A shoot of
the year 1829, with part of 1828, cut from a tree 5 years
old, on M. Yilmorin's estate, at Barras, and sent to Mr.
Lawson's Museum, measured 3 feet in length and 3|- inch-
es in circumference at the thickest end. In Loddiges'
Arboretum, this species and its varieties had attained in
1837 about from 20 to 30 feet, whilst the P. sylvestris
and its varieties had not exceeded 12 feet. In France,
according to Thouin, P. X/aricio grows two-thirds faster
than the Scotch Pine, placed in a similar soil and situation."
For lawn-planting, the Corsican Pine is one of the most
beautiful and available trees that we have, and is almost
invariably an attractive object in a collection. As it is a
native of warm climates, many persons suppose it will
prove too tender for this section, but so far as we have
been -able to ascertain, it has given entire satisfaction.
The long, wavy leaves are of a bright green color, and
the perfect shape of the tree has always produced a favor-

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 87

able impression with us, and we wish it were more
extensively known. The wood is quite valuable for lum-
ber, being long-grained, white, easily worked, and accord-
ing to some authorities very durable.

Var, caramaiiica* .London. — Syn. P. caramanica, JBosc /
P. caramaniensis, Son Jcird, etc. — According to Loudon,
this variety u has a much rounder and more bushy
head, with straight or nearly straight leaves, slender
branches, reddish-colored bark, which is wholly or in part
covered with white resin. The scales of the cones, which
are larger than those of P. Larwlo Oorsicana^ are tipped
with a harder and more horny point."

Our own specimen, although quite small, is nevertheless
distinct from the species.

Var, CalaMca, Delamarre. — From the mountains of
Sila, in Calabria, where it forms a fine-sized tree, with the
branches densely clothed with leaves that are longer than
those of the common form. It is quite hardy here, and
will doubtless prove desirable and distinct.

Var, COntorta, mentioned in Gordon's Pinetum, we
have not seen. It is described by that author as " having
its lateral branches contorted or twisted round in different
directions."

Var, pyglihTa, Rauch. — Is a very curious little dwarf
variety, that is quite pretty for ornamental shrubbery.
The branches almost trail along the ground, and beai
short, rigid, curled leaves.

There are other varieties of this species that vary so lit-
tle from the original as to be unworthy of perpetuation,
excepting in the collection of the enthusiast ; and even in
these, should the labels become accidentally lost, the owner
would be at loss to identify the varieties, and probably
soon be convinced that he had simply duplicates of the
true species.

88 THE BOOK OP EVEEGEEEXS.

9. P. mitis, Michaux. — SHOET-LEAVED YELLOW PINE.
— Syn. P. variabilis, Pursh. — Leaves, from 3 to 5 inches
long, with long sheaths, slender, channelled, and dark
green color. Cones, oval or conical-oblong, nearly 2 inch-
es in length, usually solitary, light brown color, Avith a
short incurved spine on each scale; peduncle, short and
stout. Seeds, quite small, with reddish wings.

This valuable native tree is found in various sections of
our country from 'New England to the Gulf of Mexico.
In New Jersey, especially, it is quite common and may be
frequently seen in large numbers with P. inops. In the
generality of cases it prefers a poor, sandy soil, although
occasionally flourishing in fertile places. On a mod-
erately rich, well-drained surface, it forms a beautiful spec-
imen, not unlike in appearance to many of the rare Mexi-
can species; and in f-ict, with careful cultivation, and
sufficient space to develop its peculiar natural beauty, the
P. mitis will compare very favorably with the majority of
these much-extolled and tender strangers.

It varies considerably in height with the quality of the
soil and in the situation where it is found ; but the medium
size is probably about 50 feet. According to Meehan's
Hand-book of Ornamental Trees, the Bartram specimen is
90 feet high, and four feet eight inches in circumference ;
it is growing on a dry, gravelly soil, with a rocky bottom.

The timber furnished by this species is very valuable,
although inferior in quality to the Long-leaved Yellow
Pine, (P. australis,) but readily commands a good price
not only in our own markets, but in those of European
ports, and in consequence has been quite largely exported.
The wood is fine-grained, and when devoid of the sap or
outer portion, is remarkably durable. The timber is
especially valuable in ship building, being excellent for
mnsts, spars, etc., and is consequently in great demand
for those purposes. The resinous properties of the species
are not of sufficient interest to make it valuable on that

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 89

account, although yielding a fair proportion of tar and
turpentine.

In a comparison of the opinions of Michaux and Lam-
bert, in regard to the value of the products of this Pine,
Loudon gives the following extracts. " Though this spe-
cies," Michaux observes, " yields turpentine and tar, their
extraction demands too much labor, as this Pine is always
mingled in the forest with other trees." Lambert, on the
contrary, asserts that "the wood has a sponginess and
lightness which deprives it of durability, and renders it
useless in building, or, indeed, for any purposes of a simi-
lar kind ; but it is tolerably full of resin, so that the
Americans employ it for its tar and pitch."

In an ornamental point of view, it compares very favor-
ably with the majority of our cultivated foreign species.
The handsome, conical-shaped head has given it the name
of Spruce Pine; in some sections such may possibly be
the P. glabra, of Walter. The peculiar richness in the
coloring of the leaves, softly merging from a bright blu-
ish green to the darkest hue, in the alternate changes of
light and shade, is really charming.

The leaves are very fine, slender, and flexible, and im-
part a peculiar beauty to the tree, which is not met with
in any other Pine that is a native of the Northern or Mid-
dle States, excepting, perhaps, a chance specimen of P.
rigida. On this account, a recent writer in recommend-
ing h for cultivation, very appropriately compared it to
the Austrian Pine, and says : " so far from being naturally
a scraggy tree, it thickens-in more naturally than any Pine
I know."

A peculiarity in this species is, that when growing very
luxuriantly in rather rich soils, the leaves will often be
found three in a sheath, thus giving rise to the synonym
of Pursh, P. variaMUs, as well as the P. intermedia, of
Fischer, being deemed intermediate, or as a connecting link
between the Binae and Ternatse sections. Loudon also

90 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

appears to have been misinformed in regard to the true
species, or, as is very probable, has overlooked this dispo-
sition of the leaves to sport into threes ; for he says in his
description of this species : —

" The P. variabilis of Lambert's Pinus, is unquestion-
ably a totally different plant from the P. mitis, of Mich-
aux ; being without the violet-colored glaucous bloom on
the young shoots, having rigid leaves, generally in threes,
and a cone with very strong prickles like that of P. Twda,
to which species we have referred it." We have occasionally
seen specimens that were entirely devoid of the violet color
on the young shoots as above referred to, and in fact, very
different from the species in many minor points, but yet
grown from the same tree as others that had every peculi-
arity of P. mitis fully developed. P. mitis appears more
nearly allied to P. inops than any other, and young plants
of each are extremely difficult to be distinguished.

10. P. Mugho, JBauhin. — MUGHO PIXE. — Syn. P.
Mughus, London. — P. sylvestris Mugho, Bauhin. —
Leaves, nearly 2 inches long, rigid, twisted, dark green
color. Cones, conical, shorter than the leaves, sessile, very
resinous, generally in pairs, with the scales ending in a
pyramidal, quadrangular recurved spine. Sterile aments,
almost sessile, and the anthers surmounted by an oval,
membranaceous crest. Branches, very numerous and as-
cending, thickly covered with leaves and a light colored
bark.

This dwarfish tree, or shrub, has been the subject of
many mistakes, not only in nomenclature, but by venders
distributing all kinds of stunted Pines under this name.
But the great majority of mistakes have occurred by con-
founding the true species with its var. rostrata, under the
common name or synonym of P. montana, and also with
the P. pumilio / they are so very similar in general ap-
pearance, that in the absence of the cones, it is a difficult
task to distinguish them. We follow Gordon in his clas-
sification of the varieties.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 91

The P. Mugho forms a small tree about 25 feet in
height, but is occasionally only a large shrub. " M. Vil-
lars observes that, when it grows on the summits of moun-
tains, it is a mere bush ; but that, as it descends to the
plains, it becomes a tree." (Loudon.)

It is from the mountains of Central Europe, and is found
growing on the Pyrenees and Alps. Although, of too
small a size to produce valuable timber, the wood is never-
theless very close-grained and durable, and of a bright red
color.

In ornamental plantations, we have seen this Pine used
to excellent advantage, particularly where a mass of per-
sistent foliage was desired. The dark green color of the
leaves, in conjunction with the great density of the whole
plant, admirably adapts it to this purpose. It is quite as
hardy as our own native species, enduring the greatest de-
gree of cold, and the most severe winds that visit our
latitude, with perfect impunity.

Gordon arranges the hitherto numerous varieties of this
species, as follows :

Var. rostrata, Antoine. — Syn. P. montana, Bau-
mann ; P. sylvestris uncinata, Wlddrington. — This vari-
ety is said to be found on the upper zone, or line, of the
forest vegetation of the Pyrenees. Capt. "Widdrington
states that "this Pine is extremely valuable from its hard-
iness, as well as for the resinous quality and great dura-
bility of its timber." He also remarks : " As an orna-
mental tree it will be highly desirable, from the intensely
dark green of its foliage, as well as the close and solid
mass it forms ; and the habit of the tree, where left at
liberty, to throw out massive arms trailing on the ground,
a quality so unusual in its class."

It forms a small tree about thirty feet high, and produc-
es cones, with the scales greatly elevated, hooked at the
points, and larger than those of the species.

Var. rotundata, Link. — P. montana, Wahlenberg.—

92 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Has a more upright growth than the species, with round-
ish cones, and a straight, distinct leading stem. It is
from the Tyrol, where it forms a small tree.

Var. llliginosa, Wimmer. — Syn. P. Fischeri, Booth.
— " This is the Austrian form of P. Muylio, but very much
more robust in stature, forming a handsome pyramidal
small tree."

Var, liana, London. — KNEE PINE. — London, in his
"Arboretum," places this as a variety of P.purnilio, and
describes it as follows: "The Knee Pine of the Styrian
Alps never grows above 3 feet high. A plant has been
in the Trinity College Botanic Garden, Dublin, since 1817,
and, in twenty years, it has not attained a greater height
than an ordinary-sized man's knee."

11, P, muricata, D. Don. — BISHOP'S PINE. — Syn. P.
Murrayana, JBalfour. — P. Edgariana, ffartweg. — Leaves,
from 3 to 4 inches long, from a medium sized sheath, rigid,
stout, bright green color. Cones, 3 inches long, ovate, in
clusters, crowded, with thick, wedge-shaped scales, that
are mucronated, with an elevated umbilicus. Branches,
irregularly spreading, with small acute buds. Seeds,
small, dark brown.

This curious Pine is a native of Upper California, and
according to ISTuttall, was discovered by Dr. Coulter, at
San Luis Obispo, in latitude 35°, and at an elevation of
3000 feet above the level of the sea, distant about ten
miles. The height is generally about 30 or 40 feet, and it
grows very straight, with a somewhat stunted appearance.
The strangest peculiarity about this species is in the
" squarrose spreading of the basilar scales, which present
long and sharp points in all directions."

We are not aware of this tree having been tested in
this country, although it has proven hardy in England ;
but we cannot see anything to prevent it from succeeding
as satisfactorily with us, as many Conifers from the same
locality flourish here with perfect hardiness. It is true,

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 93

the P. insignis, a native of the same section, aud often
found growing in close proximity to this species, will not
succeed here under the most careful treatment ; and the
Bishop's Pine may unfortunately be of the same temper-
ament, although we sincerely hope to the contrary.

Hartweg found it growing on the western declivity of
the mountains near Monterey, and within two miles of the
sea-shore ; and afterward at a considerable distance to the
south of the same place, on the ascent to the Mission of
La Purissirna, where the trees were of rather small size.

Jeffrey met with it on the Siskiyou Mountains, at an
elevation of 7500 feet, near the summit of the mountain,
growing in damp soil. Of the value of the wood, we
have no account.

12, P, Pallasiana, Lambert. — PALLAS' PINE, TAR-
TARIAN PINE, TATJRTAN PINE. — Syn. P. Laricio Pallasi-
ana, London. — P. Taurica, Hort. — P. maritima, Pallas,
etc. — Leaves, from 4 to 8 inches in length, from a short
sheath, erect, rigid, acute, channelled, light shining green
color. Cones, 4 to 5 inches long, oblong, often curved,
sessile, solitary or in small clusters ; the scales resembling
those of P. Laricio, but larger and terminating in a small
prickle. Seeds, medium size, obovate ; with broad, slen-
der, membranaceous wings.

" P. Pallasiana is confined to the central regions of the
Crimea, forming considerable forests on the western decliv-
ity of the chain of lofty mountains which extends along
the coast of the Black Sea. It was first introduced into
England by Messrs. Lee & Kennedy, of the Hammersmith
Nursery, who raised a number of plants from seeds sent
to them by Prof. Pallas, from the Crimea, about 1790, and
it was sold by them as P. Tartar ica" (Loudon.)

Plants raised from the above seeds were set out at
Boyton, and are now from 60 to 70 feet in height. Oth-
ers planted at White Knights by the Duke of Marlbor-
ough, are from 50 to 60 feet in height.

94 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

" As an ornamental tree," says London, " P. Pallasiana
deserves a place in every collection ; " and Lambert ob-
serves : " Of all pines, this is the best adapted for thin
chalky soils, and maritime situations." We have had it
in cultivation for several years, and, for its distinct habit
of growth and great hardiness, have been induced to rec-
ommend it; and should the adult trees prove as satisfac-
tory as the young plants promise, it will probably be one
of our finest ornamental pines."

Loudon, who, evidently, has never seen large plants,
labors under a mistake in confounding it with the P.
Laricio ; the two are now considered botanically dis-
tinct, and are at least quite unlike in general appearance.
In Sargent's edition of Downing's Landscape Gardening,
(the editor of which has probably a wrong plant), it is
described as " not very distinctive, as it resembles exceed-
ingly our White Pine." With us, it has the same habit
of growth that marks the Austrian Pine ; and, in fact, so
nearly approaches that species in many leading character-
istics, as to induce some acute arboriculturists to believe
it would prove to be a variety of P. Austriaca.

"According to Prof. Pallas, the wood is very knotty and
resinous, and very durable, but difficult to form into good
planks on account of the number of its knobs." — (London.}

13. P. Pinaster, Aiton. — CLUSTER PINE. — Syn. P.

Nepalensis, Eoyle. — P. maritima, Lamarck. — P. Latteri,
Madden. — P. Japonica and P. St. Helenica, Loudon. — P.
Chinensis, Knight. — P. Nova Hollandica and P. Nova
Zealandica, Loddiges, etc. — Leaves, from 6 inches to 1
foot long, from medium sized sheaths, rigid, stout, dark
green color. Cones, from. 4 to 6 inches long, conical, ses-
sile, clustered, with broad, ash-colored, pyramidal scales,
that terminate in a small sharp point. Branches, in
whorls, stout, with rather long, imbricated, pointed woolly
buds, that are devoid of resin. Seeds, oblong, medium,
with large Avings. Cotyledons, 7 or 8.
This beautiful species, with all possible care, is exceed-

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 95

ingly unsatisfactory, and cannot be depended upon in the
Northern and Middle States. It is a native of the Medi-
terranean coast, and is found in almost every country
bordering on that sea, as well as in the north of Africa,
and in portions of Asia, although some writers contend it
is an introduced plant in these latter places.

The Cluster Pine is generally found growing from fifty
to seventy-five feet in height, and forms a remarkably
handsome shaped tree. On the sandy plains in the Apen-
nine range of mountains, this tree flourishes with unusual
vigor, and in many sections of that region of country,
tracts of sandy, waste places have been planted with it,
that now yield annually a large quantity of wood for fuel,
as well as an inferior article of lumber.

On calcareous soils, however, it has been asserted that
this species will not thrive, an idea it would be well to bear
in mind before testing its availability. It is a valuable
auxiliary to those residing near the sea-shore where many
plants refuse to thrive, as the salt breezes in those localities
do not aifect it in the least.

The vast extent of country in which this pine has been
detected, as well as the number of varieties and different
forms of growth it assumes, have given rise to a multipli-
city of synonyms, which many of our best authorities
have added to ; but justice to their discrimination demands
that the fact of so great a diversity of names, by such
observing and intelligent botanists, should be attributed
to the species having manifestly different habits and pecu-
i liarities in the various countries where it has been found.

Var, Hamilton!!, Tenore. — LORD ABERDEEN'S PINE. —
Syn. var. escarenus, Loudon. — P. escarena, Risso, etc. —
According to Loudon, " The leaves are of a paler green
than those of the species, but they are equally long and
strong. The cones are shorter, and more ovate." This is
the most distinct and handsome variety of P. Pinaster

06 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

that we have seen ; it was first introduced into Britain by
the Earl of Aberdeen, in 1825."

Var. Lemoniana, London. — The same authority says
of this variety that it " is also a very distinct variety, but
quite the opposite of the last, being a stunted, bulky
plant, with zigzag, close, and twiggy branches, and stand-
ing apparently in the same relation to P. Pinaster that P.
pumilio does to P. sylvestris" He also adds : " There is
nothing dwarfish or diseased in its appearance, nor does
it exhibit any peculiarities of constitution to which other
pines are not subject."

Var. minor, London. — Syn. P. maritima minor, Du
Samel. — Is, according to London, a " variety which is
chiefly distinguished by the somewhat smaller size of its
cones, being from 3J inches to 4 inches long, and If inches
broad, and is said by Bosc to be produced by a colder
climate, and to abound on the west coast of France, espe-
cially on the barren sands in the neighborhood of Mans,
and to be hardier than the species."

Var. foliis Yariegatis, Loudon.-^-Syn. var. variegata,
G-ordon. — " Was discovered by Mr. Cree, the founder of
the Addlestone Nursery, towards the end of the last cen-
tuiy." The young shoots and foliage are rather prettily
striped with straw color.

A number of other varieties are also noticed by Loudon ;
but later authors, among whom is Gordon, class them as
synonyms of the species; the above may not prove more
hardy than the common form, but are worthy of a trial
by all interested in this genus.

14, P, Pinea, Linnceus. — STONE PINE. — Leaves, from
5 to 7 or 8 inches long, with short, lacerated sheaths ;
stout, of a deep green color. Cones, 5 or 6 inches in
length, ovate, obtuse, glossy, light brown in color ; with
large, woody scales, terminating in a recurved, deciduous,
blunt prickle. Seeds, large (f inch long), nut-like, edible,
5

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 97

with a broad wing, one inch long. Cotyledons, 9 to 11.
(Crest of the anthers jagged. Smith.)

We only mention this beautiful species for the purpose
of inducing those favored with a milder climate than our
own to give it a fair trial.

It will not grow here with the least hope of success,
but in its native habitat, the countries of Southern Europe,
it forms a splendid tree, and adds vastly 'to the effect in
picturesque landscapes.

In England this pine rarely exceeds 20 or 30 feet in
height, but when cultivated in many sections along the
Mediterranean, its height varies from 50 to 60 feet. The
specimen in the Evans' Arboretum is about 6 feet high,
and has managed to survive several winters without arti-
ficial protection, but is nevertheless devoid of beauty,
owing to the sickly appearance of the foliage.

In noticing the nutritious properties of its seeds, Loudon
gives the following instances : " The kernel of the fruit
has a taste which approaches to that of the hazel-nut, and,
in France and Italy, is much esteemed for the dessert.
Sir George Staunton mentions that the kernels of the Stone
Pine are also much relished by the Chinese. In Italy they
are put into several kinds of ragouts, and they prove ex-
cellent in sugar plums instead of almonds. In Provence,
they are extensively consumed along with Corinth raisins,
the dried currants of the shops. The kernels require to
be kept in the cone till they are about to be used, because
they become speedily rancid when taken out and exposed
to the air. In the cone they will preserve their vitality,
their freshness, and their taste, 5 or 6 years."

Loudon and Gordon mention Var. fragilis, Du Harriet,
with a thin-shelled seed ; and Var. Cretica, London^ with
very large cones and slender leaves, as somewhat distinct.
The latter forms a much larger tree than the species.

There are a number of unimportant synonyms attached
to this pine by various authors.
5

98 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

15, P. pumilio, Hwnke. — DWARF PINE, MOUNTAIN
PINE. — Syn. P. sylvestris pumilio, London. — P. sylvestris
montana, Alton. — P. Tartarica, Miller. — Leaves, 2 or &J-
inches long, short, stiff, somewhat twisted, thickly distrib-
uted over the branches ; with long, lacerated, woolly, white
sheaths. Cones, from 1-J to 2 inches long, reddish, or dark
purplish-brown when young, and dull brown when mature ;
when young, erect, when mature, pointing outwards.
Buds, ovate, blunt, resinous. Scales and seeds resembling
those of P. sylvestris, but smaller. Cotyledons, 5 to 7.
(London's Arboretum.)

A dwarf species from the Alps of Middle Europe, from
an elevation of 4000 to 7500 feet. It prefers a damp soil ;
when on dry, sandy bottoms, it never produces its remark-
able density of growth, or dark, healthy green color. It
will occasionally attain to the height of twenty feet, but
in the generality of cases is but a small creeping shrub,
with horizontal, trailing, and recurved branches, and form-
ing a dense mass of wood and foliage.

It is chiefly found above the regions of the taller trees,
and in such instances is invariably small. Some writers
speak rather disparagingly of its merits as an evergreen
shrub, and indeed, in this country it has never,' until re-
cently, received that encouragement which it justly de-
serves ; but thanks to an increasing taste for horticultural
pursuits, it has lately become quite popular.

With generous treatment to allow of a perfect develop-
ment, it has always been an especial favorite with us, and one
which we would not readily dispense with. It is very hardy,
withstanding our coldest winters without protection of any
kind, and grows rapidly. It may be readily propagated
from seeds, which are generally imported and sold by our
seedsmen at a comparatively low price.

The wood is very resinous, and is said to produce the
Hungarian Balsam.

16. P. pungens9 Michaux. — TABLE-MOUNTAIN PINE.
— Leaves, 2% inches long, from small, smooth sheaths;

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY.

99

rigid, stout, pale green color. Cones, 3 inches long, yel-
lowish-brown, ovate, sessile, clustered in whorls; with
thick, woody scales, armed at the apex with stout prickles,
which are incurved on the upper scales, and recurved on
the lower ones. Branches, rigid and irregular ; with cy-
lindrical, obtuse, brownish buds, covered with white resin.

Fig. 13. — CONE OF PINUS PUNGENS.

Seeds, rather small and very dark colored.
to 8.

Cotyledons, 6

This species, in favorable soils, attains the height of from
40 to 50 feet, and is confined to a somewhat limited habit-
at. It is found on the "mountains, rarely west of the
Blue Ridge, Georgia to North Carolina, and northward."
(Chapman.)

In regard to this limitation Michaux, in describing it,

100 THE BOOK OF EVEKGEEENS.

remarks as follows : " Of all the forest trees of America,
this species alone is restricted to such narrow limits, and
it will probably be among the first to become extinct, as
the mountains which produce it are easy of access, are
favored with a salubrious air and a fertile soil, and are rap-
idly peopling ; besides which their forests are frequently
ravaged by fire." But Nuttall, in his description, says :
"The quantity of this species on the Table Mountain, and
on a wide stretch of high mountains for many miles north
and south of this locality, is very great, and no apprehen-
sions need be entertained, nor is there the most distant
probability, of its ever "being extirpated by the puny hand
of man." Such difference of opinion between these au-
thorities is somewhat remarkable ; but in the case of the lat-
ter, his superior advantages for examining the trees in their
native locality entitle his description to the greater credit.
Later investigations have proven that it extends over quite
a large tract, forming a dense growth of a peculiar light
green color, which is observable for a great distance.

JSTuttall says : " On the vast precipices, slopes, impend-
ing rocks and chasms of the Linville, a branch of the Ca-
tawba, it darkens the whole horizon and presents an im-
posing mass of intense and monotonous verdure. It gen-
erally occupies the summits of the highest rocky ridges,
and sweeps over the most dangerous and inaccessible de-
clivities to the margin of precipices, some of which, over-
hanging the cove of Linville, are at least 1000 feet
perpendicular."

The timber is not particularly prized, and the resin not
of sufficient value for manufacturing purposes. The out-
line and general appearance of the tree bears quite a
strong resemblance to the Scotch Pine, excepting in the
color of the leaves.

A peculiar feature of this pine is the great length of
time which the cones remain on the branches, and being
generally in whorls, they create an odd effect. Loudon in-

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 101

forms us : " At Dropmore there are cones adhering to the
trunk and to large branches of more than 20 years growth,
giving the tree a very singular appearance, and rendering
its trunk easily distinguishable, even at a distance, from
those of all others of the Pine tribe." He also says :
" In Britain, P. pungens can only be considered as an or-
namental tree ; but, from the singularity of its cones, it
well deserves a place in every pinetum." We desire to
add that solitary specimens of this pine are occasionally
very handsome, and when covered with their curious masses
of cones of different ages, the effect is very striking.
Moreover, it is a native tree which has been sadly neglect-
ed heretofore, and we desire to encourage its dissemination.

17. P. Pyrenaica, La Peyrouse. — PYKENEAST Pro:.
— Syn. P. Laricio Pyrenaica, London. — P. Hispanica,
Cook. — P. penicellus, La Peyrouse, with numerous others.
— Leaves, from 5 to 7 inches long, from a long sheath,
stiff, crowded in tufts at the extremities of the shoots,
pale green color. Cones, &J inches long, conical-oblong,
generally solitary, short peduncled, smooth, light • yellow
color, and standing horizontally to the branches. Scales,
mostly spineless, small. Seeds, small, with a narrow wing.

This beautiful hardy pine, known by some twelve or
fourteen synonyms, forms a valuable addition to our col-
lections.

It comes from the forests of France and Spain, often oc-
cupying the highest ranges of their mountains; and not-
withstanding the great difference in temperature, it has
proven entirely reliable in this country, and may eventu-
ally be one of our most valuable ornamental trees. It
grows from 60 to 80 feet high, is of a regular conical form,
quite compact in shape, and distinct in appearance.

London's synonym of this plant, P. Laricio Pyrenaica>
is a misnomer, the true plant being specifically distinct
from P. Laricio, and also very unlike P. Strobus^ as unfor-
tunately described by another author. The species under

102 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

notice has more the appearance of P. Austriaca, with
light colored foliage, and like it, will undoubtedly prove
popular. We lately heard a discriminating botanist as-
sert that the Pyrenean Pine formed one of the finest speci-
mens of the genus, and as such he intended to recommend it.

Loudon states that " Capt. Cook, who introduced this
species in 1834, found it occupying the highest range of
the extensive forests of the Sierra de Segura, in the south
of Spain, where it overtops P. Salepensis, and in a corre-
sponding situation in the vast forest region of the Sierra
de Cuen9a, on the river Gabriel, in Upper Aragon, where
it forms extensive forests; but La Peyrouse appears to
have only found it in the Pyrenees." Capt. Cook, M.
Peyrouse, and others, have described this species under
different names ; hence the great number of synonyms and
consequent confusion in regard to its proper position in a
scientific classification.

Capt. Cook, in his description, says " it is quite hardy,
of quick growth, and will, from its noble appearance, the
beauty of its form, and the clear, transparent color of both
the bark and foliage, be a vast acquisition to our park scen-
ery. The timber is white and dry, being nearly without
turpentine, but the cones exude a most delicious balsamic
odor. It is one of the species described in the book of
Arab agriculture, written by a Moor of Seville, in 1200,
and translated by Banqueri."

18, P. resinosa, Alton. — RED PINE. — Syn. P. rubra,
Michaux. — P. Canadensis bifolia, Du Jfamel. — Leaves, 5
to 6 inches in length, semicylindrical, from long sheaths,
rigid, straight, elongated, dark green color. Cones, 2
inches long, ovoid-conical, usually in clusters, short pedun-
cled, writh pointless scales. Branches, with smoothish, red
bark, and long, acute, resinous, buds.

This tree varies in size, being from 50 to 80 feet high, and
is found from Pennsylvania northward through Canada,
Nova, Scotia, etc. The specific name is derived from the

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 103

great quantity of resinous matter contained in every por-
tion of the wood, although not so abundantly as in P.
rigida.

The common name is in allusion to the color of the bark,
which is a beautiful bright red ; and so distinct is this
peculiarity that Michaux, in describing the species in his
North American Sylva, thought proper to change the
name to P. nibra, but, however applicable this name may
be, such innovations cannot be allowed. This is one of
the trees sent to England by our first botanist, the inde-
fatigable and enthusiastic Bartrani; although it was
grown in Britain by Hugh, Duke of Northumberland, in
1756. According to Loudon, " about the end of the last cen-
tury, Messrs. Loddiges raised nearly 100 plants of P. res*
inosa, from seeds received from Bartram, of Philadelphia,
and nearly the whole of these were planted by the then
Marquis of Blandford, (the present Duke of Marlborough)
at White Knights, where a number of them still exist."

The Red Pine delights in a dry, sandy soil, and in such
forms a distinctive and not inelegant tree. A somewhat
remarkable feature connected with its growth consists in
the leaves being borne in dense bunches on the ends of the
branches. This unusual form is not confined entirely to
this species, but is also observed in the P. australis, and
probably a few others. The leaves are quite handsome, be-
ing rather long arid of a rich, dark green color, which,
contrasting with the reddish hue of the bark, produces a
pleasing effect. Although this pine is not of sufficient
utility for a specimen tree in small ornamental plantations,
it must not be altogether neglected, as the striking peculi-
arities mentioned above, combined with extreme hardiness,
strong healthy growth, and adaptation to almost all soils
suitable for Conifers, fully entitle it to a place in large
collections.

In the various uses to which the Pine family are applied,
this species certainly deserves to rank high in our estima-

104 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

tion. The resin that abounds so plentifully throughout
its structure, as well as the value of the timber, should be
sufficient inducements for its cultivation. Michaux very
justly advances the claims of this tree, and urges on Eu-
ropean cultivators the advantages to be derived from such
plantations. London says : " As an ornamental tree, this
species is well deserving of cultivation."

19, P. sylvestris, Linnwus. — SCOTCH PINE. — (Numer-
ous unimportant synonyms.) — Leaves, from \\ inches to 2^
inches long, with short, lacerated sheaths, twisted, rigid,
light bluish-green. Cones, ovate-conical, from 2 to 3 inch-
es long, grayish-brown color ; with a quadrangular, recurv-
ed point. Seeds, small, with a long, reddish-colored wing.
Crest of the anthers, very small. Cotyledons, 5 to 7.

The Scotch Pine, often erroneously called Scotch Fir, is
probably the most useful and numerous, as well as the
most familiar, of all the European species. It is, in its na-
tive country, what the White Pine is to us ; but in point
of usefulness in all respects, it is far inferior to the latter.
Some European writers, however, think differently, and as-
sert the superior advantages of the Scotch Pine in the
strongest terms.

" The first modern record of the tree," says Loudon,
" is by Matthiolus, who called it Pinus sylvestris montana,
and sylvestris was afterwards adopted by Linnaeus." Al-
though the common name would lead us to believe that
it is either confined to Scotland, or is remarkably abund-
ant in that country, some writers are in doubt of its being
a native there, and are under the impression that it is an
introduced plant; but throughout the central countries
of Europe, this species forms vast forests, — in many sec-
tions clothing the mountain sides with its dark green ver-
dure. Especially in the colder regions, on the Pyrenees,
Tyrolian, Swiss, and Yosgian mountains, it is seen in per-
fection in the most elevated and bleakest situations imagin-
able In those countries the Scotch Pine attains a height

THE PIXE SUB-FAMILY. 105

of eighty feet and upwards, and is frequently four or five
feet in diameter ; whilst as it approaches the extreme lim-

Btl

Fig1. 14.— PINUS SYLVESTRIS.

its of arborescent vegetation, it dwindles down to a mere
straggling shrub.
5*

106 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

It is one of the fastest growing species of the genus,
and in regard to this particular, Loudon gives the follow-
ing instances : " The seeds of the Scotch Pine come up in
about four weeks after they are sown ; the growth is not
above 3 inches or 4 inches the first year ; the second, if on
a good soil, they will grow from 4 inches to 6 inches ; and
the third year the plants begin to branch, and attain the
height of from 14 inches to 2 feet, according to soil and
situation.

"In the fourth and fifth years, if not transplanted, or if
they have been transplanted carefully in the second year,
they begin to push strongly, making a leading shoot from
1 foot to 3 feet in length, according to soil and situation ;
and they continue growing vigorously for half a century,
according to circumstances.

" In ten years, in the climate of London, plants will at-
tain the height of 20 or 25 feet ; and in twenty years,
from 40 to 50 feet. Evelyn mentions a Scotch Pine
which grew 60 feet in height in little more than twenty
years." " The largest Scotch Pine that was ever cut down
in Scotland is supposed to be one which stood in the forest
of Glenmore^ winch was called the Lady of the Glen, and
of which there is a plank in the entrance hall of Gordon
Castle, 6 feet 2 inches long, and 5 feet 5 inches broad."

The rapidity of growth, great hardiness, and the facility
with which it may be grown on almost all soils, has ren-
dered this tree a great favorite with the arboriculturist ;
although it greatly prefers a cool gravelly subsoil, that is
well drained, and will then, in certain appropriate spots,
often form a handsome tree, but always inclining more to
the picturesque than the beautiful. Loudon, in his Arbo-
retum, devotes several pages to this species, and dwells
upon its use for ornamental purposes in quite a lengthy
article ; but readers in this country must remember that in
the large English parks and lawns, a great diversity of
situation abounds, and many of the most picturesque are

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 107

specially adapted to this tree, but on our smaller lawns it
is frequently out of place.

Its value for timber, although inferior to the White
Pine and Southern Yellow Pine (P. australis), is never-
theless of great importance, and in some sections of
France and Belgium, large barren tracts have been plant-
ed exclusively with this species, for the purpose of procur-
ing lumber; in these calcareous soils, after the trees
have been removed, the land has universally proved more
fertile and productive than before, and yielded fair crops
of grain. It is the Red and Yellow Deal of England, and
is in use there for most purposes, both in naval and civil
architecture.

Its terebinthinate properties are also of great impor-
tance, as vast quantities of tar are annually exported from
Northern Europe to England, etc., where it forms four-
fifths of the amount that is consumed.

Var. horizontally Don. — This variety is from the
Highlands of Scotland, with serrulated and broader leaves
than the species, although not margined, and of a peculiar
light glaucous color. The branches are remarkably hori-
zontal and drooping. This is known by some as the Red-
wooded Scotch Pine, Highland Pine, etc.

Var. uncinata9 Don. — Is described by the author as
having much lighter colored leaves than the foregoing, and
very distinct, " insomuch that they appear of a truly light,
glaucous hue, approaching to a silvery tint." They are
also serrulated. The cones are different from those of the
species, "being beset with blunt prickles, bent back-
wards." Gordon classes this variety as a synonym of the
species.

Var, Hagucncnsis, London. — Is likewise placed as a
synonym of the species by Gordon, but London extracts
the following description from Lawson's Manual in regard
to it. " The old trees are remarkably tall, straight, free

108 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

from branches, except near the summit, with remarkably
smooth, reddish-colored bark. The leaves on the young
plants are longer, waved and twisted, light green, slightly
glaucous, and minutely serrulated; the young terminal
buds are of a peculiar reddish color, and generally more
or less covered with whitish resin." "The forests of
Haguenau," M. Nebel informs us, " extended over up-
wards of 30,000 acres, but the greater part of the pine
trees were cut down during the war."

Var. intermedia; London, — Is from Russia, with
" slender young shoots depressed towards the stem, and
leaves shorter and less glaucous than those of the species."

Var. Altaica9 Ledebour. — A native of the Altaian
Mountains, growing about fifty feet high, and introduced
into England in 1836, by Dr. Ledebour. A dense, pyrami-
dal tree, with shorter and more rigid leaves than the species.

Var, tortuosa, Don. — Who describes it "as having
the leaves shorter than P. s. vulgaris, and somewhat curled
or twisted. He saw only 3 or 4 trees of it, and thinks it
nearly approaches the P. Bariksiana of Lambert."

Var, monophylla, Hodgins. — This variety has two
leaves in a sheath, but united together throughout their
length, thus imparting to the tree a very curious appear-
ance. "When the points are taken between the finger
and thumb, and the apparently single leaf twisted, it gen-
erally separates into two, and sometimes into three leaves."

Var, nan a, Hort. — " A very dwarf variety, not grow-
ing more than one or two feet high, but spreading widely
in a horizontal direction, and having very stunted branch-
es and leaves." — (Gordon.)

Var, variegata, Hort. — " This only differs from the or-
dinary form in the mixture of its pale straw-colored, with
the usual glaucous or bluish-green leaves, being produced
on both old and young wood." — (Gordon.)

Var, la I i folia, Gordon.-^ With several synonyms, is

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 109

from the Caucasian Mountains, and, according to Gordon^
the leaves are much broader, more glaucous, and longer
than any other variety of P. sylvestris. It is also very
robust, and grows to a great size.

Var, argentea, Stevens. — Is the Silvery Scotch Fir,
with the cones and leaves a beautiful, silvery, glaucous
color : a variety from the region of the Black Sea, where
it attains a large size. We believe this has not yet been
introduced into this country.

There are other varieties mentioned by Loudon and
others, that differ so little from the species as to be now
unrecognized; such as var. Rigensis, var. Genevensis, etc.

SECT. II.— TKRHTATJE.— THREE LEAVES IN A SHEATH.

20. P» aiistraliS; Michaux. — LONG-LEAVED OR SOUTH-
ERN YELLOW PINE. — Syn. P. palustris, Linnaeus. — Leaves,
10 to 15 inches long ; from a long, lacerated, light colored
sheath ; bright green color, and crowded in dense clusters
at the ends of the branches. Cones, from 6 to 10 inches
long, mostly cylindrical, of a beautiful brown color, with
thick scales, armed with very small recurved prickles.
Seeds, large, oval, with a long wing.

With the single exception of the White Pine, (P. Stro-
bus,) this species is perhaps the most valuable of the ge-
nus, and along our southern sea-board States, particularly
in Georgia and Florida, it is to be found in immense num-
bers, covering large tracts of sandy, barren soil, to
the almost total exclusion in many places of all other
plants. The size of the trees varies greatly according to
soil and situation. Along the roadsides and on sterile
spots, they are poor, stunted plants but a few feet in
height; but as the soil becomes more congenial they
assume their proper proportions, averaging probably 75

110

THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

feet in height, and single specimens frequently attain a

much greater size.

For ornamental pur-
poses, this pine is well
adapted to those sections
where it will survive
the inclemencies of our
winters. The sudden
changes, owing to the
warm days and bright
sun during winter, fol-
lowed suddenly by the
mercury sinking almost
to zero, acting on the im-
perfectly ripened wood,
in many cases fatally in-
jure the great majority
of southern plants. With
us it has stood out for
several years, without
any protection excepting
a slight covering of pine
branches during the win-
ter, sufficient to afford it
a partial shade. A beau-
tiful specimen grew for
several years on the
grounds of the late Wm.
Reid, at Elizabethtown,
1ST. J., and as it was
planted in the centre of
a group of evergreens, it
thrived uninjured for a
number of years.

is.— PINUS AUSTRALIS. The late owner assured

the author that in such sheltered situations it might be

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. Ill

depended on in the Middle States. We have understood
that it is not entirely hardy in the vicinity of London,
and although known in Europe since the year 1730, it is
not yet common in collections.

The peculiar growth and remarkably beautiful foliage
of this species certainly entitle it to the regard of all our
cultivators, and with a small amount of care and attention
for a few years, we feel confident it will fully repay the
trouble expended upon it.

The lumber of P. australis is as valuable as that of any
other pine, but in some situations the wood is so charged
with resin as to become in a measure almost valueless. In
a comparison between the timber of the White Pine and
Long-leaved Yellow Pine, that of the former is softer,
more free from turpentine, and generally of a larger size ;
whilst, on the other hand, the strong, durable planks and
boards manufactured from the latter are unexcelled.

In ship-building the lumber of this pine plays a very
important part, and indeed is considered by some to be su-
perior to oak for this purpose. The Carolina floor-boards,
so universally preferred in all our large cities, are manu-
factured from this species, and in many portions of the
South the dwellings are constructed exclusively from this
lumber, which also forms the fencing material that en-
closes the fields. As fuel, it is poor, burning badly, with
a dense, black smoke, and creating but little heat.

The chief value of this species consists in its products,
which, in value, are not equalled by those of any other
of the family. North Carolina, for a number of years,
derived a large revenue from the manufacture of the
various products of this pine, as it not only supplied the
demand of our own country for turpentine, rosin, tar,
and pitch, but immense quantities of these were exported
to European and other ports. The tar being extracted
from the dead wood, no part of the tree in any stage is al-
lowed to be wasted, and the accumulation of sap or resin,

112 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

as the wood advances towards decomposition, is greatly
increased.

The old Linnoean name of P. palustris, which was alto-
gether inappropriate to the plant, was changed by Mich-
aux to that which it now bears ; and, however we may
deprecate the alteration and change of names, we have
to confess that, in the present instance, it is justifiable.

Var. excelsa, London. — Syn. P. palustris excelsa,
Sooth. — Is unknown in this country, but, according to
English and German writers, it is more hardy, much larg-
er, and has longer leaves than the species. It is also re-
ported to have been found on the north-west coast of
America, which latter assertion is, however, very doubtful.

21, P. Fremontiana, Endlicher. — FREMONT'S PINE,
NUT PINE. — Syn. P. monophyllus, Torrey. — Leaves, from
1£ to 3 inches long, with short sheaths, rigid, curved,
sharply mucronate, and of a pale bluish-green color.
Cones, 2£ inches long, light brown color and glossy, with
thick, recurved scales, entirely destitute of spines. Seeds,
quite large, wingless, and edible.

A very distinct species from California, where it was
discovered by Col. Fremont, and named in his honor by
Prof. Endlicher. It was first called P. monophyllus^ by
Dr. Torrey, who was under the impression that its leaves
were solitary. Subsequent investigation, however, decided
its true character and the present name was established.

It was first found on the Sierra Nevada, extending
along the sides and summits of the mountains for a dis-
tance of 300 miles, and was afterwards detected by Jef-
frey on Mt. Jefferson, in the Cascade range, at an elevation
of 6,500 feet. Fremont mentions that the mercury fre-
quently sank two degrees below zero at night in the above
locality, and the snow was four feet in depth. We can-
not, at the present time, assert its hardiness, as our specimen
is yet quite small, but from the character of the climate
of which it is a native we may safely recommend it for trial.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 113

It forms a small tree, probably not exceeding twenty
feet in height, but well furnished with side branches and
with a peculiar, glaucous, bluish-green foliage, which pro-
duces a beautiful efiect. The seeds, like many others of
our western species of pines, are edible and very nutri-
tious, with shells so thin that they may readily be broken
with the fingers. They constitute a large part of the sub-
sistence of the Indians that inhabit those regions, and are
gathered by them and stored away for winter use.

Dr. Engelmann says of this plant in a recent article,
that " it has single leaves, and not connate, as Endlicher
would have it." This is one of those perplexing misun-
derstandings that will occasionally happen among authors.
Our own specimen was grown by the -late John Evans, a
botanist of no ordinary talent, who procured the seed, if
we mistake not, from its native locality. However, it re-
tains all of the specific distinctions as described by End-
licher, having three leaves in a sheath and being only very
rarely monophyllous on the young shoots. This mono-
phyllous state is not unfrequeiitly met with in other spe-
cies, and its frequent occurrence in this particular one is
doubtless the cause of the misunderstanding.

The P. Fremontiana is one of the very slow growing
species that require a number of years to arrive at maturi-
ty, and consequently may not, on this account, prove so
popular as some others.

This edible, or nut-pine section, is of so much interest,
that we make the following extract from Dr. Engelmann's
article. " This very natural little group is characterized by
the small, almost globose cones, the scales bearing large py-
ramidal apophyses and large edible seeds,the wings of which
remain attached to the scale, which, I suspect, is the casein
all ' wingless ' seeds of pines ; in jR Pinea, however, the
wing is very distinct, and detaches itself clearly from the
scale, and at the same time also from the seed itself, which is
likewise the case in the closely allied, though 5-leaved Cal-

114 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

ifornian P. Torreyana, Parry, where the wing, besides,
is very thick and of a corky substance. The great vari-
ability in the number of leaves in the nut-pines proves that
sectional characters taken from them are without value."

22. P, Gerardiana, Wallich — GERARD'S PINE. — Syn.
P. Neosa, G-ovan. — Leaves, from 3|- to 5 inches long ;
from a short, deciduous, scaly sheath; rigid, crowded,
glaucous-green color. Cones, 8 inches long, and 5 inches
broad, ovate, resinous ; with broad, thick, corky, recurv-
ed scales, terminating in a stout spine. Seeds, large,
cylindrical, pointed, dark brown color, almost wingless,
and edible.

This beautiful tree was discovered by Capt. P. Gerard,
in whose honor it was named by Dr. Wallich. It is
a native of the Himalayas, and is found " on the northern
side of the Snowy range of mountains in Kunawur, beyond
the influence of the periodical rains, where it grows in
very dry rocky ground. It is also found to the north of
Cashmere, and on the Astor Mountains, in Little Tibet."
Capt. Gerard mentions its highest limits on the inner Him-
alayas to be from 10,000 to 12,000 feet. Its height is
about 50 feet, and in congenial soil, with proper space to
develop its peculiar beauty, it becomes a regular, dense,
conical tree. The seeds, like those of the foregoing spe-
cies, are large and nut-like, very abundant, and highly
prized by the inhabitants. The Arabs and Persians have
bestowed the name of " Sonoubar Sukkar," or the " Sweet
Pine-nut," upon it, owing to this property.

Although it is very distinct from the P. longifolia in
many and very essential particulars, it was nevertheless
frequently confounded with the latter species by early
writers. The cones of the two resemble each other very
closely, and on this account the confusion evidently
arose in the first instance, as many of the first plants
raised in England for P. G-erardiana have since proven
to be P. longifolia.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 115

Its hardiness is yet uncertain, although we are favorably
impressed with the experiments that have fallen under our
notice. With us it proves successful, but we generally
place a slight protection of evergreen boughs around the
plant to shade it from the sun in winter. The color of
its foliage is that of a beautiful glaucous green, and con-
trasts agreeably with the darker hues in a group of pines.
The large cones, with their peculiar thick, recurved scales
and edible seeds, are also very interesting. This species
is quite remarkable for the copiousness of its resin.

23. P. Jeffreyiij Sort. — JEFFREY'S PINE. — Leaves, 8
inches long, from long, lacerated, persistent sheaths ; acute,
recurved, stout, dark green color. Cones, 8 inches long,
ovate-conical, clustered, with broad, projecting scales,
armed with very large, incurved spines ; seeds, quite large,
and handsomely striped.

This beautiful new species is from Northern California,
where, according to Jeffrey, it inhabits poor, sandy soils,
and forms a majestic tree 150 feet in height.

It resembles the P. ponderosa somewhat in general ap-
pearance, but has much more slender leaves. As regards
the hardiness of this new candidate for popular favor, we
are pleased to be able to place it amongst those that
promise well. We have exposed it to the severity of sev-
eral winters, all of which it came through safely. But it
is proper to state that a more thorough trial is necessary
before it can be considered as perfectly reliable.

The branches of this pine are slender, very spreading,
and of a pale, reddish-brown color ; the buds are small,
and quite resinous. Like the most of our Californian spe-
cies, it has large cones, which render it conspicuous,
being furnished with large, pyramidal, hooked scales.

24, P, macrocarpa, LindUy. — COULTER'S PINE,
GREAT-HOOKED PINE. — Syn. P. Coulteri, Don ; P. Sabin-
iana Coulteri, London. — Leaves, 9 inches long, with long

116 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

sheaths, very Ibroad, rigid, incurved, acute, compressed,
and light glaucous green color. Cones, "largest of the
family," (ffuttall) / " 1 foot and more in length, 6 inches
in diameter near the middle, and weighing about 4 Ibs.,"
(Lambert) / conical-oblong, solitary, shining chestnut-
brown color ; with the large, indurated, wedge-shaped scales
terminating in a long, recurved and compressed spine, 3 or
4 inches in length. Seeds, large, flat, edible, dark brown
color, with long, stiff, light brown wings.

This splendid Conifer has been so recently introduced
into cultivation that we feel a slight hesitancy in extolling
its merits as highly as they doubtless deserve ; but, be-
ing a native of our own country, and also possessing so
many excellences to recommend it to the notice of plant-
ers, we may be excused for our great partiality to it.

According to Nuttall : " It was discovered by Dr. Coul-
ter on the mountains of Santa Lucia, near the Mission of
San Antonio, in the 36° of latitude within sight of the
sea, and at an elevation of between 3000 and 4000 feet above
its level. It was accompanied by the P. Lambertiana"

Gordon, in describing this pine, remarks : " It is also
plentiful in other parts of California, particularly on the
* Cerusta,' an ascent from San Luis Obispo, on the brow
of the mountain." It forms a large tree, from 80 to 100
feet in height, with large, spreading branches, and a trunk
3 or 4 feet in diameter.

The magnificent, long, glaucous green leaves of this
pine cannot be excelled in beauty ; and the immense size,
as well as the curious structure of the cone, fully entitles it
to consideration. This latter feature is thus noticed by
Nuttall : " Travellers compare them for magnitude to sugar
loaves, which they resemble in form, suspended, as it were,
from forest trees." The large, nut-like seeds contained in
these cones are said to be very excellent and nutritious,
although not equal in size to those of P. Sabiniana.

We are not prepared at present to speak confidently of
its hardiness, but, judging from experience and what

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 117

we could obtain from other cultivators, think that on
suitable, light, well-drained soil and in a favorable situa-
tion, this species will eventually succeed in the southern
portion of the Middle States, and probably may thrive in
in a still lower temperature than we anticipate. That
such may be the case we sincerely desire, as the surpassing
beauty of our California pines is unexcelled in the world.
Owing to the want of sufficient knowledge in respect to
this tree, Loudon, in his Arboretum, places it as a synonym
of the P. Sabiniana / but more recent investigation has
proven it essentially distinct, and it has been designated
as a separate species.

25. P, ponderosa, Douglas. — HEAVY-WOODED PINE.
— Syn. P. Beardsleyi, Murray / P. Engelmanni, Torrey /
P. Benthamiana, Hartweg. — Leaves, from 9 inches to 1
foot in length, short sheaths, broad, crowded, flexible, tor-
tuous, and deep green color. Cones, 3|- inches long, ovate,
reflexed, clustered, short-peduncled ; with the long, flat-
tened scales armed with a small, sharp, recurved prickle.
Seeds, rather small, with long,, yellowish-brown wings.
Buds, cylindrical, long, tapering gradually to an obtuse
point, and covered with a light glaucous bloom.

A fine hardy species from our Pacific coast, growing,
according to Gordon, " 100 feet high and 4 or 5 feet in di-
ameter, with 30 or 40 feet of the stem free from branches ; "
whilst those observed by Nuttall were "growing in a
poor soil, and not more than 12 to 20 feet high." Dr.
Parry found it " common through all the lower valleys
and less elevated districts of the mountains, associated
with Abies Douglasii and A. Menziesii / a most valuable
timber tree."

It is very common through some districts in Northwestern
America, particularly in portions of Oregon, where Doug-
las found it growing in large quantities on t*he banks of
the Spokane and Flat-head Rivers, and near the Kettle
Falls of the Columbia River. In the Rose River Valley,

1L8 THE BOOK OP EVERGREENS.

in California, it is very abundant, and is there chiefly con-
fined to the low alluvial soils, where it develops its full
proportions.

As an ornament we are rather inclined to believe it will
not prove so popular as many others of our new Rocky
Mountain Pines, owing to the coarse and somewhat open
appearance of the tree. Yet, on the other hand, its re-
markable vigor, excessive hardiness, and dark green foli-
age, will certainly weigh in its favor, and may eventually
counterbalance all obstacles to its becoming a favorite
kind. Nuttall appears to be very sanguine in regard to
its future usefulness in cultivated grounds. He says:
" The tree has proven quite hardy and of a rapid growth,
both in the climate of London and Edinburgh. It has a
very elegant appearance even as a young tree, and seems
to surpass all others in strength and luxuriance."

London concludes his description of this tree as follows :
" Pinus ponderosa, which is, perhaps, more hardy than
P. Pinaster, and is of equally rapid growth, has a noble
appearance even when a young tree ; and together with
P. Sabiniana and P. Coulteri, equally noble trees, and ap-
parently as hardy and of as rapid growth, well deserves
a place in every pinetum."

The timber is excellent and remarkably heavy, and in
those sections where it attains a large size, it will prove
very valuable on this account.

26. P. radiata, D. Don. — RADIATED-SCALED PINE. —
Leaves, from 3^- to 4 inches long, from short, smooth
sheaths; crowded, slender, twisted, dark green color.
Cones, 6 inches long, ovate, solitary, or in small clusters,
incurved, pendulous, with thick, truncate, obtuse scales,
terminating in a blunt point. Seeds, small, very dark,
with long wings. Cotyledons, 7 to 8.

Although our experience with this tree has been so very
discouraging, we nevertheless include it in our list for the
benefit of those who desire to test its availability. We

THE PIXE SUB-FAMILY. 119

have tried it in various situations, with and without pro-
tection, but unfortunately it perished in every case ; and
notwithstanding we have tested it several seasons, we
have met with unvarying failure, and are therefore com-
pelled to relinquish our attempt, however well it may suc-
ceed in other soils and situations.

It was discovered by Dr. Coulter in Upper California
in latitude 36°, near the level of the sea and growing close
to the beach, where it attained the height of 100 feet,
beautifully furnished with branches close to the ground.
The fact that it is a sea side plant may be the reason why
our plants do not flourish. Sea air and the peculiar forma-
tion of the soil to be found in such localities being neces-
sary to its permanent success, it should be tried by those
living in suitable localities.

Were this tree entirely hardy here, it would be, without
doubt, one of the most desirable of the Californian pines.
The timber is tough and of first quality, which has caused
it to be in great demand, especially for boat-building,
large quantities being annually used for that purpose.

The branches of this pine are very numerous and slen-
der and covered with smooth, light colored bark ; the
buds, small and very resinous.

27i P. rigida. Miller. — PITCH PIXE. — Leaves, from 3
to 5 inches long, from very short sheaths, crowded, rigid,
flattened, mostly dark-green color. Cones, ovoid-conical,
or ovate-oblong, sessile, from 1 to 3£ inches long, mostly
solitary, occasionally in clusters of 3 or 4, very peristent ;
the scales terminating with a small, recurved, stout prickle.
Seeds, small.

This native species, so common to the middle portions
of our country, we do not consider one of our finest
trees for lawn planting, being frequently devoid of that
beauty of outline and compact habit of growth so neces-
sary in an ornamental Conifer. It forms a medium sized
tree, from 30 to 70 feet in height, with dark, rugged looking

120 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

bark, and generally of rather feeble growth. It inhabits
light, sandy soils, or dry, rocky situations, excepting in
some sections near the sea-coast, where it is often found
growing in low, marshy grounds, and in such the size of
the tree is very greatly increased.

Although this species is so frequently found growing in
low, swampy grounds, particularly in the "Cedar Swamps "
of Maryland and Delaware, it is often seen flourishing in
situations that are exactly the opposite. Within sight of
where we are writing is a large group of these pines in-
termingled with the P. inops, which are growing on a
dry, slaty ridge, with a very slight depth of soil

The wood is of little value for lumber, owing to the large
number of knots throughout its entire length, as well as
to the preponderance of sap ; but much depends upon the
quality of the soil from whence it is taken; — trees
growing on light, gravelly, or rocky soils furnishing
a heavy, resinous timber^ whilst, on the contrary, those
on damp, alluvial lands produce a soft and light wood.
In any situation, however, it is much inferior to others
of our native species. The wood throws out an in-
tense heat in burning, and is sought after for certain pur-
poses. It also furnishes a liberal supply of tar, although
not of sufficient value for extensive manufacture.

Var. serotina, London. — POND PIXE. — Syn. P. sero-
tina, Michaux, Chapman, &c. — This pine has been re-
duced by Prof. Gray to a mere form of the P. rigida.
Loudon also describes it as a variety and Pursh suspected
the same, although Gordon, in England, and Chapman,
in this country, recognize it as a distinct species.

The only apparent differences in the two are, that the
variety produces ovate or roundish cones, generally oppo-
site, and mostly solitary, and has rather longer leaves. We
are always pleased to have our authorities consolidate two
species, when they appear so nearly allied as the above.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILT 121

28i P. Sabiltiana, Douglas. — SABINE'S PINE. GREAT
PRICKLY-CONED PINE. — Leaves, from 10 to 12 or 14 inches
long; from long, light-brown, shining, membranaceous
sheaths; serrate, slender, acute, recurved, flexuose, and
glaucous-green color. Cones, from 8 to 10 inches long,
and 6 inches in diameter ; ovate, echinate, in large clusters,
recurved, very persistent ; with large spathulate or awl-
shaped, incurved scales, ending in a strong, sharp point.
Seeds, large, oblong, tapering to the base, with a thick,
hard, brown integument, and a short, stiff, yellow wing.
Cotyledons, from 7 to 12.

This magnificent native Conifer is one of -the very finest
of the family, and was discovered by the lamented explorer,
Douglas, who named it in honor of a former secretary of
the London Horticultural Society, Joseph Sabine, Esq. It
was first found in the parallel of 40°, on the Cordilleras of
California, at a very high elevation, and only 1600 feet
below the region of perpetual snow, and was afterwards
discovered growing nearer the sea-coast at a lower, eleva-
tion, but more even temperature, in the parallel of 37°. It
is also found at El Toro, a high mountain near Monterey,
and, according to Dr. Gairdner, on the Fallatine Hills of
the Wahlamet, as well as in many other places in Upper
California and Oregon, but almost invariably upon the
summits of high elevations on the mountains.

The beautiful, regular form presented by a perfect speci-
men of this tree is all that we could wish for in that
respect ; and when to this is added a compact mass of
deep green verdure, gracefully extending to the ground,
we do not know of anything more desirable. The cones
are also not only exceedingly curious, but handsome and
useful ; producing seeds that are in great esteem among
the natives as food, and nearly as pleasant as almonds,
excepting that they leave behind a slightly resinous taste.

Nuttall, in his description of this species, says, " The
stems of these pines a»re of a very regular form, and
grow straight and tapering to the height of from 40 to 140
6

122 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

feet, and are from 3 to 12 feet in circumference, when
standing apart, clothed with branches down to the ground."
Other authors state that on the western Cordilleras of New
Albion, at a great elevation, they grow from 100 to 150
feet in height, and from 2 to 5 feet in diameter. But all
unite in praising its exceeding beauty as a specimen tree.
The xwood is white, soft, even-grained, and, perhaps, not
very durable." This species yields a copious supply of
resin when punctured.

29. P. Taeda, Linnceus. — LOBLOLLY PINE. OLD-FIELD
PINE. FRANKINCENSE PINE. — Leaves, 6 to 10 inches long,
from elongated sheaths, rigid, slender, rather obtuse, and
light-green color. Cones, 3 to 5 inches long, oblong,
solitary, or in pairs, somewhat truncate at the base ; the
scales terminated with short, sharp, incurved prickles.
Seeds small.

This is another of our native pines that is confined to
the Atlantic States, and found frequently growing in com-
pany with the P. australis, although mostly in damp soils,
not too heavy. According to London, " it was introduced
into England before 1713, by Bishop Compton."

It forms quite a large tree under favorable circumstances,
ranging- from 50 to 100 feet high, with very thick and
deeply furrowed bark.

In the light barren soils of Virginia, it may be frequently
met with as a somewhat stunted large shrub. "All the
woods in the Southern States," says Pursh, " seem to be
seeded with it ; for, when any piece of clear land is neg-
lected for a length of time, it is speedily covered with
this species ; and hence its name among the inhabitants,
of Old-field Pine. It is difficult, and in some cases almost
impracticable, to recover the lands which have been over-
run with young pines of this species, as the ground appears
to have lost all fertile properties for any othef vegetable
than these trees."

Michaux says, " In the same parts of Virginia, this species

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 123

exclusively occupies lands that have been exhausted by
cultivation ; and amid forests of oak, tracts of 100 or 200
acres are not unfrequently seen covered with thriving young
pines."

There is a plant of this species in our immediate neigh-
borhood, which is at least 20 feet high,and stands the sever-
ity of our winters without any serious injury. In our own
grounds, a plant now 7 feet high, and which was raised
from seed here, has so far escaped with little detriment to
its outline. We cannot, however, recommend it for orna-
mental purposes, excepting in large collections, as it is
much inferior in beauty to our White Pine and others of
the genus.

The timber is not valuable, owing to its propensity
to warp and decay, but is nevertheless used in large quan-
tities for secondary purposes. Its resinous properties are
not equal to those of the P. australis, and its wood is less
valuable for fuel.

30. P. tubercnlata, D. Don. — TUBERCTJLATED-CONED
PINE. — Syn. P. Californica, Hartweg. — Leaves, 4 to 5
inches long, from short smooth sheaths, rigid, flattish, and
bright green color. Cones, 4 inches long, oblong-conical,
mostly in small clusters, very persistent, sessile, pendulous,
and tawny-gray color ; . scales quadrangular, truncate, with
an elevated apex, and armed with a stout, short prickle.
Seeds very small.

This species, whose existence was much doubted by
Nuttall, is a native of California and was first discovered
by Dr. Coulter to the south of Monterey, near the level
of the sea, intermixed with P. radiata. Hartweg found
it on the Santa Cruz Mountains, sixty miles to the north
of Monterey, and Jeffrey mentions meeting with it at an
elevation of 5000 feet.

It is a rather small tree, seldom attaining a greater
height than 30 or 40 feet, with a trunk 8 or 10 inches in
diameter, and is likewise of very slow growth, requiring

124 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

many years to attain its full size. The specimen in our own
collection is so small that we cannot report any very satis-
factory experience with, it in respect to hardiness, but from
the situation where it is mostly found, and from its being so
closely allied to P. insignis and P. radiata, both of which
are exceedingly unsatisfactory here, we are inclined to be
somewhat skeptical as to its future usefulness with us.

Nuttall says it is nearly allied to P. patula, the Long-
leaved Mexican Pine of Schiede, which is also tender; we
have, therefore, not a very flattering prospect before us in
attempting to acclimate it. Timber, very hard, and dark
red color.

SEC. III.— QUIHTJE.— FIVE LEAVES IN A SHEATH.

31. P« aristata, Engelmann. — AWNED-CONED PINE. —
Leaves from 1 to 1^ inches long, crowded from the axils
of ovate, acuminate, brittle, at first light-brown scales,
which, persisting longer than the leaves themselves, cover
the branches with their rough blackish remains ; incurved,
entire, abruptly acute, light-green on both sides. Cones,
2|- to 2£ inches long, oval, resinous, dark purplish-brown
color; scales, terminating in a slender, incurved mucro.
Seeds, small. Cotyledons, 7.

We introduce this new Conifer in this place, on account
of its undoubted hardiness and adaptability to the climate
of the Middle States. Although of very recent introduc-
tion, young plants are now being tested, both in England
and this country, and we look forward with great interest
to its permanent and successful cultivation.

It was discovered by Dr. C. C. Parry, growing in the
alpine regions of Colorado Territory, above the limits of
Plnus flexilis, Abies Engelmannii, and other sub-alpine
Conifers ; indeed, it first makes its appearance, in ascending

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY.

125

the slopes, where the other pines become mere stunted
shrubs.

"We make the following extracts from Dr. Engelmann's
paper in the Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of
Sciences : " On alpine heights, between 9,200 and 11,800 or
12,000 feet high, on Pike's Peak and the high mountains of
the Snowy Range, Dr. Parry, 1861 and 1862, Messrs. Hall
and Harbour, 1862. Also
on the heights of the Cooche-
topa Pass, nearly south-west
of Pike's Peak, (altitude
over 10,000 feet,) where
Captain Gunnison discover-
ed, in 1853, what seems to
be this species without fruit,
(see Pacific R. R. Rep., II.,
p. 130) ; the leaves which I
could compare are those of
our plant. Flowers end of
June and beginning of July.
Flourishing best in the

Fig. 16. — PINUS AKISTATA.

higher elevations, and never
descendingjbelow 9,000 feet,
in its lower ranges not ripening its fruits as well as on the
bleak heights ; this truly alpine species — in this respect
our representative of the European P. pumilis — character-
izes the highest belt of timber on the peaks of Colorado.
On sheltered slopes a tree 40 or 50 feet high and from 1
to 2 feet in diameter, it becomes a straggling bush,
prostrate, and almost creeping, on the bleak summits of
the high ridges."

In allusion to its apparently very slow growth, Doctor
Engelmann says : " Its growth, at least in the latter local-
ities, is exceedingly slow, as a stick of scarcely more than
one inch in diameter, brought back by Dr. Parry, shows
nearly fifty annual rings, some of them ^ of a line, and

126 THE BOOK OF EVERGBEENS.

none more than J of a line wide." The same author also
states that the wood is white, tough, not very resinous ;
and that a tree of two feet thickness, at " the above rate,
indicates an age of over 1,000 years; but the annual rings
of larger trees growing in favored situations are wider,
and, if a specimen sent by Dr. Parry is not mislabelled,
sometimes as wide as % line, giving the largest trees a
probable age of from 500 to 800 years.

" The branches are spreading, very often many of them
twisted, stunted, or dead; the larger branches and the
stem itself frequently covered with young branches or
shoots, which seem to keep life in the old trunk. The
bark is thin and scaly, even in older trees not more than
3 or 4 lines thick, of a light grayish-brown color ; that of
younger branches, smooth, with many large vesicles con-
taining a clear fluid balsam, which remains between the
layers of the old bark."

The leaves of this pine are, without doubt, more per-
sistent than those of any known species, as accurate ob-
servations have proven that they have remained on the
tree for a period of 16 years.

32. P, Cembra, Llnnmus. — Swiss STONE PINE. —
Leaves, 2 to 3 inches long, from a medium sized decidu-
ous sheath, triangular, slender, straight, crowded, glaucous,
dark green color. Cones, 3 inches long, ovate, erect, with
obtuse, slightly hooked scales. Seeds, very large, edible,
wedge-shaped, wingless, with hard shells. Cotyledons,
11 to 13.

A handsome, hardy species, that was introduced into
cultivation about the year 1746, from the highest regions
of the Alps, between 4000 and 6000 feet elevation, and
forming quite large trees about 50 feet in height. From
the Tyrol to Mt. Cenis, in Austria, it is also frequently
met with forming vast forests of the darkest and most
sombre verdure. Pallas mentions this species as a lofty

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 127

tree growing 120 feet in height ; but perhaps he may have
been mistaken, as his account differs from that of others.

The tree forms a handsome, regular cone, clothed with
branches to the ground, very dense in its growth, as hardy
as any of our native species, and in a group of pines, the
darkness of its foliage contrasts finely with the lighter
green of other members of this family. " According to
Lambert," says Loudon, " the flowers have a more beauti-
ful appearance than in any other species of pine, being of
a bright purple ; and the unripe full-grown cones, he says,
have a bloom upon them like that of a ripe Orleans Plum."

The slowness of its growth, however, is to be regretted,
for were it otherwise, we could without reservation recom-
mend it for extensive cultivation ; but, notwithstanding
this unpopular obstacle, the Stone Pine is deservedly in
favor for creating certain effects in landscape gardening,
which are unobtainable with any other species.

Loudon says: "In England, it is a formal, and we
do not think it can be considered a handsome tree ; it
presents to the eye a multiplicity of tufts of leaves,
piled up one above another, of the same size, and
equidistant, and everywhere of a rather dull green color.
The uniformity of shape is nowhere broken, except at the
summit, where alone the cones are produced ; and hence,
as a mass, it may be characterized as formal and monoto-
nous, without being grand."

The same author subsequently remarks : " The summit of
the tree, however, and its purple cones, we acknowledge
to be truly beautiful. That we may not run the slightest
risk of injuring this tree, we may mention that Mr. Lam-
bert, so far from entertaining the same opinion as we do re-
specting it, looks upon it as one of the handsomest trees
of the whole genus"

An excellent quality in the Stone Pine is its adaptability
to almost all kinds of soils and situations, and even Lou-
don is forced to admit this when he remarks : " Though

128 THE BOOK OP EVERGREENS.

the Cembrau Pine, as we have seen, will grow in the
poorest soils and in the most elevated and exposed situa-
tions where no other pine or fir will exist, yet it will
not grow rapidly except in a free soil, somewhat deep, and
in a dry subsoil."

The timber is fine-grained and very soft, thus allowing
of its extensive use for carving, and, in some sections of
Switzerland, it is in demand for the manufacture of toys of
various kinds, especially among the Helvetian shepherds.
It also furnishes a liberal supply of fragrant resin.

Var, Sibirica, London.— Pallas says this form is not
found beyond the Lena, and is a lofty tree. It differs from
the species in having shorter and lighter green leaves ; al-
so, producing longer cones, with larger scales. It resem-
bles somewhat the Scotch Pine, but has a smoother and
grayer bark. It is a native of Eastern Siberia, and has,
like the species, large, edible seeds.

Var, pygmaea, Fischer. — Syn. var. pumila, Endlicher,
etc., etc. — This is a handsome and desirable little dwarf,
seldom exceeding 2 or 3 feet in height, although old speci-
mens are known that are 5 or 6 feet high. It has very
short leaves, small, roundish cones, and small seeds. The
native habitat of this variety is on rocky eminences and
dry, sterile spots, which $ in many instances, are almost de-
void of other vegetation. Loudon says : " There is a plant
at Dropmore which has been twenty years planted, and, in
1837, was not more than six inches high, which we pre-
sume to be this variety. The same may be said of a tree
in Hopetoun Gardens, near Edinburgh, said to be upwards
of 100 years old, and which, in 1836, measured only 5
feet 6 inches high."

33, P. excelsa, Wattich. — BHOTAN PINE.— Syn. P.
Strobus excelsa, Loudon, etc. — Leaves, from 5 to 7 inches
long ; with short, caducous, imbricated, membranaceous
sheaths ; slender, mucronate, crowded, glaucous green

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY.

129

Fig. 17. — PINUS EXCELSA, HALF THE NATURAL SIZE, FROM A SPECIMEN
FRUITED BY A. FIOT, BETLEHEM, PA.

6*

130 THE BOOK OF EVEBGREEXS.

color. Cones, from 6 to 9 inches long, 2 inches in diame-
ter, cylindrical, smooth, pendulous, pedunculate, clustered ;
with broad, thick, wedge-shaped, coriaceous, closely imbri-
cated scales. Seeds, mostly small, ovate, compressed,
with a hard, dark colored testa, and a membranaceous, re-
ticulated, oblong-obtuse wing.

This beautiful pine, owing to an unfortunate habit of
blasting, is not so popular at the present time as it de-
serves to be. The high cultivation given it by most plant-
ers has, in the majority of instances, resulted in failure,
and consequently the tree is condemned, when the fault
lies in the soil, which caused a superabundance of weak,
unripened wood. Such is the idea we have formed upon
the subject, and in every case that has fallen under our
notice an examination into the cause of failure has re-
sulted in establishing this view.

The Bhotan Pine is a native of Nepal and Bhotan ; and
on the Himalayas, at elevations of from 6000 to 8000 feet,
(and occasionally even to 11,500 feet,) it flourishes with
remarkable vigor, forming entire forests along the warmer
slopes. Perhaps the finest specimens are to be found near
the Shatool Pass, and below Shansoo, in Kunawur, where
these trees are occasionally found 150 feet in height,
generally branched to the ground and forming large,
spreading cones.

We consider this species one of the most desirable of
the family for parks and pleasure grounds, as its remark-
ably graceful, drooping habit, (which has given it the
name of " Drooping Fir " by some Himalayan travellers,)
is peculiarly appropriate for single specimens ; and as it is
perfectly hardy, withstanding the utmost severity of our
winters, it should be included in every collection, how-
ever small.

The general appearance of this tree reminds one of a
handsome White Pine, and indeed the resemblance be-
comes more perfect upon a nearer inspection, as they are

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 131

very closely allied. But the latter is decidedly inferior in
point of beauty, the Bhotan Pine having much longer
and more glaucous leaves, as well as a more dense and
compact habit of growth. In fact, these two species ap-
proach very nearly to each other in a botanical classifica-
tion, the main point of distinction being, according to
Lambert, in the crest of the anthers.

We have occasionally also seen the White Pine blast in
the same manner as this species, especially when growing
very luxuriantly in a rich, deep soil ; but the propensity
for vigorous, unripened growth is more marked in P.
excelsa, and therefore the remarks in Sargent's late edition
of Downing's Landscape Gardening, in regard to this
characteristic, are worthy of much respect. The idea of
that author is precisely similar to that which has been
forced upon us by experience. Some attribute the early
decay of this tree to the presence of some of the wood-
boring insects, but although we have known instances
where such was the case, we believe them to be rare.

The great difference in soil and situation has caused a
dissimilarity in the growth of this species, so that varie-
ties with shorter or more rigid leaves have been fre-
quently introduced as distinct; but these have all very
properly been placed under the species.

The P. excelsa furnishes a soft, compact, and white lum-
ber, very similar to the P. /Strobus, but perhaps not so
valuable, owing to the abundance of resin. The turpen-
tine extracted from the wood is very copious, exceedingly
fragrant, and useful. It is said to be so pure and limpid
that the slightest incision in the tree causes it to flow freely.

34. P. flexilis, James. — AMERICAN CEMBRAN PINE. —
Leaves, from 1-J- to 2£ inches long, rarely 3 inches long,
from lanceolate, deciduous sheaths, rigid, entire, acute,
densely crowded. Cones, sub-cylindric, tapering to the
end, from 4 to 5 inches long, 2 inches in diameter, short
peduncled, semi-pendulous (Dr. Parry,) clustered. Scales,

132

THE BOOK OF EVEKGEEENS.

thick, ligneous, obtuse, loose, squarrose, lowest sterile ones
recurved, yellowish-brown color. Seeds, rather large, ir-
regularly ovate or obovate, with persistent, sharp, keeled
margins, representing minute wings. Cotyledons, 8 or 9.
This species, the identity of which has been questioned

for the last forty
years, is now happily
assigned the position
that its discoverer
claimed for it. This
question has been
satisfactorily solved
by the researches of
Dr. Parry, who had
excellent opportuni-
ties of examining
specimens, and was
enabled to correct
a few inaccuracies
that occurred in pre-
vious descriptions.
It was discovered
by Dr. James on the
Rocky * Mountains,
growing mostly on
the sub-alpine tracts,
and extending al-
most to the utmost
limits of vegetation.
Mr. H. Engelmann
collected it on the
head waters of the Platte, and it has been noticed by
several other explorers. Dr. Parry, in his Ascent of Pike's
Peak, remarks that " the vertical range of this species, as
observed between latitude 38° and 40° W., is from 7,000
to 11,000 feet above the sea. It rarely occurs in large

r. 18. — PINUS PLEXILIS, FROM A ROCKY
MOUNTAIN SPECIMEN, COLLECTED BY
DOCT. PARRY.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 133

"bodies of timber, but is mostly of scattered growth, being
associated at its lowest range with Pinus ponderosa, and
Pinus contorta, and at its upper limits with Pinus aristata
and Abies Engelmanni.^

In Dr. Engelmann's account of this tree he gives the
following statistics in regard to its size : " P. flexilis, the
American representative of P. Oembra of the old world,
is a middle sized tree, usually 30 to 50 feet high, though
Fendler, a good authority, saw it near Santa Fe, 60 to 80
feet high ; Dr. Bigelow's trees, of the height of 100 to 130
feet, on the San Francisco Mountain, must belong to some
other five-leaved species."

The same author remarks : " In Colorado it is a fine
tree with tapering trunk and oval outline, branching al-
most from the base, lower branches horizontal, upper ones
ascending ; wood, white, hard, annual rings from -J to -J-
line, on an average J line wide ; trees become in 250 or
300 years about one foot thick."

Dr. Parry states : " In general appearance it very closely
resembles our P. Strobus, from which it differs mainly in
its shorter and stouter entire leaves, more branching mode
of growth, as well as in the yellowish-brown cones, with
peculiar thickened ligneous scales." In Dr. James' account
of this species, he stated the cones were " erect ; " but
Dr. Parry states they " are inclined to be pendulous."

We make the following extracts from Dr. Parry's de-
scription : " The seeds are nearly equal in .size to those of
the New Mexican Nut Pine (P. edulis^) of an irregular,
oval form, 4 to 5 lines long, and possess similar edible
qualities. In addition to other peculiarities of this pine
may be noticed its slowness of growth ; thus, on a small
trunk of 7} inches in diameter there were 232 annual
rings. Its wood is soft, of fine texture, the heart-wood
inclining to a yellowish cast. The flexibility of its
branches, on which Dr. James founded its specific name,

134 TE(E BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

is partly due to the thickness of the elastic bark of the
smaller twigs."

We place great reliance upon many of our new native
pines, but on none more than this. Coming from an
elevated and exposed region we may look for its future
usefulness here.

35. P. Lambertiana9 Douglas. — LAMBERT'S PINE,
GIGANTIC PINE. — Syn. P. Strobus Lambertiana, Loudon.
— Leaves from 3 to 4 or 5 inches long, from short decidu-
ous sheaths, rigid, slightly denticulate on the margin,
bright green color. Cones, from 12 to 14, and even 16
inches long, 4 inches in diameter, cylindrical, gradually ta-
pering to a point, erect when young, pendulous at maturi-
ty, destitute of resin, dark brown color ; scales, loosely
imbricated, dilated, rounded above, devoid of prickles.
Seeds, oval, large, sweet and nutritious ; with a large,
dark colored wing. Cotyledons, 12 or 13.

This magnificent Conifer was discovered by Douglas,
in the year 1825, near the source of the Multnomah Riv-
er, on our northwestern coast.

The discoverer states: "The trunk of P. Lambertiana
grows from 150 feet to above 200 feet in height, varying
from 20 feet to near 60 feet in circumference. One speci-
men which had been blown down by the wind and which
was certainly not the largest, was of the following dimen-
sions: Its entire length was 215 feet ; its circumference, at
3 feet from the ground, was 57 feet 9 inches ; and at 134
feet from the ground, 17 feet 5 inches. The trunk is unu-
sually straight, and destitute of branches about two-thirds
of its height. The bark is uncommonly smooth for such
large timber, of a light brown color on the south, and
bleached on the north side."

We take great pleasure in recommending this superb
pine to the notice of our arboriculturists, believing it to
be one of the finest of the genus that has been fully tested.
It stands the utmost rigors of our winters without any

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 135

protection, and like the closely allied P. Strobus, is a rapid-
growing and graceful tree. When young, these two
species show a marked resemblance to each other, but as
the plants increase in size the distinction soon becomes
apparent.

The timber of the P. Lambertiana also closely resem-
bles that of the White Pine in being white, soft, and light ;
consequently it is easily worked.- It produces an abun-
dant supply of resin, which is remarkably clear and pure,
and when taken from a partially burned tree, it acquires a
very sweet and pleasant taste, and is used by the natives
as sugar to sweeten their food. The seeds, being very
large and nutritious, are consequently of much value, the
natives using them either fresh as gathered from the tree,
or roasted and prepared into rough cakes during the
winter.

37. P. monticola, Douglas. — MOUNTAIN PINE. —
Syn. P. Strobus monticola, Loudon. — Leaves, from 3 to 4
inches long, from short, imbricated, very deciduous
sheaths; obtuse, smooth, obsoletely crenulated on the
margin, glaucous-green color. Cones, 7 inches long, If
inches broad, cylindrical, smooth, obtuse at the apex,
short peduncled, resinous, with loosely imbricated, pointed,
spineless scales. Seeds, small, with an ample wing.

The resemblance between this species and the P. Strobus
has given the former the common name of " Short-leaved
Weymout/i Pine" which was considered by Nuttall as
correct, and mentioned by him in his sequel to the North
American Sylva, as a variety of that species. This opinion
was also concurred in by Loudon, who described it as a
variety of P. Strobus. We think, however, its specific
character is sufficiently distinct, and that Douglas was
correct in his name. This opinion is also entertained by
Gordon and other later writers.

It forms a large-sized tree of 100 feet or upwards in
height, with a more compact head than the White Pine,

136 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

and much shorter and more glaucous leaves. It is a " na-
tive of the high mountains, at the Grand Rapids of the
Columbia ; and in California, on the rocky banks of the
Spokan River." (Loudon.) On Trinity Mountain, in
Northern California, at an elevation of 7000 feet, it is found
quite plentifully, growing on poor, sandy soil, which it
greatly prefers, partaking of the same nature as the other
allied species, such as P. Lambertiana, P. excelsa, P. Stro-
bus, etc. ; and, in fact, a rich, damp soil is very unsuitable
for this group, as is frequently instanced in their sudden
death when in such positions. Situations of this nature
should therefore be strictly avoided.

We have been greatly pleased with this species, not-
withstanding its resemblance to our old Weymouth Pine,
— the leaves being shorter and more glaucous, and the form
more compact and dense. Its hardiness is without doubt,
and we think it altogether very desirable in a collection.

The timber furnished by this species is similar in many
respects to that of the White Pine, but more tough.

38, P, StrobllS, Linnceus. — WHITE PINE. WEY-
MOTTTH PINE, (of the Europeans.) — Leaves, 3 to 4 inches
long, from very deciduous sheaths ; slender, straight, soft,
slightly glaucous. Cones from 4 to 5 or 6 inches long,
cylindrical, somewhat curved, slightly drooping, short pe-
duncled, with smooth, thin scales, devoid of prickles.
Seeds, rather small, obovate, with a long wing. Cotyledons,
6 to 10.

An old, well-known, and useful tree, that is found
throughout the northern sections of our country, extend-
ing from Virginia into Canada, but more plentifully in
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Northern New
York and Pennsylvania. The White Pine forms a large
tree, from 100 to 160 feet in height, according to the
situation in which it is found. In the extensive pine forests
from whence such immense quantities of lumber are annu-
ally taken, this species is, in many places, the only one

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY.

137

seen for several miles ; and in such situations it generally
presents a tall, naked stem, devoid of branches for at
least two-thirds of its length,
thus affording valuable logs.

When cultivated for or-
nament the real beauty of
this tree becomes apparent,
and although we cannot
exactly coincide with the
late A. J. Downing in all
his views of this species, we,
however, think it very hand-
some and desirable. In com-
parison with many other
species, it is too open or
devoid of branches to form a
perfectly beautiful specimen.

Its hardiness is proverbial,
high winds being a greater
enemy to it than extreme
cold, and a damp, retentive
soil far more injurious than
a sandy, dry bottom. In
fact, the White Pine will
never arrive at that per-
fection in a wet, undrained
subsoil, that it would on
a gravelly, porous one.

There is a peculiar charm
about this tree which makes
it an indispensable com-
panion around our homes,
and we would as soon think

of omitting evergreens alto- FiS- I^.-PINUS STROBUS.

gether as to be without one specimen at least of the Wey-
mouth Pine. The light, glaucous-green color of the foliage

138 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

contrasts beautifully with the other species, and when in
motion is remarkably handsome, presenting as it does a
happy commingling of green and silver, that is equalled
by that of few trees. The long, slender leaves are so
easily moved by the slightest breeze, that a constant sigh-
ing and moaning is kept up, which has long been a theme
with poets ; and although this peculiarity is not restricted
alone to this species, we have always preferred standing
by the side of our old favorite, and listening to this nat-
ural JEolian harp in preference to any other.

According to London, " Pinus Strobus was first cultivat-
ed in England by the Duchess of Beaufort, at Badming-
ton, in 1705. Great quantities were soon afterwards
planted at Longleat, in Wiltshire, the seat of Lord Wey-
mouth, where the trees prospered amazingly, and whence
the species received the name of the Weyrnouth Pine."

The lumber of the White Pine is quite as useful as that
of any other species, notwithstanding the assertions of
some of our transatlantic brethren to the contrary. It is
soft, fine-grained, light, and very white, and is in use
throughout our country. Although very liable to decay
when improperly exposed, its other good properties fully
compensate for this defect. The turpentine afforded by
this tree is moderately abundant in particular situations,
but not of sufficient value to make it an object of manu-
facture.

Var. alba, London. — Syn. P. nivea, JBootk, with
other incorrect names, is very beautiful, and quite desirable
in our collections. The foliage is silvery-white in color,
and much shorter, as well as more dense, than that of the
species. The bark is very light colored and conspicuous.

Var. liana. Knight. — Syn. var. tabuliformis, and var.
umbraculifera, (of several foreign nurserymen.) A curious
dwarf variety not particularly handsome, but frequently
planted on account of its oddity. The whole plant, in-

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 139

eluding leaves, branches, etc., forms a miniature specimen
of the species, with the shape flattened to a tabular form.

ADDITIONAL LIST OF PINES.

In this chapter we desire to enumerate and describe
briefly a few of the new and untested species, as well as
those which have been thoroughly tested and proven to
be entirely too tender for our climate in the Middle States;
and in so doing we wish once more to explain our con-
struction of the terms hardy and tender plants.

On soils that are thoroughly drained, either naturally
or artificially, many Conifers, such as the Deodar and
Cryptomeria, will succeed very well in the neighborhood
of Philadelphia, especially when planted in a warm and
protected situation ; and yet the same plants, with equally
generous treatment in soils that are retentive of moist-
ure, such as a very heavy clay, are frequently denounced
as tender and unfit for cultivation by others residing in
the immediate vicinity.

As very many Conifers are barely hardy enough to with-
stand the severity of our winters at this point, a very few
degrees further north entirely places them as undesirable,
and thus many a well-meaning and strictly honest writer
is frequently censured for recommending plants that his
readers find, to their cost, tender and undesirable.

Plants, therefore, may very justly be classed as hardy,
variable, and tender. The first of these embraces such as
are unexceptionably reliable ; in the second is comprised
those species which it is neither good policy to discard,
nor to recommend too highly ; and in the third, the undeni-
ably uncertain kinds. It is indeed difficult to assign the
true positions of many of our very finest Conifers as to
hardiness, and therefore it should be the pleasure of every

140 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

arboriculturist to experiment and endeavor to ascertain
the requirements of these trees.

This subject is of such importance that, having been fre-
quently misled ourselves, we desire to impress upon the
minds of others the necessity of understanding the meaning
of these terms ; and because a certain plant may not succeed
with us, it is no reason that it may not with a more for-
tunate neighbor, who has probably secured the condi-
tions necessary for its success.

Among these so-called tender species, there may possibly
be some, especially those from the higher altitudes on the
mountains of Mexico, that may eventually succeed in the
warmer portions of the Middle States ; but in their gen-
eral usefulness we place but little confidence, as our ex-
tremely variable climate is so totally different from their
even, although cold, situations.

As our knowledge of most of the newly discovered
Conifers is restricted entirely to the descriptions given by
various authors, and principally to those of English
writers, we do not feel willing to be held responsible for
mistakes in nomenclature, when noticing such plants.
Enthusiastic explorers are prone to the fault of renaming
old species, not through any desire to impose upon the
public, but in most instances by allowing their better judg-
ment to be set aside, for the purpose of receiving that
honor which is very justly bestowed upon the discoverer
of a new species ; and such we are compelled to believe is
the case in the new Mexican Pines of Roezl. This dis-
coverer has introduced the names of about 120 new species,
but which, according to the recent examinations of Gordon,
and others, has resulted in obtaining but five that are en-
tirely new and previously unclescribed.

Those considered as good species are as follows :

38. P, Lawsoni, Hoed. — A medium-sized tree from
the higher mountains.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY

141

39. P. protuberans, Roezl. — Growing upwards of
100 feet high on the mountains, at an elevation of from.
9,000 to 10,000 feet.

40. P. Buonapartea, Roezl— Grows 130 feet high,
with the b ranches in regular whorls. This is the "Pino
Real" or Royal Pine of the Mexicans, and is found at ele-
vations from 11,000 to 12,000 feet. It is a splendid species.

41. P. cornea^ Roezl. — A new and distinct species
from the Popocatapetl, in Mexico, at an elevation of from
10,000 to 11,000 feet; said to be fine.

42. P, Regeliana, Roezl. — One of the very finest
of Mexican Pines, found on the mountains at an elevation
of 8,000 or 9,000 feet. Leaves, 10 to 11 inches long, and
slender.

The remainder of RoezPs pines are thus classed by Gor-
don in his recent supplement to the Pinetum :
Fourteen are synonyms of P. Hartwegii.
Four "

One

Four

Three

Eleven

Five

Ten

Five

Eighteen

Three

Ten

Four

Seven

Five

Five

One

One

P. protuberam.
P. Orizabce.
P. Buonapartea.
P. Loudoniana.
P.filifolia.
P. Wincesteriana.
P. Teocote.
P. Devoniana.
P. Pseudo-Strobus.
P. macrophylla.
P. leiopTiylla.
P. Lindleyana.
P. Russelliana.
P. Montezumce.
P. patula.
P. cembroides.
P. Apulcensis.

142 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Three kinds are not sufficiently known, either to estab-
lish their claims as distinct species, or to determine of
which they are synonyms.

Our attention will next be directed to the older species
of Mexican Pines, as well as to those of the Eastern Con-
tinent that we suppose to be too tender for cultivation in
the open air with us.

Belonging to the Since section, are the following, viz. :

43. P. Merkusii, Vriese. — Is a very tender species
from the mountains of Sumatra, Cochin-China, Borneo,
etc., where it grows about 100 feet high.

44. P. Persica? Strangways. — Is from the south of
Persia, where it forms a large tree with rather short, slen-
der branches, and numerous, stiff, deep green leaves.

Gordon mentions a doubtful species from Palestine and
Arabia, called by Sieber P. Arabica, and which is prob-
ably nothing more than jP. JETalepensis.

In the Ternaice section we have

45. P. Canaricnsis, Smith. — Is from the Canary
Islands, growing 60 or 70 feet high, at an elevation of
from 4,000 to 6,000 feet, and forming large forests. This
pine makes a beautiful object when grown in pots and
sunk in the ground.

46. P. Cdlllis, Engelmann. — Syn. P. cembroides,
Gordon. — Must not be confounded with the P. cembroides
of Zuccarini, which latter plant is the true P. Llaveana
of Schiede, according to Gordon's classification.

Prof. Torrey says of this pine, in Pac. R. R. Report :
" Rocky places on the Llano Estacado ; also near Hurrah
Creek, New Mexico, Sept. 20 ; with ripe seeds. Near
Bill Williams' Mountain, Jan. 5. A tree 40 to 50 feet
high, called Pinon by the Mexicans, and Nut-Pine by
American travellers. It is found from 150 miles east of

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 143

the Rio Grande to the Cajon Pass of the Sierra Nevada.
How far it occurs to the southward, we have not been
able to ascertain."

Dr. Bigelow, in his description of this tree, says : " It
seldom grows large. A little west of the San Francisco
mountain, and at the Cajon, it is found from 40 to 50 feet
high, but further east it seldom attains more than 24. Its
usual height, however, is about 30 feet. The nut is sweet
and edible, about the size of a hazel-nut."

We are pleased to add that young plants of this species
have stood out in the open air near Philadelphia, for the
three past winters, without injury. The leaves are quite
frequently in pairs.

47. P. Chihuahuana, Wislizenus. — Is a tree of some
30 or 35 feet in height, and is found on the mountains of
Northern Mexico at an elevation of 7,000 feet.

48. P. insignis, Douglas. — OREGON PITCH PINE. —
This is one of the most beautiful species belonging to the
family, and lives in the open air one or two winters if
moderately mild. In England it is quite hardy and
highly valued. It is a native of California, growing from
80 to 100 feet high.

49. P. insularis, Endlicher. — Is the Timor Pine from
the Philippine Islands and Island of Timor. Its long,
slender, dark-green leaves, are very beautiful, but its spe-
cific character remains somewhat in obscurity.

50. P, Llaveana, Seheide. — Syn. P. osteosperma,
Wislizenus ; and P. cembroides, Zuccarini. — Belongs to
the large edible-seeded class of pines, of which the P.
Pinea is the type. It is a native of the barren and sterile
hills of Mexico, where it forms a low, spreading tree
scarcely ever exceeding 20 feet in height. It is frequently
found in cultivation for the value of its fruit. Tender here.

144 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

51. P. longifolia, Roxburgh. — LONG-LEAVED PINE.
— This species forms a splendid plant for pot culture, but
is entirely too tender for out-door cultivation in our climate.
It is a native of the Himalayas, growing from 40 to 100
feet in height. It produces an abundant supply of very
fragrant resin, and on this account the young plants are
very liable to be destroyed by field mice. A few years
since we had several fine specimens in a cold frame, along
with other species of the Conifer® ; but upon examination
in the spring found every vestige of bark eaten from our
plants of P. longifolia^ whilst the others remained un-
touched.

52. P, Parryana, Gordon. — Is from the Sierra Nevada
in Upper California, forming a large-sized tree with long,
slender, wavy leaves, and bright, glossy, yellow cones. It
resembles P. Benthamiana, and may prove hardy here.

53. P, patula, Schiefle. — Is one of the most ex-
quisitely beautiful trees known to botanists, and in a large
pot or tub forms an excellent representation of a fountain.
It is quite abundant in some parts of Mexico, particularly
in the colder regions, where it grows to the height of from
60 to 80 feet, and forms the most perfect specimen of a
graceful, drooping Conifer that one can imagine.

A specimen of this species in our own collection, after
having arrived at the height of 6 feet, was accidentally
overlooked in watering, and consequently soon perished ;
thus, by a dearly bought experience, we learned a useful
lesson in regard to growing Conifers in pots.

Var. stricta, Bentham, and var, macrocarpa, Schiede.
— The former with shorter and stiffer foliage, and the lat-
ter with very large cones, are possibly not more handsome
than the graceful form of the species.

54. P. Pine can a , Gordon. — Is another of the graceful
Pines for which. Mexico is so justly celebrated. It gen-

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 145

erally forms a rather large tree of about 60 feet in height,
and although the leaves are of but moderate length, the
branches and branchlets are remarkably long, slender, and
drooping, and present a beautiful effect.

55. P, Sinensis, Lambert— Qf which there are three
or four synonyms, is from China and Japan, and is found
growing very plentifully, particularly on the more elevat-
ed situations. It is about 50 or 60 feet in height, although
occasionally not over 30 or 40 feet in some sections.

56. P. Teocote, Schiede. — This is the Candle-wood
Pine from the mountains of Mexico, and is a tall, resinous
species of about 100 feet in height, with stiff branches,
very densely covered with leaves.

Among the tender and uncertain species belonging to
the Quince section, are the following :

57. P. Apulcensis, Lindley. — One of Hartweg's dis-
coveries on the mountains near Apulco, in Mexico. It
grows about 50 feet in height, with strong, irregular
branches, and slender, wavy, glaucous leaves.

58. P. Ayacahuite, Ehrenberg. — Another Mexican
species of large size, growing about 100 feet high, and
much resembling the P. Strobus in general appearance.

59. P. Dcvoniana, Lindley. — Also one of Hartweg's
discoveries from the Ocotillo Mountains in Mexico, where
it is found growing from 60 to 80 feet high. This species
has long, slender leaves of a rich shining green color.

60. P. filifolia, Lindley.— Grows from 40 to 60 feet
high, and is a native of Guatemala. The leaves are from
12 to 14 inches in length, and very handsome.

61. P. Gordoniana, Hartweg. — Was discovered by
Hartweg on the Saddle Mountain in Mexico. It grows

7

146 THE BOOK OF EVEEGEEENS.

from 60 to 80 feet high, with very long, slender, light
green leaves, and, according to Gordon, " has the longest
and finest foliage of any kind yet known."

62, P, Grcnvilleae, Gordon. — Is likewise one of
Hartweg's discoveries, with splendid long, dark green
leaves, and a very robust habit of growth. It was first
detected in the same locality as the preceding, and attains
about the same height.

63, P, Hartwegii, Lindley. — Is from the Campanario
Mountain, in Mexico, where it was first found by Hart-
weg, growing from 40 to 50 feet in height. On the Ori-
zaba Mountains, however, it frequently attains the height
of 100 feet.

64, P, leiophylla, Schiede. — Is a handsome, smooth-
leaved pine with a regular form, and is found growing in
the colder regions of Mexico, where it attains the height
of from 60 to 100 feet. The wood is very hard and
resinous.

65, P. Lindlcyana9 Gordon. — Is from the mountains
of Mexico, growing about 50 feet in height. Leaves,
rather long, stout, and of a dark green color. Although
quite hardy in England, it is not so with us.

66, P. Loudoniana, Gordon. — Is one of the newer
introductions from Mexico, where the trees are said to
grow to an immense size. Leaves, very stout, of medium
length, and quite glaucous. Cones, very large and straight,
from 12 to 14 inches long, and from 3 to 4 inches in diam-
eter. Seeds, very large.

67, P, macrophylla, Lindley. — A beautiful Mexican
pine with dark green leaves, about 14 inches in length.
The tree, however, is of only medium size, but compact
and striking in its habit. Discovered by Hartweg.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 147

68. P. Monteznm<e, Lambert. — Forms a medium-
sized or rather large tree, from 40 to 60 feet in height, on
the mountains of Mexico, and is probably as hardy as any
of the Mexican species. Timber, quite excellent.

69. P. OCCidentalis, Swartz. — A species from the
West Indies, where it attains the height of 20 or 30 feet,
and very much resembles the P. Halepensis. It is quite
tender in England.

70. P. OOCarpa, Schiede. — A Mexican species grow-
ing from 40 to 50 feet high, with rather long, slender, pen-
dulous leaves of a light green color. The var. oocarpo-
ides, of Bentham, is a more beautiful plant with slenderer
leaves and smaller cones, and perhaps attaining a larger
size.

71. P. Orizafoaej G-ordon. — Is another of Hartweg's
discoveries from the Orizaba Mountains, in Mexico, grow-
ing only about 30 feet high, but forming quite a handsome
tree.

72. P, Pence, Gfrisebach. (?) — This handsome pine,
which has been incorrectly placed as a synonym of P.
Cembra, by Gordon, is a native of Macedonia, on the sides
of Mount Peristeri, and is more nearly related to P. Stro-
bus than to P. Cembra. It is the " PeuJce " of the Greeks,
and may perhaps live in our climate.

Since the above was written, we have been enabled to
obtain additional and more reliable information in regard
to this new pine (?). In the year 1839, Dr. Grisebach was
travelling in Rumelia and observed a 5-leaved pine which
he thought new. The locality was on Mount Peristeri, an
eastern district of Macedonia bordering on Dalmatia, in
lat. 41° N"., Ion. 21° K, and it grew in an uninterrupted
wood of trees from 2,400 to 5,800 feet in altitude. In favor-
able situations it formed -a tree about 40 feet high, but

148 THE BOOK OF EVERGREEXS.

dwindled into a small bush higher up. Endlicher, Lou-
don, and Gordon, all refer it to the Cembra group, but Dr.
Hooker has proved it to be identical with P. excelsa of
the Himalayas, with rather shorter leaves than those in
the Asiatic form. It has been found nowhere between
Macedonia and Affghanistan, a distance of 2,200 miles.

73, P. Pseudo-StrobllS, Lindley. — Has much the ap-
pearance of the common White Pine, with long, slender,
glaucous leaves, and long cones. It is generally found on
the higher mountains of Mexico at an elevation of 8,000
feet, and forming a tree from 60 to 80 feet in height.

74, P, Russclliana, Lindley. — Another of those
beautiful Mexican pines with dense, dark green foliage,
and about the same size as the preceding species. ]STot
hardy here.

75, P, StroM for nils, Wislizenus. — Is from Northern
Mexico, on the higher peaks of the mountains, where it
grows to a very large size and attains the height of
from 100 to 130 feet. The leaves are short but slender,
and of a peculiar light glaucous-green color.

76, P, tonuifolia, Hentham. — Has rather long, slender
foliage, of a beautiful glossy-green color, and grows about
100 feet in height. It is a native of Guatemala, where it
often constitutes whole forests.

77, P, Wincesteriana, Gordon. — Leaves, very long
and glaucous, and borne on stout, spreading branches. It
is a native of the Saddle Mountain in Mexico, and attains
a height of from 60 to 80 feet.

A doubtful species has been introduced from Mexico
under the name of P. Ehreribergii, Endlicher, which is
probably but a form of P. leiophytta.

The following new and rare species will possibly prove

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 149

hardy, but as they are all untested, we have deemed it ex-
pedient to place them in a separate list from the main por-
tion of the genus.

78, P. albicaulis, Engdmann. — "Syn. P. cembro-
ides, Newberry, Pac. R. R. Rep. 6, Bot, p. 44, c. ic., non
Zucc. — An alpine species from the Cascade Mountains in
Oregon ; may be a western form of this species (P. flexills^
James,) though I am inclined to consider it as different,
and intermediate between P. flexilis and P. Cembra, dis-
tinguished by the pubescent branchlets, few scattered
teeth on the edge of the leaves, and especially by the
short oval cones with thick squarrose scales pointed with
a knob. The name is suggested by the color of the bark
of the tree, which is as white as milk" (Engelmann.)

79, P, Balfouriana, Jeffrey. — Has been introduced
into English collections, and is described as very distinct
and quite hardy, but not proven in the Eastern States to
our knowledge. It is a handsome tree 80 feet high, and
was first seen by Jeffrey on the mountains of Northern
California, at elevations varying from 5,000 to 8,000 feet.
The leaves are mostly 5 in a sheath, but occasionally 3
and 4, short, rigid, numerous, and glaucous below.
Branches, very flexible and drooping. Cones, very resin-
ous, pendulous, brown, with medium-sized seeds.

80, P, Frieseana, says the Regensburger Flora, " was
called after the eminent botanist at the University of Up-
sula, Sweden, and is the Pine of Laponia, which Linnaeus
and Wahlenburg, without any other comment, classified
with P. sylvestris. It differs, however, from the latter,
in being found at higher elevations than the Abies ex-
celsa, whilst P. sylvestris is generally found on lower ones.
The bark of P. Frieseana is likewise cracked, but does
not scale off like that of the Scotch Pine. The leaves are
more rigid, and their axis from the branches is larger."

150 THE BOOK OF EVEEGEEENS.

81. P. lophosperma, Lindley. — A new species from
Lower California, of large size, and very handsome. The
leaves are from 8 to 10 inches long, and rigid. The cones
are from 4Jr to 5^- inches in length and 3 inches in diame-
ter, nearly globular, and very glossy. Seeds, very large
and crested ; hence the name. The young shoots are cov-
ered with a light glaucous bloom. Discovered by the
collector Lobb, in the year 1860.

82. P. Torreyana, Parry. — A new and uncertain
species from California, closely resembling the P. Sabini-
ana / the cones of the former are, however, smaller, and
the leaves five in a sheath. The foliage is not unlike that
of P. macrocarpa, but shorter and stouter. The seeds
are very large and furnished with a long brown wing. It
has been in cultivation in some of the French nurseries,
but is unknown in ours. Doubtless hardy with us.

The following group of pines is native to Japan, and
as they are yet untested with us, they must occupy a po-
sition at present midway between the hardy, tested species
and those we have every reason to expect will prove ten-
der in this country. Owing to the similarity of the climate
of Japan with that of some portions of our own country,
we have sufficient grounds on which to base the supposi-
tion that most of these rare Conifers will succeed with us.
We have, therefore, described them more fully than we
otherwise should have done.

To the excellent new work entitled " Pines and Firs
of Japan," by Andrew Murray, F. L. S., we are indebted
for the majority of the descriptions and corrections in the
nomenclature of this interesting group.

In the JBince section are the following fine species :

83. P. MaSSOIliana, Siebold. — Syn. P. sylvestris,
Thuriberg ; P. rubra, Siebold; P. Pinaster, London. —
Leaves, from 4 to 6 inches long, from rather short, fringed

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 151

sheaths, rigid, twisted, slightly flexuose, convex on the
outer side, concave on the inner, slightly serrulate on the
margin, straight, acute, glaucous-green color. Cones,
from 1 to 1^- inches long, sub-conical, incurved, solitary,
and numerous ; with small, oblong, woody, closely imbri-
cated scales, surmounted by small, very deciduous prick-
les. Seeds, very small, sub-rhomboidal, chestnut-colored ;
with short, membranaceous, cultriform, striped wings.
Cotyledons, 6.

There appears to have been much confusion in classify-
ing this species, as London, Don, and Gordon, all placed
it as a synonym of P. Pinaster • but Murray very clearly
explains its true and distinct specific character, and gives
many interesting incidents in connection with its growth
and history principally from observations made by Siebold,
and from which we condense the following remarks.

This tree is usually from 40 to 50 feet high, be-
coming a small shrub at high elevations, although isolated
specimens are occasionally found in a wild state growing
to a gigantic size.

Along the sea-coast, they are often found much twisted
and deformed, owing to their exposure to hurricanes. Of
all the Conifers it is the most widely distributed in Japan,
not only growing wild, but also in the cultivated grounds.
The Japanese display great tact and ingenuity in the cul-
tivation of this pine, and trim it into almost every
conceivable form.

Siebold mentions a visit he paid to the celebrated tree
called Theehaus N~aniwaga, the branches of which arti-
ficially extended over a circuit of 135 paces; on the other
hand, they showed him at Jeddo a dwarf tree planted in
a lacquered box, of which the branches did not occupy
more than two square inches. Siebold likewise mentions
that he saw dwarf trees, on which were united by graft-
ing the greater part of the species and varieties of pine
cultivated in Japan. There are a large number of curious
varieties of the P. Massoniana in cultivation by the

152 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Japanese, amongst which is one with leaves similar to
Fremont's Pine, and another with beautiful spotted foliage.
The wood is resinous, very tenacious, and durable. Not
yet tested here.

84. P. densiflora, Siebold. — Syn. P. Japonica,
Antoine ; P. Pinea, Gordon, in Pinetum, (1858.) — Leaves,
from 3 to 4 inches long, from short, fringed, scale-like
sheaths, slender, stiff, acute, slightly serrulate on the
margin, convex above, concave beneath, smooth, and sub-
glaucous. Cones, 1 J inches long, short peduncled, conical,
obtuse, ligneous, somewhat pendent, terminal, and very
numerous ; with linear-oblong, woody scales, terminating
in a small, very deciduous prickle. Seeds, very small, el-
liptic, with a striped, dull brown, membranaceous wing.
Cotyledons, mostly 6.

Although this species is found growing all over Japan,
it is much more plentiful at the north, and frequently
forms large forests with P. Massoniana. Siebold men-
tions isolated specimens in the environs of Nagasaki, that
were 40 feet high, or over. It is generally very abundant
on the mountain slopes, occurring at a height of from
1,000 to 2,000 feet. At an elevation of 3,500 feet above
the level of the sea, it becomes a mere bush. It is nearly
allied to and resembles P. Massoniana, with which
species it has been frequently confounded.

Murray says of P. densiflora : tc A tree often reaching
the height of 40 feet, or even more, with a straight, taper-
ing trunk ; smooth, cinereous brown bark ; the branchlets
dirty cinereous brown, glabrous, roughened with the bases
of the persistent and falling scales." The lumber furnish-
ed by this species is of excellent quality, but the scarcity
of large trunks prevents its extensive use. The resin is
manufactured into salves, etc., by the Japanese, and the
soot is used largely for making India ink.

In the Ternatw section of the Pine Family, there are
no species known positively to be natives of Japan, al-

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 153

though Japanese authors mention the existence of several
having from 3 to 7 leaves in a sheath. Under a supposi-
tion that the P. Bungeana of Zuccarini, a native of Chi-
na, may be identical with one of the above, Murray has
described it as a native of Japan, and indeed Siebold ap-
parently inclined to the same opinion. On their authority
we have accordingly introduced it in our Japanese group
of pines.

85, P, Bungeana, Zuccarini. — Leaves, from 2 to 3
inches long, from short and very deciduous sheaths, very
rigid, crowded on the young shoots, convex on the outer
surface, keeled on the inner, serrulate on the margin, fre-
quently in bundles on the ends of the branches, and some-
what in whorls. Cones, 2J inches long, ovate, or slightly
conical, obtuse, with thin, concave scales, ending in a
short, stout, reflexed point, somewhat sunken. Seeds,
medium size, roundish, with a very short wing.

We make the following extracts from Murray's Conif-
ers of Japan. " The native habitat of Mr. Fortune's tree
is far in the north of China, between Pekin and the west-
ern hills, one of the coldest and most desolate looking dis-
tricts in winter, which an inhabited and cultivated country
can well be.

" The character and habit of this tree is very marked
and peculiar. In the young state it is chiefly distinguish-
ed from its allies by its light gray bark, and the absence
of sheaths to the bundles of leaves. But when of mature
age, and grown to its full size, its characteristics are much
more remarkable. Its bark peels off as in Arbutus An-
clrachne, leaving the stem and branches nearly white, pro-
ducing, as may be supposed, a very peculiar effect. The
tree, too, grows with a very straight stem to the height
of about 4 or 5 feet, and about 2 feet in diameter, or a
little more. From this spring numerous branches, not
spreading out horizontally or divergently, as in other trees,
but rushing straight up to a great height. It is like a pol-
7*

154 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

lard, only the branches grow all straight up. After reach-
ing a certain height, they branch out, forming a top or
head of the tree."

The saine author states that, " looking at the bitter cold
of the country from which this species comes, it was, of
course, to be expected that it would prove hardy in our
milder climate, and so it has proved."

Having succeeded so well in England, and in view of
the character of the country of which it is a native, we
think it will prosper here.

There are two fine species belonging to the Quince sec-
tion, as follows :

86. P. Koraicnsis, Siebold.— Syn. P. Strobus, Thun-
berg. — Leaves, from 3 to 4 inches long, with long, very
deciduous, transparent, and entire sheaths, slender, fili-
form, trigonal, clustered at the ends of the branchlets,
glaucous-green color. Cones, 4£ inches long, ovate-cylin-
drical, obtuse, subsessile, erect; with numerous woody,
coriaceous, glabrous, dull yellowish-brown scales. Seeds,
large, oblong, wingless, with a smooth, hard, fawn-colored
shell. Cotyledons, 11 to 13.

This species is but a small tree growing from 10 to 12
feet in height, and, according to Siebold, probably intro-
duced into Japan from the neighboring Corea.' It is only
found in cultivated grounds, and is quite rare. The seeds
are large and edible.

Murray says : " The tree is allied to the Mexican spe-
cies discovered by M. Roezl, and described by Mr. Gor-
don under the names of JP. Buonapartea, P. Veitchii, etc.,
etc., especially in the form and appearance of the cone and
scales." It is also allied to, and has been confounded with
the P. parviflora, Siebold, but it is very distinct from
this, both in the leaves and seeds.

87. P. parviflora, Siebold.— Syn. P. Cembra, Thun-
berg. — Leaves, from f to 1 inch long, from long, membra-

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 155

naceous sheaths, short, stiff, twisted, shortly acute, trigo-
nal, glaucous-green color. Cones, from 2 to 4 inches long,
elliptic-oval, obtuse, containing about 50 scales ; scales,
large, wedge-shaped, coriaceous, sub-orbicular, and ashy-
brown color. Seeds, large, obliquely elliptic-obovate, ob-
tuse at both ends, with a short, dark-brown wing, and a
smooth, opaque, dark-brown shell. Cotyledons, 8 to 10.

A small or medium-sized tree, which, according to Sie-
bold, is spread by cultivation through all the provinces of
Japan, although originally belonging to the north of that
empire, extending from nearly 35° 1ST. L., as far north as
the Kurile Isles. The trees of this species which Siebold
observed in the gardens and public promenades did not
exceed 25 feet in height, but upon the north-east slope of
the Fakone Mountains he saw more lofty specimens.

2.— ABIES, Town.— SPRUCE. FIR.

Leaves, all of one kind, not clustered. Male aments, in
the axils of the leaves. Fertile aments lateral or terminal
on branches of the preceding year. Scales of cones thin,
not thickened at their apex nor prickly-tipped, persistent
or deciduous.

The Spruces, Hemlocks and Firs, are by some botanists
placed in the distinct genera Abies, Tsuga, and Picea.
The older writers called the Spruce, Picea, and the Fir,
Abies; Linnaeus reversed these terms, and we now find
writers differing in their use of them, some following Lin-
naeus, and others adopting the views of Link, who adheres
to the older nomenclature. As the characters upon which
the distinctions of these three genera are founded are not
well settled, it better suits the purpose of the present
work to place Tsuga and Picea as sub-genera of Abies, as
follows :

156 THE BOOK OF EVEBGEEENS.

§ !• Abies. — SPETJCE. — Leaves 4-sided, mostly scattered
all around the branches. Anther cells opening lengthwise.
Cones nodding or pendent, solitary, terminal, with persist-
ent scales. Seeds without balsamiferous vesicles, parting
freely from the wing.

§ 2. Tsuga. — HEMLOCK SPEUCE. — Leaves, flat, petioled,
appearing two-ranked, channelled above, keeled and
mostly whitened beneath. Anther cells opening trans-
versely. Cones, drooping, solitary, persistent. Seed re-
maining attached to the wing.

§ 3. Picca* — FIR, — Leaves, petioled, somewhat two-
ranked. Cones, erect at maturity, the scales falling from
the persistent axis. Seeds, falling freely from the wing,
and having balsamiferous vesicles.

§ l.-AKIES.-SPRUCE.

The Spruces proper are found most plentifully in
America, but are also natives of portions of Europe and
Asia, especially the colder sections. The finest speci-
mens are from our north-west coast. A large majority of
the Spruces being natives of a climate somewhat similar to
our own, have very fortunately proven available in land-
scape gardening with us in many situations. As a gen-
eral rule, all plants from the Pacific coast, although coming
from equally as cold a climate as our own, and in many
instances even more rigid, are destroyed by the sudden
changes of our Eastern winters.

Although not equalling in value the Pines proper, the
timber furnished by the Spruces is, in many instances, of
great use in the arts. The White Deal of the Abies ex-
celsa and of the A.bies Canadensis is celebrated in their
respective countries for cheapness and value. Other
species also furnish excellent lumber, although not in
great quantities,

The resinous sap that exudes from the different species
is not qf equal value witfy that of the Pines, but is never-
theless occasionally used for various minor purposes. The

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 157

young branchlets of the A., nigra furnish an excellent es-
sence for forming a popular drink known as "Spruce
Beer." Tanning properties are also contained in the bark
of some of the genus, and particularly in that of the A.
Canadensis, which, in some districts where these trees are
very abundant, is exceedingly valuable, and large numbers
of them are destroyed for this purpose alone.

In parks and pleasure grounds the true Spruces are of
the greatest importance, combining as they do a regular
conical form with a graceful drooping habit, almost unob-
tainable in the other genera. Take, for instance, the pop-
ular Norway Spruce, which appears to combine in itself
all the points necessary to form a perfect tree, and we
have the type of the genus.

It A. alba, Michaux. — WHITE OR SINGLE SPRUCE. —
Leaves, from \ to f or j- of an inch long, erect, rather slender,
rigid, scattered, needle-shaped, incurved, light glaucous-
green color. Cones, from 1 to 2 inches long, oblong-cylin-
drical, with entire scales. Seeds, very small, with the
wing f- of an inch long.

We have always been pleased with the appearance of
this hardy little tree, on account of its compact habit of
growth, regular conical outline, and soft, glaucous-green
color ; and although the branches may have a stiff and
formal look, the general outline is so perfect that one loses
sight of this imperfection. Its greatest beauty is seen in
the young trees, for after having arrived at mature age
the foliage becomes deficient and the effect is lost in a
measure.

The White Spruce is a native of the northern portions
of the United States, Canada, etc., extending very far
north to the extreme confines of vegetation, and is gener-
ally found along the cold mountain ranges in damp situ-
ations, or swampy ground. It grows from 25 to 50 feet
in height, according to the nature of the soil and the lati-
tude. Nuttall says that Dr. Richardson found it on the

158

THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Fig. 20.— WHITE SPRUCE— ABIES ALBA.— FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A
SPECIMEN, 20 FEET HIGH, IN THE AUTHOR'S COLLECTION.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 159

Coppermine River, in latitude 67^-°, within twenty miles
of the Arctic Sea, where it attained the height of twenty
feet or more ; but in its usual native forests it rarely ex-
ceeds 50 feet in height. The same author also mentions,
according to London, a tree growing in Down, Ireland,
60 years planted, which measures 55 feet in height ; and
another in Galway, at Cool, is 56 feet in height, with a di-
ameter of 2J- feet.

This species, from its close resemblance to A., nigra, or
Black Spruce, has been considered by some botanists as a
well-marked variety of the latter, with less numerous and
longer leaves, and having cones of a different form, with
entire scales. We are inclined to think its specific dis-
tinction is based on a rather unsubstantial foundation, and
would have been pleased had our authorities seen proper
to have reduced it to a variety. It is much less common
than the Black Spruce, and is generally found growing in
the same situations, although the former is found a few
degrees further south. The wood is inferior to that of
the latter, and the young shoots, when bruised, have an
unpleasant odor.

The charming color of this tree, and particularly of the
young plants, has made it a great favorite with arboricul-
turists, and for ornamental purposes it is very far superior
to the Black Spruce ; indeed, the latter species is not usu-
ally considered of sufficient excellence to be classed among
the ornamental trees. In a group of the darker-foliaged
evergreens, a fine plant of Abies alba, placed in the fore-
ground, will always excite admiration from the lively con-
trast exhibited ; and when we take into consideration its
perfect hardiness, we have no hesitation in pronouncing it
one of our most desirable species.

There- is a variety (in the common acceptation of the
term) called coerulea^ with a light bluish tint on the foli-
age, which is recognized by some foreign nurserymen ;

ICO THE BOOK OF EVEEGEEENS.

but as this peculiarity is so changeable and of such little
value, it has not been recognized in this country.

Var, liana, Eoudon. — Is a very pretty, compact, small
bush, about 3 feet in height, like the species in other re-
spects.

Var. minima9 Knight. — Is quite rare, and remarkably
dwarf in its habit. It is of French origin and is given
by Carriere as JPicea alba echinoformis. It is so minute
in every portion of the plant, and so regularly globular in
outline, as to suggest the name of " Hedgehog Spruce."

Var, glaiica, Plumbly. — DIMSDALE'S SILVEE SPKTJCE. —
Is another handsome and distinct European variety, as yet
unintroduced into this country. It has very silvery glau-
cous leaves, but in size equal to the species.

2. A, excelsa, De Candolle. — NOEWAY SPEUCE. — Syn.
A. Picea, Michaux and Miller, not of Lindley. — Leaves,
scarcely 1 inch in length, rigid, curved, scattered, acute,
dark green color. Branches, numerous and drooping.
Cones, from 5 to 7 inches long, pendent at maturity ; with
slightly incurved, rhomboidal scales. Seeds, barely -J of
an inch long, reddish-brown color, acute and rough, with
a long wing. Cotyledons, 7 to 9.

This tree has become so common that, to describe it, one
feels as if introducing an old and intimate friend. A re-
cent writer has said of this tree that it is " so well known
and so useful, that the term evergreen has become almost
synonymous with Norway Spruce"

The Norway Spruce is found in the northern climates
of Europe and Asia, and becomes rare in descending to-
wards the south. In France, Italy, and Spain, it abounds
only among the mountains, in deep valleys, and on declivi-
ties exposed to the north. On the Alps, at an elevation
of from 4,000 to 6,500 feet, it comprises vast forests, and
occasionally at a still greater elevation it grows in a
dwarfish state. It is also grown in large quantities in

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 161

portions of Norway, Sweden, Russia, etc., young seedlings
having been planted for the purpose of growing timber.

This species usually attains the height of from 120 to
150 feet, and from 3 to 5 feet in diameter, and is said to
require a century to perfect its growth. It is therefore
very probably the largest Conifer, if not the largest tree
in Europe, and certainly the most valuable, for the colder
countries especially.

In a comparison of the A. excelsa with our native spe-
cies, we must confess to having not one that will compare
with this invaluable tree for every purpose. Its great
hardiness enables it to withstand the utmost rigors of ev-
ery portion of onr country, and the ease with which it
adapts itself to almost every soil stamps it as superior in
that respect. Its gracefulness of outline, rapidity of
growth, and dark verdure, also render it particularly
pleasing, and have placed it at the head of the list of ever-
green trees.

On the other hand there is a certain monotony in a large
belt or clump of Norway Spruces that produces an impres-
sion of sameness, so that they should never be used indis-
criminately, but with a careful judgment and an appreci-
ating taste as to effect.

Meehan, in his Hand-book of Ornamental Trees, says :
"There is a great diversity of opinion respecting the
merits of this tree in a landscape. The objection is chiefly
to the monotonous formality of its appearance ; yet when
it is in a situation highly artificial, or extra-natural, as near
ornamental buildings, on rugged rocky places, or on the
tops of informal hills, there is probably nothing more
beautiful."

Downing considered it by far the handsomest of the
Spruces, and adds : " The Norway Spruce is the great tree
of the Alps; and as a park tree, to stand alone, we
scarcely know a more beautiful one. It then generally
branches not quite down to the ground, and its fine sweep-

162 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

ing, feathery branches hang down in the most graceful and
pleasing manner."

Gilpin, who was almost a cynic in his dislike to regularly
formed trees, and who disliked the White Pine on account
of its smooth bark, even, conical form, and the exact dis-
position of its branches, thus speaks of the Norway
Spruce : " The Spruce Fir is generally esteemed a more
elegant tree than the Scotch Pine, and the reason, I sup-
pose, is, because it often feathers to the ground and grows
in a more exact and regular shape; but this is a principal
objection to it. It often wants both form and variety.
We admire its floating foliage in which it sometimes ex-
ceeds all other trees ; but it is rather disagreeable to see a
repetition of these feathery strata, beautiful as they are,
reared tier above tier in regular order, from the bottom
of a tree to the top." The same author further speaks of
having its interest heightened by an accidental loss of
branches, etc. Gilpin, it appears, is not alone in this opinion
of the Norway Spruce, for it seems that the author of the
Planter's Calendar says "that next to the Lombardy
Poplar and the Scotch Pine, it is the least ornamental of
common trees."

The writings of Sir James Edward Smith, and Sir
Thomas Dick Lauder, abound in praises of this tree, espe-
cially when seen in its wild, native beauty, and associated
with the grandeur of the Alpine scenery.

To the uninformed planter who has but a limited space
to devote to ornamental trees, we say plant the Norway
Spruce, but at the same time bear in mind that the little
plot of 10 or 12 feet square is not the place for it. A too
common error in our rural villages is that of crowding
species of the largest size into a small place that would
scarcely contain a large-sized shrub, and the consequence
is that after a few years, the tree has to be removed or
destroyed.

Another advantage that this species has over most other

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 163

trees is its great value for shelter, for which we have al-
ready advocated it in our chapter devoted to Hedges and
Screens. A thickly planted belt of these trees on the north
side of an orchard, or of young plantations of ornamen-
tal trees, or even of the house and farm buildings, proves
an effectual barrier to the high, cold winds that frequently
come from that quarter and destroy our fruit crop, or our
half-hardy plants, as well as increase our bills for fuel dur-
ing the winter months.

On the Western prairies pomologists are awakening to
a just sense of this important subject, and of all the hardy
evergreens this appears to be the most suitable for shelter.
Dense and compact in its growth, hardy to the utmost de-
gree, and vigorous in almost every soil, it is certainly the
perfection of plants for a screen. These clumps and belts
may by a judicious planting create quite a pleasing effect,
and instead of appearing as a work of art, as when planted
in a formal line or avenue, they may be placed in such a
manner as to preserve a graceful, easy, flowing outline.

For enclosures or divisions to ornamental grounds where
animals are excluded, it forms a beautiful hedge, bearing
the shears with impunity, becoming very dense, and re-
taining that peculiar dark green color so universally ad-
mired. We are now experimenting with almost every
plant that is at all available for this purpose, and on a
short trial are decidedly of the opinion that the Norway
Spruce will prove the most useful, especially where a large
sheltering hedge or screen is required.

The timber furnished by this species is quite valuable,
and plantations in many parts of Europe are annually be-
ing formed for growing it. The wood is almost devoid
of resin, light, white, and quite elastic. It is termed
White Deal, and is used in many portions of Europe as
the White Pine is with us. The bark is also valuable for
tanning, and the resin that exudes from under the bark is
consumed for common purposes.

164 THE BOOK OF EVEKGKEEXS.

Like the majority of our well-known and very popular
plants, this species has a large number of varieties. Some
of these are very distinct and desirable for creating effects
in gardening, whilst others approach so near the true form
of the species as to be unworthy of recording. Loudon
names some 10 or 12 varieties which differ only in their
manner of growth and color. As every year adds to the
number of these foreign varieties, or rather chance kinds,
the greater will be the drain on the finances of our own
cultivators; we would therefore guard our readers
against placing too much dependence upon the glowing
descriptions which frequently herald them, as they are very
frequently propagated for the sole purpose of increasing
the list of names in catalogues, without any distinction to
justify such a course.

Var. ( arpatica. London. — Is not recognized as distinct
from the species by Gordon, but Loudon says that its
lea\?es are long and very dense, and that it has very
vigorous shoots.

Var. Clanbrasiliana, London. — Is a very small and
compact growing bush originating in Ireland, and intro-
duced into this country some years ago. It is quite pretty.

Var. denudata, Hort. — Syn. A. e. virgata, Jacques. — A
very curious French variety, somewhat resembling var.
monstrosa, but with more twiggy, reflexed, and spreading
branches, and with the leaves stouter and more appressed.

Var, elegans, London. — Another of the pretty little
dwarfs, with very slender and light green foliage. It is
also quite compact in growth and desirable.

Var. crcmita, Jfiiight. — Syn. A. e. miniata, ^Knight. —
According to Gordon, this " nearly approaches A. e. mon-
strosa, but is much less branching, and with the bark
generally of a much redder color."

Var, Finedonensis, Paul. — A new kind, of which Gor-
don says : " A striking variety of the Common Spruce,

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 165

with all the younger leaves on the upper side of the shoots
at first of a pale yellow or straw color, as well as the
young wood, but afterwards, as they get older, they change
to a bronzy-brown, and finally, when fully matured, be-
come light green ; while those leaves on the under side
of the shoots and fully shaded branchlets are more or less
green from the first."

Var, Gregoryana, Paul. — A very neat little dwarf from
Cirencester Nursery in Gloucestershire, of an exceedingly
dense habit of growth, and furnished with very numerous
small, sharp, stiff leaves.

Var, invcrta, Smith. — The curiously inverted branches
of this variety are quite distinct from those of the var.
pendula. All the branches are remarkably drooping in
their habit, and the leaves are larger and brighter than
those of the species.

Var. mucronata, London. — Is a French discovery and
another dwarf kind, with short, thick, dark green leaves,
and crowded, irregular branches. It is said to be very
distinct.

Var, monstrosa, London. — Is extremely curious, having
heavy, straggling branches, and is said to resemble the
Araucaria imbricata in appearance.

Var, nigra, London. — Syn. A. gigantea, Smith. — A.
Lemoniana, Sooth. — Has larger cones and darker foliage
than the species ; otherwise closely resembling it.

Var. pendula, London. — The leaves of this variety are
longer than those of the species, and of a dark glossy-
green color. The branches and branchlets droop quite
gracefully. This is one of the most desirable.

Var, pyramidalis, Hort. — The branches of this French
variety differ from those of the species in being remarka-
bly fastigiate and of very compact growth.

Var, pygmaea, London.— Which is known under the

166 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

several names of nana, minima^ pumila, and minuta,
grows only about 12 or 18 inches high, and spreads some
distance over the ground. It is very curious and dwarf.

Var. Stricta, London. — Syn. A. Clanbrasiliana stricta,
Lawson. — A. excel sa conica, Ketdeer. — A. communis fru-
ticosa, Endlicher. — Another pretty little dwarf variety
rarely exceeding from 3 to 4 feet in height, with numerous,
erect branches, and small, closely compressed, slender,
bright green leaves. Quite desirable.

Var. tcnuifolia; London. — Is also known as var. attenu-
ata, and var. microphyUa, by different authors. It is
chiefly distinguished by its attenuated branches and small,
slender foliage.

Var. variegata, Loudon.—Is of very little account ; a
few of the leaves and lesser branches spotted with yellow
and white.

3. A. Meiizicsii, Douglas. — MENZIES' SPRUCE. — Leaves,
f of an inch long, broadly linear, rigid, stout, sharply
acute, incurved, light green above, silvery-glaucous below.
(Leaves stouter than in any other allied species, stiff, and
very acute, almost spinescent. Engelmann.) Branches,
tubercled, with resinous, ovate, acute buds. Cones, from
3 to 4J- inches long, cylindrical, pendulous, very numerous,
crowded ; with elongated-rhombic scales, truncate, irregu-
lar on the margin; bracteoles, small, lanceolate, acute.
Seeds, small, flat, light brown, with triangular-obovate
wings.

This beautiful Conifer was discovered by Douglas in
Northern California, where it is quite abundant in many
sections, but principally in rich, moist soils. Nuttall
speaks of it as " constituting the principal part of the lofty
and dark forest which caps the summit of Cape Disap-
pointment, at the entrance of the Columbia or Oregon."
It is also found plentiful on the Island of Sitka, and in
the Shasta Country." Dr. Engelmann says it "is entirely
sub-alpine, occurring between the limits of 7,000 and 9,000

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 167

feet in low, moist, or marshy soils, especially on the bor-
ders of streams."

The general height of this species is about 60 or 70 feet,
but in the rich, deep, alluvial soils along the rivers, speci-
mens 100 feet in height have been found.

In our grounds the Menzies' Spruce has proven entirely
hardy without artificial protection, and so far as we have
been able to ascertain, such has also been the experience
of other cultivators in the Middle States. Indeed, coming
from so high an elevation and from such exposed situa-
tions, we might readily believe that such would be the
case.

Sargent, however, in his description of this tree, men-
tions that the foliage is occasionally scorched on specimens
in his grounds, from which it would appear that young
plants would thrive much better in the shade in more
northern localities, as the sudden changes from heat to ex-
cessive cold are the cause of this destruction of the foliage.

There is an inclination on the part of the leaves to be
deciduous, and during heavy storms, or when in contact
with other trees, the foliage is often completely removed
from the young shoots, thus greatly disfiguring the tree.
This interferes with its otherwise beautiful form, and can
only be prevented by placing it singly on a lawn, and
never allowing anything to rub against the foliage.

This dropping of the leaves is more prevalent in trees
that are growing in dry, sandy soils, showing that the
most suitable position for it is in rather moist situations,
especially near the bank of a stream where the air is charg-
ed with moisture.

Its growth is exceedingly rapid in soils that are suited
to it; and T. Meehan mentions a tree of this species that
was planted 6 years ago, then 3 feet high, that is now 15,
with a perfectly straight leader and as fine a conical shape
as could be desired.

We make the following extracts from the description

168 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

of this tree by J. Jay Smith, Esq. : " Menzies' Spruce ap-
pears to thrive best in situations where the soil is moist
for the greater part of the year ; in low bottoms, not ab-
solutely flooded, with a moist atmosphere, it grows ex-
tremely fast.

" It is likewise found to thrive well in Scotland, and of
course in our northern and central regions ; on the most
exposed moors it never suffers, but, on the contrary, the
peaty soil and humid atmosphere appear favorable to its
growth. On dry soils it frequently loses a portion of its
leaves during the dry weather, and this gives it a shabby
appearance and has led some to condemn it. In such situ-
ations it should be liberally supplied with water during
the growing season."

The general form of the tree is a perfect cone with a
straight leading shoot, and mostly a very compact and
well regulated head ; this is somewhat stiff and formal in
outline, somewhat of the character of 'the "White Spruce.
The foliage is of that peculiar commingling of green and
silver so admired in the glaucous-leaved evergreens. The
cones are particularly conspicuous, being very numerous,
crowded, and when young, almost white in appearance.

In propagating the A. Menziesii, the stock of young
plants may very readily and rapidly be increased by means
of " heeled cuttings," that is, young branchlets taken off
with a small portion of the older wood attached. As a
general rule the species of Abies will all root more or less
easily, the Firs with some difficulty, and the Pines very
rarely, excepting in the hands of skillful gardeners.

Douglas states that the timber furnished by this species
is of excellent quality, and Dr. Parry found it " a finely
shaped tree, though of rather stiff outline, of rapid growth ;
wood very compact, but rather coarse-grained and pitchy ;
the logs taper too rapidly to saw up to advantage."

Var. crispa, Antoine. — Mentioned by Gordon as differ-

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 169

ing only from the species in having the margins of the
scales on the cones more undulated, or somewhat jagged,
and more extended.

4. A. nigra, Poiret. — BLACK OR DOUBLE SPRUCE. —
Leaves, very short, scarcely exceeding ^ of an inch long,
erect, stiff, somewhat quadrangular, very dark green color.
Branches, spreading horizontally, with a smooth, dark
bark. Cones, from 1 to 1|- inches long, ovate, or ovate-
oblong, changing from a dark purple to dull reddish-brown
color; scales, very thin, roundish, with a toothed and
uneven margin. Seeds quite small, with a small, rigid
wing.

The Double Spruce is found in the same localities as the
Single Spruce, and in most situations more plentifully ; ac-
cording to Gray, in swamps and cold mountain woods,
New England to Wisconsin and northward, and south-
ward along the mountains. It is also occasionally seen
further south than the latter species, especially along the
Alleghanies. In the Canadas, Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
wick, and even further north, it is quite abundant, and re-
sists the severe Arctic winters in those latitudes. Indeed
in our more southern climates this, tree rarely ever forms
so fine a specimen as when growing in its native habitats,
with their cold, chilling winds and short summer seasons.

In favorable situations the Black Spruce forms quite a
large tree, about 75 feet in height, with a tall, straight,
tapering trunk, and a very handsome, regular, conical-
shaped head. In the* deep, rich, alluvial soils, the finest
specimens are to be found, and in such an isolated plant
presents a very agreeable sight ; but when growing in
compact masses as they quite frequently do, leaving only
3, 4, or 5 feet space between the trunks, they run up to a
great height and are destitute of branches, excepting a
small, dense head upon the summit.

As an ornamental tree we cannot recommend it, although
the young plants are occasionally quite beautiful ; but after
8

170 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

obtaining some age, the trees generally present a rather
sickly and open appearance, which is the reverse of orna-
mental. On particularly favorable soils we have seen very
good specimens, but they are so rare that it is unwise to
expect perfection ; and especially is this the case on thin,
gravelly soils.

'The timber of this species is valuable for many pur-
poses, the body of the tree furnishing long, straight logs,
and the wood is light, very elastic, and strong. As fuel,
however, it is quite inferior, owing to the quantity of air
contained in it, which causes a continual snapping, such
as is usually observed in burning chestnut. The celebrat-
ed Spruce-beer is made from an infusion of the young
branchlets of this tree, and furnishes a popular drink.

VaFi r libra. $ Michaux. — RED SPRUCE. — Syn. A. rubra,
Poiret. — We do not think this sufficiently distinct to form
a separate species. Michaux first examined it thoroughly,
and classed it as a variety of A. nigra ; and Loudon re-
marks: "As the variety appears tolerably distinct in
British gardens, as far as respects the color of the cones,
we have, for convenience' sake, given it as a species ; though
we entirely agree with Michaux in thinking it only a va-
riety."

Although Poiret, Lambert, Pursh, and others, have de-
scribed it as a true species, they appear to have no founda-
tion for their claims, excepting in its larger and redder
cones and reddish-brown bark. However this may be,
the Black and Red Spruces are found growing in the same
localities, are equally valuable for timber, and in all char-
acteristics excepting those mentioned are precisely alike.

Var. puinila, ICnight. — Is a dwarf, stunted bush, only
3 or 4 feet in height, and forms a dense little plant with
quite slender foliage. Not yet found in our collections.

5, A. obovata, Loudon. — OBOVATE-CONED SPRUCE. —
Syn. A. Wittrnanniana, Harticess ; A. Ajanensis, and A.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 171

Schrenkiana, Lindley, etc., etc. — Leaves, from f to 1 inch
long, thickly scattered, slender, straight, sharply acute,
bright green color. Branches and branchlets quite nu-
merous, whorled, rigid, spreading, with numerous very
small, dark colored buds. Cones, from 2 to 2J- inches
long, obovate, with loose, entire, wedge-shaped scales.

This species very closely resembles the A.. Orientalis,
and by some modern botanists is thought to be identical
with it. Gordon contends, however, that it is very dis-
tinct from the latter, and in the absence of sufficient per-
sonal knowledge we have adopted his views.

The Obovate-coned Spruce also resembles the Norway
Spruce in its general characteristics, but is much more
dense and compact in growth than the latter, being sup-
plied with an almost innumerable quantity of small
branchlets, thus imparting a certain beauty to the tree
that is scarcely ever found in the latter species. The
color of the leaves of the A. obovata is said to be usually
of a paler green, amounting in some instances to a yellow-
ish-green, but such specimens as have come under the
writer's observation have been uniformly very dark.

This species is found most plentifully on the Altai
Mountains in Siberia, at elevations varying from 4,000 to
5,000 feet, and is consequently hardy throughout the
Northern States. Its greatest height is perhaps 100 feet,
but according to some writers it diminishes in stature and
foliage, according to soil, situation, and elevation, and like
all other coniferous trees from northern regions is subject
to great variation in appearance. .

Having tested this species for several years without pro-
tection, and proven it to be entirely hardy and perfectly
adapted to a variety of soils, we feel no hesitation in rec-
ommending it to those who have a large collection ; but
for small plantations we are under the impression it will
never be popular, owing to its close resemblance in many
respects to our favorite Norway Spruce; however, at a

172 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

more advanced age, this may be counterbalanced by its
close, compact habit and unique appearance.

6i A. orientalis, Poiret. — EASTERN SPRUCE. — Leaves, %
of an inch long, tetragonal, rigid, stout, rather obtuse, dark
shining green color. Branches like the foregoing species,
numerous, and slender. Cones, 2|- to 3 inches long, cylin-
drical ; with the scales soft, thin, loose, rounded, and un-
even on the margins. Seeds, very small and resinous.

A native of the coast of the Black Sea, and is found
growing on the Mountains of Imeretia, in Upper Mingre-
lia, and the neighborhood of Teflis, forming whole forests
between Gunil and the Adshar Mountains. Tournefort
says he found it growing in the vicinity of Trebisonde,
where it is known by the name of " elate"

As stated in our description of the preceding species,
many writers considered that synonymous with the pres-
ent tree ; so L. Deslongchamps classed A. Orientalis as a
variety of A. alba, and Loudon, as a variety of A. excelsa.

It is about 75 feet high, of a regular, conical form,
and in specimens standing apart from others furnished
with branches to the ground.

It is so thick and close as to be considered a perfect
model of the compact class of Conifers, and on this ac-
count may be recommended for cultivation. Our speci-
men has been out for several years, and is equally hardy
as the Norway Spruce, but exceedingly like the A. obo-
vata in many leading characteristics.

The timber furnished by this species resembles that of
the foregoing.

7. A. Pattoniana, Jeffrey. — PATTON'S GIANT SPRUCE.—
Leaves, f- of an inch long, numerous, thinly scattered,
curved, triangular, light green color, and glaucous be-
neath. Branches, numerous, slender, somewhat drooping,
and covered with a dark, rough bark, and woolly pubes-
cence. Cones, 1 inch long, cylindrical or oblong, crowded,

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 173

smooth, with numerous, mostly entire, and loosely imbri-
cated scales. Seeds, quite small.

A magnificent species from Upper California and north-
ward. It was first discovered by Lewis and Clarke, and
was afterward found by Jeffrey in Northern California,
and named by him " in compliment to Mr. Patton of the
Cairnies, in Scotland, a gentleman much interested in
Conifers."

The size of this gigantic species varies considerably in
the different localities where it is found, but the greatest
heights mentioned by the discoverers appear almost in-
credible. Those described by Lewis and Clarke were fre-
quently 300 feet in height, and without any branches on
the stem for more than 200 feet, with a circumference of
42 feet at a point beyond the reach of an ordinary-sized
man.

Jeffrey says : " It is a noble tree, rising to the height of
150 feet and 13^ feet in circumference, and towering above
the rest of the forest ; but as it ascends the mountain, it
gets gradually smaller, until at last it dwindles down into
a shrub not more than 4 feet high."

We have not yet tested this new and rare Conifer in the
open air, but as it comes from a high elevation (from 5,000
to 6,000 feet) and a section of country that produces other
trees that are hardy with us, we feel sanguine it will be
successful here. In England it is entirely hardy and much
admired, but its great scarcity, and the consequent high
price at which the young plants are held, will be a serious
obstacle to its general trial in our country.

8t A. Siuil !ii;ina, London. — HIMALAYAN SPRUCE. — Syn.
A. Morinda, Hort.; A. Khutrow, London, with numerous
others under Pinm, Picea, etc. — Leaves, 1, 1£, and 2
inches long, spreading, tetragonal, straight, rigid, very
sharply acute, pale green color, slightly glaucous beneath.
Branches and branchlets, numerous, horizontal, and droop-
ing, with light colored bark; the branchlets remotely

174 THE BOOK OF EVEEGEEENS.

verticillate. Cones, from 6 to 7 inches long, ovate-oblong ;
scales, light brown, oblong, entire, smooth, loosely imbri-
cated, and enclosing small, dark brown seeds, with yellow,
thin, membranaceous wings.

This remarkably Beautiful tree, although thoroughly
tested for several years, does not, as far north as Philadel-
phia, yet give that satisfaction which many were at first
led to expect. Specimens on dry, gravelly subsoils succeed
very well, but where the soil is retentive of moisture, the
leading shoot is almost invariably killed.

It is a native of Bhotan, China, Japan, etc., generally
frequenting the mountain districts, and forming even on
very high elevations magnificent specimens not unlike the
Norway Spruce in shape and character, but more graceful
in growth and delicate in color. On the Himalayas, at
elevations varying from 7,000 to 12,000 feet, it forms a
tree of from 100 to 150 feet in height, and from 18 to 20
feet in circumference. Capt. Hodgson measured the trunk
of one that was 169 feet in length.

Ko one should attempt to introduce this tree unless ev-
ery care and attention can be bestowed upon it after
planting, having first selected a congenial spot. The
Himalayan Spruce is almost invariably found on the north-
ern declivities of the mountains in its native country, and
therefore requires either a partially shaded aspect or a
northern exposure. In the latter case, if a belt of ev-
ergreens or other protection be afforded it, fine specimens
may be obtained, but as it belongs to that class of uncer-
tain trees neither tender nor yet entirely hardy, care is ab-
solutely necessary to induce it to thrive properly.

We know of no tree whatever that is more luxuriant
and beautiful in a proper situation, or, on the other hand,
a more dejected looking, pitiable sight in an improper
one, than the A. Smithiana.

Having experimented with this species for a number of
years in several situations, we are of the opinion that when

THE PESTE SUB-FAMILY.

175

176 THE BOOK OP EVEKGBEENS.

the foregoing directions are adhered to, it may be success-
ful as far north as this locality, (Philadelphia,) especially
after a few years' acclimation. A slight protection of
evergreen boughs, tied quite loosely over it through the
winter, is all that it requires ; or, in the case of very young
plants, these boughs may be continued on through the
summer, care being taken in the latter instance to admit
plenty of air and light.

The absolute requirements of this tree are a dry, grav-
elly subsoil, a partially shaded situation, and a protective
barrier from the cold winds.

The inhabitants of those countries where it is found in
a wild state have given it the rather uninviting names of
" Tiger's Tail," and " Prickly Fir." This species furnishes
poor timber, it being very perishable and soft, although
quite free from knots.

NEW SPECIES OF ABIES.

9. A. Alcocquiana9 Lindley and 'VeitcTi. — Leaves, from
£ to f of an inch in length, and from % to f of a line in
breadth, numerous, closely approximated, spirally arranged
around the branches, solitary, linear, sub-tetragonal, flat-
tish, recurved, obtusely rounded at the apex. Cones, from
2 to 3 inches long, 1 inch in diameter, pendent, reddish-
fawn color, with very persistent scales, that are cuneate
near the base and rounded at the apex ; bracts, obsolete.
Seeds, rhomboidal, partly downy, with a long, narrow,
cinnamon-colored wing.

This splendid tree reaches the height of from 100 to 120
feet, and was discovered by the English collector, J. G.
Veitch, in the year 1860, on the mountain of " Fusi Yama,"
growing at an elevation of from 6,000 to 7,000 feet. The
branchlets are very rough, with protuberances having the
appearance of small pegs projecting out on all sides. The

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY.

177

color of the young branchlets is pale fawn, and of the older
ones, reddish.

We do not think this species has been introduced into
this country, but from the representations of the discover-
er, we should be pleased to hear of its success with us.
Gordon places it in the Tsugas, on account of the rather
flattish leaves ; but we prefer to follow the example of
Murray, and include it in the list of true Spruces, from
the fact of its leaves being spirally arranged all around the
branches and not in two rows.

>

10. A. Engelmanni, Parry. — ENGELMANN'S SPBUCE. —
Syn. Picea Engelmanni, Engdmann ; Abies nigra, in Sill.
Jour. — Leaves, in the higher localities, 6 to 9 lines long,
and not quite 1 line broad, strongly
carinate below, less so above, with
a few lines of white stomata above
and below, abruptly but not sharp-
ly acute; in lower localities the
leaves are more slender, and 8 to ,
12 lines long. Male aments, 6 to 9
lines long, on short stipes ; anthers,
1 J- lines long ; female aments, 9 to
10 lines long, with ovate, lanceolate
scales, almost equalling in length
the dark purple, fleshy scales.
Branches, mostly small, lower ones
horizontal, upper ones, ascending,
with scaly, reddish, grayish-purple,
or light purplish-brown bark, con-
taining much tannin. Cones, 1^ to
2J (usually less than 2) inches
long, f of an inch or less in di-
ameter when closed, ovate-cylin-
drical, scattered on the tree, not abundant, becoming red-
dish-brown with age ; scales, rhombic, with truncated
ends in good specimens, but shorter, more rounded, and
with the truncation indistinct, in poor ones. Seeds, 1 line
long. Cotyledons, 6, rarely 5. (Extracted from Engel-
mann's description.)

Fig. 22. — ABIES ENGEL-
MANNI.

17o THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

According to Dr. Engelmann, in the " Transactions of
the St. Louis Acad. of Science," this fine new Conifer is
found on the " higher parts of the Rocky Mountains, from
New Mexico to the head waters of the Columbia and
Missouri Rivers, and probably further ; from the sub-alpine
to the alpine districts, and with Pinus aristata reaching
the highest limits of timber, occupying in Colorado a belt
between the limits of 8,000 and 12,000 feet. It reaches its
fullest development between 9,000 and 10,000 feet, near the
head waters of the streams on both slopes of the Snowy
range, constituting magnificent forests about the head
of Middle Park, at Tarry-all, etc., often mixed with Abies
grandis"

The same author thus speaks of its size: "In its most
favorable localities this species makes a stately tree 60 to
100 feet high, forming a narrow, sharply tapering spire of
a rather darkish hue ; trunk perfectly straight, columnar,
tapering very gradually, 1-J- to 2^ feet in diameter, branches
mostly small, lower ones horizontal, upper ones ascending ;
on higher altitudes it is a smaller, nearly round-topped
tree, very much branched, bearing more perfect fruit than
in either lower or higher elevations ; on the highest sum-
mits a prostrate and almost creeping sterile shrub, just as
Picea nigra is found on Mt. Washington, N". H."

This species was at first taken for a form of the A. nigra,
by its discoverer, Dr. Parry, but upon subsequent examina-
tion it has proved to be a new species. We have raised
young plants from the seed furnished us by the discoverer,
and will soon be able to settle the question of its hardiness
with us.

Dr. Engelmann says " the wood is soft, white, not knotty
or resinous, therefore much esteemed for inside and
cabinet work."

11. A, firm a, Siebold <£ ZuccarinL — Syn. Abies Momi,
Siebold m Verhand.; Pinus firma, Antoine <& Endlicher j

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 179

sp

'

Picea firma, Gordon ; Abies homolepis, Siebold &
rini / Pinus homolepis, Antoine db Endlicher / Abies
bifida, Siebold & Zuccarini. — Leaves, from % to 1 inch in
length, very closely approximated, growing all around the
shoot, but expanded in a two-rowed manner, slightly atten-
uated at the base into a very short petiole, slightly
twisted, linear, bifid at first, glabrous and dark above,
somewhat silvery below. Cones, 3 to 4j- inches long, from
1 to H inch in diameter, pendent, short-peduncled^ thick,
deflexed, straight, cylindrical, with persistent, imbricated,
downy, leathery, crenulated, dark brown scales ; bracts,
long, lanceolate, or sub-rhomboidal, sharp and keeled.
Seeds, wedge-shaped at the base, with broad, transverse
wings, and a membranaceous shell. Cotyledons, 4 to 5.

We copy from Murray the following history of this new
Spruce : " This species is found from the south of Kinsu,
by Sikok and Nippon, to the Kurile Islands, and may thus
be assumed to extend over the whole of the empire of
Japan. It grows at an elevation of from 2,000 to 4,000
feet above the level of the sea. Siebold informs us that
at its southernmost limits it is probably cultivated, and
not wild, except in humid valleys or on the mountain
Iwaga, near Nagasaki, where it is found at about 1,800
feet above the sea." It is a lofty tree with somewhat of
the habit of the Common Silver Fir, and, judging from the
climate from whence it comes, we may anticipate its suc-
cessful introduction into our collections. As with others
of the Japanese trees, confusion has arisen in its nomencla-
ture, some writers affirming that A. firma, A. bifida, and
A. homolepis, are three distinct species. Murray affirms
them to be but one, and suggests that the diversity may
have arisen from the skill of the Japanese in altering
the appearance of many plants in a manner to deceive a
careful and critical botanist. In A. bifida, the leaves are
bifid at the apex, but Murray states that this is frequent-
ly the case with young plants of all three of the alleged
species; seeds of A. bifida frequently producing young

180 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

plants answering the description of A. homolepis in the
first year, and having leaves bifid during the second, etc.

12. A. JezocnsiS} Siebold & Zuccarini. — Syn. Pinus Je-
zoensis, Antoine & Endlicher. — Leaves, from 8 to 12
lines in length, very persistent, (for seven years), spirally
arranged, alternate but not distichous, sessile, linear,
acerose, acute, and terminating in a spinous point, entire,
obsoletely 4-sided, bright green above. (Mature cones not
known.) Female aments, solitary, oblongo-cylindrical,
sub-curvate; bracts, minute, rhomboidally spathul.ite,
alternated from the base, acute or cuspidate, somewhat
crenulated, appressed, and smaller than the scale. (Murray.)

In our description of Abies Fortunii will be found the
characteristics which distinguish that species from this;
and as the two had been generally confounded and treat-
ed as the same until Murray separated them and described
the leading points of each, we take pleasure in recording
his decision here. The true A. Jezoensis of Siebold and
Zuccarini forms a large sized tree, and produces a smooth,
soft timber, which is useful for manufacturing into house-
hold utensils and is frequently employed for arrows, etc.

" This tree," say Siebold and Zuccarini, " which grows
wild in the Islands of Jezo and Krafto, is cultivated as a
rarity in the gardens of the wealthy, at Jeddo." In Sar-
gent's edition of Downing's Landscape Gardening, the
author says, " Our specimens, which are small, seem quite
hardy," and it is to be desired that they may prove per-
manently so on a longer trial. This is the JTezo-Matsu of
the Japanese, and resembles closely A. Menziesil.

13. A, microsperma, Lindley & Veitch. — Leaves, from
•J- to 1J- inch in length, from ^ to f- of a line in breadth,
numerous, closely approximated, solitary, linear, sub-te-
tragonal. Cones, from 1 J to 2^ inches long, from % to f- of
an inch in diameter, pale cinnamon color, with very per-
sistent oblong scales, that are glabrous when exposed, and
tomentose when not ; bracts, small, rounded and serrated.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 181

Seeds, very small, pale cinnamon colored, with a small,
oblong, ovate wing.

Another new species closely allied to A. Alcocquiana,
and found growing in the vicinity of Hakodadi, on the
Island of Jesso. The only specimens seen were from 20
to 30 feet in height, but exceedingly beautiful; perhaps
one of the finest of the genus. Its ultimate height is sup-
posed to be about 40 or 50 feet, with very rough, pale
branchlets, and longer leaves than those of A. Alcocquiana.

14. A. polila. Siebold <& Zuccarini. — Syn. Pinus Abies,
Thuriberg ; Abies Torano, Siebold in Verhandl. ; Pinus
polita, Antoine & JEndlicher / Picea polita, Oarriere. —
Leaves, from 6 to 10 lines long, very persistent (for seven
years), spirally alternate, not distichous, sessile, linear,
rigid, glabrous, bright green, thick, slightly curved, with
a somewhat sharp point, entire, tetragonal. Cones, from
4 to 5 inches long, 2 inches in diameter, elliptical, rounded
at both ends, solitary, terminal, with obovate, or obovate-
subrhomboidal, irregularly crenulated, coriaceous, glabrous,
bright chestnut-colored scales ; bracts, minute, linear-ob-
tuse, entire, coriaceous, scarcely equalling in length the
fourth part of the scale. Seeds, rather small, with a broad
wing. (Murray).

According to Murray, " Siebold informs us that he saw
this superb Fir for the first time during his journey to
Jeddo, in the sacred groves around the temples of Miako.
The form of its cones and the entire habit of the tree
forcibly recalled to his mind the Common Spruce. At
Jeddo he received branches of cultivated specimens, but
he thinks it should be found wild in the mountains of Ni-
kao. From other accounts it appears that it forms great
forests on the high mountains which stretch along the
frontiers of Dewa and Mutsu, all the way to the northern
coast of Nippon, and, according to Japanese reports, it is
likewise to be found in the Kurile Islands. It is also found
wild on the peninsula of Korai, and Siebold obtained a

182 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

branch of a specimen introduced from thence to Japan under
the name of Tojosen Momi, which signifies ' Fir of KoraL5 "

§ 2.— TSUGA.— THE HEMLOCK SPRUCES.

The Hemlock Spruces have been placed by Carriere in
a separate genus, Tsuga. The chief distinctions upon
which his separation is made are the manner in which the
anther cells open, which is transversely instead of longitu-
dinally, the flat, somewhat two-ranked leaves, and the soli-
tary, persistent, and drooping cones. It is more convenient
in the present work, as well as more in accordance with
our accepted botanical authorities, to make both Tsuga
and Picea sections of Abies. The characters by which
authors distinguish them as genera are employed here
for sections, or sub-genera, and are given on page 156.
The trees of this section are all of remarkably graceful
habit, and their foliage presents a more light and feathery
appearance than that of either the Spruces or the Firs.
The general character of the trees, as well as that of the
wood, is well represented in our native Hemlock Spruce,
Abies CanadensiSj which may be taken as the type of
this sub-genus.

15. A. Bnmoniaiia$^Wfey. — INDIAN HEMLOCK SPRUCE.
— Syn. A. dumosa, Lambert ; A. decidua, Wallich ; A. ce-
droides, Griffith / Tsuga Brunoniana, Carriere. — Leaves,
mostly 1 inch long, straight, linear, flat, obtuse, deflexed
on the margin, obsoletely denticulate towards the apex,
light green above, and very silvery glaucous below.
Branches and branchlets, very numerous, drooping, and
slender. Cones, 1 inch long, oval, sessile and smooth;
with orbicular, sessile, persistent scales, and emarginate,
wedge-shaped, very short bracteoles. Seeds, small,
wedge-shaped, ferruginous, with an oblong, obtuse, shin-
ing, membranaceous wing.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 183

A very handsome and graceful tree from Sikkam, Nepal,
and Bhotan, where it attains the height of 70 or 80 feet,
and is found in the former locality growing at an elevation
of from 9,000 to 10,000 feet, and in the latter from 6,500
to 9,500 feet ; but although it is a native of such high al-
titudes, and is quite hardy in England, its success in this
country is quite indifferent.

In Sargent's description, he says : " We are somewhat
perplexed in making up our mind about the future
condition of this charming tree as to its availability.
If it succeed at all, it will certainly require a good deal
of coaxing. Our own specimen has been very various.
It has stood some winters well, and others, not as cold
but possibly damper, seemed to have destroyed it." This
has been the experience with almost all cultivators of
whom we have inquired, so that its ultimate success is ex-
ceedingly doubtful ; and we would therefore caution any
one against undertaking its culture at the North, unless he
would be willing to lose a few plants in the experiment.
A few degrees further south will, we have no doubt, suit
it. The Gardener's Monthly says that although Gordon
may class it as " quite hardy and thus deceive American
readers, it will be killed easily by 10° below freezing
point, according to an American-made thermometer." We
believe that, with proper protection and suitable soil, it
will withstand a much lower temperature than the above.

The Indian Hemlock very much resembles the Common
Hemlock (A. Canadensis) in general appearance, but in
the former the under side of the leaves is of an elegant
silvery-white color, so that, when disturbed by the wind,
they create a curious yet beautiful effect. This tree is
liable to the same disparagement as the A. Menziesii, in
regard to its proneness to lose its leaves. Dr. Wallich
says that " the slightest shake of the branch is sufficient
to detach them." We have also noticed this trouble, eveii
on very young plants.

184 THE BOOK OF EVEEGEEE^S.

The wood warps quite easily, and in consequence is
rarely used by the natives. Loudon says " it was discov-
ered by Captain Webb, and named jBrunoniana by Dr.
Wallich in honor of Mr. Brown."

16. A. CanadensiS9 Michaux. — HEMLOCK SPEUCE. — Syn.
Tsuga Canadensis, Carriere. — Leaves, |- of an inch long,
flat, obtuse, linear, dark green above, and glaucous below.
Branches, horizontal, drooping, and numerous. Cones, f
of an inch long, greenish when young, changing to light
brown with age, oval, with few scales ; scales, roundish-
oblong, entire. Seeds, quite small, with light colored
wings.

The Hemlock Spruce is a native of the Northern States,
extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and
from the high mountains of North Carolina, in the South,
to about the 51° ]ST. latitude, near Hudson's Bay, in the
North. It is emphatically a northern tree, withstanding
the exposure and cold storms better than the hot summer
suns of warmer climates. A sufficient proof of this is found
in the fact that it becomes much rarer in the southern lim-
its, and is there only found in the cooler temperatures of
the northerly sides of high mountains in the Alleghanies,
etc.

Throughout the southern portion of the Middle States
this species is found generally along the larger streams
and rivers, but according to Michaux this peculiarity is not
by any means a settled rule ; for in some sections where it
is mingled with the Black Spruce it occurs less frequently,
as the soil is more humid.

Throughout our most northern border and in the British
Possessions, the Hemlock Spruce forms vast forests, stretch-
ing for hundreds of miles, and is frequently unassociated
with any other species, but occasionally may be found in
company with the Black Spruce, White Pine, and other
trees. Nuttall mentions that it was collected by Dr.
Scouler on the north-west coast of America, and was also

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY.

185

Fig. 23.— ABIES CANADENSIS, ONE-HALF THE NATURAL SIZE.

186 THE BOOK OF EVEKGREENS.

observed by Dr. Tolmie, as far north along that coast as
Milbank Sound and Stikine. It is also common in the
pine forests around Vancouver, and along the high banks
of the "Wahlamet and the Oregon.

In favorable situations this spruce forms a tall tree of
about 70 or 80 feet in height, and is frequently clothed
with branches nearly to the ground ; but in the thick
clumps and masses, as well as in the vast forests, it runs
up a tall, clean trunk that is mostly destitute of limbs for
a considerable distance. The old trees, however, are liable
to a disease which causes the lower branches to gradually
die away, and thereby destroy the symmetry of the tree ;
but to the younger plants no objection that we are aware
of can be made. The regular, conical form, tapering from
a broad base evenly to a long, straight, and thrifty leading
shoot, is the common shape of the tree.

The long, slender branches, drooping gracefully to the
ground, present so beautiful a picture, that it is in-
deed difficult to surpass it, and when we compare the
rich, dark green foliage of a healthy plant that is va-
ried so exquisitely with the marked glaucousness of the
under side of the leaves, we must admire a tree which
presents such a diversity of charms. We have often
lingered admiringly in the contemplation of a group of
these trees, watching the play of light and shade as it in-
creased or diminished through their verdure, and men-
tally compared these claims on our notice with the rarer
introductions from abroad ; and such meditations invaria-
bly resulted in the same conclusion, that, so long as they
were common, (an American term for native trees), men
of more means than taste would prefer the latter class. If
such will it, let them enjoy their preference, but so far as
we are concerned, were we restricted to one tree, we would
far rather have a fine specimen of the Hemlock Spruce,
than all the Deodars and Cryptomerias ever introduced.

Meehan, in his admirable little book on Ornamental

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 187

Trees, remarks of the Hemlock : " It would not be exag-
geration to pronounce this the most beautiful evergreen in
cultivation. Beautiful as many of the new pines are, few
approach this. It has regularity without formality, and,
in any point of view, elegance and gracefulness, Its habit
is frequently so erect as to approach the fastigiate ; yet
the ends of its branches are as pendulous as a Babylonian
Willow. Its color is not of that mournful cast so common
to other PinaceaB, nor of that consumptive looking hue so
connected with sickliness. Stepping between these it is
suggestive of innocence and lightness, which cannot fail
to attract admirers for it in whatever situation it is placed.
It will make the prettiest object when grown by itself, but
it is a tree that has no aversion to company."

Many cultivators have an idea that it is exceedingly dif-
ficult to remove, and on this account have neglected it ;
but frequent practice for many years has assured us that
no Conifer, taken from the nursery row or from cultivated
grounds, will better sustain a removal than the one we are
now describing.

It is true that young plants carelessly dug in their na-
tive haunts, that are most likely partially or wholly shad-
ed, and unprovided with a sufficient supply of delicate
fibrous roots, will almost certainly refuse to live ; but if
small seedlings about one foot high be selected and care-
fully taken up and removed to a light mellow piece of
ground that is shaded naturally, or by artificial means,
success will be the result.

A great mistake is continually being made by planting
the Hemlock in dry situations ; for while it cannot thrive
in wet and swampy ground, it greatly prefers a rather
moist, deep, loamy soil and cool location, the better if par-
tially shaded. In such spots the beauty of the foliage and
luxuriant growth speedily develop themselves in the high-
est degree.

According to Michaux, the value of the Hemlock tim-

,

188 THE BOOK OF EVEKGKEEXS.

her is less than that of any other American resinous tree ;
but since his time the immense quantity that has been an-
nually consumed over our country is a sufficient proof of
its popularity for rough work. Although extremely per-
ishable and coarse-grained in texture, it enters largely into
the construction of our buildings, furnishing a cheap qual-
ity of lumber for the unimportant portions that are pre-
served from the action of the weather. It is a source of
regret, however, that a tree so universally scattered over
the timber sections of our country, and in such immense
quantities, could not have been of better quality. A re-
deeming quality, nevertheless, is contained in the bark,
which is of great importance for tanning. It is asserted
that although inferior to oak, a mixture of the two is much
superior to either when used separately.

As a screen the Hemlock Spruce is greatly admired, and
as it bears the shears well, grows thriftily, is of a dark
green color, and very dense, it will increase in the estima-
tion of planters as its availability for this purpose be-
comes more fully known.

Michaux mentions a peculiarity in this species of some-
times ceasing to grow at the height of 24 or 30 inches, in
which state it has a conical form, and its compact, tufted
branches rest upon the ground. We have observed this
curious variety in our own collection, and have deemed it
of sufficient importance to perpetuate.

Var. liana, Lawson. — Is mentioned by Gordon in his
Pinetum as " not growing more than two or three feet
high, and spreading on the ground with a more tufty fo-
liage." It is probably not distinct from the numerous
chance sports just mentioned.

Vai\ microphylla, Lindley. — The Gardener's Chronicle
describes this as follows : " Messrs. Fisher & Co. raised it
from seed imported from Canada, and they have found it
much more hardy than Canadensis itself, it not having

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 189

suffered in the severe winters two years ago, when so
many Conifers were injured. It is an Abies of such singu-
larly dwarf habit that it might almost be compared with
a Heath ; leaves, very dark green, with a white streak be-
neath, rough at the edge, and no bigger than those of
Menziesia polifolia.^

17. A, Douglasii, Lindley. — DOUGLAS' SPRUCE.— Syn.
Tsuga Douglasii, Carriere. — Leaves, from 1 to 1-J- inches
long, linear, obtuse, flat, quite entire, dark green above,
silvery glaucous below. Branches, horizontal, drooping,
with light brown bark. Cones, from 2 to 3 or 4 inches
long, ovate-oblong, light brown; bracts, numerous at- the
base ; scales, thin, smooth, entire, round, coriaceous, per-
sistent; bracteoles, linear, membranaceous, twice as long
as the scales, with acuminate teeth. Seeds, small, oval,
with a crustaceous testa, and a short, elliptic, obtuse wing.

This splendid Conifer was first discovered by Menzies
in the year 1797, at Nootka Sound, during the voyage of
Vancouver, and from the specimens then procured the
name of Pinus taxi/olio, was given it by Lambert. This
specific name, however, now belongs to a beautiful variety
of it that will be mentioned hereafter. It was subse-
quently found by Douglas, who determined its true char-
acter, and in whose honor it has been named.

Throughout northwestern America, and principally
along the coast from the latitude of 43° to 52°, it consti-
tutes the greater portion of the heavily wooded timber ;
and according to ISTuttall it extends into the valleys of the
Rocky Mountains eastward to the upper waters of the
Platte and the Blue Mountains of Oregon.

The size of some of these trees is immense. Douglas
records their height at from 100 to 180 feet, and from 2 to
10 feet in diameter; one of these prostrate stumps at Fort
George on the Columbia measured 48 feet in circumfer-
ence at 3 feet from the ground, and 150 feet still remained
without any branches. It is supposed that the immense

190 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

trees found by the explorers Lewis and Clarke were of
this species, some of which actually measured 300 feet in
height. According to most writers, however, they vary
from 150 to 200 feet in height. As the summits of the
mountains are neared, this species becomes a mere bush
of only a few feet in height. Dr. Parry, who recently
explored Pike's Peak and other haunts of this tree, thus
alludes to it : " Abundant through the eastern mountain
district, except on the higher elevations. A very sightly
tree of the average height of 80 feet, with a graceful, oval
outline ; the spreading branches curving upwards at the
extremities."

In Downing's description of the pinetum at Dropmore,
he says : " The oldest and finest portion of the pinetum
occupies a lawn of several acres near the house, upon
which are assembled, like belles at a levee, many of those
loveliest of evergreens — the Araucaria, or Pine of Chili,
the Douglas Fir of California, the sacred Cedar of India,
the Funebral Cypress of Japan, and many others.

" Perhaps the finest tree in this scene is the Douglas
Fir, (Abies Douglasii). It is 62 feet high, and has grown
to this altitude in 21 years from the seed. It resembles
most the Norway Spruce, as one occasionally sees the fin-
est form of that tree, having that graceful, downward
sweep of the branches, and feathering out quite down to
the turf, but it is altogether more airy in form, and of a
richer and darker green in color. At this size it is the
symbol of stately elegance."

Having been intimately acquainted with this tree for a
number of years and observed it closely, we unhesitatingly
place it upon the list of available ornamental trees, with
certain restrictions ; and these are the same we have fre-
quently recurred to in our remarks on other Rocky Moun-
tain plants. We consider it superior in hardiness to the
A. Smithiana, and much less susceptible of scorching by
the action of the sun's rays,

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 191

The beautiful specimen in the collection of the late John
Evans, at Radnor, near Philadelphia, is now 25 feet or up-
wards in height, makes a vigorous annual growth, and
with the exception of losing a portion of its leader in
an unusually severe winter a few years ago, has remained
entirely uninjured.

This fine specimen stands on a gentle declivity facing
the south-west, and is growing in a light gravelly subsoil
that has proven too dry for some others of the Coniferae.

The experience of cultivators in different sections of our
country has been so varied and so opposite in character
as to lead those interested in the success of this tree to in-
quire into this apparent contradiction ; and in every case
where we have been enabled to ascertain correctly, the
fault appears, not to have been in a few degrees farther
north or south, but to be in reality attributable to the nat-
ure of the soil and location. We therefore enjoin it upon
planters to select a cool, open, porous subsoil that is not
too rich, and endeavor to obtain a slight protection from
the northerly winds. Sargent's views on this point so ex-
actly coincide with our own, that we present them here :
"Plants with us in low, damp ground, suffer occasionally
in color, if not in loss of leader ; whilst those grown in
the shade, or on an exposed hillside, in poor, slaty soil,
succeed admirably."

Nuttall remarks on the quality of the timber of this
species, that it is heavy and firm, with few knots, about as
yellow as that of the Yew, and not liable to warp,
which is quite different from the account given of it by
Dr. Parry. The latter says : " Wood of slow growth, but
very indifferent, inclined to warp and crack, turning red-
dish-brown in drying."

Var. taxifolia, London. — Syn. Tsuga Lindleyana,
Hoed. — This is a Mexican variety found on the Real del
Monte Mountains at an elevation of from 8,000 to 9,000
feet. It is also occasionally met with in portions of Oregon,

192 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

and is perhaps the plant first discovered by Menzies. It
is quite distinct from the species, being smaller in size, with
longer and darker leaves, and with broader, shorter, and
less pointed scales ; the bracts also more contracted.

Var. fastlgiata, Knight. — Differs from the species in
being more compact and conical in shape, and with ascend-
ing branches.

Var, Standishiana, Gordon. — In the supplement to
Gordon's Pinetum, this new variety is described at some
length as very distinct and desirable, having large, dark,
glossy green foliage, quite silvery below, but with the
habit and general outline of A. Douglasii. It originated
in Standish's Nursery, at Bagshot, and is not yet intro-
duced into our collections.

NEW SPECIES OF HEMLOCK SPRUCE.

18, A, Mertensiana, Lindley. — CALIFORNIA^ HEMLOCK
SPRUCE. — Syn. A. heterophylla, Rafinesque ; A. taxifolia,
Jeffrey / Tsuga Mertensiana, Carriere. — Leaves, from |-
to f- of an inch long, flat, obtuse, crowded, bright green
above, slightly glaucous below. Branches and branchlets,
slender, drooping, and very numerous. Cones, f of an
inch long, ovate, with few, persistent, reniform, entire
scales, and small, pale brown seeds, with a short ovate
wing.

This new species was first named and described by
Bongard, the Russian botanist, who bestowed upon it the
title of Pinus Mertensiana, and gave Sitka as its locality.
It is found, however, in different parts of northern Cali-
fornia and Oregon, constituting, according to some writ-
ers, one-half the timber in the neighborhood.

Its height is from 100 to 150 feet, and unlike the
common Hemlock Spruce it forms a roundish-conical head ;

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 193

it is also very dense and compact in growth, and remark-
ably graceful in the arrangement of its branches. The
main body of the tree is usually straight, with a gradual
tapering upwards, and covered with a smoothish, thin
bark.

We have hopes of being able to acclimate this species,
the section of country from which it comes being such as
to warrant the belief that it will be hardy. In England
it is represented as being " entirely hardy, and very much
resembling in general appearance the Hemlock Spruce."

Some late English writers have confounded it with the
following species, A.. Williamsonii, but it is very distinct
from this in many leading characters. Timber, white,
soft, and almost devoid of turpentine.

19. A. Tsuga, Siebold <£ Zuccarini. — Syn. Pinus Tsuga,
Antoine & Endlicher; Tsuga Tsuja, Murray; T: Sieboldii,
Carriere. — Leaves, from 6 to 10 inches long, persistent, ap-
proximated, alternate, sub-distichous, linear, emarginate,
obtuse, or rarely acute, smooth, coriaceous, dark green
above, with a white line on each side of the midrib below.
Cones, scarcely 1 inch long, elliptic, or sub-elliptical, soli-
tary, terminal, obtuse, quite persistent ; with coriaceous,
imbricated, pale brown scales; bracts, truncate, rather
broad, irregularly bifid, closely appressed. Seeds, small,
ovato-rhomboidal, somewhat compressed, with a pale, fer-
ruginous, membranaceous wing.

A small Spruce, rarely exceeding 20 or 30 feet in height,
and reminding one of a small Hemlock Spruce, both in
habit and general outline, and in fact they are nearly
allied. There also exists a close relation between it and
A. Brunoniana.

It has a very erect trunk, with a dark brown bark, and
numerous, pale, slender branchlets.

This new Spruce is found in the northern provinces of

Japan, in the mountainous parts of Mutsu and Dewa, but

is quite rare ; Siebold only noticing it in the gardens and

shrubberies surrounding the temples. The wood is yellow-

9

194 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

ish-brown, and is manufactured into various household
utensils.

Var. UJilia, Siebold. — Has much smaller leaves than the
species and does not exceed 2 or 3 feet in height, and is
frequently grown in pots by the Japanese.

20. Ai Hookeriana? Murray. — HOOKER'S HEMLOCK
SPRUCE. — Syn. A. "William sonii, Newberry; Abies Merten-
siana, English authors / Picea Williamsonii, JEngelmann.
— A tree of large size and alpine habit; leaves, short,
acute, compressed, with a lenticular section. Cones,
pendent, long, ovoid, acute, \\ inches long, purple when
young ; when old, cylindrical or somewhat conical, with a
flattened base ; scales, rounded, entire, large in old cones,
strongly reflexed, except at the base of the cones ; seeds,
small, ovoid, black ; wing entire, elliptical, pellucid ; male
flowers, in small, nearly spheroidal heads. (Hfewberry.)

From the Cascade Mountains, Oregon.

Lawson, in his new work on the Conifera?, considers this
and A. 'Williamsonii the same, and gives his reasons at
some length.

We take great pleasure in recommending this rare and
new Conifer to the notice of cultivators, believing, as it
comes from the same section of country as many others of
our hardy plants, it will most likely prore a success.
According to Dr. Newberry, it is an alpine species, grow-
ing near the region of perpetual snow, and one of the
finest of the genus. It has an irregular, spreading, and re-
markably graceful habit.

21. A, Albertiana, Murray. — Syn. A. Bridgei, Kellogg.
— This was described in the Proceedings of the Acad. of
N"at. Sci. of California by Kellogg, but Murray's name
has the priority by some two years. From Fort Lang-
ley, arrtl closely allied to A. Canadensis. A tree 80 to
100 feet in height, of dark verdure and graceful appear-
ance; the branchlets are very hairy, slender, and droop-
ing. Abundant on both north and south bank of Fraser

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 195

River. The timber is firmer, finer, and straigliter-grained
than the Canadian Hemlock Spruce, which it represents
on the Pacific Coast. The fruit is remarkably abundant ;
a specimen 8 inches long had 60 cones.

§ ».— MCEA.— FIR.

The Firs are found in Europe, Asia, and North Ameri-
ca, extending from the torrid to the frigid zone, but
greatly preponderating in the latter. Some of the finest
specimens are found on our north-west coast, and are rep-
resented by travellers as being of enormous proportions.
A. bracteata, A. nobilis, A. amdbilis, and A. grandis, are
all magnificent trees, averaging from 150 to 200 feet in
height. Mexico is well represented by A. religiosa, an
elegant Conifer growing 150 feet high ; and Europe, al-
though possessing no such gigantic species, furnishes A.
Nordmanniana, A. pectinate^ and A. Pindrow, which are
often found 100 feet high or over.

The Firs are remarkable for a perfect and formal, coni-
cal growth, furnished with branches to the ground, and
terminating at the apex in a straight, strong, leading
shoot ; thus whilst they present a form perfect in its out-
line, rich in color, and vigorous in growth, it must be con-
fessed is by no means so graceful as the Spruce, or so
charming as the Pine. On hills, rocky prominences, or
rugged valleys, where a picturesque effect is to be intro-
duced, they are of the greatest importance; but on
smooth, plain lawns, or tame, highly cultivated landscapes,
they should be very sparingly and judiciously introduced.

The timber of most of the species is of but secondary
importance, but the resinous products of the greater por-
tion are very abundant and valuable. In the classifica-

196 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

tion of this sub-genus we have adopted the plan pursued
by Endlicher and Gordon, of dividing it into two distinct
groups, viz. : Bracteata, and Brevibracteata / the former
with the bracts projecting beyond the scales, and the lat-
ter having them enclosed or shorter than the scales.

GROUP 1.— KRACTJEATA.

22 1 A, Apollinis, Link. — APOLLO SILVER FIR. — Syn.
Picea Apollinis, Hauch / A. Reginae Amaliae, Heldreich,
etc. — Leaves, from ^ to 1 inch in length, linear, flat and
obtuse, or lanceolate and acute, larger leaves slightly glau-
cous beneath, smaller ones quite glaucous below, the former
on the adult branches very numerous, whilst the latter on
the young branchlets are more scattered and much narrow-
er. Male catkins in groups, surrounding the summits of
the adult, sessile shoots. Cones, axillary, solitary, erect,
very resinous on the surface, and similar to those of A.
CepTialonica in size and shape ; scales, 1 inch or more
wide, incurved, and rounded on the upper margin ; bracts
projecting beyond the scales, ear-shaped, flat, reflexed,
mucro'nate, and lacerated laterally on the edges, and with
a long, central, reflected point. (Extracted from Gordon's
description.)

This Silver Fir, which was described by Gordon in his
first edition of the Pinetum, as a synonym of Picea Cepha,-
lonica, has been in his supplement to the work assigned to
the position of a species, but we are fearful, without suffi-
cient grounds. The fructification, which is usually the most
unerring guide in determining these questions, is so nearly
alike in the two, as to be scarcely distinguishable, if at all ;
and in young plants that have fallen under our own ob-
servation, no distinction could be perceived.

As the plants increase in age and present a more mature
aspect, the case may be different, and the differences be-

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 197

come more apparent ; we therefore yield to the judgment
of such authorities as Link, Antoine, and Rauch, and like
Gordon have given it a specific description, although sub-
sequent observation may cause us to diifer from them.

It is a native of Greece, where it is found growing on
the mountains at different elevations, from 1,500 to 4,000
feet, and forming a tree from 60 to 70 feet in height.
Young plants in our grounds have proven hardy, and as
they resemble A.. Ceplialonica, are equally handsome.
We feel no hesitation in recommending it for trial.

23, A, Imlsamea, Marshall. — BALSAM FIR, OR BALM OF
GILEAD FIR. — Syn. Picea balsamea, London. — Leaves,
from f to 1 inch long, narrowly linear, spreading, slightly
recurved, flat, dark green above, and silvery glaucous be-
neath. Branches, horizontal and numerous, with a smooth
bark, abounding in resinous vesicles. Cones, 3 to 4 inches
long, cylindrical, violet colored ; scales, broad, thin, round-
ed, smooth; and obovate, mucronate, serrulate bracts.
Seeds, small and angular.

The Balsam Fir was first described by Humphry
Marshall, the pioneer in American botanical authorship,
in his work entitled Arbustum Americanum. The
habitat of this species, according to Gray, is in cold, damp
woods and swamps, New England to Pennsylvania, Wis-
consin and northward. It is also a native of Canada,
Nova Scotia, etc., where it is very abundant.

This Fir has been frequently confounded with the A.
Fraseri, especially as the description given by Michaux
of A. balsamifera belongs to A. Fraseri. The two are
quite distinct in their cones, and especially so in the bracts,
but otherwise are much alike.

The Balsam Fir generally grows about 30 or 40 feet in
height, and forms, when young, a compact, conical tree of
regular outline and rapid growth. It has been so long a
popular ornamental tree in many parts of this country,
that it appears like turning our backs upon an old friend

198 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Fig. 24. — ABIES BALSAMEA, TWO-THIRDS THE NATURAL SIZE.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 199

to denounce it; but there are so many better species to
substitute in its place, that we can part with it without
regret. For the first few years it is a model of beauty in
color and form, but as it nears maturity, and often before,
the lower limbs commence to decay, and thus the beauty
and symmetry of the tree are forever destroyed.

Not withstanding all that has been said upon the subject,
and the advice from all well-intentioned dealers who are
aware of its peculiarities, together with facts staring them
everywhere in the face, a large majority of purchasers re-
quest this tree of the nurseryman in advance of any other,
and so long as there is a demand, it will continue to be
grown. We have always been sorry that the late A. J.
Downing commended it so highly in his Landscape Gar-
dening.

A very aromatic liquid resin is obtained from this tree
by incisions made in the bark, and is called, very incor-
rectly, " Balm of Gilead," the name " Canada Balsam " be-
ing much more appropriate. The wood is light, yellowish,
and slightly resinous. This species was introduced into
England as early as the year 1697, by Bishop Compton.

Var. longifolia, Booth. — " Has leaves longer than the
sheaths, with the branches somewhat more upright. —
(Loudon.}

Var. variegata, Knight. — Has yellowish leaves inter-
mixed with the usual color ; otherwise as the species.

24. A. bracteata^-Hbo&er. — LEAFY-BRACTED SILVER FIR.
— Syn. Picea bracteata, Loudon. — Leaves, 2 to 3 inches
long, linear, entire, crowded in two rows, flat, coriaceous,
rigid, light shining green above, silvery glaucous below.
Branches, in whorls, spreading, slender ; lower ones, de-
cumbent. Cones, 4 inches long, 2 inches in diameter,
ovate, on short peduncles, turgid, solitary, lateral, with
roundish, reniform, concave, crenulate, acute, persistent
scales ; bracts, wedge-shaped, rigid, coriaceous, trilobed
at apex, lateral lobes irregularly dentate, short and round-

200 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

ish, middle segment 2 inches long and recurved, varying
but little from ordinary leaves. Seeds, oblong, wedge-
shaped, tetragonal, with a grayish-brown testa, and very
short, thinly membranaceous, flat, reticulated, entire wings.

This species was discovered by Douglas in Oregon
growing on the higher mountains, and was afterward found
by Dr. Coulter on the sea-side mountain range of Santa
Lucia, in latitude 36°, and according to his authority is
about 120 feet in height and 2 feet in diameter, with a
trunk as straight as an arrow.

The very curious and remarkable cones borne by this
tree are handsomely fringed by long, leaf-like bracts,
that are entirely different from those belonging to any
other species. The foliage is quite long and of a beautiful
bright green color, which finely contrasts with the glau-
cousness of the under side, and the whole form of the tree
is unexceptionable. Frequently but one-third of the body
is clothed with branches.

Douglas, in his description of the species, remarks :
" When on the tree, being in great clusters, and at a great
height withal, the cones resemble the inflorescence of a
jBanksia, a name I should like to give this species, but
that there is a P. Bariksii already. This tree attains a
great size and height, and is on the whole a most beautiful
object. It is never seen at a much lower elevation than
6,000 feet above the level of the sea, in lat. 36°, where it
is not common."

knowing of any specimen of the A. bracteata in
cultivation in this country, we are of course unable to
speak of its adaptation to our climate ; but Gordon says
in England : " It is quite hardy, but suffers very much in
its young growth from late spring frosts." If that indi-
cates a quite hardy tree, then we greatly mistake the
meaning of the term ; as to its succeeding with us, we
have our doubts, however we may desire it to do so.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 201

25, A. CephaIonica,Zowc£<m — CEPHALONIAN SILVER FIE.
— Syn. Picea Cephalonica, London. — Leaves, j- of an inch
or more in length, dagger-shaped, almost sessile, numer-
ous, equally distributed, sharply mucronate, dark green
and shining above, glaucous below. Branches, numerous,
horizontal, and spreading, with bright brown bark and res-
inous buds. Cones, from 5 to 6 inches in length, cylindri-
cal, straight, with broad, entire scales ; bracts, linear-ob-
long, with unequally toothed, rigid, and reflexed sharp
points at the apex.

This very beautiful Fir is a native of Mt. Enos, the
highest mountain of Cephalonia, as well as of several parts
of Greece. On the former locality it is found at an eleva-
tion of from 4,000 to 6,000 feet, growing 60 feet high,
with a broad, spreading head, the body measuring 9 or 10
feet in circumference. It was first introduced into Eng-
land by General Napier, Governor of Cephalonia, who,
being much interested in its culture, sent home seeds which
have produced some splendid specimens. It has in Eng-
land proved entirely hardy, and in every way perfectly
satisfactory.

We are exceedingly partial to this tree, not only on ac-
count of its hardiness with us, but for its dark green,
unique looking foliage, standing out in every direction like
miniature bayonets, as if to guard the tree from all invad-
ers ; and such an office it is well capable of performing,
for its exceedingly sharp points repel all attempts at fa-
miliarity.

In light soils, as well as in those of a tenacious clayey
loam, we have seen specimens that would rival the Arau-
caria in beauty. One of the finest specimens we have
ever seen is growing in the collection at Wbdenethe, on
the Hudson, the height of which we should judge to be
20 feet ; others are 10 and 12 feet high, and although
younger, are equally beautiful and healthy.

All with whom we have conversed agree as to its har-
diness, although in Meehan's little treatise he speaks of
9*

202 THE BOOK OP EVERGREENS.

the young plants being liable to lose their terminal buds
in excessively cold weather, and recommends tying a little
cotton around the main shoot to protect it. We have
never experienced any ill effects from this cause, although
our plants, even at the age of three and four years, have
been left in the open air.

London remarks of the wood : " The timber of this tree
is said to be very hard and of great durability. General
Napier informs us that in pulling down some old houses
in the town of Argostoli, which had been built from 150
to 300 years before, all the wood-work of Black Forest
fir was as hard as oak, and perfectly sound."

26. A. Fraseri, Pursh.— ERASER'S BALSAM FIR.— Syn.
Picea Fraseri, London ; A. balsamifera, MicJiaux. —
Leaves closely resemble those of A. balsamea / " cones,
1 to 2 inches long, oblong-ovate ; bracts, oblong-wedge-
shaped, short pointed, the upper part much projecting and
reflexed." (Gray.)

This species, according to Gray, inhabits the "moun-
tains of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and southward on the
highest Alleghanies. Also on the mountains of W. New
England." It is quite a small tree, scarcely ever exceeding
20 feet in height, and is generally distinguished from A.
balsamea by its shorter, denser, and more erect foliage, as
well as the very compact shape and numerous small
branchlets. Nuttall says " it was discovered on the high
mountains of Carolina by Eraser, and on the Broad Moun-
tain in Pennsylvania, by Mr. Pursh, who first describ-
ed it."

As an ornamental tree this can never occupy a promi-
nent place, being liable to the same defects as those here-
tofore noticed in our description of the Common Balsam
Fir. It is also smaller and less beautiful in form, although
the specimens that have fallen under our notice may not
have been fair examples as to shape and general character.

The Evans specimen is about 10 feet high, and is grow-

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 203

ing in the edge of a wood where the plant has been much
shaded ; a more open and better locality might have pro-
duced different results. Its hardiness is beyond a doubt.

Var, Hndsonica, Knight. — Is a very pretty dwarf plant
that will perhaps not exceed four feet in height, although
we have seen a specimen 15 years planted that has attain-
ed the above size, and is still vigorous and increasing.

It is remarkably dense and compact, and of a beautiful
deep green color, agreeably diversified with the glaucous-
ness of the under side of the leaves. It was discovered in
the vicinity of Hudson's Bay. We take great pleasure
in directing attention to this little variety, believing it
will meet the wants of our planters in general.

27* A. Iiobilis, Lindley. — NOBLE SILVER FIR. — Syn.
Picea nobilis, London • Pinus nobilis, Douglas. — Leaves,
If inches long, linear, falcate, mostly acute, crowded, com-
pressed, deep green above, glaucous below. Branches,
horizontal, spreading, and numerous. Cones, from 6 to 7
inches long, and from 8 to 9 inches in circumference, cyl-
indrical, sessile, with large, incurved, stipulate, and entire
scales ; bracts, large, reflexed, imbricated, spathulate,
with terminal, awl-shaped points. Seeds, oblong, with a
coriaceous testa, and broad, pale colored wings.

The Noble Silver Fir, as its specific name implies, is one
of the most magnificent productions of our hemisphere.
Douglas says of it: "This singular species is a majestic
tree, forming vast forests on the mountains of Northern
California, and produces timber of an excellent quality."
He adds : " I spent three weeks in a forest composed of
this tree, and day by day could not cease to admire it."

Along the banks .of the Columbia Kiver, and on the
mountains of Northern California, as well as other locali-
ties on our northwestern coast, these trees flourish and
grow to an immense size. Jeffrey mentions finding speci-
mens 200 feet in height and four feet in diameter, grow-
ing on the Shasta Mountains at an elevation of from 6,000

204 THE BOOK OF EVERGBEENS.

to 8,000 feet. In allusion to its immense size, the Indians
have given it the name of " Tuc-tuc," which means liter-
ally " the Big Tree."

The high prices charged for the majority of these rare
Conifers is probably the reason that we so seldom meet with
them in cultivation. Therefore, with the exception of a few
of the more enthusiastic cultivators, the A. nobilis, with
other kindred species, is almost entirely unknown. But
when their merits become more fully understood by our
intelligent planters, they will certainly stand high in their
esteem. The species we are now describing is apparently
quite hardy, but we should advise planters to give the
young plants a slight protection during winter.

In a letter from the lamented Downing to the Horticul-
turist a few years since, he thus mentions a splendid speci-
men of the Abies nobilis growing in the arboretum at
Chatsworth : " But the two most striking and superb trees,
which I nowhere else saw half so large and in such per-
fection, were Douglas' Fir (A. Douglasii), and the Noble
Fir (A. nobilis). They are two of the magnificent ever-
greens of California and Oregon, discovered by Douglas,
and brought to England about 18 years ago. These two
specimens are now about 35 feet high, extremely elegant
in their proportions, as well as beautiful in shape and
color."

Another recent writer thus eloquently speaks of this tree :
" Its ivy-colored, dark shining green leaves, with horizon-
tal, outspreading branches, each tier forming complete
platforms around the tree, with a surface almost as level as
Utrecht velvet, never fails to put the stranger into a state
of amazement to contemplate such a wonderful arrange-
ment of beauty, elegance, and perfection." According to
Lambert, this species is nearly related to A. Fraseri, but
has cones five times as large.

28, A. IVordniaillliaiia, Link.— NOBDMANN'S FIB.— Syn.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 205

Pinus Nordmanniana, Steven; Picea JSTordmanniana,
London. — Leaves, 1 inch long, linear, flat, incurved, dark
green above, and glaucous below. Branches, numerous and
horizontal, with a smooth bark. Cones, 5 inches long, pe-
dunculate, ovate ; with large, obtuse, closely appressed,
entire, recurved scales ; and short, mostly cordate bracts,
ending in a recurved point. Seeds, soft and triangular,
with an obliquely expanded, membranaceous wing.

This desirable Fir was first discovered by Prof. Nord-
mann on the Adshar Mountains, at an elevation of 6,000
feet, and growing from 80 to 100 feet high, with a straight
stem. It is quite abundant on the Crimean Mountains,
and those east of the Black Sea ; and " on the southern
declivity of the mountains between Cartalin and Achalzich,
as far up as the alpine regions, growing amongst a forest
of Abies Orientalist

Our experience with this species has been so very satis-
factory that we wish it were better known. The most se-
vere winters have never affected it in the least, and it ap-
pears always to retain the beautiful green color of its fo-
liage in all seasons and through all vicissitudes. It is
quite vigorous in growth, beautiful in verdure, regular
and graceful in form, of large size, and perfectly hardy in
this latitude. What success those living in a less tem-
perate climate than our own may have with this species,
we are at present unable to say ; but, judging from our own
specimens, we infer it would thrive still farther north.

29. A. pectinata, De Candolle. — EUROPEAN, OR COMMON
SILVER FIR. — Syn. A. Picea, Lindley ; Picea pectinata,
London / Pinus Picea, Wildenow. — Leaves, from •£• to 1
inch long, linear, obtuse, occasionally acute with the point
incurved, rigid, deep shining green above, glaucous below.
Branches, horizontal and in whorls. Cones, from 6 to 8
inches long, cylindrical, axillary, green when young, then
changing to red, and brown at maturity ; scales, rather
large, thin, rounded; bracts, long, and tipped with an
acute point. Seeds, more or less angular, very resinous,
with a broad, membranaceous wing. Cotyledons, 5.

206 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

A well-known species that was introduced into this
country several years ago. It is from the principal moun-
tain ranges of Middle and Northern Europe, but is found
more plentifully upon the Alps, extending their entire
length from east to west, at an elevation of from 2,000 to
4,500 feet. In favorable situations it forms a large-sized
tree about 100 feet high, although, according to London, it
will grow from 160 to 180 feet ; as it is a rapid grower,
the tree soon arrives at maturity.

We cannot recommend it for general cultivation for
several reasons. In the first place, young plants remove
very badly, and are frequently three and four years in re-
covering from the change of location ; severe winters gen-
erally aifect the foliage and occasionally destroy a portion
of the branches, particularly the main shoot ; they require
a deep, rich soil to perfect their greatest beauty, and in
such are liable to be injured by a strong, luxuriant, unrip-
ened growth ; and at best, the tree is exceedingly formal
and devoid of the graceful habit that is so frequently as-
sociated with the Conifene. If anything more be needed
to blast its reputation, we might also add it is very short-
lived and impatient of drought.

On the other hand, when fully established in a suitable
soil and location where it is protected from the strong
winds, this tree forms a rapid-growing specimen, with deep,
shining green foliage and quite striking in character ; and
although we never could appreciate the remarkable beau-
ties that some authors have seen in old trees of this species,
we confess a healthy, vigorous, and dense-growing young
plant involuntarily excites admiration from almost every
one. Some of the finest specimens in this country are at
the Bartram gardens near Philadelphia ; in Peirce's ar-
boretum in this neighborhood; and in the vicinity of
Germantown, Pa.

A writer in the Gardener's Monthly, says : " The Balsam
Firs mentioned in Downing's Landscape Gardening, grow-

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 207

ing on the grounds of the late Geo. Sheaff, Esq., at White
Marsh, Montgomery Co., Pa., is a mistake ; those hand-
some Balsams are unusually fine specimens of the JPicea
pectinata, and have made a growth of near 80 feet in
about 30 years."

Loudon commences his description of this species as fol-
lows : " The Silver Fir, the noblest tree of its genus, ex-
cept P. Webbiana" etc. ; thus ignoring the more noble di-
mensions of our north-west species, which are unapproach-
able in size and beauty. Whilst the Abies pectinata rare-
ly, if ever, exceeds 180 feet in height, such American Firs
as the A. nobilis, A. grandis, and A. amabilis, reach an
altitude of from 200 to 250 feet ; and Jeifrey states that
he saw specimens of A. grandis 280 feet in height.

The Silver Fir produces a white wood, elastic and hard,
with an irregular grain. The Strasburg turpentine is ex-
tracted from tumors found on the bark of this tree, and
according to the ancient writers was valued in their day.

As is the case with all our well-known cultivated trees
that have a wide range, this Fir has a large number of
varieties. We select a few of the most distinct, although
possibly not very desirable in other than large collections.

Var. pendula, G-odefroy. — Is a peculiar plant, as hardy
as the species, but not very handsome. A specimen in
our collection reminds one of an unmanageable tree of the
Winter Nelis Pear.

Var, tortuosa, Sooth. — Is only curious, the branches
being twisted and deformed.

Var, pyramidalis, Hort. — This peculiar tree is described
as having its branches curved upward, but with the ends
more or less drooping. The general outline resembles
somewhat that of the Lombardy Poplar. From Germany

Var, Yariegata, Hort. — Has numerous pale yellowish
leaves intermingled with the usual green foliage.

Var. fastigiata, Sooth. — A French kind with the

208 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

branches all erect, although somewhat like var. pyramid-
alls in its general outline, but with branchlets more slen-
der and compressed, and with small, slender, and frequently
incurved leaves.

Var. nana, Knight. — According to Gordon this is a
very dwarf variety, growing one or two feet high, and
smaller in all its parts. Of French origin, and probably
the var. cinerea, of Baumann, and mentioned by Loudon.

30, A, religiosa, LindUy. — SACRED SILVER FIR. — Syn.
A. hirtella, Lindley; Picea hirtella & P. religiosa, London'
Pinus hirtella & P. religiosa, Humboldt. — Leaves, from 1
to 1-J- inch long, linear, entire, obtuse, coriaceous, distich-
ous, dark green above, silvery glaucous below. Branch-
es, when young, hirsute, but smooth and covered with a
brown bark when old, slender. Cones 5 inches long,
roundish-oval, obtuse, pedunculate; with large, entire,
lamelliform, cordate, acute scales ; and broad, reflexed,
serrated, membranaceous bracts. Seeds, rather large,
irregular, and wedge-shaped, with a thinly membranaceous,
transparent wing.

This beautiful Silver Fir is a native of Mexico, and is
found on several of the colder altitudes of the mountains
in that country. Loudon says : " This is a tall and elegant
tree found by Humboldt on the lower hills of Mexico, be-
tween Masantla and Chilpantzingo, at an elevation of 4,000
feet. Deppe and Schiede found it upon the cold moun-
tains of Orizaba, at the highest limit of arborescent vege-
tation. The leaves are larger, and the branches more
slender than those of any other of the Silver Fir tribe ;
and they are used by the Mexicans for adorning their
churches."

The Sacred Silver Fir is peculiarly handsome in foliage,
with long, slender, drooping branches, and of immense
size. A plant in our own collection fully endorses the
character given it in this respect, but it has not been
tested in the open air. As we have no accounts from oth-

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 209

ers who have tried it, we are at present unprepared to
class it among our hardy plants ; and we greatly fear it
will not succeed, although it comes from high altitudes.

GROUP II.— BItEVIKR VCrEATA.

31. A. amabilis, Lindley. — LOVELY SILVER FIE. — Syn.
Abies lasiocarpa, Lindley; Pinus amabilis, Douglas; Picea
amabilis, London. — Leaves, 1 to \\ inch long, linear,
flat, obtuse, crowded, entire, incurved, light green above,
glaucous below. Branches, numerous, horizontal, and
spreading. Cones, 6 inches long and 2|- inch in diam-
eter, cylindrical ; with round, entire, smooth scales, and
very short, pointed bracts. Seeds soft and angular, with
a membranaceous wing.

This lovely tree is one of the most desirable Conifers
from our northwestern coast. It was discovered by
Douglas, and subsequently found by Jeifrey growing on
the mountains at an elevation of 4,000 feet, and forming
gigantic specimens 250 feet in height, when in gravelly
soil. The trunks were frequently 5 feet in diameter, with
60 feet of the main body of the tree entirely destitute of
branches. Its principal locality is on the mountains east
of Fraser's River, in Northern California, in latitude 50°.

Although as yet very rare, and the plants in this section
of the country necessarily quite small, WTC feel assured that
in time the A. amabilis will be ranked as one of
our most desirable trees ; and certainly, if hardy, it will
be greatly admired for the peculiar loveliness of its whole
aspect. From all that we can learn, those who have
tested it find it entirely hardy.

We must acknowledge a strong partiality in favor of
these native Conifers, and as they are unexcelled, and
even unequalled in the whole world, we have the greatest
desire to see them acclimated with us.

210 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

The species now under notice is one of the finest of this
class of trees, and for a long time was considered by bot-
anists as a variety of A. grandis, which belief was
strengthened by Nuttall in his N". A. Sylva, where he
mentions it as having much larger cones and entire leaves ;
and the leaves of A. grandis being somewhat toothed or
notched.

32, A. Cilicica, Carrier e. — CILICIAN SILVER FIR. —
Leaves, from 1 to If inch long, 1 line broad, flat, linear,
straight, numerous, mostly distichous, but somewhat irregu-
larly scattered around the young shoots, shining dark green
above, and glaucous below. Cones, 7 or 8 inches long,
almost 2 inches in diameter, cylindrical, obtuse, erect;
with closely imbricated, coriaceous, concave, thin scales,
entire on the margins ; bracts, small, crenate, shorter than
the scales, and terminating in a point. Seeds, slightly
triangular, very resinous, with a wedge-shaped wing.

The Cilician Silver Fir is one of the newer introductions
from Asia Minor, and like the A. Apollinis it has received
a variety of synonyms and has been assigned to several
positions, especially as a variety of our older well-known
species. It is found extensively on the Caramanian and
Taurian Mountains, where it forms immense forests, fre-
quently in company with the Cedar of Lebanon. It gen-
erally attains the height of 50 feet, with the branches in
whorls, and covered with light gray bark, becoming
deeply furrowed with age.

The form is mostly very conical, with numerous, small,
slender branchlets, and dark, glossy green leaves. Gordon
says : " M. Kotschy discovered it in one of the valleys of
the Taurus to the north-west of the great Cilician defile
called G-ullah JBoghos, and on the southern slope of the
great mountain chain called Bulgardah, in Cilicia, at an
elevation of from 3,000 to 7,000 feet above the level of the '
sea."

On account of the strong resinous odor emitted from this

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 211

tree, the Russians have bestowed upon it the name of
Tchugatskoy,( Strong-scented Fir,) and hence Dr. Fischer's
naine of Pinus Tchugatskoi. Young plants in this coun-
try have proven quite hardy in the open air, and although
closely resembling some of our older species, especially A.
Pichta, it may eventually prove a desirable and distinct
Silver Fir.

33. A. grandis, Lindley. — GREAT SILVER FIR. — Syn.
Pinus grandis, Douglas ; Piceagrandis,Xowc?o^. — Leaves,
from 1 to lijr inches long, linear, flat, obtuse, pectinate, emar-
ginate, spreading, dark shining green above, and silvery
glaucous below. Cones, 3£ inches long, 2 inches broad,
cylindrical, obtuse, erect, solitary, chestnut-brown color;
scales, very broad, transverse, incurved on the margin,
crescent-shaped, entire, deciduous ; bracts, very short,
ovate-acuminate, included, irregularly crenulate. Seeds,
small, oblong, with a membranaceous, brittle, shining,
broad, truncate wing.

A superb species in every respect, from our north-west
coast. According to Douglas, it inhabits the low moist
valleys of Northern California, but ISTuttall " found it abun-
dant, and constituting considerable tracts betwixt Fort
Vancouver and the neighboring saw-mill, 6 or 7 miles
above the fort, where many logs had been cut down and
sawn into planks, which were taken for sale to Oahee, one
of the Sandwich Islands. It also grew in the pine woods
of Wappatoo Island, in both of which places it was fre-
quently about 240 feet in height."

Jeffrey describes it as growing on the banks of Fraser's
River, from the Falls all the way down to the ocean, but
particularly on the alluvial banks of the river, near Fort
Langley, growing 280 feet high, 5 feet in diameter, and
50 feet without branches ; although, according to Nuttall,
some trees " present a tall, naked shaft, of 100 or more
feet in height, when it commences to branch with a high,
spreading, pyramidal summit." This species is likewise
found at South Umpqua, on the banks of Fraser's River.

212 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

At first glance, the Great Silver Fir would most likely
be taken for a splendid specimen of the Common Silver
Fir, but on a closer inspection its real character and beauty
become apparent. The long, deep green, and shining
foliage, placed regularly in two rows; the exact system
of whorls of the branches ; the strong, vigorous growth
of the plant ; together with its great hardiness and adapt-
ability to our climate, are undoubtable proofs of its future
usefulness as an ornamental tree with us.

Of all the new and rare Conifers that it has been our
pleasure to test, not one exceeds this in our estimation.
We have grown it in the open air for 10 years, and, en-
tirely unprotected, it has withstood the most severe cold
and intense heat, with equal and unvarying success. Our
oldest specimen is the admiration of every one who has
beheld it, and is a living proof of its availability to our
cultivators in the Middle States. The above named plant
is growing in a well drained, turfy, loose soil, but how it
might be affected by a clayey or retentive subsoil, we are
unable to judge. As to protection during winter, the above
plant has not needed the slightest. When only six inches
in height it was placed in its present position, and has
been fully exposed ever since.

The wood, according to Nuttall, "was found to be soft,
white, and coarse-grained, yet very well suited for floor-
ing and other purposes, where better timber could not be
had."

Var. Lowiana, Syn. Picea Lowiana, Gordon. — Low's
CALIFORNIA]* SILVER FIR. — Syn. P. grandis, Z/obb, not
Douglas. — Leaves, from 1-J- to 2% inches long, quite
straight, rather distant, dull glaucous green above, two
faint glaucous bands below. Cones, from 3^ to 5 inches
long, and 1^- inches broad. — (Extracted from Gordon^ in
Sup. to Pinetum.)

This new Silver Fir, according to Gordon, was first dis-
covered and introduced into England by W. Lobb, the

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 218

collector of the Clapton Nursery. Gordon, who first
described it in his supplement, and who gave it a
specific name, thus alludes to its habitat, etc.: "A noble
tree, frequently upwards of 250 feet in height, and 5 or 6
feet in diameter, found in British Columbia and Northern
California, but always in valleys or along the alluvial banks
of rivers."

There appear to be two distinct forms of A. grandis,
perpetuated by nurserymen, known as var. lasiocarpa,
and var. Parsoniana, or Parsonii. The first of these is
described as a species in "Endlicher's Coniferarum" on
the authority of Hooker, with the following distinctions :
Leaves alike in color on both sides, whilst those of the
species are glaucous below. Bracts broadly obovate,
scarcely denticulate, mucronate. Scales, sub-rotundate and
deeply pubescent.

Parson's variety has very long, incurved leaves of a
peculiar glossy green color, perfectly conical in form, and,
in fact, it appears to embrace every quality that can be
desired in a first-class Conifer.

34. A. Pichta9 Fischer. -SIBERIAN SILVER Fiu.-Syn. A.
Sibirica, Ledeb.; Picea Pichta, London. — Leaves, 1 inch
long, linear, flat, obtuse, incurved at the apex, mostly scat-
tered, crowded, very dark green above, paler below.
Branches, horizontal, somewhat pendulous at maturity.
Cones, 3^ inches long, cylindrical, obtuse ; with obovate,
rounded, entire scales ; and very short, irregularly toothed
bracteoles, that end in a long point. Seeds, small, with
very large, membraiiaceous wings.

The A. Pichta is a rather small Asiatic species, from the
mountains of Siberia and Altai, where it is found in large
numbers, and forms whole forests of the richest, darkest
verdure, reaching to an elevation of from 2,000 to 5,000
feet. It generally grows from 25 to 50 feet in height, and
is remarkably dense and compact in growth.

The specimen standing in the arboretum of the late

21 4: THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

John Evans, at Radnor, Delaware Co., Pa., is now about
15 feet high, and an acquaintance of several years with
this plant has caused a partiality on our part for the
species. It stands on a sloping bank, near a stream of
water, upon whose surface the sombre hue of the Siberian
Fir is reflected back in a charming manner. It is a beau-
tiful plant in a proper position.

We have found this species exceedingly hardy in all soils
and situations, even when quite young, and do not hesitate
to recommend it for general cultivation as one of the best
of the smaller class of Conifers.

For cemeteries, where its peculiar dark foliage would be
very appropriate in connexion with other shades of ver-
dure, we would especially advise it; and in landscape
gardening, in parks and pleasure grounds, it will be found
useful for creating a strong contrast. But in every case,
owing to its rather small size, it should occupy a front
position in a group which will be noways marred by the
fine outline peculiar to this species.

The A. Pichta was considered by Don as but a variety
of the A. pectinata, with the foliage of a less silvery color,
more dense in habit, and of a smaller size ; but subsequent
investigation has proven it decidedly distinct. It much
more resembles a well-formed specimen of A. balsamea,
but with a decided superiority over that species in every
respect.

Var. longifolia, Sort. — Syn. Abies Siberica alba,
Fischer. — Is described by Gordon as a variety with longer
leaves, and more silvery on the under side than the species,
and is said to be found on the upper parts of the Altai
Mountains.

35, A, Pindrow, Spach. — UPRIGHT INDIAN SILVER FIE.
— Syn. Picea Pindrow, London; P. Herbertiana, Madden'
P. Kaptha, Knight. — Leaves, from 2 to 2% inches long,
mostly distichous, occasionally scattered, flat, acute, entire,

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 215

deep-green, with a slight glaucousness on the under side.
Branches, verticillate and spreading. Cones, from 4| to
4f inches long, cylindrical, smooth, dark purplish color ;
scales, rigid, entire, wedge-shaped; bracts, very small,
rounded, emarginate. Seeds, small, angular, very resin-
ous, shining-brown color, with large, pale brown wings.

Although a remarkably beautiful and noble tree in its
native habitat, with us it is extremely precarious. Accord-
ing to Dr. Royle, it grows from 80 to 100 feet, with widely
spreading branches, and is found at an elevation of 1,000
feet above the level of the sea. Gordon says, it is " found
abundantly in Bhotan from 11,000 to 12,000 feet of eleva-
tion."

Our experience, like that of many other cultivators of
this species, has been so very discouraging that we are
forced to pass it by as one of those trees that are natives
of a high elevation,which do not succeed in a less even, but
perhaps warmer temperature. Although our plants have oc-
casionally been defaced in severe winters, we have found
our hot summer suns to be much more injurious to them
than excessive cold, and even in the milder climate of
England, Gordon recommends planting them when young,
in a northern aspect, or screening them from the mid-day
sun.

There is a close resemblance between this species and
A. Webbiana, but Don remarks that " the former is readily
distinguished from the latter by its longer and acutely
bidented leaves of nearly the same color on both surfaces,
and by its shorter and thicker cones, with trapezoid-formed
scales, and rounded, notched bracteoles."

36, A, Pinsapo^o&sfcer.— PINSAPO FIR. — Syn. PiceaPin-
sapo, London. — Leaves, -J- to {• of an inch long, very stiif,
sharp-pointed, crowded, scattered regularly round the
shoots, deep green above, and slightly glaucous below.
Branches and branchlets exceedingly numerous, the former
in whorls. Cones, from 4 to 5 inches long, cylindrical or

216 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

oval, sessile; with entire, broad, rounded scales; and
small bracts. Seeds, soft and angular. Cotyledons, 7.

A very striking and beautiful tree from the mountains
of Spain, where it constitutes large forests, and especially
in portions of the Sierra de la Nieve, at an elevation of
from 4,000 to 6,000 feet, and growing from 60 to 70 feet
in height.

Although we are not prepared to accord to this tree the
title of " perfectly hardy," as described in Sargent's edi-
tion of Downing's Landscape Gardening, yet we can say
it will succeed in many sheltered situations, if in favorable
soil. We know that it has failed frequently in the neigh-
borhood of Philadelphia and elsewhere, but we presume
from the effects of a heavy soil and imperfect drainage.
In our vicinity there are two or three fine plants, that,
except being a little injured in a severe winter a few years
since, have succceeded splendidly, and we trust that in
favorable localities it may prove satisfactory. It never-
theless belongs to the class of trees that are uncertain in
particular soils and situations. We are pleased to hear,
however, that it proves so fine at Woodenethe, where
there is a plant 10 feet high, and perfect in its proportions,
showing conclusively the effect of good soil and careful
cultivation.

In its native haunts, this species is frequently found near
the summits of the tallest mountains, where the snow
occasionally lies four or five months in the year, but when
in such situations, chiefly on the northern exposures. The
timber resembles that of the Common Silver Fir, and
abounds in resin.

Var, Yariegata, Hort. — Is described by Gordon as hav-
ing a portion of the leaves and smaller shoots of a pale
yellow or straw color, intermixed with the ordinary ones.

37. A. WcbMana, Lindley. — WEBB'S PURPLE-CONED SIL-
VER FIR. — Syn. A. spectabilis, Spach ; Picea Webbiana,

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 217

London.— Leaves, from 1^ to 2 inches long, mostly distich-
ous, coriaceous, linear, flat, bright glossy green above, and
slightly glaucous below. Branches in whorls, spreading,
horizontal, with rough scaly bark, and large, oval, resinous
buds. Cones from 6 to 7 inches long, cylindrical, obtuse,
very resinous, and of a bright purple color; scales, wedge-
shaped, coriaceous, regularly imbricated, and quite entire ;
bracts, very small. Seeds, angular, with a thick, cori-
aceous testa, and broad, slender, membranaceous wing.

The very close resemblance between this species and P.
Pindrow has caused much confusion among cultivators in
regard to the identity of their specimens ; and as both are
equally susceptible of being injured by our winters, the
confusion is still more increased. The A. Webbiana is a
native of the Himalayas and the Alps of Gossainthan in
Nepal, at elevations varying from 9,500 to 12,000 or 13,000
feet, where it attains to the height of 70 or 80 feet,
forming a large, pyramidal-shaped tree with, broad, spread-
ing branches, and in adult specimens with a rather tabular-
formed top.

Capt. H. S. Webb, who first discovered this tree, thus
alludes to it: "This purple-coned pine attains a height of
80 feet or 90 feet, with a diameter of the stem near the
ground of from 3 feet to 4 feet. The cone is produced on
the extremity of the shoots. The leaves are about one
inch long, (two inches with us), of a beautiful light green,
having a white stripe in the centre. The wood even equals
in the texture of its grain and in odor the Bermudas Cedar.
The fruit is said to yield, at full growth, a purple pigment
by expression. The silvery hue of the bark and the beau-
tiful contrast of the leaves with the rich purple of the cone,
glittering with globules of transparent resin, produce, in
combination, one of the most striking objects which can
well be imagined, and entitle the tree to precedence for
ornamental purposes."

The remarks in regard to the hardiness of A. Pindrow
are quite appropriate to this.
10

218 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

The timber of A. Webbiana, according to some writers,
is coarse-grained, but soft and white, and abounds in a
clear, light-colored resin.

NEW SPECIES OF FIRS.

38. A. Fortunj, Murray — FORTUNE'S SILVER FIR. —
Syn. A. Jezoensis, Linwey, Carriere, Gordon, etc.
— Leaves, from 6 to 12 lines in length, from f to 1 line
in~ diameter, not very closely appressed, distichous,
solitary, sessile, terminating in a strong point, very bril-
liant green on both sides. Cones, from 6 to 8 inches long,
rather ''straight, obtusely rounded at each end, short-pe-
duncled, numerous, erect, bluish-purple when young, brown
with a purplish bloom when old ; scales, large, convex,
pedicillate, dull, tomentose ; bracts, narrow, slender,
rather more than one-half the length of the scale, with a
tooth at the apex, purplish-brown color. Seeds, long, nar-
row, angular, wedge-shaped, fawn-colored, and terminating
in a narrow point, with a large wing.

This rare species, described by Gordon, and others,
as the A. Jezoensis, is very distinct from the latter in many
prominent particulars ; and as the two have been con-
founded, Murray, in an interesting description, points out
the difference, and bestows the name of Picea Fortuni
on this, which is the A. Jezoensis of Lindley and later
authors, but not the A. Jezoensis of Siebold and Zuccarini.

"It was at Foo-chow-foo that Mr. Fortune found it. A
single tree in the grounds of a famous temple, named Koo-
shan, there struck his attention. It was an aged Fir,
stretching out its branches in a tabulated form, like a
Cedar of Lebanon, and on these were growing the mag-
nificent cones, which he figured, standing erect and
thickly grouped, like rows of soldiers. It was the only
tree of the kind which he saw, and from it he obtained the

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 219

seeds and specimens which he sent to Messrs. Standisli
and Noble." — (Murray in "Pines and Firs of Japan")

In the Revue Horticole, M. Caniere has endeavored to
show that this plant is not an Abies at all ; but a new ge-
nus, which he has named Keteleeria, in honor of M. Kete-
leer, the eminent nurseryman of Paris. He considers that
it is distinguished from Abies and Picea in having the
erect cones of the latter, and the persistent scales of the
former. These characters would hardly seem sufficient to
found a new genus upon.

39. A. Veitchi, Lindley. — Syn. Picea Veitchi, Lindley.
— Leaves, from 6 to 12 lines long, f of a line broad, sessile,
closely approximated, linear, flat, upper surface smooth and
glaucous, lower surface silvery. Cones, from 2^ to 2-J-
inches long, sub-cylindrical, straight, obtuse at the apex,
short-peduncled, erect near the axillae of the branchlets,
and dark brown color; scales, rounded, and disposed hori-
zontally ; bracts, same length as the scale, wedge-shaped
at base, rounded truncate at apex, with a continuation of
the midrib projecting in the middle. Seeds, small, angular,
testaceous, crested, fawn-colored, with a short, transverse,
dark-brown wing.

This handsome new species was discovered by J. G.
Yeitch, on Mount Fusi-Yama, at an elevation of from 6,000
to 7,000 feet, and, according to the statements of the
Japanese, it is peculiar to that mountain. It forms a finely
shaped tree from 120 to 140 feet in height. We make the
following extracts from Murray's description of this Fir:
" This is a very distinct species, having the smallest cone
of any Picea yet known. Mr. Ycitch speaks of it as inter-
mediate between P. nobilis and P. N~ordmanniana. In
this he must refer to the foliage and general port of the
tree, for the cones have nothing in common ; the small,
narrow, apparently bractless cone of A. Veitchi being a
perfect contrast to the magnificent, large, well-bracteated
cone of P. nobilis and P. Nordmanniana.

220 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

The foliage is more nearly allied to P. JVbrdmanniana
than to P. nobilis.

This species was introduced into England in the year
1861 ; and we have strong hopes it may succeed with us
in the Middle States, but we are not aware that it is yet
in any American collection.

40. A. COncoIor. — Syn. Picea concolor, Engelmann. —
This species is one of the recent discoveries in New Mexico,
and is described by Engelmann as forming a tall tree on
the mountains of that region, and somewhat resembling
A. grandis in foliage. It was named Pinus concolor by
the discoverer.

41. A, glaucescens, Roezl. — This new Fir was found by
the discoverer, Roezl, on the Monte de las Cruces, in Mexico,
and described by him as having silvery-white foliage. It
is, no doubt, according to his statements, very beautiful,
but we judge not at all suited to our climate.

This species has been sent to England by Roezl, under
the various names of Abies Tlapcdcatuda, A. hirtella,
and A. glauca. The discoverer says of it, " The leaves are
so glaucous or silvery on each side, that at a great distance
one would declare the trees were covered with snow, and
that they are much whiter than the Cedrus J)eodara, on
closer inspection."

3.— CEDRUS, Link.— CEDAR.

Leaves, rigid and persistent. Scales of the cone, closely
appressed. Seeds, adhering to the base of their lacerated
membranaceous wings ; testa filled with balsamiferous
vesicles. Carpels, separating from the axis. Male aments,
from the apex of the one year old branchlets, almost bien-
nial.

Although the older authors have classed the Cedars un-

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 221

der Larix, we believe that botanists of the present day
are of the opinion that Link's view is correct, and that
many genera are based upon much less distinctive charac-
ters than is Cedrus.

The different species belonging to this genus are natives
of the north of Africa, India, and Mountains of Lebanon,
and form beautiful, large trees. The experience of culti-
vators with this genus has been so adverse that it would
be hazardous to call any one species entirely hardy even
in the Middle States.

~No genus of Conifers appears to be so whimsical in its
character as this ; for while we hear of plants being inva-
riably killed in quite warm and apparently suitable local-
ities, others again will stand well, and flourish beautifully
in a higher latitude and seemingly less favorable location.
Again, we occasionally find plants belonging to this genus,
surviving for years in a low, wet spot of ground, and mak-
ing yearly an astonishing growth that ripens regularly,
and is, to all appearance, thoroughly hardy, and then sud-
denly die from some unknown cause.

We have other instances where trees, planted on the
north side of buildings, succeed much better than any-
where else in their particular neighborhoods; whilst in
another section, the finest plant we have ever seen is
growing directly facing the south, and protected by the
dwelling from the cold northerly winds. From our own
experience we should plant the Cedars in a rather warm
and protected situation, and on a light and well-drained
soil ; and in such the best success will usually be obtained.

The Cedars form a valuable addition to our list of orna-
mental Conifers, where they succeed properly. There is
a pleasing gracefulness in the branches, and a beautiful tint
in the foliage of the Deodar; and the noble proportions,
as well as the associations connected with the history of
the Cedar of Lebanon, must invariably create a partiality
on the part of cultivators in its favor.

222 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

The name of this genus is supposed to be derived from
the brook Cedron, in Judea, a locality where the C. Libani
is very abundant. London quotes the following deriva-
tions from other authors — kaio, I burn, in allusion to the
use of the wood for incense. From the Arabic Jcedroum
or Jcedre, power.

!• C. Atlantica, Mamtti. — AFRICAN, SILVER, OR MT. AT-
LAS CEDAR. — Syn. C. argentea, London / C. Africana, Gor-
don; C. elegans, ^Knight. — Leaves, varying from -^ to f- of
an inch long, mostly cylindrical, straight, rigid, mucronate,
crowded, and beautiful glaucous-green color. Branches,
numerous, slender, and mostly horizontal. Cones, from 2|-
to 3 inches long, ovate, resiniferous, and glossy ; scales,
closely appressed, flat, smooth, coriaceous. Seeds, small,
soft, angular, with long, transparent wings.

A beautiful species of large size, from the Atlas range
of mountains, in the northern portion of Africa, at eleva-
tions varying from 7,000 to 9,000 feet, where it forms a
tree from 80 to 100 feet high.

The African Cedar is specifically distinct from the Cedar
of Lebanon, and although resembling the latter in general
appearance, it must not be considered as a mere variety,
because it is so nearly allied. The acute M. Decaisne has
declared emphatically that this plant is a true species, and
distinct from G. Libani. The same botanist records the
following interesting notes, taken by M. P. Jamin, director
of the nursery at Biskara. "Cedars begin to appear at three-
fourths up the slope of Fougour, where they produce a mag-
nificent effect, and form a thick forest up to the very sum-
mit of the peak. It is not uncommon to find specimens 40
yards high, and 1^- yards in diameter at the but. The
two species live together, but they are distinguished at
first sight. The Silver Cedar was covered with ripe
cones; on that of Lebanon they were more behind, and'
flowers were still visible on some of the branches. The
habit of the Silver Cedar is that of the Silver Fir — it i*

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 223

pyramidal, and its foliage is silvery; while that of the
Cedar of Lebanon is dark green, and its branches hori-
zontal, as we all know. The number of trees is estimated
at 20,000 ; the finest are on the northern face of the peak."
M. Jamin saw many dead of old age, or struck by light-
ning.

The young plants of the African Cedar, although ex-
ceedingly like the Cedar of Lebanon, are distinguished by
their more slender branches, and more silvery, dense, and
stronger foliage. In this country, young plants are more
hardy and rapid in growth than the Cedar of Lebanon.

The two species require the same conditions, and an
appropriate situation for the O. Libanl will be equally
fitting for the C. Atlantica. As far as their respective
hardiness is concerned, we can detect but little difference.
It is, however, a wise precaution to give the young seed-
lings a slight protection of evergreen boughs during the
winter months.

In protecting a plant, the matter should not be over-
done, as we have suffered dearly in this respect. Wishing
to preserve a fine bed of the African Cedar during its first
winter in the open ground, we gave it a heavy covering
of branches, and the consequence was that every vestige
of bark was eaten off by the field-mice ; and yet others
near by, without any protection, and some with a very
slight shelter, escaped uninjured. In a neighboring bed
were a few very rare Firs, covered with corn fodder, and
they were eaten up entirely, not even th<3 wood remain-
ing to mark the spot.

Since that time we have been very careful to afford only
a moderate protection. A few evergreen branches are far
preferable to a heavy mass of covering of any description.

2, C. Deodara, London. — DEODAR CEDAE. — Leaves,
from 1 to 2 inches in length, 4-sided, or occasionally 3-sided,
rigid, acute, very numerous, bright green, covered with a

224 THE BOOK OF EVEKGEEEXS.

glaucous bloom. Branches, spreading and drooping.
Cones, from 4 to 5 inches long, ovate, obtuse, very resin-
ous, rich-purple when young, dark-brown at maturity;
scales, closely appressed, smooth, thin, entire, broad, and
separating from the axis at maturity. Seeds, regularly
wedge-shaped, soft, with a large, bright brown wing.

Gordon, in the supplement to his Pinetum, says : " It
has not yet been found in a natural state either in Eastern
Nepal or Sikkam, although these gigantic sons of snow
fringe the bare rocks, and fix their roots where there ap-
pears to be very little soil, on the lofty passes from Nepal
to Cashmere; and, according to Capt. Pemberton, (in his
Report on the Eastern Frontier,) the most southern point
to which the Deodar has yet been traced is the summit
of the lofty ranges immediately west of Munepoor, an in-
teresting region, which, with the Singfo Mountains, south-
east of Assam, carry the zone of perpetual snow farthest
south in India. The Deodar also grows to extraordinary
dimensions on all the higher mountains throughout the
western Himalayas, and occurs in vast forests in Kunawur,
Kumaoon, Kooloo, Mussoorie, and on the Chumbra range
in Kangara, at elevations varying from 6,000 to 12,000
feet. At Rashulah, in Kooloo, a forest exists with trees
from 18 to 24 feet in girth, at 4 feet from the ground ; and,
according to Dr. Jameson, of two trees, measured by him,
near Mulare, in Gurhwal, at an elevation of 11,000 feet,
one girthed 26 feet, at three feet from the ground, and the
other 27 feet ; but, as a general rule, the finest trees are
always found growing on the north side of barren moun-
tains, on thin, poor soil, formed from the decomposition of
granite, gneiss, mica, or clay-slate."

Capt. Johnson, in his Excursion to the Sources of the
Jumna, states that the peaks on the northern side of the
Boorung Pass were completely hidden by forests of gigan-
tic Deodars, some of which measured 33 feet in circum-
ference, and were from 60 to 70 feet without a branch.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 225

Dr. Griffith writes : " But to see the Deodar in its great-
est perfection, one must visit the snowy ranges and lofty
mountains of the interior, far from the influence of the
plains, and where for nearly half the year it is enveloped
in snow; there its dimensions become gigantic." It is
certainly to be lamented that so beautiful a tree as the
Deodar should not be entirely hardy with us. It possesses
all the qualities of that class of trees denominated
" Weepers," and in its whole structure it appears as if
Nature had endeavored to concentrate all the desired
qualities of the Conifers into one.

In the Deodar Cedar the feathery gracefulness of the
Hemlock is combined with the durability of the Larch,
and the form of the Spruce united with the hue of the
Mexican Pines.

Loudon remarks : " The feathery lightness of its spread-
ing branches and the beautiful glaucous hue of its leaves
render it, even when young, one of the most ornamental
of coniferous trees ; and all the travellers who have seen
it full grown, agree that it unites an extraordinary degree
of majesty and grandeur with its beauty."

The Deodar Cedar has now been in cultivation in many
sections of our country for several years, and we judge
sufficiently tested in all soils and situations, to enable us to
arrive at a proper estimate of its worth as an ornamental
tree. But it is so variable in different soils that but few
persons in the Middle States are willing to pronounce it*
hardy; and yet, in particular localities, we have noticed
fine large specimens that were apparently thriving as vig-
orously as could be desired, even after having passed
through two exceedingly severe winters. In all parts of
England and Scotland it grows very luxuriantly, and ap-
pears perfectly adapted to the climate : some writers assert-
ing that it is even superior in hardiness there to the Cedar
of Lebanon.

As some botanists have considered the Deodar but a
10*

226 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

variety of the C. Libani, we make the following extracts
from the Gardener's Chronicle in reference to the two:
" In the first place, it is to be observed that if the Cedar
of Lebanon and Deodar are sown in mixture, the seedlings
are unmistakably different. One is green, stiff, and erect ;
the other is glaucous and drooping. No one, we believe,
ever saw a Cedar of Lebanon with its seedling stem turned
downwards ; no one, a Deodar in any other state.

" In advanced age, the difference is preserved; the .Cedar
of Lebanon may become glaucous, but it does not droop ;
the Deodar may become green, but it will not straighten
its leader ; the one is always stiff and massive, the other
light and graceful." The writer then points out the dif-
ferences in the wood of each, referring to the admirable
durability of the Deodar's timber, and the proneness of that
of the Cedar of Lebanon to decay. He also mentions the
difference in the cones ; the scales of those produced by
the Cedar of Lebanon are exceedingly persistent, whilst
those of the Deodar drop at maturity.

The timber of the Deodar is exceedingly valuable and
lasting, equalling in this respect that of the Larch. Loudon
says it possesses " all the qualities attributed by the an-
cients to that of C. Libani. It is very compact and resin-
ous, and has a fine, fragrant, refreshing smell, like that
observed when walking in pine groves towards evening,
or in moist weather, and very different from that of the
Cedar of Lebanon. Its wood has a remarkably fine, close
grain, capable of receiving a very high polish ; so much so,
indeed, that a table formed of a section of a trunk nearly
4 feet in diameter, sent by Dr. Wallich to Mr. Lambert,
has been compared to a slab of brown agate."

Loudon also quotes from the writings of others in regard
to its durability, and extracts a description from Lambert's
Pinus, where a building was torn down that was estimated
to have stood for 225 years, and notwithstanding the great
length of time, the timber, which was of the Deodar, was

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 227

found sufficiently sound to use in erecting a new house.
Loudon also says : " It is regarded by the Hindoos as a
sacred tree, and is called by them Devadera, or the ' Tree
of God.' In some places it is highly venerated, and never
used but to burn as incense on occasions of great ceremony."

The following varieties are mentioned by Gordon :

Var. Tiridis, Hort. — Syn. C. D. tenuifolia, Knight. —
Is like the species in every particular, except that the
foliage is of a light green tint, without any glaucousness,
and the habit rather more slender.

Var, robust a, Hort. — Syn. C. D. gigantea, Knight. —
The only difference between this and the species is in its
larger and coarser leaves and branches. In our own col-
lection, a specimen planted several years ago is not very
flourishing.

Var, crassi folia. Sort. — The leaves in this are thicker
and shorter, with more stiff, compact branches than those
of C. Deodar a / in other respects they are alike.

3, C, Lilian i9 Barretter. — CEDAR OF LEBANON. — Syn.
Pinus Cedrus, Linnaeus / Larix Cedrus, Miller / Abies Ce-
drus, Poiret. — Leaves, from f to 1 inch in length, acuminate,
acute, needle-form, rigid, few in the fascicles, and deep-
green color. Branches, horizontal, spreading, verticillate,
and covered with rough bark. Cones, from 3 to 5 inches
long, oval, obtuse, very persistent, grayish-brown color;
scales, broad, closely appressed, coriaceous, thin, truncate,
and slightly denticulate on the margin. Seeds, quite large,
irregular in form, light-brown color; with broad, thin,
membranaceous wings. Cotyledons, G.

This magnificent Conifer is interesting from the fre-
quency with which it is mentioned in the sacred writings.

This species, says Michaux, was believed to be peculiar
to the Mountains of Lebanon, in Asia Minor, until Pallas
discovered it in the north of Russia, in the year 1770, but
Loudon speaks of it as inhabiting the coldest parts of the
mountains of Libanus, Amanus, and Taurus, where it may

228 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Fig. 25.— CEDRUS LIBANI, REDUCED ONE-QUARTER.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY.

229

now be found in great numbers. Michaux says : " Modern
travellers, and among others Mr. Labillardiere, who visited
that part of the East in 1788, inform, us that the large for-
ests seen by Belon, in 1550, upon Mount Aman, have dis-
appeared, and that a few of these trees only are found
upon the highest, where they grow immediately below
the snow which caps the summit during a great part of
the year. He computes their number at about 100, of
which he observed seven of extraordinary size, and meas-
ured one that was 30 feet in cir-
cumference, with the primary
limbs 9 or 10 inches in diameter.
Standing alone, and enjoying the
free access of the light and air,
they were less remarkable for
stature than for expansion. In
massive forests they probably ob-
tain a height proportioned to their
diameter; but this tree has al-
ways been remarked for the length
of its limbs, as is shown by the
allusion of the Hebrew poet:
'They shall spread out their
branches like the Cedar.' "

J. J. Smith, Esq., in a note to the above remarks, says :
" M. Laure, an officer of the French marine, who, with the
Prince de Joinville, visited Mount Lebanon in 1836, says
that all but one of the sixteen old Cedars mentioned by
Belon in 1550, and by Maundrell in 1696, were still alive,
although in a decaying state, and that one of the health-
iest, but perhaps the smallest trunks, measured 36 English
feet in circumference."

According to Michaux, " The few remaining stocks on
Mount Lebanon are preserved with religious veneration by
the Christians of that country. According to the mission-
aries in the East, the Patriarch of the Maronite Christians,

Fig. 26.— CONE OP CEDRUS
LIBANI, ONE-HALF SIZE.

230 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

inhabiting Mount Lebanon, attended by a number of
bishops, priests, and monks, and followed by 5,000 or 6,000
devotees, annually celebrate in their shade the festival of
the Transfiguration, which is called the ' Feast of Cedars,'
and ecclesiastical censures are denounced against those

O

who shall injure these consecrated trees." .

In this country, the Cedar of Lebanon is found to be
pretty generally hardy, excepting in a few instances where
the trees have been in exposed and unfavorable situations.
With us it has succeeded to our entire satisfaction, and we
can therefore recommend it without reserve, if proper
cultivation and a moderate amount of care be given to it.
We have every reason to believe that the Cedar of
Lebanon, in light, well-drained soil, will ultimately be suc-
cessful, if the growth is slow, and, in consequence, well
ripened.

In England, ever since the year 1680, when it was first
introduced, it has given universal satisfaction, and the
splendid specimens enumerated by London, and mentioned
by Downing, are of large size. One specimen in particular,
at Sion House, is 72 feet high and 24 feet in circumference ;
and as a proof of its great rapidity of growth, three spec-
imens are mentioned which made an increase in the cir-
cumference of their trunks of respectively 5 feet 1 inch, 3
feet 9 inches, and 3 feet 8 inches, in 32 years. These trees
were growing at Hopetoun House, Scotland, and were
planted in the year 1748 ; and Michaux mentions that 100
years after this species was introduced into England, two
of these original specimens, growing in the medical gar-
dens at Chelsea, near London, were upwards of 12^- feet in
circumference at 2 feet from the ground, and extended
their limbs more than 20 feet in every direction. The fine
stock of trees now becoming so plentiful in that country
were grown from seed furnished by these old plants.

The ornamental character of this tree is of the highest
order, but it should invariably be grown singly, and never

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 231

in groups on a highly cultivated lawn. The form of the
tree, when young, is regularly conical, with widely spread-
ing, verticillate branches, and foliage of a rich deep-green.
As the tree increases with age, it loses the conical form
and gradually assumes the tabular, with a somewhat
rounded, open head; and this change causes a different
effect to be produced — a change from the beautiful to the
picturesque.

A -writer in the London Horticultural Magazine, in an
article entitled "Sacred and Classical Planting," thus
speaks of this tree for that purpose : " Gazing upon this
object, the reflections which it excites are numerous. It
was seen from Jerusalem, casting a weight of glory over
the lofty mountains which environed that city like a mag-
nificent rampart. It grew on that site whence the eye
commanded a spectacle more glorious, perhaps, than was
ever enjoyed from any other spot on the globe, embracing
a view almost without interruption from the waters of the
Mediterranean to the confines of the Persian Gulf.

" In its living state, the Cedar, no doubt, conferred a
very peculiar and striking character to the scenery of the
East; its depth of green and the disposition of its
branches rendering it for glory and beauty, unequalled
amongst all the objects of the vegetable kingdom."

The timber of the 0. Libani was considered by the
sacred historians more durable and lasting than any other,
but if the opinion entertained by Prof. Martyn and
others should be correct, the ancients confounded several
species, and described other trees belonging to distinct
genera under the one name of Cedar. The Cedar of Leb-
anon, as known at the present day, is inodorous, soft, and
very perishable.

Van liana, London. — We have had this pretty dwarf
variety in cultivation, but from some unknown cause we
could not induce it to thrive. It has quite diminutive

232 THE BOOK OF EVEBGKEENS.

leaves, and short, stubby branchlets. Its height is about 3
or 4 feet.

Var. argcntciS; London. — This author says the leaves
of this variety are of a silvery hue on both sides, and
Gordon says, contrast well in old trees with the more
common form with green foliage.

Var. pendula, Knight.— Gordon says, "This variety
has slenderer and more pendulous branches than the com-
mon Cedar of Lebanon."

4.— CUtf flltfGIIAiniA, R. Brown.

Flowers, monoecious, on different branches ; male aments,
terminal, in dense clusters, and numerous, with the stamens
closely imbricated at first, but finally more separated, and
the anthers with a slender, filiform footstalk, expanded at
the apex into a pointed, yellowish, semi-orbicular scale or
appendix ; female aments, solitary, or clustered, terminal,
sessile, pale yellow. Cones, smallish, globose, or ovate,
and persistent. Scales, small, (scarcely perceptible); with
large, coriaceous, serrulated bracts. Seeds, three, attached
to the base of a scale, ovate elliptical, with a membran-
aceous wing.

This genus contains but one species, which closely re-
sembles the Araucaria in general appearance, but is very
distinct botanically. According to Loudon, it was " named
by Mr. Brown in honor of Mr. James Cunningham, an
excellent observer in his time, by whom this plant was
discovered ; and in honor of Mr. Allan Cunningham, the
very deserving botanist who accompanied Mr. Oxley in
his first expedition into the interior of New South Wales,
and Captain King in all his voyages of survey of the coast
of New Holland."

A curious feature in the morphology of the cones of

THE PINE SUE-FAMILY. 233

this genus is the large bract, or quasi-scale, which has until
recently been mistaken for the true scale, the latter being
of very small size, in fact a mere transverse ridge inside
the bract, near the base of the latter, and observable just
above the seeds, adherent to, but overgrown by the bract.
This interesting and curious formation was perhaps first
detected by Richard, in his " Memoires sur les Coniferes,"
who decided that what at first appeared to be the scale,
was in reality the bract. Siebold differed from him,
but has never satisfactorily proven his theory to be in-
correct. Murray follows Richard, and states additional
facts to prove his view correct.

C. SinensiSj JR. Brown. — Syn. Abies major Sinensis,
PluJcenet ; Pinus Abies, Loureiro ; Abies lanceolata,
Persoon, Desfontaines, and Wildenow • Belis jaculifera,
Salisbury; Belis lanceolata, Sweet; Pinus lanceolata, Lam-
bert; Cunninghamia lanceolata, Van Houtte. — Leaves,
from 1|- to 2 inches long, lanceolate, sessile, acuminate,
alternate, flat, deflexed, rigid, coriaceous, somewhat serru-
late, very numerous, bright-green above, slightly glaucous
below. Cones, from 1 to 1|- inches long, ovate-globose,
erect, very persistent, mostly clustered, sessile ; scale, very
small and obscure, a mere transverse ridge adherent to
the bract; bracts, large, prominent, serrulated, in form
like that of a dilated leaf, triangularly hastate, concave
and unguiculate at the apex. Seeds, ovate-elliptical, com-
pressed, and surrounded by a membranaceous wing.
Cotyledons, 2, oblong-obtuse.

This handsome tree is a native of the warmer portions
of China, rarely exceeding 30 or 40 feet in height, although
specimens have been met with that measured 50 feet. In
England, it is considered entirely hardy, and with us it
usually flourishes very freely, but changes to a dingy hue
during the winter months, which the mild days of spring
quickly restore to its original bright, glossy-green color.
We find it succeeding indifferently in many places, al-
though we can point to specimens around Philadelphia of
fine size.

234

THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 235

An excellent specimen in the Evans arboretum, at
Radnor, is now 10 or 12 feet in height, and perfectly satis-
factory. It stands, however, in a very favorable situa-
tion, being on the southern declivity of a thickly wooded
hill, and therefore protected from, the cold, high winds.
The best specimen we have ever seen was growing in our
own collection, but very mysteriously died on the approach
of warm weather two or three years since. This fine plant
was about 8 feet high, and had been exposed in the open
ground for several years, with a slight covering during the
winter. The situation was exceedingly bleak and unsuit-
able, but younger plants in other portions of our ground
remained uninjured.

The great drawback to the culture of this tree is in its
luxuriant growth, which, in rich soils, is liable to be of a
succulent nature, and therefore unable to survive the
winter. We must, however, give it the credit of being
quite as reliable as the majority of the so-called uncertain
Conifers.

The Cunninghamia, when planted singly on a lawn,
presents one of the most agreeable objects imaginable,
the main body of the tree being as straight as an arrow,
with the branches diverging horizontally in regular whorls
or verticils, and the branchlets produced in two rows,
which droop very gracefully. The foliage is of a peculiar
bright glossy green, that is quite unusual and particularly
pleasing. Its near resemblance to the Araucarias, a genus
which we are debarred from enjoying fully, is also an
additional incentive for endeavoring to cultivate this splen-
did tree.

In Fortune's de'scription of the trees of China, he men-
tions the Cunninghamia as follows : " The sides of the
mountains here were clothed with dense woods of the
Lance-leaved Pine, ( Cunninghamia lanceolata.) This
was the first time I had seen this Fir tree of sufficient size
to render it of value for timber. Many of the specimens

236 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

were at least 80 feet in height, and perfectly straight.
There was a richness, too, in the appearance of its foliage,
which I had never seen before ; sometimes it was of a
deep green color, while at others it was of a bluish tint.
There are doubtless many varieties of this tree among
these hills."

Var, glaiica, Sort. — Gordon says : " This variety dif-
fers from the species in having its leaves on the branchlets
of a glaucous color."

5.— SCIADOPITYS, Siebold & Zuccarini.

Flowers, monoecious; male aments, sessile, terminal,
ovato-globose, and surrounded with scales at the base,
with numerous, closely imbricated, alternate stamens, hav-
ing smooth, short filaments ; female aments, when young,
sessile, but at maturity, with a short peduncle and numer-
ous persistent, coriaceous, glabrous, entire, semi-orbicular
scales, and from 7 to 9 ovules. Cones, elliptic or cylindri-
cal, large, obtuse ; with coriaceous, persistent, wedge-
shaped scales, and short, broad bracts, adhering thereunto.
Seeds, from 7 to 9 under each scale, imbricated, elliptical,
compressed into a membranaceous wing.

This new and rare genus has lately been discovered in
the mountains of Japan, and is very distinct in appearance
from all others of the Conifers. But one species is as yet
known to botanists, and that forms a tall tree with very
curious, whorled branches, and verticilled leaves.

As the few plants in this country are as yet compara-
tively untested in the open air, we cannot determine its
powers of endurance, but we confidently believe that it
will grow here with at least tolerable success.

The name is derived from two Greek words, signifying
umbel and pine-tree.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY.

237

Fig. 28. — SCIADOPITYS VERTICILLATA.— LEAVES AND BUD ONE-HALF
SIZE ; CONE OF NATURAL SIZE.

238 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

S. TCrticillata, Siebold & Zuccarim. — UMBRELLA PINE.
— Syn. Taxus verticillata, Thunberg ; Pinus verticillatn,
Siebold in Verhandl. — Leaves, from 2 to 4 inches long, 2
lines wide, linear, obtuse, smooth, persistent, sessile, entire,
in whorls of 30 or 40, at the nodes and extremities of the
branches. Cones, 3 inches long, 1^- inches in diameter, el-
liptic-cylindrical, obtuse, solitary ; with wedge-shaped, cor-
rugated, imbricated, coriaceous and persistent scales;
bracts, adherent, broad, and glabrous. Seeds, compressed,
elliptical, with a membranaceous, brown testa, and mem-
branaceous wing.

A tall, conical tree, varying from 80 to 140 feet in
height, with alternate or verticillate branches, and the
leaves in whorls or verticils. Murray remarks: "Mr.
Gordon, on the authority of Mr. Fortune, says it reaches
from 100 to 150 feet in height. Siebold describes it as
only 12 or 15 feet in height ; but this is a mistake, arising,
no doubt, from his having seen only some of the smaller
plants." The same writer observes : "It is a pyramidal
tree with dense foliage, and Mr. Veitch informs us reaches
the height of 70 or 80 feet ; " also that it is " found wild
in the eastern parts of Nippon, on the Koya ridge of
mountains in the province of lEiusiu, or, as Siebold writes
it, on Mt. IKojasan, in the province of Kii. According
to him it should also be found in some other parts of that
island, and of the island of SiJcofc. It is, however, chiefly
in a state of cultivation that it is met with, its varieties
being great favorites with the Japanese, and planted ex-
tensively in their gardens and about their temples."

The Sciadopitys in the Bagshot nursery, England, in a
bleak and unsheltered situation, has withstood the past one
or two winters without the slightest sign of being affect-
ed by the cold, although the weather was extremely trying
to those plants which are not perfectly hardy.

Some of the English growers who have had an oppor-
tunity of judging of its merits, consider it " one of the
finest Conifers of Japan, or, after the Deodar, of all Asia."

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 239

We noticed young plants of this new candidate for
popular favor in the extensive collection at Wodenethe,
on the Hudson, a year or two since, and our American cul-
tivators will no doubt soon be informed of its success.
Many writers 011 Japanese plants are quite sanguine in re-
gard to the hardiness of this plant in our country.

6.— SEQUOIA, EndlicJier.

Flowers, monoecious, terminal, solitary. Sterile aments
globular, on short, slender peduncles. Cones, oval or
globular, with wedge-shaped, persistent scales. Seeds
winged, and from 3 to 5 under each carpellary scale.

This magnificent genus comprises two very distinct spe-
cies, both of which are natives of California, one of them
being occasionally found more to the northward. Since the
discovery of the species known as the " Great Tree of
California," it has been attempted to give the genus other
and inappropriate names ; the name of Sequoia had been
previously established by Endlicher. Only a few, in the
face of all botanical rules, still persist in their absurd no-
menclature.

The derivation of the name Sequoia is uncertain, but a
recent writer in the " Gardener's Monthly " argues very
forcibly that its origin might have been from the celebrated
Cherokee Chief " See-qua-yah" whose life has been spent
in endeavoring to enlighten his race by inventing an origi-
nal alphabet, and by the introduction of mechanical con-
trivances and useful implements for their benefit.

1. S. gigantea, Zorrey. -- GREAT TREE or CALI-
FORNIA.— Syn. "Wellingtonia gigantea, Lindley, Gordon^
etc. ; Washingtonia gigantea, Kellogg. — Leaves on the
young shoots, spreading, needle-shaped, sharp-pointed,

240

THE BOOK OF EVEKGEEENS.

Fig. 29.— SEQUOIA GIGA-N-TEA.— NATURAL SIZE.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 241

scattered spirally around the branchlets; finally scale-
shaped, imbricated, mostly appressed, with generally an
acute apex ; numerous, and persistent, light green color.
Branches, horizontal, and spreading. Cones 2 Inches long,
ovate, terminal, solitary ; with numerous, prickled, stipi-
tate, scales. Cotyledons, from 3 or 4 to 6.

This species is a native of the Sierra Nevada range
of mountains in California. As its discovery has
been conceded to several persons, we are unable to say
with any certainty to who'm belongs the honor. The
English naturalist Lobb is supposed by many to have first
met with it near the source of the river Stanislaus, and
other writers attribute its discovery to Douglas, in the
year 1831 ; but perhaps the most probable statement is
the one generally believed throughout the section of coun-
try of which these trees are natives, and is, that a com-
pany of miners on a prospecting tour came accidentally
upon the Calaveras group, and the trees became thence-
forth the wonder of the botanical world., One of * the
best descriptions of this species is given by Bayard Taylor,
in his interesting work entitled " Home and Abroad."

After a graphic account of the immense size of these
vegetable giants, he describes the felling of one of the
largest specimens, which was a mass of solid wood ninety
feet in circumference, and was performed by two sets of
hands with the aid of long pump-augers. We give the
description in the author's own words. " After a steady
labor of six weeks the thing was done, but the tree stood
unmoved ; so straight and symmetrical was its growth, so
immense its weight, and so broad its base, that it seemed
unconscious of its own annihilation, tossing its outer
branches derisively against the mountain winds that strove
to overthrow it. A neighboring pine of giant size was
then selected, and felled in such a way as to fall with full
force against it. The top shook a little, but the shaft
stood as before ;^ finally the spoilers succeeded in driving
11

242 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

their wedges into the cut. Gradually and with great
labor one side of the tree was lifted ; the line of equilib-
rium was driven nearer and nearer to the edge of the base ;
the mighty mass poised for a moment, and then, with a
great rushing sigh in all its boughs, thundered down.
The forest was ground to dust beneath it, and for a mile
around the earth shook with the concussion."

According to the annual rings, the age of this tree was
3,100 years, and it contained-250,000 feet of timber. The
stump is now used for a ball-room, and the trunk for a
bowling alley. Dr. Bigelow says of this specimen : " It
required 31 of my paces of 3 feet each to measure thus
rudely its circumference at the stump ; and the mere fel-
ling of it cost, at California prices for wages, the sum of
$550."

When we consider the sublime proportions of these
wonderful creations of nature, all other large trees must
sink into perfect insignificance in the comparison. Just
imagine a man on horseback riding a distance of 75 feet
in the hollow of a tree, and emerging from a knot-hole in
the side. In fact no description can possibly convey an
adequate idea of the majesty of these vegetable wonders.
" Indeed," says Dr. Bigelow, " these giants of the forest
are so marked in their rusty habits from their present as-
sociates, that we can hardly view them in their present re-
lations, except as links connecting us with ages so long
past that they seem but reminiscences of an eternal by-
gone. They seem to require but the process of petrifac-
tion to establish a complete paleontological era."

Professor Brewer, in a communication to Sir William
Hooker, thus speaks of the Great Tree of California : " An
interesting discovery this year has been of the existence
of the big trees in great abundance on the western flanks
of the Sierra Nevada, in about lat. 36° or 37°. They are
very abundant along a belt at 5,000 to 7,000 feet altitude,
for a distance of more than 25 miles, sometimes in groves,

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 243

at others scattered through forests in great numbers.
You can have no idea of the grandeur they impart to the
scenery, where at times a hundred trees are in sight at
once, over 15 feet in diameter, their rich foliage constrast-
ing so finely with their bright cinnamon-colored bark. I
found trees larger than they occur further north, (in the
Calaveras and Maipula groves.) The largest tree I saw
was 106 feet in circumference, at 4 feet from the ground.
It had lost some buttresses by fire ; it must have been at
least 115 or 120 feet when entire ; it is 276 feet high. The
Indians tell of a much higher tree, which I did not see.

" There seems no danger of the speedy extinction of the
species, as it is now known in quite a number of localities,
and, contrary to the popular notion, there are immense
numbers of younger trees of all sizes, from the seedling
up to the largest. There has been much nonsense and er-
ror published regarding them. I have no doubt of the
true generic relations. I think that no one who is familiar
with both species in situ would separate them generically
from the Sequoia semper virens, also in abundance in this
State, and fully as restricted in its distribution ; nor do I
think the names of Wellingtonia and Washingtonia can
be duly respected."

We were greatly in hopes of being able to entirely ac-
climate this beautiful species, but although it generally
manages to live, most specimens that have come under our
notice are not healthy in appearance. The luxuriant
growth late in the season, so common in trees from the
Pacific coast, is the great drawback to its successful culti-
vation with us. A slight covering with evergreen boughs
during the winter months is absolutely necessary to insure
the vitality of the leading shoot. Perhaps the finest
specimens to be found in the Northern States are growing
in the extensive collection of Ellwanger & Barry, at
Rochester, N". Y.

This species is exceedingly difficult to transplant, more

244 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

so, in fact, than any Conifer we have tested. In many in-
stances where the plant has not been immediately killed
by the remoral, the lower branches have been disfigured
and the outline entirely destroyed. Great care should
consequently be taken in the operation, and the roots al-
ways preserved from undue exposure to the air. The
names that have been applied to this tree are remarkable
illustrations of departure from the accepted rules of bo-
tanical nomenclature. Lindley, against both rule and
taste, called it Wellingtonia gigantea. Kellogg, of Cali-
fornia, not willing that a California tree should bear the
name of a British soldier, with equal impropriety called it
Washingtoma gigantea / Americanus gigantea has also
been proposed. Doct. Torrey plainly showed that it be-
longed to the old genus Sequoia, and most English botan-
ists now admit that it is properly placed here ; but instead
of accepting Torrey's specific name, gigantea, they now
call the tree Sequoia Wellingtonia, which is quite at va-
riance with accepted rules.

2. S. sempervirens, jEndlicher. — RED-WX>OD. — Syn.
Taxodium sempervirens, Lambert. — Leaves, from ^ to an
inch long, linear, smooth, distichous, flat, acute, coriaceous,
dark shining green, glaucous beneath. Branches, numer-
ous, horizontal, and spreading. Cones, 1 inch long, round-
ish, solitary, and terminal, with numerous, thick, rough,
trapezoidal scales, furnished with a strong, obtuse point,
and terminating below in a stout, angular pedicel. Seeds,
from 3 to 5 under each scale.

This species is also a magnificent tree, and is much more
plentiful than the preceding, and also occupies a more
extended range of country. It was first discovered by
Menzies on our north-west coast in the year 1796, and sub-
sequently by Dr. Coulter in 1836, and by Hartweg at a
more recent date. The latter explorer mentions finding
specimens of this tree 270 feet in height, with a clean
trunk 60 or 70 feet high, growing on the mountains of

THE PIXE SUB-FAMILY. 245

Santa Cruz above Monterey. Douglas says lie repeatedly
measured specimens 270 feet long and 32 feet in circum-
ference, at 3 feet from the ground, and others that even
exceeded 300 feet in height.

He thus alludes to the immense size of these trees :
" But the great beauty of the Californian vegetation is a
species of Taxodium which gives the mountains a most
peculiar, I was almost going to say awful, appearance;
something which plainly tells we are not in Europe." A
horizontal slab sawn from this species was received, from
Dr. Fischer, which he mentions as containing 1,008 annual
rings and measuring 15 feet in diameter. A specimen has
been found that was 55 feet in circumference, 6 feet from
the ground ; its enormous magnitude having given rise to
the name of " The G-iant of the Forest."

We only introduce this species in this place for the pur-
pose of noticing one of our finest native trees ; for unfortu-
nately it will not thrive in the Middle States. Our mild-
est winters in this latitude almost invariably kill it down
to the snow-line, and not unfrequently the whole plant
perishes. At Washington and Baltimore it succeeds very
indifferently, as it requires a still more genial temperature
than these localities afford.

Where it flourishes, the Californian Red-wood forms a
magnificent tree, making annually the most astonishingly
vigorous growths, and is clothed with a peculiar deep green
foliage that is unusually handsome. The timber is of a
handsome red color, fine and close-grained, but light and
brittle, and never attacked by insects.

7.— I, Alt IX, Tournefort.— LARCH.

" Catkins, lateral and scattered, bud-like, sterile flowers
nearly as in Pinus, but the pollen of simple spherical grains.
Cones, ovoid, erect; the bracts and scales, persistent;

246 THE BOOK OP EVERGREENS.

otherwise as in Abies. Leaves deciduous, soft, all folia-
ceous; the primary ones scattered; the secondary very
manv in a fascicle developed in early spring from lateral,
scaly, and globular buds. Fertile catkins crimson or red
in flower." — (Gray.}

The Larch is one of the few genera belonging to the
Conifers that have deciduous leaves ; but it is nevertheless
capable of producing the same effects in planting, and is
subject to the same rules in regard to removal, soil, etc.,
as govern those with evergreen or persistent leaves. The
genus comprises but few species, which are natives of the
colder regions of Europe, Asia, and America.

As ornamental trees, the Larches have long been favor-
ites with our planters on account of their regular conical
form, slender, delicate branches, soft, light-green leaves,
and their perfect hardiness ; but we too frequently notice
the entire absence of taste displayed in the indiscriminate
use of them. There is no tree that requires more judg-
ment in selecting its proper locality for planting than the
Larch.

The trees are picturesque, and especially adapted to
those bold, wild landscapes, which we occasionally find in
large plantations ; but to use them indiscriminately on a
small, highly cultivated lawn, is the opposite of good taste.
Downing says :

" For picturesque beauty, the Larch is almost unrivalled.
Unlike most other trees, which must grow old, uncouth,
and misshapen, before they can attain that expression,
this is singularly so, as soon almost as it begins to assume
the stature of a tree. It can never be called a beautiful
tree, so far as beauty consists in smooth outlines, a finely
rounded head, or gracefully drooping branches. But it
has what is perhaps more valuable, as being more rare —
the expression of boldness and picturesqueness peculiar to
itself, and which it seems to have caught from the wild and
rugged chasms, rocks, and precipices of its native moun-

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 247

tains. Then its irregular and spiry top and branches har-
monize admirably with the abrupt variation of the sur-
rounding hills, and suit well with the gloomy grandeur of
those frowning heights."

Being a rapid-growing, hardy tree, the Larch is inval-
uable for newly planted places ; but its greatest fault, and
perhaps its only one, is the difficulty experienced in re-
moving it. True, many persons are entirely satisfied if
their trees show any signs of vitality after undergoing a
rough, careless removal ; but the real lover of trees prefers
having them retain all their lower branches, and preserve
that luxuriance of vegetation, so peculiar to the genus.
This is only obtained by removal when small, at a proper
season, and in the most careful manner. Unlike the trees
of the other genera of the family, the Larch must be
transplanted very early, on account of the propensity of
the buds to start into action after a few mild days in the
spring. If delayed for some time after this takes place,
the destruction of the tree is almost certain.

The timber of the Larch is very valuable, on account of
its durability, exceeding in this respect almost any other
kind. The u Venice turpentine " is extracted from a Larch,
as is a substance known as the " Manna of Briancon."

1. L. Americana, Michaux. — AMERICAN, OR BLACK
LAKCH. — Syn. Pinus pendula, Alton ; Pinus microcarpa,
Lambert. — Leaves from -J- to f- of an inch long, thread-like,
linear ; slender, light bluish-green color. Branches, less
numerous than in the European species, spreading, droop-
ing, and in whorls. Cones, from £ to f of an inch in length,
ovoid, and of a reddish color ; scales, few, slightly reflexed,
and rounded. Seeds, very minute, with short wings.

Although not equalling in beauty the European Larch,
according to our ideas of form, we must nevertheless rec-
ommend our native species for hardiness, rapid growth,
picturesque habit, and other good qualities.

It is emphatically a northern tree, being never found

248 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

south of the upper portion of Virginia, and even in those
localities only in exposed mountainous districts, in moist,
swampy soil. In the northern portion of its district, in
Canada, etc., it is known as the Hackmatack; in the
southern portion, in New Jersey, etc., as the Tamarack y
but the most desirable and appropriate name is American
Larch, which, with the Slack Larch, is universally un-
derstood. It is the Epinette rouge of the French Cana-
dians, thus perhaps giving rise to the name of Red
Larch, which was described by Loudon as a variety, L.
Americana rubra, and adopted by Lambert as a species,
L. microcarpa. According to Gray, it is probably only
a variety, which change of climate may diversify into other
forms.

This species was remarked by Michaux to grow on up-
lands, in the colder and more northern districts, and in
low, moist ground, as it advanced further south, and he
reasoned that this peculiarity was owing to its constitu-
tion being better adapted to extreme cold, and that the
climate of the United States was too warm for it. In cul-
tivation, however, we have found it to succeed on almost
any soil, and in moist, deep soil making immense annual
growths of occasionally 5 or 6 feet.

According to Mathew, in London's Arboretum, " The
soils suitable for Larch are sound rock, covered with loam ;
gravel, not ferruginous, in which water does not stagnate,
even though nearly bare of vegetable mould ; firm dry
clays ; and sound broAvn loam — all very rough ground, par-
ticularly ravines. The most desirable situation is where
the roots will neither be drowned by stagnant water in
winter, nor parched by drought in summer."

In regard to the quality of the timber of the American
Larch, Michaux says : " It is superior to any species of
Pine or Spruce, and unites all the properties which dis-
tinguish the European species, being exceedingly strong
and singularly durable. In Canada it is considered as

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 249

among the most valuable timber, and has no fault except
its weight."

2. L. Dahurica, Turczaninow. — DAHURIAN LARCH. —

Leaves, linear, obtuse, sessile, recurved, spreading, and
bright green in color. Branches, irregular and drooping.
Cones, from |- to j- of an inch long, oblong-ovate, erect;
with small, reflexed, wavy, persistent scales ; and short,
ovate, pointed bracts. Seeds, very small.

This species, as yet rare in this country, is from North-
ern Siberia, inhabiting the most rigid and inclement situa-
tions in that climate. Gordon gives the following account
of its native haunts : " It is found in Northern Siberia, on
the bleak mountains of Dahuria, and in the arctic regions
of Siberia, a mere little sprawling shrub amongst the last
vestiges of arborescent vegetation in those regions ; also on
cold mountainous places, from the Ural Mountains and
Kamtchatka to the Pacific Ocean, but a large tree in
Southern Siberia and Russia, and is there what is called
the Archangel Larch"

The size of this species varies so much with the situation
in which it is found that no standard can be given. From
the smallest of shrubs, it increases in size as it approaches
a milder climate, and there forms a large-sized tree, with
irregular, twisted branches, that have a drooping ten-
tency, and are densely supplied with foliage. From the
description of this tree given by European writers, we
may infer that it is nearly allied to the L. Etiropea, but
not so desirable for ornamental purposes as that species.
It will, however, be desirable in large collections, as exhib-
iting a distinct form and manner of growth.

3. L, Eliropea, De Candolle. — EUROPEAN LARCH. —
Leaves, 1 inch long, linear, obtuse, flat, soft, numerous, and
bright-green in color. Branches, spreading and horizontal,
with drooping branchlets. Cones, from 1 inch to 1£ inch
long, oval, erect, very persistent, changing from a purplish,
to a light brown color with age ; scales, orbicular, slightly

11*

250

THE BOOK OP EVERGREENS.

reflexed ; bracts, somewhat protruding beyond the scales.

Seeds, quite small, ir-
regularly ovate, with a
broad wing. Cotyledons,

5 to 7.

Our remarks on the
genus apply so well to
this particular species,
which indeed appears to
be the type of it, that
but little more is now
requisite in regard to it.
It is far preferable for
ornamental planting to
the American Larch, be-
ing more dense and com-
pact in growth, more
pleasing in the color of
its foliage, and less ob'
jectionable on account
of the multiplicity of
persistent cones, that so
disfigure the appearance
of the latter.

The European Larch
is found very abundantly
throughout the central
portions of Europe, and
especially on many por-
tions of the Alps, at very
high elevations, where it
is frequently met with as
a low straggling shrub ;

Fig. 30.— LARIX EUROPEA. but in proper situations,

forming quite large trees from 80 to 100 feet in height,
and disappearing altogether in a warmer climate.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 251

It appears to have no marked preference in regard to
soils, excepting that it be not on either of the extremes of
wet or dry, and we have seen fine specimens growing in a
heavy clay as well as on a light and gravelly loam ; but
of the two we would decidedly choose the latter as being
more conducive to health and rapidity of growth.

London devotes several pages in his " Arboretum " to
the description of this species, and mentions a number of
instances, illustrating the value of its timber, and the zeal
displayed in its cultivation for that purpose in England
and Scotland.

A large number of varieties have been advertised by
dealers, and quoted by writers, but they so nearly resemble
the species as scarcely to be worthy of perpetuation. The
best of these is undoubtedly the

Var. pendula9 London. — A very handsome and graceful
plant, that, when grafted on a tall stem, becomes a pleasing
addition to our collections. We have grown it for several
years, and can fully endorse the many encomiums given
it by other writers. The long, slender limbs frequently
reach to the ground.

Var. la\a, Lawson. — According to Lawson, this variety
may readily be distinguished from the species by its more
rapid growth, more horizontal and less crowded branches,
and by the darker green or somewhat glaucous color of
the foliage. The branches are also larger, thinner, more
graceful, and pendent with age, and the cones are some-
what distinct.

Var. C0mpacta9 Lawson. — Gordon classes with those
"of only trivial account," but Loudon describes it at some
length, as having its branches remarkably thickly inter-
woven with one another; with thick, rugged, or scaly
bark; very distinct cones, and grassy-green foliage.
Growth, very slow.

Var. rcpens, Lawson. — " A tree," says Loudon, " with

252 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

this name, in the Horticultural Society's Garden, received
from Lord De Roos, has a tendency to extend its lower
branches along the ground, rather more than the Common
Larch. It is of luxuriant growth, and from its leaves and
cones evidently belongs to the L. Europea"

Var. Killermannii, Gordon. — Is described as " a dwarf
monstrosity, with remarkably thickened branches, densely
clothed with leaves." He classes it with those varieties
of no account.

Var, flore alba and Tar, flore rubro, Endlicher. — Are
distinguished from the species by the former producing
white flowers, and the latter those of a red or pinkish hue.

4* L, Griffitliiana9 Hooker. — SIKKIM LAKCH. — Leaves,
from 1 to 1^ inch long, spreading, narrow, linear, light
glaucous green color. Branches, irregular, spreading, and
drooping. Cones, 2^- inches long, oblong-cylindrical,
slightly incurved, sessile, very resinous, reddish-purple
when young; scales, very numerous, broad, uneven,
rounded ; bracts, nearly or quite as long as the scales.
Seeds, angular, with a broad, brown wing.

This new species was discovered by Dr. Hooker, grow-
ing in Bhotan, Sikkim, and Nepal. It varies very con-
siderably in size with the elevation at which it is found,
ranging as it does from 6,000 to 12,000 feet of altitude.

In the former elevation, this species is occasionally seen
60 feet in height ; but in the latter, at the snow line, it
becomes dwarf and stunted in growth. In some portions
of Sikkim it is very abundant, but chiefly growing singly,
and rarely in groups.

" The Sikkim Larch," says Dr. Hooker, " forms an in-
elegant, sprawling branched tree, with the branches stand-
ing out awkwardly, and often drooping suddenly." This
discouraging character, however, is lost sight of during
the autumn, when the foliage changes to a bright red
color, thus forming a splendid contrast to other Conifers,

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 253

We are not aware that this tree has been introduced
into this country, and therefore cannot judge of its char-
acter, but presume it will never be popular here, as the
common European Larch is so perfect in shape that it
would be impossible to supersede it by one much inferior in
habit of growth, even though it had the questionable merit
of being new and rare.

5. L. Ledebourii, Ruprecht. — ALTAIAN LARCH. — Syn.
L. intermedia, Lawson / L. Sibirica, Ledebour. — " Leaves,
single, or in bundles of many together round a central
bud, but mostly single on the leading shoots and young
plants, soft, linear, broad, and rather flat on vigorous
young plants, but on older ones rather four-sided, obtuse,
and with much longer and broader foliage than the com-
mon Larch, and darker green. Branches, robust, but not
numerous, and pendent. Cones, very small, erect, slender,
and rather loose. Scales, oval, with the margins entire,
convex, and persistent. Seeds, very small." — Gordon.

The authority whose description we have quoted states
that it is " a tall, luxuriant tree, similar to the common Larch
in appearance, but with very much smaller cones, and
much longer and broader foliage, growing 80 feet high,
at elevations of from 2,500 to 5,000 feet on the Altai moun-
tains in Siberia."

Loudon thus records Lawson's description. It " seems

naturally possessed of a very strong, luxuriant habit of

growth, with pendulous branches and very large leaves ;

but,like many more Siberian or northern Continental plants,

it produces its leaves on the first approach of spring, and

is therefore very liable to be injured by the cold, change-

ble weather to which this country in the earlier part of

he season is so liable."

It was introduced into cultivation in England about the
year 1816.

6. Lt OCCidentalis, Nuttatt. — WESTERN LARCH. — Leaves,
shorter and thicker than the European Larch, quite rigid,

254 THE BOOK OF EVEEGEEENS.

pungent at the points, a double channel above and below,
partly tetragonal, (Nuttall.) Leaves, long, narrowly lin-
ear, thin carinated above and below, more slender and
delicate than those of any other species, light yellowish
green, (Newberry.) Branches short and small. Cones,
ovoid, H inch long, reflexed ; scales shortly ovoid, trun-
cated or broadly emarginate, edges thin, membranaceous;
bracts half an inch long, imperfectly elliptical, fringed,
terminating in a long awn.

This species was first detected by Nuttall, on the west-
ern slopes of the Rocky Mountains towards the Oregon.
A very closely allied form, differing only in the leaves,
was afterwards found by Dr. IsTewberry, and although
with some misgivings described under the same title. The
latter discoverer " first met with this Larch on the Des
Chutes River, near its head, lat. 43° 40' 1ST.; from that
point it extends northward to, and beyond, the Columbia."
" It grows scattered along the borders of the streams, ris-
ing to a height of 150 feet, with a diameter at base of 2 or
3 feet,"

We do not think this species is in cultivation, but have
no doubt but what it would prove entirely successful with
us in the Middle States.

NEW SPECIES OF LAEIX.

7. L. Japonic a, Murray. — JAPAK LAECH. — "Closely
allied to L. leptolepis, but differing in the following par-
ticulars, viz.: The leaves are longer, being from 10 to 18
lines in length. Pulvini, not equally thick throughout,
reddish-brown. Cones, smaller, the ordinary size being 8
or 9 lines in length, and 5 in diameter. Scales, very con-
cave, disposed in 5 rows, instead of 8 rows, which from
Siebold's figure, appears to be the number on L. leptolepis^
and about 25 in number. Bracts, elongated and truncate,
with a projecting tooth at the apex. Seeds and wings,

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 255

smaller, viz.: from 2 to 3J lines in length, and the wing
much wider, and more pyramidate in shape, and with the
seed placed at an angle with the wing." — Murray.

Murray points out the difference between this species
and the other Larches, founding his distinction principally
on the scales of the cones, and adds : " This species was
found by Mr. Veitch, on Mount Fusi Yama, at an eleva-
tion of from 8,000 to 8,500 feet, and he mentions that it is
remarkable as being the tree which grows at the greatest
elevation on that mountain. At these high elevations it
becomes a stunted bush, no higher than 1^- or 2 feet."

8. Li Icptolcpis9 Siebold. — Syn. L. Conifera, Kaempfer;
Pinus Larix, Thunberg; Pinus KaBmpferi, Lambert; Abies
leptolepis, Siebold, Zuccarini, Lindley, and Veitch; Pinus
leptolepis, Endlicher; Larix Japonica, Carriere. — Leaves,
from f to 1% inch long, deciduous, linear, acerose, mucro-
nate, mostly obtuse, sub-petiolate, soft, slightly recurved,
pale green color. Cones, about 16 lines in length, 8 lines
in diameter, numerous, ovate, obtuse, with about 60 scales ;
scales, alternately and closely imbricated, orbiculate, at-
tenuated, thin, flat, truncate, or emarginate, reflexed, and
pale brown color ; bracts, lanceolate, acute, entire, mem-
branaceous, one-half the length of the scale. Seeds, obo-
vate, rather compressed, sub-trigonal, with a long, obtuse,
membranaceous wing.

This Larch resembles our common species in many par-
ticulars, but is more slender, and has glabrous, dark-yel-
lowish, ash-colored branches, and stiffly spreading branch-
lets. It grows to the height of 40 feet, and produces a
rough, reddish-brown timber. The following is from Sie-
bold's account of this tree :

" The Fuzi-Matsu belongs to the northern Flora of
Japan. It is found in the mountains of Nippon, between
the 35th and the 41st degrees of north latitude. But still
more frequently on Jezo, and in the southern parts of
Krafto, thus reaching, we may presume, so far as 48°
of north latitude. Perhaps it may extend much beyond

256 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

that towards the north, like the Siberian Larch, which,
according to Pallas, does not entirely disappear, until it
reaches 68° north latitude.

" We, as well as Mr. Thunberg, have found it in the
Fakone Mountains, where it grows either isolated or in
small groups, in company with other Conifers, as well as
with Oaks and Beeches. As to its exterior, it in every
respect resembles our European Larch, from which, how-
ever, it is readily distinguished by its cones being more
rounded, and with a much greater number of scales,
which are smaller, and turned back at the margin."

The great number of synonyms attached to this species
plainly shows the perplexity diiferent authorities have
found in assigning it its true position. Murray states that
he at first supposed the Larix Japonica was only a lesser
variety of this, but he is now convinced that he was not
warranted in so doing, and that L. Japonica is a distinct
species.

9, L, Lyalli, Pallatore in Gard. Chronicle. — "A tree
found on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, in the
Cascade and Galton Ranges, by Mr. Lyall, at about 49°
1ST. lat., and at an elevation above the sea of between 6,000
and 7,000 feet. A remarkable species because of the cob-
web-like wool that clothes the leaf buds and young shoots,
and the long fringe of the scales of the former. The tree
grows from 36 to 45 feet high, and is therefore much
dwarfer than the allied L. occidentals, which is also dif-
ferent in the number of leaves in a cluster, their direction
and form, and in the cones."

8.— PSEUDOLARIX, Gordon.— FALSE LARCH.

Cones, oblong, erect. Scales, divergent, extended at the
points, heart-shaped at the base, very deciduous. Seeds,
irregularly shaped, with a soft, thin, whitish, skin-like

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY.

257

covering, more or less enclosed by the wing, but free, and
full of turpentine.

Leaves, much as in Larix.

1, Pseudolarix Kaempferi, G-ordon. — GOLDEN PINE. —
Syn. Abies Ksempferi, Lambert. — Leaves, from 1 to 2^ inch-
es long, and from ^ to 1 line broad, deciduous, flat, linear,
sabre-shaped, somewhat soft, and of a delicate, pale, pea-
green color when young, in autumn of a golden yellow.

Fig. 31. — PSEUDOLARIX ILEMPFERI.

Cones, 3 inches long, 2^ inches in diameter, erect, with
ligneous, flattish, divergent, very deciduous scales ; bracts,
small, acute, keeled on the back, and slightly serrulated
on the margins. Seeds and wings, glossy bright brown,
exactly the same size and shape of the scales, occupying
the whole of their inner surface. Cotyledons, from 5 to 7.

Murray says : " This species will enter into none of the

258 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

older sections of the genus Abies, and, therefore, on the
whole, we think Mr. Gordon is justified in having estab-
lished another subsection to receive it, although we wish he
had given it some other name. It will not rank with any
of Endlicher's sections, Tsuga, Abies, or Larix, because
the scales of its cone are not persistent ; and it will not
rank with Cedrus, because its leaves are deciduous ; nor
with Picea, because they are not solitary, nor persistent."

The following extracts are from Fortune's description :
" I have been acquainted with this interesting tree for sev-
eral years in China, but only in gardens, and as a pot
plant in a dwarf state. The Chinese, by their favorite
system of dwarfing, contrive to make it, when only a foot
and a half or two feet high, have all the characters of an
aged Cedar of Lebanon. It is called by them the J£in-le-
sung, or Golden Pine, probably from the rich yellow ap-
pearance which the ripened leaves and cones assume dur-
ing the autumn."

Speaking of the first specimens he met with, the same
author says : " They were growing in the vicinity of a
Buddhist monastery, in the western part of the province
of Chekiang, at an elevation of 1,000 or 1,500 feet above
the level of the sea. Their stems measured fully 5 feet
in circumference, 2 feet from the ground, and carried this
size with a slight diminution to the height of 50 feet, that
being the height of the lower branches. The total height
I estimated about 120 or 130 feet. The stems were per-
fectly straight throughout, the branches symmetrical,
slightly inclined to the horizontal form, and having the
appearance of something between the Cedar and Larch."

The seeds of this new Conifer germinate so readily that
it is almost impossible to carry them any great distance
after being perfectly ripened. The Gardener's Chronicle
says : " If the seeds of this species are cut open when they
are ripe, the little germ will be observed in a green and
growing condition, and this circumstance will readily ac-

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 259

count for the difficulty which is felt in getting home seed of
this fine species in good order," and recommends gather-
ing such seeds before they are fully ripe.

During a recent visit to the collection of H. W. Sargent,
Esq., at Wodenethe, on the Hudson, we noticed one or
two fine young specimens of this species, that gave evi-
dence of successful treatment, and may probably prove
hardy in that locality. Near Boston, it has succeeded for
several years.

9.— ARAUCARIA, Jussieu.

Leaves, imbricated, persistent, and scale-like. Strobiles,
terminal and globular, with mostly deciduous scales;
the ovule, generally solitary, joined to the scales. Pollen
of the sterile aments, contained in from 10 to 20 cases,
pendent from the apex of the scale.

The Araucarias are from Australia, Polynesia, Brazil,
and Chili, where they form large trees, often 150 and 200
feet in height, and occasionally constituting immense for-
ests. They are all exceedingly beautiful, and were they
hardy with us, would have an unprecedented popularity.

Their scale-like, imbricated leaves remaining on the
plant for years, are of the most charming shade of green ;
and the straight body of the tree, and its regular conical
form, are remarkably pleasing. So rapid is their growth
and so succulent their nature, that our climate in the
Northern States is not adapted to them ; and with the ex-
ception described below, this superb genus must be grown
in a warmer and more congenial climate. For conserva-
tories, however, many of these species form most conspic-
uous objects, and they thrive under glass with tropical
luxuriance.

260 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

The smooth, nut-like seeds produced by most of the
species are edible and nutritious, and are often two inches
in length. The resin extracted from the trunk of the
trees is generally fragrant and valuable ; that furnished by
the A. Braziliensis is incorporated with wax and made
into candles. The timber of many of the species is fine-
grained, durable, and valuable for building purposes.

This genus is one of the oldest of the order, as well
preserved specimens of a handsome species have been dis-
covered in the coal formations of Europe ; and although
entirely extinct in a living state at the present time, the
name of A. primceva has been given it.

The Araucarias differ from the most of the Pine sub-
family in being dioecious, and principally on this account
have, with the Dammara and others, been formed into a
distinct sub-order by some writers. The name of the ge-
nus is derived from a tribe of Chilians called Araucanos,
who use the seeds of the A. imbricata as their principal
article of food.

1. A. imbricata, Pavon— CHILI PINE. — Leaves, vary-
ing from f to If inch long, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, rigid,
straight, sharply acute, very persistent, closely imbricated,
arranged in whorls or verticils of 7 or 8, deep glossy-green
color. Branches, horizontal, ascending at their extremi-
ties, in whorls of 6, 7, or 8, and covered with a resinous,
corky bark. Cones, from 7 to 7-J- inches long, and 8 to 8^
inches broad, roundish-ovate, erect, solitary ; with numer-
ous, deciduous, recurved, wedge-shaped, large scales.
Seeds, wedge-shaped, from 1 to 2 inches long ; thick, hard
testa ; and short, obsolete wings.

This very handsome species is from the Andes of South
America, between 36° and 46° south latitude, and occurs
in such abundance as to form large forests ; in many places
covering whole sides of the mountain from the base to the
snow line. It is most frequently found on dry, rocky emi-
nences almost destitute of water.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY.

261

Fig. 32.— ARAUCAKIA IMBRICATA.

262 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

The Chili Pine forms a tall, straight tree, with a maximum
height of 150 feet. The shape is perfectly conical, with
horizontal branches placed in regular whorls. The branch-
lets are so densely crowded with the closely imbricated
leaves as to entirely conceal the bark, and the foliage per-
sists for several years. Its growth is remarkably rapid in
suitable localities, and it quickly arrives at maturity.
Pavon, in speaking of this tree, remarks that the male
plant rarely ever exceeds 40 or 50 feet in height, but the
female usually grows to the height of 150 feet.

We have endeavored to succeed with it, but it failed
with us, as it has generally throughout the Middle
States ; but a few degrees further south it is quite satis-
factory. Sargent says in Downing's Landscape Garden-
ing : " Both sun and wet are fatal to it, and in situations
where there are no hill-sides sloping to the north, it should
be planted on the north of buildings on little mounds, with
at least the lower foot in the holes filled with stones for
drainage."

Downing's description of the Dropmore specimens in
England is one of the best that we have seen of this tree.
He says: "But the gem of the collection is the superb
Chili Pine, or Araucaria, the oldest, I think, in England, or,
at all events, the finest. The seed was presented to the
late Lord Grenville by William IV, who had some of the
first gigantic cones of this tree that were imported. This
specimen is now 30 feet high, perfectly symmetrical, the
stem as straight as a column, the branches dispersed with
the utmost regularity, and the lower ones drooping and
touching the ground like those of a Larch. If you will
not smile, I will tell you that it struck me that the expres-
sion of this tree is heroic, that is, it looks the very Mars
of evergreens.

" There are no slender twigs, no small branches, but a
great stem with branches like a colossal bronze candela-
brum, or perhaps the whole reminds one more of some

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 263

gigantic, dark green coral, than a living, flexible tree. Yet
it is a grand object, — in its richness of dark green, its no-
ble aspect, and its powerful, defiant attitude. This is quite
the best specimen that I have seen, and stands in a light
sandy soil, on a gravelly bottom, on which soil I was told
it only grows luxuriantly."

Var. varicgata, Gordon. — "A very striking variety
with pale, straw-colored leaves, and occasionally the young
shoots intermixed with the ordinary deep shining green
ones. It originated in Mr. Glendinning's nursery, at
Furnham Green, and is quite unique."

Not yet introduced into this country to our knowledge.

TENDER SPECIES OF ARAUCARIA.

These beautiful trees form one of the most ornamental
features in our collections when grown in large tubs or
boxes, and placed under glass during the winter months.
With the exception of A. excelsa, they will all probably
succeed well in the open air in the extreme Southern
States. They are not hardy in England, but are grown
extensively for decorative purposes.

2. A. Bidwillii, Hooker. — BID WILL'S ARAUCAKIA. — This
is a splendid tree, growing from 100 to 150 feet in height,
with an even, although rather loose, conical head, and pro-
ducing very fine-grained, durable wood, and large, nut-like
fruit over 2 inches in length. The cones are about 9 inches
in length, of a globular form, inclining somewhat to oval ;
with the scales terminating in a stout, recurved hook or
sharp point. It is a native of Australia.

3. A, Brasiliana, Richard.— BRAZILIAN ARAUCARIA. —

264 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Smaller tlian the preceding, not exceeding 70 or 100 feet
in height, but strikingly beautiful in all its parts. It is
from the section of country north of Rio Janeiro, and was
introduced into England in 1819. It is more tender than
A. irribricata, but a much more rapid grower than that
species. The large, sessile cones are about 6 inches in di-
ameter, with the scales ending in sharp spines. The seeds
are produced singly and are about 2 inches long.

Var, Ridolfiana, SavL — This form is more robust in
growth, with larger and longer leaves, and probably more
hardy than the species.

Var, graciliS; Carriere. — This variety is the exact re-
verse of the above, and has bright green leaves when
young, and in its general appearance closely resembles the
Cunninghamia Sinensis. Branches undivided and droop-
ing at the extremities.

4. A. Cookii, Brown. — Is from the islands of Aniteura,
New Hebrides, and New Caledonia. It grows to the
height of from 150 to 200 feet. The branches are placed
in very regular whorls, horizontal in growth, and very
densely clothed with leaves. Cones smaller than either
of the preceding.

5. A. Cumiinghamii, Alton. — MORETON BAY PIKE. —
From Moreton Bay and elsewhere in Australia, where it
constitutes whole forests, frequently growing to the height
of from 100 to 130 feet. The form of this species is not
so compact as some others, but its beautiful, dark, glossy-
green leaves are very attractive. It produces the smallest
cones of the genus.

Var. glauca, Antoine. — Differs from the species in hav-
ing glaucous leaves. Said to be very striking.

Var, longifolia, Antoine. — The foliage is longer and
straighter than the usual form, and it is robust.

THE PINE SUB-FAMILY. 265

6, A, excelsa. Brown. — NORFOLK ISLAND PINE. — The
most tender species, but growing much larger than the
others, almost rivalling in grandeur the " Giant Trees of
California." Specimens have been measured that were
225 feet in height, with trunks 11 feet in diameter, and en-
tirely destitute of branches to the height of 80 or 100 feet.
The branches are in regular whorls, and the globular cones
are about 6 inches in diameter, and produce very large seeds.

7. A, Rulei, Mueller. — Another of the newer Australian
species that is quite tender in England. It forms a dense,
compact tree about 50 feet in height, with very numerous,
closely imbricated, dark glossy-green leaves, and very
large, globular cones, having broad scales, terminating in
narrow, lance-shaped projections or points an inch long.

1O.— DAMHARA, Rumphius.

Dioecious, having globular, axillary cones, and solitary,
coriaceous, persistent leaves. The carpellary scales are
devoid of bracts ; the ovules solitary, and not adherent to
their base. According to Gordon there are five known
species, and three that are uncertain.

We note this tender genus and the following to warn
those who may be disposed to try them of their true char-
acter, as well as to give those who wish to grow them
under glass a list of the species, with some indications of
their character. The descriptions of these will necessarily
be brief.

1. D. australiS; Lambert. — Is a tree from 120 to 150
feet high, and a native of New Zealand.
12

266 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

2. D. macrophylla, Lindley. — Grows 100 feet high,
and comes from one of the South Sea Islands.

3* D, Moori, Lindley. — Is about 40 feet in height;
from New Caledonia.

4. D, obtusa, Lindley. — Forms a large tree 200 feet
high, and was introduced from the Island of Aniteura,
one of the New Hebrides group.

5. D. Orientalis, Lambert. — Is a huge tree 100 feet
high, from Java and Borneo. " This species," according
to the Botanical Magazine, " is perhaps the rarest of all
ConiferaB cultivated in Europe."

Var. glauca is recently introduced, and is represented
as having very glaucous leaves.

Var. alba, KnigJit. — Has whitish bark and longer
leaves.

The three new and uncertain species are D.
Seemann; D, ovata, Moore ; D. longifolia, Lindley.

11.— ARTIIROT AXIS, Don.— THE JOIKTED YEW.

Small, dioecious, evergreen plants from Van Diemen's
Land. The flowers are all terminal and solitary, and the
small, globular cones composed of imbricated, entire scales,
and destitute of bracts. From 3 to 5 ovules under each
scale. The name is derived from the curious arrangement
of the jointed shoots.

The genus comprises but three known species.

THE PIXE SUB-FAMILY. 267

1. A, cupressoides, Don.— Forms a tree about 30 feet
in height, with numerous, slender, spreading branches.

2t A. laxifolia? Hooker. — A small tree of which but
little is known.

3* Af selaginoides, Don. — Forms a handsome, spread-
ing bush with numerous branches, densely clothed with
deep green glossy leaves.

CHAPTER XI.

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY.— CUPRESSINEU.

The engraving, figure 33, gives magnified drawings of
the flowers and fruit of the common Juniper, and illus-
trates the characters of the sub-family Cupressineae. The
sterile aments are shown of the natural size, at a ; b shows
one of these much enlarged ; and c gives a view of one
of the stamens. The fertile aments, d^ one of which is
shown enlarged at e, consist of a few scales ; at the base
of the scales are borne the erect ovules, as seen in the mag-
nified cross section,^ The scales in the Juniper become
fleshy and form a berry-like fruit, of which g represents
the young, and A, the mature state, both enlarged. A
cross section of the fruit is shown at i, exposing the seeds,
a separate one of which, with the glands at its base, is
represented at j.

12.— JUJVIPERUS, Linnaeus.— JUNIPER.

Flowers chiefly dioecious, very rarely monoecious; sterile
aments, sub-terminal or axillary, anther cells on the under
side of the shield-shaped scales, opening lengthwise, and
from 3 to 6 in number ; fertile aments axillary, ovoid, and
bracteate at base. Fruit, a scaly-bracted drupe, in some
species resembling a berry, emitting a strong, resinous
odor, and containing from 1 to 3, erect, hard-shelled seeds.
Cotyledons, 2. Leaves, scale-like, subulate or lanceolate,
persistent and rigid.

This immense genus of evergreens is one of the most
useful of the order for ornamental planting. It comprises
268

THE CYPKESS SUB-FAMILY.

269

ff

Fig. 33.— FLOWERS AND FRUIT OF JUNIPERUS €OMMUNIS, TO ILLUSTRATE
THE STRUCTURE OF THE SUB-FAMILY CUPRESSINE^I.

270 THE BOOK OF EVEBGREENS.

species of every size, from the largest class to the trailing
plant that creeps along the ground. We could not dis-
pense with these charming additions to our shrubbery, as
they are almost the only reliable plants with persistent
leaves. The broad, spreading character of some contrasts
beautifully with the rigid conical forms of others ; and
the graceful, drooping branchlets of the weepers, and the
curious, carpet-like appearance of the trailing species,
present widely differing forms.

They are natives of every degree of latitude, from that
of almost perpetual congelation to the torrid zone. In
the latter, however, they are rare, but are plentiful in the
frigid and temperate regions. For this reason, we find
the greater portion of them succeeding in our latitude.
Almost every quarter of the globe is represented in this
genus, and almost every year adds one or more new species
or varieties to our already long list. The lumber of sev-
eral species is of the best quality, and the resin furnished
by others is highly odorous and valuable. The fruit of
some is used in flavoring liquors, and in the materia medica.

The generic name is the old classical one adopted by
Linnaeus, but the derivation is obscure.

§ I.— TRUE JUNIPERS.— OXYCEDRUS.

Leaves in whorls of 3, spreading in the adult plants,
jointed at the base, and glandless on the back. Fruit
globular and smooth.

1. J. fommiinis, Linnaeus. — COMMON JUNIPER. —
Leaves rather long, linear awl-shaped, prickly pointed, up-
per surface glaucous, under one bright green. Branches
ascending or spreading, rigid, with numerous branchlets.
Fruit small, globular, dark purple, covered with a hand-
some light bloom. For flowers and fruit see figure 33.

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 271

Fig. 34.— tfUNIPERUS COMMTTNIS.

272 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

The Common Jumper is a native of North America,
Europe, and Asia. In this country its limits extend from
"New Jersey and Pennsylvania, northward into Canada,
and in Europe it is found throughout the most northern
portions, and is particularly plentiful on the Alps and Ap-
ennines.

The Common Juniper varies from 5 to 10 feet in height,
and in cultivation frequently grows much larger. Its
branches are usually numerous and erect, although more
or less straggling in growth, frequently spreading and
forming a sprawling bush. This tendency to spread causes
the shape of the plant to be injured by heavy masses of
snow lodging in the centre. A few wires drawn tightly
around the main branches is a sure preventive. The out-
line should also be preserved perfectly symmetrical by
shearing off all superabundant growth, and thus cause the
plant to become more dense and compact.

"We have noticed the frequent use of this Juniper for a
hedge-plant, but it is unfit for this purpose. The lower
branches are apt to die out, thus presenting an unhand-
some appearance at the base, and during cold winters the
immature branchlets are occasionally destroyed. Indeed
all of the genus are more or less liable to the objection of
dying out, not even excepting our Red Cedar, (J~. Virgin-
iana); and we recommend planting for hedges the Ar-
bor Yitaes and Hemlock Spruce in preference to any of the
Junipers.

Adult plants of this species will occasionally form quite
large trees. The Bartram specimen, according to Mee-
han's " Hand-book of Ornamental Trees," is " 35 feet high,
and 2|- feet in circumference. It is growing on a dry loam
.with a gravelly subsoil, which seems to suit it admirably."

Scarcely any plant is so liable to assume a multiplicity
of shapes as this. We have seen a large number of young
seedlings in nursery rows, where scarcely two were alike
in every particular. Occasionally they present a tall, erect

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 273

form, almost equalling the Irish Juniper, and again spread-
ing and straggling in a very unsymmetrical manner. We
have also noticed specimens with horizontal branches, in
which the outline of the plant was spherical ; but this
latter form is not of frequent occurrence.

Gin receives its flavor from the drupe-like berries of this
species, and the oil extracted from them is also used in
medicine.

Var, Alpina, Linn. — Syn. J. Canadensis, Loddiges ; J.
communis depressa, Pursh / var. Canadensis, London. —
This is a creeping or rather a low spreading plant, extending
along the surface of the ground often to the distance of 7
or 8 feet, in every direction. The extremities of the
branches are usually ascending, but rarely to a greater
height than three feet. The foliage is very handsome, and
presents an agreeable contrast to the darker hues of J.
prostrata when growing near each other, as they are fre-
quently placed in ornamental grounds.

It is principally found along the lakes on our northern
boundary, and is more or less common throughout Canada
and farther north.

For ornamenting rock-work, this plant is well adapted ;
its creeping habit, united with a strong, vigorous growth,
making it particularly useful in such situations. We have
seen an artificial rockery covered with this plant and the
J. prostrata^ which we considered the most charming
feature in the collection where it was grown.

Specimens of this variety when growing wild are often
remarkably beautiful; and this is particularly the case
along the Niagara River.

On Goat Island, as well as on the opposite shore, this
hardy little plant flourishes amid the spray, and enlivens
the winter landscape by its peculiar silvery tints.

Var, Uibernica, Loddiges. — IRISH JUNIPER. — This is
decidedly the most distinct and beautiful of all the van-
12*

274 THE BOOK OF EVERGREEN.

eties of our Common Juniper. It is very formal and erect
in growth, resembling a green column, and generally at-
taining about the same height as the species, but with a
much more dense and compact habit of growth. For
suitable localities, especially in formal or architectural
gardens and avenues, this fine variety is of the highest
importance ; but for general and promiscuous planting on
a highly cultivated lawn, it is decidedly out of place.

During excessively cold winters this variety is liable to
be injured in this latitude, particularly in the young and
imperfectly matured shoots ; but we think this is not so
frequently the case when it is growing in a good, well-
drained soil — not sandy, however, for the Irish Juniper
requires a rather moist and somewhat generous soil to en-
sure a full development.

A form of this variety with prettily variegated leaves
has been raised at Handsworth, England.

Var. Siiccica, Loudon. — SWEDISH JUNIPER. — A native
of the north of Europe, and is remarkably hardy and use-
ful with us. The foliage is a light yellowish-green color,
smaller, and more scattered than in the species. It, how-
ever, forms a much larger tree, and produces larger fruit.

Loudon, in speaking of the Swedish Juniper, observes
that " this kind was supposed by Miller to be a species,
because he found it always come true from seed. It gener-
ally attains the height of 10 feet or 12 feet, and some-
times of 16 feet or 18 feet. The branches are more erect
than those of the Common Juniper ; the leaves are nar-
rower, they end in more acute points, and are placed far-
ther asunder on the branches ; the berries are also larger
and longer." This author calls it J. communis fastigiata.
Gordon mentions that it has attained the height of 50 feet
in the forest of Fontainbleau, France.

Var, compressa, Carriere. — SPANISH JUNIPER.— Re-
sembles the Irish Juniper in form, but it is even more

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 275

dense in habit, with shorter and more numerous leaves
than that variety. We are unable to speak from our own
experience in regard to its hardiness, but according to
Sargent it is perfectly hardy and fine, and if we mistake
not, it succeeds at Flushing, L. I.

Var. pcndula, Reid. — This variety, although not very
distinct, deserves a place on our lawns ; for with proper
care in training and pruning, it makes a fine specimen.
The branchlets have a drooping tendency. It originated
at Elizabethtown, N. J., in the collection of the late Wm.
Reid.

2. J. drupacea9 Labitt. — PLUM-FRUITED JUNIPER. —
Leaves rather large, linear-lanceolate, spreading, very
acute, concave and glaucous above, convex and light green
below. Branches spreading. Fruit, very large, frequently
1 inch in diameter, roundish-ovate, axillary, solitary, dark
purplish color, with a handsome bloom.

This rare species is almost unknown to cultivators in
this country, but is well deserving of cultivation. We
have had an opportunity of testing it fully for several
years, and have proven its adaptability to our climate.

It is a native of the colder parts of Syria, where it gen-
erally attains the height of from 8 to 10 feet, but occa-
sionally forms quite a good-sized tree. The branches are
very numerous and spreading, and the general form of the
plant a regular cone. With us the fruit is not so large as
that described by foreign authors. Gordon speaks of it
in England as quite hardy, and the finest of all the Juni-
pers ; and we trust it will receive more attention in the
future with us, as our list of evergreen shrubs is so small
that we cannot afford to dispense with one so valuable as
this.

3» J« hemisphsBrica, Presl. — HEDGE-HOG, OR GLOBULAR
JUNIPER. — Syn. J. echinoformis, Rinz / J. Oxycedrus
echinoformis, Van Houtte's Catalogue. — Leaves medium

276 THE BOOK OP EVERGREENS.

length or small, awl-shaped, exceedingly acute, spreading,
very numerous, glaucous above, light green below. Branch-
es and branchlets very numerous, crowded. Fruit spheri-
cal, glossy, bright red color.

This curious little plant, as its specific name implies,
forms a complete hemisphere, and usually measures from
one to two feet in diameter. The branches are very nu-
merous, crowded, quite small ; and the branchlets are so
dense and thickly covered with leaves as to make a com-
plete mass of sharp, awl-shaped points, extending out in
every direction.

Our specimen is now ten years old, and is but one foot
in diameter; it has nevertheless been remarkably healthy,
and has sustained its lively green hue through the vicissi-
tudes of a changeable climate, never altering its color,
even in the coldest winters or during the most severe
droughts. Its odd appearance has caused the name of
Hedge-hog Juniper to be applied to it; and although
rather inelegant for so pretty a little plant as this, it is
certainly very expressive.

It is a native of the sterile sides of Mt. Etna, where it
flourishes in a barren soil beneath an almost scorching
sun. It is also occasionally found in the mountainous re-
gions of Calabria.

We have seen this plant used in cemeteries, where it
appeared very appropriate and created a pretty effect, es-
pecially in a small, enclosed lot. When this species is as-
sociated with the trailing Junipers, such as J. prostrata,
or J. squamata, the effect is visibly heightened.

4. J. mar rocarpa* Sibthorp. — LARGE-FRUITED JUNI-
PER.— Syn. J. elliptica, Van Houtte. — Leaves rather large,
lanceolate, very acute, glaucous above, light green below.
Branches, somewhat upright, with slender, drooping
branchlets. Fruit very large, nearly elliptical, dark pur-
ple color, and covered with a beautiful light bloom. ,

This fine shrub, although closely resembling J. Oxyce-

THE CTPEESS SUB-FAMILY. 277

drus in appearance, and especially in the form and color
of its leaves, is, notwithstanding, quite distinct in its fruit,
and is also much less hardy with us, but is one of the most
beautiful of the family. In England it is pronounced en-
tirely hardy, and is considered very desirable ; but our ex-
perience with it has been so variable and unsatisfactory
that we cannot recommend it, excepting for trial under
very favorable circumstances.

Along the shores of the Mediterranean, on dry, sandy
soils, this species nourishes in great luxuriance. In sev-
eral portions of Greece it is abundant, especially in
rocky localities. It generally grows from 6 to 10 feet in
height, and forms a conical outline, with the young branch-
lets drooping quite gracefully. Spach considered it as a
variety of the J. communis.

5* J. oblonga j Bieberstein. — OBLONG-FRUITED, OR CAU-
CASIAN JUNIPER. — Syn. J. communis oblonga, London,
etc., etc. — Leaves rather long, lanceolate, very acute, rigid,
sessile, glaucous green color. Branches spreading, and
furnished with numerous drooping branchlets. Fruit
small, in clusters or whorls of 3, sessile, dark purple color,
with a light bloom.

This species is found principally in Caucasus and South-
west Russia, where it grows to the height of 5 or 6
feet, but frequently forming only a straggling bush,
spreading along the ground. The branches are mostly ir-
regularly placed and very crooked, incurved at the apex,
but with very pretty, slender, pendent branchlets. The
branches are so numerous as to form a dense and com-
pact mass, which serves in a manner to disguise their
unmethodical arrangement, and in most cases causes it to
form a regular and pleasing outline.

We have found it quite hardy and very distinct from
any other species, although nearly resembling the Jl rigida,
to which it is closely allied. In a group of evergreen
shrubbery the J. oblonga should always have a place, aa

278 THE BOOK OF EVEEGREENS.

the gracefulness of the branchlets imparts a peculiar beauty,
unusual in the majority of the genus. It is especially fit-
ted for use in cemeteries, and we have often wondered
why so appropriate a plant should be overlooked.

6, J. Oxycedrus, Linnceus. — PRICKLY CEDAE. — Leaves
medium size, lanceolate or awl-shaped, scattered, spread-
ing, light green color. Branches spreading, with pendu-
lous, slender branchlets. Fruit numerous, large, globular,
shining, reddish-brown color.

The Prickly Cedar, or, as it is sometimes called, the
Large Brown-fruited Juniper, is a small tree from the
shores of the Mediterranean, particularly in Spain, Portu-
gal, and France; also on the Apennine Mountains, at a
considerable elevation. The usual height is about 10 or
12 feet, but occasionally it is much larger, with long,
slender branches that have a somewhat drooping habit.

Its hardiness in our climate is doubtful, but our ex-
perience with it has been somewhat limited. It generally,
however, survives our winters with an occasional loss of a
portion of the young branchlets, which injures the ap-
pearance of the plant. During the growing season it is
very handsome and quite distinct, owing to the color,
form, and arrangement of the leaves. For partially
shaded situations in favorable aspects, we would recom-
mend its culture here.

7. J. rigida, Siebold. — WEEPING, OR RIGID-LEAVED
JUNIPEE. — Syn. J. oblonga pendula, London. — Leaves
medium length, lanceolate, sessile, rigid, acute, glaucous
and concave on the upper side, light green and convex be-
neath. Branches fastigiate and pendent at the extremi-
ties, with numerous flexile, angular, and slender branch-
lets. Fruit small, oblong or spherical, solitary, short pet-
ioled, glaucous violet color.

This species, which has been long known as the J. ob-
longa pendula, or Weeping Juniper of Loudon, is a native

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 279

of the mountains of China and Japan, where it attains the
height of from 15 to 25 feet.

There can be no doubt of the validity of Siebold's spe-
cific name, and that he was correct in considering it a dis-
tinct species. The similarity between it and J~. oblong a,
as well as tT. communis, is entirely superficial; and
Loudon named it from its mere resemblance in growth and
general appearance to these plantsT

It is, however, one of the most beautiful of the family,
and should be tested by every admirer of the Coniferae.
The branches are fewer in number, more slender and pen-
dent, and altogether more graceful than those of the J".
oblonga. It is perhaps scarcely as hardy as the latter spe-
cies, but requires a few years of care and attention to
enable it to become acclimated, the young and tender
shoots being liable to injury, not only from the excessive
cold of winter, but frequently from the direct rays of our
summer's sun.

It grows very rapidly, and soon forms one of the most
attractive features in a collection. We have been much
pleased with this species when grafted standard high on
the Red Cedar; it then assumes an unusually graceful hab-
it. It is remarkably well adapted for cemetery planting.

8. J. rufescens, Link. — BROWN-FRUITED JUNIPER. —
Syn. J. communis Wittmanniana, Carriere. — Leaves rather
long, lanceolate, spreading, rigid, acute, pale green color.
Branches angular and spreading, with long, slender
branchlets. Fruit small, spherical, short peduncled, dark
reddish-brown color.

A species from the borders of the Mediterranean, and
found in most of the countries along the coast. It grows
generally about 8 or 10 feet in height, according to the
soil and situation, some plants exceeding that size, while
others are but small shrubs. We are afraid this Juniper
will not prove hardy in the Middle States, as our experi-
ence with it has been quite variable. It must consequently

280 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

be planted in a sheltered and very favorable spot to secure
any chance of success.

Var. brevifolia, EndUcher. — This is no hardier than
the species, but is a larger tree, more compact in growth,
and has smaller foliage.

§ II.-SJLYIN

Leaves in opposite pairs, mostly awl-shaped, slightly
divergent, and loosely imbricated in the adult plants.
Fruit mostly small and numerous.

9. J. densa, Gordon. — DENSE-GROWING INDIAN JUNI-
PER.— Syn. J. recurva densa, Hort, &c. — Leaves, in whorls
of three, half spreading, linear-lanceolate, very acute, pun-
gent, a pale yellowish-green, and about a third of an inch
long. Berries solitary, the size and shape of a small pea,
dark blue, covered with a glaucous bloom, extremely res-
inous, aromatic, and mostly three-seeded; with three
divergent furrows on the apex, connected at the extrem-
ities by an elevated scale, and thus forming a kind of plat-
form on the top, with three lateral scales lower down the
sides of the berry. The whole plant emits an exceedingly
strong turpentine or resinous smell when bruised, and the
berries ripen from August to November." — Gordon.

This species, lately brought into notice under a new name
by Gordon in his supplement to the Pinetum, had been
previously confounded with the J. recurva. According
to this author, it is very distinct from the latter, being
" easily distinguished by its dwarf, dense habit, and small,
3-seeded fruit, while that of Juniperus recurva has but a
single seed in each berry." It generally grows from 3 to
6 feet high, somewhat resembling J. squamata in appear-
ance, but not so spreading in its growth. The tint of its
foliage is of a pale yellowish-green. Gordon enumerates

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 281

a number of localities where this species is found. It is
plentiful on the Bhotan Alps, and in Kunawur, at differ-
ent elevations, ranging from 9,500 to 14,000 feet.

We have received plants from Belgium, bearing the
foregoing description, under the name of Jl recurva densa,
but as to the character of the fruit, we are unable at pres-
ent to say. The high elevations at which it is frequently
found should encourage us to test it fairly, as it will prob-
ably prove very desirable in a collection.

10. J. excclsa, Beiberstein. — TALL JUNIPER. — Leaves,
small, awl-shaped, very acute, imbricated, thick, rigid, pale
glaucous-green color. Branches numerous, spreading, in-
curved at the extremities, thick, short, with rigid, straight
branchlets. Fruit medium size, roundish, solitary, terminal,
dark purple color, with a glaucous bloom.

The confusion arising from the fact that there are two
distinct plants known as the Jl excelsa, does not in any
way relate to their resemblance, but originated through a
misunderstanding on the part of botanists in the East In-
dies, who claimed the name of J. excelsa for the very dis-
tinct species now known as J. religiosa. So far as we
of the Middle States are concerned, the dispute is of very
little consequence, both species being entirely too capri-
cious for our climate.

The true JT. excelsa is but a large-sized shrub with us,
whilst in its native locality it forms a tree from 30 to 40
feet in height. It is a native of Southern Europe, and is
found in Taurica, Armenia, Syria, etc. The branches are
very numerous, spreading and ascending at their extrem-
ities, with a profusion of foliage, and furnished with nu-
merous small, stiff branchlets.

Its hardiness is very variable ; sometimes it resists our
winters with impunity, but it is more frequently killed to
the ground. By affording it a slight protection, and plac-
ing it in a partially shaded situation, it is sometimes rea-

282 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

sonably satisfactory. This species must not be confounded
with the J. excelsa of Pursh and Lewis, which we find
occasionally described, as a North American species.
Pursh's plant is the J. occidentalis of Hooker, and J. an-
dina of Nuttall, a very different plant from the one under
notice.

Carriere mentions a very pretty variegated variety, ill
which the leaves and branches are spotted.

11. J, prostrata, Persoon. — PROSTRATE JUNIPER. — Syn.
J. procumbens, Pursh; J. Sabina prostrata, Loudon; J.
repens, Nuttall, &c., &c. — Leaves, short, awl-shaped,
acute, loosely imbricated, crowded, dark shining-green
color. Branches, trailing, slender, and spreading. Fruit
quite small, solitary, nearly globular, very dark purplish
color with a glaucous bloom.

This hardy creeping plant is from the northern portions
of our continent, extending along the Lakes to north-west
America.

Nuttall speaks of finding it along the shores of Lake
Huron, and says, "It is a very distinct species, being
wholly prostrate, and spreading along the ground in very
wide circles." This species is, however, very distinct
from the J. procumbens of Siebold, as that is but a syn-
onym of the J. Japonica of Carriere, and a native of Japan.

Having before alluded to the beauty of this plant,
when growing on rockeries with other trailing Conifers,
it only remains for us to recommend it in the strongest
terms. It is entirely hardy, a remarkably vigorous grower,
and with a dark green color. We have seen this plant
trained up a stake, when a graceful and pretty effect was
produced p and thus, in like manner, it may be made to
cover unsightly objects, provided such are not too high.
Perhaps the finest specimens in cultivation are those at
Princeton, mentioned by Sargent in his edition of Down-
ing's Landscape Gardening. They form a complete mass

THE CTPEESS SUB-FAMILY. 283

of rich green verdure, not exceeding 2 feet in height, and
at least 30 feet in circumference.

The destructive little aphides are particularly injurious
to these trailing species, and we have noticed whole beds
of young plants of the Prostrate Juniper entirely killed by
their depredations. A large plant in our own collection,
several years of age, was recently destroyed in one season
by these pests. The best remedy for ridding the plant of
them is to sprinkle the foliage frequently with hot tobacco
water, which usually destroys insect life after a few appli-
cations.

12. J. rccurvaj Don. — RECURVED-BRANCHED JUNIPER.
— Syn. J. Nepalensis, Rinz; J. repanda, JETort. — Leaves,
medium length, lanceolate, spreading, acute, glaucous-
green color. Branches covered with scaly bark, drooping,
with pendulous branchlets. Fruit, somewhat oval, shin-
ing, very dark purple color, monospermous.

This species is quite distinct from J. densa, although the
latter, according to the first edition of Gordon, was con-
sidered to be the male plant of this species, and known as
J. recurva densa.

The J. recurva is a native of Bhotan and Nepal, where
it is found at elevations varying from 9,000 or 10,000 feet
to 14,000 or 15,000 feet. In the former it generally grows
to the height of 70 or 80 feet, but in the latter it is only
a creeping alpine shrub.

It is about equally hardy with the Jl densa, but not
sufficiently so to recommend for general cultivation. Both
belong to that class of Conifers which cannot be called
exactly half-hardy, but uncertain and unsatisfactory, occa-
sionally succeeding very well, and again becoming browned
and severely injured. A partially shaded situation should
invariably be given them.

In beauty, this Juniper must certainly be considered
unexcelled, and we regret exceedingly that its capricious

284 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

nature, or our variable climate rather, will not allow us to
enjoy its beauties in perfection. A perfectly healthy spec-
imen is one of the most elegant little trees within our
knowledge. There is such an air of gracefulness and light-
ness in the easy rounded curve of each little branchlet, that
it is certain to command the admiration of every lover of
the family. Two remarkable characteristics in this species
are shown in the rough bark, curling and peeling off, and
the very peculiar chaffy adult leaves. These never vary,
and readily enable us to distinguish it from all others.

13. J. religiosa, Royle. — SACRED OR INCENSE JUNIPER.
— Syn. J. excelsa, Madden, <fcc., &c. — Leaves, very vari-
able in size and position, the rows occasionally disposed
ternately, but mostly quaternate ; either acute or some-
what obtuse, imbricated, slender, glaucous, and bright
green in color. Branches, irregular, quite numerous, and
drooping. Branchlets, drooping and slender. Fruit, small,
spherical, aromatic, resinous, smooth, and dark purple in
color.

Although this plant is so frequently and unjustifiably
confounded with the true J. excelsa of Bieberstein, it does
not, however, resemble that species in appearance. The
name of <T. excelsa was first given this species by the writ-
ers on Indian Conifers, without a knowledge of the fact
that another Juniper already claimed the title. The name
was, therefore, changed to «7! religiosa by Royle, which is
the correct and only proper name recognized by botanists.
It has also been erroneously confounded with Cupressus
torulosa, which it very slightly resembles, but from which
it is widely distinct in fruit and other characters.

The J. religiosa is found generally in the mountainous
districts of Nepal, Bootan, and Sikkim, at very high
elevations, decreasing in size as it approaches the highest
limits, until it forms but a small, uninteresting shrub. In
the more congenial districts, however, at elevations vary-
ing from 7,000 to 12,000 feet, it assumes its greatest dimen-

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 285

sions, and is really a magnificent tree, generally attaining
a height of from 50 to 75 feet, although Madden mentions
a solitary specimen, growing in the neighborhood of one
of the Indian temples, that measured 100 feet high, and
was 13 feet in circumference, 5 feet from the ground.

The specific name was given on account of the reverence
in which it is held in India by the Buddhists. For pur-
poses of incense the young twigs are coated with goats-
grease, and burned in the temples on important festive
days. The scent of the wood, foliage, and berries, is
highly aromatic, but they are exceedingly nauseous to the
taste. The wood is of the same color as that of many
other species that are used in the manufacture of lead
pencils, and would doubtless answer the same purpose, it
being of a peculiar cinnamon-red, as well as soft and fine-
grained.

Our experience with this species as an ornamental plant
is very limited in regard to out-door cultivation, although
we have had it in pot culture for several years; but in the
collection of H. W. Sargent it is entirely hardy. This
tree, when perfectly healthy, and in a suitable locality,
grows rapidly, and assumes much the same character that
distinguishes the handsome Cupressus torulosa. The main
body of the tree is straight and smooth, with the branches
very numerous, and curving gracefully at the extremities.

14. J, Sab inn, Linnceus. — SAVIN JUNIPER. — Leaves,
small or medium, oval, awl-shaped, acute, imbricated.
Branches, ramified, spreading, with a reddish-brown bark.
Fruit, small, oval, or globular, very smooth, dark purple
color, mostly monospermous.

A native of the mountains of Europe — on the Alps,
Apennines, and Pyrenees ; as well as in the northern sec-
tions of North America — in Canada, &c. It belongs to
the trailing class of Junipers, although an upright form is
occasionally met with. The branches are very numerous,

286 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

and form a compact, irregular mass ; the branches become
destitute of foliage as they increase in age and size.

In former years, when the more desirable trailing species

Fig. 35.— JUNIPERUS SABINA.

were unknown, the Savin was very generally cultivated
for ornament, especially in the topiary work, which for a
time was so much the fashion ; but, thanks to a more cor-

THE CYPEESS SUB-FAMILY. 287

rect taste, this style of gardening is now almost obsolete.
In wild, rocky landscapes, and for covering rough, unsightly
features on a lawn, this species may be the means of creat-
ing excellent effects ; but as a specimen plant, we woulct not
recommend it. True, a bed of young plants, owing to
their healthy, vigorous growth, and peculiar, sombre-hued
foliage, presents an attractive appearance, but as they grow
older, this effect is considerably marred by their ragged
aspect, and hence their beauty is lost, and the tree can
only be valuable as adding to a picturesque, rugged
scene, and should not be used on an ornamental, well-
kept lawn.

The medicinal properties of the Savin Juniper have
long been known. The ancients used it as a diuretic, and
for cleansing ulcers.

Var, cupressifolia, Alton. — CYPRESS-LEAVED SAVIN. —
This very distinct and attractive plant has been classed by
Gordon as a synonym of the species, but as to habit they
are quite distinct. That authority says : " This is a name
mostly applied to the female form of the Common Savin,
which in general grows much taller and more robust than
the male form of the species." With us this variety is
very decided in its character, having much lighter colored
foliage, with more slender branchlets, and less rambling
in growth than the true form of the species. The foliage
of this variety in a perfectly healthy specimen is of almost
a silvery glaucous hue, and much more desirable than the
Common Savin.

Var, tamariscifolia, Alton. — TAMAEISK-LEAVED SAVINT.
— Syn. J. Sabinoides, Griseb. — This is classed by Gordon
as a distinct species. Our plants lead us to support the
classification of Alton, that it is nothing more than a mere
form of the Savin Juniper, with longer and only half-
opened leaves. Both this variety and the one preceding
it, according to Loudon, " were in cultivation in British

288 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

gardens before 1548, as they are mentioned in Turner's
Names of Herbs -, <#<?., published in that year."

Var. variegata, London. — VARIEGATED-LEAVED SAVIN.
— A very distinct and prettily marked variety, equally as
hardy as the parent, and valuable for inserting in a group
of dwarf evergreens, on rock-work, etc. A portion of the
leaves are pure white, intermixed with pale lemon yellow
and the usual dark, sombre green of the species. It is not
so vigorous in growth as its parent, however.

15. J. sqnamata, Don. — SCALED JUNIPER. — Syn. J.
dumosa, "Wallich, &c. — Leaves, medium size, or small,
oblong, imbricated, smooth, convex externally, adult ones,
mostly acute ; young leaves, obtuse, with an inflexed point ;
becoming persistent, scale-like, and ending in a very long
mucro when old; green above, and glaucous below.
Branches, numerous, large, reclinate, with brownish-purple,
scaly bark. Fruit ovate, or nearly elliptical, solitary, nu-
merous, on short, scaly peduncles, light red or dark bluish-
purple.

This is one of the most interesting of all the trailing
Conifers. The older plants become remarkably beautiful,
not only in shape, but in the delicate glaucous tint that
pervades every portion of the foliage. It was introduced
into England in the year 1824, and into this country soon
afterward. It speedily became popular, and is now one
of the standard evergreen shrubs in all good collections.

It is a native of the Himalayas at high elevations, and
is quite plentiful in Nepal and Bootan, especially on the
higher ranges. On the former range of mountains it is
found at the elevation of 15,000 feet, although below the
perpetual snow region.

In some localities, particularly on the Choor Mountains,
this species forms vast and 'almost impenetrable thickets,
and covers the rugged sides of the mountains with its
numerous and dense branches.

Sargent gives an excellent engraving of a specimen of

THE CYPKESS SUB-FAMILY. 289

Fig. 36.— JUNIPERUS SQUAMATA.

13

290 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

this plant, now growing at Princeton, N. J., in the col-
lection of R. S. Field, Esq., which shows to what perfec-
tion it can be grown. When quite young, the plants are
prostrate and trail along the ground, but as it gradually
increases in age, it assumes a compact, conical form, and
creates a fine effect on the lawn.

It is very valuable for rockeries, and always conveys an
agreeable impression, more particularly when used with
the darker J. prostrata. An experience of several years
with this species has increased our admiration for it, and
we would recommend every lover of the beautiful to in-
troduce this hardy and lovely little plant into his collec-
tion.

16. J. thuriferaj Linnaeus. — SPANISH JUNIPER. —
Leaves, quite small, awl-shaped, acute, imbricated in four
rows, glandless, very rigid, spreading, light glaucous green
color. Branches., numerous, spreading, and incurved at
the apex. Fruit, large, ovate, or obovate, solitary, ter-
minal on the branches, very dark color, covered with a
fine glaucous bloom.

The true Spanish Juniper is a native of Spain and Por-
tugal, where it is found at considerable elevations on the
mountains. It forms a beautiful ornamental tree 30 or 40
feet in height, very compact and conical in shape, with
numerous branches that clothe the tree from the ground,
and which are also gracefully incurved, thus producing a
pleasing effect. The bran chlets are exceedingly numerous,
and produce a dense mass of foliage, and when to that is
added a crop of large, dark berries, the effect is beautiful.

We make the following extracts from London, from
which we may infer it succeeds well in England. " Cul-
tivated in 1752, by Miller. There is a tree at Mr. Lam-
bert's seat, at Boyton, which in 1837 was 28 feet high,
with a trunk 9 inches in diameter ; one at Bagshot Park,
12 years old, which is 12 feet high, and one at Croome, 40
years planted, which is 30 feet high."

THE CYPEESS SUB-FAMILY. 291

Our own experience with this tree, some years since,
was so discouraging that we discontinued its cultivation,
but we are pleased to learn it is succeeding well with some
cultivators on the Hudson River, in "New York. Possibly
our own plants may not have been correct, although they
answered to the descriptions in English works.

17. J. Virginiana, Linnmus. — RED CEDAE. — Leaves,
very small, scale-like on the adult branches, but larger,
awl-shaped or subulate, and spreading, on the young shoots,
very numerous, closely imbricated, and dark green color.
Branches, mostly horizontal, with thin, scaling bark.
Fruit, small, dark-purple, numerous, and covered with a
fine glaucous bloom.

This valuable native species is found from the Gulf of
Mexico to our northern boundary along the lakes ; it great-
ly prefers a mild climate, and is, in consequence, much
more rare and smaller in size to the northward. At the
extreme South, it does not assume its finest appearance,
excepting along the coast.

The Red Cedar, in suitable locations, will grow to the
height of 30 or 40 feet, and is generally admired for its
very dark color and dense habit of growth. In this latter
particular, however, as well as in its general outline, per-
haps no species is so variable. We have often noticed a
natural grove, consisting of at least one hundred trees, in
which there are not two specimens exactly alike in every
particular. Occasionally they shoot up like tall, dark
green columns, and again others form a regular, conical
head. More rarely, trees are noticed with drooping branches
or a spreading top, not unlike an ancient Cedar of Lebanon.
The great diversity presented by this species is useful in
landscape gardening, as groups composed of a variety of
forms are invariably admired. Upon arriving at old age,
the Red Cedar mostly becomes very picturesque in ap-
pearance, and even the formal character, that is so peculiar
in some varieties, is lost in the change that usually occurs.

292

THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

The timber furnished by the Red Cedar is exceedingly
valuable, being light, fine-grained, compact, and durable.
The heart- wood is of a very handsome dark red color, and
is susceptible of a fine polish. It is highly odorous through-
out, and is used for a great variety of ornamental work,

Fig. 37.

TWO-THIRD SIZE.

as well as for more useful purposes. In the manufacture
of lead-pencils it is in great demand, being as well adapted
to that purpose as the more rare J. Bermudiana.

For hedging, this species is unfortunately badly adapted,
the lower limbs always dying out, and the foliage becoming

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 293

browned and unhealthy, thus producing an unpleasant
impression. For grouping where shelter is required, the
trees should not be set too closely together, and thus they
may be preserved in all their natural beauty, and form an
impassable barrier to the high winds.

This species, owing to its great liability to sport, has
furnished several distinct varieties ; some are perhaps un-
worthy of being perpetuated, whilst others are even more
handsome than the parent. A variety of this species is
found in New Mexico with the leaves all scale-like, and
the berries a little larger.

Var, Barbadcnsis, London. — BARBADOES CEDAR. —
Syn. J. Gossainthanea, Loddiges; J. Bedfordiana, Knight;
J. Virgiuiana australis, Carriere. — The Barbadoes Cedar
is found growing mostly in the Bahama Islands and in
Florida, near the coast. The leaves are less scattered, and
more closelv imbricated than in the species. Although
pronounced tender in England, yet, singular to say, it is
tolerably hardy and fine with us. It is very compact in
growth, with long, slender branches, and narrow, sharp-
pointed leaves of a light green color. Altogether quite
distinct in appearance from the Common Red Cedar.

Var, pendula,-£Tor£. — WEEPING RED CEDAR. — Syn. var.
Chamberlaini, JETort, &c. — According to Gordon's supple-
ment, it appears there are three distinct forms of the species
in cultivation, with a decidedly drooping tendency; but
the best is the one here described. One with light green,
glossy foliage is frequently known as var.pendala viridis.
The variety under consideration has a remarkably droop-
ing habit, with both branches and branchlets as pendent
as those of the Babylonian Willow. These long, slender
shoots are exceedingly numerous, and present an unique
and quite attractive appearance.

Var. glauca, Hort. — GLAUCOUS-LEAVED RED CEDAR. —
Syn. var. cinerascens, Hort; var. argentea, of Van Houtttfs

294 THE BOOK OP EVERGREENS.

Catalogue. — This differs from the species in its light glau-
cous color ; thus imparting to the tree a silvery appear-
ance, quite in contrast to the usual type. It is as hardy
with us as the common form.

Tar. variegata alba, and aurea, Sort. — VARIEGATED-
LEAVED RED CEDARS. — The first of these varieties is pret-
tily marked with white spots and stripes, and the latter
has yellow marblings. Owing to the dark hue of the
foliage, these variegations are more conspicuous than
usual, and to be recommended to lovers of $uch sports.

Var, Carolmiana, Loddiges, is thus described by Gor-
don : " A fine upright variety, with a compact habit, and
leaves more or less spreading, acerose or lanceolate, de-
current, scattered, and glaucous on the upper surface.
Berries very small, oval, and of a violet color when ripe."

Var, (lumosa, Carrier e. — Syn. J. Scholli, Hort. — Gor-
don says of this : " A bushy variety of the Red Cedar,
with a roundish, spreading, but compact head, largest at
the top, and with the leaves either very acute pointed,
spreading and straight, or scale-formed, and closely im-
bricated in four* rows." We obtained this a number of
years since from a French collection, and if we have the
true plant, do not consider it of sufficient interest to re-
commend-it for cultivation.

§3.— CYPRESS-L.IKE JUNIPERS.— CUPRESSOIDES.

Leaves, in opposite pairs, four-rowed, small, scale-formed,
and closely imbricated in the adult plants. Fruit, more
or less angular, and furnished with external bracts, or
humps.

18, J, caosia, Carrier e. — GLAUCOUS JUNIPER. — Syn. J.
alba, Knight ; J. fragrans, Paul. — "Leaves opposite, with

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 295

the primordial ones, and those on the lower parts of young
plants, and frequently some of those on the points of the
outer shoots, more or less spreading, lanceolate, and very
glaucous on the upper surface, while those on the upper
and more exposed parts, as well as those on the adult
plants, are much shorter, broader, very closely imbricated
in four rows, of a glaucous gray, and terminating in a
more or less blunt point. Branches and branchlets, alter-
nate, more or less ascending, numerous, very compact, and
forming a pyramidal, or somewhat cylindrical head, a little
spreading at the top." — Gordon.

Camera says it is found in the north of Europe, grow-
ing from 10 to 15 feet in height, and emitting a strong
fragrance when bruised. Having received young plants
under all the above names from foreign sources, and found
them all singularly alike, we were quite ready to consider
them the same species, when Gordon so described and ar-
ranged them. It has proven to be quite hardy in this
country, and is really one of the most handsome and dis-
tinct Junipers. We have never seen either the flowers or
fruit, and can find no account of them in other works than
Gordon's Supplement. It is the Jl dealtata of London,
although totally distinct from the plant of that name de-
scribed by Douglas. It has also been called J. occidental is,
but differs very much from Hooker's species of that name.

We have found it extremely difficult to propagate by
cuttings, and on that account it will doubtless be among
the rarer shrubs for several years to corne. On account
of its perfect hardiness, its silvery glaucous foliage, and
general beauty of outline, we have no hesitation in advanc-
ing the claims of this apparently unknown but deserving
Conifer.

19. J« Chinensis, Linno&m. — CHINESE JUNIPER. — Syn.
Sterile plant, J. Thunbergii, Hooker; Fertile plant, J.
flagelliformis, Reeves / J. struthiacea, Knight, &c. — Ster-
ile plant, leaves in ternate whorls, dissimilar in shape, but
mostly lanceolate, very acute, sessile, rigid, numerous or

296

THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Fig. 38.— JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS, FEKTILE PLANT.

THE CYPEESS SUB-FAMILY.

297

distantly disposed, spreading or glaucous-green in color.

Branches numerous, spreading, "incurved, catkins very

numerous, bright yellow
color, and covering the
plant with their golden
hued pollen at maturity.
fertile plant, leaves,
small, scale-formed, loose-
ly imbricated, and plac-
ed binately. Branch-
es, numerous, spread-
ing, drooping, somewhat
slender. Fruit small,
variable in shape, gener-
ally oblong, or spherical,
one or two seeded, and
of a peculiar dark violet
color, with a glaucous
bloom.

The Chinese Juniper,
as commonly known in
our nurseries, is the male
form, J. Chinensis mas
of Linnaeus, and is a
large conical shaped
shrub, attaining the
height of 15 or 20 feet at
maturity. The branches
are very numerous, up-
right, and inclined to
spreading, with various-
ly shaped leaves. When
in bloom, it is very
beautiful ; the great pro-
fusion of flowers shed
their pollen in such large
quantities that the shrub
is often completely overspread with the golden-tinted
13*

Fig'. 39.— JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS,
STERILE PLANT.

298 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

powder. The female form, or JT. Chinensis foemina of
Linnaeus, has numerous, long, spreading, and drooping
branches ; hence the specific name of Reeves. It is very
distinct from the male, not only in color, but in manner
of growth and outline.

These large shrubs, or, rather, small trees, are natives of
Japan and China, where they are quite common in some
districts as well as on some of the neighboring islands.
With us the two sexes are about equally hardy, and with-
stand our coldest winters with impunity ; and such has been
the experience of others in a more trying climate. Notwith-
standing it is well adapted to our country, the Chinese
Juniper will never be a popular plant, as its general appear-
ance approaches so very near to that of our Common Red
Cedar. Any plant whatsoever that resembles our own
native species, is, in the phraseology of our countrymen,
" common," and, therefore, to be regarded as of no value.
We may be considered unduly prejudiced in favor of our
own productions, when we assert that we would vastly
prefer having one well-shaped, thrifty Red Cedar than a
dozen half-hardy foreigners of doubtful character.

The shape and density of the male form of the Chinese
Juniper is greatly improved by clipping the outer ends of
all the branches, preserving at the same time a perfect
conical form. We have found this clipping process to be
advantageous to the whole genus, and more particularly
to the spreading species and varieties.

With an experience of twelve or fourteen years with this
species, we never could admire it to that degree which
some writers have professed. The male form is entirely
too stiff and formal in growth to please onr ideas of sym-
metry and gracefulness ; moreover, the foliage is apt to
lose its vitality on the lower branches. The female form,
however, is not liable to these objections, and is a preferable
tree. There are so many Conifers more eligible than these

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 299

Chinese Junipers, that, were it not for their hardiness in all
situations, we should part with them without reluctance.

19. J. occidentalis, Hooker. — ROCKY MOUNTAIN JUNI-
PER.— Syn. J. California, Carriere ; J. pyriformis, Lind-
ley • J. andina, Nuttall / J. excelsa, Pursh <& Lewis. —
Leaves either binate or ternate, ovate and obtuse, or nee-
dle-shaped and acute, closely appressed, imbricated in
three or four rows, resinous, and of a beautiful silvery
glaucous green color. Branches, spreading, numerous,
with many quadrangular short branchlets, and dark color-
ed bark. Fruit, medium size, roundish, solitary, dark
purplish-brown color and glaucous.

This fine rare species is described with an accompanying
colored plate in Nuttall's Sylva, under the name of J.
andina / and the author appears in doubt whether it really
is distinct from Jl Occident alis or not.

Their identity has since been proven, and we have
therefore arranged them as above. The tree usually grows
about 15 or 20 feet high, although Douglas, who first dis-
covered it, says it is a tree 60 or 80 feet in height ; and
Jeffrey, as well as Dr. Newberry, puts it at 40 feet.

Nuttall says of it : " On passing a gorge of the Rocky
Mountains or Northern Andes, and approaching Lewis'
River of the Oregon, we first observed this curious and
elegant tree, accompanying groves of the American Cem-
bra Pine, spreading for miles along the declivity of the
mountains, and in an opposite direction ascending well
towards the summit of a mountain, which still presented
patches of snow in the month of July, under the latitude
of about 42°."

Its habitat, according to most writers, is on dry, sandy
or rocky soil, but it has been occasionally found inhabit-
ing the rich alluvial bottoms along rivers and large streams
of water. The great diversity of size in different speci-
mens has also caused dissension among the various discov*
erers in relation to its true character. Pursh, in descrifo-

300 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

ing it under the erroneous name of Jl excelsa, remarks, it
is a lofty, elegant tree ; but Nuttall says : " As a tree it is
neither tall nor elegant, but sufficiently singular and inter-
esting." Douglas' plant was remarkable for a hollow
gland upon the back of the leaf, containing a clear, odor-
ous resin; but Nuttall states that those he examined
"were certainly without any appearance of glands."
These conflicting statements are not only liable to mislead
botanists, but to cause planters to question whether they
have the true plant. Like the J. ccesia, this species emits
a disagreeable odor when bruised.

The J. Calif ornica of Carriere has proven to be syn-
onymous with the J. Occident alls, according to a late edi-
tion of Gordon. It was also mistaken by Knight, who
gave it the name of O. bacciformis. Under the name of
J. Calif ornica we tested this species, but only for a short
time, as it did not prove sufficiently hardy. It is beauti-
fully figured in the Pacific R. R. Reports.

20. J. Phaenicia, Linnwus. — PHOENICIAN JUNIPER.-—
Syn. J. tetragona, Mcench. — Leaves, ternately disposed,
or opposite, ovate, obtuse, closely imbricated, light green
color. Branches, numerous, spreading, and covered with
reddish-brown bark. Fruit, small, or medium size, irregu-
larly spherical, (containing from 3 to 4 seeds); light, shin-
ing yellow color. Flowers dioecious, occasionally monoe-
cious ; the two sexes greatly resemble each other in the
leaves, and manner of growth.

This Juniper was introduced into England about the
year 1683, from the Mediterranean, where it grows princi-
pally on rocky soils, and forms a small tree about 15 or 20
feet high. In Sicily, Greece, Levant, Calabria, Barbary,
and the south of France, it is quite frequently met with.
Being a native of warm climates, it appears to flourish in
the Middle States with but indifferent success, and we
should therefore recommend a warm exposure and light
soil when selecting a suitable place for its culture.

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 801

In form it attains to a perfect cone at maturity, with
dense branches, that are almost covered with quite small,
bright green leaves. Loudon says the berries are about
the size of a pea, and pale yellow when ripe, which is not
until the end of two entire years. The same author says
it is much less common in collections than so fine a shrub
deserves to be. The female form of this species, known as
J. Phoenicia fcemina of Linnaeus, has also been described
as J. Langoldiana, and occasionally as Cupressus Devon-
iana.

Var. Lycia, Loudon. — LYCIAN JUNIPER. — This very
distinct variety is known under many synonyms, and was
considered by Linnseus as a distinct species. It is scarcely
as large as the usual form, and more shrubby and spread-
ing in character. The fruit is also very dark, and much
larger than that borne by the species. In this country
we find it no hardier, but possibly rather more handsome
than the Phoenician Juniper. The gum known as oliba-
num, of a bitter, pungent taste and strong odor, and which
is used in many of the churches during particular religious
ceremonies, is extracted from this tree. Pallas mentions
the Lycian Juniper as growing in Siberia as a creeping
shrub. It is entirely hardy in England, and very much
admired.

21, J, sphaerica, Lindley. — GLOBULAR-FRUITED JUNI-
PER.— Syn. J. Fortunii, of Van Houtte's Catalogue ; J.
Ohinensis Smithii, Loudon. — Leaves, small, binate, oppo-
site, scale-formed, obtuse, imbricated, spreading at the
apex, bright green color. Branches, numerous, spreading,
incurved, slender, with many quadrangular small branch-
lets. Fruit, medium to large, globular, smooth, light vi-
olet color.

This very handsome Juniper is unfortunately too tender
for our climate, — at least such has been our own experience,
and we have not seen it in any other collection. In the
most northern portions of China, according to Fortune, it

302 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

is quite abundant and forms a large tree, generally reach-
ing the height of 30 or 40 feet.

As it is a native of a cold climate, at least quite as much
so as our own, we felt quite sanguine in regard to its suc-
cess, but our experience has proven the reverse. What
effect a warm, sheltered situation may have upon it, we are
unable to say at present. It was introduced into the Lon-
don Horticultural Society's garden about the year 1825 or
before, according to London, who bestowed upon it the
name of J. CJiinensis Smithii.

Dr. Lindley says : " This species differs from JT. Chinen-
sis apparently in not having any acicular leaves, and very
decidedly in the size and form of its fruit, which is twice
as large as in that species, and not at all depressed at the
end, but very regularly spherical."

Var. glauca, Fortune. — Is a very pleasing new variety,
that is as yet quite rare, and is considered by some to be
a distinct species. It was discovered by Fortune in the
north of China, forming a tree 15 or 20 feet high. The
foliage is beautifully glaucous, so much so, in fact, as to
render it very conspicuous, even at a considerable distance
from the tree.

22. J, tctragona, Schlecht, (not of Mcench.} — TETRAG-
ONAL JUNIPER. — Leaves, small, binate, opposite in four
rows, ovate or scale-formed, obtuse, imbricated, dark
green color. Branches, spreading, incurved, with numer-
ous, stiff, quadrangular, dense branchlets. Fruit, small,
spherical, solitary, dark purple, with a light colored, pretty,
bloom.

Another species that has proven too uncertain with us to
recommend for general cultivation. As it is entirely hardy
in England, we do not wish to discourage its trial by oth-
ers in this country, and therefore place it in our descrip-
tive list, with a hope that it may eventually succeed in
gome more favored spot than our own. Our plant was

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 303

much exposed, and entirely without artificial protec-
tion.

The J. tetragona is very abundant on the mountains of
Mexico, especially at high elevations, and forms a large
spreading bush not exceeding 4 or 5 feet in height. It is
exceedingly beautiful and well worthy of trial. The
branches are numerous and spreading, with the ends in-
curved, densely covered with leaves and very numerous,
stiff, spreading branclilets. This species must not be con-
founded with J. Phoenicia^ of. Linnaeus, which latter plant
is known by some writers on the Coniferse as J. tetragona,
of Maench.

ADDITIONAL LIST OF JUNIPERUS.

23. J. Cedro, Broussonet. — Syn. J. Cedrus and J. Web-
bii, Carriere ; J. Canariensis, Knight. — This charming
Juniper forms a small tree about 10 feet in height, with
horizontal or drooping branches, and numerous, rigid,
straight, mucronate leaves, of a bright glaucous color. It
is a native of the Canary Islands, but will not grow here
with any chance of success.

24. J, Cerrosianus, Kellogg. — CERROS ISLAND JUNIPER.
—Is a new species, recently brought to notice by Dr. Kel-
logg, who published a description of it in the Proceedings
of the California Acad. of Nat. Sci. The leaves are mi-
nute, ovate-acute, appressed, imbricated in 6 rows, with an
oblong gland on the back. Berries somewhat oblong-
ovoid, of 6 to 8 oblong, sub-peltate, mucronate scales, co-
hering into a 3-seeded berry. Mature fruit snb-3-angled,
more or less tubercled, with oblong ridges, or longitudinal
ribs, and clothed with a dense blue bloom. Tree of slow

304 THE BOOK OF EVEKGKEENS.

growth, 1 to 2 feet in diameter, and 10 to 15 feet in height.
Branches dense, horizontal and spreading. Wood heavy,
fine-grained; in texture and color resembling the apple
tree, although far superior. It takes a beautiful polish.
Dr. Veitch also found specimens in the vicinity of New
Idria.

25. J, taxifolia, Hooker. — Is but newly introduced in-
to England from Japan, where it nourishes on the moun-
tains with great luxuriance. • It is a spreading shrub with
drooping branchlets, and rich dark green foliage. Gordon
suggests that it is but a variety of J. rigida, of Siebold.
It may possibly succeed here.

26. J, Bermudiana, Linnaeus. — Syn. J. Barbadensis,
L. ; J. oppositifolia, Mcench. This is the celebrated Pen-
cil Cedar of Bermuda, and although very beautiful and
desirable, it is entirely too tender for the climate of the
Middle States. We have grown it in pots for a number
of years, and by plunging it in the open ground during
summer, a fine efiect is produced. It is dkecious, and the
sexes produce their leaves in a different manner, although
resembling each other in growth and color. It is conical
in form, compact in growth, and of a peculiar yellowish-
green color. It grows to the height of 50 feet in its na-
tive locality, where it is celebrated and valuable as furnish-
ing the great pencil-wood of trade.

27. J. flaccida, SMecht. — Syn. J. gracilis, Endliclier.
— A Mexican species growing at very high elevations on
the mountains of Real del Monte, etc. It is a small sized
tree, but remarkably symmetrical and graceful. The
branches are slender and drooping, with small, lanceolate,
bright green leaves. We especially recommend this plant
for pot-culture, having found it particularly charming
when thus grown.

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 305

28. J. Japonic*!, Carriere. — Syn. J. procumbens, Sie-
bold. — Is a Japanese species of small size, found on the
mountains, where it is quite plentiful, and very attractive
on account of its numerous, twisted branches that are
clothed densely with small, ovate, rigid, glaucous-green
leaves. It is very dwarf, scarcely reaching to the height
of 2 feet, and often trailing along the ground. Endlicher
considers it a variety of *T. Chinensis, and describes it un-
der the name of J. Chinensis procumbens. In England
it is entirely hardy, and we trust it may prove so here.

29, J, Mcxicana, Schlecht. — This we also consider one
of our finest pot-plants. We have grown specimens to the
height of 5 or 6 feet, with a perfect conical shape, and
clothed densely with its peculiar leaves, thus forming a
desirable and attractive object on a lawn. It is a native
of the mountains of Mexico, at elevations varying from
8,000 to 10,000 feet, and forming compact, conical shrubs,
10 or 15 feet in height. This Juniper is entirely hardy in
England, but will not succeed with us.

30. J. procera, Hochst. — ABYSSINIAN JTJNIPEK. — Is
found in Abyssinia, where it forms a very large tree ; but
according to Gordon, resembling the J. excelsa in other
respects, and probably either synonymous with it, or a va-
riety of larger size.

31, J. gigantea9 Rcezl. — Is a new species lately intro-
duced from Mexico. We are afraid it will not prove
hardy here, although it was found at elevations of 7,000
and 8,000 feet. In the discoverer's description he states
that plants of this species were seen that had attained the
height of from 80 to 100 feet.

There are a number of other plants, or rather names of
plants, found in nurserymen's catalogues, that can in al-
most every instance be traced to some of those heretofore

306 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

described. Among the few kinds of which we have no
information is the J. tripartite^, a low bush with numerous
ascending and spreading branches, covered with dense
glaucous-green leaves. It has proven entirely hardy and
very beautiful.

Among the uncertain species of which little is known at
present, Gordon mentions the following : J. Oliverif, Car-
riere, from Asia Minor, growing on the Caramanian
Mountains, which resembles Jl excelsa, and probably is not
specifically distinct. Wildenow's new species, J. glauca,
is probably the same as Cupressus glauca / and J. race-
mosa, of Risso, is perhaps nothing more than an old vari-
ety or species. This latter is from the south of Europe.
Every year tends to clear up the mystery surrounding
such kinds as the above, so that in a future edition of this
work we may be able to throw more light on many un-
certain and unknown plants mentioned herein.

13.— WIDDRIACTTONIA, EndlicJier.

Small, Cypress-like plants from Africa. Flowers, dioe-
cious ; cones, globular, consisting of four oval, mucronate
scales, and containing from 5 to 10 ovules, adherent to the
base of each scale. The genus was named in compliment
to Captain Widdrington. The species, so far as known,
is tender, even in England.

li W, Commersonii, Endlicher. — Is a new and unintro-
duced species from Madagascar but of which the charac-
ter is little known.

2. W. CUprcSSOldcSj Endlicher. — Has several synonyms
given it by different authors. It is a tender little plant
from the Cape of Good Hope, where it forms an erect,
conical shrub.

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 307

3. W. junipcroidcs, EndlicJier. — A medium-sized spe-
cies from the Cape of Good Horn, growing on the moun-
tains.

4. W. Natalensis, Endlicher. — Is a new species (?) of
which little is known ; but as it comes from the southern
portion of Africa, it is undoubtedly tender.

5. W. Wallichiana9 Endlicher. — Another species from
the Cape of Good Hope, where it was first seen by Dr.
Wallich, forming a medium-sized tree.

14.— CAULITRIS, Ventenat.

Flowers monoecious, terminal ; cones, roundish, consist-
ing of four truncated scales, and with one or two ovules
at\he base of each. The name is derived from the pretty
appearance of the jointed shoots.

C. quadrivalvis, Ventenat. — Is either a large tree or
shrub, owing to the situation, and comes from the north
of Africa. Gordon states it is hardy in the milder parts
of England, and in our southern climate it may also prove
satisfactory. We imported it under the name of Thuja
articulata, of Wahlenberg, and have grown it as a pot-
plant for several years, to our great pleasure. It is the
only species.

15.-UH50CEDRUS, Endlicher.

Flowers, monoecious and terminal ; male aments rather
oblong, inclining to spherical ; female aments spherical and
solitary. Cones rather small, ovate, with from 4 to 6

308 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

woody, coriaceous, concave scales, terminating in a small,
incurved spine. Seeds mostly 2 under each scale, winged.
Cotyledons, 2. Leaves imbricated in four rows, appress-
ed and scale-formed.

A genus composed of large-sized trees, found in South
America and the islands bordering on the coast, as well
as on our Pacific coast.

Gordon says the name is " derived from Libanos, in-
cense ; and Cedrus, the Cedar."

1. L, Chilensis, JEndlicher. — CHILIAN ARBOR VIT^E. —
Syn. Thuja Chilensis, Lambert & Don. — Leaves ovate-
oblong, obtuse, somewhat trigonous, adpressed, and beau-
tiful glaucous green in color. Branches numerous, pen-
dulous, with light gray bark, and jointed, compressed,
spreading branchlets. Cones, small, oblong, terminal, 4-
valved, drooping, and compressed ; scales elliptic, obtuse.
Seeds, winged at the apex, decurrent at the base.

A handsome tree from the Andes of Chili, where it
grows to the height of from 60 to 80 feet. Nee and Pavon
first discovered it growing in the colder situations among
the mountains, where it was afterwards observed by
Pseppeg.

Having tested this species in several favorable situa-
tions, we unhesitatingly pronounce it of no value to north-
ern planters, and this is the experience of others in differ-
ent localities in the Eastern and Middle States. It not
unfrequently survives two or three winters, but in an un-
satisfactory manner, merely lingering along until a sudden
cold spell of weather abruptly finishes it. In the more
Southern States it proves very reliable, and is unquestion-
ably of great value for ornamental purposes.

It forms a beautiful spreading tree, with numerous
drooping branches, covered with a gray bark, and clothed
with charming, glaucous green foliage, thus contrasting in
a pleasing manner with the surrounding vegetation.

Gordon mentions a variety with bright green leaves,

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 809

entirely destitute of the peculiar glaucous appearance
which is the most attractive feature of the species.

2. L. decurrens, Torrey. — Syn. Thuja Craigiana, Jef-
frey ; T. gigantea, Gordon ; T. Lobbii, Hort. — Leaves
very small, adpressed, awl-shaped or scale-formed, sharply
acute, decurrent, not acerose, bright glossy-green color.
Branches, spreading, incurved at the extremities, with nu-
merous, compressed branchlets. Cones, ovate-oblong,
pendulous (Bigelow) ; scales enlarged below the apex,
with recurved, tubercle-like spines, the upper ones much
the largest. Seeds, two-winged, unequal in size.

This is not a synonym
of Thuja gigantea, as
Gordon and other Euro-
pean authors claim ; but
a very distinct tree be-
longing to a separate
genus. Douglas was
greatly in error when he
made the assertion that
it was found near Nootka
Sound. Seeds of Thuja
Craigiana, collected by
Jeffrey, and grown near
Philadelphia, have pro-
duced young plants iden-
tical with the L. decur-
rens. Dr. Torrey, in the
Smithsonian Contribu-
tionsf states that it in-
habits the upper waters
of the Sacramento, par-

1 Fig. 40.— LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS.

ticularly from lat. 38

40', to about 41° N. lat., where it was also found
(without fruit) by the botanists of the U. S. Exploring
Expedition, and by Dr. G. H. Hulse. A noble tree, some-

310 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

times attaining a height of 120 or even 140 feet ; and a
trunk of 7 feet in diameter is not uncommon. It rises
from 80 to 100 feet without a limb. "This tree much
resembles Cattitris qiiadrivoilms in its foliage. It has
probably been confounded with Thuja gigantea, of
Nuttall, from which, however, it can be distinguished by
the foliage alone; the long, decurrent bases of the leaves
being characteristics of the Libocedrus." Dr. Bigelow
says : " This tree is only to be found at an elevation of
some four or five thousand feet above the level of the sea,
in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California."

Although very beautiful in appearance, we are afraid to
recommend it for general cultivation, notwithstanding it
does well on our grounds in a suitable border. The leader,
and occasionally the side shoots, are injured during the
winter on account of the late succulent growths which
this species is liable to make, and which is the bane of
these rapid-growing, half-hardy Conifers. To cultivate it
successfully, a slow growth should be encouraged, and the
soil must always be well drained. Our own specimen
fruited freely the past season, and we were thereby enabled
to prove its distinct character.

3. L. Poiliana, Endlicher. — Syn. Thuja Doniana,
Hooker. — Leaves small, adpressed, imbricated in four
rows, acute, light glaucous or pale green color. Branches
ascending and incurved, with numerous, compressed
branchlets. Cones small, obovate or ovate, terminal, and
solitary; with 4 ligneous scales in opposite pairs, each
producing a solitary, winged seed.

From the northern portion of New Zealand, where it
attains a medium height, and occasionally forms a large-
sized tree. This rather new species greatly resembles our
Arbor Vitoes ; but, being of recent introduction, we cannot
speak of its hardiness in this country, especially in the
Northern States. At the South, we judge it could be ac-
climated, but with us its hardiness is questionable. In

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 311

England it is reported as being only " tolerably hardy "
in favorable situations, which is equivalent to being ten-
der with us. The timber is of a bright red color, resinous,
and hard.

4, L, tetragona, JSndlicher. — Syn. Thuja tetragona,
IfooJcer. — Leaves very small and numerous, ovate, obtuse,
adpressed, imbricated in 4 rows, and of a pale green
color. Branches and branchlets, spreading, somewhat
drooping, and the latter quite tetragonal. Cones small,
ovate, terminal; with coriaceous scales placed in three
pairs, each terminating in an incurved spine.

Another new species, just introduced and as yet untest-
ed. It comes from the colder regions of the Andes, in
Chili and Patagonia, where it inhabits the damp soils just
below the snow-line. Lobb found whole forests of this
tree close to the snow-line on the Cordillera. It varies in
height from a low, straggling bush, to an immense tree
100 feet high, according to the situation where it is found.

The timber furnished by this species is said to be of ex-
cellent quality. Although unacquainted with its hardi-
ness, we take pleasure in bringing it to the notice of our
planters for trial, as the localities where it is found are in
many instances very cold and unpropitious for the growth
of tender plants, and it may prove successful with us.

The Gardener's Chronicle says : " This beautiful tree
reaches 120, and often more, feet in height ; is very luxu-
riant in its foliage, with thicjt branches, open and ascend-
ant ; is found in great abundance in the provinces of the
South, on the hills verging from Valdiva to Chiloe ; grows
very straight, of great height, and of such circumference
that 5, 6, or even 7 men are required to measure round it. It
is of the most durable quality, having been worked for ages,
and stands the greatest test of the atmosphere ; trunks of
this tree having been met with buried since the year of
the great rising of the Indians in 1599, and these trunks

312 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

have been worked up as easily as newly cut timber, only
being much heavier."

* * " It proves to be a most useful ornamental plant in
consequence of its perfectly erect, close-growing habit,
the young plants being quite pyramidal ; and it must cer-
tainly supplant in time such ' fastigiate ' monsters as Irish
Yews and Swedish Junipers, to say nothing of the singu-
larly beautiful green of its foliage."

16,— ACTI1VOSTROBUS, Miguel.

A small and tender genus, composed of a solitary spe-
cies. Flowers, monoecious, terminal, and globular ; cones
nearly globular, and consisting of six convex scales, with
two ovules under each. Name derived from the radiated
scales.

A. pyramidaliS; Miguel. — SWAN RIVER CYPRESS. — Is
a small, conical bush from New Holland, with minute,
scale-formed, deep green leaves.

IT.— FRENELA, Mirbel.

Flowers, monoecious. Cones, globular. Leaves, small
and scale-formed. This genus of New Holland plants was
named in honor of M. Frenel, a French botanist. There
are 19 species recognized at present, all exceedingly tender.

It F. arenosa, Endlicher. — A small bush.

2. F. australiS, Mirbel.— Is 60 or 70 feet in height.

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 313

3* F. calcarata, Cunningham. — A tree but little known.

4. F. ericoides, Endlicher.—A small shrub.

5. F, Fothergilli, Endlicher.—Yorma a small tree.

6. F, fruticosa, Endlicher. — A small tree.

7. F. glauca, Mirbel. — A small bush.

8. F, Gimij, Endlicher. — A large tree.

9. F, Hugelii, Carriere. — A large, conical tree, with as-
cending branches.

10. F. macrostachya, Knight— A. small, straggling
bush, more hardy than the other species.

11. F, propinqua, Cunningham. — A conical bush, of
which but little is known.

12. F, pyramidalis, Carriere. — Is a large bush or rather
small tree.

13. F, rhomboidca, Endlicher. — A large, Cypress-like
bush.

14. F, rigida, Endlicher. — A small bush, of which lit-
tle is known.

15. F. robusta5 Cunningham. — A large, conical tree.

16. F. Roei, Endlicher.— A shrub.

17. F. triquetra9 Spach. — A large shrub or small tree,
with many synonyms.

18. F. tuberculata, Mirlel—h. bush of which but lit-
tle is known.

14

314 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

19t F. verrucosaj Cunningham. — Is a compact, coni-
cal-shaped tree.

Lttckhanltia, Archer (?}. — Has been very recently
formed by separating the plant formerly known as Frenela
variabilis, Carriere, from the latter genus, from which
it is distinct on account of its cones being composed of
eight valvate scales in the place of six, as is found in the
Frenelas. The only species known, is

L, Macleayana, Archer (?), which forms a large tree,
60 or 70 feet in height, and is from New South Wales.

18.— FITZROYA, Hooker.

Flowers supposed to be monoecious ; cones, small, ter-
minal, and solitary ; with nine recurved scales, arranged in
whorls of 3 ; leaves, flat, sessile, whorled and mostly ob-
tuse ; seeds, surrounded by a broad wing, generally in
threes, under each scale.

A new and rare genus of recent introduction, which
was discovered by Captain Fitz Roy on the mountains of
Patagonia and named in his honor by Dr. Hooker.

F. PatagORica, Hooker. — This beautiful Conifer will no
doubt prove hardy in our Southern States. It forms a
large-sized tree, varying in height with the elevation at
which it is found. Near the cold summits of the Patago-
nian Mountains, it is nothing but a mere stunted shrub ;
but as it approaches the base, it increases in size until it
forms a tree of 100 feet in height. Gordon states it is un-
satisfactory in England, although standing ordinary win-
ters in favorable situations. It is, however, found "on the
borders of perpetual congelation."

THE CYPEESS SUB-FAMILY. 315

19.— THUJA, Tournefort.— WESTERN, OR AMERICAN
ARBOR VITJ3.

Flowers monoecious and terminal, on different branches ;
sterile aments, elliptical or ovoid ; fertile aments, ovoid
and solitary. Cones small, ovoid, with from 4 to 6 coria-
ceous scales, the latter spreading, adherent at the base,
and covering 2 seeds, winged all round the margins. Co-
tyledons, 2. Leaves small, scale-like, or awl-shaped, oppo-
site/ appressed, and imbricated in 4 rows on the flat
branchlets.

The American Arbor Yitses in ornamental plantations
bear a conspicuous part ; for not only do they form desira-
ble specimen trees, but are useful in forming screens and
hedges. They bear the knife or shears with perfect impu-
nity, the plants thickening up to a degree of density rare-
ly surpassed by any other evergreen. And then again,
the comparative cheapness of the type of the genus and
the readiness with which it will grow and flourish in al-
most any soil are additional incentives to its increased
cultivation.

The timber is reputed to be very durable. Name prob-
ably derived from thy on, " sacrifice ; " or from the ancient
Greek name of some resin-bearing tree. The origin of the
common name Arbor Yita3 is involved in obscurity ; some
writers say it was introduced into England under that
title, but the reason for it is unknown.

1, T. gigantca, Nuttall. — GIGANTIC AEBOR YITJE. —
Leaves acute, incurved, ovate, quadrately and closely im-
bricated, entirely destitute of the glandular tubercle, bright
green or occasionally glaucous-green in color, and exceed-
ingly beautiful, resembling the fronds of a fern. Branches
and branchlets, erect, somewhat flattened, regular in ar-
rangement, long, and slender. Cones abruptly recurved,
more clustered and drooping than in T. occidentalis^ oth-
erwise very similar. Seeds elliptic and furnished with a
wide winged margin.

316 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Nuttall says of this species : " This is one of the most
majestic trees west of the Rocky Mountains, attaining
the height of 60 to 170 feet, or even 200 feet, and being 20
to 40 feet in the circumference of the trunk. On the
shores of the Pacific, where this species is frequent, it no-
where attains the enormous dimensions attributed to it in
the fertile valleys of the Rocky Mountains, towards the
sources of the Oregon. We seldom saw it along the coast
more than 70 to 100 feet in height, still, however, much
larger than the common species (T. occidentals. )"

The true species is rare in cultivation, owing to the care-
lessness of some collectors, who have substituted the Libo-
cedrus decurrens for it, and whose blunders have been ac-
quiesced in by writers who have not made themselves
properly acquainted with the characteristics of the two
species. Gordon in his " Pinetum," and Carriere in his
"Traite General des Coniferes," prove conclusively by
their descriptions that they are totally unacquainted with
the true species.

One of the most reliable characters to be governed by
in distinguishing the Thuja gigantea from the Libocedrus
decurrens, is the absence of glands on the foliage of the
former, whilst that of the latter is plainly dotted over
with small, silvery specks. Then again, the leaves of the
Libocedrus decurrens are generally long, awl-shaped, very
acute, resembling a sharp prickle, with quite long inter-
nodes on the branchlets. The leaves of the T. gigantea
are short, very closely imbricated and adpressed, scale-
like, with short internodes. The seed is perhaps the best
distinguishing feature between them, and is in the Liboce-
drus, 2-winged, largest at the apex, and slightly decurrent
at the base; whilst that of the Thuja is winged all around
the margin, as in our common T. occidentals.

Young plants of this species appear to stand our winters
with variable success, and we are afraid it will not prove

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY.

317

to be a valuable acquisition to planters in the Middle
States at least, if not still further north.

2. T. occidental!*, Linnceus. — AMERICAN ARBOR VITJE.
(White Cedar, incorrectly of some.) — Leaves quite small,
closely appressed, rhombic-ovate, imbricated in four rows.

Fig. 41.— THUJA OCCIDENTALIS.

Branches very numerous, ramulose, and assurgent, or re-
curved. Cones small, oblong-ovoid, with dry, spreading,
pointless scales. Seeds with a broad wing all round the
margin.

This well-known tree is a native of the northern portion
of our continent, inhabiting low, moist situations, princi-

S18

THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS,

42.— SIBERIAN ARBOR VIT^E— THUJA OCCIDENTALS SIBIRICA.
FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A SPECIMEN, 14 FEET HIGH, IN THE
AUTHOR'S COLLECTION.

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 319

pally among the mountains. It is rarely found further
south than Central New York and Pennsylvania. In Can-
ada and along the lakes it is known as the White Cedar,
thus confounding this species with the well-known tree of
that name, so common in New Jersey and elsewhere —
Cupressus thyoides.

The American Arbor Vitee generally grows to the height
of from 25 to 50 feet, and forms a handsome, conical tree,
with the lower branches resting on the ground. This
peculiar and uniform appearance in its outline renders it
very conspicuous in a collection, although Downing con-
sidered it too formal for extensive use in ornamental land-
scapes. It is, however, one of the most hardy and desir-
able species for small places, owing to the ease with which
it is cultivated, and to its exceedingly rapid growth.

An objectionable feature is its proneness to form several
leaders, which, during heavy storms of wind or snow, are
pressed outward, and thereby the symmetry of the tree is
often destroyed. To obviate this difficulty, many culti-
vators trim in all the side branches, thus allowing the main
or true leader to become strengthened, and to induce also
the branchlets to become more numerous. This treatment
is likewise very judicious with the Junipers, especially
with the ascending kinds, such as J. communis and its
varieties, u The only fault of this tree as an evergreen,"
says Downing, " is the comparatively dingy green hue of
its foliage in winter. But to compensate for this, it is re-
markably fresh looking in its spring, summer, and autumn
tints, comparing well at those seasons even with the bright
verdure of deciduous trees." This fault is also a prominent,
and to many a disagreeable feature in the whole genus,
and is not confined alone to our native species, but
is noticeable even more plainly in the Eastern Arbor Vitse.
Upon the approach of spring, however, a few warm days
change this " dingy hue " into a charming, fresh, green
color.

320 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

The timber of this species is light, quite soil, but du-
rable, and notwithstanding boards and planks of large size
cannot be obtained from it, it is in considerable demand
for building purposes. For fencing material it is exceed-
ingly valuable, and is used extensively for that purpose,
Michaux asserting that posts made from it will last from
35 to 40 years, or three or four times as long as any other
species. It yields a pungent, aromatic oil, and the whole
plant, when bruised or even slightly disturbed, emits a
peculiar, and to some pleasant, spicy, fragrance.

Its adaptability as a hedge plant is now fully apprecia-
ted, both in Europe and in this country. To form a per-
fect and impervious screen in a short time, we recommend
that the young plants should be set about 12 or 15 inches
apart in single rows. The ground should previously to
planting be dug deep and mellow, and the surface after-
wards kept clean from weeds. As this species is so pa-
tient under the knife, it should be frequently well trimmed
to produce the proper shape, which may be at the option
of the owner, always, however, bearing in mind to shape
the top to an acute point, and thus prevent the injurious
effects of large bodies of snow. The late Wm. Reid, of
Elizabethtown, N". J., one of the earliest and most success-
ful cultivators of evergreen hedges in this country, gave
this Arbor Vitse his decided preference over all other orna-
mental plants, for a quick, cheap, and handsome screen.

Of later years, numerous marked varieties of this species
have claimed the attention of cultivators, its proneness to
sport causing quite an addition to our names at" least. The
most conspicuous and useful of these varieties is the

Var. SiMrica, Sort. — SIBERIAN ARBOR- YITJE. — The
origin of this valuable variety is involved in mystery, and
the confusion consequent thereon is perpetuated by culti-
vators, both in this country and in Europe. The few
authors that have noticed it, appear to be perplexed about

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 821

it. We have placed it as a variety of Thuja occidentalis,
in the firm belief that it is nothing more than an accidental
variation from the type of the species. This variety has,
however, proven to be of great importance to our collec-
tions, combining, as it does, excessive hardiness, regular
conical form, and a peculiar dark-green and remarkably
dense foliage. The demand for the Siberian Arbor Vitae
is anmially increasing, and where one or two plants were
disposed of a few years ago, hundreds are now sold.
Hedges formed of it are really splendid, and surpass in
beauty those made from the species.

In the recent supplement to Gordon's Pinetum, the
author says : " This kind was originally raised, many
years ago, by Mr. Weire, a nurseryman at Coventry ;"
and then, after classing it as a species, under the heading
of 2. Tartarica, Loddiges, and enumerating some fourteen
synonyms, says, the " cones are identical with those of the
common American Arbor Vitse." Taking into considera-
tion this acknowledgment, and finding his descriptions of
both kinds almost exactly similar in other respects, we are
curious to know what are the distinguishing characteristics
that form the species in the present case ; and we may add
that plants closely resembling this kind have been grown
from the seed of our native species in this country.

Var. plicata, London. — PLICATE, OR NEE'S ARBOR
YITJE. — Syn. T. plicata, Don. — This variety is a native
of our Pacific Coast, from the North-western Territories to
Mexico, and was discovered by Menzies in the former,
and Nee in the latter place. It generally attains the height
of from 30 to 50 feet, and is clothed with foliage to the
ground. Although we think with Loudon it is only a
marked variety of T. occidentalis, it is nevertheless very
distinct and handsome. The branches are loose, and pre-
sent a curiously twisted or plaited appearance. Its hardi-
ness is unquestioned, and we consider it a very valuable
Conifer for ornamental planting.

322 THE BOOK OF EVEIIGREENS.

Var. plicata Yariegata, Carriere. — This new plant is
said to be quite prettily spotted with pale yellow, and is
of rather weaker growth than the species. It originated
in France.

; and var, argentea, Carriere
the former having the foliage spotted with yellow, and the
latter with white, are not very valuable or showy, even to
the lovers of this class of plants.

Var, Hoveyi, Hort. — We are very much pleased with
this comparatively new plant, and predict it will prove to
be popular when better tested. The foliage is of a bright
yellowish green, and the plant compact and globular in
form. It reminds one of a fine Golden Arbor Yitse, and is
perfectly hardy.

Var. pumila, Booth. — A dwarf, neat bush, very dense,
and perfect in form, having innumerable small branchlets,
closely packed together. The outline is regularly rounded,
and the color is of a charming shade of green.

Var, liana, Hoopes. — This is an accidental seedling that
originated in our own grounds a few years since. It is
dwarf in growth, and very dissimilar to the above in its
habit. We have grown it for several years, and are quite
pleased with its appearance in a collection.

Var. globosa, Hort. — This very pretty kind is grown
extensively around Philadelphia, but appears to be un-
known elsewhere. It is remarkably globular in shape, and
very dense and dwarf in growth. It is exceedingly pop-
ular wherever known.

Var. pendula, G-ordon. — Syn. var. asplenifolia, Hort. —
A handsome, rapid-growing variety, with the branchlets
and foliage in tufts at the extremities of the drooping
branches. It originated in Standish's Nursery, Bagshot,
England. Our experience with it for several years has
been yery satisfactory, amd we can recommend it.
14*

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 323

Far, cristata, Buist. — Somewhat resembles the above
in growth, but is more compact in habit, and we think
handsomer. It is certainly very attractive in a group.

Var, densa, Gordon. — Syn. T. Caucasica, Leroy ; T,
compacta, Standish, <fcc. — A very handsome variety that
we imported some few years since from France, and one
that lias very small claims for distinction, owing to its sim-
ilarity to the Siberian Arbor Vita?. Gordon says of it :
" This kind forms a large, compact, pyramidal bush, grow-
ing from 20 to 30 feet high, and nearly as dense as the
Chinese Arbor Vita3. It somewhat resembles the Thuja
plicata, but is of a much brighter green, and less coarse in
its branchlets."

Var. Vcrvacncana, JIbrt. — A recently introduced varie-
gated plant from France, with much more distinct markings
than the older kinds. We are much pleased With its
appearance, and as it is entirely hardy, judge it will prove
popular among the lovers of variegated-leaved plants.

Var, compacta, Parsons. — From Flushing, L. I., and
quite dwarf and compact in habit. In general appearance
it differs somewhat from, the other varieties, and we think
it worthy of perpetuation for the evergreen shrubbery.

Var, ericoides, Booth. — Was first sent to this country
a few years since from Hamburg, and is an upright, conical
shrub, stiff in habit. The heath-like leaves show very lit-
tle inclination, if any, to assume the usual form of the
parent. See figure 42.

Var, " Tom Thumb," Ellwanger and Barry. — Origin-
ated in the Mount Hope Nurseries, at Rochester, N". Y.,
and differs from the above in having a rounded form, quite
slender shoots, and occasionally betrays its origin by a
chance sprig with fully developed leaves. This plant was
lately introduced into England under the same name as
the former, thus making confusion between two very
similar varieties.

THE BOOK OF EVEKGLEENS.

The above two varieties illustrate a curious and inter-
esting feature in the morphology of leaves.

According to JBraun, all plants have three distinct sys-
tems of foliage, which he calls, 1st, Cataphyllary, 2nd,

Fig. 43.— THUJA OCCIDENTALIS, VAR. ERICOIDES.— STATIONARY IN THE
CATAPHYLLARY STATE.

Euphyttary, and 3d, Hypsophyllary ; and represent, 1st,
Infancy, 2nd, Youth, and 3d, Maturity. The first sys-
tem of leaves, which appear soon after the cotyledons or
seed-leaves, form a distinct class by themselves, and in

THE CTPEESS SUB-FAMILY.

325

time apparently disappear, and are succeeded by the
second system, or what are generally known as the
perfect leaves. These are ultimately followed by

modified leaves in
the form of bracts,
scales, involucres,
&c., which consti-
tute the third and
last system.

Figure 42 shows a
small sprig of the
var. ericoides, in
which all the leaves
are heath-like, and
quite unlike those of
the usual form. In
this variety the fo-
liage remains in the
cataphyllary state,
or for many years
in the condition in
which it is in the
young plant.

The change from
the foliage of youth
to that of maturity,
or from the cataphyl-
lary to the euphyl-
lary state in the
Arbor Yitae is shown
in the engraving,

Fig. 41.— THUJA OCCIDENTALIS, PASSING

FROM THE EUPHYLLARY TO THE

HYPSOPHYLLARY STATE.

figure 41, while the
further change into the hypsophyllary state, or that
in which the leaves assume the forms in which we meet
them in the parts of the flower, etc., is given in figure 43.
These three forms, however, never entirely disappear in

3:26

THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

the plant, but when not manifest are latent or dormant,
and have the power of breaking-out, as occasion requires.
In the Ericoides and Tom Thumb varieties of American
Arbor Vita?, the cataphyllary leaves have obtained a marked
preponderance, and occasionally, as has been stated, the
Tom Thumb endeavors to advance to the euphyllary
state, and occasional shoots bear perfectly developed
.leaves. In a bed of young seedling Thujas, the first sys-
tem of leaves will be found to resemble those of the va-
rieties Ericoides and Tom Thumb in every particular.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES OF THUJA.

T. duillOSa, Gordon. — We find this plant described as
a species in Gordon's Supplement, and as the plant is en-
tirely unknown to us, we copy his description : " A spread-
ing little bush, densely clothed with numerous, short,
tufted, flat, fan-shaped branches, growing in all directions,
and thickly set with short, forked, two-edged branchlets
of a glossy light-green above, but much paler below, and
furnished in the back-rib with an elevated, transparent
gland.

" This kind forms a dense, dwarf, confused bush, seldom
growing more than two or three feet high, somewhat re-
sembling in its branchlets the Nootka-Sound Arbor Yitae,
(T. plicata,} but of a much lighter color.

" It is said to be found in the Antarctic regions, and is
quite hardy."

20.— TIIUIOPSIS, Siebold.

Flowers monoecious, small, terminal, solitary ; staminate
aments, cylindrical. Fertile aments, globular, with the
carpellary scales reflexed, and covering at the base five

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 327

compressed ovules. Cones small, with coriaceous, smooth,
orbicular, persistent scales. Seeds with an emarginate,
membranaceous wing. Leaves persistent, small, scale-like,
appressed, and imbricated in four rows.

This handsome new genus is from Japan, where it was
first seen and described by Dr. Siebold, who named it
from its resemblance to the genus Thuja.

1. Ti dolabrata, Siebold. — Syn. Thuja dolabrata, Thun-
berg. — Leaves short, ovate, obtuse, flattened, or slightly
convex above, thick, imbricated, dark-green color above,
and glaucous beneath. Branches spreading, verticillate,
drooping at the extremities; with numerous, compressed,
bi serial, branch! ets. Cones quite small, ovate, with jagged
edges, sessile ; scales reflexed, and wedge-formed.

The great rarity of this is, as yet, a serious obstacle in
the way of an extensive trial. Plants are being slowly
introduced into our collections, and we trust soon to be
able to record their suitability to our climate. A fine
plant of this Thuiopsis in the beautiful collection of Alfred
Cope, of Germantown, Pa., has succeeded quite satisfac-
torily for several years in a shaded situation, but how it
might grow on an open and exposed spot, we are unable
to judge.

It forms a drooping, conical tree, about 40 or 50 feet
high, with rather an open head; the branches extending
vertically, and drooping at the extremities. The form
is even and regular, with foliage of a remarkably rich
dark-green color, which is heightened by a peculiar
glossiness on the upper surface, and a glaucousness be-
neath. The great beauty of this tree has caused it to be
very popular in China and Japan, where it is grown exten-
sively in pots, and is also used for avenues.

It delights in a shaded and rather moist situation, which
should be borne in mind by cultivators when selecting a
location here.

This splendid tree is entirely hardy in England, and we

328

THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

hope that such may be the case with it here. Indeed,
when we remember that the Paulownia and Cryptomeria,

Fig. 45. — THUIOPSIS DOLABRATA.

of indisputable hardiness, (in England,) are natives of
more southern provinces, we may reasonably indulge in

the wish.

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 329

Var. variegata. Fortune. — From the gardens about
Yeddo, in Japan, where it was seen by Fortune, and sent
to England in 1861. The usual green foliage and branch-
lets are prettily variegated with pale straw color or lemon
yellow.

Var. liana, Siebold. — Another of those dwarf plants
which the Japanese delight in producing, and cultivate
principally in pots, under the name of Ne&u. The leaves
are much smaller than those of the species, and the plant
very dwarf in habit.

NEW SPECIES OF THUIOPSIS.

2. T, Standishi, Gordon. — This very handsome new
plant was introduced into the Royal Nursery, at Bagshot,
England, by Fortune, in 1861, and was found near Yeddo,
in Japan.

The general appearance of this tree is not very unlike that
of the preceding species,but the foliage is quite distinct, that
of the T. Standishibemg covered beneath with a glaucous-
ness that renders it quite pleasing, but less silvery than
that of the T. dolabrata. The leaves of the former are
also smaller than those of the latter. The habit of the
branches is somewhat pendulous. This may prove to be
a variety of T. dolabrata, but, if so, a very distinct and
desirable one.

3. T. laetcvirens, Hort. — A beautiful dwarf Conifer,
with somewhat the aspect of a true Lycopod. It has
lately appeared in Japanese collections, but whether a
true species or not, we are unable to state.

330 THE BOOK OF EVEEGREENS.

21.— BIOTA, Don.— ORIENTAL OR EASTERN ARBOR
VIT^E.

Flowers monoecious, on separate branches ; sterile aments,
elliptical, or somewhat elongated; fertile aments, spherical.
Leaves small, ovate rhomboid, or scale-like, rather obtuse,
imbricated in four rows, opposite, appressed, and glandu-
lose. Strobiles elliptic, with thick, ligneous, or coriaceous
scales, placed in opposite pairs, and furnished with a re-
curved, horny point. Seeds, 2 at the base of each scale,
larger than in Thuja, ovoid, with a bony testa, and wing-
less.

This genus was separated from Thuja by Don, who con-
sidered them so widely different as to warrant the change.
In this he has received the support of Carriere and others
of our modern writers on the Coniferae.

The Thujas are confined exclusively to the Western con-
tinent, whilst the Biotas are natives alone of the Eastern.

The Biotas are medium-sized trees, growing mostly in
an upright or fastigiate form, and, as a general rule, less
compact than the Thujas.

This defect may possibly be owing to the severity of
our climate, injuring the young, unripened wood, for for-
eign writers allude to the compactness of its growth in the
highest terms of praise.

The Eastern Arbor Vitses are natives of China, India,
and Japan, and were first introduced into England about
the year 1752. The name Biota is derived from 52, " two,"
and otis, an " ear."

1. B. orientalis, Don. — CHINESE ARBOR YITJE. — Leaves
small, opposite, appressed, convex, obtuse, bright green
color. Branches recurved and erect. Branchlets, numer-
ous, 2-edged, and thickly covered with leaves. Strobiles
rather large, roundish or elliptical, with thick, coriaceous
scales, opening lengthwise, and disclosing the naked, ovoid,
wingless seeds.

THE CTPEESS SUB-FAMILY.

331

The Chinese Arbor Vitae has now become so well known
in this country as to scarcely need a description, but it is
so far inferior to our own native Thuja, both for speci-
men planting and for screens, that it must in future remain
decidedly in the rear. It was popular in former years for
both the above purposes, but it has now fallen into disuse.

Fig. 43.— BIOTA ORIENT ALIS.

This species is found throughout China and Japan,
where it grows to the height of 20 feet.

The Biota orientalis presents to the student of botany
an interesting study in the morphology of its fruit, per-
haps more so in respect to the great diversity of outward

332

THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

form than any other Conifer. Each variety of this species
is characterized by a peculiar shape, differing not only
from the type of its
parent, but from all the
others; thus causing a
multiplicity of specific
names in our standard
works on the family. A
careful investigation of
the internal arrange-
ment of the cones should,
however, eradicate all
idea of distinct species.
We have considered this
subject to be of sufficient
importance to illustrate
the cones of several, va-
rieties, showing the very
distinct appearance pre-
sented. This species as-
sumes different forms of
foliage, similar to those
mentioned under Thuja
Occident alls. The com-
mon form is seen in
figure 45, while figure
46 shows the transition
from the cataphyllary to
the euphyllary condition.
If the species is liable
to objection, its numer-

ous variptipq irP vnln
ous varieties are vaiu-

able, particularly the

Var, aurea, Hort. — GOLDEK ARBOR VITJE. — This really
desirable little shrub was introduced by Waterer, under
the name of Thuja aurea. It is apparently more hardy

g> 47'~ BIOTA ORIENTALIS. CHANGING
FKOM THE CATAPHYLLARY TO THE
EUPHYLLARY STATE.

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY.

333

than its parent, although not sufficiently so for our more
northern States. The form is compact and globular, the
color a lively yellowish green, and the foliage more deli-
cate in texture than the species. Its maximum height

will perhaps not ex-
ceed six feet. A
specimen in our own
collection, (see fig-
ure 47), which is
probably one of the
oldest in the country,
is over five feet high,
and a perfect model
of beauty. An ob-
jectionable feature
in this plant is its
liability to lose the
lower branches and
foliage, which great-
ly disfigures its ap-
pearance ; this es-
pecially occurs when
planted in unsuit-

Fig. 48. — BIOTA ORIEOTALIS, VAR. AUREA.

able soil.

Var. Sieboldii, Endlicher. — Syn. B. Japonica, Siebold ;
B. orientalis nana, Carriere, &c., &c. — A pretty little
dwarf variety, with a round, conrpact form, and bright
green color. We have imported a B. Japonica from Bel-
gium which is quite distinct from this plant, having a
fastigiate tendency, instead of a globular form. On account
of the peculiar branchlets and leaves of this variety, the
Japanese have given it the name of " Peacock's Tail."

Var. variegata aurea, Carriere. — This very pretty
plant originated, we believe, in the collection of M. Dau-
vesse, at Orleans, France, and was discovered in a bed of

334 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

seedlings. In our opinion, it is the most distinct and
beautiful of the variegated Conifers. The rich golden yel-
low is so exquisitely shaded and mellowed down to pure
white, and again so prettily tipped with pink, as to cause
the most inveterate hater of these oddities to respect it.
If, however, as Dr. Siebold asserts, they are but the result
of disease, will they not be less hardy and reliable than
when in their normal condition? Practice certainly, in
many instances, refutes this theory, for we very frequently
find the variegated forms even more hardy than the par-
ent in its perfect state. A case in point is this variety,
for it has proven itself to be less liable to injury from ex--
cessive cold weather or sudden changes than the species.
It also stands our hot summers remarkably well. We
also find the variegated Yews to be more hardy than
their parent.

Var. argentea9 Sort. — We consider this variety as un-
worthy of cultivation, the young shoots and leaves being
merely tipped with white, which is scarcely discernible at
maturity.

Var. gracilis, Carriere. — Syn. B. Nepalensis, JEndlicher.
— This is readily distinguished from the species by its deli-
cate small foliage and light green color ; the former has
also slender and graceful branches, and is more dense in
character. It is a native of the higher portions of India
and Nepal. It appears quite hardy here, and is much ad-
mired by our cultivators generally.

Var. pyramidalis, Endlicher. — Syn. var. strict a, London,
&c. — Although somewhat resembling the var. Tartarica in
its form, it is nevertheless distinct. It is very fastigiate
in growth, and assumes the proportions of a medium-sized
tree, closely resembling at a distance the upright form of
a Cypress. It is more rapid in growth, and larger in
branch and foliage than the species.

Var. flagelliformis, Jacques. — WEEPING ARBOR

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 335

Fig. 49.— BIOTA ORIENTALIS, VAE. FLAGELLIFORMIS.

336 THE BOOK OP EVERGREENS.

— Syn. B. pendula, EndlicJier ; T. pendula, Lambert ; T.
filliformis, Loddiges, &c., &c. — The Weeping Arbor Vita?
is the most graceful and decidedly pendulous of all Coni-
fers that will survive our northern winters. Its origin is
obscure. Some authors hold that it is a distinct and un-
doubted species, and others, (ourselves included,) that it is
only a marked variety, raised from the seed 'of 13. orien-
talis. Figured on the preceding page.

A botanical friend, some years ago, for the purpose of
testing its true character, raised a quantity of young plants
from seed gathered from this tree, and the result was a
stock of unmistakable young Chinese Arbor Vitaes. "Not
in a single instance was there an exception. A subsequent
examination of the fruit has confirmed our opinion that
this plant is nothing more than a variety, but, we confess,
a very distinct and puzzling one.

In a description of the specimen plant at the Turin Bo-
tanic Garden, Dr. Hooker says that the intelligent head-
gardener informed him of the same circumstance occurring
there that we have alluded to above. Wm. Loddiges, of
the Hackney Nursery, England, affirms that he picked out
this same Weeping Arbor Vitae from a bed of seedlings,
raised from seed of B. orientalis. He was under the im-
pression that it might be a hybrid between that species
and Juniperus Virginiana or J. Ghinensis. Dr. Hooker
mentions that Lambert " suspects it to be a native of the
parts of Tartary near China."

The branches of this beautiful Arbor Vita3 curve grace-
fully to the ground, and, unlike the species, have acute
leaves. It has proven reasonably hardy with us, and in
most places throughout the Eastern and Middle States ;
those cases to the contrary are very probably in uncon-
genial soil. It is exceedingly difficult to root from cut-
tings, but does well grafted or inarched on the species.

Var, hybrid a, Sort. — A variety sent out by the French

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY.

337

nurserymen, which

has proven to be very hardy and
handsome. It great-
ly resembles the var.
gracilis, but is pos-
sibly more compact
in growth.

Var, monstrosa,

Carriere. — This dif-
fers from the species
in having fewer, but
larger and shorter
branchlets, curious-
ly contorted, and
thick leaves, mostly
obtuse, ovate. A
new and unintro-
duced plant.

Tar, elegantissi-

ma, Rollinson. — A
new plant in the way of var. variegata aurea, but having
only the ends of the young branchlets marked with a
lovely golden yellow during
the summer and autumn
months. The form is also
much more upright.

Var. macrocarpa, Sort.
— This fine new Arbor Yitse
was introduced by Ellwanger
and Barry, of the Mt. Hope
Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y.,
as " Thuja macrocarpa, from
California ;" but since it has
fruited in our own collection, Fig. 51.— BIOTA ORIENTALS, VAR.

. MACROCARPA.

we have assigned it a true

position in regard to its generic name. We believe, how-
15

Fig. 50. — BIOTA ORIENTALIS, VAR. HYBRID A.

338 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

ever, it is a well-marked variety of JB. orientalis, with a
dense habit of growth, stout branches, large foliage, and
with fruit exceeding in size that of any other Biota. It
has proven quite hardy here, a rapid grower, and quite
desirable, although possibly not so distinct as we might
wish. The figure, 51, is from specimens with cones much
under the usual size, the tree the past season having pro-
duced an enormous quantity of fruit.

Var. Tartarica. — TARTARIAN ARBOR TITLE. — Quite dis-
tinct in general appearance from the Chinese Arbor Vitae.

Fig. 52. — BIOTA OKIENTALIS, VAIl. TARTARICA.

In the Revue Porticole, Carrier e, who considers it as a
species, has written an interesting article on the distinc-
tions between it and B. orientalis, accompanied by cuts
of the foliage and fruit. He recommends its introduction
for screens, and for taking the place of the Cypress in ceme-
teries. -It much resembles the Cypress in form, and is of
the same dark glossy green color. Being very hardy, it
is well worthy of a place in American collections.

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 339

Var. Meldensis, Hort. — Syn. B. Meldensis, Lawson. —
Notwithstanding most foreign writers have considered this
curious plant a hybrid, and some even supposed it bore a
close relationship to the Red Cedar, (Juniperus Vir-
giniana,) it has nevertheless proven to be a distinct va-
riety of the B. orientalis. The fruit, which perfected the
past season, has
stamped its true
origin ; and a study
of the foliage plain-
ly shows that it has
abnormal leaves, or,
in other words, they
are in the cataphyl-
lary state. The
leaves are sharp,
needle-shaped, de-
current, glaucous on
the young shoots,
and light green on
the adult branches.
Like the young seed-
lings of the species,
the foliage changes
to a dingy hue
during the winter
months. A remark-
able feature in this
plant is a curious
zigzag form in the FiS- 53.— BIOTA ORIENTALIS, VAK. MELDENSIS.

younger growth, having the appearance, early in the sea-
son, of spiral circles, and is very decided in its char-
acter. Although it is quite handsome, especially during
the early summer months, we cannot recommend it for
hardiness, nor freedom from blight in the lower branches
— a serious defect in the whole genus.

340 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES OF BIOTA.

2. B. falcata, Sort. — Syn. Thuja falcata, Lindley. —
Collectors in Japan have recently introduced this plant,
which may prove to be but a variety of 13. orientalis. It
is very upright and conical in growth, with elegant foliage
and a compact habit, and is frequently used in its native
country for ornamental hedges and screens.

3* B. pygmaea. — Introduced under the name of Thvja
pygmcea, but which also may be nothing more than a va-
riety of _Z?. orientalis. " Its beautiful dark-green foliage
forms a cushion-like tuft, giving it a most distinct and
novel appearance, and rendering it one of the prettiest of
dwarf Conifers."— I. G-. Veitch.

22.— CUPRESSIJS, Tournefort.— CYPRESS.

Flowers monoecious on different branches, in terminal,
small catkins. Sterile catkins composed of shield-shaped,
scale-like filaments, bearing 2 to 4 anther cells under the
lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped
scales in 4 ranks, bearing several erect, bottle-shaped ovules.
Cones globular, firmly closed, but opening at maturity ;
the scales thick and woody, pointed or bossed in the mid-
dle ; the few or several narrowly winged seeds attached
to their contracted base or stalk. Cotyledons, 2 or 3.
Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very small and scale-
like, closely appressed, imbricated leaves, and exceedingly
durable wood. — Gray.

Of this large genus we have but three or four species
that will endure the climate of the Middle States. They
are natives of North America, Southern Europe, and Asia,
varying greatly in size, from the smallest shrubs to the
majestic Californian trees that are over 100 feet in height.

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 341

The Cypresses constitute a remarkably elegant class of
trees, with mostly slender, drooping branches, or, in a few
instances, rather formal in outline. In England, where
the majority are hardy, writers speak of them as rivaling
in elegance and delicacy most of the order ; and the variety
and great diversity of forms presented by the different
species cause them to be held in high esteem. With us,
to a certain extent, they are rare and unknown ; for al-
though we have sufficiently tested such species as C. toru-
losa, C. funebris, and C. sempervirens, there yet remain a
number of beautiful kinds that may eventually prove use-
ful in our collections.

The Cypress has always been the emblem of mourning,
and in some countries the trees are used for planting in
cemeteries, where their drooping or upright characters
eminently fit them for the situation.

" O'er ruined shrines and silent tombs
The weeping Cypress spreads its glooms,
In immortality of woe."

This custom was introduced by the ancient Romans, who
not only planted this tree near the last resting-place of
their relatives and friends, but, according to tradition,
used it for the purpose of expressing their mourning by
placing young sprigs against the house, in the manner
crape is used at the present day. The practice of plant-
ing the Cypress upon graves is yet religiously observed
by the Turks, and the tree is consequently held in respect
and veneration by them.

The derivation of the name is supposed to be in honor
of the intimate friend of the god Apollo, Cyparissus, son
of Telephus, who was transformed by Apollo into the
Cypress tree, after he had died of grief, caused by killing
the god's stag. Some authors, however, suppose the name
to be derived from the Isle of Cypress, where this genus
was first found in abundance.

It appears that Spach has separated a portion of this

342 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

genus under the name of Chamcecyparis / but his course
has been followed by very few writers on the Goniferse.
We have carefully examined Spach's description, and com-
pared it with the recognized characteristics that belong
to the Cupressus, and cannot see that he is justified in
making the change.

!• C» LawSOlliana, Murray. — LAWSON'S CYPRESS. —
Leaves, lanceolate, changing to ovate at maturity, short,
quadrifarious, closely appressed, with glaucous margins,
most with a gland on the back. Branches, ascending,
and recurved at the extremities, numerous, flexuose. Cones,
small, short-peduncled, many-sided, light brown color,
with rough, flat, woody scales, (6,) that terminate in a
straight point. Seeds, quite large, generally 3 to a scale.

This very beautiful species is from Northern California,
growing in the Shasta and Scots' valleys, and attaining to
a height of 100 feet. The discoverer, Murray, mentions
it as being the handsomest tree seen by him during his
expedition. The habit of the tree is exceedingly grace-
ful ; the branches at first curving upwards, like those of
the common Spruce, and towards the ends hanging down
like ostrich feathers, with the leading shoot, when young,
drooping after the manner of the Deodar.

The delicate beauty of this tree is such that it will in-
variably become a favorite wherever known. The charm-
ing feathery lightness of the foliage, which is of a bluish-
green color, combined with the general character of the
whole tree, forms such a striking feature as to render it the
admiration of every one. The tree grows rapidly, and the
branches are so slender and regular as to impart the ap-
pearance of a delicate mass of ferns or rich glaucous-green
plumes, curving gracefully to the ground.

When young, it closely resembles C. Nuikaensis, but
can readily be distinguished from that species by its glau-
cous appearance, as well as by the more slender and deli-
cate growth. It may not prove so hardy, but it is decid-

THE CYPKESS SUB-FAMILY.

343

Fig. 53.— CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA.— FROM A PHOTOGRAPH OF A SPECI-
MEN, 14 FEET HIGH, IN THE AUTHOR'S COLLECTION,

344 TEIE BOOK OF EVEEGEEENS.

edly more graceful and handsome. In England, it has
proven a perfect success, and is in great demand ; and the
ease with which it is grown from seeds is rapidly increas-
ing the stock of plants, and consequently lowering the
price.

Our experience with this desirable species has been
exceedingly encouraging, and, judging from the few
years that it has been known to our cultivators, we can
certainly feel very sanguine in regard to its hardiness in
the Middle States. When the plants are young, the tips
of the shoots are apt to be injured during the winter,
which is attributable to their strong and late growth in the
autumn, and on this account care must be taken that no
stimulating manures be applied.

Probably the finest specimen in the country is in the
collection of Parsons & Co., at Flushing, L. I., and is, at
the present writing, some 10 or 12 feet high. We have
also noticed some excellent plants in the extensive Wod-
nethe collection.

Gordon says : " The timber is good, clear, and easily
worked, with a strong odor."

We know of no species that appears to sport so readily
into distinct forms and varieties as the Lawson's Cypress ;
scarcely a bed of young seedlings can be found that has
not several unique looking plants contained in it. A few
of the best recognized varieties we here enumerate.

Var. aurea, Wciterer. — (GOLDEN" VAEIEGATED.) — This
is a very distinct English sport, originating in Waterer's
Nursery, at Bagshot, and said to be quite desirable.

Var, argentea? -Ea^soft.— (SILVEE VAEIEGATED.) — This
differs from the above in having the smaller branchlets and
leaves prettily tipped with white. It originated in Law-
son's Nursery, at Edinburgh, Scotland.

The Lawsons have also introduced other ^dnds under
the names of

THE CYPEESS SUB-FAMILY. 345

Var, compacta, var, laxa, and var, stricta, but of

their merits we are unable to speak. In the grounds of
the late Wm. Held, Elizabethtown, X. J., we noticed two
very curious varieties of this species ; one quite dwarf and
compact in habit, and the other as upright and fastigiate
in growth as a Pyramidal Cypress.

2. C. Nutkaensis, Lambert. — NOOTKA-SOUND CYPRESS.
— Syn. Thuiopsis Borealis, Fischer. — Leaves, -J of an inch
long, quadrifarious, sharp-pointed, imbricated, appressed,
dark-green color, very slightly glaucous, without tubercles.
Branches, somewhat spreading, or sub-erect, incurved at
the extremities, tetragonal, and very numerous. Cones,
small, globular, solitary, with a fine glaucous bloom.
Scales, (4,) small, shield-shaped, rough, and terminating in
the centre with a thick, obtuse, straight point. Seeds,
mostly 3 to scale, flat, with a hard bony testa, and broad,
membranaceous wing.

The Nootka-Sound Cypress, (most generally known as
the Thuiopsis JBorealis,) is a fine new species from the Pa-
cific Coast, in North-western America. It was found near
Nootka Sound, by Menzies; on the Island of Sitka, by
Bongard ; and at Observatory Inlet, by Dr. Scouler. Gor-
don says, it is " a tall, evergreen tree, from 80 to 100 feet
in height, with spreading or curved flexible branches, which,
when old, are covered with small blisters, filled with a
fine ^aromatic balsam ; but every part of the plant, when
bruised or cut, emits a strong odor, very much resembling
the smell of the common Savin."

Our experience with this species has been entirely satis-
factory, and we have observed the same success attending
it in other localities. Should it continue to be as reliable
in the future, we may congratulate ourselves. The tree
grows finely, is very compact and dense in habit, is appar-
ently adapted to a great diversity of soils, and has par-
ticularly pleasing foliage.

As this plant was unfortunately sent out under the
15*

346 THE BOOK OF EVERGREEN'S.

name of Thuiopsis, from which genus, however, it is very
distinct, it is yet known by that name in this country, and
more particularly in our nursery catalogues. As these
misnomers always strike at the very life of botany, every
plant should invariably receive its correct title without
regard to any previous one that has been incorrectly ap-
plied to it. Nuttall says : " It has a near affinity with the
common White Cedar, but that has shorter, flatter, and
more spreading branches, with tubercles on the back of
the leaves, and smaller fruit."

This species was introduced into England in the year
1851, by Dr. Fischer, through the Russian Gardens at St.
Petersburg.

3. C. thyoides, Linnaeus. — WHITE CEDAE. — Syn. Cha-
maecyparis sphaeroidea, Spach, &c. — Leaves, very small,
ovate, appressed, regularly imbricated in four rows, very
numerous, light glaucous green color. Branches, spread-
ing, and drooping at the extremities, with numerous 2-
edged branchlets. Cones, very small, globular, clustered,
short-peduncled, few-seeded; with shield-shaped, blunt-
pointed scales. Seeds, very small and globular.

This well-known species has been made the type of a
new genus by Spach, and consequently described by sev-
eral European authors, prominent among whom are End-
licher, Knight, Carriere, Gordon, &c., as Chamcecyparis.
Our American botanists, however, who have known it from
childhood, and whose facilities for close investigation are
amply sufficient, refuse to accept the innovation, and con-
sequently retain it in Cupressus.

From Florida to our northern lakes, the White Cedar
is occasionally found, being more or less plentiful accord-
ing to the soil and situation. In either of its extreme
limits it is somewhat rare, being more abundant through-
Out the Middle States, Virginia, and North Carolina. It
is invariably restricted to low, marshy ground, where it
flourishes with unusual vigor, and multiplies with rapid-

THE CYPEESS SUB-FAMILY.

347

ity, soon covering the vast tracts of swampy soil in the
maritime districts. It is frequently seen associated with

Fig. 55.— CUPRESSUS THTOIDES.

the Deciduous Cypress, (Taxodlum dlstichum,) Sour Gum,
(Nyssa multiftora^ and Red Maple, (Acer rubrum,) and
forming dense and almost impenetrable masses of foliage,

348 THE BOOK OP EVERGEEEXS.

which, in many instances, constitute delightful localities
for the enthusiastic botanist.

In speaking of these swamps, Michaux says : " The trees
stand so thick in them that the light can hardly penetrate
the foliage, and in their gloomy shade spring at every
step tufts of the Dwarf Rose Bay, Honeysuckle, and An-
dromeda, whose luxuriant vegetation proves that they de-
light in dark and humid exposures." In addition to these,
the orchidaceous plants unfold their gorgeous blossoms
beneath this leafy canopy, and the rarer Cryptogamia en-
joy its protecting shade.

The White Cedar rarely exceeds 70 or 80 feet in height,
with a straight, tapering trunk, and when growing in close,
compact masses, the branches are scattered and the head
open and straggling. When solitary, however, we have
seen specimens of this tree that were far from inelegant.
Its general appearance resembles both a Juniper and an
Arbor Vitae ; and Emerson remarks in his excellent book
on the Trees of Massachusetts, " This graceful and beau-
tiful tree connects the Arbor Vita3 with the Cypresses,
having the characters of both ; the scale-like, imbricated
leaves and fan-si i aped branches of the former, and the lofty
port and globular or many-sided fruit of the latter."

One of the neatest and most tasteful evergreen hedges
that we have ever seen was formed of this plant, and is
growing in the fine collection of the late Wm. Reid, at
Elizabethtown, N". J. For this purpose it is much superior
to our common Red Cedar, (Juniperus Virginianaj) the
latter becoming open and defective with age.

The wood of the White Cedar is exceedingly durable and
easily worked, and in regard to its value, Michaux observes :
" The wood is light, soft, fine-grained, and easily wrought.
When perfectly seasoned, and exposed for some time to the
light, it is of a rosy hue. It has a strong aromatic odor, which
it preserves as long as it is guarded from humidity. The
perfect wood resists the succession of dryness and moisture

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 349

longer than that of any other species, and for this quality
principally, as well as for its extreme lightness, it is prefer-
red at Baltimore and Philadelphia for shingles, which are
cut transversely to the concentric circles, and not parallel
like those of the Cypress."

Var, Tariegata, London. — This is a distinctly marked
plant that we have grown for several years with much
satisfaction. It is entirely hardy, and forms a striking
contrast in a collection. A portion of the branchlets and
leaves are marked with white and yellow dots and stripes.

Var. liana, London. — A glaucous and very compact
dwarf variety, which is perhaps unknown in this country.

Var. Kewensis, Hort. — Syn. ChamaBcyparis sph&roidea
glauca, Endlicher. — A variety that is said to be very dif-
ferent from the species in many characteristics. The
foliage is of a peculiar silvery glaucousness, and the form
of the tree is more compact. It grows about the same
height as the species.

Var, atrovirens, Lawson. — This differs from the species
only in having the leaves almost entirely free from the
glaucousness of the parent, and of a bright shining green
color.

4. C. fragrans, Kellogg. — FRAGRANT CYPRESS. —
Is described in the Proc. of the Cal. Acad. of Nat. Sci-
ence, Vol. I, page 103, as follows: "This species bears
the nearest resemblance to Cupressus Lawsoniana, but
differs from it most strikingly in the brighter green of its
foliage, and its far denser branchlets ; also in the leaves
being narrower, much more angular, and sharper pointed ;
the cones are from one-third to twice the size, more rough ;
also in color, form, and more sparse distribution, etc. ; it
is also a tree of larger proportions in all respects."

The wood abounds in an oil, which exhales a peculiar
spicy aroma ; hence it is frequently known among lumber-

350 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

men as the " Ginger Pine." It is also called the " Oregon
Cedar."

In regard to its general appearance, " Mr. A. F. Beards-
ley, the well-known collector, and enterprising discoverer
of this and several other new species, says this tree grows
straight, six feet in diameter, 150 feet in height, and
nearly destitute of branches for 50 to 70 feet ; but when
found singly, its long, slender, pendulous branches are re-
tained down nearly to the ground, making the general
outlines columnar, surmounted by an elongated pyramid."
We presume it will prove equally as hardy as the C.
Lawsoniana.

TENDER SPECIES OF CUPRESSUS.

The species in the following list have mostly been test-
ed in this country, and are considered by cultivators as
rather tender for our climate. A few of the newer intro-
ductions may possibly prove hardy. At one time we im-
ported strong plants of every species we could obtain
from the European growers, but after a fair test we were
obliged to renounce all, excepting those we have previously
described.

' 5t C. aromatica. Van Houtte. — Syn. C. California,
Carriere.—A. new and uncertain species of which little is
known, and, according to Carriere, a native of California.
It is said to be of strong growth, and somewhat like the
C. Lusitanica in appearance, but no hardier. The foliage
and branchlets emit a strong odor when bruised.

6. C, attenuate!, Gordon. — This new introduction is
probably unknown in our country, although proven quite

THE CYPEESS SUB-FAMILY. 351

hardy in England, according to Gordon. It is a small tree
or large shrub, about 8 or 10 feet in height, and is describ-
ed as being very graceful and handsome.

It is found in the valleys along streams of water, in the
Shasta country of Northern California.

7. C. Benthami, Endlicher. — A species from 50 to 60
feet in height, discovered by Hartweg growing on the
mountains of Mexico, at elevations varying from 5,000 to
7,000 feet. This fine tree forms a dense, compact head,
with long, slender branches. It will not stand our climate.
This species mus£ not be confounded with the C. thurifera,
of Hurnboldt.

81 C. Corneyanaj Knight. — Syn. Juniperus Chinensis
Corneyana, Gordon in Pinetum. — This very pretty little
tree closely resembles the female form of the Chinese Ju-
niper, and was consequently placed as a variety of the
same by Gordon, in his Pinetum ; but the error was after-
wards corrected in his supplement. It is a native of
China and Japan, where it is known as the Weeping Cy-
press. This species may prove hardy with us, although
we have no evidence of its being tested.

9. C. excelsa, Scott. — According to Gordon, this is " a
large tree growing 100 feet high on the mountains of
Santa Cruz de Kachequil, in Guatemala, producing excel-
lent timber which is very durable." It makes a beautiful
plant for pot-culture, but is entirely too tender for the
open air, being easily killed in England.

10. C, funebris, Endlicher. — Syn. C. pendula, Staunton.
— This magnificent Cypress, which was introduced into our
collections with such sanguine expectations, has entirely
disappointed our hopes. It is one of Fortune's introduc-
tions from the north of China, and is the Weeping or Fu-
nereal Cypress of their gardens. It changes from an up-

352 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

right-growing plant to a graceful weeping tree, attaining
at maturity the height of 60 feet.

In Fortune's work on the tea countries of China, he
thus speaks of the C. funebris : " The most beautiful tree
found in this district is a species of Weeping Cypress,
which, I had never met with in any other part of China,
and which was quite new to me. It was during one of
my daily rambles that I saw the first specimen. About
half a mile distant from where I was, I observed a noble-
looking Fir tree about 60 feet in height, having a stem as
straight as the Norfolk Island Pine, and weeping branches
like the Willow of St. Helena. Its branches grew at first
at right angles to the main stem, then described a grace-
ful curve upwards, and bent again at their points. From
these main branches, others, long and slender, hung down
perpendicularly, and gave the whole tree a weeping and
graceful form. It reminded me of some of those large
and gorgeous chandeliers sometimes seen in theatres and
public halls in Europe."

11. C, GOYClliana, Gordon. — Another of Hartweg's
discoveries in Northern California. He found this species
growing on the mountains near Monterey, usually on the
western declivities, and near the sea. Although quite
hardy in England, our success with it has been poor, but
in a warmer climate than our own, it will prove a valua-
ble addition to the evergreen shrubbery. Maximum
height 10 feet, with a dense habit.

12, C, Kni£htiana, Perry.— Syn. C. Lindleyi, Klotsch ;
C. Coulteri, Forbes. — One of the largest of the genus,
growing in favorable situations 120 feet in height, and,
according to Gordon : " A handsome, vigorous tree with a
conical head, and all the principal young shoots of a beau-
tiful glaucous-violet, or reddish-plum color." This species
has been considered by some writers as a synonym of C.

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 353

Benihami. Gordon says: "The handsomest and hardiest
of the Mexican kinds."

13, €. Lusitanica, Miller. — THE CEDAK OF GOA. — A
tender Cypress, that has been known under some ten or
twelve synonyms. It is a very beautiful tree from Spain
and Portugal, where it was introduced originally from the
East Indies. There is a variety of it in cultivation with
prettily variegated leaves.

14, C. Mac-Nabiana, Murray.— Syn. C. glandulosa,
Hooker, etc. — A large shrub, growing to the height of 10
feet, and found by the collector Jeffrey in Northern Cali-
fornia. It is quite hardy in England, and may possibly
prove so here. In fact we know of a thrifty young spec-
imen that has survived the past three or four winters.
The habit of the plant is very dense, and the foliage
glaucous and handsome.

»

15, C, macrocarpa, Hartweg. — Syn. C. Lambertiana,
Gordon. — In his Pinetum, Gordon remarks of this spe-
cies : " It is one of the finest Cypresses yet introduced, on
account of its beautiful bright green aspect, its great size,
and hardiness. Mr. Hartweg found it forming a tree 60
feet high, with a stem 9 feet in circumference, on the
wooded heights near Monterey, in Upper California, and
with a far-spreading, branching, flat top, like a full-grown
Cedar of Lebanon, which it very much resembles when
old. It is hardy, and will grow in almost any kind of soil
which is not very poor." We can unhesitatingly add our
testimony to its exceeding beauty, but are obliged to say
it has not proven hardy with us. Young plants known as
C. macrocarpa and C. Lambertiana are frequently adver-
tised by foreign dealers, but their identity is now fully es-
tablished.

354: THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

16. €• sempervirenSj Linnwus. — UPRIGHT CYPRESS. —
This is the beautiful species so common along the Medi-
terranean, and especially through Italy and Turkey, where
it forms an erect, fastigiate column of the darkest shade
of green, and about 50 feet in height. It reminds one of
an evergreen Lombardy Poplar, but will not stand our
climate.

Var. horizoiltalis. Miller. — This differs from the species
in having horizontal branches, and in its spreading charac-
ter. It is so different in appearance as to lead many culti-
vators to class it as a distinct species. Both this and the
true form have a number of synonyms.

Var. rariegata, Knight, and var, moustrosa, Hort.,
are mentioned by Gordon; the one with variegated
leaves, and the other with a Thuja-like aspect and robust
habit.

Var. cerciformis, Carriere. — This curious and remark-
able variety was grown at Cognac, France, about 24 years
since. It is perhaps the most fastigiate Conifer known,
as its peculiarity consists in having no side branches, but
from the main stem issue the small twigs, which impart to
the plant an appearance of a tall, slender green column.
It very regularly reproduces the same form from seed.
The Itevue Horticole, in speaking of it, says: "This pe-
culiarity is not, as one might suppose, occasioned by a
want of vigor, since some very vigorous specimens 40
feet high are only 2 feet in diameter, everything included,
of which size the stem makes one-third, or eight inches."

17. C.thurifera, Hurriboldt. — MEXICAN WHITE CEDAR.
— Syn. ChamaBcyparis thurifera, Endlieher ; Juniper us
thurifera, JSonpland. — A handsome species of large size
from the mountains of Mexico, where it is found at high
elevations. Its scattered, horizontal branches spread out
on every side to a great distance, with foliage of a charm-
ing glaucous-green color. The strobiles are larger than

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 355

in C. thyoides. It belongs among those which were sep-
arated by Spach under the name of Chamsecyparis.

Gordon, after recognizing it in his Pinetum as a dis-
tinct species, thus inelegantly and unkindly passes it over
in his Supplement: "The kind misnamed Chamcecyp-
aris thurifera by one of our great botanical advisers,
and so extensively distributed by lottery or otherwise, is
identical with the Chinese Arbor Vita3 (Biota Orientalis.)"
Now we are not able to see how a Chinese Arbor Vita3
could possibly be palmed off on an unsuspecting public,
especially when the published botanical description of 0.
thurifera is so very different from that of the former
plant; and also, Chinese Arbor Vita)s do not grow in
Mexico.

18, C. torulosa, Don. — Although this is a remarkably
handsome species and very desirable, were it sufficiently
hardy, it cannot be grown in the Middle States. It comes
from India, where specimens have been measured 150 feet
in height. The timber is fragrant, durable, and valuable ;
and the whole tree is especially adapted for ornamental
purposes in a suitable climate. In some of the mountain-
ous districts of India, it is held in religious veneration by
the natives, and the branchlets and fruit are considered by
them as sovereign remedies for all the ills that flesh is
heir to. In fact, death is the penalty to all who injure this
tree, so great is their belief in its efficacy.

Gordon mentions the following varieties, viz. :

Var. Viridis, JETort. — With bright, glossy green leaves
and slender branches.

Var, majestica, Hort. — Of a very robust habit, and
more hardy than the species ; and

Var. iiciiia, Hort. — A curious dwarf and compact little
plant.

356 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

19. C. Uhdeana, Gordon. — Another rare and tender
species from the mountains of Mexico, where it forms a
dense, compact tree about 50 feet in height. It is very-
beautiful, but only suited for pot-culture with us, although
a native of high and exposed situations.

20, C. Whitleyana, Hort.— Syn. C. Roylei, Carriere ;
C. australis, Low. — This species is also quite tender, and
unknown to us in this country. It is a native of the East
Indies, where it grows to the height of 100 feet, with nu-
merous, erect branches, and large cones and seeds.

23.— RETINISPORA, Siebold.

Flowers, monoecious, small, terminal, and on the same
branch. Sterile aments, cylindrical. Fertile aments, soli-
tary, with two ovules at the base of each woody, wedge-
shaped, carpellary scale. Strobiles, small, ligneous, globose,
with numerous ovate scales. Seeds very resinous, with
resinous vesicles on the testa, and a membranaceous wing.
Cotyledons, 2. Leaves, small, linear, bifoliate or trifoliate,
spreading, and persistent. Very closely allied to Cupres-
sus, and possibly not sufficiently distinct for a separate
classification.

A beautiful genus recently introduced from Japan. The
size of the different species varies from mere shrubs of 3 or
4 feet, to tall trees 100 feet in height. They are all very
handsome and desirable, and are held in much esteem by
the Japanese for ornamenting the grounds around their
residences and temples.

The name derives its origin from the resinous coating
of the seeds, — "refine" resin, and "spore" seed.

R» Obtusa, Siebold. — Syn. Chamaecyparis obtusa, End-
Hcher / Thuja Japonica, Hort. — Leaves, scale-formed, ar-
ranged in whorls of four, decussate, obtuse, closely ap-
pressed, and very persistent (for several years), bright

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 357

green above, and silvery glaucous below. Branches
spreading and drooping. Cones, globular, terminal, soli-
tary. Scales, 8 to 10, ligneous, light brown color, smooth,
with 2 winged seeds at the base of each.

Without doubt the most beautiful of the family ; it is
found on the Island of Nippon, in Japan, where it forms
a great portion of the forest. It is also largely cultivated,

Fig. 56.— RETINISPORA OBTTTSA.

not only for ornament, but for the beauty and excellence
of its timber. The natives attach a sacred importance to
this tree, and in consequence use it for building their
temples. It forms a tree from 60 to 80 feet in height,
with dense, spreading branches, and the foliage of a bril-
liant green color. It has stood well in England the past
few years, although with a slight protection of mats. In
our own collection it has been satisfactory for three sea-
sons, but loses the silvery glaucousness on the under side
of the leaves, when planted in the open ground.

358 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Var« ericoideSi — Syn. R. ericoides, Zuecarini ; Wid-
dringtonia ericoides, I&iight • Chamaecyparis ericoides,
Carriere / Cnpressus ericoides, and Juniperus ericoides,
of some authors and catalogues. — This curious, heath-like
little plant is evidently the primordial form of the above
named species ; the two bearing the same relation to each
other, as noticed in the description of Thuja occidentalis,
var. ericoides, and its parent.

It is the oldest form of the genus yet thoroughly
tested in this country, and isr among the very few
evergreen shrubs adapted to the climate of the Middle
States. It is a native of Japan, where it is exten-
sively cultivated for ornament, and very frequently grown
in pots. It seldom attains a greater height than 4 feet,
and is of a dense habit and conical form, with bright green
foliage changing to a reddish hue during the winter
months, and is occasionally slightly injured. The small,
slender branchlets are very numerous, and frequently have
a downward tendency in the adult plants.

We have been exceedingly partial to this little Conifer
for several years. It appears mostly hardy here, but the
dingy red color of the foliage on the approach of cold
weather and the occasional dying out of the under branch-
es are against it. As a partial remedy, we would recom-
mend covering this species during winter with evergreen
branches. Gordon says it is tolerably hardy in England.
He also classes the doubtful little stranger known in our
collections as " Thuja ericoides" as a synonym of this
species, from which, however, it is very distinct.

UNTESTED SPECIES OF EETINISPORA.

We have no doubt but a portion of the following list
will eventually succeed here, although we have no means
of ascertaining the fact at present. Several are now test-

THE CTPEESS SUB-FAMILY. 359

ing their hardiness in the open air, on the Hudson and at
Flushing, in New York, at Boston, etc., so that we shall
soon be made acquainted with their characters in this re-
spect.

Var. aurea, Fortune, and var, argentea, Fortune,
are two prettily variegated forms introduced from the
Japanese collections in the neighborhood of Yeddo, the
former marked with yellow, and the latter with white.

Var. pygm<ca9 Gordon. — Is known in some of the Eng-
lish collections as Thuja pygmcea* Yeitch. It is very
dense and small in all its parts, dark green and glossy, and
altogether exceedingly desirable, according to foreign au-
thors. It grows from 1 to 2 feet in height, spreading hor-
izontally in every direction. Introduced into notice by
Fortune, in 1861.

2. R. squarrosa, Siebold. — This species has been classed
by Lawson with Cupressus, and by Endlicher with Cha-
mcecyparis. It is a small-sized tree, with graceful, droop-
ing branches, and glaucous-green foliage. This pr»tty lit-
tle species is from the Island of Kiusiu, and the moun-
tains of Sukejama. It scarcely ever exceeds 5 or 6 feet
in height, but is unfortunately too tender for our climate,
as it will not succeed in England.

Var. variegata, Siebold.—" This variety," says Gordon,
"differs in having some of its branchlets and leaves of a
white color, intermixed with the ordinary green ones in a
variegated manner."

3. R. pisifera, fiiebold. — This is a small, slender tree
from the Island of Nippon. The branchlets and branches
are exceedingly numerous, and the foliage very dense. The
cones are very small, and consist of numerous, small, im-
bricated scales. We regret to add that its hardiness with
us is somewhat doubtful.

360 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

There are many provisional varieties in cultivation
throughout Japan, founded, however, in many cases, upon
slight distinctions.

Var. aurea, Fortune, and Tar, argentea, Fortune. —
Two ne w varieties recently introduced into England by
Fortune, who discovered them in the gardens about Yed-
do. They are quite distinct and desirable.

4. R, leptoclada, Zuccarini. — Syn. R. squarrosa lepto-
clada, Siebold. — This'is a large bush from 3 to 6 feet high,
growing on the mountains of Japan, and cultivated fre-
quently in the gardens around Yeddo. It is quite hardy
in England, and may possibly prove so in this country.
The foliage is of a bright glaucous-green color, and imbri-
cated on numerous small branchlets, forming a dense, com-
pact mass.

5. R, lycopodioideSj/Sitaftcfo'sA. — A new species (?) but
recently brought to notice by Japanese collectors, and rep-
resented as remarkably elegant and graceful. The leaves
are very attractive in appearance, resembling small, dark
green scales, and the branches spreading somewhat like
H. obtusa. It was found in the gardens at Yeddo, in Ja-
pan, by Fortune.

24.— CRYPTOMERIA, Don.

Flowers monoecious. Sterile aments, terminal, cluster-
ed and very numerous. Fertile aments, terminal, cluster-
ed, or solitary, sessile. Strobiles, spherical, clustered or
solitary ; with numerous, loose, wedge-shaped scales, and
from 3 to 5 seeds at the base of each carpellary scale.
Cotyledons, 2, 3, or 4.

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 36l

This fine plant (for there is but one species) is from
China and Japan. The name is derived from "Jcruptos"
hidden, and "meris" a part. It has soft, white wood,
and is especially adapted for cabinet-makers' work.

C. Japonic a. Don. — JAPAN CEDAK. — Leaves, from J to
f- of an inch in length, sessile, smooth, falcate, quadrangu-
lar, sharp-pointed, bright green color. Branches, spread-
ing, mostly horizontal, with numerous branchlets. Cones,
% to f of an inch in diameter, globular, mostly clustered,
erect, sessile ; with numerous, loose scales. Seeds, gener-
ally obovate, with a dry, brittle testa.

This tree belongs to the uncertain class of Conifers so

O

perplexing and unsatisfactory throughout the Middle
States. When a tree dies outright from the effect of our
severe winters, our regret is allayed by a consciousness
that it is useless to plant it. Not so, however, with many
of the class of which the Cryptoineria is a fair represent-
ative. We have frequently seen specimens thrive appar-
ently with perfect success for a few years, when perhaps
an unusually strong and imperfectly ripened growth would
be overtaken by the frosts of autumn, and the tree conse-
quently be disfigured beyond all redemption. Or proba-
bly the leading shoot alone is injured, and the zealous
owner after encouraging a new upright branch, congratu-
lates himself that the plant is now acclimated and all
danger past ; but if the mercury falls to zero after a warm
spell of weather, the new shoot follows in the way of its
predecessor.

Such disappointments as these are of no rare occurrence,
but almost every cultivator has experienced them. Fre-
quently throughout our work have we called attention to
the only remedy, of sandy subsoils and an unstimulating
surface soil, to grow these plants with any chance of suc-
cess ; and if this oft-repeated caution be disregarded in
the cultivation of the Japan Cedar, failure will certainly
ensue.

16

THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

This tree generally grows about 50 or 60 feet in height,
but according to Siebold, Fortune, and others, it is

Fig. 57.— CRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA.

frequently found 100 feet high. It is a native of China
and Japan, and, contrary to the general principle of the
American people with their native trees, this species is ex-

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 363

tensively cultivated by the inhabitants of those countries.

In favorable situations at Baltimore and Washington,
this species proves a perfect success; and even in the
neighborhood of Philadelphia w£ occasionally find excel-
lent specimens, although many of them present a rather
open and straggling appearance. To prevent this un-
sightly character, we would suggest to planters that no
tree is more benefited by a severe clipping of the side
branches than this.

In the year 1844, Fortune first introduced it into Eng-
land, and his account of it in a wild state is exceedingly
interesting. The timber is not unlike that of our White
Pine, and is held in great esteem by the Japanese, espe-
cially for the manufacture of cabinet-ware.

Van Loblrii, Hort. — Syn. var. viridis, Sort. — This dis-
tinct form has very pretty, pale green foliage. A speci-
men in our own collection has appeared more hardy than
the species.

Var. |M'H<luln, Leroy. — A variety with drooping branch-
lets, but scarcely distinct from the usual form.

Var. liana, Fortune. — Syn. var. pygma3a, London. —
Extensively grown by the Chinese ; it is a curious stunt-
ed, dense dwarf, probably growing about 3 feet high.

Var. araucarioides, Hort.— This variety differs very
little from the species, and is probably not worthy of per-
petuation.

25.— TAXOmtJJJI, Richard.

Flowers monoacious, on the same branch. Sterile aments
in a long spiked panicle, drooping, with few stamens ; fila-
ments scale-like, bearing from 2 to 5 anther-cells, that open
lengthwise. Fertile aments oval, or ovoid, clustered, sea-.

364 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

sile, with 2 ovules at the base of each peltate scale.
Cones, globular or globose, with angular, woody, thick,
shield-shaped scales. Leaves deciduous and distichous.

The Taxodium proper is now restricted to one species,
with numerous varieties and forms. Brongniart records
a new species found in this country, but its existence is
much doubted, owing to the inclination of this tree to as-
sume different forms.

The name is derived from two Greek words signifying
Tew, and resembling. In regard to its early botanical
history, Loudon records the following notes: "Parkinson,
in 1640, expresses his doubts that this tree was not ' a
true cipresse,' and suggests that it must have been called
so from the fragrance of the wood. It was, however,
classed by Linna3us and all succeeding botanists as a Cu-
pressus, until M. Richard, in the ' Annales du MuseeJ
torn. XYI. p. 269, constituted it a genus under the name
of Taxodium, which name was applied from the leaves
being disposed in the same manner as those of the Yew.
Two years afterwards M. Mirbel and M. Schubert describ-
ed it as a separate genus under the name of Schubertia /
but the name of Taxodium, having been applied first and
accompanied by a scientific description, necessarily takes
precedence."

T. distichum, 'Richard. — DECIDUOUS CYPRESS. BALD
CYPRESS. — Syn. Cupressus disticha, L. — Leaves from % to
f- of an inch long, linear, acute, distichous, flat, alternate
or opposite, occasionally in whorls. Branches, stout,
horizontal, slightly incurved at the extremities, with nu-
merous slender branchlets. Cones from f to 1 inch in di-
ameter, spherical, closed, hard, and uneven ; with shield-
shaped, woody, thick scales. Seeds, small, ligneous, with
narrow wings. Cotyledons, 2 to 3.

The Deciduous Cypress, although strictly a southern,
tree, thrives admirably in the climate of the Middle
States. Its most northern natural limits are the Cypress

THE CYPBESS SUB-FAMILY.

365

. 58. — TAXODIUM DISTICHUM.

366 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Swamps of Maryland, and the extreme southern part of'
Delaware. Throughout almost every portion of the South-
ern States this tree is found in the low, miasmatic
swamps, and occasionally very plentifully, especially
along the borders of the rivers and larger streams.
Indeed, in the Gulf States these Cypress Swamps cover
thousands of acres, and along the Mississippi River partic-
ularly they extend for hundreds of miles. In Florida and
Georgia the tree is exceedingly plentiful, and borders the
rivers with an almost impenetrable mass of foliage.

In the rich alluvial bottoms this tree often grows to the
height of 120 feet, forming an immense base, double the
diameter of the body of the tree.

The roots often form large, conical excrescences or
knobs, which rise above the -surface of the soil, and are
always hollow. These are usually known as " Cypress-
knees," and are frequently used for bee-hives and other
purposes. The cause of these knobs is obscure ; no ap-
parent function for which they are adapted has been ascer-
tained, but after the tree has arrived at the height of 20
or 25 feet, these curious appendages commence to appear,
and more particularly in marshy ground.

The beautiful foliage of this species, as well as its pecu-
liar conical or almost fastigiate form, justly entitles it to a
front rank in the list of ornamental trees ; and notwith-
standing we occasionally find healthy, vigorous plants
growing on high, dry situations, we would prefer a moist
soil for its successful cultivation. For particular situations
the lofty, spiral top of this Cypress looms up above the
surrounding foliage with a very agreeable effect. In the
case of old trees they frequently change their form and
assume a tabular shape, as is instanced in the Cedar of
Lebanon. It was introduced into England prior to the
year 1640, where it succeeds very satisfactorily.

The many distinct forms which it so frequently assumes
have given rise to quite a multiplicity of names, trees

THE CYPKESS SUB-FAMILY. 367

with lighter colored wood being designated as the White
Cypress, whilst the darker hued varieties are known as
the Black Cypress. It is also called the Southern States
Cypress.

The timber of the T. distichum is, without doubt, of in-
estimable value, being fine-grained, soft, very elastic,
strong, and exceedingly durable. This last quality is per-
haps unequalled by the timber of any other tree, and it is
admirably adapted for use where it will be exposed to the
weather. But either from a scarcity of the article or dif-
ficulty in obtaining it, the Cypress shingles and other
forms of this lumber are now quite scarce, and rarely seen
in our Northern markets.

Many of the varieties are mere sports, whilst others
perpetuate their distinctions when grown from seed. The
most prominent among the latter class is

Var« Mexicanum, Gordon. — It is known by seven or
eight different synonyms. Specimens of this variety are
growing in Mexico, which are of immense size and great
age, especially the celebrated " Cypress of Montezuma"
at Chapultepec, that measures about 100 feet in circumfer-
ence. This variety differs from the species in the leaves
being very persistent and slender, with the long branches
broadly spreading. The strobiles are larger, and the scales
armed with a stout, acute point. This tree is entirely too
tender for our climate.

Var. fastigiatum, Knight. — This variety forms a remark-
ably fastigiate tree, with short and erect branches. It is
a native of our extreme Southern States, particularly in
Florida, where it forms a small-sized specimen.

i denildatnm, Leroy's Catalogue. — This differs from
the species in having long, slender, drooping branches, and
with the leaves scattered and of unequal size. It origi-
nated in Leroy's Nursery, at Angers, France.

368 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Var. nanum, Carriere. — Another of those chance kinds
from one of the French nurseries, and is very small in all
its parts, resembling the species in miniature. It grows
but 10 or 12 feet in height.

26.— GI.YPTOSTROBUS, EndlicJi&r.

Flowers, monoecious, the two sexes on separate branch-
es, and resembling Taxodium. Cones oval or ovate.
Ovules 2, under each carpellary scale. Scales coriaceous,
with the pedicels arising from the same point on the axis.
Leaves, generally triquetrous, and scattered more or less
irregularly around the branches.

Glyptostrobus is one of the newer genera, and one that
we are much inclined to receive with distrust, as it is quite
too closely allied to Taxodium. Time and further inves-
tigation will determine its right to the distinction, and as
there is considerable difference of opinion on the subject
at present, we have accordingly adopted Endlicher's name,
although disagreeing with Gordon in the classification of
Gr. pendulus.

Endlicher has created the name from the handsome sur-
face of the strobiles, presenting a curious embossed appear-
ance, which is not of so marked a character in the Taxo-
dium. It is derived from glypho, embossed, and strobus,
a strobile or cone.

This genus is composed of two species, both natives of
China, and equally beautiful.

1. G, heterophyllllS, Endlicher. — Syn. Taxodium nu-
ciferum, Brongniart. — T. Japonicum, Denhardt, etc.
Leaves, from 3 to 8 lines long, very variable in shape
and position, from ovate, obtuse, to scale-formed, acute,
appressed and imbricated, or spreading and recurved,
somewhat bifarious, or scattered around the shoots, alter-

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 369

nate, glaucous-green color. Branches ascending, and re-
curved at the extremities. Cones small, ovate or cylindri-
cal ; scales unequal in size, imbricated, shield-form, with a
recurved, obtuse point arising from near the edge of each.

We are sorry to be obliged to report this species quite
doubtful in regard to hardiness ; but even in the less vari-
able climate of England, it is only "tolerably hardy."
Like most of the genus it prefers low, moist grounds, and
in the wet soils of the rice countries of China, it flourishes
in perfection. The natives place it around their planta-
tions, especially in the neighborhood of Kiang-non and
Shang-tun, where it is known as the Then- Tseng, or Wa-
ter Pine, in allusion to its favorite haunts.

Although but a large shrub of 8 or 10 feet in height,
the shape is the same as that of the larger growing kinds,
being a perfect cone. The branches have an upright ten-
dency, and are very numerous, stout, and abundantly
clothed with leaves.

2. G. pendulus, Endlicher. — WEEPIXG DECIDUOUS
CYPRESS. — Syn. Taxodium Sinense, Noisette / T. distichum
pendulum, and Sinense, Loudon ; T. Sinense pen-
dulum, Forbes. — Leaves, from 3 to 6 lines long, linear,
acute, sessile, compressed when young, but spreading at
maturity, light green color. Branches, horizontal, with
numerous drooping branchlets. Cones, small, ovate ; with
shield-shaped scales, having acute points on the summit
of each. Seeds winged.

The confusion arising from the many names applied to
this species is on account of its close approximation to
each of the allied genera, Glyptostrobus and Taxodium.
We believe, however, that as the former genus has been
recognized, this plant should claim a position in it. We
can confidently pronounce it the most beautiful of all de-
ciduous Conifers, entirely hardy, and unexceptionable in
every way.

This species is from the colder portions of China and
Japan, where it frequents the damp soils of the low coun-
16*

370

THE BOOK OF EVEKGEEENS.

tries, and forms a perfectly conical-shaped tree from 15 to
20 feet in height. An experience of about 15 years with
this Cypress has been so entirely satisfactory that we feel
willing to recommend it to every one as an available or-

5(J — GLYPTOSTHOBUS PENDULTJS.

namental tree; and notwithstanding Gordon says the
young shoots are frequently killed by the cold in England,
we are pleased to record their perfect hardiness in the
Middle States. In Sargent's edition of Downing's Land-
scape Gardening, it is mentioned as entirely hardy at
Wodenethe, and is mentioned by Sargent as " one of the
most graceful and exquisite little trees which will survive
the rigor of our northern winters." A splendid specimen

THE CYPRESS SUB-FAMILY. 371

in the Evans collection is of nearly the maximum size, and
is a perfect model of excellence.

The Weeping Deciduous Cypress derives it name from
the drooping tendency of the branchlets. These are placed
alternately on the stout horizontal branches, and are ex-
ceedingly numerous and well furnished with foliage.
Their gracefulness, added to the charming color of the
leaves during the summer, is the attractive feature of the
tree. During the autumn months, the verdure changes to
a pale yellow hue, and afterward to a bright orange-red.
This species has been considered as a variety of Taxo-
dium distichum, but the formation of the leaves is so very
distinct as to enable the observer to distinguish them at
once. The foliage of the former is always imperfectly
two-rowed, and more or less appressed ; whilst that
of the latter is always two-rowed and spreading.
A plant of this species flowered last season
at Kew, England, and resembled the Taxodium
distichum, in having pendulous spikes of male
aments, with one or two female cones at the
base of the spike. It sheds its ultimate branches
annually, but it differs in the foliage not being
distichous, in the scales of the cone not being
peltate, but arising from one point at the base of
the cone, and in the winged seeds. The stem,
branches, and foliage, are also very dissimilar, but
these are so liable to sport that no dependence
can be placed upon them when forming true
botanical distinctions. A branch one-third the
natural size is shown in figure 59, and figure 60 gives
the leaves of the real size.

CHAPTER XII.

; THE YEW SUB-FAMILY— TAXI1VEJE,

Figure 61 gives a branch of the American variety of
Taxus baccata^ with magnified flowers and fruit, to
illustrate the leading characters of this sub-family, which
are sufficiently described on pages 14 and 73. An en-
larged staminate ament is shown at a. The pistillate
ament, £, consists of a naked ovule in a cup-shaped disk,
and surrounded by scales ; this is better seen in the sec-
tion, c. After fertilization, both the seed and disk increase
in size, the latter becoming pulpy, and at maturity con-
cealing the seed ; d and e show the fruit in different
stages of growth. The mature fruit is given at f entire,
and at g in section.

ST.— TAXUS, Tournefort.— YEW.

Flowers usually dioecious and axillary. Sterile aments,
small, globular, few-flowered. Anther cells, 3 to 6 or 8,
inserted in clusters under the peltate scale. Fertile flow-
ers, scaly-bracted, solitary, with a single naked ovule
placed upright in the cup-shaped disk; the latter becom-
ing berry-like, viscous, and pulpy in fruit, almost surround-
ing the nut-like seed. Leaves usually linear, rigid, decur-
rent, and mostly distichous. Cotyledons, 2.

The Yew has been known and appreciated for ages, and
is yet one of the most esteemed evergreen trees. Al-
though growing very slowly, it possesses a peculiar tint
in the color of its foliage, so far unapproached by any
other genus of plants ; it is especially admired for its
372

THE YEW SUB-FAMILY.

373

Fig. 61.— TAXUS BACCATA, VAB. CANADENSIS.

374 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

appropriateness in cemeteries, and for producing certain
effects in gardening for which its sombreness particularly
fits it.

The Yew is preferable to all other Conifers for cemetery
planting. There is a peculiar richness in the dark glossy
foliage, and a certain stiff formality in the growth that
please our taste for this particular purpose. Meehan, in
his Hand-book, thus speaks of the Yew : " Opinion is di-
vided in regard to the merits of this tree in ornamental
gardening. Some deem that its long association with the
English churchyards and cemeteries suggests ideas too
funereal for the life-enjoying pleasures of a garden. Oth-
ers look on the well-known degree of abuse it will submit
to as a subject of pleasing reflection, suggestive of the vic-
torious nature of meek, uncomplaining, persevering effort
in overcoming all obstacles. But for the once setting
aside both poetry and association, our collections are too
scarce of evergreens to allow us to dispense with one,
and for my part I admire the Yew."

The late A. J. Downing, in his usual pleasing style,
speaks of it thus: "For the decoration of places of
burial it is well adapted, from the deep and perpetual ver-
dure of its foliage, which, conjointly with its great lon-
gevity, may be considered as emblematical of immortality."

The allied genera of Taxus, Torreya, Cephalotaxus,
Podocarpus, etc., differ but little in the general appearance
of the leaves, and are therefore scarcely to be distinguish-
ed, excepting when in fruit. The Yews are proverbially
long-lived, and instances are given where they have existed
for centuries, growing, says Loudon, until they arrive at
the age of 100 years, and then remaining stationary.

The Yews are indigenous in the milder climates of
Europe, Asia, and the United States. The name is prob.
ably derived from the classical title of " toxon" a bow,
in allusion to the wood of this genus being used for mak-
ing bows. Other authorities suggest the derivation to be

THE YEW SUB-FAMILY. 375

from " taxis" meaning arrangement, owing to the regular
system of the leaves, being placed upon the branchlets.
And again, the word " toxicum" poison, has been given,
as the Yew has been considered poisonous by many.

1. T. adpressa, JTnight. — Syn. T. baccata adpressa,
Carriere ; T. tardiva, Lawson ; Cephalotaxus tardiva ad-
pressa, Siebold, etc. — Leaves, small, oval or elliptical, gen-
erally mucronate, decurrent, distichous with short pedun-
cles, excepting on the young shoots, dark shining green
color. Branches, numerous, spreading, with numerous,
short, slender branchlets. Seed surrounded by a globular
or oblong, very glutinous, fleshy, pale pink disk; seed,
nut-like, standing erect, quite prominent above the disk.

Our own specimens of this species having fruited for
two or three years past, we are able to state positively that
it is a well-defined Taxus, although many writers on the
subject have thought otherwise. Carriere, in the Revue
Horticole a few years since, contended that it was a Taxus
on account of its apparent affinity to the Yew stock in
grafting, but suggested that it was a form of Taxus bac-
cata.

It is a native of Japan, and was introduced, we believe, by
Siebold, who stated that it grows plentifully on the moun-
tains, and scarcely ever exceeds three feet in height. It is
certainly one of the most attractive, hardy, and desirable
species, and with an experience of many years we can rec-
ommend it to all our planters. In form it is somewhat
similar to our native Yew, growing mostly with the same
spreading habit, and with numerous slender branchlets
densely clothed with foliage. The leaves are quite cu-
riously shaped, and differ in this respect from the other
species, being more or less oval instead of linear.

This charming shrub has many excellencies to recom-
mend it for groups and masses, as well as for planting
singly on the lawn. It is a healthy and luxuriant grower
after becoming well established, and gives universal satis-

376 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

faction for cemetery planting. In this latter position we
consider it far superior to the other species, as it almost
invariably retains its dark glossy color without protection,
and is of a small and compact form, which enables it to be
used for ornamenting small lots where the larger species
would be out of place. It is exceedingly difficult to in-
crease by means of cuttings, but will readily unite with
the common Yew by grafting.

2. T« baccata9 Linnceus. — ENGLISH YEW. — Leaves,
about 1 inch long, linear, numerous, mostly distichous,
straight or slightly falcate, occasionally scattered thickly
around the leading shoots, acute, dark glossy green.
Branches, numerous and spreading, with slender, drooping
branchlets. Fruit consists of a globular, fleshy, red disk,
nearly surrounding a nut-like seed.

This well-known species is found growing in most of
the countries of Europe, generally on the mountains at
different elevations. Its usual height is from 25 to 40 feet,
but it often attains a still greater size ; in this country it
forms a large-sized shrub. Its utility with us may well
be questioned, as plants frequently become injured beyond
redemption after having survived several winters. In
suitable spots they will thrive satisfactorily for several
years, although occasionally suffering from the frost, which
destroys the imperfectly ripened young wood.

In planting this tree, care should be taken to select a
shaded location, such as the north side of a building, or
under the protecting branches of other trees ; and where
it is planted in an exposed situation, we have found great
advantage to be derived from covering the plant loosely
with evergreen boughs. The object is to protect the plant
from the direct rays of the sun ; by this means we man-
age to have all the Yews of as fine a color when spring
returns, as they presented during the preceding autumn.
Care must in every instance be taken that the covering be

THE YEW SUB-FAMILY. 377

not too tight, or the remedy will prove far worse than the
evil itself.

The usual form of the English Yew in this country is a
large bush with numerous ascending or slightly spreading
branches, clothed with fine, dark-colored foliage. During
the rage for clipping trees into grotesque forms, this spe-
cies was probably used for that purpose in preference to
any other ; but we sincerely trust that such a preverted
taste will never again be introduced into our gardens, to
destroy the beautiful outlines that Nature has bestowed
upon our trees.

In speaking of the longevity of the English Yew, Nut-
tall quotes several instances of its great age. He says :
"The antiquity of the Yew is as surprising as any other
of its properties. Mirbel counted in a slice of Yew, 20
inches in diameter, 280 annual layers, and Mr. Pennant
mentions a Yew in Fortingal churchyard, in the High-
lands of Scotland, whose ruins measured 56^ feet in cir-
cumference, and was in all probability a flourishing tree
at the commencement of the Christian Era." According
to Loudon, " the largest tree of this kind in England is in
Harlington churchyard, near Hounslow, which, is 58 feet
high, with a trunk of 9 feet, and a head of 50 feet in diam-
eter. The oldest are at Fountain's Abbey, where they
are supposed to have been large trees at the time the
Abbey was founded, in 1132. The trunk of one of them
is 26 feet 6 inches in circumference, at 3 feet from the
ground. The Aukerwyke Yew, near Staines, is supposed
to be upwards of 1000 years old."

The wood of the Yew is exceedingly heavy, remarkably
elastic, durable, and fine-grained ; thus combining all the
requisites that are sought for in valuable timber. The
heart-wood is very beautiful, being of a lively red color,
while the sap or outer wood is pure white, and both are
readily polished. In durability it cannot be excelled, as
instances are known where carvings of this wood are at

378 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

least 500 years old, and entirely sound and free from any
attacks of insects, or defects. In fact, insects never attack
the Yew, either in a growing state or as lumber.

Like our Red Cedar, this species has sported into a
number of forms and colors, thus engendering a long list
of varieties, which are eagerly propagated and sent out by
the European nurserymen ; and in many cases, we regret
to add, with such a very small amount of distinction as to
require close scrutiny to detect the difference. Having
tested a large number of these varieties, and found so few
of them to be worthy of perpetuation, we feel it our duty
to caution our readers against this system of producing
novelties at the expense of a too confiding public.

Var. Canadensis, Gray. — AMERICAN YEW. — This is
perhaps one of the most distinct and valuable varieties in
the list, and was for a long time considered a species, al-
though Loudon placed it as a variety in his "Arboretum."
Gordon still adheres to a specific classification, but Prof.
Gray, in his Manual of Botany, reduces it to a variety of
T. baccata. It is also known as the Taxus procumbens of
Loddiges. The American Yew is called in some sections
the Ground Hemlock, and is found on the moist and
shaded sides of hills, throughout the northern portions of
the United States and Canada. Figured on page 373.

It presents in a wild state a straggling or spreading
shrub, rarely exceeding 3 or 4 feet in height ; but under
cultivation it assumes a more even form, and attains a
larger size. It can be pruned into any shape desired, but
the most handsome and appropriate is the globular form.
This fine dwarf Conifer is very hardy, but changes to a
dingy hue during the winter months.

Tar( fastigiata, London. — UPRIGHT IRISH YEW. — This
is also a very distinct variety, and well worthy of cultiva-
tion wherever it succeeds. The branches are all remark-
ably fastigiate, and the foliage, which is scattered round the

THE YEW SUB-FAMILY. 379

branches, is of the darkest and most sombre hue. The
fruit is oblong instead of globular, as in the species. This
form of the Irish Yew will generally give satisfaction as
far north as Philadelphia, if properly protected during the
winter, and we have seen excellent specimens, 8 or 10 feet
high, that were growing on the north side of a house
without any artificial protection whatever. In England
it is quite hardy and remarkably beautiful. London al-
ludes to a fine specimen growing at Comber, in the County
of Down, and near the town of Antrim, which was 21 feet
high, and which was supposed to have been planted pre-
vious to the year 1780. The same author also alludes to
two trees, growing at Nether Place, near Mauchline, Ayr-
shire, the largest of which was 22 feet 6 inches high, and
the smaller, 20 feet 8 inches.

A very beautiful form of this variety has variegated
foliage and is described as producing a, handsome effect.
It is known as var. fastigiata variegata, of Carriere.

Var, Hibernica, Hort. — SPREADING IRISH YEW. — We
received this fine variety a few years ago from John Evans, of
Radnor, Pa., who obtained it, if we mistake not, from the
Kew Gardens. Not having seen it elsewhere, and being
unable to find a description of it, we are curious to know its
history. It is, however, a hardy, beautiful, and handsome
plant, well worthy of perpetuation. It differs from the
fastigiate form in having spreading branches and probably
rather smaller and lighter colored leaves ; but it is certain-
ly quite distinct from the Common Yew. An excellent
characteristic of this variety is that it rarely ever loses its
dark, rich color during winter.

Var. DovastOIli, London. — WEEPING YEW. — A form
of the Common Yew that is remarkable for its straggling
and drooping branches and branchlets. These, when en-
grafted on an upright stock, present quite an unique and
pretty effect, although not sufficiently reliable to recom-

380 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

mend for extensive planting. In the form of a low bush,
we have grown it for a number of years, and by carefully
protecting it during the winter, have succeeded in produc-
ing a large plant. This variety is also known under a
variety of names, such as horizontalis, imperial is, pendula,
umbraculifera, <fcc., &c., all being the same plant.

Var. fructo-lutea, London. — YELLOW-FRUITED YEW.—
This only differs from the species in having the pulpy disk
surrounding the seed of a bright yellow color, in place of
the usual scarlet of the English Yew. London says,
" when covered with its berries, it forms a very beautiful
object, especially when contrasted with Yew trees covered
with berries of the usual coral color."

Var. erecta, London. — Syn. T. pyramidalis, IZnight ;
T. stricta, Hort. — Known as the Fulhani Yew, Erect Yew,
Upright Yew, &c. It has been quite popular wherever
planted, both in this country and England. It is more
hardy than the species and more upright in growth, with
slender branches that are densely clothed with smaller
foliage than that of the common form. London says it was
raised from seed of the Irish Yew. In the well-kept
grounds of Parsons & Co., at Flushing, L. I., we have ob-
served large beds of this handsome plant.

Var. rccurvataj Carriere. — "We are not acquainted
with this, but it is described in English works as having
long, spreading, reflexed branches, and longer leaves than
the common Yew.

Var. nana, Knight. — Fox's DWARF YEW. — Syn. T.
baccata Foxii, Hort. — A very diminutive dwarf variety of
the common Yew ; spreading in its character, but rarely
ever exceeding one or two feet in height. Not yet intro-
duced into this country, to our knowledge.

Var, glauca, Carriere. — GLAUCOUS YEW. — This differs
from the species in having the under surface of the leaves
slightly glaucous, and the plant more vigorous in growth.

THE TEW SUB-FAMILY. 381

Probably not yet introduced into Our American collections.
According to Gordon, " this is the largest and finest of all
the varieties of the common Yew."

Var. ericoideS; Hort. — Is quite similar to the common
Yew, but has rather smaller foliage, and a more erect
habit of growth. It appears to be about equally hardy
with the above in our own garden.

Var, spa rsi folia. London. — We received this variety
from France a few years since, under the name of T. bac-
cata monstrosa. It is also known in some collections as
T. Mitchelli. The leaves are arranged similarly to those of
the upright form of the Irish Yew, but are not of so dark a
green as is that variety. The foliage is very widely scat-
tered around the branches, which are straggling and
spreading. Altogether it is a curious little plant, but not
at all handsome.

Var. rariegata alba, Carriere. — SILVER-VARIEGATED
YEW. — Syn. T. baccata argentea, London ; T. elegantis-
sima, Sort. — In this variety, the usual green leaves are
very elegantly striped, and edged with white.

Var. variegata aurca9 Carriere. — GOLDEN-VARIEGATED
YEW. — Syn. T. baccata variegata, London. — Has the
stripes and margins of a pale yellow. In a group of Yews,
every one must admire the rich tints and contrasts exhib-
ited in the foliage of these two variegated kinds. The
Silver Yew is perhaps the more pleasing of the two,
owing to the charming contrast of the pearly white-
ness with the usual dark green foliage, but both are
highly deserving of a place in every collection. These
two forms are very hardy, even more so than the species.
We remember observing some beautiful specimens grow-
ing on a large rockery springing up apparently out of a
rich dark green carpet of the J~uniperus prostrata, and
surrounded by Rhododendrons, etc., where they formed
the most attractive objects in the whole collection, and

382 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

were unusually appropriate to the situation. One of the
best collections of these handsome plants is probably to be
found at Wodenethe, on the Hudson, where they are of
large size, and very beautifully trained in various ways.
A quaint Scotch writer thus characterizes one of them :
" Taxus baccata variegata, or Golden Yew, when trained
to the height of 8 or 10 feet, has no rival for ornamenta-
tion, as each leaf is edged with a fine golden yellow color,
and the effect of richness and grandeur thus produced is
most wonderful." The same writer also fancifully likens it
to " a golden candlestick ornamented with glow-worms."

Var, Jacksonii, W. Paul. — "A somewhat pendulous
kind," says Gordon in his supplement, " with broad, light
green foliage, all more or less incurved, falcate, and thick-
ly covering the upper part of the branches, with the branch-
lets reddish-brown, numerous, short, obliquely placed, and
more or less curved." Not yet introduced into this
country.

Var, CheshuntensiS, W. Paul— This pretty variety was
raised from seed of the Irish Yew, and is conical in form,
of rapid growth, and dark glossy-green in color. Recom-
mended by European writers.

Var. linearis has rather narrower leaves, but otherwise
is like var. erect a.

Tar. gracillS is different only in its quite slender
branches, and the varieties empetrifolia, nigra, and excel-
sa, &c., &c., differ but little from the true form of the spe-
cies, and are, perhaps, not worth growing as distinct forms.

ADDITIONAL LIST OF SPECIES OF TAXUS.

We should judge that several of the following species
would be entirely hardy, but as they are mostly new and
untested, we place them here.

THE YEW SUB-FAMILY. 883

3, T, brevifolia, JVuttall.—Sjn. T. Lindleyana, Murray.
— Is described as growing to the height of from 40 to 60
feet, in North-west America, where it is found in the for-
ests of Oregon, extending far north wards.v It differs from
the English Yew in having shorter and thinner leaves,
which are sharply and abruptly terminated in a point, and
attenuated at the base into a very distinct petiole. The
sterile aments of this species somewhat resemble those of
the var. Canadensis, and the quality of the wood is much
like that of the T. baccata.

Dr. Torrey states : " A small tree in California, but in
Oregon it sometimes occurs 60 feet high, with a trunk 2
or 3 feet in diameter. We follow Mr. Nuttall in separat-
ing the Yew of the north-west coast from the T. baccata
of Europe. We have not, however, found the differences
pointed out by Mr. Nuttall to be constant."

Dr. dewberry, in his description of this tree, remarks :
"The Yew of Oregon and California, where we saw it in
the valley of the Willammette, forms an upright tree 50 to
75 feet in height." In a comparison between the var.
Canadensis, and the one under notice, he adds : " From
this comparison it will be seen that the principal differ-
ences between the Eastern and Western Yews are found
in the upright, arboreal habit, the lighter foliage, and the
shorter leaves of the Western plant. This Yew is found
on the Sierra Nevada, down nearly or quite to the south-
ern line of California." The same author states that " T.
Lindleijana, described by Murray, is undoubtedly iden-
tical with T. brevifolia."

1, T. CUSpidata, Siebold. — Is a new species recently in-
troduced from Japan into England, and, according to Gor-
don, has proven " quite hardy " there. It is about 15 or
20 feet in height, with numerous spreading branches, and
more or less distichous, incurved, coriaceous, rigid leaves.
The leaves are very dark above, and light green below,

384 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

with exceedingly sharp points at the apex ; hence the spe-
cific name. This pretty species is very popular with the
Japanese, and will undoubtedly prove so here, should it
succeed in our climate.

5. Ti globosa, SchlechlendaM. — MEXICAN YEW. — This
species, described by Hartweg as T. baccata Mexicana^
has its leaves densely distichous, somewhat falcate, very
dark, shining green, and ending in a stiff, sharp point. The
branches are produced in much the same manner as those
of the English Yew, but with the branchlets more or less
drooping. It will scarcely be of interest to American cul-
tivators, as the climate of England is not sufficiently mild
for its successful culture.

6. T. Wallichiana, Zuccarini. — WALLICH'S YEW. —
This is also described as T. nucifera, by Royle and
others, as well as T. virgata, by Dr. Wai rich, and T. bac-
cata Indica, by Madden. It forms a splendid tree on the
mountains of Sikkim, Nepal, etc., at high elevations, where
it is produced in great abundance. The leaves are long,
linear, acute, petioled, of a dark, shining green color, and
in much demand by the inhabitants as a substitute for tea.
This species is very distinct from the Torres/a nucifera of
Zuccarini, although frequently and erroneously confounded
with it by writers on the plants of India. It may possibly
succeed with us, having proven quite hardy in England.

7. T, Floridana9 Nuttall. — Is a pretty species from
Florida, growing near the Apalachicola River, where it
assumes the height of from 10 to 20 or 30 feet. The leaves
are quite narrow, mucronate, with revolute margins, and
about the same color as the common Yew. Nuttall con-
sidered it nearly allied to the T. brevifolia, but occupying
a very different geographical range. The same author
first named it T. montana. It is described in Chapman's

THE YEW SUB-FAMILY. 385

Flora of the Southern States. This may possibly succeed
in cultivation as far north as Philadelphia, where the Tor-
reya taxifolia will flourish, but we are unable to say at
present,

2§.— TORREYA, Arnott.

Flowers axillary and dioecious. Sterile aments, solitary,
oblong, or globular. Anther cells 4, attached to the under
side of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile aments either soli-
tary, or in clusters of two or three, containing a solitary,
erect ovule. Fruit, a drupe, one-seeded, devoid of the
fleshy disk at the base, and with the embryo at the apex
of hard, ruminated albumen. Cotyledons, 2. Leaves most-
ly distichous, linear, persistent. Branches in whorls, and
producing scaly buds.

The Torreyas are all evergreen trees, and closely allied
to the Yew, the principal distinction being in the fruit.
The leaves of the Torreyas are marked with two longitu-
dinal lines, and are noted for a remarkable and repugnant
odor, that is emitted from them when bruised or burned.
They are generally small trees, and are natives of our
Southern States, California, China, and Japan. This genus
was named in honor of Prof. John Torrey, of New York.

1, T. Californica, Torrey. — CALIFORNIA]* NUTMEG
TREE. — Syn. T. myristica, Hooker. — Leaves, from 2 to 2£
inches long, linear, mostly distichous, mucronate, decur-
rent, short-petioled, pale-green color. Branches, spreading,
with the buds covered with persistent oval scales. Fruit,
1£ to 1J inch in length, elliptic, smooth, green color,
and protecting the hard, nut-like seed.

This species is from California, where it is found on the
Sierra Nevada Mountains, growing from 20 to 40 feet
17

386 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

high, and forming a round-headed, small, compact tree.
According to Dr. Torrey, this species was " first made
known to North American botanists by the late Mr. Shel-
ton, who travelled extensively in California," and was
afterwards described by Sir Wm. Hooker under the title
of T. myrutica, in the Botanical Magazine. Dr. Bigelow
states : " This tree grows from 40 to 50 feet high, with
very slender, drooping branches, and a thin, light foliage.
The bark is smooth, somewhat resembling that of the
common White Mulberry, and the wood hard and firm."
In England it has proven quite hardy, and we await with
some anxiety its trial in this country. We have a speci-
men, two feet high, that has hitherto been wintered in a
cold frame, but which is now in the open ground for the
first time. Other cultivators are also experimenting with
it, and we shall soon be able to report on its ability to
stand our climate. Its beauty cannot be called in ques-
tion, as its charming foliage, its peculiar habit of growth,
and arrangement of branches, fully entitle it to be consid-
ered as a great desideratum.

It is emphatically a plant to be seen, and not handled,
as it possesses in an eminent degree the unpleasant odor
peculiar to the genus, and which has obtained for it in its
native country the significant but inelegant appellation
of the " Stinking Yew."

2. T. nucifera, Zuecarmi. — NUT-BEARING TORREYA. —
Leaves from 1 to If inch long, linear, mostly distichous,
scattered on the young shoots, coriaceous, flat, short-pe-
duncled, sharply-mucronate, dark glossy green color.
Branches, numerous, spreading, with scaly bark. Fruit,
f- of an inch long, -|- of an inch broad, oval or ovate-oblong,
with a smooth, glossy, thin, green covering, and hard, bony
seed.

A native of the northern portions of Japan, but is cul-
tivated in all parts of that country, and, according to
Kaempfer, is a lofty tree, with many opposite, scaly

THE TEW SUB-FAMILY. 887

brunches, producing a light wood. Other writers speak
of it as growing about 20 or 30 feet in height, and inhab-
iting the mountains in the islands of Niphon and Sikok, in
Japan. As this species is very rare in England, and only
in the possession of a few enthusiastic cultivators in this
country, our knowledge of its hardiness and habits
is necessarily quite limited.

We have not tested it thoroughly in the open ground,
but have grown it for a few years past as a pot-plant, to
our great satisfaction. Our own small experience would
lead us to believe that it may be recommended for trial
with excellent chances of success.

The branches are usually in whorls, but are occasionally
disposed alternately, or scattered, and the bark is very
scaly. The branchlets are numerous, quite short, and gen-
erally distichous. The oil extracted from the kernel of
the seed is very astringent and unpalatable, but, accord-
ing to Ksempfer, it is used for culinary purposes.

3. T, taxifolia, Arnott. — YEW- LEAVED TORREYA.—
Leaves, from 1 to 1^ inch long, linear, very sharp-pointed,
rigid, almost sessile, pungent, coriaceous, pale shining
green color. Branches, horizontal, spreading, with oppo-
site, 2-ranked branchlets. Fruit, about the size and shape
of a nutmeg, with a smooth, glaucous covering, and a hard,
bony testa.

According to Chapman, this native Torreya is found in
rich soil, along the east bank of the Apalachicola River,
in Middle Florida. Nuttall, in describing it, says : " This
stately evergreen, resembling the Yew, was discovered in
Middle Florida, by the late lamented H. B. Groom, of Tal-
lahassee, and is sufficiently abundant around Aspalaga to
be used as timber, and sawed into planks. Prof. Torrey
and Mr. Croom describe it as a tree of from 6 to 18 inches
in diameter, and from 20 to 40 feet high, with numerous
spreading branches, the branchlets dividing into threes ; its

THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Tig. 62. — TORREYA TAXIFOLIA. — A BRANCH TWO-THIRDS NATURAL SIZE ;
a, A LEAP OF FULL SIZE ; &, A STAMINATE AMENT ; C, AN ANTHER ; <?, THE
PISTILLATE AMENT, ALL MUCH MAGNIFIED • 6, A FRUIT OF NATURAL SIZE.

THE YEW SUB-FAMILY. 389

appearance at a distance is not unlike to that of the Hem-
lock Spruce, (Abies Canadensis}"

Groom's locality for this tree was along the east branch
of the Apalachicola River, near the confluence of the Flint
and Chatahoochee, and on Flat Creek of the same stream, as
well as on the borders of the Aspalaga. Prof. Torrey says
it has been found south of the Suanna. Nuttall remarks,
that "a blood-red turpentine of a pasty consistence flows
sparingly from the bark which is soluble in alcohol, form-
ing a deep clear solution, and when heated, evolves a very
powerful terebinthinous, but unpleasant odor."

This species will gradually become more of a favorite
as its qualities for ornamental purposes become better
known, but we have no reason to expect it will ever attain
to a greater size than a large shrub in the Middle States.
Wherever it has been fully tested, its hardiness has been
conceded, and there are already several fine specimens in
the Northern States. Perhaps the largest and best plants
of this species are at Wodenethe, the owner of which has
devoted more time and expense towards acclimating and
testing the newer Conifers than any other man in this
country. The finest plant in his collection is at this time
about 9 or 10 feet in height, and is remarkably compact
and beautiful.

The vulgar name of " Stinking Yew " has also been ap-
plied to this plant, and if a tree with an unpleasant odor
deserves such an uncouth title, then this plant richly mer-
its it. Cultivators should not be deterred from planting
it on this account, as no unpleasant odor is perceptible
unless the foliage be bruised or the branches burned. Gor-
don speaks of it as " not quite hardy in some parts " of
England.

4. T. grandis, of Fortune, is a native of the north of
China, growing on the mountains, and forming a large-
sized, spreading tree. The leaves are not so long as those

390 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

of the other species, and are linear-lanceolate, distichous,
nearly sessile, acute, dark shining green. The fruit is
large, oval, and drupaceous, but devoid of the ruminated
albumen, which is one of the characters of this genus.
Gordon suggests that it may ultimately be classed with
Cephalotaxux, and it is certainly not unlike that genus.
The fact that the leaves of the Torreya grandis are en-
tirely devoid of unpleasant odor, gives probability to the
view that it is generically distinct. It is very rare, both
in this country and Europe.

29.— CEPHALOTAXUS, Siebold.

Flowers, dioecious, axillary, and pedunculate. Fruit
clustered, drupe-like, and containing within a pulpy disk,
the solitary nut-like seed. Cotyledons, 2. Leaves/liuear,
distichous, alternate, persistent, with a single nerve.

This genus is closely allied to Taxus, but more nearly
resembles Torreya, and derives its name from the disposi-
tion of the flowers, which are arranged in clusters. The
derivation is from "Jcephale" a head, and "taxis" ar-
rangement. They are all medium-sized or rather large
trees, found in Japan and China, where they are also very
generally cultivated by the natives. There is no doubt
that in proper situations in this country they may be
made available as ornamental shrubs at least.

!• €• drupacea, Siebold. — PLUM-FRUITED CEPHALO-
TAXUS. — Syn. C. Fortunii foemina, Carriere, &c. — Leaves
medium size, linear, distichous, opposite, slightly falcate,
rigid, coriaceous, dark shining green above, and slightly
glaucous below. Sterile aments globular and long-pe-
duncled. Branches, somewhat ascending, but mostly
horizontal, in whorls, spreading, straight, numerous, with

THE YEW SUB-FAMILY. 391

flat, stiff, short branchlets, and small, imbricated, persist-
ent-scaled, acute buds. Fruit, nearly 1 inch in length,
elliptical, purple color, enclosing a solitary seed with a
bony testa.

This pretty evergreen, long known and disseminated as
the female form of the C. Fortunii of Hooker, is now
proven, however, to be a distinct species. It grows to the
height of 20 or 30 feet, and is a native of China and Japan.
We have grown this plant for several years, and find it
quite desirable ; we presume it is more hardy than the O.
Fortunii, to which it is closely allied. It has given excel-
lent satisfaction in many other localities where it has been
cultivated, especially around Philadelphia, at Laurel Hill
Cemetery, &c. At the latter place, in the small family
enclosures, we thought it particularly appropriate.

In the grounds of the late John Evans, of Radnor, Pa.,
is a fine plant, that, from some unknown cause, has formed
a low, spreading, straggling bush, although it is entirely
hardy there, and annually perfects its flowers, and retains
the brilliancy of its foliage unimpaired. This peculiarity
of form may be owing in a great measure to the effects of
our severe winters upon the leading shoots at a time when
the plant was young and tender.

In its native country it forms a medium-sized tree, with
long, spreading branches, disposed mostly in regular whorls.
Although the leaves are naturally of a dark shining green,
they nevertheless present to the American cultivator a
pale yellowish-green color in most instances — not a sickly
hue, but a charming shade of verdure that contrasts pret-
tily with such shades of green as are natural to the Yew,
and some of the trailing Junipers.

The fruit is said to be particularly handsome, resembling
large purple plums in size and color.

2. €• Fortunii, Hooker. — FORTUNE'S CEPHALOTAXUS. —
Syn. C. Fortunii pendula, Carriers; C. Fortunii mas,
Hort. — Leaves very long, linear, inclining to lanceolate,

392

THE BOOK OP EVERGREENS.

distichous, flat, almost sessile, smooth, dark shining green
above, and somewhat glaucous below. Sterile aments,
short-peduncled, globular. Branches spreading and droop-
ing, long, slender ; with long, filiform, scattered branch-

Fig. 63.— CEPHALOTAXTJS FOBTUNn.— BRANCH OXE-QUARTER SIZE, WITH
SINGLE LEAF OF LIFE SIZE.

lets; and small buds with acute, persistent, imbricated
scales. Fruit, very large, from 1 to 1£ inch long, and
about } of an inch in width, elliptical, with a solitary,

THE TEW SUB-FAMILY. 393

thin-shelled, nut-like seed, covered with a thin, pulpy, pur-
plish flesh when mature.

This fine species is a native of the same localities as the
preceding, but is readily distinguished from it by its
larger and coarser growth. The branches of this species
are placed in regular whorls, and are long and slender,
becoming pendulous at the extremities. The leaves are
very large and distinct. We have found it hardy, and
presume it will be one of the most desirable small Conifers,
in the vicinity of Philadelphia at least. During the win-
ter, the foliage becomes somewhat browned, but on the
appearance of warm weather it again assumes the glossy
green color that adds so materially to its beauty.

There is a peculiar oriental aspect in this tree that re-
minds one of a fine healthy Cunninghamia or the rarer
Araucarias ; and as these plants will never succeed here,
we may find an acceptable substitute in this elegant species.
During the first few years after planting, the young trees
should have a slight protection afforded them by simply
placing a few evergreen boughs over their tops in such a
manner as to prevent the direct influence of the sun ;
otherwise the tender, succulent shoots on young plants are
liable to be injured.

Planters should always bear in mind that the sun dur-
ing winter is a much more deadly enemy to half-hardy
plants than intense cold.

ADDITIONAL LIST OF CEPHALOTAXUS.

We are not aware that either of the following species
has been tested in this country, but as they have been
pronounced by English writers to be entirely hardy with
them, we may hope to enjoy their beauty at no distant
date.

17*

394 THE BOOK OP EVERGREENS.

3. C. pedunculata, Siebold. — Is a beautiful, large species
from Japan, frequently attaining the height of 20 or 25
feet. It is occasionally sold under the synonym of Taxus
Harringtonii, Loudon, and also known as Taxus fiinemis,
Knight, as well as Taxus Inukaja, of the same author,
the latter appellation meaning literally a "Wild Yew."
The leaves are very long, dark, and glossy, and the tree
produces large, drupaceous fruit, borne on long peduncles ;
hence its specific name. It is reported to be very hand-
some and desirable.

4. C, limbraculifera, Siebold. — Is another Japanese
species, with shorter leaves than the preceding, but also
very dark and glossy. The branches spread out horizon-
tally, and are arranged in regular whorls. The fruit
borne by this species is perhaps the largest of the genus,
being about the size of a small walnut. It is also found
growing in the northern portions of China, and we may
hope that it will succeed with us.

3O.— PODOCARPUS, E Rentier.

Flowers axillary, and mostly dioecious. Fruit, drupe-
like and inverted, with a bony testa to the seeds. Cotyle-
dons, 2. Leaves, one-nerved, opposite, alternate or scat-
tered, linear or oblong.

So few species out of this very large genus will survive
our winters, that until within a few years past the whole
appeared to be proscribed in this country. But as a por-
tion of them became better known and more fully tested,
this prejudice against them passed away, and we may con-
fidently expect to succeed with a few of the hardier kinds.

The derivation of the name is from the Greek "pous"

THE TEW SUB-FAMILY. 395

a foot, and " Jcarpos" a fruit, in allusion to the long pe-
duncle which supports the flowers and fruit.

This extensive genus embraces about 50 species with
numerous varieties, and through the exertions of explor-
ers, the number is gradually increasing. We shall describe
only two or three species, that will perhaps prove hardy
here, and merely enumerate the remaining kinds, with a
few notes on each.

1* P. coriacea, Richard. — LEATHERY-LEAVED PODO-
CAEPTJS. — Syn. Taxus coriacea, of some European collectors.
Leaves, long, lanceolate, very nearly sessile, coriaceous,
somewhat obtuse, deep glossy-green color. Branches,
horizontal and spreading. Fruit, quite small, with short
peduncles ; and with a curved, oval-oblong, bard seed.

As there appears to be some confusion arising from the
name of this species, we may question the identity of the
specimens in our possession. These plants answer the de-
scription given by European authors, excepting in regard
to manner of growth and hardiness. The mature tree,
according to the best authorities, has horizontal, spread-
ing branches ; Avhereas in the young plants that have come
under the writer's observation, they are invariably erect.
As to hardiness, they will endure our coldest winters with-
out protection ; whilst in England they are reported " not
Lardy." We do not feel confident of possessing the true
P. coriacea, but we do feel satisfied that we have a very
valuable, hardy, and beautiful evergreen under this name.

The true species is from the Blue Mountains of Jamaica
and adjacent islands, where it forms a handsome tree with
mostly slender, spreading branches, which are tuberculat-
ed by the decaying leaves. It grows generally to the
height of 40 or 50 feet.

2, P. Japonica, Sielold. — JAPAN PODOCARPUS. — Leaves,
very large, 4 to 8 inches long, and -J- inch wide, linear-
lanceolate, obtuse, rigid, coriaceous, very dark green color.
Branches erect, with few branchlets. Fruit unknown.

396

THE BOOK OF EVERGEEENS.

Wherever this species has been tested in the open air,

we are pleased to
learn that it is suc-
ceeding in a man-
ner that gives
promise of future
usefulness. At Par-
sons & Co.'s,Flush-
ing, L. L, and at
Wodenethe, on the
Hudson, there are
young plants that
are now giving
great satisfaction.
Its rich, dark glos-
sy foliage gives a
peculiar, yet charm-
ing appearance to
this plant, that
eminently fits it
for cemetery pur-
poses, and makes it
preferable to the
Irish Yew, which
it resembles in
manner of growth.
Dr. SieboM, who
first introduced
this plant from
Japan, states it is
a beautiful small
tree in that coun-
try, but we have
nothing further

Fig. 64.— PODOCARPUS JAPONICA, TWO-THIRD concerning it In
SIZE.

bargent s edition

THE TEW SUB-FAMILY. 397

of Downing's Landscape Gardening, the author thus
speaks of it : " P. Japonica seems the best known as yet,
and the hardiest ; our specimens have been through two
winters without any injury; it is certainly with us quite
as hardy as the Irish Yew."

3. P. nubigiciia, Lindley. — NUBIGEAN PODOCAKPUS. —
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, of medium length,
acute, flat, coriaceous, dark green above, slightly glau-
cous below. Branches, numerous. Fruit, oblong, solitary,
axillary, with short peduncles, with the seed incurved at
the apex.

A new and rare species recently introduced from Pata-
gonia and Chili, where it frequents the coldest localities
on the mountains, and forms a large-sized tree. This
plant is also alluded to in Sargent's edition of Downing's
Landscape Gardening, as follows : " There is one other va-
riety (species ?) not yet received into this country to our
knowledge, which promises better than any of the above,
viz., Podocarpus nubigcena, which is described as one
of the finest, as it is unquestionably one of the hardiest
and most distinct of all the Conifers introduced within a
few years." We may add to this that we received it from
Belgium, some five years since, and can bear testimony to
its exceeding beauty. Our plant stood the winter admira-
bly, but was accidentally destroyed a short time after-
ward. As it is yet so new and scarce, it will perhaps be
some time before it will become well known, and we
therefore refrain from recommending it as entirely hardy ;
but we sincerely trust it may be thoroughly tested in dif-
ferent sections of our country as speedily as possible.

ADDITIONAL LIST OF PODOCARPUS.

As already stated, the species of Podocarpus are so nu-
merous, and for the most part tender, that we shall give

398 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

but a hasty glance at each as we enumerate them in the
following list. Believing that the greater portion of them
can never be acclimated, in the Northern States at least,
we shall be performing a duty by recommending them for
-pot-culture.

For this purpose they are unexceptionable, and are
highly deserving of cultivation, especially when placed in
groups upon the lawn with the pots sunken in the ground.
In the beautiful collection of the late Wm. Reid, of Eliza-
bethtown, 1ST. J., we remember this grouping of ever-
greens was one of the owner's favorite modes of planting,
and the most attractive feature of the place.

The erect form, and rich, dark glossy-green color of the
larger portion of the genus, are admirably adapted to
contrast with the pendulous habit and lighter verdure of
many other tender plants, especially the rare and graceful
Dacridiums, Juniperus, etc. The following list comprises
the greater portion of the known species and varieties, ac-
cording to Gordon, from whose work on Conifers they
have been mainly compiled.

4. P. \ Ipiiia. Urown. — Said to grow on Mount Welling-
ton, in Tasmania.

5. P, Antarctica, Vanlloutte. — Is a large tree grow-
ing on the Andes in Chili and Patagonia.

6. P. ainara. JZlume. — Is a very tender species from
the Island of Java, where it forms an immense tree 200
feet in height.

7. P. Andina, Pceppeg. — A new and rare species, which
may prove hardy in this country. It is from the colder
portions of Chili, growing from 10 to 20 feet in height,
and with numerous branches densely clothed with dark
green, shining, leathery leaves.

THE TEW SUB-FAMILY. 399

8. P. Bid will i, Hoibrenk. — Is another uncertain species
introduced from New Holland, but of whose history but
very little is known.

9. P, bract eat a, Blume. — A fine, large species found
in Java, and in the forests that skirt the mountains of
Burangrang. It generally reaches the height of 80 feet,
with a tall, straight trunk, and spreading, horizontal
branches. It derives its specific name from the large
bractiform involucre at the base of the fertile flowers.

Var. brCTipes, Blume. — Is from the same locality, and
has shorter and narrower leaves, and smaller fruit.

10. P. (Ililiana, Richard. — Is very frequent on the
Chilian Mountains, where it grows to the height of 40
feet. It has numerous branches covered with bright green
leaves from 3 to 4 inches long.

11. P, Chinensis, Wallich. — A small-sized tree from
Japan and China, which was mistaken for a Taxus by Rox-
burgh and others. It has various synonyms given it by
Endlicher, Siebold, etc. The branches are erect and
spreading, and the leaves pale glaucous-green. Possibly
this may prove hardy with us.

Var. aurea, and var. argentea, Gordon.— Are two
very beautiful plants sent to England to the Royal Bag-
shot Nursery, in 1861, by Fortune, from Japan.

12. P, cupressina, Brown. — Grows to the height of
180 feet, and is a native of Java and the Philippine Islands.
It is very tender, although exceedingly beautiful.

13. P, C0rrugata5 Gordon. — A small-sized tree or large
shrub from Yeddo, where it is cultivated in the gardens.
Introduced into England by Fortune, in 1861. The foli-

400 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

age is delicately and beautifully variegated. There is also
a probability of this handsome species succeeding here.

14, P. discolor, Blume. — Another species found in
Japan on the most elevated mountains ; it forms a large-
sized tree. Not hardy.

15, P, dacryoides, JRichard. — One of the largest of the
genus, as well as one of the most tender. It comes from
New Zealand, where it assumes the height of 200 feet,
with long, drooping, and spreading branches.

16, P, data, Brown. — Character somewhat obscured.
A native of New Holland, with beautiful large leaves,
about 3 or 4 inches in length.

17, P. elongata, ISHeritier. — Is known by numerous
synonyms, and is one of the most tender species. It is
from Abyssinia and the Cape of Good Hope, where it
forms a large tree.

18, P. Endlicherianus, Carriere. — Is said to be found
in the northern parts of India, where it forms a tall tree
with numerous ascending branches. Its history, however,
is but little known. The leaves are from 4 to 7 inches
long, and of a pale green color.

19, P, ensifolia, Brown. — From New Holland and Tas-
mania. A small tree, and undoubtedly tender, with
sharply acute leaves 2 or 3 inches long.

20, P, falcata, Brown. — Is but little known. Thun-
berg is supposed to have discovered it at the Cape of
Good Hope. The seeds in this species are said to be de-
void of the fleshy receptacle.

THE YEW SUB-FAMILY. 401

21 . P, ferruginea, Don. — Although not hardy, this beau-
tiful tree is well worthy of notice. It comes from New
Zealand, where it grows from 40 to 60 feet in height.
The numerous leaves are of a rusty-brown color. The
timber is of a beautiful reddish tint and very durable.

22. P. Koraiana, Siebold. — We have hopes that this
handsome little plant may eventually be acclimated with
us. It has proven hardy in England, and forms a valua-
ble, erect-growing shrub. A native of the mountains of
Japan, but extensively grown there in the gardens.

23. P. hctaf JEToibrenJc. — A tender species from New
Holland, forming a tall, straight tree, with few, verticillate
branches, and medium-sized, sharp-pointed leaves.

24. P, Lambert!, Klotzsch. — A Brazilian plant found
in the mountains, and is a large-sized tree. It is a robust
grower.

25. P, Lawrencii, ITooJcer. — Is an obscure species from
Tasmania, where it was discovered by Gunn. It is a
small-sized tree, with pale green leaves and slender
branches.

26. P. leptOStachya, Blume. — Grows to the height of
50 or 60 feet, and comes from the Island of Borneo, where
it is abundant in the mountainous districts. Leaves, dull
green, from two to five inches in length.

27. P. macrophylla, Don. — Has been introduced and
grown under several synonyms, and is a tender tree from
Japan, where it grows to the height of 40 or 50 feet, and
is well adapted for pot-culture with us.

28. P. DCglecta, 2>lume. — Is another tender species

402 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

from the Island of Java, growing over 100 feet in height.
Leaves from two to four inches long, on opposite or
whorled branches.

29. P. nereifoliaj Brown. — Grows about 40 feet in
height, and is found in Nepal, etc. Leaves from three to
six inches long, and bright green color. It is very tender.

30, P. nivaliSj Hooker. — A new and uniritroduced spe-
cies, growing in the northern portion of New Zealand, on
the Mountain of Tongariro, and near the perpetual snow
limits. It forms a small shrub with oblong, mostly sessile
leaves.

31, P. oleifolia, Don. — A tender tree from the moun-
tains of Chili, with numerous acute, leathery leaves, borne
on smooth, crowded branches.

32, P, polystachya, Brown. — Resembles somewhat
P. bracteata, and is a native of Singapore. It is a large
tree, with a branching head and straight stem.

33, P. Purdieana, Hooker. — Is from Jamaica, where it
grows to the height of 100 feet, and is furnished with
horizontal, spreading branches, and bright green, thick,
leathery leaves, from 3 to 5 inches long. It is reported
as being " very tender."

34, P, rigida, Klotzsch. — From Peru, but of which we
have not a full description. Leaves very acute, smooth,
and shining. Branches, with a smooth yellowish-brown
bark, numerous, and densely clothed with leaves.

35, P. Riimphii, Blume— Frequents the most elevated
forests of the Moluccas and New Guinea, where it grows to
the height of 80 or 100 feet. The leaves are frequently in

THE YEW SUB-FAMILY. 403

whorls, and the branches long and smooth, with a reddish-
brown bark.

36. P. Salicifolia. Klotzsch. — Is from the north-western
part of South America, forming a small tree on the moun-
tains. The leaves are long, falcate, leathery, and pale
shining green in color. It is tender.

37. P. Sellowii, Klotzsch. — Another tender species
from the mountains of Brazil, with long, acute, lanceolate
leaves, and reported as not hardy.

383 P. Spicata9 Brown. — Resembles the Dacridiums so
closely as to be classed with that genus by several authors.
It frequently grows from 150 to 200 feet, and occasionally
even reaches the height of 300 feet, and is found on the
Island of New Zealand. Quite tender in England.

39. P. Spinulosa9 Brown. — Is also not hardy, being a
native of the eastern portion of New Holland. The
branches are slender and spreading, and the leaves leath-
ery, linear, falcate, pungent, and very acute.

40. P. taxifolia, Humboldt. — We imported this tree a
few years since under the name of Torreya Hiimboldtii
of Knight; but as the young shoots were frequently
destroyed, we consider it too tender for our climate.
The Wodenethe specimen is reported to have stood
" three winters without injury," and the owner says " it
resembles still more the Irish Yew than the Podocarpus
Japonica" As our plant had no resemblance to the Irish
Yew whatever, it is quite reasonable to infer that one of
the plants was incorrect. Gordon says : " Branches as-
cending, or spreading, but sometimes on old trees droop-
ing." It is a Peruvian species, growing about 60 feet in
height, and found on the mountains.

404 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Var. densifolia, Kunih. — Differs in having shorter and
more dense foliage than the species, but in all other re-
spects very much like it.

41, P, thCYCtiaefolia, Blume. — Grows about 40 or 50
feet in height, and was introduced from New Guinea. It
has flat, leathery, very straight, sessile leaves, and forked,
straggling branches.

42, P, Thunbergii, Hooker. — Another tender, yet beau-
tiful species from the Cape of Good Hope. Tree of large
size, with broad, leathery leaves.

43, P. Totara, Don. — The P. pungens of Van Houtte's
Catalogue, and is a native of the northern island of
New Zealand, growing 80 or 90 and even 100 feet high.
It is considered one of the finest timber trees in its native
country, and has great durability.

31.— DACRIDIUM, Solander.

This genus is composed of six species, with dioecious
flowers, and erect, drupaceous fruit, very much like that
belonging to the Taxus. Leaves opposite, needle-shaped,
or scale-formed. The origin of the name is on account of
the resinous exudation, and is derived from " daJcru"
signifying a tear.

' !• D, ( oleilSOi, Hooker. — Is a new and very beautiful
species from New Zealand, growing 50 feet in height, and
producing hard and incorruptible timber.

2, D, cupressiforme, Garriere. — Origin uncertain, but

THE YEW SUB-FAMILY. 405

said to grow on the mountains of New Zealand, where it
forms a dense bush.

3. D. cupressinum, Solander. — Is from New Zealand
also, growing on the mountains and reaching the immense
height of 200 feet. This magnificent tree has long, droop-
ing branches, and small, scale-like leaves, resembling a
Lycopodium.

4. D. Ha I mil, Wallich. — Has been described as a Juni-
per by several authors. It comes from the East Indies,
where it forms a large tree with numerous branches,
densely covered with leaves.

5. D, Franklinii, Hooker. — HUON PINE. — This is per-
haps one of the most desirable Conifers for pot-culture,
when properly cared for and trained. Having had it in
our collection for several years, we can bear testimony to
its exceeding gracefulness and general beauty. It is a na-
tive of Van Dieman's Land, where it grows to the height
of 100 feet,

6. D. laxifolium, Hooker. — Comes from the mountains
of New Zealand likewise. It is there a prostrate, creep-
ing shrub, and is described as being very graceful and
slender in growth ; and is also, like the preceding species,
tolerably hardy in England, which is a sure indication of
its succeeding in our Southern States.

32.— SALISBURIA, Smith.— GINKGO.

Flowers dioecious and pedunculate. Sterile aments,
filiform and axillary. Anther-cells pendulous from the
lacerated, scale-like, connection. Fertile flowers, solitary,
and in terminal fascicles, with the ovule, solitary and

406 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

erect. Fruit, drupe-like, standing in the fleshy disk, which
covers the base. Cotyledons, 2. Leaves deciduous, pli-
ca tely-involute in the bud, fan-shaped, long-petioled, and
marked with longitudinal nerves.

This curious, yet beautiful genus consists of a single
species, which is a native of Japan and portions of China.
It was dedicated by Smith to Anthony Salisbury, an Eng-
lish botanist of distinction, although first described and
named by Linnaeus as G-irikgo biloba.

S. adiantifolia, Smith. — MAIDEN-HAIR TREE. — Leaves
fan-shaped or wedge-shaped, very broad, and incised at
the apex, thick, coriaceous, more or less fasciculate on the
adult branches, but distant and scattered on the young
shoots, pale green color. Branches, sometimes straggling,
mostly ascending or horizontal. Fruit, globular or ovate,
one inch in diameter, on long, slender peduncles.

The Ginkgo has always appeared to us an anomaly,
differing from all other trees in several particulars. The
leaves remind one of a large Adiantum-like tree-fern ; and
the veining is more like that of the monocotyledonous,
than the dicotyledonous class to which it belongs. The
wood, being entirely devoid of resin, is very apt to mis-
lead the student. The fruit, however, which in almost
every instance forms the best criterion, in this case plainly
points out its true character.

This tree is a native of Japan and China, and is quite
abundant in some provinces, growing to the height of from
40 to 80 feet, and in particular situations 100 feet high,
with the trunks from 6 to 12 feet in diameter. There is a
vast difference in the form of the tree ; those propagated
from layers or cuttings are almost invariably crooked,
whilst seedlings are generally straight, and present an
evenly balanced and conical head. In either case, how-
ever, it is very quick-growing, and speedily forms a tree.

The Salisburia has long been a favorite with us, and we
can heartily endorse the following remarks by one who

THE YEW SUB-FAMILY. 407

made the subject of trees and plants his favorite study,
and whom we may all desire to emulate in our apprecia-
ciation of Nature's works. " The Ginkgo Tree," says the

Fig. 65.— SALISBURIA ADIANTIFOL1A, HALF THE NATURAL, SIZE.

lamented Downing, " is so great a botanical curiosity, and
is so singularly beautiful when clad with its fern-like fo-
liage, that it is strikingly adapted to add ornament and

408 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

interest to the pleasure-ground. As the foliage is of that
kind which must be viewed near by to understand its pe-
culiarity, and as the form and outline of the tree are pleas-
ing and harmonize well with buildings, we would recom-
mend that it be planted near the house, where its unique
character can be readily seen and appreciated."

It was first introduced into this country in the year
1784, by Alexander Hamilton, Esq., of the Woodlands,
(of latter years a charming rural cemetery), near Phila-
delphia. These fine old specimens are yet standing, and
form one of the most attractive objects in that beautiful
" city of the dead," which was once the arboretum that
bore the present appropriate title. Other fine specimens
are at Boston, at the old Bartram Garden near Phila-
delphia, and at Peirce's Park near West Chester, Pa. A
specimen of this tree in the Botanical Garden of Pisa is
75 feet high and 3 feet in diameter.

In regard to the rapid growth of this species, Ave give
the following account of a specimen growing near Mont-
pellier, taken from the Gardener's Chronicle : " In the year
1788, Broussonet, who was then in London, sent to Prof.
Gouan. of Montpellier, a plant of this species, for which he
was indebted to Sir Joseph Banks. In 1812, twenty-four
years after being planted, the tree flowered. At that
time it was 9-J- yards high. In June, 1835, it was rather
more than 17^- yards high. On Dec. 7th, 1853, its stature
was determined by careful measurement to be 19f yards,
or a trifle more. From this it appears that it lengthened
on an average not quite a foot annually ; but it in reality
grew nearly three times as fast in the first 47 years, as in
the last 18."

It has proven quite hardy throughout the Middle States,
excepting perhaps in the more northern parts of New
York and Pennsylvania. A fine specimen is mentioned
by Prof. Bunge, who accompanied the Russian mission to
Pekin, that was near 40 feet in circumference, and of pro-

THE YEW SUB-FAMILY. 409

digious height. It was standing near a pagoda, and ap-
peared to be in full vigor.

Var, macropfaylla, Hort. — Is also known as var. lacini-
ata, Carriere, and is but little different from the true form.
The leaves are larger, more numerously divided, and
jagged on the edges.

Var i varicgata? Carriere. — Considered by some as
striking, on account of the golden yellow stripes on the
foiiage. We, however, prefer the beautiful green color
that is natural to the tree, and leave this variety to those
who prefer to have the foliage disfigured.

Cultivators are constantly introducing new varieties,
and we see that the Salisburia is also contributing vari-
eties to the general list, but in the absence of any positive
information we shall not enumerate them.

33.— PHYI^OCXADUS, Richard.

Has terminal, clustered, monoecious flowers ; and small,
solitary, nut-like seeds, with a fleshy disk at the base,
much resembling Taxus. The leaves are very small and
scale-like, and the branchlets resemble feathery, pinnate
leaves. From this latter peculiarity the genus derives its
name. All the species are tender.

1. P. \l|Mii;i, Hooker. — Is a small, dense-growing shrub
from New Zealand, etc.

2. P. glauca. Carriere. — Is an uncertain species with
glaucous leaves. Origin unknown.

3. P. hypophylla, Hooker. — A large tree from Borneo,
of which little is known.

18

410 THE BOOK OF EVEKGKEENS.

4* P. rhomboidalis, Richard. — Grows on the mountains
of Tasmania, and forms a beautiful tree 40 or 50 feet in
height.

5, P. trichomanoides, Don. — This species, the largest
of the genus, is from New Zealand, where it attains the
height of 60 or 70 feet, and is a very handsome, straight
tree, with spreading branches.

34.— MICROCACHRYS, Hooker.

Flowers monoecious, terminal flowers ; cones very small
cylindrical strobiles, with imbricated, ovate, spreading
scales. It derives its name from the exceedingly small
cones.

M. tetragona, Hooker. — This species forms a small tree,
with very numerous, slender branches, and very small
Dacridium-like leaves.

There is also an uncertain genus with one species, found
in Van Diemen's Land, which, according to Gordon, is a
tender, evergreen bush. It is known as Pherosphmra
Hookeriana, Archer.

35.— SAXE-GOTHJGA, Lindley.

Is a comparatively new genus, with monoecious flowers,
and a fleshy, drupe-like fruit. The leaves are mostly dis-
tichous, coriaceous, and bright green in color. It was
named in compliment to the late Prince Albert of England.

THE YEW SUB-FAMILY. 411

Si COHSpicuaj Lindley. — Is the only species known, and
is a curious, small tree from the mountains of Patagonia,
frequently growing 30 feet high. It is very handsome,
but tender.

36.— N AGE I A, Gartner.

This genus has either monoecious or dioecious flowers,
and globular, drupaceous fruit. The name is from the
Japanese appellation of No,, or N"agi, meaning Catkin-
bearing. These six species, all of which are tender, are
merely enumerated here.

1. N, Blumei, Gordon.— -Is a tree 70 or 80 feet in
height, growing on the mountains of Java.

2« Ni Ciispidata, Gordon. — Is quite a small tree from
Jezo, in Japan.

3. IV, graildi flora, Gordon. — Is supposed to be a native
of China and Japan, but little known.

4. N. Japonica, Gcertner. — Is very frequent on the
Japanese mountains, where it forms a large-sized tree. A
beautiful variegated form of this species has been sent to
England by Fortune.

5. N. latifolia, Gordon. — Is from 20 to 30 feet in
height, and comes from the mountains in Eastern Bengal.

6t N. OVata, Gordon. — Is from Yeddo, Japan, forming
a large shrujb or small tree, and but very recently intro-
duced into England. There is also a very pretty vari-
egated form of it, sent over at the same time by the
indefatigable collector, Fortune.

412 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

VE1TCIHA, Lindley.

A new genus named in honor of its discoverer, Mr. J
G. Veitch ; its real position in the family being as yet un-
settled, we place it here. There is but one species, of
which we append Dr. Lindley's account, as published in
the Gardener's Chronicle.

Veitchia Japonic a, Lindley. — " Of this extraordinary
plant only two mutilated cones, a few seeds, and a small
branch have been received ; but they suffice to show that
it is a wholly new form in the coniferous order, with the
seeds of ChamaBcy pails, the leaves of an Abies, and cones
which become, when ripe, more like spherical honeycombs
than anything else to which we can compare them. One
would fancy the plant to represent an Abies, permanently
assuming in the cone the monstrous form so often given
to the common Spruce by the attack of insects, and then
struggling onwards to become a Scyadopitys, or a Crypto-
meria.

The branches are short, and covered with spirally ar-
ranged, projecting, curled pulvines, resembling those of
Abies Menziesii. At the base of each branchlet is a
small cup formed of recurved scales, from which the
branchlet emerged when young. The leaves are -J- inch
long, linear, blunt, and glaucous beneath. The cones are
erect, downy, nearly spherical, about 1 inch in diameter ; be-
fore ripening, furnished with incurved, horn-like, project-
ing, bracteal scales, which, at maturity, break and disclose
as many four-sided sockets or cavities, within which lodge
a (to us uncertain) number of small, two-winged seeds, ter-
minated by a pair of short, straight, tooth-like processes."

CHAPTER XIII.

NOTICES OF COLLECTIONS OF CONIFERS.

" Give fools their gold, and knaves their power,

Let fortune's bubbles rise and fall ;
Who sows a field, or trains a flower,
Or plants a tree, is more than all." — J. G. WMUier.

We think it advisable to introduce notices of some of
the best collections of Coniferse in this country. With re-
gard to plantations of these trees, we are vastly behind
our transatlantic brethren; for whilst they boast of their
extensive pinetums and costly collections of Conifers, onr
ambition, as a general thing, lias been satisfied with a small
lawn, enriched with a few choice trees. But for the ex-
cellent little gardens of Bartram, Marshall, the Peirces, and
one or two in the Eastern States, America has had nothing
to boast of in this respect.

Since the commencement of this work we have been
agreeably surprised to find this family of plants becoming
popular; and an interest has been a\vakened through the
influence of a few true lovers of the beautiful, who have
taken the lead in this good work. The indications now
are that America will, at no distant day, be celebrated for
her interest in arboriculture, as well as for her fine collec-
tions of trees. Even now we are having parks planned as
in New York, and botanical gardens laid out as at St.
Louis, affording examples which are certain to be follow-
ed. Once make a commencement in any good work, and
other important results are always sure to follow.
413

414 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

It is highly proper that the following descriptions
should commence with the first botanical garden estab-
lished on this continent. On the banks of the Schuylkill,
below Philadelphia, in a quiet, secluded spot, that pioneer
of American botany, John Bartram, laid the foundation
of his garden, which, among scientific men, of all countries,
has been the Mecca of their pilgrimage when visiting our
shores. Simple, plain, and unpretending in character,
devoid of all the embellishments of art, and the extrava-
gant systems of the old world, this beautiful rural spot,
owing to the care of its succeeding owners, has been
handed down to us in almost its original form.

The Bartram Botanic Garden was established in or about
the year 1730. Its founder, John Bartram, about this
time commenced forming that collection, which, taking
into consideration the slender means at his disposal, and
the comparatively meagre knowledge of the age in which
he lived, culminated in a truly marvellous work. The
Conifera) known at that period are well represented in the
truly magnificent specimens yet to be seen in this collec-
tion. To the sizes of most of these trees, we are indebted
to that interesting little work " The American Hand-book
of Ornamental Trees," by Thomas Meehan. As the ma-
jority of the Conifers here consist of the older well-known
species, we shall merely call attention to such as are re-
markable for size and vigor.

The best specimen of the Hemlock Spruce, Abies Cana-
densis, is about 94 feet high, and 8 feet 4 inches in circum-
ference. A fine tree of the Norway Spruce, Abies excelsa,
is 120 feet high, and 7 feet 2 inches in circumference ; it is
beautifully formed, and regularly furnished with drooping
branches to within a short distance of the ground. A
specimen of the White Cedar, Cupressus thyoides, al-
though growing in a rather dry situation, is here 20 feet
high. One of the finest plants of the Common Juniper,
Juniperus communis, in cultivation, is to be seen at this

NOTICES OF COLLECTIONS OP CONIFERS. 415

place. It is growing in a perfectly natural manner, with-
out any pruning or cultivation whatever, and is now about
35 feet high and 2|- feet in circumference. The European
Larch, Larix Europea, and the American Larch, Larix
Americana, are well represented by excellent specimens.
The best of the former is now 108 feet high and 5 feet 4
inches in circumference ; whilst the latter, although com-
paratively young, is 40 feet high and 2f feet in circum-
ference.

Among the Pines is a very good Jersey Pine, P. inops,
62 feet high and 3 feet in circumference. The Northern
Yellow Pine, P. mitis, is 90 feet high and 4 feet 8 inches
in circumference. Pitch Pine, P. rigida, although grow-
ing in a rocky situation with very little earth, is now
about 54 feet high and 4J feet in circumference. The best
White Pine, P. Strobus, a glorious tree, by the way, is 118
feet high and 7£ feet in circumference. The Scotch Pine,
P. sylvestris, is about 35 feet high and 3 feet in circum-
ference. A very good specimen of the Maiden-Hair Tree,
or Japan Ginkgo, Salisburia adiantifolia, is to be seen in
this collection ; and, although perhaps somewhat inferior
to the old Hamilton trees, is 61 feet high and 3 feet 8
inches in circumference. The Deciduous Cypress, Taxo-
dium distichum, is one of the most attractive features in
these gardens, being about 125 feet high and 20 feet in cir-
cumference. The best American Arbor Vita3, Thuja oc-
cidentalis, is 52 feet high, and 3 feet 10 inches in circum-
ference; whilst the finest plant of the Chinese Arbor
Vita3, Biota Orientalis, is 25 feet high and 3 feet in cir-
cumference. The Bartram collection also embraces many
splendid specimens of deciduous trees.

The second botanical garden in this country was located
at Marshallton, Chester Co., Pa., in the year 1773.
Humphrey Marshall, the proprietor of these grounds, was
a cousin to John Bartram ; and to his association and cor-
respondence with his talented relative may possibly be at-

416 THE BOOK OF EYEKGREENS.

tributed Marshall's love for botany, as the latter did not
commence planting his garden until he was 51 years of
age. Previous to this, however, he had become quite
celebrated as a collector of seeds and young plants for
European botanists.

These grounds are at the present time sadly neglected,
and but a few of the original trees remain; yet they
remind the visitor of that deep-seated love for nature,
which, amidst all the difficulties attending a pioneer in sci-
ence, influenced his declining years. Here lived and died
the first American author on trees and plants, a self-
made, self-educated man.

These grounds at the present time contain so few speci-
mens of the Conifers, that it is not necessary to enumer-
ate them here. A few of the commoner species of Pines
and Firs are all that now remain ; and in a few short
years these too will, in all probability, be cut for fuel, as
this appears to be all the value our country friends see in
them.

About the year 1800 two brothers, Joshua and Samuel
Peirce, residing a few miles south-west of West Chester,
Pa., commenced their collection of trees, consisting prin-
cipally of the well-known Conifers. They "were mostly
planted in a double avenue, extending some distance from
their dwelling to a beautiful small lake at the rear of the
premises. After a lapse of sixty-seven years, these trees
have grown to an immense size, and present the most im-
posing sight imaginable. This little select arboretum is,
as Dr. Darlington has recorded, " certainly unrivalled in
Pennsylvania, and probably not surpassed in these United
States." A few years since there appeared in the Horti-
culturist a series of articles, entitled, " The Parks and
Pleasure Grounds of Pennsylvania," written by a talented
correspondent signed "2?." One of these contributions
was devoted to a description of Peirce's Park, and in it

NOTICES OF COLLECTIONS OF CONIFERS. 417

the writer speaks most eloquently of the pines and firs em-
braced therein.

One of the oldest private arboretums in this country
that has been enriched with the introductions of latter
years, is the fine collection planted by the late John Evans,
in Radnor Township, Delaware Co., Pa. This place, al-
though unadorned by any artificial arrangements, and ex-
ecuted with a total disregard of the rules of landscape-
gardening, is, notwithstanding, one of the most picturesque
and natural spots we have ever beheld. The hilly slope
is ornamented by masses and solitary specimens of Coni-
fers ; the drooping branches of the Douglas' Spruce being
relieved by the rigid form of almost innumerable pines,
whilst the dark sombre hue of the former contrasts charm-
ingly with the lighter verdure of the latter.

Along the little valleys and bordering the streams, are
placed Hemlocks and Pichta Fir, with numerous other
Conifers that prefer a moist locality ; and in the sheltered
nooks and warmer corners, the rare and doubtful Cunning-
hamias and Cryptomerias grow with vigor. In this col-
lection we would enumerate as being particularly fine, one
of the best specimens of the Abies Douglasii to be found
in the Eastern States. It is now about 25 feet high, and,
with one exception, when the leading shoot was destroyed,
this tree has grown as luxuriantly as its brethren on the
Pacific coast. The richness of the foliage, the play of
light and shadow as the branches wave and tremble in
the passing breeze, the graceful pendent boughs, and the
unusually majestic appearance of the tree, cannot but
excite admiration.

Another excellent plant in this collection, and doubt-
less the best in the States, is a large Abies Pichta
about 15 feet high. This specimen is regularly conical in
form, and as dense and compact as any Conifer we have
ever seen. The color of the foliage is of that peculiar hue
which, seen in a strong light, displays a rich glaucousness ;
18*

418 THE BOOK OF EVERGEEENS.

but when thrown into shadow, becomes the darkest shade
of green. The Cunninghamia Sinensis is 10 feet high,
and to all present appearances, will prove hardy.

The Cryptomerias at this place are perhaps 15 feet in
height, but are lacking in denseness, which detracts from
their otherwise luxuriant appearance. An old tree of the
Pinus Lambertiana, now 25 or 30 feet in height, has for
several years been perfecting its fruit on these grounds,
and is one of the attractions of the collection. In a low,
moist piece of ground, a fine large Glyptostrobus penduhis
is luxuriating, and is entirely hardy and remarkably
beautiful.

At Wodenethe is the beautiful and well-preserved collec-
tion of Henry Winthrop Sargent, Esq., situated on the
Hudson at Fishkill Landing, opposite Newburgh, N". Y.
As this arboretum has now become so justly celebrated
throughout our country as a model place, and been so fre-
quently described in the various horticultural periodicals,
it seems almost superfluous in us to go over the same
ground here. Yet during a recent visit to the place we
were so deeply interested and instructed in viewing the
many new and to us strange introductions, that we notice
some of them.

Near the mansion are two very handsome specimens of
the Araucaria imbricata, grown in boxes. These had at-
tained the height of 5 or 6 feet, and were perfect examples
of this species in a young state. Near these we noticed
a remarkable variety of the Hemlock Spruce, of dwarfish
habit, with long, drooping branchlets, and altogether quite
unique in character. This plant was found growing on
the mountains near by. In a beautiful spot, formed by an
opening in the original growth of trees, we were intro-
duced to a recent plantation of novelties, amongst which
were an Abies Pinsapo, 7 feet in height ; several fine plants
of Cephalotaxus drupacea ; Cupressus Nutkaemis, and
C. Lawsoniana ; Sequoia gigantea, etc., etc. A number

NOTICES OF COLLECTIONS OF CONIFERS. 419

of Golden Yews near by, many of which were 6 or 7 feet
in height, were exceedingly attractive and handsome.

The new Golden Larch, Pseudolarix Kcempferi, a fine
long-leaved species, we here saw for the first time. Its
peculiar golden tint and rapid growth will entitle it to
favor, should it prove in the future as hardy as we confi-
dently believe it will. Among the Firs and Spruces were
very many excellent specimens, doubtless unexcelled in
the country : Abies JVbrdmanniana, 7 feet high ; one speci-
men of A. Cephalonica, 20 feet, and another, 10 or 12
feet ; Abies Menziesii, 10 feet ; A. Orientalis, 7 feet ;
beautiful specimens of Abies Douglasii; and quite a num-
ber of dwarf varieties of Spruces. Among the Pines
were Pimis Cembra, 10 or 12 feet ; P. ponderosa, 40 or 50
feet, and perhaps the best specimen in cultivation ; as well
as excellent plants of P. sylvestris variegata, P. Lambert-
iana, P. Gerardiana, etc.

Our attention was particularly attracted to a collection
of tender Conifers grown in boxes, and sunken in the
ground, the most noticeable of which were Araucaria ex-
celsa, and A. Cunninghamia, with Cunninghamia Bra-
ziliensis, etc., all probably 10 or. 12 feet in height. The
large number of variegated and erect Yews, that were
scattered through various parts of the grounds, added
greatly to the interest of the collection. The newer
Japan Coniferae, especially Thuiopsis dolabrata, and its
variegated variety, were well represented here.

The best commercial collection is undoubtedly that of
Parsons & Co., at Flushing, L. I, where may be seen
specimens of almost every Conifer that will endure our
climate ; and as it is annually enriched with the newer in-
troductions as soon as brought to notice, the visitor is al-
ways amply repaid by a walk through these grounds. The
magnificent collection of Rhododendrons and other plants
also adds greatly to its attractions. These nurseries are
particularly rich in the many new dwarf varieties that are

420 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

constantly being produced abroad ; and as the greater
part are as yet scarce and almost unknown in our private
collections, we will note a few of the finest and most dis-
tinct: Juniperus communis, var. Siiecica nana; J. c,
var. Hibernica compressa ; Abies excelsa, var. pumila ;
A. e., var pygmcea ; A.e.^var Gregoriana • A. e., var.
Clanbrasiliana • Thuja Occident alls, var. minima; Ju-
niperus prostrata, var. Americana; Biota Orientalis,
var pygmaea / Pinus Strobus, var. nana / Abies Cana-
densis, var. pumila (of Parsons) ; Pinus Strobus, var.
pumila; etc., etc. When gathered together in clumps,
these pretty miniature evergreens are very attractive.

The new and rare Pseudolarix Kcempferi is well rep-
resented here by perhaps the finest specimen in the coun-
try. It is now about 8 feet high, and very healthy. A
Picea Nordmanniana is at least 10 feet high, and com-
bines all the requisites we could desire in an ornamental
tree. Two very fine young trees of the Picea Cephalonica
present abundant evidence of their adaptation to our cli-
mate, and are 15 feet in height. A beautiful Taxus bac-
cata, var. erecta, is about 8 feet high, and attracts consid-
erable attention, not only for its rich, dark green foliage,
but for its healthy growth, peculiar form, and entire hard-
iness. Excellent specimens of Abies (Picea) grandis are
growing here in a high state of perfection, and are proba-
bly the finest in the States. The numerous, and, in many
instances, grotesque varieties of Abies excelsa, are quite in-
teresting from their contorted and curious forms and man-
ner of growth. An excellent example of the new species,
Abies (Picea] Cilioica, is here, very distinct from the
Common Silver Fir. A striking, and rather odd-looking
plant, we found during a recent visit in the variegated
form of Cupressus thyoides, which was perfectly healthy,
and about 8 feet high.

Biota Orientalis, var. gracilis, is at this place remarka-
bly fine and distinct. Superb trees of Abies Menziesii

NOTICES OF COLLECTIONS OF CONIFEES. 421

and Pinus Cembra, are well represented in the collection ;
the former about 15 feet, and the latter 10 feet in height.
But the crowning feature of the whole place, in our eyes,
is the beautiful specimens of Cupre&sus Lawsoniana, the
best of which are perhaps 12 feet or more in height, and
perfect in outline. We understand they are hardy in this
vicinity.

The largest and best collection of Conifers in the

O

Eastern States is doubtless to be found at Wellesley, near
Boston, Mass., the beautiful grounds of H. H. Hunnewell,
Esq. ; and although of comparatively recent formation,
they present one of the finest examples of modern land-
scape gardening to be found in the country. Here may
be seen long avenues of the hardy old species, such as
White Pine, Larch, Norway Spruce, and that charming
species, the Bhotan Pine, (P. excelsa).

The rarer Conifers are well represented by excellent
specimens of such kinds as Abies JP-ichta, A. Nordman-
niana, A. Cephalonica, A. Douglasii, Cryptomeria Ja-
ponica, and Cupressus Lawsonidna. These are about 8 or
10 feet in height. There are also good plants, although
small, of many other species, such as the Pseudolarix
JTcempferi, various Relinosporas, Thuiopsis dolabrata,
etc., all giving promise of proving valuable here under the
care bestowed upon them. The proprietor of this fine
collection has already prepared a suitable portion of
ground for a complete pinetum of all Conifers that will
survive our winters, the first of the kind in the United
States, and which will be of immense advantage to the
public in the future.

At the celebrated Bloomsdale Seed Farm, near Phila-
delphia, are perhaps as fine specimens of a few of the rarer
Conifers as can be found in the country, particularly of the
Abies (Piced) Cephalonica. We regret not having the
exact sizes of some of the trees. Near by, at the Sher-

422 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

wood Nursery, is also an excellent collection, containing
many species of the newer kinds.

At Princeton, N. J., in the excellent collection of R. S.
Field, Esq., may be found some of the largest and best
specimens of the rarer Conifers to be seen in the North-
ern States. The planting of these grounds was commenc-
ed some twenty years ago, and the oldest specimens of
Norway Spruce, White Pine, etc., have already attained
the height of fifty feet. The greater portion of these hav-
ing been planted along the northern boundary of the
premises, now present an impassable barrier to the cold
winds of winter, and to this may be attributed the success
with many of the half-hardy plants in this collection.
The proprietor shows a well-deserved partiality for the
Norway Spruce, White Pine, European Silver Fir, White
Spruce, and American Arbor Yitse, and justly deprecates
the doubtful merits of the Balsam Fir.

Among the rarer trees to be found here is the Cedar of
Lebanon, (Cedrus JLibani,) the largest of which is now
about forty feet in height, and has been fruiting for several
years. This interesting specimen is frequently injured
slightly by the winter, but not sufficiently so to impede
its growth.

We take pleasure in recording the success of the Prince-
ton specimens of Plnus excelsa, for notwithstanding it
seems unwilling to thrive in many localities, its success
is almost certain here, in spite of an occasional injury to
the leading shoots. The finest plant is now twenty feet
high, and beautifully proportioned. Other Pines are not
so satisfactory, although receiving as much care and at-
tention. Most of the rarer kinds from the Rocky Moun-
tains and westward are to be found in the collection. The
Long-leaved, or Southern Yellow Pine (P. Australis) is
here, apparently at home, and preserves its elegant bright
green color ; one plant is fifteen feet high. Pinus Cembra

NOTICES OF COLLECTIONS OF CONIFERS. 423

is also quite satisfactory, notwithstanding its very slow
growth.

Among the Spruces are the finest specimens of Abies
Smithiana to be found in the country ; and although oc-
casionally suffering during the winter, they have made a
growth of over ten feet, and perfected cones. There are
likewise fine plants of A. Menziesii, A. Orientalis, as well
as splendid trees of the White Spruce, (A. alba). A. Doug-
lasii is also represented by an excellent specimen fifteen
feet in height.

The Silver Firs embrace all the most desirable species,
and are unusually handsome, especially such kinds as A.
amabalis, A. Cephalonica, A. Fraseri and its variety
Hudsonica, A. nobilis, A. JPTordmanniana, A. grandis,
A. Pichta, A. Pinsapo, and A. Pindrow, some of which
are from ten to fifteen feet high. A. Cephalonica and A.
Ptckta perhaps succeed the best at this locality.

The Junipers in this collection are elegant, especially the
spreading J. squamata. The Cryptomerias have not done
very well, but a single specimen has attained the height
of eighteen feet, and is very beautiful. In a sheltered spot
the Gunninghamia Sinensis thrives quite satisfactorily,
and is now about eleven feet high. The curious weeping
form of Biota Orientalis is unusually fine, eleven feet in
height.

The Yews (Taxus) are also well represented by good
plants of the numerous varieties of T. baccata, especially
the richly colored Golden Yew. Cupressus Nutkaensis,
frequently miscalled Thuiopsis borealis, is ten feet in
height and thirty-two in circumference, and perfectly
hardy. An excellent companion to the above is the C.
Lawsoniana, thirteen feet high and very beautiful. Se-
quoia gigantea has failed at this place, as at all other lo-
calities in the States. Gedms Deodara has also proven
uncertain.

There are good specimens in these grounds of the various

424 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

species and varieties of Thuja, Cephalotaxus, Torreya,-
etc., which reflect great credit on the indefatigable owner.
The new and rare Thuiopsis dolabrata and its handsome
variegated-leaved variety have succeeded very satisfac-
torily ; as has the scarce Umbrella-Pine (Sciadopitys ver-
ticillata.)

CHAPTER XIV.

CEMETERIES AND PARKS.

There is no reason why our cemeteries and public parks
should not more nearly approximate to the true meaning
of the term Arboretum, and instead of a large number of
Norway Spruce, American Arbor Vitse, and Balsam Fir,
^all very well to a certain extent, we might have more va-
riety. It^ certainly does not add to the beauty of any
lawn to have any one species so greatly predominant as
to give the visitor an unpleasant idea of sameness. On
the contrary, by a careful selection, containing but one or
perhaps two specimens each, of a distinct kind, judiciously
disposed throughout the grounds, a much finer effect is
produced, and a double purpose answered, — simply that
of Jesting the nature and hardiness of a larger number,
and thereby affording the novice what he most needs
for his own lawn or door-yard.

In every section of our country the managers of these
so-called Rural Cemeteries appear to have but one object
in view, viz. : Economy. To carry this out to the letter is
their highest aim, but of the true meaning of which they

CEMETERIES AND PARKS. 425

seem to entertain very questionable ideas. Where the
purchasing of trees at a low figure, without any appropri-
ateness or beauty in them, approaches economy, is beyond
our conception.

Economy can just as readily be kept in view by the pur-
chaser when procuring a well-selected assortment of trees
and plants from a responsible establishment, as the " penny
wise, pound foolish " policy of one who purchases his trees
at auction for a mere pittance. In the first instance the
owner expects all his trees to grow, and by care in plant-
ing is very rarely disappointed. The latter expects the
same result, is disappointed, and he usually is obliged,
sooner or later, to adopt the course pursued by his
wiser friend. Trees whose first cost is the lowest do
not always prove the cheapest in the end, unless every
other consideration be equal. Let all who live in the
country plant good trees around their dwellings, and then
take care of them ; as much depends upon the after-man-
agement, in many cases, as upon the original condition of -
the tree itself.

A few Avords of advice in regard to selecting suitable
evergreens for permanent value. After having enumerat-
ed and described so long a list as the foregoing pages
present, the uninitiated reader will no doubt turn away in
discouragement, as there exists such a diversity of opinion
in regard to the adaptability of a large portion >of the
really beautiful species, which cannot be regarded as
entirely unobjectionable. We desire to impress upon ev-
ery owner of a rural spot who is about commencing to
plant for the first time, the importance of selecting only
such as have been well tested and are satisfactory beyond
a doubt. Then, as a knowledge of the family shall be
gained, the newer and promising species may be sparingly
introduced. No greater error can be committed than for
a novice to select a list of trees such as Cedrus Deodara,
Cryptomeria Japonica^ Abies Morinda, Cimninghamia

426 THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Sinensis, etc., and then with an utter disregard of proper
situations and soil set them out in a slovenly and hasty
manner, in the full expectation of having them thrive like
an Ailanthus.

To this class ot planters we say, your first duty is to
select such reliable kinds as the Norway Spruce, Hemlock
Spruce, American Arbor VitaB, Austrian Pine, White
Pine, Scotch Pine, etc., adding, as inclination tends, a few
other really hardy and desirable well-known species.

But, at all events, let every one residing out of our cities
plant a few trees at least, the number depending upon the
space desired to ornament — not crowded together, nor in
straight lines, but naturally and judiciously, allowing
glimpses of distant views, and yet a portion sufficiently near
the residence to afford a refreshing shade. Clustered in the
nooks and corners, let the various flowering shrubs perfect
their bloom in masses, so arranged that in the varied tints
an added charm may each succeeding day be seen and felt.
Along the borders of the Avalks, place neatly executed
beds of flowers, few and plain, yet filled with choicest
plants. By such means we make home dearer to ourselves,
and weave attractions around the spot, that yield a fund
of pleasure unsurpassed. And as the years roll on, each
plant and tree therein becomes to us as a trusty friend, en-
deared by sweet associations of the past and bound by
recollections of the care bestowed upon its younger
growth.

INDEX.

155-156

Ajanensis, Lindl 170

alba, Michx 157

nana, Loud 160

minima, Knight 160

glauca, Phmibly 160

Albertiana, Murray 194

Alcocquiana, Lindl. & Veitch...\W

amabalis, Lindl 209

Apollinis, Link 196

balsamea, Marshall 197

longifolia, Booth 199

variegata. Knight 199

balsamifera, Michx 202

bifida, Sieb. & Zucc 178

bracteata, Hook 199

Bridget, Kellojjg 194

Brunoniana, L'indl 182

Canadensis, Michx 184

microphylla, Lindl 188

nana, Laivson 188

Cedroidex, Griffith 182

Cedrus, Poir .227

Cephalonica, Loud 201

Cilicica, Carnere 210

Clanbrasiliana stricta. Laws 166

communis fruticosa, Endl 166

concolor, *Hoopes 220

decidua, Wallich 182

Douglasii, Lindl 189

fastisiata, Knight 192

Stanclishiana, Gord 192

taxifolia, Loud 191

dumosa, Lamb 182

Engelmanni, Parry 177

excelsa, D. C. 160

attenuata, Auct 166

Carpatica, Loud 164

Clanbrasiliana, Loud 164

conica, Keteleer 166

denudata, Hort 164

clegans, Loud 164

eremita, Knight 164

Finedonensis, Paul 164

Gregoryana, Paid 165

inverta, Smith 165

microphylla,^ Auct 166

miniata, Knight 164

monstrosa, Loud 165

mucronata, Loud 165

nigra, Loud 165

pendula, Loud 165

pygmaea, Loud 165

pyramidalis, Hort 165

stricta, Loud 166

427

ABIES, excclsa temiifolia, Loud 165

variegata, Loud 166

virgota, Jacq 164

firma, Sieb. & Zucc 178

Fortuni, Murray 218

Fraseri, Pursh 202

Hudson ica, Knight 202

gigantea. Smith 165

glauca, Roezl 220

glaucescens, Roezl 220

grandis, Lindl 211

lasiocarpa, Hort 213

Lowiana, Gord 212

Parsoniana, Hwt 213

heterophylla. Raf 192

hirtella, Lindl 208

Mrtetta, Roezl 220

liomolepis, Sieb. & Zucc 178

Hookeriana. Murray 194

Jezoensis, Sieb. & Zucc 180

Jezoeiisis, Lindl 218

Khutrow, Loud 173

lanceolata, Pcrs 233

lasiocarpa, Lindl 209

Lemoiniana, Booth 165

leptolepis, Sieb 255

major Sinemis, Pluk 233

Menziesii, Dougl 167

Mertensiana, Lindl 192

Mertensiana, Auct 194

microsperma, Lindl. & Vettch . .180

Momi, Sieb 178

Morinda, Hort 173

nigra, Poir 169

pumila. Knight 170

rubra, Michx 170

nigra, Sill . Journ 177

nobilis, Zmctf 203

Nordmanniana, Link 204

obovata, Loud 170

oricntalis, Poir 172

Pattoniana, Jeff 172

pectinata, D. C. 205

fastigiata, Booth 207

nana, Knight 208

pendula, Godefroy 207

pyramidalis, Hort 207

tortuosa, Booth 207

variegata, Hort 207

' Jfoca, Lindl 205

Picea, Michx 160

Pichta, Fisch 213

longifolia, Hort 214

Pindrow, Spach 2M

Pinsapo, Boiss 215

428

THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS,

ABIES, Pinsapo variegata, llort 216

polita, Sieb. & Zucc 181

Eeginoe Amalm, Ileldr 196

religiosa, Lindl 208

rubra, Poir 170

Schrenkiana, Liucll 170

/Sibirica, Ledcb 213

alba, Fisch 214

Smithiana. Laud 173

spectabilis, Spach 216

taxifolia, Jeff. * .193

Tlapalcatuda, Roezl 220

Tarano, Sieb 181

Tsuga, Sieb. & Zucc 193

nana, Sieb 194

Veitchii, Lindl 219

Webbiana, Lindl 216

Williamsonii, Newb 194

Wittmanniana, Hartwess 170

ABIETINE^E 14_70_74

ACTINOSTROBUS, Miguel 312

pyramidalis, Miguel 312

Aphides? 60

Aphis juniperi 61

AKAUCARIA, Jitss 259

Bidiwillii, Hook 263

Brasi liana, Eich 263

gracilis, Carriere 2(54

Ridolfiana, Savi 264

Cookii, Broivn. 264

Cunninghami, Ait 264

glauca, Ant 264

longifolia, Ant 264

excelsa, Broivn 265

imbricata, Pavon 260

variegata, Gord 263

Rulei, Mueller 265

Arbor Vitae, American 315-317

Chilian 308

Chinese 329

Eastern 329

Gigantic 315

Golden 331

Nee's 320

Oriental 329

Plicate 320

Siberian 319

•f Tartarian 338

j: Tom Thumb 322

- -A Weeping 334

^•Western 315

ARTHROTAXIS, Don 266

cupressoides, Don 266

laxifolia, Hook 266

Belaginoides, Don 266

Aspidotus pinifolia 61

Bar tram Botanic Garden 414

Basket-worm 5S

Belis jaculifera, Salisb 233

lanceofata, Sweet 233

Bidwill's Araucaria 263

BIOTA, Don - 329

falcata, Hort 340

Meldensis, Lawson 339

Nepalensis, Endl 334

orientalis, Don 329

argentea, Hart 331

BIOTA, orientalis clcgantipsima, Roll. 83,1
flagelliformis, Jacques. ..... 334

gracilis, Carr 334

hybrida, Hort 336

maci'ocarpa, Hort ... 337

Meldensis, llort 339

monstrosa, Carr 337

pyramidalis, Endl 334

Sieboldii, Endl 333

stricta. Loud 334

Tartarica, Hort 338

variegata aurca, Carr 333

pendula, Endl 336

pygmtea, Hort 340

Blight 54

Bloomsdale Seed Farm 421

Brazilian Araucaria 263

California Nutmeg Tree 385

CALLITRIS, Ventenal 307

quadrivalvis, Vent 307

Cataphyllary 323

Cedar 220

African 222

Barbadoes 293

Deodar 223

Glaucous-leaved Red. 293

Goa, of 353

Japan 360

Lebanon, of. 227

Mexican White 354

Mt. Atlas 222

Oregon 350

Pencil 304

Prickly 278

Red 291

Variegated-leaved Red 294

Weeping Red 293

White 317-3-16

CEDRUS, Link 220

Africana, Gordon 222

argentea, Loud 222

At'lantica, ManneUi 222

Deodora, Loud 223

crassifolia, Hort 227

gigantea, Knight 227

robusta, Hort 227

tenui folia. Knight 227

viridig, Hort 227

eleqans, Knight. 222

Libani, Barretter 227

nana, Laud 231

argenteis, Laud 232

pendula. Knight 232

Cemeteries and Parks 424

CEPHALOTAXUS, Siebold 390

drupacea, Sieb 390

Fortunii, Hook 391

Fartuniifcemina, Carr 390

mas, Hort 391

Fortunii pendula, Carr 391

peduuculata, Sieb 394

Plum-fruited 39!)

tardiva adpressa, Sieb 375

umbraculifera, Sieb 394

Chamcecyparis ericoides, Carr 358

obtusa. Endl 356

, Spach 346

glauca, Endl 349

INDEX.

429

Ohamxtiparis thurifera, Endl 354

Chili Pine 260

Coleoptera 62

Collections of Conifers 413

CONIFERS, definition of. 13-70

CRYPTOMERIA, Don 360

Japonica, Don 360

araucarioides. Hort. 363

Lobbii, Hort ,....363

nana. Fortune 363

pendula, Leroy . 363

j)ygmcea. Loud 363

viridis, Hort 363

CUNNINGHAMIA. E. Broivti 232

lanceolata, Van Houtte. 233

Sinensis, R. Brown 232

glauca, Hort 236

CUPRESSINE^B 14-71-268

Cupreasoides 294

CUPRESSUS, Tournefort 340

aromatica, Van H 350

attenuata, Gordon 350

anstralis, Low 356

Benthami, Endl 351

Calif arnica, Carr 350

Corheyana, Knight 351

Coulteri, Forbes 352

Devoniana, Auct 301

disticha, Linn. . 364

ericoides, Auct 358

excelsa, Scott 351

fragrans, Kellogg 349

funebris, Endl 351

f/landulosa, Hook 353

Goveniana, Gordon 352

Knightiana, Perry 352

Lawsoniana, Murray 342

argentea, Lavjson 344

aurea, Waterer 344

Lambertiana, Gordon 353

Lindleyi, Klotsch 352

Lusitanica, Miller 353

Mac-Nabiana, Murray 353

maci'ocarpa, Hartiv 353

Nutkaensis, Lamb 345

pendula, Staunton 351

Moylei, Carricrc 356

sempervircns, Linn 354

cereiformis, Carr 354

horizontals, Mill •. . .854

monstrosa, Hort 354

variegata, Knight 354

torulosa, Don 355

majestica, Hort 355

nana, Hort 355

viridis, Hort 355

thurifera, Humb .354

thyoides, Linn 346

atrovirens, Lawson 349

Kewensis, Hort 349

nana, Loud 349

variegata, Loud 349

TJhdeana, Gordon 356

Whittleyana, Hort 356

Cuttings 35

Cypress 340

Bald 364

Black... ...367

Cypress, Deciduous 364

Fragrant 349

Lawson's 342

Montezuma's 367

Nootka Sound 345

Southern States 367

Swan River 312

Upright 854

Weeping Deciduous 369

White..' 367

Cypress Sub-family 14-71-268

DACRIDIUM, Solander 404

Colensoi, Hook 404

cupressinum, Soland 405

cupressiforme, Carr 404

elatum, Wallich 405

Franklinii, Hook 405

laxifolium, Hook 405

DAJIMAKA, Rumphius 265

Australia, Lamb 265

longifolia, Lindl. ., 266

macrophylla, Lindl 266

Moori, Lindl 266

obtusa, Lindl 266

orientalis, Lamb 266

alba, Knight 266

glauca, Hort 266

ovata, Moore .-.., 266

Vitensis, Seem 266

Diseases 53

Drop-worm 58

Etiolation 56

Euphyllary 323

Evans' Arboretum 417

False Larch .256

Field. R. S 422

Fir 155-195

Fir, Apollo Silver 196

Balm of Gilead 197

Balsam 197

Cephalonian Silver 201

Cilician Silver 210

Common Silver 205

European Silver 205

Fortune's Silver 218

Eraser's Balsam 202

Great Silver 211

Leafy-bracted Silver 199

Lovely Silver 209

Low's California!! Silver 21*4.

Noble Silver 203

Nordmanu's 204

Pinsapo 215

Sacred Silver 208

Siberian Silver 213

Upright Indian Silver 214

Webb's Purple-coned Silver 216

FITZROYA, Hook 314

Patagonica, Hook 314

FRENELA, Mirbel 312

arenosa, Endl 312

australis, Mirbel 312

calcarata, Cunn 313

ericoides, Endl 313

Forthergilli, Endl 313

fruticosa, Endl 313

glauca, Mirbel 313

Gunii, Endl 313

430

THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

FKENELA, Hugelii, Carriere . . 313

macrostachya, Knight 313

propinqua, Cunn 313

pyramidalis, Carriere 313

rhomboidea, Endl 313

rigida, Endl . . 313

robusta, Cunn 313

Koei, Endl 313

triquetra, Spach 313

tuberculata, Mirbel 313

variabilis, Carr 314

verrucosa, Cunn 314

Fungi 54

Galls 59

Gangrene 56

Genera, Synopsis of . . 70

Ginkgo 405

GLYPTOSTROBUS, Endl 368

heterophyllus, Endl 368

pendulus, Endl 369

Golden Pine 257

Grafting 42

Great Tree of California 239

Hedges 48

Hemlock Spruce 182-184

Californian 192

Douglas' 189

Hooker's 194

Indian 182

Hunnewell, H. H 421

Hypsophyllary 323

Insects 58

Jointed Yew 266

Juniper 268

Abyssinian 305

Brown-fruited 279

Caucasian 277

Cerros Island 303

Chinese 295

Common 270

Cypress-like 294

Dense-growing Indian 280

Glaucous 294

Globular 275

Globular-fruited 301

Hedge-hog 275

Incense 284

Irish 273

Large-fruited 276

Lycian 301

Oblong-fruited... 277

Phoenician 300

Plum-fruited. 275

Prostrate 282

Recurved-branched 2&3

Rigid-leaved 278

Rocky Mountain., 299

Sacred 284

Savin 285

Scaled 288

Spanish 274-290

Swedish 274

Tall 281

Tetragonal 302

Weeping 278

JUNIPERUS, Linn 268

alba, Knight 294

andina, Nutt 299

JUNIPERUS, bacciformis, Knight.... 300

Barbadensis, Linn . . 304

Bedfordiana, Knight 293

Bermudiana, Linn 304

brevifolia, Endl 280

caesia, Carriere 294

Califomica, Carriere 299

Canadensis, Lodd 273

Canariensis, Knight 303

Cedro, Brown 303

Cedrus, Carriere 303

Cerrosianus, Kellogg 303

Chinensis, Linn 295

Corneyana, Gord 351

Smithii, Loud 301

communis, Linn 270

Alpina, Linn 273

Canademis, Loud 373

compressa, Carriere 274

depressa, Pursh 273

fgstiffiata, Loud 274

Hibernica, Lodd 273

oblonga, Loud 277

pendula, Eeid 275

Suecica, Loud 274

Wittmanniana, Carr 279

densa, Gord 280

drupacea. Labill 275

dumosa, Wallich 288

dumosa, Carriere 294

ecktnoformif, Rinz 275

elOptica, Van Houttc 276

ericoides, Auct 358

excelsa, Beib 281

excelsa, Madden 284

excelsa, Pursh 29!)

flaccida, ScJdect 304

flagdltformis, Reeves 295

Fwtunii, Van H. Cat 301

fragrans, Paul 294

gigantea, Roezl 305

glauca, Willd 306

Gossianthanea, Lodd 293

qracilis, Endl 304

hemisphaerica, Reed 275

Japonica, Carriere 305

Langoldiana, Auct 301

macrocarpa, Libth 276

Mexicans, Schlect . 305

Nepalensis, Rinz 283

oblonga, Rieb 277

oblonga pendula, Loud 278

occidental, Hook 299

Oliver!, Carriere 306

apposittfoUa, Mcench 304

Oxycedrus, Linn 278

echinoformis, Van Houtte. . . 275

Phaenicia, Linn 300

Lycia, Loud 301

procera, Hochst 305

procumbens, Pursh 282

procumbens, Sieb 305

prostrata, Pers . . .282

pyriformis, Lindl 299

racemosa, Risso 30B'

recurva, Don 283

densa. Hort 280

repanda, Hort 283

INDEX.

431

, Nutt 282

religiosa, Eoyle 284

rigida, Sieb 278

rufcscens, Link 279

Sabina, Linn 285

cupressifolia, Ait 287

prostrata, Loud 282

tamariscifolia, Ait. 285

vcriegata, Loud 288

Sabinoides, Griseb 287

Scliolli, Hort 294

sphaerica, Lindl ... 301

glauca, Fortune 302

struthiacea, Knight 295

squamata, Don 288

taxifolia, Hook 304

tetragona, Mcench 300

tetragon a, Schlect ... 302

thurifera, Linn 290

thurifera, Bonpl 354

Thunbergii, Hook 295

Virginiana, Linn 291

argentea, Van H. Cat 293

australis, Carr 293

Barbadensis, Linn 293

Caroliniana, Lodd 294

Chamberlaini, Hort 293

cinerascens, Hort 293

glauca, Hort 293

pendula, Hort 293

viridis, Hort 293

variegata alba, Hort 294

aurea, Hort 294

Webbii, Carriere 303

L.-ECHHARDTIA, ArcJier (?) 314

Macleyana, Archer (?) 314

Larch 245

Altaian .253

American 247

Black 247

Dalmrian 249

European 249

False 256

Japan 254

Sikkim 252

Western 253

LARIX, Tourn 245

Americana, Michx 247

Cedrus, Mill 227

conifera, Kaempf 255

Dahurica, Turcz 249

Europea, D. C. 249

compacta, Laws 251

flore alba, Endl 252

flore rubra, Endl 252

Killerrnanni, Gord 252

laxa, Laws 251

repens, Laws 251

pendula, Loud 251

Griffithiana, Hook 252

intermedia, Laws 253

Japonica, Carriere 255

Japonica, Murr 254

Ledebourii, Hups 253

leptolepis, Sieb 255

Lyalli, Parlat 256

occidentalis, Nutt 253

Sibirica, Ledeb 253

Layers 42

LIBOCEDRUS, Endl 307

Chilensis, Endl 308

decurrens, Torr 309

Doniana, Endl 310

tetragona, Endl 311

Maiden-hair Tree 406

Marshall, Humphrey 415

MICROCACHRYS, Hook 410

tetragona. Hook 410

Moreton Bay Pine 264

NAGEIA, Gartner 411

Blumei, Gordon 411

cuspidata, Gord 411

graudiflora, Gord 411

Japonica, Gcertner 411

latifolia, Gord 411

ovata, Gord 411

Norfolk Island Pine 265

Nut-bearing Torreya 38G

Oiketicus coniferarum 58

OXYCEDRTJS 270

Parsons & Co 419

Pencil Cedar 304

PHEROSPH^ERA, 410

Hookeriana 410

PHYLLOCLADUS, Richard 409

Alpina, Hook 409

glauca, Carr 409

hypophylla, Hook 409

rhomboidalis, Rich 410

trichomanoides, Don 410

Picea 195

alba echinoformis, Carriere 160

amabalis, Loud — 209

Apollinis, Ranch 196

balsamea, Loud 197

bracteata, Loud 199

Cephalonica, Loud 201

concolor, Engelm 220

Engelmanni, Engelm 177

firma, Gord 178

Fraseri, Loud 202

grandis, Lobb 212

grandis, Loud 211

Herbertiana, Madden 214

hirtdla, Loud 202

Lowiana. Gord 218

Naptha, Knight 214

nobilis, Loud 203

Nordmanniana, Loud 204

Pichta, Loud 213

pectinata, Loud 205

Pindroru, Loud 214

Plnsapo, Loud 215

polita, Carriere 181

rdigiosa, Loud 208

Veitchii, Lindl 219

Webbiana, Loud 216

WUliamsonii. Engelm . . 194

Pierce'a Park 416

Pine 74

Aleppo 83

American Cembrian 131

Austrian 77

Awned-coned 124

Banks' 78

Bhotan .....128

432

THE BOOK OF EVERGREENS.

Pine, Bishop's 92

Calabriun Cluster '80

Chili 200

Cluster 94

Corsican 85

Coulter's 115

Dwarf. 98

Frankincense 122

Fremont's 112

Gerard's 114

Gigantic 134

Ginger 350

Golden. 257

Gray 78

Great-hooked 115

Great Prickly-coned 121

Heavy-wooded 117

Huon 405

Jeffrey's 115

Jersey 84

Knee 92

Lambert's 130

Loblolly 122

Long-leaved 109-144

Lord Aberdeen's 95

Moreton Bay 264

Mountain 98-135

Mugho 90

Norfolk Island 265

Nut 112-142

Old-field 122

Oregon Pitch 143

Pallas' 93

Pinon 142

Pitch 119

Pond 120

Pyrenean 101

Radiated-scalcd 118

Red 102

Roezl's 141

Sabines' 121

Scotch 104

Scrub 84

Short-leaved Yellow 88

Southern Yellow 109

Spruce 82

Stone 96

Swiss Stone 126

Table Mountain 98

Tartarian 93

Taurian 93

Tuberculated-conecl 123

Twisted-branched 81

Umbrella 238

Weymouth 136

White 136

Pine-leaf Scale-insect 61

PINE SUB-FAMILY 14-70-74

PINUS, Linn 74

Abies, Lour 233

Abies, Thunb .181

albicaulis, Etir/elm 149

amabalis, Dougl 209

Aupulcensis, Lindl 145

aristata, Engelm 124

australis, Mclix 109

excelsa, Loud 112

Austriaca, Iloess 77

PINUS, Ayacahuite, Ehrh 145

Balfouriana, Jeff. 149

Banksiana, Lamb 78

Beardsleyi, Murray 117

Benthamiana, Hartw 117

Brutia, Tenore 80

Bungeana, Zucc 153

Buonapartea. lloezl 141

Calif arnica, Hartw 123

Canadensis bifolia, Du Ham 102

Canariensis, Smith 142

caramanica, Bosc 87

caramaniensis, Bon Jard 87

Cedrus, Linn 227

Cembra, Linn 126

Sibirica, Loud 128

pygmtea, Fisch 128

jnimila, Endl 128

Cembra, Thunb 154

cembroides, Gord 142

cembroides, Newberry 149

cembroides, Zucc 143

Chihuahuana, Wisliz 143

CMnensis, Knight 94

conglamerata, Groef 80

contorta, Dougl 81

Coulteri, Don . 115

cornea, JKoezl 141

densiflora, Siebold 151

Devoniaiia, Lindl 145

Edgariana, Hartw 92

edulis, Engelm 142

Ehrenberg'ii, Endl 148

Engelmannii, Torr 117

escarena, Risso 95

excelsa, Wall 128

filifolia, Lindl 145

firma, Ant. & Endl 178

Fischeri, Booth 92

flexilis, James 131

Fremontiana, Endl 112

Friesiana, Reg. Flw 149

Gerardiana, Wall 114

glabra, Walt 82

Gordoniana, Hartw 145

grandis, Dougl 211

Grenvillcre, Gord 146

Halepensis, Mill 83

Pityusa, Stevens 84

Hartwegii, Lindl 146

ktemsolymitana. Du Ham 83

hirtella, Humboldt 208

Hispanica, Cook 101

homolepis, Ant. & Endl 178

Hudsonica, Law 78

inops, Ait 84

insignis, Dougl 143

insularis, Endl 143

intermedia, Fisch 89

Japonica, Antoine — 152

Japonica, Loud 94

Jeffreyii, Hort 115

Jezoensis, Ant, & Endl 180

Kcempferi, Lamb 255

Koraiensis, Siebold 154

Lambertiana, Dougl 134

lanceolata, Lamb 233

Laricio, Poir , 85

INDEX.

433

Pcms, Laritio Amtriaca, Endl 77

Calabrica, Delam 87

caramanica, Loud 87

contorts, Gord 87

Pallasiana, Loud 93

pygmaja, Eauch 87

Pyrenaica, Loud 101

Larix, Thunb 255

Latteri, Madden 94

Lawsoni, Eoezl 140

leiophylla, Scheide 146

leptolepis, Endl 255

Llaveana, Scheide 143

Loudoniana, Gord 146

longifolia, Eoxb 144

lophosperma, Lindl 150

macrocarpa, Lindl 115

macrophylla, Lindl 146

maritime Law 94

maritima, Pall 93

minor, Du Ham 96

Massoniana, Siebold 150

Merkusii, Vriese 142

microcarpa, Lamb 247

mitis, Michx 88

monophyttm, Torr 112

montana, Baum 91

montana, Wahl 91

Montezumse, Lamb 147

monticola, Dougl 135

Mugho, Bauhin 90

rostrata, Ant 91

rotundata, Link 91

uliginosa, Winn 92

nana. Loud 92

Mugfius, Loud 90

muricata, D. Don 92

Murrayana, Balf 92

Neosa, Govan 114

Nepalensis, Koyle 94

nigra, Link 77

nobUis, Dougl 203

Nordmanniana, Stevens 204

Nova Hollandica, Lodd 94

Nova Zealandica, Lodd 94

occidentalis, Swartz 147

oocarpa, ScJieide 147

Orizaba:, Gord 147

osteosperma, Wisliz 143

Pallasiana. Lamb 93

palustris, Linn 109

excelsa, Booth 112

Parryana, Gord 144

parviflora, Siebold 154

patula, Scheide 144

macrocarpa, Scheide 144

Btricta, Benth 144

pendula, Ait 247

penicettus, La Pey 101

Persica, Strange 142

Peuce, Griseb? 147

Picea, Willd 205

Pinaster, Ait 94

escarenus^ Loud 95

foliis variegatis, Loud 96

Hamilton!!, Tenore 95

Lemoinana, Loud 96

minor, Loud 96

19

PINUS, Pinaster, variegata, Gord — 96

Pinaster, Loud 150

Pinceana, Gord 144

Pinea, Linn 96

Cretica, Loud 97

fragilis, Du Ham 97

Pinea, Gord 152

pdita, Ant. & Endl 181

ponderosa, Dougl 117

protuberans, Eoezl 141

Pseudp-Strobus, Lindl 148

pumilio, H&nke 98

pungens, Michx 98

Pyrenaica, La Pey 101

radiata, Don 118

Regeliana, Eoezl 141

religiosa, Humboldt 208

resmosa, Ait 102

rigida, Mitt 119

serotina, Loud 120

' rubra, Michx 102

rubrq, Siebold 150

rupestris, Michx 78

Russelliana, Lindl 148

Sabiniana, Dougl 121

Coulteri, Loud 115

serotina, Michx 120

Sinensis, Lamb 145

St. Helcnica, Loud 94

Strobus, Linn 136

alba, Loud 138

excelsa, Loud 128

Lambertiana, Loud 134

monticola, Loud 135

nana, Knight 138

nivea, Booth 138

tabuliformis, Hort 138

umbraculifera, Hort 138

Strobus, Thunb 154

strobiformis, Wisliz 148

sylvestris, Linn 104

Altaica, Ledeb 108

argentea, Stevens 109

Haguenensis, Loud 107

hofizontalis, Don 107

intermedia, Loud 108

latifblia, Gord. 108

monophylla, Hodg 108

montana, Ait 98

Mugho, Bauhin 90

nana, Hort 108

pumilio, Loud 98

tortuosa, Don 108

uncinata, Don 107

uncinata, Widd 91

variegata, Hort 108

sylvestris, Thunb 150

Tseda, Linn. .... 122

Tartarica, Mill 98

Taurica, Hort 93

Tchuqatskoy, Fischer 211

tenui'folia, Benth 148

Teocote, ScJieide 145

Torreyana, Parry 150

Tsuga, Ant. & Endl .193

tuberculata, D. Don 123

variahilis, Pursh 81

verticillata, Sieb 238

434

THE BOOK OF EVEEGEEENS.

PINUS, Wiucesteriana, Gord 148

Plant-lice 60

PODOCAKPUS, LHeritier. ..' 394

Alpina, Brown 398

amara, Blume 398

Andina, Po&ppeg 398

Antarctica, Van Houtte 398

Bidwillii, Hoibrenk 399

bracteata, Blume 399

brevipes, Blume 399

Chinensis, Wallich 399

aurea, Gord 399

argentea, Gord 399

coriacea, Eich 395

corrugata, Gord 399

cupressina, Broiun 399

dacryoides, Eich 400

discolor, Blume 400

elata, Brown 400

elongata, VHeritier 400

Endlicherianus, Carr 400

ensifolia, Brown 400

falcata, Brown 400

ferruginea, Don . .401

Japan, 395

Japonica, Sieb 395

Koraiana, Sieb 401

Iseta, Hoibrenk .401

Lamberti, Klotzsch 401

Laurencii, Hook .401

Leathery-leaved 395

leptostachya, Hook 401

macrophylla, Don 401

neglecta, Blume 401

nereifolia, Brown 402

nivalis, Hook . .402

nubigaeua, Lindl 397

oleifolia, Don 402

polystachya, Brown 402

pungens, Van Houtte 404

Purdieana, Hook 402

rigida, Klotzsch 402

Bumphii, Blume 402

salicifolia, Klotzsch 403

Sellowii, Klotzsch 403

spicata, Brown 403

spinulosa, Brown 403

taxifolia, Humboldt 403

densifolia, Kemble 404

thevetisefolia, Blume .404

Tminbergii, Hook 404

Totara, Don 404

Princeton, N. J., Collection 422

Propagation 28

Pruning and After Management 46

Pruning, Season for 51

PSEUDOLAKIX, Gord 256

Kaempferi, Gord 257

Eedwood 244

EETINISPORA, Siebold 356

ericoides, Zucc 358

leptoclada, Zucc 360

lycopodioides, Standish 360

obtusa, Sieb 356

ericoides, Hort 358

aurea, Fortune 359

argentea, Fortune 359

pygmsea, Gord 359

RETINOSPORA, pisifera, Sieb . . .359

aurea, Fortune 360

argentea. Fortune 360

Bquarrosa, Sieb 359

leptoclada, Sieb 360

variegata, Sieb 359

SABINILE 280

SALISBUBIA, Smith 405

adiantifolia, Smith 406

macrophylla, Hort 409

variegata, Carr 409

Sargent, Winthrop 418

Savin Junipers 280

Cypress-leaved .287

Tamarisk-leaved 287

Variegated-leaved 288

SAXE-GoTHuEA, Lindley 410

conspicua, Lindl 410

Scale Insects 61

SCIADOPITYS, Sieb. & Zucc 236

verticillata, Sieb. & Zucc 238

Screens 48

Seedlings 28

Transplanting 26

Seeds, preserving 30

Sowing of 33

SEQUOIA, Endl 239

gigantea, Torr 239

sempervirens, Endl 244

Wellingtonia, Lawson 244

Situation & Selection of Varieties.. 65

Soil and Planting 17

Spruce 155-156

Black 169

Dimsclale's Silver 160

Double 169

Eastern 172

Engelmann's — 177

Himalayan 173

Menzies1 166

Norway 160

Obovate-coned 170

Patton's Giant 172

Eed 170

Single 157

White 157

Swan Eiver Cypress 312

Synopsis of Genera 70

TAXINE.E 14-72-372

TAXODIUM, Richard 363

distichum, Eichard 364

denudatum, Leroy 367

fastigiatum, Knight 367

Mexicanum, Gord 367

nanum, Carr 368

pendulum, Loud 693

/Sinense, Loud 369

Japonicum, Denhardt 368

nuciferum, Brogn 368

sempervirens, Lamb 244

Sinense, Noisette 369

pendulum, Forbes 369

TAXUS, Tourntfort 372

adpressa, Knight 375

baccata, Linn 376

adpressa, Carr .375

Canadensis, Gray £78

Cheshuntensis, W. Paul. ... 382

INDEX.

435

TAXUS, baccata Dovastoni, Loud. . .379

erecta, Loud 380

ericoides, Hort 381

fastigiata, Loud 378

fructo-lutea, Loud 380

Foxii, Hort 380

glauca, Carr 380

gracilis, Hort 382

Hibernica, Hort 379

Indica, Madden 384

Jacksonii, W. Paul 382

linearis, Hort 382

Mexicana, Hartw 384

monstrosa, Hort 381

nana, Knight 380

recurva, Carr 380

eparsifolia, Loud 381

variegata, Loud 381

variegata alba, Carr 381

variegata aurea, Carr 381

brevifolia, Nutt 383

coriacea, Auct 395

cuspidata, Sieb 383

Floridana, Nutt 384

globosa, Schlect 384

Lindleyana. Murray 383

MitcMli, Hort 381

montana, Nutt 384

nucifera, Royle 384

mocumbens, Lodd 378

pyramidalis, Knight 380

stricta, B.art 380

tardiva, Lawson 375

verticUlata, Thunb 238

virgata, Wallich 384

Wallichiana, Zucc 384

Thrips juniper! 61

THUIOPSIS, Siebold 325

borealis, Fisch . . .345

dolabrata, Sieb 326

nana, Sieb 328

variegata, Fortune 338

Itetevirens, Hort 328

Standishii, Gord 328

THUJA, Tournefort 315

articulata,W&til 307

aurea, Waterer 331

Caucasica, Leroy 322

Chilensis, Lamb. <fe Don 308

compacta, Standish 322

Craigiana, Jeff. 309

dolabrata, Thunb 326

Doniana, Hook 310

dumosa, Gordon 325

falcata, Lindl 340

jUiformis. Lodd 336

qiqantea, Gordon 309

qigantea, Nutt 315

Japonica, Hort 356

Japonica, Sieb 333

Lobbii, Hort 309

macrocarpa, Hort 337

occidentalis, Linn 317

argentea, Carr 321

aspknifolia, Hort 321

compacta, Parsons 322

cristata, Buist 322

TH-UJA, occidentalis densa,G!0rc?0tt..322

ericoides, Booth 322

globosa, Hort 321

Hoveyi, Hort 321

orientalis nana, Carr 333

nana, Hoopes 321

pendula, Gordon 321

plicata. Loud 320

variegata, Carr 321

pnmila, Booth 321

Sibirica, Hort 319

variegata, Loud 321

Vervaeneana, Hort 322

pendula, Lamb 336

plicata, Don 320

pygmcea, Veitch 359

tetragona. Hook 311

Thyridopterix ephemasraformis 58

Time to Plant 22

TOKREYA, Arnott 385

Californica, Torrey 385

grandis, Fortune 389

Humboldtii, Knight 403

myristica, Hook 385

nucifera, Zucc 386

taxifolia, Arnott 387

Tsuga 182

Brunoniana, Carriere 182

Canadensis, Carr 184

Douglasii, Carr 189

Lindleyana, Roezl 191

Mertewiana, Carr 192

Sieboldii, Carr 193

Umbrella Pine 238

Varieties, Selection of 65

VEITCIIIA, Lindley 412

Japonica, Lindley 412

Washinqtonia gigantea, Kellogg — 239

Wellesley 421

WeUingtonia gigantea, Lindl 239

White Cedar 317-346

WIDDIUNGTONIA, Endl 306

Commersonii, Endl 306

cupressoides, Endl. 306

ericoides, Knight 358

iuniperoides, Endl 307

Natalensis, Endl 307

Wallichiana, Endl 307

Wodenethe 418

Yew 372

American 378

English 376

Fox's Dwarf 380

Glaucous 380

Golden Variegated 381

Jointed 266

Mexican 384

Silver Variegated 381

Spreading Irish 379

Stinking 387

Upright Irish 378

Wallich's 389

Weeping 879

Yellow-fruited 380

Yew-leaved Torreya 387

Yew Sub-family 14-72-872

VALUABLE AND BEAUTIFUL WORK.

HAERIS'

Insects Injurious to Vegetation.

BT THE LATE

THADDEUS WILLIAM HARRIS, M.D.

A New Edition, enlarged and improved, with additions from the author'*
manuscripts and original notes.
Illustrated by engravings drawn from nature under the supervision of

Edited by CHARLES L. FLINT,
Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture.

O O3XTTE33STTS.
CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION.— Insects Defined— Brain and Nerves— Air-Pipes and Breath-
ing-Holes— Heart and Blood — Metamorphoses or Transformations —
Classification ; Orders and Groups.

CHAPTER II.

COLEOPTERA.— Beetles— Scaraboeians— Ground-Beetles— Tree-Beetles— Cock-
chafers—Flower, Stag, Spring, Timber, Capricorn, Leaf-mining, and Tor-
toise Beetles— Chrysomelians— Cantharides.

CHAPTER III.

ORTHOPTERA.— Earwigs— Cockroaches-- Soothsayers— Walking-sticks or
Spectres— Mole, Field, Climbing, and Wingless Crickets— Grasshoppers-
Katydid— Locusts.

CHAPTER IV.

HEMIPTERA.— Bugs— Squash-Bug— Clinch-Bug— Plant Bugs— Harvest Flies—
Tree-Hoppers— Vine-Hoppers— Plant-Lice— American Blight— Bark-Lice.

CHAPTER V.

LEPIDOPTERA. — Caterpillars — Butterflies — Skippers — Hawk-Moths— J2ge-
rians or Boring Caterpillars— Moths— Cut-Worms— Span-Worms—Leaf-
Rollers—Fruit, Bee, Corn, Clothes, and Feather-Winged Moths.

CHAPTER VI.

HYMENOPTERA.— Stingers and Piercers— Saw-Flies and Slugs— Elm, Fir,
and Vine Saw-Fly — Rose-Bush and Pear-Tree Slugs — Horn-Tailed
Wood-Wasps— Gall-Flies—Barley Insect and Joint Worm.

CHAPTER VII.

DlPTERA.— Gnats and Flies— Maggots and their Transformations— Gall
Gnats— Hessian, Wheat, and Radish Flies— Two-Winged Gall-Flies, an>?
Fruit-Flies.
KPPENDIX.— The Army Worm.

Published in two beautiful editions ; one plain, with steel engravings, 8vo,
extra cloth, $4 ; the other in extra cloth, beveled boards, red edges, engrav-
ings colored with great accuracy, $6.
Sent post-paid on receipt of price.

ORANGE JUDD & CO.,

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DAKWIN'S NEW WOEK.

THE VARIA.TIOIV

OP

ANIMALS AND PLANTS

UNDER DOMESTICATION.

BY

D^RTWUST, M:.^L., IP.R.S., ETC.

AUTHORIZED EDITION.
3c .A. I'n.DESiE'-A.ODE!

BY

PROFESSOR ASA GRAY.

I3ST n

This work treats of the variations in our domestic animals and cultivated
plants, discussing the circumstances that influence these variations, inherit-
ance of peculiarities, results of in-and-in breeding, crossing, etc.

It is one of the most remarkable books of the present day, presenting an
array of facts that show the most extraordinary amount of observation and
-esearch. All the domestic animals, from horses and cattle to canary-birds and
noney-bees, are discussed, as well as our leading culinary and other plants,
making it a work of the greatest interest.

Its importance to agriculturists, breeders, scientific men, and the general
reader will be seen by its scope as indicated in the following partial enumera-
tion of its contents : PIGS, CATTLE, SHEEP, GOATS ; DOGS AND CATS, HORSES
AND ASSES ; DOMESTIC BABBITS ; DOMESTIC PIGEONS ; FOWLS, DUCKS, GEESE,
PEACOCK, TURKEY, GUINEA FOWL, CANARY-BIRD, GOLD-FISH; HIVE-BEES;
SILK-MOTHS. CULTIVATED PLANTS ; CEREAL AND CULINARY PLANTS ; FRUITS,
ORNAMENTAL TREES, FLOWERS, BUD VARIATION. INHERITANCE, REVERSION
OR ATAVISM, CROSSING. ON THE GOOD EFFECTS OF CROSSING, AND ON THK
EVIL EFFECTS OF CLOSE INTERBREEDING. SELECTION. CAUSES OF VARIABIL-
ITY, LAWS OF VARIATION, ETC., ETO.

Pitbllslied in Two "Volumes of nearly 110O pages.

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GARDENING FOR PROFIT

In the Market and Family Grarden-
BY PETER HENDEKSON.

IIL.3LiTJSTR-A.TEID.

This is the first work on Market Gardening ever published in this
country. Its author is well known as a market gardener of eighteen
years' successful experience. In this work he has recorded this
experience, and given, without reservation, the methods necessary
to the profitable culture of the commercial or

It is a work for which there has long been a demand, and one
which will commend itself, not only to those who grow vegetables
for sale, but to the cultivator of the

FAMILY GARDEN,

to whom it presents methods quite different from the old ones gen-
erally practiced. It is an ORIGINAL AND PURELY AMERICAN work, and
not made up, as books on gardening too often are, by quotations
from foreign authors.

Every thing is made perfectly plain, and the subject treated in all
its details, from the selection of the soil to preparing the products
for market.

CONTENTS.

Men fitted for the Business of Gardening.

The Amount of Capital Required, and

"Working Decree per Acre.

Profits of Market Gardening.

Location, Situation, and Laying Out.

Soils, Drainage, and Preparation.

Manures, Implements.

Uses and Management of Cold Frames.

Formation and Management of Hot-beds.

Forcing Pits or Green-houses.

Seeds and Seed Baising.

How, "When, and Where to Sow Seedc.

Transplanting, Insects.

Packing of Vegetables for Shipping.

Preservation of Vegetables in "Winter.

Vegetables, their Varieties and Cultivation.

In the last chapter, the most valuable kinds are described, and
the culture proper to each is given in detail.

Sent post-paid, price $I.SO.
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THE

SMALL FRUIT CULTURIST.

BY

ANDREW S. FULLER.
Beautifully Illustrated.

We have heretofore had no work especially devoted to small
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contained in this. It is to the advantage of special works that the
author can say all that he has to say on any subject, and not be
restricted as to space, as he must be in those works that cover the
culture of all fruits — great and small.

This book covers the whole ground of Propagating Small Fruits,
their Culture, Varieties, Packing for Market, etc. While very full on
the other fruits, the Currants and Raspberries have been more care-
fully elaborated than ever before, and in this important part of hia
book, the author has had the invaluable counsel of Charles Downing.
The chapter on gathering and packing the fruit is a valuable one,
and in it are figured all the baskets and boxes now in common use.
The book is very finely and thoroughly illustrated, and makes an
admirable companion to the Grape Culturist, by the same author.

OOISTTEISTTS:

CHAP. I. BARBERRY. CHAP. VII. GOOSEBERRY.

CHAP. II. STRAWBERRY. CHAP. VIII. CORNELIAN CHERRY.

CHAP. III. RASPBERRY. CHAP. IX. CRANBERRY.

CHAP. IV. BLACKBERRY. CHAP. X. HUCKLEBERRY.

CHAP. V. DWARF CHERRY. CHAP. XI. SHEPERDIA.

CHAP. VI. CURRANT. CHAP. XII. PREPARATION FOB

GATHERING FRUIT.

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AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
APPLES.

JBy 3>oct. JOEDV JL.

PBESIDEKT OHIO POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY; VICE-PBESIDENT AMERICAN
POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

293 II< LUSTRATIONS.

This volume lias about 750 pages, the first 375 of which are de-
voted to the discussion of the general subjects of propagation, nur-
sery culture, selection and planting, cultivation of orchards, care of
fruit, insects, and the like ; the remainder is occupied with descrip-
tions of apples. With the richness of material at hand, the trouble
was to decide what to leave out. It will be found that while the
old and standard varieties are not neglected, the new and promising
sorts, especially those of the South and West, have prominence.
A list of selections for different localities by eminent orchardists is
a valuable portion of the volume, while the Analytical Index or
Catalogue Raisonne, as the French would say, is the most extended
American fruit list ever published, and gives evidence of a fearful
amount of labor.

CONTENTS.

Chapter I.— INTRODUCTORY.

Chapter II.-HISTORY OF THE APPLE.

Chapter III.-PROPAGATION.

Buds and Cuttings— Grafting— Budding— the Nursery.
Chapter IV.-DWARFING.
Chapter V.-DISEASES.

Chapter VI.-THE SITE FOR AX ORCHARD.
Chapter VII.-PREPARATION OF SOIL, FOR AN ORCHARD.
Chapter VIII.-SELECTION AND PLANTING.
Chapter IX.-CULTURE, Etc.
Chapter X.-PHILOSOPHY OF PRUNING.
Chapter XI.— THINNING.

Chapter XII.— RIPENING AND PRESERVING FRUITS.
Chapter XIII. and XIV.-INSECTS.
Chapter XV.-CHARACTERS OF FRUITS AND THEIR

VALUE — TERMS USED.
Chapter XVI.-CLASSIFICATION.

Necessity for — Basis of— Characters — Shape — Its Regu-

larity—Flavor—Color—Their several Values, etc. De-

scription of Apples.

Chapter XVII.-FRUIT LISTS -CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF
FRUITS.

Sent Post-Paid, Price $3.00,

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PRACTICAL FLORICULTURE,

A GUIDE TO THE

SUCCESSFUL PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION OF

Florists' Plants.

BY PETER HENDERSON, BERGEX CITY, fl. J.

Mr. HENDERSON is known as the largest Commercial Florist in
the country. In the present work he gives a full account of hia
modes of propagation and cultivation. It is adapted to the wants
of the amateur as well as the professional grower.

The scope of the work may be judged from the following

TABUE OF CONTENTS.

Aspect and Soil.

Laying out Lawn and Flower Garden

Designs for Flower Gardens.

Planting of Flower Beds.

Soils for Potting.

Temperature and Moisture.

The Potting of Plants.

Cold Frames— Winter Protection.

Construction of Hot-Beds.

Greenhouse Structures.

Modes of Heating.

Propagation by Seeds.

Propagation by Cuttings.

Propagation of Lilies.

Culture of the Rose.

Culture of the Verbena.

Culture of the Tuberose.

Diary of Operations for

Orchid Culture.
Holland Bulbs.
Cape Bulbs.

Winter-Flowering Plants.
Construction of Bouquets.
Hanging Baskets.
Window Gardening.
Rock-Work.
Insects.

Nature's Law of Colors.
Packing Plants.
Plants by Mail.
Profits of Floriculture.
Soft-Wooded Plants.
Greenhouse Plants.
Annuals.

Hardy Herbaceous Plants,
each Day of the Year.

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245 BROADWAY, New-York

THE AMERICAN

AGRICULTURAL ANNUAL

FOR 1869.

A VALUABLE YEAE BOOK,

Farmers' Almanac and Directory.

This volume, the third of tli3 series, contains, in connection with
an Almanac and Calendar of Operations upon the Farm

Valuable Tables of reference for the use of Farmers, Stock-Breeders and
Feeders, and A Directory, giving the names and addresses of the princi-
pal dealers in Agricultural Implements, Seeds, Fertilisers, and
ThorouyJibred Live StocJt, of all the favorite kinds, including FisJt.
It aims to give the principal features of

The Progress in Agriculture made during the year, and includes import,
ant articles on the following subjects :

AGRICULTUBAL COLLEGES— terms, conditions, facilities for instruction, and
instructors ; a notice of

AGRICULTURAL INTENTIONS of value ; articles on

RECENT PROGRESS IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE, "by Professor SAMUEL W.
JOHNSON ; on

VETERINARY MATTERS, by Dr. JOHN BUSTEED

CATTLE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES, by Professor JOHN GAMGEE, of
London ;

" A FEW WORDS ON PIGS," by JOSEPH HARRIS ;

CLEARING ROCKY LAND ; TROUT CULTURE, by WILLIAM CLIFT ;

GAS TAR, PRODUCTS AND USES, ROOFING, ETC., by H. W. JOHNS, of New-
York City ;

FINE WOOL SHEEP;

HOES AND HAND-WEEDERS ;

NOTICES OF RECENT AGRICULTURAL LITERATURE, and other articles.

The work is practical, excellent in its adaptation to the wants of

American farmers, and in the beauty of its illustrations, and is the

best of its kind published.

In its general features it follows the plan and maintains the

character of the Annuals for 1867 and 1868. Sent post-paid. Price,

fancy paper covers, 50 cents ; cloth, 75 cents.

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THE AMERICAN

HORTICULTURAL ANNUAL

FOR 1 SOO.

AN ELEGANT YEAE-BOOK

FOR EVERY HOME.

THIS useful and valuable Year-Book has now readied its third
number, and in point of interest and elegance is quite equal to
those which have preceded it. Every one who would know what
has been done in Horticulture during the year should have it. It
gives reports on

APPLES, by Warder,
PEARS, by Bussey,
CHERRIES, by Elliott,
GRAPES, by Several Growers,
SMALL FRUITS, by Fuller,
EVERGREENS, by Parsons & Hoopes,
ROSES, by Several Writers,
FLOWERS, by Henderson,
VEGETABLES, by Gregory and others.

Besides these, and much editorial matter, there are several Es.
says of practical value. Mr. Hoopes gives the best account of the
now popular Clematis yet published. Mr. Such has an article on
the Culture of the Gladiolus, and Mr. Brill gives the best way of
cultivating Asparagus for home use or for market. The work con-
tains Useful Tables, a List of the Horticultural Books of the Year,
also a List of Nurserymen, Seedsmen, etc.

BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED.
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IN CITY, VILLAGE and COUNTRY,

THE

AMERICA! AGRICULTURIST,

FOR THE

FARM, OABDEN AND HOUSEHOLD,

Including a Special Department of Interesting and

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The Agriculturist Is a large periodical of Thirty-two pages, quarto, not octavo,
beautifully printed, and filled with plain, practical, reliable, original matter, includ-
ing hundreds of beautiful and instructive Engravings In every annual volume.

It contains each month a Calendar of Operations to he performed on the Farm,
in the Orchard and Garden, in and around the Dwelling, etc.

The thousands of hints and suggestions given In every volume are prepared by prac-
tical, Intelligent -working men, who know what they talk and write about. The
articles are thoroughly edited, and every way reliable.

The Household Department is valuable to every Housekeeper, affording
rery many useful hints and directions calculated to lighten and facilitate in-door work.

The Department for Children and Youth, is prepared with special care
not only to amuse, but also to inculcate knowledge and sound moral principles.

Terms.— The circulation of the American Agriculturist, (about 15O.OOO) la BO
large that it can be furnished at the low price of $1.50 a year ; four copies, one year, for
$3; ten copies, one year, for $12; twenty or more copies, one year. SI each- single
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General Library

University of California

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