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BOOK OF FRUITS 2 
BEING A 
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 


OF THE 


MOST VALUABLE VARIETIES 
OF THE 


PEAR, APPLE, PEACH, PLUM & CHERRY, 


FOR 
NEW-BNGLAND OULTURE, 


BY ROBERT MANNING. 


TO WHICH IS ADDED THE 


GOOSEBERRY, CURRANT, RASPBERRY, STRAWBERRY. 
AND THE GRAPE; 


WITH MODES OF CULTURE. 


ALSO, 


HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS. 


— 


WITH PLATES. 


; Stee = 


First Series for 1838, 
SALEM: 


PUBLISHED BY IVES & JEWETT. 


AND FOR SALE AT THE DIFFERENT BOOK-STORES AND SEED 
ESTABLISHMENTS IN NEW-ENGLAND, 


1838. 


ee 


a Al 


Entered according to Act of Congress ia the year 1838, 


By IVES & JEWETT, 


In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. 


e 


© ee 
SALEM OBSERVER PRESS. 
, 
at Le Bd . 
a *, ie. 7) 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Page. 
Desultory Remarks ee ee - = ltoR 
Root.—-Soil.—Manures - - - - - = - - 13 to 15 
Pruning - - - - . - - - - - - 15 to 17 
Transplanting.—Fire-blight, é&c. - - - - . - 17 to 20 
Experiment in Spring and Fall Transplanting — - - - - 21 
Diseases.—Injurious Insects, &c. - - - - -  - 22 to 24 
Grafting.—Season for cutting them, &c. - - - - - 24 to 26 
Inoculation, or Budding - - - - - - - - 26 to 27 
Cultivation of the Apple and Pear - - - - - - 27 to 30 
Cultivation of the Peach - -  - - - - - - 31 to 32 
Cultivation of the Plum - - - = - - - - 32 to 33 
Cultivation of the Cherry - - - . - - - - 34 
Cultivation of the Currant and Gooseberry - - - - - 34 to 3 
Cultivation of the Isabella Grape - - - - - - 36 to 3S 
Cultivation of the Raspberry - - - - - . - 38 to 39 
Cultivation of the Strawberry - - - - - - - 39 to 45 
50 varieties of the Apple (See Index) -— - - - - 45 to 63 
81 fs e Pear cr - - - - - 64 to 95 
15 ee ot Peach = - . - - - 97 to 101 
20 sé Re Plum st me ~ x - - 101 to 107 
i Cherry ay: - ¥ - - - 108 to 112 
Hardy Ornamental Trees and Shrubs 4 ie - - 118 to llt 
List ef Scotch Gooseberries  - - - - - - - - 115 to 116 


Lindley, on the production of new yarieties of Fruit - - 116 to 118 


_ 


(k= The directions for culture, §ee. and the articles on 
Currant, Raspberry, Gooseberry and Grape, wpe ; 
were furnished by Mr. Joun M. Ives. 


DESULTORY REMARKS. 


292 


Titk PoMOLoGICAL GARDEN was commenced in 1825, with the de- 


sign of forming a large collection of specimen trees of such varieties of 


foreign and native fruits, as were hardy enough to endure the inclemency 
ofa northern winter. Afier a strict examination of the produce of these 
trees, carefully comparing the wood, the leaf and the fruit, with the fig- 
ures and descriptions in the most popular works on Pomology, it was in- 
tended to select for permanent cultivation, those varieties which were at 
once fitted to the climate of New England, anc of high merit in them- 
selves. In furtherance of this purpose, we have assiduously culled 
from American catalogues all that we judged worthy of trial, and im- 
ported from the first European establishments, the fruits most in repute 
with the writers of their respective countries. We have never limited 


ourselves to one specimen, but have in every instance, procured trees of 


each name from many different sources, in order the more surely to ar- 
rive at correct conclusions respecting their identity, as well as to multi- 
ply our means of estimating their comparative value. 


For donations of scions we are indebted to the liberality of many gen- 
tlemen of our own country, who have imported choice fruits from Europe 
for their own gardens ; to the London Horticultural Society, and to the 
learned Doctor Van Mons, of Brussels, from whom we have received 
most of those new and admirable Pears which he has, for many years, 


produced on his own grounds, or obtained from the horticulturists of 


Belgium and Germany. We have also annually collected scions of all 
the new fruits of American origin, and propose to continue the collection 
A* 


6 DESULTORY REMARKS. 


both of these and of trees from the best foreign and native sources. We 
shall subject their produce to the same rigid scrutiny with the contents 
of the present volume ; and shall offer those which prove most valuable 
and hardy to nursery-men and amateurs, who will thus be enabled to 
obtain varieties of tried merit, without danger of the necessity of a re- 
newal, at a future period, after waiting many years for the appearance 
of fruit. 


A supplement to this work will be published at the close of every 
fruit season, describing each desirable kind which has been proved dur- 
ing the season. With the exception of Peaches, we recommend no 
fruit that will not ripen in any part of New England or New York, and 
ia the southern part of Canada, Our selections have been made from 
nearly four hundred kinds, which we have raised yearly. Experience 
has taught us that many fruits, highly extolled by European writers, and 
doubtless of great excellence in their native soil, either perish or degen- 
erate in our colder regions ; and of these and all others which we have 
found in any respect improper for cultivation, we design hereafter to 
publish a catalogue. 


We do not claim for all the varieties herein enumerated, the distine- 
tion of first rate fruits ; some are second rate, admitted in consideration 
of their size, beauty and abundant bearing, though their flavour is not 
the most delicious. The essential characteristics of a first rate tree are, 
health, vigor, and fertility; those of a first rate fruit are, magnitude of 
size, beauty of shape and colour, and richness of flavour. Buta small 
number of fruits, uniting all these qualities, is known to horticultural 
science throughout the world. Besides, in regard to the taste of a fruit, 
the judgment of idividuals greatly varies; what one person would pro- 
nounce exquisite, might to another seem merely tolerable. In commen- 
dation, however, of the kinds described in this manual, we confidently 
declare our conviction, that no possessor of any or all of them would 
willingly relinquish their culture for the purpose of regrafting his trees 
with any other varieties. 


Phere is one circumstance to which we venture to call the attention of 
our readers—that while some recent works on Pomology are compiled 
from earlier authors, or from information derived at second-hand, the 
writers themselves seldom having the means of observation in their 
power, we have in these pages described no specimen which we have 
not actually identified, beyond a reasonable doubt of ils genuineness. 


DESULTORY REMARKS. f 


We offer these notices merely as matters of fact, without embellishments. 
Recording nothing that we have not ourselves witnessed, we have quoted 
no synonims, and referred to the authority of preceding writers no far- 
ther than to adopt the names by which the fruits are known in the cata- 
logue of the London Horticultural Society, the most complete work on 
this subject hitherto offered to the public. 


The innumerable errors in the names of fruits, and the perplexity and 
disappointment arising from this cause, are inconceivable to any but a 
collector. It is very desisable that there should he some acknowledged 
standard, to whose authority, in doubtful cases of this nature, we might 
appeal. Nurserymen and cultivators have generally deemed it a point 
too trifling for consideration. If a fruit was good, the name was sup- 
posed to be of no consequence. A better state of things is, however, 
beginning to prevail, especially in the United States, where a knowledge 
of the subject is widely diffused, and a laudable solicitude is felt that 
catalogues should contain no varieties but what are actually cultivated, 
and ascertained to be identically the kinds which their titles proclaim 
them to be. 


The invoices of trees from France frequently furnish instances of un- 
parallaled ignorance, or even fraud. We have received from what were 
considered the best establishments, large numbers yearly—on one occa- 
sion several hundred—all bearing new and high-sounding names, and 
the greater part of which were suffered to arrive at maturity; but, with 
very few exceptions, the fruit was entirely worthless. 


There is a peculiar difficully in making a selection of choice Apples, 
because, in addition to the very numerous varieties already made known 
by the different Horticultural societies, and included in the nursery cata- 
logues, we are constantly receiving accessions from cultivators and col- 
Jectors; and, in travelling through New England, we find in almost ev- 
ery town, and, indeed, on most farms, some valuable fruits, of local 
origin, which have never been introduced to general notice. Still, we 
do not despair of success in Our endeavors to collect the most desirable 
kinds, both native and foreign. 


A very large number of new pears has been introduced, and was ren- 
dered necessary by the degeneracy of most of those fine old varieties, 
for a long course of years so saccesstully cultivated in this section of 
the country. Some of these old kinds still continue to be favorite fruits - 


S ; DESULTORY REMARKS. 


for the dessert, but in general they have become worthless, and are no 
longer raised on standards, or in the open ground. We are more than 
compensated for their loss by the new Flemish pears, introduced into 
the United States by the liberality of the London Horticultural Society, 
and of Doctor J. B. Van Mous. ‘These new fruits have in most instan- 
ces fulfilled our highest expectations. 


There has also been a large accession to the number of fine Plums 
cultivated in New England, both by introductions from Europe, and by 
new varieties of local origin. 


From.our collection of Plums, not yet proved, we have much to an- 
ticipate 3 we earnestly hope to find among them fruits not only of great 
beauty and delicious flavour, but free from those fatal diseases which 
now disfigure and destroy the finest trees of this species. 


We have obtained fewer additions to the catalogue of Cherries than 
to that of any other fruit ; partly because the season for them is so short, 
that a few varieties suffice for the interval from the first to the latest 
ripening; and because we already possessed a few fine sorts, which 
neither in their growth nor fruit partook in the smallest degree of the de- 
generacy cf the old pears, and some other species; but principally, at 
Jeast this was our own case, from the difficulty of protecting them from 
the birds. The last season we had but few perfect specimens, except 
the Bigarreau. We expected to prove and bring into notice many new 
and valuable sorts, and our disappointment may be imagined at finding . 
ourselves in every instance anticipated by these innocent depredators. 
Such has been the security*they have felt in our grounds, and so great 
their increase, that not only Cherries, Gcoseberries and Currants, but 
Apples, Pears and Plums have shared in their ravages, and given proof 
of their good taste, which invariably Jeads them to the finest fruit; and 
it may become a matter for serious cousideration, whether in continuing 
our protection to them, we do not risk the total loss of some of the most 
desirable appendages to the dessert. 


It willbe observed, that but few Peaches are included among our 
descriptions. We had collected from Europe many fine varieties, and 
from New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, a very large number 
of the most celebrated in those States, where the climate is so favoura- 
bie to their cultivation ; these trees were planted out as specimens, and 
tor many years produced an abundance of delicious fruit; but they have 


DESULTORY REMARKS, +) 


‘all, even the young trees from which we had hoped a future supply, 
fallen victims to the severity of our winters, and the recent short and un- 
propitious summers 3 and we believe the destruction has extended over 
the whole of New England, We still trust, however, upon hardy stocks, 
and with the influence of more genial suns, to be able at some future 
time to exhibit a larger number of specimens than we have ever yet 
done, of this fruit, the most exquisite product of the temperate regions, 


As asource of income, it is believed that no pursuit could more safe- 
ly be relied upon than the cultivation of fruit for the markets of the prin- 
cipal cities of the United States. Many fearful predictions have been 
uttered by those over prudent people who foresee loss and disappoint- 
ment in every undertaking ; but still we find the demand for this luxury 
increasing, while the prices obtained for the finest sorts have not aimin- 
ished, but rather advanced. It is trve that the taste of the public has 
grown fastidious, but to provide for this the grower has only to become 
more scrupulously nice in his choice of varieties, of which the different 
Horticultural societies have made known a multitude sufficiently execl- 
lent to gratify the most refined palate. 


Owners of land would find it for their interest to raise, in orchards, on 
an extended scale, the finest large winter baking pears, either for the 
supply of our own markets, or for exportation to the South, where they 
meet a ready sale ata price which will amply repay the cost and trouble 
of cultivation. 


We well remember the discouraging advice that we frequently received 
at the beginning of our course as a cultivator. We were too old, it was 
said, to expect to reap, in our own person, the fruits of our labours 5 
yet in spite of these and many other prophecies of the same nature, we 
persevered, and have not only had the satisfaction of raising a great va- 
riety and abundance of fine fruit, but of producing, from the seed, the 
Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum, Cherry, Nectarine and Currant. At one 
time we planted a peck of the Siberian Crab Apple, and part of the 
plants oeing suffered to bear, the countless varieties in the size, shape, 
and colour of the fruit were well worthy the attention of the curious ; we 
believe not one specimen of all that we noticed precisely resembled that 
from which it originated, At another time we collected in the market at 

3oston, a large quantity of peach-stones; these were planted in close 
rows in poor land, which caused many of them to bear the fourth year. 
We tasted of uie fruit from more than six hundred trees; they were ofevery 


ee ii 


10 DESULTORY REMARKS. 


degree of merit; some of high excellence, so valuable that we regretted 
they should share the fate of our whole collection of peaches, which, as 
we before observed, were destroyed by the late unfavorable seasons. 


We mention these seminal productions only to show that our labours 
meet a speedy reward, and that a person is seldom so advanced in life 
that he may not reasonably look for both requital and gratification in so 


Jaudable a pursuit. But to a young man with the advantages of fortune 


and a familiarity with the modern languages, researches of this nature 
would open an inexhaustible source of enjoyment. He could scarcely 
be more honorably and usefully occupied than in collecting and identify- 
ing fruits, and introducing them to the notice of his countrymen; nor 
better rewarded than in witnessing his anticipations, from year to year, 
continually realized and continually renewed. The same ardour which 
characterises the collectors of shells, birds and insects, would produce, 
in Horticulture, far more delightful and more noble results. 


A division of the pursuit, so that the attention of one person could be 
exclusively directed to one species of fruit, would probably greatly fa- 
cilitate the progress of investigation, and Jead to many satisfactory con- 
clusions respecting the varictics most worthy of cultivation. Tf France 
has produced her Duhamel, Belgium her Van Mons, and England her 
Thompson, is it unreasonable to seek among gentlemen of leisure and 
education in the United States, for one, who following in the footsteps of 
these illustrious men, with the advantage of the light derived from their 
researches, shall compensate for the long delay of the experimental gar- 
den, promised by our own Horticultural Society. 


In speaking as we have, of the annoyances sustained from birds, we 
are still fully persuaded that these plunderers, as they are sometimes 
called, more than compensate for their occasional inroads upon our or- 
chards by their services in the spring, and also during their incubation, 
in destroying insects. We too often, perhaps, notice the former, while 
the Jatler are remote, or not obtrusive. 


In early spring and during the breeding season, we see them every 
minute of the day in continual progress, flying from the nest for a sup- 
ply, and returning on rapid wing with a grub, a catterpillar, or a small 
reptile. ‘fhe numbers captured by them in the course of these travels 
ave incredibly numerous, keeping under the increase of these races. We 
have seen the Ampcelis, or Cherry Bird, that remarkably silent and dove- 


DESULTORY REMARKS. 11 


like species, in great numbers early in the spring, and also during the 
time of nidification upon our apple trees, when the canker worm was 
about half grown, destroying them in great numbers. It is also known 
to every observer of nature how extremely fond our common and famil- 
iar robin is of grubs, those insidious enemies to our garden crops, as 
well as the slimy slug which often infest our young pear trees ; and any 
individual who may have had the robin as a cage bird, is aware of 
the quantities of inseets, or worms, he will devour in a day; and when 
we take into view the circumstance of these birds having usually two 
broods in a season of four each, it will give us at least some idea of the 
quantity of this peculiar food required for at least four months in each 
year. And although called pluaderers, they are in fact benefactors like- 
wise, secming to be appointed by nature as agents for keeping under the 
increase of these races. Nearly all our hard-billed or granivorous 
birds, are in spring and the early part of our summer decidedly insec- 
tivorous. ‘ Public economy and utility,” says one, “no less than hu- 
manity, plead for the protection of the feathered race; and the wanton 
destruction of birds, so useful, beautiful, and amusing, if not treated as 
such by law, ought to be considered as a crime by every moral, feeling, 
and reflecting mind.” 


HOOK OF FRUITS. 


ROOT.—MANURES. 


Tur root being the commencement and 
foundation of ‘Trees, its office is to collect and 
apply the food which forms and determines its 
growth; hence if the roots grow Juxuriantly, 
the branches will also,—and the reverse. “It 
often happens,” says Miller, ‘that the roots of 
trees are buried too deep in the ground, which 
ina cold or moist soi] is one of the greatest dis- 
advantages that can attend Fruits;—for the 
sap in the branches being by the warmth of 
the air put strongly into motion early in the 
spring, is exhausted in nourishing the blos- 
soms, and a part of it is perspired through the 
wood branches, so that its strength is lost he- 
fore the warmth can reach the shoots to put 
them into an equal motion in search of fresh 
nourishment, to supply the expenses of the 


branches, for want of which the blossoms fall # 


L 


3 


14. BOOK OF FRUITS. 


off and decay.” Most trees will thrive if they 
have two feet in depth of good earth, espe- 
cially when their roots spread near the sur- 
feee ; for whether that which supplies food for 
the ‘Tree be a black, yellow or brown loam, it 
can only be furnished within a certain depth 
from the surface, or within the influence of 
the sun and air. Large roots, running deep 
and spreading wide, may be necessary to pro- 
duce large ‘Timber Trees, but not Fruit Trees, 
for these are more prolific when their roots are 
much divided or fibrous, and kept near thie 
surface of the soil. With regard to the man- 
ure for Fruit ‘Trees, Bradley, Hitt and Miller, 
“consider the food of plants to be salts, which 
every species of earth contains within itself, 
and that according to the proportion of salts 
contained in each kind of soil or manure, will 
its prolificacy be.” We are of opinion from 
the use which we have made of the sea marl 
or muscle bed, that it is on the whole the best 
manure, either for top dressing or shallow 
ploughing, of any substance in use among us, 
particularly when applied to light soils. It is 
said by some, that salt is valuable only as a 
chemical agent, by destroying and hastening 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 15 
the decomposition of animal and vegetable 
substances, and by its deliquescence in many 
instances increasing the fertility of soils. It is 
undoubtedly true, as said by Sir Humphrey 
Davy, that the great object in the application 
of manures should be, “to make it afford as 
much soluble matter as possible to the roots of 
the plant, and that in a slow and gradual man- 
ner, so that it may be entirely consumed in 
forming its sap and organized parts.” Vege- 
table manures in general contain fibrous and 
insoluble matter, which must, says the same 
writer, ‘undergo chemical changes before they 
become the food of plants.” 

If the situation or soil in which Fruit Trees 
are placed, retains stagnant water, destructive 
to their healthy growth, drains must be made 
to carry it off, or means taken to prevent the 
roots from running into it. 


PRUNING. 


It is rather difficult to give upon paper very 
explicit directions in this department of cul- 
ture, as many varieties of Fruit Trees require 
different management: Peaches, cherries, and 
plums are always in the greatest vigor when 


16 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


they are the least maimed by the knife, for 
when these trees have large amputations, they 
are very subject to gum, and decay ; so that 
it is certainly the most prudent method care- 
fully to rub off all useless buds, when they 
are first produced, and pinch others where 
new shoots are wanted to supply vacancies. 
Fruit Trees in this latitude should not be 
pruned in the Fall or Winter, or before the 
sap is in motion, as they are at those times 
exceedingly apt to crack or canker. The 
proper season for pruning we consider, 1s 1m- 
mediately upon the swelling of the buds, or 
expanding of the leaves, as at this time the 
sap being in vigorous motion, the wounds soon 
heal over. Every limb should be eut close to 
the main stem, and if sawed off, should be 
then finished smoothly with a sharp knife. If 
the limb is large, a composition of red ochre 
and tar should be spread upon the end to keep 
out moisture, &c., or the composition here- 
after named. From the strong and vigorous 
growth of Fruit Trees in our country, close 
pruning is less necessary here than in England, 
from whence we have derived most of our in- 
structions ; excessive pruning with us 1s apt 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 17 


to generate suckers from the limbs. Judicious 
pruning, however, will promote health and 
early fruitfulness. Trees differmg, as they 
do in form, require very different treat- 
ment in pruning. Coxe, of New Jersey, says, 
‘** those who can conveniently do it will find a 
benefit from forming the heads of their trees 
in the Nursery, the year before they remove 
them—when transplanted, they will thrive 
more rapidly from not having been pruned at 
the time ef removal.” 

Every limb which crosses another should be 
taken off. In pruning apple and_ pear trees, 
the external branches should be every where 
rendered thin and pervious to the sun. 


TRANSPLANTING. 


In the removal of trees, care is necessary to 
obtain as much of the roots as possible, and in 
re-setting, that none are doubled back and dis- 
torted. Cutting off smoothly the end of each 
root that may be broken or cut by the spade, 
is Indispensable, and all fibrous roots that are 
injured should also be cut close to the root 
upon which they are attached; the root or 
stem should be pressed close down on the 


x 


R* 


18 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


soil, so as to place the roots in a_ horizontal 
direction, and all of them drawn cut straight 
like a fan, or rays verging from a centre toa 
semicircle, and the soil thrown evenly over; 
the tree should not be shaken after the earth 
is placed upon the roots, as is too generally 
practised ; for when a tree is thus raised up, 
the small roots or fibres will be drawn out of 
their places, and when the stem is thrust down 
again, the roots being too weak to force their 
way back into the soil, will be doubled up, 
which often causes knobs, and throws out 
suckers ; neither will the earth require to be 
trodden down hard, but gently; orif it bea 
dry or loose loamy soil, setting im puddle, 
which is to-water as you set it ;—this 
Jast method is undoubtedly the best, when 
an individual has time to attend to it,—it is 
a slower process. Copious watering after a 
tree is set, is often very prejudicial, by wash- 
ing the soil from the roots. 

Fruit ‘Trees should rarely be placed deeper 
in the ground than they originally stood in the 
Nursery. Pear trees bear their fruit on short 
buds, or spurs of one, two, three or more years 
crowth, from the strongest branches ; and the 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 19 


same spurs will continue to produce fruit for 
a great length of time ; but they do not often 
produce fruit until they have a surface of 
branches very large in proportion to the sap 
supplied by the roots. ‘Thus we find that 
when pear trees are planted in a deep, rich 
soil, they grow rapidly, and therefore require 
a number of years to bring them to a bearing 
state; on the contrary, when growing in a 
light or dry shallow soil, they collect but a 
small quantity of sap, and require but a confin- 
ed surface which is produced in a short time, 
and they are consequently brought to a bear- 
ing state in a few years. Wherever canker 
or gum appears, the decayed or infected part 
must be cut entirely out, and some soot mois- 
tened and rubbed over the wound, or the com- 
position hereafter named. ‘This will generally 
prevent its spreading further, and save the 
branch. 

With regard to what is called Fire-blight, 
which occasionally effects the pear tree, during 
the months of June and July, causing the 
branch to turn black and its leaves to wither, 
and which may sometimes be caused by forcing 
or high manuring, or to the duration of the vari- 


20 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


ety (as natural trees are seldom if ever attack- 
ed by it) we know of no better course than 
that which we should pursue in the case of 
the black warts, or exeresences upon the 
plum, which is, to cut off at once the limb 
just below the affected part. 

If trees are found to grow too luxuriantly, 
and to form only wood for years, even afte 
they are of sufficient size and age for the pro- 
duction of fruit, the earth should be removed, 
just before the frost sets in, and a propor- 
tion of the deepest growing roots cut off, thus 
checking its luxuriousness, and rendering it 
more fruitful. ‘“Phis question is often asked. 
which is the best season for removing trees, 
Spring or Fall? Horticulturalists are about 
equally divided, seme preferring one and some 
the other. We think in ordinary seasons, pro- 
vided it can be done early, that Spring is pref- 
erable, particularly for stone fruit and pears up- 
on quinces. Lindly, a popular English writer, 
says that “ Trees cannot be removed from the 
Nursery too soon after the wood has become 
ripe, and the leaves fallen off; for between 
this time and the Winter many of them will 
make fresh roots, and be prepared to push 
forth their young shoots with much more vig- 


BOOK OF FRUITS. ya | 


or in the Spring.” This will not apply to 
New England ; cold weather sets in too early 
after the fall of the Jeaf for this ever to take 
place, and we think it extremely doubtful that 
this can ever occur in the climate of England. 
The impression that fibres will form in the 
Autumn from newly set trees is common, but 
we have never witnessed it. The following 
experiments in Spring and Fall planting have 
been made at our Nurseries, viz: We receiv- 
ed from Albany in November, 1836, two hun- 
dred pear trees, grafted on free stocks, which 
were immediately set out ; and on the follow- 
ing night the ground was completely frozen. 
They all, with the exception of ten, leaved out 
the following Summer. 

In March of the next year, 1837, we re- 
ceived from France the same number of pears 
grafted upon quinces. When they arrived at 
Boston, the frost prevented our setting them, 
and they were immediately taken to Newton, 
and placed in Mr Kenrick’s Moss House. In 
the course of three or four weeks they were 
received at our grounds in North Salem, and 
set cut. We lost but eight of these trees ; six 
of them bore fruit the same season. 


ic) 
iO 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 
DISEASES—INJURIOUS INSECTS, &e. 


The injuries and diseases to which fruit trees 
are subject, are often difficult to be accounted 
for, and the various methods devised for their 
correction so abundant, that the space allotted 
in this small treatise will allow us to select 
but a few of those which we think on the 
whole best. 

The following remedy is found to be the 
most effective in preventing further decay, and 
restorig a healthy vegetation, answering a 
double purpose, being also an excellent graft- 
ing composition. It is given thus :— 

Take one pound of pitch, one pound of 
rosin, half pound beeswax, quarter pound lard, 
quarter pound turpentine, melted and mixed ; 
spread evenly and thin, with a brush upon soft 
kentish cap paper or strips of cotton cloth. 
‘This compound will resist the force of washing 
rains, frost, drying winds, and the influence of 
a changeable atmosphere. . 

Now prepare the tree properly for its appli- 
cation, by cutting away all the dead, decayed, 
and injured parts, till you come to sound 
wood, leaving the surface very smooth, and 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 95 


rounding off the edges of the bark with a 
sharp drawing knife ; then lay the plaster over 
the part cut away. In hollows of trees, you 
must scoop out all the rotten, loose, and dead 
parts, till you come to the sound wood, and 
then apply the composition as above. With 
regard to the destruction of blighting insecis, 
the practice of burning weeds, wet straw, hay, 
&e. to the windward of trees, particularly 
when sulphur is added, is probably as good a 
method as can be adopted. Wood ashes 
sprinkled upon the leaves of pear trees, infest- 
ed by the slimy slug, particularly if it is done 
during wet and drizzly weather, we have 
found very effective in destroying them. ‘The 
canker which destroys many of our fruit trees, 
is said by Scotch gardeners, to be owing to a 
stintiness that takes place in the trees from a 
bad sub-soil. With regard to the insects that 
infest trees, we consider the borer the most 
destructive. ‘The Philadelphia Horticultural 
Society awarded to a Mr Snyder, the premi- 
um for the best assortment of fruits exhibited 
at their show. ‘This man had been in the 
habit of placing ashes of anthracite coal about 
the roots of his fruit trees, and to this circum- 


DA, BOCK OF FRUITS. 


stance he attributed their preservation from 
the attacks of insects. We know not, howey- 
er, a more effectual way of destroying this in- 
sidious insect, than by cutting them out. 


GRAFTING. 


Grafting is the taking of a shoot from one 
tree and inserting it into another, in such a 
manner, that both may unite closely and be- 
come one tree. ‘These shoots are called sci- 
ons or grafts, and in the choice of them we 
observe the following directions. Ist. ‘That 
they are shoots of the former year. 2d. Al- 
ways cut them from healthy, fruitful trees. 
3d. ‘Those are preferable which are taken 
from the lateral or horizontal, rather than from 
the strong perpendicular shoots. 

Grafts may be cut from the trees before the 
buds begin to swell, in February or March, or 
Jate in the Fall. ‘hey should be buried halt 
their length in the ground, or in a cool and 
dry cellar. ‘The season for grafting must be 
regulated by the weather, which is so un- 
certain in our climate, that we think it better 
to defer. the operation till the circulation of the 
sap is brisk, and the buds of the stocks are 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 25 


putting forth their leaves. In a long contin- 
uance of dry weather, grafts frequently fail of 
taking. This operation is generally more suc- 
cessful, if performed in a moist or cloudy day. 

Among the various methods of engrafting, 
the following we consider as successful as any 
described, viz: cleft or slit-grafting. It is 
performed on stocks from one to two inches 
in diameter. The head of the stock being 
carefully cut off in a sloping direction, a per- 
pendicular cleft or slit is to be made, about 
two inches deep towards the back of the 
slope, into which a wedge is to be driven, in 
order to keep it open for the admission of the 
scion ; the latter must now be cut in a per- 
pendicular direction, and in the form of a 
wedge, so as to fit the incision in the stock, 
in such a manner that the inner bark of both 
the stock and scion may mect exactly. It is 
then covered over with grafting clay, compos- 
ed of half cow-dung, free from litter, and fresh 
loam well incorporated, or the following com- 
position, which is made of equal parts of rosin, 
beeswax and tallow, or lard, melted and spread 
upon strips of brown paper or cloth. We 
have practised grafting under the bark in 
Spring, in the manner of budding with good 

c 


Ib BOOK OF FRUITS. 


success, applying in every case the composi- 
tion in preference to the clay. 
BUDDING, &e. 

Inoculation or budding, is commonly prac- 
tised upon stone fruits, such as peaches, cher~ 
ries, plums, &c., and we think it preferable to 
grafting for nearly all kinds of fruit. 

The object in budding is the same as in 
grafting, and depends on the same principle ; 
all the difference between a bud and a scion 
being, that a bud is a shoot or scion in embryo. 
When grafting has been omitted, or has failed 
in Spring, budding comes in as an auxiliary 
in Summer. ‘The season for budding is from 
the beginning of July to the middle of Au- 
gust, the criterion being the formation of buds 
in the axille of the leaf of the present year. 
The best buds are those cn the middle of a 
young shoot, not those at the lower end; stocks 
for budding may in general be much smaller 
than for grafting, as the operation may be per- 
formed on the same year’s shoot. The French 
enumerate twenty-three varieties of budding; 
but the variety in general use with us is the 
following, called shield or T budding. It is 
thus performed: Select a smooth part of the 
stock. rather from. than towards. the sun; 


BOOK OF FRUITS. ya | 


then with the budding-knife make a horizon- 
tal cut across the bark, quite through to the 
firm wood ; from the middle of this transverse 
cut, make a slit downward, an inch or more 
long, going also quite through to the wood. 
This done, proceed to cut out from the scion 
the bud, cutting nearly half way into the wood, 
then with the thumb nail or point of the knife 
take out the wood, observing that the eye or 
germ of the bud remains perfect ; if not, and 
a little hole appears in that part, it is imper- 
fect, or as gardeners express it, the bud has lost 
its root and another must be prepared. Many 
gardeners do not take out the wood, consider- 
ing it unnecessary, but insert the bud with 
the wood attached. With regard to the fu- 
ture treatment, see the article on the cultiva- 
tion of the Pear. 
APPLES. 

With regard to the transplanting, pruning, 
&c. of Apple Trees, the directions hereafter 
given in the article “Cultivation of the Pear,” 
will generally apply to this fruit. 

CULTIVATION OF THE PEAR. 

Pears are propagated by grafting in the 

Spring, or budding late in Summer, either 


28 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


upon the common pear stock, or upon the 
quince. The pear-stock is undoubtedly the 
best for those intended for open standards or 
orchard planting, but the quince stocks (which 
have for a long time been used by the French 
for dwarfs or half-standards) occupy but lit- 
tle space in a garden, are productive, and 
the fruit they produce is frequently of a larg- 
er size than the same grown on pear stocks. 
Dubreiul recommends the quince stock for 
clayey and light soils, and the free stock pear, 
for chalky and silecious soils. Grafting or 
budding pears upon the white thorn is some- 
times practised with success. ‘The quince 
stock should be budded at or below the sur- 
face of the ground, when the bark will sepa- 
rate entirely from the wood, which in this lat- 
itude takes place about the last of July or early 
in August. 

The following Spring, when the bud com- 
mences pushing, cut the stock off to within 
three inches of the bud, and in the next seas- 
on finish or cut off the snag smoothly to the 
bud or shoot. In the third season, when the 
trees are removed to the situation in which 
they are to remain for fruiting, be careful to 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 29 


re-set them at least one inch below the inser- 
tion of the bud, as shown in the following cut 
of a trained tree. 


‘This cut of a dwarf tree is placed to show the position of the quince 
stock, when grafted or budded with the pear one inch below the surface of 


the soil. 


c* 


Q 


30 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


Setting the stock one inch below the bud 
or scion, will preserve it from the cold in 
Winter and the insidious borer in Spring. In 
order to produce fruit early, the side shoots or 
spurs should be suffered to remain upon the 
whole extent of the tree, as they will then 
generally form fruit buds upon each spur. 
‘These trees are admirably adapted for small 
gardens, occupying but little space, less ex- 
posed to high winds, affording greater security 
to heavy fruit. One of our best new Euro- 
pean Pears, the ‘Duchess of Angouleme,” 
when grown as a dwarf produces a fine large 
fruit, but small and greatly inferior when 
grown upon a standard. ‘ When pears are 
grafted or budded on the wild species, apples 
upon crabs,and peaches upon peaches, the scion 
is,in regard to fertility, exactly in the same state 
as if ithad not been grafted at all; while on 
the other hand, a great increase of fertility is 
the result of grafting pears upon quinces, 
peaches upon plums, apples upon the thorn, 
and the like. In these cases the food absorb- 
ed from the earth by the root of the stock is 
communicated slowly to the scion.” No other 
influence have we ever noticed exercised by 
the scion upon the stock. 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 31 


PEACHES. 


All the varieties of peaches are generally 
continued by budding, and new ones obtain- 
ed by planting the stones, which should be 
done as soon after they are separated from 
the pulp as possible. ‘The plum is a good 
stock to engraft this fruit upon, particularly 
if wanted for dwarfs or trained to espaliers. 
Among the casualties to which these trees are 
subject, the worm, or grub, as we call it, 
is the most destructive. Its attacks ordinari- 
ly begin in the stem, near the surface of the 
earth; and if not arrested, will soon reach 
the root, causing gum to exude from the 
wound. ‘The following are some of the rem- 
edies resorted to for their destruction. Ist. 
The application of boiling water to the roots : 
2d. A similar application of unslacked lime, 
about one quart to a tree of ordinary size. 3d. 
Removing the surface of the soil and substi- 
tuting tanner’s bark. Removing the earth in 
the month of November and exposing the 
roots to the action of frost during the Winter, 
as has been sometimes done, we should not 
recommend, as it would often prove fatal to 


Spe BOOK OF FRUITS. 


the tree. In the state of New Jersey, where 
this fruit is raised in great quantities, they 
adopt the following practice to destroy this in- 
sect. In the Spring, when the blossoms are 
out, they clear away the soil, so as to expose 
the root of the tree, to the depth of three 
inches; then surround it with straw about 
three feet long, applied lengthwise, so that it 
may have a covering one inch thick, which 
extends to the bottom of the hole, the butt- 
ends of the straw resting on the ground at the 
bottom; binding this round the tree with three 
bands, one near the top, one at the middle, and 
the third at the surface of the earth; they then 
fill up the hole at the root with earth, and press 
it closely round the straw. By this process it 
is said that the fly is prevented from depositing 
its ege within three feet of the root; and al- 
though it may place the egg above that dis- 
tance, the worm travels so slow that it cannot 
reach the ground before frost, and therefore is 
killed before it is able to injure the tree. For 
Budding, &c. see the article under that head. 


PLUMS. 


»* . . e 
The plum tree flourishes best in a rich, 
sandy loam, neither too dry nor too moist. 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 33 


A cold, wet, clayey soil, or a dry sandy situ- 
ation is not considered so favorable. ‘They 
thrive best in our neighborhood near the bor- 
ders of the sea, which we think is owing to 
their being in such situations not so subject to 
the insect called Curculio, which periorates 
and destroys the fruit; these insects are not 
so abundant here as in the vicinity of Bos- 
ton; they are said to avoid the salt air. 

Salem, which may almost be called a pen- 
insula, being nearly surrounded by the sea, 
has been for many years known to produce 
annually more fruit of this kind than any 
other city or town in the State. Plum trees 
are also liable to be attacked by an insect 
which causes large black bunches or warts to 
be formed on the limbs, but as there are sev- 
eral varieties which are said to be exempted 
from this disease, we hope to find among up- 
wards of one hundred kinds we have receiv- 
ed from different sources, a desirable variety 
which may be always free from this destruc- 
tive insect, and which we may describe here- 
after. 


we 


BOGK OF FRUITS. 


Co 
Rites 


CHERRIES. 


Cherries, like stone fruit in general, are 
usually produced by budding, seldom by graft- 
ing ; if by the latter process, we think it should 
be done early in the Spring, particularly if by 
split. grafting. Grafting under the bark can 
be done later and with more certainty of tak- 
ing. Budding in July or August, we should 
decidedly prefer. With regard to this fruit, 
as is the case with strawberries, various opin- 
ions exist as to the most desirable sorts for 
culture. The black ‘Tartarian and the Grid- 
ley Bigarreau or apple cherry, are highly 
prized as Black Hearts. ‘The white Bigar- 
reau and the Napoleon as white hearts, are 
probably as productive, and desirable, as any 
sve have as yet seen. 


CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY. 


These are easily raised from cuttings, pro- 
vided you have moist soil, by putting them 
into the ground immediately upon the falling 
of the leaf, when the shoots of the Summer 
are well ripened, or very early in the follow- 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 35 


ing Spring; the part inserted into the ground 
should be cut across a bud, and then set from 
three to five inches deep, according to the na- 
ture of the soil and situation, being careful to 
rub off all the buds below the surface ; they 
should not be suffered to push near the ground, 
but as buds appear they must also be taken 
off, training them as dwarfs or half standards. 
Both currants and gooseberries bear their 
fruit on the last year’s shoots, and on short 
natural studs or spurs. The gooseberry will 
continue to bear on the same buds or spurs 
for many years, particularly if the branches 
are kept open and free for the admission of 
the sun and air. To have large and fine fruit 
from the currant and gooseberry, they should 
be trained to resemble a well formed tree in 
miniature ; the ground near the bushes should 
be well manured, particularly the last named 
fruit. ‘The gooseberry requires a rich loam, 
free from weeds. Early in the Spring, spade 
carefully around the roots, turning the soil 
well over; prune them by cutting out every 
worn out, decayed or irregular branch; let 
none be permitted to grow across each other ; 
cut out all the superabundant, lateral shoots 


36 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


of the last summer, on the old wood near the 
eround, oaly retaining here and there one ia - 
vacant parts, to form successional bearers, and 
to supply the places of unfruitful branches. 
Gosseberries are liable to mildew, if placed 
in a confined situation; they want a free, 
open exposure. 

The varieties of this fruit are yery exten- 
sive, and of various colors, white, green, yel- 
low, red, and dark purple. ‘They differ much 
in quality ; some of the Jargest fruited kinds 
having a thick skin, are fit only for cooking, 
while others are fine for the table. In select- 
ing from the catalogues, we should send for 
those, without regard to names, which have 
been tested by the nursery-man, and proved 
to be the best flavored. 


GRAPE. 


The ripening of foreign grapes in the open 
air, in the climate of New England, is very 
uncertain ; and the necessity of covering them 
in Winter will undoubtedly prevent their gen- 
eral culture. ‘The editor of the Magazine of 
Horticulture, Mr. Hovey, justly says, ‘that 
the cultivation of foreign grapes in the open 


BOOK OF FRUITS. oi 


air, must, we think, except in cities, be gen- 
erally given up. For three or four years past 
scarcely a crop has ripened.” Among the 
varieties of native grapes, we should not 
recommend the Catawba, although consider- 
ed by Mr. Adlum, ‘to be worth all others as 
a wine grape ;” still its lateness is a great ob- 
jection, it never having ripened with us. We 
should decidedly prefer the Isabella. This 
fine native grape was introduced into New 
York about sixteen years since, by Mrs. Isa- 
bella Gibbs, from South Carolina, and was 
named Isabella by William Prince, Esq., of 
Flushing, L. I. The vine is extraordina- 
ry for the vigor of its growth and great 
productiveness. A single vine, in 1820, 
produced eight bushels. It is a late fruit, 
and in a shady situation or upon an open 
trellis rarely if ever ripens its berries. It should 
be trained to a wall, fence, or out-building, 
where it can receive the sun’s rays nearly the 
whole day, at least from its rising till three in 
the afternoon. This vine wants no protec- 
tion in Winter, and the best season for prun- 
ing, we consider early in April. They may 
be increased by layers or cuttings. 
D 


38 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


Although grape vines are generally pruned 
mi the Fall, which may be the best season for 
the foreign grape, we still, from our own ex- 
perience with the Isabella, decidedly prefer the 
Spring for this variety. Pruning vines in the 
Spring is often objected to from fear of their 
bleeding. ‘This, however, rarely takes place,pro- 
vided it is performed early in April,and the sec- 
tion which is faid bare be presented to the sun’s 
rays, Which will almost invariably close up 
the sap vessels; they should, therefore, be cut 
from the outside, inward, in an oblique direc- 
ton. 


RASPBERRIES. 


The white and red Antwerp are the two most 
desirable sorts for cultivation; they should 
never be grown together in masses; as the 
red, being more inclined to wood, will event- 
stally choke or injure the growth of the white. 
The time to plant young sucker shoots, of last 
summer, 1s early in Spring; choose them 
strong, about three or four feet growth, de- 
tached with good roots, and prune the weak 
top part; plant them in rows four feet and a 
half or five feet asunder by three feet, in the 
rows ; prune old plantations, cutting out the 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 39 


dead stems, or the last Summet’s bearers, for the 
same shoots or stems never bear but once, be- 
ing succeeded by young ones produced from 
the root every summer, which become barren 
next year, and perish the following Winter, 
and should now be cut out as above, close to 
the ground; and then thin the young shoots 
to three, four, or five of the strongest on each 
stock, and prune them at the top. A cultivator 
near Boston says—‘ ‘The Raspberry should 
always be cut about five feet high ; it increas- 
es the quantity and size of the fruit, as well 
as encourages the growth of the suckers, for 
the following year. {It should, however, not 
be done until all chance of severe frost is over; 
yet before the buds shoot, the stems ought af- 
terwards to be lightly tied together at the top, 
or to stakes placed in the ground.” 


STRAWBERRY. 


There are several varieties of this most de- 
licious fruit, and many opinions relative to the 
best flavored and most prolific sort. At Al- 
bany they commend the Methven Castle as 
the most profitable and productive ; at Rox- 
bury the royal scarlet and pine apple. A cul- 


AO BOOK OF FRUITS. 


tivator at Dorchester highly approves of the 
early Virginia scarlet, which last is probably 
as productive as any for general culture. ‘The 
Downton Red Alpine, (without runners,) and 
Keen’s Seedling, are also desirable varieties. 

Propagation.—With the exception of the 
bush Alpine, which is only increased by di- 
visions of the root, all the varieties multiply 
spontaneously every season, by numerous run- 
ners from the parent plant, which, rooting and 
forming a plant at every jot, only require, 
for the production of fruit in abundance, re- 
moval to a bed where they may have room to 
flourish. Such plants will bear the Summer 
succeeding the planting, and in the second 
year will be in full perfection. ‘The best way 
is to supply a new plantation, with plants 
which have been taken from runners and set 
cut in nursery beds the previous season. But 
Where such cannot be had, those of the pres- 
ent season will answer. 

Soil and situation.—Strawberries will grow 
and produce fruit on almost any soil of mode- 


rate fertility; but they are most productive on 
a deep rich loam. ‘They should be in an open 
situation, exposed to the sun and air, and not 


BOOK OF FRUITS. Ad 


under trees. ‘The Alpine strawberries, how- 
ever, admit of being placed in a more shady 
situation, as it is during the hot and dry sea- 
son of the year that they are intended for 
bearing ; which they will not do if allowed to 
suffer from drought; few are willing to take 
the pains to water them as much as they 
would require. 

Transplanting.—The best time for doing 
this is in the Spring; but if performed with 
proper care, they succeed nearly or quite as 
well when transplanted early in Autumn, say 
in the early part of September. The ground 
should be well manured and dug, a month be- 
fore transplanting. ‘The chief care required 
when the work is done in Autumn, is to guard 
against the plants being thrown out by frost, 
which is best effected by treading the soil 
closely about the roots. 

Culture.—The distance of the plants asun- 
der, where the soilis rendered sufficiently fer- 
tile, should be, for the larger varieties (such as 
Methven and Keen’s seedling,) twenty inches 
from row to row and fifteen inches in the row ; 
the smaller varieties may be a little nearer to- 
gether. This distance may seem too great, 

n* 


42, BOOK OF FRUITS. 


but it is much better than crowding the plants 
too closely, which is the more common error. 
It is only by affording sufficient room for the 
plants to receive the benefit of sun, air, and 
of culture, that the fruit will ripen early, and 
acquire a good size and agreeable flavor. Keen, 
of Isleworth in England, a most successful 
cultivator of this fruit and who raised the cel- 
ebrated Keen’s seedling, says, in speaking of 
the large distances he adopted in planting,— 
“these distances I find necessary, for the 
trusses of fruit in my garden ground are fre- 
quently @ foot lung.” ‘The following is his 
method of culture, in his own words: ‘ After 
the beds are planted, I always keep them as 
clear of weeds as possible, and on no account 
allow any crop to be planted between the 
rows. Upon the growing of the runners, | 
have them cut when necessary ; this is usually 
three times in each season. In Autumn I al- 
ways have the rows dug between ; for I find 
it refreshes the plants materially; and I re- 
commend to those persons to whom it may be 
convenient, to scatter in the Spring, very light- 
ly, some loose straw or long dung between 
the rows. [t serves to keep the ground moist, 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 43 


enriches the strawberry, and forms a clean 
bed for the trusses of fruit to lie on; and thus 
by a little extra trouble and cost, a more abun- 
dant crop may be obtained. A short time be- 
fore the fruit ripens, I always cut off the run- 
ners, to strengthen the root; and after the 
fruit is gathered, I have what fresh runners 
have been made,taken off with a reaping-hook, 
together with the outside leaves around the 
main plant, after which [ rake the beds, then 
hoe them, and rake them again. In the Au- 
tumn, unless the plants appear very strong, I 
have some dung dug in, between the rows, but 
if they are very luxuriant the dung is not re- 
quired ; for in some rich soils it would cause 
the plants to turn nearly all to leaf. I also 
have to remark, that the dung used for manure 
should not be too far spent ; fresh dung from 
the stable door, is prefererable to spit-dung, 
which many persons are so fond of.” 

In thus recommending a thorough method 
of culture, we would by no means wish to 
discourage those who have not yet attempted 
raising this excellent fruit, and who think they 
cannot afford to adopt such culture, from at- 
tempting it altogether; mdeed if proper va- 


AA, BOOK OF FRUITS. 


rieties are obtained, good crops may be had 
with little or no care after transplanting ; we 
have known beds almost untouched for years 
to yield plentifully.. Nevertheless, we consid- 
er the cheapest method, ultimately, of raising 
this fruit, is by thorough culture ; that the 
greatest amount of fruit is shbacel in this 
way for the care and labor expended, and that 

the quality is so much superior to that obtain- 
_ed from slight culture, as to give the former 
practice very decided advantages. When the 
beds have much diminished in their product, 
new plantations must be made to supply their 
piace. ‘This generally takes place in four or 
five years. 

A. grower of this fruit in New York subjoins 
his method of cultivating, thus—“ In the Fall, 
cover the beds slightly with straw, and burn 
all down; then dig in between the hills with 
a trowel or deep hoe, rake smooth, and re- 
place with a fresh dressing two inches thick, 
for winter protection, &c. The hills ought to 
be no more than twelve inches apart, and two 
or three stems in a hill. While the fruit is 
setting, water morning and evening, witha 


=? 
table spoonful of salt to each pail of rain or 


BOOK OF FRUITS. Ab 


river water; if well water, it should be ex- 
posed to the sun some time. A bed planted 
from any gocd variety in full bearing, will, 
thus treated, always insure a good crop. Kar- 
ly in September is the best time to plant, 
choosing the first made runner plants, or some 
offsets for immediate bearing. ‘The runners 
will come in, the second and third season.” 


APPLES. 


No. 1. Larly Harvest. 


This is the earliest apple worthy of culti- 
vation: the form is flat, of medium size; the 
skin when perfectly ripe, is of a beautifully 
bright straw color; the flesh tender and spright- 
ly ; if gathered before they are fully ripe, it has 
too much acidity. The finest fruits are those 
which drop ripe from the tree; the branches 
make very acute angles, by which it is readily 
distinguished from most other trees in_ the 
orchard ; it bears young—ripe in July and 
August. 


AB BOOK OF FRUITS. 


No. 2. Early Bough. 

This is a large handsome apple, the form 
sometimes oblong, the skin a pale yellow, of- 
ten with a bright red tinge, the flesh sweet 
and tender; it is a good bearer, and deserves 
extensive cultivation. Ripe in August. 


No. 3. American Red Juneating. 


This apple is of medium size, oblong; the 
skin is a beautiful red, slightly streaked and 
mixed with yellow ; the flesh is rich, spright- 
ly and good; the tree is of upright growth ; 
it bears well and ripens in August. Although 
it bears the name of American Red Juneating, 
we have strong doubts of its having origina- 
ted in this country; we think it may be the 
striped Juneating of Ronald. 


No. 4. Summer Queen. 

A large oblong apple, striped with red on a 
yellow ground ; the flesh is yellow, very high 
flavored, and excellent. ‘The tree is of vigor- 
ous growth, a great bearer. Ripe in August. 

No. 5. Early Red Margaret. 


A middle sized apple; the shape round, 
somewhat flat; the skin a greenish yellow, 


BOOK OF FRUITS. AT 


striped with dark red; the flesh white, juicy, 
and agreeable ; it bears early and abundantly. 
Ripe the middle of August. 


No. 6. Summer Rose. 


A very beautiful and excellent fruit; the 
size 1s moderate; the form round; the skin 
yellow, striped, and mottled with red; the 
flesh is sweet, juicy, and fine. Ripe in Au- 
gust. <A great bearer. 


No. 7. Summer Pearmain. 


This apple is of medium size, the form ob- 
long and very regular; the skin a dark red, 
striped with a small proportion.of yellow ; the 
flesh very tender and good, juice not abun- 
dant. It is one of our finest Summer apples ; 
bears abundantly ; and ripens in August and 
September. 


No. 8. Rambour d’ete. 


This apple is of large size and flat form ; 
the skin light red, striped with yellow ; the 
flesh is firm, rich and sprightly ; the trees as- 
sume a spreading form of vigorous growth and 
great productiveness. Ripe in September. 


AS BOOK OF FRUITS. 


No. 9. Fall Harvey. 

This is a large and handsome fruit, the 
shape flat with broad ribs extending from the 
stem to the eye; the skin sometimes a clear 
bright yellow, but mostly a light yellow, occa- 
sionally with a bright red cheek; the flesh 
yellow, firm, rich and high flavored; it is 
much cultivated in Essex county, Mass., where 
it may have originated. It is without ques- 
tion the finest Fall and early Winter apple. A 
good bearer, and deserving extensive cultiva- 
tion. 

No. 10. Drap dor, - 

A large flat apple, of a bright, but pale yel- 
low color, covered all over with small black 
pips, (never with a redcheek;) the flesh is ten- 
der, very light and pleasant; the growth of 
the tree is large and spreading ; it bears well 
and should be found in every good collection. 
Ripe in September and October. This is the 
Drap d’or of Cox and Ronald, but not of Du- 
hamel. 

No. 11. Hawthorndean. 


This fruit is of medium size; of a flat 
and very regular form, and remarkably hand- 


BOOK OF FRUITS. A, 


some ; skin of a pale yellow, nearly white, 
with a brilliant red on the side exposed to the 
sun; the flesh white, very juicy, but not high 
flavored. It bears very young and most abun- 
dantly every year; it is one of the best mar- 
ket fruits in the fall and early winter months. 


No. 12. Williams’ Favourite Red. 
This apple originated in Roxbury, Mass. : 


it is of medium size, oblong form; the skin a 
bright and deep red ; the flavour pleasant and 
agreeable. It is a good bearer and a most 
beautiful fruit—ripening in August. 


No. 13. Benoni. 


This fine and beautiful apple was introduc- 
ed to notice by E. M. Richards, Esq. of Ded- 
ham. It is of medium size, form round and 
regular; the flesh yellow, high flavoured and 
excellent ;—it bears well; ripens in July and 
August ; and should be found in every good 
collection. 


No. 14. Red Doctor Apple. 


A large and handsome fruit, of a flat form ; 
striped and clouded with red on a yellow 
E 


50 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


ground; the flesh is tender, breaking and 
high flavoured. It bears well, and ripens from 
October to December. 


No. 15. Boxford. 


This apple was first cultivated in Boxford, 
Essex County, where it may have originated. 
The size is middling, form round, skin striped 
with red and yellow; the flesh yellow, rich 
and good. Mipens in the fall months, and is 
thought to be a fine apple. 


No. 16. Red Astracan. 


This beautiful apple is of medium size, of a 
round and rather flat form; the skin is dark 
red covered with a thick bloom like a plum ; 
the flesh is white, tender and good, some- 
what acid; it keeps but a short time after 
being gathered, but the beauty of the fruit 
and its early and great bearing render it de- 
sirable in every collection, especially 1f intend- 
ed for the market. Ripe in August. 


No. 17. Oslin. 


This apple is of medium size, the form fiat 
and regular, the skin a bright yellow with 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 51 


some dark clouded spots ; the flesh firm, of a 
brisk and high flavour. It bears young and 
most abundantly, and ripens in September. 


No. 18. AKilham Hill. 


Originated on the farm of Doctor Kilham, 
in Wenham, Essex county, Mass. ; the size is 
sometimes large, the form round, a little oblong ; 
the skin yellow, striped with red; the flesh is 
yellow and high flavored, but soon becomes 
dry ; it bears young and constantly, and ripens 
from September to November. The tree is 
of a spreading but not regular form, and may 


be known by small warts or protuberances on 
the bark. 


No. 19. Lyscom. 


This apple originated in Southborough, 
Mass. ; it is of medium size, rather oblong, 
and very regular; the skin dull red with 
greenish yellow. The flesh is not high fla- 
vored, but of a peculiarly mild and agreeable 
taste. It bears well; ripens in October, and 
will sometimes keep till January. 


No. 20. Porter. 
Originated on the farm of the Rey. Samuel 


52 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


Porter, in Sherburne, Mass. The fruit is 
sometimes large, the shape oblong, pointed at 
the blossom end ; the skin of a bright yellow ; 
often with a blush of red on the sunny side ; 
the flesh fine, sprightly and agreeable. It 
bears well, ripens in September and October, 
and isa most beautiful fruit, either for the 
market or private garden. 


No. 21. Duchess of Oldenburg. 


A valuable and handsome apple, said to be 
of Russian origin. ‘The size is middling, form 
round and rather flat; skin of a beautiful yel- 
low, striped with red; flavour very pleasant 
and good. It bears well, and ripens in Sep- 
tember and October. 


No. 22. Yellow Ingestrie. 

A beautiful apple, raised by Mr. Knight, 
President of the London Horticultural Society. 
The size is small, form round and regular ; 
the skin of a golden yellow, with some black 
spots; the flesh yellow, firm and delicate. It 
is an abundant bearer, and ripens in October. 


No. 23. Red Ingestrie. 


This apple is of medium size, of a round 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 53 


form ; the skin bright yellow, tinged and strip- 
ed with red on the side exposed to the sun; 
the flesh very rich, high flavoured and juicy. 
It bears well and ripens in October. 


No. 24. Franklin Golden Pippen. 


This apple is supposed to be of American 
origin ; it is of middle size, the form oval and 
very regular; the skin of rather a dark yellow, 
without a blush, but sprinkled with dark col- 
ored specks; the flesh yellow, tender and 
very agreeable to the taste. ‘The tree grows 
well, is of an upright form, and the fruit is 
ripe in October and November. 


No. 25. Kerry Pippin. 


Fruit of medium size ; the form oblong, flat- 
tened at the eye and stalk; the skin a bright 
yellow, striped and marbled with red; the 
flesh tender and high flavored. This is a 
most beautiful variety ; it bears well, and rip- 
ens in September and October. 


No. 26. Gravenstein. 


Fruit large ; the form for the most part ob- 
long, sometimes flat; the skin of a light yel- 
E* 


5A BOOK OF FRUITS. 


low, striped and beautifully mottled with red ; 
flesh very fine, with a brisk high flavoured juice. 
This is one of the most valuable apples, ripen- 
ing in October, and keeping good several 
months. The tree is of a strong and healthy 
growth and upright form. 


No. 27. Ribstune Pippin. 

Fruit sometimes large, of a flat form; the 
skin is a mixture of russet and yellow, with 
dull red on the side exposed to the sun; the 
flesh very yellow and firm, with a sharp, rich 
flavour; the tree is ofa spreading but not very 
regular form ; it bears well, and ripens in the 
fall and early winter months. 


No. 28. Golden Russet. 


The origin of this apple is unknown ; it ap- 
pears to have been first cultivated in Essex 
County, Mass.; the fruit is of medium size, 
round, rather oblong, and of a regular form ; 
the skin is a smooth yellow russet; flesh re- 
markably tender, spicy and high flavoured. 
The tree is very upright and handsome in its 
growth; bears abundantly ; and is a valuable 
fruit, ripening in October, November and 
December. 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 55 


No. 29. Blue Pearmain. 


This fruit is large, the form round, the skin 
red, striped and mottled with darker red, and 
covered with a bloom like a plum; the flesh 
mild and agreeable. ‘This is a most excellent 
variety. Ripe in October, and keeping till 
February. 


No. 30. Red Quarenden. 


Fruit of medium size, of a flat form; skin a 
very dark red; flesh white, juicy and ofa 
pleasant flavour. Ripe in October and No- 
vember. 


No. 31. Wine Apple. 


Fruit large, round, sometimes oblong ; the 
skin a bright red, striped with a little yellow, 
with russet round the stock; the flesh rich 
and pleasant ; the form of the tree is spread- 
ing; it bears young and abundantly, and rip- 


ens in the autumn and early winter months. 


No. 32. Fuameuse. 
Fruit middle size ; of a flat form, skin light, 
yellow and green, mixt with pale red and dark 
red blotches on the side exposed to the sun ; 


56 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


flesh remarkably white, tender, juicy and good. 
This is a very handsome apple. ‘The tree bears 
well, and the fruit ripens from October to De- 


cember. 
“hae 


: 


] 
No. 33. Menagere. 


This apple is said to be of German origin ; 
it is the largest apple we have seen ; the form 
flat in shape like a large English turnip; the 
skin of a light yellow ; the flesh pleasant, but 
more adapted to the kitchen than the dessert, 
It bears well trained as a dwarf, and ripens 
from October to February. 


No. 34. Mhode island Greening. 


This is a well known and favourite apple ; 
the size is large, the shape round, flat at the 
end ; the color, when ripe, a greenish yellow ; 
the flesh yellow, tender, juicy and rich. The 
growth of the tree is vigorous and spreading. 

It bears well, and ripens from November to 
February. 


No. 35. Lovett Sweet. 


This apple originated on the farm of Mr. 
Lovett, of Beverly, Essex County, Mass.; it 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 57 


is of medium size, the form round; the skin, 
when ripe, a light yellow; the flesh rich, 
sweet and good. It is highly prized as a 
winter fruit. 


No. 36. Murphy. 


This apple in appearance resembles the 
Blue Pearmain ; the shape is more oblong, the 
size not so large ; the skin light red, streaked 
and mottled with blotches of darker red; the 
flesh white, tender and good. It is in use 
from November to February. Raised from seed. 


by Mr David Murphy, of Salem, Mass. 


No. 37. Ortley Pippen. 


The size sometimes large; the form, 
oblong; the skin, when ripe, a bright yellow, 
with a little red on the side next the sun; 
the flesh yellow, breaking and high flavoured, 
in this respect, approaching to the taste of the 
Newton pippen more than any other apple. 
The tree assumes a handsome, spreading 
form, bears well, and the fruit ripens from 
December to March. 


58 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


No. 38. Newtown Spitzenburg. 


The size is large; the form round and 
regular; the skin a dark red, striped, streaked 
with shades of dull red; the flesh yellow, rich 
and high flavoured. A most beautiful and 
valuable apple; in perfection from October 
till February. 

No. 39. White Winter Calville. 

This is one of the most celebrated French 
dessert apples; the size is large, the form 
flat, with ribs extending from the stem to the 
eye; the skin, when ripe, of a bright yellow, 
sometimes with a blush of pale red; the flesh 
white, tender and pleasant, without being 
high flavored. It is an abundant bearer, and 
the fruit ripens from November to March. 


No. 40. Pennocks. 


This is alarge apple ; the form round, rather 
oblong ; the skin a dull red, slightly streaked 
with yellow ; the flesh yellow, sweet and ten- 
der; good for the table and excellent for bak- 
ing. ‘The tree grows to a large size, and 
forms an open spreading head. It bears well 
every year, and is in use during the winter 
months. 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 59 
No. 41. Baldwin. 


This fine apple, so well known in New 
England, hardly needs a description. It is of 
medium size ; the form round, the skin mostly 
of a brilliant red, with some indistinct yellow 
streaks ; In some situations a large proportion 
of yellow; the flesh is very fine, crisp, juicy 
and rich; it bears abundantly every other 
year; keeps well through the winter, and 
although so common, it will bear comparison 
with the finest of the new varieties. 


No. 42. Lady Apple. 


The size is small, the form flat, the skin at 
maturity is a bright yellow, with a brilliant 
red cheek, and very smooth; the flesh white, 
breaking, mild and agreeable, but not high 
flavoured. The beautiful appearance of this 
little apple renders it worthy of cultivation. 
The tree is of more upright growth than any 
other apple tree in the orchard ; it grows to a 
large size before it produces fruit; it then 
bears well, and is in use from January till 


March. 


50 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


No. 43. Bellflower. 


This is a large and beautiful apple; the 
form is very oblong, tapering to the eye; the 
skin a bright yellow, sometimes without any 
red, but for the most part the side exposed to 
the sun has a bright red cheek; the: flesh is 
rich, tender and sprightly ; before perfectly 
ripe it has too much acidity. It bears well, 
though not abundantly, every year, and ripens 
in October, and keeps till February ; it is a 
valuable market fruit. The growth of the 
tree is large and spreading, and if not trained 
high, the branches will reach the ground when 
joaded with fruit. 


No. 44. Swaar. 


This is a large apple, the form round, 
somewhat flat; the skin is very smooth, 
of alight yellowish green, without any red ; 
the flesh is juicy and well flavoured, but not 
rich. ‘The tree is of spreading and vigonrous 
growth ; bears great crops. ‘The fruit ripens 
from December to March. 


No. 45. Danvers Winter Sweet. 
This apple is of medium size, the form a 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 61 


little oblong, tapering to the eye; the skin 
smooth, of a light yellow, sometimes with a 
tinge of red; the flesh firm, juicy and sweet. 
The tree is a great bearer, of rapid growth, 
and is worthy of extensive cultivation. It is 
in use during the whole winter. 


No. 46. Pickman Pippen. 


This apple is sometimes large, the form 
round, the skin a light yellow, spotted with 
black points; the flesh hard, juicy and good 
for the table, and excellent for the kitchen, 
having, when cooked, a most agreeable acid. 
The tree is of an upright growth, bears abun- 
dant crops, and the fruit ripens from Decem- 
ber to March. 


Me AT. Mela Carla. 


This apple is of medium size and round 
form, the skin is of a light yellow, with a 
bright red cheek next the sun ; the flesh white, 
tender and good, but not rich. It is a good 
bearer, and ripens from October to March. In 
our climate this apple is not so good as in its 
native country, (Italy.) It is, notwithstand- 
ing, worthy of cultivation. 

F 


62 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


No. 48. Roxbury Russet. 


This apple is well known, and extensively 
cultivated in New England ; it is of medium 
size, round, and flat at the ends; the skin of 
a fine yellow russet, often mixed with dull red ; 
the flesh white, rich and juicy, with a very 
pleasant acid. Jt bears well, and can be 
brought to market later in the spring than any 
other good table apple. 


No. 49. Hubbardston Nonsuch. 


This apple is large, the form round, some- 

what oblong; the skin is red mixed with a 
small portion of yellow, streaked and blotched 
with dark red; the flesh yellow, juicy, and 
of excellent flavour. ‘The tree is of vigorous 
growth, a great bearer, and worthy of exten- 


sive cultivation. In use from January te 


March. 


? No. 50. Minister. 


This fine apple originated in Rowley, Mass. 
The size is large, the form oblong like the 
Bellflower, tapering to the eye, with broad 
ridges the whole length of the fruit ; the skin 
alight greenish yellow, striped with bright 


~ 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 63 


red, but the red seldom extends to the eye ; 
flesh yellow, light, high flavoured and excel- 
lent. This is one of the very finest apples 
which New England has produced. It ripens 
from November to February, and deserves a 
place in every collection of fruits, however 
small. ‘This apple received its present name 
from the circumstance of the late Rev. Dr. 
Spring, of Newburyport, having purchased the 
first fruit brought to market. 


No. 51. Green Sweet. 


This apple is of small size, round, and 
rather flat; the skin at maturity is a dull 
green, approaching to yellow ; the flesh very 
sweet and good. It isin use during the win- 
ter months, and can be brought to market la- 
ter in the spring than any other sweet apple. 
Much cultivated in the north part of Essex 
county, Mass. 


64: BOOK OF FRUITS. 


PEARS. 


No. 1. Amtre Joannet. 


This fruit is small, form oblong; the skin, 
when ripe, is light yellow, with a small portion 
of red ;_ the flesh white, and when not overripe, 
juicy and good. It ripens in July, about ten 
days before the Petit Muscat, to which it is 
superior in size and flavor. ‘The head of the 
tree is open, with a few long and hanging 
branches. 


No. 2. Petit Muscat. 


This pear ripens immediately after the a- 
bove; the size is small; the form round, a 
little oblong ; the skin mostly of a clear yel- 
low, with a little dull red; the flesh pleasant 
and musky, without being high flavoured. 
The tree grows to a large size, with long and 
hanging limbs, producing its fruit in clusters 
and most abundantly. 


No. 3. Madeleine. 


This is the first good pear, which ripens; imme- 
diately following the Petit Muscat ; the size is 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 65 


rather small; in rich land they grow large ; 
the skin, when ripe, is light green approach- 
ing to a yellow, sometimes a tinge of dull red 
on the side exposed to the sun; the flesh 
white, juicy and pleasant with a most agreea- 
ble acid. Ripe the end of July and first part 
of August ; it bears well every year, and from 
its open head requires but little pruning. 


No. 4. Bloodgood. 


This pear was first brought into notice by 
the late James Bloodgood, of Flushing, Long 
Island ; the size is large, the form nearly oval, 
the skin a dull yellow, covered with dark rus- 
set spots; the flesh tender, melting and pleas- 
ant. Jt comes very early into bearing, and 
produces abundant crops every year. Ripe in 
August. 


No. 5. Rousselette Hatif. 


This is a small pear, with a long curved 
neck ; the stem is long and fleshy, in most 
cases appearing to be a continuation of the fruit: 
the skin yellow with brownish russet on the 
side next the sun; the flesh very fine, rich 
and high flavoured when eaten ripe from the 

F* 


66 ‘BOOK OF FRUITS. 


tree ; the branches are long, the head of the 
tree very open, and the > produce most extraor- 
dinary. It ripens about the middle of August. 


No. 6. Skinless. 


This pear is of small size, of a long shape, 
round at the blossom end, tapering to an ob- 
tuse point at the stem; the skin is smooth and 
very thin; the color when ripe is a light yel- 
low, with a slight tinge of red ;_ the flesh juicy, 
crisp, sweet and very good. ‘The tree produ- 
ces well, and the fruit ripens in August. 


No. 7. Summer Rose. 


A pear of medium size ; the form flat, re- 
sembling an apple, with a long stem inserted 
ima roundish hollow ; the skin is dull yellow, 
spotted with russet, and mixed with a large 
proportion of brownish red; the flesh, white, 
juicy and sweet, with a high and very pecu- 
liar flavor. ‘The appearance of the tree is that 
of a large spreading apple tree ; it grows to a 
large size before producing fruit; it is then 
very productive. Ripe in August. 


No. 8. Summer Frankreal. 
This very fine pear is of medium size, the 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 67 


shape oblong, thickest about one third from 
the eye, sometimes flat like a Bergamot. 
The skin when fully ripe a light yellow ; flesh 
melting, rich and excellent. It is a great and 
early bearer, ripening in September. 


No. 9. Williams’ Bon Chretien. 


[See plate No. 1.] 

This fruit is very large; the shape long, 
round and full, both at the eye and stem, 
which is short and large ; the skin when fully 
ripe yellow, with faint red next the sun; flesh 
white, melting and good. ‘The character 
of this pear is very high; the tree is of a 
strong and vigorous growth, bears very young, 
and yields most extraordinary crops every year. 
Ripe in August and September. 


No. 10. Julienne. 


This pear resembles the St. Michael’s, but 
is much smaller, except on very rich land ; 
the size is generally small; the skin light yel- 
low, sometimes with bright red next the sun ; 
the flesh rich, juicy and melting. The tree 
comes early into bearing, produces abundantly, 
and is in use from the middle of August to the 
middle of September; ripening gradually in 


68 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


the house, which renders it very desirable for 
a market fruit. 


No. 11. Dearborn’s Seedling. 


This fine and beautiful pear originated at 
Brinley Place, Roxbury, the seat of the Hon. 
H. A. 8S. Dearborn. ‘The fruit is of medium 
size, round at the crown, diminishing to the 
stem, around which is a circle of bright rus- 
set; the skin is smooth, of a light yellow col- 
our; the flesh delicate, melting and fine fla- 
voured, equal to any other pear of the same 
season. ‘The growth of the tree is healthy 
and vigorous. It bears well, and the fruic 
ripens in August. 


No. 12. Crawford. 

This pear is very extensively cultivated in 
Scotland ; it is of middle size, round at the 
eye, diminishing to the stem, and very regular 
and uniform in its appearance ; the skin is en- 
tirely of alight yellow; the flesh juicy, tender 
and good. It bears young, and ripens in Au- 
cust. . 


No. 13. Honey. 


This tree was procured from Messrs. Wm. 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 69 


Prince & Sons, of Flushing; but as there are 
two pears bearing this name, one European, 
the other American, it is uncertain to which 
the specimen belonged ; in size and shape it 
resembles the Seckle ; the skin is yellow, with 
a large portion of dull red; the flesh sweet, 
juicy and good. ‘The tree bears young, and 
when more advanced promises to be a great 
bearer. Ripe in September. | 


No. 14. Citron de Sirentz. 
This tree was procured from Messrs. Bau- 
mans, of Bollwiller; in size, shape, colour, 


taste and time of ripening, it resembles the 


Crawford. 


No. 15. Rousselette de Rheims. 


This pear is of medium size, the form is 
oval, blunt at the stem; the skin yellow, with 
much dull red on the side next the sun; the 
flesh is breaking and fine, with avery high musk 
flavour; it is best when eaten ripe from the 
tree. The tree attains a large size before 
bearing ; but when more advanced produces 
an abundant crop. Ripe in September. 


ris) BOOK OF FRUITS. 


No. 16. Summer Thorn. 


This pear is oblong, of medium size, the 
skin’smooth, and when ripe of a light greem; 
the flesh melting, juicy and of a very peculiarly 
pleasant flavour. It bears well, and ripens in. 
September. 


No. 17. Williams’ Early. 


This new pear originated on the farm of 
Mr. Williams, in Roxbury, Mass. It is of 
middle size, turbinate form, the skin light yel- 
low with a red cheek next the sun; the flesh 
melting, sugary and fine. ‘The tree promises 
to be a great bearer. Ripe in September. 


No. 18. WValee Franche. 


This pear in good ground is sometimes 
large, the form almost flat, a little extended ; 
the skin dull, greenish yellow and dull red ; 
the flesh juicy, rich and pleasant. The tree 
bears young, is very productive, and the fruit 
ripens in September. 


No. 19. ‘hair a’ Dame. 


This pear is of medium size, obovate, the 
stem is short and fleshy, obliquely inserted un- 


BOOK OF FRUITS. ia 


der some irregular bunches or protuberances ; 
the skin is a dull yellow, mixed with russet 
and a small portion of red; the flesh is crisp, 
coarse grained, and sugary. The tree is of 
vigorous growth, and appears to be a good 
bearer. Ripe in September. 


No. 20. Green Pear of Yair. 

This pear is of medium size; the form full 
at the crown, diminishing gradually to the stem; 
the skin is smooth, and when -fully ripe of a 
light green ; the flesh melting, very juicy and 
good. A great bearer. Ripening in Sep- 
tember. 


No. 21. St. Ghislain. 


This superior pear is one of the new Flem- 
ish varieties; it is of medium size ; the shape 
rather oblong ; the skin at maturity is a pale 
yellow ; the flesh juicy, melting and very de- 
licious. ‘The tree is vigorous, and bears 
good crops every year, One of the finest of 
pears, and.should be found in every good col- 
lection. Ripening in September and October. 


No. 22. Cushing. 
A native fruit from Hingham, Mass. ‘The 


v2 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


size in rich ground is large ; the form oblong, 
diminishing from the eye to an obtuse point 
at the stem; the skin when ripe smooth, of a 
light yellow, sometimes with dull red on the 
side exposed to the sun; the flesh white, 
melting, sprightly and good. It comes early 
into bearing, produces well, and the fruit rip- 
ens the last of September. 


No. 23. Rostiezer. 

This tree was received from the Messrs. 
Baumans, of Bollwiller. The fruit is of me- 
dium size, oblong and pointed at the stem, 
the skin covered with light yellow russet; the 
flesh melting, high flavoured and delicious. It 
ripens about the first of October, and so far 
as we could judge from the first specimens, 1s 
decidedly a first rate fruit. 


No. 24. Jackman’s Melting. 


This tree was received from the Messrs. 
Youngs, of Epsom, England ; it produced its 
first fruit in 18575; the name is no doubt er- 
roneous, as it is not noticed in the catalogue 
of the London Hort. Society, or in any other 
work of authority. The fruit is large and 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 1a 


very long, the stem short, the skin entirely of 
a dark red; the flesh juicy and good, but not 
rich; it is remarkable for its beauty, promises 
to bear well, and ripens the last of September. 


No. 25. Seckle. 


This well known and excellent pear is of 
small size on poor land; the form is regular, 
round at the blossom end, diminishing gradu- 
ally to an obtuse point at the stem; the skin 
often yellow with a brownish red cheek, 
sometimes entirely covered with greenish rus- 
set; the flesh melting and of most exquisite 
flavour ; the growth of the tree is slow, with 
great and unusual symmetry. It produces 
abundant crops; but in order to obtain fruit 
of large size, the ground should be rich and 
the tree pruned with a more open head, than 
is generally thought necessary. Ripens grad- 
ually in the house from the middle of Septem- 
ber to the last of October. 


No. 26. Jalousie. 


This pear is rather above the medium size ; 
the form round and large at the blossom end, 
diminishing rapidly toa point at the stem; 

G 


4, BOOK OF FRUITS. 


the skin is smooth, and entirely covered with 
a cinnamon russet; the flesh white and melt- 
ing, very pleasant and good. The tree 
bears well, and the fruit is im use during the 
whole month of October. 


No. 27. Johonnot. 


Originated in the garden of the late George 
S. Johonnot, Esq. of Salem. The fruit is of 
medium size, of a roundish and very unequal 
form; a little extended, the skin thin, the 
colour a dull yellow, with a large portion of 
dull brown and indistinct russet ; the flesh is 
very fine, melting and delicious. The tree is 
not vigorous ; it bears well, and is in perfec- 
tion from the middle of September to the 
middle of October. 


No. 28. Andrews. 


This fruit sometimes attains a large size, the 
form is oblong, tapering gently from the blos- 
som end to the stem ; the skin when at maturity 
is a yellowish green, often with a dull red cheek; 
the flesh melting, juicy and high flavoured ; it 
is a most valuable pear, producing its fruit 
early and abundantly. The tree is not of very 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 75 


vigorous growth. Ripe in September and 
October. 


No. 29. Autumn Superb. 


This is a large pear, full and round at the 
eye, diminishing to a point at the stem; the 
skin is yellow mixed with dull red; the flesh 
melting and good, but not very high flavoured. 
It bears young and the fruit ripens in October. 
Tt was originally introduced from France, and 
received its present name in this country. 


No. 30. Belle Lucrative. 


The tree which produces this fine fruit, was 
received from the Messrs. Young, of Epsom, 
England. ‘The size is large, the form round 
at the blossom end, tapering gradually to the 
~stem; the skin, when ripe, is a pale yellow, 
‘sometimes with a little dull red next the sun ; 
the flesh is melting, sweet, juicy and fine fla- 
voured. It bears well. Ripens in Septem- 
ber and October, and is worthy of a place 
among the choicest selections. 


No. 31. Belle et Bonne. 


These trees have been received from vari- 


716 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


ous sources, as the Belle de Bruxelles; the 
fruit is large and round, the skin yellow, some- 
times with a little blush on the side exposed 
to the sun; the flesh very sweet, rich and 
good. ‘The tree is very vigorous in its growth ; 
does not bear till it has attained a large size ; 
it is then very fruitful. Ripe in October. 


No. 32. Long Green. 

This is one of the best of the old varieties ; 
its form is very long; skin at maturity a light 
green ; the flesh is white, melting and fine fia- 
voured. ‘The tree is of vigorous growth, bears 
well, and the fruit ripens in September and 
October. 


No. 33. Henry Fourth. 


This pear is of small size, the form very ir- 
regular, oblong; the skin of a dull yellow, 
mixed with brown and green; flesh yellow, 
gritty, juicy and melting, with a high and 
somewhat remarkable flavor. It bears young 
and abundantly, and ripens in September. 


No. 34. Beurre Van Marum. 


This is one of the new Flemish pears ; it is 


BOOK OF FRUITS. ie: 


of medium size, the form oblong, the skin of 
a bright yellow, sometimes with a tinge of 
red; the flesh melting, juicy and fine. It is 
an early and great bearer, and in perfection 
about the last of September. 


No. 35.  Capsheaf. 


The origin of this pear is unknown; it is 
much cultivated near Providence, R. I., where 
it may have originated. The size is small ; 
the form almost round; the skin a light cin- 
namon russet; the flesh white, melting and 
juicy, with a pleasant but not high flavour. 
It bears well, and the fruit ripens in October. 


No. 36. Surpass Vergalieu. 


This tree was received from the late Mr. 
‘Parmentier, of Brooklyn, L. I.; as we do not 
find the name in any European author, it was 
probably adopted in this country. The fruit 
is large, form oblong, some specimens nearly 
round ; the skin smooth, of a light yellow with 
a little red on the side next the sun ; the flesh 
rich, juicy and high flavoured. It appears to 
require a Warm sun to have it in its greatest 
perfection ; it bears young, yields large crops 


ee 


78 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


of fair fruit every year, and is worthy of ex- 
tensive cultivation. Ripe in October. 


No. 37. Heathcote. 


This native pear is large on rich land ; the 
form is long, round at the blossom end, and 
full at the stalk; the skin almost always of a 
light yellow, seldom a tinge of red; the flesh 
melting, rich and well flavored. ‘The growth 
of the tree is handsome and vigorous. — It pro- 
duces abundant crops, and ripens in Septem- 
ber and October. 


No. 38. Fiarvard. 


This pear originated in Cambridge, Mass. ; 
the size is large, the form oblong, contracted 
in the middle, diminishing to an obtuse point 
to the stem, which is inserted in a small cay- 
ity; the skin is of a dull russety yellow, some- 
times nearly covered with brownish red ; the 
flesh white, juicy and fine, but subject to rot 
at the core, which is its only defect. The 
tree is uncommonly strong and upright in its 
erowth ; it attains a large size before produc- 
ing fruit; itis then a great bearer. Ripe in 
September and October. 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 79 


No. 39. Naumkeag. 


This is a seedling from the garden of the 
late G. S. Johonnot, Esq., of Salem; the 
wood and leaf of the tree resemble those of 
the Brown Beurre. The fruit is large, form oval, 
rather oblong, full and round both at the blos- 
som end and at the stem; the skin a yellow 
russet, with much dull brown mixed with 
russet; flesh juicy, melting and good, with 
rather too much astringency. <A great bear- 
er,—ripening in October. 


No. 40. Raymond. 

A new fruit, which originated on the farm 
of Doctor Joseph Wight, of Raymond, Me. 
It is sometimes large, but generally of a me- 
dium size, the shape of the St. Michael’s ; the 
skin yellow with some dull red and russet on 
the side exposed to the sun; the flesh melt- 
ing, rich and high flavoured, equal to any pear 
of the same season. ‘The tree is slow and 
crooked in its growth, but produces well, and 
the fruit ripens in September and October. 


No. 41. Buffum. 
This pear originated in Rhode Island; the 


80 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


size is large, the form nearly oval, the skin 
yellow mixed with russet and brownish red 
next the sun; the flesh melting and good, but 
not first rate. ‘The tree is very upright and 
strong in its growth; a great bearer, and an 
excellent market fruit. Ripe in September. 


No. 42. Beurre Bose. 


One of the new Flemish pears ; the form is 
very long, the skin of a light cinnamon russet; 
the flesh white, juicy, melting and good. It 
bears abundantly, and ripens in October and 
November. 


No. 43. Golden Buerre of Bilboa. 

This tree was imported from Bilboa, by 
Mr. Hooper, of Marblehead ; the original 
name is unknown; in size and shape it re- 
sembles the Doyenne Gris, but the skin is of 
a lighter russet; the flesh is melting, rich and 
of fine flavour; it promises to be a good bear- 
er. Ripens in October. 


No, 44. Washington. 


A native fruit from New Jersey, of medi- 
um size; the form is oval, the skin of a light 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 81 


yellow, covered with small brown spots, some- 
times a slight tinge of red; the flesh melting 
and excellent, with an unusual flavour. The 
tree grows vigorously, bears well, and the 
fruit ripens in September. A beautiful and 
good pear, worthy of cultivation. 


No. 45. Gansels Bergamot. 


This has been placed among the old pears ; 
it is only comparatively so, having been raised 
in 1768; as yet it shows no indication of de- 
cay, such as we see in many of the finest old 
pears. It has the reputation of being a bad 
bearer, but in the gardens in Salem it pro- 
duces good crops. ‘The fruit is of medium 
size, the form nearly round, the colour a dull 
brown ; flesh white, melting and fine flavour- 


ed. Ripe in October. 


No. 46. Cabot. 


This pear was produced from seed by Jos- 
eph 8. Cabot, Esq., of Salem; the original 
tree, after producing the first specimen of 
fruit, was destroyed by the cold winter of 
1831; we were so fortunate as to preserve a 
scion, from which we obtained. fruit the last 


82, BOOK OF FRUITS. 


season, 1837. It is of medium size, of a 
round form, a little extended; the skin a light 
yellow russet, with a small portion of brown- 
ish red; the flesh white, melting and fine fla- 
vored. It is decidedly a first rate fruit, and 
worthy of extensive cultivation; the tree is of 
a strong and healthy growth, bears well, and 
is in perfection during the whole month of 
October. 


No. 47. Pope’s Quaker. 


The origin of this pear is uncertain ; it ap- 
pears to have been first cultivated by a Mr. 
Pope, a nurseryman near New York ; the fruit 
is of medium size, oblong pear shaped, the 
skin entirely covered with yellow russet; the 
flesh white, melting and good, but not high 
flavoured ; the tree is productive. ‘The fruit 
ripens in October. 


No. 48. Bon Chretien Fondante. 


This is one of the new Flemish pears ; fruit 
rather large, form regular, oval; the skin a 
yellowish green, mixed with brown and yel- 
low specks; the flesh yellow, rich and melt- 
ing ; the tree produced fruit the first time, the 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 83 


last season, 1837, and promises to be a first 
rate fruit. Ripe in October. 


No. 49, Princess of Orange. 

One of the new Flemish pears. In size 
and form this fruit resembles the St. Micha- 
el’s; the skin is an orange russet, mixed with 
dull red; the flesh white, melting and good, 
but not first rate. Ripe in October. The 
scions of this pear were originally received 
from the London Horticultural Society, but a 
distinguished cultivator of fruit from Belgium, 
thinks it cannot be the Princess of Orange of 


Van Mons. 


No. 50. Cumberland. 

A native fruit from Cumberland, R. I. ; the 
size is large, the form oblong, round and large 
at the blossom end, tapering to an obtuse 
point at the stem; the skin of an orange col- 
our, with bright red next the sun; the flesh 
melting, juicy and good, nearly first rate. 
Ripe in October and November. The tree is 
of vigorous growth, and bears abundantly. 


No. 51. Louise Bonne de Jersey. 
Fruit large oblong, pear shape; skin yel- 


84 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


lowish green, mixed with brownish red next 
the sun; the flesh melting, richand good. It 


produced its first fruit the last season, and 
gives every indication of being a first rate 


pear, and good bearer. Ripe in September — 


and October. 


No. 52. Reine des Potres. 

This is a large pear; the form obtusely py- 
ramidal; the skin a dull yellow mixed with 
red, and red on the side exposed to the sun; 
the flesh crisp, pleasant and good, but not 
high flavoured ; it bears young, and is very 
productive. Ripe in October. The tree has 
a great resemblance to that of the Laster 
Beurre. 


No. 53. Petre. 

This tree was presented to me by Mr. Carr, 
of the Bartram Botanic Garden, near Phila- 
delphia, where the fruit originated. ‘The first 
specimens were produced the last season, 
1837. The size is large, the form long, round 
at the eye, and tapering to an obtuse point at 
the stem; the skin is a dull yellow, mixed 
with greenish russet ; the flesh melting, juicy, 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 85 


and very delicious. Ripe in October and No- 
vember. It is a pear of the very first rank, 
and should be extensively cultivated. 


No. 54. Frederic of Wurtemberg. 


This is one of the new Flemish pears, and 
has been cultivated under the erroneous name 
of the Capiaumont. The size is large, round 
and full at the blossom end, tapering rapidly to 
a point at the stem, which is short and placed 
on the summit; the skin a bright yellow, 
with a brilliant red cheek next the sun; the 
flesh yellow, melting, rich and excellent. ‘The 
tree grows vigorously, bears young and abun- 
dantly, and the appearance of the fruit is beau- 
tiful, Ripe in September and October. 


No. 55. Urbaniste. 


One of the new Flemish pears, the size and 
form is somewhat like the St. Michael’s, round 
and full at the eye, diminishing gradually to 
an obtuse point at the skin, which is inserted 
in a shallow round cavity; skin light green, 
nearly yellow, with small spots of dull russet ; 
flesh white, melting and fine. ‘The tree is of 
handsome form and grows vigorously ; does 

H 


86 BOOK OF FRUITS. * 


not bear young, but is productive after it has 
attained a proper size. Of all the new Euro- 
pean pears, this is the best substitute for the 
old favorite, St. Michael’s. Ripe in October 
and November. 


No. 56. Wilkinson. 


A native pear from Cumberland, R. I. ; the 
size in rich ground is large, the form oblong, 
round at the blossom end, and at the stem; 
the skin yellow, seldom (on pear stocks) any 
red; the flesh white, juicy and melting, with 
a fine and delicious flavour. ‘The tree bears 
young, is very fruitful, and im perfection dur- 
ing the months of October and November. If 
grafted on the quince it is smaller, more pro- 
lific, higher flavoured, and a brighter red cheek, 
than if grafted on the pear stock. 


No. 57. Bergamotte d’ Automne. 


This pear is of medium size, the form round, 
a little lengthened towards the stem, which is 
short and inserted in a small cavity; the skin 
when ripe is a dusky yellow, thickly sprinkled 
with greyish spots; the flesh breaking, ten- 
der, juicy and sweet. It is a good fruit, an 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 87 


early and great bearer, ripening gradually in 
October ; distinct from the Autumn Berga- 
mot described by Cox, and figured in the Po- 


mological Magazine. 


No. 58. Napoleon. 


One of the new Flemish pears; the size is 
large, the form long, round at the blossom end, 
contracted in the middle, obtuse at the stem 
which 1s short; the skin at maturity is a yel- 
lowish green; fiesh melting and fine, with an 
unusual quantity of juice; in some soils a lit- 
tle too astringent; tree healthy and strong, 
bears well, and the fruit ripens in October. 


No. 59. Marie Loutse. 


This is also one of the new Flemish pears ; 
the size is large, the form long, tapering from 
the middle to the eye and stem; the skin is a 
dusky yellow, sometimes with a large portion 
of cinamon russet; the flesh white, melting, 
juicy and very delicious ; the tree grows crook- 
ed, and the leaves are small and generally 
hollowed like the bowl of a spoon; it is equal 
to any other pear of the season, Kuropean or 
American. Ripe in October and November. 


88 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


No. 60. Fulton. 


This pear originated on the farm of Mrs. 
Fulton, Topsham, Me. ; the size is small, the 
form nearly round, a little lengthened, the skin 
entirely covered with dark russet; the flesh 
white, melting, juicy and well flavoured ; the 
tree bears well, and the fruit ripens gradually 
in the house, in October and November. 


No. 61. Bleeker’s Meadow. 


A native fruit from New York; the size is 
small, the form round, somewhat flat; the 
skin, when fully ripe, is yellow; the flesh yel- 
low, melting, juicy and very high flavoured. 
The growth of the tree is vigorous; it does 
not bear young, but as it increases in size it 
bears well. A fine delicious pear, ripening in 
October and November. 


No. 62. Dix. 

This fine pear originated in the garden of 
Mrs. Dix, in Boston ; the size is large, oblong, 
tapering gently from the blossom end to the 
stem, which is short ; the skin, when ripe, is 
yellow, sometimes with a blush of red on the 
side exposed to the sun; the flesh melting, 


BOOK OF FRUITS. Bo 


juicy and very rich, with a high and most 
agreeable flavour ; in perfection during the 
months of October and November; the tree 
is of slow growth, the wood small and thorny ; 
it grows to a large size before bearing; it 
then produces plentifully. 


No. 63. Duchesse d’ Angouleme. 


One of the new European pears ; the size 
is very large, oblong, round at the blossom 
ends, tapering gradually to an obtuse point at 
the stem with a knobby and uneven surface ; 
the skin greenish yellow, spotted with small 
russet points ; the flesh very rich, melting and 
high flavoured. It is a good pear on stand- 
ards in rich ground, larger and better on the 
quince, trained low; it is very productive. 
Ripe in October and November. 


No. 64. Moorfowl’s Egg, of Boston. 

A pear of medium size, oval form ; the skin 
light green, mixed with russet and brown 
next the sun; the flesh tender, juicy and 
good; tree of vigorous growth, and ripens in 
November. This we think cannot be the 
pear of the same name cultivated in England 
and Scotland. 

H* 


90 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


No. 65. Beurre Diel. 


One of the best of the new Flemish pears ; 
the size is very large, tapering gradually from 
the middle to both the eye and stem, where it is 
full and thick ; the skin when ripe of an orange 
colour, with small russet spots; the flesh white, 
sugary, rich and delicious; the tree is of a 
crooked, but strong and healthy growth; it 
bears well, and the fruit ripens in November 
and December. 


No. 66. Sylvanche Verte. 


‘The pear which we cultivate by this name 
resembles the Beurre Diel, in size, shape, col- 
our, flavour, and time of ripening ; the growth 
of the tree is also similar, at least we can per- 
ceive no difference. We see by the 2d Edi- 
tion of the London Hort. Society’s Catalogue, 
that this pear had not then been proved in 
their garden. 


No. 67. Bourgmestre, of Boston. 

A pear of large size, very long, round at the 
blossom end, tapering gently to a point at the 
stem, which is short and fleshy at its junction 
with the fruit; the skin greenish yellow, (on 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 9] 


a quince stock it has a bright red cheek ;) the 
flesh juicy and pretty good, but not rich. Ripe 
from November to January. ‘This is not the 
Bourgmestre of the London Hort. Society’s 
Catalogue. We were inclined to discontinue 
its cultivation, but its abundant bearing, great 
size, and beautiful appearance, the two last 
seasons, have induced us to continue it for 
further investigation. 


No. 68. Newtown Vergalieu. 

We should judge by the name that this pear 
originated on Long Island ; it is of large size, 
round at the blossom end, tapering to a point 
at the stem, which is short ; the skin of a pale 
yellow, seldom with a tinge of red; the flesh 
is sweet, rather dry, not highly prized asa ta- 
ble fruit, but excellent for baking. It ripens 
in the early winter months, and its produc- 
tiveness renders it desirable in an orchard. 
The tree is crooked and strong in its growth, 
forming a large spreading head like that of an 
apple tree. 


No. 69. Fig Pear of Naples. 


The scions of this pear were received from 


92 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


the London Horticultural Society. In their 
catalogue it is described as first rate; the 
fruit is of large size, form oval, skin a dark 
brown, with a mixture of red; flesh melting, 
juicy and good ; it is very productive, and 
bears young. Ripe in November and Decem- 
ber. 


No. 70. Winter Nelis. 

One of the new Flemish pears; the size 
and form is somewhat like the Seckle; the 
skin a greenish yellow, covered with dark 
spots ; in some seasons they have a large por- 
tion of dull russet; the flesh yellow, melting, 
sweet, and very high flavoured; a very fine 
pear, ripening during the months of December, 
January and February. 


No. 71. Passe Colmar. 


This is also one of the new Flemish pears ; 
the size is large, the form round and full at 
the blossom end, contracting suddenly to the 
stem, which is about an inch long, and plant- 
ed in a small and oblique cavity ; the flesh is 
yellow, melting, sweet and excellent. The 
growth of the tree is vigorous, without any 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 93 


symmetry ; its produce very great; it is a fa- 
vourite, and deserves to be so. We have had 
them in eating from October to February. 


No. 72. Surpasse St. Germain. 


Introduced into England from Flanders, by 
the late John Braddick, Esq. It is of medi- 
um size, round at the crown, tapering to the 
stem, which is obliquely planted ; it is of very 
irregular form; the skin is rough, yellow mix- 
ed with dull brown; the flesh coarse grained, 
sugary and high flavoured ; it produces abun- 
dantly, and the fruit ripens in December and 
January. 

No. 73. Lewis. 

This pear originated on the farm of Mr. 
John Lewis, Roxbury, Mass. ‘The size is 
small, the form round, a little oblong; the 
skin, when ripe, a greenish yellow ; the flesh 
white, melting, juicy and good. ‘The tree is 
of the most rapid growth; a great and con- 
stant bearer. ‘The fruit ripens from Novem- 
ber to February. 


No. 74. Prince’s St. Germain. 
Produced from seed at the Nursery of W. 


9.4. BOOK OF FRUITS. 


Prince & Sons, at Flushing, L. I. The fruit 
is of medium size; in form sometimes like 
the old St. Germain; the skin yellow, with 
patches of russet, and a dull red cheek on the 
side exposed to the sun; the flesh is melting 
and good, but not esteemed a first rate fruit ; 
its abundant bearing, and its ripening gradu- 
ally in the house during the winter, renders it 
a very valuable market fruit. 


No. 75. Glout Morceau. 


A new Flemish pear; the size is sometimes 
large, the form rather oblong, round at the 
crown, diminishing suddenly to the stalk, 
which is inserted in an oblique cavity; the 
skin is a dull green, nearly yellow when ripe, 
mixed with russet blotches; the flesh white, 
juicy and excellent ; the growth of the tree is 
crooked and bending; it produces well, and 
the fruit ripens gradually from December to 
February. ‘Phe French nurserymen still con- 
tinue the cultivation of this pear under the 
name of the Beurre @ Aremberg. 


nf ~ ’ . 
No. 76. Nehasserie. 


This is one of the old French table pears ; 


By - 


fanve 


on 


Pear. 


Beurr ee 


aSCET 


' 
G 


/ 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 95 


the size is small, of oval form; the skin, at 
maturity, a greenish yellow; the flesh melt- 
ing, juicy and sugary. It is a good bearer, 
and a favourite winter pear, ripening from 
December to March. 


No. 77. Beurre d’ Aremberg. 

A new Flemish pear; in good ground it is 
usually of a large size ; the form oblong, thick 
at the crown and stalk; the skin when ripe a 
dark yellow mixed with russet specks; the 
flesh white, melting, rich and sweet. It is in 
eating during the winter months, and has the 


reputation of being one of the most valuable 
table pears. 


No. 78. Laster Beurre. 
[See plate No. 2.] 

The size of this pear is large ; of an oval 
form; the skin, when ripe, is dark yellow, 
covered with russet spots; the flesh yellow, 
melting and high flavoured. It bears abun- 
dant crops, grafted either on the pear or 
quince ; keeps till May, and is the most valu- 
able late winter pear yet known. 


No. 79. Catillae. 
This is one of the old French baking pears ; 


96 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


it is very large, flat and round at the crown, 
diminishing rapidly to the stalk, which is an — 
inch in length, obliquely inserted ; the skin of | 
alight green, nearly yellow when ripe; the 
flesh hard and suitable for baking from No- 
vember till April ;—very productive. 


No. 80. Black Pear of Worcester. 


Fruit large, oblong; skin rough, covered 
with dull russet; the flesh hard and coarse, 
suitable for baking during the winter and 
spring ; it produces abundantly ; the branches 
of the tree, when loaded with fruit, bend to 


the ground like the weeping willow. 


No. 81. Pound Pear. 


This is one of the largest pears ; its origin 
unknown, but supposed to be European ; the 
form oblong ; some of the pears are thickest in 
the middle, tapering to the crown and stem ; 
the flesh coarse and astringent. It is a great 
bearer, and the best winter baking pear, being 
one of the most profitable fruits for the mar- 
ket. ‘The extensive cultivation of Nos. 79, 
80, and 81, in large orchards, would produce 
greater and surer income, for the capital em- 
ployed, than any other investment. 


BCOK OF FRUITS. 97 


PEACHES. 


No. 1. Early Ann. 


This is a small round fruit, with a greenish 
white skin; flesh melting and good. The 
tree does not attain a large size ; a freestone, 

Tipe in August. 


No. 2. Early Royal George. 


The size is large, the form round, the skin 
of a bright yellow, with a large portion of 
deep red on the side exposed to the sun, the 
flesh melting and delicious ; it is a great bear- 
er, and one of the most superior peaches we 
have ever raised; a freestone, ripe in August. 


No. 3. Red Rareripe. 


This is a large freestone peach ; form near- 
ly round ; the skin of a very bright yellow, 
with alight red cheek; the flesh very rich 
and excellent. Ripe in August. 


No. 4. White Rareripe. 


This peach is of large size, the form some- 
what oblong, the skin a pale yellow, nearly 
I 


98 BOOK OF FRUITS. 4 


white; flesh white, juicy and of fine flavour. 
Ripe in August. 


No. 5. Red and Yellow Rareripe. 


A large round freestone peach; the skin of 
a deep orange yellow, with a dark red cheek ; 
the flesh deep yellow, rich, sweet and luscious. 
The tree is an abundant bearer; and a most 


oe ae 
* 


valuable peach—ripening in August. | . 


No. 6. Grosse Mignonne. at 


This a large, round and most beautiful free- 
stone peach; the skin deep yellow, with a 
brownish red cheek next the sun; flesh light 
yellow, fine and delicious. A peach of the 
highest character. Ripe in August. 


A large frdestaney peach, of an oblong shape, 
the rien of an orange yellow, with a iio red 
cheek ; flesh yellow, melting and rich. Ripe 
in September. 


No. 8. Malta. 


This peach is of a large size; form round, 
rather flat at the stem; the skin a light green, 
m. = 


*- BOOK OF FRUITS. 99 


- mottled and blotched on the sunny side with 
dull red; the flesh greenish yellow, red next 
the stone, with a most superior flavour; a 
freestone peach. Ripe in Ba ata 


No. 9. President Pe | 
we id S 


| e and most superior freestone peach ; 
the form roundish oblong ;. the skin pale yel- 
Ww wi 1 bright red cheek ;_ the surface cov- 
th small red spots, W nan give it arich 
and beautiful appearance ; the flesh white and 
high flavoured; one of the best of peaches. 
Ripe in September. 


No. 10. de l e Vitry. 

> cary ’ 

This peach is 0 ; 

a little oblong ; 
red ; the flesh 


between a freest O01 


Il yellow and 
excellent ; 
eos Ripe in 
; meee ; “8 


September. 


No. 11. ‘White BlosSom. 


Of medium size, oblong; the skin a very 
light yellow, nearly white; the flesh white, 
melting and extremely juicy, with a most 
agreeable acidity. Ripe in September. We 

me 


100 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


have found this a hardy peach, and most 
certain bearer in our climate. We have 
for several years reproduced them from the 
stone. ‘The blossoms are clear white, and the 
young wood resembles that of the willow tree. 


No. 12. Orange Freestone. 


This peach is of medium size; the form 
round; the skin a deep orange yellow ; flesh 
yellow and sweet, but rather dry ; a beautiful 
and good fruit. Ripe in September. 


No. 13. Congress Clingstone. 


The size is large, form round; skin yellow 
and bright red ; flesh rich and excellent. Ripe 
in September. 


No. 14. Oldmiaon Clingstone. 


Large, round and rather flat ; skin whitish yel- 
low, with a bright red cheek, beautifully spot- 
ted with red dots. Of all the clingstone 
peaches this is the most delicious ; a great 
bearer, ripening its fruit gradually in Septem- 
ber. We have cultivated this peach, and the 
Catharine and old Newington, and could never 
perceive any difference in the fruit or trees. 


Moores Lith. Boston. 


Wies Golden Drop Plum 


ff) 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 10] 


No. 15. Heath Clingstone. 


Fruit large, oblong ; skin of a delicate cream 
colour, sometimes with a faint blush on the 
sunny side; flesh rich, very juicy and fine fla- 
voured. Ripe in October, and we have eaten 
them produced in our own orchard in the 
highest perfection, on ‘Thanksgiving Day, 
November 30th. 


The Nectarine and the Apricot, so nearly 
allied to the Peach, we should not recommend 
for cultivation upon standards, but inoculated 
upon the plum stock, and trained as Espaliers 
upon walls or fences, they often produce fine 
fruit, particularly the Apricot. 


PLUMS. 


No. 1. Jtalian Damask. 


Fruit of medium size, round; skin dark 
blue, nearly black ; stem half an inch long, in- 
serted in a small round cavity; flesh yellow, 
juicy and high flavoured. A freestone, a great 
bearer, and one of the best early plums. Ripe 
in August. 


1* 


102 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


No. 2. Morocco. 


A fine and very productive variety ; the size 
is rather small, nearly round; the skin a 
dark purple, covered with a blue bloom ; 
flesh greenish yellow, juicy and good. A 
clingstone—ripening in August. 


No. 3. Prince’s Imperial Gage. 


Originated at the Nursery of Wm. Prince 
& Sons, Flushing, N. Y. Fruit nearly as 
large as the yellow egg plum ; of an oval form ; 
when fully ripe the skin is yellow, with streaks 
of bright yellow and green indistinctly seen ; 
the flesh rich and sweet. ‘Phe most produc- 
tive and profitable of all the plums. Ripe in 
August. 


No. 4. Brevoort’s Purple Washington. 


Produced from the stone of Bolmar’s Wash- 
ington, by Mr. Brevoort, of New York. Fruit 
of large size; form round, and nearly oval ; 
skin dark blue, covered with a blue bloom ; 
the flesh sweet and good. A freestone, ripen- 
ing in September. ‘The tree is of vigorous 
growth and very productive. 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 103 


No. 5. Orleans. 


This is a well known and productive plum ; 


: 
the fruit is sometimes large; the form round ; 
the skin dark, approaching to a purple, with a 
thin blue bloom; the flesh yellow, firm and 
good, with some astringency near the stone, 
from which the flesh separates. Ripe in Au- 


cust. 


No. 6. Kirk’s Plum. 
ruit large, round ; skin dark purple, cov- 
Fruit large, round ; skin dart le, 
ered with a dense bloom, which adheres firm- 
ly to the skin; flesh yellow, juicy and rich. 
A very productive freestone plum—ripening in 
August. 


No. 7. Purple Gage. 


Fruit of medium size, nearly round, a little 
flattened at the ends; skin of a violet colour, 
with a light blue bloom; the flesh greenish, 
rich and high flavoured. A first rate freestone 
plum; a great bearer. Ripe in August. 


No. 8. Large Long Blue. 


‘The origin of this fine plum is uncertain ; 
the tree which produced the specimens was 


104 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


procured from the Nursery of the Messrs. 
Landreth, Philadelphia. The size is large ; 
the form oval, very long; the skin blue, near- 
ly black, covered with a thick bloom ; the flesh 
yellow, rich and excellent; it hangs a long 
time on the tree, ripening gradually, and is 
well adapted to the market, bearing carriage 
better than most other plums. It is a great 
bearer; a freestone. Ripe in September. 


No. 9. Green Gage. 


The finest of all plums; of medium size, 
round ; the skin a greenish yellow, when very 
ripe nearly yellow, mottled with red near the 
stem; flesh sugary and of delicious flavour. 
In our own exposed grounds, and in grass, it 
bears abundant crops, not being subject to rot 
like many fine plums. A freestone, ripening 
in August and September. 


No. 10. Bleeker’s Gage. 
Produced from seed by the Rev. Mr. Bleek- 
er, of Albany, N. Y. Phe form oval, nearly 
round; skin a dark yellow, with dark red 
spots and blotches ; the flesh is rich and ex- 
cellent. A great bearer. Ripe in September. 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 105 


No. 11. Cvoper’s Plum. 


Produced from a stone of the Orleans, by 
Mr. Joseph Cooper, of New-Jersey ; the size 
is very large, round, a little oblong ; the skin 
a dark purple; flesh greenish yellow, rich 
and good. It ripensin September; produces 
abundant crops ; but is very subject to rot at 
the period of ripening. 


No. 12. Elfrey. 


This is a plum of small size and oval form ; 
the skin dark blue; the flesh dry, firm and of 
fine flavour. ‘The trees produce abundantly. 
A freestone—ripening in September. 


No. 13. German Prune. 

Fruit of medium size; form oval, dimin- 
ishing towards the stem; the skin purple with 
a blue bloom; the flesh rich, sweet and 
delicious. It produces abundantly ; it begins 
to ripen in August, and can be eaten from the 
tree for a month or more. 


No. 14. Duane’s Purple. 


This is a plum of an extraordinary size ; 
the form round; the skin a dark purple; 


106 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


fiesh sweet and good. The origin of this 
plum is uncertain; it ripens in September, 
and has the reputation of being a fine fruit. 


No. 15. Bingham. 


Fruit large ; the form oval; skin a bright 
yellow, spotted and blotched with red; the 
flesh yellow, rich and delicious. A cling- 
stone—ripening in September. 


No. 16. Washington. 


This very superior Plum originated in New- 
York; the size is very large; form oval; 
skin an orange yellow, speckled with red ; 
the flesh yellow, sweet and excellent; highly 
esteemed as a first rate plum. Ripe in Sep- 
tember. 


No. 17. Italian Prune. 


The size is large; form oblong; the skin 
dark purple, covered with a bloom; flesh 
greenish yellow, firm, dry and fine. I[t bears 
well, and the fruit ripens in September and 
October. 

No. 18. Diamond. 


This new plum originated in England ; it 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 107 


is of the largest size, oblong ; the skin purple, 
nearly black, covered with a thick bloom; 
the flesh firm and good, but not rich; the 
tree is of rapid growth—an_ extraordinary 
bearer. The fruit ripens in September. 


No. 19. Blue Imperatrice. 

Fruit of medium size; shape oblong, tap- 
ering to the stem; the skin a dark purple, 
covered with a light bluish bloom; the flesh 
yellowish green, firm, rich and sweet. A 
clingstone. A great bearer. It hangs on 
the tree a long time, and is in use in October 
and November. 


No. 20. Coe’s Golden Drop. 
[See plate No. 3.] 

This beautiful new plum is of large size ; 
the form is oval, with unequal sides; the 
skin a golden yellow, spotted with rich red 
points and small blotches, on the sunny side ; 
the flesh yellow, sweet and delicious. A 
clingstone—an abundant bearer. Ripening 
gradually in September, October and Novem- 
ber. Ofall the late plums this is decidedly 
the best and the most profitable which can be 
cultivated. 


108 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


CHERRIES. 


No. 1. Mayduke. 


Fruit of medium size, round ; the skin when 
fully ripe very dark red; the flesh tender, 
juicy and good. It is very productive, and 
the fruit ripens the last of June. 


No. 2. Davenport’s. 

This fine cherry originated on the farm of 
Mr. Davenport, in Dorchester, Mass.; the 
fruit is large, skin bright red; the flesh firm 
and of excellent flavour. It is an early and 
most extraordinary bearer. Fruit ripe early 
in July. 


No. 3. Black Tartarian. 
[See plate No. 4.] 


One of the finest and most productive cher- 
ries; the size is large, heart shaped, the col- 
our when fully ripe is black; flesh dark red, 
tender and of superior flavour. Ripe early in 
July. 


No. 4. Napoleon Biguarreau. 


The tree of this variety is remarkable for 


SS 


. BOOK OF FRUITS. 109 


the vigor and beauty of its growth; the leaves 
are large and smooth. Itis a fine large white 
cherry, ripening in July. As they have just 
come into bearing upon small trees, we cannot 
as yet say how productive they may be. 


No. 5. Black Heart. 


A well known and favourite cherry, of me- 
dium size, the skin when at maturity is black ; 
flesh dark red, tender and of fine flavour. 
Ripe in July. Very productive. We seldom 
see this cherry brought to market perfectly 
ripe ; when suffered to remain on the tree till 
they have acquired their proper colour, they 
are very superior. 


No. 6. Florence. 


This cherry resembles the white Bigarreau ; 
but is a little more oblong; the flesh more 
tender, and ripens a few days earlier; very 
fine and productive. 


No. 7. Elton. 


A new and very fine cherry, raised by Mr. 
Knight, President of the London Horticultur- 


al Society; it is of medium size, long heart 
J 


110 BOOK OF FRUITS. P 


shape ; of a beautiful cream colour, marbled 
with bright red next the sun; flesh rich and 
excellent. Itis ripe about the first of July, 
and promises when the tree has attained a 
proper size, to be a great bearer. 


No. 8. White Bigarreau. 


One of the largest and finest cherries ; the 
form obtuse, heart shaped ; skin pale yellow, 
with a bright red cheek ; flesh very firm, juicy, 
sweet and fine flavoured. Ripe in July. This 
cherry has the reputation of being a bad bear- 
er. In our orchard it bears abundantly, and 
owing to the hardness of its flesh, is not liable 
to injury from birds; on this account it is 
highly deserving of cultivation. 


No. 9. Black Eagle. 


This is a new cherry ; the size is sometimes 
large, shape nearly that of the black heart; 
skin a very dark purple ; flesh tender, of su- 
perior flavour; the young trees bear well. 
tipe in July. 


No. 10. Gridley. 
Originated on the farm of Mr. Gridley, in 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 111 


Roxbury, Mass. Fruit of medium size, nearly 
round ; skin black; flesh firm, rather dry, of 
good flavour, and a most abundant bearer. 
Ripe in July. 


No. 11. Downer. 


This fine cherry originated in the garden of 
Samuel Downer, Esq. in Dorchester ; it is a 
large, round cherry, of a light red colour ; flesh 
firm and of a fine sprightly flavour. It ripens 
in July, and is very productive. 


No. 12. Lave OVfOm 


The size is large ; heart shape, rather flat ; 
the skin a shinmg dark red; flesh tender, 
juicy and good. It is a great bearer. Ripe 
Jate in July. 


No. 13. White Mazzard. 


A new fruit, which originated in the Po- 
mological Garden, from a stone of the White 
Bigarreau; it is of the size, form and colour 
of the Elton; the tree is of a handsome and 
upright growth, and bears well. Ripe in 
August. 


BIS BOOK OF FRUITS. 


No. 14. Plumstone Morello. 


This is the largest and finest of the acid 
cherries; the skin is very dark red, when ful- 
ly ripe it is nearly black ; flesh dark red and 
of a sharp, rich and agreeable flavour. A 
great bearer ; it remains late on the tree ina 
sound state. 


© orepara it 


BOOK OF FRUITS. TiS 


HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES & SHRUBS. 


The Catalogues sent out from the different 
Nurseries in our country contain many ‘Trees 
and Shrubs which are in fact not suitable for 
New-England culture, as our winters are 
so severe that they are often killed to the 
ground ;—such are the Rhus cotinus or Veni- 
tian Sumache, the Ailanthus or Tree of Hea- 
ven, Osage Orange and frequently the Catal- 
pa ;—we have therefore selected the following 
list, of those which can be recommended as 
hardy and will stand our winters unprotected, 
commencing with 


Large Ornamental Trees—Class 1. 


Abele, or Silver Leaf—White Ash—Button 
Wood—Horse Chesnut—Weeping Willow— 
Butternut— Scotch Larch—Do. Eln—hLime, 
or Linden—American Larech—Common Lo- 
cust—Honey do. or 3 thorn’d Acacia— Scarlet 
maple—Sugar do.—Black and Red Spruce, 
Silver or Balsam Fir—(both Evergreens )—Li- 
riodendron, or ‘Tulip ‘Tree—Kuropean Syca- 


more—Striped leaved Sycamore. 
* 
J 


114 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


Small Ornamental Trees—Class 2. 


Siberian Red and Yellow Crab—Curled — 


Mountain Ash—Weeping do.—Double Flow- 
ering Cherry—Snow Drop or Fringe Tree— 
Franklinia—Kentucky Coffee Tree—Labur- 
num—Double Flowering Peach—Shepardia, 


or Buffalo Berry. 


Shrubs, Vines and Trees of Low Growth— 
Class 3. 


Rose Acacia—Double Flowering Almond— 
Altheas, (the Double White excepted)—Caly- 
canthus (Carolina Alspice)—Caucassian Ho- 
neysuckle—Missouri Fragrant Currant—Cor- 
nelian Cherry, (Cornus)—Tartarian Honey- 
suckle—English Fly do. (Vine)—-Fragrant 
Monthly do. (Vine)——Scarled Trumpet do. 
(Vine)—Privit or Prim—Persian Lilace—Japan 
Quince or Pyrus Japonica—Snow Ball or 
Guelder Rose—Tree Pzeonias, various kinds— 
Japan Globe Flower (blossoms twice in the 
season)—Snowberry :—-and nearly all the 
varieties of Rose, with the exception of the 
Chinese Monthly Roses, (so called,) which 
require protection during the winter. 


BOOK OF FRUITS. 115 


G@OOSEBERRIES. 

In the article already given upon this fruit 
we recommended sending for those (without 
regard to names) ‘which have been tested by 
the Nurseryman and proved to be the best 
flavoured.” ‘The following list of good kinds 
of the Scotch and Lancanshire varieties, from 
a grower of this fruit, we subjoin on his au- 
thority. 

Rep Fruir. 

Small Sorts. Red Champagne—Rough 
Red—Scotch Best Jam. 

Larger Sorts. Boardman’s—Keen’s Seed- 
Jing—Leigh’s Rifleman—Farrow’s Roaring 
Lion—Red Warrington. 

Waurte Fruit. 

Smali Sorts. White Crystal—White Cham- 
pague—Early White—White Honey. 

Larger Sorts. Woodward’s Whitesmith— 
Wellington’s Glory—Taylor’s Bright Venus—— 
Coleworth’s White Lion—Saunders’ Chesh- 
ire Lass. 

Yettow Fruit. 

Small Sorts. Yellow Champagne—Early 
Sulphur—-Rumbullion—H epburn Yellow Aston. 

Large Sorts. Dixon’s Golden Yellow. 


116 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


Green Fruit. 

Small Sorts. Early Green Hairy—Hep- 
burn Green Prolific--Glenten Green——Pit- 
maston Green Gage. 

Larger Serts. Collier’s Jolly Angler— 
Edwards’ Jolly ‘Tar. 


In closing this first manual, we here subjoin 
an extract from Lindley, one of the most cel- 
ebrated modern writers on Pomology, on the 
method of producing new varieties of fruit. 
He says,— 

“The power of procuring intermediate va- 
rieties by the intermixture of the pollen and 
stigma of two different parents is, however, 
that which most deserves consideration. We 
all know that hybrid plants are constantly pro- 
duced in every garden, and that improvements 
of the most remarkable kind are yearly oceur- 
ring in consequence. Experiments are, how- 
ever, it may be supposed, sometimes made 
without the operator being exactly aware of 
cither of the precise nature of the action to 
which he is trusting for success, or of the lim- 
its within which his experiments should be 
confined, 


BOOK OF FRUITS. iT7 


Cross fertilization is effected, as every 
one knows, by the action of the pollen of one 
plant upon the stigma of another. The na- 
ture of this action is highly curious. Pollen 
consists of extremely minute hollow balls or 
bodies; their cavity is filled with fluid, in 
which swim particles of a figure varying from 
spherical to oblong, and having an apparently 
spontaneous motion. ‘The stigma is compos- 
ed of very lax tissue, the intercellular passages 
of which have a greater diameter than the 
moving particles of the pollen. 

‘When a grain of pollen comes in contact 
with the stigma, it bursts and discharges its 
contents among the lax tissue upon which it 
has fallen. The moving particles descend 
through the tissue of the style, until one, or 
sometimes more, of them finds its way, by 
routes specially destined by nature for this 
service, into a little opening in the integu- 
ments of the ovulum or young seed. Once 
deposited there, the particle swells, increases 
gradually in size, separates into radicle and 
cotyledons, and finaily becomes the embryo,— 
that part which is to give birth, when the 
seed is sown, to a new individual. 


118 BOOK OF FRUITS. 


‘Such being the mode in which the pollen 
influences the stigma and subsequently the 
seed, a practical consequence of great impor- 
tance necessarily follows, viz. that in all cases 
of cross fertilization the new variety will take 
chiefly after its polliniferous or male parent; 
and that at the same time it will acquire some 
of the constitutional peculiarities of its mother. 

“Thus, the male parent of the Downton 
Strawberry was the Old Black, the female a 
kind of Scarlet; in Coe’s Golden Drop Plum, 
the father was the Yellow Magnum Bonum, 
the mother the Green Gage; and in the 
Elton Cherry the White Heart was the male 
parent, and the Graffion the female. 

‘<The limits within which experimentsof this 
kind must be confined are, however, narrow. 
it seems that cross fertilization will not take 
place at all, or very rarely, between different 
species, unless these species are nearly related 
to each other; and that the offspring of the 
two distinct species is itself sterile, or if it 
possesses the power of multiplying itself by 
seed, its progeny returns back to the state of 
one or other of its parents.” 


American Red Juneating 
Boxford 

Baldwin 

Blue Permain 
Bellflower 

Benoni 

Drap D’Or 

Duchess of Oldenburg 
Danvers Winter Sweet 
Early Harvest 

Early Bough 

Early Red Margarct 
Fall Harvey 

Franklin Golden Pippea 
Fameuse 

Gravenstein 

Golden Russet 

Green Sweet 
Hawthorndean 
Hubbardston Nonsuch 
Kilham Rill 

Kerry Pippen 

Lady Apple 

Lyscom 

Lovett Sweet 

Mela Carla 


Autumn Superb 
Andrews 

Amire Joannet 

Beurre D’Aremberg 
Beurre Bosc 

Beurre, Easter 

Beurrs, Golden of Bilboa 
Beurre Van Marum 
Beurre Diel 
Bourgmestre, of Boston 
Bergamotte D’Automne 
Bloodgood 

Bon Chretien Fondante 
Belle Lucrative 

Belle et Bonne 

Buffum 

Bleeker’s Meadow 
Black Pear of Worcester 
Chair A’Dame 
Capsheaf 


INDE. 


APPLES. 
Page. 

46 Menagere 
59 Murphy 

59 Minister 
55 Newtown Spitzenburg 
60 Oslin 
49 Ortley Pippen 
438 Porter 
52. Pennocks 
60 Pickman Pippen 
45 Red Ingestrie 
46 Rambour D’Ete 
45 Red Astracan 
48 Rhode [sland Greening 
53 Ribstone Pippen 
55 Red Quarenden 
53 Red Doctor Apple 
54 Roxbury Russet 
63 Summer Queen 
438 Summer Rose 
49 Summer Pearmain 

5i. Swaar 
53. White Winter Calville 
59 Wine Apple 
5l Williams’ Favourite Red 
56 Yellow Ingestrie 
6L 

PEARS. 

75 Cabot 
if Cumberland 
64 Crawford 

95 Citron de Sirentz 

80 Cushing 

95 Catillac 

80 Dearborn’s Seedling 
76 Dix 

90 Duchesse D’Angouleme 
90 Echasserie 

86 Easter Beurre 

65 Fig Pear of Naples 

82 “Frederic of Wurtemberg 
75 Fulton 

75 Green Pear of Yair 

79 Gansels Bergamot 

88 Glout Morceau 
95 Golden Beurre of Bilboa 
70  arvard 

77 Heathcote 


P 


120 


Honey 

Henry Mourth 
Jalouse 

Johonnot 

Jutionne 

Jacloanan’a Melting 
Louie Bonne de Jersey 
Long Green 

Lewis 

Madaleine 

Maric Louise 
Moorlow?s Mey, of Boston 
Nain leeny 
Napoleon 

Newtown Vergalieu 
Potit, Museat 

Pope’s (huaker 

Petre 

Princess of Orange 
Passe Colmar 
Prinee’s St, Germain 
Pound Pear 


Belle de Vitry 
Congress Clingstone 
Barly Ann 

fiurly Royal George 
Grosse Mignone 
Heath Clingstone 
Matta 

Orange Ireestone 


Blue Tmnperatrice 

Brevoort's Purple Washington 
Blockers Gage 

Bingham 

Cove Golden Drop 

Coopers Plum 

Duane’s Purple 

Ditunond 

Elfrey 

Green Gage 


Black ‘Vartarian 
Black Tenrt 
Black Bale 
Davenporls Early 
Downer 

Blton 

Llorence 


INDEX. 


PEARS. 


Pape. 
(ita) Raymond 
76 Reine des Poires 
7S Rowsselette Hav’ 
V1 Rotteselette de Mheinag 
OF Rostiezer 
72 Surpass Vergalicu 
MS Seckle 
76 Surpass St, Germain 
9S Skinless 
61 Stunmer Rose 
47) Butomer rane Real 
So Stmer Thorn 
TW St. Ghislain 
47) Bylvanche Verte 
OL Urbaniate 
G4 Valeo tranche 
2 Washington 


#1 Willis? Bon Chretien (Bartlett) 


B30 Willing? Marly 
92 Wilkinson 

93 Winter Nelis 
6 


PRACIES. ‘ 
99 Oldimixon Clingstone 
10000 President s 
07 Red Rareripe 
97 Red Cheek Jacoton 
4 Redand Ve 
101° White Blossom 


93 White Rareripe 
100 


PLUMS. 


107) German Prone 

102 Talia Danas 

HO Ttalian Prone 

1060 Kark?s Plain 

107) Large Long Blue 

105) Morocco 

105 Orleans 

1060 Purple Gage 

105 Prinee’s Imperial Gage 
101 0 Washington 


CHERRIES. 


108 Gridley 

109) Late Dulce 

HO Napoleon Bigarrenu 
108 Piimestone Morello 
Tit White Bigarreau 
109 White Mazzard 

100 ° 


ORNAMENTAL TREES. 


Ornamental Trees, Choise 1 
Oimamental ‘Vrees, Class 2 


118 Ornamental Shrubs, Vines, &c. 


14a Class 3 


w Rareripe 


G7 
70 

AG 
2) 


114 


ADVERTISING SHEET 
TO THE 


BOOK OF FRUITS: 


FOR 


1838. 


POMOLOGICAL GARDENS, 
ON DEARBORN STREET—SALEM. 
FRUIT TREES, VINES, SHRUBS, AND 
ORNAMENTAL TREES. 


Warranted correct, constantly fot sale at ROBERT MANNING’S Ponologicai 
Garden, and at JOUN M. IVES’ adjoining Mursery—packed for 


transportation, and at Nursery prices. 


SCIONS OF FRUIT TREES, &c. &c. 


BGOH, STATIONSRY AND SEED STORE. 
IVES & JEWETT, 


193 ESSEX STREET, HAVE CONSTANTLY FOR SALE, 


GARDEN & PLOWAR SWDS, 
OF THE BEST VARIETIES, DONE UPIN A NEAT MANNER, 
. WITH BIRECTIONS FOR CULTURE, &c. &c. 
ALSO, 
SCHOOL BOOKS AND STATIONERY, 
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. 


c= All the standard works on AGRICULTURE AND GARDENING 
together with a complete assortment of CUTLERY—Pruning 


and Budding Knives, Shears, &e. &c. 


NEW-ENGLAND 
AGRICULTURAL WAREHOUSE, 
SEED STORE, 

AND OFFICE OF THE NEW-ENGLAND FARMER, 
No. 51 & 52 North Market Street, BOSTON, 


JOSEPH BRECK & CO. 


— 


{= Tue Proprietors of this Establishment would inform their 
friends and the public, that they keep constantly on hand and for 
sale, the greatest variety of Agricultural Implements, Grass Seeds, 
Garden and Flower Seeds, Bulbous Roots, Double Dahlias, &e. &e2. to 


be found in the country ;—among which are the following — 


AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 


©, Howard’s Cast Iron Ploughs, Willis’ improved Seed Sower 

Tice’s do. do. | Gault?s Patent Clurns, 

Side Hill do. do. Self Operating Cheese Press, 

Double Mould Board do. Tlorse Powerand ‘Threshing Machine, 
Wrought Iron and Wooden Ploughs, | Davis’? Road Scrapers, 

Scott Keith, & other Plough Castings, | Hale’s Rotary Pump, Lead Pipe, 
Willis’ improved Cultivator, Force Pumps, Copper do. Iron do. 
Green’s Patent Straw Cutter, | Underhil?s Cast Steel Axe, 

Willis? do. do. Sark Mills, Corn und Cobb Mills, 
Common hand do. Mlarris’ Paint do. = \Winnowing do. 
Manure and Hay Forks, | Grater Cider do. 

Seythes of all Kinds, Cast Iron Cider Screws, 

Patent and other Snaiths, | Yokes of all kinds ; 

Jlall’s and other [lay Rakes, 

Grindstones on Rotlers, With a great variety of Agrienuttiral 
Corn Shellers, Grain Cradles, | and Horticultural Tools, teo numer 
Chains of all kinds, ous to mention. 


FIELD SEEDS. 
Northern Clover, Southern do Ruta Baga, Mangel Wurtzel, 
White Honeysuckle Clover, Sugar Beet, &e. 
Lucerne, Herds Grass, or Timothy, | Winter and Sunimer Wheat, 


Red ‘Top, Southern Seed, do. do. Rye, 
do. Northern do. | Batley, English Oats, 

Fowl Meadow, do. | Cornu of various sorts, Millet, 

Orchard Grass, do. Hemp, Flax Seed, Totatoes. 


GARDEN SEEDS, 


Of every desirable yaniety will be furnished, wholesale and retail, by the 
pound, box, or pachage. 


SEEDS IN BOXES, 


For retailing, done up in the neatest manner in packages, with the name 
and directions printed on each parcel. Retailers 
supplied on most favorable terms, with 
boxes from $1 to $100. 


FOR THE FLOWER GARDEN. 


We have a very extensive collection of choice FLOwER SEEDs, em- 
bracing all the Annuals, Biennials and Perennials worthy of cultivation, 
Packages of twenty-five sorts for one dollar. 


Dutcu Burtzous Roors.—We import of these annually from Hol- 
land, a splendid collection, consisting of double and single Hyacinths, 
double and single Tulips, Crown Imperials, Narcissus, Iris, Crocus, 
Gladiolus, Amaryilis, Lxias, &c. &c. 


DousLe Dania Rootrs.—Of this beautiful and popular flower, we 
have more than two hundred fine varieties, embracing all that were 
shown at the exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 
Roots can be furnished from the first of October to the first of July, safe- 
Jy packed in Moss, and sent to any part of the country. 


Fruit and ornamental Trees and Shrubs furnished to order at Nursery 
prices. 


Large plants of the Morus Murtteautts, and cuttings of the same, 
ean be furnished by the hundred or thousand at moderate prices. 


We would call the attention of the public to the NEw-ENGLAND 
FARMER; one of the oldest and best agricultural newspapers in the 
country, containing a great amount of interesting and useful matter for 
the practical farmer and gardener. It is issued at our office weekly, on 
Wednesdays, at the moderate price of $2 50 per year in advance, or $3 
at the close of the year. 


We also pnblish the Horricunrurat ReaisteR, AND GARDEN- 
ER’s MAGAZINE, issued monthly, at $2 per annum in advance, or $2 50 
at the expiration of six months. This work is devoted principally to the 
cultivation of Fruits, Vegetables and Flowers. New subseribers can be 
supplied with the back volumes at $2 50 per vol. bound, 


Among our agricultural Books we keep for sale, The Complete Farm- 
er; Kenrick’s Orchardist ; American Gardener; Bridgman’s Gardener's 
Assistant ; Moubray on Poultry ; Silk Grower’s Guide; Cobb’s Silk 
Manual; Loudon’s Works, together with a great variety of useful and 
interesting works in this line. 


{<> We hope by unremitting attention, to sustain the credit of this 
Establishment, and realize the anticipations of our predecessors, NEw- 
e¥LL, Russevt, & BARRETT, in making it one of the most complete 
depositories for every thing in the Agricultural and Horticultural line in 
the country. 


JOSEPH BRECK & CO. 


BOSTON SHED STORE. 


ELLIS & BOSSON, 


At their Agricultural Establishment, No. 94, NORTII MARKET STREET, 
BOSTON, Mass. (up stairs) nearly opposite the centre of the Market, keep 
constantly on hand, avery great variety of Garden, Grass and 
Flower Seeds, comprising every kind of vegetable seeds and sweet pot 


herbs. 
GRASS AND FIELD SEEDS, 
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. 
‘Timothy or Herds Grass, Rata Baga, 
Northern and Southern Red Top, Long Orange and Altringham Carrot, 
Northern Clover, Southern do. White Silesia Sugar Beet, 
White Dutch do. Biack Sea, Gilman, Tea, and Italian 


Lueerne, or Freneh Clover, 

Orchard Grass, or English Cochfoot, 
(good for early and late pasturage,) 

Millet, White and Brown Mustard, 

Potatoe Oats, Skinless Oats, 

suck Wheat, 

Early white Potatoe, best variety, 


Spring Wheat, 
Tuseany Wheat, winter, new and 
fine variety, 
Red Chaff, winter, 
White Bushy do 
Spring and winter Rye, 
sroom Corn. 


St Helena do And every kind of seed, early and 
Yellow Locust Seed, for timber trees, late, the new as well as the old va- 
Long Blood Beet, rieties, on terms very accommoda- 
Mangel Wurtzel, for stock, ting. ‘ 


FLOWER SHEDS. 


Two hundred very handsome varieties, put up in small papers. Packages 
containing beautiful Annuals, Biennials and Perennials, at $1. 


Dutch Bulbous Roots, in great variety. 


GARDEN SEEDS will be supplied to traders at wholesale, or at a large 
discount from retail prices, either by the pound or in boxes, containing a com- 
plete assortment, neatly papered and labelled, with printed directions for their 
culture. These seeds are warranted not only fresh, but of superior quality. 


Boxes of seeds containing a good assortment fora family garden, at $3 per 
box. 


Books upon Agriculture and Rural Economy, wholesale and retail, 


TREES, Grape vines, Herbacious, Green House and other Plants in any 
quantities 


AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, 


MACHINES, &&c. 


Of every kind,and most approved patterns, comprising every thing that is 
wanted on a FARM, GARDEN, or ORCHARD. 


YANKEE FARMER; 


VOLUME FOURTH: EDITED BY S. W. COLE, ESQ. ASSISTED BY 
THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF PRACTICAL FARMERS, AND EXPERI- 
ENCED AGRICUL?'URISTS. 


Office, No. 34, North Market Strect, Boston, Mass. 


Tre YANKEE FARMER isa weekly publication, of eight 
pages, devoted to Agriculture, on a large quarto sheet. ‘The 
price is TWO DOLLARS per annum, payable within sixty days 
from the time of subscribing ; and every sixth copy will be allow- 
ed to gentlemen who procure us five subscribers, and remit the 
money in advance. A volume will contain 416 pages quarto, and 
be furnished with a copious index and titie page. It is the cheap- 
est agricultural paper in New England, containing more reading 
than 2590 pages duidecimo. 

Almost every man cultivates a spot of earth, and whether it 
be a large or small one, he should learn the best productions, the 
best methods of culture, and the latest improvement in tools and 
machines. These who are not cultivators will find much in the 
Farmer that will be interesting and useful. 


Articles on Rural and Domestic Economy, Arts, Trades, &c. 
will frequently come home to the business and promote the inter- 
est of every reflecting person. 

The Price Current of Country Produce, and a weekly report of 
the sales at Brighton Market, will be published in the Farmer. 

(> Subscriptions must be sent by mail to 


CHARLES P. BOSSON, Publisher, 
34, North Market Street, Boston, Mass. 


AGRICULTURAL AND GARDEN SEED 
WARKHOUSE, 
NO. 9, MERCHANTS’ ROW BOSTON. 


> GB Oa0- 


HOVaY & CO. 
SEEDSMEN AND FLORISTS, 


Orrer at wholesale and retail, one of the most extensive as- 
sortments of GARDEN, GRASS, FIELD, and FLOWER 
SEED, to be found in New England. Having long been en- 
gaged in the cultivation of plants and the raising of seed, they 
can warrant every article true to its name and of the best quality. 


AGRICULTURAL SEEDS. 

Such as Spring Wheat, Spring Rye, Barley, Buckwheat, 
Mangel Wurtzel, Ruta Baga, Sugar Beet, Mulberry Seed, Dut- 
ton Corn, &c. &c. In the selection of these articles, H. & Co. 
give the most particular attention, and purchasers may rely upon 
procuring the most approved kinds, and of genuine quality. 


GRASS SEEDS. 
Herds Grass, Red Top, Northern and Southern Clover, White. 
Dutch Clover, Lucerne, Orchard, Rye, and Dew Grass, Millet, 
&c, at wholesale and retail. 


GARDEN SEEDS. 

The great variety of vegetable seeds renders it impossible to 
enumerate them in an advertisement. In addition to all the old 
and approved kinds, they annually receive from the first seeds- 
men in Europe, every thing that is new or rare. The following 
are among those ot more recent introduction :— 

Cedo Nulli Peas (early) | Bailey’s Giant Red Celery 
Groone’s Superb Dwarf Blue | do do White do 


Karly Warwick Peas Early Vanack Cabbage 


| 


| 


FLOWER SENDS. 


400 kinds of Annual and Perennial FLOWER SEEDS, 
embracing all the most choice and beautiful ; 

12 varieties of Superb Donble German Asters ; 

10 do. of double dwarf Larkspurs ; 

6 do. of Zumias, &e. &e. all raised by themselves, and 

warranted to be the most beautiful in cultivation. 

Packages of 20 kinds handsomely put up for 1. 

100 elegant varieties in one package, $4. 


GREENBOUSE PLANTS, 
Including 200 varieties of Camellias ; 40 of Erica’s or 


Heaths, Azaleas, Rhododendrons, Geraniums, &c. ; Hardy Pe- 
rennial Flowering Plants, &-c. 

A large collection of the most splendid DAHLIAS, Bulbous 
Flower Roots, §c. §c. 


FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES, 


Grape Vines, Gooseberries, Strawberries, Asparagus, Rhubarb 
Roots, §-c. 

BOOKS on Gardening, Botany, Agriculture, (c. 

> DEALERS and others supplied on accommodating terms, 
with every variety of Garden Seeds, by the pound, bushel, or 
ounce; or if required, in Boxes, neatly put up in papers, and 
labelled with the name and all the particulars of cultivation, 

fc A liberal discount made from the retail prices. 

H. & Co. publish the MAGAZINE OF HORTICUL- 
TURE, velume LV of which commenced on Jan. 1, 1533. — 
Monthly, at $3 per year. 

CaraLocurs may be had on application. 

~~ Orders for any kind of Seeds, Plants, or ‘Trees, directed to 
HOVEY § Co. No. 9, Merchants’ Row, Boston, will meet with 
prompt attention, and be faithfully executed.—Plants packed so 
as to go safely to any part of the country. 


BOVEY & GOc 


Go Ro CARRBTSONIS 


WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 
AGRICULTURAL AWD GARDEN SEED 
WAREHOUSE, 

FLUSHING L. I. NEW YORK. 


ALWAYS ON HAND, A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF 


AGRICULTURAL, KITCHEN GARDEN AND FLOWER 


&SBEDS, 
of the greatest variety, and at reduced prices. 
ALSO, 


A large collection of the most superb varieties of Dauttas. 
Morus Multicaulis Plants can be supplied in any quantities, & at moderate rates. 
In fact every thing appertaining to the Seed or Nurscry busi- 


ness can be supplied; and to those who purchase to sell again, 
2 liberal deduction will be made. 


WW. RENRECK’S NURSERY, 
WIBVW BOW WAVBSe 
FRUIT TREES, 


4 MOST EXTENSIVE VARIETY OF THE FINEST SORTS, INCLUDING 
THE CELEBRATED 
NEGY FEE NRESig PEARS. 

Arso—Apples, Cherries, Peaches, Plums, Nectarines, Apricots, 
Almonds, Quinces, Grape Vines, Currants, Raspberries, Fine 
imported Lancashire Gooseberries. 

MULBERRIES FOR SILK, at a liberal discount, by the 
hundred or thousand, including the Chinese, or Morus Multi- 
caulis. 

(a? All orders left with IVES §& JEWETT, at their Book 
4Nb SEED Srore, 193 Essex Srreer, will be duly attended to. 


Xr CATALOGUES gratis, on application. 


SALEM © 


AGRICULTURAL WAREHOUSE. 


——— 


WILLIAM H. CHASE, 


AT THE CHAMBERS OVER HIS HARD-WARE STORE, 186 ESSEX 


OPPOSITE CENTRAL STREET, 


HAS CONSTANTLY ON HAND, 


AN ASSORTMENT OF 


AGRICULTURAL IMFLEMENTS. 


C Howard’s Cast Iron Ploughs 
J.& J. Sylvester's do do 
Plough Castings, 

Corn Shellers 


Manure and Hay Forks, 
Farwell’s Scythes 

Colby’s do 

Patent and common Snaiths, 


Willis’ improved Seed Sower, | Wilder and Eddy’s Rakes, 
Green's Patent Straw Cutter, | Grindstone Rollers 

Willis’ do do Corn Mills, 

Common hand do | Paint do 

Lead Pipe, Cast Steel Shovels, 

Cast Iron Pumps, | Iron do 

Copper do Garden Tools of all kinds. 
Wood do | Cast Iron Boilers, 


Gault’s Patent Churns, Cast Steel Hoes, 
Shaker and common Churns, 


THRESHING MACHINES. 


Together with a great variety of other Agricultural and Horti- 
cultural TOOLS, which will be sold on the most favorable terms. 


Any description of AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS that 
may be wanted, will be procured at short notice from the manu- 
facturers. 


Sagem, 3d montH, Sth, 1838. 


683 


Ty 


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