HANDBOOKS OF
PRACTICAL GARDENING

THE BOOK OF
SHRUBS

J

GEORGE GORDON.YMJI

HANDBOOKS OF PRACTICAL GARDENING— XV
EDITED BY HARRY ROBERTS

THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

THE BOOK OF
SHRUBS

GEORGE GORDON, V.M.H.

KOITOR OF Tke Gardener's Magazine

JOHN LANE: THE BODLEY HEAD
LONDON AND NEW YORK. MCMIII

£>^

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Main T.flx
Aoric. Uept.

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Turnbull & Spears, Printers, Edinburgh

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION . . ... x

CULTURAL . . . . . . .4

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SHRUBS . . « . , 9

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING TREES ... • 37
AMERICAN SHRUBS ... ... 47

DECIDUOUS SHRUBS WITH ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGE . . .51

DECIDUOUS TREES WITH ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGE . . -57

EVERGREENS ...... 60

CONIFERS . . . . , . . . 69

BAMBOOS ... • • • • 75

INDEX . . . . . . . .81

vii

271867

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

MAGNOLIA. From a draiving by Ethel Roskruge . . Frontispiece

SINGLE FLOWER OF TREE PJEONY. By courtesy of Messrs

Kelivay . . . . . To face page 8

TREE P^ONY FLOWER PARTLY OPEN. By courtesy of

Messrs Kelivay . . , . .,,,,11

CYTISUS PRJECOX. Photo by Mrs 7. L. Richmond . « „ „ 1 6

BUDDLEIA GLOBOSA. Photo by Mrs 7. L. Richmond . „ „ 22

LlLAC. Photo by 5. W. Fitzherbert . > „ „ 34

DlERVlLLA RoSEA. By courtesy of Messrs Kelivay . • » » 36

PAVIA MACROSTACHIA . . . . ,, ,, 38

PRUNUS PlSSARDl. 7*^0/0 by Mrs Robinton Douglas . „ „ 58

ARBUTUS UNEDO. Photo by Mrs 7. Z.. Richmond . „ ,, 60

CEANOTHUS DENTATUS. Photo by S. IV. Fitzherbert . „ ,, 62

CHOISYA TERNATA. Photo by S. W. Fitzherbert . . ,, ,,64

CHOISYA TERNATA. Photo by Mrs I. L. Richmond . ,, ,. 66

CALLISTEMON SPECIOSUS. Photo by Mrs I. L. Richmond . ,, ,, 68

ix

THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

INTRODUCTION

To those who take something more than a superficial
view of the ornamental aspects of the garden and are
well acquainted with the more beautiful shrubs and the
trees of small growth, it has long been a matter for
regret that there should, in relation to arborescent vege-
tation, be so much poverty in gardens of all classes.
They have known that botanical gardens and many of
the leading nurseries have abounded in shrubs and trees
of wondrous beauty, while gardens were being more or
less given up to the growth of such as properly
belong to the hedgerow and the rustic woodland. In
some cases the planting of these kinds in the garden has
been due to a desire to effect a small saving in the initial
cost of the gardens ; but in others the errors in planting
have resulted from a want of knowledge of the many
beautiful forms that properly belong to the garden.

Of late years owners of gardens and those responsible
for their formation and management have become better
acquainted with shrubs and trees, and have effected con-
siderable improvements in their selections, but much has
yet to be learned before the choicer kinds at the com-
mand of planters can be taken full advantage of and
properly utilised in the formation of garden scenery. It
is hoped, and, indeed, believed, that this work will do

THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

much to extend the knowledge of the many beautiful
forms, and thereby promote the development of a taste
for them, and assist in a material extension of their culti-
vation. From the following pages it will be readily
gathered that there is an immense variety of forms at
command, a variety so large as to more than suffice for
affording a succession of delights to those who make a
proper distinction in the selection of their shrubs and
trees between the shrubbery border and the hedgerow
and the dressed grounds and the rustic woodland. It
will be seen that there are shrubs and trees of moderate
and miniature growth ; forms that flower in spring, fruit
in summer, and that assume the most brilliant hues when
autumn passes her hand amongst the leaves ; forms
that enrich the artistically planted garden with their deep
tones of colour, and forms with variegated leaves that
light it up with their golden and grey and silvery hues,
and forms with leafage like lace in their lightness, and
that there are forms with foliage of the most massive
character.

The wealth of material that was at the command of
planters a quarter of a century ago, and, unfortunately,
so indifferently utilised, has been greatly increased of
late years by the enterprise of British nurserymen and
the well-directed efforts of hybridists. During the past
twenty-five years a considerable number of distinct and
beautiful trees and shrubs have been received from
Japan, North America, and other parts of the world ;
and within the same period the shrubs remarkable for
the beauty of their flowers have been greatly increased
by the efforts of the hybridists. The lilacs, the phila-
delphus, and the dentzias have been enormously im-
proved, while hardy azaleas and rhododendrons have had
so many important additions made to them as to have
had their usefulness increased to a very appreciable
extent.

INTRODUCTION 3

There should be no difficulty in obtaining any of the
plants that are mentioned in this book, for the persistent
advocacy by the author of the merits of garden shrubs
and trees has brought them into sufficient prominence
to induce nurserymen in all parts of the United Kingdom
to include them in their stocks. It may not be possible
to see them all growing in the same nursery, but any
nurseryman of position should be able to supply them
all, and at a price within the means of the majority of
those who own gardens. Intending planters should, as
far as practicable, see the kinds they purpose planting
growing in the nurseries or in neighbouring gardens,
and in the case of those grown for their flowers when in
bloom. Tastes differ, and while all are more or less
beautiful, some will be preferred to others ; and by
making a selection when in full growth the purchaser
can not only select those most in accordance with his
taste, but he can form a much better idea as to the
suitability of the respective kinds for the position they
are intended to occupy.

CULTURAL

THE cultivation of shrubs and trees is a very simple
matter, and the principal details can be readily mastered
by those who have an elementary knowledge of garden-
ing. Unless the circumstances are quite exceptional and
the nursery is within a few miles of the garden, plants
of medium size should be preferred to those that have
attained to large dimensions. The latter are costly be-
cause of the large amount expended in labour upon their
preparation by the nurseryman, and they are much more
difficult to establish. Sometimes with considerable care
they die in the summer after they are planted. In other
cases they are so slow in becoming established that they
make but little growth for two or three years ; and when
they readily take to their new quarters, it is not unusual
for them to be overtaken by plants several years younger
at the time of planting. Speaking in a general way, the
plants offered at the usual catalogue price are the best,
having regard to their cost and the rapidity with which,
under ordinary care, they become established and fill the
positions assigned them.

The preparation of the soil for the reception of the
shrubs and trees must be thorough, for upon the manner
in which this is done depends in a large measure the after
success. If the whole of the bed or border is to be
planted at the same time, the ground should be broken
up to a depth of eighteen inches or two feet, but unless
the soil is good and friable throughout the whole depth,
the bottom spit should not be brought to the surface,

CULTURAL 5

but be well broken up with the fork or spade, and be
left in the bottom of the trench. These things do not
require a rich soil, but if the soil is poor a moderate
dressing of well-rotted manure or decayed vegetable
refuse should be dug in during the preparatory process.
Leaf mould may also be used for the same purpose, but
that material is seldom available in sufficient quantities
to admit of it being used as a dressing for shrubbery or
other borders. When planted singly or on the lawn,
the stations should be of a sufficient diameter to allow
of the roots being spread out horizontally, and the soil
be broken up as in the case of beds and borders, and
with or without manurial matter added to it, as may be
considered desirable.

The autumn is the best season for planting and pur-
chasing deciduous shrubs and trees, and those who begin
early will have the best prospect of obtaining satisfactory
results. To be more exact, the four weeks commencing
with the middle of October is the most suitable period.
In the mild autumnal days, when the soil is warm and
the showers are frequent, newly planted shrubs and trees
proceed to make new roots in their fresh quarters
with great rapidity, and in the following spring grow
so vigorously as to afford no indication of having lately
had their roots disturbed. With every day's delay there
is an increase in the check which they must inevitably
suffer by removal. By early planting the damage done
to the roots is slight and the recovery rapid. The longer
the planting is deferred the more serious is the injury
and the recovery is slow, and in the case of those trans-
planted in spring, when the sap is becoming active, as
indicated by the swelling buds, there is a risk of the
injury being so great as to result in death. August and
September are the two best months for transplanting ever-
greens, but the work may be done in October with a
good prospect of success.

6 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

It is a good rule in planting operations of all kinds to
expose the roots to atmospheric influences as little as
possible, therefore the ground should in all cases be
ready for the reception of shrubs or trees immediately they
arrive. When they are unpacked dip the roots if dry
in a vessel of water, place them together in a position
convenient to the bed or border in which they are to be
planted, and lay a mat or a piece of canvas over the
roots. In planting make the holes large enough to
admit of the roots being spread out horizontally and
deep enough for the stem to be about an inch or so
lower in the soil than it was previously as indicated
by the soil mark. Place rather fine soil immediately
over the roots and then proceed to fill in the hole
and tread the soil firmly as this is being done, and
if the soil is close and retentive, a barrowful of old
soil from the potting bench and frame ground should
be at hand for placing immediately over the roots.
All the roots that have been injured in lifting or
transit should be cut back to an inch or so above
the wound, a sharp knife being used as a clean cut
is of primary importance. Whether any pruning of
the branches should be done at the time of prun-
ing will depend upon the kinds and the size of the
examples. Generally speaking a shortening of the
branches of the deciduous kinds will be desirable, and
in the case of large specimens rather severe pruning
will be beneficial for the purpose of reducing the leaf
area and consequently the evaporative surface in the
succeeding spring and summer. There are exceptions
to all rules, and large specimens that are only moved
from one part of the garden to the other, or are lifted
in the nursery with exceptionally good roots at the best
time for planting operations and packed and planted
carefully will so quickly recover as to be able to take
up the amount of moisture necessary to produce a satis-

CULTURAL 7

factory growth. In many cases considerable assistance
will be derived from two or three liberal root waterings
in May and occasional overhead syringings. Evergreens
moved in August should be syringed overhead three or
four times a week in dry weather for the purpose of
reducing the evaporation until the roots are able to take
up moisture in quantities sufficient for the requirements
of the plants.

It is important to avoid overcrowding, and there are
two courses open to the planter ; one to arrange the plants
far enough apart to allow for several seasons' growth
and the other to plant somewhat closer and remove a
certain proportion of the plants when they are beginning
to touch each other. The first is the preferable of the
two courses, and until the shrubs occupy the whole
space, the borders can be made bright with bulbs in
spring and annuals in summer. The annuals should be
dwarf in growth so that they will not interfere with the
development of the shrubs and also be rather thin on
the ground. Anemones, chinodoxas, muscari, snow-
drops and other spring flowering bulbs may be grown
permanently amongst shrubs as they will produce
beautiful displays of flowers without in the slightest
interfering with their growth.

Very little pruning will be required, and in the case
of flowering shrubs should be limited to the removal in
the winter of the old and exhausted growths. When
shoots are cut back annually as is done in many cases
under the erroneous impression that an annual pruning
is a necessary part of the management of shrubs they
produce but few if any flowers and present a formal and
unsatisfactory appearance. Branches that are likely to
spoil the contour of a specimen or invade a neighbour's
territory should as a matter of course be cut hard back.
Much the same practice should be followed in the case
of evergreens, and they are here referred to specially

8 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

for the purpose of saying that they should invariably be
pruned with a knife as where shears are used as is so
frequently the case the leaves are usually so disfigured
as to more or less spoil the appearance of the specimens
until the new growth is sufficiently advanced to hide
them.

SINGLE FLOWER OF TREE P/EONY

One-third diameter

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SHRUBS

THE deciduous shrubs remarkable for the beauty of
their flowers are so numerous, so varied in character and
so wondrously beautiful when yielding of their floral
wealth as to form the most important of all the groups
of ligneous vegetation. From the opening of the
singularly formed and attractively coloured flowers of
the Hamamelis in January until the later Philadelphus
attain the zenith of their beauty about midsummer there
is a continuous procession of flowers of the most delight-
ful description. Some few kinds produce their flowers
at a later period, but the fact that these shrubs contribute
with remarkable prodigality to the charms of the garden
for fully six months of the year should be sufficient to
ensure their being largely planted in both large and
small gardens, and in country and town districts. More
especially should this be the case when it is remembered
that those most effective when in bloom are at least as
attractive at other seasons of the year as kinds with
inconspicuous flowers. Those enumerated in this chapter
do not include all that are worth the attention of
planters, but they comprise the very best in their respec-
tive classes and are more than sufficient to. produce the
most delightful effects in gardens large enough to afford
full scope for the display of taste by the garden artist.

ABELIAS. — These form a small group of deciduous and
evergreen shrubs that are less generally useful than the
majority of shrubs remarkable for the beauty of their
flowers ; but they are sufficiently attractive to justify
their being planted where the conditions are favourable

io THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

to their making a vigorous growth and flowering freely.
They attain a height ranging from three to five feet, are
elegant in habit and produce funnel-shaped flowers, these
being borne in clusters in the axils of the leaves. They,
however, are not sufficiently hardy to be successfully
grown in the open border except in the south and west
of England, and in the more southern districts of
Ireland. In the midland counties of England they may
be grown against walls with a southern aspect provided
they are given a little protection in severe winter. With
so large a number of perfectly hardy shrubs available,
shrubs that are somewhat tender should as a rule be
planted in those districts only in which they can be
satisfactorily grown without protection. They require a
well-drained border and a light soil, a soil somewhat
sandy to which liberal additions of peat and leaf mould
have been made being the most suitable.

The most desirable of the deciduous species are A.
chinensis (syn. A. rupestris}, a dwarf-growing species bear-
ing clusters of tubular, fragrant, pale pink flowers ; the
season of flowering extending from early in August
until the end of September. A. triflora, a charming
species from the Himalayas, flowering throughout the
summer months ; the flowers are borne in clusters of
three, the corolla rose-pink on the outer, and pale yellow
on the inner side.

BERBERIS OR BARBERRY. — The finest of the barberries
are so extremely beautiful and effective that they should
be liberally planted in gardens of all sizes, more par-
ticularly as they are quite hardy and can be grown to
a high degree of perfection without special attention.
Several of the finest of the species and their hybrids have
persistent leafage, and will be found enumerated in the
chapter devoted to ornamental evergreens. All the
deciduous species may be planted in any ordinary garden
soil with the assurance of their making a vigorous growth

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SHRUBS n

and flowering profusely, but as in the case of the
majority of shrubs they are the most satisfactory when
planted in soil that is moderately rich and well drained.
They may be propagated by means of layers and
suckers which should be taken off when nicely rooted
late in the autumn ; and also by means of cuttings of
well-ripened shoots, which should be taken in October
and rooted under hand-glasses in the open. The follow-
ing autumn they will be rooted sufficiently to be planted
in nursery lines to strengthen previous to their being put
in their permanent quarters.

The best of the deciduous Berberis are : B. canadensis
or Canadian Barberry, an elegant shrub attaining a height
of about four feet and having a profusion of drooping
racemes of yellow flowers during the spring months ;
B. chinensis or Chinese Barberry, a distinct species grow-
ing to a height of from four to six feet and flowering in
May, the flowers bright yellow and borne in pendent
racemes ; and B. Thunbergior Thunberg's Barberry, a very
handsome Japanese species of dwarf spreading growth,
and not less remarkable for the splendid colouring of its
leaves and fruits in autumn than for the effectiveness of
its flowers in spring. The growths are slender, grace-
fully arching, and in April they bear along the greater
part of their length pendent yellow and red flowers,
which are followed by fruits that in the autumn become
of a bright scarlet colour. In the autumn the leaves
change to bronze, crimson and red, and when the plants
are of considerable size they produce a very rich effect.
This species should have a place in the front row of the
shrubbery border and on the margin of beds and groups
of shrubs. B. vulgaris or Common Barberry is a robust
growing shrub attaining, under favourable conditions, a
height of eight or ten feet. It blooms freely during the
spring months, the flowers being yellow and produced
in short racemes. These are succeeded by clusters of

12 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

fruit, which in the autumn change to a bright coral red
colour and are very effective. Only suitable for large
gardens, in which it should be assigned a position at
the back of the borders.

CALYCANTHUS. — Although not particularly attractive
in colour, the flowers are so delightfully fragrant as to
fully justify the two species of calycanthus in cultiva-
tion being grown in gardens where there is sufficient
space for planting a somewhat comprehensive collection.
They range from six to eight feet in height according to
the conditions under which they are placed, and they are
quite hardy. They will grow freely in any ordinary
soil, but they prefer a position where they can have an
abundance of moisture at the roots and enjoy partial
shade. Hence they are well adapted for planting where
the shrubbery is partially shaded by trees and alongside
paths and drives through woods and plantations forming
part of the pleasure grounds. Propagation may be effected
by means of seed sown in an unheated frame in spring,
by offsets taken off early in winter, or by layers made
early in the autumn.

The fragrant C. floridus or Carolina Allspice reaches a
height of five or six feet and produces its purple-red and
delightfully fragrant flowers in May. C. occidentalis or
Californian Allspice is more robust than the first named
and decidedly the most attractive. When the plants have
the advantage of a deep moist soil and plenty of space,
they will attain a height of eight or nine feet and bloom
freely. The flowers are about three inches in diameter,
dull red-crimson, sweetly scented, and produced from
midsummer until late in the autumn.

CHIMONANTHUS. — The only species of Chimonanthus
in cultivation is C. fragrant or Winter Flower. The plant
attains a height of five or six feet, has slender shoots,
and produces during the winter months a profusion
of its greenish yellow, highly fragrant flowers. The

TREE P^ONY FLOWER, PARTLY OPEN

One-third diameter

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SHRUBS 13

flowers are somewhat bell-shaped about three quarters
of an inch in depth, and are borne along the leafless
shoots. It is an advantage to plant the Chimonanthus
on the sunny side of a wall and train the branches
over the surface, as the shelter the wall affords is suffi-
cient to protect the flowers from the adverse influence of
the weather.

CLERODENDRONS. — With two exceptions the Clero-
dendrons grown in British gardens are natives of
tropical regions, and require the warmth and shelter
of a plant stove or greenhouse for their successful
cultivation. The exceptions are the Chinese Clero-
dendron (C. foetidurri), which is not sufficiently hardy to
be grown except in sheltered position in the south and
west of England, and C. trichotomum, a hardy and remark-
ably handsome species introduced from Japan. The last
named only can be recommended for general cultivation,
and its distinctness and beauty should obtain for it a
prominent position in the shrubbery border. It has a
stout upright habit of growth, large dark green leaves,
and bears in September a profusion of flowers which are
white with rose purple calyx and sweetly scented.

The chief points in their cultivation are a well-drained
and moderately light soil and just sufficient thinning to
prevent overcrowding, the latter operation being done
by the removal during the winter of the weakly and
exhausted growths.

CORNUS OR DOGWOODS. — The deciduous dogwoods are
all more or less attractive and useful for the shrubbery,
more especially in the semi-wild parts of the garden and
in moist positions. They, however, differ materially in
relative merit, and a comparatively small selection will
suffice for any one garden. They will grow freely in
any ordinary garden soil, but they have a preference for
a position where they will have an abundance of mois-
ture at the roots, and are therefore most useful for

14 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

planting alongside running streams and on the margin
of lakes and ponds. Some of the species have a brilliant
red bark, and consequently present a bright effect when
leafless during the autumn and winter months. They
may be readily increased by cuttings, layers, or seeds.
Cuttings of the well ripened shoots taken early in the
autumn and inserted in sandy soil in an unheated frame
or under a hand-glass will usually root freely. If any
difficulty is experienced in striking the cuttings of either
of the kinds, select medium-sized shoots as soon as the
leaves have fallen and peg them down round the plant,
previously making a transverse cut half-way through
the shoot in an upward direction, and then cover the
portion pegged down with two or three inches of soil.
The seed should be sown in the autumn or early in the
spring in an unheated frame and planted out in nursery
lines in the kitchen garden when a few inches in height.
The several species differ in height and should be
assigned positions in the shrubbery according to their
stature, the dwarf-growing kind being planted along the
front. They appear to the greatest advantage when
planted in rather large groups on the water's edge or in
the semi-wild positions, and should be sparingly planted
in small gardens.

The most noteworthy of the several species are : The
White-fruited Dogwood (Cornus alba) a rather handsome
species with white flowers and fruits, and red stems.
Height about nine feet. Round-leaved Dogwood (C.
circinalis) a distinct form with cymes of white flowers
followed by blue fruits, and purple bark ; height about
seven feet. Japanese Dogwood (C. Kousa) a handsome
Japanese species, attaining a height of about five feet,
and bearing clusters of small yellow flowers, each with
four large white bracts. The bracts have a diameter of
about three inches and are the most attractive part of the
inflorescence. Cornelian Cherry (C. Mas) a handsome

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SHRUBS 15

free-growing species, attaining a height of about twelve
feet, and producing during February and March umbels
of yellow flowers, which are succeeded by red, purple,
or yellow fruits according to the variety. Broad-leaved
Dogwood (C. macrophylla) a Japanese species, growing
from three to five feet high, bearing clusters of white
flowers in June. Common Dogwood (C. sanguinea) a
free-growing species, attaining a height of six or seven
feet, and bearing in June and July terminal cymens of
white flowers. The bark is bright red, and very effec-
tive in winter.

CORYLOPSIS. — A small group of shrubs of medium
growth, valuable for the early period of the year in
which they bloom. They are similar in growth and
leafage to the Hazel and Filbert nuts, and produce their
yellow flowers in short pendent racemes in advance of
the leaves. They are all quite hardy, and may be suc-
cessfully grown in good garden soil. They should be
planted in the first or second row in the shrubbery
border and be given sufficient room for the development
of their branches, as when crowded, they fail to bloom
freely or be in any way satisfactory. Propagation is
readily effected by layering the well ripened shoots in
the autumn.

Each of the species in cultivation is well worthy of a
place in the shrubbery border. Corylopsis himalayana is
as indicated by its specific name a native of the Hima-
layas ; it attains a height of about six feet, has large
light green leaves and pale yellow flowers borne in
racemes at the ends of the branches. C. pauciflora, a
Japanese species, two or three feet high, blooming in
March and April, the flowers primrose yellow, and pro-
duced in short racemes. C. spicata also is of Japanese
origin, and attains a height of about three feet; the
flowers are pale yellow, pleasantly scented, and produced
in February.

1 6 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

CYDONIA OR JAPANESE QUINCE. — A handsome shrub,
growing to a height ranging from five to eight feet, and
flowering profusely during the first four months of the
year. It is slender in growth, and is highly attractive
whether grown in bush form along the front of the
shrubbery or planted against a wall and the branches
trained to its surface. For low walls it is one of the
most useful shrubs we have. A west aspect is the most
desirable, for owing to the early period in the year in
which the flowers are produced there is a risk of their
being damaged by frost when they are exposed to the
direct rays of the sun early in the day. For the same
reason it is an advantage to select positions in the
shrubbery where they will be screened from the sun in
the morning.

The type Cydonia japonica has bright scarlet flowers ;
and there are numerous varieties with flowers ranging
from white to purple-crimson. Of these the most
desirable are Cardinalis, rich scarlet; nivalis white, and
rosea bright rose. Maule's Quince (C. Maulei) is very
similar in general character to the Japanese quince, but
it is dwarfer, attaining a height of four feet, has smaller
leaves and blooms in April. The flowers are rich
orange red and borne in great proportion, and they are
succeeded by yellow fruits which make a delicious pre-
serve. It is admirably adapted for the formation of
beds on the lawn, and for low hedges, and in the
shrubbery its proper place is in the front line, where it
should be arranged in groups of three or four plants.

Maule's quince is not suitable for walls, and with
reference to the Japanese quince it must be said that
when the species and its varieties are trained to walls the
lateral growths should be allowed to extend naturally to
a distance of twelve or eighteen inches from the surface
instead of being nailed close to it in accordance with
the practice that so generally obtains.

CYTISUS PRAKCOX

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SHRUBS 17

CYTISUS OR BROOMS. — The Brooms, of which six or
seven kinds are wondrously effective, are of much value
in the creation of garden scenery, and should be freely
planted, more especially in gardens extending over a large
area. They all agree in having erect or decumbent
slender shoots of a deep green tone, and pea-shaped
flowers ; but they differ materially in stature and in the
size and colour of the flowers. They may for the most
part be readily raised from seeds sown early in the spring
in the open border, or in an unheated frame, the latter
course of procedure being necessary only when the
supply of seeds is small and it is desired to raise the
largest number of plants possible. The choice kinds may
be increased by grafting them on the commoner species,
and such handsome decumbent forms as Cytisus keivense
and C. purpureus have an attractive appearance when
grafted on the common laburnum about six feet from
the ground. All the Brooms thrive on a light, sandy
soil, and are therefore of great value for planting on dry
banks of sand or chalk, where but few other shrubs
would thrive. They produce the finest effect when
arranged in groups of from three to twelve plants,
according to the area of the garden and the size of the
border or other space in which they are to be planted.
As the Brooms have a tendency to become bare at the
lower part after a few years' growth, it is desirable to
maintain a succession of young plants to replace the old
specimens as they become unsightly.

The most beautiful of those available for "planting in
the garden are — C. albus, or the White Spanish Broom,
is a slender growing shrub, reaching a height of five or
six feet before it becomes bare at the base, and bears its
small white flowers at the end of May or early in June,
and in such great profusion that the slender growths are
enwreathed in flowers. C. ardoini, a distinct species of
decumbent growth, and not exceeding six inches high.

1 8 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

The flowers are golden yellow, rather large, and borne
in clusters in the axils of the leaves. It is admirably
adapted for planting on dry, warm ledges in the rock
garden, and produces a rich colour effect during April
and May. C. keivense, a hybrid between the two fore-
going species, and its decumbent habit renders it of
special value for planting on banks and on broad ledges
in the rock garden. The flowers are produced in April
and May, and are large in size and of a pleasing shade
of primrose yellow. C. prxcox, a charming species of
slender growth, and forming a dense bush. The flowers
pale yellow, and produced in great profusion, the slender
growths being studded nearly their whole length with
them. C. purpureus has a trailing habit, and is very
useful for banks and on the rockery ; the flowers are
large and of a rich purple hue. C. purpureus albus, white ;
and C. purpureus ratisbonensis, yellow, are desirable forms.
Common Broom (C. scoparius) is very effective in park
scenery when arranged in bold masses; but its variety,
dndreanus, is the best for the garden. The flowers
have a yellow keel and crimson wings, a very effective
combination of colour.

DAPHNES. — The deciduous daphnes, suitable for
general cultivation, do not form a large group, but they
include a few that are so useful as to entitle them to a
place in the smallest garden. They are of moderate
growth, and appear to the greatest advantage when
arranged in small groups along the front of the shrubbery
border or on the margin of beds and groups on the lawn.
The few that will be mentioned as the most desirable
may be most successfully grown in any good garden
soil that is sufficiently drained to prevent the moisture
remaining in a stagnant state about the roots. Pro-
pagation may be effected by means of layers or
cuttings, and the best time for layering the shoots
or taking cuttings is early in the autumn, when the

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SHRUBS 19

shoots of the current year have become firm and
moderately ripe.

The Japanese species, Daphne Givenka, forms a com-
pact shrub, ranging from two to three feet in height,
has lanceolate leaves and fragrant lilac flowers, which
are produced in clusters in March and April in advance
of the leaves. Common Mezereon (D. mezereum) is neat
in growth, attains a height of three or four feet, and
blooms in February and March, or March and April,
according to the weather experienced early in the year.
The flowers are produced along the growths of the
previous year, and are rose-red and pleasantly fragrant ;
they are followed by a crop of berries which assume a
brilliant fed colour when they attain maturity. There
are several varieties of the Mezereon, and the most note-
worthy are atropurpureum^ rich purple ; autumnale, rose
red, flowering during the autumn ; and flore albo, the
flowers white, followed by yellow fruits.

DEUTZIAS. — All the deutzias are remarkable for their
elegant habit and freedom of flowering, but they differ
materially in their value for the embellishment of the
flower garden. They will thrive in any good garden
soil ; but the best soil is a sandy loam, to which a dressing
of stable manure or leaf mould is applied every second
or third year, as may appear necessary, to maintain the
plants in a vigorous state without promoting an unduly
vigorous growth. Judicious pruning is necessary because
of the tendency of the plants to become so crowded with
old wood as to prevent the new growths attaining their
full development and flowering so freely as they should
do. The best course of procedure is to examine the
shrubs towards the end of the autumn, and then cut
away the weakly spray and exhausted wood with which
they invariably become crowded, but leave the young
growths untouched. Deutzias can be readily increased
by means of cuttings of the partly ripened shoots in

20 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

summer and well matured shoots in the autumn. The
former should be made three or four inches in length,
inserted in pots filled with sandy soil, and placed in a
pit or frame ; while the autumn cuttings should be six
or eight inches long, and be rooted in the open border.
They contribute most liberally to the attractions of
the flower garden when arranged in groups of three
plants in the first or second row of the shrubbery accord-
ing to their height.

The species and varieties that can be specially recom-
mended for their distinctness and beauty are : Deutzia
corymbosa, a Himalayan species reaching a height of about
three feet, having large leaves and producing corymbose
panicles of pure white flowers. D. crenata, a surprisingly
beautiful species of Japanese origin, forming a large
compact bush ranging from four to seven feet in height
according to the soil and other conditions. The flowers
are white and produced in short racemes along the shoots
of the previous year or on the spurs formed on the older
wood. The finest varieties are Candidissima, a very
beautiful form, producing a profusion of double white
flowers ; flore plena has double flowers, white tinged
with rose-purple ; and purpurea plena an effective variety
with flowers deeper in colour than those of the variety
immediately preceding it. D. discolor, a distinct Chinese
species, reaching a height of about five feet and blossoming
freely, the flowers which are white being produced in
small corymbs at the ends of the main branches and
lateral growths ; the variety purpurascens has white
flowers suffused with rose-purple but is hardly so desir-
able as the specific form. D. gracilis so well known and
largely cultivated for flowering under glass early in the
year is seldom satisfactory in the shrubbery because
of the injury so frequently done to the growths of the
previous year by the frosts ; this species is still un-
surpassed for conservatory decoration and the plants

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SHRUBS 21

required for forcing should be either grown in pots or
in an open position in the kitchen garden. D. Lemoinei,
a beautiful hybrid between D. gracilis and D. parviflora,
attaining a height of four or five feet and producing a
profusion of pure white flowers which are borne in
short semi-erect racemes at the tops of the growths ; it
should be grown in every garden.

EUCRYPHIA. — The extremely beautiful Eucryphia pin-
natifolia is one of the few Chilian shrubs that can be
successfully cultivated without protection in this country.
The species attains a height of ten or twelve feet, is
elegant in growth, has pinnate rose-like foliage, and
bears in July and August pure white single flowers with
large clusters of golden anthers. A well-drained friable
soil is desirable, and conspicuous positions in the
shrubbery or on the lawn should be selected for the
specimens.

EXOCHORDAS. — The Exochordas are not generally
grown although elegant in aspect and extremely beauti-
ful when in bloom. They require for their successful
cultivation a well-drained position and a rather light but
moderately rich loam ; and a rather sheltered position
in the northern counties is desirable. A prominent
position on the lawn is preferable, and they should be
planted singly or in small groups to allow them to assume
their naturally elegant habit. They may be propagated
by means of cuttings of the partially ripened shoots,
suckers or layers.

There are two species in cultivation, and both can be
strongly recommended for their great beauty ; they
differ chiefly in height. Exochorda Alberti, a Persian
species, is the most robust of the two and attains a
height of ten or twelve feet and is somewhat pyramidal
in outline. The flowers are pure white, nearly an inch
in diameter, and borne in rather small racemes. E. grandi-
jlora, a Chinese species, forms a neat bush about six feet

22 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

high and produces a profusion of pure white flowers
similar in form and size to the first-named.

FORSYTHIAS. — A small group of remarkably elegant
and free blooming shrubs of great value for enhancing
the attractions of the flower garden early in the year.
The forsythias are equally adapted for growing in bush
form in beds and borders and for training to walls and
trellises as they grow freely and bloom profusely in any
position that may be assigned them provided they are
sufficiently exposed to the direct rays of the sun to
ensure the ripening of the wood. When they are grown
against walls or trellises the leading branches should be
trained fifteen or eighteen inches apart to allow plenty
of space for the development of the lateral growths,
and to maintain a continuous supply of young flowering
wood cut the shoots back to two or three buds from the
base. These must be allowed to grow unchecked, as
in the following year they will be enwreathed in flowers
throughout their whole length. In cultivating the
forsythias in bush form they may be arranged in medium-
sized beds on the lawn or in groups of three or more
plants along the front of the shrubbery border. When
so grown the common practice is to restrict the pruning
to the removal of the weakly shoots where much crowded ;
but the best results are obtained by keeping them free
from old wood and cutting the flowering shoots back
to within a few buds of the base immediately the
flowers have lost their beauty. Following this pruning
strong shoots will be produced, and these if allowed to
grow unchecked will rise to a height of several feet in
the course of the season, will become well ripened, and
in the months of February and March will be enwreathed
in the elegant nodding flowers. Propagation may be
effected by means of cuttings or short firm shoots under
glass in summer and well ripened shoots in the open bor-
der in autumn and by layering in the last-named season.

BUDDLEIA GLOBOSA

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SHRUBS 23

The finest of the several forms is Forsythia intermedia,
a hybrid between F. suspensa and F. vjru&trimo, with
robust habit, reaching in beds and borders a height of
five or six feet when allowed to grow unchecked and
several feet higher when trained to a wall or trellis ; the
flowers are bright yellow and very freely produced. F.
suspensa (syn. F. Fortunei), an elegant species, native of
China and Japan, is rather more slender in growth than
the preceding hybrid, and free flowering, the flowers
yellow, and borne on the young shoots and the spurs in
February and March ; the best for walls and trellises.
F. viridissima, a strong growing species of Japanese
origin, and free in blooming, the flowers greenish
yellow •, its stout growth renders it unsuitable for cul-
ture otherwise than in bush form.

GENISTA. — These are closely allied to the Brooms,
and like them are most suitable for culture where the
soil is light and sandy or thin, resting upon the chalk.
The number of species in cultivation is large, but of
these a small selection will suffice in any one garden.
They may be successfully grown in any well-drained
soil, but their chief value consists in their adaptability
for light soils and dry banks where but few other
shrubs grown for their flowers will thrive. They pro-
duce the best effect when arranged in groups of three or
four each, on banks or on ledges in the rock garden.
Propagation is effected by means of seeds, and as the
plants become somewhat bare after the third or fourth
year, a few seedlings should be raised at intervals to
take the place of the established plants as they become
unsightly.

Of the large number of species available the follow-
ing are the most desirable : — The Etna Broom, Genista
&tnensis (syn. Spartium xtnensis), a strong growing
species, attaining a height of ten feet and upwards,
blooming from June to August, the clusters of pea-

24 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

shaped yellow flowers being freely produced. A
frequent renewal of stock is desirable as old plants
become bare and unsightly. G. cinerea, a charming
species, reaching a height of about three feet, elegant in
growth, and blooming freely in July, the flowers yellow.
G. hispanica, a handsome species of dense growth, rang-
ing from twelve to eighteen inches high and most
profuse in flowering, the flowers yellow and produced in
clusters at the points of the growth ; G. hispanica fl. pi.
is a handsome form with double yellow flowers, and like
the species, specially adapted for prominent positions in
the rock garden. G. pilosa has a prostrate habit, bears
an abundance of yellow flowers, and is most useful for
raised banks and the rock garden, and G. virgata, a
handsome species, five or six feet in height, blooming
from April to July, and bearing a profusion of yellow
flowers.

HIBISCUS. — The varieties of Hibiscus syriacus (syn.
Althaa jfrutex) are very attractive when grown under
favourable conditions, and these briefly stated are a
light warm soil and a sunny position. They are readily
raised from seed, and a packet of seed will yield plants
giving a diversity of colours. The plants range from
five to seven feet in height and bloom freely during the
summer months, in light soils and sunny positions, but in
heavy soils and in positions where they are screened
from the sun they are most unsatisfactory. The flowers
are campanulate, four inches or so in shape, and those of
the type are deep rose with crimson brotch at the base
of each petal.

HAMAMELIS OR WITCH HAZELS. — These interesting
shrubs deserve special attention for their singularly
formed flowers, and the fact that they bloom at mid-
winter. The several species in cultivation resemble the
common hazel nut more especially in the foliage which
takes on a rich colour in the autumn. They will grow

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SHRUBS 25

freely in any good garden soil, and they should be
planted in positions, not too prominent in the shrubbery,
the second and third rows affording them the most suit-
able sites.

The Japanese "Witch Hazels are the most ornamental,
and two of these are deserving of a place in shrubberies
of even moderate extent. Hamamelis arborea has attrac-
tive spider-like flowers, the long strap-shaped twisted
petals being golden yellow and revolute whorls of the
calyx dark red. H. japonica zuccariniana has flowers
similar in size and shape to those of the first-named, but
differing from them in the petals, being pale yellow.

HYDRANGEAS. — These are all so well known as not
to require much praise or description. Hydrangea hor-
tensis (Common Hydrangea) is unfortunately not suffi-
ciently hardy to be successfully grown except on warm
soils and in a kind climate. It is at home in the southern
and western counties of England and in the warmer
parts of Ireland, and is one of the best of seaside shrubs.
Where it thrives it is one of the finest of flowering
shrubs, being especially valuable for the wealth of colour
it affords in late summer. The colour ranges from rose-
pink to caerulean blue according to the soil, a moderate
amount of iron being favourable to the development of
the latter hue. The variety Otaksa has blue flowers, and
Thomas Hogg white flowers. H. paniculata grandiflora
is more robust than H. hortensis and its varieties, and it
has the great advantage of being quite hardy. It pro-
duces panicles pyramidal in outline, twelve inches or so
in length and pure white, and groups on the grass or in
front of the shrubbery are very effective. The panicles
remain in good condition for two months or more, the
flowers changing with age to rose-red.

The flowers of the hydrangeas are produced on the
young shoots, and a moderate amount of pruning is
necessary to ensure strong growths and finely developed

26 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

flower heads. They should be provided with a rich
loam and long-established specimens be assisted with
liquid manure or manurial top dressings, the amount of
the assistance to be determined by the condition of the
plants, those showing signs of a decline in vigour requir-
ing the most liberal supplies of plant food.

HYPERICUMS. — These are useful for planting on the
margins of shrubbery borders and alongside woodland
walks, and as an undergrowth to some of the larger
shrubs. They will thrive in any ordinary loam, that
which contains a liberal percentage of sand being prefer-
able. They are readily increased by division and also by
means of cuttings of moderately firm shoots inserted in
pots filled with sandy soil, and placed in an unheated
frame.

A large selection is not required for any one garden,
and of the comparatively large number in cultivation
preference should be given to Hypericum aureum, H.
calycinum, H. elatum, H. floribandum, H. hircinum, H.
Moserianum, and H. patulum. These are all of lowly
growth, and have flowers of various shades of yellow.

INDIGOFERAS. — Although large numbers of species of
Indigoferas are known to science, but few are sufficiently
hardy to be grown in the open in this country. Those
that may be so cultivated are of somewhat straggling
habit, and are better suited for walls, pillars and wood
fences than for the border. They will thrive in a rather
light and moderately rich soil, and require but little
attention beyond thinning out the old and training in the
new growths as occasion requires.

All the species have pea-shaped flowers, which are
produced in neat racemes. Indigofera decora is a pretty
Chinese species with rose-pink flowers, but it is too
tender to be grown in the open. /. decora alba, a charm-
ing variety with long racemes of white flowers is much
hardier and may be successfully grown in the southern

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SHRUBS 27

and western parts of England and in the more favoured
parts of Ireland. /. Gerardiana thrives under the same
conditions as the white form of /. decora, and should be
planted in the warmer parts of both England and Ireland.
The flowers are bright rose and borne in short racemes,
the flowering season extending from May till August.

KERRIAS. — The handsome Kerria japonica is seldom
met with, but its double variety K. japonica fl. pi. , is one
of the commonest of shrubs. The species forms a dense
bush two or three feet in height and blooms in great
profusion, the bright yellow flowers being single, salver-
shaped, and about one and a half inches in diameter.
The flowers of the double variety are rosette-like and
bright orange. This is usually grown against walls, but
it forms a handsome bush in the border. Kerrias will
thrive in all descriptions of soil, and can be readily in-
creased by means of cuttings of the ripened shoots in
the autumn.

MAGNOLIAS. — The majority of the magnolias are of
arborescent growth and will therefore be included with
the small growing trees. There are a few that are
strictly speaking shrubs, and three or four are so attrac-
tive that they should freely be planted in both large and
small gardens. Magnolias should be planted in warm,
sheltered positions, and where they will obtain the
prominence which, by reason of their great beauty,
they so well deserve. A deep rich loam is the most
conducive to their welfare, and in all cases the proper
preparation of the stations is desirable. " This may be
done by marking out a circle three feet or so in diameter,
then taking out the soil to a depth of two feet and re-
placing with a compost consisting of good turfy loam
with which has been incorporated leaf-mould and well-
rotted manure, the proportions being one part each of
the leaf-mould and manure to six parts of the loam. If
the soil of the garden is fairly good it will suffice to

28 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

remove a small portion of the least satisfactory and
then add the leaf-mould and manure. Magnolias may
be propagated by layering in the summer, which is the
most simple method of increase, and cuttings of the half-
ripened shoots with a small portion of the old wood at
the base. They present a very attractive appearance
arranged singly or in small groups on the lawn or along
the front of the shrubbery.

The most desirable of the shrubby species are Mag-
nolia obovata, a handsome species about five feet high and
bearing large tulip-shaped flowers, white on the inner
and purple on the outer side, in April and May. M.
obovata purpurea has flowers larger in size and deeper in
colour than those of the type. M. parviflora, a distinct
species, about six feet high, and bearing globular white
flowers suffused with rose, in April and May. M.
stellata, a most valuable species growing from two to
four feet high, and bearing in great profusion star-like
fragrant flowers with numerous strap-shaped petals in
March and April. This is the finest of all the white
flowered shrubs blooming thus early in the year, and is
very effective grown in beds. There is a beautiful
variety with rose-pink flowers known as M. stellata rosea.
M. Watsoni is a desirable Japanese species, it attains a
height of about six feet, and bears at the tips of the
young branches in June cream-white flowers, which are
about six inches in diameter and highly fragrant.

PHILADELPHIA OR MOCK ORANGES. — The species and
varieties of Philadelphus constitute a group of shrubs of
immense value. They are all of moderate growth,
elegant in character and free in blooming, and the
flowers are produced during the summer months when
there are but few ^hardy shrubs in bloom. They all
thrive in any ordinary garden soil and require but little
assistance from manurial matter, a top dressing of well-
rotted stable or farmyard manure every second or third

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SHRUBS 29

year being sufficient to maintain them in a sufficiently
vigorous state. Bone dust spread over the surface at
the rate of four ounces to the square yard will be a good
substitute for manure from the farmyard. A moderate
amount of thinning will occasionally be required, and
this should be done by the removal of weakly and ex-
hausted shoots. As they bloom on shoots of the previ-
ous year, none of these must be removed when pruning,
except for some special reason. They can be propagated
from suckers which rise freely about the base, also from
cuttings of ripened shoots in the autumn, which should
be cut into lengths of seven or eight inches and inserted
in the open border, where they should remain for twelve
months and be then transplanted.

The Philadelphus frequently fail to bloom satisfac-
torily and contribute so liberally to the attractions of the
garden, as they should do, owing to their being crowded
up with other shrubs. They are eminently satisfactory
when planted in rather large beds on the lawn by them-
selves, and when so arranged a few can be removed or
some of the branches cut away, as they show signs of
becoming overcrowded. They present an attractive
appearance when arranged singly or in groups in the
shrubbery, provided care is taken to prevent their
becoming overcrowded by cutting away the other shrubs
growing near them. The finest of the forms are :
Philadelphus coronatus, a beautiful species ranging from
six to ten feet in height, and producing in May a profusion
of white fragrant flowers an inch or so in diameter ; P.
coronarius Keteleeri has double white flowers, and is the
best of the double Mock Oranges ; P. Gordonianus, a
very fine species rising to a height of eight or ten feet and
bearing in July large pure white flowers ; it is especially
valuable for the large size and purity of its flowers and
for the late period at which it blooms. P. grandiflorus
is similar to the last-named, but the flowers are hardly

30 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

so large and they are produced in June. P. Lemomei is
a beautiful hybrid, elegant in growth, and attaining a
height of four or five feet. It blooms in June and the
flowers are white and about an inch in diameter. Bottle
d* Argent is an extremely elegant form, bearing double
white flowers ; and Gerbe de Neige, another variety of
P. Lemoinei, is extremely beautiful, being of moderate
stature with slender growth, and free in blooming, the
flowers of medium size and pure white ; P. mexicanus
is a desirable species, with an average height of six feet,
the flowers two inches in diameter, pure white with
conspicuous yellow stamens.

PRUNUS. — The Plums remarkable for the beauty of
their flowers, and especially desirable are all shrubs of
moderate growth. They will thrive in any ordinary
soil, and can be the most readily propagated by
budding, as in the case of the plums grown for their
fruits.

Two only will be recommended and they are so
meritorious that they should be grown in the smallest
garden. The first is the Double Sloe or Blackthorn
(Prunus spinosafl. pL). The growth is light and elegant,
and the flowers are white, perfectly double, resembling
small rosettes, and the second, P. triloba, a Chinese
species of compact, erect growth, and remarkably free in
blooming. The flowers are double, about an inch in
diameter, and bright pink, and produced nearly the
whole length of the shoots of the previous season. It
should have a warm and conspicuous position in the
shrubbery border, and it is very effective when grown
against a wall and somewhat loosely trained.

RUBUS, OR BRAMBLES. — The Brambles form a rather
large group, and in extensive pleasure-grounds where
wild gardening receives attention, half a dozen or so
may be planted ; but for the majority of gardens Rubus
delidosus (Rocky Mountain Bramble) and R. odoratus

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SHRUBS 31

(Purple-flowering Raspberry) will suffice. The first-
named is of slender growth, attaining a height of from
three to five feet, and produces in May large white
salver-shaped flowers. The second is erect in growth,
and has fragrant foliage, and bears corymbs and purplish
red flowers during the summer.

RIBES, OR FLOWERING CURRANTS. — These are de-
sirable for the bright colouring they give to the
shrubbery early in the spring. They resemble in general
character the currants grown for their fruit, and will
thrive in almost all soils and situations. They should
be arranged singly in the second row of the shrubbery.

The most desirable are Ribes sanguineum, which has
deep red flowers, with its varieties atro-rubens, deep
ruby red ; album, white ; flore plenoy double red ;
grandiflorum, light pink.

SPIRAEAS. — The shrubby species of Spiraea are
numerous and form a large group, of which a consider-
able proportion are so attractive when in bloom as to be
deserving of general cultivation. They will all grow
freely and bloom satisfactorily when planted in ordinary
garden soil, and assisted with annual top dressings of
leaf-mould and well-rotted manure. Propagation may
be effected by means of cuttings of the young shoots
inserted in pots filled with sandy soil, and placed in a
frame or pit where they can be kept close, and by
layering in autumn, the lower shoots being selected for
the layers. A somewhat light and comparatively rich
soil is the most suitable.

Shrubby spiraeas are very effective when arranged in
beds on the lawn, and also produce a charming effect
when in groups of from three to five plants along
the front of the shrubbery. The strong growers make
excellent specimens planted singly on the lawn. Those
which can be specially recommended comprise : Spir#a
arguta, a beautiful hybrid, attaining a height of three or

32 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

four feet and profuse in blooming, the flowers pure white,
not unlike those of the hawthorn, and produced in May ;
S. bella, a pretty species from the Himalayas, flowering in
July and August and producing its flowers in terminal
corymbs, colour, bright red ; S. bracteata, an elegant
species, growing to a height of five or six feet, the
flowers white and freely produced during the summer
months ; S. canescens, a handsome species, of a similar
height to the last-named, the flowers white, in dense
corymbs, and produced during the summer ; S. disco/or
(syn. S. ari&folia), a handsome species, reaching a height
of six feet, and having white flowers arranged in elegant
panicles ; S. Douglasi, a handsome species, about three
feet high, and in August bearing terminal clusters of
rose-coloured flowers ; S. /apomca, a pretty species,
ranging from three to four feet high, and flowering in
June and July, the flowers rose-red and produced in
spreading terminal corymbs. There are numerous forms
of this species and the best is Anthony Water -er, which
has brilliant red flowers, and attains a height of about
two feet high \ S. Lindleyana, a robust species, reaching
under favourable conditions a height of ten feet, the
flowers are white and borne in large feathery panicles ;
this species attains its highest state of development in a
moist position; S. prunifoliafl. p/., an elegant form, with
long slender shoots, along which the white button-like
double flowers are borne very freely in March and
April ; 5. Thunbergi, an elegant species, two or three
feet high, flowers small, white and freely produced in
April ; S. Van Houttei, a valuable form, height about
five feet, blooming in May and bearing white flowers.

STYRAX OR STORAX. — The several species of Styrax
assume an arborescent form in their native countries but
in the United Kingdom they do not exceed in stature a
height of from five to eight feet. They will grow freely
in a deep loam and derive much benefit from an annual

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SHRUBS 33

or biennial top dressing of well-rotted stable manure.
The flowers are produced in axillary racemes.

They are admirably adapted for arranging in moderate
sized groups on the lawn and in prominent positions in
the shrubbery, but when arranged in the latter they
must not be allowed to be overgrown by other shrubs.
S. Obassia and S. serrulatum are the most beautiful of
the species ; they both bloom in spring and have white
flowers.

SYRINGAS OR LILACS. — The lilacs constitute one of
the most valuable of the several groups of hardy
shrubs grown for their flowers and should be largely
planted and given the small amount of attention neces-
sary to have them in their highest state of development.
They will thrive in any garden soil and they are at
home in both town and country gardens, but because of
their accommodating character they should not be sub-
jected to systematic neglect as is so frequently the case.
The chief point in their cultivation is to keep them
free from suckers which are annually produced in large
numbers, and if allowed to grow unchecked they push
up into the head and so crowd the growths as to render
a satisfactory display of bloom impossible. When the
suckers are kept down, and this can be readily done
with the hoe when a few inches high, they will
form handsome bushes that will produce finely devel-
oped thyrses of flowers in great prodigality. If the
plants have been grafted, the suckers from the stock
will, in the course of a few years, whoUy usurp the
place of the variety planted. A moderate thinning by the
removal of the weakly shoots will occasionally be bene-
ficial, but when the suckers are kept under very little
pruning will be necessary or desirable. They may be
increased by cutting, suckers and graftings, but the most
simple course of procedure is increase by suckers.
When it is desired to increase the stock the suckers

34 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

should be allowed to grow unchecked until the autumn
when they should be removed and planted in nursery
lines in the kitchen garden to acquire strength. In the
case of choice varieties it will be necessary to ascertain
whether the plants have been grafted, and thus avoid
the vexation of devoting time and attention to the prepara-
tion of a stock that may be one of the common instead
of a superior form. The common is frequently used as
a stock, and when that is the case the suckers should
be at once rejected. Cuttings of the ripened wood
taken as soon as the shrubs are leafless and inserted in
an outside border will root freely.

Lilacs produce a beautiful effect when arranged singly
or in groups of three or more on the lawn and in the
shrubbery and along the margins of plantations. The
most desirable of the lilacs for general cultivation are :
Syringa rothomagensis (Rouen or Varin Lilac) an extremely
elegant hybrid ranging from six to eight feet high
and bearing large panicles of rose-lilac flowers. Alba
with French-white flowers and Ruhr a with rose-red
flowers are both desirable and excellent varieties, and
the following varieties of 5. vu/garis. Single Alba
grandiflora and Marie Legrange two beautiful white
forms. Charles X., Dr Lindley, Furst Lichtenstein and
Ville de Troyes, shades of rose-red. Dr Von Regel, Gloire
de Lorraine and Gloire de Moulins shades of lilac, and
Souvenir de Leon Spath rich crimson-purple. Double
Madame Abel Chateney and Madame Lemoine, pure white.
Charles John, red-purple, Comtesse Horace de Choiseul, light-
blue lilac, Emilie Lemoine, rose-lilac, Jean Bart, rose-
carmine, La Tour d'Auvergne, violet-purple, and Michel
Buchuer, pale lilac.

VIBURNUMS. — The species of viburnums are numerous
and the greater proportion are more or less attractive
and worthy of attention where a large area is available
for hardy shrubs, but for planting generally and where

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING SHRUBS 35

the space is limited a very few will suffice. All that
will be here recommended are quite hardy and will
thrive in any good garden soil, although a deep moist
loam is the most suitable for them. They can be
readily increased by layering at the end of tine summer
or by cuttings of the ripened wood in the autumn.

They are admirably adapted for the formation of
groups on the grass and they materially improve the
shrubbery when planted singly or arranged in small
groups in prominent positions. The strong growers
make fine lawn specimens when planted singly. The
two of special value are Viburnum Opulus sterilis and
V. plicatum. The first-named is the well-known Guelder
Rose and is the sterile form of a fairly common British
shrub. It reaches a height ranging from six to twelve or
more feet according to the conditions under which it is
grown, and when it has space for development it is
decidedly elegant in contour, and it moreover produces
its snowball-like flowers in greater profusion. Very
frequently this handsome shrub proves unsatisfactory
owing to it being planted in shrubberies where it is
crowded up with other things. The only pruning
necessary is the removal of the weakly wood during
the winter. The second of the two forms mentioned
is of Japanese origin and is especially useful for medium-
sized lawn groups. When grown in the open it attains
a height of from four to six feet, and when trained
against a wall it will rise three or four feet higher. It
blooms with wondrous freedom in May and the flowers
are produced in globular heads and are pure white.
V. macrocephalum if not so generally useful as the fore-
going possesses considerable beauty and is well deserv-
ing of culture. The species is of Chinese origin, forms
a large bush and blooms in June, the flowers being
white and arranged in pyramidal trusses.

WEIGELA OR DIERVILLA. — A small genus of Japanese

36 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

shrubs which has been greatly improved by the art of
the hybridist. They range from three to six feet in
height, and are free in blooming, their flowering season
being June and July. They are not particular with
regard to soil, provided the drainage is good, but a deep
friable loam to which a moderate addition of leaf-mould
or well-rotted manure has been added, is the best
suited to their requirements. They can be increased
by means of cuttings of well-ripened shoots in the
autumn.

They are highly attractive in lawn groups and in
groups on the margin, or the first row of the
shrubbery, but in neither case ought overcrowding to
be permitted. The only pruning necessary will be the
removal of weak and exhausted wood. Especially
desirable for their beauty are Weigela Candida, pure
white ; W. Eva Rathke, bright purple-crimson ; W. P.
Duchartre, amaranth ; W. rosea, bright rose ; W. rosea,
amabilis pink ; W. rosea Desboisi, deep rose ; W. rosea
Gustave Mallet, deep rose.

OTHER DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. — Only a selection of re-
presentative shrubs has been described in this chapter.
There are many others of equal beauty and importance.
Nothing, for instance, has been said of that remarkable
Chilian shrub, Euddleia globosa, which is quite hardy in
the southern counties, and can be grown in most parts
of Britain, if a sheltering wall be afforded to it. No
mention again has been made of the beautiful race of
Tree Paeonies which Mr Kelway and other workers
have done so much to improve. But enough has been
said to enable the common-sense gardener to grow with
success any hardy shrub he may desire.

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING TREES

ALTHOUGH less numerous than the shrubs grown for
the beauty of their flowers, the trees of small growth
distinguished by their charms during their season of
flowering, include so many possessing a high degree of
merit, that they must have a full share of attention when
the question of selecting garden trees is under con-
sideration. Some are so effective when in bloom that
they should be included in selections, whether for large
or small gardens, the number of trees being, as a
matter of course, adapted to the space to be planted.

.^ESCULUS. — The chestnuts remarkable for the beauty
of their flowers comprise some of the most handsome
deciduous trees that have been introduced into Great
Britain, but several are of much too large a growth to
admit of their being included in this selection. Propa-
gation is readily effected by budding, the common
Horse Chestnut (JE. hippocastanum) being used as a
stock. Budding is best done in July when the bark
parts readily from the wood, and the buds should be
inserted on the main stem from six to ten feet above the
ground level. The double flowered Red Chestnut is
admirably suited for the formation of comparatively
short avenues, when it should be planted about twenty
feet apart. On the lawn it should have a prominent
position, where its growth will not be influenced in any
way by other trees.

The finest of all the forms for the garden and
pleasure grounds is the double-flowered Red Chestnut
(JE. rubicunda flore pleno) which attains a height of about

37

38 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

twenty-five feet when fully developed, forms a com-
pact roundish head, and produces in great profusion
medium-sized spikes of bright red flowers. Few
objects are more attractive when in bloom than this fine
tree, and it is especially adapted to the requirements of
suburban gardens. It commences to produce its hand-
some flower spikes at an early age, is comparatively
slow in growth, and suffers but little from atmospheric
impurities. The variety known as JE. rubicunda Briotti
has flowers deeper in colour than those of the ordinary
form, and is of much merit.

The chestnuts belonging to the Pavia group are of
much smaller growth than the foregoing, and are
desirable in gardens of considerable extent. They form
small trees or large shrubs, ranging from eight to twelve
feet high, and have a neat spreading habit. The
flowers are borne in erect spikes at the tips of the
branches, and resemble in general character those of the
Horse Chestnut.

The most beautiful of the species are JE. parviflora
(syn. Pavia macrostachya) which has long spikes of
fragrant white, with long stamens and red anthers, and
./£". pavia (syn. Pavia rubra). These two species will
thrive in any ordinary soil, but where the soil is light
and sandy they should receive a top dressing of well
rotted stable manure every second year, the manure to
be applied to the space kept free from grass, and be
lightly pricked in. They appear to the greatest
advantage when occupying isolated positions on the
lawn.

AMELANCHIER OR SNOWY MESPILUS. — These form a
small group of extremely elegant spring flowering trees.
The most beautiful of the species in cultivation is
Amelanchier canadensis, introduced from Canada about
the middle of the eighteenth century, and this should
have a place in gardens of even small size. Under

I'AVIA MACROSTACHIA

(Nahiral size)

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING TREES 39

exceptionally favourable conditions the tree will reach
a height of over thirty feet ; but it is of small growth,
and specimens from fifteen to twenty feet are the most
general. The flowers are snow white, and produced
in short racemes during April. The trees may be
arranged in small groups or as single specimens, on the
lawn or in the shrubbery, but they should have a
sheltered position, as the keen easterly winds so damage
the flowers as to shorten their period of beauty. A
moderately rich soil is advisable.

AMYGDALUS. — The Almonds and Peaches comprise
some of the most beautiful of the small growing
deciduous trees, and they are of much value because of
the early period of the year at which they bloom. They
are indeed so precocious that they produce a welcome
display of colour in the garden well in advance of the
other trees. They commence flowering at a very early
age and continue for an almost indefinite period, in-
creasing in effectiveness concurrently with the increase
in age and size. Well developed specimens range from
fifteen to twenty-five feet, and from their peculiarity of
growth they appear to the best advantage when arranged
singly or in small groups in the shrubbery. As far as
practicable they should be planted where they will be
sheltered from the easterly winds.

The Common Almond (A. communls) is the earliest to
bloom and has bright pink flowers and with its double
variety (A. communls flore pleno) is most desirable ; the
double form is the most effective. The Sweet Almond
(A. dulcls) is extremely beautiful during its season of
flowering, and should be generally planted. Most
desirable also are its varieties. Purpurea, bright red,
macrocarpa, the flowers white tinted with pink and very
large, and pendula which has a pendent habit.

The White Chinese Almond (A. Davidiana) which
has pure white flowers, and the Pink Chinese Almond

40 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

{A. Davidiana rubra) with pink flowers are of excep-
tional value both for grouping on the lawn and for
planting singly or in twos and threes in the shrubbery.
They attain a stature similar to that of the almonds and
are equally as early in contributing of their floral wealth
which is very great, the branches being literally en-
wreathed in blossom. The Double-flowered Peach
(A. persica flore pleno) and its varieties are smaller in
growth than the foregoing and if anything more effective
as the flowers are much larger and some deeper in
colour. The forms with crimson, brilliant carmine (A.
persica magnified) rose and white flowers are the most
desirable. These are all of moderate stature and are
well suited for lawn groups ; when planted in the
shrubbery care must be taken to prevent their being
injured by more robust growing subjects.

CATALPAS. — There are few more beautiful flowering
deciduous trees than C. bignonioides (syn. C. syringsephia)
which under ordinary conditions attains a height of
about twenty-five feet, with a spread of branches about
equal to its height. The general aspect of the tree is
extremely elegant, the leaves are large and handsome,
and the flowers are somewhat tubular, an inch or so in
diameter, white marked in the throat, with purple and
yellow and borne in spikes that resemble those of the
horse chestnut. It blooms in July and August accord-
ing to the season and district, and is when in flower
very attractive. Unfortunately this species is not quite
hardy in northern latitudes and on cold heavy soils, and
where it does not succeed C. speciosa should be sub-
stituted. The latter is not quite so beautiful but it is
hardier and very similar in character and in the colour
of the flowers. Prominent positions with sufficient room
for the spread of the branches should be selected for the
catalpas.

CERASUS. — The double-flowered cherries are so

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING TREES 41

marvellously beautiful that the smallest garden should
contain one or more specimens of the more distinct
forms. In many gardens, even in those with a con-
siderable area, they are wholly unrepresented, a fact
difficult to understand except on the assumption that
planters are not acquainted with them.

The cherries will thrive in soils of all descriptions
but they attain their fullest development in a soil con-
taining a liberal percentage of calcareous matter. A
little lime rubble or chalk added to the soil when being
prepared for the reception of the trees or an occasional
top dressing of slaked lime will give them the necessary
supply of calcareous matter. The weeping varieties
should be planted in isolated positions on the lawn
where there will be no interference with their natural
growth. The others may be arranged singly or in
small groups on the lawn and in the shrubbery and
along the margins of plantations.

One of the finest of these is C. aviam multiplex, an
elegant tree reaching a height of thirty feet or more and
most profuse in blooming ; the flowers are pure white,
quite double and an inch or more in diameter and they
are produced in such large numbers that the branches
are simply wreaths of the snow-white blossoms. C.
mahaleb pendula is an elegant weeping form bearing
myriads of small single flowers. C. sinensis pendula rosea
is another weeping cherry equally as elegant in aspect
as the last-named but with much larger flowers which
differ also in being of a pleasing rose shade. C. pseudo-
cerasus (syn. C. Sieboldi rosea plena) is quite different in
character to the foregoing and although less graceful is
very handsome. The trees are relatively dwarf and
range from ten to fifteen feet, the branches are stout
and rigid, and the flowers are large, pale rose, and pro-
duced in short racemes. Waterers variety has larger
and more brightly coloured flowers, and the Japanese

42 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

variety /. H. Veitch has flowers of a deep rose colour
and is two or three weeks later in blooming.

CRATJEGUS. — The thorns form one of the most beauti-
ful of the groups of small growing trees, and as they
are so neat in growth as to occupy comparatively little
space they should be largely planted in the garden and
in park and meadow land immediately outside its
boundaries. Atmospheric impurities have but little
effect upon them, and they are therefore well suited
for town and suburban gardens. The usual height of
thorns ranges from ten to fifteen feet, but specimens
twenty feet and more high are not uncommon. The
varieties of the hawthorn (C. oxycantha) are the most
useful for general planting, and the best of these are
Double Pink (C. oxycantha rosea), the flowers bright pink
and quite double ; Double Scarlet (C. oxycantha coccinea
plena), brilliant red, one of the finest of all the flowering
trees with red blossoms, and should have a place in
every garden ; Double White (C. oxycantha multiplex),
pure white, the flowers perfectly double and produced
in dense masses ; Single Scarlet (C. oxycantha punicea),
bright scarlet, very beautiful ; Weeping Thorn (C.
oxycantha pendula), a charming variety, the growth
graceful and the flowers single and pure white. The
varieties of the Cockspur Thorn (C. crus-galli) rank
next in importance, and should be freely utilised in the
creation of garden scenery where the area will admit of
a somewhat full representation of flowering trees. The
most desirable of these are Carrier's variety (C. crus-
galli Carrieri), which has large single flowers, white on
opening, changing to flesh colour ; Lay's variety (C.
crus-galli Layi), bright pink, and C. crus-galli splen-
dent, bright pink. The flowers of the typical form
are white, and these are followed by large clusters
of crimson berries which are very attractive during
the autumn. The tansy-leaved thorn (C. tanacetifolia),

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING TREES 43

although seldom planted in gardens, is very elegant in
aspect, and bears in great profusion large clusters of
pure white flowers about a month after the blossoming
of the hawthorn.

The several thorns here mentioned are readily in-
creased by grafting or budding, the common hawthorn
being used as a stock. As grafted and budded thorns
have a tendency to produce growths below the junction
of stock and scion it is important to remove the shoots
produced by the stock as fast as they make their
appearance.

HALESIAS OR SNOWDROP TREES. — These are so
exquisitely beautiful that it would be difficult to over-
praise them. Neat in growth and free in flowering, they
are of special value for small gardens. Halesia tetraptera
is the most handsome of those in cultivation. It attains
a height of eight or ten feet, is graceful in habit, and
has pure white flowers that have a close resemblance to
those of the snowdrop. The flowers are borne in
clusters of six or eight each, and are produced in April
or May according to the season and district. H. hispida,
which was introduced from Japan in 1875, ^s Vei7
similar to the first-named species, and is vigorous in
growth and free in blooming, the flowers being white,
with a resemblance to the snowdrop, and are produced
during the spring months.

The snowdrop trees should be given prominent
positions along the front of the shrubbery and care
be taken to prevent them being crowded by strong
growing subjects. A well-drained light soil is essential
to success, and the stations should be properly pre-
pared ; the first - mentioned species should, where
practicable, be grown in a mixture consisting of peat
and light loam.

LABURNUMS. — The laburnums are so well known for
the glorious display of golden flowers they produce

44 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

during the spring months as not to need a word of
praise being said in their favour. It is, however,
necessary to point out that the laburnums in cultiva-
tion differ so widely in their beauty and effectiveness
that special care should be taken in their selection.
Although thousands of unflowered seedlings are annually
planted, they are utterly unfit for the garden, but seed-
lings that have flowered are admissible when they
produce racemes equal in size and colour to the finest
forms that can be obtained under name. The difference
in the cost of a seedling and a named variety will be a
few pence only and not worth being taken into con-
sideration. The Scotch laburnum (L. alpinum) and its
varieties, Parksi and Watereri, are somewhat more erect
in growth than the common laburnum, and are two or
three weeks later in flowering ; the flowers are of a
deep golden hue and produced in racemes ranging from
twelve to sixteen inches in length. The two finest
forms of the Common Laburnum (L. vu/garis) are
giganteum, distinguished by the large size of its racemes,
and pendulum, a weeping form, very graceful in habit,
and remarkable for the freedom with which it blooms
and the size of the racemes.

The laburnums will thrive in soils of all descriptions,
and they are very effective whether arranged in groups
or planted singly on the lawn or in the shrubbery. In
comparatively small gardens they should be planted
singly and in positions where they have room to develop
their natural characteristics. The choice varieties can
be readily multiplied by budding or grafting, and large
trees of inferior forms can be speedily changed in char-
acter by grafting. Laburnums should not be planted in
meadows or paddocks, because the seed pods are poison-
ous to cattle and many animals have died from the effects
of eating pods that have fallen among the grass.

MAGNOLIAS. — The deciduous Magnolias that attain the

DECIDUOUS FLOWERING TREES 45

stature of trees comprise several of such great beauty
that a few of them should be given a place in the
smallest of gardens. The most handsome and desir-
able are : The Yulan (Magnolia conspicua), a handsome
species, ranging from fifteen to twenty-five feet in
height, and producing in great profusion early in the
spring large pure white flowers. Soulange's Magnolia
(M. Soulangeana) is a very handsome hybrid, closely
resembling in general character, and in the size and
shape of the flowers, the species first mentioned. It
however differs from it in the flowers being of a bright
rose colour, and produced a fortnight or so later. There
is a darker coloured form of the last-named known as
C. Soulangeana nigra. Lenne's Magnolia (M. Lenne) is
another hybrid of great beauty ; the growth resembles
that of the Yulan, and the flowers are of large size and
of a bright rose colour.

The deciduous magnolias here mentioned should be
assigned a prominent position on the lawm, and it will
be an advantage to plant them where they will be
slightly sheltered from the easterly winds, which some-
times damage the flowers. In preparing the stations
make a liberal addition to the soil of turfy loam, peat
and leaf-mould.

PYRUS OR FLOWERING CRABS. — The crabs remarkable
for the beauty of their flowers should be largely planted
in the pleasure grounds. They are all more or less
elegant in growth and free in flowering, and range from
fifteen to twenty feet in height. Pyrus floribunda is ex-
tremely graceful and has pale pink flowers, bright red
in the bud. The varieties of P. malus, known as
coccinea and rosea, are both desirable, the flowers red and
rose respectively. P. spectabilis is hardly so graceful as
the foregoing, but it has larger flowers, these being of a
bright rose colour, and very effective, and P. baccata,
a handsome species with white flowers.

46 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

While very effective grown as single specimens on the
lawn, P. floribunda and P. malus and their varieties
appear to the greatest advantage when arranged in small
groups in the shrubbery. P. baccata and P. spectabilis
are equally adapted for lawn specimens and the shrub-
bery. They will thrive in all descriptions of soil, and
can be readily propagated by means of budding and
grafting.

ROBINIAS. — These constitute an ornamental and useful
group of trees, but only two of the species have much
value for the beauty of their flowers. These are the
Rose Acacia (R. hispidd) and the Mexican Locust
(R. neo-Mexicana), both of which have racemes of
rose-coloured flowers, but are quite distinct. They
have elegant leafage, and attain a height of eight or
more feet. They present an attractive appearance,
whether grown singly or in groups, but in small
gardens single specimens will be preferable. Plants
from layers should be selected because of the risk of
grafted plants having their heads blown out open by
rough winds.

AMERICAN SHRUBS

THE hardy shrubs commonly known in gardens as
American plants comprise the azaleas, kalmias, rhodo-
dendrons and some other genera of less importance, and
form a group that is unsurpassed in freedom of flowering
and in the richness and effectiveness of their colours.
They are, it must be stated, somewhat peculiar in their
requirements and cannot therefore be grown, as in the
case of so many other hardy shrubs, almost anywhere
without having the beds and borders specially prepared
for them. But as they are so extremely beautiful and
produce such marvellous colour effects when growing
under conditions favourable to the full development of
foliage and flowers, they fully justify the expenditure
on labour and material necessary to provide them with
a suitable soil.

They all grow vigorously in a good bed of peat as
exemplified by the splendid growth they make in
gardens and nurseries on the peat formations, and
where peat is so readily accessible that beds and
borders can be made wholly with it. Therefore where
peat can be obtained at a comparatively small cost it
should be used either alone or in association with leaf-
mould or other decayed vegetable matter. In making
beds or preparing stations for single specimens remove
the soil to a depth of eighteen inches or two feet and
replace with peat broken up into large lumps, or with
peat and vegetable matter in the proportion of four parts
ot the former to one of the latter. If the soil of the
garden is a stiff clay lay three inch drain pipes across

47

48 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

the bed and connect them with the nearest outlet for
water, or take out the soil to a depth of one foot, and
obtain the requisite depth of peat by raising the surface
twelve inches above the level.

As there are comparatively few gardens where peat
can be obtained except at considerable expense it is
satisfactory to know that azaleas and rhododendrons
which are by far the most important of the American
plants can be successfully grown without its aid. They
will thrive in any friable garden soil to which a liberal
addition of leaf soil and partly decayed leaves has been
made ; if a moderate quantity of turfy loam is used with
the decayed leaves it will be a material advantage. In
the case of the choice varieties fibrous loam should be
used instead of the ordinary soil or with it, the propor-
tions in the latter case to be equal. American plants
have a strong objection to lime and therefore where the
soil is impregnated with calcareous matter of any descrip-
tion it is useless to attempt their culture without provid-
ing wholly new material for them to root in.

ANDROMEDA. — These are neat growing evergreens,
bearing spikes of small bell-shaped flowers useful for
planting on the margin of beds of azaleas, kalmias and
rhododendrons. Andromeda florlbunda is dwarf and
dense in growth and blooms early, the small white
flowers being freely produced above the foliage. A.
japonica, A. polifolia major and A. speciosa cassinafolia are
rather stronger in growth and more elegant in aspect
and produce campanulate white flowers half an inch or
so in diameter.

AZALEAS. — The hardy azaleas are free in blooming
and the rich shades of buff, coppery yellow, orange,
salmon-scarlet and yellow produce a brilliant effect
during the latter part of the spring season when rich
colour is appreciated. The leaves take on a rich colour
in the autumn and their bright tints are hardly less

AMERICAN SHRUBS 49

effective than are the hues of the flowers in the spring.
Azaleas present an attractive appearance when arranged
in groups on the lawn and in bold masses in the first or
second row of the shrubbery. They produce a fine
effect in association with the rhododendrons and should
by reason of their dwarfer habit be planted on the
margin or in the second row. Like the rhododendrons
they enjoy a liberal degree of moisture in the soil
throughout the season of growth, and they may be
propagated by means of grafting and layering and from
seeds. Seedling plants of Azalea pontica are used as a
stock in grafting.

The following comprise a good selection. Pontic or
Ghent varieties : Admiral de Ruyter, red ; Altaclarensis,
orange ; Aurore de Royghem, yellow ; Bouquet de fiore,
salmon-pink ; Coccinea speciosa, orange-red ; Due de
Provence, vermilion ; Grand Due de Luxembourg, dark
red ; Guelder Rose, orange ; Josephine Klinger, crimson ;
Madame Joseph Baumann, pink; Mathilde, blush; Unique,
golden yellow ; Viscocephala, white ; Mollis varieties :
Alphonse Lavallee, orange ; Alma Tadema, rose-pink ;
Anthony Koster, yellow ; Charles Darwin, bright red ;
Chevalier A. de Reali, pale yellow; Comte de Gomer,
pink ; Comte de Quincey, yellow ; Consul Pecker, pink ;
General Vetter, orange ; Madame Anthony Koster, orange-
pink ; Oswald de Kerchove, pink; T. J. Seidel, salmon-
red.

KALMIAS. — These present a charming appearance
when growing under conditions favourable to their full
development, and are useful for planting on the margin
of rhododendron beds. They, however, should not be
allowed to be overgrown. The most desirable are
Kalmia angustifolio, K. A. rubra, K. glauca and K. lati-
Jolia, all of which have flowers of a bright rose or pink
colour.

RHODODENDRONS. — These comprise the most gor-

D

50 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

geous of all the hardy shrubs remarkable for the beauty
of their flowers, and as they have the advantage of
handsome evergreen leaves, they should be planted
liberally in proportion to the space at disposal. The
smallest garden should contain at least one group for
their abundant and attractively coloured flowers produce
a glorious effect during the flowering season, and their
ample rich green leafage is very attractive at other
periods of the year. In parks and meadows charming
effects may be produced by planting masses of the
vigorous growing and free blooming Rhododendron
pontica which can be purchased at a very small cost.
But in the garden and pleasure grounds, none but choice
varieties, which are by no means expensive, should be
planted.

Rhododendrons present a most attractive appearance,
both in groups and as single specimens, when arranged
in suitable positions, but when grown singly, well
furnished bushes, three or four feet in diameter and as
much in height, should invariably be selected. In the
formation of groups, smaller plants can be used, and
they should be arranged, with due regard to the tasteful
distribution of the colours, just far enough apart to fill
the bed without crowding. As they can be replanted
during the autumn without check to the growth, they
can be readily lifted and planted farther apart, and
the surplus plants be used in the formation of other
groups.

Rhododendrons require, when making their growth,
an abundance of moisture at the roots, and they are
greatly benefited by overhead waterings in the evening.
To further assist them during the growing period, remove
the seed pods soon after the flowers have fallen. The
choice varieties are increased by layers which should be
made early in the autumn, or by grafting, seedling
plants of R. pontica being used as a stock. In the case

AMERICAN SHRUBS 51

of grafted plants it is important to remove the suckers
that rise from the stock.

The following are the finest of the choice hardy
hybrids that are in general cultivation, and will form an
excellent collection. Blush and White : Album elegans,
Album grandiflorum, Madame Carvalho, Minnie, Mrs John
Glutton, The Queen, Mrs J. P. Lade, Lady Godiva and
Sappho. Pink and Rose : James Nasmyth, John Spencer,
Kate Waterer, Lady Armstrong, Marchioness of Lansdoivne,
Marie Stuart, Mrs R. S. Ho/ford and Sylph. Lilac and
Purple : Caractucus, Everstianum, Fastuosum flore plena,
Purpureum grandiflorum and King of the Purples. Scarlet
and Crimson : A. B. F. Mitford, Doncaster, Fred
Waterer, Marshall Brooks, John Waterer, Martin Hope
Sutton, Mrs Milner and The Warrior.

DECIDUOUS SHRUBS WITH ORNAMENTAL
FOLIAGE

DECIDUOUS shrubs with grey, golden or silvery leaf-
age are extremely useful for lighting up masses of
shrubs during the summer months, with their rich
colouring, and should be judiciously employed. It is
essential they should not be planted too largely, as
when leafage, other than green, is given too great a
prominence the eye quickly becomes tired of the colour,
and the garden soon loses its place in the estimation of
the owner.

ACERS OR MAPLES. — With the exception of the
beautiful Japanese Maple (Acer palmatum) the maples
are all of too great a stature to come within the scope
of this book, or, indeed, to be suitable for gardens other
than those with a large area. In its native country this
species and its numerous forms are sufficiently robust to
assume the form of small trees, but in this country they
are less vigorous, and may be more properly classified
with the shrubs. When the conditions are favourable
to their making a healthy growth they form elegant
bushes, ranging from six to eight feet high, and their
light, finely-divided and attractively coloured foliage
gives them a very pleasing appearance. They make
charming lawn specimens when fully developed, but in
consequence of their comparatively slow growth, plants
of considerable age, that have been transplanted at
intervals of two or three years to promote the pro-
duction of fibrous roots, should be selected. Examples
about three feet in height, and as much in diameter, are

SHRUBS WITH ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGE 53

the most suitable for planting singly on the lawn. The
Japanese maples are highly attractive when planted in
beds large enough to hold from twelve to eighteen
plants, and their effectiveness is greatly enhanced by
associating with them some of the choice golden-leaved
shrubs that will be mentioned ; groups comprising three
or four plants each, arranged in the first or second row
of the shrubbery, present a charming appearance. Each
border group should consist of the same variety, but
the beds may contain as many of the varieties as may be
desired.

The Japanese maples require a comparatively light
and well-drained soil, and they should have a sheltered
position assigned them ; more especially is some shelter
desirable in the colder districts. Acer palmatum dissectum,
A. p. linearilobum and A. p. septemlobum, are beautiful
varieties, with finely cut leaves of various shades of
green ; A. p. atropurpureum, A. p. linearilobium atro-
purpureum, A. p. roseo-marginatum^ A. p. sanguineum, and
A. p. septemlobum elegans purpureum, have elegant leafage
of various shades of bronze and purple-crimson, and
A. p. aureum has leaves of a yellowish shade.

CORNUS OR DOGWOODS. — The dogwoods comprise
some of the most beautiful of the hardy shrubs with
variegated leaves, and the finer forms should have a place
in the smallest garden. They are the best adapted for
planting along the front of the shrubbery border, and
on the margin of lawn beds devoted to hardy shrubs.
They are all highly effective when arranged in groups
of three plants each, as the mass of leafage is then
sufficient to produce a rich display of colour. They will
thrive in any ordinary garden soil, one that is moderately
light being preferable.

The most desirable are : Cornus alba Spathi, a very
distinct variety, the leaves large, broadly margined,
with gold. C. mas aurea elegantissima, a beautiful form,

54 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

richly marked with gold and tinted with bright red ;
C. siberica variegata, a beautiful variety, with silvery
variegation, and stronger in growth than the other
forms, with leaves margined with white ; and S. siberica
Gouchaulti, a golden-leaved form strong in growth and
rich in colour. The dogwoods with coloured foliage
make neat bushes, two or three feet high.

CORYLUS OR HAZEL. — There are three varieties of
the hazel (Corylus avellana) with ornamental leafage,
and they are all distinct and effective and worthy of
a place in gardens of quite limited dimensions. They
attain a height ranging from four to six feet, according
to the conditions under which they are placed, and with
space for their development they form handsome bushes.
They appear to the best advantage when arranged
in the middle or back row of the shrubbery, and
the purple-leaved variety is singularly effective when
associated with the golden elder.

The varieties are Corylus ave/tana aurea, a useful form
with yellowish leaves ; C. a. purpurea, a very handsome
variety with large rich bronze-purple leaves ; and C. a.
lacinata, an interesting variety with handsomely cut
leaves.

ENONYMUS OR SPINDLE TREE. — The European spindle
tree (Enonymus europaus) has one variety with orna-
mental foliage that merits a place in the shrubbery.
This is known as Enonymus europxus atropurpureus, and
has bronzy-purple leaves which become purple and
scarlet in the autumn. It is equally as vigorous as the
specific form and attains a height ranging from seven to
ten feet and grows vigorously in all descriptions of soil.
The most suitable position for this shrub is towards the
back of the shrubbery. Propagation can be readily
effected by means of cuttings in the autumn.

HIPPOPH.S OR SEA BUCKTHORN. — This distinct shrub
is more remarkable for the rich effect produced by its

SHRUBS WITH ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGE 55

masses of orange-coloured berries during the autumn
and winter than for the attractiveness of its foliage.
Apart from the effective colouring of the fruits, it well
deserves a place in this section for its distinct greyish
leafage presents a very attractive appearance when several
plants are grouped together, whether on the lawn or in
the shrubbery. It is of special value for seaside gardens,
and it thrives on the margin of lakes and ponds as well
as on comparatively dry soils away from water. As
there are two sexes in the sea buckthorn, and the
berries are produced by the female plants, there
should be at least seventy-five per cent, of these,
the remainder being males to provide the pollen for
fertilisation which is effected by insect agency. Unless
care is taken to have plants of both sexes there will be
no fruits or berries.

LIGUSTRUM OR PRIVET. — The variegated privet
(Ligustrum vu/gare •variegatum) is unquestionably the
most useful of the shrubs with golden leafage. It will
grow vigorously under the most diverse conditions and
is invariably richly coloured. This shrub is remark-
ably effective planted singly or in groups of three in
beds and borders in association with shrubs having
foliage of dark colour, and it makes an excellent hedge.
It can be readily propagated by means of cuttings, which
should be taken in autumn and inserted in lines in an
open border. To ensure well furnished plants the
shoots should be cut back to within two or three inches
of the base when planted.

PHILADELPHUS OR SYRINGA. — There are two forms
of the Mock Orange (Philadelphus coronaria) with orna-
mental foliage, and the best of them is P. c.foliis aureis,
which has golden leaves. This variety will succeed
under precisely the same conditions as the green-leaved
form, but it should be planted near the margin of beds
and along the front of shrubberies, and be pruned

56 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

rather severely every second or third year to maintain a
continuous succession of new growth.

SALIX OR WILLOWS. — Several of the willows are so
light and elegant in appearance during the summer and
have bark so brightly coloured in the winter as to be of
much value for planting on the margin of lakes and
ponds and alongside running streams : Saltx cardinalis,
with bright green leaves and red bark ; S. purpurea,
with dark green leaves and purple bark ; and S. vitellina,
with bright green leaves and yellow bark, the best of
those with brightly coloured bark, and S. rosamarini-
folia is a remarkably elegant variety with dark green
leafage. The willows should be cut back to within a
few inches of the surface each spring just before they
commence to make new growth.

SAMBUCUS OR ELDER. — The elders comprise several
useful forms with ornamental foliage. The most useful
is the Golden Elder (Sambucus nigra aurea), which has
rich golden leaves and is nearly, if not quite, as vigorous
as the green form, and one of the best of the golden
shrubs for seaside gardens. In many cases it is planted
too largely, more especially in gardens of small size.
The Silver Elder (5. n.foliis argenteis), which has leaves
margined with white, is also pleasing and desirable. S.
n. heterophylla and S. n. lacinata are two elegant cut-
leaved forms. The leaves of these elders attain the
highest development when the plants are somewhat
severely pruned.

WEIGELAS. — There are two handsome weigelas
with coloured leafage that should have attention. One
is W. hortensis Looymansi, which has golden leaves, and
W. rosea variegata, with variegated leaves. These
should be planted on the margin of shrubberies or beds
and be cut back every two or three years to promote
the production of strong growths and large well-
coloured leaves.

DECIDUOUS TREES WITH ORNAMENTAL
FOLIAGE

WHILE the foliage of all deciduous trees is more or
less beautiful, some have leaves that are so distinct in
form and colour from those of the ordinary type that
they are generally described as ornamental - leaved.
This is a very convenient way of differentiating between
trees having green leaves characteristic of the respective
types, and the varietal forms with leaves that are
elegantly cut or richly coloured, and it will be followed
in this chapter. With them will be associated the few
trees of a pendent or " weeping " habit that should have
a place in gardens.

Much might be written in praise of the many fine
trees with golden, purple or silvery leaves, and with
respect to the rich effect they produce in garden scenery
when judiciously arranged, and also of the additional
charm given to a garden by the proper use of trees
with distinctive green leaves or of pendent habit. But
it must suffice to say that those with coloured leafage
should be planted in moderate numbers and in positions
where they will produce the most pleasing effect when
in contrast with the various shades of green, and those of
distinctive character in limited numbers, and assigned
a position where their distinctive foliage or habit will
afford the desired variety. Trees with coloured leaves
must not be planted too liberally, but be so disposed as
to light up as it were here and there the masses of
green. In large gardens it will be advisable to plant
them in small groups, but in small gardens single

57

58 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

specimens will suffice. The weeping trees appear to
the best advantage when arranged as single specimens
on the lawn.

GOLDEN-LEAVED. — The finest trees with golden leaf-
age are : The Golden Alder (Alnus glutinosus foliis aureis)
useful for planting on the margin of ponds and lakes.
Golden-leaved Laburnum (L. vulgar e aureum), bright
in colour and useful in small gardens. Negundo {Acer)
fraxinifolium aureo variegatum, a free growing tree of
small growth, the leaves edged with bright gold.
Golden Poplar (Populus monilifera canadensis aurea), a
richly coloured tree of free growth which by annual
prunings can be readily kept to any desired size.
Golden Oak (Quercus pedunculata concordia), the finest of
all the golden trees for choice positions. The tree is of
comparatively slow growth and the leaves are of the
richest golden hue. Golden Elm (Ulmus campestris
aurea) is a capital companion to the Golden Oak being
of moderate growth and very rich in colour.

BRONZE AND PURPLE-LEAVED. — The most effective
trees with bronze and purple leaves are — Purple Birch
(Betula alba purpurea) an elegant tree with purple leaves.
Purple Beech (Fagus sylvatica purpurea) the finest of all
the purple-leaved trees and too well known to need
comment. There is also a form of the Purple Beech of
pendent habit which also can be highly recommended.
Purple Plum (Prunus Pissardi) is a much smaller growing
tree than either of the foregoing and most desirable for
small gardens, the leaves are of a rich purple hue.

SILVERY-LEAVED. — The silvery-leaved trees are few
in number and three only will be mentioned. These
are Dimorphanthus mandschurica variegata, a very hand-
some small growing tree with bi-pinnate leaves measur-
ing two or more feet across the base, the leaflets
broadly margined with white. Negundo {Acer) fraxini-
folium albo variegatum, a well-known, small growing tree

TREES WITH ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGE 59

with effective white variegation and valuable also for
its vigorous growth, and the Silvery Abele (Populus alba
argentea) a distinct tree of medium growth with greyish
leaves silvery white beneath, which produce a very
pleasing effect when moved by the wind.

WEEPING. — The pendulous trees of special value in
the garden are the Weeping Birch (Betula alba pendula
Toungi), Cut-leaved Weeping Birch (B. a. lacinata pendula),
Weeping Thorn (Cratagus Oxycantha pendula), Weeping
Ash (Fraxinus excelsior pendula), American Weeping
Willow (Salix americana pendula), a quite small tree with
elegant greyish leaves. Kilmarnock Weeping Willow
(5. caprea pendula), a handsome form with large leaves and
the Camperdown Weeping Elm (Ulmus campestris pendula).
For small gardens the Weeping Birch, the Kilmarnock
Weeping Willow and the Camperdown Weeping Elm
are preferable, while the Weeping Ash is the best when
it is desired to form a living arbour.

EVERGREENS

THE more beautiful of the trees and shrubs that
retain their foliage throughout the year are so
useful in the production of pictorial effects in the
garden that they should be taken full advantage of
in the formation and rearrangement of shrubberies.
The dense growth and rich colouring of the majority
of the evergreens with green foliage renders them of
much value for contrasting during the summer months
with the graceful growth and lighter tints of deciduous
kinds, and during the winter their foliage adds much to
the charms of the garden at that season. Some have
beautifully variegated leaves and others produce brightly
coloured fruits, and the most striking of these should
be planted rather freely, more particularly the former
which are highly attractive throughout the year. Those
with green leaves that do not produce conspicuous fruits
must be planted rather sparingly because of the risk of
their giving to the garden a somewhat sombre and
monotonous appearance.

ARBUTUS OR STRAWBERRY TREE. — The species of
Arbutus and their hybrids are neat in growth, and their
greyish-green leafage, and clusters of pale-coloured
flowers render them very attractive. They are not
hardy in the northern parts of England, or indeed in the
Midlands, where the soil is naturally cold and heavy.
In the southern and western counties they make a
vigorous growth, and produce their campanulate or bell-
shaped flowers and bright red strawberry-like fruits in
great abundance. They form neat bushes, and under
60

ARBUTUS UXEUO

EVERGREENS 61

ordinary conditions attain a height of five or six feet,
but in Cornwall and Devonshire they attain to a much
greater height, rising in some cases to twenty feet
or more. The arbutus appear to the best advantage
in the shrubbery, where so arranged that they are
not overgrown by more robust shrubs. A well-
drained soil is essential to success in their culture, and,
where practicable, a liberal quantity of leaf-mould or
other decayed vegetable matter should be added to the
soil, previous to planting.

The most desirable for general cultivation are
Arbutus Unedo and its varieties. The species blooms in
September, and produces a profusion of pale white
flowers succeeded by brilliant red fruits resembling the
strawberry. The two varieties that can be specially
recommended are, rubra, which has red flowers, and
Croomei, a strong grower with pink flowers. A.
Andrachne hybrida is worthy of a place in large gardens ;
it has narrow leaves and greenish white flowers, the
latter being produced in summer; the fruit bright
red.

AUCUBAS. — These enjoy a well-deserved popularity,
for they will thrive in soils of all descriptions, and in
any position, and they are equally at home in town and
country gardens. The common variegated form, Aucuba
japonica variegata, is the most generally useful ; but the
green-leaved A. japonica vera is desirable, the growth
being bold and the leaves rich glossy green. The
brilliant red berries produced by the female forms so
greatly enhance the appearance of bushes of all sizes,
that one or two or three plants of the green-leaved male
plant should be grown, the number being determined
by the area of the garden to provide the pollen necessary
for the fertilisation of the flowers, which is effected by
insect agency. Aucubas can be readily propagated by
cuttings and seeds, the former being taken in August

62 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

and inserted in a shady border, and the latter sown in
boxes under glass.

AZARA. — The species of azara do not form a very
important group, but the low growing Azara microphylla
is a distinct and elegant shrub with small dark green
foliage, and useful for planting on the margin of the
shrubbery.

BERBERIS. — The berberis include some of the most
attractive of the hardy shrubs with persistent leaves,
being for the most part elegant in aspect and surprisingly
beautiful when in bloom. They produce a pleasing effect
whether arranged in small or medium-sized beds on the
lawn, one kind in each, or planted singly, or in groups
along the front of the border. While not requiring
specially prepared soil, they make the most satisfactory
growth when the beds and borders receive a liberal
addition of leaf-mould, or other decayed vegetable
matter previous to planting.

The most useful for garden culture are : Berberis
Darivini, an elegant species with small glistening green
leaves and bright yellow flowers, which are produced in
great abundance on the short spurs, and the whole
length of the long slender shoots of the previous year.
Even more elegant is B. stenophylla which is extremely
graceful in growth, and has dark green leaves and rich
orange flowers which are borne in great profusion.
There are single and double-flowered forms of the last-
named, and both should be grown in gardens of the
smallest size as well as those of large area.

Buxus OR Box. — The variegated varieties of Buxus
sempervirens are desirable for giving brightness to the
shrubbery, and one or two of the green-leaved varieties
are useful in the formal garden because of the readi-
ness with which they can be kept to any desired
size and shape. They will thrive in all descriptions
of soil, and can be readily raised from cuttings which

EVERGREENS 63

should be taken in September and inserted in a shaded
border.

The finest of the variegated boxes are : Buxus semper-
virens argentea with silvery variegation, and £. s. aurea,
and B. s. margination with golden variegation, and B.
japonica aurea, a very dwarf form with golden leafage.
The best of those with green leaves are B. sempervirens
latifolia and B. s. salicifolia. The boxes are best adapted
for the front of the shrubbery, but they should be
planted very sparingly.

CEANOTHUS. — These are not sufficiently hardy to be
grown in the open except in favoured districts in the
southern and western counties of England and Ireland,
and should as a rule be grown against walls and be
allowed considerable latitude in making their growth, as
they lose much of their beauty when closely trained to
the wall. In districts where they succeed in the open,
they form handsome bushes and bloom profusely.

Ceanothus pallidus is the hardiest, and should be first
planted. If it succeeds plant the following : C. azureus,
Albert Pittet, Gloire de Versailles, grandiflorus and Marie
Simon, which have rose-coloured lilac, blue and rose-
white flowers respectively. They should be planted in
sheltered positions in the shrubbery, where they will
have a very drained soil, and be fully exposed to the
sun's rays. A sunny position should also be assigned
those grown against walls.

CISTUS OR GUM CISTUS. — The species of cistus are
not sufficiently hardy to be successfully cultivated,
except in warm districts, and they should not therefore
be planted in large numbers, even in gardens of con-
siderable size. The most handsome of the species are
Listus ladaniferus and C. laurifolius, which have white and
yellow-white flowers respectively, and range from five
to seven feet high.

COTONEASTERS — The cotoneasters form a small group

64 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

of interesting and attractive evergreens of low growth,
and more or less remarkable for their bright red berries.
They make a vigorous growth, and fruit freely in all
descriptions of soil and in the most diverse situations.
They produce a pleasing effect when arranged in small
groups on the lawn, and also in groups on the margin of
beds and borders devoted to shrubs, but they appear to
the greatest advantage when judiciously employed for
the latter purpose. They are also most useful for
planting on rock-covered banks and by the side of rustic
and other steps, C. horizontal}* being the best for the
latter purpose. They can be readily increased by means
of cuttings and seeds.

The most useful of the several species with evergreen
foliage are : Cotoneaster buxiflora, C. horizonta/is, C. pannosa
and C. thymifolia, and these range in height from one to
four feet high.

CRAT^GUS. — The free fruiting Cratagus Pyracantha
and its variety Lelandi are the most useful of all the
evergreens other than ivies for covering wall spaces.
They are not particular as to the soil or aspect, and are
free in growth, clothing considerable wall spaces in a
comparatively short time, and in the spring they produce
a profusion of white hawthorn-like flowers, which are
followed by large clusters of fruits that in the autumn
change to crimson and orange - scarlet respectively.
They should be trained closely to the wall until the
area is covered, and then a little latitude should be
allowed to the secondary growths to prevent flatness,
but they must not extend more than twelve inches
from the wall surface.

ESCALLONIAS. — These form a small group of evergreen,
elegant in habit and free in flowering. In all but
favoured districts they require the shelter of a wall with
sunny aspect. They may be planted against the walls
of a dwelling or other building, but they are the most

CHOISYA TEKNATA

EVERGREENS 65

pleasing when grown against walls five or six feet high as
they are tall enough to cover these. Escallonias require a
moderately light and well-drained soil and can be readily
propagated by means of cuttings of the young wood,
which should be taken in August and inserted in a bed
of sandy soil made up within an unheated frame, or
they may be inserted in boxes filled with soil of the
same description.

There are a considerable number of species and
varieties, and those of special excellence include Escallonia
exoniensis, deep rose ; E. Langleyensis, carmine rose ;
E. macrantha, rose ; E. m. sanguined, deep red ; and
E. rubra, deep rose.

ENONYMUS. — The Japanese enonymus and its varie-
gated varieties are neat-growing shrubs that under
ordinary conditions attain a height of three or four feet j
in the southern and western counties, they grow con-
siderably taller. Although usually regarded as quite
hardy they suffer much from frosts in severe winters,
and in cold districts the variegated varieties are some-
times killed. Their proper position is the front row
of the shrubbery, but they should be planted rather
sparingly. Propagation can be readily effected by means
of cuttings. Near the sea where they are not liable to
injury from frost they make capital hedges.

Enonymus japonicus aureo-marginatus and E. j. aureo-
variegatus are two fine golden forms and E. j. argenteo-
variegatus, and E. j. latifolius albo-variegatus , are attractive
varieties with silvery variegation. E. radicans variegatus
is a hardy form of prostrate growth, and most useful for
marginal bands to beds and borders where a silvery-leaved
plant would be appropriate.

GARRYA. — Although not generally met with in gar-
dens, Garrya elliptica has sufficient merit to justify its
inclusion in gardens of even limited dimensions. It
requires a warm, sunny position against a wall, where

E

66 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

it will attain a height of three or four feet, and produce
in profusion during the winter months its large clusters
of elegant catkins. Both the male and female forms
should be planted.

ILEX OR HOLLY. — The hollies constitute the most
valuable of all the evergreens with inconspicuous
flowers, for they thrive in soils and situations of all
descriptions, and succeed in both town and country
gardens. Hollies are highly effective in association
with deciduous and evergreen shrubs in borders, and
they contribute materially to the attractions of the garden
when grown as single specimens on the lawn. A well-
drained soil is desirable, and in preparing heavy soils
a liberal addition of road sand, the sweepings of walks,
will greatly improve it. During the earlier stages, the
leading shoots of the plants should be supported by neat
stakes and other strong growths should be checked, and
throughout their growth they should be pruned suf-
ficiently to keep them compact without being unduly
formal. Usually the removal of a portion of the
very strong shoots will accomplish all that is desired.
The pruning should be done in the spring, and with a
knife, as the use of shears in pruning hollies is most
objectionable.

The best of the green-leaved varieties of Ilex aquifolium
for gardens are: Angustifolia, an elegant form with rather
long narrow leaves ; Handsiuorthiensis, a handsome broad-
leaved form ; Hodginst, a distinct variety, with broad
smooth leaves, very handsome, and the best for town
gardens in smoky districts ; crenata, an elegant variety
with small myrtle-like leaves. The variegated forms
that should have the preference are Golden Queen and
Silver Queen, which are very bright and effective, and
have golden and silvery variegation respectively.

LAURELS. — These are, for the most part, too robust
in growth to be planted otherwise than sparingly in

EVERGREENS 67

gardens of small or medium size. The varieties of the
Common Laurel (Cerasus Lauro-cerasus) are useful for
planting on the boundaries of the gardens, at the back
of the shrubberies, and in small plantations between the
trees. They will grow in all kinds of soil, and require
no special attention except a little pruning annually to
keep them neat and compact, and they should be done
with a knife, as when shears are used the leaves are
mutilated and the plants disfigured. The best varieties
are C. L.-c. colchica and C. L.-c. rotundifolia.

The Portugal Laurel (C. lusitanica) has dark green
leaves and is useful for the middle row of the border,
and is attractive grown in standard form on the lawn.

LIGUSTRUM OR PRIVET. — The privets are useful for
the formation of neat hedges, and the best for this pur-
pose is Ligustrum vulgar e sempervirens. There are several
of a highly ornamental character, the most noteworthy
of these being L. japonicum macrophyllum, which has large
green leaves.

OLEARIAS. — These are neat dwarf-growing shrubs with
greyish leaves, and producing a profusion late in summer
of white daisy-like flowers. They are not particular
as to soil and situation, and thrive in smoky districts.
They can be propagated by means of cuttings of firm
wood in autumn. Oleara Haasti, and O. stellulata are
both highly meritorious.

QUERCUS OR OAK. — The evergreen oaks form in
their earlier stages large compact shrubs, and at a more
advanced period neat round-headed trees of medium
size. The common form is, by reason of its dense habit,
valuable for planting on the margin of the garden for
the purpose of screening the inmates from winds from un-
desirable quarters. These oaks present the most attrac-
tive appearance grown as single specimens on the lawn.

The finest of the evergreen oaks for gardens are :
Q. acuta, Q. cuspidata, Q. glabra and Q. serrata, all of

68 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

which are elegant in outline and have larger leaves than
those of the common form.

VERONICAS. — The veronicas are mostly dwarf in
growth, have small glossy green leaves, and in sheltered
positions in the southern and western counties of England
they are useful for planting in the rock garden and along
the margin of beds and borders devoted to shrubs. But
in the midland and northern counties of England they are
liable to injury from frost, and in some winters are killed.

Those likely to prove the most satisfactory in the
garden are: Veronica Colensoi, V. cupressoides, V. Hulkeana,
V. Lindsayi, and V. salicifolia.

VINCAS OR PERIWINKLES. — These lowly plants are of
special value for clothing banks and planting spaces
under trees on the lawn where grass will not grow. It
will suffice to break up the soil and dibble out small
plants about six inches apart. They should be well
watered in and receive one or two waterings sub-
sequently. Spring and autumn are the best seasons for
planting Vinca major and its variegated variety. V. m.
•uariegata are the best, the latter being highly orna-
mental, and useful for planting in medium-sized clumps
along the margin of beds and borders devoted to shrubs.

LESS HARDY EVERGREENS. — There are many other
evergreen shrubs of great beauty which may be grown
in the open in the warmer parts of Britain. Magnolia
grandiflora and the Mexican Choisya ternata, for instance,
though not hardy in the north, do well in the south and
west especially with the friendly shelter of a wall.
Their fragrant white flowers, and evergreen leaves make
them very desirable plants where they can be grown.
In very favoured localities, attempts may also be made
to grow in the open such conservatory shrubs as the
scarlet-flowered Callistemon speciosus, and C. linearis. A
well-drained soil is an important factor in the cultivation
of the less hardy shrubs.

CALLISTEMON1 SHECIOSUS

CONIFERS

CONIFEROUS trees and shrubs include many kinds that
possess much beauty ; and when arranged with regard to
their fitness for the positions assigned them they add
much to the attractions of the pleasure grounds. Not-
withstanding their distinctive characters and handsome
appearance they must be planted sparingly in gardens of
limited dimensions. They are for the most part formal
in growth, many are sombre in colouring and a consider-
able proportion require a comparatively large space for
their full development. Conifers are also peculiar in
their requirements and will not thrive where the soil or
atmosphere is exceptionally dry, or where the soil is
cold and wet. When the conditions are not favourable
to their growth they become unhealthy and thin, and
when in that state they present a most unsatisfactory
appearance. No conifers are able to withstand the dele-
terious effects of a smoke contaminated (atmosphere and
therefore they are quite unsuited for planting in town
gardens or in gardens of the suburbs of large towns.

Generally speaking the larger growing kinds should
be planted singly and in positions where they will have
space for the development of their distinctive character-
istics. Those of moderate growth may be planted
singly or in groups, but in the latter they should be
arranged far enough apart in each group to allow them
to attain a considerable size before becoming over-
crowded. Greater interest will be given to the groups
when they are formed with several species and varieties

closely allied to each other and agreeing more in their

69

70 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

general habit of growth. Conifers suffer in some districts
from easterly winds, and therefore in their growth as
single specimens it is desirable to plant them where they
will receive some shelter during the earlier years of
their life. It is most desirable to avoid planting them
where they will be exposed to keen winds, as for
example opposite openings in belts of trees and shrubs
on the east side of them. Nor should they be near the
corners of the dwelling-house as the winds that sweep
along the walls are most injurious to them.

The smaller growing kinds that can be readily raised
from cuttings such as the cupressus, retinosporas, and
thuias, are extremely useful for filling flower beds
during the winter and also for window boxes. The
golden varieties of the above-mentioned kinds and of the
yews may be used with excellent effect in the production
of rich masses of colour in the shrubbery borders. Com-
pact growing forms such as the Irish Yew and Cupressus
Laivsoniana erecta viridis are extremely useful in geometric
flower gardens for planting in lines alongside terraces
and other walks.

ABIES OR SPRUCE. — This is a comparatively large
genus and the species are mostly too robust in growth
to be admissible to gardens other than those having an
extensive area. Those of special value for the garden
are : Abies Englemanni glauca, a remarkably handsome
form with bright silvery-blue foliage. A. orientalis, a
beautiful form of a bright green hue. A. pungens
g/auca, a beautiful variety with silvery-white foliage and
very effective in contrast with the dark conifers. A. p.
g. pendula, an elegant variety of pendulous growth with
silvery leafage. A. Nordmannian and A. Pinsapo are
both of rather large growth but they are exceedingly
handsome at all stages. They have rich green leaves
and the second of the two is formal in aspect but very
beautiful.

CALLISTEMON* Sl'ECIOSUS

CONIFERS 71

ARAUCARIA. — The well-known Chili Pine (Araucaria
imbricata) is desirable for its distinct character and when
in robust health is very attractive. The plants are raised
from seed and vary considerably in growth, the best being
those which indicate in an early stage a somewhat com-
pact and free branching habit, as they as a rule make the
most handsome trees.

CEDRUS OR CEDAR. — The cedars are all large growing
trees, but they are so distinct in character and handsome
in appearance that a few specimens should have a place
in gardens of moderate dimensions. Cedrus atlantica is a
handsome tree, but less elegant than the Deodar, and it
is mentioned for the purpose of directing attention to its
two varieties, namely, C. a. aurea, remarkable for the
rich golden hue of the young foliage, and C. a. glauca,
which has silvery grey leaves. C. deodara, popularly
known as the Deodar, is one of the most elegant of the
conifers, and of much value for avenues and for isolated
positions in the pleasure grounds.

CUPRESSUS OR CYPRESS. — The cupressus are mostly
of moderate or small growth, and are sufficiently
numerous to afford scope for the exercise of judgment
in making a selection from them. They are all more or
less columnar in habit, and when of considerable
height do not exceed five or six feet in diameter.
Cupressus Laivsonia is a handsome upright growing
species with dark green leafage, but for choice positions
in the garden, the finest of its numerous varieties should
alone be selected. The most noteworthy of the green
varieties are : C. L. erecta viridis ', erect in growth and of
a brilliant green hue ; C. L. filifera, distinguished by
the slender and graceful branches ; C. L. gracilis pendula,
a distinct variety with pendulous branches ; C. L. Shaivi,
a distinct variety somewhat globose in growth, and C.
L. Toungi, a handsome form of rather vigorous growth
with dark green fern-like branchlets. The best of the

72 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

silvery varieties are : C. L. argentea, an effective variety
with silvery grey leaves, and C. L. darleyensis, a fine
golden form in the way of lutea, but richer in colour.
C. macrocarpa and C. nootkatensis are two handsome
species that are worthy of a place in large gardens.
The last-named is useful for seaside gardens on the
south and west coasts.

JUNIPERUS OR JUNIPER. — These are all of very
moderate growth, and a few should be selected as
especially desirable in the garden. The Chinese Juniper
(Juniperus chinensis) is a compact growing shrub of a
bright green hue, and its golden form J. c. aurea is a
beautiful golden form, neat in growth and bright in
colour. The upright Irish Juniper (</. communis
hibernica) is upright in growth and is useful for
geometrical flower gardens and for planting alongside
walks where a columnar tree of smaller growth than
the Irish Yew would be appropriate.

RETINOSPORAS. — These are closely allied to the
cupressus, and comprise some of the most useful of the
conifers for gardens of small and medium size. Retino-
spora obtusa is one of the largest growing of the several
species, but as the progress made is comparatively slow,
many years elapse before it becomes too large for the
smallest garden. There are several varieties of a
highly ornamental character that are smaller in growth
than the type, and preferable for gardens. C. obtusa
aurea is a rather small growing slender form with rich
golden foliage. C. o. compacta, a dwarf form, useful for
its distinct character. C. o. lycopodioides, a handsome
variety, distinguished by its dense growth which, as
indicated by its name, resembles that of the strong
growing lycopodiums. C. o. pendula, an elegant variety,
with long slender pendulous branches. C. pisifera is
a smaller growing tree than the preceding species, and
is remarkable for its elegant aspect. The following

CONIFERS 73

varieties are the finest of its several forms. R. p. aurea,
bright golden yellow ; R. p. filifera, an elegant variety
with long slender branchlets ; R. p. prumosa, a handsome
form with dense feathery branchlets.

TAXUS OR YEW. — The Common Yew (Taxus baccata)
is too gloomy in appearance to admit of it being planted
otherwise than very sparingly in the garden, and under
no circumstances should it be planted on the margin of
ponds or small lakes, because of the dark shadow it
casts on the water. It is useful for hedges and for
forming a screen on the margin of gardens that are much
exposed. There are numerous handsome varieties, and
the most distinct of these are T. b. aurea, dense growing
form, with bright golden leaves ; one of the most
effective of the golden conifers, and especially desirable
because of the facility with which it can be kept to
any desired size. 71 b. Dovastoni, a handsome compara-
tively dwarf form with spreading, somewhat pendulous
branches. T. b.fastigata is the Irish Yew so well known
for its close columnar growth ; there are golden and
silvery forms, but the former is decidedly the most
effective. 71 b. glauca is remarkable for its greyish
leafage, but not required except in collections, and
71 b. gracilis pendula is not wanting in elegance, but it is
not equal to some others of the weeping conifers.

THUIAS. — These include a few desirable trees of
moderate stature, and like the species of cupressus are
compact and erect in growth. Thuia dolabrata is a beauti-
ful species well deserving of being generally planted ;
it grows most satisfactorily in a deep loamy soil contain-
ing a liberal amount of moisture, and should be planted
where it will not be exposed to easterly winds until
well established. 7. gigantea is a handsome tree, more
compact in habit and of larger growth than the preceding
species. The variety 7. g. aurea has golden leafage, and
7. g. gracilis is an elegant form of smaller growth than this

74 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

species. The American Arbor Vitae (T. occidentalis) is
a small tree or large shrub of pyramidal growth and not
wanting in attractiveness. It is, however, not equal for
garden ornamentation to some of its numerous varieties.
The best of the green-leaved forms are: T. o.' Ellivange-
riana and T. o. Wareana, which are smaller in growth
and of better colour than the type. T. o. lutea and T. o.
Wareana aurea are the best of the golden-leaved forms.
The Chinese Arbor Vitae (T. orientalis) is of pyramidal
outline, but the growth is hardly so erect as in the species
immediately preceding it. T. o. decussata and T. o.funi-
culata are two beautiful green-leaved varieties, and T. o.
aurea and T. o. elegantissima are two effective golden
forms, the former globular in growth, and the latter
has a compact erect habit.

WELLINGTONS. — The well-known Wellmgtonla gigan-
tea, which rises to a height of 35° ^eet m Sierra Nevada,
where the conditions are very favourable, is an ex-
cellent garden tree, although decidedly formal, where
soil and climate are favourable to its development. It
is of comparatively slow growth in Great Britain, and
many years elapse before it becomes too large for a
garden of moderate area.

A deep loamy soil and shelter from easterly winds
are essential to success, therefore where the soil is
gravelly or a heavy clay, or the position exposed to
easterly winds, the Wellingtonia should not be planted,
because of the lower branches dying off at an early stage
and spoiling the appearance of the trees.

BAMBOOS

OF the large number of hardy plants remarkable for
their elegant habit, nobility of aspect, or the distinctive
colouring of their foliage that were brought into pro-
minence during the last thirty years of the nineteenth
century, but few are more deserving of the attention
of the planter than the bamboos, of which there are so
many beautiful kinds in cultivation. Unsurpassed in
elegance of growth, they are so vigorous in constitution
as to soon become established and develop their dis-
tinctive characteristics, and with a few exceptions they
are sufficiently hardy to withstand the effects of the
severest weather experienced during the British winters.
They are indeed so beautiful and also so distinct from
all the other hardy plants, whether herbaceous or
shrubby, that it is not unreasonable to assume that
some of the more formal objects usually met with in
gardens and pleasure-grounds will be replaced by the
feathery growths of the bamboos as they become better
known. They have not, it must be admitted, proved
so satisfactory in every instance as could be desired,
but this has in a large measure been due to the conditions
under which they attain their highest degree of develop-
ment not being fully understood. Cultivators were
aware that several of the finest species grew luxuriantly
in certain parts of Japan, where in the coldest season
the temperature falls so low as to justify the belief that
they would withstand the effects of the winters in this
country without injury.

75

76 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

They were in no way mistaken as to their hardiness,
but they failed to recognise the fact that while the
health of the bamboos is not impaired by exposure to
severe frosts, the foliage is much disfigured during
the winter months when the plants occupy positions
exposed to easterly winds. When the plants have
their leaves browned by exposure to cold winds,
they present an unattractive appearance until the new
growths are produced in the course of the summer.
This being so, shelter is an important factor in the
cultivation of bamboos, and when cultivators become
fully acquainted with this fact a great improvement will
be effected, with the result that they will contribute
more liberally to the attractions of the garden than has
yet been the case. To emphasize the importance of
shelter from easterly winds, it may be well to state that
except in the western counties they are quite unfitted
for planting in exposed positions. Nothing could indeed
be done more likely to bring them into disrepute than
to plant them in open wind-swept positions where
they will be immediately under the eye of visitors
to the gardens in which such positions are assigned
them.

The proper course in the cultivation of bamboos is to
select a sheltered and somewhat secluded position, and
within it so arrange the species and varieties selected as
to form a distinct feature. There is no occasion to
attempt the formation of a bamboo garden, although
there is no objection to this being done if space will
permit, as a few of the more distinct forms judiciously
grouped on the lawn will produce a delightful effect.
They should be planted from four to six feet apart and
judicious grouping consists in so arranging the several
forms that those of low stature will not be overgrown
or hidden from view by those attaining a much greater
height. If the position is contiguous to a pond or

BAMBOOS 77

lake it will be an advantage as bamboos require a
liberal degree of moisture at the roots, and nowhere do
they present a more attractive appearance than when on
the margin of or near to a sheet of water. The chief
advantages of assigning the bamboos a secluded position
are, they create a more distinct effect than when asso-
ciated with other things, and as they will not be con-
stantly under the eye a little browning of the foliage
by frost or wind will not be a matter of so much
consequence.

Bamboos luxuriate in a rich moist soil that contains
a liberal proportion of decayed vegetable matter, and
there is no great difficulty in complying with their
requirements, except it may be in the matter of moisture.
Unless they are planted in a position where the whole
of the soil is manured and trenched, or deeply dug, the
stations should be from thirty to thirty-six inches in
diameter, and be broken up to a depth of at least two
feet. About one-third of the soil should be taken away
and replaced with well-rotted stable manure and leaf-
mould in about equal quantities. Well-decayed vegetable
refuse may be utilised where there is a difficulty in
obtaining manure or leaf-mould or both. May is the
best month in which to plant bamboos as they are then
commencing to make new growth and quickly become
established in their new quarters. The more robust
kinds spread with great rapidity after they have been
planted two or three years, and repressive measures
have to be adopted from time to time to prevent their
spreading beyond the space allotted them, and crowding-
out their less vigorous neighbours. The most effectual
way of keeping them within bounds is to cut off, as
they push through the ground, all suckers that make
their appearance beyond a certain distance from the
plant. Where the soil is naturally dry three or four
thorough waterings at intervals of ten days or a fort-

78 THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

night during May and June will be highly beneficial in
promoting a vigorous growth.

The following comprise some of the most dis-
tinct and beautiful of the plants popularly known as
bamboos.

ARUNDINARIAS. — A comparatively large group, com-
prising species ranging from two to fifteen feet high,
and including some of the most beautiful of the bamboos.
Arundinaria auricoma, a handsome species rising to a
height of seven or more feet with short bright green
leaves marked with yellow. A. Fortunei variegata, a dense
growing form, ranging from two to three feet high,
and having long leaves marked with longitudinal white
stripes. A. Hindsi, an elegant species, attaining a height
of seven feet, with long glaucous green leaves. A.
Hindsi gramlnea is a charming variety of the last-named ;
it is not quite so tall as the type, the growths are
smaller and more elegant, and the leaves are of a
brighter green. A. japonlca (syn. A. Metake), a strong-
growing species, attaining a height of fourteen or fifteen
feet, and having leaves twelve inches or so in length.
This is one of the best-known species, and well deserves
the popularity it enjoys. It forms handsome specimens,
and will grow in drier soils than the majority of the
bamboos. A. nitida, a remarkably elegant species, rising
to a height of eight or ten feet, with light feathery
growths ; it is quite hardy, and can be strongly recom-
mended. A. pumila is a charming little species, less
than eighteen inches in height, well suited for the
margin of a group or a sheltered position in the rock
garden. A. Simoni is one of the tallest and most robust
of the Arundinarias, and very quickly forms a remark-
ably handsome specimen.

BAMBUSAS. — The bambusas are with few exceptions
too tender in constitution to bear the cold of English
winters, and the tender kinds should be planted very

BAMBOOS ::; 79

sparingly and only in exceptionally favourable districts,
as for example on the west coast. The finest of the
hardy species is Bambusa palmata, a handsome species,
attaining a height of five feet, and having large leaves.
B. pygmxa and B. tessellata are two dwarf species, with
comparatively large leaves, but not sufficiently attractive
for planting where room for a small selection only can
be found.

PHYLLOSTACHYS. — The species belonging to this
genus include some of the most ornamental of the
bamboos, and a selection should be made from them for
the smallest of gardens. Phyllostachys aurea is an elegant
species with erect stems rising under favourable con-
ditions to a height of fourteen or fifteen feet. P.
Boryana, a handsome and robust species, quickly forming
large specimens. P. jlexuosa, an elegant species, with a
height of about eight feet, and of special value for small
gardens. P. Henonis, a handsome species, attaining a
height of seventeen or eighteen feet where the climate
and soil conditions are favourable to its full development.
This species is well-suited to planting in positions not
specially favourable to bamboos, as it suffers but little
from drought, and is perfectly hardy. P. mltis is per-
haps the tallest of all the hardy bamboos. In Japan it
grows to a height of fifty feet, and in this country the
growths have attained a height of twenty feet. P. mgra
merits special attention, for it quickly forms a large and
handsome specimen, the height ranging from fifteen to
eighteen feet. P. viridi-glaucescens has so much to recom-
mend it that it may be described as one of the most
desirable of the strong growing kinds. The much-
branched stems attain a height of about eighteen feet,
and the rich green leafage suffers less from exposure to
cold winds than is the case in the majority of the
bamboos.

THAMNOCALAMUS. — The species belonging to this

8o, THE BOOK OF SHRUBS

genus that are in cultivation are not sufficiently hardy
to be successfully grown in the open. Thamnocalamus
falcata and T. Falconeri are the best for growing without
protection, they are both extremely elegant in growth,
and quite hardy. The first mentioned has slender stems
which rise to a height ranging from five to nine feet,
and bright glaucous leaves from four to six inches in
length. The second of the two species has graceful
much branched stems with comparatively small bright
green leaves. Planted in a sheltered position where
their roots have access to a liberal amount of moisture,
they soon reach specimen size and present an extremely
attractive appearance.

INDEX

ABELE, Silvery, 59.
Abelia, 9.
Abies, 70.
Acacia, Rose, 46.
Acers, 52.
./Esculus, 37.
Alder, Golden, 58.
Allspice, Californian, 12.

Carolina, 12.

Almonds, 39.
Alnus, 58.
Althaea, 24.
Amelanchier, 38.
American Shrubs, 47.
Amygdalus, 39.
Andromedas, 48.
Ancubas, 61.
Araucaria, 71.
Arbor-vitses, 74.
Arbutus, 60.

Arrangement of Shrubs, 7.
Arundinarias, 78.
Ash, Weeping, 59.
Azaras, 62.
Azaleas, 48.

BAMBOOS, 75.

Cultural Conditions, 76.

Bambusas, 78.
Barberries, 10.

Evergreen, 62.

Beech, 58.
Berberis, 10.

Evergreen, 62.

Betulas, 58, 59.
Birch, 58.

Weeping, 59.

Blackthorn, Double-flowered, 30.
Box, 62.

Brambles, 30.

Brooms, 17.

Broom, Etna, 23.

Buckthorn, Sea, 54.

Buddleia, 36.

Bulbs for Shrubberies, 7.

Buxus, 62.

CALLISTEMON, 68.
Calycanthus, 12.
Catalpas, 40.
Ceanothus, 63.
Cedars, 71.
Cedrus, 71.
Cerasus, 40, 67.
Cherry, Cornelian, 14.
Cherries, 40.
Chestnuts, 37.
Chili Pine, 71.
Chimonanthus, 12.
Choisya, 68.
Cistus, 63.
Clerodendrons, 13.
Conifers, 69.
Cornus, 13, 53.
Corylus, 54.
Corylopsis, 15.
Cotoneasters, 63.
Crabs, 45.
Crataegus, 42.

Evergreen, 64.

Cupressus, 71. — —
Currants, 31.
Cydonias, 16.
Cypress, 71.
Cytisus, 17.

DAPHNES, 18.
Deutzias, 19.

Si

INDEX

Dimorphanthus, 58.
Dogwoods, 13.
Variegated, 53.

ELDERS, 56.
Elms, 58, 59.
Escallonias, 64.
Exochordas, zi.
Eucryphia, zi.
Euonymus, Deciduous, 54.

Evergreen, 65.

Evergreens, 60.

FAGUS, 58.

Flowering Shrubs, Deciduous, 9.

Firs, 70.

Forsythias, 22.

Fraxinus, 59.

GARRYA, 65.
Genistas, 23.
Golden-leaved Trees, 58.
Gum Cistus, 63.

HALESIAS, 43.
Hamamelis, 24.
Hazels, 54.

Witch, 24.

Hibiscus, 24.
Hippophse, 54.
Hollies, 66.
Hydrangeas, 25.
Hypericums, 26.

ILEX, 66.
Indigoferas, 26.

JUNIPERUS, 72.

KALMIAS, 49.
Kerrias, 27.

LABURNUMS, 43, 58.
Laurels, 66.
Ligustrums, 55.

Evergreen, 67.

Lilacs, 33.

Locust, Mexican, 46.

MAGNOLIAS, 27.

Arborescent, 44.

Evergreen, 68.

Maples, 52.
Mespilus, Snowy, 38.
Mezeron, 19.

NEGUNDOS, 58.

OAKS, 5 8, 67.
Olearias, 67.

Oranges, Mock, Double- flowered,
28, 29, 30.

Ornamental-leaved, 55.

Ornamental-leaved Shrubs, 52.

PEONIES, TREE, 36.
Pavias, 38.
Peaches, 39.
Periwinkles, 68.
Philadelphus, 28.

Ornamental- leaved, 55.

Phyllostachys, 79.

Plant, when to, 5.
Planting operations, 6.
Plums, 30. 58.
Poplars, 58, 59.
Populus, 58, 59.
Privets, 55.

Evergreen, 67.

Pruning, 7.
Prunus, 30, 58, 59.
Pyrus, 45.

QUERCUS, 58.

Evergreen, 67.

Quince, Japanese, 16.

Maule's, 16.

RASPBERRY, Purple-flowered, 31.

Retinosporas, 72.

Rhododendrons, 49.

Ribes, 31.

Robinias, 46.

Rose, Guelder, 35.

Rubus, 30.

SALIX, 56, 59.

Handbooks of Practical Gardening

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The Morning- Post —" Thoroughly practical. The book can be highly recommended."

Vol. VIII.— The Book of Orchids. By W. H. WHITE,
F.R.H.S., Orchid Grower to Sir Trevor Lawrence, President of
the Royal Horticultural Society.

The Scotsman.—" There are few writers so well qualified to write with authority upon
these flowers."

Vol. IX. — The Book of the Strawberry. With chapters on

the Raspberry, Blackberry, Loganberry, Japanese Wineberry, and
Allied Fruits. By EDWIN BECKETT, F.R.H.S., Head Gardener
at Aldenham Park.

The Morning Post. — " Mr. Beckett deals with his subject in a thorough practical
manner, . . . and fully maintains the general excellence shown in the previous volumes
of this series."

Vol. X. — The Book of Climbing Plants. By S. ARNOTT,
F.R.H.S., Author of "The Book of Bulbs."

The Scotsman.—" This is a concise, practical, and well-informed exposition of skilled
knowledge as to the training of creepers, &c."

The Scotsman says
results may be brou^
The volume has a number of very bea

Vol. XL — The Book of Pears and Plums. By the Rev.
E. BARTRUM, D.D.

The Scotsman.—" The writer knew as much about the growing of Pears and Plums as
Dean Hole knows about the cultivation of Roses."

Vol. XII. — The Books of Herbs. By LADY ROSALIND

NORTHCOTE.

Vol. XIII.— The Book of the Wild Garden. By s. w.

FlTZHERBERT.

t says—" Mr. Fitzherbert indicates very clearly how the most satisfactory
brought about, and how the most charming effects may be produced,
i a number of very beautiful illustrations."

Vol. XIV. — The Book of the Honey-Bee. By CHARLES
HARRISON.

This book will be of great assistance to the beginner as showing the practical side of
bee-keeping. The handbook contains numerous illustrations which will be of interest to
experienced bee-keepers as well as to the novice.

Vol. XV. — The Book of Shrubs. By GEORGE GORDON,

V.M.H., Editor of The Gardeners Magazine.

A special feature of this book lies in the distinction which it makes between shrubs
and trees peculiarly suited to garden cultivation, and those appropriate to the park and
woodland. The author desires to encourage the culture of shrubs in gardens, and
indicates those most suitable for various purposes and situations.

Vol. XVI.— The Book of the Daffodil. By the Rev. s.
EUGENE BOURNE.

The author supplies valuable information on the cultivation of daffodils gained by the
results of his own personal experience. " It is to be hoped," he says in his introduction,
"that the information may help the lover of Daffodils, not only to grow good flowers
but also to maintain his collection at a high standard, and generally to hold his own with
other Daffodil people."

Vol. XVII. — The Book of the Lily. By W. COLORING.

A description of, and a practical guide to, the cultivation of all the lilies usually found
in British gardens.

Vol. XVIIL— The Book of Topiary. By CHARLES H.
CURTIS and W. GIBSON, Head Gardener at Levens Hall.

A textbook of the topiary art, together with some account and famous examples of
the application of that art.

Vol. XIX. — The Book of Town and Window Garden-
ing. By Mrs. F. A. BARDS WELL.

A handbook for those lovers of flowers who are compelled to live in a town. The
book should be helpful even to those who are quite ignorant in the art of growing plants,
and advice is given as to the most suitable plants to grow under the various adverse
conditions which town gardens afford.

Vol. XX. — The Book of Rarer Vegetables. By GEORGE

WYTHES, V.M.H., Head Gardener to the Duke of Northumber-
land, and HARRY ROBERTS.

This work deals with a number of vegetables possessing choice flavour, that are little
grown in modern gardens. Not only does the book explain the best methods of culti-
vation, but also describes the ways m which the several vegetables should be cooked
and dressed for the table.

Vol. XXL— The Book of the Iris.

A practical guide to the cultivation of the Iris, and also a description of and key to all
the garden species and varieties. The book will interest equally the botanical student,
the practical gardener, and the lover of beautiful flowers.

Vol. XXIL— The Book of Garden Furniture. By
CHARLES THONGER.

A practical handbook to the selection, construction, and arrangement of the various
buildings, trellises, pergolas, arches, seats, sundials, fountains, ami other structures
which necessity or taste may suggest as additions to our garden ornaments.

TTXT T Axil? r» LONDON : VIGO STREET, W.

JOHN LANE, PUBLISHER, NEW YORK : 67> FIFTH AVENUE.

The Country Handbooks

An Illustrated Series of Practical Handbooks dealing with
Country Life. Suitable for the Pocket or Knapsack

EDITED BY HARRY ROBERTS

Fcap. 8vo (6£ by 4 in.).

Price 3-f. net, bound in Limp Cloth. $1.00 net.
Price 4-f. net, bound in Limp Leather. $1.20 net.

Vol. I. — The Tramp's Handbook. By HARRY

ROBERTS. With over fifty Illustrations by WALTER
PASCOE.

A volume written in defence of vagabondage, containing much
valuable advice to the amateur gipsy, traveller, or cyclist, as to
camping-out, cooking, etc.

Vol. II. — The Motor Book. By R. T.

MECREDY. With numerous Illustrations.

An invaluable handbook that should find a place in the library
of every motorist, or even in the car itself.

Vol. III. The Tree Book. By MARY ROWLES

JARVIS.

Containing varied and useful information relating to forests,
together with a special chapter on Practical Forestry.

Vol. IV. The Still Room. By Mrs. CHARLES

ROUNDELL.

A book of information upon all subjects pertaining to preserving,
pickling, bottling, distilling, &c., with many useful hints upon the
dairy.

Vol. V.— The Bird Book. By A. j. R.

ROBERTS.

A guide to the study of bird life, with hints as to recognising
various species by their flight or their note.

Vol. VI. — The Woman Out of Doors. BY

ME*NIE MURIEL DOWIE.

A book of practical value and interest to every sportswoman,
lady gardener, and out-of-door woman of every kind.

Vol. VII.— The Stable Handbook.

Vol. VIII. — The Fisherman's Handbook.

By EDGAR SHRUBSOLE.

JOHN LANE, LONDON AND NEW YORK

COUNCIL

Hon. H. A. STANHOPF, President.

Captain J. N. PRESTON, Vice-Pres. I STAKES CHAMBERLAYNE, Esq.
W. H. WHITAKER, Esq. j EGBERT DE HAMEL, Esq.

EDWARD OWEN GREENING, Esq., Managing Director.
EDWARD W. GREENING, Esq., Secretary.

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW

OCT 18 1915

FEB 7 1920

1121

S£f 230824

30m-l,'15

YB 48645

271867

UNIVERSITY 0-F CAIvrfoRNIA LIBRARY