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“FTE:

BOTANICAL CLASS-BOOK

FLORA OF PENNSYLVANIA,

DESIGNED FOR.

Seminaries of Learning and Private Classes. -
KIN TWO PARTS.

PART I. —SPRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY:.
PART Il.— SYSTEMATIC BOTANY.

COMPRISING A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE LINN EAN AND KATUBAL 8YSe
TEMS OF BOTANY, 5 A GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 3.
ANALYTICAL TABLES, AND, THE

NATURAL ORDERS,

“ELLUSTRATED BY A FLORA OF PENNSYLYANEA, WHICH EMBRACES,
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEARLY NINE-TEXTHS OF THE INDIGENOUS,
RLOWERING PLANTS. OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES>.

PPP ee ee et

By HENRY R. NOLL. Lae

Lowishyrg, Pas SAS

Q.N. WORDEN, PRINTER: tw A /

\ 21 - ‘ Pa
eeeee ‘ Es — Pa

es ee ee

if

at
PPPALP ALP IP PIAA a ee ee ee ee

Entered aceording to Act of Congress by
HENRY R. NOLL,
in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of Western Pennsylvania.

eee

Soe

PREFACE:

| “Tus yolume has been prepared expresely as & Class Book
a Botany for beginners, designed chiefly for students in our
-erminaries of learning and private classes, ag well as a conve-
-pient manuel for those more advanced in the ecienee,. The

first part of the work containg an introduction to Structural
and Physiological Botany, in which I have briefly described
the organic elements or tissues of plants, and their compound
organs-——such as the structure, growth, theoretical nature
and office of the roots, stems, buds, leaves, flowers, fruit and
seeds; together with the nature and results of germination,
an a short treatise on the food and nutrition of plants.
Yhe second part of the volume is devoted. to: Systematic
Botany, and comprises a brief sketch of the Artificial System
of Linnszeus, together with its classes, orders, &. ; and of the
Natural System of Jussieu as modified by De Candolle and
others, together with its divisions, classes, orders, &.; and a
Glossary of Botanic Terms. The whole is accompanied with
a Flora of Pennsylvania, in which are described all, or nearly
all, the indigenous and naturalized flowering ee filicoid
plantas s of our State, together with some of the more commonly
cultivated exotics of our gardens; arranged according to the
Natural System now 80 Saacallg adopted in works of this
kind. But, in order to secure all the advantages of the
Linnean System, and to render analysis ag simple as
possible to the beginner, I have given a synepsis of the
genera, arranged under their respective classes and orders,
_ describing the more prominent characteristics of each, with a
reference to the page where the genus and species are fully
described in their respective orders,

iv | ss PREFACE.

In compiling and preparing that part of the work which
relates to Physiological and Structural Botany, I have chiefly
relied on the “ Botanical Text Book”’ of Doctor Asa Gray,
Visher Professor of Natural History in Harvard University
—an American work of the highest merit. In regard to the
names, characteristics and arrangement of the Natural Orders, -
my principal authorities have been the work above mentioned,
and a work by the same author entitled “Botany of the
Northern United States.”

With few exceptions, I have adopted the nomenclature of
the North American Flora of Torrey and Gray, for our native
and naturalized plants, (so far as that flora at present
extends,) and for our cultivated exotics, the nomenclature of
the “ Prodromus” of De Candolle, regarding, these, as they
truly are, standard works.

In deseribing the genera and species together with their
locality, I have consulted Beck’s “ Botany of the United ©
States north of Virginia,” Doctor Darlington’s “ Flora
Cestrica,’’ Wood’s “ Class Book of Botany,’ Gray’s “ Botany
of the Northern United States,” and “ Barton’s Botany and
Flora.”

“Such as my work is, I now submit it to the public. That
it will be found free from errors, I hardly expect. I have,
however, prepared it with much care and study, having devoted
untiringly to the study of botany, for several years, and to
the preparation of this work, all the hours of leisure which
my occupation as a imévhahie permitted me to enjoy. In
conclusion, { have only to ask of those who may discover
special imperfections in the work, or who may be able to —
suggest additions important to be made, with descriptions of
genera and species indigenous to our State not deseribed*in ©
the present work, to communicate their suggestions to me, |
and should another edition be called for, I shall endeavor to —
rectify its imperfections to the best of my ability. |

H. ht. eh
LewisBurG, JANUARY, 1851.

INTRODUCTION.

: BRIEF SURVEY OF THE SCIENCE.

THE science of Botany has recently attracted considerstis
attention in our country, so much so, that it ig becoming a
popular study in our seminaries of learning. the labors
of De Candolle and Lindley, in Europe, and of Drs. Torrey
and Gray, of our own country, it has been established on tae
basis of inductive philesophy, and elevated nearly to the
yank of an exact science. | 3 3

It is a science which, though it can not be considersd as
greatly advancing our pecuniary interests, affords more
‘enjoyment than wealth or honor can bestow. It effectually
combines pleasure with improvement, and is calculated to
lead the pious mind to greater reverence for the Deity.

“The objects of its investigation are beautiful beyond
description; adapted to please the eye, refine the taste and
improve the heart; leading to vigorous exercise in the open
air, which is conducive to health and cheerfulness. It
conducts the student into the fields and forests, amid the
verdure of spring and the bloom of summer. It-leads him

to the charming retreats of Nature in her wild luxuriance,

along winding streams; to the borders of craggy rocks; and
where she patiently smiles under the improving hand of
enltivation. This study impartsa taste for the beautiful in
nature, fills the soul with ravishing emotions, and opens before
us the enchanted avenues of a world full of wonders.

‘The study of Botany affords a pleasure which can be

_ equally enjoyed in youth, when the affections are warm and

the imagination is vivid; in more advanced life, when sober

_jyadgment assumes the reins ; in the sunshine of fortune, and

in’ the obscurity of poverty. The opening buds of spring,
the warm, luxuriant blossoms of full blown summer, the
yellow bowers of autumn, and the leafless, desolate groves of
winter, alike afford amusement and gratification to the
botanist. ee
ie At. -

vi | INTRODUCTION.

DEFINITION OF A PLANT.

Philosephers and Naturalists have distinguished the
natural world into three great departments, commonly called
the MInERAL, VEGETABLE, and ANIMAL KINGDOMs.

Plants are intermediate between minerals and animals.

They are distinct from the former by their organization and_

living principle ; and differ from the latter by the absence of
instinct and intelligence. | 7

A mineral is an inorganie mass of matter, the result of mere
acgregation, and due to external common forces. The separa-
tion of the organs ofa plant destroys its identity as a species ;:
but a stone may be broken into any number of fragments,
each of which will retain the characteristics of the original
body. /

Plants are organized living bodies, deriving their nourish-

ment from‘ the earth and air, endowed with vitality, (though:

not with sensation,) and composed of distinct parts, each of

which is essential to the completeness of their being.

Animals, like plants, are organized living bodies, endowed.
with vitality, and composed of distinct parts, but they are
uperior to plants by possessing the faculty of perception.

Plants being closely connected to the minera! kingdom are:
; Pas) y ro)

fixed to the earth or other substance on which they grow,
and derive their nourishment from it by absorbing into their

systems mineral food, which is assimilated to their own.

ubstance under the influence of light in organs exposed to.
the atmospbere.. Animals on the contrary possess the faculty.

of locomotion and the endowment of sensation; subsist on
organized matter and have the power of. selecting the food’

ready prepared for their nourishment which is received into:

and assimilated by an internal resorvoir or stomach. Thus
minerals, by the beautiful economy of nature, contribute

towards the support of animals through the medinm of planta. .

Plants, like animals, are destined to perform their functions

for a limited period only ;~some live for one season, others

twice that period; the apple-tree flourishes through a century,
and the cedar is supposed to Lrave the tempests of a

thousand years; but the hand of time sooner-or later presses

upon them all, and without the aid of external injury, their

vegctating powers cease; and sharing the fate of all organized
beings, they submit to decomposition, and crumble into their

primeval elements.

BOTANY.

PART I.

a GENERAL DIVISIONS OF THE SCIENCE.
1. The English word Botany i is derived from the Greek
botane, » pla ate

2. Botany is that branch of natural history. which.
teaches the knowledge of the vegetable kingdom. It

eomprehends every scientific inquiry thas can be made.

respecting plants, their ie Sonate habits, properties, the laws
which govern them, and their office in the general economy
of the world; . together with their nomenclature and classifi-
cation.

8. Botany, like its kindred sciences, is resolved into
distinct departments, according to the naturz of the subject
they treat. That department ‘which inve stigates the organio
. structure of p! ants, the kind of life which they possess, the
organization through which this life is manifested, in other
words, that part which informs us how plants live and grow,
and fulfil tho conditions of their existence, is called Paysto-
LogicaL Botany. It eomprises a knowledge, Ist, of the
structure of plants, and of the minut> and admirable
machinery through which their forces operate; this is the
special field of VecEr anne Anatomy; 2d, of the external
conformati ions, the forms and arra mngemen’s of the several
organs of which they are composed, the laws of symmetry
which regulate thom, and the various modifications they
undergo in the successive stages of their development ; thig

branch is called Oncanocrarny, (i. e. the science ae the

organs of plants, ) and nearly. corresponds with Hee, mgr

Anatomy in the animal kingdom. It remains only to

- contemplate this operation in action ; endowed with life, and

' fulfilling the purposes for which it was constructed; this #
‘ the province of VsaeTARLEe PHYSIOLOGY.

‘

3 GENERAL DIVISIONS OF TH® SCIENOE.

4. A second department of Botany is founded upon the
relation which plants sustain to each other; upon their
‘affinities and endless diversities. The vegetable creation is
composed of many thousand species, all of which are
constructed upon the same general plan, but variously
modified according to their relative rank and the circumstan-
ces of their position. To describe these belongs to the
province of Systematic Botany, or the study of plants, as
composing the Vegetable Kingdom; as embracing an immense
number of species, differmg in gonie respects, but agreeing
in others, and therefore capable of being grouped into kinds
or genera, into orders, classes, Sc. This department compri-
ses, Ist, Classification, or the arrangement of*plants in a
systematic order, according to their relationship; 2d, special
Descriptive Botany; or, an orderly account of all known
plants, designated by names, and distinguished by clear and
ekset description |

[Necessarily saul with these departments i 18 Termr-
NOLOGY or GLOossOLOGY, which relates to the application of
distinctive names or terms to the several organs of plants,
and to their various modifications. The current words of
our laneuage being insufficient for the purposes. of the
botanist, many new terms have been introduced in order to
express a curately the great variety of facts which a close
exatnination of the plants acquaints us. Thus Botany
possesses a te. hnical language which enables us to describe
the subjects o: this study with a precision and brevity not
otherwise attainable. |
5. Under a third depar then , plants may be contemplated |
with regard to their relations to ‘other parts of the creation.
This forms a series of interesting inquiries, which variously
eonnect the science. of Botany. with Chemistry, Geology, —
Physical Geography, &c. Among these are inquiries as to
what influence vegetation exerts upon the air; what it
receives from the soil, and what it imparts to it; what it
derives from the atmosphere and what it returns to it; also,
what are the relations of the vegetable to the animal kingdom,

- gonsidered with reference to the sustenance it furnishes the
latter ; and how plants and animals are mutually subservient
in the general economy of the world; these inquiries belong .
partly to chemistry, and partly to’ vegetable physiol eg erie

the practical deductions which they afford lay the foun ationa
of scientific Agriculture, &.

PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY.
VEGETABLE ANATOMY.

SIMPLE OR ELEMENTARY ORGANS.

6. The principal substance of which plants are composed,
is known by the general name of tissue, of which there are
* three distinct kinds, distinguished as cellular, woody and

vascular, which are analagous to the flesh, bones and blood
vessels of animals. 3 | |

CELLULAR TISSUE.

7. CELLULAR Tissus is the fleshy or succulent part of
plants, of which the pulp of leaves and fruits afford familiar
examples. It consists of a great number of cells, or little
bladders, of organic membrane, aggregated together and
-eohering more or less intimately by their contiguous surfaces,
constituting the honey-comb-like texture that vegetable matter
displays under the microscope. |

8. Their form is at first globular and egg-shaped, but
afterward, being flattened by their mutual pressure, they
become cubical, (Fig. 1) or twelve-sided, (Fig. 2) the cross
section being six-sided, each cell assuming a form more or
less regular, according to the degree of pressure exerted upon
it by those adjacent.

9. Of this all plants, at their earliest (embryo) state, are
entirely composed. Indeed, the plant may be traced back
by observation, nearly or quite to a single cell; which cell,
endowed with the power of propagation equally with the full.
developed plant, gives rise to other cells possessed of the
same powers, and so forms the whole mass of the vegetable.
The delicate walls of the cella, although not visibly
perforated, (except sometimes as a secondary result,) are
like all organic membrane, permeable to fluids. Through

q

10 * WOODY TISSUE.

en rn ete a i

them the food of the plant is imbibed, whether directly from
the atmosphere in the form of air or vapor, or “in 2 liquid
form by the roots, and transmitted throughout the vegetable ;
hence, plants receive their food ina fluid state only. The
cells contain the juices and the products of the plant, whether
liquid or solid. Bs a :

10. The cells vary greatly in size, not only in different
plants, but in different parts of the same plant. The largest .
are found in aquatics, and such plants as the gourd, where.
some of them are as much as 1—30th of an inch in diameter.
Their ordinary diameter is about the 1-400th of an inch.
In the common pink, it hag been computed that more than
5009 cells are contained in the space of half a cubic line,
which is equivalent to almost 3,000,000 in a cubic inch.
Although this tissue is usually soft and spongy, it sometimes
acquires considerable hardness by the deposition of solid
instead of fluid matter. They are also sometimes drawn out
to a considerable length, as in hairs and fibres of cotton,
“which are long and attenuated cells. | |

11. Besides the cellular tissue, all Flowering Plants
contain more or less of two other kinds of tissue, viz: the
woody and the vascular. These begin to be introduced
when the plant developes from the seed, and serve to give
greater strength and toughness, and to facilitate the trans-
mission of fluids. Both of them arise, however, in all their
forms from the transformation of cells, of which they are
only modifications.

WOODY TISSUE. ted

12. Woopy Tissux, (Fig. 3) called also fibre, consists of
slender, transparent, membranous tubes, tapering to a point
each way, and adhering by their sides, the end of one tube
extending beyond that of another, so as to form continuous
threads. It differs from cellular tissue, in the greater tenuity

i

»

- YASCULAR TISSUE. 11

of its membrane. This tissue is not confined to the wood
alone, but abounds in the inner bark, where it is usually
more tough and flexible, and therefore well adapted for
cloths, cordage, &c. Thus linen is made of the woody fibres
of the bark of flax. It also abounds in leaves, forming the
frame-work or fibrous skeleton, which gives the leaf the
requisite firmness.

VASCULAR TISSUE. —

13. WVasctnar TissvE consists essentially of SPIRAL VEs-
SELS with their modifications. ‘The true spiral vessel much
resembles the woody fibre, consisting of slender tubes, of
various lengths, tapering each way, but are thinner and
weaker, to the inside of which a spirally-coiled fibre is adhe-
rent. The fibre uncoils elastically when the vessel is pulled
asunder. In their unrolled state they are readily examined
by breaking almost any young shoot or leaf-stalk, and gently
separating, when the uncoiled fibres appear to the naked eye
like a fine cobweb. In their perfect state they contain air,
which they transmit from one to another. The spire is
commonly formed of a single fibre, as in Fig. 4; it rarely
consists of two fibres; but not uncommonly s considerable

number, forming a band, as in Fig. 5. The turns of the
coil, although generally in contact, are, sometimes, widely
separated. In size spiral vessels are variable, generally their
diameter is about 1-1000th of an inch; often not more than
1-3000th. | |

14. Ducrs differ from spiral vessels in the thread being
incapable of uncoiling without breaking, consisting of
membranous tubes, with conical or rounded extremities, their
sides being marked with transverse bars, rings or coils. In
this modification of spiral vessels the tube ia much lengthened,
and the coil within is either closed, that is, will not unroll,
as in the ferns, or it is annular, that is broken into distinct

12 THE EPIDERMIS AND ITS APPENDAGES.
rings, as in the garden balsam, Impatiens, (Fig. 6) or it is
reticulated, that is, branching, the branches crossing so as to
form a net-work. ‘The office of all these ducts is the same,
that of conveying fluid. a
15. Dorrep Ducts, called also Pirrep, or VastronM
ae ‘f Tissuk, consists of large
_ tubes which are formed
of cylindrical cells bemg
marked with dots or pits
(Fig. 7). They are the
largest tubes in plants,
: : and their orifices are con-
spicuous in the cross sections of most kinds of wood, such
as the oak, chestnut, reed, &c.

16. Lacrirerous TissvE consists of a series of branching
vessels which freely anastomose (pass to and fro), or unite,
so as to form a kind of net-work with each other, crossing ~
and re-crossing the other tissues, and spreading from the

Inner parts, ramify upon the outer surface, and upon the
hairs, forming meshes of inconceivable fineness. These
vessels serve for the passage of the nutritious sap or proper -
juice of the plant. Their sides are very delicate, and their
average diameter is about 1-1400th of an inch. They are
remarkable for their irregular contractions and expansions.

THE EPIDERMIS AND ITS APPENDAGES.

17. Eprpermis. ‘The whole surface of the plant exposed
to the air (except the stigma of the flower and some parts
of the root) is covered with a cuticle or skin, called epidermis,
which consists of layers of cellular tissue in which the cells
are much flattened and in close contact with each other.
Their form is various, sometimes they are oblong and —
regular, whilst at others they are very dissimilar, and appear

_ to interlock with each other. - | eet
18. Usually there is but one layer of cells, but sometimes
there are two or three, especially in tropical plants. Its
office in the economy of the plant is to check the evaporation
of moisture. ,

19. Sromaro. The epidermis is provided with small
apertures usually of an oval form, and bounded by two or.
more reniform (kidney-shaped) cells placed side by side, by
the contraction of which the opening is increased or dimin-

ORGANOGRAPHY. 13

2

ished. These apertures are called sroMATO, and appear to
subserve the functions of respiration and evaporation. They
are found in the soft green tissue of leaves and young
shoots, but may also be detected in the flowers. hake

~ 28. GLANDS are organs designed to elaborate peculiar
‘secretions from the vegetable fluids, such as the fragrant
volatile oil of the sweet briar, and the acrid, colorless fluid
of the nettle. They are found in all parts of plants, and
are of various forms and composition. Some being composed
merely of cellular tissue, while others contain, in addition,
a number of vessels of different kinds.

91. Hares are minute expansions of the epidermis,
consisting of single elongated cells, or a row of cells, placed
end to end,simple or branched, containing air.

22. PrickLeEs are larger expansions of the epidermis,-
composed of indurated cellular tissue. ‘They have no
connection with the wood, being appended to the euticle
alone, and are stripped off with it. Hxample, rose, raspberry,
ke. - :

23. RECEPTACLES OF SECRETION are analagous to
glands, being cavities formed in the cellular tissue. They
‘abound in the rind of the lemon and orange, containing
minute drops of a fragrant volatile oul.

ORGANOGRAPHY.
COMPOUND ORGANS OF PLANTS. —

24. <A plant, in its early rudimentary state, is an embryo
contained in the seed. The form of this initial plantiet
varies greatly in different species. It is often an chiong or
eylindrical body simple at one extremity and notched er —
lobed at another. Upon this so simple and often minute.
body, all the laws of vegetable life are impressed, and iis
first effort when it germinates, is to give expression to the
most universal of these laws. The two extremities of the
embryo are differently affected by the same external agents,
and exhibit exactly opposite tendencies. The one end is
absolutely stem, the other root-

25. The plant, therefore, possesses a kind of polarity,
3somposed of a counterpart systems, namely, an ascending

~

jt" * COMPOUND ORGANS OF PLANTS. ae

Sw

GUIS, to produce and continue the stem, and a descending
axis, to form the root. The former is generally serial, the
latter subterranean. Both the stem and reot branch; but
these branches are only repetitions of the axis from which
they spring, and obey its laws. ‘The branches of the former.
ascend, those of the latter descend. The branches of the
stem are produced at definite points, and with a predeter-
mined arrangement, while thase of the roots are given off
without any particular order. rae extremity of the embryo
“which gives birth to the stem consists of several rudimentary
organs, which develope as it ievelene, It is from the first
a bud, or growing point containing the undeveloped rudiments.
of leaves. As the bud expands, and the stem lengthens,
the leaves are successively developed in-regular order. The
frst leaf, or the pair of leaves are termed coi 'yledons, or seed
leaves. ee
26. The root, stem and feaves pre-existing in. the embryo,
in 2 more or ess alimentary cons WANs, 8 a being the organs
cOnCC icasie growth, by which the plant take rye in nourish-
ment from th e carth and air, on which it fens and claborates
them into the materials of its own organized substanee are,
therefore, properly termed the VuNDAMEN ‘TAL ORGANS of
plants, or the ORGANS OF VEGETATION. ;
27. Flants of the highest organization, such as trees,

A S)
shrabs, &., are hore aeraed as exhibiting the typical plan
of vegetation. But this plan is Bae “modified, and in
most respcets simplified, as we descend towards fae confines -
of the Bi ga kingdom. Before tho tribe of ferns is
reached, proper flowers disappear, and consequently seeds

contaiing a ready-formed embryo-plant are no longer found.
The mosses, and all below them in the shes are ‘composed
of simple cellular tissue. In some hepaticee mosses, lichens,
fungi and alc cae or seaweeds the distinction between stars and _
leaves are enti: ‘ely lost, and even the distinction between
stem and root eventually y disappears, as in those licheng .
which present a flat, expanded crust, and adhere to rocks or
the trunks of trees by the whole lower surface which answers
to a root, while the- upper surface presented to the light
fulfills the office of leaf. ‘Thus, the type of vegetation,
obscurely shadowed forth in its most reduced form by the
fungi, lichens, and sea-weeds, but more plainly sketched in
the mosses and ferns, is completely realized in the higher OC

Flowering Plants.

a

ORGANS OF VEGETATIONS. , 15

ORGANS OF VEGETATION.

98. The organs of Paes are the Root, Stem, and
Leaves.

THE ROOT.

29. - The root is the decending axis, which, panache the.
light grows downward, fixing the plant to the soil and aksorb-
ing nourishment from it. The different parts of roots consist
of the caudex (main root) and fori/s, (the finer branches which
are sent off frem the main stock.)

The so called spongioles or spongelets which were formerly
supposed to be the proper growing points, and the organs
through which absorbtion takes place, according to Prof. Gitex
have no existence.*

30. The form of the root is much diveisified in Jiftercat
plants, but the following are the principal varieties which have
received distinctive names: ‘

31. RamoszE (branching) Fig.8. Divided into numerous
ramifications, sent off from the main body like the limbs of a
tree, but in no determined order. This is the most common
form of the roots of trees and shrubs.

82. Fusironm (Spindleshaped) Fig. 9. This root
consists of a thick oe stalk (caudex) tapezinig downwards,

*Gray’s Botanioal Text Book ; Thire Paitien, page §2..

ait also for a short space ei “ty sends off from the
sides and extremity, thread-like fibrils, which are its true rey
Example Parsnip, Carrot and Radish. :

33. Napirorm (Turnip-shaped.) This is a vandee of
the fusiform, where the upper portion swells out, so that the
diameter is greater than the length. Hx. Turnip.

- 34. Prumorse (form premorsis bitten) Fig. 10. This
root terminates as though it had been bitten off under the
ground. This is due to the fact that the lower extremities
perish after the first year. Bis. Viola pedata, Scabiosa,
succisa and Primrose.

30. Frsrous Root, Fig. 11. ‘This consists of numerous”
small fibres, sent off directly from the base, sometimes so close
together as to form tufts of a downy resemblance. Such are
the roots of most grasses, which multiply their fibres exceed-
ingly in a light sandy soil.

~~

it.

__ 86. Fascrcunatep Root, Fig. 12. This is a variety of
the fibrous root with some of its fibres thickened, as in the
Crowfoot (Aanunculus,) Peonia, &c.

37. Tuserovs Root, Fig.13. This consists of a number
of fleshy knobs or tubers, situated at the base among
the fibres. Ex. Orchis. Tubers which bear buds, such as
the Potatoe and Artichoke, were~ formerly -classed ger |
tuberous roots, but are now classed among stems.

38. GrRanvuLaTeD Roor, Fig. 14. This is a variety of
the tubcrous root, consisting of small tubers or Knots growing

ABRIAL ROOTS. eta sets 1?

-in clusters, connected by fibres. This variety ig sonietinees
_ealled moniliform from monileanecklace. Ex. Wood sorrel,
and some of the Grasses.

“4. :

89. PALMATE Root, (Hand-Shaped.) This root is alse

a variety of the tuberous, where the knob is seperated below
into oblong tubers, somewhat resembling the hand. Bx.
Dahlia and several species of the Orchis.

40. Fuoatine Roots. This root is peeuliar to plants
which float loosely upon the water. The Lemna (Duckmeat)
is an example, it consists of little flat oval green scales, floating
on the surface of the water of ditches and stagnant ponds.
From the under sides of these proceed the roots hanging like
threads of several inches in length. The Calitriche (Water
starwort) is another example, it floats upon the surface only
until flowering, after which it sinks to the bottom, and ripens
its seed.

| AERIAL ROOTS.

41. ‘Thus far, the primitive root, that which originated

in germination, has alone been considered. But roots often .

spring from different parts of growing stems. of plants, and
when formed, they follow the ordinary course, avoiding the
light and seek to bury themselves in the soil. _ Of these roots
several varieties are remarkable. Ist. Those which are sent
forth from the joints of creeping or climbing plants. The
und Ivy, (Wepeta glechoma,) and Twin flower. (Linnea)

are: examples of the former, and the Ivy (Hedera helix,}
B*

~

ee Si ROS ey”

their nourishment frem their erdinary rcots imbedded in the ~
soil, their copious serial rcotlets mcrely serving fer mechanical —
support. 2nd. The rcots of ecrtain crcct plantsef the endoge-
nous struciure, originating frcm high up thestem in the open
air, descend to the ground and cstal lish themeebyes in the soil.
‘This may be seen on a cmaliscale cn the stem cf Indian corn,
where the lowcr joints often produce,rcots of several inches in
length before they reach the soil. The Pandanus er Serew-
pine, a native of the tropical regions (cften cultivated in our
conservatories,) aflords a weil known instance. The strong
serial roots emitted from the lower parts of the trunk are often
several feet in length before rcaching the ground, givmg the
tree the appearance of being partially raiscd out of the ground,
The famous Banyan-tree affords a still more striking example. --
Here the_serial roots strike from the horizontal branches ofthe >
reo, often at.a great height, and swing in the air, like pendent —
cords, but-they finally reach and establish themselves in the
pround,; where they increase in ciemeter, forming numercus
aecessory irunks, which he!p te suppert the wide spread canopy
of branches and foliage. | 358i
42. Another class.of serial roo's is peculiar to the epi- "|
phates or Air-plants; where the roots not only strike m
the free air, but throughout their existence have no connection
with the soil. -They generally grow upon the trunks ands
branches of trees; their roots merely adhering ‘to the bark
sufiiient to fix the plant in its position, cr else hang loose in
the air, from which such plants craw all their nourishment. -
Of this class area large portion ci the georgeous Orchidaceous ©
plants of very warm and humid climes, which in their flowers
and general aspect, exhibit such fantastic and infinitely varied
forms. Some of the flowers resemble butterflies or strange
insects, in shape as well as gaudy coloring | -
43. Parasites, or Parasitic Plants not oaly strike root —
upon other vegetables, but live at their expense, which Hpi-°
phytes do not. The Missietoc isa good example, its reots are —
at no period connected with the carth, but the seed germinates —
upon the trunk or branches of the tree where it happens to
fall, and the reot penetrates the bark and young wood, just as
the roots of ordinary plants penetrate the soil; and thus draws
the crude sap which the tree has absorbed from the soil, and ~

La

pee Se "FUNCTIONS OF ‘THE.ROOTS sad 19,

digests: it in its own foliage. .Sweh pi rants as the Beach-drops.
(Orobanche) and Dodder (Cuser uta,) waich draw their food
from other plants have no cecasion for digestive ergans of their
own, and are therefore, always destitute of green foliage.
They may be reduced to a stalk witha sing lo flower or cluster .
of flowers, as in the different species of Beachdror (8, or, even
Py single flower directly pape ie. A truly wonder fubinstance.
of fhis kind is farnisied inthe Raslosia, Arac/di cf Sumatras |
This gigantic flower which constitutes the entire plant, when
expanded is nine-feetin circumfercuce, aud was found growing.

directly parasitic on a species of grape vine. [ts colour is a

hight orange, mottled with yellowish white.

FUNCT IONS OF THE. ROOTS.
“AA, The fanctions of the roots arc a ey, inf the»
fixation ae plant i the. ear th, 89 a3 10 mctniain ats posture.
By absorption the roots craw from the so - iy 1m n of that
food and moistu ro whichis ne deity for their growth of the
plant. The.acavity of absorption depends: on the activity of «
exhalation, 2nd ¥ wil ile the latter isacpendent upon the:presence
of livht and heat, it follows that vation tion is in < pacor more
powerful by day than by night
~45, Theso called spongioles an d spongelets of former Bota-
nists according to P: “of, Gray's’ recent’ digcovel ‘y have no:
existence, but the roots: “ smite tho moisture that bathes -
them by endosimosis, through the whe! le recently formed: sur-
face, and especia Ny by the hair-like prolongations of the:
exterior layer of cells, or fibrils asthey may be termed, which
_are borne by all young roots These capillary tubes, of great
tennuity and with extrenicly ‘deh ate ells amensly i increase
the surface which the rootlet expeses, and play a more'im>
portant partin absorption then is gener: ally supposed, for they
appear to have attracted litle attention.’
46. The use of absorption by the roots is not merely te
introduce a certain quantity of water into the plant,- but te
obtain those mineral substances held in solution by the water, |
which constitutes an iinpor iant part t of its food. ats

O Was,3

\

= oa THE ASCENDING AXIS OR STEM. oe Std

Ag The stem is that portion of the p lant a hialpaal grows i in
eumpieponiée direction from the root, seeking the Henle andar, .

20 THE ASCENDING AXIS OR STEM. .

and supports the leaves and organs of reproduction. All
flowering plants have stems, but in some cases they are so short -
and concealed under the ground as to appear Siiet oro S
cent.) Although stems generally take an ascending direction |
at first, they do not always retain it but sometimes trail along
_ the ground, or burrow beneath it, sending up branches, leaves,
and flowers into the air. In regard to duration, the stem
like the root is called annual when it lives but one season,
and perennial when it lives an indefinite number of years.
48. From the size and duration of stems plants are
divided into herbs, shrubs and trees.
_ 49. Hergs are plants producing stems, which do not be-
_conme woody or hard, but die down to the ground at the end
of the growing season, or after fructification ; as the Grasses,
- Corn and Cucumber. .
0. SHRUBS are plants with woody perennial stems, divi-
ding into branches at or near the ground; and not exceeding
thirty feet in height. Ex. Alder, Sumach and Lilae. Shrubs
of a diminutive size are called UNDERSHRUBS, such as the
Whortleberry, Currant, Gooseberry, &c. ) |

Ol. Treexs are plants with woody, perennial stems or
trunks,which do not divide into branches at or near the ground, -
and attain to a much greater age and size than shrubs. Hx.
Oak, Elm, Pine, &c.

52. Stems that are too weak to stand erect, are termed
decumbent, or if trailing procumbent, prostrate or running, and
if they strike root at certain intervals, they arc called creeping.

68. CxrimpBine STEMs, are such as cling to surrounding |
objects for support, whether by tendrils, as the Vine and
- Passion flower; by the leafstalks, as the Virgins Bower, or
by erial rootlets, as the Poison-oak. | |
54. Twininc on VOLUBLE STEMS, are such as elevate
themselves by coiling spirally around stems or other objects,
as the Morning Glory, Cypress vine, and Hop. |
55. A Sroxon is a branch which descends from an eleva-
ted part of the stem to the ground, there takes root, sends up
new shoots and at length becomes a new plant, drawing
nourishment directly from the soil. Plants which multiply
in this way are called stoloniferous. Ex. Currant, Gooseberry,
Raspberry, &e. .
56. A Sucker isa branch proceeding from a subterranean
stem or root, producing leaves, flowers, &c., and throwing ~

~~ SUBTERRANEAN STEMS “Tres

out roots from its own base, at length becoming an independ-
ent plant. The Rose and Mint afford familiar illustations.
67. A RUNNER is a prostrate, slender branch sent off
from the base of the parent stem, extending itself along the
surface of the ground, and throwing out roots and leaves at
its extremity, which become an independent plant, capable of
putting forth new runners in its turn. Kx. Strawberry.

58. An Orrset is a short lateral branch, with a tuft of
leaves at the end, capable of taking root when separated from
the parent piant; as the Houseleck.

59. A Sprvz or THorn is a short and imperfectly devel-_
oped branch of a woody plant, contracted into a sharp, rigid
point, either simple, asin the Thorn, or compound, as in the
Honey Locust. In some species of the Thorn (Cretagus, )
and Crab Apple (Pyrus coronaria,) they often bear leaves ;
and in cultivated trees frequently disappear; as in the Apple,
and Pear. 7 : .

69. A TENDRIL is commonly a leafless thread-like branch
capable of coiling itself around contiguous objects, so as to
afford support to the stem; a fine example of this beautiful

~appendage is seen in the Grape Vine and Gourd. But some-
times tendrils belong to the leaves, being a continuation of
the midrib of the leaf, as in the Pea Family.

SUBTERRANEAN STEMS.

61. The form of stems when subterranean, is nearly as
various as when erial, but they may all be reduced to a few
principal types. They may be distinguished from roots by
having regular buds, by scars indicating the insertion of former
leaves, or by scales which are the rudiments of those organs.
All the scaly roots of the older Botanists are therefore forms
of the stem or branches, with which they agree in every essen-
tial respect : “rowing likewise, in the opposite direction from
roots. The principal modifications are the bulb, corm, tuber,

_rhizoma and creeper. =

62. A Bus, Fig. 15, is a thickened subterranean bud,
generally of a globular form, and mostly furnished with fleshy
scales which are the bases of former leaves; producing roots
from its base and a flower stem its centre. The scales are
sometimes separate, thick, and arranged in several distinct
rows overlaying each other, as in the scaly bulb of the lily,
sometimes they are broad and thin, or even in the outer mem-

SUBTERRANEAN STEMS. sais lila
branaceous , and investing each other, in concentric layers, ae ?
in the tunicated bulb of the Onion. | bist
63. BuLveuers are small serial bulbs borne in the axils
of the leaves, which fall to to ground and produce‘new plants. —
The Tiger Lily (Lilium bulbiferum) and several species of
the Onion are good examples. Such plants are called bulbi-
ferous.

64. A Cox, Big. 16,is a solid fleshy subteranoan stem
composed of a simple compact mags, resembling the bulb in
form, but without distinction of layers and scales, as in the’
Indian Turnip, (Arum triphyllum,) Cyclamen Crocus, &o.

‘STRUCTURE OF STEMS C“‘<~=CS*«SS

65... etapes, Vis 17, isa part of 2 subterranean stem
which is much thickened by the deposition of nutritive matter,
“provided with latent buds (eyes) from which new planis
Bing. . The common potato and the Jerusalem Artichoke

familiar examples.

a4 F8.

66. ARzurzoma, (Fic. 18,)isa
creeping stem either subterraneza or resting on
the suriace of the soi! in a horizontal position,
sending off roots from the under ids er the whole
a abies 33! from year to year by thé de-
pereunial.) j te; is anti distinguished 4 from reots
_ by being marked wrk the sears or scaly bases of
‘former leav es, which roots are ae destitute of.
The lris, Calamus, Biendreotiend Selomon's-seal

E aiord goed examples.

—67. The Crreper, differs from the Rhizoma chiefly in :
Bize, covsisting of slender creeping PoP it exceedingly
tenacious of life, cxtending horizontal y in every direction and
for considerable distances under the ground, s equiizap out roots
and branches atintervals. The Wi tch-grass (Triticum repens}
is an example. =

PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF STEMS. —

68. The stems of flowcring plants (as before stated § 9,)
are compcsed ofa celiular system, which constitutes the frame-
work of ye:rly shoots cf trees, as well as of annuals, such as
the Pea, Bean, &e. ;_ but in the former it becomes strength
ened and consolidated in course of time by the deposition of
woody fibres and vessels.

69. Plants difier materially in respect to the arrangement

_ ofthese fibres and vessels, and in the "mode of their i increase ;
but these diversities are reducible to two gencral plants, whieh
Tay the foundation of the first grand distinction of wg ae Ze
plants into EXOCENS and Expocens. |

en Se eS
ry , '

¢

24 EXOGENOUS STEMS.

70. The difference between the two, as to the structure
of their stems, is briefly this. Those of Exogenous plants
increase in diameter by the annual formation of a new layer

» of wood, which is deposited between the preceding layer and
the bark ; ; In other words the wood increases by annual addi-
tions to the outside. Hlowering plants whose stems grow in
this way are called Exogenous Prants or Exogens (outside
growers.)

71. In stems of the Endogenous structure the new woody
“matter is deposited within the oid, and towards the centre,
which becoming more and more ‘oceupied with woody fibres
as the stem grows older, causes a gradual distention of the —
whole, thereby increasing its diameter, the new wood pushing
the old outward. Accordingly the plants of this division are
called Endogens (inside : rowers. )

EXOGENOUS STEMS.
19. | 20.

= ’
ica

z eid or
Cr ODO AIT
sDa7Oe qos

sna
i a i i i, | |
oo
iF

ee

Hy

ii
la

\

Se

72. The stem of an Exogen, Fig. 19, is composed of three
separate parts, the pith, wood, and bark. The pith (medulla, )
occupies the centre of the plant, consisting of spongy cellular
tissue, at first abounding with nutritive matter for the nour-
ishment of the terminating buds, but as the plant advances
in age it becomes dry and much reduced in volume. It is
surrounded by a narrow zone of vascular tissue, called the

EXOGENOUS STEMS. | 29

‘MEDULLARY SHEATHING, which is composed of woody fibre
and spiral vessels and is the only part of the stem in which
- these latter occur.

73. Tse Woop consists of ligneous fibre, vasiform tissue
and ducts, arranged in concentric rows or layers, pervaded by
thin, firm, plates of condensed cellular tissue passing from
the pith through the medullary sheath to the bark, denomi-
nated mepuLLary Rays, Fig. 19, which are quite conspicuous
in vertical sections of the oak, or the maple, where they are
sometimes called Silver grain. Thenumber of zones or layers
in a stem is in proportion to its age; the first or inner layer
of wood, together with the pith and medullary sheath, is the
product of the first year ; after which one new layer is formed
each successive year during the life of the plant, hence the
exact age of a tree can be correctly ascertained by counting
the layers at the base of a stem.

In the spring when trees are about to recommence their
growth, a kind of mucilage appears between the then readily
separable bark and wood, which is called the cambium, and
is supposed to be the nourishment of the forming wood, which
becomes organized into cells, and forms a new layer upon the
wood and likewise to the inside of the liber.

74. The woody portion is also divided into two parts, the
AtsurNum (sap wood,) and DurameNn (heart wood.) The
first is exterior, new, colorless, and permeable to the circu-
lating fluids; it is usually of a soft structure, and lighter
eolor than the heart wood, and through the vessels of its layers
alone the sap ascends. The other is central, denser, imper-
meable to the fluids, and usually of a darker color, and is by
far the most uscful in the arts. 7

75. Tue Barx is the external covering of the stem, and
at first consists of simple cellular tissue, or parenchyma
undistinguishable from the pith, except that it assumes a green
color when exposed to the light, from the production of
chlorophyll in its cells. As the stem increases by external
accretions, analogous layers are deposited on the inside of the
bark, in the form of tough woody fibre which constitutes the
inner fibrous bark, or liber. This vests directly on the wood,
The next cellular portion which covers the liber, occupying
the space between it and the epiccrmis or outside skin, is
called the cellular integument, and is distinguished into two
‘parts. Ist. oe green layer or cellular envelope, which is the

28 — : _ ENDORINOUS STEMS. “ae ae

-ouly part of the bark that assumes a green color: 2nd, The
corl'y envecope, Which lies next to the epidermis, and is gener-
al : of. 2 browaish or ash color. It is sometimes very thick
in the Cork-oak (Quereus suber) forming that useful sub--
CE Gi ave d Cork. The epidermis or outside cutiele, though
me and entire at first, at length becomes shaggy. and rough,
on witadinal ridges, which aro semetim 1e8 cut off, as in»
Hemiock, Walnut, Hickory, &c. Sometimes however,

ohder, layers ave extended in horizontal grains, or fibres,
ling the stem, as in the Ww hite Birch (Betula papyr-

ft

3. The peculiar virtues or ibifieal properties of trees reside

the bark rather than in the wood, and is therefore the part

uefly used for dying, tanning, medicine, &e.
BNNOGENGTE STEMS.

77. The stem of an endogenous plant, (Fig. 20,) presents
no distinct separation into pith, wood and bark; nor does a
cross-section exhibit any concentric arrangement of layers.
The woody portion consists of cellular tissue, existing equally
in atl parts of the stem, in which is imbedded woody fibre,
sp:rai vessels, and ducts, in the form of threads or bundles.
‘These Sbrous bundles arise from the leaves and pass downward
wards the centre of the stem, and gradually force outwards
bose whieh were first formed. In this way the cxternal
part of the stem becomes extremely dense and hard; even so
a3 to resist. the stroke of an axe, as in the Palms. Aceord-
inciv, contrary to the exogenous stem the newest and softest
W hi is formed towards the centre, while the oldest and hardest

sceupies the circumference. The age of most endogenous
tress, 8 such as the Palms, are thercfore limited by this peeuhar
moc of growth, the stem inercasing in diameter as long as
ne rind is capable of distention, further increase being impos-

4
er ¢

3. Palins, &e., generally grow from the terminal bud
alone, and perish if'this bud be eg red; the foliage is also
borne at thesummit of the trunk; which ‘consequently forms
a ein vple - lindrical column.

70. The Green-briar affordsa eood illustration of a woody
stem of the endogenous structure, ‘and i is the only one indige-
nous to the Northern United States. An Asparagus choot

nd a stalk of IndianCorn furnish fine h herbaceous illustrations.

bie lene Cte Aeon an ee eee eee: f

—

80. The hollow stems (culm)? of grasses are originatiy solid
e ond of the ordinary endogenous structures bu they soon
become hollow by the surface growing faster than the centic,
except at the closed nodes, where the woody thréads are
oe aap he entangled so as ‘to forin a solid j joint.

BUDS.

81. Buds are undevelope d branches or terminations cf
stems, enveloped in dry closely packed scales, being the raat
mentary leayes of the preceding year, formed late 3 in the
season, and arrested in their growth by the frosts and scanty
nutriment, which in this form serves for protection fi om f Noe :0
effects of moisture and sudden changes of temperature du
their dorma #7 staie.* 3

82. Duds are of two kinds, namely, the leaf f-bud, c reali
ing the rudnnents of a leafy branch; and the flow er-OUei,

1S
=

containing the same clements transfor med into the orgens of

‘a flower for the purpose ef Teproduction.
“ALL BUDS ARE EITHER TERMINAL OR
| | AXILLARY. . |

93. TrenMINAL Bupsarcet
¢ 7

the stem when it has completed: its acho tor theseason. ‘ib 2c)
: j
t

often exhibit in miniature the whole plan and amount ct
next year’s growth ; the nodes and even the Jeaves they Lear,
being already formed, and only requiring the elongation «1
‘the internodes for their fuilexpansion. As the stem is from
abud, so, at the close of the season, 1t is again terminated
with a similar one, which repeats the same process.

84. The LATERAL or AXILLARY BupDs are new axis of
‘growth ; when they grow, they give rise to branches; we Heh
are repetitions, as it were from the main stem, growing as «3 2
did from the seed. The branches thus produced are in tr

| provided with similar. buds in the axils of their leaves and

=.

- * That the bud scales are of the nature of leaves will appear very evident to any

one who atténtively observes ths expanding buds of the Horse Chos tnut, or thes
Lilac. Buds are only furnished with scales in wintry climates. In the Tet Fick}

Zone, or in hot houses where the temperature is equalized through ? the year, Pp! ents

Gevelope their buds into foliage after their formation withoué “cloth: ne then in:
seales. In annual plants, the buds are likewise cestitud C of Bi 8 pot he ng
destined to survive the wintcr. In some trees the scales of the a aes 5 Gre clothed
with a thick down, in others, as in the Horse Chestnut, Balm of-Gitcad,. and o nthie r

Species of the Poplar, the buds are covered with a viscid and ar oma 4G YesiR
arginine Se acoatofyarnish. —

NE

é

28 | VERNATION. _ | - =

occupy the same relation to the primary branch, that they do
to the main stem, and are capable of developing into branches.
of a third order, and so on indefinitely, producing the whole
ramification of the plant. The whole is merely a series of
repetitions, from new starting points, of what took place in
the evolution of the first axis, prexistant in the seed. ;

(80. The arrangement of axillary buds depends upon that
of the leaves, which, in all young plants are arranged with
great symmetry and order. When the leaves are opposite,
the buds in their axils are consequently opposite, as in the ~
Horse Chestnut. When the leaves are alfernate, the branches
will be alternate, as in the Oak, Poplar, &e. Bote
“. 86. It is a fixed law in the arrangement of the leaves, and
all other appendages, that they are disposed SPIRALLY, that
is in a line which winds around the axis. This ‘spiral line is
formed by the union of two motions, the circular and the
longitudinal, caused by the advancement in length and increase
in diameter of the axis while in a growing state. When a
single leaf arises at a node the arrangement is more obviously
spiral, and is said to be alternate. When two arise at each
node they are placed opposite to each other, and at right
angles to the adjacent pair. When more than two arise at
each node, they are said to be verticellate or whorled. So
likewise the arrangement of the branches (when not interfered
with by some disturbing causes) is found to be SPIRAL; that
is, alternate in most plants, opposite in the Ash, Dogwood, &e,
or verticellate in the Pine, &c.

87. Buds may be removed and attached to the trunk
of another individual of the same, or even of a different, but
nearly related species, where they will grow equally well. This
is directly accomplished in budding and in grafting,in the latter
however a portion of the shoot on which it grows is transferred
- with it. Buds may even be made tosirike root, by plunging
them into the soil, from which they immediately draw their
nourishment, instead of the parent plant. In this way
Horticulturists propagate plants, with all their varieties and
individual peculiarities, many of which would doubtless be
lost in raising from the seed,

VERNATION.

88. The peculiar manner in which the young leaves are
folded in the bud, is called veRNATION, which varies, consid-

”~
/

LEAVES. 29

erably in different specics and is exhibited in a most interest-
ing manner by making a cross section of a bud with a sharp
instrument while in a swollen state, before expansion.

Some of the principal forms of vernation are the following :

~]. Eaurrant, overlapping each other

a in the form of angles, the folds of each side

1 iS being parallel with each other, as in the

leaves of the Iris.

. | 2. OBVOLUTE, (embracing hah other)
9 | where one of the margins of each leaf is
«, oe SSD interior and the other exterior to the margin
= of the opposite leaf, as in the Vallerian &e.

a

. 3 ? 8. InvoutTe, having the edges rolled
C© inward, as in the Apple, Violet, &c.
™ 4 4, Revouutr, having the margins

rolled outwards or backwards, as in the
Willow, Rosemary, &c.

5. CoNVOLuTE, when the leafis wholly
rolled up from one of its sides, as in the
Cneey) and most of the grasses.

6. PLaITED, where each leaf is folded
like a fan. Ex., Vine, Birch, and Palm-
tree. ;

7. Crrcrnats, when rolled downwards
from the apex. Ex. , Sundew, Ferns, &c.

- LEAVES.

89. Leaves are by far the most conspicuous portion of
plants, and are of the hi ghest importance to the vegetable
fabric ; being the organs of respiration and assimilation. They

# c* é as

380 | LEAVES. _

.

generally consist of thin membraneous expansions of various
forms, growing from the stem or ‘branches situated immedi-
ately below the bud. ‘They may be considered as an expan-
sion of the skin or cuticle of the plant, supported by a net-
work of fibres and vessels derived from the medullary sheath
presenting the largest possible surface to the action of the air
and light, which is indispensable to the life and increase of
the plant. | | ihe 4

90. Leaves are almost universally green, which of all
colors 1s the most agreeable to the eye, the intensity of which
varies by an infinite variety of shades, which form a beautiful
contrast with the more delicate tints of the flowers. The
coloving matter of the leaves consists of immumerable rounded
globules of a waxy nature, called chlorophyl/, adhering to the
aside of the cells upon which the light has its peculiar ac-
tion. : | et oO

ARRANGEMENT.

Y1. The point of attachment of leaves, (or other organs)
with the stem is termed their insertion ; simply the point of
adhesion. — ‘eg | .

2. In regard to the position on the stem, leaves are said
to be radical, when they are inserted into the stem at or be-
low the surface of the ground as in in the Cowslip, Primrose,
andi some of the Violets. Those that arise along the main
stem are termed cauline, and those that belong to the branches
are called ramecal. | a :

93. As to their situation with respect to each other, they
are said to be

1. ALTERNATE, when they arise one above another at
regular distances around the stem. They are seldom placed
one above the other on exactly opposite points of the stem,
but the second leaf will be found to arise a little to the right
-or left of the opposite point, and the third a little on one side
of the perpendicular of the first, and it is only when we reach
the sixth leaf, that we find one placed exactly over the first.
}ix. Apple, Peartree, &c. aa es ah |

2. Oppostre, when placed in pairs on opposite sides of
the stem. Ex. Ash. : ) |

3. VeRTriceELLATE, er WUORLED, when more. than two
arise from the same nodes forming a whorl or verticel, around
tle istem as inothe 7 orem sc) | (Coen sp Canadensis a0

* F. adoacr ca }

VENATION: 35

4. FAscricuLAte, or tufted, when in several. crowded:
whorls forming a spire (fascicle). Ex. Calitriche.

CONFORMATION OF LEAVES.

94. The various forms which leaves assume in different
species are almost infinite; affording some of the readiest as
well as the most certain marks for distinguishing one species:
from another.

95. Leaves consist of an expanded surface called the
Lamina, Limp, or BLADE, and an unexpanded part, or stalk
called the Prriote. But when the leaves expand immedi-
ately on leaving the stem, the petiole of course is wanting,
they are then said to be sessile.

96. Leaves are clasping (amplixicaul,) when the base
embraces or nearly encircles the stem; perfoliate, when the
* encircling base unites around on the opposite side so as to ap-
pear as if perforated by the stem, as in Uvalaria perfolia-
tum ; connate when the bases of two opposite leaves are unt-.
ted, as in Bonesett; sheathing when the lower part enwraps
the stem, as in the Grasses, and decurrent when a portion of
the blade of a sessile leaf appears to‘run down along the stem.
below the point of insertion. — |

97. . A leaf is simple when it consists of a single piece;
however incised, cut or divided ; and compound when com-
posed of two or more separate portions or small blades, in
other words, when the petiole is branched. Ina truly com-
pound leaf the separate blades or leaflets are generally articu-
lated, (jointed) with the main petiole, and fall off separately
just as the petiole separates from the stem, asin the Walnut,
while the divisions of a simple leaf, however deep they may
be, never fall off separately. eee

VENATION.

98. The projecting lines on the under surface of a leaf are
termed veins, and their distribution Venation. The veins are
distributed through the blade in two principal modes, called

_ the parallel-veined, and the reticulated or net-veined. In

_ parallel-veined leaves (Fig. 21.) the veins divide at once where
they enter the blade and run parallel with each other to the
apex, connected only by simple transverse veinlets; or the
petiole is continued into the blade in the form of one or more

* principal or coarser veins. which send off smaller yeins on both

32 FORM OF LEAVES. : -

transverse veinlets, (Fig. 22.)
21. 22. 23. Grae. 3

99. Parallel-veined or nerved leaves are characteristic
of Endogenous Plants; while reticulated leaves are almost
universal in Exogenous Plants. :

In reticulated leaves the petiole is prolonged into the leaf
in the form of the midvein or several primary branches,
dividing and subdividing into branchlets, which unite again,
and, by their frequent inosculations, form a kind of network,
as in Hig. 28. : | :

100. There are two varieties of reticulated leaves that

* deserve particular attention, the feather-veined and radiate-

veined. In the feather-veined leaf, (Fig. 24) a single strong
rib forming a continuation of the petiole runs directly through
the middle of the blade to the apex, giving off at intervals
lateral veinlets, as in the Beech, Chestnut, &c. In radiate-
veined leaves (Fig. 23) the vessels divide at the apex of the
petiole into three or more portions or ribs of nearly equal size,
which are usually divergent, each giving off veins and
veinlets like the single rib of a feather-veined leaf. Hx.
Maple. | y

”

FORM OF LEAVES.

101. The form of leaves may be considered to. depend
upon the distribution of the veins, and the quantity of

parenchyma. Since it-is through the veins alone that the
nutriment is conveyed for the development and extension of

sides, running parallel with each other, connected by simple :

FORM OF LEAVES. 33

the leaf, it follows that there will be the greatest extension
of outline where the veins are largest and_most numterous.

FEATHER-VEINED LEAVES.

102. If the principal vein of a feather-veined leaf are
not greatly prolonged, and are somewhat equal in length, the
blade will have a more or less elongated form. | “-

Middle veinlets longest.

25. 26. 27. 28.

CZ

pone Ss

KLE

1. OnrBicuLaR (roundish, Fig. 25) having the longitudinal
and cross diameters nearly equal. It is very rare, if ever,
_ that precise examples of this leaf occur in nature. Pyrola

rotundifolia and Anagalis (Pimpernel) afford tolerable exam-
les.
. 2. Enxrprican (oval, Fig. 26) having the length greater
than the breadth, with the curvature equal at both ends.
Ex. Lespedeza prostrata. exe :

8. OBLONG (narrow oval, Fig. 27) having the length
several times more than the breadth, with the curvature nearly
equal at both ends. Hx. Solomon’s seal, Side-flowering sand-
wort.

4, LANcEOLATE (lance-shaped, Fig. 28) having the
length three or four times longer than the width, tapering
— both extremities, and ending in a sharp point. Ex.

each. oes

Veins next the base longest. :
1. OvaTE (egg-shaped, Fig. 29) having the form of an |
ege divided lengthwise. The lengthis no more than the width,

_and the base is broader than the apex. Ex. Chequerberry
(Mitchella repens,) Pear.

SS

—

Ae
cs

2
Beene

i

2. RuompBorp or DeLtorp (Fig. 30) triangular in outline.
wth the two lateral angles rounded. Ix. Trilhum, Black
poplar. | ies

Vetns developed beyond the middle of the blade.

1. OxsovaTE (inversely egg-shaped, Fig. 31).

2. SPATHULATE (shaped like a spatula, Pig. 32). Ex.

Daisy. ;
' 8. CUNEATE (wedge-shaped).

4. PANDURIFORM (fiddle-shaped, Fig. 83) rather long,
broad at the two extremities, and narrow towards the middle.
Ex. B.ndweed (Convolvulus panduratus). ,

a. Fane ge: Deis ok. OD.

Lowest veinlets longest sending off veinlets backwards.

1. Corpare (heait shaped, Fig.84) where the length is
greater than the width, with an ovate form, and hollowed at
the base. Ex. Morning Glory, Lilac.

.2. Auricutatre (Fig. 35) where the form is oblong with
two opposite lobes at ths base. Hx. Sage. bo

8. Hasrare (halbert-shaped, Fig. 86) when the form is
triangular the base spreading and ending in two opposite
prints, with the sides a little hollowed. Hx. Bittersweet.

~

a

-

——s

FORM OF LEAVES. _ mee
4, SaerrrsTE (arrow-shaped, Vig. 37) where the leaf is
tetanoulat in outline with pointed descending lobes at the
Us dtd ey z BE, = —— “7 ‘ :
‘base. Ex. Scraich-grass (Polyganum sagittatum,) Arrow-

head.

6, RenirorM (kidney-shaped, Vig. 28).- A broad leaf

rounded at the apex, and hollowed out at the base. Ex.
= 7
Coltsfoot (Asarum), Gill-over-the-ground (Glechoma).
36. ST. 3 38.

on
ret ys, ath
i,

4

a ferro,

' ea

Veinlets nearly of an equal length, with an imperfect develope-
; ment of the tissues between them. re
1. RuwncinaTsE (lion-toothed, Fig. 89) having the mar-
gins cut into transverse acute segments, which turn backwards.
Ex. Dandelion.
2. LynRatE (lyre-shaped, Fig. 40) when the sides are cut
into several lobes or segthents of which those next the petiole
are the smallest. Hx. Lyre-leaved Sage, White mustard

(Sinapis alba).
i

8. SrxvateE, cut inte rounded lobes, or wide open rings be-
tween the veinlets, with the margin bending in and out. ux.
Black and White oak. a

86 ie FORM OF LEAVES.

“A. Prnwarrein, (feather cleft, Fig. 41) where cach mare
gin of the leaf is variously divided into oblong parallel seg-
ments. Hx. Cardamine hirsuta. - ie a
RADIATE VEINED LEAVES.

108. Radiate or palmate veined leaves assume various
forms, which depend upon the number of the veins, their
direction, and the quantity of intervening tissue.

1. LacrtniatEe (gashed, Fig. 42) cut into numerous, ir-
regular portions or lobes, which are again subdivided. -Ex.
Crowfoot, se oiaee |

42.

43.

—

2. PALMATE (palm-shaped, Fig.43) divided nearly to the
-insertion of the petiole into five oblong lobes of similar sizes, °
so as toresemble the palm of the hand with the fingers. Hx.

Passion flower (Passi-flora coerulia,) Castor oil plant.
8. DicirateE (finger-shaped, Fig. 44) divided into deeper
and narrower segments than the palmate. Hx. Horse chest-

nut, Hemp.
Anat Ts 45.

H
|

4. PEDATE (foot-shaped, Fig. 45) similar to the palmate
except that the two lateral lobes are again divided. Ex.
Viola pedata. & &

=

- ORM OF LEAVES. 37

5, Puuravs (shield-shaped, Fig. 46) where the petiole is
inserted near the middle of the leaf, and the veins radiate froma
“it in every direction, connected by intervening tissue. This
form is generally orbicular in outline. Ex. Nasturtion (Tre-
~peilum), Podophyllim. :

oe ie AT.

6. Logep (Fig. 47) divided into segments, the margins cf
which are rounded. Hx. Liverleat, (Hepatica).

104. PARALLEL VEINED OR NERVED LEAVES.

_ Veins parallel from the base to the apex. *

1. Lanzar, straight, and narrow, when tlie edges are par-
allel, asin the Grasses. This form also occurs in feather-
yeined leaves by an equal developement of all the vemlets as
in Linaria vulgaris (Toad Flax.) .

2. EinstrorM (sword-shaped) asin the Flag (Iris versicolcr. )

3. - ACEROSE, (meedle-shaped) as in the Pimes.

105. When the veins diverye from the middle, the leat
becomes Lanceolate asin the Qrchis. Oblong as in the Cypri-
pedium. |

Curvinerved Leaves.

166. When the simple parallel veins or nerves arise from
a prolongation of the petiole in the form of a thickened micd-
rib, they are called curvinerved, as in the Pontederia an
Hthiopian Lily (Calla).

COMPOUND LEAVES.

107. A compound leaf consists of several leaves or leaflets
attached to the common petiole by articulation, distinct from
each other and falling away separately. a ?

. Feather-vetned Compound leaves. ee
108. ° When a feather-¥eined leaf tecomes compound, a
ae D 4 . |

S : Hoos

* ~
38 FORM OF LEAVES.
pinnate (winged) leaf (Fig. 48) is produced. The petiole
bearing a row of leaflets on each side, generally equal in-
number and opposite. : :
1. Unrquaty PINNate, (Fig. 48) when a pinnate leafis
terminated by an odd leaflet. Ex. Rose, Ash, Walnut.
When it is terminated by a tendril it is called cirrhose as in
the Pea. a Bu

«48. AQ,

\
\)

2. ABRUPTLY PINNATE, (Fig. 49) when the petiole of a
pinnate leaf ends without an odd leaflet or tendril. Ex.
Senna, (Cassia Marilandica.)

3. ALTERNATELY PINNATE, (Fig. 00) when the leaflets
alternate with each other on opposite sides of the petiole.
fxamples rare, Wood Vetch. | | 7

4. INTERRUPTEDLY PINNATE, (Fig. 51) when the leaftets
are alternately large and small. Ex. Agrimony, Avens.

ol, | o2.

ae ee ee eee ee

—

‘ FORM OF LEAVES. 39

A pinnate leaf sometimes consists of as many as twenty

- or even fifty leaflets, as in the Acacia. |

_ 5. BriprnnateE, (doubly pinnate, Fig. 52) when a common

petiole bears pinnate leaves on both of its sides. Hx.: Wild

Elder (Aralia hispida. ) sy |

6. TRIPINNATE, (triply pinnate, Fig. 53,) when the com-:

mon petiole bears bipinnate leaves on each side. Ex.: An-

gelica tree, (Aralia spinosa). , |

109. Sometimes the number of leaflets is but three, and
. the leaf becomes pinnately trifoliate, (Fig. 54,) and is readily
distinguished by having the two lateral leaflets attached
to the petiole at some distance below its apex, as in the
common Garden Bean. Such a leaf may even be. reduced
to a single leaflet, as in the Orange.

o4 .

AQ MARGIN.

Radiate verned Compound leaves.

110. When a radiate veined leaf becomes compound, the
leaflets are necessarily all attached to the apex of the common
petiole, forming a ternate or palmately trifoliate leaf, as in
Clover, (Hig. 54,) or a digitate leaf; as in the Horse chestnut,

Wig. 44
( t Bcckans, (twice ternate, Fig. 50, ) when the leaflets
of a ternate leaf become themselves ternate. Ex.: Squirrel
corn (Dicentra Canadensis.)

2. ‘'TRITERNATE, (three times three ternate, Fig. 56,)
when the leaflets of a biternate leaf become again ternate.
: og : Columbine (Aquilegia Canadensis. )

DiciTATE leaves, of five, seven, or any definite number
of iotiets are termed Quinate, Sepiinate, dc. ; or digitately
jive foliate, seven foliate, de. By this homendature, the dis-
tinction between pinnate and digitate leaves is readily under-
stood. 3

. MARGIN.
111. The margin of a leaf may be entire, indie bor-
dered, or rolled; and is modified chiefly by the same causes
which effect the form ; being, | ‘

1. Dznratz, (toothed, Fig. br) when the margin is beset with prajecting, hort-
zontal, distant teeth. Ex.: Centaury, Enchanter’s Nightshade. Denticulate, when
the teeth are very fihe; and doubly dentate, when the teeth are themselves toothed.

2. SERRATE, (Fig. 58,) when the margin is beset with sharp teeth, pointing toward
_ the apex of the leaf, like the teeth of a saw. Ex.: Rose, Beach. Serrulate, when
” the serraturea are very small; and doubly serrate when they ate themselves
serrate. \

ET ee ae a a a

APEX. | 41

1. Ente, (even. edged, Fig. 57,) when the line of the margin is uninterrupted.
Ex.: Lily, Lilac. —
2. CRENATE, (Fig. 58,) when the indentations are blunt and rounded, and do not

incline to either extremity of the leaf. Ex.: Ground Ivy, (Giechoma.) CRENULATS,
when such notches are very small, as in the Sage.

59. 60.

*

§. Brose (gnawed,) when the margin has the appearance of being bitten by i
sects, though not soin reality. Ex.: Fireweed.

6. SpinosE (armed,) when the marginal dentieulations, whatever form they
assume, are terminated with sharp, rigid spines. Ex.: Thistle, Argemone.

Lod

7. UNDULATE one? when the margin rises and falls like waves. Ex.: Ams-
ranthus.

8. LactniATE (torn,) divided by deep and irregular gashes.

9. CRISPED, when the margin is variously curled and twisted. Ex.: Grisped
Mallows.

10. REVOLUTE, when the margin is rolled backward, or upon the under surface
Ex.: Rosemary, Thyme. Jzvolute, when rolled forward, or upon the upper side.

APEX.

112. The apex ofa leaf is that part which is opposite to
the base or footstalk. It varies considerably in shape in
different leaves. It is said to be—

1. ActTE, when it terminates with an acute angle.
2. AcuMINATE, (Fig. 61,) when it ends with a long tapering point.

| 4 63. 64, 65.

~ See oe ed 4 f
\ f |
\ K
\ ‘ FA |
j ey
: j 4 i \
os |

3. Cusprpare, when it runs Git gtactanily antes emall; awl shwpedsttsd'spine.
4. Mucronate (Fig. 62,) when it ends abruptly in a short, bard, crusty point.
5. EMARGINATE ig. 63,) having a small notch in the oud.

oC SURFACE.

6. RETUSE, terminating with a. round pnd, having the centre Senreenee

7. QsrusE, when it is rounded.

8. Truncate (Fig. 64,) when it. appears as if eut across in nearly straight tines
as in the Tulip, Poplar. —

9, CrrRgoss (Fig. 65,) when it is oi nated by a kind of ‘tendril.

SURFACE.

113. The surface of a leaf comprehends both the upper
and the under side. The upper surface is generally the
smoothest, although the veins can be traced in the form of
white or colored lines ; ; yet they very rarely produce those
elevated ridges which are generally so prominent on the under
surface. In treating of the different characters that distin-
guish the surfaces of leaves, the ‘upper disk only is alluded
to. The greater number of the following terms are equally
applicable to the surface of the stem as to that of the leaf,

when the contrary is not expressed.
114. The different forms which are exhibited by the

transverse sections of leaves are said to be—

1. CHANNELED, when an oblong or linear leaf is longitudinally hollowed, and a
transverse section of it is a semi circle.

2. CARINATE (kecled,) when a transverse section is angular, and the midrib on
the under surface resembles the kecl of a boat. /

. 3. SULOATE (furrowed ») when instead of one longitudinal hollow there a are several
linear apace ns.

4 Siri ve (streaked,) when the depressions: are superficial, very narrow, end in
pareilel lines.

5. Piicit: (fold-d,) when the surface rises and falls alternately, in etraicht
angular furrows, like the folds of a fan. a
6. -RuGosE (wrinkled,) when the tissue between the reticulated veins rises up-
wards in a cony x form, as in the Sage, Cowslip. ;

7. Prrrep, when on the contrary the fulness between the vcins produces depres-
sion.

115. The different protuberances with which some leaves
are covered, are said to be—

1. ScerB-.us, when they ere small, hard tubercles, more easily distinguished by
: the finver than the eye. ' o
2. Vs: uc 8" (warty,) when the tubercles are much larger and more solid.
_ 8 Faroe (vs'nlar,) when they are evidently elevations of the cuticle, filled
with aq icons fluid, es in the Ice plant.

4.° Mowe,ts, when the surface is studded with short, herbaceous spines, or
points,

116. Wo40en-leaves are covered with hairs, or down, they

are sar 66 pa |

1. Hispip, if .cs:4 with short, stiff heire. ‘

2. SETOCE, when thoy sta: . singly, and resemble bristles.

2, S rRIGosy, if they are firm, exc vend upon small prominenccs.
4, HErssots, when the hairs are longer and less risid. -

GLANDS AND PETIOLE. ; 43

5. Prose, when the hairs are soft, distinct, and somewhat long and bent.
6, VILLOSE (velvety,) when they are soft, nearly erect, and parallel.
7. PUBESCENT, covered with soft hairs or down.
8. Hoary, white, with very short dense hairs. (Gnaphalium.) ~
~ 9, Tomentosz, when they are very soft and matted togother, co that the indi-
vidual hairs are not distinguishable.
19. Wooity, when they are also matied toge hex but yet individually distin-
ch eae (Mullein.) sxiyat

GLANDS.

~. HAT When the surface of aleaf is furnished with visible

glands, they are said to he—

1. QLANDULOSE, when they are elevated or on pedicels.

2. PuncTate (dotted,) when a leaf is covered with pellucid snots which cither
penetrate the substance, or are merly superficial.

3. VisciD, when a leaf is covered witha moist, tenacious, glandular secretion, 2s
in the Cuphea viscosissima. ‘

4, FarisosE, when it is covered with a very fine, dry, mealy powder, devoid of
gloss. and easily wiped off.

PETIOLE.

118. The form of the petiole i is rarely round, but is usually
half cylindrical, and channeled on the upper side. It is paid
to be— 3 | :

Kk: COMPRESSED, wee it is strongly flattened in a vertical direction, as in the
Aspen Poplar, in which the leaves are put in motion by the slightest breeze.

2. WINGED, when it is expanded into a border, as in the Orange; which not
unfrequently extends along the stem, as in the Sweet Pea.

3. SAccATE, when the base is dilated into a broad, membranaceous, inflated
sheath, as in many of the Umbeliferae. <

4. SHEATHED, embracing the stem, as in many of the Grasses. In the true
Grasses, it is furnished at the summit with a membrancous appendage called the
liguie.

119. The apex of the petiole sometimes terminates in a
tendril ; as in the Pea tribe. In the Lathyrus Aphaca, the
whole petiole becomes a tendril, the office of the,leaf be'ng-
fulfilled by a pair of large stipules.

120. In some plants, the Jamina of the leaf is abortive,
and the petiole is dilated, into a kind of nerved leaf, called
pha yllodium, which is readily distinguished from a true Tamina
by being entire and parallel veined, while the true leaves of
the genera in which phyllodia occur are usually compound
and net-veined. They generally present the margins instead
of their surfaces to the earth and sky; as in the Australian
Acacia, in which they sometimes bear a true compound leaf
at the apex.

~

44 CAULINER AND FOLIAR APPENDAGES.
- CAULINER AND FOLIAR APPENDAGES. |
| ASCIDIA. a

121. The most remarkable of all cauliner and foliar ap-
pendages, are those which are hollowed out into the form of
pitchers or ascidia, :

122. The Sipz-SADDLE Fiowzr (Sarrecenia purpuria, Fig. 66,) a North American
plant, found growing in peat bogs, bears pitchers which are evidently formed by
the very deep channelling of the petiole, and the union of the involute edges of its
winged margin, so as to form a complete vase, with a broad expansien at the tip, -
which may be regarded as the true leaf. These pitchers are always full of water,
making an ocean in which many aquatic insects take up their abode. These are
often visited by flies and other insects, who would gledly retreat from their prison,
but sre prevented by the deflexed hairs at the mouth.

66. 67.

CAULINER ASCIDIUM.

123. The CePHALOTUS FOLLICULARIS, an Australasian plant, bears pitchers, which
grow entangle@ with the leaves of the plant, forming a circle around the base of
each footstalk. It hangs on a curved, projecting petiole; but supported in such a
manner that its cavity is upright. The pitcher itself (Fig. 67,)is nearly egg-shaped,
an inch in length, and furnished with a lid. The outside is crnamented with three
coulle costs (a) proceeding from a crested lip. These costs are projecting, with
, acute pilose marging, and extend downwards below the bottom of the pitcher. The
mouth consists of a ring which gives origin to 2 number of parallel rib-like processes,
which are curved inwards over it by their upper extremities. The grester part of
the inside is shining, and of a beautiful dark purple color. The lid, which is pro-
_ duced from the petiole, and attached to the edge of the pitcher by a broad base, is
slightly pubescent on the outside, smooth within, and of a green color, painted with
broad, branching, dark purple veins. “ The pitchers are generally balf filled with
a watery fluid, in whieh great mutabere of a small species of. ants are frequently

-—
x

CAULINER AND FOLIAR APPENDAGES. 45

found drowned. This fiuid, which has a slightly sweetish taste,may possibly bein

al

part a secrction of the pitcher itself, but more probably consists of rain water received

ard preserved init. The lid, in its full grown state, is found accurately cloged, or
standing erect, therefore; leaving it entirely open: It is not unlikely that the posi-
tion of the lid ig detefmined by the State ¢f the atmésphere, or even by other
external causes.”

124. The Discarpr, a twining plant, native df the forest’ of India, bears cauliner
ascidia, presenting at the same time one of the most. wonderful provisions in the
vegetable kingdom. It is destitude of leaves except near its top, which climbs to
the summit of the tallest trees, 100 feet or more in height from its roots. The pitch-
ers (Fig. 68,) are formed of a leaf with its edges rolled toward each other, and adhe-
rent; its mouth or upper end is open to receive whatever water may fal! into it, of
which they always contain a considerable quantity. But the most singular part is
its absorbent fibres, resembling serial roots, which are sent out from the nearest
parts of the stem next the pitchers—entwining them, and spreading theiisdives
through the cavity, thus supplying the stem with moisture.

FOLIAR ASCIDIA.

125. The foliar ascidia ia peculiar to the genus Nepenthes. In the Neprnrues
DISTILLATORIA (Fig. 69,) a native of the East Indias, the petiole is first dilated into a
kind of lamina, then contracted into a tendril, and finally dilated into a pitcher, —
furnished with a leafy lid, connected to it by a ligament witicti expands and con-
tracts according to the state of the atmosphere, being open in damp weather, and
closed when the weatheris dry. The pitcher, in the early stage of its growth, is of
the same color as the leaf; but, as it advances in age, it becomes beautifully
colored with dark, purplish-red streaks and blotches. They vary greatly in size,

- and in some species the pitchers are capable of holding more than a pint of fluid,

with which they are generally filled.

, 126: One of the most extraordinary productions of the vegetable kingdom, 48
found in the Venus Fix-rrar (Dionxa niuscipula,) a native of South Carolina. The
leaves of this plant (Fig. 70,) are radical, sessile, and nearly spatulite in form; the
midrib, however, is produced beyond the apex of the leaf, and supports an append-
Sse which Has soiiie resertiblatice to & steel trap. It consists of two lobes, bardersd

46. - CAULINER AND FOLIAR APPENDAGES.

ee Ee
with bristly spines resembling teeth. The superior disk of each lobe is studded
with minute glands, and furnished with three erect little spines, placed so as to
form an equilateral triangle with the apex, pointing toward the midrib which
unites the lobes. This appendage is endowed with so much irritability, that as soon
as a fly or other insect touches any of the glands, the lobes immediately close upon
it, and the spines either impale it, or the tecth on the edges of the lobes, crossing
cach other, prevent its escape.

-

oe

127. Sriputes (Fig. 71,) are foliaceous appendages
which in some instances accompany the proper leaves, yet are
distinct from them ; and in others, they are attached to the |
base of the petiole. They are not universal, but their pres-
ence or absence is commonly uniform throughout each Natural
Order. They usually have the texture and color of leaves,
are subject to the same laws of venation, and perform the
same functions. Like leaves, they are sometimes membra-
naceous, leathery, or spiny. When they are adherent to the —
petiole, one on each side, they are said to be adnate, as in

7

..

CAULINER AND FOLIAR APPENDAGES. AT

—

the Rose, Strawberry, and Clover. Sometimes they are free.
from the petiole, but adhere by their outcr margins, so as to

form an apparently single stipule opposite the leaf, as in the

Platanus or Button-wood. In other cases, both margins
unite, forming asheath around the stem (called Ochrea,) as
in the Polygonacese or Buckwheat family.

128. In some instances, they are fugacious, accompanying
the leaves in the bud, and falling away when they expand,

as in the Magnolia and Oak familics ; in others, decidious,

falling with the leaves, which is the most common occurrence ;

- and in others, again, they are persistent, remaining after the

fall of the leaves, as in the Cocoleba pubescens.

129. Leaves that are furnished with stipules, are said to
be stipulate ; and when destitute of them, they are exstipedate.
When the leaflets of compound leaves are provided with
small stipules, they are said to be stfpel/ate, as in the Bean.

130. Bracts (Pig. 72, are foliaceous appendages, inter-
mediate between leaves and the floral organs; they appear in
the vicinity of the flower, distinct from the perianth, and in
some instances exactly resembling leaves, but in others differ-
ing from them, both in form and color. In some instanccs,
the gradation from the proper leaves to bracts is scarcely per-
ceptible, as in the Purple-topped Clarry (Salvia Hominum.)
Painted Cup (Castilleja coccinnia, )&c.; but the bract may be

~ truly foliaceous, and yet differ considerable in figure from the

leaves of the plant to which it belongs. In the Linden
(Tilia Americana,) the leaves are heart-shaped, while the

48 | DURATION OF LEAVES. pee
bractware linear-oblong, finned to the base of the: pedun-
cle, and of a yellowish color.

131. When braets are arranged in a whorl, surrounding i,
several flowers, they constitute an tnvolucre, which is gener-
ally green, as in the Phlox, but sometimes is colored, as in
the Cornus Florida, and Canadense. When it is situated at
the base of a compound umbel, (Wig. 81,) it is called a gen-
eral involucre, and at the base of a partial umbel, a partial
davolucre or involucel, both of which are seen in the bia
feree,

132, In compound flowers, the involucre consists of im-
bricated braets, often in several whorls surrounding the base
of the heads, as the calyx surrounds a simple flower. In the
Grass family (embracing Wheat, Rye, Oats, &c.,) the bracts
are called husks, ox chaff, to w hich is attached the awn, vor
~ heard. The bracts situated at the base of a spikelet of flow-
ay oe ers, are called the glume, corresponding to the invelucre.

DURATION OF LEAVES.

133. dn view of their duration, leaves are said to be—
. i. Fue@actous, When they fall off soon after their first appearance.

2. Dercrpuovs, when they last for a single season, and fallim autumm, astheOek, -
yr Manvle.
3. PERSISTENT, or EVERGREEN, when they remain through the cold season, and
until after the appearance of mew leaves, so that the ster is never leafless, as the
Pine, Laurel. Accordingly with the last two distihctions, leaves are said to be
Deciduous or Prergreen. ,

154. DEFOLIATION, or the fall of leaves, is owing to the
formation of an articulation, or joint between the base of the
petiole, and the stem on which it rests. During the latter
part of the summer, the tissue of the leaves become gradually
choked by the deposition of earthy matter, which obstructs
the exhalation, and finally unfits them for the performance
of their functions, consequently they lose their hae ae
up, and are finally cast off.

PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF LEAVES.

135. The organs of leaves are in general composed of Hipect
distinct parts: one part firm, and apparently ligneous, con-
stituting the frame werk or skeleton of the leaf, another,
succulent and pulpy, fills up the intermediate apares or mesh-
es, of this frame work; and a third, a thin, cuticular expan-~
sion, inclosing the other two, forming the acer Or
coyering for both surfaces of the leaf.

Te a ee OW OORWR

.

al

PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF LEAVES. 49
136. The FRAME WORK or vascular portion of the leaf
(Fig. 24,) is composed of vascular tissue and spiral vessels,
which fulfil the same office in the leaf as in the stem, not
only giving firmness and support to the delicate cellular ap-
“paratus, but also serving for the conveyance and distribution
of the sap. These veins divide and subdivide far beyond the
‘limits of unassisted vision, until the threads of woody tissue
are reduced to separate fibres ramified throughout the green
pulp, soas to supply every portion with the sap they contain,
which, having reached the utmost limits of the edge of the
teaf, double back upon themselves, pervade the lower surface,
and are again collected into the petiole, through which they
are finally returned into the bark, constituting the vessels of
the latex. |

73. 74.

187. The cELLULAR PORTION, or parenchyma, exists in
two layers, arranged upon a regular plan, which varies in
different parts of the leaf, according to the different condi-
tions in which it is placed. In all these leaves which expand
horizontally, one surface being turned upwards and the other |
downwards, these two layers are dissimilar in structure; but
in those leaves where the lamina is vertical, as in the Iris,
they do not materially differ. The upper stratum is composed
ef one or more compact layers of oblong cells, placed in such.
a position that their long diameter is perpendicular to the
upper surface, (Fig. 73, b. b.) while the lower stratum is com~.

_ posed of oblong cells arranged longitudinally, and so loosely

compacted as to leave numerous vacant spaces between the

cells (c. c.), which communicate with the air by means of the —

stomato or breathing pores, (Hig. 74, a. b.).
XK | :

»

50 §_—«s PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF LEAVES.

188. The EprpERMIs of the upper surface, consists of
flattened cells, arranged in a single layer (Fig: 73; a. a.);
except in plauts of hot and arid regioris, in which case it is
often double, and very compact; and in the Oleander, a na-
tive of Barbary, it consists of three layers of very thick sided
cells. ‘The ceils of the epidermis of the lower surface, are
also arranged in a single layer, provided with stomato (Fig.
73, d. d. d.), opening into air chambers.

139. Within all the vescicles of the parenchyma, are seen
adhering to the walls, the green globules called’ chlorophyll
(green loaf ,) which sive color to the parenchyma, dark green
above, where it is more compact, but pale beneath, where the
eells are more loose and separate.

140. The stomato (I'ig. 74, a. b.), are generally found
on the lower surface, except in leaves that Hive their lower
side in contact with the surface of the water, as in the Nym-
phaze (White Pond Lily,) in which case they are found upon
the upper surface ; and in those leaves whose position is natur-
ally vertical instead of horizontal, they are found equally on
both sides. Through the stomato, exhalation principally
takes piace ney are situated so as to open diretly into the
hollow chambers, or air cavities, which pervade the parenchy:
ma, so as to afford free communication between the external
air and the whole interior of the leaf. The orifice is guarded
by two oblong cells, firmly fixed at their ends, which, when _
the air is moist become turgid, and in elongating, diverge or
curve outwardly in the middle, so as to allow a free commu-
nication between the outer air and the interior of the leaf.
When the atmosphere is dry, they incline to shorten and
straighten, so as to bring the sides into contact, and close the
orifice completely. The action and use of this machinery
will be readily understood. So long as the leaf is supplied
with a sufficiency of moisture, the cells that guard the orifice
are expanded, and allow the free escape of moisture by evap-
oration. But when the supply fails, and the parenchyma
begins to be exhausted, the guardian cells quickly collapse,
and by closing those thousands of apertures check the drain
the moment it becomes i injurious to the plant.

141. The number of stomato varies in different leaves,
from 800 to about 17,000 on the square inch. The leaf of
the Apple is said to contain about 24,000 to the square inch,
80 that each leaf would sat about 100, 000 of these orifices,

- . : Se ene ee ee ne ee a = : :
FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES, 61

From their great number, they are doubtless adequate to the
office that is attributed to them, notwithstanding their minute

6120.
FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES.

142. The functions of leaves are adsorption, acerca
_vespiration, and asstmitation. By the combined action of
these functions, cxude sap, absorbed from the sat by the
‘roots, is prepared for the nourishment of the plant; carbonic
acid—absorbed from the atraosphere and from the soil—is
decomposed; solid carbon becomes fixed in the substance of
the plant, and oxygen gas 1s evolved.

143. ABSORPTION is primarily the office of the root, but
is carried on to some extent by the leaves. A plant ora part
of a plant, exposed in a humid atmosphere, will absorb mois- ©
ture, and increase its weight, until it dics. Im like manner,
plants, parched by the droughts of summer, are revived by
the showers which moisten their leaves, but do not reach
their roots. This is further evinced by the fact that plants
having thick and succulent leaves (as the Aloes and Cactus,
natives of hot climates, and growing in dry, arid soils,) per-
spire very little, while they absorb powerfully by the whole -
surface of their leaves.

-144. Exuatation in plants, in some respects is anal-
ggous to insensible perspiration in animals. — In this process,
the sap becomes concentrated, giving off its superabundant
water to the atmosphere, and containing In consequence a
greater proportion of solid matter.

_Exhalation evidently takes place through the stomato alone; and since these ara
_ opened by the influence of the light and closed in the absence, it follows that exha
lation can procecd only in the presence of the light. : --

During active vegetation leavesexhale much water ; the quantity varies, however,
with the degree of warmth and exposure to the light. A plate of glass, held near
the under surface of an active leaf of the Hydrangea, when the atmosphere is still,
ia presently covered with moisture, but it remains dry if the glass be held over the
upper surface. When light is suddenly excluded from a plant in a state of active
growth, it immediatly ceases to exhale, whatever may be the temperature of the

_atmosphere surrounding it. The stomato will pied os en examination, be found
elozed.

145. Resprrarion in plants consists, essentially, i in the
absorption of carbonic acid gas from the air, and the evyolu-
tion of oxygen. Itis, however, only by a metaphor that this
function of leaves can be called respiration, for the evolution
of oxygen is a necessary reeult of assimilation, or the forma.

-

52 FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES.

mg

tion of organic matter, while the respiration of animals is
part of the process of decomposition of organic matter.*

The absorption of carbonic acid from the atmosphere, is as necessary to the exist-
ence of plants, as is respiration to the support of animal life. Formerly, respiration
im plants was considered analogous to respiration in animals, and that plants in
respiring, absorb and retain oxygen and evolve carbonic acid, or like them vitiate
the atmosphere by their respiration, while they purify it bv their digestion. Re-
eent experiments and observations, however, prove this theory to be unfounded.”
This error arose from the circumstance that plants caif only decompose carbonic
acid under the influence of light; oxygen is therefore not exhaled during the night,
but on the contrary a small quantity of carbonic acid may escape, and oxygen be
absorbed, but this process is very different from the respiration of animals; that of
plants is mechanical, while that of animals is chemical, both totally unconnceted
with the assimilation of food. When the soil abounds in carbonic acid and mois-
ture, the roots must continue constantly absorbing that moisture, mixed with the
earbonic acid; and this acid, rising into the leaves, may eseape in its original state,
when light is not present to decompose it. The absorption of oxygen is a chemical
process, which appears to go on when the process of assimilation has ceased opera-
ting, in dead plants as well as in living ones.

146. Assrmmnation or Digestion in planks consists,
properly, in rendering the crude sap fit for the purpose of
nutrition, the decomposition of carbonic acid by the green tissue
of the leaves under the stimulus of light, and the fication of
solid carbon. \

147. The sap in its crude state, as imbibed by the roots, is more or less changed
in its ascent, ky dissolving the soluble, organized matter, with which it comes im
contact; thus becoming sweet in the May Apple, and acquiring different sensible
properties in different species. By this change, the sap becomes elaborated, ahd
fitted to be consumed in vegetable growth. Sap in a crude state is mere unorga-
nized mineral substance, and thus incapable of composing a part of the living
structure.

148. The crude sap is, however, soon converted into an organized substance by
"the solar light, under whose wonderful influence the vegetable fabric is constructed,
and the chlorophyll, or green matter of plants, isdeveloped. Plants growing where
the light is insufficient, do net develope ehlorephyll, as may be seen in the shoots
of Potatoes growing in cellars. It will be seen, rene that light exerts an im-
portant influence on vegetable digestion.

_ 149. Light has also an agency in the essential process of vegetable digestion, by
. its action upon the sap coneentrated in the leaf, and upon the air abserbed in re-
spiration. This ‘agency is exercised, Ist, iw the chemical decomposition of one or
more of the substances contained in the sap which contain oxygen gas, as well as
of the carbonic acid in the air; and by the liberation of the oxygen contained in

* There is a characteristic difference between vegetables and animals: “ The tissue
of the latter continues to live and act during the life-time of the animal, and there-
fore require constant interstitial renews by nutrition, new particles replacing the
old, which are removed and restored to the mineral world by respiration ; while in
plants thore is no such renewal, but the fabric once completed, remains unchanged,
‘ceases to be nourished, and consequently soon loses its vitality; while new parts
are continually found further on to take their places, to be in turn again aband-
oned.” Plants, therefore, having no decompositien and recomposition of any com-
pleted fabric, can not have af unction of respiration like that. of animals.

_

ee—e——————————E—————————— ee
ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION. | 53

the sap and in the air, at the ordinary temperature of theatmosphere. This ageney

_ is exercised, 2nd, by the fixation of this carbonic acid in the form of solidcarbors
and by the transformation of this inorganic matter into the organized living sub-
atance of plants.

150. Carbonic acid gas, which is prejudicial to animal life, is indispensable to
the nourishment anid growth of plants. Hence, while plants are absorbing their
own peculiar nutriment from the atmosphere, they are at the same time purifying
it, and fitting it fer the support of animal life. This they accomplish both by pre”

~ venting a constant increase of carbonic acid gas ia the atmosphere, arising from the
decomposition of vegetable and animal substance, and from combusticn, as wellas
by restoring to the atmosphere oxygen gas, an element indispensable to animel
life. Thus by a beautiful arrangement of Providence, the two organic kingdoms of
mature materially sustain each other, being so adaptcd, the one to the other, thas
ach removes from the atmosphere what were noxious to the other, and each yields
to it what is essential to the otker’s continued existence. This is but one of a
thousand instances in nature ef reciprocal adaptations of means and ends, affording
us the clearest proof ef wisdom and design,

ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION.

151. The organs of reproduction are those designed for
the continuation of the species. Every plant in its natvral
state posesses some means of reproducing its kind, but these
differ very much in the various tribes, from the simple evolu-
tion of new cells in the Cryptogamia, to the more complicated
apparatusin the Phenogamia. They consist of the FLower,
and the parts developed from it, namely the Fruit and the
Seed.

152. Flowers, like branches, are evolved from buds.
Flower-buds are formed in the same situation as leaf-budg,

3 “ the apex of the stem or branchcs, and in the axils ef the
eaves. 3

INFLORESCENCE.

‘153. The term inflorescence is used to designate the ar-
rangement of flowers upon the stem or branches.

154. The simplest kind of inflorescence is that of a solitary
flower, either terminating the stem, as in the Tuli p and
Erythronium, or when it arises from the axil of a leaf repre-
senting an axillary bud, as in the Brassenia and leafy-stemmed
Violet. These two simple cases exhibit the two types, tothe
bo or the other of which all the forms of inflorescence be-
long. 7
155. If the flower is supported by a naked stalk, it is
ealled peduncled, but when it rests directly in the axil of the
deaf, or is not raised ona proper stalk, it is said to be sessile.

156. wie PEDUNCLE may be cither simple, or branched 3

£

54 INFLORESCENCE. ;

when it is divided into branches, each of which bears a single
flower, these branches are called pedicels. «

157. A Scape is a flower-stalk which springs deat
from the root, or a subterranean stem, .as in the Dande-
lion, Sarrecenia, and Hyacinth. Like the pedunele, it is
leafless, or with bracts only, and may be either simple or
branched.

158. The Racuts is that part of the general peduncle
along which the flowers are generally borne, sometimes called
the axis of inflorescence.

159. In centripetal inflorescence, the blossoming or expan-
sion of the flowers commences with those of the base, and
proceeds towards the summit, or from the circumference to the
centre, as in the Cruciferze and Umbelliferse families. It will
be readily understood that the circumference of a flattened or
depressed inflorescence corresponds to the base of an oblonga-
ted one; the centre of the former answering to the summit of
the latter.

GG, °° in dibshieal Pfostanbnne. the blossoming commen-
ces with the terminal and central flowers, and proceeds towards
the outside, or those of the circumference, as in the Hydran-
gea and Elder. This mode of inflorescence is generally indi-
cated by the presence of a solitary flower, situated in the axils
of the forked branches, as in the Pink tribe.

161. ‘These two modes of inflorescence are sometimes
combined in the same plant, the general axis developing in
the one way. Thus the heads of all the Compositee are cen-
tripetal, the flowers expanding regularly from the margin or ~
circumference to the centre; while the branches that bear the
heads are developed in the centrifugal mode, the terminal or
eentral heads first coming into flower. This is exactly rever-
sed in all the Labiate: (plants of the mint tribe,) where the
stem developes in the centripetal mode, and the axillary clus-
ters of the flowcrs being produced in the form of a general
‘raceme or spike, which blossoms from below upwards; while
the flowers from each cluster form a cyme, and expand in the
centrifugal manner.”’— Gray.

162. The following are the principal varieties of centri-
petal inflorescence—the spike, raceme, corymb, na head,
spadix, ament, panicle, and thyrse.

163. SPIKE (Fig, 75,) is an inflorescence, where ‘he ses-
Bile flowers in the axils of the bracts are Araneae along an

j r dh
a.

INFLORESCENCE. we ae 5a

elongated commom peduncle, as in the Plantam, Vervein,
Mullein. j |
: 75.

164. The RAcEME (Fig. 76,) is the same as the spike,
except that the flowers are raised on pedicels; asin the Wild
Cherry, Hyacinth, Pyrola.

165. The Corymps (Fig. 77,) is the same as the raecme
with the lower pedicels elongated, so as to elevate all the
flowers to nearly or quite the same level, as in the Hawthorn,
Crab-Apple. — |

(ze 78.

166. The Umbet (Fig. 78,) only differs from a corymb

-

26 INFLORESCENCE.

in haying all the pedicels arising from the same point, and
are mostly equal. in length, as in the Asclepias, Cowslip,
Primrose, and the Umbelliferz generally.

167. A HeAp (or Capitulum, Fig. 79,) is the same as an
ambel with the pedicels all shortened, so as to bring the
flowers all into a close rounded head, as in the Clover, Button-
bush, Teasel. _ th Seats

The axis or rachis of a head is called the receptacle. Fre-
quently, instead of being at all prolongated, it is flat and dila-
ted longitudinally, so.as to allow a large number of flowers
to stand on its level surface, as in the Sunflower, and the
Gompositee (compound flowers) generally.

168. The Spaprx (Fig. 80,) is mercly a fleshy spike,
enveloped by a large bract, called Spatke, as is seen in the
Ethiopean Calla, Indian Turnip (Arum triphyllum.)

169. The Anenr or CATKIN (Fig. 81,) is merely a par-

ticular kind of spike with a scaly bract, crowded together,

usually falling off in one piece after flowering, as in the Birch,
Poplar, Willow, Alder. |

170. The PanrcxE (Fig. 82,) is a compound inflorescence,
formed by the irregular branching of the lower pedicels of
the raceme, as in the Oats, Spear grass, and many other
Grasses. ; 7

171. The Tuyrsz (Fig. 83,) is the same as the panicle,
@aying the lower branches shorter than those in the middle,

INFLORESCENCE. : 57

and all of them very compact, as in the Lilac, Horse Chest-
nut. | .

81, é 82.
Nh
ENG 2
Sf, _. =
o\-®R
ji
9 ff g
Y | @*

172. Ofthe Centrifugal inflorescenee, the following are

the principal varieties: the cyme, fascicle, and vertical,

83. 84.

173. The Cymer (Fig. 84,) has the general appearance of
the Corymb, but is remarkably distinguished by its centrifu-
gal evolution, and by its branches being repeatedly 2 or 3
forked, asin the Hydrangea, Viburnum. This mode of infle-
rescence is only found in plants with opposite leaves, and is
developed in the following manner: « sie

58 on THE FLOWER. -

_-- The terminal flower, which expands first, is borne upon a

peduncle of two or more nodes; from these nodes, pairs of
secondary opposite peduncles arise, each terminated by a
flower, each of which, like the first, may again have two or
more nodes, and terminated by a flower.

174. The Cyme as exemplified in the Arenaria stricta
(Fig. 84,) enables us to study this mode of inflorescence to
advantage. | | Mc see

175. The Fascitciy (Fig. 85,) is a modification of the
Cyme, in which the flowers are crowded, and nearly sessile,
as is seen in the Sweet William, and Wild Pink, (Dianthus
armerius. ) | :

176. The VERTICAL, or Verticillaster (Fig. 86,) is a mod-
ification of the Cyme, peculiar to Labiate plants, where two
auch reduced Cymes occupy the opposite axils of cach pair of
leaves, as in the Horehound, Catnip, Mint.

177. Verticillate flowers are sometimes said to be whorled,
which is not really the case. True whorled flowers occur
only in plants with whorled leaves, as in the Hippurus.

‘THE FLOWER. |
178. Acomplete flower (Fig. 87,) consists of the follow-

ing members: Ist, the floral envelopes, called, collectively,
the PERIANTH. 2nd,the srAMENS. 8rd, the pistTILs; and
4th, the RECEPTACLE, or TORUS. |

179. The floral envelopes consist of one or more circles er
whorls of leaves surrounding the essenticl organs, namely,
the stamens and pistils. The cuter envelope is called the
ealyx, and its leaves are termed sepals. The inner is called
eorolla, and its leaves pelals. pola

—

(Fig. 88,) ideal plan of a flower like that shown in (Fig. 87); the different rets of |

ofgans separaicd to some distance from each other, to show the relative s:tuation
ef the parts; one of each, namely, a. asepal, b. a petal,c.a stamen, and d. a pistil.

CALYX.

180: The Calyx (from the Greek kaliz, a eup,) consists
of a whorl! of leavcs with their edges distinct, or united, gen-
erally green, but sometimes highly colored. Whenthe sepals
are united so as to form a more or less perfect tube; it is said
to be monosepalous or ganiosepalous. ‘The lower part is called
a tube. When the sepals are separate and distinct, itis poly-
eepalous. When it adheres to the ovary, and invests it, it is
said to be supertor, and when nosuch combination takes place,
it is said to be inferior.. |

181. In respect to duration, it is caducyous when it falls
off as soon as the flower isexpanded; deciduous, when it falls
off as the flower decays; and persistent, when it remains after
the corolla has fallen.

182. The calyx is sometimes reduced to a whorl of mere
hair-like processes, called pappus, or down. This kind of
calyx is peculiar to the Composite (compound flowers.) If
the pappus consists of simple hairs; it is said to be pilose; if
the hairs are feathery, plumose ; if bristly, setose ; and if chaffy,
foliacuous. ’

COROLLA.

483. The Coroma, (Lat. corolla, diminutive of COTORD,

60 ' COROLLA.

a crown,) the interior envelope of the flower, consists of one
or more circles of leaves, either distinct or united, usually of
some other color than green, and of a much more delicate
siructure than the calyx. When the petals are united into
a tube, it is said to be monopetalous or gamopetalous; when
not united, polypetalous.

184. <A petal consistsoftwo parts; the claw and the lami-
na or limb. The claw is the narrow part at the base, cor-
responding with the stalk of a leaf. It is sometimes very ¢
Jong, as in the Pink and Saponaria, and often is wanting, as
in the Roseand Poppy. The lamina is the expanded portion,
supported by the claw, and corresponds with the blade of a
leaf.

185. A monopetalous corolla may be regular or irregular.
It is regular’ when all the parts correspond to each other in
shape, size, and cohesion. The regular monopetalous corolla »
assumes various forms, which have reccived the following
names : 3

1. CoMPpANULATE (bell-shaped, Fig. 89,) when the tube
of the corolla is wide and swelling abrubtly at the base, as in
~ the Canterberry bell, and Harebell.

2. INFUNDIBULIFORM (funnel-form, Fig. 90,) when tubu-
lar at the base, but gradually enlarging towards the border,
as in the Morning Glory and Four-o’clock.

89. gO" 91.

8. HHyprrcraTEerirorM (salver form, Fig. 91,) when the ~-
tube ends abruptly in a border spreading horizontally, as m
the Phlox and Primrose. ,

COROLLA. a 61

4. Rorare (wheel-form, Fig. 92,) when the limb is regu-
lar, or nearly so, spreading with a very short tube, as in the
Mullein and Lysimachia. |

186. Itis irregular when the incisions are not uniform,
and the opposite sides are not arranged on the same axis. The
irregular corolla is—

1. Lasrate (lipped, Fig. 93,) when the limb is deeply
cleft into two irregular segments, called the upper and lower
lips. When the lips are widely separated, and the throat
open, it is called ringent or gaping, as in the Monkey flower.
When there is an appendage between the lips like a palate,
so as to hide the interior, it is called personate from persona a
mask, as in the Snap-dragon and Tead-fiax. If the upper is
arched, it is termed the galea or helmet, as in the Sage, Laaven-
der, and Catmint. This form of the corolla is characteristic
of plants of the Labiate, (Mint Family.)

187. A polypetalous corolla also may be regular or ree
ular. The lower part of the petal is called the claw, and
when this is well marked, they are said to be unguiculate ;
the upper and spreading portion is termed the lamina or

Regular polypetalous corollas have received the following
names :

1. CructrorM, (Fig. 94,) when there are four petals
spreading at right angles to each other in the form of across,
as in the Mustard, Radish, Turnip. Plants with this corolla
constitute the Natural Order Cruciferz, corresponding to the
elass Tetradynamia in the Linnean arrangement.

2. Rosaceovs (like the rose, Fig. 95,) when the cerolla

a

ise COROLLA. a
is regular, consisting of five or more petals, attached to the
receptacle with little or no claws, as in the Rose, Apple, and
Cherry. eiicck

3. CARYOPHYLLACEOUS, (like the pink, Mig. 96,) when
the corolla eonsists of five petals, having long claws which are
inserted into a tubular calyx, as in the Pink, Catchfly, and
Rose campion. | :

4, Liitaceovs, (like the lily, Fig. 97,) when the perianth
consists.of six parts, each of which curve outwards in the
form of a bell, as in the Lily, Tulip, and Erythronium.

~ 188. The wrregular polypetalous corolla is—

Of. 98.

4 eat At? 7 tfh
Mott. Bf LY ee
MEE LW ohh,
i Jy Lei) /'
: : \ f

\
on LeSrs W Witte tl fe YZ
WON yy
Pai Sd AN \y Ni LNG,
SS FRAMAA AY Ze
SS SO AA eh, i ——
RQ EN SS \ \\ i ui! Sa
S 5 SS \ \ i i — it ~
ANY apes

1. PAPILIONACEOUS (butterfly-shaped, Fig. 98,) when it
eonsists of five dissimilar petals, the upper end is called the
banner (vexillum); the two middle and lateral ones beneath
the banner, the wings (ale); and two lower ones, also parallel

STAMENS. 63
and cohering by their margins, the /eel (earmma); as in the
‘Locust, Pea, and Bean.

189. Petals are sometimes furnished with appendages on
their inner surface, such as the crown and the scale. The
crown is situated generally at the summit of the claws, as in
the Silene, Saponaria, and Lychnis. The scale is generally
found on monopetalous corollas, asin the Comfrey, Myosotis.

190. ‘The bodies termed nectaries by the older Botanists,
are either petals of unusual form, such as the spur of the
Columbine, or petals passing into stamens, such as the fringe

of the Passion-flower and of Parnassia, or else abortive and-

transformed stamens, asin Canna.

The so called nectary of Orchidaccous plants is merely one

of the petals, which, being constantly of a different shape
from the others, is termed the labellum or lip.” — Gray.

STAMENS.

_ 491. The Stamens, (Fig. 99,) are those slender organs,
(d.) situated next within the floral, envelopes and around
the pistils (c.). They vary in number from one to fifty, or
one hundred. Their office is the fertilization of the seed.
They are collectively called the ANDR&cIUM (from andres
the plural of aner a man, siamen, and otkos a house), They
eonsist of two parts, the filament and anther. —

GU. /

Stamens, pistils, &c.,—-a, stigma; 6, anthers; e, style; d, filament; e¢, ovary ;
J, ealyx aud receptacle. Form of anthers—i, Lily; 2, Ginger; 3, Sage; 4, Berber-
ry; 5, Cucumber ; 6, Magnolia; 7, Polygonum; 8, Lemna,

64 ' STAMENS.

192. The FILAMENT, (Lat. filum, a thread, Fig. 99, d.,)
is a long slender body which supports the anther, containing
- numerous spiral vessels. It is called prominent when it pro-
jects beyond the anther, petaloid when it is broad and thin ;
when it is wanting the anther is said to be sess?/e. ?

193. The AnrHer, (Fig. 99, 6.) is generally situated at
the summit of the filament; it is the essential part of the
stamen, and contains the pollen. It usually consists of two
lobes or cells, connected to each other and to the filament by
the connectile.

Tt is attached to the filament in three principal ways; and
is said to be—Adnaie, when attached by its back, so as to
@2ppear lateral, as in the Nymphza, and Anemone. Jnnate,
when it is attached by its base, as in the Menispermum.
Versatile, when it is attached by a single point, from which
they hang loosely, as in the White Lily, and most of the
Grasses.

When the filament is on the outside of the anther, so that
the latter faces the pistil, it is called introrse, as in the Vio-
let; when, on the contrary, the filament is attached to the
- inside of the anther so that it faces the pistils, it is said to be
extrorse , as in the Larkspur.

194. The cells of the anthers usually open by a longitu-
dinal fissure, called the dehiscence; but they also open by other
modes. Some open by an aperture in the summit, as in the
Potato, and Heath family ; others open by valves, as in the
Berberry, when the whole side of the cell is detached and
turns back, as on a hinge.

195. The POLLEN is a very fine powder, contamed in the
cells of the anthers, usually of a yellowish color. It consists
of small vescicles, of various forms, usually spherical, but
occasionally cylindrical, and sometimes polygonal, always
being of the same form in the same species. The pollen
grains are generally distinct from each other, but are some-
times connected by cellular threads, as in the Gnothera;
coherent in small masses, as in the Mimosa; and are some-
times collected into one or more groups, called pol/inia, as in
the Orchidacez. When ripe, the pollen grains burst, and the-
inner membrane protrudes, constituting a channel for the
ne -of & mucous fluid called the /ovilla, to the
ovule.

. 196. The Foviuua consists of minute particles of mole-

_ PISTIL. | 65.

cules of a spherical or oblong form, suspended in a fluid pos-~
sessed of tremulous motion. |
197. The Disk is a ring, either entire or lobed, or arow -
of fleshy bodies, situated between the bases of the stamens
and pistils’ It is said to be hypogynous, when it surrounds
the base of the ovary, as in the Peony; when it adheres to
and lines tho tube of the calyx, perigynous, as in Rosaceous
planis; and when it appears at the top of the ovary, where
the calyx is superior, it is ep?gynous, as in the Cornus, Aralia ;
in this case, when confluent with the base of the style, it is
called the stylopodium.
PISTIL.

*%

198. The Pristins (Fig. 100,c.) occupy the centre of the
flower, sometimes numerous, but'often only one; collectively,
they are called GYNACEUM, (gun@, a woman, pistil, and
erkos, a house).

A pistil is composed of three parts—the stiyma, the sty/e,
and the ovary.

190. 101. TVs. 108,

Fig. 160. Pistil of a Whortleberry; c, the stizmea; b, the siyle; ¢, ths epigynous
disk; e, perpendicular section of the ovary, combined with the adherent (superior)
ealyx; @, the placents with the ovules. Fig. 101, the gyneecium of a flower with 45
pistils showing the carpe!s arndatylesd:istinct; e,ercssacction of the same; Fig. 102,
the carpels united and the styles distinct; {cress section of the same; Fig. 10°,
both carpeis and styles united; g, cross section of the same.

199. The Sriama (Fig. 100, c.), is the upper portion, or
extremity of the style, usually globular, but varies consider-

_ able in different species. It is of a glandular nature, usually
covered with a viseid fluid, and is destitude of acuticle; being

F*

~65 - PISTIL.

an essential organ in reproduction, and it exercises-a peculiar
acti n the fecundatory pollen. It is called sessile when
ihe pik is‘ wanting, In which case it rests immediately on

The Styie (Fig. 100, 5.) is the long cylindrical eol-
umn arising from the ovary, and is terminated by the stigma.
fhe number of styles, always equals the number of the
carpels, but where the carpels are closely united, the styles
may be united, also, Into a single compound column.

‘he number of distinct styles (or of stigmas, where the

as

t e
f

p's

style is absent) « constitutes the basis of the Linnzean artificial
orders, into which the firstthirteen classes are divided.—[See
Classifica fion. {

at

The OVARY (Lat. ovarium, a depository, Fig. 100 ye.)
is the hollow ae tion of the pistil, situated at its base, con-
taining the ovules, or young seeds, within its cavities.

202. The ovary is either simple or compound. When
ie, it consists of a single sae or cell ealled the CARPEL,
fruit). When compound, it consists of two or more
is, united together more or less closely. Some-
@ivision (dissepiments) formed by their contiguous
vy evident, (Fig. 101,) being but slightly connec-
. i other eases all external marks of them disappear,

© >

eee) (wa)

ot

pear

peat bat oy
an) 3

2

ps ™
eS

©

deere

a, whorl of simple ovaries, the line which repre-
the ike aes margins «¢ the carpels is on the inner side,

_ the axis. ‘This line 1s ealled the inner or venéra/
eames) ee similar line down the back or out side, is
t

204. Thelin e or ur ridge Sifead by the union of the margin
: toaphich the ovules are attached, often project-
ing 88 into the cavity of the ovary, is called the
—olacente. a ach placentee necessarily consists ef two parts,
one belonging to each of the confluent margins of the carpels.
200. The » placenter is central, when the carpels are de-
veloped around a central axis ; and peartetal, when the dessep-
iments are contracted so as to bring the ovules’ near or on the
walls sg of the compound ovary.

296. When the bases of the stamens are écnsested into the
ia of the receptacle, and the ovary forms no adhesion to the
sides of the calyx, itis said to be superior, and the stamens
api calyx are inferior or hypogyncus; but when the ovary

— :

FERTILIZATION. 67

adheres to the side of the calyx, and the stamens and corolla
are Inserted into it or into a disk above the ovary, it is said
to be inferior, and the stamens and corolla superior or epigy-
nous.

' 207. The Ovurus (Fig. 100, d.), are the rudiments of
“the future seed; they are of a globular form, attached to the
placente, either immediately, or by a short stalk ; they vary
in number. When there is one, it is said to be solitar ‘Y ;
where their number is uniform and not numerous, definite ; and
where they are very numerous, zdejfintte. They also vary as
to situation and direction, with respect to the cavity on which
they are contained; they are said to be ascending, when fixed —
to the placentz above the base and directed upwards; hort-
zontal, when they project from the side of the cell ; pendulous,
when their direction is downwards, and suspended, whiten they
are affixed to the top of the ovary, and hang perpendicularly.

208. The ovules are almost always enclosed in the ovary.
In the Mignioncite, they are partially naked, and in the
Coniferze (Pine family) they are entirely so, the carpels being
open or wanting, as is scen in the cones of the pines.

209, The ovule consists of a nucleus enclosed within two
sacs called the primine and secundine. Hach of these sacs
haye open mouths; that of the primine is termed exostome,
and that of the secundine, endostome; they are at first lerac
and separate, but contract as the ovule becomes a seed, and
are brought inte contact; when the small aperture, or a scar
indicating its position is still perceptible, it is called the
foramen or micropyle. The eoats of the ovules are distinet
and unconnected, except at the base or point of attachment,
to the funiculus (the stalk by which the ovary is attached to
the placentee,) where they are all perfectly confluent. This
point of union is called the chalaza. Through the funiculus
and chalaza, the ovule derives its nourishment from the pla-
cente.

FERTILIZATION.

210. In flowering plants, fertilization or feeundation takes
place by the action of the pollen of the anthers on the pis-
tils. ‘This appears to -be affected in the following manner :
when the anthers discharge the pollen co vntained in their
eavities, through their dehiscence, into the air, the pollen
grains come in contact with the stigma of the pistil, adhere

~

68 SYMMETRY OF THE FLORAL ORGANS.

to it by the glutinous secretion it exudes, and in a short time
affects a remarkable change; the outer coat of the pollen-cell
opening and allowing the inner coat to protrude in the form
of a tube of extreme tenuity, filled with the fovilla; this
passes between the cells of the stigma, and the loese texturé

of the style, until it reaches the ovary; in the meantime, a
cavity, or sac, called the sac of the waste filled with fluid,
makes its appearance in the nucleus of the ovule; and the
foramen being brought into contact with the placentae, or in
orthotropous ‘ovules carried up to the summit of the cell, a
pollen-tube enters the orifice, and the granules thus reach the
nucleus. What further takes place is not known, but it is
known that in a short time the embryo a ohio in the amni-
otic sac.

‘ RECEPTACLE.

211. The RecEPTAcLE or ToRUS is the summit of the
flower-stalk, out of which the floral organs grow, or on which
they are inserted, (an botanical language,) upon which they
stand arranged in concentric whorls; the — at its very
base, the petals just within or above the caly lyx; the stamens
(andreecium) next within the petals,and the pis stile (gzyneecium)
within or above the stamens, occupying the centre.

212. The receptacle varies considerably in different plants.
In the Nelumbo it is dilated into a large, top-shaped body
nearly enclosing the pistils in separate cavities. In the Rose,
it forms a lining to the urn-shaped tube of the calyx, and
bears the numerous pistils.on its concave surface. Sometimes
the receptacle which elevates the ovary is pr olonged more or
less above them, and coheres with their styles, as in the
(xeranium and many allied plants. Sometimes two internodes
are conspicuously developed, one between the petals and the
stamens, the other between the latter and the pistils; so that
the stamens appear to grow out of a long stalk which supports
the ovary, as in the Spiderwort (Gy nandropsis ‘)

SYMMETRY OF THE FLORAL ORGANS.

213. A perfect symmetrical flower is composed of four
sets of organs, arranged in concentric whorls. ‘The number of
sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils being the same, or multi-
plies of the same, throughout, and the size and form of the
meynbers of each set being likewise uniform ; co that, if the

SYMMETRY OF THE FLORAL ORGANS. 69

sepals-be 5, there should be 5 petals, 5 or 10 stamens, and
as many pistils. ‘The Flax and Crassula, afford good exam-
ples of a perfectly symmetrical flower. In this case, we
have a calyx of 5 sepals, a corolla of 5 petals, an andreecium
of 5 stamens, and a gynecium of 5 pistils, and all the parts
are regular and symmetrical, and in the former, also, distinct
and free from each other. ©

214. Butthis plan is very much disguised and complica-
eated in different plants. The principal causes which proba-
bly interfere with and more or less disguise the typical plan
of the flowers are—

1. The production of one or more additional whorls or sets of some of the floral

organs.
2. The union of the parts of the same set by the cohesion of the contiguous

margins..

3. The cohesion of the adjacent parts of different sets.

4. The non-production (suppression) of some of the sets altogether. ~

5. The non-production or abortion of some of the parts of one or more sets of
organs.

6. The unequal developement, or unequal union, of different parts.

7. The deviations or changes in the form of the receptacle or axis of the
flower.

215. Several of these deviations from the typical state of
the flower, do not interfere with its symmetry, a flower being
termed symmetrical, when there are an equal number of parts
in each series.— Gray.

216. In the typical or normal symmetrical plan, the
organs of each set successively alternate with each other, that
is, the sepals alternate with the petals, the petals with the
stamens, and the stamens with the pistils. This regular
alternation is taken for grantéd in botanical descriptions, un- ~
less otherwise expressed. When any exceptions to this plan
occur, they almost universally run uniformly through the
family ; as in Rhamnacez, where the stamens stand opposite
the petals, and in Primulaceze, where they are opposite the
lobes of the corolla. ; ,

217. The number of component parts of the whole flower,
or of any set, is designated by the terms binary (in twos) ;
trinary (in threes), as in most Endogenous plants; quater-
nary (in fours ; guinary (in fives), the most prevalent mode
in plants of the Exogenous structure. Sometimes they —
are designated by the following: bimerous in 2, trimerous
in ry tetramerous in 4, pentamerous in 5, and hexamerous
in 6. 3

70 wom plo |
ASTIVATION. | es —

218. Aestivation (wstivus, the summer state,) is the term
used to denote the manner in which the several parts of the
flower, especially the calyx and corolla, are arranged and
envelope each other, while yet inthe bud. By some authors,
it is also called perfloration. ‘The plan of perfloration is best
seen in a transverse section of a flower bud, made by cutting
it in a horizontal direction. 2

219. There are two principal plans of estivation, the
imbricated, or spiral, and the valvate.

220. The ImpricaTED is by far the most commen, and
its varietics haye received the following names: |

meseti its EE, 105. 106 4 03 107.

108. FOO¢ 2s 110: 11.

J. QvincunicaL (Fig. 104,) when the petals or scpals are five in number, two of
which are exterior, two interior, and the remaining fifth enveloping one of the .
inner by one margin, and has its other marein covered by the exterior, as in the
Rose. ; i

2. ‘VEXILLARY (Fig. 105) when one part, called the vexiilum, is wrapped around
the other petals, they being arranged face to face, as in the Papilionaceous flowers.

3. CONVOLUTE, also called contorted or twisted, (Fig. 106,) where each. piece is a8
' it were slightly twisted on its axis, so as to havecne margin interior and the other
exterior, successively overlapping each other, as in the petals of the Wall-flowez,
the lobas of the corolla of the Phiox, and the petals of Hypericum. aie

4. Pricarz or plaited, (Fig. 107,) where a monopetalous coro!le is thrown into _
plaits and folds, ag in the Slramonia, end the Campanuia. Inthe supernolute, the
plaits are twisted, as in the Morning Q@lcry.

221. In the VaLvuLAR mode of estivation, the sepals
and petals are disposed in a true circle, and their edges are
consequently brought into contact in the bud without over-
lapping; its several varieties have received the following
Names : a + as

THE FRUIT. fai

rae er iat oc Lg cn i

1. Vatvatx (Fig. 108,) as in the Mallow tribe and Umbelifere.

2, Inpupmcate (Fig. 109,) this is a modification of the valvate, when the margins
are bent abruptly inwards, and the external face of these applied without any
twisting, as in the sepals of fee

3. InvotuTE (Fig. 110,) when the margins are rolled inwards until they meet, as
in the petals of Lysamachia.

4. Repvuriicats (Fig. 111,) when the edges are turned outwards instead of in-
wards, as in the Potato.

922. Lhe sestivation of the two sets of floral pavalones,
frequently varies inthe same plant. ‘Thus in Malvaces, the
sestivation of the calyx is valvate, that of the corolla contorted.
In the Morning Glory and the W allfiower, the calyx is im-
bricated, the corolla contorted. In the Cistacese, the calyx
and corolla are both twisted, but in opposite directions,

THE (FRUIT.

223. The fruit is composed of the ovary and its contents,
arrived at maturity, and is the provision made by nature For
the reproduction “of the species, so that it may be justly
styled ‘ the termination of the old plant, and the beginn:! ing
of the new.” The fruit is therefore the most eek Je
of the plant, its perfection being the ultimate obj ae and ain
“of the whole vegetable or ganization. Although it dees not
possess the beauty of form and various tints of color of the
flower; yet, besides its peculiar office of perpetuating vegeta-
bie life, it affords one oi the principal means of subsistence
tothe animal kingdom.

224. Sometimes it is dry and membranaceous, crusta-
ceous, ang even woody, or clse gradually changing to fleshy,
pulpy; or juicy masses, but these are sometimes made up of

é other organs, such es an adherent calyx, which, in the
App ple and Pear, becoming greatly thickened and fleshy,
forms the principal bulk of the fruit. Sometimes the mass
is made up of other organs, as in the Strawberry, in which
the pulp is an enveloped and fleshy receptacle, bearing the
numerous seeds upon its surface. The Pine-apple is composed
of a whole head or spike of flowers, with their bracts and re-
eeptacle all consolidated into a solid mass. The Fig bears
its seed in a very singular manner, enclosed in a fleshy recep-
tacle which is hollow and nearly closed at the top, resembling
® curved cone in form. |

225. The fruit consists of two parts, the covering called

the pericarp (peri around, _karpos fruit,) or seed vessel, and
the seeds. 7 ee ows

72 _PERICARP.
PERICARP.

226. ‘The. pericarp consists of three different dvi the
epicarp, the outer integument or skin; the endocarp, or shell,
and the sarcocarp, the intermediate fleshy or pulpy mass.
Thus, 1 in the Peach, Plumb, and Cherry, the outer skin is the
epicarp, the hard shell which contains the seed is the endocarp,
and the pulpy, fleshy mass between the two, the sarcocarp.

227. The fruit, when mature, often remains closed, as in
the Acorn, Apple, Grape, &c., when it is said to be indehiscent.
In other cases it seperates ‘wholly or partially into several
pieces, and discharges the seed, when it is said to be dehiscent.

228. Regular dehiscence always takes place in a vertical
direction, by the opening of one or both sutures, or by the
disunion of confluent parts. The pieces into which a distinct
pericarp separates, are called its valves. The several varieties
of dehiscence have received the following names:

112. 113. 114.

LY aie

1, Locuticiwat (Fig. 112,) when the pericarp bursts vertically, the dorsal suture
opening directly into the cell, the parietal placentz in this case being borne direct —
ly in the middle of each valve, as in the Lily and Rockrose (Helianthamum).

2. SepticipaL (Fig. 118,) when the pericarp opens longitudinally through the
dissepiments, the placente occupying the margins of the valves, as in the Mallews.

3. SEPTIFRAGAL (Fig. 114,) when the dessepiments remain coherentto the axis,

"and separate from the valves. as in the Morning Glory.

4, The pericarp may also open at one or both sutures of a single saililie when it
is called sutural, as in the Pea; or it may be porous at the apex, as in the Chick-
weed, Tobacco, and Primrose; and occasionally by mere points or pores, es in the
Poppy.

229. An irregular dehiscence, called ci ‘roumscissile, occurs
in such fruits where the pericarp divides transversely, so that
the upper part falls off like a Zid, as in the Verbena, Plantain,

and Purslane. ‘
230. The pericarp is of various forms, which have been

PERICARP. ™ , ~- 73

studied by Botanists with great attention, and minutely
classified. The principal varieties are the following:

1. CapsuLe (Casket, Figs. 115, 116, 117,) is a general
term for all dry and dehiscent fruits resulting from a com-
_ pound ovary, opening at the sides, or top, by valves, as in
the Hypericum, or bursting irregularly, as in Lobelia, or
shedding the seeds through chinks or pores, asin the Poppy.

It may be 1-celled, asin the Hippuris (Fig. 115) ; 2-celled,
as in the Tobacco (Tig. 116); 4-celled, as in the Polomonium
and Phlox; 3-celled, as in the Epilobium; 90-celled, as in
the Flax; and 6-celled, as in the Wild Ginger, (Asarum
Canadense).

115. 116. o ily.

2. A Foxicis (Fig. 117,) is a fruit formed of a single
earpel, with one valve and one cell, opening by.a sutural
- dehiscence on the inner side, and leaving the seeds at the base
or along the suture, as in the Larkspur, Columbine, and
Peony. ; |

3. Leaume or Pop (Fig. 118,) is a fruit formed of a
‘single carpel and dehiscent by both the dorsal and ventral
suture, So as to separate into two valves, having its seeds at-
tached te the margin of each valve alternately, as in the Pea,
Locust, and Plants of the Natural Order Leguminos», gener-
ally. |
_ 4. Lement or LOMENTACEOUS LEGUME, where the legume
is divided into two or more one-sided joints, and falling to
pieces at maturity, as in the Desmodium. )

3. SILIQUE (pod, Fig. 119,) is a long, narrow pericarp
of two valves, divided into two cells by a false dissepiment,
“formed by the extended placentse, to the edges of which the
seeds are attached, alternately, with its opposite sides, as in
the Mustard, Wallflower, and Cabbage. This constitutes
_ the 2nd Order, called Stliguosa, of the Linnaen class Tetra-
dynamia. — yee : = nes

— ae ee ee ee ae eae ee eee ee 8 ee ee ee, es ore ey ove ee. ee Soy

74 | ~~ PERICARP.
_ 6. SrurenE (a little pod,) differs from the Silique in be-
‘ing shorter, and nearly oval, as in the Pepper Grass, and
Shepherd’s purse (Capsella). On this distinction is founded
the first order Siliculosa, of the Linnaen class Tetradynamia. -

118. Ve id ge a

~

- %. A Drops or stone fruit (Fig. 120,) isa one-celled, one
. or two-seeded simple fruit, indehiscent, with a hard and long
endocarp, covered with the fleshy sarcocarp, which is also
covered with the epicarp, as in the Peach, Plum, and Cherry.
This name, though strictly applicable only to fruits of this
kind, is extended to all fruits of similar texture resulting from
a compound ovary, as in the Walnut, and even to those of
‘several bony cells enclosed in pulp, as in the Buck-thorn ;
the latter, however, are generally called drupaceous.

8. A Nuris a hard, indehiscent fruit, produced from an
ovary of two or more cells, with one or more ovules in each,
all but a single ovule and cell having disappeared during its

“growth. It differs from the drupe in being seated in a kind>
of persistent involucre called a cupule, as in the Chestnut, Oak,
Hazle, and Beach. 3
9. AnAcHentuM (Fig. 121,)is a small, dry, indehiscent,
-*one-seeded pericarp, as in the Ranunculus. It is sometimes
terminated by a plumose and persistent style, in the form of
a feathery tail, as in the Amemone and Clematis. In the .
Rose, the achenium are seated on the hollow expansion of the
receptacle, while in the Strawberry they are seated on the
surface of the pulpy receptacle. In the Blackberry and
Raspberry, the achenium are changed to little drupes. The
name achenium is also applied to all similar one-seeded fruits
resulting from a one-celled ovary, formed of more than one

- 3 PERICARP. 78

ac neg See ee
carpel, and invested by the calyx-tube, as in the Composite
or Syngenesious plants. bade
10. A Cremocarp (Fig. 122,) consists of a pair of ache-
nia placed face to face, and invested by the calyx-tube, which
when ripe separate from each other, or from a central axis,
‘ealled the carpophore, as in the Umbelliferze to which the
name is restricted. ach separate or half fruit, or carpel is
ealled a hemicarp or mericarp, and its inner face the commis-
sure.

a 122.

11. A Caryopsts is a thin, membranaceous, one-celled
pericarp, inseparable from the seed which it encloses, as in
Wheat, Indian Corn, and most Grasses.

12. A UvrRicLe is a caryopsis which does not adhere to
the seed, as in the Chenopodium. 5

13. A Samara (Fig. 128,) is a nut or achenium with a
winged apex or margin, as in the Birch, Elm, and Maple.

14. A Pyxrpium or Pyxis (box), is a capsule which de
hisces transversely, so as to appear like a little cup with a lid,
as in the Plantain, Purslane, and Bartonia.

15. A Berry is an indehiscent, fleshy or pulpy fruit,
containing the seeds loosely within, as in the Grape, Goose-
berry, and Currant. A Thesperidium or Orange is merely a
berry with a leathery rind.

16. A Pome (Apple, Fig. 124,) is a fruit composed of
two or more cartaleginous or long carpels, which enclose the
seeds more or less enveloped in the pulpy expansion of the
receptacle or disk, and the whole invested by the succulent

tube of the calyx, asin the Apple, Pear, and Quince. __

17. A PeEpo (gourd,) is an indehiscent, fleshy, or inter-
nally pulpy fruit, usually composed of three carpels, invested ~
by the calyx, and a firm rind, as in the Cucumber, Melon,

. andGourd, 3 E

76 ——

18. A SrrosiLe or Cone (Fig. 125,) is an aggregated
fruit, consisting of scale-like carpels spread open, each bear-
ing one or more naked seeds, as in the Fir tribe (Coniferee).

The cones of the Tulip, Poplar (Liriodendron,) are, however,
entirely different, consisting of numerous aggregated carpels
of a single flower, attenuated at the apex into a scale, crowded
on the elongated receptacle. EE

124. Bae

231. ANTHO-cARPOUS fruits, are those multiplex or col-
lective fruits which result from the combination of several
flowers into an aggregated body or mass, as in the Pine. Ap-
ple and Mulberry. The Fig results from a multitude of
fiowers concealed in a hollow receptacle or flower-stalk, which
becomes pulpy and edible. Thus the fruit seems to grow
directly from the branch without being preceded by a flower.
In the Mitchella, and some species of Lonicera, the ovaries.
of two flowers are uniformly united, so as to form a double
berry... | mee

SHED.

232. The seed is the matured ovule, containing the rudi-
ments of anew plant, similar in every respect to the original.
It consists of a nucleus usually enclosed within two integu-

“ments.

233. The INTEGUMENTS or external coverings, consist
of several membranes, to which appropriate names have been
applied. The first or outer membrane is called the festa, or
episperm. It varies greatly in texture; sometimes it is mem-
branaceous. (papery,) coriaceous (leathery,) bony, fleshy, or
woody. Its surface is generally smooth, sometimes beautifully
polished, as in the Indian Shot (Canna) or Columbine, and
often highly colored, as in varieties of the Bean, &c. It is

: SEED. 77

=
sometimes expanded into wings, as in the Catalpaand Trumpet
flower, which renders the seeds buoyant, and facilitates their
dispersion by the wind. The testa is sometimes provided
with a tuft of hairs at one end called the coma, as in the
-Epilobium, Asclepias, and Apocynum. In the seeds of the
Cotton plant the whole testa is covered with wool.

The inner integument, corresponding to or resulting from
the secundine of the ovule, -is called the teymen.. Although
often very obvious, it is sometimes undistinguishavle, or en-
tirely wanting. :

254. Seeds are sometimes furnished with a complete or
partial covering, exterior to the proper in ees, arising

from an expansion of the apex to the seed-stalk or FUNICULUS,
(or from the placentz itself when the funiculus is wasting)
ealled -the aril. It forms a complete pulpy envelope
Jaonymus and Celastrus, or a mere scale on the one side of
the seed in Fumaria, and a tough gashed covering called
mace in the N utmeg. _

235. The hi/um or scar is that point or mark left on the
coats of the seed, by its separation from thefuniculus. Itis
commonly called the eye, as is seen in the Pea, Bean, &c.

256. The Nucoteus,, or ernel, consists of the albumen
(when it is present in the seed,) and the embryo.

237: The ALBUMEN consists chiefly of starch. It con-
stitutes the chief bulk of some seeds, as Corn, W heat, Bye,
&c., and serves to nourish the embryo in its latent state. _It
is farinacesus or mealy in all the grasses, especially in the.
grains used for food. Cornaceous, or bony, | in Leontice, Coffee,
&E. ; 3 oily in the Poppy and Flax; and fleshy in the greater
number of seeds. ‘The albumen not being an esse atial part
is Sometimes entirely wanting, as in the Pea, Bean, &c.

238. The Empryo is the initial plant or new individual,
nae is the most important part of the seed; to its erowth
and pro‘ection all the other parts are made subser vient.

239. The embryo possesses In a rudimentary or unde-
veloped state, all the essential organs of vegetation, such as
root, stem, and leaves. In some “seeds these several parts are
distinctly visible, as in the Linden, Bean, and Convolvulus.
The embryo is divided into three = ts, the Fadicle, Plumule,
and Cotyledons.

240. The Rapicie (Fig. 126, a.) is the lower Baa or
ddedaantc portion, —— to form the root:

G* : :

241. The PLumMuLE (Fig. 126, b.) is the terminal bud,

or ascending part of the embryo. se
242. The CoryitEepons (Fig. 126, c.) are the two lobes,
or rudiments of the first pair of leaves, usually called seed

- leaves. They are very conspicuous in some plants, such as

the Bean, Squash, Cucumber, &c. |
243. The number of cotyledons is variable; and in this
difference is founded one of the most importaut distinctions
of the first Grand Division of the Vegetable Kingdom called
Phezenagamia or Flowering Plants.. | sf

126. 127.

eo]

244. Dicorynepons (Fig. 126,) are those plants which

bear seeds with two or more Cotyledons. They are also called
iixogens, (outside growers,) because the stem increases by
external accretions, and beais-reticulate-veined leaves.

245. Dicotyledonous Plants constitute the first class of
the Natural System, which embraces all the forest trees, and
a greater part of the herbaceous plants of the Northern Uni-

‘ted States. : |

246. Monocoryntepons (Fig. 127,) are those plants

whose seeds have but one cotyledon. They are likewise called

Endogens (inside growers,) because their stems increase by.
internal accretions; and bear parallel-veined leaves, as the
Lily, Indian Corn, Palms and Grasses. Monocotyledonous
Plants compose the second class of the Natural System.

247. In some very rare cases the embryo is destitute of
cotyledons; such plants are. called acotyledonous, as in the
Cuscuta.

te

Cs

” GERMINATION. Sead “79
GERMINATION.

- 248. Germination is the developement of the embryo.
from the seed, and its establishment as an independent indi-
vidual plant. : |

249. The conditions. requisite to germination are heat,
moisture, darkness, and a free communicatior with the air.
Heat is an essential agent in all vital action, whether it be
in the sprouting of a seed, or the hatching of an ege. The
degree of heat necessary to excite the latent vitality is nearly

‘uniform in the same species, but widely different in different

plants, while some seeds germinate at a very low temperature,
such as the common Chickweed, the seeds of many tropical
plants require a heat of 90 to 100 degrees, and those of tem-
perate climates from 50 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit.

250. Darkness is favorable to germination, from the cir-
cumstance that during its process a destruction of a portion
of organized matter takes place, and carbonic acid is evolved.
The reason why light on the contrary impedes germination,
becomes evident when we remember that it incites the decom-
position of carbonic acid, and the fixation of carbon by the
plant; which would, therefore, tend to increase the quantity
of carbon rather than to diminish it.

251. Air is necessary in germination, because the oxygen
contained in it, together with the water absorbed from the
soil, produce a chemical change in the starch contained in the

albumen, or cotyledons, dissolving it, a portion of which is

decomposed and converted into carbonic acid and water with
the evolution of heat, while the remainder is generally brought
into the more soluble form. of dextrine sugar, &c., for the
nourishment of the young plant.

252. When seeds are planted at too great a depth they
remain torpid, from not receiving the stimulus of air; and
when they have not a proper covering of earth, they do not
germinate, from not obtaining an equal and sufficient degree
of moisture. | 3
_ 253. Water is also: necessary to. soften the different parts.
of the seed, bring them into a fit state to be absorbed by the
embryo, and convey in solution nutritive particles from other
sources. It also by its decomposition affords two. of the most
important ingredients of vegetuble bodies. The water which
is slowly absorbed swells the cotyledons, the inclosing embryo
bursts its envelopes, the radicle protrudes, and taking a

80 LONGEVITY AND DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS.

downward direction, fixes itself in the soil; while the saad
ding end elongates in the opposite direction to elevate the
lumule above the surface, when. the leaves expand in the air
and light. Its establishment as an independent. individual
plant, completes the cycle of vegetable life, and brings us
round to the point where we commenced its account.

LONGEVITY .OF SEEDS.

954. Seeds retain their vitality for per iods ranging hiek
in different species of plants, if placed in circumstances which
will neither cause them to germinate nor decay, such ag @
moderate temperature, with the absence of moisture: While
some seeds lose their vitality in a few months, others retain
it for centuries. Thus the seeds of Corn have been known —
to grdw when thirty years old, Rye forty, Kidney-Beans one
hundred, and grains of Wheat taken from at oe mummics
under circumstances of their high antiquity have been made
to germinate ; but in such cases there isa possibility of being
deceived. ' The following remarkable case, related by Dr.
Lindley, leaves but little room to doubt. ‘TI have before
me,’ says he ‘three plants of Raspberrics raised in the garden -
of the Horticultural Society, from sceds taken from. the
‘stomach of a man whose skeleton was found thirty feet be-
low the surface of the earth, at the bottom of a barrow which

was opened near Dorchester. He had been buried with some
coins of the Emperor Hadrian; and dt is therefore pre
that the seeds were sixteen or seventeen huxdrcd years old.” ae

DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS. ‘a toa
255. The dissemmination of seeds is a subject highly in- _
teresting to the student of nature, and at the same time illus-
trates the wisdom and design of the great Author of Nature. .
The air, winds, rivers, seas, and animals all assist more or
less in the dispersion of seeds. : |

Many s2eds of gres: and grains are provided with a stiff, hairy-like awn or beer.
BShis is somuch affected by moisture that it lengthens i in damp and shortens again
in dry weather. The under side is thickly set with short prickles inclining towards
the point of the long beard, like the teeth of a saw. When the seed is ripe it drops
from the ear and lies thickly strewed upon the ground around the bottom of the
stem. Were they all to take root in this situation they would choke each other,
and very few if any could come to perfection. The first damp that falls, however,
lengthens the awn, the next morning sun shortens it only in one direction, and by
this expanding and drying, its place is changed, and soon the seed is dragged away
from the foot of its parent stalk, . - -

Re,

ere =e - S - “ = : ; ;

CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Si

256. Seeds are also furnished with wings, as in the Maple, pappus, as in the
Thistle, and coma, as in the Epilobium, by means of which they are wafited by
winds to great distances across rivers, mountains, and even the ocean itself. Others
are provided with hooks, by which they lay hold of men and animals, and are thus
scattered far and wide. Some seeds are thrown to considerable distances by the
bursting of the elastic pericarp, a3 in the Impatiens and Oxalis.

257. Someseeds have been known to perform long yoyages withoutinjury. Thus
the seeds of the Mahogany tree, a native of the southern shores, have been found
on the coasts of Norway. The Cocoa nut when it falls into the arate does not sink,
but is floated to some distant shore, germinates, and becomes a lofty tree. A re-
markable provision for the dissemination of its seeds is found in the Rose of Jericho,
(Anastatica hierochuntina,) of Arabia and Palestine. It is generally found growing
on sandy wastes, about three or four inches high, with very small white flowers.
When the flowers decay they are succeeded by alittle pod, divided into two cells
~ each containing one or two seeds. When the seeds are ripe the leaves fail off, the
branches curl up, and all unite together forming a rounded ball, about the size of
man’s fist, which is torn from the earth and rolled by winds over the sandy plains,
until it reaches some moist spot, where it opens and parts with its seeds.

258. The most remarkable case is found in the Mangrove tree, (Rhizophora
Mangle) which inhabits the deep muddy shore of the vast rivers and seas of tropical
regions, and is even occasionally met with on the coasts of Florida and Louisiana.
Created thus to stand on a surface of mud in order to prevent its sinking, or the
winds from overthrowing it in an instant. The base ofits stem is divided into a

number of arching branches, or erial rcots, which spread out in all directions and —

dive into the mud at a considerable distance from the tree so as to secure it in its
place, like the moorings or fastenings ofa ship. Above this arch of xrial roots,
the trunk ofthe tree rises to the height of fifteen feet or more.

But how is the seed of the Mangrove to reach the solid bottom of the swamp,
that other trees may be produced? Ifit falls only on the surface of the mud, it
will be floated away by the current and borne to the ocean. If not swept away it
will rot on the stagnant surface of the mud. But means have been provided to
prevent both these evils. The embryo begins to germinate while the pod is yet at-
tached to the parent branch; the radicle or root end of the embryo elongates into
club-like mass of wood about fourteen inches long, pointed at the end and almost
as heavy 2asiron. This continues to grow suspended from the lower side of the
branch until the stalk of the seed vessel can no longer bear its weight; then by a
singular contrivance the stalk separates from the branch without injury to the
embryo.. The club thus loosened with its point downwards, and the embryo at the
top, falls with the swiftness of an arrow; it pierees through the mud until it reaches
the solid bottom. Here it becomes fixed and the new plant in due time rises
abore the surface of the mud to establish itself by degrees like its paront tree.

CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

259. Having traced the physiological structure of the Phe-
nogamia or Flowering Plants through the successive stages from
their first developement from the seed, until we have arrived
at that point in the cycle of vegetable existence where we
commenced, and haying assumed them as ; the exponents of

82 _ACROGENS.

the general _ of vegetablés, we shall now briefly ‘eonaitter
the series of simplifications of the plan assumed, which oceur
in the Cryptogamia. In framing our brief account in accord-
ance with this view, we shall commence with the highest
grade, and trace the progress of simplification downwards.

The lower orders of Flowering Plants exhibit the greatest
simplification compatible with the existence of proper flowers,
as we approach the confines of the Phanogamia. In the
Coniferze and Cycadaceous plants the staminate flowers are ~

often reduced to asingle anther, and the pistilate are uniform- __

ly reduced to one or more ovules, borne on an open earpella-
ry leaf, which answers to the pistils, and therefore receiving
the influence of the pollen in the most direct manner. These
are accordingly placed at the very close of the Exogens. —

260.- The next step in the descending series, brings us to an
order of plants of comparatively recent discovery, which in all
probability forms the connecting link between the Flowering
and F'lowerless plants, containing a part of the characteristics
ofeach. ‘They possess a cellular structure, developing flowers
immediately trom the root while the ovary is filled with spores
instead of seeds, hence they are called Sporogens or Rhizanths.
The Rafflesia Arnoldii is an example.

261. The Cryptogamia are divided into three great Classes,
called Acrogens, Anophytes and Thallophytes.

ACROGENS.

269. AcRoGENS (from akros the summit or potnt,) havea
regular stem or axis which grows by the extension of the point
or apex only without increasing at all in diameter, generally
furnished with leaves and composed of woody and vascular
tissue. They embrace the following regular descending se-
ries of orders, called HquispTackm®, FELICES, (with three sub-
orders Polypodinece, Osmundinece and Ophyo glossece,) Lyco-

‘PODIACE®, and IlyDROPTERIDES (with two sub-orders, Mar-

silece and Salvinece).

263. The Order HQUISETACEm (Horsetail Family,) has
been placed at the head of the series on account of the resemb-
lance which the organs of vegetation and the spikes of fructi-

fication bear to many Coniferze. Hquisetum, (Fig. 128,) ex-

hibits hollow jointed stems, either simple or bearing whorled
branches, and having the joints furnished with a toothed
sheath instead of leaves. The fructification is 2 cone or apike |

ACROGENS. ik — 88

consisting of peltate scales which are attached around the axis,
(Fig. 128, a.) each with several thecee attached to its lower

surface, longitudinally dehiscent. Spores numerous, with four

elastic club-shaped bodies ee unknown use, called lates)
wrapped around them.

128. 129.

Fig. 128. Summit of the stem of Equisetum sylvaticum ; a, part of the axis of
the cone of fructification; b, some of the frvit bearing organs, magnified; c, a
separate theca, more macnified.

Fig. 129. - Poly; odium vulg gare; @, a division (pinna) of Schizea pusilla, showing

the sessile sporangia occupying its lower surface; 0, one of the i ook more
magnified.

264. The large Order Frniczs (Ferns, Fig. 129,)is remark.
able for bearing the fructification upon the leaves, or as they
are technically termed rronps. ‘The fronds usually rise from
subterranean root-stalks, separately rolled up, or circinate in
thetbud in a spiral form, and bearing the SPORANGIA upon
the back or lower surface of the fronds, in the form of dots,
which open in various ways and discharge the numerous min-
ute spores.

265. The Order Lveovopracua( Club: moss Family,) con-
sists of plants such as the C/ub-moss and: Ground Pine, (Vig.
130 ») with creeping or leafy stems, mostly branching. The fruit
consists of sessile thecee in the axils of the leaves, sometimes
all collected at the summit under leayes which are changed

eee eae ee ee

re

84 | -ANOPHYTES.

into bracts, and crowded into a kind of ament, 1 to 3 celled,
dehiscent, containing either minute grains, appearing like fine

| powder, or a few rather large sporules; both kinds being

often found in the same plant. | ye Nee 9
266. The Order HYDROPTERIDES consists of aquatic cryp-
togamous plants of diverse habits, with the fructification borne
at the bases of the leaves, or on submerged branches, consisting
of two kinds of organs, of dubious nature, contained in inde-
hiscent, or irregularly bursting involuecres, (sporocarps).

ANOPHYTES.

267. ANOPHYTES. Vegetables composed of parenchyma
alone, with acrogenous growth, usually with distinct foliage,
sometimes the stem and foliage is confluent into.a frond.
They embrace the following orders: Muscr and Hepaticresz,
(with four sub-orders Ricciaceee, Anthocerotee, Merchantiacee
and Jungermanniacee. ) ’ |

130. 131.

Fig. 130. Lycopodium,-nearly of the natural size; a, a leaf from the spike of
fructification, with the sporecases in its axils, and spores falling out; b, a group of
four spores magnified ; -c, the same separated. ;

Fig. 131. A Moss (Polytrichium) of the natural size; a, a magnified theca, from
which the lid or operculem, b, has been removed, showing the peristome; ¢, a por-
tion of the outer and inner peristome highly magnified.

‘

THALLOPHYTES. 85

268. The Order Musci (Mosses, Fig 131,) consist3 of low
tufted plants, always with a stem and distinct (sessile) leaves,
producing sporecases which mostly open by a terminal lid,
and contain simple speres alone. * . |

269. The Order Heparica (Liverworts, Fig. 132,) con-
sists of frondose or Moss-like plants, of a loose cellular texture,
usually procumbent, and emitting rootlets from beneath ; the
calyptra not separating from the base, but usually rupturing
at the apex; the capsule not opening by a lid, containing
spores, usually mixed with elaters which consist of thin thread-
like cells, containing one or two spiral fibres, uncoiling elasti-

eally at maturity.

| THALLOPHYTES.

270. Vegetables composed of parenchyma alone, or of con-
geries of cells or even of separate cells, often vaguely combined

in a thallus, never exhibiting a marked distinction into root,
stem, and foliage, or into axis and leaves. Fructification of

the most simple kinds consisting of sporules or sporidia.
133.

132.

GZ.

y
Sf

iS ake “jak

‘SoG
— Ay

N
a
\

Fig. 13°. Fruit-stalk, with a portion of the foliage of Jungermannia, magnified
to show its entire cellu’ar structure: a, one of the tubular spirally-marked c lis
from the fruit; 6, the sp:ral threads which result from .t3d sruptior. ~~ — :

Fig. 13°. a.astone upon which a L’chen (Permellia consp rsa) is growing; 8.
Cladon‘acoccinnea, bcar:ng its fructificat.on in tounded red masses on the edges of

& raised cup.

271. The Order LicuEenes (Lichens, Fig. 133,) form the
highest grade of this lower series. They consist of flat expan-
sions, which are rather crustaceous than fuliaceous, growing
on the bark of trees, on the surface of rocks, and on the
ground, to which they cling by their lower surface.. The

co

86. : THALLOPHYTES.

fructification is in cups, | or shields ‘(APOTHECTA) resting on
the surface of the thallus, or more or less immersed in its»
substance, or else i in powdery spots scattered over the surface. :

134. . shee. 185.

Fig. 134. Agaricus Micon tied Edible Mushroom in its various stages; a, Asel,
from the interior of Spheria rosella, containing sporules highly magnified. Fig.

a as Mould (Pennicillum glaucum); }, Bread-mould (Mucor); both highly anne:
nifi %,

272. The Order Funct (Mushrooms, Moulds &c., Fig.
133, 184,) consists of parasitic flowerless plants, either living
upon and drawing their nourishment from living, though mor 3
commonly from languishing, plants and animals, or ‘else ap-
propriate the organized matter of dead and decaying animal
-and vegetable bodies. Rust, Smut and Mildew, (Fig. 135,)
are examples of the former, and Mushrooms, Puffballs, &c.,
of the latter. Funzi (Hig. 184,) are entirely. destitute of
| foliage and grecn matter, (chlorophyll,) which appears to be
essential tothe formation of organic out of inorganic matter,

273. The Order Craracks (Chara Family,) consists of a
few aquatic plants, which have all the simplicity of the lower
Algee, in ceilular structure, being composed of simple tubular
cells, placed end to end, and often with a set of smaller tubes
applied to the surface of the main one. Their fructification 8
consists of two kinds of bodies (shown in Fig. 136,) of which ~
the smaller is problably a mass of antheridee, of curious
structure, while the upper and larger is a sporocarp formed
of a budding cluster of leaves, wrapped around a nucleus
which is a spore or sporangium. :

274. The next vast Order or rather class, ALGA, _—
mostly of aquatic plants. Although they rise to forms more
simultating the higher grades of vegetation, and therefore —

THALLOPHYTES. ork 87

should have been placed before the Fungi, yet, as they de-
-scend to the very lowest points of the scale, they haye been:
‘placed the last in the series. | :

136. re. AB

Fig. 186. Branch of the common Chara, nearly the natural size; a, a portion
maguified, showing the lateral tubes inclosing a central one; also aspore, invested
by a set of tubes twisted spirally around it, and with an antheridium borne at its
base; b, a portion of the lateral tubes more highly magnified. .

Fig.137. a, summit of the frond of Fucus vesiculosus; b, one of the contained
globules; c, spores and jointed filaments of which the globules are composed; d,
Gonium glaucum, of Ehrenberg, who thinks it a congeries of animalcules, while it
is described as an Alge by Meyen; e, Euastrum. Crux-Melitensis; 7, Meridion cir-
eulare; g, Echinella flabellata, perhaps a group of animailcules.

275. The highest forms of the Algse are the proper Sea-
weeds, “‘some of which have stems of enormous lengths, and
fronds that rival in expansion the leaves of the Palm.’
“Others again are so minute as to be invisible, except in
masses, to the naked eye.’’ From those we descend by suc-
cessive gradations to simple or branching cells placed end to
end, such as the green Confervus of our ponds, and many

_ marine forms, in which the organs of vegetation and fructi-.

fication become at iength perfectly identical, both reduced
to mere cells, and finally as the lowest term of possible vege-
tation we have the plant reduced toa single cell, containing
granular matter which gives rise to new ones, each of which
at the destruction of its mother cell becomes an independent
minium plant, and repeats in turn the same process.”

276. ‘The lowest group of the Algz, called Diatomaca,
presents peculiarities of the most striking resemblance to
those of animals, so that they are claimed at the same time

by the Zoologist as well as the Botanist. We see not how

they are to be separated from the vegetuble kingdom, espe-

88 FOOD AND NUTRITION OF PLANTS.

ely if they evolve oxygen gas as they are said to do. But,
wherever the line be drawn, in reaching the borders of tk
vegetable kingdom, we make the closest possible approach
to the lowest confines of the animal creation!”

FOOD AND NUTRITION OF PLANTS.

277. The essential and ultimate constituents of plants are
Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. These elements
are always present in plants, and produce by their union the
various proximate principles of which they consist. They are
indispensable to vegetation, and compose at least from eigh-
tyeight to ninety-nine per cent. of every vegetable substance.

278. Curdon (fam ‘lizr:y known a3 chircoal )°s an elementary substance ea lowed
with a considerable range of affinity. W.th oxygen it unites in two proportions,
forming carbonic acid and carbonic oxide. Carton enters so largely into the com-
position of plants, that it retains the exact form and texture cf the wood, after
the other ingredients have been expelled by heat. Its proportion is from 40 to 60
per cent.

219. Hydrogen is a very important constituent of vegetable ma‘tey.. It pos:e ses
a special affinity for oxygen, with which it unites and forms water. The whole
phenomena of the decay cf organized matter depends upon the exerc’se of this
affinity, and many of the processes engaged in the nutrition of plants originate in
the attempt to grat:fy it. Water is the most common comb:nation in which it is
presented; and it may b: separatc@ by various processes som the oxyg-n, witk
which it is united in this body.

280. Nitrogen is quite opposed in its chemical characteristics to the bodies just
described. Its principal characteristic is an indifference to all other substances.
and an apparent reluctance to enter into combination with them. When forced
by peculiar circumstances to do so, it seems to remain in the combination by a
ats inertie ; and very slight forces effect the disunion of these feeble compounds.

Yet nitrogen is an invariable constituent of plants, and during the:r life is sub-
gect to the control of the vital powers, But when the mysterious principle of life
has ceased to exercise its influence, this element resumes its chemical character,
and materially assists the decay of vegetable matter by escaping from the com-
pounds of which it formed a constituent. 2

281. Oxygen, the only remaining constituent of organic matter, is the mos¢
generally diffused substance on the surface of the earth; for, besides constituting
the principal part of the atmosphere which surrounds us, it is a component of
almost all the earths and minerals found on its surface. It is slightly soluble in
water, and hence it is usually found dissoived in rain and snow, as well as in the
water of running streame. .

282. Such are the principal characters of the elements which compose organic
matter. Besides these four universal elements, many other substances;earthy and —
mineral, are found in quantities greater or less in different species. Thus, forest
trees and most inland plants yield potagsa; marine plants, soda, iodine, &c.; the
Grasses, silex and phosphate of lime; Rhubarb and Sorrel, oxalate of lime ; Legumi-
nous plants, carbonate of lime. These substances form the ashes which are left on.
burning a leaf or a piece of wood.

_ 288. These four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,

‘FOOD A AND. NUTRITION. oF "PLANTS. 89

wads oxygen, must be furnished by fap food upon which the
vegetable lives, and must be obtained from sources without.
These sources are obviously air, earth and water.

284.. The composition of the atmosphere has been carefully examined by many
chemists, and the result of their researches has shown, that its principal constitu-
ants are always present in the same proportion. One hundred parts by weight, of
atmospheric air, contain 23.1 parts of oxygen, and 7€.9 parts of nitrogen ; or 100
volumes of air contain nearly 21 volumcs of oxygen gas.

285. Although oxygen and nitrogen are the principal constituants of the at-
mosphere, they are not the only substances feundin it. Watery vapor, carbonie
acid, and ammonia, materially modify its properties. The former of these falls
upon the earth as rain, and brings with it whatever soluble matter it meets in its
passage through the atmosphere. Carbonic acid is contained by the atmosphere
in the proportion of 1 to 1000, diffused throughout the whole extent; and as this —
gas is the principal food of plants, (for it contains 27 per cent. of carbon), it may ke
demonstrated that the whole atmosphere contains at least 3306 billion pounds,
besides the vast quantity derived from other sources, such as the combustion and
decay of organic matter. It is likewise discharged in immense quantities from the
active volcanoes of South America, and mineral springs which abound in various
parts of Europe—affording an amount fully adequate to the vast and ceaseless
Grain made upon it by the vegetable kingdom.

286. Ammonia—which is generated in the atmosphere, during thunder stormg,-
by the flashes of the electric fluid, and likewise arises from the decomyosition of
organic matter—is composed of 100 volumes of nitrogen united with 300 volumes
of hydrogen. In its gaseous form it is capable of entering into combination with
carbonic acid and forming a volatile salt. Ammonia in ail its volatile compounds
as well as its gascous form, isof extreme solubility in water. Itcan not, therefore,
long remain in the atmosphere, as every shower of rain must condense it, and con-
yey it to the surface of the earth. Hence rain-water must at all times contain
more or less ammonia. The rain of a thunder storm, after a long-protracted
drought, ought for this reason to contain the greatest quantity which is conveyed
to the earth at one time, which accounts for the luxuriant growth of plants imme-
diately after a thunder shower.

287. Sil consists of two classes of materials; namely, mincraland organic. The
former, called earth, consists of disintegrated and decomposed rocks, containing
potassa, soda, silica, Jime, &c., all of which are more or less soluble in water, and
enter into the composition of plants. The organic materials consist of the remains
of former tribes of animals and vegetables, mingled with the carth, which, after
having access to the air are decomposed, evolving carbonic acid and ammonia both
to the air and the water. .

288. Virgin soil in the form of vegetable mould or humus, appears to play such
an important part in the phenomena of vegetation, that vegetable physiologists
have been induced to ascribe the fertility of every scil to its presence. It being the
product of the decay of vegetable matter, must, therefore, contain many of the
constituents whieh are found in plants during their life.

289. Water The remaining source of vegetable food, is composed of oxygen and
hydrogen, nearly in the proportion of 8 tol; or, 100 parts of pure water consists of
88.9 parts of oxygen and 11.1 of hydrogen. Water, besides supplying these two
“essential elements, serves another important office, that of conveying to the reots
the requisite supply of nitrogen, either separately or in the form of ammonia, and
of carbon in the form of carbonic acid, as well as various mineral substances *§ which
PES ine a! after percolating through the soil.

90 FOOD AND NUTRITION OF PLANTS.

290. While most plants are dependent on water, earth,
and air, for their nourishment, absorbed by the roots and
leaves, yet, the essential elements, the whole proper food of
plants, may be absorbed by the leaves directly from the air,
as’ in the state of gas or vapor. A vigorous branch of the
common Live-for-ever (Sedum telphinem,) or of many such
plants, will live and grow for a whole summer when pinned
to a dry, bare wall; and the Epiphytes, or Air-plants must
derive their whole sustenance immediately from the air; for
they have no communication with the ground. Although
leaves in some cases absorb nourishment directly from the
air, as a general thing, their peculiar office is something quite
different.

291. The aqueous vapor, condensed into rain or dew, and
bringing with it to the ground a portion of carbonic acid, and
nitrogen or ammonia &c., supplies the appropriate food of
the plant to the rootlets. Imbibed by these, it is conveyed
through the stem and into the leaves, where the now super-
fluous water is restored to the atmosphere by exhalation,
while the residue is converted into the propcr nourishment
and substance of the vegetable.

292. After all these materials have bcen supplied to the. —
plant, still two other agents are requisite, without which the
great work of .egetation can not proceed. These life-giving
principles are light and heat, both of which cmenate in floods
from the sun. Under ae influence the raw material is
received into the vessels of the plant, and assimilated to ite
own substance.

293. Under the influence of light, the leaves imbibe ear-
bonic acid, decompose it, retain the carbon and return pure
oxygen to ‘the air. Next, chlorophyllis developed, clothing
the plant in living green. Meanwhile //qnen is produced,
the peculiar principle of tissue, whetlier cellular, vascular,
or woody, consisting of carbon with the exact elements of
water.

294. A portion of the plant’s food instead of being imme-
diately coaverted into new cells, new branches, &e., 1s accu-
mulated in an elaborated state for future use, in the fomn-elf
gum, mucilage, or dextrine, and is usually stored up in the
form of starch, either in the root, or in the subterranean por-
tion of the stem, or in the wood &c., as in the root of the
beet, tuber of the potato, and in the fruit of almost all planta

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY.

PART ITI.

995. Systematic Botany is the “ science -of arranging
plants in such a manner that their names may be ascertained,
their affinities determined, their true place in the natural
system fixed, their sensible properties judged of, and their
whole. history elucidated with certainty and accuracy.” All
botanists, whatever may be their views as to the mode and
order in which the mer-bers of the vegetable kingdom are to
be arranged, agree in dividing into Species, Genera, Orders,
and Classes.

296. A Specres, or particular sort, embraces all those
individuals, which, although they may differ slightly i In size
and color or such unimpor ‘tant respects, are identical in their
real characteristics, resembling each other more nearly than
they resemble any other plant, and produce from their seeda
other plants wholly resembling the parent. Individuals
from the same parent often bear flowers differing in color, or
fruit differing in flavor, or leaves differing in form, such ag
the different varieties of apples, which all belong to the ge-
nus Pyrus, species malus; such differences are called zarieties.
They are never permanent, but exhibit a constant tendency
to revert to their own original type.

297. A GENUSis an assemblage of nearly related species,
agreeing with each other in general structure and appearance
more closely than they accord with any different species.
Thus, the White Oak, Black Oak, Scarlet Oak, and others,
constitute the genus Quereus : the various species of Roses
compose the genus Rosa; so the different Poplars, Wil-
lows, Pines, &e., form so many separate genera. These

-

92 - SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. ne oa

enera are arranged into still higher, therefore fewer groups.

n the natural system these groups are formed by the union
of related genera, just as genera are formed by the union
of related-species and are called FAMILIES or ORDERS. Thus.
the Rose, Raspberry and Strawberry, with the Apple, Thorn,
Plum, Cherry, &c., all agreeing in their general plan of
structure are brought together into one order, or family, and |
called RosacEm, that is, rose-like plants. When certain
minor groups exist they are termed Suborders or Tribes.
Thus the Plum, Cherry, Peach, &c., form one suborder of
Rosaces ; the Raspberry, Strawberry, Cinquefoil, Rose, &c.,
constitute another suborder; and the Apple, Quince, Thorn,
&e., a third.

298. CLASSES are groups of orders having certain marked
characters in common, but in a higher point of view. These
in like manner with the other divisions are separated in SUB-
CLASSES.
~ 299. An enumeration of the points of difference, or marks
of distinction of any one of these groups, whether of higher
or lower order, is denominated its character. Thus the
character of a class describes only those important points of
structure on which it is founded ; that of orders notices the
general structure of the plants embraced in it, especially of
the fruits and flowers; the generic character, the particular
modification of: the ordinal character in a given genus; and
lastly, the specific character gives those of less importance,
of form, color, &e., which mark it as distinct from its kindred.

300. There are two independent and widely different
systems of classifying the genera, which have been followed ;
one the. Artificial founded by Linneeus, and at one time
almost universally followed by botanists; the other, the
Natural, originally sketched out by Jussieu. The former
has for its basis those characters which are derived from the
organs of fructification, leaving all the affinities out of view.
Its arrangement is truly ingenious and beautiful, and furnishes
perhaps the readiest mode of determining the names of plants
which has ever been devised, but this must be regarded ag
its principal use. The latter on the contrary is founded upon
all those natural affinities and resemblances of plants by which
the God of Nature has distinguished them into groups and
families. In acquiring a thorough knowledge of the vege-
table kingdom, the Natural System is not only the best, but

LINNZAN SYSTEM.- __. 93

most accurate method which can be relied upon for the pur-
pose. By the labors of De Candolle and Lindley in Europe,
and Drs. Torrey and Gray of our own country, the miscon-

ceptions and obscurity that formerly embarrassed the science
have been so far removed, that it is now brought within the
scope of the ordinary mind, and is shown to be founded in
true Philosophy.

aul. Yet the difficulty attending analysis by the Natural
System is too great to be successfully encountered by the
young studentin the science. On this account [ have thought
it best to arrange the genera under the Linnean classes and
orders, describe the most prominent characters of each, and
refer to the page where, and in what Natural Order, his
epecinien is to be found. a

LINNASAN SYSTEM.
302. By the Linnzean System the Vegetable Kingdom is

divided into twenty-four CLASSES, (twenty-one of which, are

now in generaluse). These are distinguished from each other
by the number, situation, connection, proportion, presence or
ce: of the stamens, so that the arrangement is founded
entirely on the flower of the plant.

303. The Classes are divided into ORDERS; these are
founded either on the number of styles or pistils, (in some
instances on the number of stamens,) situation of the fruit,

the kind of pericarps, or on some other circumstance which
will be explained in its proper place. The names of the

classes and orders are derived from the Greek, designating
their modifications and expressing their characters as follows :

CLASS 1. Mownanpnria, (monos, one, and andria, from aner, which is used meta-
phorically for stamens,) includes all such plants with one stamen
_ to the flower.
2. DiaAnprRiA, those with two stamens.
3. TRIANDRIA, those with three stamens.
4. TETRANDRIA, those with four stamens.
5. PENTRANDRIA, those with five stamens,
6. HexanpriA, those with six stamens.
7. Hepranpria, those with seven stamens.
8. OcTANpDRIA, those with eight stamens.
9. ENNEANDRIA, those with nine stamens.
_ © 10. DgcANDRIA, those with ten stamens.
_ & V1, DopzcanpriA, those with twelve to nineteen stamens.
“ 12. Icosanpria, those with more thon ten stamens inserted on the ealys
wee ie “E (perigynous).
_ © 18. Potyanpria, those with more than twenty stamens situated on the
— (hypogynous),

94 | -LINN@AN SYSTEM.

« 14, Dipynamts, those with two long and twoshortstamens.§
«© 15. TeTRADYNAMIA, those with four long and two short stamens. ie:
«© 16. MOoNODELPHIA, (a single fraternity) with the filaments united into : a

single set, tube, or column.

« 17. DiapeLpara, (two fraternities,) oe the aieeniepeed united into 1 itt
or parcels.

«& 18. PoLYDELPHIA, (many fraternities,) with the Slainentn alien in more

: than two sets or parcels.

« 19. SyYNGENESIA, (to grow together) with the anthers united into a ring or sib
tube.

« (20. GyYNANDRIA, (union of stamens and sglas) with the stamens and “a
consolidated.

« 21. Moneacta, (one house-hold) includes plants, where the stamens and pis- 4

tils are in separate flowers on the same plant.

‘22. Dracia, (two house-holds) where they occupy separate flowers on iter
ent individuals.

« 23.. PoLyGAmia, (many marriages) where the stamens and pistils are separate
in some flowers and_ united in others, either on the same or two or
three different plants.

«24. CryptoGAmia, (concealed stamens and pistils,) includes those genera of
plants where the stamens and pistils are wanting, or at least in-
visible, and embraces the Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, &c., which are
now called Cryptogamous, or Flowerless plants.

304. The Orders in the first thirteen classes of the Lin-
nan artificial system, depend on the number of styles, or
of the stigmas in the absence of styles; and are likewise
named by having Greek numerals prefixed to the word gynia,
used metaphorically for pistils, as follows.

ORDER 1. Monocynra, embraces all plants of any of the first thirteen eas.
with one style to the flower,
Digynia, those with two styles.
TRIGYNIA, those with three styles.
TETRAGYNIA, those with four styles.
PENTAGYNIA, those with five styles.
PeEXaGYNIA, those with six styles.
HepraGyniA, those with seven styles.
OcTAGYNIA, those with eight styles.
ENNEAGYNIA, those with nine styles.

~
nm
Seton py

«¢ 10. DeEcaAGyNIA, those with ten styles.
; « 1. Dopscagynis, those with eleyen or twelve styles. ii
« 12. Potye@ynia, those with more than twelve styles,

305. The Orders of the remaining classes are founded
upon characters not depending upon the number of styles, as
follows: The vale of Class 14, DIAS DAM ty are ‘only two,

namely :

1. GYMNOSPERMIA, (seeds naked) the ctncnha ties fruit appear like naked
#eeds. Sep ee
2. ANGIOSPERMIA, with the seeds evidently in a seed ‘voasel

THE NATURAL SYSTEM. =~ 95

The 15th Class is likewise divided into two orders which |
are distinguished by the form of the pod: :

1. SILicuLosa, bearing seeds in a silicle or short pod.
2. SiLIQuosa, fruit a silique or long pod.

The orders of the 16th Class Monodelphia, 17th Diadel-
phia, 18th Polydelphia, 20th Gynandria, 21st Monecia,
and 22d Diwcia, depend merely on the number of stamens ;
that is on the character of the first thirteen classes, whose
names they likewise bear; thus—

ORDER 1. Mownanpnia, is
‘© 2. DIANDRIA, and so on. 7

‘The orders of the 19th Class, Syngenesta, are six, figtiely?

1, PotyGamia AEQuUALI3, where the flowers are in heads (compound,) and
all perfect.
2 PotyGamia ScPERFLUA, the same as the last, except that the rays or
Marginal flowers of the head are pistillate only.

8. Potye@smra FRUSTRANEA, those with the righ say neutral, the others
perfect.

4, Potycamia Nec#ssaRta, where the marginal flowers are pistillate, and
fortile, and the central staminate and sterile.

5. PoLYGamMia SEGREGATA, where each fiower of the head hasitsown proper .
involucre.

6. Monocamia, when solitary flowers (not united into a head) have uni-
ted anihtrs, as in Lobelia. This order was abolished by succeed-
ing botanists, but upon insufficient grounds.

The 28rd Class Polygamia, has three orders, founded on
the characters of the two preceding classes, namely :

1. Mona@cra, when both separate, and perfect flowers are found in the
same individual.

2. Dia@c:s, when the different flowers occupy different individuals.
3. ‘Trr@cia, where one individual has the perfect, another the staminate,
and a third the pistillate flowers.
The orders of the 24th Class, Cryptogamia, are natural,
and therefore indefinable by a single character. They are,

i. Finis, the F Ferns,
2. Musci, the Mosses. -

: 3. ALGH, which as left by Linnzeus, comprised the Hepaticx, Licheng,
&e., as well as Seaweeds.
4. FwuneGi, Mushrooms, &c.

THE NATURAL SYSTEM, | ier

306. ‘The great object ‘of the Natural System is to ar-
range and bring together into groups such plants which most
nearly resemble each other, in all essential particulars, and

96 PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

to combine the subordinate groups into larger natural assem-
blages, and these into still more comprehensive divisions so
as to embrace the whole vegetable kimgdom within the limits
of a systematic arrangement.

307. Numerous systems have been devised, and propesed
by different authors, founded on the peculiar views of the
devisers. Some writers, as Jussieu, &c., commence their
exposition with the lowest order, and gradually ascend to the.
highest; whilst others, as De Candolle, Torrey and Gray,
&e., begin with the highest and most perfect organization,
and descend to the lowest or least organized. This system
has been adopted in the following pages, being the most
generally known and followed.

PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

308. The Vegetable Kingdom taken as a whole is pri-
marily divided into two great natural divisions, namely :
PHANCGAMIA or FLOWERING PLANTS, and CRYPTOGAMIA,
or FLOWERLESS PLANTs.

309. The PH@NocAMIA,

1. Cnsist of avrezular axis of growth with leafy appen-
dages.

2. They possess a wiody and vascular struciure.

3. They produce flowers, essentially wtth stamens and
pistils, and—

4. They produce seeds.

310. The Cryprocamia,

1. Are destitute of a regular axis of growth and of true
leaves.

2. They gencrally possess a cellular structure only.

3. They do not develope fiowers, and—

4. They produce spores insiead of seeds.

811. “The Phzenogamia are again naturally divided into
two sub-divisions, depending upon their manner of growth,
termed ExoGENs and ERROREND whose leading distinctions
are as follows :

CuassI. Exocens—

1. Stems increasing by external accretions.

2, Leaves usually articulated with the branches, and having
riticulatel ven’.

3. Emiryo with two cr more cotyledons, or dycotyledonous.

Z.

PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 97

CLass II]. EnbDocEns— ¥
1. Stems increasing by internal accretions.
2. Leaves seldom articulated, usually sheathed at the base,
wlth simple parallel veins.
3. Embryo with one cotyledon, or monocotyledonous.

312. The two groups or classes above mentioned, em--
bracing all the Phenogamia, are again divided into sub-
«lasses. The first are formed from the sub-division Exogens,
and are founded upon the presence or absence of the pericarp,

‘namely :
Sub-Class I. ANGIOSPERMS==

1. Ovuies, produced in a closed ovary.
2. Fertilizcd by the action of the pollen through the stigma.
3. Embryo with two opposite cotyledons.

Sub-Class I. GYMNOSPERMS—
1. Ovules produced beneath a scalelike carpel.
2. Fertilized by the direct action of the pollen without the
stigma, becoming seeds destitute of a pericarp.
3. Embryo generally with several whorled cotyledons.
83138. The next two sub-classes are formed from the sub-
divisions of Endogens, and depend upon the presence and
absence of glumes or husks, namely :

7 ' . ; SS
Sub-Ciass TZ. AGLUMACEZ,or AGLUMACEOUSHNDOGENS—
Plants of the endogenous structure, with flowers construc-
ted on tre usual plan; perianth verticellatz, ersisting of one
or more whorls of petaioia organs, or wantirg.

Sub-Class ITV. GLUMACE, or GLUMACEOUS ENDOGENS
Plants of the endogenous sirwture, with the flowers tre
vested in an imbricated perianta of glumes instead ef a
calyx.
- 814. The third Clasafcrms the connecting link between
the Flowering and Flowerless plants, combining a part of
the characters of each. They pussess a cellular structure, —
develope flowers immediately from the roots,and the pericarp
contains spores tesietd of seeds; hence they are ‘called
RaeiZANTHS or Srorocens. Ex.: Rafflesia. As we have
no representative of this class in our country, I shail take ne
further notice of it in the regular series of classes.
3815. The Cryptogamia are separated into three great clas-
ses, ealled 5 aug ANOPHYTES, and THALLOPHYTES.

98 : NOMENCLATURE.

Cxass III. AcrogEens—

Plants with a@ distinct stem or axis, growing by the exten-
sion of the point, or apex only, containing woody fibre and
vessels, and usually with distinct foliage.

Crass 1V. ANOPHYTES—

Acrogenous plants, growing upwards by an axis or stem,
usually furnished with distinct leaves (sometimes the stena
and foliage confluent into a frond,) composed of celular
tissue alone.

Ciuass V. THALLOPHYTES—

Consisting of cellular tissue, with a tendency to grow into
a flat expansion, called thallus, but having no distinction of
yoot, stem, leaves, or flowers.
816. The ocheral plan may be analytically expressed by
the diagram on the following page. ~

317. Drvistons. The et: e and sub-classes are next
to be broken up into smaller divisions, groups, and alliances,’
for convenience of analysis. or this purpose, the great
class of Exogenous plants 3s usually broken up into three
very convenient divisions, founded on the presence, absence,
or union of the petals, namely :

1. PoOLYPETALZ, the Polypetalous Exogens; where the calyx and coroila
are both present, and the latter composed of distinct petals.

2. MoNOPETAL#, the Monopetalous Exogens; flowers with united petals,

3, APETALH, the Apetalous Exogens; flowers with no floral envelopes, or
with a calyx only.

318. These divisions, as well as the other classes, are
variously subdivided by different authors, which is not
necessary to specify, since it is only the classes and the orders
that are considered to be founded on a firm basis.

319. OrpeErs or FAMILIES, are the most important of
all the natural associations. On the accuracy and distinet-_
ness of their characters, botanists have bestowed the highest

. degree of attention. The orders differ very widely in regard

to their extent; while some consist of a single genus, as
Sarreceniacese, others embrace hundreds of genera, as Com-
posite. For the sake of convenience, the larger orderzg are
divided into sub-orders or tribes,

NOMENCLATURE.

520. The names of oRDERS are always plural, and some-
times are founded on some characteristic feature of the group ;

99

CLASSIFICATION.

SYNOPTICAL VIEW OF THE FIVE CLASSES OF THE NATURAL SYSTEM.

SERIES I.

FLOWERING PLANTS.

SERIES I.

FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

oa:

CLASS IL.

CLASS IIT. ’

woges te AE

D er: aia aa

FixoGENs or DIcoTYLEDONS.
Sub-class 1, Angiosperms, seeds in a pericarp. Hx.: Oak, Rose.
« «& 9 Gymnosperms, seeds naked. Hx.: Pine, Yew.
ENDOGENS or MoNOcOTYLEDONS. :
Sub-class 8. Aglwmacee, without glumes. Hx.: Lily, Rush.
« & 4, Glumaceac, with glumes. Ex.: Grasses, Grains.

AcROGENS, woody and vascular tissue. Ex. Ferns. )} distinct , axis,
ANOPHYTES, cellular tissue only. Ex.: Mosses. J) stem & foliage.

THALLOPHYTES, no distinction of stem and foliage. Ex.; Lichens.

100 2 NOMENCLATURE.

as, for instance Leguminose, or the Leguminous plants, such —
as the Pea, Bean, &c.; Crucifere, plants which have the
four petals somewhat in the form of a cross, such as the
Radish, Turnip, &. But more frequently, as a general
rule, the name is formed from that ofa leading genus, which
is prolonged in the adjective termination, acew. Thus the
plants of the order which comprises the rese (Rosa), are
called Rosacez, that is Plante Rosacex, or Rosaceous plants;
those of which the Lily is the representative, are Inliacee,
or Liliaceous plants, &e.

821. Generic names are Latin substantives, in the singu-
lar number, and mostly of Greek or Latin derivation. Those
which were kno he ancients, generally preserve their
elassical appellations. (Hx.: Magus, Prunus, Myrtus, Viola,
&c.) Some are formed from some medicina® virtue, either
supposed or real; others from the native country of the
plants, or from the name of some distinguished Botanist, or
patron of botany, to whom the genus is thus said to be dedi-
eated. |

322. Specific names, as a general rule, are Latin adjec-
tives, written after those of the genera, and established on
similar principles; as Magnolia grandiflora, the large flowered
Magnolia; JL. macrophylla, the large leayed Magnolia.
Specific names sometimes distinguish the country which a
plant inhabits, or where first discovered, as Viola Canadense,
&c.; or the place where it naturally grows, as Viola palus-
tris, which grows in swamps, &c. 3 arvensis, in fields, &c. ; or
they express some obvious character of the species, as Viola
ratundifolia, with round leaves,&e. Frequently, the species
is named after some other genus, which in some respect it
resembles, as Viola primulefolia, Primrose-leayed Violet.
Gerardia quercifolia, Oak-leayed Gerardia, Xe. 7

323. Species, like genera, are also sometimes named in
commemoration of distinguished persons. When it bears
the name of the discoverer or describer, it takes the genitive
form, as Lobelia Kalinii; Viola Muhlenbergii ; V. Nuttallii,
&c. When-such names are merely given in compliment to
persons to whom they are dedicated, unconnected with the
history or discovery of the plant, the adjective form is adop-
ted; as Carex Torreyana; C. Hookeriana, &c. Specifie
names are sometimes substantives, as Hypericum, Sorothra,
Ranunculus, Flammula, &c. ; when they do not necessarily

“BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 101

-aceord with the genus in gender. These, as well as all spe-

cific names derived from those of persons or countries, should
always be written with a capital initial letter. The generic.
and specific names, taken together, constitute the proper

scientific appellation of the plant.

L

BOTANICAL ANALYSIS.

324. ‘The application of the rules of Systematic Botany ~
to the natural plant, in order te ascertain its affinities, place,
name, &c., is called botanical analysis.

325. In order to be in a proper state for this kind of ex-
amination, plants should be in full blossom, and fresh, that
1s, NOE withered or decayed. A good lens is requisite for the
examination of the minute paris of the meuctare, or of the
flower.

326. The analysis of plants isa constant object of pursuit
with the practical botanist. Without this exercise, the
study ef authors willbe of little avail. A more accurate and
useful knowledge of a plant can be acquired in a few minutes,
by a careful examination of the living specimen, or even of
the dried, than by committing to memory the most elaborate
descriptions found in books. During the flowering month,
the learner will often in his walks meet with plants in blos-
som, with which heis yet unacquainted. And he whois duly
interested in his putsuit, will by no means fail to seize and -
analyze each specimen while the short hour of its bloom may
Jast,.and to store his memory with the knowledge of its names,
habits, and uses. Thus, in a few seasons, or even in one, he
will have grown familiar with nearly, or quite, every species
of plants in his vicinity.

327. Let us now suppose the pupil in possession of a
specimen of an. unknown plant in full blossom. In order te
study it by the aid of authors, a point immediately requisite
is itsname. Now, baving learned by examination the organ-
ic and physiological structure of the flower, leaves, stems, &c.,
the experienced botanist, who has at his command the char-
acters of all the Natural Families, will at once determine to
which ofthem the plant belongs.” -

828. But this is net te be expected of the pupil who is

supposed to be yet, in a measure, unacquainted with the char-

acters of the orders. He must be guided to the place which

his specimen bolds in the classification, by a longer course ©
Ee OT SR OP OREN Ta eee ae

102 OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS.

of inquiry and comparison. YF orthe assistance of the learner,
_ therefore, and for the convenience of all, I have added a full
series of Analytical Tables, in which the genera described in
this work are arranged under the Classes and Orders of the
Linnean Artificial System.

OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS.

329. Students im botany should give an early and per-
severing attention to the collection and preservation of as
many species of plants as they can procure. The advantages
to be derived from such collections are great, and will afford
an abundant compensation for all the labor required, either
in refreshing the memory by reviewing them, or in institu-
ting a more thorough examination at one’s leisure..

330. Such a collection of specimens of plants, preserved
by drying under pressure between folds of paper, is termed
a Herbarium, or by the more significant title Hortus Stccus
(dry garden).

331. A complete specimen consists of one or more shoots,
bearing the leaves, flowers, and fruit, and in some cases, as in
herbaceous plants, a portion of the root should also be preserved.

332. Specimens intended for the herbarium, should be
gathered, if possible, in a dry day, and carried either in #
elase tin box, about 20: inches long and 3 or 4 in diameter,
er in a strong portfolio, containing a quire or more of firm
paper, with afew sheets of blotting paper to receive the
delicate plants. They must be dried under a strong pres-
sure, but not so as to crush the parts, between dryers com=
posed of 6 to 10 thicknesses of paper, that will absorb
moisture, which should be changed once or twice a day, un-
til all the moisture is extracted from the plants—a period
which varies from3 to 10 days. All delicate specimens
should be laid in folded sheets of thin and smooth bibulous
paper, and placed between the dryers, and so transfered en-
tire, from time to time without being disturbed, until per-

fectly dry. | é
_ 833. Many plants prepared by the above method, will in
most instances retain their colors almost as perfect as when
first gathered, yet some plants, especially those of the en-
dogenous structure, such as the Narcissus, Iris, &c., are
very hard to dry so as to retain their coloring. I have
found the following method to answer a very good purpose :

ABBREVIATIONS. 1038

treat the specimens as above directed, and leave them in the
papers for 1 or 2 days, then place them between several
thicknesses of dry blotting paper, and pass over them with a
hot iron, at intervals from 1 to 5 minutes, until dry, taking
eare to shift them into dry paper as soon as the paper around
them becomes moist. |

334. The dried specimens are nextto be arranged im
their respective genera, orders, and classes, properly labelled
with the names, locality; &c., and laid either in separate or
double sheets, or each species fastened with glue, or other-
wise on a half sheet of good white paper.* These can be
eollected in folios sufficiently large to contain each naturad
order, or artificial class, and labelled aceordingly on the ou
side, received into the compartment of a cabinet, with close
doors, and kept in a sufficiently dry place.

* T have found the following mixture to answer a very good purpose for fasWne
ing plants. Take of Gum Arabic 1 ounce, Izinglass 1 ounce, dissolve them ™
¥& pint of water by boiling over a gentle heat, after which add 1 ounce Tincturs
of Camphor, incorporating them well by shaking; then spread some of it on @
plate of glass large enough to receive the specimen intended to be fastened, lay
it on the glass, pressing it down so as to receive a coating all over the under sr
fate, then transfer it to the paper where it is to be fastened, cover with 1 or 2
thicknesses of dry paper and pass over it with a hot iron until dry..

PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES
OF AUTHORS.

Adans. Adanson.
Agh. Agardh.

Ait. Aiton.

Arn. Arnott.

Bart. Barton.
Benth. Bentham.
Berl. Berlandier.
Bernh. Bernhardi.
Brongn. Brongniart.

Bigl. or Bw. Bigelow.

Boehm. Boehmer.
Bong. Bongard.
Br. Brown.

Cass. Cassini.
Cav. Cavanilles.
Chay. Chaviennes.
Darl. Darlington.
DC. De Candolle.
Desf. Desfontaines.
Desv. Desvaux.
Dew. Dewey.
Dill. Dillenius.
Duh. Duhamel.
Endl. Endlicher.
Ehrh. Ebrhart.
Ell. Elliot.

Engel. Engelman.
_ Forsk. Forskahl
Freel. Froelich.

Gert. Geertner.
Ging. Gingins.
Gmel. Gmelin.
Good. Goodenough.
Grey. Greville.
Grise. Grisebach.
Gron. Gronovious.
Hedw. Hedwig.
Hoffm. Hoiman.
Hook. Hooker.
Huds. Hudson.
Jaca. Jacquin.
Juss. Jussieu.
Lam. Lamarck.
Lamb. Lambert.
Lec. Le Conte.
Lindl. Lindley.
L’Her. L’Heritier.
Linn. Linneus.
Lk. Link.

Lehm. Lehman.
Mart. Martius.
Mentz. Mentzel.
Michx. Michaux.
Mill. Miller.

Mirb. Mirbel.
Mitch. Mitchell.
Meench. Mocnchausen.
Muhl Muhlenberg.

Nees.. Nees von Esenbeck..
Nutt. Nuttall.

Pall. Pallas.

Pay. Pavon.

Pers. Persoon.

Poir. Poiret.

Ph. Pursh.

Rem. Rsemer.

Raf. Rafinesque.
Rich. Richard.

R. Br. Robert Brown.
Salisb. Salisbury.
Schw. Schwenita.
Schk. Schkuhr.
Scop. Scopoli.

Ser. Seringe.

8m. Smith.

Spr. Sprengel.
Sulliv. Sullivant.
Sw. Swariz.

Tayl. Taylor.

T. & G. Torrey & Gray.
Torr. Torrey.

Tourn. Tournefort.
Traut. Trautvetter.
Vaill. Vaillent.
Wahl. Wahlenberg.
Walt. Walter.

Wild. Wildencow.

eben icon OF BOTANICAL TERMS,

co MBINED WITH AN

INDEX

TO THE FIRST PART OF THE

(The numbers refer to the par:

A, and ana, in composition; destitute of;
as Apetalous, without petals.

Abnormal; different from the customary
structure.

WORK.

agraphs in the preceding part.)

Angulate; haying angles or corners.

Annual; living or enduring but one
year.
Annular; having the aa of a ring.

Abortion; an imperfect developement of Anomolous; not ‘according to rule or s¥s-

any organ.
Abortive; not arriving at perfection.
Abrupt; ter minating ‘suddenly.
Abruptly-pinnate. Fig. 49.
Acaulescent ; stemless, apparently with-
out astem.
Accessary; additional, or supernumerary.
Accumbent; lying acvainst any thing; ap-
plied to the radicle when it lies against
the edge of the cotyledons.
Acerese; needle-shaped. +
Achenium; a small dry indehiscent peri-
carp. Fig. 121.
Achlamydeous; without calyx and corolla.
Acicular; bristle-shaped.
Acite, (Acinus); ; each separategrain of a
collective fruit, like the raspberry.
Acotyledonous ; destitute of co tyledons.
Acrogens; growing by the extension of
the point; 262.
Aculeate ; prickly.
Acuminate; ending in a curved,
point. Fig. 61.
Acute; sharp, not rounded.
Adelphia ; a fraternity.
Adherent; sticking fast, er growing fast
‘to, as adnate, ‘
Albumen; 2390.
Alburnum; sap-wood; 74.
Alternate; not opposite.
_Alveolate; having cells like a honey-comb.
Ament; Fig. 81.
Amentaceous; having aments.
Amorphous; having no definite form.
Amplexicaul; clasping the stem.
Anastomose; applied to branching vessels
which inosculate, or unite again like
net-vwork.
Anatropous; inverted.
Ancipial; 2-edged. wa
Andrecium ; 191. -
Androgynous; ; having staminate ond pis-
tillate flowers distinct.
Androus; refers to stamens.
Aazio:permous; tho seeds in a pod.

tapering

tem.

Anophytes; veretables composed of pa
renchyma alone, 267.

Anterior; same as inferior; applied to se
pals, pet tals, or other organs which ia
axillary flowers lie next the bract, or
outward.

Anther; the ichobalil ke kody, mostly borne
on the filament, 193.

Antheridia; applied to minute cylindrical
sacs or sterile flowers, of cry DLOBAmOIe
plants.

Apetalous; destitute of petals.

Apex: the summit end, or point. .

Aphyllous; without leaves.

Apocarpous; having the carpels distinct.

Appendiculate; furnished with appends
ges.

Appressed; lying flat against. «

Approximate; growing, or situated near
each other.

Aquatic; growing naturally in water, cr
wet places.

Arachnoid; resembling a spider’s web.

Arborescent; tree-like. |

Arcuate ; curved or bent like a bow.

Areole; little spaces, circumscribed by
meshes.

Arid; dry cr parched.

Aril, or Arillus; a loose coating of some
kinds of seed, as the mace of the nud
meg.

Avistate; having awns.

Armed; having 4 thorns or pricklee.

Arrow-sha yped; Fig. 37. —

Articulated ; jointed.

Ascending; rising from the ground ob-
liquely.

Assimilation; 146.

Assurgent; rising in a curve from a ce
clined pase.

Attenuate; tapering praduaily until $a
becomes slender. ni

Auriculate; having rounded appendages
at base, like ears. Fig. B: SD

GLOSSARY. 10 5.

Awn,; a slender bristle-like process, com-
mon on the chaff of grasses.

Axil; the angle between a branch and a
stem or leaf & branch, on the upper side.

Axis; a central stem, or any centre
around which parts are arranged.

Baccate ; berry-like.

Banner ; the vexillum or upper petal in
@ papilionaceous fiower.

Barbs; stiff hooked hairs.

Bark; the external. covering of the
stem, 75.

Beaked ; tipped with a terminal process,
like a ‘pird’s bill.

Bearded ; beset with bristly hairs.

Bell-shaped ; companulate, Fig. 89.

Berry; a pulpy valveless fruit, in» which
the seeds are imbedded.

Bi; in composition, twice, as—

Bicarinate; 2 keeled.

Biennials; 2 yearly.

Bifid ; 2 cleft.

Bifarious; 2 ranked-—

Bifurcate; 2 forked.

Bilabiate ; 2 lipped.

Binate; in twos, twin.

Bladdery ; thin and inflated.

Blade; the expanded surface of a leaf.

Bloom; ‘a fine powdery coating on certain
fruits, &¢e., as the plum.

Brachiate , pairs of branches, spreading
nearly at right angles.

Bracts; floral leaves, 130, Fig. 72.

Bracted, or Bracteate; having bracts.

Branchlets; small branches or subdivi-
sions of branches.

Breathing pores; stomato, 140.

Bristles; stiff hairs, straight or hooked:

Bulb; a subterranean bud, 62.

Bulbous; bulb-bearing, or bulb-like.

Bullate; as if blistered.

Caducous; falling off very early.
Czspitose ; growing in turf or tuft.
Calcarate ; spurred.

Calyciform ; cup-like.

oo. with an accessary outer ca-_

Calyptra; the cap or eed of the sporan-
gia in mosses.

Calyx; the outer floral aeedlice 180.

Cambium ; the soft layer between the
bark and the wood.

Campanulate; bell-shaped, Fig. 89.

Campylotropous; a curved ovule.

Canescent; becoming white or hoary.

Capillary or ‘Capillaceous; shaped like
a slender thread or sentra hair.

Capitate; in heads.

Capitulum ; a head, Fig. 79..

Capsule; a dry and "indehiscent pericarp,
usually opening by valves.

Carina; a Keel.

Carinate; Keeled.

Carpel; « little fruit, usually a partial
pistil, or element of a aap eddie pistil.

Carpophore; the central axis iit eg
the fruit in the umbelliferz.

Cartalazinous; hard and tough.

Caruncle; @ protuberatice or “appendage
at the hilum of a seed.

Caryophylaceous; & flower like the pink,
Fig. 96.

Caryopsis; a grain, as wheat, rye, &c.

Catkin; see Ament, Fig. 81.

Caudate ; having a tail-like appendage..

Caudex; a stem or trunk.

Caulescent; haying a stem.

Cauline; attached to the stem.

Cell; a hollow cavity. The cavity of an:
ovary or pericarp.

Cellular tissue; a tissue composed of
small bladders or vesicles, 7

Centrifugal Inflorescence; the flowering
of a cyme, 160.

Centripetal Inflorescence ; the flowering.
of a corymb, 159.

Cephalous; headed, or head-bearing.

Cernuous;. drooping or bending down.

Chaff; the thin covering of the seeds of

grasses, &c., or the fiower bracts in.
compound fiowers.

Chalaza; tie points of union of the coats:
and nucleus of a seed, 209.

Channelled; hollowed out like a gutter..

Chartaceous; with the texture of wri-
ting paper.

Chlorophyll; the colored parenchyma of
leaves,

Cilia; hair-shaped appendages..

Ciliate; fringed with hairs on the mar-

Cinereus; ash-gray. [gin..

Circinate ; coiled or rolled up intoa ring.

Circumceissile;.cut round, opening trans.
versely.

Circumspection; the general outline.

Cirrhous; having tendrils, 60, Fig. 65.

Clasping ; where the base of a leaf part-
ly surrounds a stem.

Class; the highest division of plants in
a system.

Clavate; club-shaped, larger at one end.

Claw; the lower narrow end of a petal
by which it is affixed.

Cleft; partially split or divided.

Climbing; ascending by means of ten-.

drils, leaves or aerial roots.
Coadunate; having united bases.
Coarctate ; pressed together.
Coceus; a separable “carpel of a com-
pound carpel.
Cochleate; coiled spirally, like a snail-
Collateral : ; side by side. [shell.
Colored; any hue but green.
Columella; a solid axis of a pod.
Column ; the stamens or stamens and
pistils ‘combined.
Coma; afull tuft of bares
Commissure ; the face by which 2 car
pels cohere.

Complete flower; having both floral ens.

velopes.
one fold=d up upon itself

106

=

GLOSSARY.

Gompound; a whole formed of similar
parts.

Compressed ; flattened lengthwise.
Conduplicate; folded together so that
the sides are applied face to face. __
Cone; acollective fruit. See Strobile,

Hie. 126) 3
Confluent; running together.
Ccnzlomerate; clustered into a mass.
Conjugate ;.in pairs.
Connate; united at base.
Connectile; the prolonga‘ion ofa fi'ament
supporting the lobes of an anther.
Connivent; converging together.
Contorted; twisted.
Convolute; rolled up into a cylinder.
Cordate; heart-shaped, Fig. 34.
Coriaceous; leathery or parchment-like.
Cormophytes; stem growing plants.
Gorm ; a solid bulb, 64.
Corneous; horn-like in texture.
Corniculate ; bearing a small horn.
Cornate; horned. a
Corolla; the inner floral envelope.
Coronate ; crowned.
Corrugated; wrinkled.
Cortex; the bark, 17. [the bark.
Cortical; having bark or arising from
Corymb; an umbel-shaped raceme.
Costate ; ribbed.
Cotyledons; seed-leaves.
Creeping ; running along the surface, or
just under the surface of the ground.

‘Depressed ; flattened from above.

Dextrine; a soluble form of starch. -

Di, in composition ; two, as—

Diadelphous; having the filaments in two
parcels.

Diandrous; having two stamens.

Dichlamydeus; having both calyx and

Dichotomous; 2-forked. {corolla.

Diclinous; when the stamens and pistils
are in separate flowers. '

Dicotyledonous; having two cotyledons.
Fig. 126. a

Didymous; double or twinned.

Didynamous; 2 long and 2 short stamens.

Diffuse; spreading widely and loosely.

Digitate; finger-shaped. Fig. 44.

Digynous; having 2 pistils.

Dimerous; in twos.

Dicecious; having the stamens on one
plant, and the pistils on another.

Dipetalous; of 2 petals. -

Diphyllous; of 2 leaves.

Discoid; resembling a disk.

Disk; the whole surface of a leaf, or cele
tre of a compound flower.

Dissected; deeply gashed.

Dissepiment; a partition.

Distichous ; in two opposite rows.

Distinct ;. unconnected.

Divaricate; widely spreading.

Diverging; spreading out.

Divided; severed in two or more parts.

Dodocandrous; with 12 stamens.

Cremocarp; the seed-like double fruit of Dorsal; borne on the back.

Umbelliferx, Fig. 122.
Crenate; having round notches or teeth.
Crenulate; finely crenate. [Fig. 59.
Crested or Cristate; having an appen-

dage like the comb of a cock.
Crown; the pappus or coma on seeds.
Cruciform, in the shape of a cross.
Cryptogzamia; flowerless plants, 259.
Cuccullate ; hooded.
Cucurbitaceous; gourd or melon-like.
Culm; the stem of the grasses.
Cuneate or Cuneaform; wedge-shaped.
Cupule; the cup of an acorn.
Curvinerved; leaf-nerves arising from a

Dorsal suture; outer seam of a carpel.

Downy; having short, soft hairs.

Drupe; a pericarp, with a hard stone
covered by a sareocarp, as the Plum,
Cherry, &c. Fig. 120.

Drupaceous; bearing drupes.

Ducts; membraneous vessels or tubes,
which do not unroll spirally, 14.

Duplicate; doubly.

Duramen; heart-wood.

E, Ex, in composition; destitute of, as—

- Ebracteate; destitute of bracts.

Eared; having lobe-like appendages.

prolongation of the petiole, instead of Echinate; beset with rigid prickles.

the base, 98.
Cuspidate; with a sharp rigid point.
Cyathiform ; cup-shaped, top-shaped and
‘Cymbiform; boat-shaped. [hollow.
Cyme; an umbel-like centrifugal inflo-
rescence.

Decandrous; with ten stamens.
Deciduous; falling off.

Declinate; turned to one side.
Decompound; several times divided.
Decumbent; lying on the ground.
Decurrent; prolonged below the insertion.
Decussate; crossed, in pairs alternately
Defiected ; bent back. [crossing.
Dehiscence; natural opening of capsules.
Deltoid; having a triangular outline.
Dentate; toothed. Fig. 57. [Fig. 30.
_Denticulate; with small teeth.

Elators; spiral threads in the thece of
Liverworts, 269.

Elliptical; longer than wide; rounded at
each end. Fig. 26.

Elongated; longer than usual.

Emarginate; with a notch at the apex.
Fig. 65. ;

Embryo; the future plant, contained in
the seed, 238.

Emersed ; rising out of the water.

Endocarp; the inner coat ofafruit. _

Endogen, Endogenous; inside growera,
increasing by internal accretions, 77.
Pe 2. ah

Endostome; orifice of the outer coat of
the nucleus.

Enneandrous; having nine stamens.

Ensiform; sword-shaped.

Entire; even-edged.

GLOSSARY.

nnn nnn nnn UE EnEISIEIUUE Una

Ephemeral ; lasting but a day. —

Epicarp; the outer skin of a fruit.

Epidermis; cuticle, outer skin, 17.

Epigynous; growing on the apex of the
ovary:

- Epipetalous; growing on petals.

Epiphytes; plants growing on other
plants. Air plants, 42.

Episperm; Testa, outer coat of seed:

Equitant; opposite leaves infolding each
other, so as to alternately overlap each
other’s edges, 88.

Erose; unequally sinuate, as if gnawed.

Etiolated ; blanched.

Exalbuminous; seed without albumen.

Exogens; outside growers, increasing by
external accretions, 12. Fig. 19.

Exostome; orifice of the inner coat of the
nucleus.

Exotic; plants belonging to a foreign
country. -

Exserted; projecting out beyond the ori-
fice.

Exstipulate; destitute of stipules.

Extrorse; turned outwards.

Falcate; shared like a scythe or sickle.

Farinaceous; mealy.

Fascicle; a contracted cyme. Fig. 85.

Fasciculated; in bundles or fascicles.

Fastigiate; flat-topped, applied to a clus-

Favose; honey-comhbed. [ter.

Feather; the plumose crown of seeds.

Feather-yeined; with the-veins like a
feather , 99.

Fertile; applied to pistillate flowers. _

Fibre; any thread-like part.

Filament; that part of a stamen that sup-
ports the anther.

Filiform; thread-like.

Fimbriate; fringed.

Fissure; a cleft, or split.

Fistulous; hollow like a reed.

Flabelliform ; fan-shaped.

Fiaccid; lax, or limber.

Flagelliform; whip-like.

FPleshy; thick, and containing a firm
pulp.

Fiexuous; bent or curved rizht and left
alternately.

Floccese; covered with loose cottony tufts.

Floral; relating to a fiower.

Florets; the separate small flowers of a
cluster or head.

Floriferous; bearing flowers.

Flower; the stamens and pistils, and
their envelopes, 187. Fig. 87.

Foliaceous; leaf-like in texture.

Foliate; with leaves.

Follicle; a one-valved pericarp, dehiscing

_ longitudinally. Fig. 117.

¥oramen; the small aperture in the coats
of a seed.

Foveolate; pitted.

Fovilla; the fine dust in the pollengrains.

Free; not adherent to any other organ.

Frond; Stem and leaf confluent together,
peculiar to cryptogamous plants, 264.

s

107

Fruit; the seed with its enclosing pert
carp.

Frutescent; woody, or becoming woody:

Fugacious; falling away very early.

Funiculus; foot-stalk of the ovary oF
seed.

Funnel-shaped; a corolla with a tube,
and a gradually expanding limb.

Furcate; forked. .

Furrowed; marked with longitudinal
channels.

Fusiform; spindle-shaped, like the Raé-
ish, 32.

Galea; a helmet, the upper lip of a lab

_ ate corolla.

Gamopetalous; having one petal.

Gamosepalous; having one sepal.

Geminate ; in pairs.

Genera, genus; ideal assemblages of near
ly related species.

Geniculate; bent at a very obtuse angle.

Germ; the growing point of a bud.

Germination; the swelling of a seed and
the evolution of its embryo.

Gibbous; swollen or enlarged at one side.

Glabrous; smooth.

Gland; a small coliection of tissue prode-
cing a secretion, 20.

Glandular; furnished with glands.

Glaucous; covered witha whitish, fine
powder, or Licom that rubs off.

Globose; globular, round like a ball.

Glomerate; densely clustered.

Glomerule; small heads forming a glume.

Glume; the scales or bracts surrounding

_ the stamens and pistils in the grasses.

Gluten; a tenaceous principle found ia
some seeds.

Granulate ; in the form of grains.

Gymnospermous; naked-seeded plants.

Gymnospermia; an order of Didynamia.

Gynecium; the pistillate system of a
flower, 198.

Gynandrous; when stamens are seated
on the pistil. ,

Gynaphore; a special stalk of the ovary.

Habitat; the situation where a plant pa
turally grows.

Hairs; hair-like appendages to plants, 21.

lialbert-shaped, hastate. Fig. 36.

Hastate; shaped like a halbert.

Head; flowers collected in a rounded

’ form.

Heart-shaped; cordate. Fig. 34.

Heart-wood; duramen, ile inner layers
of a stem.

Helmet; the upper lip of a labiate fower.

Hemicarp; half a cremocarp. cm

Heptandrous; having seven stamens.

Heptagynous ; having seven styles.

Herb; any plant not having a woody
stem.

Herbaceous; not woody.

Herbarium; a coijlection of dried plants.

Hesperidium ; an orange, or similar fru.

Heterogamous; a compound fiower, with

108

GLOSSARY.

the disk flowers perfect, and the rays
ligulate and pistillate, or neutral.
Heterotropous; see amphitropous.
Hexamerous; a whorl of six parts.
Hexandrous; having six stamens.
Hexagynous; having six styles.
Hilum; the scar or mark on a seed, left
by the detachment of the funiculus.
Hirsute; clothed with soft hairs.
Flispid; bristly, beset with stiff hairs.
Hoary; whitish from a scaly mealiness.
Homogamous; all the flowers of a head
alike.
Gometropous; having the same direction
as the body to which it is attached.
Hooded; curved suddenly at the point.
Hybrids; crosses between allied species.
Hypocrateriform; salver-shaped. Fig. 90.
Hypogynous; stamens arising from he-
low the ovary.

icosandrous ; having more than ten sta-
mens inserted on the calyx.

Imbricated; lying over each other with
regularity, so as to break joints.

Imperfect ; wanting stamen or pistil.

Incised; irregularly and sharply cut.

Tncumbent; leaning upon, the radicle
resting avainst the back of one cotyle-
don.

Ineurved; bent inwards.

Tndefinite; too numerous to be counted.”

Indehiscent; not opening naturally.

Indigenous; being a native. _

Induplicate; having the edges pent or
rolied inwards.

Indusium; a thin membraneous cover-
ing, applicd to the scale on the thecze
m ferns.

Inferior; towards the

Inflated; enlarged,

Inflexed; incurved.

Inflorcscence; themode in which flowers
are arranged on a branch.

Infracted; bent at se acute an angle as
to appear broken.

Infundibuliform ; funnel-shaped. Fig. 90.

Innate; when an anther is firmly at-
tached to the apex of a filament.

Tasertion; the point of attachment or
un‘on.

e base or roct.
as if dilated by air.

_Interfoliacecus; between the insertion of

leaves.

. Interncde; the space between nodes or

joints.

Interrupted ; wien organs of a different
size are interposed in a series.

Interval; the channel on a cremocarp
between the ridges.

Introduced ; not originally a native.

Introrse ; ; turned outward.

Inverted: when a part is in an opposite
direction to other similar parts.

Involucel; a partial involucre.

Involucre; a whorl of bracts to an umbel
or head.

Isomerous; equal in the number of
parts. "

J ointed- separating across by an articw
lation.
Juga; pairs.

‘Keel; the lower petal of a papilionaceous

corolla. :

Keeled; furnished with a projecting ridge
along the under side, like the keel ofa

at.

Kidney-shaped; reniform, much hollowed
at one side, and rounded at the ends.
Fig. 38.

Knot; a node or swelling joint.

Lakellum ; the lip-formed petal in orchi-
dous flowers.

Labiate; having lips. Fig. 93.

Lacerated; torn, cut into irregular seg-
ments.

Laciniate ; slashed, deeply and irregu-
larly cut.

Lactescent; milky.

Lamella; a thin plate.

Lamina; a broad plate or expansion.

Lanate, Lanaginous; woolly.

Lanceolate ; shaped like ihe head of a
spear. Fig. 24.

Latex; the proper juices of plants.

Lactiferous tissue; the series of vessels
carrying the latex, 16.

Lateral; at the side.

Leafiet; one of the small lk ave: of a com-

Leafstalk; petiole. [pound leaf.

Legume; a pod, a two-valved pericarp.
Fig. 118.

Lenticular ; resembling a double convex
lens. ~ .

Liber; the innermost layer of bark.

Lignin; a vegetable principle found in
Ww oody fibre.

Ligule; an appendage shaped like a strap.

Liculate; strap-shaped, long and narrow..

Liliaceous; having a corolla like a lily.
Fie. 97.

Limb: the spreading part of a petal of a
monopetalous corolla.

Line; the twelfth part of an inch.

Lincar; ‘narrow and long.

Lincate; marked with lines.

Lirs; the pieces of a 2-labiate (21ipped)
corolla.

Lobes, Lobed; rounded Civisiong.

Loculicidal; the dehi-cence of the com
ponent carpels of a compcounc fruit, by
the dorsal suture. Fig. 112.

Lomént; a jointed legume.

Lunate ; crescent-shaped.

Lurid; of a duil, deathly hue.

Lyrate; pimnatifd, having the upper reg-
ments largest. Fie. 40. -

*

Mamunilar; conical, with arounded apex.
Marescent; withering—persistent.
Margin; the circumference or edge.
Mealy; covered with a white powder. —
Medullary rays; the silver-grain of wecd.
Membranous, or Membranaceous; the
texture or thinness of membrane.

_ as

GLOSSARY. 109

Mericzarp; half a cremocarp, a fruit of Nucules; little nuts, or nut-like fruits.
an umbelliferous plant. Nut; a one-celled, and one-seeded fruit,
- Micropyle; foraman or scar ofan ovule. arising from a two or more celled and
Midrib; the main ribofa leaf, extending seeded ovule.

from the base to the apex. Nutant; nodding, partially drooping.
-Mitriform; having two terminal divisions,
_ like a mitre. Ob; a particle, which, when prefixed to
Monadelphous; stamens united in one any other term, denotes the inversion
set. ! of the usual position.
Monandrous ; having one stamen. Obconic ; conic, with the apex downward.
Moniliform; necklace-shaped. Obcerdate; reversed heart-shaped.
Monocarpous; bearing but one fruit, or Oblanceolate; with the widest partabove
bearing but once. the middle, and tapering gradually to
Monochlamydeous; when the calyxonly the base.
is present. Oblique; not symmetrical, one side as it
‘Monoclinous; having the stamens and were cut off obliquely.
pistils in the same flower. Oblong ; much longer than broad.
Monocotyledonous ; having but one coty- Obovate ; ovate, with the narrowest por-
ledon. tion at base.

Moneecious ; having stamens and pistils Obovoid; inversely ovoid.
in different flowers, but on the sdime Obsolete; when a part is obscure, and as

plant. if worn away.
Monozynous; having but one style. Obtuse; blunt, rounded.
Monopetalous; where the corolla is of Obsolute; where one margin ofa leaf in
one piece. the bud is exterior, the other interior.
Monophyllous; one-leafed. Ochrea; a cylindrical stipule.
Monosepalous; calyx in one piece, Ochroleucous ; whitish-yellow, cream-
Monospermous; one-seeded. color.
Mucronate; having a rounded end, Octandrous; having eight stamens,
Multifid; many-cleft. Octogynous; having eight styles.
Multipartite ; many-parted. Offset; a lateral branch, terminated by a

‘Multiple; a number containing another cluster of leaves, and capable of taking
number several times without a re-_ root.
mainder; as 9 is a multiple of 3. Oleaginous; oily, affording oil.
Muricate; havingshort rigid excrescences. Opercular; opening by a lid fixed atouc
RMuticous or Mutic; pointless, awnless. side.
Mutilated; not produced in a perfect Operculum; the lid or covering of the
form. theca in mosses.
Opposite; standing directly against each
Naked; wanting acovering analogousto other on opposite sides cf the stem.

that of other species. Orbicular; having a circular outline.
‘Napiform; turnip-shaped. Orthotropous ; where an ovule is turned
Natant; swimming, floating. from its original direction.
Navicular; boat-shaped. Qval; longer than broad, the sides eury-
Neck; the cvown of a root; the upper ing regularly from end to end.

part of the tube of the corolla. Ovary; the germ or base of the pistil;
-Necteriferous ;.bearing honey. the young state of a pericarp.
Nectary; the part of a flower secreting Ovate; egg-shaped. lege.

honey. Ovoid ;- having the outline of an entire
Needle-shaped ; linear, rigid, tapering to Ovule; the incipient form of a seed, con-

@ point. tained in an ovary.

‘Nerved; having rib-like fibres.
Nerves; parallel veins or rib-like fibres Palate; alarge obtuse projection which
extending from above the base tothe closes the throat of a personate flower.

apex. fat. Seen Palez; achafty bract to a floret in some
Netted; having reticulated fibres. compound flowers.
Neuter or Neutral; -having neither sta- Palleaceous; chaffy.

mens nor pistils. Palmate; divided so as to resemble the
Node; a knotor joint, the projectionfrom hand and fingers.

which leaves arise. Panduriform; fiddle-shaped.
Nodding; inclining to one side, partly Panicle; anirregularly-branched raceme.
_ ‘drooping. Panicled or Paniiculate; arranged in the
Nodi; nodes, Knots, joints. form of a panicle. ‘
-Nodose; having many nodi or joints. Papiilionaceous; butterfty-shaped; a form
‘Normal; regular in structure. of an irregular polypetalous corolla.
Nucamentaceous; producing nuts. Papillose; pimpled, having fleshy protu-
Nucleus ; Kernel, the substance cf a seed _ beranees. | {flowers.

or ovule. Pappus; the seed down in compound

J

110

GLOSSARY.

Parasitic; drawing support from another
lant.

Pavesi: common cellular tissue in
3 soft state,

Parietal; arising from the inner wall of
an orgen.

Parted; divided almost to the base.

Partial; particular, not general.

Partition ; a dissepiment.

Pectinate; divided like the teeth of a
comb.

Pedate; finely palmate, like the foot of
@ bird.

Pedicel; a partial or secondary flower-
stalk.

Pedicillate or pedicelled; having or being
auprorted on a pedicel.

Peduncle; a flower-stalk. [duncle.

Peduncled or pedunculate; having a pe-

Pellicle: a very thin stratum or coat.

Pellucid; transparent, pervious to light.

Pellucid-punctate; having punctures.ad-
mitting the passage of light.

Peltate; sbield-like, having a stalk or
suppert in the water.

Pencilled or pencillate; ending alike a
painters pencil or brush.

Pendulous; hanging down.

Pentagona); having five corners or angles.

Pentagynous; having five styles.

Pentandrous ; having five stamens.

Pentsmerous; a whor! of five parts.

Pepo; an indehiscent fleshy, or internal-
ly pulpy fruit, formed of three united
carpels.

Perennial ; lasting from year to year.

Perfoliate; where astem perforates a leaf.

Perforate; haying holes and dots, as if
pricked. ~

Perianth; Zoral envelopes.

Pericarp; the fruit seed case.

Peridium: a spore-cage.

Perigonicm; a perianth.

Perigynium; a sac enclosing the overy.

Perigynous; inserted around the ovary.

Perisperm; the aibumen.

Peristome ; the fringed border of the
theca in morses.

Permanent, persistent; remaining for a
long ttme.

Personate; masked; a form for a labiate
flower.

Petal; the colored leaf of a flower.

’ Petaloid; resembling a petal.

Petiole; the foot-stalk of a leaf.

P. tioled or petiolate; with a petiole, not
srssile.

Petiolule; the foot-stalk ofa leaflet.

Phanogamous or phanerogamous; hav-
ing visible stamens aud pistils.

Phylicdium; a leaf formed of a dilated
petiole.

Pilose; hairy, having s’ender hairs.

Pinna) ; the leaflets or divisions of a pin-
nate les f.

Pinnate; a leafisyinnate when the leaf
lets are arranged iu two rows on the
side of a common petiole; winged. —

Pinnatifid; cut-winged, where the lamina
on each side of a petiole is deeply cleft.

Pinnules; the leaflets or subdivisions of
a bi-tri or multi-pinnate leaf.

Pisiform; formed like a pear.

Pistil; the central organ of flowers eom-
posed of style, stigma and ovary.

Pistillate; having pistils only.

Pith; the central spongy substance in
the centre of plants, composed of cel-
lular tissue.

Placents; the line or body to which the
ovules are attached.

Plaited; folded in regular layers.

Plane; flat.

Plicate; foided like a fan.

Plumose; resembling a feather, fringed
with hairs.

Plumule; the incipient ascending axis.

Poculirorm ; cup-shaped.

Pod; a pericarp of two valves; it may be

a Legume or Silique. [ovary.

Podosperm; funiculus, footstalk of an

Pollen; the granules or dust contained
in anthers.

Pollen-tube ; a minute tube prejected
from a pollen grain.

Pollinia; masses of pollen.

Polyde!lphous; having stamens united

~ in more than two scts.

Polyandrous; having many stamens eat-
tached to the receptacle.

Polygamo-diecious; having perfect and
imperfect flowers on distinct plants.

Polygamous; having perfect or staminate
and pistillate flowers,or ali these kinds.

Pelygynous; having many styles.

Polymorphous; changeable, assuming a
variety cf forms.

Polypetalous ; having many petals.

Polypbyllous; having many leaves, ap-
plied to the calyx.

Polysepalous; having many sepals.

Polyspermous; having many seeds.

Pome; a pulpy or juicy fruit, formed cf
ajuicy or fleshy calyx; enclosing the
carpels.

Porrected; extended forward.

Preefoliation; vernation, the arrange-
ment ofa leaf in a bud.

Procfloration; sstivation, the arrange-
ment of the floral envelopes in a bud.

Preemorse; as if bitten off.

Prickle; asharp appendage of the bark,
not connected with the wood.

Primine; outer coat ofovule. |

Prismatic; having several parallel flat
sides.

Process; a2 protuberance or projecting

art.

Proeunitient lying on the ground.

Proliferous ; where leavesor flowers arise
from others.

Prostrate ; lying on the ground.

Protruded; projecting out, exserted.

Pruinose; covered with a frost-like
meal,

Pseudapinnate; falsely or imperfectly pin-

"eo

Ka 1 ig Sis

Oe i a a Ee
eee Ee ee

GLOSSARY.

lil

nate, not resolving at any time into
scperate leafiets, as the Pea, Vetch.

‘Puberulent; covered with a minute pu-

bescence.

Puabescence ; a general term for the hairy
covering of plants.

Pubescent; hairy, having hairs of any
kind.

Pulp; the soft juicy cellular substance,
found in berries and similar fruits.

Puiverulent; powdery.

Pulvinate ; cushion-like.

Puuctate; dotted.

Puncticulate; having minute dots.

Pungent; sharp-poiated, or prickly at
the apex, acrid.

Putamen; a nut-shell.

Pyramidal; tapering upwards.

Pyriform ; pear-shaped.

Pyridium; a capsule with a transverse
dehiscence.

Quadrangular; four-cornered.

Quadzifarious ; in four rows or directions,
pointing or facing four ways.

Quadrifid ; four-cleft.

Quaternate ; four together.

Quinate; arranged in fives.

Raceme; an inflorescence having the
fiowers supported on pedicels along a
rachis.

Racemose ; flowering in racemes.

xachis; the axis of inflorescence, or the
general petiole in pinnate leaves.

Radiant, or Radiate; diverging from a
commou centre furnished with rays.

Radical; proceeding directly from the
root.

Radicle; secondary roots, rootlets.

Nadicating; sending out reots at the
nodes or joints of the stem.

Rameal; belonging to the branches.

Ramenta; the scales or persistent remains
of leaves or other parts of the plant.

Raimentaccous; covered with ramenta.

Ramose; branched, branching.

Raphe; the ridge or part connecting the
hilum and chalaza.

Raphides; minute crysta!s in the ecellu-
‘lar tissue.

Riy; the outer forets of a compound
flower.

Receptacle; the base on which the parts
of fructification are seated.

Reclined, or Reciinate; inclined down-

Recurved; bent downwards. [ wards.

Reduy licate; with the edges folded or
turned outwards.

Reflexed ; bent backwards.

Rezular; having the parts equal and
uniform; as the divisions of the calyx
or corolla.

“Remote; distant.

Reniform; kidney-shaped.

Repand; spread, haying a curved or
sinuous margin.

Replicate; bent back on itself.

Replum; a persistent placentz, or mar-
gin in certain seeds.

Resupinate; inverted.

Reticulate; netted.

Retrofiex ; Lending in various directions.

Retrorse or Retrorsely; turncd backwards

Netuse; when an apex is slightly inden-
ted or hollowed out.

Reversed; bent back towards the base.

Revoiute; relled backwards.

Yhoizoma; a horizontal subterranean
stem.

Rhomboidal; oval, but somewhat angu-
lar at the middle.

Riomboid; when the midrib of a leaf
sends o‘f marked Jateral ones.

Ribs ; parallel ridges or nerves exterd-
ing from near the base to the apex.

Rigid ; stiff, inflexible.

Rimose; full of chinks or clefts.

Ringent; grinning; applied to a form of
labiate flowers.

Root; the descending axis of a plant.

Rooting; sending out lateral roots.

Rootlet; a secondary root or fibre.

Rosaceous; having a corolla like a rose.

Rostrate; beaked.

Rostellate , with a small beak.

Tosulate; arranged in the form of a ro-

Rotate; wheel-shaped. [sette.

Rugged, or Rough; covered with small
asperitics.

Rudiment; a term applied to an organ
that is imperfectly developed.

Rufesecent; becoming reddish-orange or
rusty.

Rutous; reddish-brown or rust-colored.

Lugose; wrinkled, having small folds or
elevations.

Rugoiose; finely wrinkled.

Ruminated; when the albumen has a
wrinkled or foided appearance.

Runcinate; pinnatifid, with the divisions
poiating backwards.

Runuer; a shoot producing leaves and
roots at the end.

Saccate; having or resembling a small

Sagittate : arrow-headed. [Sac.

Sulver-shaped; a monopetalous corolla,
with a flat spreading limb.

Samara; an indebiscent winged pericarp.

Sap; the watery fluid absorbed by the
sponzioles of a plant, and affording it
nourishment.

Sapwood; albumen, the outer layer.

Sarcocarp ; the fleshy or pulpy coat of a
pericarp, between the epicarp and exo-
carp.

Sarmentose; a running shoot, rooting at
its joints.

Scabrous; rough.

Scales; thin membraneous processes at-
tached to the cuticle, &c.

Scandant; climbing usually by tendrile.

Scape; @ radical peduncle, or flower
stem.

Scarious; dry and membraneous.

£12

a

Scattered; irregularly and thinly ar-
ranged.

Scions: ; lateral shoots or offsets from the.

root.

Scorpoid; an unilateral raceme, which
is revolute before expansion.

Scrobiculate; pitted.

Scutellate ; shaped like a target or shield.

Secund; turned to one side, one-sided.

Secundine ; the second. coat of the ovule.

Seed ; the matured result of fecundation,
and designed to reproduce the species.

Segments; the parts into which a corol-
la, calyx, &c., are divided.

Semi; half.

Semi-bivalved; half divided into two
valves.

Sepaloid ; like sepals, not petal-like.

Sepals; the leaves of a calyx.

Septicidal; when a pericarp opens by
the opening of the ventral sutures,
and a division of the dissepimenta.

Septiferous ; bearing a septum.

Septifragal ; when the Gdisseppiments re-
main attached to the axis, separated
from the valves, as in the loculicidal
Gehiscence. Le

Septum; a partition.

Sericeous; silky, covered with soft short
hairs.

merrate; having teeth like those of a saw.

Serrulate; when serrate teeth are again
serrated, it also means finely serrate.

Sessile; where any organ-is destitute of
a stalk or support.

Sets; a bristle.

fetaceous; bristle-like.

fetiform ; formed like a bristle.

Setose; bristly, having bristles or stiff
hairs.

Sheaths; the prolongation of a leaf,
bract, &c., down a stem, so as to en-
close if.

Sheathed; embraced by a sheath.

Sheathing; surrounding by a convolute
base.

Shield-shaped; shaped like an ancient
shield. .

Shining; glossy, smooth and polished.

Shrub; a emall plant with a woody stem.

Sickle-formed; much curved, with sharp °

edges. :
Silicle ; the pod of a plant of the order
siliculosa.

Silieulosa; an order of Tetradynamia,
having pods almost as broad as long.
Silique; the ped of a ‘plant of the order

siliquosa. Fr
Siliquosa; an order of Tetradynamia;
having the pods much longer than
broad.
Suky; clothed with soft and shining ap-
pressed hairs.
Single; undivided. [sions.
Sinuate; having rounded shallow inci-
Sinus; @ rounded incision in the margin.
Smooth; having an even surfaee.
Solitary ; single.

GLOSSARY.

Sorus; a cluster or sporangia in ferns..

Spadix;an elongated spike, covered by
a spathe or modified bract.. gles,

Span (measures) ; 9 inches.

Sparse ; scattered.

Spathe; a kind of sheathing bract, a.
spadix or single flower.

Spatulate; shaped like a spatula.

Species ; the lowest division of plants.

Spermoderm ; testa, outer coat of seed.

Spike; flowers arranged in an elongated:
rachis, with very short or no pedicels.

Spikelet; a division of a spike.

Spindle-shaped; fusiform. _

Spine; a thorn, connected with the wood.

Spinose ; bearing spines.

Spiral vessels ; membraneous tubes, hay-.
ing internally a spiral fibre or fibres.
Spongioles; the extremeties of root fibres..
Sporangium ; the case containing spores.
Spores; sporules; the organs serving as

seeds in Cryptogamous plants.

Sporidia; membraneous cases containing,
spores in the Fungi.

Sporogens; parasitic plants, having flow-.
ers, but propagated by spores.

Spur; a process from the calyx or corol-.
la resembling a eock’s spur.

Squamose; scaly. [seales.

Squamellate; bearing small narrow.

Squarrose ; ragged scales or leaves stand-
ing out from a common axis.

Stamens; the fecundating
plants.

Staminate; having stamens only.

Standard; banner, the upper petal of 4.
papillionaceous flower.

Stellate; star-like, spreading out in a.
radiate manner.

Stem ; the ascending axis of a plant.

Stemless ; unprovided with a stem.

Sterile; a staminate flower.

Stigma; the terminating organ on a;
pistil. :

Stipe; the stalk of a fern, fungus, or of

Stipellate; having stipelles. [a pod.

Stipelles; a stipule of a leaflet.

Stipitate ; having a stipe.

Stipulate; furnished with stipules. .

Stipule; aleafy appendage or leaflet, at,

or near the insertion of the petiole.

Stolon; a rooting branch or shoct.

Stomato; pores in the epidermis.

Striate; streaked with longitudinal lines.

Strigose ; clothed with short, rigid, ap-
pressed hairs.

Strebile; a cone, a kind of ament with
woody scales, each of which is an open.
carpel.

Strophiole; an appendage at the hilum.
of some seeds. .

Struma ; a cushion-like swelling, a pro-
tuberance at the base of the carpel of
some Mosses.

Style; that part of a pistil between the —
ovary and stigma; it is often absent.
Stylopodium ; the thickened base of some.
styles. “A

organ of,

en eee

GLOSSARY. fis

ea ee aa

Suberose; cork-like. a

Sub-; a qualifying prefix, signifying
somewhat; as

Sub-cordate; somewhat heart-shaped;
sub-rotund, somewhat rounded.

Sukmersed; under water.

Subterraneus; growing beneath the earth.

Subulate; awl-shaped, tapering to a

Succulent; juicy, pulpy. [sharp point.

Sucker; a shoot.

Suffruticose; slightly shrubby, smaller
than a shrub. ‘

Sulcate; zrooved, m irked with deep Hines.

Superior; a calyx or corolla is superior
when it is inserted on the upper part
of an ovary.

Suptuaxillary ; appearing above an axil.

Surculose; producing suckers.

Suspended; an ovule hanging directly
downwards.

Sutural; belonging to a carpel.

Suture; a seam at the meeting of two
parts, the line of dehiscence of a carpel.

Symmetrical; when parts are in their
normal proportions.

Syncarpous; several carpels uniting in
one ovary.

Syngenesious; anthers united in a tube.

Synonymes ; names of the same meaning.

Tail; a filiform process affixed to a seed.

Tap-root; a conical root.

Tegnum ; the inner covering of a seed.

Tendril; an appendage by which a climb-
ing plant supports itself.

Ferete; cylindrical er tapering, but
round.

Terminal; proceeding from the apex.

Ternate ; in threes, three-fold.

Testa: the outer coat of a seed.

Tetradynamous; having 6 stamens, 4 ct
which are longer than the others.

TFetragynous; having 4 styles.

Tetramerous; in fours.

YTetrandria; having 4 stamens.

Thalamous; a name for the receptacle of
the flowers.

Thallophytes; stemless, leafiess, flower-
less plants.

Thalius; the frond of Hepaticz.

Thecz; a spore-case.

Thorn; a spine or short process froz
the woody part of a plant.

Throat; the orifice of a ealyx-tube..

Thyrsus; a condensed panicle.

Tomentose; woolly with short dense hairs.

Toothed; having salient points not di-
rected towards the apex of the leaf.

Top-shaped ; inversely conical.

Tortuous; irregularly bent or twisted.

Torus; areceptacle.

Transverse ; crosswise.

Tree ; a large wocdy plant.

Triadelphous; having stamens in three
sets.

Triandrous; having 3 stamens,

Tribracteate; with 3 bracts,

Trichotomous ; ae

Tridentate; 3-toothed.

Trifid; 3-cleft.

Trifoliate; 3 leaves together:

Trifoliolate ; 3 leaflets together:.

Trigonous; 3-angled, 3-sided.

Trigynous; having 3 styles.

Trimerous; a whorl of 3 parts.

Triquitrous ; sharply 3-angled, the 2 sides
concar¥e.

Tripinnate; 3 times pinnate.

Triternate; 3 times ternate.

Trophosperm ; a synonyme for the pla-
cent.

Trumpet-shaped; tubular, dilated at the.
apex.

Truncate; as if cut off tranversely.

Tube;: the united part of a calyx or co-
rolla.

Tuber; a thick and fieshy subterrancan
stem of no regular form.

Tubercles; small knobs or tubers.

Tuberculate; warty.

Tunicated ; coated.

Turbinate; top-shaped.

Turgid ;.swotien, thick.

T winirfg ; ascending spirally.

Two-ranked; rows on opposite sides:

Umbel; an infiorescence where the fiow-
er-stalks diverge from the same point
in a radiated manner.

Umbelate; bearing umbels.

Umrbellets; secondary or partial umbels.

Unebilicate ; depressed in the centre.

Umbilicus; the hilum of a seed.

Umbonate ; bossed.

Unarmed; destitute of spines, prickles, &c.

UWneinate; hooked.

Under-shrubs; small plants with woody

Undulate; wavy. [stemes..

Unguiculate; claw-like; having a claw.

Unguis; the claw of a petal.

Unilatoral 5; one-sided.

Urceolate; urn-shaped.

Urticle; a small bag or sac, a caryopsis
which does nct achere to the seed.

Vagina ; a sheath.

Vaginate ; sheathed.

VYalvate; having valves.

Valves; the pieces of a pericarp which
seperate naturally cn ripening.

¥Yariety ; a plant differing from the type
of the species in minor particulars.

Vascular plants; plants with spiral ves-
sels. [sels.

Vascular tissue; consisting of spirai ves-

Vaulted; arched as the upper lip insome
labiate flowers.

Veins ; the ribs of leaves

¥elutinous ; velvety,clothed with a close,
soit, and dense pubescenee..

Velvety; as velutinous.

Venation ; distribution of veins ina lea?

Venose; veiny.

Ventral suture; the suture opening te
the axis of a flower.

Ventricose; inflated, swelling out.

ae

114 , GLOSSARY.

—s

Vernation; the arrangement of leaves Voluble; twining.

in the bud.
Verucose; warty. Wand; a small twig, a long reed.
Versatile; lying horizontally. Wedge- -shaped; obovate, with straitish.
Vertical; at right angles with the earth. sides.
Verticel: a whorl. Whbeel-shaped ; when a corolla has
Verti cellaster ; a whorled cyme. spreading limb and a very short tube.
Verticeliate ; in whorls, bearing whorls, Whorl; flowers or leaves surrounding
Vescicular; bladdery, having bladder- _ the stem in numbers.

like cavities. Wings; lateral appendages to leaves, &e.,.
Vexillum; the standard of a papillina- also the two side petals ina papilliona-.
ceous corolla. ceous flower.
Villous, or Villose; clothed with long Wood; the solid part of plants, egmposed
and soft shaggy hairs. of cellular tissue, woody fibre, spiral
Virgate; wand like. vessols, &c.
Viseid ; clammy, glutinous. Woody tissue: cells with firm and thick-

Vite ; oil-tubes, longitudinal canals in ish walls, drawn out into tapering or
the. substance of the fruit of Umbel- slender tubes.

liferous plants, containing aromaticoil. Woolly; clothed withlong matted hairs-

ANALYTICAL TABLES.

“ BEING &

“

Synopsis of the Genera deseribed in this. work, according
to the Linnen Artificial System.

WITH REFERENCES TO THE NATURAL ORDERS AND PAGE...

CLASS I. MONANDRIA.—1 Stamen..
OrperR I. MONOGYNIA.—1 Pistcl.

* Flowers not glumaceous.
PAGS..-
Hippocris.—Perianth adherent to the ovary, the border entire. Stamens inser-
ted on the edge of the calyx.— Aquatics, with entire leaves in whoris, and
minute flowers sessile in the axils. 11

Cannsa.—Perianth unequal, scarcely lip-shaped. Stamens petaloid, only one
with half an anther on its edge.— Herbaceous tropical plants, with tr ans-
verse parallel-veined leaves and showy flowers. 365:

*« * Flowers glumaceous (Sedges).

HIEMICARPHA,—Perianth none. Style 2-cleft—Low tufted annuals, with bristle-
like leaves at the base, and many-flowered spikes. 39F

Species of Cyperus, ERIOPHORUS, and FIMBRISTYLIS, in CYPERACE.Z. BEES

Orper II. DIGYNIA.—2 Styles or sessile Stigmas,

* Flowers not glumaceous.
CaLLiTRIcHE.—Filaments slender. Styles 2, awl-shaped. Fruit 4lobed, 4-
celied, naked.— Aquatic small annuals. Leaves opposite, entire. 31£

Biuitum.—Calyx 3 to 5-parted, becoming juicy and berry-like in fruit.—Zeaves
triangular or halbert-shaped, sinwate-tocthed.

* * Wlowers glumaccous (Grasses ).
Gu

Cinna.—Spikelets 1-flowered, in a large compound terminal panicle. Stamens
opposite the l-nerved upper palee.

Un10La.—Spikelets several-flowered, very flat, eoriaceous.—Tufled, from creep- #

ing rootstocks. E
Axnpe.opogon.—Spikelets 114-flowered, in pairs. Panicles silky. 43

=

116 sige CLASS II.

PAGE..

CLASS TL. DIANDRIA,.—2 Stamens.
Orpen I. MONOGYNIA.—1 Siyle or Stigma.

* Flowers with only a calyx ; not glumaceous.
Faakinus.—Calyx small, 4-cleft. Fruit asamaraorkey. Leaves pinnate. 298:
* * Flowers with a calyx and corolla.

t Corolla polypetalous (of seperate petals). »

CHIONANTHES.—Petals 4, long and linear. Stamens very short. Style very
‘short, with a notched stigma.—AShrubs with white flowers in drooping ra-
_cemes or panicles. 295

Cmczsa.—Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens slender.—Herbs. Leaves
oppostie- Flowers wititisr in racemes.

t t Corolla monopetalous (one-petalled), recular.

Laaustrum.—Calyx 4toothed. Corolla 4-lobed, funnel-form. Stamens on the
tube of the corolla. Style very short, with 2-cleft stamens.— Shrubs
with simple entire leaves and small white flowers in thyrsoid panicles. 294

Syzinga—cCorolla salver-form, with the limb cleft into 4 deep obtuse spreading
segments. Stamens short, included within the tube. Capsule 2-celled.—
Oriental shrubs with simple entire leaves, and white lilac or purplish
fragrant flowers. 295.

JASMINUM.—Calyx tubular, 5 to 10-cleft. Corolla salver-form, with a long tube
and a flat 5 to 10-cleft limb— Bushy or climbing shrubs, with opposite
compound leaves, and white or yellow flowers..

ttt Corolla 1-petalled, 2-lipped or irregular.
* Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla.

Veronica.—Calyx 4-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with a 4-cleft spreading
border, the 2 lower segments mostly narrow. Capsule obcordate or ob-
tuse.—LHerbs, with blue, flesh-color, or white flowers. 242

LgePraNnpRA.—Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular bell-shaped, with a 4-lobed bor-
der. Stamens and pistilsat length much exserted.— Herbs, with mostly
whorled leaves and white flowers in terminal racemes. 243

GratioLa.—Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included. Style dilated or 2-lipped at
the apex.—Low herds, with opposite sessile leaves and axillary 1-flowered.
peduncles. 240

Inyvsantous.—Calyx 4-parted. Upper lip of the corolla short, 2-lobed. Sterile
stamens 2, inserted on the throat and protruded.—Small smooth herbs. 241

HeEmiantHus.—Calyx 4toothed, equal. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip very
short. Style short. Capsule globular, 1-celled.—A smail annwal, with
crowded opposite leaves and minute flowers in their axils.

DIANTHERA.—Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped. Amnthers 2-celled, the
cells placed one lower down than the other.— Her bs, growing in water,
with narrow entire leaves and purplish flowers. 2c4

* * Stamens inserted on the corolla or at its base.

CataLpa.—Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling, with an irregu-
lar 5-cleft border. Sterile filaments 2 or 3.—Zrees with large heart-
shaped leaves, and white flowers in terminal panicles.

UrezcuLaria.—Calyx 2-parted. Corolla personate, the palate on the lower lip
projecting. Stigmas bilabiate. Capsule globular, 1-celled.—Immersed —
opie with dissected leaves and erect scapes, bearing ycllow or purplish

awers,

, CLASS IIT. 117

: PAGE;
t{{{Corolla more or less 2-lipped. Stamens in-

_ serted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at the
apex. Fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets, surrounding the
style in the bottom of the calyx. See Class 14. Dr-
D¥NAMIA.

* KK Flowers glumaceous (Sedges).
CYPERACEH. Species of C¥PERUS, FIMBRISTYLUS, RHYNCOSPORA,and ScLERia. 305
OrpeEr II. DIGYNIA.—2 Styles or sessile Stigmas.

* Flowers not glumaceous.

BuituM.—Petals none. Calyx berry-like or fleshy.. 299.
Anycnis.—Petals none. Calyx of 4 sepals. Secd 1. 54
ELATINE. Petals and sepals 2 or38. Seeds several, 46

*%* Flowers glumaceous (Grasses).

ANTHOXANTHUM.—Lateral flowers each of l-awned palex, neutral; the perfect
one 2-androus.—Fanicle contracted or spike-like. 427:

GRAMINE. Species of Lenrsia, BRACHYELYTRUM, and GLYCERiA. ) 403

Orver III. TRIGYNIA.—3 Styles or sessile Stigmas.

SPERGULARIA.—Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded.—
Leaves fleshy. Flowers small, reddish.

CLASS UI. TRIANDRIA.—3 Stamens.

on
en

OrveR I. MONOGYNIA.—1 Style or sessile Stigma. °

* Corolla 5-lobed or parted. Leaves reticulate-veined.

HiDdiA.—Border of the calyx 3 to 6-toothed and persistent or obsolete. Corolla
tubular, 5-lobed, regular.—Stems forking. Leaves opposite. Flowers
small, whitish. 15 &

** Perianth 6-parted. Leaves parallel-veined.
; Flowers issuing from a spathe.

Fsis.—Divisions of the perianth altcrnately reflexed. Stamens under the 3°
large petal-like stigmas.— Flowers large, blue, white, and yellow. 368:

SiSYRINCHIUM.—Divisions of the perianth equal, spreading. Stamens monodel-
phous. Style short, with.3 stigmas.—Leaves grassy. Flowers mostly blue. 369

PARDANTHUS.—Perianth regular, 6-parted. Filaments thread-like. Stigma —

straight or incurved.—F lowers yellowish, spotied with red. 370.
Crocus.—Spathe radical. Perianth funnel-form. Stigma 3-cleft, conyolute,
crested.—Bulbous exotics; with white, blue, and purplish flowers. 370.

TigRidiA.—Perianth-lobes oblong, upright-spreading, the alternate ones the
broadest. Stamens monodelphous. Filaments united into a long tube.
Style filiform.—Bulbous exotics, with yellow and red spotted flowers. 3870:

HigTBRANTHERA.—Perianth salver-form, with a slender tube. Stamens dissimi-
lar.—Creeping or floating herbs, with kidney-shaped leaves, and blue or
white flowers, |

Sue

118 - CLASS IY.

_ PAGE.
ScHOLLERA.—Perianth salver-form. Stamens similar, with arrow-shaped an-
thers.— A water plant with linear leaves and yellow flowers.

**K Perranth in 2 rows, with 8 petals.
t { Flowers not issuing from a spathe.

ComMMELYNA.—Calyx and corolla seperate, irregular. Stamens sometimes 6.
Stigma single.—Flewers blue or white. 392

Xrris.—Calyx and corolla seperate, irregular. Stigmas 3.—F lowers yellow, tn
a terminal dense head. » ;

JuNcUS.—Perianth 6-parted, entirely glumaceous, regular. , 389

A. NATURAL ORDER CYPERACEA.—Proper
perianth none, or bristle-like; the 3 stamens and
single style invested in an imbricated perianth of
glumes instead of*a calyx. Fruit 1-seeded.—
Leaves parallel-veined. ogo

Onpver II. DIGYNIA.—2 Pistils.

AnycmiA.—Calyx 5-parted, greenish. Styles very short. Urticle 1-seeded.—
F lowers small, white, in the forks of the stem. 54

A. NATURAL ORDER GRAMINEAL.—-Grasses
with usually hollow stems, closed at the joints, and
alternate 2-ranked parallel-veined leaves.— St/gmas
feathery or hairy. £lowers green, in small spilcelets. 408

OrvER III. TRIGYNIA.—23 Pistils.

STrLLARIA.—Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, 2-parted. Capsule 1-celled.— Herbs. 51
Mo.iuGco.—Calyx 6-parted. Petals none. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-
seeded.— Low annuals, with verticellate leaves and white fio'vers. 53

Lecaia.—Calyx 3-sepalled, with 2 outer bracts or sepals. Petals 3, inconspicu-
ous. Styles scarcely any. Stigmas 3.—F lowers tneonspicuous, greenish
or purplish. 41

PreseRPrnaca.—Calyx-tube o-sided, with a 3-parted limb. Fruit long, 3. angled,
8-celled, 8-sceded, nut-like.— Aquatic herbs. 117

CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA.—4 Stamens, equal in length.
Orprr I. MONOGYNIA—1 Pistily

* Corolla 4-petalled. Leaves reticulate-veined.

Corxts.—Calyx-limb minute, 4-toothed, adherent tothe ovary. Petals oblong
spreading. Drupe 2-cclled, 2 seeded.— Shrubs or herbs, with white flowers. 144

Lupwicia.—Calyx 4-lobed. Petals 4, equal, obcordate, often small or wanting.

Capsule 4-celled, many-seeded.—F lower s often yellow or apetalous. 115
* * Corolla 1-petalled ; 4-parted or lobed. Leaves reticulate.
ieee
* Calyz free from the ovary. Jinks a

Baxtonta—Calyx 4-parted. Corolladeeply 4-cleft, not gland-bearing. Stamens

CLASS IV. ~ 119

PAG3.

short. Capsule l-celled, many-seeded.—Leaves scale-like. Flowers small _
yellowtsh-white. 287

Ozonsrra. —Calyx of 2 spreading Jeaflike sepals. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped,
4-clett. Stigma 2lipped.—Plant purplish-green. Flowers whitish or
purplish, solitary or in clusters of 3. 289

PLANTAGO.— Calyx 4-(rarely 3)-parted. Corolla tubular 4-cleft, with a reflexed
border. Stamens mostly very long. Capsule 2-celled, opening trans-
versely.— Leaves radical, ribbed. Flowers whitish, in a bracted spike. 224

Exrtar£,.—Calyx 4 or 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with a slender tube
and 4 or 5-parted limb.—Leaves opposite. Flowers rose-purpleor reddish,
cymose. 286

* ® Calyx adherent to the ovary or its base,

Hezpyoris.—Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, salver-form, or
wheel-gshanped, the limb 4-parted. Stigmas 2—-F lowers blue or purplish,
Single or clustered. 153

MircH21La.—Flowers united in pairs. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form,
4-parted, spreading, bearded inside. Ovaries united. = Braiding herbs.
Flowers rose-colored 6r white. Berries red, edibie. 152

CepHALAntTHus.—Calyx small, 4cleft. Corolla tubular, slender, 4toothed.
Style much exserted; stigma capitate—Shrubs, with opposite leaves,
and white flowers in a dense globoso head. 15

Dirsacvs.—Corolla tubular, 4-cleft, nearly regular. Stamens inserted on the
corolia. Fruit 1-seeded, crowned with the calyx.—Coarse herbs, with
opposite connate leaves, and bluish or whitish flowers in large oblong eo
heads.

*** Corollt 4 or 5-parted or none. Calyx 4 or 5-parted.

Scaprosa —Involucre many-leaved. Calyx 5-parted, with long bristly divisions.
Corolla tubular. Filaments much exserted.—Leaves opposite. Flowers
dark purple pink, or whitish, in heads. 155

LinnzA.—Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla narrow, beil shaped, nearly equally 5-lobed.

Stamens unequal.—A trailing evergreen, with rose-colored flowers in
pairs. 148

SancurgsorBa,—Calyx constricted at the throat, 4-lobed, with 2 or 2 scales or
bracts at ihe baseexternally. Petals none—Leaves unequally pinnate.
Flowers small, in close spi iked heads.

Lyrocm.—Corolla tubular, the throat closed with the beards of the filaments.
Stamens often 5. Berry 2-celled.—Skrubs, somewhat climbing, with
greenish-purple flowers. 284

Evonymuus.—Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base. Petals 4 or 5, rounded. spread-
ing. Stamens very short, inserted on the upper face of a fiat 4 or 5-an-
gied disk.—SArubs, with 4 sided branches, and greenish or purplish
flowers.

*%** * Floral envelope consisting of a single petal-like
perianth. Leaves often parallel-veined.

Suicactya. Sec. Malantsemum.—Perianth spreading. Stamens 4. Berry =
celled.— Flowers racemed, white, fragrant. 375

OrnonT1uM.—Flowers on a cylindical spadix. Perianth 4 to 6-sepalled. Stamens
4 to 6.—Flowers yellow, at the summit of the scape. Spatheradical. 347

Syupiocarpcs.—Spathe hooded, shell-form, pointed. Spadix roundish, covered
with fiowers. Perianth deeply 4-parted. Style 4angled.—/feiid herbs,
with large veiny leaves, and nearly sessile spathes.

Oxper Il. DIGYNIA—2 Pistils,
* Corolla polypetalous.

120 ~ OLASS! V.

HAMAMELIS—P etals 4, strap-e’ d. Stamens 8, the 4 alternate '

tals, fertile. Capsule nu ike, Zrcelled. Shrubs or small trees, :
yellow flowers. ne

** Corolla monopetalous. == ras Seog eneeiees aii
GALiIUM.—Calyx minute, 4-toothed. Corolla 4- parted, rotate, . Stamens shor’, ui

Fruit 2-lobed, 2-seeded.—Slender herbs, with 4-angled stems, and a,
flowers. ,

‘CuscuTa.—Corolla bell-shared, 4 or 5-cleft. Stamens 4 or 5. Capsule Ae ete
2 to 4-sceded. —Leafless, yellowish on reddish herbs.

Qunt1ANA.—Corolla funnel- form, 4or 5-cleft, mostly with plaited folds, Calyx

4 or b-parted. Stamens 4 or 5. Capsule many-seeded.— Herb, wilh
opposite leaves.

Orver IY. THTRAGYNIA.- —1 Pistil or sessile Stigma.
* Pistils separate, free from the calya.

PoromoGgEron.—Calyx 4-sepalled. Stamens nearly sessile. Fruit 4 nutlets.—

Aquatic submersed herbs, with small greenish flowers on a spike, pod
above the water.

TiLL#A.—Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4, Carpels 3 or 4.—Small
tujsied herbs, with opposite leaves.
** Pistils combined into one, free from the calyx.

SadINa.—Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5. Capsule 1-celled, several-seeded.—
Small matted herbs, with thread-like or awl-shaped leaves,

Iunx.—Calyx and corolla 4 or 5-parted. Stamens and sub-sessile stigmas 4 or 5,
Trees or shrabs, with spinose-dentate leaves.

CLASS V. PENTANDRIA.—5. Stamens.

Orpen I. MONOGYNIA.—1 Pistil. rs
* Corolla 1-petalled, regular. Kod

A. BORAGINACE Z.—-Herbs, chiefly sd pee
with alternate entire leaves, and symmetrical flow- —
ers with a 5-parted calyx, a reglular 5-parted corol-
la, the stamens inserted on its tube, and a deeply

_ 4-lobed ovary, forming in fruit 4 sced-like nutlets. 266

1. Eemum.—Corolla obliquely irregular, naked in the throat. Sipmedl his
equal exserted.—J’ lowers cyanic. 266

2. Lyoorsis.—Corolla regular, funnel-form, with a curved: ‘tube, and and. with 5

obtuse hairy scales in the throat.—Jlowers blue. — ae 266

3. SympuyruM.—Corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped, é-toothed ; the throat closed
with awl-shaped scales.—J’ lowers white and pink. A ery 206

4, ONosMopIUM.—Corolla oblong or ovate-tubular, with erect or. converging t
lobes, and a naked throat.—F lowers yellowish-while, ¢ in spiked racemes. 207

6, Lyrsoseermum.—Corolla funnel. form, open. Stamens ie ty — Flowers
while or yellow, in leas/y-bracted spikes or racemes. cena k | G7

6. Myoso11s.—Corolla salver-form, sort, the throat half closed ma obtuse

scales. Stamens included on short cations! sm MF ey
iia 8 in naked racemes,

-

OLASS V. 121

PAGE.
4. Merrensta.Corolla tubular-bell-form, elongated with a wide spreading
border; scales none.—Sinooth herbs, with showy purplish-blue or white

flowers, in terminal racemes or clusters. 269

8. Ecurnosrermum.—Corella salver-form. Nutlets prickly-margined.— Rough
hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue fiowers and bracted racemes. 269

9. CynoGgiossum.—Corolla funnel-form, the throat closed with 5 obtuse scales.
Nutlets prickly all over.—Coarse herbs, with white or purplish flowers,

mostly in panicled racemes. 2
10. Borago.—Corolla wheel-form, with acute segments, the throat closed with
5 rays.—Rough herds, with blue flowers, in 1-sided clusters. 270

41. Ancnusa.—Corolla funnel-form, vaulted; tube straight, orifice closed with
| 5 prominent scalés. Stigma emarginate.—LHzaolic herbs, with cyanic —
| Jlowers. 270

12. PotmonartA.—Calyx prismatic, 5-angled. Corolla fannel-form, with a cy-
lindric tube; orifice hairy, in 5 lines, alternating with the stamens.—
Exotic herbs, with mostly blue flowers. 271

B. HYDROPHYLLACE &.—-Herbs, commonly hairy,
with mostly alternate and cut-lobed or compound
leaves, regular 5-parted and 5-androus, blue or white
flowers, in one-sided cymes or racemes which are _
coiled from the apex when young.— Style 2-cleft. 271

4. Hyrvropayiium.—Corolla bell-shaped, the tube with 5 longitudinal appen-

dages. Stamens exserted. Ovary bristle-hairy.—Herbs, with petioled
pinnately or palmately veincd leaves, and cymose clustered flowers. 271

2. PaHaorria.—Corolla open-bell-shaped. Capsule 4seeded, the 2 placent»
linear.— Hairy herbs, with divided leaves and usually pale-blue flowers

in forked racemes. 272
3. Cosmantaus.—Corolla broadly-bell-shaped, without scales. Ovary 1-celled,
bairy above.—F lowers white or pale blue, in long bractless racemes. 273

4, Evuroca.—Corolla broadly-bell-shaped. Capsule l-celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded.— Flowers blue or white.

to

73
‘b. Nemopsria.—Calyx 10-parted, the alternate lobes reflexed. Corolla flat-bell-

shaped. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Capsule 4-seeded.—F lowers
blue or white. 273

©. POLEMONIACE H.— Herbs, with alternate or op-
posite leaves, regular 8-parted flowers, a 8-celled
ovary, and 4-lobed style. Stamens often unequal —
or unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla. 274

3. Puriox.—Calyx somewhat prismatic, the segments erect. Corolla ‘salver-
form, with a curved slender tube; the stamens unequally insertedin _
its tube.— Flowers pink, purple or white.

2. PoLzmonium.—Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped-rotate, with
@ short tubo.—Leaves pinnate. Flowers blue or white, in nearly bract-
iess corymbs. ‘

8. Grm1a.—Corolla somewhat futinel-shaped. Stamens inserted on the inher
side of the corolla-tube——Leaves alternate, pinnatifid. Flowers blue, __
several-flowered, in capitate clusters or panicles.

“4, Iromoprsis.—Calyx tubular and membranaceous, Corolla funnel-shaped,
thc tube much exserted. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla.

— Leaves finely pinnatifid. Flowers orange, scarlet, or reddish, in clug-
‘terod panicles.

76

“=

122 . ~ GLASS _Y.

"PAGE.

D. CONVOLVULACEA.— oat Tarriestinay or ae:
qwith alternate entire or lobed leaves and regular 5-
androus flowers. Flowers usually large and showy;
epening but for one day. Stamens inserted into

the base of the corolla. 2

a. Catystecisa.—Calyx 5-parted, enclosed in two large foliaceous braets. Co-
rolla be!l-shaped-funnel-form, 5-folded, the border obscurely 5-lobed er
entire. Stigmas 3.—Leaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped. Flower ait

white or livht-rose-color, on axillary solitary peduncles.

rs

ConvoLvetps.—Calyx naked. Cerolla bell-shaped er funnel-form, with a
spreading nearly entire border. Stamens mostly included—Flowers
white, pink, blue, and purple.

8. Qvuamocrit.—Sepals 5, mostly mucronate. Corolla tubular-cylindrical.
Stamens. exserted.—Leaves often pinnatifid. Flowers white, yellow,
orange, and scarlet, delicate.

4, Ovscuta.—Piant yellow or reddish, with thread-like-naked stems and small
scales in place of leaves,

EF. SOLANACEAI.—- Herbaceous or “rarely shrubby

77

278

279

j

plants, with alternate leaves, regular d-parted flowers -

on bractless pedicels, and. the fruit a 2-celied (rarely
8 to 5-celled) capsular berry. Corolla plaited or in-
folded. tamens mestly equally inserted on the

corolla. Style and stigma simple. 280

ed

Nricormana—Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or
salver-form. mostly with a long tube. Capsule 2-celled.—Acrid herbs,
with white flowers, tinged with ¢ green or purple.

S

ATURA.—Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Coroila funnel-form, with a large
and spreading 5-toothed plaited border.—Runk herds, with large and
showy flowers.

$. HyoscyamMus.—Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaned, 5-lebed. Corolla some-

what irregular, with a 5-lobed plaited border. Capsule 2-celled, opening
by a lid.— Rank herbs, with lurid flowers.

4. Nicanpri.—Calyx 5-parted, 5 angled, at length bladdery and inclosing the
3 to d-celled dry berry. — Smooth herbs.

5. Puysaris.—Calyx 5-cleft, at length enlarged and bladdery, and inclosing

the 2-celled berry. Corolla spreading bell-shaped.—f lowers greciish-

yellow.

6. Soranum.—Calyx 5 to 10-parted, spreading in fruit. Corolla mostly wheel-
; shaped, with a very short tube. Stamens exserted, converging around
the style.—Herbs or shrubs.

oo |

2 celled, situated on the calyx.—Kxotics, w ti pale blue flowers.

§. Lyctum.—Calyx 2 to 5-cleft, short. Corolla tubular, with a mostly, 5-lobed
spreading Jimb, the orifire closed with the beard of the filaments. Sta-
mens + or 5, exserted.—S hr ubs, somewhat climbing.

9. Carsicum.—Corola wheel-form, with a very short tube. Fruit a ‘juiceless
berry, 2 to 4-celled, many-seeded.— Herbaceous shrubby plants, pervaded
by a hot pungent principle.

410. Pstunta.—Oalyx-tube short, with a 5-cleft leafy limb. Corolla funnel- form,

ith a cylindric tube, the limb in 5 unequal aie lobes. —Lzotic meg
W wth showy flowers. ;

281

i)
ie 4)
bo

i wie —Calyx persistent, 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped. Berry glohose, os

284

284

CLASS V. 123-

s PAGH..
F. PRIMULACEA, in part.— Herbs, usually low, with
perfect regular flowers, the stamens inserted oppo-
site the lobes of the corolla on its tube, and a l-
eelled ovary, bearing several or many seeds. 226

I. Primvuna.—Calyx tubular, angled,.5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-
shaped. Stamens incladed.—Svtémless her bs, with the leaves in a cluster
from the root. 226:
2. DopocatHron.—Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions reflexed. Corolla 5-part-
ed. refiexed.. Stamens exserted, united. Style exserted.— Smooth herbs,
with clustered radical leaves, and delicate white or purplish flowers in
a terminal umbel. : 227
$8: LysimacHIA.—Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with avery short tube, and 5-parted
limb. Filaments often united into a ring at base —Herbs, with axillary
or racemed yellow flowers.. 227.

4. Awacalis.—Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with scarcely any tube,
5-parted. Filaments hairy. Capsule globose, the top falling off like #
lid,.many-seeded.— Small. spreading. procumbent herbs. Leaves opposite
or whorled.

5. Samoius.—Calyx 5-cleft, the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Co-
rolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with the sterile filaments in the sinuses.—
Smooth herbs, with small white fiowers in racemes. 229:

6. Horronta.—Calyx 5-parted, with linear divisions. Corolla salver-shaped,
with. a short tube.—Aquatic herbs, with pectinate immersed Leaves, and
white flowers. 229:

G. CAMPANULACEX.—Zflerbs, with a milky juice,
alternate leaves, and scattered flowers ; the regular
d-lobed corolla belbshaped.. Stamens free from
the corolla, distinct. Stigmas 2 or more. 208:

I. Campanvcia.—Corolla fell-shaped, or rarely nearly rotate. Stamens 3 to 5:

Capsule 3 to 5-celled, opening by lateral valves.— flowers spicute or axil-
lary, blwe or wiite. 208:

2. Sprecutar1a.—Corolla wheel-skapcd, 5-lobed. Filaments hairy. Stigmas ~
3. Capsule prismatic, 3-celled.—Low herbs, with blue or white flowers. 20%
* * Corolla 1-petalled, regular or wrreqular..

A. CAPRIFOLIACE, in part.—Shrubs er rarely
herbs, often twining with opposite leaves, no stipules,
the calyx-tube coherent with the 2 to d-celled:
ovary. Stigmas 1to4. Fruit a berry, drupe, or
capsule.. : ; 145

tT. Lonicrrs.—Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often swelled

at.the base, irregularly or nearly’ reguiarly 5-lobed. Stigma capitate:
Berry several-seeded.—Climbing or erect shrubs. Leaves often connate.. 143

2. DieRvVILLA.—Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, nearly regular. Capsule oblong,
2-celled, 2:valved:—Low upright: shrubs; with yellowish flowers..

3. TriostEumM.—Calyx-lobes 5, leaf-like, persistent. CorolJa tubular, swelled
at the base, scarcely lounger than the calyx. Stigma capitate, lobed.—
Coarse hairy herbs, with the leaves connate around the stem:. lan

4, SympPHoricarpus.—Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, nearly regularly.
4 or 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted into the throat of the corolia.
Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded.—SArubs, with small whitish flowers in short:

~sprkes or clusters... -

+

124

_ CLASS VY.

: PAGE.
I, Herbs or rarely shrubs, with opposite entire leamesyeys¢ ~

Vinca.—Corolla salver-form, contorted ; border 5-cleft, the tube oblique; orifice
5-angled.— Upright or trailing shrubs. * 2

Mmasitis.—Perianth funnel-form, with acontracted tube, free from the ovary;
limb plaited, entire, deciduous. Stigma globose.—Showy exotics, with
opposite leaves, and white, red, yellow, and variegated flowers.

Menyantues.—Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, with a spreading |
equally 5-lobed limb, hairy within. Stigma 1 or 2-lobed, Capsule 1-
celled.— Leaves 3 at the summit. Flowers reddish, racemed. 288.

Iiayraraa.—Calyx 4 or 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with a slender tube,
and 4 or 5-parted limb. Anthers after flowering spirally twisted. Cap-
sule linear, 1 or 2-celled.—Low herbs, with rose, purple, or reddish cy-
mose flowers.

SaspatiA.—Calyx 5 to 12-parted. Corolla rotate, 5 to 12-parted. Stamens 5 to
12. Anthers.at length revolute. Stigmas 2, spiral. Capsule 1-celled.—
Herbs, with slender stems and handsome flowers. 285,

GENTIANA.—Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla 4 or 5-lobed, regular, with folds in the
sinuses, or fringed on the throat or margins. Style short or none.. Stig-
mas 2.—Jllowers solitary or cymose, showy. 287:

Sriczu1a.—Calyx. 5-parted, persistent, with slender lobes. Corolla tubular-
funnel-form, 5-cleft at the summit. Style slender, hairy above. Capsule
short, twin.— Herbs, with showy flowers.in spikes or 1-sided cymes. 154.

J. Herbs or rarely shrubs, with alternate entire-leaves.

‘Vurbascum.—Calyx 5-parted, Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, rotate, the
lobes nearly equal. Stamens often hairy, the anterior longer. Capsule.
globose, many-seeded.—-/' lowers in spikes or racemes.

AzauzA.—Calyx 5-parted, often minute. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, slightly
irregular. Filaments long, exserted, and usually declined, as well as
the long style.-—Upright shrubs, with showy flowers in wmbelled clusters: 216

Loprs1a.—Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla irregular, cleft on the upper side, 2-lipped;
lower lip 8-cleft; upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes. Anthers cohering
and somewhat curved. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded.
—Flowers blue, white, or red. 206:

CunronraA.—Calyx, corolla, and stamens nearly. as.in Lobelia. Capsule silique-
form.—Procumbent herbs, with minute leaves and axillary solitary flowers. 207.

** * Flowers 5-petalled, regular.

CLAYTONIA.—Calyx 2-leaved or 2-parted. Petals emarginate or obtuse. Sta-
mens inserted on the claws of the petals. Style 2-cleft.—Small fleshy
herbs, with a pair of opposite leaves.and a loose raceme of white or red-
dish flowers. ° 56

GxLastrnus.—Calyx minute. Petals sessile. Stamens on the margin of a cup-
shaped disk. Pistil on the disk. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, erect, en-
closed by a pulpy scarlet aril.— Climbing or twining shrubs, with alternate
leaves and greenish flower s. 72.

Ivonrmvus.—Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base. Petals.4 or 5, rounded; spread:
ing. Stamens. very short. Style short or none.—Shrubs, with 4-sided
branches, and green or dark purple flowers. 73

Creanotaus.—Calyx 5-lobed. Petals hood-form, on slender claws. Filaments
elongated. Fruit 3-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe.
—Shrubby plants, with white flowers in little umbel-like clusters. 434.

IrzA.—Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, free from the ovary. Petals lanceolate, much
longer than the calyx and stamens. Styles 2, united.—A shrub, with
white flowers in simple spicate racemes. 129;

KK Flowers 4 or b5-petalled, regular. Fruit @
drupe or berry.

CLASS V.’ ie

. ry! é
— , A on ot at ih pcitealinetn i ina APAGKS
Vit1s.—Calyx 4 or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, cohering at the apex, deciduous.
Stigma simple, sessile. Berry 2-celled, 1 to 4-seeded.—Shrubs, elimbing
by tendrils, with fragrant greeuish flowers. 74

Amprtopsis.—Calyx nearly entire. Petals 5, concave, spreading. Stigmas
capitate.—Shrubby creepers, with digitate or cordate leaves, and cymose
clusters of flowers. 75 -

RuAmnus.—Calyx urn-shaped, 4 or 5-cleft. Petals 4 or 5, shorter than the
‘sepals, sometimes very minute or wanting. Stamens 4 or 5.» Style 2 to
4-cleft.— Small trees or shrubs, with minute flowers. . 73;

Rises.—Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 4 or 5-parted. Petals 4 or 5, small, in-
serted into the throat of the cilyx. Stamens 5, very short. Styles 2,
distinct or united.— Shrubs, ef.cn with prickly branches. Frutt mostly
edible. — . 119 >

EpERA.—Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, dilated at the base. Berry 5-seeded, sur-

y
rounded by the permanent calyx.—Ezotic shrubby, climbing or erect
plants, with simple evergreen leaves, and greenish flowers. 148 ;

** *** Flowers 2, 4 or 5-petalled, trregular.. Seeds.
in a capsule.

Viora.—Sepals 5, auricled at their base. Petals. 5, unequal, the larger one
spurred-at the base, the.2 lateral equal. Stamens approximate, fila-
ments distinct. Anthers connate. Capsule 1l-celled 2-valved.—LZLow
herbs, with pretty flowers on angular solitary peduncles. 37 7

Sotra.—Sepals not auricled. Petals unequal, the lowest one 2-lobed and some- -
what gibbous at the base. Capsule somewhat 3-seeded.— Flowers green-
ish, in the axils of the leaves. 40

IMPATIENS.—Sepals 5, the lower one spurred, the 2 upper united so as to appear
like one. Petals 2, unequal-sided and 2-lobed. . Stamens short. Stig-
mas 5, united. Capsule bursting elasticaliy.—Herbs, with smooth suc-
culent stems, with tumid joints.: 64 «.

RK KKK Mowers with a single corolla-like perianth.

CoMANDRA.—Perianth: bell-shaped or urn-shaped, the limb 6-cleft, persistent.
Anthers adhering to the lobes of the perianth by a tuft of thread.—
Herbs, with alternate oblong and sessile leaves, and greenish-white
flowers in terminal or axillary cymes. 810 -

GoMPuRENA.—Bracts 5, colored, the 8 outer ones keeled. Sepals 5, villous,
Disk cylindric, 5-toothed. Utricle l-seeded.—F' lowers in globose heads. 302 :

CeLosrA.—_Sepals 3 to 5, colored. Stamens united at base by a plaited disk.
Style 2 or 3-cleft.— Ornamental exotics. 802. :

Orpver Il:. DIGYNIA.—2 Pistils or sessile Stigmas..
* Corolla 1-petalled. .

GENTIANA.—Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla 4 on 5-cleft, usually with intermediate
-plaited folds, appendaged at. the sinuses. Style short or none; stigmas
2, persistent.—Bilter herbs, with:solitary or cymore showy flowers.

CuscuTA.—Whole plant yellow or reddish; with filiform or naked: stems, and °
small scales instead of leaves. . ‘ 279

Apocyrum,—Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft,‘the base furnished
- with 5 triangular scales, alternating with the lobes. Anthers arrow- -
shaped, adhering to the. stigma.— Plants, with milky acrid juice, oppo-
site entire leaves, and small pale flowers.—APOCYNACEA. 289 »

A. ASCLEPIADACEA.—.Plants with milky juice
and opposite. or whorled entire leaves, regular 5-ane-
€

i

126 . _OLASS V.

PAGE.
drous flowers, with a singular connection of the.
anthers with the stigma, and cohesion of the pollen-

masses into wax-like masses. 290,

1, AsciEPras.—Calyx and corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. Crown of 5.hood-
. ed lobes, with or without an inc urved horn rising from the base of each. 290

2. GonoLtopus.—Corolla rotate, 5-parted. Crown a small wavy-lobed ring.

Pollen-masses 5 pairs.— Twining, shrubby, or herbaceous plants, with
greenish or purplish flowers.

** Corolla 5-peialied.

Hevonera.—Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, 5-cleft. Petals
5, small, entire. Capsule with 2 beaks, 1-celled.—Herbs, with round
heart-shaped radical leaves, and greenish-white or purplish flowers.

Panax.—Polygamous. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Styles 2 or 3, short. Fruit a2
or 3-celled and 2 or 4-seeded drupe, often fleshy.— Leaves palmately com-
pound. Flowers white, in a single simple umbel on.along peduncle. 14%

B. UMBELLIFERA.—Zerbaceous plants, with hollow:
stems, alternate, mostly compound leaves, with their-
petioles expanded or sheathing at the base. Flow-
ers in umbels. Fruit consisting of 2 coherent
earpels.. be : 137

¢ Inner face. of the seed flat or nearly so.

4. Hyprocotyir.—Flowers small, white, in simple-umbels or clusters. Fruit
orbicular, flattened.—Leaves roundish or kidney-form. 131

emi.

CrANTZIA.—Flowers few, in simple involucre umbels, white. Fruit globu-
lar, with red vitze—Leaves linear, fleshy.

$3. SANICULA—Flowers in irregular or compound umbels, greenish or yellow=.

ish. Fruit clothed with hooked- prickles.—Leaves palmately lobed or
parted. 13

4, DaAucus.—Flowers in concave umbels, white. Fruit smooth, the carpels

strongly winged on the back and on the edge.—Ledves finely y 2 or 3-pin-
nate or pinnatifid. 133°:

5. HERACLEUM.—F lowers white, the marginal somewhat radiant, in large flat.

umbels. Fruit broadly wing-margined.—Leaves 1 or 2, ternately com-
pound. 17

6. PASTINACS«—Flowers yellow, in-large flat umbels. Fruit wing-margined.—s
Leaves pinnately compound. 134.

4, ARCHANGELICAW—Flowers greenish or white, in. perfect umbels, with a:
many-leaved involucel. Capsule 3-ridged on the back.—JZeaves I or 2

— pinnately compound. 134
8. TAAsPivm.—Flowers yellow or: dark purple. Fruit elliptical or ovoid;
capsule 5-winged.—Leaves 1 to 4-ternately compound. 135

9. ZrmA.—Flowers yellow, in perfect umbels, Fruit oval or somewhat twin,
5-ribbed.— Leaves dissected.

10., Crcura.—Flowers white, in perfect. umbels. Fruit sub-globoge, twin.—.
Leaves pinnately or ternately compound. 136

1. S81usm.—Flowers white, in perfect umbels. Fruit ovate-globose.—Leaves
simply pinnate, with serrate leaflets.

12. OrYPToranta. —Flowers white, in compound umbels, with very unequal”
rays, Fruit oblong.—Leaves 3- parted,

eS

CLASS. V.. 127.

NE EERE aad
| PAGE. .

13. ARcnEMoRA—Fiowers white, Fruit broadly winged.—Leaves of 3 to 9.
linear or lanceolate leaflets. 138

H. BuPLzuRUM.—Elowers yellow... Fruit. ovoid-oblong.—Ledves simple, entire. 138+
CULTIVATED EXOTICS.

15. Canum.—Flowers white, in perfect-umbels, with various involucres. Fruit E
oval, laterally compressed.— Leaves dissected. 138.

16. Aprum.—Flowers.white, in.perfect:umbels.. Fruit roundish, laterally. com-
pressed.—Leaves pinnately dissected.

17. PempIneLtA —Flowers white, in compound’ umbels, without imvolucres.

Eruit ovate, ribbed, with convex intervals.—Leaves pinnately many:
parted.

18. Fanxicutrm.—Flowers yellow, in perfect umbels, no inyolucre. Fruit ellip-
tic-oblong.— Leaves biternately dissected.

{ {Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or.
the margins inyolute..

8 >

19. Co#RoraHyLLuM.—Flowers mostly scuaee’ in diffuse few-flowered. umbels. .

Fruit linear-obloag.—Leaves bé or tri-ternate, wilh incisely cleft or
toothed segments. 146 :

9%). OgmMornHizA.—Flowers white. Inyolucre and involucels few-leaved. - Fruit
linear oblong, angled.— Leaves large, 2 or 3-ternately divided. .

21. Comum.—Flowers white. Involucre 8 to 5-leaved. Fruit ovate, flattened.
at.the sides.—Leaves large, obcompounds

ttt Seeds incurved at base and apex:

22. ERiGEN1A.—Flowers. white, in a leafy-bracted compound umbel. Fruit
twin; carpels nearly kidney-form.—Leaves 2 or 3-ternately divided. 141:

23. Cor1ANDRUM.—Flowers.white, unilateral. Fruit globose.—Leaves bipinnate. 142
* EX Flowers with a single corolla-like perianth,

GsENopopium.—Perianth 5-parted, Partially enveloping the fruit. Utriele
thin, membranaceous.—Leaves petioled, triangular.or rhomboid. Flow-

‘ers sessile, in small clusters. ° 293°

U.iuvs.—Perianth bell-shaped: Fruit flat, winged; 1-seeded.—Trees, with

rough leayes, and purplish or yellowish flowers in lateral clusters pre-
ceding the leaves. oll

©£LTIS.—-Polygamous. Ferianth 5°to 6-parted, persistent. Fruit a glovutar
drupe, with thin flesh.—T7yrees or large shrubs, with pointed leaves, and
greenish axillary flowers. 312:

ScrzeraNntuvus.—-Utricle in the. calyx-twhbe; stamens on its throat.—Homely
little weeds, with obscure greenish clustered Sowers.

PoLtrconum.—Stamens 4 to 9: Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. ei lenticu-
lar.—Herbs, with jointed stems.

Beta.—Perianth 5-parted. Styles very short, erect, with acute diese: Seed
reniform, embedded in the fleshy perianth:.—Stems furrowed. KF lowe7s -
green in spikes or paniculate racemes. 300 :

OrpErR Til. TRIGYNIA.—3: Styles or sessile Stigmas.-
* Corolla 5-petalled..
_ Beus.—Calyx small 5-parted. Petals 5; ovate, spreading. Drupe- dry, hairy,
1-celled, 1-seeded.— Shrubs, sometimes climbing by rooting tendrils.
SrapuyLEa—Sepals 5, oblong. Petals 5, with short claws. Capsule inflated,

é-celled, few-seeded.— Shrubs, with opposite pinnate leaves... a2

128° , CLASS VI.

SPERGULARIA.—Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded.— Low herbs, with fleshy opposite
leaves and small reddish flowers.

Hyprericum.—Capsule 1-celled, membranaceous.—Herbs, with entire’ dotted..
leaves and yellow flowers.

* Corolla 1-petalled, 5-paried.

Visurnum.—Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla rotate, spreading. Fruit a
-I-celled, 1-seeded drupe.—S hrubs or small trees, with: spread leaves and
white flowers in flat cymes.

Sambucus.—Corolla urn-shaped. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe, containing 3
seeds.—S hrubby plants, with pinnate leaves and.-numerous.-white-flow-
ers in cymes.

:)!

Orver IV. TETRAGYNIA.—4 Styles or sessile Stigmas.:.

PaRNAssiA.—Calyx deeply 5-cleft. . Petals 5. Sterile stamens clustered at the

base of the fertile. Stigmas 4, sessile.— lowers solitary, terete
the long naked scapes.

DRoszns.—Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Styles 3 to.5, -each-2-parted—Low
aquatic: herbs, with the leaves clothed with reddish gland-bearing bristles.

OrnpverR V. PENTAGYNIA.—5. Pistils. .

AraLiA.—Calyx with the margin very short, 5-tocthed. Petals 5, spreading:

Berry 5-celled.—Zow io shrubs, or herbs, with 2 or 8-ternately or pin-
nately compound leaves.:

43 .

42°

142 :

Linum.—Capsale. sub-globose, 10-valved; 10-celled.—Herbs, with simple and =

sessile leaves, and blue:or yellowish. flowers. .

STATICE.—Calyx funnel-form, 5-toothed.’ Petals 5, united at base.—Sali-marsh~
plants, with thick .radieal leaves, and small flowers, in a compound co-
rymb. :

ARMERIA.—Calyx tubular ‘bell-shaped, 5-angled.' Petals 5, nearly distinct —
Leaves mostly linear,:radical. Flowei rose-colored, on a simple seape.

ZANTHORIZA.--Sepals and petals hypogynous, distinct, Follicles membrana-
ceous, compressed, 1-seeded.—Leaves pinnately divided. lowers dull
purple.

CLASS VI. HEXANDRIA.—6 equal Stamens.

OrvER I. MONOGYNIA:—1) Pistily

* Flowers with both calyx and corolla... Leaves reticus.

late-veined. .

BERBERIS.--Sepals 6, mostly with 2 bracteoles at ‘the base. Petals 6, with, 2-

glands upon their claws, Berry 2 or. 3-seeded._-Shrubs, with yellow
wool, and pale yellow flowers.

LEONTICE.—-Sepals 6, naked without. Petals 6, with a scale at base within.
Style short. Seeds naked on their. thick seed-stalk, resembling drupes.
—Her bs, with 2 and 3 ternate leaves aud greenish flowers.

FLGREIA.—Sepals 8, longer than the 3 petals. Style 2-cleft.. Ovaries 3, tuber-
culate.—A small aquatic, with pinnately divided leaves. .

PRINOS.—Flowers mostly dicecious or polygamous. Calyx minute, 4 to. 6

225

225 »

16 :

17°

66 :

toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, mostly 6-parted. Fruita. a 2

with 4 to 6 seeds.—Shrubs, with alternate leaves...

CLASS VI. 129:
iat. PAGE.
GyYNANDROPSIS.--Sepals 4, spreading. Petals 4, unequal. Pod linear-oblong,
raised on a long stipe: ——Leaves digitute. PF lowers racemed. 35
€LromE.—Petals 4, minute or roundish. Stamens 4te6. Pod sessile or stipi-
tate.—Leaves simple oy digitate. Flowers purplish.

** Perianth in.2 rows. Leaves parallel-veined.

PRADESCANTIA.— Calyx 3-leaved. Petals3. Filaments bearded. Capsule Z or
3-celied.— Leaves keeled: Flowers purple, rose-color, or white.

CoMMELYNA.—Flowers irregular. Stamens unequal. 8 of them fertile, one of
which is bent inward: 3 of them sterile and with smaller filaments, naked.
Stems branching. 392-

** * Flowers with a single corolla-like perianth. Leaves.
paralilel-veined.

A. LILIACEA.— Herbs, with parallel-nerved, sessile, or:
sheathing leaves, regular perfect flowers, with a petal-
life 6-merous perianth; free from the 2 or 3-celled
ovary. Anthers attached by a point. Style single:
‘stigma simple or 3-lobed. 7 ole

Not Bulvous.
{ Fruit a few-seeded berry, 2 or 3-celled:

3. ASPARAGUS.—Perianth 6-parted.—Stems much branching. Leaves thread:
like or bristle-form.

2. PoLtyconatum.—Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, bearing the stamens above the

middie.— flowers axillary, greenish. 375

&. Smimacina.—Perianth 4 to 6-parted, spreading, the stamens borne on the
base.— Flowers white, in a terminal raceme. BTS:

4, Ciinton1A.—Perianth 6-parted, bell-shaped, the stamens at the base of the
segments.—f lowers greenish, umbelled. 376

§, Convariarra._—Perianth 6-parted, round bell-shaped. Stamens divergent.
flowers white, fragrant, in a single rank. 877:

{ ft Fruit a few to: many-seeded capsule, 3-celled.

6. HemorocALiis.—Perianth funnel-form, lily-like. Stamens declined. Seeds
globular, black.—Leaves linear, keeled. Flowers yellow or reddish. 377

7. Forxxia.~-Perianth funnel-bell-shaped, 6-parted. Stamens:declined: Seeds
very numerous, flat.—LZeaves more or less heart-shaped. Flowers
white-or bluish, on bracted scapes.

8. ASPHODELUS.—Perianth 6-parted, spreading, with 6 valves covering the
ovary. Capsule globular, many-seeded.—LHzoties. 378:

Root Bulbous.

9, OnniTHOGALUM.—Style 8-sided.—Leaves linear, radical. lowers corymbed,
white. 378:

10. ALiIuM.—Flowers umbelled, from a spathe.—Strong- -scented herbs, with
mostly radical leaves and ‘the flowers in a simple umbel. 879

M1. Hyacynrtavus.—Perianth sub-globose or bell-shaped.—Haxotics. Flowers
mostly very fragrant. 380:

12. Potyantuus.—Perianth funnel-form, incurved. Filaments inserted into
the. throat. Stigmas 3-cleft.--Exotics. Flowers fragrant, white. . 382

130 CLASS VI.

PAGE.
{ {tf Fruit a many-seeded 3-celled loculicidal capsule. es

13. Litzum.—Perianth funnel-form. or bell-shaped, celored.—Stem leafy. Flow-
ers large and showy. A 3st

14. EryrHronium.—Capsule. obovate-triangular.—Leaves 2, smooth, sheathing
the base of the 1-flowered scape..

15. FrirrmariA.—Perianth bell-shaped; with a broad base and necteriferous
cavity above the claw of each segment.— lowers showy, but ill-scented. 383:

16. Turips.—Perianth bell-shaped. Stigma thick.—Leaves radical. Flowers
showy, solitary, on a scape. SER E

**** Not Bulbous. Leaves thread-margined.

17. Yucca.—Perianth globular or bell shaped. Style none. Seeds flat.—EZver-

green herbs, with thread-margined leaves and numerous white flowers
in a terminal panicle. 384

B. AMARYLLIDACHA.— Chiefly bulbous and scape-
beariny herbs, with linear flat radical leaves, and
regular §-androus flowers, mostly issuing from a
spathe. 360:

I. AMARYLIIS.—Perianth 6-parted, petaloid. Stamens inserted on the throat
of the perianth.— Flowers solitary, issuing from al or 2-leaved spathe. 263

2. Acave.—Perianth tubular-funnel-form, 6-parted.—Leaves mostly, thick and
fleshy, whorled around the base of the scape.

&. Hypoxis.—Spathe 2-leaved, very small.—Leayves grassy, linear. Flowers
yellow, on slender scapes,. 566

Cultivated Exotics

4, G@aALANTHUS.—Sepals 8, concave. Crown of 3 small emarginate, petal-like
segments.— Flowers white, appearing in early spring. 3éé.

5. WNarcissus.—Perianth with 6 regular spreading segments. Crown mono-
phyllus, bell-form, salver-furm, or with: the tube funnel-form. Stigma
3-parted.—F lowers yellow, straw-coior or white, issuing from a wither-.
ing spathe. O66)

6. Lrvcosum.—Perianth regular, 6-parted, with equal spreading segments.—
Flowers numerous, white, issuing from a terminal spathe. 367,

C: Flowers whitish, yellow, or sometimes rose-colar and
purplish.

UsuLariA.—Perianth inferior, deeply 6-parthked; ereet;: serments with a nec
teriferous cavity at base. Filaments very short, growing to the linear.
anthers. Capsule 3-angled. or 38-lobed.— lowers pale yellow, mostly,
solitary.. 38£

Prosartes.—Perianth 6-leaved, bell:shaped‘spreading. Stigmas short, re-
curved. Berry ovoid, pointed, 3 to 6-seeded, red.— lowers greenish-
yellow, terminal, drooping.

Srrepropus.—Perianth 6-leaved,. bell-shaped at the base,.the 3. inner sepals
keeled. Amnthers arrow-shaped, 1 or 2-pointed, longer than the filament.
F lowers small, axillary, on thread-like peduncles. 386.

Averris.—P erianth cylindrical, tubular-bell-shaped, rough-wrinkled on the
outside, 6-cleft at the summit. Style awl-shaped, 3-cleft at the apex.—
Leaves spreading clustered, Flowers whitish, in aslender spiked raceme. . 867,

we

CLASS VI. - 13

PAGE.
PonrtepEntraA.—Perianth inferior, 6-cleft, 2-lipped, the fleshy persistent base in-
‘closing the l-seeded fruit. Anthers oyal, blue.—Agquatic hey bs, with

violet-blue flowers. 394

{ Flowers on a spadix.

. OrONTIUM.—Spadix cylindrical, covered with flowers. Perianth of 4 to 6-
truncate concave sepals. Utricle 1-seeded.— Aquatic herbs, with a yellow

spadix. 347
Aconus.—Spathe leaflike. Spadix cylindric, covered with flowers. Sepals 6,
¢ ‘distinct, coneave. Utricle 1 to few-seeded.—Pungent aromatic herbs.

**** Perianth single, glumaceous. Grass-like herbs.

Juncus.—Perianth 6-leaved. Stamens 6, sometimes 3. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-
celled, many-seeded.—Stems pithy. Flowers greenish or brownish. 389

LvzcLa.—Perianth 6-leaved. Stigmas 3. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded.—Leaves
linear, equitant. Flowers in a simple raceme.

Orvrr IL DIGYNIA—2 Styles or sesstle Stigmas.

PoLtrconum.—Sepals 5. Fruit lenticular.— Stems jointed. Flowers small. 303

Oxper II. TRIGYNIA.—2 Styles or sessile Stigmas.

* Perianth 5 or 6-parted, petal-like. Leaves netted-veined.
PoLyGoNuM.—Sepals 5. Achenium triangular.— Stems jointed. Flowers small. 303

RuMEX.—Perianth 6-leaved, the 3 inner semewhat colored. Achenium trian-
gular.— Coarse herbs, with greenish flowers. 306

SmLax.—Perianth deciduous.— Climbing shrubs or rarely herbs, often prickly. 372
** Perianth 0-parted. Leaves paraillel-veined.
A. MELANTHE A. — Herbs, with acrid and poisonous

properties. Stems simple or rarely panicled. Pe-
rianth mostly persistent or withering away, the di-
visions mostly distinct. 386

t Flowers polygamous. Anthers heart-shaped or kid-
ney-shaped.

4. MeLANTHICUM.—Perianth-seements somewhat heart-shaped, with 2 glands

at the base, and the stamens on the long claws.— Flowers cream-color,
racemose.

6. VerATRum.—Perianth free from the ovary, the divisions obovate or obl
longer than the stamens.— Zeuves plaited, 3-ranked. Flowers racemic-

panicled.
ti Flowers perfect, racemed or spiked.

©. AMIANTITEMUM.—Perianth free from the ovary, the divisions separate and
contracted at the base. Anthers heart-shaped. Styles filiform.— Flow-

: ers handsome. 887

7. Heronras.— Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong sepals. Anthers roundish-oval,
_ blue. Styles revolute.— Leaves lanceolate. Flowers pale-purple, in a ©.
» short dense raceme, on a naked scape. 388

_ *** Petals 3. Sepals 3. Leaves sometimes net-veined.

3° CLASS WII. AND VIII.

PAGE
B. TRILLIACEA.— Herbs, with simple stems, whorled
net-veined leaves, and rather large terminal mostly
solitary trimerous flowers. 373

i TRILLIUM. —Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading. Petals8,larger. Berry S.sided,
3-celled.— Low herbs, with a simple stem bearing ‘at thetopawhorlof3 .
ioaaly ovate leaves, and a terminal large flower. 373

2. Meprora—Perianth revolute, of 3 sepals and 3-petals.—Stem simple, with
a whorl of 5 to 10 leaves near the middle and another of 3 smaller ones
near the top.

©. JUNCAGINE.—Marsh-herbs, with petiole-like
leaves,without a blade, and the greenish perianth
consisting of 3 petals and 3 sepals. 852

1. Triciocarn.—Sepalsand petals nearly alike, ovate, concave. Anthers oval,
con short flaments.— 2 lowers small, greenish, in a spiked raceme.

2. Scuzucazerza.—Sepals and petals oblong, spreading. Anthers linear.—
Leaves srass-like, sheathing the simple stem. Flowers few, ina loose
raceme, with sheathing bracts. * 853

*%** Flowers with neither calyx nor corolla. Leaves
net-veied.

‘SAURURUS:—-Flowers white, in a solitary spike. Scales 1-flowered-—Aquatic. _
' Leaves heart-shaped. 313

OrperR XIII. Ponyeynra.— Many Pistils.

ALISMA.— Sepals 3, green. Petals 3. Aquaticherbs, with radical ribbed leaves,
and small white or reddish flowers in a branched panicle.

CLASS VIL HEPTANDRIA.—7 Stamens.

RIUNTALIS.—Calyx deeply 6 to 8 parted. Coroila deeply 6 to 8 (mostly 7)-pert-
ed, spread'ng.— Leaves whorled at the summit. Flowers few, white, on
solitary peduncles.

#iscutrs.—Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Petals 4 rarely 5, more or less une-
qual, with claws.— Lreesor shrubs, with 5 %0 7-feliate leaves.

OrpexI1—IV. Di-Terracynra.— Styles or stigmas 2 to 4.

Poitygonum.— Sepals colored, mostly 5. Ovary 1-celled.— Stems jointed. 803

ULuus.— Filaments long and slender. Styles 2, short. Fruita be celled 1-seed-
ed samara, winged all around.— Trees.

‘SauBbnvs.— Ovaries $8 or 4. Calyx and corolla none.— Aquatic herbs. 318
CLASS VIIL OCTANDRIA.—8 Stamens.

Ornper I. MonoGynta.
* Corolla polypetalous, free.
Juvrensonta.—Sepaie 4. Petals 8. Stigma peltate.—Seape sitaple, i-flowered. 17

— Hy ne Sepals 4 or 5, colored. Petals 4 or 5, heshy.—arastic tawny white
herds.

4

CLASS VIII. | 133

PAGE.

** Oorolla of 4 petals.
t Petals on the summit of the adherent calyx-tube.

RuHEXIA.—Calyx-tube urn-shaped, narrow at the apex, with a 4 cleft limb.
Petals obovate. Anthers Iong, curved.—Zeaves 8 io 5-nerved. Flowers
cymose, purplish. if1

Epmorica.—Calyx-tube 4-sided, the limb 4-parted. Anthers short, fixed by
the middle. Stigma often with spreading lobes. Seeds crowned with
a tuit of hairs.— Herbs, with nearly sessile leaves. “TiS

@noreEeRs.—Calyx-lobes 4, refiexed. Anthers mostly linear. Stigma 4-lobed
or capitate.—Herbs, with mostly yellow flowers. 1i¢

Gaur’ —Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the cvary, with a 4-cleft reflexod
limb. Petals somewhat unequal.—F lowers rose-color or white. 115
++
tit Petals unequal.

CARDIOSPERMUM.—Sepals 4, the 2 outer smallest. Petais 4, each with an emar-
ginate scale at the base. Stamens unequal. Style trifid.—Climbing
herbs, with biternate leaves, 70

*** Corolla monopetalous.
+ Flowers with a corolla-like perianth.

A. THYMELACEA.— Shrubs, with acrid and very
tough bark, entire leaves and perfect flowers. 308

Drnca.—Perianth colored, tubular-funnel-shaped, the border wavy or ob-
securely 4toothed. Stamens long and slender. Drupe oval.—Flowers
light yellow, preceding the leaves. 308

fot

no

DAPHNE.—Perianth 4cleft, marescent; limb spreading. Drupe 1-seeded.—
Exotic shrubs, with the leaves from terminal buds and the flowers from
lateral. 309

t t Flowers with both calyx and corolla.

Oxycocers.—Calyx superior, cleft. Corolla +parted, with long revolute divi-
sions. Anthers tubular, 2-parted.—Slender trailiny shrubs, with ever-
green leaves. 212

Mernzresta.—Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 4+cleft. Corolla 4-cleft, globose. Cap-
sule 4+celled, 4-valved.— Heath-like shrubs, with evergreen leaves. 215

YaccinluM.—Caiyx adherent to the ovary, 4 or 5-toothed. Corolla ovoid, bell-
shaped, urn-shaped or cylindrical.— Shrubs. 210

TROPZOLUM.—Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, colored, spurred. Petals 4 or 5, unequal.
Fruit 3 indehescent l-seeded nuts.—Siraggling or twining herbs, with a
pungent juice. 65

AcER.—Polygamous. Capsule a double samara.—LZeaves epposiie. 6S

Orver Ii. DIGYNIA.—2 Pistils or sessile Stigmas.
AcrR.—Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted. Petais5ormore. Stamens6to8. Sama-
ra 2-winged, united at base, 1-seeded.—-Trees, with simple palmately-
lobed leaves, and mostly polygamous flowers. E

Dimus.—Capsule a single 1-celled samara.—Trees, with alternate leaves. Sil

Orver Ill. -TRIGYNiIA.—3 Pistiis.

CHRYSOSPLENIUM.—Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, colored. Capsule inversely heart-shaped,
many-seeded.— Low herbs, with fleshy leaves and small flowers. 128

— ee "7

134 CLASS IX. AND X.
PAGE.
Pco_yaonum.—Perianth mostly 5-parted, petaloid. Achenium triangular or
lenticular.— Herbs, with jointed stems and small flowers. 393

CLASS IX. BNNBEANDRIA.—9 Stamens.

OrperR IL. MONOGYNIA. ;
A. LAURACEAD.—Aromatic trees or shrubs, with

alternate simple leaves and clustered flowers. 307

OrverR IIL. TRIGYNIA.—3 Pistils.

Rurum.—Perianth colored, 6-petalled, persistent. Stigmas multipid, refiexed.
Achenia 3-angled.—# lowes fasciculate, in racemose panicles. 307

CLASS X. DECANDRIA,—10 Stamens.

OrperR I. MONOGYNIA.—1 Style.
* Flowers polypetalous.
{ Flowers irregular (mostly papillionaceous. )

BaprisiA.—Petals 5, nearly equal. Legume stalked in the persistent calyx.—
ilerbs, with palimately 3-foliate leaves, and racemed yellow or biue

tiowers. 93
Crercis.—Petals with claws. Stamens unequal.—Tvees, with simple round
heart-shaped leaves and rose-colored flowers, 94

Cass1A.—Petals 5, unequal. Stamens unequal, 3 lower ones longest.—Zicrbs,
with abrupt pinnate leaves and yellow flowers. O4

tt Flowers regular or nearly so.

Decoprn.—Petals and stamens on the tube of the calyx; 5 stamens very long,
the alternate ones shorter.—Herbs, with opposite or whorled leayes and
axiilary clustered flowers. 1g

CLetHrs.—Corolla of 5 distinct petals. Style slender. Stigmas 3. Capsule
8-celled, 3-valved.—Shrubs, with alternate leaves and white flowers. 215

Lepum.—Stamens 5 to 10, exserted. Capsule é-celled, 3-valved.—Low ever-
green shrubs, with white flowers. 218

PrrotA.—Petals converging. Filaments awl-shaped. Style long, mostly de-
clined. §Stigmas 5.—Low smooth evergreen herbs. Leaves roundish.
Flowers in a raceme. : 219

CHIMAPHILA.—Petals widely spreading. Filaments dilated and hairy in the ~
middle. Style very short and top-shaped, covered by a broad 5-crenate
stigma.—Evergreen herbs, with fragrant white or purplish flowers,
corymbed or umbelled. 2:

GEnANruM ia Class Monodelphia, Order Decandria.
+t Leafless herbs, destitute of green.

Hyrorirys.—Corolla of 4 or 5 distinct petals. Stamens 8,to 10. Stigma disk-
like.—Flowers raeemed. 221

Monotropa.—Corolla of 5 petals. Antbers short.—<A white kerb, with a single
flower. 231

|)

0

CLASS X. 185

~ PAGE.
** Corolla monopetalous. |
Vaccinrum.—Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 or 5-toothed. Ccrolla ovoid, be?l-

shaped, urn-shaped or cylindrical, 4 or 5-eleft. Style erect, longer than
the stamens. Berry globose.—Shrubs or undershrubs, with white or

reddish flowers. 210
GAULTHERIA.—Corolla ovoid-tubular, the limb with 5 small revolute lobes.
Berry globular, red.—Spicy evergreen low herbs, with white flowers. 212

FEipiGeA.—Corolla salver-form, with a 5-parted border and a long tube, villous UE
Within.—Zrailing evergreen herbs, with pale rose-colored fragrant flowers. 213

ANDROMEDA.—Corolla ovoid-cylindrical. Capsule 5-celled,5-valyed, many-seed- _ 3
ed.— Shrubs, with racemed or clustered flowers. 213

Rgoporns.—Corolla irregular and 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-lobed or 3-cleft, the _
lower 2-parted, Stamens declined.—A shrub, with pale purple fiowers. 2i9

RHODIDENDRON.—Corolla mostly bell-shaped. Stamens and style mostly de-
clined.—Shkrubs, with glossy evergreen leaves, and large showy fowers,
in terminal corymbs or clusters. 247
Katm1a.—Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed, with 10 de-
g

pressions which hold the anthers. Style straight—LZvergreen shrubs,
with showy flowers in umbel-like corymbs. 217

Preroespons.—A leafiess purplish-brown herb, destitute of green. Corolla
ovate-urn-shaped, 5-toothed.— Flowers in a raceme. - 229

Orpver Il. DIGYNIA.—2 Styles or sessile Stigimas.

HYDRANGEA.—Marginal flowers, often sterile and radiant. Petals ovate, sessile.
Stamens 8 to 10, slender. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded, opening by a
hole between the 2 persistent styles.—Shrubs, with opposite petioled
leaves and numerous flowers in compound cymes. 130

SAXIFRAGA.—Calyx deeply 4-cleft. Petals5, entire, with short claws. Capsule
2-beaked.— Herbs, with clustered roct-leaves and yellow white and green-

ish flowers. ' 127
MiTELLA.—Petals 3, inserted into the calyx, slender, pinnatifid.— Stender herés,
with round eordate leaves, and sinall greenish and white flowers. 128
TIARELLA.—Petals 5, with claws, entire, inserted into the calyx. Stamens long
and slender.— Herbs, with radical cordate leaves. and white flowers. 128
SAPONARIA.~Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Petals 5, with long claws. Capsule
oblong, 1-celled, 4-toothed at the apex.— Flowers cymose ciustered. 48

Dianraus.—Calyx tubular, with scaly bractlets at the base. Petals 5, with
long claws.— Ornamental plants, with very showy aud fragrant flowers. 49

ScLERANTHUS,—Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cup, inclosing the 1-
seeded utricle—Homely weeds.

Orper III. TRIGYNIA.—3 Pistils..

SiLENs.—Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked. Petals 5, with claws, most!y crowned
at the orifice; limb bifid. Capsule 3-celled at base, opening by 6 teeth
at the tep.—F lowers solitary or in cymes. a7

STELLARIA.—Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, 2-parted. Capsule I-celled, 3 or +
valved.—Sinail grass-like herbs, with white flowers in forked cymes. él

ARENARIA,—Calyx S-sepalled. Petals 5, entire, Capsule 1-celled, 3-valyed.—
Flowers white.

en
Len]

Ornver V. PENTAGYNIA.—5 Pistiis,

Lycums.—Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Petals 5, with claws,
limb slightly cleft,—QOvrolla sometimes crowncd. 50

136 OR a “CLASS XI.

P
Crernastium.—Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, bifid or emarginate.—Flqwers white,
in terminal cymes.

Sprercuta.—Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire.—Zeaves in whorls. Plowers
white, cymose.

MoLireGo.—Sepals: 5, united at base. Styles short—Homely herbs, with verti-
cellate leaves and small white solitary flowers. ;

OXALIS.—Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals 5. Stamens unegal, more or
er monodelphous.—Herbs, with leaves of 3 inversely heart-shaped
eafiets.

SEDuM.—Sepals and petals 5, rarely 4. Carpels 5, many-seeded, with a little
scale at the base of each.—Thick-leaved herbs, with cymose flowers.

PENTHORUM.—Sepals 5, united at base. Petals 5 or nore. Carpels 5, united at
the base into a 5-beaked, 5-eelled capsule.—Upright herbs, with yellowisi-
green floweds. ’ ~

. PortetaccA.—Sepals 2, adherent €o the base of the capsule, which opens by 4
lid.—Fleshy herbs.

ORDER X. DECAGYNIA.—10 Pistils.

PurroLacca.—Perianth 5-leaved. Berry depressed, 10«elled, 1@-seeded.

CLASS XI. DODECANDRIA.—12 to 19 Stamens.
OrprER I. MONOGYNIA.—1 Pistid. é

PoLantsta.—Sepals 4, distinct, spreading. Petals 4, unequal, with claws.—
Strong-scented herbs, with digitate leaves.

+ Petals 5 to 9. (Stamens sometimes 6 to 20.)

PopoPHyLium.—Sepals oval, caducous. Petals 6 to 9, obovate concave. Berry
large, ovoid, 1-celled.—Leaves 2, 1-sided, paimately lobed.

Hupsonta.—Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stigma simple—Bushy heath-like smali
shrubs. Flowers small, bright yellow.

Leoura.—Calyx 8-sepalled, with 2 outer bracts or sepals. Petals 3. Stamens
3 to 12. Stigmas 8. Capsule S-celled, 3-valved.—Flowers very small,
greenish er purplish.

PortuLaccaA.—Calyx 2-parted. Petals 4 to 6, equal. Stamens 8to20. Style
mostly 5-cleftt.—Lleshy herbs.

Tarinum.—Sepals 2, ovate. Petals 5. Stamens 10 to 30, inserted with the pe-
tals into the torus. Style filiform, 3-cleft—Fleshy herbs. i

_ Cveaza.—Calyx tubular. Petals very unequal, 6or7. Stamens in 2 sets.
Sticma 2-lobed.—Herbs, mostly clammy.
+z Corolla monopetalous.

SapsaTta.—Calyx 7 to 11-parted. Corolla 7 to 11-parted, wheel-shaped. Style
2-parted. Capsule 1-celled— Flowers showy.

Asanum.—Perianth bell-shaped, with a 3-parted limb. Style united, bearing
6 radiating crested stigmas at the apex.—Leaves kidney-shaped.

OrpER II—VI. DI-HEXAGYNIA.—2 to 6 Swyles or
Stigmas.

AGE.

51

54

53

6s

125

126

Bé

oS

303

©?
qn

285

227

Hyprricum.—Petals 5. Styles 3 to 5. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded.—Flow- i

ers yellow.

CLASS xII. 137

PAGE.
ELopEA.—Sepals 5. Petals 5, oblong. Stamens 9 (rarely 12 to 15) in parcels. —
Styles 3, distinct.—Plowers purplish. 46

ResepA—Sepals many. Petals 4 to 7, unequal, often cleft. Stamen 10 to 40, _
turned to one side.—Fiowers very small, ‘ 36

CLASS XII. [COSANDRIA48.— re than 10 Stumens —
placed on the calyx.

NATURAL ORDER ROSACALH. 96
A. AMYGDALEA.—Calyx entirely free from the

solitary ovary, deciduous. Style terminal. Fruit
a drupe (stone-fruit.) Trees or shrubs, with sim-

pie leaves, the bark exuding gum. 96
i. Proyvus.—Drupe oval or oblong, covered with a glaucous bloom, the stone

fiattish, smooth, 2-edged.— Small trees. 6
2. Crrasus.—Drupe giobular, without a bloom; stone round, smooth.— 7,ces

or shrubs. . G7

PERSICA.—Drupe very fleshy. tomentose or smooth; stone somewhat com-
pr ssed, acute, Husvecly furrowed and perforated on the surface.—Smuil
trees. 9

oo

4. AmyGDALus.—Stone perforate and furrowed, ovate, compressed, one edge
acute, the other broad, obtuse.—Shruds, with reddish flow:rs. 99

B. ROSACEZ, proper.— Calyx Sree from the ovaries,
but sometimes enclosing them in the tube. Pistils
few to many. Fruit achenia or poeneat 92

t Pistils mostly 5, forming few-seeded follicles in fruit.
Style terminal.

5. SprrmA.—Calyx 5-cleft. Petats 5, roundi=h, equal. Carpels 3 to 12, dis-
tinct.— Shrubs or herbs, with white or rose coiored flowers. 99

6. GiLENrA.—Calyx tubular, bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5, linear-lanccolate.
Stamens 10 to 20. Carpels 5, distinct.—Herbs, with 3-foliate incised
leaves and whitish flowers. 109
it Pistils mostly numerous, forming sced-like achenia

or little drupes in fruit.

7. AGRimonti.—Petals 5. Stamens 12 to 15. Styles 2. Achenia 2, invested,

by the hardened calyx.—Herbs, with yellow flowers. 101
8. Saneursorsa.—Calyx +eleft. Petals none. Stamens 4.—Herbs, with un-

equally pinnate leaves. TQi
9. PotERIuM.—Fiowers monecious. Calyx-limb 4-part:d. Stamens 20 to 30.

Style filiform.—Leaves unequally pinnate. 102

10. Gzum.—Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Style long, persis-
tent. Achenia hooked.— Leaves pinnate or lyrate.

11. WaxLpsterniA —Calyx 5-cleft. Petais 5 to 19. Stamens many. Styles5 or 6.
— Low herbs, with 3 to 5-lobed or divided leayes, and small yellow flow-
ers on bracted scares. 108
a

——s

= (CO - QUASS XIII.

PAGE.

12. DALIBARDA.—Calyx deeply 5 or 6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and
toothed. Stamens numerous. Styles 5 to 8.-Low herbs, with creeping
and tufted stems, roundish heart-shaped leaves and white flowers.

13. Rusus.—Stamens numerous, inserted into the border of the disk. Style
nearly terminal. Fruit composed of many pulpy carpels, aggregated on
@ spongy receptacle.—Hulf shrubby plants, armed with prickles. 103

13, Rosa.—Calyx-tube urn-shaped, fleshy. Pistils numerous, inserted on the
hollow receptacle that lines the calyx-tube.—Prickly shrubs, with odd-
pinnate leaves, and showy mostly red and white flowers. 103

tt+ Calyx open and flattish. Stamens and pistils nu-
merous. Fruit of dry achenia or immersed in the juicy
receptacle.

PoTENTILLA.—Receptacle flattish, dry. Calyx 10-cleft. Petals 4 or 5.—Herbs
or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves and solitary or cymose flowers. 433

FRAGARIA.—Receptacle enlarged and juicy in fruit, bearing the minute achenia

over its surface.—Low kerbs, with yunners, radical 3-foliate leaves,and .
white flowers. 434

C. POMEA.— Calyx-tube thick and fleshy in fruit,
(forming a pome,) including and cohering with 2 to
5 ovaries. Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple

or compound leaves. 108
15. Cratzets.—Stamens 10 to 15,ormany. Styles 1 to 5. Carpels iong in

fruit.—Thorny trees or shrubs. Flowers mostly white, incorymbs. 108
16. AMALANCHIER.—Stamens many. Styles 5. Pome 8 to 5-celled.—Smaill trees

or shrubs, with simple serrate leaves and white flowers in racemes, 109

47, Pyrus.—Stamens numerous. Styles 2 to 5. Carpels thin in fruit, 2-seeded.
—Trees or shrubs, with simple or pinnate leaves and white or reddish

flowers in cymose corymbs. 109
18. CyponrA.—Stamens many. Styles 5. Pome 5-carpelled.—Shrubs, with
simple leaves and mostly solitary flowers. f '

OrperR I—V. MONO-PENTAGYNIA.—1 to 5 Pistile.

OPpUNTIA.—Stamens numerous, shorter than the petals. Style with numerous
erect stizmas.—Stem composed of many flat and broad fleshy joints,
bearing clusters of bristles or spines.

DeEcopEnN.—Calyx short, 10-toothed, 5 teeth longer and spreading.—Leaves
whorled or clustered. lowers axillary, purple.

CupHra.—Petals 6 to 7, unequal. Stamens 12, in 2 sets.—Leaves opposite,
entire. aS

CanrrcanTavs.—Calyx-lobes imbricated in many rows, colored, leathery or
fleshy.—Shrubs, with dull-purple fragrant flowers.

CLASS XIII. POLYANDRIA.—Many Stamens tnser-
serted on the teceptaclen = |

Onper I. MONOGYNIA.—1 Péstil.

TILIA.—Fruit leathery, globular, by abortion 1-celled, 1 or 2-seeded.—Trees,

with cordate leaves and small cymes of flowers. baie

QLASS XIII. 13839

PAGE:
HgiiaNTHEMUM.—Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller.—Herbs, with yellow flowers, -
opening only in sunshine,

ActzA.—Sepals 4or 5: Petals 4 to 8,spatulate. Berry many-seeded. Stigma
depressed.— Leaves ternately divided. Flowers white, racemed.

CimicirucaA.—Petals 3 to 8, spatulate, small, on? claws, 2-horned at the apex.
Pistiis 1 to 8, forming dry follicular carpels i in fruit. —F lowers white, in

long slender racemes. 11
SARRACENIA.—Petals and sepals 5. Style umbrella-shaped.—Zeaves pitcher-

shaped, inflated. F.owers large, solitary, on a scape. 13
Nympuzs.—Sepals 4. Petals numerous. £t'gma surrounded with rays.—

Aquatics, With showy white or rose- -colored fragrant flowers. 18

Nopwar. —Sepals 5 or 6, concave, colored within. Petals numerous, small, art
stamen-like. Stigma discoid, with permanent rays.—Leaves floating.
Flowers yellow. 19

PHILAPELPHUS.—Calyx 4 or 5-parted. Corolla 4 or 5-petailed. Style 4-cleft.
Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved.—Shrubs, with opposite leaves, and white —_
flowers.

A, PAPAVARACEA.—ZHerbs, with milky or colored
juice, alternate, simple, or divided leaves, and regu-
lar flowers with fugaceous sepals. Flowers solitary,
on long peduncles, never blue. Sepals 2 or 3,
falling of when the flower expands. Style short. 26

1, Saneurnarta.—Sepals 2. Petals 8 to 12, in 2 series.—A low herb, with thick
prostrate rootstocks filled with scarlet juice.

2. Meconopsis.—Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Stigmas 4 to 6, radiating —Herbs,
with a yellow juice and pinnatifid leaves.

8. ARGEMONE.=Sepals 3. Petals 4 to 6. Stigmas 4 to 6, radiate —Herbs, with

prickly spines and yellow juice. 23
4, CHELIDONIUM.—Sepals 2, smooth. Petals 4. Stigma 2- lobed.— Herbs, with

brittle stems and yellow juice. 2k
5. Papaver.—Sepals 2,concave. Petals 4. Stigma sessile, united ina flat’

to 20-rayed crown.—L«otics. 21

6. EscuscHoitz1A.—Sepals 2, eohering by their edges. Petals 4. Stigmas 4 to
7, sessile.—G/aucous herbs, with 2 to$ pinnatifid leaves, with linear seg-
“ments and yellow flowers.

See Hudsonia, Podophyllum, Portslacca, Talinum, Hypericum, Reseda and
Cuphea in Class Dodocandria,

Orper II—XIII. DI-POLYGYNIA.—2 to many Styles

or Stigmas.

B. RANUNCULACEA.—ZHerbaceous plants, occa-
stonally climbing, with usually palmately or ternate-
ly lobed or divided leaves, with half clasping pe-
tioles. 1

1, Cuematis.—Calyx 4 (rarely 5 to 8)-sepalled, colored, pubescent. Achenia

numerous, bearing long plumose tails —Perennial vines, with mostly
compound and opposite leaves

ba

140 radiant ~ OLASS XIV.

PAGE.

2. ANEMONE.—Sepals 5 to 15, petal-like, colored. Achenia mucronate.—Herbs, _
with radical leaves, a 2 or 8-leaved involucre and whitish flowers.
8. HepagicaA.—Ivolucre 3-leaved, resembling a calyx. Petals 5 to 9, disposed

in 2or3 rows, Carpels many, without awns.—Leaves all radical, 3-
lobed. Flowers blue or whitish, simple. —

4, THAatictnum.—Sepals 4 or more, petal-like. Achenia 4 to 15, dry, tipped
by the stigma or style.—Herbs, with 2 or 3 ternately compound leaves
and white or greenish flowers.

RANUNCULUS.—Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5, or rarely more, with a little
scale at the base inside. Carpels numerons, in a globose or cylindrical
head.—Herbs, with mostly radical leaves, and yellow flowers.

6. Hyprastis.—Sepals 3, ovate. Carpels berry-like, numerous, in a globose
head.—A low kerb, with a single radical leaf, a simple hairy stem, 2-
leaved near the summit, and a single greenish-white flower.

7. Cataa.—Calyx colored, with 5 to 10 roundish sepals. Pistils 5 to 10. —

Cr
__

Smooth herbs, with ro und heart-shaped or kidney-form leaves, and yellow.

flowers.
TROLLIUS.—Sepals 5 to 15, petaloid. Petals 5 to 25, small, linear. Pistils
many.—Leaves palmately parted. Flowers large, solitary and terminal.

9)

9. Coptis.—Sepats 5 to 7. Petala 5 to 7, small, hooded. Pisiils 3 to "5 on slen-
der stalks. —Low smooth herbs, with radical leaves, a long yellow rhizo-
mma, and white flowers.

10. AquiLEcIA.—Peials 5, longer than thed deciduous sepals, spurred, tubular.
Pistils 5, with slender styles.— Herbs, with 2 or 3-ternately compound
leaves, and large showy nodding flowers.

fi, Deupernivm.—Upper sepals spurred. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair
terminating in a tubular spur, enclosed in. the caly x-spur-— Plows TS
blue, white, red, or purple.

12. AconitumM.—Upper sepals hooded, receiving the two long-clawed petais .—
Leaves palmate or digitatr.

18. Act and 14, CimrciruGca, in Order I. ZaAnTHORGZA, in Class V, Order Y.

16. Hrerteponts.—Sepals 5, persistent, mostly greenish. Pet tals 8 to 10, very
short, tubular. 2-lipped. Stizmas 3 to, 10. Follicles 3 to 10.—F lowers
large, nodding, Greenish

Cultivated Exotics.

17. Pzoria.—Sepals 5, unequal. Petals 5. Stamens num-ereus, mostly chan-
ged to petals. Stigmas double. Ovaries 2 to 5.—F lowers large and
showy, terminal. ,

18. Apoxis.—Sepals 5, appressed. Petals 5 to 15, with naked claws. Ache-
nia in a spike, pointed with the persistent. style—Leuves finely divided.
Flowers mostly red.

19. NiceLLA.—Calyx of 5-colored sepals. Petals 5,8-cleft. Styles 5.—Leaves in
many linear subulate segments. |

* Styles 2, to 5.

Hypericum.—Sepals 5, more or less united. Petals 5. Capsule membrana-

ceous.— Leaves. opposite, entire, punctate, with pellucid dots. Flowers.

yellow.

Ascyrum.—Sepals 4, the 2 inner ones much smaller. Petals 4.—Low plants,
with pale black-dotted leaves aud pale-yellow flowers.

ASIMINA.—Sepals 3, united at the base. Petals 6, in 2 rows, inner ones smallest.
Pistils few, forming large oblong pulpy fruit.—— Shrubs, with dull-colored
axillary and solitary flowers. -

Rescpa.—Sepals many. Petals 4 to 7, often cleft, unequal. Stamens turned
t0 One side.— Herbs, with very small flowers.

|

9

10 -

£2

a. Slt

CLASS XIV. 141

PAGZ;
** Styles numerous.
Magworia.—Sepals 3, decid uous. Petals 6 to 12, in concentric series. Stamens

distinct, with short filaments and long anthers.—Trees or shrubs, with
large fragrant flowers.

LIRIODENDRON.—Sepals 8,caducous. Peta!s 6, in 2 rows, forming a bell-shaped
corolla. Carpels imbricated in a cone.—Large trees, with showy flowers. 14

BRASENIA.—Calyx of 3 or 4 sepals. Petals 3 or 4. Carpelsoblong, acuminate,
i to 2-seeded,— Aquatic herbs, with floating centrally peltate leaves, and
solitary axillary flowers. Li

NELUMbIUM.—Calyx petaloid, of 4 to 6 sepals. Petals numerous. Carpels nu-
merous. Seeds large, round.—<Aquatic herbs, with peltate fleshy radical
leaves, and yery large yellowish-white Howers. is

CLASS XIV. DIDYNARIA.—4 Stamens, 2 longer

than the cther 2.

Orpex I. GYMNOSPERMIA.—Seeds apparently naked,

A. LABIATA.—Herbs, with square stems, opposite

aromatic ar strong-scented leaves, and a more ar less
2-lipped coroila. 249

+ Corolla with the border nearly equally 4 or 5-cleft.

i. ISANTHUS.—Stamens 4, nearly equal. Corolla 5-lobed—A clammy herd,
with pale blue flowers. 2

2. MentTHA.—Stamens 4, distant. Corolia 4-lobed; lobes spreading.—<Aroma-

tic herbs, with small pale-purplish jiowers in close axillary whorls. 259
S. Lycoprs.—Stamens 2. Corolla 4lobed; lobes spreading:—Leaves sharply

toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers white, whorled. 251
4, OricsnumM.—Stamens 4. Coroila 4lobed, the upper lobe or lip erect.—

Flowers purplish, crowded tn cylindrical er oblong piles. 251

+ + Corolla evidently 2-lipped.

5. CoLunsonia.—Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla elongated, the pendent middle lobe
of the lower lip much longer than the others, lacerate-fringed. Sta-
mens 2, much exserted.— Flowers yellowish. 252

6. Hrproma.—Calyx 2-lipped; the Jower lip 2-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla
flat, the lower equally s-lobed. Stamens 2, erect, exserted.—Leaves
small. Flowers pale blue. — 253

CuniLaA.—Calyx equally 5-toothed. Upper corolia-lip flattish, the lower
somewhat unequally 3-lobed. Stamens ercet, exserted.—F lowers small,
white or purplish, in corynbed clusters. 252

8. BuispaimsA.—Calyx short, 2-Hpped, the 3 teeth of the upper lip awned. Co-
rella dilated at the throat, the lips cblong. Stamens 2.—Flowers pale,
bliuish-purple, crowded in axillary and terminal globose whorls. 253

~4q

9, Monarpsa.—Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla-lips linear, the upper invoil-
ving the filaments. Stamens 2.—F lowers lurge, showy, in a Jew capitate

whorls. 25
19, Satvia.—Calyx and corolla strongly 2-lipped. Stamens 2,.—Flewers usual- _
ly large and showy. . 22%

a ils al i a il i ae A ee Rae al —A 9. 7 SS ae li i A i le ae) eS —re _ at lt Eh

ee

142 — ii «=«~S ee

+++ Stamens 4, the upper pair longer. a

Ll. CERDRONELLA.—Stamens all ascending. Upper lip of the corella flattish,

“PAGE.

the throat much enlarged. — Sweet-scented kerbs, with pale purplish Ri
5

jiowers.

12. NEepeTA.—Stamens ail ascending. Upper corolla-lip more or less concare
or vaulted. Anthers mostly approximate.

259

13. DRAcocEPaALUM.—Stamensall ascending under the uppet lip. Upper calyx- aib
; a

tooth largest, ovate. Bracts awn-toothed.

14. LorpHantruvus.—Stamens’ diverging, exserted, the upper pair eurved down-
ward, the lower ascending —Flowers s1 mall, crowded in terminal sptkes.

++++ Stamens 4, the lower pair longer.

15. PYoNANTHEMUM.—Calyx nearly equally §-toothed, naked in the threat.—
Ff lowers whitish or flesh-colored.

256

va’

16. Taymus.--Calyx 2-lipped, wo olly i in the throat. Corolla short, si csi 2- wd
3)

lipped.—Low mostly diffuse herbs, with ee leaves.
ttttStamens ascending in pairs, under the vaulted
upper lip.

17. Cirvopopium.—Calyx tubular, 18-nerved, more or less 2-lipped, 5-toothed.
Upper corolla lip flattish.— Flowers purplish, in capitate whorls.

18. Merzissa.—Calyx naked in the throat, 13-nerved, 5-toothed, more or less 2-
lipped._- Flowers whitish, in loose one-sided clusters.

19. PrRuNELLA.—Calyx 2- lipped, the upper lip truncate, 3-tocthed, flat. Upper
corolla-lip arched.—/ lowers v jolet or fiesh color ed, in clusters of 6. °

20. SCUTELLARIA.Lips of the vaulted calyx entire. Upper corolla-lip arched,
entire.—Bitier herbs, with axillary spiked racemed flowers, mostly blue.

258

252

253

21. PrysosteciA.—Calyx 5-toothed, inflated bell-shaped after flowering. Upper

lip of the inflated corolla somewhat spreading.—Flowers large and
showy, flesh colored or purplish, in crowded spikes.

22. LAMIUM.—Calyx 5-nerved, 5-toothed. Throat of the corolla inflated, lateral
lobes truncate or with a tooth-like appendage.——Decum bent herbs, with
axillary whorled clusters of purplish flowers.

23. Leonurus.-—Calyx 5-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth awl-shaped, vicid or spine-
like.—Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves

24. GALEoPsis.—Calyx 5 to 10-awned, with 5 spiny pointed teeth. Throat of
the corolla inflated.— Herbs, with spreading branches.

25. Stacuys.—Calyx 5 to 10-flowered, 5-toothed.—-Herbs, with 2 to many flow-
ered whorls, approximated in terminal r acemes or spikes.

261

261

261

. 262

262

26. Mannusrum.--Calyx tubular, mostly 10-toothed. Stamens in the corolla-

tube.— Whitish woolly bitter her os, with whitish flowers.
+ ++ +77 Stamens curved, ascending and much longer
than the corolla.

27. TRicnosTemMA.—Calyx unequally 5-cleft. Corolla: limb unequally 5- ee
lobes declined.— Herbs, somewhat clammy, with blue flowers.

28. Teucrium.—Calyx equally or unequally 5-toothed. ~ Corolla deeply “2

renDeen the 2 Upper. lobes, the stamens exserted from the cleft.--Herbs
owny

Cultivated Exotics.

#2. OcymMuM.—Corolla inverted or sub- bilabiate, the 4 upper isha nearly equal.
Exterior filaments with a process at their base.

264

CLASS XIV. ; 143
' PAG3.

30. Lavenpvuta.—Calyx tubular, nearly equal.—Shrubby odertferous plants,
vith narrow rigid leaves and small white fowers. 264

31. ROSEMARINUS.—Calyx ovate-bell-shaped.~—An @Pect evergreen shrub, with |
bright blue flowers, axillary and terminal. 265

o2. Satcoresa.—Calyx 5-toothed. tubular 19-ribbed.—Zeaves numerous, small,

narrow. J’ lowers pink-colored, in axillary cymes. 6
33. Hyssopus.—Calyx 5-toothed.— Fulizye delicate. Flowers bright blue, in :
one-sided cymes, 263

B. VERBENACE.—Herls or shrubs, with oppo-
site leaves and a more or less 2-lipped regular corolla.
Fruit dry or drupaccous, usually splitting when ripe

- into a 1 to 4-seeded nutlets.

foal

Verpens.—Calyx 5-toothed, tubular. Corolla tubular, often curved, sal-
ver-form, the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft. Styleslender.—Herbs,
with mostly alternately spicate bracted flowers, sometimes bracted or

corymbed. 247
2. PuoryMa.—Calyx and corolla 2-lipped. Style slender. Fruit 1-celled, 1-
seeded.— lowers small, purplish or rose-color, opposite. 248

3. Lipp1A.—Calyx and corolla 2-lipped. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded.—Heads of
jlowers on axillary peduncles. 249

Orvek Il ANGIOSPERMIA.— Seeds ere distinct

capsule.

A, SCROPHULARIACEA —Chiefly herbs with the
stamens tnaserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more
or less trregular corolla. Fruit a 2-celled and usu-
ally many-seeded capsule or pod. Style single. 235
2. LinAntA.—Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular, with a palate. and a spur at
the base on the lower side. Capsule opening by 2 chinks.—Herbs. 236

3. ANTIREINUM.—Calyx 5-sepalled. Corolla gibbous (not spurred) at base, the
throat closed by the prominent palate. Capsule openiug by 3 pores.—
Flowers showy, in leafy terminal racemes. 236

{ Stamens 4, with a Sth rudimentary scale or sterile
filament.

4. ScRopHvLariA.—Corolla inflated, globular, or oblong, witha short border. _
Flowers greenish-purple, in loose cymes, forming a terminal panicle. 287

5, CoLirnsta.—Corolla deeply 2-lipped, gibbous on the upper side, the middle
lobe of the lower lip keeled-sac-shaped, inclosing the stamens.

§. CHELoNE.—Corolla tubular, inflated above, the mouth a little open. An-
thers woclly.—Zeaves opposite, serrate. lowers white or purplish. 237

7/ PrntstemMon.—Corolla tubular, often enlarging above. Sterile filament
long, bearded or naked.—/ lowers Showy, in thyrsoid panicles. 238

t= Stamens 4, without a rudimentary fifth.

3. PaviLon1i.—Corolla-tube long declinate, enlarged above.—4An ornamental
tree, with very large leaves, and purplish flowers.

Diciraris.—Corolia bell-shaped, ventricose, in 5 subequal lobes.—J’ lowers
large, in showy racemes, " 239

144 CLASS Xv.

PAGE.
10. MumuLrs. —Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, the up-
per lip erect or reflexed-spreading, the lower spreading, 8-lobed. —Herbs,

with square stems and handsome flowers on solitary axillary peduncles. 2389

11. HWerpestis.—Calyx 5-partede unequal, the upper divisions broadest and
. often longest. Corolla short.—/Prostrate or creeping. - 240

* Lobes of the corolla fiat and open.

15. Lrmogerta.—Corolla open bell-shaped, 5-cleft.— Small and Cr eoping ain
herbs, with single fiowers.

18. Buonvers.—Cal yx 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a Sigal or curyed
tube.— Flowers blue, in terminal bracted spikes. 244

1EDIA.—Calyx 5-toothed or cleft. Corolla enlarged shoves ies

19. GER
showy, purple or yellow, often in racemes or spikes.

*%* Upper lip of the tubular corolla erect, arched, including the 4 stamens.

20, CasTintrsa.—Calyx cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper side.
Lower corolla-lip very small.— Leaves entire or cut-lobed, the floral ones
colored red or yellow. 245

21. ScHWALBEA.—Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth smallest.—
Flowers dull yellow, in a loose spike.

22. ProicvLaris.—Pod ovote or sword-shaped.—Leaves Daa F lowers in
terminal spikes, yellowish or purplish.

23, MrLamPpyrrumM.—Calyx 4-cleft. Corolla ringent or personate.—/F lowers sa aa
lowish, remote, one-sided, axillary. 247
5. Trees, shrubs, or herbs, often twiuing or climbing.

TrcomA.—Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lohed, slightly
irregular. Capsule long and narrow.—Trees or shrubs often climbing,
with digitate or pinnate leaves.

MARTYNIA.Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla gitbous, bell-shaped. Capsule at length
with 2 long hooked horns.—Leaves subcordate. Flowers large, racemed. 233

DIPTERICANTHUS.—Corolla funnel-form, the spreading limb nearly regularly
and equally 5-cleft. Anthers arrow-shaped.—F lowers blue or purple,
clustered. 234

THUNBERGIA.—Calyx double, 5-cleft, with 2 bracts. Corolla bell-shaped, with
an inflated tube, and 5-lobed limb.—Zzotie climbing herbs, with showy
axillary flowers,

C. Herbs destitute op green foliage.

PPIPEEGUS.—Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla; the lower fertile, -
with the corolla minute and not expanding. 231

CONOPHOLIS.—Flowers in a dense spike, scaly throughout. Corolla ventricose,
2-lipped. Stamens protruded. 231

APHYLLON.—Flowers solitary on naked peduncles or scapes. Corella tubular. _
Stamens included. 232

CLASS XV. TETRADYNAMIA.—6 Stamens, 4 long
and 2 short.

Onprr l. SILICULOSA.—Pod short ang broad.

TELASPI.—Petals equal. Silicle short, flat, emarginate at the apex, many-
seeded.— Leaves undivided. Flowers white or purplish. 25

2. CapsEtLA.—Calyx equal at base. Silicle triangular, wedge-form, obcordate,
compressed laterally.—Flowers white. . 25

eS)

CLASS XV. 145
se i est CN GAO IRIE OA SNS 1 i een te ON OI
PAGE.

3. Enopna—Petals 2parted. Silicle oval or oblong.—Flowers small,

white.

4. Leprprum.—Petals ovate, entire. Silicles laterally compressed, orbicular-
ovate, or oval.— Flowers white. 25

_ 4%, OAmeLInA—Petals equal. Silicle cbovoid or subglobose, obtuse, entire, .
mucronate with the persistent style.— Flowers small, yellow. 26

6. CocHLEAREA.—Petals entire. Silicle oblong or ovoid-globose, with inflated
valyes.—F lowers white. 26

Cultivated Exoti¢s

7. AtLyssux.—Petals entire. Silicle orbicular or oval, with valves, flat or con-
vex in the centre.—F lowers white or yellow. 27

’. Luwanta.—Petals nearly entire. Silicle pediccllate, elliptical or lanceolate.
Flowers light purple. 27

9, IpERis.—Petals, the 2 outside larger than the 2inner. Silicle compressed,
truncate, emarginate.—O7 namental garden cxnnuals, with white or pur-

ple flowers. 27
10. IsaTis.—Silicle elliptical, flat, 1-celled, 1-scedel, with boai-shaped valves.—
Flowers large, yellow, in long terminal racemes. 28

Orper EK SILIQUOSA.—Pod most?y long and narrow.

11. DenTariA.—Silique narrow-lanceolate, with the long style. —Stene with a
few divided leaves, and white-purple flowers. 23

12. BARBAREA.—Pod 4-angled, and somewhat 2-edzed.—Leaves lyrately pinnati-
; fid. Flowers yellow. 23
13. Nasturtium.—Pod nearly terete, linear-oblong, and curved upwards like

a silicle. Seeds small, irregularly 2 rowed in each cell, marginless.—
Aquatic or marsh plants, with yellow or white flowers and pinnate or

pinnatifid leaves. 29
14, AnAzis.—Pod linear, plane; seeds ina single row in each cell—Flowers —_
white. 30
15. lopanrnus.—Pod linear, elongatéd, térete. Style thick— Flowers violet-
purple, in panicled racemes. 30
16, CARDAMINE.—Ped linear, flattened, usually opening elastically — Flowers
wihite or purple. 81
17. Sysimprium.—Pod teréte or rather £ to 6 sided.— Flowers small, white or
yellow. =
48. Erysimum.—Pods columner, 4-sided.— Flowers yellow. 32
19, Stnapis.—Pods nearly terete, with a short boak.—Zeaves lyrate, pinna-
tifid or incised. Flowers yellow. 32
20, RAPHANUS.—Pod elongated, transversely many-celled.— Flowers yellow or
purplish. 83
21. CeEIRANTHUS.—Pod terete Or compressed. Stigma lobed or capitate.—
¥ lowers fragrant, showy, pale-purple or orange-yellow. 33

Cultivated Exotics.

22. Wespuris.—Pod 4-sided, 2-edged or sub terete. Stigmias forkéd.— Flowers
purple. bt

93, Marratota.—Pod terete.—Herbaccous or shrubby plants, clothed with a
heavy pubescence.

a4. ia sub-compressed.— Flowers yellow. pte ot
im

146 CLASS XVI. AND XVII. ee

PAGE;
CLASS XVI. HGNODELPHIA.—Filaments combined

am one neon

Oaper [II—V. TRI-PENTANDRIA.—3 to5 Stamens
in one set.
€(gRip1A.—Spathe 2-leaved, keeled; 1-flowered. Perianth 5-parted, with oblong

segments. Stamens 33 filaments united into a oe tube.—F lowers _
large, very evanescent, ‘yellow and red. 376

PassivLons.—Calyx 5-parted, colored, the throat crowned with a double or tri-
ple fringe. Petals 5 or none. Stamens 5, their filaments situated
on the stipe of the ovary. Stigmas 3,—Climbing herbs or shrubs; with
paimately lebed leaves. 121

LinuM.—Sepals, petals, and styles 5. Capsule 5 to 10-celled. 61

Orver X. DECANDRBRIA.—10 Stamens in one set.

GzRaNiumM.—Sepals and petals 5, regular. Stamens all fertile, the alternate
ones longer, and with scales at the base.—Peduncles 1, 2, or 3-flowered. 63

Oxa1is.—Sepals and petals 5. Styles 5.—Leaves mostly 3-foliate: 63
BTYLOSANTHUs, page 88. TrpHrosis and AmorpHA, p. 90. Lupinus, p. 93,

Orpen XIII. POLYANDRIA.—Many Stamens in

one set.

A. MALVACEA —ZHerbs or shrubs, with alternate
stipulate leaves and regular flowers, with numerous
stamens, monodelphous inacolumn. Pistils several. 57

1. Matya.—Calyx with a 3-leayed involucel at the base.—F lowers perfect. 57
2. ALTHzA.—Calyx surrounded by a 6 to 9-cleft involucel. 58
3. Huisiscvs. —Caiyx surrounded by a many-eleft involucel. Pistils 6 at the
summit of the column.— flowers usually large and showy. 58
4, Anctrror.—Calyx without an involucel. Styles 6 to 15.—F lowers in the
axils cf the heart-shaped, lobed, cr incised leaves. 59

& §ipa—Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel. Styles 5 er more. Carpels 1-
seeded.— lowers white or yellow.

CLASS XVII. DIADELPHIA.—Filaments in 2 sets.

Orper VI. HEXANDRIA.—6 Stamens.
A. FUMARIACEA.—Delicate smooth herbs, with com-

pound disected leaves and regular flowers, with . ae

somewhat united petals. 22
1. Diozntra.—Sepals 2, small. Corolla heart-shaped or 2-spurred.—Low stem-

less perennials, with simple scapes,

2. Cornypitis.—Corolla 1-spurred at the base, deciduous. Style persistent.
¥ruit a many-sceded pod.— Flowers in racemes.

CLASS XVII. J47

; PAGE,
8. Asiumta.—cCorolla heart-shaped, persistent, 4-lobed at the apex.—A ¢climb-

ing vine.
4, Fomar1a.—Corolla l-spurred. Fruit small, globular. 4

Orper VIII OCTANDRIA.—8 Stamens in 2 sets.

PozrgaLa.—Sepals 5, persistent, 2 of them urn-shaped and colored, Petals 8
to 5, united to the stamens, the lower one keel-form, 78

ORDER X. DECANDRIA.—10 Stamens in 2 sets
(mostly 9 and 1). é

B. LEGUMINOSZ.—Herbaceous plants, shrubs or

trees, with alternate mostly compound leaves and pa-
pillionaceous flowers. Pistilsingle. Fruitalegume. 77

t t Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common
leaf-stalk produced into a tendril or bristle. Peduncles
axillary.

7

1. Vicia.—Style bearded round the apex or down the anterior side, 77

2. Latuyrus.—Style bearded'on the posterior side, flattened, 78

3. Pisum.—Legume oblong, tumid, many-seeded. 89

4. Ciozr,—Legume turgid, 2-seeded.—F lowers white. 80

5. ree large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid.— Herbs, without fen- a
rils.

{ t Twining or trailing plants, with odd pinnate leaves,
of 2 to several leaflets, destitute of tendrils.

6. PHASEOLUS.—Keel spiral.—Leaves 3-foliate, stipellate. 8}
7. Apios.—Keel incurred, at length twisted.—Leaves.5 to 7-foliate. $2
8. GaLactiA.—Calyx 4-cleft,—Leaves pinnately tri-foliate. $3
9. CrnTROSEMA.—Calyx short, 5-cleft, witn 2 bracteoles. Peduncles few-fiow-
ered.— Leaves pinnately tri-foliate. 83

10. AmpuicarPa.—Calyx 4 or 5-toothed. Peduncles many-flowered.—Leaves
pinnately tit-foliate,

11. Wistaria.—Calyx bilabiate. Wings and keel sickle-shaped.—TZwining
shrubby plants, with pinnate leaves and blue flowers in racemes. &3

tttLegume separating into 2 to several 1-seedcd

joints. Leaves 5 to many-pinnzate.

12, AiscHYNOMENE—Siamens equally diadelphous (5 and 5). Legume several-

&

jointed.—Lea/flets numerous. : 84
13. HaprsanuN.—Legume with many jeints—Leaves odd-pinnate. od
14, Dzswopium.—Stamens mostly diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume several-

jointed.—Leaflets 3, Flowers purple or purplish. 85

_ 15, Lesprpeza.—Anthers uniform. Legume of a single 1-seeded joint, oval or

roundish.—Lea/lets 2, 87

16, StyLosanravs.—Stamens monodelphous; anthers of 2 forms. Legume 1
or 2jointed.—Leaflets 3,

a

| 148 CLASS XVIII. a

PAGE.
ttt | Herbs, shrubs, or trees, not twining, climbing

or feat il-bearing. ny

17. ASTRAGALUS.—Legume partly or quite 2-celled—Herbaceous or shrubby.
Leaves odd-pinnate. — 89,

18. RopinraA.—Style bearded.—Trees or ‘shrubs, with prickly spines, pinnate

leaves, and showy racemose flowers. 89,
19. TepHRostA.—Stamens monodelphous or scarcely diadelphous.—Silky-hoary

herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves and white and purplish flowers. 90
20. AMorPHA.—Stamens monodelphous merely at the base. Petals 1 Shrubs, ;
with odd-pinnate leaves. ~ 99.
21. TriroLium.—Flowers in dense heads.—Leaves tri-foliate. - 90.
22. MELILOTUS.—Flowers in spiked racemes.—Leaves pinnately tri-foliate. § 92
23. Mrpicaco.—F lowers racemed or spiked. Legume more or less spiral.--

Leaves tri-foliate. 92

24, CRoTALARIA.—Legume inflated, oblong.—Zeaves simple. Flowers yellow. 93.
25. Lupinus.—Stamens monodelphous.—Leaves palmately 5 to 15 foliate. 93.

tt ti Stamens distinct. Corolla truly papillionaceous.

26. BaprisiA.—Legume stalked in the persistent calyx, inflated.—Leaves 3-

Soliale. 93,
27. Cencis.—Trees, with simple rounded heart-shaped leayes.—Flowers rose-
colored. 94
CLASS XVIIL. - SYNGENESIA,—) Antlers united in;
a tube.

Ozs. The plants of thisclass, with a few exceptions, have 5 anthers united into.
a single tube. The flowers are in heads, inserted upon a common re-
ceptacle, which is surrounded by an involucre: being usually known
as Compound Flowers. They form the Natural Order Composite. 153,

A. TUBULIFLOR &.—Corolla of the perfect or disk

- flowers, tubular, regular, the limb 5-cleft or lobed ;
the ligulate or ray-flow ers when present, either pis-
tillate only or neutral (with neither stamens or
pistils), and occupying the border. 156

. * Heads discoid (without ray-flowers); the flowers all
alike, perfect, tubular; branches of the style slender,
thread-form or bristle-form.

+ Flowers violet or purple.

* Leaves alternate. :
VeRNONIA.—Heads many-flowered. Pappus double.—Leaves alternate. 156.
scabs = 83 to 5-flowered, in dense clusters.—Leaves subsessile. 156

* Heads discoid or radiate; branches of the style’

oe elongated, obtuse or club-shaped.—Leaves mostly
opposite. |

;

CLASS

+ Heads without ray-flowers. Flowers all alike, tu-
bular, blte,. purple or whitish, not yellow.
Liarris.—Heads few to many-flowered. Corolla 5-cleft.— Root tuberous. Leaves
Narrow, rigid.

Kursia.—Heads 10 to 25-flowered. Corolla 5-toothed —Leaves laneeolate, rest-
nous-dotied.

* Leaves opposite.
MisaniA.—lfeads flowered.—Climbers.
ConociiniumN.—Heads many-flowered. Corolla 5-toothed.—Zeaves petioled.
Evpatorrum.—Heads 3 to many-flowered. Reeeptacle flat.

+t Heads radiate (with ray-flowers); flowers dissimi-
lar or dicecious, purplish-yellow.
Narposma.—tlIieads many-flowered, somewhat dicecious.— Leaves radical.
ToussiLaco.—Head (single) with many rows of narrow raysand few disk flowers.
*** Heads radiate, rarely discoid; branches of the
style more or less fiattencd and linear.—Lcaves mostly
alternate.

t Heads radiate; rays white, reddish, blue or purple,
very rarely yellow.
Astzr.—lleads mapy-flowered. Disk yellow, often changing to purple.

GALATELLA.—Involucre invbricated. Rays3to12. Disk-corolas deeply cleft.—
Leaves narrow, rigid, entire.

ERIGERON.—Rays very numerous.—Leaves alternate.
DircoparPus.—Rays 8 to 12.— Leaves alternate, entire.
Bo.towrA.—Heads many-flowered.— Leaves lusccolate, entire.
S=enicocaRPus.—Rays about 5.—Leaves sessiie, alternate.
CALLISTEPHUS.— Ray-tlowers pistillate, numerous.— Exoties.
Dania.—inyolucre double. Reeeptacle chaffy.--Shkowy exotics.

tt Heads radiate; rays yellow, rarely whitish.

Soripaco.— Heads few or many-flowered, small,—Flowers expanding in the
autumnal months.
INvLA.—Heads many-flowered, large.—Leaves large.
EKoupra.—lieads many-flowered, small, with minute flowers.
+++ Heads discoid; flowers purplish.
PuvcHea.—lfeads many-flowered, im corymba.

*« * * * Heads radiate or discoid; branches of the style
linear, hairy or hisped at the apex, which is either trun-
cated or produced in a conical or elongated appendage.

{ Heads radiate; flowers yellowish or greenish, some-
times moncecious.

Po.rania.—Leaves opposite, large.
Mm*

PAGE.

157

161
Tet

162

316

150 us ‘CLASS XVIII. —

| : PAGE.
SiLPHIUM.—Heads large, with yellow flowers. er pb cpg: TTT
AmbrostA.—Heads moneecious, the fertile at the base. and. the sterile at the top

of the spikes.—Coarse weeds, with lobed or dissected leaves and incon-
spicuous flowers.

‘Xantulum.—Fertile and sterile flowers occupying different ‘ebite on the same
plants; the fertile clustered below ; the sterile in short spikes or racemes:
above.— Coarse plants. 178.

***** Heads radiate or rarely discoid; the disk-
flowers always perfect and fertile ; receptacle chaffy ; an-
thers blackish, sh tails at the base.—Leaves mostly.
opposite.

+ Rays conspicuous, mostly large. ‘

I[zLiopsis —Heads many-flowered. Achenia 4-angular.—Leaves opposite, pe-
17

tivoled
RuDBECKIA.—Rays long and drooping. Achenia 4-angled. 139
Lerachys.—Heads many- ‘lowered. Rays few, long and drooping.—Leaves
pinnate. 180.

HELIANTHUS.—_Heads many-fiowered. Rays strap-shaped, neutral.—Quvarse
stout herbs.

+ + Rays yellow or orange-colored, rarely red, white or
purple or sometimes wanting.

Corzopsis.—Ileads many-flowered. Rays about 8, neutral in a single series.—
Leaves mostly oppostic.

TINNIAAW—Heads many-fiowered. Rays 5 or 6, entire, pistillate.—Leaves oppo-
Site, eniir'e.

TacETEs.—Heads heterogamous. Ray-flowers 5.—ZLeaves ninnately divided. 18t
ACTINOMERIS.—Heads many-flowered. Rays neutral, few, or rarely wanting.—

Leaves serrate, feather-veined. 184
Brpens.--Heads many-flowered. Rays 3 to 8, neutral, often wanting. 185
WerBEsINA.—Achenium much flaitered latera!ly. 186.

« Pappus composed of several distinct chaffy scales.

UeLentum.--Leaves docurrent on the angled stems.—Heads terminating the
branches.

+++ Rays white. Leaves much dissected.

MAaruts, p. 187. AnvHemis, p, 187. AcHiLLEA, p. 158. LivcaANTHUMUM, p. 188.,
PYRETHRUM, p. 189.

+++ Ornamental exotics, with white, yellow, red,
ae purple rays. Leaves lobed.
is 0o a 189;
+7 +17 Heads mostly discoid, fertile or io pean cel
flowers yellow or whitish.
* Leaces bi-pinnate or finely dissected.
TANACETUM, p. 189, ARTEMISIA, p. 199.
**% Teaves entire, whtte, woolly.
GNAPHALIUM, p. 191, ANTENNARIA, p. 191. FrLaco, p. 192,

CLASS XIX. 155

PAGS,
+ttttt Heads mostly discoid. Pappus soft and
axillary. Leaves mostly alternate. Flowers whitish or
yellow, rarely scarlet.

ERECHTHYTES, p. 192. CaAcALza, p' 193. Senicwo, p.194. ARnica, pr. 195.
* *** * * Heads ovoid, discoid, rarely radiate, homo-

gamous (rarely dicecious), heterogamous, with the mar-
ginal flowers in a single series,

+ Flowers mostly purple, blue or whitish, rarely yel-
lowish. Leaves often covered with sharp prickles,

CENTAUREA, p. 195. CIRSIUM, p. 196. ONOPORDON, p. 198. Lappa, p. 198:.
Cnicus, p. 199.

+ 7 Exotics, with yellow, orange, or rarely white or
girphich flowers.
CALENDULA, p. 199. CARTHAMUS, p.199. XERANTHEMUM, p. 200.
£. LIGULIFLORE A.— Flowers all perfect, with ligu-
late (strap-shaped) corolla throughout. 2000s
* Branches of the style slender, obtuse, uniformly
hairy —LHerbs, with a milky juice and alternate leaves,
+ Flowers blue or purplish.
€icHoRIUM, p. 200. MuLGepium, p. 204. TRAGOPOGON, 205. CATANANCHE, 206,

++ Flowers yellow. Leaves radical, lyrate, toothed or
pinnatifid.

Kricis, p. 201. Cyntuta, p. 201. Lronzopon, p. 201. Takaxicum, p. 203.

+++ Flowers yellow, or rarely whitish or purplish.
Stem leafy, more or less.

€YNTHIA, p. 201. HrerActum, p. 202. NaBuLus, p. 202, Lacruca, p. 204. Son-.
CHUS, p. 205. TRAGOPOGON, p. 20d..

OrpvER F. MONOGYNIA.— Flowers seperate, not

> compound,
VIOLACEZ.—Fiowers polypetalous, irregular. Style club-shaped. 36:
ImMPATIENS.—Flowers polypetalous, very irregular. Stigma segsile. — 64
LoBeLtiA.—Corolla monopetalous, irregular. Style L. 206:
Apocynum.—Corolla monopetalous, regular. Stigma 1.. 239.

PLES XIX. GYNANDRIA.— Stamens situated upon

the style or column above the germ.

Ornprrn MONANDRIA and DIANDRIA..

152 CLASS XIX.

‘PAGE.

A. ORCHIDACEA.—Perennial, aftak stemless herbs,
with simple parallel-veined entire leaves, and irregu-

lar 6-merous flowers. 356

I. Anther sivegle.

* Pollen cohering in definite (4) waxy masses, without
any connecting tissue or tail-like prolongation.

+ Plants greea, and with leaves. Sepals spreading ; ‘
lip flat.
3. Murcrostyits.—Lip arrow or heart- ante Column minute, round. 356
% Viparis.—Lip entire, dilated: Column‘elongated, margined if the apex; 356

+ + Plants tawny or purplish, nearly leafless.

8. Corartoruizs.—Lip with a spur or projection at the base, adherent to the
ovary. Anther terminal.

4. AprectruM.—Lip spurless, frec,; raised on aclaw. Anther rather Ladebelly 357
** Pollen cohering in definite (2 to 4) waxy masses,

furnished with an elastic prolongation. Plants green.

6. TrirvLARrs.—Lip long-spurred uwnderneath.—F lowers racemed. 353
** * Pollen cohering in very.numerous grains, which

are collected on a cobweb-like tissue into 2 large masses

and affixed to the glands of the stigma.

6. Orcnis.—Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Glands ef the stigma con-
tinued in a little pouch formed of a toid or hood of the stigma. 58

%. GyYMNADENIA.—Anther-cells contiguous and parallel; glands naked, 30?
8. PLATANTHERA.—Anther-cells widely separated at the base; glands naked. 359
* * * * Pollen powdery, in numerous minute and angled
leosely cohering grains (forming 2 to 4 masses). An-
ther terminal, forming a lid over the stigma.

+ Pollen-masses 4, angled.

9. AnzTuvss.—Lip bearded, united at the base to the linear columm. 861
+ + Pollen-masses 2.

10. PocontA.—Lip more or less. erested, free. Column club-shaped. Set

311. CaLopogon.—Lip bearded, stalked posterior. Column incurved. 361

+ + + Anthers more or less parallel, with the stigma or
column erect.

12. SPIRANTHES.—Lip nearly entire, channelled, pointless, ascending. 3€2
t8. GoopysRA.—Lip entire, inflated, sac-Jike below, strap-pointed. 36%
14, Listerta.—Lip flat, spreading or pendulous, 2-lobed. _ SEs:

Il. Anthers 2,

35. Creaipepium.—Lip inflated, slipper-form. | ae

CLASS XX. ! 153

PAGE.
OxzpER V. PENTANDRIA.—5 Stamens situated upon
the Style.
ASCLEPIADACES.—Calyx and corolla regular, hypogynous. 290
Oxper VI—XIT. HEX-POLYANDRIA.
‘ARISTOLOCHIACEZ.—Calyx epigynous; corolianone. Fruit 7-celled. 297.

CLASS XX. MOQNGCIA.— Stamens and Pistils in

separate flowers on the same Plant,

OrnperR I. MONANDRIA.—1 Stamen.

LEMNA.—Flowers bursting from the side of a floating frond. . 348.

ZANNICHELLA.—F lowers axillary, sessile; the fertile of 2 to 5 pistils. —Sub-
mersed aquatics. 350.

EvPHoRBIA.—Flowers in a cup-shaped involucre. Fertile flower solitary, cen-
tral, on along peduncle. Styles 8, usually 2cleft. Ovary 3-celled. SL9.

ORDER ii 4d 1. DI- TRIANDR [A.—2 or 3 Stamens.

PopostTrmuM.—Stamens affixed to a common pedicel. Stigmas sessile, recurved. 314

{ Stamens aggregated in a common spike or head.

TypHA.—Flowers all in a spike, intermixed with down. 345:

SPARGANIUM.—F lowers in heads, naked, the fertile bracted. 343
+ {Stamens in the axils of bracts.

Carex.—Achenium lenticular or triangular, inclosed in a sac. ~ 403

Sciterra.—Achenium globular, crustaceous or bony, naked. 403

TRIPSACUM.—Grain inclosed in cartilaginous glumes ak in the joints of the
spike. "2

+ T+ Staminate flowers in aments.

ComprtoniA.—Nutlets 1 under each bract of the burr- like catkin.—Low shrubs.
Leaves pinnatifid. 827.

T TTT Staminate flowers in remote spikes or Peaks.
Leaves parallel-veined.
ZrA.—Styles very long, filiform, pendulous. 432:
Coix.—Staminate flowers in remote spikes. Style 2-parted. 432

Orprr IV. TETRANDRIA.—4 or sometimes 8 Stamens.

* Trees or shrubs. Fertile flowers in aments or spikes. -
BeETuLA.— Stigma 2, thread like, becoming a broadly winged and scale-like nut-
let or small samara. 827:

ALNUs.—Sterile aments long and drooping. Scales of the ament thick and
woody in fruit, coherent below and persistent. _ 828,

i 4 tne

PAGS,
Morvs.—Style 2. Achenium ovate, compressed, covered by the succulent
berry-like calyx.

BROUSSONEPTIA.—Pistillate aments globose. Ovaries becoming fleshy, club-
shaped. Style lateral.

Mactura.—Ovarics numerous, forming a compound globose fruit, composed of
1-seeded, compressed, wedge-form carpels. Style 1, filiform.

Buxvs.—Sterile flowers; calyx 3-leaved. Petals 2. Fertile flowers; ealyx 4-

sepalled, Petals3. Styles 3—Lvergrcen shr ubs. 318
+ Herbs. |
Urtics%.—Herbs (often stinging), with watery juice, and flowers in spikes,
heads or panicles. Style single or none. 337-8

AMARANTHUS.—Calyx dry and scarious. §Styles 2 or 3, filiform. Utricle open-
ing all round, l-secded.— Flowers spike- clustered. $00

+t Aquatic herbs,

MYRIOPHYLLUM.—Flowers spiked. Stamens 4 to 8. Sepals and petals adherent
to the 4-celled nutlet.— Aquatic herbs.

ERIOCAULON.—Sepals and petals free. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded. Stigmas 2.— 2
Leaves lincar. 894

OrpER VY. PENTANDRIA.—5 Stamens.

AMABANTHYS.—Calyx dry and scarious —Coarse weedy herbs, with minute spike-
cluster ed flowers,

Orprr VI. HEXANDRIA.—6 Stamens.

ZaZanta.—Staminate and pistillate flowers in 1-flowered spikelets in the same
panicle.—Large and often reed-like water-grasses.

Orprr VH, POLYANDRIA.—Many Stamens.

LiQUIDAMBER.-—Styles 2. Capsule 2sbeaked, 2-celled, several-seeded.—Trees.
Leaves deeply 5 to T-lobed.

PLaTANUS.—Style 1. Nutlets club-shaped, l-celled, 1-seeded.—Tees. Leaves
palmately-lobed,

** Staminate flowers mostly in aments. Trees or shrubs,

A. CUPULIFERA.—Trees or shrubs, with alternate
straight-veined leaves, deciduous stipules, the sterile
owers in aments or clusters, and the fertile solitary
or clustered, furnished with an involucre which

forms a cup or covering to the 1-celled, 1-seeded
nut. | | 320

+ Fertile flowers scattered or few in a cluster.

J. Qurrcvus.—Involucre 1-flowered, of many imbricated small scales, forming
@ cup around the base of the acorn. 320

% Castanza.—Involucre 2 or 8-flowered, cusrage d ‘prickly burr, inclosing 1 _
to 3 leathery nuts, opening by 4 yalyes, $23

a SR rages wn ~ 155

; , PAGE:
8. Facus.—Involucre 2fiowered, somewhat prickly, 4-valved, inclosing 2
sharply 3-angled nuts.

4. CoryLus.—Involucre 1 or 2-flowered, formed of 2 or 8 confluent scales,
which become leafy, much enlarged and cut-torn at the apex, inclesing

@ bony nut.
tT Fertile flowers clustered in a kind of ament:.
5. Carpinvs:—Involucre a separate open leaf; $25
6. Ostry4.—Involucré a bladdery bag, 1- flowered. 325

B. JUGLANDACEA.— Trees with alternate unequally
pinnate leaves. Fruit a kind of dry drupe with a

bony endocarp (nut-shell), containing a large 4-lobed
seed. 318

* Stamens 12 to many.—LTierbs.

CERATOPHYLLUM.—Calyx herbaceous. Achenium horned.—AdAquatic herbs, with
whorled finely dissected leaves. 318

SagitrartA.—Sepals and petals 3, free.—Leaves mostly sagtitate. Flowers
whitish. 854

C. ARACEA.—Plants, with acrid or pungent juice,
simple or compound leaves, and with the flowers
crowded on a spadizx, usually surrounded by a spathe.

Berry 1-celled. 345
{ Spadix surrounded by a spathe.
1. ArumM.—Flowers naked, covering the base only of ths spadix. 345
P&LTaNDRA.—Flowers naked, covering the whole spadix; spathe long and
conyolute.

8. CaLta.—Flowers mostly perfect, naked, covering the spadiz; spathe open
and spreading.—Leaves heart. shuped, long-pettoled.

Orver VIII. MONODELPHIA.— Stamens united by
their filaments.

PHYLLANTHUs.—Stamens 3, much united. Stigmas 6. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled,

d-seeded. 317
AcaLrpuA.—Stamens 8 to 16, united at the base. Styles 3, cut-fringed. 317
Popostemum.—Stamens 2, rarely 3. Styles or stigmas 2.—Aquatics, growing

on stems. 314
Ricinus.—Stamens numerous. Styles 3, 2-parted.—Herbs, with peltate palmate _

leaves. 318

* Flowers naked in the axils of scales, forming aments.

A. CONIFERA!.— Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice,
and mostly with evergreen subulate or eacenniacec zi
leaves. 039

1. Prinus.—Leaves in clusters, of 2 to 5 in a sheath, persistent. 839g

2. Aprzs.—Leaves all scattered, persistent. 340

156 | ~(\ Ck Seok a:

3, Lartx.—Leaves many in a cluster, deciduous. ar ae
T Fruit consisting of a colored strebile or drupe.

4, Tavsa.—Fruit of a few imbricated oblong scales.—Leaves scul2-like, closely

imbricated on the flattened byanches. 342
5. Cupressus.—Fruit of several shield-form thickeaed scales united in a
woody cone.—Leuves scale-like or awl-shaped, appressed. 342
TaxopiuM.—Fruit as in Cupressus.—Leaves linear, 2, ranked, deciduous. 343 -

% Taxus.—Ovule erect, encircled at the bace by an annular disk, which forms
a berry-like cup around the seed.— Leaves 2-ranked, per sistent. 304

Ornper IX. SYNGENESIA.— Stamens connected by
their Anthers.
* Fruit an Acheninnn.

Xan7Tuivm..—Staminate and fertile flowers in separate involucres, the latter a

2-celled burr. 178
AMBROSIA.—Staminate and fertile flowers in separate invyoluercs, the latter nut-
like 1-celled. 177

** Fruit a fleshy carpel (Pepo).

CUCURBITACEZ.—Hlerbaceous, mostly succulent yines with tendrils, and _alter-
nately palimately-veihed leaves. Fruit a pepo, more or less succulent. 121

}. Srcyos. 2. Ecminostyius. 38. MELOTHRIA. 422
% Momornica. 5. Cuctmis. 123

6. LAGENARIA. 7%. CUCURBITA. 124

CLASS XXI. DIGECIA.— Stamens and Pistils in separate

flowers and on different plants.

OrprrR I—V. MONO-PENTANDRIA.— Stamens 1 to 5.

+ Stamens I.
XN ae ee axillary, sessile, without a perianth— Sulmersed aquatics. 850
+ + Stamens 2, sometimes 1 to 6.

Satix.—Stcrile and fertile flowers both in aments, naked. Stamens 1 to 6.—
Trees or shrubs. S27

FRaxiInvus.—Calyx small, 4-cleft. Style single. Fruit a1 to 2-seeded samara.—
Trees, wiih pinnate leaves. 295

+t Tt Stamens 8 or 4.

VaLLISNERIA.—Capsule cylindrical, 1-celled, many-seeded. Stamens mostly “al
Submersed aquatics, with long grass-like leaves. 355

Carnex.—Achenium in a sac. 403

Viscum.— Anthers sessile on the calyx-lobes. sie l-celled, 1-seeded.—A yel-
lowish green parasitic plant.

+t++ Stamens mostly 5 (sometimes 4),
Nucunva —Fruit a double samara.—Shrubs. Leaves compound, 79

— A ——=E———— errr
¢

_

-Wpora. —Spathe bifid, 1-flowered. Stamens 9, 4. of the

CLASS XXII. 157

SS ee

—

-- PAGE. -

Myrica.—Fruit a dry drupe. Flowers in short aments. Filaments 2 to 8, ~
somewhat united.— Shrubs. 32

Untica.—Fruit an achenium. Flowers spiked or panicled.—Herbs. 337
PYRULARIA.—Style.1. Fruit pear-like, l-celled, 1-seeded.—A low straggling
shrub. 310
Nyssa.—F ruit.an cval or oblong ices drupe, with a grooved endocarp. —
Trees, with smooth and shining leaves. 309-
CANNABINES ~~Calyx of 1 sepal, folding zound the.achenium.—Erect or twining
herbs, with a watery juice. 306
Acnips.—Calyx 3 to 5-sepalled. Achenium 8 to 5-angled, crustaceous.—Herbs.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate. / 299.
XANTHOXYLUM.—Sepals 5, petal-like. Pistils 3 to 5, Carpels thickish, 2-valved.
Seeds blatk and shining. ee agrant. shrubs. 66
PrELEA. PrTats3te 5. Stamens 3 to 5. Stigmas 2. Fruita 2-celled samara,
winged all around.—Shrubs, with 3 to.5-foliate leaves. 67

Ornprer VI. HEXANDRIA.—6 Stamens. -
Rumex.—Achenium 3-angular, covered by the inner sepals.—Sour herts. . 3866
t Climbing or twining.

SMILaAx.—Perianth of 6 equal spreading segments. Stigmas 3, thick. Berry
1 to 3-seeded.—Shrubs rarely. herbs, climbing by tendrils on the petioles. 872:

DioscorraA.—Capsule 3-celled, 3-winged, 8-seeded.—Climbing herbs, with more
or less heart-shaped leaves. 371

ti Herbs, with parallel-veined radical leaves.

CHAMSZ1LIRIUM.—Perianth of 6 persistent sepals. Styles 3, linear-club-shaped.
Anthers yellow.— Flowers yellowish-white, i in a. long slender raceme. 088

Orper VIII. OCT-POLYANDRIA.—8 tomany stamens.

* Flowers with ealyx and corolla.

MENISPERMUM.—Sepals and petals 4 to 8, distinct. Drupes 1 to 4.—Twining or
climbing shrubs. Leaves palmate or peltate. 13

** Calyx regular: petals.none.

A. LAURACEAL.— Aromatic trees or shrubs, with al-
ternate leaves. Calyx petal-like, 6:parted. Stamens

9. Drupe free. o07
1, Sassarras.—Drupe“ovoid, supported on a fleshy club-shaped pedice].—

Trees. 08:
2 Benzorn.—Drupe obo7oid, the stalk not thickened.—Shrubs. 308

**®* Calyx and corolla none.

Populus.—Flowers in aments. Stamens 8 to 40.. Capsule 1-celled.—Trees,
with more er less heart-shaped leaves. 308.

=x *< Flowers with a 6:parted perianth.
m inferior.— Submerged

aquatics. 354
Va ix

a

—

_ @e ae

158 CLASS XXII. a

ia a I
Oxper X. MONODELPHIA. Stamens united by: their
filaments. ‘

* Flowers in a kind of short ament: ovules naked on the
scales. Hvergreen, trees or shrubs.

PAGE.
Taxus.—Scales empty at the base of the naked. aes berry: rr
JUNIPERUS.—Scales of the fertile aments 8 to 6, forming a sort of drupe. 345.
CLASS XXII. POLYGAMIA.
{Stamens ft to 3. Flowers glumaceous.
GRAMINEZ.—Nos. 45 ANDROROGON. 42.Panicum. 46 SorgauM.

{ {Stamens 2. Flowers with a calyx or naked.
Fraxinus.—Fruit a 1 to 2-seeded samara.—Trees. Leaves pinnate. 295:
CALLITRIGHE.—Fruit nut-like, 4-lobed, 4-celled, 4-seeded. bl.

{

tt tStamens 3 to 8.

CHENOPODIACEHA.—Calyx herbaceous, inclosing the. achénium. - 298.

U.uus.—Samara rounded, broadly winged. Calyx 4 to 9-cleft.—Trees. SY.
CzxL11s.—Drupe free from the 5 to 6-parted calyx. Styles 2.—Trees or large

shrubs. 312-
Nxssa.—Drupe coherent. with the calyx-tube. Style 1.—Trees, with smooth,

and shining leaves. ; 309,
BROUSSONETIA.—Style lateral. Ovaries becoming fleshy, club-shaped, promi-

nent.—An ornamental exotic tree, with downy, entire.or lobed leaves. 3385
GLEDITScM1A.—Sepals, petals and stamens 3 to 5.—Trees, with twice pinnate
~ leaves. |

PANAX. —Petals and stamens 5, Styles 2or3. Fruit a, 2 to S-seeded _drupe.—
Herbs, with palraately compound leaves.

Vitis.—Berry 2-ceelled, 4-seeded. Stamens 4 to 5, opposite the petals — Shrubs,
climbing by tendrils. 74

Prinos.—Stamens mostly 6. Corolla rotate, usually 6-parted. Fruit a drupe

_ with 6 smooth nutlets.— Shrubs 222.
NEMOPANTHES.—Calyx a minute ring. Petals 5,oblong linear. Stamens 5.

Stigmas 3 or 4, sessile. Fruit a globose red berry.—Shrubs. 223.
PTELEA—Samara winged all round, orbicular, 2-cetled.— Shrubs. CF
MELANTHIUM.—Stamens 6, on the claws of the 6-parted perianth. Styles 3.—

Leaves parallel-veined. 386
Veratrum.—Stamens 6. Styles 3—F lowers dull colored, say 387

za {Stamens 8 to many.

Drospyrus.—Berry 4 to 8-celled, 4 to 8-sceded. Stamens 8 and 16. bie hrubs or “ae
trees. :

Upora Ovary l-celled. Stamens 9. epetn 2-cleft, axillary, 1 flowered.—
Submerged aquatics. 3

FLORA, OF PENNSYLVANIA.

SERIES [.

——>

PHANOGAMIA, OR FLOWERING PLANTS.

_ PLants composed of cellular tissue, woody fibre, ducts,
‘and spiral vessels, bearing proper flowers, with stamens and
- ‘pistils, and producing seeds which contain an embryo, radicle
_ -and cotyledons.

- Chass 1.—EXOGENS OR DICOTYLEDON S.

STEMS composed of distinct bark and pith with an inter-
vening layer of woody fibre and vessels, increasing in diameter
by the annual deposition of new layers between the old wood
and the bark, which are arranged in concentric zones and
traversed by medullary rays. LEAVES mostly with reticula-
ted veins, and falling off by an articulation. Spans and
PETALS in fives and fours, and very rarely in threes. HMBEYO
with two or more cotyledons. ee

SuB-cLAss 1.—AneiosPpERMOUS EXoGENS.
Ovuxes, produced i in a closed ovary, and fertilized by the
action of pollen through the mediym of a stigma, EmBRYo
with two cotyledons.
Division 1. = Pourewiakebs EXocEns.
Floral envelopes consisting of distinct pis and PME

Onpee 1, -RANUNCULACEE. — Crowfoot Family.

ter see

Sons pica or tray ond Bley, iam pide aie
nate, with half-clasping petioles. nen a:
L

OTE Te

EE NR ee

— RANUNCULACER. =

Catyx of 3 to 15, (usually 5) distinct, mostly deciduous, sepals. Coroua, Petals
8 to 15 (sometimes irregular or absent,) hypogynous. SramMeEns indefinite in num-
ber, distinct, rarely few, hypogynous. PistLis numerous. Fruit, either dry pods,

or seedlike achenia, or berries, 1 to several seeded. Szeps solitary or several, ana-

tropous, with a minute embryo and fleshy albumen. :

: 1. CLEMATIS. Linn. Viretn’s Bowrr.
” @r. klama, a tendril; climbing by tendrils, or twining petioles.

- Catyx 4 (rarely 5 to 8) sepaled, colored, pubescent. Pz-
TALS none, or shorter than the sepals. FILAMENTS numer- .
ous. ANTHERS linear. ACHENIA numerous, in a head,
bearing the persistent styles in the form of long plumose
tails.— Perennial vines climbing by the leafstalk ; stems some-
what woody ; leaves mostly compound and opposite.

1. ©. Virernrana, L. Common Virgin's Bower.
Siem climbing; leaves ternate; leaflets cordate, ovate, acute, coarsely toothed or
lobed; flowers often dicecious, paniculate. ee he
A common hardy climber in hedges and thickets, flowering in July and August.
Flowers white, numerous, borne in panicles on axillary peduncles. Sepals 4, oval,
oblong, obtuse. Jrudt furnished with long plumose feathery tails.

2. C. Viorna, L. Leather Flower. :

Stem climbing; leaves pinnately divided; sezments entire, or 3-lobed, ovate, acute ;
floralones entire. Calyx companulate; sepals very thick and leathery, acuminate,
connivent, reflexed at the apex.

Woods; June, July. Stem 10 to 15 feet in length, cylindrical, pubescent, purple,
fmally shrubby. Leaves opposite, pinnately decompound, consisting of 9—12 leaf-
lets. Flowers axillary, purple, nodding, on peduncles 3—6 incheslong, with a pair
of small, simple, entire leaves near the middle. Fruit with very plumose tails,
from 1—2 inches long.

ATRAGEND, DC., Inyolucre none: Sepals 4: petals several, minute.

& (©. VERTICILLARIS, DC. Whorl-leaved Virgin's Bower.
Stem climbing by the leaf-stalks; Leaves in fours, ternate; Leaflets stalked,
ovate, pointed, entire or a little toothed, sometimes slightly heart-shaped; Peduncles
i-flowered; Sepals very large, acute.
A handsome climber in highland woods and rocky hills, rare, sometimes cultiva-

ted. May,June. Stem ascending trees 10—15 fect by means of its twisting petioies.
From each of the opposite buds in spring there arise two ternate leaves with long,

-stalked Leaflets, and a peduncle which bears a bluish-purple flower. Sepals thick 1

inch or more long and nearly 4 wide. Filaments about 24, outer oes (petals)
dilated, spatulate, tipped with imperfect anthers.

2. ANEMONE. Linn. WIND FLOWER.

Gr. anemos, wind; because the flowers are supposed to open when the wind blows.

Srpats 5 to 15, petal-like, colored. PrTALSnone. Sta-
MENS numerous, much shorter than the sepals. OVARIES
many, free, collected into a roundish or oval head. Invo-
LUCRE remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves. ACHE-'

RANUNCULACEE. 8

NTA’ ma aronase.—- Herbaceous perenna ais with radical leaves,
‘G23 leave MUNUCTE Bi the base af the flower-staiks, and
whAtIsh flowers. | “

1. A. neMorosa, L. Wood Anemone.

Stem low, simpie, smooth, l-flowered. Leaves ternate; leaflets undivided, or with
the middle-one 3-cleft, and lateral ones S-parted, incisely dentate, those of the inyo-
lucre similar, petiolate. Sepals oval or elliptical. ~

Var. quinquifolia D C. Lateral leaves of the involucre 2-parted to the base.

Margin of woods. April and May. Adelicate vernal species. Stem or scape 4—8
inches high. Flowers 1 inch in diameter. Sepals 4—7 > white or aes Carpels
15—20, oblong, with a hooked beak.

2. <A. Prennsyivanica, L.

Stem dichotomous; leaves 3 to 5 parted; segments 3-cleft, lobes oblong, incisely
toothed, acuminate; involucre 3-leaved; tnvolucels 2-leaved, sessile ; sepals 5, Obyate ;
‘earpels hairy, in a globose head.

Shores and rocky places. June, August. Stem 12to 18inches high. Flowers 1
to 114 inch in diameter, borne on naked peduncles. Sepals white and membrana-
ceous.

8. <A. Vireintana, L. Thimble Weed.

Leaves ternate; segments oval-lanceolate, 3-cleft, acuminate, cut serrate, the lateral
2-parted, those of the involucre similar; sepals 5, acute; peduncles elongated ;
carpels densely wooly, in an ovoid oblong head.

Woods and meadows; common. June, August. Stem 20 to 30 inches high ; the
upright peduncles 6 to 12 inches long. Flowers 34 of an inch in diameter. Sepals
‘greenish-white, siiky beneath, 2 narrower than the others./rwit woolly, in heads
one inch long.

=: ‘HEPATICA: Willd. sg.

erg hepar, the liver; froma a fancied resemblance ofits leaves.

INVoLUCcRE 3 leaved, simple, resembling a calyx, 1-flow-
ered. SEPALS petaloid 5—9, disposed in2 or 3 rows., Ova-
RIES Many. CARPELS without awns.—Leaves all radical,
heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and persistent through the
year ; the new ones appearing later than the flowers. Flowers
sun ungle, on hawry scapes. :

1. H. tTrinopa, Willd. Liverwort, Laverleaf.
Leaves cordate, 3 to 5 lobed ; lobes entire.
War.1. Obtusa, Pursh. Jeaves 3-lobed ; roundish, obtuse.
Var. 2. Acuta, Pursh. Leaves 3 to5 lobed; lobes spreading, acute.

Woods and rocky places; common. This neat little plant is one of the earliest
harbingers of Spring. April and May. Perennial. The root consists of numereus
fibres. Flowers generally biue, but frequently purplish and white: becoming
double by cultivation.

4, THALICTRUM. L. Mzapow Ruz.

| SEPALS 4 or more, petaloid,.greenish, caducous. PETALS
none. -ACHENIA ee dry tipped by the stigma or short

ee BANUNOULAGE,

style, grooved or ribbed, or inflated. SEEDS perce
Perennials with 2—8- ternateley compound leaves ; the divisions
and the leaflets stalked. Flowers in hei or Panitets ;
often polygamous..

* Stem-leaves forming an involucre at the summit like pubmed root tuberous :
stamens shorter than the petaloid calyx.

1. T. ANEMONOIDES, Michx. ue Anewotts

Root tuberous; radical leaves biternate; leaflets subcordate, 3 toothed ; floral leaves
petioled, resembling an involucre; flowers few, in L a. simple umbel; petaioid i 8
to 10 leaved. Anemone thalictroides, L.

Woods. Apriland May; common. A pretty plant; the flowers ihouthtiiig those-
ef Anemone, but the fruit that ef Thalictrum. Stems or scapes 4 to 8 inehes high +
often several frem one root. lowers white or purplish, 1 inch in diameter. Sepals.
twice as long as the stamens.

** Stem-leaves scatiered,3to4 times compound ; ae Sibronss: iui: longer than:
the sepals:.

2. T. Cornutt, L. Meadow Rue.

Stem-leaves without general petioles, decompound;-leaflefs roundish-obovate or-
oblong, 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes acutish ; glaucous beneath, with the nerves
scarcely prcmingnt; peduncle longer than the leaves. lowers in very compound
large panicles; dicecious or polygamous; carpels nearly sessile, acute at each end,
strongly ribbed, twice as long as the style.

Wet ground. June and July. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, branching. Leaves very
variable in form, deep green above, paler glaucous smooth or iat ssa bene
Filaments slightly elub-sh aped anthers oblong. |

8. T. proicum, L. Early Meadow Rue..

Paco all with general petioles; * decompound, very smooth; leaflets rounded,
and obtusely lobed, glaucous beneath; flowers in compound panicles, dioceious or
polygamous; peduncles as long as the leaves; carpels oblong, sessile, strongly
ribbed.

Banks of streams. April and May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers white or:
purplish. #ilaments much longer than the sepals. -Anthers yellowish.. -

4. T. rucosum, Ait. Rugose-leaved Meadow Rue.
Leaves superdecompound; leaflets prominently veined beneath, cuneate-obovate
and ovate-oblong, 3-lobed at apex, the lateral ones often entire; flowers mostly

dicecious, rather crowded ; filaments filiform.

Along shaded swampy rivulets; common. June and July. Stem3to5 feet high,
. branching, striate smooth. Leaves pinnately decompound. Flowers in rather
crowded panicles. Sepals white, elliptic oblong, small. Carpels shovold- ORME,
acute at each end, beaked with the persistent style.

Obs. This may prove to be only a variety of T. Cornuta, to which it bears much
general resemblance. Prof: Hooker considers them not it le distinct. —

5. RANUNCULUS. Linn. Crowroor. Burrercup.

Lat. rana a frog } the aquatic species growing where frogs abound.
Sepats 5, deciduous. Pzrars 5 (rarely 10), with a little

scale or nectary at the base inside. STAMENS and ovaries
numerous. CARPELS ovate, somewhat compressed, pointed,

RANUNCULACES. os 5

avtinged ina globose or cylindrieal head. <= Hevbiceous® ain:
nual or perennial plants. Leaves mostly radical, though
cauline at the base. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed
yellow, rarely white.

2) Petals white, claws yellow ; carpels transversely rugose-striate.

1. R. aquarius, L. White Water Crowfoot.

Stem floating, filiform’; leaves all submersed, divided -into capillary diverging seg-
meuts; petals obovate, longer than the calyx.

Ponds and ficwing water. June—August. Rather rare. Stem 1 to 2 feet high,
slender, weak, round, smooth, jointed. Leaves gies Se pee divided into numer-
ous hair-like segments, roundish in outline, and 44to l inch indiameter. Flowers
emall, white or yellowish.

** Ficwers yellow: leaves undivided: carpels smooth, ovate, collected into a catal
ish head : perennial.

2. KR. Fuammuna, L. Spearwort.

Stem declinate : leaves smooth, linear-lanccolate or ovate-lanceoiate, subentire,
lower ones petiolate, upper ones nearly sessile; peduncles opposite to the leaves,

‘Ditches and swamps. July—Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, more orlessdecumbent,
rooting at the lowerjoints. eaves 3 to 6 inches in length, % to 1 inch wide, entire
or with a few teeth, thickened at the acute summit. + lcwers solitary, of a golden
yellow colcr, on peduncles 2 2to 3 inches long. Whole plant yellowish green.

3. KR. reprans, L. Creeping Crowfoot. ‘3
Stem creeping, slender, pret: ; jomts I-flowered: eaves linear or lanceolaic,
entire, lower ones tapering into petioles. *

Gravelly cr muddy banks of rivers and pends; comrcn. June—August. A
flender, Petia te: species. Stm-6 to 12 inches Icrg, round, recting at the joints.
L4QaVES fleshy ¥y to 1 inch long, mostly narrow andacute‘at oneend. Flowers yel-
low, small, borne on axillary peduncles. Frutt very y smcoth,

4. Rk. pusiLtvus, Poir. Puny Crowfoot.

Stem slerder, erect, or decumbent ; leaves peticled; lower ones ovate, rourdieh,
or subcordate, entire and sparingly toothed; upper ones linear-lanceolate, obseure-
ly toothed, scarcely petioled; pedicels opposite to the leaves, solitary 1-ficwered ;
- earpels smooth, with a minute, blunt point. —

Wet grounds, Junc—August. tems 6 io i2inches high, branched. Fiwers
email, pale-yeliow, on long peduncles. Fetais 1 to 5, often 3 3, scarcely longer than
the calyx, Siamens 5 to 10. ‘ :

ta Lear C3 GIw% ded.

5. R. avortious, L. Siall-fowered Ci roufook.

Smooth; stem simple or branching; radical Waves, petiolate, cordate-orbiculata,
crenaic, somctimes 3-parted; stem-lcaves ternate, 3 to 5 cleft, with lincar-oblong ~
nearly euvire segments; upper ones sessile; sepals longer than the petals, refiexed ;

carpels i in a globular head, tipped with a very shert recurved beak.

Woods and wet grounds. May and June. Per. Stem a foot hieh, simple or
branching, smocth. Leaves yaricusly dissected, mcstly smcoth, Lee in lg in. jp
diameter, on peticles 3 to inches long; lower ones pedate. blur: érs small, yellow, ,

6. °R. scereratus, L. Celery-leaved Crowfoot.
Simobth: stem branched; lower leaves S-parted, segments lobed, petioled; stem:

DY ae

6 . RANUNCULACER.

leaves 34obed, lobes oblong, linear, entire or erenately incised; i re’
carpels small, numerous, in cylindrical heads. ;

‘Wet ditches. May—August. Per. Stem a foot high, thick and indtlowr’ Fours
small, numerous, pale yellow. Head sometimes an inch in eeiaairi Juice ¥ery

acrid.
7. RR. pepens, L. Creeping Crowfoot. —

Stem branching from the base; leaves ternate ; leaflets wedge-form, 3-lobed incisely
dentate; central one petiolate; peduncles furrowed; calyx pilose, spreading; goctals
obovate, larger than the spreading calyx; canpels with a straight point akronely
margincd:.

Moist or shady places. sis —August. Per.. Very variable in size, commencing
to flower by upright stems 1 to 2 feet high, increasing by long runners. lowers

middle size, bright yellow. Petals often emarginate. Leaves hairy on the veins,
dark green. Petioles long, hairy.

8. R. Pennsytvanicus, L. Pennsylvanian Orcaclioe

Stem erect, and with the petioles covered with stiff spreading hairs; leaves ternate,
villous, segments subpetiolate, acutely 38-lobed, incisely serrate; calyx reflexed,
rather longer thau the small petais; carpels pointed, with a short straight beak,
collected into an oblong head.

Wet places: common. July and August. Per. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, usually
much branched. Flowers small, pale yellow. Carpels viscid, nearly allied to the

next species, but- distinguished by its oblong heads of carpels, shorter style, and
much smaller flowers.

9. R. ursprpus, Mich. Hairy Crowfoot.

Stem erect, branched, and with the petioles covered with stiff spreading hairs -
leaves ternate or 3-parted; leajiets or segments acutely lobed; pubescence of the
pedicets appressed; calyx hairy, at length refiexed ; carpelsin a globose rissa mar:
gined, compresscd, smooth ; style short and straight.

Wet grounds.. June—August: Per. Stem 18 inches high, very hairy. See er
leaves on long petioles; wpper oncs nearly sessile; leaflets nearly all eres 3 cleft
or 3-parted, alternate at base. lowers numerous, large, bright, yellow. .

10. R. REcURVATUS, Poir. Wood Crowfoot.
Stem erect and with the petioles clothcd with speading hairs; leaves 3-parted,
hairy; segments oval, subincised, the lateral ones 2-lobed; calyx reflexed; petals
Janceolate; carpels crowned with a shar p, hooked style.

Shady woods and damp places. May—July. Per. Stem 12 to 15 inches high,
sparingly branched, often dichotcmous at the summit. Lower leaves somewhat
ovate at base, on petioles 2 to 6 inches long which are sheathing at base; upper ones
subsessile and 3-parted quite to the base. lowers small, pale yellow, on short
peduncles. Whole plant pale green..

11. R. rasercutaris, Muhl. arly Crew/foot..

Stem erect, branched, clothed with appressed hairs; leaves on long petioles, pu--
bescent, pinnately divided, the lobes obiong, obovate, pinnatified; catyx villous,
spreading, shorter than the petals; carpels orbicular, crowned with a slender subu-
late style, collected into a subglobose head.

Woods and hills. AprilandMay.. Per.. Roct a fasicle of fleshy fibres: Stem 6 to

2 inches high. Radical leaves on petioles 3 to 8 inches long, so divided aa to appear

5 pinnate; upper ones 3-parted, nearly sessile. Flowers large; petals yellow,
cuneate-obovate, with a scale at the kase as broad as the transpar ent claw..

12. R. sunsosus. L. Bulbous Crowfoot:
Stem erect, hairy, bulbous at the base; leaves ternate, or quinate-pinnate; leaflets
2 to5 parted; segments trifid or incised; peduncles sulcate; calyx reflexed, hairy ;
carpels tipped with a very short beak; collected into a very globose head,

RANUNCULACEM: - 7

iegapes and pastures. Introduced from Europe. Sag ean de. Per. Stem
9 to 15 inches high, hollow, thickened at the base into a sort of bulb. Leaves ap-
pearing asif pinnate. Petals deep yellow and shining, 5 to7 cuneate-obovate, some-
times obcordate. Flowers more than an inch broad.

43. Re Aoris, L. Buttercups Crowfoot:

Hairy; stem erect; leaves 3 to 5 parted; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or
parted; their segments cut into linear or lanceolate crowded lobes; peduncles terete,
not furrowed; calyx spreading, hairy; petals obovate, not longer than the spread-
ing calyx; carpels roundish, smooth, compressed, terminated by a short, recurved
beak.

Meadows and pastures; common. Introduced from Europe. June—Aug. Per.
Stem 1 to 2 feet high, round, hollow, mostly hairy. Leaves 1 to 3 inches in diame-

ter. Flowers large, golden yellow, shining; becoming double by cultivation. Ger-
den Buttercups.

§. HYDRASTIS. Linn. YELLOW Root.

Gr. hudor, water ; from its growing in moist places.

SEPALS 3, ovate, petaloid, caducous. PETALS none.
STAMENS and ovaries numerous. CARPELS berry-like, nu-
merous, aggregated in a globose head, terminated by the
style, 1—2 seeded.—A. low perennial herb, sending up in
early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow root-stalk, @
single radical leaf, and a simple hairy stem which is 2-leaved
near the summit, and terminated by a single greentsh-white
flower:.

1. HH. Canapensts, L. Yellow Puccoon, Golden-seal.

“Leaves rounded, 2 to 6 inches. wide; palmately 3 to 5 lebed; loles acute, doubly
serrate. ;

Rocks, woods, northern sides of hills; rare. May. Chester Co., Darl. Lancaster
Co. Abundant along the Alleghenies. Flcwer solitary,on a peduncle about linch
long. Sepals fleshy, pale rosecolor. Fvruit fleshy purplish, about the size of a large
raspberry. The root affords a juice of a fine yellow color, used by: the Indians for
staining skins and.clothing..

7. CALTHA. Linn. Marsy Marieorp..

Gr. kalathos, a basket; in allusion to the form of the flower..

CaLyx colored, with 5—10 roundish sepals, resembling
petals. Pxrans none. STAMENS numerous, shorter than
the sepals.. Pistims 5—10 with no style. FoLLicLEs com-
pressed, spreading, many seeded.—Smooth perennials with
round and heart-shaped, or kidney- forms, large leaves, and
showy yellow flowers:

EF ©. pauustris, Lb. Marsh Mase Golden Cowslip..
‘Stem hollow, furrowed ; leaves cordate, round, or kidney-shaped, crenate ; flowers.
large, pedunculate; sepals broad oval.
- Swamps and wet meadows; common. April and May. A beautiful plant with

:

_ . RANUNOULACER.

large flowers of a golden yellow in all their parts. ‘Stem 6 to 10 inches h rae » erect,
somewhat succulent, dichobainounly. branched above. Leaves ae and sbislnga
Used asa potherb in Spring. ;

2. C. FLABELLIFOLIA, Pur. Fan-leaved Marsh Marigold:

Stem procumbent, many-flowered; leaves dilated-reniform; lobes widely spread-
ing, coarsely and acutely toothed; peduncles, axillary, solitary-flowered; sepals
obovate; capsules uncinate.

Sand spring on Pokono mountain. Pursh. July and August. "Stem a foot high.
Flowers yellow, middle sized. Allied to C. natans found in Canada and in Siberia..

- 8. TROLLIUS. Sanu GLOBE FLOWER. ;

Germ. trol or trollen, globular; alluding to the form of the flower..

SEPALS colored 5—10—15, deciduous, petaloid. Prrars
5—25, small, linear, tubular at base. STAMENS numerous,
much shorter than the sepals. PisTiLs many. FOLLICLES
numerous, sub-cylindric, sessile, many-seeded.— Smooth per-
ennials with palmately parted leaves, and ae ge solitary
terminal flowers.

1. TT. LAxus, Salish. American Gilobe-flower~

Leaves palmate, deeply cleft, cut dentate; sepals 5, oblong, spreading ; petals 15

to 25, shorter than the stamens, inconspicuous.

Deep swamps and wet grounds; rare. May—July. Stem a foot or more high.
Flowers terminal, large, yellowish, or orange colored. Follicles about 10, crowned
with the persistent style.

This is the only American species. Probably often mistaken for a species of
Ranunculus.

9. COPTIS. Salisb. Goutp Tureap.

Gr. kopto, to cut; in allusion to the numerous divisions of the leaves.

Sepats 5—7, colored, petaloid, deciduous, Prtrats 6—T
small, cucculate. Stamens numerous20—25. Pisrirs 83—_
7, on slender stalks. FotiicLes 8—7, membranous ay tees |
seeded. —TLow smooth perennial herbs with radical leaves, and
a long, slender, creeping rhizoma.

1. C. TRIFoLIA, Salish. Gold thread.

Leaves. 3-foliate; leaflets wedge-shaped, ohovate, obtuse, toothed or obscurely 3-
lobed ; scape 1-flowered; petals much smaller than the sepala. f

Swamps and bogey places: common. May-July. Stem subterrancan, ‘chokes
ly creeping, golden yellow, bitter and tonic. euves evergrecn; scape 4 to 6 inchea.
high, ini bearing. a nea white, starlike flower.

10. AQUILEGLIA. Linn. * Gt eee

Let. aquila, an eagle; the spurs or nectaries resembling the claws of that bird. _

Separs 5, regular, colored like the petals. Prrats 6,~
with a short ‘spreadifig lip, produced ‘backwards into nie

RANUNCULACES. : Gg

tubular spurs, much longer than the calyx. Stamens 30—
40. Pisrius 5, with slender styles. Fotuicies 5, erect,
many seeded. — Perennials, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves,
the leaflets lobed, Flowers large and showy, terminating the
branches, nodding.

1. A. Canaprensis, L. Wild Columbine.

Smooth; divisions of the leaves 3-parted, rather obtuse, ineisely dentate; sepals
somewhat acute, a little longer than the petals; spurs straight; longer than the
limb. Styles and stamens exserted. é

A beautiful plant growing in rocky places; common. April—June. Stem ito 2
feet high, branched above. Flowers terminal, nodding, scarlet without and yellow
within, 1 to2incheslong. Fruit upright. More delicate and graceful than the
cultivated. A. vulgaris of Europe.

9 <A. vuLGARIs. Common Garden Columbine.

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, leafy, many flowered; Jeaves nearly smooth, glaucous, biter-
nate; spurs incurved. Flowers purple; becoming double by cultivation, and vary-
ing in color, through all shades from purple to white. J une.

11. DELPHINUM. linn. LArxKspur. -

Gr. delphin, a dolphin ; from the shape of the upper sepal.

- Sepats 5, irregular, colored; the upper one produced inte
a spur at the base. Prraus 4, irregular, the upper pair ter-
minating behind in a tubular, necteriferous spur, enclosed in
the spur of the calyx, the lower pair with short claws. Sra-
MENs numerous. fPistrits 1—5, mostly 3, forming many
seeded follicles in fruit— Showy herbs with palmately cut or
divided leaves. Flowers in terminal racemes, blue, red, or
purple: never yellow.

1. D. azureum, Mich. Azure Larkspur.

Pubescent or nearly lth Stem erect; leaves 3 to 5 parted, many cleft, lobes
linear; racemes erect; petals shorter than the sepals, densely bearded at the apex}
flowers on short pedicels; spur ascending.

Woods and uplands; rare. May. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, sometimes
softly pubescent. Flowers large, blue and whitish.

2. D. EXALTATUM, Ait. Tall Larkspur.

™ Stem erect; leaves fiat, 3 to 5 cleft beyond the middle; lobes wedgeform, 3-cleft at
the apex acuminate; lateral ones often 2-lobed; raceme Erect; spur straight, os
long as the calyx; capsules 3.

Rich soil: Western parts of the State. June and July. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet
high. Lower leaves4to5 inches broad. Flowers ofa brilliant purplish blue, borne
on panicled wand-like racemes; many-flowered.

3. D. rricornez, Mich. Three-horned Larkspur.
Leaves deeply 5-parted, divisions 3 to 5 cleft; segments linear, acutish: petals
shorter than the sepals, lower ones 2 cleft, densely bearded inside; spur eoetagr
straight, as long as the calyx; carpels 3, spreading 1 in fruit. .

10 . RANUNCULACE.

Uplands. W. Penn. April and May. Per. Stem 6to18 inches high. — Pit.
roundish in outline, on long petioles. Hacemes loose, 6 to 12 flowered. Flowers
bright blue. . 5 es

hy CONSOLIDA, L. Common Larkspur.

Stem erect, smoothish, divaricately branched; flowers few, in loose racemes;
Seas ranger than the bracts; carpelssmooth. Annual. Native of Europe. July.
“lowers blue. ; ;

0. D. GRANDIFLORUM. Large-flowered Larkspur.

Leaves palmate, many parted; lobes linear, distant; pedicels longer than the
bracts; petals shorter than the calyx. A superb perennial species from Siberia.
flowers double, or single, in racemes; dark brilliant blue, tinged with purple.

6. D. Evatum. Bee Larkspur.

Leaves downy, 5-lobed; lobes cuneate at base, trifid, cut dentate; spur inflexed.

Native of Siberia. Stem 5 to 6 feet high. lowers blue, and at a distance re-
sembling a bee in form.

12. ACONITUM. tink WorsBanE.

Gr. akone, a cliff or rock ; in allusion to its place of growth.

i

‘SEPALS 5, very irregular, colored, upper one vaulted, larger
than the others. Prraus 5, the 3 lower ones minute, often
converted into a sac or short spur at the summit. Srybzs .
S—5d; Forrtches 3—5, many seeded.— Perennials with pal-
mate or digitate leaves, and showy flowers in terminal spikes.

1, <A. uNcINATUM, Linn. American Monkshead.
Stem slender, weak, climbing, with diverging branches. Zeaves palmate or 3 to5
lobed, with ovai-lanccolate, cut dentate divisions; helmet obtusely conical, rostrate;
spur inclined, somewhat spiral.

Mountains and rich shady soils along streams; rare. August. Stem 5 to 6 feet
long, supporting itself upon adjacent bushes. Leaves leathery, dark green, 4 to $
inches wide. J lowers large, purple, 3 or 4 near the summit of each branch.

2. <A. RECLINATUM. Gray.
A white flowered species; is doubtless to be found in our mountains, ©

138. ACTAEA. Linn. BANE-BERRY.

Gr. akte, the elder; on account of its resemblance to that plant.

Sepats 4—5, deciduous. Pretrats 4—8, spatulate, ungui-
eulate. SrameNs numerous, dilated above; anTuxrs 2-lobed.
Pistits single; stiyma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Hruira
many-seeded berry. Sreps smooth, flattened, and packed
horizontally in 2 rows.—Perennials with ternately divided
leaves, and thick terminal racemes of white flowers.

1. A. nuBRA. Willd. Led Baneberry.

Leaves twice and thrice ternate; vaceme hemispherical; petals acute, shorter than
the stamens; pedicels of the fruit shorter than the peduncle. Berries ovoid, oblong,
‘shining red, many-sceded. =

RANUNCULACE. : 11

’ Rocky woods. May. Stem about2feet high. Zeaves very large when full grown.
Flowers white. Berries red in racemes 3 to 4 inches long ; pedicels slender, 1 inch
long.

2. A. ALBA. Big. White Baneberry. Oohosh.

Leaves twice and thrice ternate; raceme oblong; petals equal to the stamens,
truncate at the apex; pedicels of the fruit as large as the peduncles. Berrics few-
seeded.

- Woods. May. Plants 1 to 2 feet high, bearing 2 compound leaves, and a cluster
of white flowers. Leajlets 1 to 2 inches long, half as wide. Raceme1 to 3 inches
long, 13% thick, at eS purple. Berries milk white nee with red, smaller than
in A. rubra.

i4 GIMICIFU@A” Linn: “Beankne.

Lat. cimex, a bug, and Jugo, to drive away.

Satin 4—5, falling off soon after the flowers expand.

. Petras 3—8, spatulate, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex.

SramEens numerous. Prsrrts 1—8, forming dry follicular
carpels in fruit; carpels 1—8, many seeded. Style, short.
—Perennials with ternately divided leaves, and white fctid
flowers in long slender racemes.

1. ©. RAcEMosA. Ell. Black Snakeroot.

Leaves ternately decompound; leaflets ovate-oblong, incisely toothed; racemes
very long; petals 2, forked,slender; style 1; capsule follicular, dry, dehiscent, ovate.
Rich woods: abundant. July and ‘Anorak Stems 8 to 8 feet high, terminated
with long, panicled racemes of white monogynous flowers. Petals 4 to 6, small.
Stamens about 100. aceme plume-like, 6 to i2Z inches long. oot knotted, medi-
cinal.
9. C. AMERICANA. Michx. American Bugbane.

Smooth. Leaves triternate, sesments ovate, terminal one wedge-form at the base;
3-parted, or 3-cleft and incised; pctals concave, sessile, 2-lobed, necteriferous at
base; pistils 3 to 8; seeds flat, scaly.

High mountains. August. Stem 3 to 6 feet high. Flowers smaller than in C.
racemosa; in a long panicle efracemes. Fullicles 1 mostly 5, abruptly beaked, 6 to §
seeded.

15. ZANTHORIZA. Linn. Yer.Low Boor.

Gr. zanthos, yellow, and riza, a root.

Catyx deeiduous, 5-sepaled. Prraus 5, of 2 roundish
lobes, raised on a pedicel. Stamens 5—10. Ovaries 5—
15, beaked with the styles, 2-3 ovuled. For1icres membra-
naceous, compressed, 1 seeded.—A low plant with shrubby
shoots: stem and bark yellow and bitter. Leaves pinnately
divided. Flowers polygamous, dull purple, in compound |
drooping axillary racemes.

1. Z. apttrouia. L Her.
Leaves paeudo-pinnate or ternate; leaflets 5, sessile, incisely lobed and dentate.

42 RANUNCULACE.

Banks of shady streams in mountainous districts. Apriland May. Per. Stems
clustered 1 to 3 feet high. tacemes many flowered. Flowers purple. Follicles
spreading 14 inch long. . en

16. HELLEBORUS. <Adans. Huxr.epore.

Gr. helien, to cause death; and bora, food; on account of its poisonous properties.

SEpaLs 5, persistent, mostly greenish. Prrats 8 to 10, |
very short, tubular, 2-lipped. Stamens numerous. Stiemas
3 to 10, orbicular. Foutrtcirs 3 to 10, slightly cohering at
the base, many seeded. Sexevs elliptical.—Pcrennials, with
coriacious, divided leaves, and large, nodding flowers.

1. H. viainis. L. Green Hellebore.

Smooth; radical leaves pedately divided. Stem leaves few, palmately parted
nearly sessile; peduncles often in pairs; sepals roundish, ovate,acute. A European
plant, naturalized. Stem about 1 foot high. Flowers large, pale green, appearing
in early spring. March and April.

CULTIVATED EXOTICS.

17. PAKONIA. Prony.

Srprats 5, unequal, leafy, persistent. Perats 5. SramEns
numerous, mostly changed to petals by cultivation. Ovaries
2to05. Sryvte none. Sriemas double, persistent. FoLtticLEs
many seeded.— Perennials with fasciculate roots; biternate
leaves ; and large, showy, terminal, solitary flowers.

1. P. oFFicraANALits. ‘Common Peony

* Stem erect, herbaccous; lower leaves bi-pinnately divided ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate,
‘variously incised. Fruit downy, nearly straight. Native of Switzerland. May
and June. This splendid flower has long been cultivatcd in every part of Europe,
and in this country. Lhe double red variety is the most common. The white is
truly beautiful. .

‘2, P.ausrrtora. White-flowered Peony.

Leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, acute, entire, smooth. Joliicles recurved, smooth.
Native of Tartary. Whole plant dark-shining-green, and smooth. Flowers white,
fragrant, smaller than the last. Calyx brown, with 3 green sessile bracts at base.
Varieties numerous, with single and double white and rose-colored flowers.

3. P. Mouran. Chinese Tree Peony.

Stem shrubby; leajlets oblong-ovate, glaucous, and somewhat hairy beneath;
-terminal-one 3-lobed ; cvaries 5, distinct, surrounded by a very large disk. Native
- of China.. Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves large, on long stalks. Flowers very
large, fragrant, and always doubled in cultivation. Disk very large.

18.. ADONIS. Linn. |
Separs 5, appressed. Prrats 5—15, with naked claws.

MAGNOLIACER. ae

Achenta in 4 spike, ovate, and pointed with the hardened,
persistent style. ) 7
A. autumnauis. Pheasant’s Eye.
Stem branching ; leaves pinnately parted, with numerous lineat segments. F low-
erg crimson, 5 to 8 petaled. Carpels crowned with 4 very short style, and eollected
inte an ovate or sub-cylindrical head. Annual.

~

19. NIGELLA. Linn.

- Caryx of 5 sepals, colored. Prrats 5, 3-cleft. Sryzes
5. Oarsunes 5, follicular, convex.—Annual European
herbs, with leaves in many linear and subulate segments.

i. N. Damascena. Fennel Flower.

“Leaves twice and thrice pinnatifid, as finely cut as those of the fennel. Flowers
in a leafy involucre, terminal, solitary encompassed and overtopped by a circle of
leaves divided like the rest, white or pale blue, sometimes double; anthers obtuse;
Garpels 5, smooth, 2-celled, united as far as the ends into an oyoid-globose capsule.
A hardy annual of the gardens. June—August.

2. N. sariva. Nutmeg Flower.

Stem slightly furrowed, erect, branched. Leavés divided‘as in the last, with the
divisions much more linear. Flowers naked, terminal on the summits of the
branches. Anthersobtuse. Capsule with hard short points. From Egypt. June
—September.

OrpER 2. MAGNOLIACEE.

Trees or shrubs téith the leafUuds sheathed by membrancous stipules; alternAte
coriaceous, entire leaves, marked with ninute transparent dots, and solitary, large,
perfect, showy, often fragrant flowers.

BEPALS 3 to 6, deciduous, e¢lored. Perrars 3 to 27 in several rows, hypogynous,
imbricate in estivation. SraMENs indefinite, distinct, hypogynous, in several rows
ai the base of thereceptacle. OvArieESnumerous; style short; stigmasimple: “Frure
either dry or succulent, consisting of numerous carpels, arranged upon an elonga-
ted axis. SEDs solitary or several, attached to the inner suture of the carpels.
Bask aromatic and bitter.

1. MAGNOLIA. Linn.

In honor of Prof. Magnol, a French botanist.

Sepaus 8, deciduous. Prrats 6—12, in concentric series.
STamMENs indefinite, distinct, with short filaments and long
anthers, opening inwards. Pisriis aggregated and cohering.
in a mass, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone-
like fruit ; each carpel opening on the back at maturity, from
which the seeds are suspended, when mature, by a long slen-
der funiculus—A magnificent genus, consisting mostly of
large trees, ri luxuriant foliage, und large fragrant flowers.

ia > | ANONACEZ.

1. M. auauca, L. Swamp Laurel. Sweet Bay.
Leaves oval, glaucous beneath, petiolate; Jlowers 9 to 12-petaled; petals obovate,
tapering to the base ; cone of fruit small, oblong.

Swampy places: southern parts of the State. Julyand August. A shrubor tree
10 to 20 feet high, with a smooth whitish bark. Flowers terminal, on thick pedum
cles, white, 2 to 3 inches broad, very fragrant. Leaves very pale beneath,

2. M. acuminata, L. Cucumber Tree.

Leaves deciduous, oval, acuminate, pubescent beneath; petals 6 to 9, oblong, |
somewhat obtuse; cone of fruct small, cylindrical. ; ;

Rich damp woods. June and July. <A noble forest tree 60 to 90 feet high, per
fectly straight. Leaves thin, 5 to10 inches long. Flowers 5 to 6inches in diameter,
bluish, or yellowish-white, glaucous externally. Cones of fruit 2 to 3 inches long,
when green resembling a young cucumber. ;

3. M. Umprenia, Lam. Umbrella Tree.
Leaves deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, acute, silky when young; sepals 3, reflexed 3
petals 9, oval-lanceolate, acute, the outer ones reflected ; cone of fruit large, conical,

oblong. :

Mountain woods; rare. May and June. A small tree with irregular branches.
Leaves 16 to 20 by 6 to Sinches; often appearing whorled at the apex of the flower
ing branches, in the form of an umbrella. Flowers terminal, white, 7 to 8 inches
in diameter. Fruit 4 to 5 inches long, of a fine rose color when ripe.

4. M. Frazerir, Walt. #razer’s Magnolia.

Leaves deciduous, spatulate-obovate, auriculate at the base; sepals 3 spreading}
petals 9, oblong attenuate at the base.

Allegheny mountains, head waters of the Susquehanna, (Pursh); rare. April
and May. A fine tree 30 to 40 feet high. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long, mostly green
and smooth on both sides, or slightly glaucous beneath, somewhat rhomboid; auri-.
cle narrow, rounded. Flowers about 4 inches in diameter, pale greenish-whita
Fruit oval-oblong, rose-colored. Torr. & Gray.

2. LIRIODENDRON, Linn. Turip Trex.

Gr. leirion, a lily; dendron a tree.

SEPALS 8, caducous. PrTAus 6, in 2 rows, making a
bell-shaped corolla. CARPELS imbricated m a cone, 1 to 2
seeded; seeds attenuated at apex in a scale.—Jarge trees
with showy and fragrant flowers. |

1. L. Touxrprrera, L. Tulip Poplar.

Leaves alternate, 3 lobed, (the middle lobe truncate); flowers large, solitary, with

. 2 large caducous bracts at the base; sepals obovate-oblong, spreading, and atlength

falling off; petals lance-obovate.

Woods throughout the State. June and July. One of the largest trees of our
forests ; 50 to 100 feet high, from 2 to 3 feetin diameter. Leaves dark green, smooth,
on long petioles. Flowers 4 to 6 inches in diameter, greenish yellow, stained with
reddish orange below the middle. There are two varieties: one called Yellow
Poplar, which is highly valued for cabinet use; Hickory Poplar, which is distize
guished from the other by its less furrowed bark and tougher, whitish wood.

Orpzr 8. ANONACER.

‘Trees or shrubs with naked buds and no stipules; alternate, entire, simple-feather
veined leaves, large, solitary, axillary, green or brown flowers, and an acrid aromatic
Yetid bark.

oe

MENISPERMACES. - 15

Sepats 8 to 4, persistent, usually partly cohering. PETALS 6, in 2 rows, valvate,
hypogynous coriaceous. STAMENS indefinite, densely crowded, covering a large
bypogynous disk; filaments short; anthers adnate. OVARIES numerous, closely
packed; styles short; stigma simple. Fruit dry or succulent, consisting of a
. Bumber of carpels in a mass, sometimes fleshy or pulpy. SzxEDS anatropous..

ASIMINA, Adans. PApPAw.

Name from Asiminier, of the French colonists.

SEPALS 3, united at the base. PrTaus 6, in 2 rows,
spreading, ovate-oblong; inner ones smallest. STAMENS
numerous in a globular mass. Prstiis few, forming large
and oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits.—Shrubs or small
trees, with alternate entire leaves emitting an unpleasant odor
when bruised, and dull colored axillary and solitary flowers.

1. A. TRinepa. Torr &é Gr. Papaw. Custard™Apple.

Leaves oblong, crenate, acuminate, and with the branches smoothish; flowers
on short peduncles; outer petals roundish-ovate, 3 or 4, as long as the calyx.

Banks of streams. Along the Susquehanna. April and May. A small tree, 10
to 20 feet high. Flowers solitary, lateral, appearing in advance of the leaves, dark
brownish purple, 1 to 2 inches wide. Fruit about 1 inch thick, and 3 inches long,
evoid-oblong, 8-seeded, yellowish, fragrant, catable, ripe in October, ~

Orpver 4. MENISPERMACER. —

Shrubs twining or climbing, with palmate or peltate, alternate, entire, simple leaves ;
having small, usually polygamo-dicecious flowers in panicles or racemes ; sepals and
petals confounded in one or several rows, each of which is composed of 3 or 4 parts ;
deciduous.

STAMENS distinct or monodelphous, equal to the number of the petals and oppo
eite to them; or 3 or 4 times as many. ANTHERS adnate. OVARIES usually
solitary, sometimes 2 to 4 each with one style, distinct, or rarely united. Fruita
G@rupe, globose-reniform. Sxxzps bent into a creseent or ring; embryo curved like
the zeed; albumen sparing. ;

MENISPERMUM. Linn. Moonsrrp.

Gr. mene, the moon; sperma, seed; from the crescent form of the seed.

SEPALS and PETALS arranged in fours, 2 or 3 rowed.
STERILE FL. staMENS 12 to 20. Ferrrize FL. pistils 2 to
4. Drupre berried, roundish, reniform, with a single lunate
nut or seed.— Sterile and fertile flowers often dissimilar.

1. M. Canavense, L. Moonseed.

Siem climbing ; leaves peltate, the petioles inserted near the base, roundish cor-
Gate, obtusely angled, mucronate; panicles axillary; petals 4 to 8 small.

Banks of streams. July. Root Per. Stem round, 8 tol2feet long. Leaves 4to5
inches in diameter, generally 5 angled, smooth, pale beneath, on petioles 3 to &
inches long. lowers in axillary clusters, small, yellow, tinged with purple.
Berries black, resembling grapes. et are:

Yar. lovatum, has the leaves lobed.

~, : ‘ Po

16 | BERBERIDACEZ.

OrpER 5. BERBERIDACEE.

Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves, exstipwlate, simple or compound; with solitary,
racemose, or panicled flowers. SEPALS 3 to 6, imbricatedin 2 rows. CoroLta hypogy-
nous.. PeTats.1 to3 times as many as the sepals, and opposite to them. STAMENS as
many or twice as many as the petals, and opposite tothem. Ovary solitary, 1-celled,
simple; style rather lateral; stigma orbicular. FRuIT a berry or capsule. Smrps one
or few, attached to the bottom of the cell, or many attached to a lateral placentez.

1. BERBERIS, Linn. BARBERRY.

Arabic Berberts; name of the fruit..-

Sepats 6, mostly with bracteoles at the base. Prtats
6 with 2-clands upon their claws. Sramens 6; filaments
flattened ; anthers 2-lobed; lobes on opposite edges of the
eonnectile style. Stigma circular, depressed. Fruit a 1 to
© seeded berry. S£EEps erect, with a crustaceous integument.
—Fine hardy shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark.

1. B. Canapensts, Pursh. American Barberry:.
Branches verrucose-dotted, with short triple spines; leaves spatulate-oblong,
remotely serrate with somewhat bristly teeth ; racemes sub-corymbose, four-lowered ;
petals emarginate; berries sub-globose or oval.

Allegheny mountains. May. Leaves alternate at base but nearly sessile, margin
serrulate with 6 to 8 distant mucronate teeth. acemes 5 to 8 flowered, nodding.
F lowers and fruit as wellias the leaves smaller than in B. vulgaris.

2. B. yvurearis, L. Common Barberry.
Leaves scattered.on the young shoots of the season, mostly small, and with sharp-
lobed margins, or reduced to sharp triple spines; simple, closely serrate, with
bristly teeth; racemes many-flowered, pendulous; petals entire; berries oblong.

Roadsides and fields. Native of cee naturalized. Apriland May. A shrub
4to 6 feet high. Leaves alternate, 144 to 2 inches long, Ye as wide.. Flowers in
pendulous racemes, pale yellow. Stamens irritable, springing violently against the
stigma when touched.. Berries red, very acid. The bark of the root dyes yellow.

2. PODOPHYLLUM. Linn. May Appts. °

Gr. pous, a foot; and phullow aleaf; the leaf resembling a web-foot.

SEPALS 38, oval, obtuse, eaducous. PETALS 6 to 9, obo-
yate, concave. SA MENS 9 to 18, with linear anthers.
STIGMA large, sub-sessile, peltate, persistent. Berry large,
ovoid, 1-celled, somewhat fleshy, not dehiscent. SEEDS nu-
merous.—Low perenmal plants, with creeping rootstalks, and
thick fibrous roots.

1. P. peruatum, L. May Apple. Wild Mandrake.
Flowering stem erect, 2-parted, bearing 2 1-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near
the inner edge, palmately lobed; flowerless stems terminated by a large; round, 7
to 9 lobed leaf, peltate in the middle like an wmbrella; flower solitary, in the fork_
of the petiole, pendulous.

Woods: common. May. Stem afoot high. Flower white,2 inches in diameter.
Fruit ovoid, 1to2 scapes long; ripein July ; yellow, with the flavor of the strawberry.

CABOMBACE Al. 17

3. JHEFFERSONIA. Bart. Twan-near.

‘In honor of Thomas Je ei erson.

SEPALs 4, colored, deciduous. PurtTats 8, spreading, it-
eurved. STAMPNS g with lincar anthers. St1ama peltate.
CAPSULES obovate, stipitate, semicircularly dehiscent. Srzps
many, arillate at the base.—Lerennial smooth plants with
matted fibrous roots, and simple naked, 1-flowered scapes.

1. J. pIPHYLLA, Barton. Pwin-leaf.

Scape 8 to 14 inches high; teaf binate, petioled ; flower terminal, solitary; eap-
sule large, coriaceous; secds shining, oblong.

A singular plant, floweringin May: notcommon. Rhizomahorizontal. Fetioles
radical, bearing at the top a pair of binate leaves, placed base to base, and broader

than they are long, ending in an obtuse point; ¢laucus beneath. Scape as long as
the petieles. lowers large, white. Capsule opening, half round, with a persistent
iid. -

4. LEONTICE. Linn. Lion’s Foor.

Gr. leon, a lion; the leaf resembling in outline a lion’s foot.

SepAts 6, naked without. Prrans 6, bearing a scale at
the base within. SramEns 6, opposite the petals. PrsTiis
gibbous. SryL~e short. SrigmMA minute. Ovary bursting
at an early stage by the pressure of the 2-crect enlarging
seeds, soon withering away; the spherical seeds naked on

their thick seedstalk, looking like drures: the fleshy integu-
) 2 + , :

ment blue, the solid albumen horny.

1. L. raauicrroipes, L. Pappoose-root. Blue Cohosh.
Smooth ; lower leaf triternate; upper one biternate: leaflets oblong ovate, and
euncate-obovate, mostly 3-lobed at the apex; flowers paniculate; peduncle from the
ase of the upper peticles.
Rocky woods.” May. Per. Stem 1 to 2 fect high, round, 2-parted, one of which
4s a 3-ternate leafstalx, the other bears a Zternate leaf and a racemose, panicle of
@reenish flowers.

Orprr 6. GABOMBACER.

Aquatic plants with floating, entire, centrally prliate leaves; and solitary, aviary

Jtlowers. SEPALS 3 to 4, colored inside. Prrais 3 to 4, alternate with the sepals.

Stamens definite or indefinite; ANTHERS innate. Puistits 4 to 18, forming little
¢elubshaped indehiscent pods, tipped with the imdurated style; sTiama simple.
‘Szxps globular pendulous.

- BRASENIA. Schreber. WATER SHIELDS.

Canyx of 3 to 4 sepals. Pxrats 3to4. Sramens 18
to 86. CARPELS oblong , acuminate, 1 to 2 seeded. Peren-
‘nial herbs. | |

Me

os =

18 NELUMBIACEA AND NYMPH HACE,

1. B. penrata, Pursh. Water Shield. Water Target.

Leaves alternate, long petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating on the water,
smooth and shining above; flowers on long, slender, axillary peduncles, floating on,
the surface.

Lakes and ponds. Often in company with the white water-lily. June and July.
Whole plant covered with a viscid jelly. lowers purple, one inch in diameter.

Orpver 7. NELUDIBIACEA.—Water BEAns.

Aquatic herbs with peltate, fleshy radical leaves, arising from a prostrate rhizoma.
FiLowers large, solitary, on long erect scapes. Srepats4to5. PETALS numerous,
oblong, in many rows. STAMENS numerous, arising from within the petals, in gey-
eral rows; FILAMENTS petaloid; ANTHERS adnate. PusTiLs distinct, numerous, form-
ing acorn-shaped nuts, and separately imbedded in cavities of the enlarged top-
shaped receptacle. SxEps solitary, filled with the large, highly developed embryo..

NELUMBIUM. Juss. Sacrep BEAN.
From the Ceylonese name, Veluwmbo.

CaLyx petaloid, of 4 to 6 sepals. PETALS numerous. ~
CARPELS numerous. SEEDS large, round, solitary.—Peren-
nials.

I. N. woreum, Willd. Water Chinqutpin.
Leaves orbicular, alternate, centrally peltate, very entire; anthers with a lineer
appendage. |
Rivers and stagnant waters: abundant in the ditches of meadows bordering the
Delaware, below Philadelphia. June. Leaves a foot, or more,in diameter. Fedun-
eles very long, more or less scabrous. lowers 5 to 10 inches in diameter, yellowish-
White. Seeds \eatable. |

-

Oxper 8. NYMPHMACEH.— Water Lilies.

- Aquatic herbs, with round or peltate floating leaves, and solitary showy flowers from
a prostrate root-staii:. S=PALS and PETALS numerous, imbricated, gradually passing
into each’other. SEPALS persistent. PETALS inserted upon the disk surrounding the
pistil. STAMENS numerous, inserted above the petals into the disk; FILAMENTS
petaloid; ANTHERS adnate. Disk large, fleshy, surrounding the ovary more or less.

”

. Ovary with radiating stigmas. Fruit many-celled, indehiscent: SEEDS numerous,

attached to the spongy placentee and enveloped in a gelatinous aril.

1. NYMPHZiA. Linn. Warer Lazy.

Dedicated by the Greeks to the Water Nymph.

Supats 4, at the base of the disk. PrTans numerous,
inserted on the torus at its base. STAMENS numerous, grad-
ually transformed into petals. STIGMA surrounded with rays.
PERICARP many celled, many seeded, depressed, globular, -
covered with the bases of the decayed petals.—Perenmals
with showy white, rose-colored, or blue flowers. ;

SARRACENIACE. 19

1. N. oporata, Ait. White Pond-Lily.

Leaves floating, orbicular-cordate, very entire; nerves and veins prominent;
stigma 16 to 30 rayed; rays incurved.

_ Ponds and sluggish streams. Susquehanna. June, July. One of the lovliest of
fiowers; possessing beauty, delicacy and fragrancein the highest degree. Rhizome
thick, in mud where the water is from 1 to 5 feet in depth, sending up leaves and
flowers to the surface. Leaves 4 to 6 inches in diameter, dark shining green akove,
cleft at the base quite tothe insertion of the petiole. Sepals colored within. Petals
very delicate, 1 to 2 inches long, white tinged with purple. ¢ Filaments yellow.
Flowers 3 to 4 inches in diameter, very fragrant. .

9 NUPHAR. Smith. Yrentow WATER LILY.

Sepaus 5 or 6, oblong, concave, colored within. PETAns
numerous, small and stamen-hke; compactly inserted with
the stamens into an enlargement of the receptacle at the base
of the ovary. SricMa discoid, with prominent rays. Prr-
ICARP many-celled, many-seeded.—ferennials, -with yellow
flowers, and floating leaves. |

1. N. apvena, Ait. Yellow Pond-Inly. Spatier Dock.

Leaves erect or floating, on half cylindrical petioles, heart-shaped at the base, ob-

long, or rounded; sepals 6; petals numerous, small; stigma 15 to 20 rayed; fre
furrowed.

Ponds and ditches; mostly in shallow water: commen. June—August. Leaves
large dark green, shining above. Flowers rather large and globular in form, erect,
on a thick rigid stalk. Three outer sepals, yellow inside; three inner, entirgly
yellow, as well as the petals and stamens. -

2. N. nutes, Smith. Small flowered Yellow Water-Inly.
Leaves floating, cordate, oval; lobes approximate; peticles 3-sided, aeute ongled ;
stigma 16 to 20 rayed. :

Ponds: common. June. Sepals very obtuse. Petals much smaller, trunezte.
Confounded by some of our betanists with the next species.

3. KaumMIANA, Ait. Kalms Water-Lily.
Leayes cordate. submersed, with approximate lobes; petioles terete: ealyx 3
leaved; stigmas incised, 8 to 12 rayed.
In Water. July, Aug. Leaves and flowers small: upper leaves 2 to3 inches long,

144 to 34 inches wide: lower leaves 3 to 4 inches in diameter. Dr. Robbins. Beek.
Gray considers it a variety of IV. Lutea; to which it is certainly closely allied.

Orpen 9. SARRAGENIAGH.—Pitcher Plants

Herbaceous plants growing in boggy places, with hollow pitcher form, or trunepet-
shaped radical leaves; with the petiole and lamina articulated at the summit. Charac-
teristics, those of the typical genus. .

1. SARRACENIA, Tourn.

In honor of Dr. Sarrazin, of Quebec.

Canyx of 5 sepals, with 3 small bractlets at the base;
eolored, persistent. Prraus 5, oblong or obovate, ineurved,

90 PAPAVERACEA.

deciduous. STAMENS numerous, hypogynous. SrraMma very
large, peltate, persistent, covering the ovary and stamens,
in the form of an umbrella, petal-like, 5 angled, 5 rayed;
the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many
hooks. CAPSULE 5-celled, 5-valved, many seeded.—Pere-
nials, yellowish, green and purplish. Flowers large, solitary
on scapes, :

1. S. purpurga, L. Side-saddle Flower. Huntsman’s Cup.

Leaves (ascidia) pitcher-shaped, inflated, contracted at the mouth, curved,
ascending, broadly winged on the inner, (or upper) side; hood erect, open, round,
heart-shapod. 2

Sphagnous swamps. Bear Meadows, Centre Co. Blackhole Valley, Lycoming
Co. June, July. <A singular plant bearirg curious pitcher-shaped leaves, from
6 to 9 inches long, hollow, swelling in the middle, with a wing-like appendage
extending the whole length inside, 4 to 1 inch wide, and extended on the outside
of the mouth into a kind of a blade, covered above with reversed hairs; usually
half filled with water and drowned insects. Scape 14t0 20 inches high, terete,
smooth, supporting a single, large, purple, nodding flower, which is almost as
curious in its structure as the leaves,

Orver 10. PAPAVERACHEE. ~

Herbs with milky or colored juice, aiternate, simple or divided leaves, uithowd
stipules; and regular flowers with fugactous sepals; polyandrous, hypogynous ;
having a 1-celled pod with 2 or more paricial placenta. FLownrs solitary, on long
peduncles, never blue. SEPALS 2, rarcly3, falling off when the flower expands.
Perats 4 to12, spreading, imbricate in the bud, deciduous. STAMENS numerous,
16 er more, distinct, rarely polydelphous. Ovary solitary; style short; stigmas 2,
or if more, stellate upon the flat apex of the ovary. Fruit either pod-shaped or

gapsular. }
1. SANGUINARIA. Linn. Buooproort.

Lat. sanguts, blood: in allusion to the color of its Juice.

SEPALS 2, caducous. Prrats 8 to 12, in 2 series, spatu-
Jate-oblong, the inner narrower. STameEns about24. Sryug
short ; stigma 2-lobed or connate. Capsuie pod-like, oblong,
1-celled, 2-valved, ventricose; valves deciduous: Servs
numerous, with a large crest.—A low perenial with thich
prostrate rootstocks filled with a red-orange acrid juice.

1. §. Canapensts, L. Blood-root. Red Puccoon.

Leaves radical, reniform or cordate, with roundish lobes, separated by roundish
ginuses. | |

Open woods and rocky places: common. April, May. A smooth pretty plant
sending up in early spring a scape about 6 inches high, with a single white flower
appearing in advance of the single large glaucous leaf. lowers quadrangular
in outline, scentless, and of short duration. ;

2, MECONOPSIS, DC.
Gr. mekon, a poppy; and opsis, appearance: resembling the poppy.

PAPAVERACE. 91

Sepats 2, hairy. Petraus 4. Stamens many. Srye
short, distinct; ‘stiemas 4 to 6, radiating, convex, free.
CapsuLes obovate, l-celled, opening by 4 valves at the
apex.— Perennial herbs with @ yellow juice and pinnatified or

; pinnately divided leaves.

M. piepnyttum, DC. Celendine Poppy.
Leaves pinnately divided, glaucous beneath; segments 5 to 7, ovate-oblong,
sinuate; stem leaves 2, opposite, petiolate; pedicels aggregated, terminal; capsude

4Avalved, echinate.

Woods. Alleghany mountains. May. Stema foot high. Leaves large, 8 by 6
tnches, on petioles about the same length. Peduncles about 3 inches long,
1-flowered. Flowers deep yellow, 2 inches broad.

8. ARGEMONE. Linn.
Gz. argemd, a disease of the eye, which this plant was supposéd to cure.

SEepALs 3, roundish, acuminate. Petats4to6. Stamens
many. STYLE scarcely any: stigmas 3 to 6, radiate; Cap-
SULE ob-ovoid, opening at the top by valves.—Herbs with
prickly bristles and yellow juice. Annual or biennial.

A. Mexicana, L. Horn Poppy.

Leaves repand-sinuate or pinnatifid, with spiny teeth; flowers solitary, erect,
axillary ; ; calyx prickly ; capsules prickly, 6-valved.

Banks of streams. June, July. Stem 1 to3 feet high, branching, armed with
prickly spines. Leaves sessile, 5 to 8 inches long. Flowers yellow, about 2 inches
in diameter. Probably introduced.

4. CHELIDONIUM. Linn. CELENDINE.

Gr. chelidon a swallow: flowering about the time when swallows appear.

SEPALS 2, glabrous. PrtTats4, suborbicular, contracted
at the base: STAMENS numerous 24 to 32, shorter than the
petals. Stigma 2-lobed. CApsuLE silique-form, slender,
smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom: Seeds
several, crested.— Perennial herbs, with brittle stems, and
acrid yellow juice.

C. magus, L. Common Celendine.

Leaves pseudo-pinnate, glaucous; segments ovate, crenate lobed; pedicels some
what umbellate; petals elliptic, entire, flowers in umbels.

A pale green juicy plant growing in waste places. Introduced from Europe.
Naturalized. May—Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched. lowers yellow, very
fugacious, borne in thin axillary, pedunculate umbels.

5. PAPAVER. Linn. Poppy.
Celtic papa, pap; being added to the food of children to induce sleep.
SEPALS 2, concave, caducous. PeTaus4. STaMENs many.

99 ae | | FUMARIACEAE.

Sriamas sessile, united in a flat, 4 to 20, radiated crown,
resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule. CAPSULE
obovoid, 1-celled, opening by minute valves under the margin ©
of the stigma.—Lxotic herbs, mostly biennial, with a white
juice abounding with opium.

1. P. pusrum, L. Sield or tant Poppy ay

Leaves pseudo-pinnate; segments lance-obleng, pinnatifidly incised, sessile, deeur-
rent; Stem hispid with spreading hairs: peduncles with appressed bristly Hairs;
sepals hairy; capsule obovoid-oblong, smooth.

Sparingly naturalized in cultivated grounds. June and July. Stem about 2
feet high. Flowers light red or scarlet. Native of Europe. ‘i

2. P. somnireruM, L. Common Poppy.

Smooth and glaucous; leaves clasping, incised, and dentate, wavy; sepals
smooth; capsule globose. Native of Persia. Common in cultivation. Scarcely
naturalized. Stem 1 to3 teethigh; Leaves 4to 8 by 2 to3inches, with rather obtuse
@entures. Flowers large brilliant white, red and purple: sometimes very double.

3. P. Ruzas. Common Red Poppy.

Stem many-flowered, hairy; leaves incisely pinnatifid ; capsules smooth, nearly
Pipbene, Distinguished from the last species chiefly by its more finely divided
eaves and elobular capsules. Flowers very large and showy, of a deep scarlet
red, sometimes variable, Cultivated.

6. ESCHSCHOLTZIA.

In honor of Eschscheltz, a German botanist, known by his researches in California

SEPALS 2, cohering by their edge, caducous. PETALS 4.
STAMENS many, adhering to the claws of the petals. Sr1a-
MAS 4 to 7, sessile, 2 to 3 of them abortive. CapsuLEs
pod-shaped, cylindric 10-striate, many seeded.— Annual,
glaucous herbs with a colorless juice, 2 to 8 pinnatfid leaves
with linear a beige and showy yellow flowers on solitary
peduncles.

K. Dovetasit, Hook. California Poppy.

Stem branching, leafy; torws obconic; calyx ovoid, with a very short abrupt
acumination. Fetals bright yellow, with an orange spot at the base. 2 inches
broad. Native of California and Oregon. Common in cultivation.

2. EH. Cattrornica, Hook.

Stem branching, leafy torus funnel-form with a much dilated limb; calys.
obconic, with a long acumination; flowers orange-yellow. From California. Cultr
vated.

Onper 11. FUMARIACER.

Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, and trregular
Jfiowers. FLOWERS irregular, purple, white, or yellow. Srpats 2, deciduous. PstTaLs
4, cruciate, hypogynous, very irregular. STAMENS 6, in two sets of 3 each, placed
opposite the larger petals, hypogynous, their filaments more or less united; the

FUMARIACER. 23

middle anther of each 1-celled; the lateral ones 2-celled. OVARY superior, 1-celled
BTYLE filiform ; STIGMA with 2 or more points.

§
DICENTRA. Bork. Wrongly Diclytra or Dielytra.

Gr. dis, twice; and kentron, a spur: in allusion to the two spurs.

SEPALS 2, small. Prrats 4; the two outer equally

spurred, or gibbous at the base. STAMENS united in 2 sets
of 3 in each. Srrama 2-crested or 2 horned. FinaMENTS
slightly united. Pop 2-valved, 10 to 20 seeded.—Low stem-
less perennials ; with ternately ‘compound leaves, and simple
scupes, bearing racemose nodding flowers.

1. D. Cuccunarta, DC. Dutchman’s Breeches.
Root bulbiferous; scape naked; raceme simple, 1-sided, 4 to 10 flowered; wing
of the inner petals short; spwrs divergent, elongated, acute, straight; pedicele
2-bracted.

Rich woods, shady ravines and hills. April and May. A smooth handsome
plant. Bulbs consisting of clusters of little grainlike tubers inclosed in a sheath.
Teases radical, multifid, somewhat triternate, smooth, with oblong linear segments.
Scape slender, 6 to 10 inches high. Flowers scentless, nodding, white, tinged with
yellow and purple.

2. D. CanavensE, DC. Squirrel Corn.
Scape naked; raceme simple, 4 to 6 flowered; spurs short, rounded; wing of the
inner petals projecting beyond the summit.

Rich woods. May. Rhizoma bearing a numberof roundish tubers, about the
Bize of peas, and of a bright yellow color. Leaves having the segments longer and
narrower than in the preceding species. Flowers white, tinged with purple, very
fragrant, 3 to 4 on a scape 6 to 8 inches high.

3. D. eximia, DC. Choice Dicentra.

Divisions and lobes of the leaves broadly oblong; scape paked; raceme compound,
clustered ; corolla oblong, 2-gibbous at the base, crest of the inner petals project
ing beyond the summit.

Rocks, along the Alleghanies. April—July. A larger plant than the others,
blossoming all summer. Leaves 10 to 15 inches high, with 4 to 8 cymes, each
with 7 to 10 reddish-purple, nodding flowers. Often cultivated.

. 2. CORYDALIS, DO.
From korudalis; the Greek name of Fumitory.

Srepazs 2, small. Prrats 4, one of which is spurred at
the base, deciduous. SraMENs 6, diadelphous: filaments
in 2 equal sets by their broad bases which sheath the ovary.

Pop 2-valved, many-seeded. SEEDs crested—SF lowers mm

racemes. Bienntals.

1. C€. aurea, Willd. Golden Corydalis.

Stem branched, diffuse; leaves glaucous, doubly pinnate, lobes oblong-linear,
acute; bracts lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, toothed, opposite the leaves, and
terminal; spur incurved, pods terete, pendant: seeds with a scolloped crest.

D4 | CRUCIFERZ.

_ Shady rocks. April—August. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, with finely divided
leaves. lowers bright yellow and showy. Pods 1-inch long.

2. (©. auauca, Pursh. Pale Corydalis.

Stem erect, branched ; leaves glaucous, decompound; segments cuneate, trifid;
bracts oblong, acute, shorter than the pedicals; spur short and rounded ; pods
erect, slender, elongated; seeds with a small entire crest.

Rocky woods: common. May—July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. TZeaves 1 to 8
inches long; the lower ones on long petioles. Flowers whitish, tinged with
yellow, ard flesh color.

8. ADLUMIA. Raf. Ciimprne Fumtroky.

In honor of Mr. John Adlum, a distinguished cultivator of the yine.

SEPALs 2, minute. PrTars4, united in a spongy mono-
petalous corolla, persistent, and with 2 protuberances at the
base; 4-lobed at the apex. Pod 2-valvedy few seeded.—
A climbing biennial vine, with 2-pinnate leaves, cut-lobed
delicate leaflets, and numerous panicles of drooping flowers.
A. cirruosa, Raf. Alleghany Vine. Mountain Fringe.

Woods and rocky hills. July—Sept. A slender climber 8 to 15 feet long,
Jzaves pinnately divided; the midrib twining like a tendril. Flowersin compound
: axillary racemes, pale violet or nearly white.

FUMARIA. Linn. Fumrrory.

Lat. fumus, smoke: from its disagreeable smell.

Sepas 2, caducous. Prtans 4, unequal, one of them
spurred at the base. FiLaMENTS in 2 sets, each with 3
anthers: Fruir small, indehiscent, globular, 1-seeded.—
Branched annuals, with finely dissected compound leaves, and
close racemes or spikes.

_F. orrictananis, L. Common Fumitory.

Leaves bi-pinnate, leaflets lanceolate, cut into linear segments; raceme loose 3
sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the corolla.

Near cultivated grounds. May—July. Stem 10 to 15 inches high. Flowers
rose-colored. Introduced from Europe.

Orpen 12. CRUCIFERE,

Herbs with a pungent watery juice, often accompanied by an ethertal ott ; and
oruciform tetradynamous flowers: leaves alternate: fruit a silique or silicle.
Fiowers yellow or white, rarely purple or red: without bracts, generally in
racemes. SEPALs 4, deciduous. Prrats 4, regular, their claws inserted into the
receptacle,*placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a
cross. StTaMENs 6, of which 2.0n opposite sides are shorter, solitary, and opposite
the lateral sepals. Ovary, superior, l-celled: stigmas 2. Pop usually 2-<elled,
2-valved, 1 or many-seeded, indehiscent, or opening by the valves. SEEDS attached
in a single row, by a cord to each of the placentx, generally pendulous, without
albumen. ExpRro with the 2 cotyledons variously folded on the radiele.

CRUCIFERAS 25
Secrion I. SILICULOSZ. Pod short and broad.
1. THLASPI. Linn. PENNY CRESss.

Gr. thlao; to compress or flatten: on account of the flattened silicles.

CaLyx equal at the base. Prrazs equal. Sriiczz short,
flat, emarginate at the apex, many-seeded ; valves, bract- form,
winged on the back; cells 2, many seeded. Cotyledons
accumbent.— Annual herbs with undivided leaves and white

or purplish flowers.

1. T. arnvense, L. Penny Cress.
Leaves oblong-sagitate, aos toothed, smooth; silicle (pouch) roundish-ob-
ovate, shorter than the pedicel, its wings dilated longitudinally: stigma subsessile.
Cultivated stony fields. June. Stem a foot high, erect, and somewhat branched.
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 44 as wide. Flowers small, white in terminal racemes.
‘The plant has a disagreeable flavor of garlic.
2. T. TuBEROosUM, Nutt. Tuberous Penny Cress.
Leaves rhomboid-ovate, obscurely “dentate, smooth and sessile; radical ones
petiolate; silicle suborbicular. Apriland May. Stem 4 to Sinches high. Flowers
wather large, rose-colored.

2. CAPSELLA. DC. SHEPHERD’S PurRsE.

Liminutive of capsa, a ehest or box: in allusion to the fruit,

Catyx equal at base. Srnicies triangular, wedge-form,

obeordate, compressed laterally ; valves carinate, not winged"

on the back. Style short. SEEDSmany. Annual. Flowers
white. |

C. Bursa-pastoris, DC. Shepherd’s Purse.
Radical leaves pinnatifid, hairy; cauline ones oblong, more or less toothed,

sagitate at base.

Cultivated grounds. April—Oct. A troublesome weed. Stem 6 to 12 inches
high. Flowers small, in racemes, which are finally 38 to 12 inches long. Intro-

' Auced from Europe.

do. ERIOPHILA. DC.

Gr. er, eros, spring; and phitleo, to love: in allusion to its early flowering,

-Canyx equal. PETALS 2-parted. STAMENs without teeth.
SILICLE oval or oblong; valves flat. SEEDS many, not mar-
gined.— Annual. Flowers small. : |

H. vutearis, DC. Whitlow Grass.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute subserrate, hairy: scape naked: petals bifid :
stigma sessile: stlicle flat, oval, shorter than the pedicel.
Fields. March—May. Scape 2 to 6 inches high. J'lowers minute, white. Pouch

‘on long pedicels.

f

A

26 _ -CRUCIFERZ.

4. LEPIDIUM. Linn. Pxpper-crass.—

Gr. lepis, a scale; in allusion to the form of the pouch.

CALYX equal at the base. PETALS entire, ovate. FunaA-
MENTS without teeth. S1i1cius laterally compressed, orbicu-
lar-ovate, or oval; septwm very narrow, crossing the greater
diameter; valves carinate, dehiscent: cells I-seeded. SrxEps
somewhat 3-angled. Cotyledons incumbent, rarely accum-
bent.—Annual or biennial herbs, with white flowers.

1. L. Virernicum, L. Wild Pepper-grass.
Stem branched; radical leaves pinnatifid; stem leaves linear lanceolate, serrate,
smooth ; stamens 2 to 4; silicles orbicular, emarginate, shorter than the pedicel. .
Dry fields and roadsides. May—Sept. Stem a foot high, branched above.

. Flowers small, white. Pouch about 2 lines long.

2. LL. sativum, L. Pepper-grass. Tongubguek

Leaves variously divided and cut; branches without spines; silicles orbicular
winged. A pleasant anti-scorbutic cress: often cultivated for the table. Stems 1
to 3 feet high, very branching. Silicles 2 to 3 lines broad, very numerous. Native
of the Kast.

5. CAMELINA. Crants. FALsE FLax.

Gr. kamai, dwarf, and linon, fiax: on account of its resemblance to flax.

CALYX equal at the base. PrTazs equal. FiraMents
without teeth. Srz1cnE ob-ovoid or sub-globose, obtuse,
entire, mucronate with the persistent style. SeeDs numerous,
oblong, not margined.— Annual. Flowers yellow.

C. sativa, DC.

Leaves lanceolate, saggitate, sessile, roughish; silicle inflated, margined; cotyledons
incumbent.

Cultivated grounds: common in flax fields. neath June. Stem 2 to 3 feet high,
panicled above. Flowers numerous, in eorymb ose panicles, small, yellow.
Pouches large, on long slender pedicels. Introduced from Burope. It has been
fancied by some to be a sort of degenerate flax.

6. COCHLEARIA. Linn.

Lat. cochlear, a spoon: in reference to its concave leaves,

CALYX equal at the base, spreading. PETALS entire,
SrAMENS without tecth. SILICLE oblong or ovoid-globose,
with ventricose valves. SEEDS numerous, not margined.—
Hlowers-white. Perennial.

C. ArmorAcnA, L. Horse-radish.

Radical leaves on long petioles, oblong, crenate: cawline long-lanceolate, serrate
or entire, sessile; stlicle elliptic.
Wact2 grounds. Naturalized. June. oct large, fleshy, very pungent to the

taste. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers white in rneeeny racemes. Native of
Europe. Extensively cultivated.

#

ne ee ee ee

ie CRUCIFERZ. ~ vf

~

CULTIVATED EXOTICS.

7 ALYSSUM: Linn.

Gr. a, privative; lussa, rage: supposed by the ancients to allay rage.

CALYX equal‘at the base. PETALS entire; some of the
stamens with teeth. SiLIcLE orbieular or oval, with valves,
flat or convex in the centre. Seeds 1 to 4 in each cell.
Perennial,

A. saxatite. Rock Alyssum. Madwort.

Stem suffruticose at the base, subcorymbose: leaves lanceolate, entire, downy ;
silicie ovate-orbicular, 2-seeded; seedsmargined. An early flowering garden annual.-

Native of Candia. Stem 1 foot high. Flowers numerous, yellow, in close corym-

bose clusters.

A. manirimum, Lam. Sweet Alyssum.

Stem somewhat shrubky and procumbent at the base: leaves linear-lanceolate,
acute, somewhat hoary: pods oval, smooth. A sieet-scented garden plant, with
fine leaves and small white flowers. June—Oct. Siem1 foot high.

8. LUNARIA.. Linn. Honesty.

Lat. luna, the moon: from the bread round silicles,

SEPALS somewhat bi-saccate at the base. PETALS nearly
entire. STAMENS not toothed. SILICLE pedicellate, ellip--
tical or lanceolate, with flat valves; /uniculus adhering to
the dissepiments. » |

1, L. srennis, DC. Honesty,

Stem erect; leaves cordate, with obtuse teeth; sz/icles oval, obtuse at both ends,
A biennial plant. Native of Germany. Stems 3 to4 feet high. Flowers lilae-
eolored. Naturalized near Philadelphia. Nuit, ;

2. I. Repiviva. Satin Flower.

Stem erect, branching: leaves ovate, cordate, petiolate, mucronately serrate:
Silicles lanceolate, narrowed at each end. A pretty perennial from Germany.

_ Siem 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers light purple.

9. IBERIS. Linn. Canpy-rurr.

PETALS, the two outside larger than the two inner. Srxr-
CLES compressed, truncate, emarginate; the cells 1-seeded.—

Ornamental garden annuals. ©
1, f. umpsruata. Purple Candy-tuft.
Herbaceous, smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate; lower ones gerrate;
upper ones entire. Silieles umbellate, acutely 2lobed. A pretty border flower,
Native of South Europe. June, July. Stem 1 foot high. Flowers in simple

terminal umbels. This species as well as the rest is remarkable for haying the 2
puter petals larger than the 2 inner ones. Res ae.

-

EN

~~

ee a CRUCIFERZ.

1, saxatitts. Rock Candy-tuft.

Shrubby : leaves linear, entire, somewhat fleshy, rather acute, smooth or ciliate.
Flowers white, in corymbs. Stems nearly 1 foot high. April—June. Native of
South Europe.

10. ISATIS. Linn:

SintoxE elliptical, flat, 1-celled, 1-seeded, with boat- shana
valves, which are scarcely dehiscent.

1. I, rrncroria, L. Woad.

Silicles wedge-form, acuminate at the base, somewhat spatulate at the end,
very obtuse, 3 times as long as broad, Native of England; cultivated for the
sake of its leaves, which yield a dye that is substituted for indigo. May—July.
Stem 4 feet high. Leaves large, broad, clasping the stem. Flowers yellow, large,
in terminal racemes.

Section 2. SILIQUOSA. Pod mostly long and narrow.
11. DENTARIA. Linn. Toors-worr..

Lat. dens, a tooth; on account of the tooth-like seales of the root.

-

SEPALS converging. SILIQUE (pod) narrow-lanceolate,
with a long tapering style: valves flat, nerveless, revolute,
opening elastically: placentz not winged. SEEDSin a single
row, not margined: /uniculus slender.—Herbaceous plants
“with perennial roots, divided leaves, and white or purplish —
Jlowers. ;

1. D. wActntata, Muhl. Common Toothwort.

Stem leaves 8, verticillate, on short petioles, ternate; leaflets 3-parted segments
linear, entire, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid; lateral ones lobed; 7v00t moniliform.

Woods and rocky places near streams. April and May. Slem 6 to 12 inches
high, simple. Zeaves usually in a whorl about half-way up. Flowers in loose
terminal racemes, pale, rose-colored, or white. Petals cuneate-obovate, attenuated
below. Pod about 1 inch long. Root consisting of a chain of 3 or i nearly tooth-
less-oblong tubers, of a pungent taste.

2. D. pipHy~ia, Mich. Pepper Root.

Stem leaves mostly 2, on short petioles, ternate: leaflets ovate oblong, unequally
and coarsely toothed or laciniate.

Woods and wet meadows. May. Stem 6tol2inches high. Zeaves large, opposite
or nearly so, above the middle of the stem. Flowers racemed, large white, the
petals much larger than the calyx. ~oot-stock large, beset with | teeth, with a
pungent, aromatic taste. Pod about an inch long.

3. D. maxima, Nutt. Great Toothwort:

Leaves 2 to 7, alternate, on long petioles, ternate; leaflets ovate, obtuse, coarsely
toothed‘ and incised, often 2to 3 cleft; lateral ones Tobe 5 axils naked; racemes
lateral and terminal.

» Woods; rare. June. Stem often nearly 2 feet high. Flowers in racemes, pale
purple. Root-stock a string of strongly toothed tubers.

.

_,

- CRUCIFERZ. : 29

~

4. D). HETEROPHYLLA, Nutt. Dwarf Toothworé.
‘Radical leaves on long petioles, deeply and obtusely lobed, lobes crenately den-
tate, with abruptly mucronate teeth; stem leaves 2, rarely 3, alternate, petiolate,
ternately divided; segments. linear-lanceolate, entire or rarely toothed, rough-—

edged. ;
Woods. June. -Root-stock moniliform, obscurely toothed. Stem 8 to 12 inehes
hich. Corymbs with about 9 pale purple flowers..

12. BARBAREA. R. Brown. Winter Cress.
Anciently called the Herb of Saint Barbarea.

SEPALS erect, sub-equal at base. Pop 4-angled and some-
what 2-edged ; valves concaye- -carinate, awnless at the apex.
SEEDS in a single row in each cell, marginless.—Lerennials
or biennials with ) yellow flowers, and J ryrateli y-pinnatijid leaves.

B. vuntearis. R. Br. Winter Cress. eek

Smooth; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round; upper leaves obovate ;

eut toothed, or pinnatifid at the base; pod 4-sided, tapering into a slender style.

Moist places and roadsides. Common. May—Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, _
smooth, branched above. Flowers in dense racemes, smail yellow. Probabiy
-imtroduced.

138. NASTURTIUM. RR. Brown, Cress.
Lat. nasus tortus, from the effect of these acrimonious plants upon the nose.

Spats erect, sub-equal at base. Pop 4-angled and some-

what 2- eget 5 valves COLOR YE: carinate, awnless at the apex.

Qe

or biennials Heh scat ahsets and lyraiel ly-pinnatiid leaves.

1. -N. pauustre, DC. Marsh Water Cress.

Lower leaves lyrately pinnatifid; upper enes pinnately lobed, amplexicaul, lobes
eonfiuent, dentate, smeoth; pefals as long as the calyx; pods ovoid-oblong varying
to ovoid, obtuse, turgid, tipped with a very short styie.

Wet places, along streams. July. Stem 18 inches hich, mostly erect, branched,
obtrusely 2-angled, and striate above. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, more or less pin-~
natifid, smooth, except a few cilim at tho base. Piepes raccmose, Minute, yellow.”
Px short, turgid.

2. NutspipuM, DO. Hisped Water Cress.
Stem upright, Pee rene leaves pinnatifid! y lobed, or runcinate-pinnatifid ;
bodes rather obtusely toothed; pod ovoid, tumid, pointed with the distinct style,
scarcely more than half as long as the calyx; petals scarcely as long as the calyx,

Banks of sireams. July, August. Stem angular, 2 to 4 feet high, much
branched, with many paniculate racemes above. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long.
Bimwers minute, yellow. Stdicles 1 line long on pedicels twice their length.

3. N.- SYLVESTRE, Br. Creeping Water Cress.
ines pinnately divided; segments lanceolate, incisely serrate, the upper ones
entire; petals lodeer than the calyx; pods oblong, slightly uneven; style very short.
. Banks of the ONE near Philadelphia. July. Koo! erseping. Stem a fect
Dp ‘ e

=

380 CRUCIFER.

high, , angular, branched. Blisters larger than in the preceding. Introduced from
Panaee:

14. ARABIS. Linn. Watt Cress.

Said to have derived its name from Arabia, its native country.

SEPALS erect. PrTALs unguiculate, entire. Pop linear,
plane; valves flat, 1-nerved inthe middle. SEDs in a single
row in each cell, “usually margined or winged. —Annuat and
bienmal plants with white flowers.

1. A. CanapeEnsis,*L. Sickle Pod.

Stem leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; the lower, toothed; pedicels
S-times as long as the calyx, pubescent, reflexed in fruit; petals twice the length of
the calyx, oblong-linear; pods pendulous, subfalcate, veined: seeds winged.

Rocky situations. May—Aug. Stem 2 to 8 feet high, slender, round, smooth.
Leaves 1 to3inches long, 4 as wide, sessileand clasping. Flowers in long terminal
racemes, small, white. ods long, drooping, resembling a sickle blade.

2. <A. tyRATA, L. American Lock Crees.

Stem diffusely branched, low; stem leaves linear or spatulate, entire, smooth and
glaucous; radical leaves lyrately piunatifid, often pilose: pedicels somewhat spread-
ing; petals twice the length of the calyx; pods erect, spreading, with a short,
straight style; seeds marginless.

Rocky hills. April—June. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, often many united at the

base. ftoot-leaves numerous, rosulate, 1 to 8 inches long, 44 as wide, petiolate.
J’ lowers middle size, white or rarely pale purple.

5. A. nrawvicATA, DC. Smooth Wall Cress. - -:

Erect, smooth and glaucous; radical leaves obovate and oblong, tapering to a
petiole, sinuate-dentate; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, sparingly cut-
toothed or entire: petals scarcely larger than the calyx; pods long and narrow,
re-curved,. spreading and pendulous..

Rocky places. May. Stem 1 to 2 fect high, codany} smooth, simple, or branehed

above. Joot-leaves' often purplish, 34 to 1l4:inch long, half as wide, with acute
teeth. Flowers white, few, small;in corymbed racemes. Jcd 2 inches long, very

narrow.

4. A. nirsuta, DO. Hairy Wall Cress.

Erect, branching; leaves dentate, pubescent, or scabrous; radical ones ovate-
oblong, tapering toa petiole; stem leaves ovate, lanceolate, oi pedteets as

‘long as the ealyx; pod straight, erect.

Low, rocky grounds. Notcommon. May, ape: Stem 6 to 12 inches high; 2 or
more from the same root; round, hairy at the base, dividing into slender parallel
branches. Jeaves scarcely dentate, sessile, with heart-shaped or sagittate bascs.
Flowers small, greenish white. Ped 1 to 2 inches long.

15.. IODANTHES. ‘Torr. & Gray. Farsz Rocker.
Gr. todes, violet colored ; and anthos; flower.
Pop linear, elongated, terete. SEDs in a single row in
cach cell, margined. Styne thick. Sria@ma capitate. Craws

of the violet- purple petals longer than the calyx.— A smooth
perennial, with showy flowers im panicled racemes.

CRUCIFER &. 31

J. HESPERIDOIDES, T. & G.

Leaves ovate oblong, toothed, pointed; the lower sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid.

Banks of rivers. Western Pa. May, June. Stem 1to3 feet high. Petals ¥4
inch long, spatulate. Pods 1 to 2 inches long, slightly curved upwards, longer
than the spreading pedicels, knotty, rather fleshy.

16. CARDAMIN E. Linn.
Kardamon, an ancient Greek name of Cress.

Catyx a little spreading. Pop linear, flattened usually
opening elastically; valves nerveless. SEEDS in single rows
in each cell, ovate, not margined.— Mostly perennial plants
with white or purple flowers.

1.. C. nirsura, L. Hairy Cardamine.

Mostly smooth. TZeaves pinnate, with 5 to 13> leafiets, or lyrately pimnatifid;
leaflets of the radical ones petioled, mostly rounded; those of the stem ovate oF
linear, toothed or entire; petals twice as long as the calyx, oblong-cuncate; stigma
minute, subsessile.

A yariable biennial, common in wet places. May—July. Stem 6 to 16 inches
high. JZeaves hairy or smooth, 44 tol inch long. Flowers small, white. Fed

-about 1 inch long,.12.to 18-seeded.

2. (©. RHomMBoIDEA, DC. Spring Cress.

Root tuberous; slem-leaves ovate-rhomboid, somewhat petioled ; roctzares ronrat
or cordate, all somewhat angled or sparingly toothed; pods linear-lanceolate,
pointed with a slender style, tipped with a conspicuous stigma; secds round
oval.

Wet meadows and springs. Per. April—June. Sem 9 to 12 inches hich, erect,
smooth, simple. Flowers in terminal racemes, large, white or reddish. Jods l4 to
1 inch long.

3. OC. ROTUNDIFOLIA, Mich. Rouwnd-leaved Spring Cress.

Roof fibrous; stem weak, procumbent; leaves sub-orbicular, sub dentate, smooth,
petioled; pod spreading, slender, with along style.

Wet grounds near springs. Per. July. Stem 6 to 15 inches high, decumbent

Flowers in terminal racemes, white or yellowish, half the size of the preceding..

Pod Vg to 34 inch long.

17. SISYMBRIUM. Linn. Hepcr Mustarp.

An ancient Greek name of some plant of this family.

CaLyx mostly spreading, equal at the base. PETats un-
guiculate, entire. Pop terrete, or rather 4 to 6 sided, ses-
sile upon the disk, the valves 1 to 5 nerved. SEEDS in a
single row in each cell, oblong, marginless. —Annual herbs
with small white or yellow flowers.

1. S. orricinALE, Scop. Hedge Mustard.
Leaves runcinate and with the stem hairy.. Flowevs in along raceme; pod subwe
late, closely pressed to the stem. :
Waste places. Introduced. May—Sept. An unsightly branched weed, I to 3

32 — CRUCIFER EE.

feet high. Flowers yellow, very small, terminating the raceme which becomes 1 te
2 feet long, environed by the 2 ppressed sessile pods.

2. §. Tuattanum, Hook. Mouse-ear Hed: ge Mustard.

Radical leaves obovate-or on , entire or barely toothed ; stem lea es lanceolate, :

gessile ; pods ascending, rather er er than the pedicels.

Rocks and sandy fields. April and M ay. Sfem 6 to 15 inches. high, slender,
terete, with slender erect branches. Zeaves mostly in a radical cluster, 1 to 2 inches
long; those of the stem 14 to 1 inch long, denticulate, ciliate. F lowers smali, white.
Probably introduced.

3. S. CANESCENS, Nutt. Hoary Hedge Mustard.

Leaves 2-pinnatifid, the divisions small and tootl hed; petals scarcely exceeding the
ealyx; pods in long racemes, oblong or rather clavate, not longer than the spreading
pedicels. ;

Banks of streams. Rather rare. May. Stem slender, 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers-
very small, pale yellow. /ediceis spreading with the pod, often erect. A very

¥ariable specics, often hoary pubescent.»

18. ERYSIMUM. Linn. Treacte Musrarp,

Gr. eruwo, to Graw blisters.

Canyx erect, closed. Pops columnar, 4-sided; stigma
eapitate. a S 8 in a single row in each cell, oblong, mar-
ginless; cotyledons eften me incu bent.— Chiefly
biennials with ¥ oie ow flower: | . :

‘1. E. cneriantrsormes, L. Wormseed Mustard.

Leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed, minutely* Tons pods erect, spreading,
twice as long as the ped icels; stigma smail, nearly ses

Along streams: rare. Introduced. July—Sept. Stem oF to 2 feet high, erect,
branched, Toust ae She *s yellow, in long cortuiacd racemes. Jed about 1 inch
jong, pointed with a short style.

en ASK NSANUM, Nutt. Western Wadl-flower.
+ Binutely roughish hairy; stem simple; leaves lanceolate, somewhat. toothed ;
bower. ones runci Bees toothed; flowers racemose corymbed at summit.

A fine plant with show y flowers resembling the Wall-fiower. Native of the
Western States, cultivated in gardens. June-and July. Biennial. Stem1to 3
fect high, slender. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 14 to %inch wide. Sepals straw-color.
Petals large bright orange-yellow. Siliques 3 inches long, 4-angled, sub-erect.

19. SINAPIS. Linn. Mustarp.

Gr. sinapt, which is said to come from the Celtic nap, a turnip.

SEPALS equal at the base, spreading. PrTAts ovate, with
straight claws. Pops nearly terete, with" a short beak ;
valves bearing nerves. SEEDS globose, 1-rowed—Annuad.
ar biennial European plants, with ycllow flowers, and lyrate,
pinnatifid, or incised leaves. ~ ae ;

1. S. niara, L. Black Mustard.

Lower leaves lyrate or lobed; upper linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth; pods sian”
and even, somewhat 4sided, appressed to the stem, tipped with a slender style.

Pd
—

CRUCIFERE. - — (83

Fields and waste places: partly naturalized. June and July. Stem 2 to 6 fas
high. Flowers yellow. Pods very numerous, nearly linchlong. Seeds numerous,
nearly black, used as a condiment.

2. S. auBa, L. White Mustard.

Leaves pinnatifid, or lyrate, the terminal lobes large, nearly smooth ; pods mostly
hispid, spreading, scarcely as long as the sword-form beak.
_ Cultivated; sometimes spontaneous in old fields: June and July: Stem2to3d
feet high. Flowers corymbose, yellow, rather large. Seeds large, pale yellow:
Used as a condiment, and much esteemed in medicine:

~

APH NUS. inn Tape

Gr. ra, quickly; and phaino, to appear; from its rapid growth.

-CALyx erect. PETALS obovate, unguiculate. Pops trans-
versely many-celled or ge into several joints, the lower
often seedless and stalk-like; the upper necklace-form, with
no proper partition. Annuals or Biennials.

1. R. Rapwanistrum, L. Wild Radish. Charlock.

Leaves simply lyrate; pod terete, jointed, smooth, becoming in matury 1-celled,
longer than the style; seeds 3 to 8.

Fields and waste places. Introduced. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, hispid.
Flowers yellow, about as large as the common radish.

2. KR. sativa, L. Garden Radish.

Lower leaves lyrate, petiolate; pod torose, terete, acuminate, scarcely longer than
the pedicels. A well. known cultivated salad root from China. Stem 2 to 4 feet
high, very branching. JF lewers white, tinged with purple.

21. CHEIRANTHUS. R. Brown. Wall-Flower.

Arabic kheyry; and anthos, a-flower.

CALyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at the base. Px-
TALS dilated. Pop terete or compressed. STIGMA 2-lobed
or capitate... SEEDS in a single series, ovate compressed.—
Showy perennials, with lanceolate or ovate slightly toothed
leaves, and handsome fragrant flowers in panicled clusters or
racemes. :

1. (©. HESPERIDOIDES, T. & G. Rocket Wall-F lower.

Smooth; lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; wyper ovate-lanceolate, unequally and
sharply serrate; pedicels as long as the calyx ; limb of the petals obovate, entire.

Banks of streams. Western Pa. May—July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple or
branched. Jeaves thin, 3 to 5 inches long, 14 as wide, those of the stem scarcely
etiolate. lowers in terminal axillary racemes, pale purple, small. ods 1%

inches long. Per. *

2. ©. cueret. Wall Flower. -

Stem somewhat shrubby at the base; leaves entire or slightly dentate, lanceolate,

acute, smooth; branches angular; petals obovate; pods erect, acuminate. -A popu.

lar garden flower from South Europe, admired for its agreeable odor, and its hand-
some corymbose clusters of orange or yellow flowers. Per.

ee Oe, Oe ee

—— a

— CRUCIFERZ.

CULTIVATED EXOTIOS.

22. HESPERIS. Linn. Rocker.
Gr. hesperis, evening; when the fiower is most fragrant.

‘Catyx closed, furrowed at the base, shorter than the
claws of the petals. PrTALs bent obliquely, linear or obo-
vate. Pop 4-sided, 2-edged or sub-terete. SxzEDS not mar-

gined. Sricmas forked, with the points converging.—Per-

ennials.
1, H. marronatts. Rocket. Sky Rocket.

Stem simple, erect; leaves lanceolate, ovate, denticulate; pefals emarginate mu
eronaie; pedicels as long as the calyx. A fine garden perennial. Stem 3 to 4 feet
high. flow rs purple, sometimes double and white. Said to be found native
about Lake Huron.

2. H. aprica. Siberian Rocket.

Siem a foot high, erect, simple, pubescent; leaves oblong obtuse, entire, cilliate-
hispid; pedicels as long as the calyx. Flowers purple, May and June, From
Siberia. . . x

23. MATTHIOLA. R. Brown,

In honor of P. A. Matthiela, physician to Ferdinand of Austria.

Catyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at the base. Pz _
TALS dilated. Pops terete. SrraMmMAs connivent, thickened
or connate at the back.—AHerbaceous or shrubby oriental
plants, clothed with a hoary stellate pubescence.

1. M. annuus. Ten Week Stock.

Stem herbaceous, erect, branched, 2 feet high; leaves hoary canescent, lanceclate,
obtuse, subdentate; pod sub-cylindrical, without glands. A fine garten flower
from South Europe. Flowers variegated. .

2. M.incanus. Purple July Flower.

Stem shrubby at the base, erect, branched, 1 to 2 feet high. eaves lanceolate,
entire, hoary-canescent. Pods sub-cylindrical, truncate and compressed at the
apex, without glands. lowers purple and crimson. A popular garden flower, Gare
tive of England. —

—

" 24. BRASSICA. Linn.

Celtic bresic; the cabbage,

Sepats equal at the base, (mostly) erect. Prrais obo-
vate. FILAMENTS without teeth. Pop sub-compressed ;
valves concave, with a central vein. Sryxe short, subterate,
obtuse. SEEDS globose in a single (sometimes double) row.

_ =F lowers yellow, :

CAPPARIDACE ®. : 85

1. B. campestris. — Cale, |
Leaves somewhat fleshy and glaucous; the upper one cordate-amplexicaul, acte
minate. Stem 14 to3 feet high, round, smooth above, with a few scattered reversed
_ hairs below. Racemes 1 to 2 feet long. Corolla yellow, nearly 14 inch in diametez.
b. Rutabaga. Swedish Turnip.

Root tumid, napiform, sub-globose, yellowish; growing to an enormous siza.
Cultivated for cattle. Native of Sweden.

OrpErR 13. CAPPARIDACGE EE.

Herbaceous plants or shrubs, without @ true stipule, but sometimes with spines ts
their place. Leaves alternate, petioled, undivided or palmate. FuowsErs cruciform, —
solitary or racemose. SEPALS 4. PrTALS 4, or even 8, imbricated or none, cruciate,
usually unguiculate and unequal. SvTAmMENS 6 to 12, or some multiple of 4. Disk
hemispherical or elongated. Ovary stipitate, of 2 united carpels. Stryies united
into one. Sri@mMA discoid. Fruit either pod-shaped and dehiscent, or fleshy end

._indehiscent. Sreps many, kidney-shaped, without albumen.

~

lL GYNANDROPSIS. DC.

Gy. Gynandria, a Linnean class; opsis, appearance.

CaLyx of 4 sepals, spreading. Prrans 4, unequal.
STAMENS 6; filaments adnate below to the linear, elongated
torus, its whole length. Pop linear-oblong, raised on a long
stipe which rises from the top of the torus.— Leaves digttate.
Flowers racemed.

G. PENTAPHYLEA, DC. Five-leaved Gynandropsis.

Middle leaves petiolate, 5-foliate; floral and lower ones 8-foliate; leaflets obovate,
entire or denticulate.

Cultivated grounds. July. Annual. Stem 2 feet high, viscid, simple. Flowers
of a very irregular structure, white in long terminal racemes. Fetais obovate with
very long capillary claws. od 2 inches long, linear, on a long foot-etalk.

2. POLANISIA. Raf.

Gr. polus, many or much, and anisos, unequal.

Sepats 4, distinct, spreading. Prtaxs 4, unequal, with
claws. STAMENs 8 to 382, unequal. RECEPTACLE not elon-
gated. Pop stalkless or nearly so, above the stamens, linear
or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded.—Strong scented an-
nuals with glandular or cdammy hairs, and digitate leaves.

P. GRAVEOLENS, Raf. Strong scented Polanisia.

Viscid, pubescent; leaves ternate; leaflets elliptie-oblong; lowers axillary,
“solitary; stamens 8 to 12; capsule oblong lanceolate, alternate at the base.

Gravelly banks of streams. June—Aug. Stem 1 foot high, branching, striate.

Flowers in a corymbose raceme, yellowish-white and purple. Whole plant more or
Jess viscid and fetid.

4

36 RESEDACEA AND VIOLACEZ.

8. CLEOME. Linn.

SEPALS sometimes united at the base. PxrTaus 4, minute
or roundish. STAMENS 4 to 6. Pop subsessile or stipi-
tate.—Herbs or shrubs with simple on digitate leaves, and
racemed or solitary flowers.

C. punGENS. Spiderwort.

’ Glandular pubescent. Stem simple, and with the petioles covered with priekles;
leaves 5 to 9 foliate, on long petioles; leaflets elliptic, lanceolate acute at each end,
obscurely denticulate; braets simple; flowers racemed; sepals distinct; petals on
filiform claws; stamens 6, twice as long as the petals. A common garden plant
with curious purple flowers. July and August.

(

Onper 14. RESEDACEE.—IMignionettes.

Herbs with unsymmetrical spiked, racemose, small flowers, and alternate leaves.
Catyx not closed in the bud; SEPALS somewhat united at the base, unequal, green,
PETALS lacerated, unequal. StTAmMENS8 to 20 on the disk. Torus hypogynous. Pop
3 to 6 lobed, 3 to 6 horned, 1-celled with 3 to 6 pointed placentz, opening at the.
top long before the seeds are full grown.

RESEDA. Linn.

Lat. resedo, to calm; the plants are said to relieve pain.

SEPALS many. Prrars 4 to 7, often cleft, unequal,
STaMENS 10 to 40, turned to one side.—Annual herbs with
very small flowers.

1. R. Lureona. | Dyer’s Weed.

Leaves lanceolate. entire with a tooth on each side at the base; calyx 4cleft;
petals 4; the upper one 3 to 5 cleft; the two lateral 3-cleft; the lower one linear
and entire; pods depressed. Scarcely naturalized; flowering through the season,
Stem 2 feet high. Flowers greenish yellow, arranged in a long spike. Used for
dying yellow.

2. KR. oporatTa. Mignionette.

Leaves entire, 3-lobed; sepals shorter than the petals. A well known and uni- |
versal favorite of the garden; native of Egypt. Stem procumbent. lowers very
fragrant. |

OrverR 15. -VIOLACEE.

Herbs with simple leaves’ usually alternate, sometimes opposite, stipulate, and azit-
lary nodding flowers with a somewhat irregular, 1-spurred corolla of 5-petals, 5 hypo-
gynous stamens pointed by thetr anthers, and a 1-celled 3-valved pod with 3 parietat
placente. SEPAs 5, persistent, slightly united, elongated at the base, the two la-
teral interior. Pras twisted, imbricate in the bud. SraMENs with short and broad
filaments, prolonged beyond the anther cells, and more or less coherent over the
stigma; two of the stamens with spurs or appendages which are received into the

2 | 7 VIOLACEE. 7 od

- gpurof the corolla. STYLE club-shaped; STIGMA 1-sided,cucculate. Fruita3-valyed
capsule. SEEDS numerous; ALBUMEN fleshy. :

- 1. VIOLA. Linn. Vuioxets.
The ancient Zatin name of the genus.

Sepans 5, auriculed at their base. Prrans 5, unequal,
the larger one spurred at the base; the 2 lateral equal, oppo-
site. SraMENs 5, approximate; filaments distinct ; anthers
connate, the lobes diverging at the base. Capsune 1-cell ed,
3-valved ; seeds attached to the valves.—Low herbaceous per-
ennial plants, acaulescent or caulescent. Peduncles angular,

solitary, l-flowered recurved at the summit in an inverted
- position. (Often producing concealed apetalous flowers during
the whole summer.)

* Stemless :. leaves and scapes from subterranean root-stocks : perennials,
1. Flowers blue: leaves undivided.

L” V. cuccuntnata, Ait. Hood-leaved Violet.

* Smoothish; leaves cordate, cuccullate at the base, toothed, veined; stipules small,
linea ar, fringed; lateral petals bearded: spur shert, obtuse.

Low grounds, meadows, &c.; commen. April—June. Leaves on long petioles,

* gtrongly heart-shaped or triangularly kidney-shaped, rolled at the base, into a

hooded form. Flowers light blue or purple, with somewhat 4-sided seapes. Petals
twisted. Whole plant variable. ‘

2. .V. SAGITTATA, Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet.

Smoothish or hairy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sagittate-cordate, sub-acute, often

. hastate at the base, serrate or crenate-dentate : petazs oblong, ovate, all except the
lower one, bearded; spwr short, very thick and sac-like.

Gravelly fields: common. Apriland May. Leaves varying from oblong-sagittate
to triangular-hastate on margined petioles, acute or not. # lowers middie sized,
purple, on scapes 5 to 5 inches ‘Jong. Var. em arginata Nutt. Leaves almost trian-
gular, lacerately tcothed at the base; petals emarginate or bidentate.

o. V. ovATA, Nutt. Ovaie-leaved Violet. :

Leaves ovate, crenate, ciliate, abruptly decurrent on the short petiole, mostly

_ Foughish, pubescent; lateral petals bearded ; stigma a little beaked.

Dry hills. Apriland May. JZeaves numerous, mostly hairy on beth sides, some-
times nearly smooth, 34 as wide as long, acute or not, upper cones lacinate-dentate,
Sepals ciliate, oblong-ovate, deeply emarginate behind. Petals entire, veiny, oke-
vate, the lateral ones with dense white beards. Spur broad.

4. V. sonoria, Willd. Bearded or Kindred Violet. .
Leaves orbisular, or roundish-cordate with the sinus-often closed, crenate-serrate,
mostly pilose, thickish, purple beneath, flat lying on the ground; lateral petals
densely bearded, lower one somewhat bearded, upper one naked ; stigma depressed,
with a defiexed beak. .
Dry hills, open woodlands. Apriland May. TZeaves 1 to.2 inches long, mostly
_orbicular or sub-reniform. Scapes few, about as long as the leaves, smooth, with
| small subulate opposite bracts below the middle. Sepals lance-oblong, rather
obtuse. Corolla reddish blue; petals obovate, entire. Capsule smooth, (Darlings
ton’s F.C.) R ;

e

we

| | - WIOQLACEH. ga

oD. as ELLIPTICA. Lliptic-leaved Violet.

Leaves elliptical-oblong, crenately toothed or entire, somewhat pilose; flowers on
slender scapes.

Gravelly hillsides; rare. .May and June. Leaves 1g to 144 inches long, 4% as
wide, on slender petioles 2to4inches long. Scapes few, slender, 4 to 6 imches long
with 2 small opposite subulate bracts above the middle. Flowers smaller than in

the preceding species, pale blue. Lateral and lower pa densely bearded, and
profusely marked with white lines.

2. Leaves divided. ,
6. V. pepvaTa, L. Bird’s-foot Violet.

F Leaves pedate, nearly smooth, from 5 to 7 parted; segments linear-lanceolate, ob-
tuse or acute, 1 or 2-toothed, or somewhat 3-lobed at the apex, tapering downwards;
Stipules radical, pectinately lacerated; petals beardless; spur very short; stigma
large, obliquely truncate; beak obscure.

Dry hills or sandy woods. Mayand June. Root premorse. Scapes2 to 5inches
high, several from the same root. Flowers large, pale blue, sometimes almost
white; petals rounded at the extremities. This handsome species presents several
varieties—one with variegated flowers, the 2 upper petals intensely velvety purple,
and fully as handsome as the finest Pansy.

7. V. paumata, L. Palmate Violet.

Pubescent; leaves reniform-cordate, palmate or hastate-lobed, variable; the inter-
mediate one always larger; stipules lanceolate, subciliate; lateral petals Hid
bearded; spur short; stigma capitate, recurved.

Moist woodlands and low grounds; common. May. Scapes several, 4 to 6 inches
high, cften pilose with 2 small lanceolate bracts below the middle. Rootstock scaly,
The early leaves are ovate, entire; the later and perfect are often purple beneath, °
variously lobed and eleft. Petals ‘purple or bright blue, entire, veiny, white at the

eG upper ones smaller; lateral ones densely bearded and marked with blue
striae.

3. Leaves undivided. Flowers white, the lower petals veined with purple.

8. V. nancnonATA, L. Lance-leaved Violet.

Leaves very smooth, narrow, lanceolate, attenuated at each end, sub-serrate ;
sepals lanceolate, acute, smooth; petals beardless, nearly equal.

Swamps and wet meadows. April and May. hizomacreeping. JZeaves narrow,
and with the stalk 3 to 5 inches long. Petioles halfround. Flowers small, nae
inodoreus. Upper and lateral petals marked with violet lines.

9. V. PRIMUL/FOLIA, L. Primrose-leaved Violet.

Leaves oblong-ovate, mostly acute, sub-cordate and somewhat unequal at the
base, decurrent on the petiole, crenate-serrate, smooth above; sepals lanceolate ;
petals obtuse, lateral ones sometimes sparingly bearded and striate; stigma capitate
and rostrate.

Wet grounds; rare. May. Intermediate between V. lanceolata and V. blanda.
Leaves 2 to 5 inches long. and an inch or more wide, about as long as the scape.
Flowers white, odorous, on sub-4-sided stalks.

10. V. BLANDA, Willd. White Sweet Fides

Leaves broad-cordate, remotely serrate or crenate, minutely pubescent, sinus

rounded ; petals ovate, obtuse, Beney beardless; stigma depressed, acutely mar-
gined.

Wet meadows; common. April and May. Leaves close to the earth, nearl

tound, 14 to1 “ inches in diameter, flat and thin. lowers small, white streaked
with purple, very fragrant.

4, Flowers yellow:

~

pet ewe a -

VIOLACEX. 89

il. VY. rorunprronta, Mich. Round-leaved Violet.
Leaves round-ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate, appressed to the ground;

_ tateral petals bearded and marked with browp lines, lower ones smaller; spwr very

short.
Rocky woods. May. Scapel1to3 inches high. Leaves linch broad at flowering,

increasing to 3 or 4 inches i in summer, Flowers pale yellow, middle sized.

** Perennials with stems.
5. Leaves undivided: flowers yellow or yellowish white.

12. V. puspescans, Ait. Downy Yellow Violet.

Softly pubescent; stem elongated, erect; leaves very broadly heart-shaped, den=
tate, more or less acuminate; stipules large, ovate, somewhat toothed; spur ex-
tremely short; lower petals veined with purple. Var. 1., eriocarpa, is large,
villous pubescent ; capsule densely villous. Var. 2., scabriwscula, is smaller, slightly
pubescent, and brighter green; stems decumbent; pods smooth or woolly.

Rich weods; common. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, generally solitary, some-
what angular. Peduncles rather shorter than the leaves, axillary, solitary, with 2
subulate bracts. Flowers middle sized, yellow; 25 petals slightly bearded, and
with the lower ones striped with dark purple.

18. V. HaAsTATA, Mich. Halbsrdtnived Yellow Violet.

Nearly smooth; stem erect, simple, leafy above; leaves on long petioles, cordate-

idanceolate or hastate, acuminate; fobes obtuse, dentate; stipules minute, ovate;

spur very short; lower petal dilated, sub-3-lobed ; lateral ones slightly bearded.

Mountains and pine woods. May. Stem 6to10 inches high. Peduncles shorter
than the leaves. lowers yellow.

14. _ V. striata, Ait. Striped Violet.

Stem assurgent, angular, smooth; leaves alternate, heart-shaped, finely serrate,
often acuminate; stipules large, oblong-lanceolate, strongly fringe-toothed; spur
thickish, much shorter than the petals; stigma recurved, sub-pubescent.

_ Wet grounds. May. Stem 6 to12 incheshigh, half round. TZeaves1 to 1144 inches
wide, on petioles1 to 2 inches long. Peduncles axillary. Flowers large, yellowish-
white; lateral petals densely bearded; lower one striped with dark purple.

.6.. Flowers pale blue, or purplish.

15. Ae RosTRATA, Muhl. Long Spurred Violet.

Stem diffuse, erect; leaves smooth, roundish-heart-shaped, serrate; the upper
acute; stipules large, lanceolate, serrate-cilliate ; petals obovate, beardless; spur
longer than the corolla.

Shaded hillsides. June. — Stem 4 to 8 inches high, smooth. Flowers large, pale
blue, with a very long spur similar to that of the Jarkspur, by which this species is
readily recognized.

16. V. Munuensereit, Torr. Spreading Violet.

. Stems ascending, at length with creeping branches, smooth; leaves round, heart-
shaped, or the lowest kidney-shaped, crenate; the uppermost slightly acuminate;
stipules large, lanceolate, fringe-toothed; spur tapering, about half the length of the
petals; petals obovate, obtuse, the lateral ones bearded; stigma rostrate.

Shaded wet places. May and June. Stem 6 to 8 inches high. lowers middle-
sized, pale purplish.

17. V. Canavensis, L. Canadian Violet.

Upright; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, lower ones on long petioles;
stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire; sepals subulate-lanceolate ; pur very short; stigm@
short, pubescent. :

—

40 CISTACER.

Shady woods. May—Aug. Stem 9 to 18 inches ‘high, usually simple. Flowers
large, blue without, paler within; upper petals marked with blue lines; lateral
ones bearded. Flowering all summer. ~

18. V. TRIconor, L. Pansy-Heartsease. - |
Stem angular, diffuse; leaves oblong-ovate; lower ones oblong cordate, deeply»
_ erenate; stipules runcinately pinnatifid or lyrate, the terminal segments as large a3
the leaves; spwr short and thick.

Gardens, where its pretty flowers are earliest in spring and eae in autumn...
Flowers variable in size; the 2 upper petals purple ;~ the 2 lateral white; and with
the lower striate at base; all yellow at.base.. :

V. ODORATA. Sweet Violet. ~
Native of Europe.. Flowers dark purple, very. fragrant;. double by cultivation:.

2. SOLEA. Gingens, DC. Green VIOLET.
In honor of Wm. Sole, author of an Essay on Mentha.

SEPALS scarcely equal, carinate, not auricled at the base,
decurrent into a pedicel, at length reflexed. PETALS unequal,
the lowest one 2-lobed and somewhat gibbous at the base.
STAMENS cohering, the lower 2 bearing a gland above the
middle. CAPSULE somewhat 3-sided. SEEDS 6 to 8, very
large. —A homely perennial with greenish-white flowers in the
axils of the leaves on short pedicels.

1. 8. conconer, DC. Green Violet.

stem: simple, erect; leaves crenate-lanceolate, sessile, irregularly toothed above ¢
peduncles short, 2 to 8 flowered; flowers small, greenish; calyx nearly as long as the
petals: spar none. |

Shady woods; rare.. April and May. Delaware and Franklin counties, and.
western parts of the State. Stem 2 to 4 feet high.

’

OrnpER 16. CISTACEHE. ;

Herbs or low shrubs, with regular flowers, distinct hypogynous stamens, and @
1-celled 3 to 5. valved. pod. LEAVES entire, opposite or alternate, usually feather-
veined. FLOWERS white, yellow, or red; very fugaceous, in 1-sided racemes. SEPALS
5, persistent, unequal; the 2 external small-like bracts, sometimes wanting. -PE-
TALS 3 to 5, usually fugacious, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx.
“ STAMENS indefinite, hypogynous, distinct; ANTHER innate. SryLE single or none, in
the bud. OvuLrs few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at the apex.
Fruit capsular 1-celled, 3 to 5 valved, with as many parietal placentz borne on the.
middle of the valves.

1. HELIANTHEMUM. Tourn, RocK-RosE.

Gr. helios, the sun; anthos, a flower.

Sepaus 5, the 2 outer smaller, twisted in eestivation.
PETALS °, or rarely 8, sometimes abortive, crumpled in the

CISTACER. — — | Al

bud, fugacious. STAMENS many. STYLE short or none ;
stigma 3-lobed, scarcely distinct. Capsuun strictly 1-celled,
triangular, 3-valved, opening at the top; seeds angular.
Fiowers frequently of 2 sorts; the primary or earliest ones,
with large petals, numerous stamens, and many-seeded pods ;
secondary or later ones much smaller; and few-seeded pods.—

. ° 7 diet °
Herbs with perennial roots, and yellow flowers, witch open in
sunshine, and cast their petals by the next day.

Se qs 7, a ees Ty. -
1. H. Canapenst, Michx. Rock Rose. Frost Weed.
Siem at first simple, erect, or ascending; leaves oblong cr somewhat lanceolate,
acute, hairy, alternate, without stipules. .
_ Sandy or gravelly dry soil. June—Aug. Stem about 1 foot high. Leaves 34 to -
linch long, 14 as wide, entire, sub-sessile. Primary or terminal flowers large, tew
or solitary, on peduncles as long as the flowers; petals large bright yellow; second-
ary flowers axillary, very small, nearly sessile, solitary or somewhat elustered, on
short leafy branches; the petals very small or none; the outer sepals usually want-
ing. Late in autumn, chrystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark; hence the
sommon name, «

2. LECHEA. Linn. » PINWEED.

in honor of Join Leche, a Swedish botanist.

Calyx 3-sepalled, with 2 outer bracts or sepals, persist-
ent. PETALS 38, inconspicuous, lanceolate. StTAMENS 8 to
12. Sry.e scarcely any. StiamaAs 3, searcely distinct.
CApsuLe 3-celled, 3-valved; placente nearly as the valves,

roundish, each JI to 2-seeded.—Inconspicuous perennial
branciing plants, with very small greenish or purplish flowers.

1. ,L.’masor, Michx. Large Pinweed.

Hairy; stem erect, simple, producing slender prostrate branclies from the base 3
beaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, pilose, alternate and opposite, cr sometimes
whorled; panicle short, leafy ; flowers densely crowded in panicled clusters; pedcels
shorter than the globose depressed (very small) pods. :

_ Dry woods and fields. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect. Flowers small, brown,
im racemose clusters. . :

2. L. minor, Lam. Smaller Pinweed.
Stem slender, upright or diffusely branched, nearly smooth; leaves linear-lanceo- «
late, acute; leafy shoots densely tufted at the base 3 panicle leafy, its tranches
‘elongated ; flowers loosely racemed; pedicels mostly longer than the globose pods.

_ Dry hills. July—Sept. Stem.8 to 12 inches high, often decumbent at the base.
Stem-leaves 14 by 14 inch alternate, sparingly ciliate and reyolute at the margin;
_ those of the long slender branches minute. Flowers larger than in ZL. m ajor. Bs

tals brownish-purple, cohering at the apex. Capsules also larger than in the
preceding. | ete + i

3. HUDSONIA. Linn.
_ In honor of Win. Hudson, author of “ Flora Anglica.” |
Catyx 5-parted, segments unequal, the two outer ones

7
=

42 ae - DROSERACEZ:. ee

minute. Perats 5. Sramens 9 to 30. Sryte straight,
filiform. Stigma simple. CapsuLz oblong enclosed in the
calyx, 1-celled, 3-valved, 1 to 6-seeded.—Bushy heath-like
litile shrubs init verg numerous branches, and minute. awl-
shaped or scale-like persistent leaves, and ETE, small,
showy, bright-yellow flowers.

1. H. ertocorpss, lh. Heath-like Hudsonia.

Downy but greenish; stem sub-erect; branches elongated; leaves filiform, awl-
shaped, loose; flowers on slender naked stalks; sepals sciktiah,

Dry sandy woods; rare, Mayand June. Siem 4 to Ginches high, much oneal.

Leaves small persistent. Flowers small, yellow, with about 15 stamens.

2. H. tomentosa, Nutt. Downy Hudsonia.

Hoary and downy ; leaves oval or oblong, close pressed and imbricated; flowers
aggregated, sessile; calyx sub-cylindrical, with obtuse segments.

Sandy soil; rare.. June. Stem ascending. much branched. Flcwers yellow,
smaller than the preceding. Stamens 9 to18. Whole plant silvery-gray and
tomentose.

Onper 17. DROSERACER.

Bog herbs mosity stemless, often covered with glandular hairs ; alternate leaves, or
clustered at the base of a scape, tapering into a petiole, rolled up from the apex to the
base in vernation. SEPALS 5, persistent, equal. CoRoLLA of 5 nearly equal ‘petals.
STAMENS 5 to15; ANTHERS turned outwards. STYLES 3 to 5, either wholly. distinct,
orislightly connected at the base, bifid or branched. Fruit a capsule 1 to 8 celled,
8 to 5 valved, usually many-seeded, sometimes ariled.

1. DROSERA. Linn. Sunpew.

Gr. drosos, dew; the glands exuding a dew-like secretion.

CALYX deeply 5-cleft. Prraus5. SramMEns 5. STYLES
3 to 5, each 2-parted. CAPSULE superior, globose or ovoid,
1 to 3 celled, 3 to 5 valved, the valves bearing the numerous
seeds on the middle, for their whole length—Low perennial
aquatic herbs, with the leaves clothed ‘with reddish ya
bearing brisites.

1. D. rorunpiromia, L. Round-leaved Sundew.

Leaves all radical, orbicular, abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles,
fringed with purple cilia, pilose above; scape erect, bearing a terminal and mostly
simple 1-sided raceme, nodding at the apex, so that the fresh blown flower is
always the highest.

Sphagnous Swamps. July and August, Asingular plant at once distinguished
by the reddish glandular hairs with which the leaves are beset, Scape 4 to8 inches
high. Flowers small whitish.

2. D. tonerrortA, L. Long-leaved Sundew.

Leaves spatulate-oblong, erect, spreading, tapering into the long rather erect

naked petioles; scape declined at the base; seeds oblong, not arillate.

HY PERICACEZ. 43

Swamps; rare. July and August. Scape 3 to 6 inches long, usually curved to
one side at the base. Flowers yellowish white 5 to 9 in a raceme, twice as large as
in the preceding.

3d. D. FitirorMis, Raf. -Thread-leaved ee

Leaves very long an¢é filiform, nearly erect, with no distinction between the blade

and the stalk, glandular the whole length; scape longer than the leaves, many-
flowered, simple or bifid.

Sandy Swamps. Aug. and Sept. Scape 8 to 12 inches high. Leaves 6 to 10
inches long. lowers purple, few, in a 1-sided raceme.

SUB-ORDER. PARN ASSTE Ah.

Smooth herbs with slightly perigynous stamens, an outer
series of them sterile and in clusters, imbricated petals and
4 sessile stigmas opposite the parietal placenta. Leaves
alternate, not coiled in the bud.— Consists of the following
genus of doubtful affinity.

2. PARNASSIA. Linn.

From Mount Parnassus; on account of the beauty of this plant..

Catyx deeply 5 cleft. Prtaus 5, veiny, spreading, rather
persistent, with a cluster of somewhat united sterile filaments
at the base of each. StTaMENS 5, alternate with the petals.
STiamMas 4, sessile. CAPSULE 4-valved, 1-celled. Steps
very numerous, arillate-—Perennial herbs with chiefly entire

radical leaves; and solitary flowers terminating the long naked
scapes.

P.*CAROLINIANA, Michx. Grass of Parnassus.

Radical leaves cordate, orbicular-ovate on long petioles; stem leaf sessile, clasp-
ing; sterile filaments in 5 clusters, 3 in each, distinct to near the base, surmounted
with little yellow spherical tips; petals more than twice as long as the calyx,
marked with many greenish transparent veins.

Wet banks: Limestone, Montour Co. Not common. Aug.and Sept. Scape 12
to18 inches high. Leaves about 7-veined, usually but one on the stalk low down

ee ng plant. Flowers solitary, large, yellowish-white. An elegant and interest-
g plan

Orper 18. HYPERICACER.

Herbs or shrubs with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, regular hypogy-
nous flowers, with many or few stamens collected in three or more clusters, or bundles.
FLOWERS perfect, mostly yellow, with cymose inflorescence. SEPALS 4 to,5 persistent,
imbricated in the bud. Pxrtats 4 to 5 mostly deciduous with a twisted estivation
and oblique veins. STAMENS usually numerous and cohering at base in three or
more parcels. CAPSULE 2 to 5 (rarely 6 to 7,) lobed, with as many persistent styles
which are at first sometimes united, 1-celled with 2 to 5 parietal placneta. Szxps
yery numerous, small, without albumen; EMBRYO straight.

~

Ad . : HYPERICACE®.

1. HYPERICUM. Linn. St. Johi’s Wort, ©

Spats 5, more or less united at the base, one eee
leaflike. Prrats 5, oblique and often without equal sides.
STtaMens numerous or few united or clustered in 3 to 5 par-
cels without ‘interposed glands. Sryies 3 to 6, distinet, or
united at base, persistent. CaPsULm membranaceous, 1 or
8 to 5-celled. —Herbs or shrubs with opposite entire leaves,
punctate with pellucid dots, and yellow peor 3 solitary, or
an cymose panicles.
® Stamens 20 to 100. Styles 8to 5. Flowers mostly terminal, larye, yellow: herba-

ceous perennials.

1. H. pyramipatrum, Ait. Giant St. John’s Wort.

Stem square, branching above; lcaves oblong-lanccolate, sessile, somewhat elasp-
ing, acute, smooth, pellucid-punctaiey sepals oyate-lanceolate; styles free, as long
as the stamens; seeds numerous.

River banks and hills. July, Aug, A large flowering perennial species, 3 to 5
feet high, scarcely | angular, smooth; ~vigid and herbaceous. Flowers 11% inches in

diameter, showy, few or solitary at ‘the ends -of the branches. Stamens capillary
100 or more. Capsules 1 inch long, tipped with the 5 styles ovoid-conieal.

2. HH. cornymBosum, Muhl. » Spotted St. John’s Wort.
Siem erect, punctate; leaves clasping, oblong-aval, sd pic covered with black

= -

‘ dots; sepals ovate, acute; petals oblong.

Shady woods and wet meadows. June, July. Stem 1% to 2 feet high, black |
punctate.. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, Flowers small, numerous, pale _ yellow, in
a compact panicle or corymb. ,& tals nearly 3 times as long as the sepals, with
eblong black dots. Szyles 3, long er than the stamens. AStigmds orange red.

3. H. evirricum, Hook. Elliptic St. John’s Wort.

Stems square, simple, cymose ee summit; leaves elliptical, obtuse, closely sessile,
scarcely -punctate; cymes nearly tees, few-flowered, depressed’; sepals very-
unequal, spreading; styles 3, united nearly to the top; capsules ovoid-globose.

Moist grounds. July. Stem 10 to 20 inches high, colored at base. eaves 1 inch
long, somewhat erect. Flowers orange-yellow. Petals acutish. Stigmas minute.
fods purplish.

4. H. perroratum, L. , Common St. John’s Wort

Stem 2-edged, branched, and corymbed; leaves elliptical-oval, obtuse, and with the
gepals pellucid-ptnctate; Slowers panicled; sepals lanceolate 14 as long as tha
petals; styles 3, diverging. n ;

June—August. A pernicious plant introduced from Europe, but thoroughly
naturalized, “erowing in pasture fields, much to the annoyance of farmers. Stems
1 to 2 feet high, with opposite spreading branches, erect, round, with 2 opposite,
elevated lines extending between the nodes. Flowers Homenge deep-yellow, and
in terminal panicles.

** Stamens 20 to 100. Styles n more or less united. Shrubby perennials.

5. H. appressum, Barton. Winged St. John’s Wort.

Stem 2-winged above, shrubby at base; feaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong,
sessile with pellucid punctures; cyme10 to 20-flowered, naked; sepals very une-
qual, 14 as long as the oblong-obovate petals? styles united; capsules 3-celled.

Swamps. July, Aug. Stem 2 feet high. Flowers in asap cymes: about #24
- Sebi in diameter, with very numerous stamens..

.

HYPERICACEZ:. A5

6. H. wupirtorum, Michx. Naked St. John’s Wort.
Stem shrubby at base, 4-angled, winged above; leaves ovate-oblong or lance-ovat
obtuse, sessile; cymes compound leafless; sepals linear-oblong, shorter than the

ovate petals; styles united.
Wet grounds, rare. Aug. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, with numerous 4-sided branches.
-Leaves thin, about 2 inches long, with minute reddish dots. Flowers small, and

rather loose in the cyme.

7. H. prouiicum, L. Shrubby St. John’s Wort.
Stem shrubby, smooth, branching; branches 2-angled; leaves oblong-lanccolate,
mostly obtuse, narrowed at base, revolute on the margin pellucid-punctate;

flowers numerous in simple or compound clusters. *

Banks of streams. July. A highly ornamented shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with
much compressed branches. Zeaves 2 inches long, 4% inch wide. Flowers large,
orange-yellow ; peduneles generally 3-flowered, the intermediate one nearly sessile.

et Stamens 5 to 20 rarely 30. Styles short, distinet. Low and slender annuals.

-8. H. murinum, L. Small St. John’s Wort.
Stem erect, much branched, smooth, square; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, heart-
shaped, clasping, 5-nerved; cymes leafy ; petals shorter than the lanceolate sepals;

capsules ovate, conical.
Damp sandy soils. June—Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches hizh, leafy to the top.
Flowers very small pale-yellow, solitary in the divisions of the stem. "tee

9. H. Canapensz, L. Canadian St. John’s Wort.

Stem square, erect, branched; leavesdinear, or narrowly-lanceolate, attenuate to
the base, rather obtuse; panicle elongated, forked; sepals lanceolate, very acute,
longer than the petals.

_ Low grounds, common. June—Aug. Stems 6 to12 inches high. Leaves pellu-
cid, and dotted with black. lowers small, yellow. Capsule longer than the calyx
and of a reddish color. i

10. H. Sarorura, Michx. Orange-grass.
Stem and branches filiform, square; /eaves minute, awl-shaped, scales appressed 3.
Jlowers mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches; pods. slender, very

acute, 1-celled.

Sandy fields and hills. June—Aug. Stem 4 to 8 inches high, much branched.
Leaves very small. Flowers very small, yellow. Stamens5 to10. Capsule brown.

2. ASCYRUM. Linn. Sr. Prter’s Wort.

Gr. a. privative, and skwros, roughness; the plant being smooth to the touch.

Catyx 4-sepalled, 2 outer ones smaller. Prrats 4 cadu-
cous. _STAMENS many, scarcely united at base. Sryes 2 to
4, mostly distinct. Capsute strictly 1-celled, 2 to 8 (rarely '
4) valved.—Low, rather shrubby plants with pale black-dotted
keaves and nearly pale-yellow flowers. :

I. Crux Anprua, L. St. Andrew's Cross.

Stems much branched at base and decumbent; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong,
contracted at the base ; flowers solitary or cymulose, on short pedicels; outer sepals
ovate, inner ones very minute; petals linear-oblong ; styles 2, at length distinct.

Bandy fields. July. Stems 8 to 24 inches high, 2-edged above, thickly clothed

AG | ELATINACES.

— feares, 3 acer! Pp width. lowers pale yellow on yery short pedi-
cels. Lctals scarcely exceeding the outer sepals, approaching each other in p
over them, in the form of St. Andrew’s ae Bane ‘ , 1 nes

s

‘8. ELODEA. Adans.

: Gr. Hlodes, growing in marshy places. we °

SEPALS 5, equal, somewhat united at base. Prvars 5
deciduous, equal-sided, oblong. Stamens. 9 (rarely 12 to
15), in 3 parcels which alternate with 3 orange colored
hypogynous glands. Sryxus 3 distinct. CapsuLE 3-celled
oblong.—Perennial herbs, growing in marshy places, with
pellucid punctate leaves, and small close clusters of purplish
flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the summit.

KK. VirericA, Nutt. Virginian Elodea. ;
Leaves oblong, closely ‘sessile or clasping by a broad base, very obtuse ; filaments

united below the middle, with 3 in each set.

Marshy places,common. July—Sept. Stem 10 to 18 inches high, erect, branch-
ing, of a purplish hue. Zeaves 1 to 2 inches long, 44 as wide, upper ones laneeo-
late, lower oblong ovate, all very obtuse, pale beneath. Flowers few, reddish-
yellow. Petals about twice as long as the calyx. Glands ovoid, orange-colored.
Capsule ovoid-oblong, acutish. .

~Orprr 19. ELATINACER:,

Small marsh. annuals, with opposite leaves, membraneous stipules, and axillary
flowers. SeEpats 2to5 distinct, or slightly.coherent at base, persistent. PnrTa.s
hypogynous, alternate with the sepals. STAMENS as many or twice as many as the
petals. Sryies 2 to 5, very short or none; stigmas capitate. CapsuLus 2 to 5-celled.
Seeds numerous, without albumen. .

a

ELATINE. LL. -Warer Wort.

Gr. elate, fir ; its minute leaves resembling those of the fir tree.

SEPAts 2 to 4, persistent. Prraus 2 to 4, hypogynous.
Sramens 2 to 8. Sryz or sessile capitate stigmas, 2 to 4.
Pop 2 to 4-celled, several-many-seeded, margins of the valves
not introflexed.— Small marshy plants with minute axdl-
lary flowers like Chickweed, but the seeds as in St. John’s
wore. hesorts

K. AMERICANA, Arnott. American .Waterwort.

Dwarf tufted; leaves cuneate-obovate, obtuse ; flowers sessile, sepals, petals, sta-
miens and sessile stigmas 2, sometimes 3. Seeds 6 to 8. . ah pk ae
Edges of ponds and streams. July—Sept, Stems rooting and creeping in the
mud, forming patches, Zeaves14 inch long, entire. lowers solitary, very min-

CARYOPHYLLACE. 47
Orver 20. CARYOPHYLLACEE..— The Pink Family.
Herbaceous plants with opposite entire leaves, stems with swelled joints, and symme-

trical 4 to 5-merous flowers. SEpAus 4 to 5 either distinct or cohering in a tube,
persistent. PxsTats 4 to 5 unguiculate, inserted upon the pedicel of the ovary, or

without claws inserted on the outside of a fleshy disk, sometimes none. STYLES 2

to 5. Seeds attached to the base or central column of the 1-celled, or 2 to 5-celled

capsule, numerous, rarely five, the embryo coiled round mealy albumen.

Sus-orper I. SILENEZ. The proper Pink Family.

SePALs united in a tubular calyx. PxrtTaus with long
claws. STAMENS 10, and with the petals borne on the stalk
of the many-seeded capsule. StipuLES none.—/'lowers
mostly showy.

i. SILENE. Linn. -

Gr. sialan, saliva; in allusion to the viscid secretion on the stems and calyx of
. mary species.

}

Canyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. PETALS 9
unguiculate, mostly crowned at the orifice; limb bifid. Sra-
MENS 10. Srytes3. CaApsuLE 3-celled at base, opening by
6 teeth at the top. HEmBryo coiled.— lowers solitary or in
clustered cymes. !

* Calyx inflated ; flowers panicled, white. Perennial.

1. §. stenuata, Ait. Starry: Campion.

Stem erect, branching, pubescent; leaves in whorls of 4, ovate-lanceolate taper-
pointed, smooth ; flowers in panicles; calyx bladder-like, pubescent, bell-shaped.

Shaded banks and woods. July, August. Stem 2 to 4 fect high, slender somc-
what 4sided. Leaves 2 to3 inches long, 4as wide, tapering to a long point sessile.

Calyx pale-green with more deeply colored veins. Flowers white, borne ona large
open pyrimidal panicle. Petals cut into a fringe at the apex, crownless.

2. S. niveA, Muhl.. White Catchfly. Snowy Campion.
Siem divaricate and dichotomous above; leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong,
acuminate, minutely puberulent; calya obtuse, bell-shaped, inflated, reticulated,
subpilose; petals 2-cleft with a small bifid crown, reflexed;\claws exserted beyond
the calyx, nearly naked; capsules stiped.

*‘Tslands in the Susquehanna, near Columbia; Muhl.” June, July. Stem 1 to
2 féet high, smooth and slender. JLeaves opposite, 2 inches long, and 44 an inch
wide. Flowers white, remote, solitary, dichotomal and terminal.

®* Calyx not inflated, elongated or club-shaped. Petals crowned, red or rose-colored:
perennials.

3. §S. Pennsyivanica, Michx. Pennsylvania Catchfly.

- - Viscidly-pubescent; stems numerous; radical leaves somewhat cuneate; those of-

the stem long linear; petioles hairy; flowers in somewhat 3-forked panicles; calyx
long, tubular; petals slightly emarginate, subcrenate.

Gravelly hillsides. May, June. Per. Stems numerous, tufted, 6 to 10 itches
high. Calyx club-shaped. Petals wedge-form, bright purple or nearly white.

~

48 CARYOPHYLLACER,

4, §. Virarnroa, Linn. Virginia Catchfly. ~

Viscid-pubescent; stem mostly erect, branching; leaves lanceolate; lower ones on
long petioles, with long cilize at. base ;. flowers in panicles, petals with long claws,
broad bifid crowned.

_ Open Woods. May, June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, single. ‘Flowers few aed
loosely cymose, large and showy. Calyx oblong-eylindrical, soon obconical. Petals
large, red, oblong, 2-cleft. Stamens and pistils exserted.

5. §. Carespart, Walt. Catesby’s Catchfly. — -

‘ Branching; leaves broad-lanceolate; flowers in panicles; calyx clavate, colored ;
petals with long claws; limb bifid with two lateral teeth’ lobes acute.

Southern part of the State, not common. June. Siem a foot high. Flowers
erimson, showy. Considered by some botanists as a variety of S. Virginica. Both
Pe Candolle avd Hooker consider it distinct. Beck.

*** Calyx not inflated ; petals crowned: annuals.
6. S. Anrerruina, L. Snap-dragon Catchfly.
Nearly smooth; stem erect; leaves lanceolate, acute, subciliate, upper ones linear; ~
Jlowers small panicled; calyx ovoid, smooth; petals small, cbcordate, slightly
crowned.
Dry hills. June, July. Stem 1to2 feet high, nearly smooth with some of the

upper intervals viscid, simple or branching above, somewhat leafy. ’ Flowers
mall white or pale purple, only expanding towards evening.

7. §. nocorurna, L. Nocturnal Catch/ty.
Stent branched, pilose below ; leaves pubescent, long ciliate at base; lower ones
spatulate; upper, lance-linear; flowers appressed to the stem in a dense 1-sided
spike; calyx cylindrical, nearly smoeth, reticulated between the veins; petals nar-

row 2-paried.
Introduced and sparingly naturalized. July. Flowers white a beneath,
small.

8. 8. -nocrrrnora, L. Mightflowering Catchfly.
Viscid pubescent; stem erect, branching; lower leaves large and spatulate; UPPOr
ones linear-lanceolate, acuminate; calyx cylindrical ventriccse with long sub-ap-

pressed teeth.

Cultivated grounds. Introduced and naturalized. July. Stem tall, 1 to 3 feet
high. Flowers rather large, white or purplish, expanding only in the evening and
in cloudy weather, solitary in the forks, peduncled ; calyx round, inflated, the
_ alternate veins veinleted. Petals rather large 2-parted.

9. §S. Armerta, L. Sweet-Wilham Caichfly.

Smooth, glaucous: sfem brancking glutinous below each joint; leaves ovate
lanceolate ; flowers in corymbose cymes; petals ob-cordate, crowned with the awl-

shaped scales. ,
Escaped from gardens. Nativeof Europe. J uly—Sept. A popular garden flower.

Stem 1 to 144 feet high. Flowers numerous crimson and bo Calyx elongated

elub-shaped. ae"

~SAPONARTIA. Linn. Soapwort.

Lat. sapo, soap; the mucilaginous juice has been used as a substitute for soap.

CaLyx tubular, 2 to 5, toothed, naked at base. Prats
unguiculate, claws equalling the calyx. STaAMENS 10. STYLES
2. Capsutn oblong, 1-celled, 4-toothed at the apex.—
F lowers cymose clustered. Petals sometimes crowned.

Se. Or «+

CARYOPHYLLACEE. 49

4. 8. orricinatis, L. Common Soapwort.
‘Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rikbed, acute or obtuse; flowers large, in a fasciculated
panicle; calyx cylindrical, slightly downy; peta’s crowned.

Naturalized in waste places. July—Sept. A stout plant, 1 to 2 feet high, with
’ large flesh-color, purple or pink flowers; mostly double. Native of Europe.

2. §. VaccariA, L. ~ Cow-herb. Fly-trap.
Stem 1 to 2 fect hich. Leaves smocta, ovate-lanceolate, partly clasping. Flowers
in paniculate cymes. Calyx pyramidal, 5-angled,smooth. eéals not crowned, pale-
red. Capsule 4-toothed. Seeds globose, black. Introduced from Europe,

.

CULTIVATED EAOTICS,

8. DIANTHUS. Linn. Pink.

Gr. Dios anthos, the fower of Jove; alludinz to its pre-cminent beauty and fragrance.
3 S p t=}

Catyx tubular, 5-toothed, with 2 to 4 opposite imbricate
scales at base. PETALS 5, with long claws. Stamens 10.

STYLES 2, tapering, with tapering 1 revolute stigmas. Cap-

SULE cylindrical, 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex. SxEps ho-
rizontal.. KmMBryo bare aly eurved.— Ornamental planis, of
well-known beauty and value in cultivation, with very showy
and fragrant flowers.

1. D. Barsatrss. Sweet William. 3 Z
Leaves lanceolate; flowers aggrezate fascicled ; scales cf the extyx ovate-subulate,
as long as the tube. An ornamental garden flower of the easiest culture. Stem
10 to 15 inches high. Leaves 3 to5 inches long, 14 to 1 inch wide, narrowed to the
elasping base. Flowers in fastigiate cymes, red or whitish, often variegated. May
—July. Perennial.

2. D_Curxensis. China Pink.

Stem branched; leaves lincar-lanceolate; fowers solitary; scales linear-leafy,
spreading as long as the tube. Native of China. A beautiful species, easily distin-
guished by its leafy, spreading cseales, and its large tcothed or crenate petals. The
ground color of the fowers vary from white to deep red, but the manner in .
these are combined is most wonderful, variegated and striped, sometimes with blac
or deep velvety crimson, almost exceeds any attempts at imitation.— Biennial.

38. %D. rptumarivs. Fheasant's- Eye. Single Pink.

Glaucous; sfem 2 to 3 flowered; flowers solitary; calya-teeth obt use; scales ovate,
very acute; leaves linear, rough at the edge: petals many-cleft, hairy at the throat.
Native of Europe. Perennial. From this spécies, probably, originated those beau-
tiful pinks called “Pheasant’s-Eye,” of which there are over 200 varieties in cultiva-
tion i in Europe. Ficwers white and purple. June—Aug. =

4, D. surrrsces. Superb Pink. :

Leaves linear-subulate; flowers fastigiate; scazes short, ovate, mucronate; cgi Is
gashed in a pinnate manner. Native of Europe. Perennial. A singularly bean-
tifal and highly fragrant species. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching and spread-

ing, with many flowers. Petals whi ite, and gashed beyond the middle, and hairy at
the mouth, J eee

~

+

50 CARYOPHYLLACER.

5. D. coryorpnrziius. Carnation Pink. :

Leaves linear-subulate channeled, glaucous; flowers solitary; scales very shart, ,
ovate; petals very broad, beardless, crenate. Stem 1to 214 feet high, branched.
Flowers white and crimson. This'species is supposed to be the parent of all the
splendid varieties of the carnation, known as the Bizarres, Picotees, Flakes, &.»
over 400 are now enumerated by florists. July—Aug. Per.

4. LYCHNIS. Tourn.
Gr. luknos, a lamp; some cottony species, having been used as lampwicks.

CaLyx tubular, naked at the base, 5-toothed. Prrats 5
unguiculate, limb slightly cleft. Stamens 10. Pusrius 5.
CapsuLE 1-celled or half 5-celled, scarcely stalked, opening
at the top by 5 or 10 teeth. Emaryo coiled in a ring.—
Corolla sometimes crowned.

1. L. Giraaco, Lam. Corn Cockle.
Hairy; stem dichotomous; pedicels elongated; leaves linear; calyx longer than
the corolla; petals entire not crowned. |

Grain fields. Introduced. June and July. Annual. A well known pale-green,
handsome weed. Stem 18 to 30 inches high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, 14 tol4
inch wide. Flowers large, dull purple, on long naked stalks. Seeds roundish

angular, purplish-black. a

2. L. Caaucepontca. Scarlet Lychnis.

Smoothish ; flowers fasciculated; calyx cylindrical, clavate, ribbed ; petals 2-lobed.
Per. A fine garden flower, native of Russia. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, with dark-
green, ovate-lanceolate leaves, and large dense, terminal, convex faseicles of deep .
scarlet flowers. There are some varieties with white flowers, and double. June
and July.

3. L. cononarra, DC. Mullein Pink. Rose Can:pion.

Villose; stem dichotomous; peduncles long, 1-flowered; calyx companwilate, veined.
‘A popular perennial garden flower, native of Italy. Whole plant covered with
dense wool. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers large, purple. There are varieties
with white, red, and double flowers.

4, L. Fuoscucuta. Ragged Robbin.

Stem ascending, dichotomous at summit; flowers fascicled; calyx companulate,
10-ribbed; petals in 4 deep linear segments. Native of Europe. A handsome per-
ennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, rough angled, viscid, above. Leaves lanceolate,

smooth. lowers pink, very beautiful, generally very double, with a brown
angular smooth calyx. June—Aug.

‘*

Sus-orpER II. ALSINEA. Tue Caickwenp-Famity.

SEPALS distinct or nearly so. PrTAus without claws in-
serted at the base of the sessile ovary ; stamens inserted on
the margin of the disk, which often coheres with the calyx 5
opposite the sepals when not more numerous than they.—
Low herbs without stipules. .

: - GARYOPHYLLACES. . 61

5. STHLLARIA. Linn. STITCHWEED.
Lat. stella, a star; from the stellate or star-like flowers. s

Catyx of 5 sepals, connected at base. Prtans 5, 2-part-
ed. Sramens 10, or by abortion 8 to8. STYLEs 3, some-
times 4. CAPSULE superior 1-celled, 3 to 4 valved; valves
2-parted, membranaceous. SEEDS usually numerous.— Small
grass-like herbs, in moist, shady places. -Flowers white, in
Jorked cymes.

1. §S. mepra, Smith. Common Chickweed.
Stem procumbent, spreading, with an alternate, lateral, hairy line; leaves very
emooth, ovate or lanceolate, the lower on hairy petioles; petals 2-parted, shorter
than the calyx; stamens 3 to 10. Annual or biennial.

Roadsides, fields, and around dwellings. March—November. Stems prostrate,
branched, brittle, round jointed, and leafy. Fedwncles axillary and terminal, hairy
deflexed in fruit. Flowers small, white. Introduced.

2. §. puspera, Michx. Oval-leaved Stitchwort.

Pubescent; stem decumbent, spreading, marked with 2 opposite hairy lines; leaves
vall sessile, ovate-obleng, acute, ciliate; pedicels filiform, forked; petals deeply 2-
_ cleft, longer than the calyx. Per.

Shaded rocky places; rare. Apriland May. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, diffuse
and forked. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 44 as wide. Flowers large, axillary and
terminal, on thread-like pedicels with 10 stamens, and 3 styles, deeply bifid.

3. §. tonetroria, Muhl. Long-leaved Stitchwort.

Smooth; stem erect, branching above, weak, square; leaves linear, acutish at
both ends, spreading ; cymesnaked and at length lateral, peduncled, many-flowered,
the slender pedicels spreading; petals 2-parted, becoming longer than the calyx;
calyx 3-nerved.

Grassy places; common. June. Per. Stem 8 to 15 inches high, ‘often with
rough angles. lowers white. Stamens 8 to 10.

4. §. BorEALIS, Bigl. Northern Stitchwort.

Stem spreading, angular, 2-forked; leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved; getals
shorter than the calyx, or sometimes wanting; styles generally 4, capsule ovate-
biong, much longer than the calyx; seeds smooth.

Shaded swamps. June—Aug. Annual. A spreading flaccid plant with stems
4to liincheslong. Cymes diffuse, both terminal and axillary. Leaves slighily
connate. Jcfals white, deeply cleft.

5. 8. aquatica, Pollich. Water Stitchwort.

Nearly smooth ; stem decumbent; leaves oblong acute, veined; sepals lanceolate,
very acute, 3-veined: petals 2-cleft, as long as the calyx; styles 3; capsule-ovoid as
long as the ‘calyx. Per.

Swampy springs. May. Stan 6to 12 inches long, weak, decumbent, prolonged,

bearing the naked few-flowered sessile cymes lateral. lowers white, incon-
spicuous. -

6. CHRASTIUM. Linn. CHICKWEED.

Gr. keras, a horn; in allusion to the ferm of the capsule. aul

CaLyx 5 (rarely 4) sepalled. PETALS 9, bifid or emar-

*

52 CARYOPHYLLACEA,

ginate. SrameEns 10, sometimes 4 or 6, the alternate ones
short. Stynies 5. Capsu LE superior, cylindrical or oblong,
opening at the apex by 10 teeth, many-seeded.—F lowers
white in terminal cymes.

* Petals about as long as the calyx; pods long and curved.
1. ©. vunteatum, L. Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Hairy, pale green, seldom clammy, in tufts; leaves ovate or obovate, obtuse:
flowers in sub-capitate clusters; sepals lanceolate, acute, in fruit as long as the
peduncles; petals oblong, emarginate, scarcely longer than the calyx. Annual.

Waste places, fields and hills. May—Aug. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, sub-érect.:
Flowers white, the petals appearing in 10 segments. Capsule oblong, tapering,
- twice as long as the calyx, Introduced from Europe.

2. C. viscosum, L. Clammy Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Hairy viscid, spreading, deep green; stems numerous, erect; leaves lanceolate-
oblong, rather acute; flowers in loose cymes; sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse, in point
shorter than the peduncles; petals oblong, emarginate, scarcely larger than the
calyx. Biennial.

Fields and waste grounds. May—Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves 4% to

34 inches long, 14 as broad; root leaves somewhat spatulate. Flowers white.
Probably introduced. |

>

** Petals much longer than the calyx.
3. C. NUTANS, Raf. Nodding Chickweed. -

Viscid and pubescent; stem erect, slender grooved, diffusely branched; leaveg
lance-linear, elongated, distant; panicle much clongated, divaricate, many-flowered,
with long filiform pedicels; petals oblong, bifid, at the tip, twice as long as the
calyx; capsule nodding on the stalks, curved upwards, 3 times as long as the calyx.

Moist places. June. Annual. Stem 8 to 20 inches high, branched from the
base. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long 14 as wide. Flowers white, terminal, in a loose
dichotomous panicle. Whole plant pale-green.

4. C. OBLONGIFOLIUM, Tourn. Oblong-leaved Chickweed.

Stem ascending, villous, many-flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate, mostly
obtuse ; peduncles elammy-hairy ; petals obovate, 2-cleft, twice as long as the oblong
obtuse sepals; capsule twice as long as the calyx. : Ot 4

Rocky places. May, June. Per. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, stout. Leaves 3% to
1 inch long, 4 as wide, tapering from base to an acute or obtuse apex. Flowers
larger than either of the foregoing, white, 7 to 15 in a 2 or 3-forked cyme.

5. ©. arvense, L. SMield Chickweed.

Stem ascending or erect, tufted, downy, slender, naked and few-flowered; leaves
linear-lanceolate, obtuse, the lowest spatulate, more or less hairy; peduncles elon-
gated; petals more than twice the length of the calyx; capsule oblong, searcely
longer than the calyx. .

Dry or rocky places, May, June. Perennial. Stem 4 to 8 inches high. Ledves
34 to 114 inches long, very narrow. Flowers white, rather large, 2 to 3 on termi-
nal pedicels, Petals deeply cleft.

7. ARENARIA. Linn. Sanp Wort.

Lat. arena, sand; in which the species mostly grow.

* )
Smpaus 5, rarely 4. Pxrats 5, entire. SrameEns 10,

n . ase - eS ae om ee nee
CARYOPHYLLACER. 53

cA SER eRe AE FE Ne REY Sa a ARSE cE EE RRS

or fewer by abortion. Sryxexs 3, opposite the outer sepals.
Capsute 3-valved, 1-celled, many-seeded, dividing from
above.—F lowers terminal, solitary or cymose, perfect, white.

1. <A. stricta, Michx. Upright Sandwort. —

Erect, or spreading from a small root, smooth; leaves subulate-linear, with many
others clustered in the axils; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sepals ovate,
very acute, 3-ribbed, 14 as long as the petals; capstilz. ovate.

Rocks and dry banks. May,June. Stems 8 to 10 inches high. Leaves )4 to 34
inches long, very narrow and acute. Flowers white. Per.

2. A. sERPYLLIFOLIA, L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort.

Roughish, diffusely branched; leaves ovate, acute, sessile, subcilliate; sepals
hairy, lanceolate, pointed, 3 to 5-nerved, longer than the oval petals; capsule ovate,
G-toothed equalling the calyx. *

Sandy fields. May—Aug. Annua@® Stems numerous, downy, with refiexed

hairs, 3 to Sinches high. Flowers white, on terminal and axUlary pedunciee.
Latrodueed.

3. <A. LATERIFLORA, L. Side-flowering Sandwort.

Erect, sparingly branched, minutely pubescent; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse;
petals twice as long as the sepals.

Shady gravelly banks and woods; notcommon. June. Per. A slender upright
species. Slem 5 to10 inches high. Leaves 44 to1 inch long, 34 as wide, on very
short peteoles. Peduncies terminal and lateral, 2 (rarely 3 to 4) flowered, one of
the pedicels with 2 bractioles, near the middle. Flowzrs white, 14 inch broad.
Oapsule ovoid, obtuse; valves 2-cleft. Mxhringia of Beck and Torrey.

8. SAGINA. Linn. PEARLWORT.

‘Lat. sagina, food or nourishment, which fattens.

Spars 4 to 5, united at base. PrEtats 4 to 5, undivided
often indistinct or none. StaMENs 4 tol0. Sryues 4 to
5, alternate with the sepals. Capsu.e 4 to 5-valved, 1-celled,
many-seeded.— Small matted herbs, with thread-like or auwl-
shaped leaves and minute solitary flowers.

1. §. procumBens, L. Procumbent Pearlwort.

Stem procumbent, smooth, branched ; feaves linear-mucronste; petals mueh
shorter than the calyx.

Borders of springs and streams. May—July. Perennial. Stems 2 to 4 inches
high, diffuse and rooting at the lower joints. Leaves thread-form narrowly linear;

lower ones connate. Peduncles solitary, longer than the leaves. Flowers small,
white and greenish. Stamens4to5. Petals shorter than the calyx.

2. §. APETALA, L. Annual Pearlwort.

Stems erect, or procumbent only at base, slightly pubescent; leares eubulate ;
Flowers alternate.

Sandy fields. May, June. Annual. Stems: numerous, filiform, 2 to 4 inches

high. Leaves almost bristleform. Pedicels elongated, ascending. &
stamens 4. Petals 4, very minute or none. roc Ec Spel aud

9 MOLLUGO. Linn. InprANn Catcxwenp.
Surat 5, pe at base. Peratsnone. StTaMENs 8 to

_
> -

aM;

54. 7 ~ CARYOPHYLLACER,

D0, sometimes 10. SryxnEs 3, short. Carsuie 8-valved,
3-celled, the partitions breaking away from the many-seeded
axis,— Low homely annuals, with apparently verticillate leaves,
and small white solitary flowers. : :

_M. verticrntata, L. Carpet-weed.
Stems prostrate, dichotomous; leaves cuneaform or spatulate; pedicels 1-flowered,
subumbellate. :
Cultivated grounds, pavemenis, &c.; common. June—Sept. <A small prostrate,
- annual. Siems4to 12 inches long, spreading in all directions. At every joint

stands a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves of unequal size, usually 9 in
number. lowers few, solitary, on short slender stalks, email, white. !

Susp-opnpDeR Til. ILLECHBREZ. KNot-wort FAMILY.

Small weeds differing from ®Wisineze only in having scab-
rous stipules, fiowers with inconspicuous petals, the upper-
most leaves rarely alternate, and the 1-celled pods sometimes
l-seeded. | : 3

i 10. ANYCHIA. Michx.

Gr. onus, the finger nails; a supposed remedy for the whitlow.

Sepats 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the
back, greenish. Purraus none. StaMeEns’2 to 8, rarely 5.
SryLes 2, very short. Utricue 1-seeded, enclosed in the
sepals.— Small annual herbs, with many times forked branches,
stipulate leaves, and minute white flowers.

A. picHotoma, Michx. Forked Chickweed. :

Stem erect or spreading, dichotomously branched; leaves varying from lanceo-
‘late to elliptical, somewhat petioled ; flowers solitary, terminal and axillary.

Dry soils. July, Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, round, slender, pubescent

above with forked filiform branches. Zeaves small, those of the stem opposite, the
branches alternate. Flowers very minute, in the forks of the stem greenish. A

variable plant.

1i, SPERGULA. Linn. Spurrey.
Lat. spergo, to scatter; from the dispersion of the seeds.

Sepaus 5, nearly distinct. Prraus 5, large, entire. Sta-
mENS5 +010. Srytus 5. CapsuLEs ovate, 5-celled, 5-valved,
the valves opposite the sepals—Annual herbs, with narrow
stipulate leaves in whorls, and cymose whate flowers,

1. §, arvensis, L. Corn Spurrey. a
_ Leaves awl-shaped-linear, numerous in the whorls, with minute interposed sti-
pules, often clustered in the axils; flowers in a compound cyme, slender, ey
Grain-fields, and sandy places. June—Aug. Introduced, Stem 8 to 12 inehes
high, swelling at the joints. Leaves narrcw. Cyme forked, the terminal (centra})

-

PORTULACACEE. | 5

peduncles bending down-as the fruit ripens. etals re longer than the calyx.”
Capsule twice as long. eoes numerous with a narrow margin.

12. SPERGULARIA. Persoon. )

SEPALS 5. PETALS d,entire. STaMuensZtol0. Sryizs
and valves of the many-seeded capsule 38, or if 5 the valves
alternate with the sepals.—Low herds, with fleshy opposite
leaves, scaly membre NOUS stip ules, and small red or rose colored
flowers.

S. Rupra, Pers. Common Sandwort.

_ Stem prostrate, pilose much branched; leaves narrow, linear, or filiform, some
what fleshy, shorter than the interncdes; sepals lanceolate, somewhat obtuse,
searious on the margin; sceds compressed, roughish, not margined.

Sandy fields, near brackish water. June—Sept. Annual. tems 3 to 10 inches
long, at first erect at length diffuse, smooth or pubescent. Leaves variable in

length and form. Flowers small, red, axillary and solitary, in terminal leafy
eymes or racemes. A very variable plant. Arenaria rubra of Linn,

i Sup-ornper IV. es ee

Small diffusely branched plants, with opposite leaves,
without stipules and small flowers. Sepals-united into an
indurated tube surrounding the utricle; the stamens inserted
at the throat.

18. SCLERANTHUS. Linn. Kwawen.

Gr. sklevos, hard, and anthes, flower, from the hardened calyx tube.

SEPALS 5 united below in an indurated cup, inclosing the
1-seeded utricle. PeTALs none. STAMENS 5 orl0. STyYLEs
2 distinct.—Homely and inconspicuous little weeds, with ob-
scure greenish clustered flowers.

S. annuus, L. Annual Knawel.
‘Depressed tufted. Stems spreading, slightly pubescent; leaves awl-shaped, some-
what united at the bast; flowers nearly sessile; stamens 10; calyx of the fruit

“spreading, acute.

Waste places and sandy fields, introduced. July. Annual. Stems numerous,
much branched in a dichotomous manner, forming tufts, 3 to 6 inches in diameter.

_ Flowers very small, green in axillary leafy clusters.

a)

Orpen 21. PORTULACACER.

Succulent or fleshy herbs, with alternate or opposite entire leaves; destitute of : proper
sian and usually ephemeral flowers. Calyx mostly of 2 sepals. CoROLLA of &
‘petals. SramEns 8 to 20. Srytzs 3 to 6 united below, stigmatic along the inner
side. CapsuLEl-celled. Sxzxps attached to a central placenta; albwmen mealy,

56 PORTULACER:

1. PORTULACA. Tourn, Purstane.

SEPALS united to the ovary below, 2-parted. Stamens 8
to 20. StyLe mostly 5scleft. CapsuLe globular, many-
seeded, opening transversely, the upper part (with the upper
part of the calyx) separating like a lid—Low herbaceous
fleshy annuals, with scattered leaves, and some species with
showy brilliant flowers expanding only in sunshine.

1. P. overaces, L. Common Purslane.

Leaves wedge-form, obtuse, fleshy, smooth; azils geniculated, naked; flowers
sessile; stamens 10 to 12.

Gardens, and cultivated grounds; common. May—Aug. Siem fleshy, much
branched and spreading, smooth. JZeaves and stems of a reddish-green color.
Flowers in clusters, axillary and terminal, small, pale-yellow. Introduced.

2. BP. prnosa, Scarlet-flowered Purslane.

Stems ascending, much branched ; branches sub-erect, enlarged upwards; leaves
linear, obtuse, the axils villose with long woolly hairs; flewe7s terminal, sessile, 1
or few together, surrounded by an irregular circle of leaves and dense tufts of
wool; petals obovate; stamens about 15. A very delicate popular garden plant
with showy crimson and scarlet flowers, 114 inches in diameter. Native of 8.
Africa.

2. CLAYTONIA. L.. Sprine-BEaury.

In honor of John Clayton, a botanist of Virginia.

SEPALS 2, ovate or roundish, persistent. PETALS 5 emar-
ginate or obtuse. STAMeENs 5, inserted on the claws of the
petals. Sryue 38-cleft. CaprsurE f-celled, 3-valved, 2 to
5-seeded.— Our species are small, fleshy, delicate perennials,
sending up simple stems, in early spring, with a patr of
opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty flowers.

1. ©. Virernica, L. Virginian Spring-beauty.
Leaves mostly 2, linear, or lance-linear, elongated and attenuated into a petiole
below ; raceme simple, loose, at length elongated; peduncle slender, nodding; petals
obovate, mostly emarginate or retuse.

~Low moist grounds. March—May. Tubercle as large as a hazle-nut, deep in the

| ghee Scape 6 to 8 inches long, weak with a pair of opposite narrow leaves, 3 to
inches long. Flowers 6 to 10 rose-colored, with deeper colored veins.

2. (©. Caronintana, Michx. Spring-beauty.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, somewhat spatulate, or abruptly decurrent into
@ petiole; peduncles slender, nodding; sepals and petals very obtuse.

Woods and rocky hills; common. April,May. Root a compressed tuber-
ele, buried at a depth into the ground, equal to the height of the plant. Root-
leaves very few, if any, spatulate. Stem weak, 4 to 8 inches high, with a pair of
opposite leaves half-way up. Flowers ina terminal cluster, white with a slight
tinge of red and beautifully pencilled with purple lines. ;

MALVACE®. 57

ae TA LENUM = Adana:

Srpats 2, ovate, concave, deciduous. Pzrrans 5, sessile.
STAMENS 10 to 30, inserted with the petals into the torus.
Sryte filiform, 3- cleft at the apex. CAPSULE sub-globose,
8-celled at the base, when young, 3-valved, many-seeded.—=

leshy perennials.

Rt. TERETIFOLIUM, Pursh. Cylindrical-leaved Talinum.

Stem simple or branched, short and thick; leaves subulate; crowded at the summit
ef the stem, on-short branches; peduncles long and naked; jflcwers in a dichote
mous cyme.

Rocks, Chester county. Dr. Darlingion! June—Aug. Roots afew coarse fibres
from the base of a short thick firm but somewhat fleshy perennial stem. Branches
1 te 3 inches long. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, incurved, cylindrical, fleshy. Bracts
ovate-lanceolate, small. Peduncles 5 to 8 inches high. Flowers small, bright
purple, expanding only for a day.

OrverR 22. MALVACEHE#.— Mallow Family.

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves, and regular flowers, with numerous
stamens, monodelphous in a column. FLOWERS axillary, showy, often with an involu-
cel at the base. Spats generally 5, more or less united at the base, persistent.
PeTats 5, cohering by their short claws with the tube of filaments. STAMENS
indefinite, monodelphous: anthers 1-celled bursting transversely. PISTILS several,
with the ovaries united into a ring, or forming a several-celled capsule. SEEDS
with little albumen. Embryo curved.

J. MALVA. Linn. MALtow.
Gr. malake, soft;-on account of the soft mucilaginous properties.

Cauyx 6-cleft, with a 3-leayed involucel at the base, like
an outer calyx. CARPELS many, 1-celled, 1-seeded arranged
eircularly.— Flowers perfect.

ieee Ue AMERICANA, Muhl. American Mallow.

Leaves ovate, crenate; stipules oblong-linear; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered.

Southern part of the State. Annual. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, sparingly
branched, clothed with white hairs above. JZeaves hairy on the veins beneath,
nearly smooth above. Jetioles1inchlong. S#racteole bristly. Carpels hispid, in
a depressed, globular head. eials yellow, twice as long as the calyx. T. & G.

2. M. rotunpiFoiA, L. Low Mallow.

Stem prostrate; leaves roundish-cordate, obtusely 5 to 7-lobed, crenate, long
petioled; flowers axillary; corrola twice the length of the calyx, notched at the end.

Cultivated grounds; common. June—Oct. Per. Rootfusiform. Stems numer-
ous, a foot or more long. FPeduncles axillary, aggregate. Petals pale pink with
darker veins, deeply notched at the end. Fruit depressed, composed of the numer-
ous carpels arranged circularly. Extensively naturalized.

3}. al SYLVESTRIS, L. High Mallow.

| Stem erect branched, hairy; ‘Lddtes large roundish, with 5 to 7 somewhat acute

lobes; flowers axillary, 3 to 4 together; peduncles and petioles hairy ; petals « ob-eor
date, 3 ake as long as the calyx,

58 3 MALVACEZ.

Waste places, escaped. from gardens, sparingly ein tamstoae 3 Re, Per.
Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers reddish purple, with veins of a darker hue. ha ca
plant emollient and mucilaginous. Native of Europe. :

4. M. orispa, L. Curled or Ae Mallow.

‘Stem erect; leaves angular-lobed, dentate, crisped, smooth; flowers axillary, ses-
sile. Atall, straight, simple, erect plant from Syria. Gardens, almost naturalized.
Stem 5 to 6 feet high. Leaves large, roundish, margin abundantly eae and
curled. lowers small, inconspicuous, white. June, August.

). M. moscnata, L. Musk Mallow.

Stem erect; radical leaves reniform, incised; stem leaves many-parted, the seg-
ments linear; peduncles and calyx hairy. Native of Britain. Stems 2 feet high, -
branched. lowers large and handsome, rose-colored and white. The whole plant
emits a musk-like odor in fayorable weather. July. Perennial.

2. ALTHEA. Linn. HoxiyHock.

Gr. althea, to cure.

CaLyx 5-cleft surrounded at base by a 6 to 9 cleft inyo-
lucre. CARPELS many, l-seeded, indehiscent, arranged cireu-
larly around the axis. Pid

1. <A. orricinanis, L. Marsh Hollyhoch.

Stem erect; leaves ovate, or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 38-loBed,
clothed with velvety down; peduncles axillary, many-flowered, much shorter than
athe leaves.

A European plant, cultivated in gardens and in some places naturalized. Aug. —
Sept. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, erect, firm, very downy. Leaves alternate.
Fiowers large, axillary and terminal, pale purple. Medicinal.

2. A. RosEA, Cra. Hollyhock.

Stem erect, hairy; leaves cordate, 5 to 7 angled, rugose; flowers axillary, sessile,
Native of China. Annual and biennial. Flowers large, with numerous varieties
of single, double and semi-double flowers of various shades of coloring, as white,
crimson, dark red, purple, brownish-black, yellow, straw-color, &e; Cultivated in
gardens.

d. <A. rrorrotia, Cav. Lig- aiases Hollyhock.

Stems ercct,; hairy; leaves palmate, 7-lobed beyond the middle, lobes oblong,
obtuse, angularly toothed. Native of the Levant. Cultivated for ornament.
Flowers large, orange-colored.

3 - HIBISCUS. ‘Inn.

CALYX 5. clef t; or 5-toothed, surrounded by a many-leaved
involueel. ANTHER- -bearing ‘column prolonged, the apex
generally divided into 5 slender styles bearing the 5 globular
stigmas. CAPSULE 5-celled, 5 or many-seeded, opening into
9 valves which bear the partition on their middle.—Herbs or
shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers.

* MALVACE. 5S

1. H. Moscnervutos, L. Marsh Mibiscus.

Herbaceous, simple, erect; Tecaves ovate, pointed, toothed, the lower 3-lobed;
whitish-tomentose beneath, somewhat scabrous-pubescent above; peduncles and
petioles often united; calyx tomentose:

Borders of marshes, near Harrisburg. Aug. Per. Stem 3 to 6 feet hich, stout.
Leaves 4 to 6 by 3 to 4 inches, often with 2 lateral lobes. Flowers large, 5 inches
in diameter, pale rose-ptirple, or white with a crimson centre. Showy. _

2. H. miniraris, Willd. Halbert-leaved Hibiscus.

Smooth; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobed; wpper leaves halbert=
form, the short lateral lobes approaching at the base, the middle one prolonged and
acuminate; peduncles slender ; Sruiting calyx inflated; seeds hairy.

River banks. Aug. Per. Stem 3to4feet high. Flowers pale rose-colored, with
@ purplish centre 3 to 4 inches in diameter.

Cultivated for ornament.

&o. H. Syrracus. Syrian Hibiscus.

Leaves cuneaform, ovate, 2-lobed, dentate; pedicels scarcely longer than the peti.
oles; involucel about 8-leaved. A beautiful, hardy, free-flowering shrub from Syria,
5 to 10 feet high. Flowe7s in the different varieties purple, red, white and striped,
both single and double. July. Sometimes erroneously called “ Rose of Sharon.”

4. H. trionum. Flower-of an hour.

Somewhat hairy; upper leaves deeply 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the mid-
dle one much the longest; lower leaves undivided, dentate ;"calyx inflated, membra.
naceous, with bristly ribs, 5-winged at the summit; seeds rough. Annual. Native
of Italy. Stem 1 to 2 feet hich. Flowers numerous but soon withering. Vetals of
a rich chlorine yellow, the base deep brown, one variety has flowers 2 inches in
ciameter, continuing expanded nearly all day. °

5. H. cocctneus, Walt. Scarlet Hibiscus.

Very smooth; leaves palmate, 5-parted; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, remotely
serrate alone; corolla expanding; capsule ovoid, smooth. A splendid flower, native
of Georgia, sometimes cultivatedin our gardens. Root perennial. Stem herbaceous,
Sto9feethigh. Flowers of a bright carmine red. Fetals slender at the base, 4 to
5 inches long. Column still longer, slender and terete. July—Oct.

6. - Bi: “Mantnor, L. Hand-leaved. Aibiscus.

Leaves paimately divided into 5 to 7 broad-linear, acuminate, scarcely dentate
lobes; peduncles and involucel hispid; involucel bracts 5 to 7, ovate or lanceolate,
acutish, persistent, entire; calyx split on one side; capsule densely hirsute, acumi-
nate. Native ofthe Western States. A beautiful perennial plant, 3 to 5 feet high.
Leaves cordate, the lobes 5 to 10 inches long, 44 to 114 wide, separated to near the
base, about as long as the petioles; teeth largest near the summit. Flowers sulpher-
yellow, purple in the centre. Petals 2to 4 inches long. July, Aug. Per.

4. ABUTILON. Tourn. Inp1an MALLow.

|

CALYX 5-cleft, without an involucel, often angular.
STYLES 5 to 15. Carpets 5 to 15 arranged circularly, co-
herentyspreading at the summit, where each splits open along
the inner edge. SxEEDs about 3 in each carpel.— Flowers in
the axils of the heart-shaped leaves, ,

60 TILIACES.

1. <A. AVICENNA, Gertn. Indian Mallow. Velvet Leaf.

Leaves roundish-heart-shaped, acuminate, dentate, velvety-tomentose; pedun-"

eles shorter than the leaf-stalks, solitary ; carpels about 15, 3-seeded, beaked, the
beaks splitting in two.

Waste grounds. Introduced from India; tamed Annual. J uly, August.
Stem 3 to 5 feet high, with spreading branches. Flowers in the axils of the leaves,
orange-yellow, near 1 inch in diameter. .

5. SIDA. Linn.

Catyx 5-cleft, without an involucel. Sryzrus 5 or more,
the ripe fruit separating into as many 1-seeded carpels, each
splitting open at the top, arranged circularly.

1. Flowers perfect. Stigmas terminal, minutely capitate.

1. §S. spinosa, L. Prickly Sida.

Stem rigid, branched from the base, minutely pubescent; lerwes ovate lanceolate,
toothed, with the tubercles at the base spiny; pedicels axillary, solitary, shorter
than the stipules and petioles; frwit separating into five 2-beaked carpels, opening
between the beaks. .

Waste places, roadsides; common. July and August. Annual. Plant bushy,

1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 1 ‘inch long and v, as wide, mostly obtuse at caee end.
Peituls obovate, yellow, of short dur ‘ation.

2. 8. Nap@ma, Willd. Smooth Sida.

~ Stem slender, smooth; leaves palmately 5-lobed, smooth; lebes oblong-linear, acu-
minate, coarsely toothed ; carpels 10, acuminate, awnles

Shaded rocky places; rare. July. Per.- Stenrs angular, to 5 foothigh Leaves
on short petioles, cordate; lobes.2 to 4 nches long, % to 34 wide. Floral leaves
much smaller. Peduncles axillary and terminal, long and slender, somewhat
leafy, the divisions somewhat 4flowered. Flowers nearly 4 inch in diameter.
Petals white, twice as long as the calyx.

2. Napa.’ Clayton. Flowers dioecious: styles stigmatic along the inside.

3. 8. prorca, Willd. Diecious Sida.

Leaves palmately 7 to 9 lobed; lodes lanceolate, incisely toothed; peduncles many-
flowered, bracteate, sub-corymbed; staminate flowers entirely destitute of pistils ;
the fertile with a short column of filaments but no anthers; carpels 8 to f6, point-.
less in a roundish depressed head.

Stony grounds; not common. Juiy—Sept. Per. A tall and rouzhish herb, 4
to 5 feet high, with very large 7 to 9-parted lower leaves, with the pointed lobas

pinnatifid cut and toothed, and small white flowers in penile? clustered co-
rymbs.

Ornvrr 23. TILIACEH.—Linden Family.

Trees or shrubs, with simple, stipulate, alternate leaves and axillary flowers, usually
perfect. Srpats 4 to 5, deciduous, valvate. Prrats 4 to 5, entire, hypogynous,
‘rarely wanting, imbricated in the bud. STaMENS numerous, usually polydelphous;
ANTHERS 2 balled Disk often with 4 to 5 glands at the base of the petals. Ovary

of 2 to 10 united carpels; stytes 1; sTIGMAS as many as the carpels. FRUIT capstr
lar, 2 to 5 celled; serps solitary or numerous, with fleshy albumen, ae ES

LINACE. _ ; 61

1.. TILIA. Linn. — LINDEN.

Szpats 5. Prrats 5, spatulate-oblong. STAMENS nu-
merous; ji/aments cohering in 5 clusters with each other, or
free. PisTiu with a 5-celled ovary, and 2 half-anatropous
» ovules in each, a single style, and a 5-toothed stigma. FRUIT.
a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1-celied and 1 to 2
seeded.—ine trees with heart-shaped leaves and. small cymes
of flowers, hanging on an axillary peduncle which is united
to a leaf-like bract.

1. T. Americana, L. Basswood.

Leaves deeply cordate, abruptly acuminate, acutely serrate, coriaceous, smooth}
Jlowgrs in cymes; petals truncate at the apex, crenate; style as long as the petals;
Fruit ovate, somewhat ribbed.

Rich woods. June. A fine tree from 60 to 70 feet high, the trunk straight and
naked more than half this height, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter.” Leaves 4 to 5 by 3
to 4 inches; those of the young shoots often more than twice this dimension.
Bracts yellowish, linear-oblong. lowers yellowish-white, honey-bearing, fragrant.
The wood is white and soft, and much used by cabinet and coach makers.

2. T. uaxirtora, Michx. Loose-flowered Linden.

Leaves cordate, gradually acuminate, serrate, membranaceous, smooth ; flowers
in loose panicles; petals emarginate; styles longer than the petals ; fruit globose.

Near the sea coast. May. Shrubby orarboreous. A very distinct species, though
generally confounded with the former. Pursh. Bech.

3. T. auBa, Michx. White Linden. : 2

Leaves ebliquely-cordate, abruptly acuminate, whitish and thinly pubescent
beneath, with veins of the same hue, smooth and bright green above, acuminately
perrate; petals cmarginate; scales spatulate ; styles nearly smooth.

Woods and mountains. June. Trunk 30—40 feet high, 1 to 114 feet in diame-
ter; branches with a smooth silvery bark. Zeaves 3 to 5 often 8 inches in diameter,

‘slightly oblique, and with reddish hairsin the axilsof the veins beneath. Flowers
larger and whiter than in the other species.

4. T. Europra, L. LHuropean Linden.

A common ornamental tree, which is planted along the streets of our cities, is
easily distinguished from our native species by the absence of the petal-like scales
among the stamens.

Orprr 24. LINACEE.

Herbs with regular hypogynous flowers, tetramerous and pentamerous throughout,
strongly imbricated calyz and convolute petals. SEPALS 8 to 5, persistent. PETALS ag
many as the sepals, unguiculate. STaAMENS as many as the petals, and altcrnaie
‘~ with them at the base into a hypogynous ring, which is often toothed. Ovary of

@s many cells as sepals and styles; stigma capitate. SzEEDs solitary in each cell,
coInpressed, suspended.

I. LINUM. Linn. Fax.
SEPALS, PETALS, STAMENS, and sTYLES 5. CAPSULE of 6

62 ~ " G@ERANIACEZ.

united carpels and only 5 celled, with 2 seeds hanging from
the summit of each; but each cell is incompletely or com-
pletely divided into two by a false partition which projects
from the back of the carpels, thus becoming 10-celled.
SEEDS ovate compressed, mucilaginous.— Herbs with a fibrous
bark, simple and sessile entire leaves, alternate or often oppo-
stte, without stipules, and terminal corymbose or panicled
flowers. | | -
1. LL. Virernranum, L. Wild Flax.

Radical leaves ovate and spatulate; those of the stem linear-lanceolate, alternate;
flowers emall, scattered on the corymkose or panicled branches, ou very short pe-
duncles, tnrned to one side; sevals ovate, pointed, smooth.

Woods and fields. June, Auy. Biennial or par. Siem 1 to 2 feet high, slenger,
smooth, leafy, terete. Leaves 34 inch long, 14 wide, with 1 distinct vein. Flowers
4 to 6 lines in diameter, yellow, on short pedicels. Sepals 1-veined.

Wariety difusur. Wools. Sicm angular, diffusely branched; branches and Ian-
esolate leaves spreading; jflowzrs very small, yellow. Wet places, along ditches.
Quite different in habit.

2. L. usiratissimuM, L. Common Flax.

Stem branching above; leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, acute; panicle corym-
bose; sepals ovate, acute, S-veined at the base; petals crenate; capsule roundish,
acuminate.

Cultivated and somewhat naturalized about fields. June, July. Annual. Siem
1 to2 fect high. Zeaves distinct 3-veined. Filowezrslarge, purplish-blue. A useful
plant, from the strong fibres of the bark linen is manufactured, and the seeds yield
Rasced otl, so extensively used in mixing paint, printer’s ink, &. _

Orpen 25. GERANIACEE,— Crane’s-bill Family.

Plants with mostly regular, hypogynous, pentamzrous flowers, imbricated sepals,
and convoluie petals. Leavis opposite (at lca:t the lowcr ones), mostly stipulate,
petiolate, palmately-veined. FLowErson peduncles, terminal or opposite the leaves,
sometimes axillary. Sepaus 5, persistent, veined, one sometimes saccate or spurred
at base. Putas 5, unguiculate, hypozynous or perigynous. STAMENS usually.
monode!phous, hypogynous, 2 or 3 times as many as the petals. Froir formed of
earpels cohering around the axis, having a membranaczous pericarp and termina-
ted by-an indurated style, which finally curves upwacd carrying the pericarp with
it. Szeps solitary, without albumen.

1. GERANIUM. Linn. CRraANE’s-BILL.

Gr. geranos, acrane; the beaked fruit resembling a crane’s bill.

Srpats and peras 5, regular. Stamens 10, all fertile,
the alternate ones longer, and with nectariferous scales at the
base. CARPELS with long awns, at length seperating clas-
tically from the summit to the base; awns smooth internal-
ly.—Herbaceous plants, rarely shrubby at base. Peduncles

1,2 or 3 flowered.

= 4 = ori — Pen s 2 ea A = et a Ee ‘, cists 3 : is oe : =

OXALIDACE. oo 63

~

1. G. macutatum, L. Spottéd-Geranium. Crane's bill.

Stem somewhat angular, erect, dichotomous, setosely pubescent; leaves 3 to

5-parted; lobes wedge-shaped and entire at base, incisely serrate above; radical

_ leaves on long petioles, upper opposite, on short petioles; sezals mucronately awned;
petals entire. : 4

Open woods; common. May, June. Per. Stem 10 to 20 mches high. Leaves 2
to 3 inches in diameter, cleft 34 way down, 2 at each fork. Flowers mostiy in
pairs on unequal pedicels, large, purple. - Hoot powerfully astringent. Medicinal.

9. G. pusittum, L. WSmall-flowered Geranium.
Stems procumbent, slender, minutely pubescent; “aves rounded, kidney-form,
5 to 7-parted, the divisions mostly 3-cleft; peduncles skort, 2-flowered ; sepals awe
less, about as long as the emarginate calyx.

Sandy soils. May—July. Stems1 foot long, much branching, covered with short
deflected hairs. Leaves opposite, divided almost to the base. Peduncles axillary,
forked, bearing 2 purplish-red ficwers, much smaller than the preceding. Intro
duced. Annual,

8. G. CarnoziniANuM, L. Carolina Crane’s bill.

Siem diffusely branched; leaves deeply 5-parted; lobes incisely toothed 3 to 5-cleft;
peduncles crowded towards the top; petals notched, as long as the calyx; carpels
hairy. ;

Fields and hills. May—July. Stems pubescent, diffuse, 8 to 15 inches long,

swelling at the joints. Leaves 34 to 114 inches in diameter, hairy. Flowers smal,
rose-colored or nearly white, in pairs and somewhat fasciculate. Biennial.

4. G. Ropertianum, L.. Herb Robert.

Stem diffuse, hairy; leaves 3 to 5-parted.to the base ; leaflefs somewhat pinnaiifld,
segments somewhat mucronate; peduncles long, 2-flowered; sepals awned, shorter
than the entire petals.

Rocky places and shaded ravines. June—Oct. Annual. Sv‘em reddish, with
long diffuse weak branches. Leaves on long petioles somewhat hairy, 144 to 3
inches in diameter, with pinnatifid segments. Flowers small, pale purple, beauti-

fully lined with darker shades. Capsule small, rugose, keeled. Seeds smooth.
The whole piant is very pctid.

The genus Pelargenium embracing more than 300 species of shrubby and herba-
eceous plants, with innumerable varieties of magnificent flowers, nearly all nstivea
of the Cape of Good Nope, are embraced in this order. Many of which are culté
yated in our green houses and conservatories.

OrpER 26. OXALIDACERE.— The Wood Sorrel Family.

Plan's with sour juice, compound leaves, and regular flowers. SEPALS 5, persistent,
equal. PxTars 5, equal, unguiculate, with a twisted estivation. Sramrns 10,
usually more or less monodelphous, those opposite the petals longest. Styzus 5,
filiform; stigmas capitate. Fruit capsular, membraneous, with 5 cells, and from 6
to 10 valves. Sreps few, with a fleshy integument, which bursts elastically. _

1. OXAIRR Hines WoaS Socess.

Gr. oxus, sour; from the acid taste of most species.

SEPALS 5, free or united at base. Pxrrats 5. Stamens
10, usually more or less moncdelpkous, alternately shorter,
~ CapsuLe deeply 5-lobed, 5-celled, each cell opening on the
back. Sxxrps few in each cell, pendulous from the axis.—

“a

64 3 BALSAMINACE.

Herbs, with alternate or radical stipulate leaves, mostly of 8
inversely heart-shaped leaflets, which close and droop at night-

Fall. |

* Stemless; leaves and scapes from a root-stock or bulb.

1. O. acerocennA, L. Common Wood Sorrel.

Stalk creeping and scaly-toothed ; scape 1-flowered, longer than the leaves; leay-
lets broad-obcordate, with rounded lobes; petals oval, obtuse; styles as long as the
inner stamens.

Deep shady woods, on northern sides of mountains. June. Scape3 to 5 inches
high*with 2 small bracts above the middle. Flowers large, white, with red. veins,
eee The whole plant has an agreeable acid taste. This is the shamrock of

e : ;

9. O. viotAcEs#, L. Violet Wood Sorrel.

Bulb scaly; scapes several-flowered in an umbel, longer than ‘the leaves; leaves
ternate; leaflets obcordate, smooth; styles shorter than the outer stamens.

Woods and-shady places; common. May, June. Scape nearly twice as high as
the leaves 4 to 6 inches. lowers violet, large, from 3 to 9 on umbels, drooping.
Petals obovate, and sometimes slightly emarginate.

#* Stems leafy: peduncles axillary.

3. QO. cornnicuLATA, L. Decumbent Wood Sorrel.
Pubescent; stem rooting, decumbent, branched; peduncles 2-flowered, shorter

than the leaves; leaves ternate; leaflets obcordate, pubescent; petals wedge-shaped,

erose at the apex; style as long as the inner stamens.

Cultivated grounds and banks of streams. May—Aug. Stems prostrate, leafy,
from 4 to 12 inches long. Sepals pubescent, 44 as long as the emarginate deep-
yellow petals. Capsules densely pubescent.

4. Q. srricota, L. Upright Wood Sorrel.

Stem branching, erect; peduncles umbelliferous, longer than the petioles, 2 to
6-flowered; leaves ternate; leaflets obcordate; petals obovate, entire; styles as long
as the inner stamens. ;

Sandy fields and borders of woods. May—Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high.
leafy, round, smooth, succulent. JZeaves numerous, scattered on long stalks,
Plowers small, pale-yellow. zs

ORDER 27. BALSAMINACEE.

Annuat herbs, with succulent stems filled with a bland watery juice, very irregular
Jlowers, and simple leaves without stipules. SEPALS 5, irregular, deciduous; the two
upper commonly united into one, the lower spurred. PeTats 4, hypogynous,
united in pairs, so that apparently there are only 2 petals. Stamens 5; filaments
subulate. Ovary 5-celled; stigma sessile, more or less, 5 lobed. Fruit capsular,
with 5 elastic valves and 5 cells. SEEDS solitary or numerous, without albumen.

‘ \
1. IMPATIENS. Linn, Batsam. |
Name from the sudden bursting of the pod when touched.

SEPALS 5, the lower one spurred, the 2 upper united so as
to appear like one. Prtaus 2, unequal-sided and 2-lobed.

Stamens 5, short; anthers opening on the inner face. Sqiq--

-

| TROPAOLACER. Seed 65.

-mas 5, united. Capsures prismatic-terete, clongated, 5-
-yalyed, the valves coiling elastically and projecting the seeds"
in bursting.—Annual herbs with tender, smooth, suculent |
stems, tumid joints, and capsules burtsing elastically when
touched.

. i ad FIT :
1. J. pauurma, Nutt. Snap-aweed. Touch-me-not.

Leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely and obtusely serrate, teeth mucronate, on short
petioles; peduncles 2 to 5-fiowered, solitary, elongated: lower sepal dilaicd-conicai,
shorter than the petals, with a very short recurved epur. P

Damp shady places: common. Aug. Siem 3 to 5 feet high, much branched.

p ie g an,
Leaves 2 to 5 inches icng, 114 to 2 inches wide, with large obtus2 teeth on petioles
7% inch long, upper ones sessile. lowers large, mostly in pairs. Twe outer sepals
pale-green, hard-pointed, the rest pale-yellow. tals pale-yellow, slightly spotted.

2. I. runtva, Nutt. Jewel-weed. Balsam-weed.

Stem much branched; leaves rhombic-ovate, somewhat obtuse, coarsely and
obtusely serrate; teeth mucronate lower sepals acuicly conic, with aleng round
spur. ’

Damp shady ravines; common. Aug. Sfem 2 to 4 feot high. Leaves 1 to 3
inches jong, 14 as wide. somewhat glaucous. on petioles 1 to2Zincheslong. Flowers

Geep orange with reddish-brown spots, smaller and less numerous than in the
furmer species.

3. I. Barsamrna, Garden Balsamine. Ladies’ Slipper.

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, upper ones alternate; peduncics clustered; spur
ehorter than the fower. Native of the East Indics. A Leautiful garden annual.
The prevailing color of the flowers ave red and white. but the former varies in
every possible shade of crimson, scarlet, purple, pink and flesh-color, ofien double
and semi-double.

Orprr 28. TROPHOLACEE.

_Btraggling or twining herbs, with a pungent watery juice, peliate or palnaie leaves,
and irregular flowers. CaLxx of 5 colored, united sepals, the lower one spurred.
PETALS 5; two upper arising from the throat of the calyx remote from the 3 which
are stalked. Stamens 8, unequal, distinct. Ovary of 3 united carpels: sfyle1;
digmas 3. FRvuir separating 3 indehiscent, l-seeded nuts. Seeds large: Alinmen
none. ~

i.) TROPAOLUM. - Linn.
i Lat. tropewm, a trophy; the leaf resembles a shield, the flower an empty helmet.
GENERIC CHARACTER essentially the same as the order.

T. magus. Nasturtion. Indian Cress.

Leaves peltate, roundish repand on the margin, with the long petiole inserted a
little one side of the centre; petals obtuse, the 2 upper distant from the 3 lower
which are fimbriate at base and contracted into long claws. A common warden
annual. Native ef Peru. Stem at length climbing by means of its long petioles
several feet. ZLeaves 2 inches in diameter. Flowers large and showy, orange:
_ golored, with bistehes of adeeper shade. The fruit is used for pickling. = =”

i i te il ti i i ee a ek. ee
< '

66 LIMNANTHACE AND ZANTHOXYLACE.
OrveR 29. LIMNANTHACEE.

Low annual herbs, with pinnated alternate leaves without stipules.. FLOWERS regu-
lar, trimerous or pentamerous. SEPALS 3 to 5 united at base persistent, valvate in
xstivation. Prraus’3 to 5, withering on the plant, inserted upon an hypoygnous
disk. STAMENS 6 to 10, inserted with the petals; filaments opposite the sepals..
STYLES united; stigma simple: ovary of 2 tod distinct carpéls. Fruit 2 tod achenig,
rather fleshy. Seeds solitary. | | |

¥. FLQGRKIA. Willd.

Named in honor of Flerke, a German botanist.

SEepaLs 3, longer than the 3 petals. Stamens 6. Ovaries
3, tuberculate. Srynu 2-cleft.—A small annual aquatic,
with pinnately divided leaves and: minute solitary flowers om
axillary peduncles. |

Ff’. PROSERPINACOIDES, Lindl. alse Mermaid. -
Stems deeumbent, weak, and slender; leaves alternate, upper ones, or thoss
above the water, pinnately 5-parted; lower or submersed ones mostly 3-partcd, alk

on slender petioles.

Marshes and shores of rivers and lakes. April, May. Stem 4 to 10 inches long..
Flowers small, inch in diameter, white. Petals about half as long as the sepals.
Whole plant slightly pungent to the taste.

OnpeR 80. ZANTHOXYLACER. —

Trees or shrubs, pungent and aromatic bitter, with alternate or opposite leaves;.
without stipules, with pellucid dots and small regular diwcicus or polygamous:
jlowers. FLOWERS regular diclinous, gray, green, or pink. Serpazs 38 to 5, small,
cohering at the base. Pxrrats longer than the sepals, as many, rarely wanting;,.
convolute. STAMENS as many or twice as many as the petals. P1stILs 2 to 5, dis-
tinct or united, 1 to 2 seeded, (ovules 2, collateral). -Fruit baccate, membraneous.

or drupaceous, or 2-valved capsules. SEEDS solitary or in pairs.

1. -ZANTHOXYLUM. Linn. Pricxry Asn.

Gr. zanthos, yellow, and xulon, wood.

Frowers diecious. Srpats 5, petal-like when the petals
are absent. Stamens 5. Pistins 3 to 5, raised on a
short base or stalk, distinct, the styles connivent. CasRPELS
thickish, 2-valved. Sxrps black and shining.—ragrant
aromatic shrubs, with pellucid punctate, pinnately 3 to 9
foliate leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers. _

18. Amerrtcanum, Mill. Prickly Ash. ;

Stem and branches prickly; leaves pinnate; leafletsin 4 to 5 pairs and an od
one, ovate-oblong, downy when young; petioles round, unarmed ; prickles stipular;

flowers in short axillary sessile umbels,

b+ Ctl

ANACARDIACER. 6T

Rocky woods; notcommon. April. Shrub, 4 to 10 feet high, covered with sharp
strong prickles. Zecaves and flowers axillary. Flowers small greenish appearing
before the leaves. Dark and pods very pungent to the taste, Medicinal.

2. PTELEA. Linn. Surussy TREFOIL.

FLOWERS polygama-dicecious. SEPALS 3 to 5, small.
PETALS 8 to 5, much longer than the sepals. Sramens 3
to 5, longer than the petals, and alternate with them. Ovary
2-celled; style short; stigmas 2. Fruir a 2-celled samara,
winged all round, nearly orbicular. Shrubs, with 3 to 5-fo-
liate leaves and greenish-whiie small flowers in compound ter=
minal cymes.

P. trirontaTA, L. Shrubby Trefoil.

Leaves on long petioles; ternate; leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young, odd
one much attenuated at base; flowers polygamous, mostly with 4 stamens.

Moist woods and rocky piaces; rare. June. An ornamental shrub 6 to 8 foet
high. Flowers white, odorous, nearly }4 inch in diameter. Samera nearly 1 inch

in diameter.

The AILANTHUS GLANDULOSUS, or Tree of Heaven, is a cultivated tree of this
family, commonin and around our villages, whose flowers are redolent of anything
but “airs from heaven.” |

Orper 31. ANACARDIACER.

Trees or shrubs, with a resinous gummy, caustic or milky juice, dotless, alternate,
simple, ternate or pinnate leaves, and small ofien polygamous, regular peniandrous
Jtowers. FLOWERS terminal or axillary, with bracts, commonly dioecious. SEPALs
3 to 5, united at base, ersistent. PrTaus$to 5, sometimes none,imbrieate. Ovary
I-celled, J-ovuled. S?rrLes 3, or none. SiIGMAs 3. FrRvir indehiscent, usually
@rupaceous. Srxps without albumen. ©

1. RHUS.. Linn. Sumacn.

Cauxy of 5 sepals, united at base. Prtans 5. STraMENS.
5, equal, inserted on the disk. Srynes 3. short. Sriamas
capitate. Fruit a small-seeded sub-globose, dry drupe.—-
Small trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing by rooting tendrils,
alternate, mostly compound leaves, and greenish-white flowers.
© Not poisonous; fruit clothed with (acid) crimson hairs: panicle compound, dense,
terminal; leaves odd pinnate.

J. R. auasra, L. Smooth Sumach.

Stem and branches smooth; leaflets 6 to 15 pairs, sessile, lanceolate, acuminate,

smooth, whitish glaucous beneath; flowers all perfect.

Old fields and thickets; common. July. Shrub 6 to 15 feet high, consisting of
many straggling branches, smooth except its point. Leafiets about 3 inches long,
re inches wide. Flowers greenish-yellow. Fruit crimson, covered with short
irs, acid, used fordyeing red. The bark is used for tanning morocco,

68 / ANACARDIACEZ.

2. R. copaunina, L. Dwarf Sumach.

Branches and stalks downy; leaflets 4 to 7-pairs, oval-lanceolate, or oblong, very

entire, shining on the upper surface, pubescent beneath, unequal at base; common
petiole winged, appearing as if jointed.

Rocky hills and dry fields. July, August. Shrub 2 to 7 feet high with running
roots. Common petiole about 6 inches long expanding into.a leafy margin, between

'each-pair of leafiets. Zeaflets 1 to 3 inches long, near 44 as wide, dark green and

glossy on the upper surface. Flowers dicecious, “yellowish-green. Fruit red, small,
compressed, hairy, acid, and bitter.

8. BR. vrypHina, L. Stag-horn Sumach.

Branches and petioles saaine villous; leaflets 6 to 15 } PEER oblong-lanceolate,
acuniinate, acutely serrate, whitish beneath.

“ Hillsides or low barren places. June. A large shrub, ora spreading tree, 15
to 30 feet high with orange-colored aromatic wood and copious milky resinous

juice. Flowers greenish-yellow, dicecious. /rwit in clusters, covered with a velvety

purple down, acrid.

@ * Poisonous to the touch: fruit smooth: panicles axillary.

4, R. venenata, DC. Poison Sumach.

Smooth ; leaves odd-pinnate, 3 to 6 pairs, oval abruptly acuminate, very entire.
panicles loose, pedunculate.

Margins of swamps. June, July. A shrubor small tree of fine appearanee, 10
to 15 feet high. FPetioles 6 to 10 inches long, red. Leaflets about 3 inches long,
nearly 4 as wide, sessile, except the odd one. lowers very small, greenish, dive-
cious. /#ruit about as large as a pea. The whole plant is very poisonous, tainting
the air to some distance around with its pernicious effluvium,

5, RR. ToxicopENDRON. L. Poison Oak.

Erect or decumbent; leaves ternate; leaflets broad-oval or rhomboid, entire,
sinuate or lobed, somewhat pubescent; flowers in racemose axillary sub-sessile

~ panicles.

Moist woods and thickets. June. A small shrub, 1 to 3 feet high, nearly smooth
in allits parts. Leaflets 2 to 6 inches long 24 as wide, petiolate, the common
petiole 4 to 5 inches leng. Flowers small, ‘dicecious, eatin eg bss Fruit
smocth, roundish, pale-brown. Poisonous.

Var. b. RADICANS. Torr. (R. radicans. Linn, DeCandolle and Beck.) Poison Ivy.’

Stem climbing; leaves ternate; leaflets petiolate, ovate, acuminate, smooth, gen.
erally entire; flowers in axillary lactogen ncaa the top of the stem, dicecious.

Woods and hedges. June. Stem climbing by myriads of rooting tendrils 10, 20
or 50 feet. Flowers yellowish-green. Fruit sub-glohose, brown.

®%% Leaves ternate; flowers diccious, not poisonous, aromatic.

6. R. anomatica, Ait. Pragrant Sumach.

Branches slender, nearly smooth; leaves ternate; leaflets rhombic-ovate, sessile,
the middle one wedge-shaped at the base, unequally cut-toothed, pubescent when
young.

Dry 1ocky soil; rare. April, May. A small aromatic shrub 2 to 6 feet high
Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, 14 as wide, the common petioles 1 to 2 inches long.

Flowers yellowish, in clustered scaly-bracted spikes like catkins, PRCPECINE the
icaves. ruit red, acrid, more or less hisped,

7. R. corinus. Venitian Sumach.

A small shrub, cultivated: native of Arkansas, according to Nuttall, remarkable
chiefly for the singular and ornamental appearance of its long, diffuse feathery

lage alks, showing in the distance as if the plant were cnyeloped in a olmad of
emoke,

Rete eee i Sor —. — 7 -~ 4 er oi or dhe ~ » 7 a a
7 re i . 2,

ACERACEA. 69

-~Orper 32. ACERACEE.

Trees with apniiaite palmately lobed, rarely pinnate leaves, without stipules, and
flowers often polygamous, sometimes apetalous, small, in axillary racemes, cor ymbs
or fuscicles. SEPALS 5, rarely 4 to 9, more or less united, colored, imbricate in esti.
vation. PzTALs 5, rarely 4 to 9, alternate with the sepals, hypoygnous. STAMENS
usually 8, sometimes 9 to 12, distinct. Srytus 2. Sticmas 2. Ovary 2-lobed,
2-celled.. Fruit of 2 indehiscent winged samara, each i-celled, 1 to 2-seeded. Srxrps
with little or no albumen.

, 1. ACER. ‘Linn. Map ie.

Lat. acer, sharp; the wood was anciently manufactured into weapons of war.

Catyx 5-lobed, sometimes 5-parted. Prrats 5, or more.
STaAMENS 6 to 8, rarely 5. SAMARA 2-winged, united at
base by abortion, l-seeded.—Trees with simple, palmately
lobed leaves, often heart-shaped at the base, and mostly polyga-
mous flowers.

* Flowers in corymb or fascicles. Trees.

1. A. ruspruM, L. Red Maple. Swamp Maple.

Leaves 3 to 5 lobed, heart-shaped at the base, irregularly serrate and notched,
acute, the middle one usually the longest, glaucous, underneath; flowers on very
short pedicels; petals linear oblong.

Moist woods. March, April. A common tree from 20 to 40 feet hich, with reddish
twigs. Trunk covered with a smooth bark, marked with large, white spots, becom-
ing “dark with age. ZLetwes variable in size, pubescent when young. - Flowers ap-
pearing in early spring, before the leaves, scarlet, or a ae: about 3 in each
fascicle. Frwit on pedicels 2 to 3 inches long, sm oth.

2. A. DASYCARPUM, Hbrh. White Maple. Silver Maple.

Leaves deeply 5-lobed, with the sinuses rather acute, unequally and incisely
toothed; whitish glaucous underneath; jlowers aggregated on short petioles ;
petals none; fruit woolly when young, nearly smooth when grown, with large dilated

wings.

Banks of streams; notcommon. April, May. A = ornamental tree, 30 to 50
feet high, affording a sweet sap. Leaves on long petioles, nearly smooth when old.
Flowers sreenish-yellow or purplish, usually about 5 together. Fedicels of the fruit
_ about an inch long.

38. A. SACCHARINUM, L. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple.

Leaves 3 to 5 lobed, with rounded sinuses and pointed lobes, sparingly sinuate
toothed, subcordate at base, glaucous beneath; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing
and lateral leafless buds, drooping; apps slender, hairy; calyx hairy at the apex ;
petals none.

Woods and mountain valleys. April. A fine tree 50 to 80 feet hich, with a trunk
2to 3 feet in diameter. Bark of a light-gray color, rough and scaly. Branches
numerous and finely ramified in open situations. Joliage very luxurient, deep
green and smooth above. Flowers yellowish, on long thread-like peduncles. Pett
oles smooth. This is one of the most useful trees of the forest; the sugar obtained -
frow its sap is perhaps the most delicious of all sweets. The wood is very strong
and compact, often presenting that beautiful arrangement of fibre, called bird’s-eye

maple, which is so highly esteemed in cabinet work. It is extensively cultivated as
al ornamental shade tree.

&* Flowers in terminal racemes. Large shrubs.

70 : SAPINDACEE. -

4, -A. PENNSYLVANICUM, L. Striped Maple.
Leaves with 3 acuminate lobes, rounded at base, finely and sharply double serrate;
racemes drooping, loose; petals obovate; fruit with large diverging wings.
Rich woods and shady rocks. May.-. A shrub or small tree 10 to 15 feet high.
Trunk beautifully striped lengthwise with green andblack. Leaves rarely undi-

vided. Flowers large, yellowish-green, 10 to 12 ina raceme. Frutt clustered, with
pale-green wings. ; .

o. A. SPrcATUM, Lam. Mountain Maple.

Leaves small, 3 to 5 lobed, acute, dentate, pubescent beneath; racemes erect,
dense, somewhat compound; petals linear; fruit smooth; wings somewhat diverg-
ing. ‘ i

Rocky hillsand mountains. May, June. A shrub 8 to, 12 feet high growing in
clumps. The bark is of.a light gray color. Leaves somewhat pointed, with large
sharp teeth, more or less cordate at base. Flowers greenish, numerous and small,

in round, oblong, close-branched clusters 2 to 3 inches long, becoming pendulous
with the winged fruit.

2. NEGUNDA. Mench.

CALYX minute, 5-cleft. PrTAts none. STAMENS mostly
9).— Small trees with compound pinnately 3 to 5-foliate leaves,
and diccious flowers, from lateral buds; the sterile in clusters
on capillary pedicels; the fertile in drooping racemes.

N. ACEROIDES, Moench. Ash-leaved Maple. Box Hider.

Leaves ternate, or pinnate by fives; leaflets ovate, acuminate, remotely and

unequally dentate; pistillate racemes long and pendulous; barren flowers corym=-
bose; fruit oblong, with large wings dilated upwards.

River banks, low wet grounds and along mountain streams. April. A small
but handsome tree 10 to 20 feet high, with light-green twigs, and smooth yellowish-
green bark. Filcwers yellowish-green, very delicate, in drooping clusters, rather
preceding the leaves. Fruit pubescent, oblong, the wings about an inch long.

Orper 33. SAPINDACEE.

Trees, shrubs, or cimbers furnished wtih tendrils, rarely herbs, with alternate and
mostly comprund leaves, and small, unsymmetrical, usually irregular and polygamous
flowers. Catyx of 4 ord sepals. PrTaus irregular and often one fewer than the
. Sepals, sometimes wanting. Stamens8 to10. Ovary 2 to 3-celled, the styles or
stigmas more or less united. SrEDs usually with an aril, destitute of albumen,

1. CARDIOSPERMUM. Linn.

Q@r. kardia, heart, sperma, seed; the sjobere seeds marked with a large cordais
1um. : ~
. :
Srpats 4, the 2 outer smallest. Pras 4, each with an
emarginate scale above the base, the 2 lower remote from
the stamens; their scales crested; glands of the disk 2, oppo-_
- site the lower petals. SrameENns 8, unequal. Sryxe trifid.
- Q@apsuLE membraneous.—Climbing herbs, with biternate

-~

=

:

CELASTRACEZ. : 71

leaves, the lower pedicels changed to téndrils, and smalt
- whitish flowers. —

C. HarracaBuM, L. Tharticad: Pulloow wine:

Plant nearly smooth; leaflets cvate-lanceclate, incisely lobéd and dentate; flowers
small, axillary, solitary ; ; fruit pyriform-glokose, large, bladder-like. Native along
the Missouri river. Tcrr. & Gr. July. A curious vine 4 to 6 feet long, with
remarkably large inflated membrancous capsules.

Sur-orper. HIPPOCASTANACEA.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite digitate leaves, without sti-
pules. Fruit roundish, coriaceous, dehiscent, with 1 to 3
very large seeds, resembling chestnuts. HmBryo very large
and fleshy, showing a 2-leaved plumule. CoTYLEDONs united.

9. ASSCULES. Linn. Horse-cHestnvut.

Catyx regular, 5-lobe], companulate. Prrans 4, some-
times 5, more or less unequal, with claws. STaMENs 7
(rarely 6 or 8); filaments long-and slender, often unequal.
STYLE |, filiform, acute; ovary 8-celled, with 2 ovules in
each, only one of which, or one in each cell, ripens into a
seed.— Trees and shrubs with 5 to T-folrate leaves, and flowers
an thyrse-like panicles.

1. AS. GuaBRA, Willd. Ohio Buckeye.

Lezfleits 5, oval or oblong, acuminate, serrate cr serrulate, very smooth; corolla
4pctalled, spreading, with the claw3 as taal as the calyx; stamens longer than the

- corolla; fruit cchinate.

Banks of streams: Western part of the State. May. A small ill-scented tree.
Leafiets 3 to 6 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, sub-sessile, or abruptly contracted at
base toashort stalk. //owers ye'lowish-white, small, slightly irregular, in terminal
racemose panicles. Frutti about 34 inch in ciameter, prickly.

2. A’. Pavia, L. Small Buckeye.

Leaflets 5, SATE cuneate at base, abruptly and shortly acuminate,
finely serrat:; flowers very irregular in a loose thyrsoid raceme; petals 4; erect, as
Tong as the stamens. ~ ;

A beautiful shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, cultivated forornament: native of the South-

ern States; probably indigenous in the South-western part of our State. April,
May. flowers large, red, smooth.

3. AX. Hippocastanum, L. Common Horse-chestnut.

Leaves digitate, of 7 odovate- cuneate leafiets, crena’s, dentate; petals 5, spreading; ‘
stamens 7 declined, fruit prickly. This well known introduced tre2 is neariy natu-
ralized. Native of Asia. In Juneitl puts forth numerous pyramidal racemes or
thyrses of pink and white flowers, finely contrasting with the dark-green of its
massy foliage.

; Orprer 34. CELASTRACE &,

_ Shrubs or small trees, with cpprsite.cr altzrnate leaves, small, rezular and sym-

metrical flowzrs. SzpPau3 4 to 5, uniiol at base,imbricated. Prtas 4 to 5, inserted

ee ee Te

. CELASTRACEZ.

by a broad base under the margin of a flat expanded disk which surrounds the
ovary. Stamens 4 to 5, alternate with the petals, inserted on the margin of the
disk. Ovary superior, immersed in, and adhering to the a FRUIT a capsule or

berry. SEEDS solitary or few. ‘

Teme 1, STAPHYLER,

Leaves pinnate, opposite. Seeds long, not ariled. Ovary many-ovuled, free from
the cup-shaped disk. i

>

1a SEA PEL Vos. Loren... Baas

. ° - °
Gr. staphule, a cluster; in allusion to its mode of flowering.

Srpars 5, oblong, erect, colored, persistent. Prrazs 5,
with short claws. STAMENS 5. PisTits 3, united in the
axis, their long styles cohering, but separating as the ovary
enlarges into the membranaceous inflated 3-lobed, 3-celled
capsules.— Upright shrubs, with opposite pinnate leaves and
white flowers in raceme-like clusters, terminating the branchlets.

1. §. trironia, L. Bladder-nut.

Leaves ternate, on long petioles; leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrulate, alas

the terminal one petioled; sfyles smooth.

Moist thickets and rocky placcs.. May. A handrome shrub 6 to 10 feet, high,
with straisht and smooth slender branches. Flow:rs white, with spots of orange,
in pendulous clusters.

TriBzt 2. HUON YME J.

Leaves simple; styte1; stigmas 34obed } ovaries 2 ir cach cell; seeds with pulpy artis}
disk adher ing to ‘the Lottom of the calyx.

>. CELASTRUS. Linn. : Saruppy BirTEeR-SWEET.

FLOWERS sometimes polygamous. SEPALS 5, united at
base. Peraus 5 sessile. SraMENS~on the margin of a
cup-shaped disk. Pisrrzs on the disk. Capsuxz globose,
or 8-angled, 3-celled. SrEps 1 to 2 in each cell, erect,
enclosed by a pulpy scarlet aril—Climbing or hoining
shrubs, with alternate leaves, minute deciduous stipules and
small greenish flowers in raceme-like clusters terminating the
branches.

C. scANDENS, L. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Wax~work.

Stem climbing and twining, unarmed ; Jeaves oblong, acuminate, serrate, petioled,
stipules minute; racemes terminal; flowers diccious.

Woods and thickets. May, June. A handsome climbing shrub, the stems
twining about trees and each other, ascending to a great height. Leaves smooth.
Flowers in small racemes, greenish-white. Seeds covered with a scarlet aril, com
tained in an orange-colored 3-yalvyed capsule.

|

RHAMNACE A, : 73

3. EHUONYMUS. Tourn. SpmInDLE-TREE.
Sepats 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and

flat calyx. Perats 4 to 5, rounded, spreading. STAMENS

very short, inserted on the upper face of a broad and flat 4
to 5- angled disk. SryxeE short or ndéne. CapsuLE with 3
to 5 angles, 3 to 5 cells and as many valves. SEEDS 1 to 2
in each cell, inclosed in a red fleshy aril. Shrubs with 5-sided
branchlets, opposite serrate leaves, and loose cymes of small
green or dark purple flowers on axillary peduncles.

d. H. aTropurpurevs, Jacq. Burning Bush.
stem with smooth, opposite, square branches; leaves petioled, oval-oblong,
pointed, serrate, pubescent beneath; flowers mostly in fours; /ruct smooth, deeply

lobed. ~

Hedges and banks of streams; sometimes cultivated. June. A handsome orna-
mental shrub 4 to-8 feet high. Flowers dark purple. Fruit very showy at the
close of autumn, drooping on long peduncles. Capsule crimson, smooth. Avril
enclosing the seed, scarlet.

2. KH. Americanus, L. Strawberry Tree. Burning Bush.

_ Branches opposite, smooth, square; leaves opposite, sessile, oblong-lanceolate,
yarying to oval, acute, serrate; peduncles 1 to 3-flowered, rounded; calyx small,
with acute segments; flowers in fives, fruit rough, warty, depressed, z

Wet places and moist woods. June. Shrub4to6 feet high. Flowers greenish-
yellow with a tinge of purple. Fruit not as copious as the above, crimson when
ripe, the aril scarlet. -

Orver 35. RHAMNAGEM.—The Buckthorn Fumily.

_ Shrubs or small trees, with simple teaves, minute stipules, and small regular axil-
lary or terminal flowers (sometimes apetalous). Branches often thorny. Spats 4 or 3;
united at base, valvate in estivation. PerTats 4or 5, distinct, cuccullate or con-
cave, inserted along with the stamens into the edge of a fleshy disk which lines the
short tube of the calyx. StTAmeENs 4 to 5 opposite the -petals. OVARY superior or
half superior, 2 te 5-celled. Sriamas2to5. Fruir fleshy and indehiscent,: or dry
and separating in 8 parts. Srnps erect, mostly with fleshy albumen.

1. RHAMNUS. Linn. Bucxrnorn.

Gr. Raninos, the ancient.name; from the numerous branchlets.

Catyx 4 to 5-cleft. Prrats 4 to 5, shorter than the
sepals, alternate with the lobes of the calyx, sometimes very
minute or wanting. SrameEns 4 to 5, inserted above the
petals. Srytz 2 to 4-cleft. Frurr a berry-lke drupe,
containing 2 to 4 cartilaginous nuts.— Small trees or shrubs,
with mostly alternate leaves, and minute flowers in short
axillary clusters, often polygamous or dicectous. ‘em

ny gE TNT a AAR Naa DNPH SGRTST VEST NINEMSN ESSE

14 : VITACER.

1. R. aunzrouus, L’Herit. Alder-leaved Buckthorn.

Shrub erect with unarmed branches; leaves alternate, ovate, acuminate, serrate,
pubescent on the veins beneath; peduncles aggregate, 1-flowered; flowers mostly
pentandrous; calyx acute, styles 3, united, very short; fruit top-shaped.

Sphagnous swamps. May,June. A spreading shrub 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves
1 to 3 inches long, 44 a8 wide, acute at base. Flowers small, greenish, mostly
apetalous. Berries about as large as small peas, black.

2. KR. LANCEOLATUS, Pursh. Lance-leaved Buckthorn.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; (floral ones obtuse, mostly ovate or round-

ish), closely serrulate, minutely downy underneath; petals 4, deeply obeordate,
about as long as the short stamens; seeds 2.

Hills and river banks: Mercersburg, Franklin Co. Prof. Traill Green. May. A
tall shrub, not thorny. Later leaves long, often oblong-ovate. Flowers yellowish-
green, dioecious-polyg gamous; the pedicels usually single in the more fertile plant,
which has the 2-cleft style exserted, and preduces abundant globular drupes about
the size of a pepper-corn. The less fertile plant bears rather larger flowers, on
clustered pedicels, with a very short and included style. Drupes large top-shaped,
distinctly pointed with the short style. Seeds obovate, deeply grooved.

Ornper 36. VITACEH.— The Vine Family.

Bhrubs, climbing by tendrils, with simple or compound leaves, and small, regular,
eften polygamous or dicecious flowers with a minute truncate nearly entire calyz.
Parats 4 to 5, very deciduous, inserted on the outside of the disk. Stamens 4 to 5
opposite the petals, inserted on the disk, sometimes sterile, by abortion. PIstTris
with a short style, or none, and a slightly 2lobed stigma. Ovary 2-celled, with 2

erect anatropous ovules from the base of each. Fruiz a globose pulpy berry, bina
hard albumen.

‘ 1. VITIS. Lion. Vine.

CaLyX somewhat 4 to 5-toothed. Pxrrats 4 to 5, cohering
at their apex, usually falling off without expanding. StTa-
MENS 5. StTyte none. Base of the ovary surrounded with
a 4 or d-lobed ring, or 4 to 5 glands alternate with the
stamens. Derry 2-celled, 1 to 4-seeded; cells and seeds
often abortive.—L lowers fragrant nm @ ‘compound thyrse.
. Peduncles often changed into tendrils.

1. V. Laprusoa, L. Northern Fox Grape.

Eeaves very large, broad-cordate, angular-lobed, acutely toothed, smooth above,
yery woolly beneath, racemes small, panicled; berries large.
Moist thickets and woods; common. June. Stem climbing toa great height.

Teaves and young branches very woolly. Flowers small, green. Fruit large,

purple, often green or red, ripe in Sept. The Isabella, Catawba, Blands and other
sorts known in cultivation, are varieties of this species.

2. V. =STIVALIS, Michx. Frost Grape. Winter Grape.

Young leaves downy with loose ferruginous hairs beneath, smoothish when old,
green above, broadly cordate, 3 to 5-lobed or palmate-sinuate, coarsely dentate;
Sertile raceme long, panicled, opposite the leaves; berries small. i?

POLYGALACE. 75

‘ Bills, woods and river banks. June. Stem very long, slender, climbing. Leaves
very large, clothed beneath when young with cobweb-like, rust-colored pubescence.
Fendrils from the peduncles, with an opposite leaf. Berries deep blue, with a
dloom well flavored, but small, ripe in Sept.

3. V. corprroiia, Michx. Frost Grape. Winter Grape.
Leaves cordate, acuminate, somewhat equally but coarsely toothed, smooth on
doth sides; raceme loose, many-flowered; berries small. D

Thickets by river banks; common. June. Siem ascending, shrubs and trees te
the height of 10 te 20 feet. Leaves large, membraneous, often 3-lobed, with pubes-
eent veins when young, and a few mucronate teeth. Berries nearly black, small,
late, acid, but well fiayored after being frosted.

4. V. VINIFERA. Common Wine Grape.

Leaves cordate, sinuately 5-lobed, smooth; flowers all perfect. Naturalized in
mearly all temperate climates. Varieties without end may be raised from the ee
which wiil bear fruit the 4th or 5th year.

2. AMPELOPSIS. Michx.

Gr. ampelos, the vine, and opsis, appearance; resembling the vine.

Catyx slightly 5-stalked. Prraus concave, spreading
deciduous after expansion. STIGMAS capitate. OVARY with-
out a 0-lobed ring, 2 to 4-seeded.— Pine shrubby creepers with
digittate or cordate leaves and cymose clusters of flowers: supe
ported by radiating tendrils.

1. A. quinquErForta, Michx. Virginian Creeper.
Leaves quinate, digitate; leaflets oblong, acuminate, petiolate, dentate, aan
Tacemes somewhat dichotomously cymose.

Woods and thickets. June, J uly. A vigorous climber, cultivated as a covering
for walls, trellises, &c. Flowers i inconspicuous, greenish, in forked clusters. Berries
dark blue, smaller than peas,

2. HK. corpaTa, Michx. Heari-leaved =: ei

Stem climbing, with slender branches; leaves cordate, acuminate, toothed and
angular; nerves beneath, pubescent; racemes dichtomous, few-flowered. _

Banks of streams. June, July. FPanicles opposite the leaves, Berries pale-red,
Beck.

Orper 37. POLYGALACEA:.

Plants, shrubby or herbaceous, with simple, entire, alternate or rarady oppostte,
leaves destitute of stipules, and irregular papilionaccous flowers, with 4 to 8 diadel-
phous stamens. Supats 5, very irregular, distinct, 3 exterior, of which 1 is superior
and 2 inferior, 2 inner ones called the wings much larger, and colored like the
petals. Pxrars 3, hypogynous the anterior (eel) larger than the rest, and usually
crested. Stamens 6 or 8, with their filaments combined in a tube which is split on
the upper side, cohering more or less with the petals, free above. ANTHERS 1-celled,
opening by # terminal pore. Ovary superior, 2-celled. Sryie and stigma simple.
Fruit usually a capeule generally rounded or notched at the apex, Sap with sm
abundant albumen, ;

76 : POLYGALACEA ©

1. POLYGALA. Tourn. Mrrxwort.

Gr. polus, much, and gala, milky; supposed to favor the lacteal ‘secretions.

Sepazs 5 persistent, 2 of them wing-shaped and colored.
Perats 8 to 5, united to the stamens, the lower one keel-
form. CAPSULE obcordate, 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded:
Seeds smooth with a caruncle.—Low bitter herbs, with sim-
ple entire leaves, often dotted, and no stipules, sometimes bear-
ing concealed fertile flowers also next the ground. ,

* Annual: flowers purple to white; spikes ovate globose or oblong, dense.

1. BP. rncarnata, L. Flesh-colored Milkwort.
Stem erect, slender, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves small, linear-subulate,
few; spikes oblong or cylindrical, without glands; corolla with along tube. —

Dry soils. June, July. Stem-1to2feet high: Leaves 4% inch long, remote.
Sptkes 1 to 14% inches long. Flowers pale rose-color or flesh-color; wings, much
shorter than the conspicuously crested corolla; claws of the petals united into...
yery long and slender-cleft tube.

2. P. purpureA, Nutt.. Purple Milkwort.

Stem branching at top; leaves linear, alternate; jlowers beardless, imbricated in
obtuse, cylindrical spikes; wings of the ceive cordate-ovate, erect, twice as long as

‘the capsule.

-Meadows and wet grounds. July—Sept. A handsome erect plant 6 to 10 inches
high, easily recognized by its short purplish, cylindrical spike of flowers. Stem
angular with fastigiate branches, cach ending with a spike smaller than the main
stem, but rising above it in height.

# * Spikes elongated or racemose ; flowers white or greenish.

d. P. ampicua, Nutt. Ambiguous Milkwort.

Stem erect, very slender, loosely branched; lowest stem leavesin whorls of four;
the rest scattered, narrowly linear; spikes long peduncled, very slender; flowers
crested; bracts deciduous.

Dry woods.. Aug., Sept. Stem 6 to-12 inches high, somewhat angular. Leaves
_sessile, tapering to the base, 44 tolinch long, narrow. Racemes ‘spicate, acute,
‘about 1 inch long, 20 to 30-fiowered, on peduncles 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers
small, greenish-white, tinged with pu zple. Wings of the calyx round and veined.

4. P. VERTICELLATA, L. Whorl-leaved Milkwort.

Stem erect, branched ; leaves whorled, linear and lance-linear; raceme spiked,

' dense, acute, on rather short peduncles; bracts _falling with the flowers; wings

round, clawed.

Dry hills; common. J yA. Stem very slender, square, 6 to 10 inches high.
Leaves in whorls of 4 or 5, 14 to 1 inch long, alternate on the branches. lowers
small, greenish-white, sometimes tinged with purple; cres¢ rather large in a
portion..

9. P. senrGa, L. Seneca Snake-root. |
Stems several form a thick and hard knotty root, simple; leaves alternate, lan-
ceolate, tapering at each end, rough on the margin, spikes cylindrical, rather
dense, somewhat acute; flowers on extremely short pete wings of the calyx
orbicular; capsule elliptic, emarginate.

Woods and meadows. June, July. Perennial. Stem a foot ‘hides with ovate
scale-like leaves at the base. Leaves smooth, finely serrulate, 1 to 3 inches long, 4%
ad Wide, numerous, scattered. ee white i in a filiform spike 1 to 3 inches long.

_ ——— °°; °° «gf

Sepals obtuse, larger than the petals. Root medicinal. A valuable stimulating
expectorant.
*** Perennials: flowers purple, showy, larger than the former; bearing whitish
Sertile ones on subterranean branches.

6. P. potyGama, Walt. Bitter Miikwort.
. Steme numerous, simple, erect and procumbent;. leaves linear-lanceolate, oF
obovate, alternate, attenuate downwards; racemes filiform, terminal and lateral,
elongated ; flowers sessile, the broadly obovate wings longer than the crested corolla.

Fields and pastures. June, July. Stems crowded, many from: the same root,
angular, smooth. JZeaves smooth, lower obovate, upper linear-lanceolate, obtuse,
gessile. Flowers purple, 14 inch in diameter, very handsecme, 8-ardrous. Sultera-
nean flowers on procumbent racemes, without petals, sessile. Bitter and tonic,

J. pauciFouiA, Willd. fringed Polygala.

Stem simple, erect, naked below, rising from long and slender prostrate er subte-
ranean shoots, which bear concealed fertile flowers; leaves ovate, acute, smooth;
terminal flowers mostly in threes, large cristate, sometimes axillary ; wings obovate,
rather shorter.than the conspicucusly fringe-crested keel.

Woods along mountains in light soil. May. A delicate plant with large showy
purple flowers, 34 inch long. Stem 8 to 4 inches high. JZower leaves smell and
scattered, scale-like. The radical flowers are either close to the greund or subtera-
mean, smaller, greenish.

OrpdER 38. LEGUMIN OSI. —Lequminous Plants.

Herbaceous planis, slrubs er trees, with alternate mostly compound leaves with stip-
alee, and papilionaccous flowers, 10-monodelphous, diadelphous, or rarely. aistinct
stamens, and a single, simple pistil, producing a legume in fruit. Catyx of 5 sepals
more or less united. Pxrtats 5, papilionaceous or rarely regularly spreading. Sta-
MENS definite or indefinite, inserted with the corolla. Ovary simple, superior.
#avuit a legume. SEEDS attached tothe upper suture, without albumen.

Sus-orver I. PAPILIONACE&.

PETALS truly papilionaceous, imbricate in sestivation, the ~

mpper one extended. STAMENS 10, mostly diadelphous, 9
united by their filaments into-a sheath split on the upper
side when the 10th is free. | (

Trrpel. VICIEA. The Vetch or Pea Tribe.

Ferbe with abrupily pinnate leaves, the common petiole produced into a tendril or lets:
tle ; peduncles axillary.- ;

1, VICIA. Tour. VFTCH.

CaLyx tubular, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper tecth
often shorter. SraMENs diadelphous. Struz filiform, bent
at a right angle with the ovary, hairy down the entire side.
LreuMe oblong, many-seeded.— Herbaceous mostly climbing

plants, with abruptly pinnate leaves of several pairs of leaflets,

and a — tendril. Peduncles axillary.
* :

_
Ee a eS a

. LEGUMINOSE.

1. V. Carorintana, Walt. Carolina Vetch.

Nearly smooth; leaflets 8 to 10, elliptical-lanceolate, obtuse, scarcly mucronate;
peduncles loosely flowered, as long or longer than the leaves; flowers distant;
calyx teeth very short.

Borders of woods and along fences. May, June. Per. Stem 2 to 4 feet long,
climbing. Leaflets 24 inch long, 4 to4 wide. Flowers small, white or pale-blue.

_ Standard black at the tip. Legume oblong.

2. V. Americana, Muhl. American Vetch.

Smooth; leaflets 10 to 14, elliptical or ovate-oblong, very obtuse, many-veined ;
stipules semi-sagittate, deeply-toothed; peduncles 4 to 8-flowered, shorter than the
leaves.

Moist thickets and woods. June. Per. Stem 1 to 3 feet long, slender, some-
what 4-angled. Jeajlets 1 inch long, nearly 144 as wide. Flowers purplish-blue, 34
ipeb long. Style very hairy at the summit. Legumes oblong-linear, compressed,
reticulated.

3. V. Cracca, L. Tufted Vetch.
Downy-pubescent; stem branching; leaflets 10 to 20, oblong-lanceolate, strongly
mucronate; stipules semi-sagittate, linear, nearly entire; peduncles densely many-
flowered; calyx teeth shorter than the tube; style hairy at the top.

Border of fields, woods and meadows. June, July. Per. Stem 2 to 8 feet long,
slender, square. Leaflets 4 to 34 inch long, 44 inch wide. Flowers 10 to 20 in a
Jong, dense, one-sided raceme pale-purple. Legume oblong, compressed, coriaceous,
smooth.

* Annual. Naturalized.

4. V. TerrasrerMa, L: Slender Vetch.

Smooth; leaflets 8 to 12, linear-oblong, obtuse; stipules lanceolate, semi-sagittate ;
peduncles mostly 2-flowered; calyx teeth unequal; legume obleng, smooth, mostly
4-seeded.

Fields and banks of streams; introduced. May, June. Stems almost filiform 1
to 2 feet long. Leaflets 14 inch long, 1 line wide, acute or obtuse. Flowers yery
small, white, or bluish-white, sometimes 3 or 4 together. '

5. V. sativa, L. Common Vetch or Tare.
Somewhat pubescent; stem simple; leaflets 10 to 14, ovate-oblong or linear-obiong,
notched and mucronate at the apex; calyx-teeth equal; legume linear, several-
seeded. ;

Cultivated fields and waste places; introduced. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect
or decumbent. Leaflets34 to 1 inch long,14 wide. Flowers 4 inch long, pale-purple.
Legume 1 to 2 inches long, erect, roundish, reticulated, smooth.

6. V. nirsuta, Koch. Hairy Vetch. |
Leaflets 8 to 20, linear, or linear-oblong, truncate, mucronate; stipules semi-tagit-
tate, narrow; peduncles 3 to 6-flowered, shorter than the leaves; legumes oblong,

hairy, 2-seeded.

A creeping weed in cultivated fields; introduced. May, June. Siem 2 to 3 feet
Yong, much branched and diffused. Leafiets about 14 inch long, very narrow.
Flowers very small, bluish-white. Legumes short, with roundish compressed
brown seeds. .

2. LATHYRUS. Linn. VETCHLING.
Gr. Lathuros, a leguminous plant of Theophrastus. eed
Catyx 5-cleft, the upper teeth shorter papilionaceous.
SrameEns diadelphous. Sryzx flattish, not grooved aboye,

=

LEGUMINOSZ. 79

hairy along the inner side. LEGuUMEs oblong, several-seeded,
2-valved, 1-celled.— Herbaceous mostly climbing plants with
abruptly. pinnate leaves, and petioles produced into branching
tendrils.

1. L. venosvus, Muhl. Veiny Vetchling.

Stem climbing, square, naked; leaflets 5 to 7 pairs ovate-oblong, obtuse, sub-
epposite, mucronate, veined, often downy pepati stipules very small, semi-sagit-
tate; peduncles many-flowered.

Shady banks and low meadows. July, Aug. Per. Stem 2 to3 feet long, climbing,

mostly smooth. Leaflets 144 to 2 inches long, variable in width. FPeduncles many-
flowered, about the length of theleaves. Corolla purple. Legumes fiat and narrow.

2. L. pauustrus, L. Marsh Vetchling.

Stem slender, often wing-margined; leaflets 3 to 4 pairs, lanceolate, linear, or
narrow-oblong, mucronate; stipules semi-sagittate, acute ; peduncles 3 to 5-flowered.

Low grounds, wet meadows and thickets. June, July. Per. Stem 2 to 38 feet
long, square, broadly-winged. at the angles, supported by the tendrils. Leaflets
variable in width, somewhat coriaceous. Flowers drooping, rather large, variegated
with blue and purple.

3. UL. Myrtirotivus, Muhl. Myrile-leaved Vetchling.

Stem slender, weak, square; leaflets 2 to 3 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucro-
nate; stipules semi-sagittate, lanceolate, acuminate ; peduncles 3 to 6-flowered,
longer than the leaves.

River banks and marshy places. July, Aug. Per. Stem about 3 feet long.
Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, 4% as wide. Flowers pale-purple, somewhat resembling
L. palustris, but has a more slender stem, and broader leafiets and stipules.

4. lL. ocurotevcus, Hook. Pale. Vetchling.

Stem slender; leaflets in 3 to 4 pairs, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, reticulate beneath ;
stipules large, half-cordate; peduncles 4 to 10-flowered, shorter than the leaves.

Hillsides and banks of streams. June, July. Per. Whole plant smooth, pale:
and somewhat glaucous. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, often erect. Leaflets 1 to 114 inches.
long, 34 as wide, larger than the stipules. Feduncles axillary. Flowers large, pale
yellow. Legume compressed, smooth.

CULTIVATED EXOTTCS.

5. L. tatiretivs, Everlasting Pea.

Leaflets 2, lanceolate; joints membraneous, winged; peduncles many-flowered. &
very showy perennial plant; native of England. Stem 6 feet long, climbing,
winged between the joints. Flowers large, pink, clustered on a peduncle 6 to 19
inches long. a

=

6. L. oporatus, Sweet Pea. : :

Feaflets 2, ovate-oblong; peduncles 2-flowered; legume hirsute. A well known

garden annual, native of Sicily. The.flowers appear in June, are large sweet:
scented, varigated with red, purple and white.

J iL. sarivum, Chick Pea.
Teaflas 2 to 4; peduncles 1-flowered; legume ovate, compressed, with o-winiies

magins at the back. A common annual; native of 8. Europe where it has been”

sometimes cultivated for food; but has proved to be aslow acai

seer. on 7

80. LEGUMINOS2.

3. PISUM. Linn. Pea.

Lat. pisum, pea rie

Catixy segments leafy, the 2 upper shortest. BANNER
large, reflexed. Stamens 9 and I-diadelphous. Style com-
pressed, carinate, villous on the upper side. _ Legwme oblong,

-tumid, many-seeded. SrxEps globose, with ‘an orbicular

hilum.— Herbaceous climbing plants, with abruptly POSS
leaves, ending with branching tendrils,

1. P. sativum, L. Common Garden Pea.

Leaflets ovate, entire, usually 4; stipules ovate, semi-cordate at base, irc tt
peduncles several-flowered. A valuable annual garden plant, cultivated from time
immemorial, so that its native country is unknown. Whole plant smooth and
glaucous. Stem 2 to 5 feet long climbing by tendrils. Zeajleés 2 to 3 inches long,
34 as wide, obtuse, mucronate. lowers 2 or more, on axillary peduncles, large, —
white.

4. CICER. Tourn. CnrcK PEA.

The Latin name for a species of vetch; applied to this genus.

Calyx 5-parted, the 4 upper segments incumbent on the
yexillum; ¢uvbe more or less gibbons at base on the upper
ride. LEGUME turgid, 2-seeded. StrxEps gibbous, mucron-
ate.—A cultivated annual, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white
solitary or axillary flowers.

1. C. anrerinum, L. Coffee Pea. Chick Pea.

Leases odd-pinnate; leaflets cuneate-obovate, serrate; stipules lanceolate, subs
denticulate; calyx slightly gibbous. Cultivated in gardens; the seeds are said to
afford a tolerable substitute for coffee. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, branching,
Teaftets in 4 to 6 pairs, 14 inch long, 14 wide, with a terminal odd one. . Flowers
white. Legume nearly 1 inch long. Seeds gibbous, in form much resembling @
ramn’s head.

5, FABA. ‘Tourn. WInpsor BEAN,

The Latin name for a bean; appropriated to this genus.

CaLyx tubular, 5-cleft, 2 upper segments shorter. STYLE
bent at aright angle with ‘the ovary. SriaMa villose. Le
GUME large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid. SxEEDs oblong
with a terminal hilam.— Herbaceous plants, apparently without
tendrils, and simple, erect, axillary racemes ef flowers.

1, F. vouearis, Mench. Horse Bean.
Leaflets 2 to 4, oval, mucronate; stipules semi-sagittate, obliquely ovate. Native
ef Egypt. Cultivated in gardens, Stem rigidly erect, with axillary, many-flowered

rasemes, 1 to 2 feet high. Plans sc ranihe with a large black _ on oe
Legume torulose,

~s See

LEGUM INOSE. site ) 31
_ TRIBE ci ~PHASEOLE A. The Bean Tribe.

Twining or trailing plants, with odd-pinnate leaves. of 3-several leaflets, mostly
‘stipellate, destitute of tendrils; flowers- often tr racemes. \

6. PHASEOLUS. Linn. Kipwry Bran.

CALYX companulate, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth
‘more or less united. Kexrn of the COROLLA with the inclu-
ded stamens and style spirally coiled or incurved. Lrecums
linear or falcate more or less compressed, many-seeded,
tipped with the hardened base of the style-— Herbaceous
twining or trailing plants, with stipellate pinnately trifoliate
leaves, and knotty or compressed racemes of flowers.

1. P. PERENNIS, Walt. Wald Bean-vine.
Stem twining, pubescent; levfiets ovate; short-acuminate, 5-nerved; racemes
solitary er somewhat clustered, simple or-in pairs; axillary, longer than the leaves;:
legume pendulous.

Dry woods: common. July. Per. Stem 4 to 10 feet long,.somewhat branching..
. Leaflets 11% to 314 inches long, 24 as wide, terminal one often sub-cordate. Raceme
6 to 12 inches long, looso. Flowers humerous, purple and violet, handsome.
Legume abont 2 inches long, 44 inches wide scythe-shaped, broad, mucronate.
Seeds dark-purple.

2. P. piversironius, Pers. Lobed Bean-vine
Leaflets broad-ovate, angular, 2 to 3-lobed, some of them oblong-ovate and entire;
peduncles angled, longer than the leaves ; flowers in heads; legume broadly linear,
rouud.

Sandy fields and woods. Aug. Annual. Stem 2 to 6 feet long: Leaflets 1 tor2
inches long, 34 as wide, with scattered hairs beneath, sometimes more or less
3-lobed. Feduncies 4 to 6 inches long, 2 to 3-flowered. Flowers purple. Legume
5 to 7-seeded, black when ripe.

d. P. wetvoutus, L. Long-stalked Bean-vine.
Stem slender, hairy, twining, diffuse, or prostrate; leaflets ovate or oblong, entire;
stipules lanceolate; peduncles 3 to 6 times the length of the beans; flowcr's few, in
heads; legume narrow-linear, cylindric, 8 to 10-seeded, slightly pubescent.

Sandy fields. July—Sept. Per. Stem 3to5 feet long. TZeajfiets 1 te 2 inches
long, 14 to linch wide. Feduneles 4 to 8 inches long, 4 to T-flowered. Calyx with
2 lance-oblong nerved bracts at base.- Corclia purplish; vexillum large, roundish.
Legumes 2 to 3 inches long, very narrow, subfalcate. Seeds woolly. ;

OULTIVATED EXOTIC SPE CLES..
4, P, vureanis, L. Pole Beans Kidney Bean,.

Stem twining; leaflets ovate acuminate; raceme solitary, shorter than the leaves ¢-
pedicels in pairs; calyx as short as its 2 bracts at base; legume pendulous. Seeds
reniform. Annual. Native of the East Indies. Universally cultivated in gardens —
for table use. Flowers mostly white.

§ PP. runatus, L. Lima Bean.

Siem twining; leaflets ovate, deltoid, acute; raceme shorter than the leavee ..
peduncles in pairs ; calyx longer than its 2 bracts at base; legume short, sword-
shaped or lunate; seeds large, much compressed, purplish-white. Annual. Native

of the East Indies. Stem 6 to 8 feet long. Flowers small, white. Valued in.
cultivation.

—_—

—a ee oe

82, - LEQUMINOS.

6. P. muttirtorus, L. Scarlet Pole Bean.

Stem twining; leaflets ovate, acute; raceme solitary, as long as the leaves; calys
longer than the 2 appressed bracts at base; legume pendulous; seeds kidney-shaped.
Annual. Naiive of 8 America. lowers scarlet, numerous, and very brilliant.

7. P. nanus, L. Bush Bean.

Stem smcoth, very branching, erect; leaflets broad-ovate, acute; calyx shorter
than its 2 bracts at Base; legume pendulous, compressed, rugose. Annual. Native
of India. Stem 1 foot high. lowers white. Seeds white, small. Much cultivated.

7. APIOS. Borh. GRrounp-nvut.

Gr. apios, a pear; in allusion to the form of its tuberous roots.

CALYX companulate, obscurely 2-lipped ;. the upper lip of
2 short rounded teeth. SraNDARD very broad, with a longi-
tudinal fold in the centre, reflexed. KerEt long, falcate, and
with the stamens and style at length spirally twisted. Lz-
GUME straight or slightly curved, rounded, many-seeded.—

A perennial twining herb, with pleasant tasted tubers on under-

ground shcots, pinnately 5 to 7 foliate leaves and dense, short,
often branching racemes of flowers on knotty peduncles.

1. A. TuBEROSA, Moench. Ground-nut.

Stem twining; leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate; raceme shorter than the leaves.

Low ground’, thickets and shady woods. July, August. Root producing oval
tubers about 14 inch in diameter, very nutritious. lowers in short oval racemes,
purple and brcwn, fragrant.

8. GALACTIA. P. Brown. Mu.xk PeEa.

Gr. gala, milk; in allusion to the juice of some of the species.

Catyx 4-cleft, equal, the upper lobe broadest. Kenn
scarcely incurved. STANDARD incumbent, broad. LEGUMES
compressed, linear, many-seeded.—Low mostly prostrate or
twining perennials, with pinnately trifoliate stipellate leaves,
and axillary racemes of flowers.

1. G. GLABELLA, Michx. Smooth Milk Pea.

Stem nearly smooth, prostrate, somewhat twining; leaflets elliptical or ovate-
oblong, obtuse or notched, sometimes slightly Hairy beneath; racemes axillary,
simple, few-flcwered, on peduncles as long as the leaves; calyx smooth; legume
pubescent.

Sandy woods. July, Aug. Root fusiform. Stem 2 to 4 feet long. Leaflets 1 to
114 inches long by ¥% to 1 inch wide, varying in form from elliptic through oblong
to ovate. Flowers rather large, reddish-purple, greenish externally.

2. G. Motus, Michx. Soft Milk Pea.

Stem twining, softly villous; leaflets ovate-oblong, obtuse, nearly smooth above,
softly villose and whitish beneath; racemes longer than the leaves, pedunculate ;
ealyx acuminate villous, legume compressed, villous, 4

ry

LEGUMINOSAE. 83

Dry soils, pine barrens, &c.; Southern part of the State. July, Aug. Stems
prostrate or climbing. Leaflets about 1 inch long, 24 as wide. F lowes about half
es long as in the last. os

9. CENTROSEMA. DC.

Gr. kentron, a spur, and sema, the standard:

CaLyx tubular, 5-toothed; the teeth much shorter than
the tube. STANDARD very large, with a spur-shaped projec-
tion on the back, notched at the top. KEEL small, shorter
than the wings, incurved, acute, on long claws. STYLE
dilated at the apex, longitudinally bearded. LecaumMe linear-
oblong, flat, pointed with the awl-shaped style, many-
seeded.— Twining perennials, with pinnately 3 to 5-foliate
leaves, and large showy flowers.

1. €. Vireintana, Benth. Spurred Butterfly Pca.

Rather roughish with minute hairs; stem twining; leaflets varying from oblong-
ovate to linear, very veiny, shining; peduncles 1 to 4flowered; calyx about as long
as the lanceolate bracts, teeth linear-awl-shaped; legume linear, compressed.

Sandy dry soils. July. Stipules, bracts, and bractlets striate, the latter longer
than the calyx. Flowers large, purple, 1 to 2 inches long. Fods straight and
narrow, 4 to 5 inches long, thickened at the edges, the valves marked with a line
on each side next the margin.

10. AMPHICARPA. Ell.

Gr. amphi, around, karpos, fruit; in reference to the ovary at base, sheathed.

CALyx tubular, companulate, 4 (rarely 5) toothed with
nearly equal segments, with no bractlets. KerxEL and wing-
petals similar, nearly straight, the standard partly folded
round them. ST1iGMa capitate. Ovary on asheath:d stipe.
LeGuME of the upper flowers flat, 2 to 4-seede 1.—Low
slender twining perennials, with pinnately trifolia‘e leaves,
and 2. kinds of flowers, the upper ones perfect bu! seldom
ripening fruit ; lower ones apetalous and fruitful.

A. mMonorca. Nutt. Hog Pea-nut.

Stem hairy; leaflets ovate, acute, smooth; raceme of the stem with nodding,
pendulous petaliferous (general¥¥ barren) flowers; bracts shorter than the pedicels;
ealyx teeth short and broad.

_ Rich woodlands. July—Sept. A delicate slender herb, with pale-purplish or
whitish flowers. Legume of the stem smootish, with 3 to 4 dark-purple seeds.

Radical legumes hairy, often very numerous, oboyate or pear-shaped, fleshy,
¥epining usually but one large seed.

, 11. WISTARIA. Nutt.

=

In memory of Casper Wistar, M. D.,; President of Am. Philo. Soc. is

-Cauyx bilabiate, upper lip emarginate, the lower one with

84 LEGUMINOS Z.

sub-equal teeth. VxExILLUM with 2 hard bunches ascend-
ing the claw and separating above. Wunas and KEEL
sickle-shaped, the former adhering at top. LzGuME uneven
: or swelling. SEEDS numerous, kidney-shaped.— Twining
shrubby plants, with pinnate leaves, and large racemes of
: blue-colored flowers with large colored bracts. —

1. W. Frutescens, DC. American Wistaria.

Stem pubescent, when young, at length smooth; leajlets 9 to 13, ovate or ellipti-
eal-lanceolate, acute, slightly pubescent; wings with 2 auricles at base; ovaries

smooth.

Rich alluvial soils: Western parts of the State. April, May. An ornamental
vigorous vine, 6 to10 feet long, climbing over bushes, &c. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches
long, 44 to Linch wide. Flowers numerous, on racemes 4 to 8 inches long, lilac.
Bracts very conspicuous, sheathing the racemes. Seeds spotted.

2. W. CONSEQUANA, Benth. Chinese Wistarta.

Stem of rapid growth, 12 to 15 feet long. Leafiets 9 to 18, ovyate-lanccolate, silky-
pubescent. lowers numerous, loose, in long terminal nodding racemes, clustered.
syliendid flowering vine fr na. May, June.
A gplendid fi g yine from China. May, June ;

Tripe 3. HEDYSARER. The Sainifoin Tribe.

Stamens monodelphous_or diadelphous. Legume (a loment) separating transversely
into 2-several 1-seeded indeniscent joints, or rarely reducedto1 such joint.

12. ASSCHYNOMENE. Linn. Sensitive Joint Vere.
Gr. aischunomene, to be modest or ashamed ; alluding to its sensitive properties,
CALYX 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft.
VEXILLUM roundish. KEEL PETALS boat-shaped, distinet at
/ base. STAMENS diadelphous, in 2 sets, 5 in each set. ‘Lz-
GUME exscrted, flattened, composed of several square easily
seperable l-seeded joints.—deaves odd pinnate, sometimes
sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch. seas

- 2B. - wIsprpa, Willd. — Sensitive schynomene.

‘Rough, bristly ; stem erect; leaflets very smooth and numerous, 20 to 25 pairs, lin”
ear, obtuse; sftp. ovate, acuminate; racemes 3to d-flowered; axillary loment ccm-

pressed, 6 to10 jointed. J

Along rivers and in marshes. Aug. Stem 2to3 feet high. Leaflets about 34-inch
long. Racemes usually bearing a leaf. Flowers — tinged with red externally.
Legume 2inches long, stalked, 6 tu 10-jointed.

138. HEDYSARUM. DC.

Catyx 5-cleft, segments linear-subulate, nearly equal.
STANDARD large. KzxxEt obliquely truncate. WmINGs much
shorter than the keel. Sramens diadelphous (9 and 1).
LEGUME with many joints; joints compressed, roundish
1 seeded.—Mosily herbaceous plants with odd pinnate leaves,
not stipellate. | oS

a es eee eee

LEGUMINOSZ. : Bp .

1. H. sporEAte, Nutt. Northern Hedysarum. emer”

Leaves nearly sessile; leaflets 8 to 12 pairs, oblong smoothish; stipales sheathing,
subulate; racemes on long peduncles; legumes with smooth roundish joints.

Mountains. June, July. Per. Stem 10 to 20 inches high, rather stout, very
leafy. Leaflets 14 to 34 inches long, 14 to % wide, obtuse, mucronate. Racemeés

2 to.4 inches long, on rigid peduncles 8 to 5 inches long. Flowers large and hand -

some, violet-purple, numerous. ~-

14. DESMODIUM. D¢.

Gr. demos, a ehain; from the appearance of the jointed pods.

CaLyx mostly 2-lipped, upper lip 2-parted, lower one
3-parted.. STANDARD roundish. KxEL obtuse, not truncate,
shorter than the wings. STAMENS diadelphous (9 and 1),
er monadelphous, below the middle. LzecumeE flattened,
composed of several square easily separable joints. — Herba-
ceous perennial plants, with pinnately-trifoliate leaves, stipel-
late; and flowers in axillary or terminal racemes, often
paneled, purple, or pur push, often turning green in drying ;
loments mostly hoa y with minute-toothed hairs by which they
adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing.

© Stem erect. or ascending; Stamens all connected: calyx toothed or entire: raceme
terminal panicled, or the pediceis often clustered: legumes long-stalked.

1. D. nupirLtorum, DC. Naked-flowered Tick-Trefoil.

Teaflets roundish-ovate, acuminzate ; scape radical, smooth, panicled; joint of the
legume, obtusely triangular.

Dry open woods; common. Aug. Stem 8 to 10 inches high, remarkably distin-
guished by having its leaves and flowers on separate seein often distant from each
other. Leaflets ternate, 3 to 4 inches long, 1 to 2 or 3 inches wide, whitish. Scape
1 to 3 feet long, slender, smooth, leafless. lowers purple.

2. D..acuminatum, DC. ~ Pownted-leaved Desmodium.

Teaves all crowded at the- summit of the stem, on very long petioles; leaf
lets round-ovate, acuminate; paniele terminal, on a very long peduncle; joznts of
the legume 2 to 8, semi-oval, pubescent.

Shady woods. July, Aug Whole plant slightly hairy. Stem. about 1 foot high,

_ ending in a slender panicle 1 to 2 feetlong. Leaflets 3 inches in diameter, terminal
one orbicular, ovate, 4 to5 inches long. lowers pale-purple or flesh-color.

3. D. pauciritoruM, DC. Few-flowered Desmodium.

Leaves scattered along the low ascerding stems; lateral leaflets obliquely-ovate,
the terminal one dilated, rhomboid-ovate, all sub-acuminate and pubescent-ciliate;
yaceme few flowered, terminal; legume stipitate.

‘Woods; rare. Aug. Stem 6 to 9 inches high, decumbent or sub-erect. Pettoles
2to3 inches long. Leaflets 1 to3 inches lone, 3 as wide. Flowers 2 to 6, white
or reddish white, in a loose slender raceme. Legume with 2to3 semi-oval pubés-
cent joints slightly connected,

#& Stems prostrate ; legumes short stalked, of 3 to 5 joints.

4. D. numirusum, Beck. Running Desmodium.

Bmooth; stem procumbent; leaflets ovate or ovai; stipules ovate-lanceolate;
vacemes axillary s- terminal, ee joints of the legume anh rhomboid,

PO oe Ne ee a eae Se

86 | LEGUMINOSZ.

Woods, rare. Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet long. Leaflets sub-acute.. Flowers purple.
Résembles the next.

5. D. norunpiroiium, DC. Round-leaved Desmodium.

Hairy all over; leaflets erbicular; stipules broad-oval, acuminate, refiexed ;
racemes axillary and terminal; legume with 3 to 5 rhomboid-oval hisped joints.

Dry rocky woods: Aug. Stem extensively trailing, usually very hairy, 2to4

foot long. Leaflets pale beneath, 1 te 2 ners in diameter, on Bis stalks. F ‘lowers
few; purple.

*% & & Stems (tall) erect ; legumes of 4to 7 inequilateral tients which are re longer thas
broad ; flowers large.

6. D. Canavensz, DC. Canadian Desmodium.

Stem hairy, striate; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, much longer than the petioles;
nearly smooth above; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, large; racemes dense, erect,
ins terminal panicle; joints of the legume 3 to 4, ovate, triangular, hisped.

Dry woods. July. Stem 3 to6 feet high, often branched. eticles very short,
%4 to 4 inchilong. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, broadest at base, pointed, nearly
smooth. Flowers pale violet or blue. Racemes with conspicuous bracts.

7. D. canuscens, DC. Hoary Desmodiwm.
_ Stem branching, striate, hairy and scabrous; leaflets ovate, bhuntish, about the
length of the petioles, scabrous, pubescent on both sides; stipeles large, broadly-

ovate, persistent; flowers in a loose terminal panicle; legume with 4 or 5 unequally
rhomboidal reticulated strongly hisped joints.

_ Meist grounds. Aug. An upright branching plant 3 to 5 feet high with very _

Jong- panicles of flower: 8, greenish externally, purple within. Lea/flets 2 to 4 inches
long.. Branches clothed with minute and hooked glutinous hairs, and the fine
partly hooked pubescence of the leaves eause them to adhere to cloth.

8. D. cusprpatum, T.& Gr. Sharp-pointed Desmodium.

Very smooth; sfem erect; leaflets ovate or lance-ovate, very acute, or acuminate ;

stipules cbliquely lanceolate; bracts large, lance-ovate, acuminate; panicle terminal,
“elongated, rather slender; jotnts of the legume rhomboid-oblong.

_ Along streams, thickets and shady pla¢es; common. July, Aug. Stem rather
zimple, 3 to 5 feet high. Leaflets 2 to 5 inches long, widest at base, smooth, entire,
_green on both sides. Bracts and stipules 34 inch long. lowers large, purple.
Legumes about 6-jointed.

*€ & ¥ Sfem erect ; racemes panicled ; stipules and bracts small and inconspicuous.

9. D. vinipirLoruM, Beck. G'reen-flowered Desmodium.

Stem very downy, rough at the summit; Icajflets broadly-ovate, obtuse, scabrous

on the upper surface, villous and very soft beneath; panicle terminal, very long,
naked; legume with 3 to 4 roundish triangular hisped joints.

Woods and thickets; frequent. Aug. Stem 38 to 4 feet high, rigid, branched,
very scabrous towards the summit. JZeaflets 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 244 inches

wide. F lowers purplish, turning ae green in withering. Legume 1 to 2 inches
long.

10.°-D. Drntentt, Darl. Dillenius’ Desmodium.

Stem pubescent, branching; Icaflets oblong or ovate-oblong, pale beneath, softly
and finely pubescent; stipules pierre racemes slender, forming a loose ‘i ig
panicle; legume with 3 to 4 rhomboid reticulated hisped joints.

Open woodlands; common. Aug. A variable species 2 to 3 feet high. Leaflets
2 to 3 inches long, obtuse, sometimes acute. Flowers purple, changing to bluish-
green

LL. NE PANICULATUM, DC. Panieled Desmodium.
Nearly smooth; stem slender, ercet; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse,

’

LEGUMINOSE. 87

smoothish; stipules subulate; panicle terminal ; couehes with 3 to 4 rhemboidal
Joints.
Woods; common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, often branching.

Leaflets 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3144 wide. Flowers purple, numerous, in a panicu-
late raceme. Legumes large; joints pubescent.

12. DP. riaipum, DC. Rigid Desmodium.

‘Siem branching, somewhat hoary; leaflets ovate-oblong, rather obtuse; terminal
ones the longest, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, hairy beneath; racemes
paniculate, erect, very long; legumes with 2 toe 3 halfround or oval hisped joints.

Dry woods and hillsides. Aug. Stem 2 to3 feet high, often with numerous,
long, erect, rigid branches. Teajiets 1 to 3 inches long, 14 as wide, rather leathery
reticulately veined. Flowers small, purple.

13. D. crrtare, DC. Fringed Desmodium.

Stem slender, hairy, or ee pubescent; leaves crowded on very short hairy

_ petioles; leaflets smali, round-ovate or oval, obtuse, thickish, more or less hairy on

the margins and underneath; stipules subulate-linear; racemes paniculate, ter-
minal.

Dry hills and sandy fields; common. Aug. Siem about 2 feet high. Leaflets 4
to 1 inch long, 14 to 34 wide. Flewers violet-purple. Legumes of 2 to 3 semi
orbicular hispid joints.

14. D. Marinanpicum, Booth. Smooth-leaved Des’m.

Nearly smocth threughout; siem erect, simple, slender; leaficts ovate or roundish,

wery obtuse, often sub-cordate, thin; petiole as long as the lateral leaflets, smooth;
panicle elongated ; legume with 2 to 3 hisped semi-orbicular joints.

Fields and woods; common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to%3 feet high, nearly smooth.
Teafieis about % inch long. Flowers small, yviolet-purple, in a terminal erect
panicle.

15. LESPEDZA. Michx,
in honor of Lespedez, @ Spanish Governor of Florida.

Catyx 5-cleft, segments nearly equal, slender. Sra MENS

diadelphous (9 and 1); anthers all alike. Lecume of a
single I-seeded joint, oval or roundish, flat, reticulate, not
opening, l-seeded.— Pexenniats with pinnaiely trifoliate leaves,

minute stipules Gnd bracts, and often polygamous flowers.

' * Flowers of 2 kinds, perfect, and apetalous, the latter chiefly bearing the fruit;
corolla violet or purple, much longer than the calyx.

1. UL. procumpens, Michx. Procumbent Lespedeza.
Stems procumbent, slender, with the branches assurgent, all ower pubescent;
ieaves on long petioles; leaflets oval or elliptical, obtuse, mucronate peduncles slen-
der, mostly simple, few flowered; legume orbicular ovate, pubescent.

Sandy scil. Aug.,Sept. Stems several from the same root, 2 to3 feet long. Leaves .
consisting of 3 obleng or roundish leafiets on hairy stalks. Flowers purple, in
short raceme-like heads, axillary; the lower ones apetalous, ‘on short peduncles,
the upper ones on long filiform peduncles.

2. UL. vioLtaces, Pers. Violet-flowered Lespedeza.

Stems upright or spreading, somewhat pubescent; leaves on long petioles; leaflets
elliptic or oval-oblong, obtuse or emarginate, somewhat hairy; racemes sub-umbek

hate, axillary, about as long as the are lower ones with apetalous flowers;

Ve. Oe ee

© 88 ae 3 LEGUMINOS A.

oo

flowers in pairs, distinctly pedicellate; legume rhomboidal, reticulate and smooth,
much longer than the calyx. _ adi,

Dry woods. July. Stems clustered, slender, 8 to 14 inches long. Apetalous
flowers few, perfect ones seldom producing fruit. Leaflets 4 to 1 inch long, 14 to 3%
‘inch wide. Petioles 34 to 114 inches long. Flowers violet-colored, small. ~

Var. b. divergens, (. divergens of Pursh). Pedicels filiform, divergent, much
longer than the leaves; flowers in loose panicles mostly unfruitful; legume reticu-
late; leaflets oval or oblong. |

Var. c. sessiliflora. (L. sessiliflora 6f Nutt.) Leaves on short petioles; fascicles
of flowers subsessile, on peduncle much shorter than the leaves.

Var. d. ungustifolio. (L. ungustifolio, Raf. L. reticulata, Pers.) Leaves erowded; -
leajlets narrowly oblong or linear, often silky; flowers clustered on straight
po ue I have followed Torrey and Gray in giving the above only as varieties:
of L. violacee. 4

2 Stems upright; Flowers all alike and perfect, th spikes or heads. :
3. L. caprrata, Michx. Shrubby or Capitate Lespedeza.

Stem erect, sub-simple, villose; leajlets elliptic-ovate, pubescent beneath; common
petioles very short; spikes capitate, oyoid, on short axillary peduncles; legwmes
elliptic ovate, pubescent much shorter than the calyx.

Dry sandy soil. July; Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, rigid, straight, woolly. Leaves
numerous, on short petioles. Leaflets 1 to 144 by 14 to \% inches, nearly smooth
above. Flowers in oblong or sub-globose heads, white or very pale yellow.—Var.
angustifolia slender; leaflets linear; peduncles sometimes elongated.

4. LL. pinta, Ell. Hairy Lespedeza.

Stem branched, very villose; leaves on very short slender petioles; leaflets round,
oval, obtuse, hairy; spikes oblong-cylindric; peduncles longer than the leaves,
axillary.

Dry hilly woodlands; frequent. Aug., Sept. Stem 2to4 feet high, very hairy.
Leaflets 24 to 144 inches long, 14 to 1 inch wide. Legume compressed, elliptic-ovate,
very hairy, nearly as long as the calyx segments.

5. L. Nurrarsiy, Darl. Nuttall’s Lespedeza.
Stem hairy, somewhat branched; leaflets ovate and obovate, villose beneath;
yacemes somewhat spiked, pedunculate, longer than the leaves; legwme lance-ovate,

acuminate, very pubescent, rather longer than the calyx.

Dry hills; frequent. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, striate. Leafiets 14 to
114 inehes long, 14 inch wide. lowers rather crowded in somewhat spiked pedun-
cled racemes, mostly longer than the leaves, purple with tinges of violet.

16. STYLOSANTHES. Swarts.

Gr. stulos, a colunum, and anthos, a flower; the flowers appearing stipitate.

Tube of the cALYx very long, slender; limb 2-lipped,
upper 2, the lower 3-cleft. CoroLLA inserted in the throat
of the calyx. StTAMENS monodelphous; 5 of the anthers
linear, the 5 alternate ones ovate. FERTILE FLOWERS with
a hooked style. LxGumx reticulated with 1 to 2 joints, the
lower joint when pressed empty and stalk-like, the upper
ovate, 1-(2)-seeded.—_Low perennials, with pinnately 3-foliate
leaves; the stipules united with the petioles, and 2 kinds of

flowers intermixed in the clusters ; one kind complete but un-
- fruitful, the other fertile and consisting only of a prstil between

2 bractlets.

e

. LEGUMINOS. | 89

1. §S. exatTior, Swarts. Pencil Flower.
Stem erect, herbaceous, somewhat branched above, often several from the root 5

leaflets lanceolate, strongly straight-veined, smooth, acute; upper sitpules sheathing >
' sptkes few flowered.

Sandy woods and pine barrens. July—Sept. Stems 6 to12 inches long, wiry,
often bristly. Zcaflets 34 to 114 inches long, 44 to14 wide. Bracts lanceolate,
hisped ciliate. Flowers yellow, in terminal compact heads. Legume 2-jointed, the
lower joint sterile and stipitate, 1-seeded, hooked at the summit.

Tripe 4, LOTEA. The Melilot Tribe.

Stamens monodelphous or diadelphous (9 and 1); Legume continous 1-celled, or Zeelied
lengthwise. Not twining, climbing, nor bearing tendrils.

17. ASTRAGALUS.. Linn. Minx Vertex.

Catyx 5-toothed or cleft. Corona with the keel obtuse.
STAMENS diadelphous. LrGuMzE 2-celled by the introflec-
tion of the lower suture.—AHerbaceous or suffruticose plants,
with odd-pinnate leaves, and spiked or racemed flowers.

1. A. CANADENSIS, L. Canadian Milk Vetch.

Tall and erect; stem downy; leaflets 10 to 14 pairs with odd one elliptic-oblong,
rather obtuse, smoothish; stipules broad-lanceolate, acuminate; peduncles about
as long as the leaves; flowers in oblong spikes; legume ovate-oblong, erect, smooth,
2-celled, many-seeded.

Banks of streams. June—Aug. Per. Siem 1 to 8 feet high, bushy, very leafy.
Leaflets usually smooth above, slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers pale-yellow,
in spikes 1 to 4 inches long. Legume 14 inch long, leathery.

18. ROBINIA. Linn. Locvust.

In honor of John and Vespasian Robin, French botanists.

CALYX short, 5-toothed, teeth lanceolate, 2 upper ones
approximate. VEXILLUM large. KexriLobtuse. STAMENS
diadelphous (9 and 1). SvryiE bearded. LEGuME com-
pressed, elongated, margined on the seed-bearing edge.—
Trees or shrubs with stipular prickly spines, unequaily pinnate
heaves, and showy axillary racemes of flowers.

1. R. Pseupacacta. Locust Tree.

&

. koose, slender; legumes smooth.

_ Ahandsome tree, native in our mountainous regions, much cultivated for its
inyaluable timber. May. # lowers white, fragrant, in racemes 3 to 6 inches long.

2.. 3. viscosa, Vent. Clammy Locust.

Branchlets, &c., clammy; leaflets ovate; stipular spines very short.

A handsome tree cultivated like the last; native of the Southern Alleghenieg
where it attains the height of 40 feet,

im erect, crowded axillary racemes.
3. R. misprpa, L. Rose Acacia.

Abreb Taostly bene 5 stimiar spines scarcely any; racemes loose, sub-erect. A

-

— ———s

e

Leaflets 8 to 12 pairs ovate and oblong; stipules prickly; racemes pendulous, |

Flowers numerous, crowded, rose-colored -

LEGUMINOS&.

90 .

beautiful shrub 4 to § feet high, native of the Southern States, cultivated in gar-
dens. Flowers deep rose color or red.

19. TEPHROSIA. Pers.
Gr. tephros, ash-colored or hoary, in allusion to the color of the foliage.

CALYX about equally 5-cleft. Sranparp large, roundish,
pubescent, reflexed-spreading, scarcely longer than the cohe- —
rent wings and keel. SrAMENS monodelphous or nearly
diadelphous. LeGuMEs linear, flat, several-seeded.—Si
hoary perennial herbs (except in the tropics), with odd-pin-
nate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowers.

T. VIRGINIANA, Pers. Goat's Rue. Hoary Pea.
) my

Stem erect; leaflets 7 to 14 pairs, oval or linear-oblong, mucronate, white, villous e
beneath; raceme terminal; legume falcate, villous. ~

Sandy soils and gravelly hills; common. June, July. Root long and tough.
Stems simple, usually several or many from one root. Leaflets 1 inch long, 14
wide, odd one obcordate. Stipules subulate, % inch long, persistent. Bracteoles
deciduous. Calyx very villous. Flowers large, ina dense termina) raceme. Ban-.
ner white, with a tinge of yellow on the upper side. Keel rose-colored. Wings red.

20. AMORPHA. Linn. Fase Inprao.

Gr. a, privative, morpha, shape; alluding to the deficiencies of the corolla.

CALYX inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. STAN-.
DARD concave, erect; the other petals entirely wanting!
SramMEns 10, exserted, monodelphous at base, otherwise
distinct. Sryxz filiform, straight, smooth. LeaumEs oblong,
longer than the calyx, somewhat curved at the point, 1 to
2-seeded.— Shrubs, “with odd-pinnate punctate leaves, and
bluish or violet-colored flowers, crowded in clustered terminal:
spthes. )

A. FrutTicosa, L. Common False Indigo.

Rather pubescent; stem shrubby or arborescent; leaflets 8 to 12 pairs, oval,.
scattered, the lower pair remote from the stem; calyx-teeth obtuse, 4 of them,
acuminate, pubescent; legume few-seeded. +

Southern partof the State. July. A tall shrub 6 to 16 feet high. Leaves 3to5
inches long. Leaflets about 1 inch, by 4, rather remote from each other. Racemes.
spicate, terminal, solitary or fascicled, 3 to4 inches long. Standard purple, emar-_
ginate. .

21. TRIFOLIUM. Linn. CLover-TREFoI.
Lat. ¢res, three ; and foliun a leaf.
-@anyx persistent, tubular, 5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form..
Prrats more or less united below. STANDARD longer than,
_the wings, which are mostly longer than the keel, STAMENS.

®

al

~

LEGUMINOS. -.

eee eee ee ee ee ee ee ees
diadelphous (9 to 1). LecumE small, scarcely dehiscent,
often ovate, 1 to 6-seeded, covered by and scarcely longer
than thescalyx. SEEDS roundish.— Pujfted or diffuse herbs,
with palmately trifoliate leaves, with straight, scarcely reticu-
lated veins, and flowers chiefly in dense heads or spikes.

* Flowers sessile in compact heads ; corolla purple or purplish, deciduous or with-

ering.
1. T. pratense, L. Led Clover.

Stems sub-crect, branched; leaves on long petioles, oval, entire, often notched at
the end, and marked with a pale spot; heads of flowers ovate, dense, nearly sessile;
teeth of the calyx setaceous, the lowest longer than the rest.

Meadows and fields; largely cultivated, and naturalized. May—Oct. Per. Stems
1 to 2 feet high. Flowers united into a tube at base, rose-colored, fragrant. Seeds.
yellowish. Native of Europe.

2. T. PENNSYLVANICUM, Willd.

Stem ascending, much branched, flexuous, leaflets ovate.clliptic, obtuse, very
entire; stipules awned; heads of flowers ovate-cylindric, solitary, dense; lower teeth.
of the calyx shorter than the corolla.

Wools. June—Sept. Per. Flowers fine red. Resembles T. medium of Lin-
nseus. Introduced. Beck’s Bot. I suspect this to be merely a variety of T. pratense,

3. TT. aRVENSE, L. Rabbit-foot Clover. Stone Clover.

Stem branching; leaflets obovate-linear or narrowly wedge-form, minutely 3-tooth-.
ed at the apex; stipules oval acuminate; spikes oblong-cylindric, very villous;.
ealyz-teeth longer than the eorolla plumose, woolly.

Old fields and roadsides; common; naturalized. May—Sept. Annual. Stem 6
to 12 inches high, much branched round, hairy. eaves hairy, in short petioles.
Leaflets narrow, 14 tol inch long. Heads 44 to 1% inches long becoming greyish.
and very softly woolly. Flowers minute whiteor pink.

**® Corolla white or yellow ; flowers in umbel-like round heads on a naked peduncle.
4. T. repens, L. White Clover.

Smooth, the slender stem spreading and creeping; leaflets inversely heart-shaped,
somewhat retuse, serrulate, mucronate; stipules scale-like narrow; petioles and
especially the peduncles, very long: heads small and loose; flowe7's pedicelled.

Pastures, waste places, and woodlands; common. May—0Oct. Per. Stem 6 to
10 inches high, rooting at the joints several from thesame-root. Jeduncles angular
much longer than the leaves. Flowers white, rarely purplish. ' Legume 4-seeded.

5. T. procumBens, L. Hop Clover. :

Stems mostly procumbent, spreading, pubescent; leaflets wedge-ovate, notched at
the end, denticulate, the lower pair at a small distance from the other; stipules
lance-ovate, ciliate, shorter than the petioles; peduncles equal to-or longer than the
leaves; heads axillary, oval:

Dry fields; naturalized. May—Aug. Annual. Stems 3 to 6 inches long, many
from the same root. Leaves an short petioles. Heads akout 2-flowercd, small on
slender peduncles 14 to 114 inches long. Flowers yellow. Legume l-seeded.

6. T. acrartium, L. Golden Clover. Hop Trefoit.
Stem ascending, with erect branches; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets oblong-ovate
‘or wedge-shaped, denticulate, all from the same point nearly sessile; stipules nar-
oe cohering with the petiole for more than half its length; Aeads on rather long:
~ peduncles. Bats 5: Le ne

92 LEGUMINOS.

Sandy fields; naturalized. June—Aug. Annual. Stem 6 to 15 inches long,
branched, minutely pubescent. Common petiole 44 tolineh long. Leaflets 44 tol
inch long, narrow. Heads of Flowers twice as large as in the last, on peduncles A
te 14Zinches long. Flowers small, pale yellow, brown when old. _ ¢

22. MELILOTUS. Tourn. Meninor.

Gr. meli, honey, and lotus, the genus, so called.

FLOWERS much as in clover, but in spiked racemes, small.
CoROLLA deciduous. LEGUME coriaceous, ovoid, wrinkled,
longer than the calyx, 1 or few-celled.—Herbs fragrant in
drying, with pinnately trifoliate leaves and racemose flowers.

1. M. orrictnauis, Willd. Yellow Melilot. Sweet Clover.

Upright; Jeaftets obovate, obtuse, remotely serrate; spikes axillary, paniculate;
legume 2-seedec, rugose; style filiform, as long as the legume.

Fields and ae is places; introduced. Aug. Annual. Plant 2 to 4 feet high,
branched. Flcwers yellow, in long racemes. Native of Europe.

2. M. LEUCANTHE, Koch. White Melilot.

Upright, branched; leaflets ovate-oblong, truncate, mucronate at the apex, re
motely serrate; standard longer than the keel and wings; legume 1 to 2-seeded,
evate, green. «

Secarcely raturalized; common in cultivation. July, Aug. Stem 3 tod feet high.
flowers white, on longer and less edie racemes than the last.

Oe, MEDICAGO. Linn.

Cr. medika; because it was introduced into Greece by the Medes.

FLOWERS nearly as in-Melilotus. LeGUME many-seeded,
varying in form, always falcate or twisted into a spiral.—
_ Herbs with palmately trifoliate leaves and more or less spiral
legumes, often resembling snail shells.

1. M. tupurina, L. None-such. Black Medick.

Stem procumbent; leaflets wedge-ovate, toothed at the apex; stipules lanceolate,
acute, somewhat entire; flowers in capitate spikes; legume reniform, 1-seeded.

Waste places; naturalized. June—Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Flowers
-small, yellow, crowded. Legume black when ripe, short, compressed, curyed or
kidney-shaped, 1-celled, 1-seeded.

2. M. sativa, L. Lucerne.

Frect, smooth ; leaflets ovate-oblong, toothed above, mucronate Jlowers in oblong
racemes; legume spirally twisted.

Fields and waste places, scarcely naturalized. Sometimes cultivated for green
fodder. June, July. Per. Stem1to2 feet high. Flowers purple.

3. M. scurennata, L. Snail.

Pedicels 2-flowered. Legume unarmed, cochleate, orbicular, convex at the base,
fat above with concentric folds. Native of South Europe. Cultivated for the
euriosity of its pods, which much resemble snail shells. July. Annual.

M. INTERTEXTA a native of Europe, naturalized in some parts of the U. 8. with

20 le flowers and spirally legumes like the last is sometimes cultivated Gus
garde

"ae ) | : 98
- 24. CROTALARIA. Linn. Rarrre-sox.

_ Gr. crotalon, a rattle ; the seeds becoming locse in the ripe pods.

CAtyx 5-cleft, somewhat 2-lipped. StanpArp large, eor-
date. Kure falcate, acuminate. FILAMENTS all united
with the sheath often cleft above. LeGuME inflated, oblong,
many-seeded.— Herbs or shrubs, with often simple leaves, and
Fracemed yellow flowers.

CG. saciranis, L. <Arrow-leaved Rattle-box.
Hairy ; stem erect, branched ; leaves simple, oblong-lanceolate, searesly pétioled z
stipules united and decurrent on the stem, inversely arrow-shaped; peduncles few-
flowered; corolla as tong as the calyx.

Sandy soils. July, August. Ann. Stem 4 +010 inches high, with spreading
branches. JZeaves alternate, hairy on both sides, rounded at the base. Flowers
yellow. Sceds few, rattling in the turgid pods.

%

25. LUPINUS. Tourn. Lupine. -

Lat. lupus, a wolf, because these plants were thought to devour the fertility of the
soil.

Catyx deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed :
KEEL scythe-shaped, pointed. SHEATH of the MONADELPHOUS
STAMENS entire; anthers alternately oblong and globose.
LEGUMES coriaceous, oblong, flattened, often torulose.—_
Herbs with palmately 5—15-foliate leaves and showy flowers
in terminal racemes or spikes.

1. L. perennis. L. Wild Lupine.

Somewhat hairy; stem erect; leaflets 7—11, narrowly obovate-oblong, mucronate;
fiowers alternate, in a long and loose terminal raceme; calyx without appendage 3,
upper lip emarginate, lower entire; legume linear-oblong, very hairy.

Sandy woods and hills; common. May, June. Per. A beautiful plant, som
times cultivated in gardens. Stem a foot high, soft, smcoothish. Leaves soft,
downy, on long stalks. Flowers purplish blue, varying to white. It is often
called Sun-dial, from the circumstance of its leayes turning to face the sun from
morning till night.

Several handsome species are sometimes cultivated in gardens, among, which is
L. polyphyllus, from Oregon, a splendid plant 3—5 feet high, with racemes of white
purple or yellow flowers more than a foot long. L. Nootkatensis, from Nootka
Sound, a handsome species 2—3 feet high, fiowers purple. lL. arboreus, a magnifi-
eent exotic shrub, 6 feet high, with large yeliow flowers.

TRIBE 0. SOPHOREA. The Sophora Tribe.
Stamens distinct: Corolla truly papilionaceous.

26. BAPTISIA. Vent. Faust Inpico.

Gr. bapto, to dye; in allusion to the coloring properties of some of the species.

Catyx 4 to 5-toothed bilabiate. Prrans 5, nearly equal.
STANDARD with the sides reflexed. Wines oblong. KEEL
slightly incurved. STAMENS deciduous. LEGUME stalked

a

94 | _ LEGUMINOSZ.

in the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated, , pointed,
several seeded.—Lerennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliate
(rarely simple) leaves, which generally blacken in drying, and
racemed flowers.

1. B. tincrorza, R. Brown. Wild Indigo. +

Smooth; stem branching; leaves palmately 3-foliate, almost sessile; leaflets
rounded wedge-obovate, acute at base, very obtuse, sometimes margined at apex,
stipules setaceous; racemes few-flowered terminating the numerous branches. ~

Sandy woods and gravelly hills; common. Aug. Plant 2 to 3 feet high, bushy,
slender. Leaves @luish-green. Flowers yellow, 6 to 12 or more on each raceme.
Corolla V4 inch long. Legunie ebout as large as a pea, on a long stipe, mostly
i-seeded.

2. B. AUSTRALIS, Brown. Blue-flowered False Indigo.

Smooth, tall and stout; leaves ternate on short petioles, the upper ones nearly
sessile; leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lance-linear as long the petioles,
rather persistent; raceme elongated, many-fiowered, erect. #

Banks ofstreams. Near Haston, Pa. Beck. Sometimes cultivated. June, July.
Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched. Leaflets 134 to 3 inches long, 34 tol inch wide,
sometimes acute. “Stipules 44 tol inch long. Jacemes Z to 3 incheg long, oval-
gblong, on a stipe about as long as the calyx.

27. CERCIS. Linn. ReEpD-BuD. JUDAS-TREE.

Gr. kerkis, a weaver’s shuttle; alluding to the form of the legume.

CaLyx 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Prras 5, with claws
sub-papilionaceous, all distinct. Wines larger than the
standard. SrameEns 10, distinct, rather unequal. LeGuME
oblong, flat, many- seeded, the upper suture with a winged
margin. — Trees with simple rounded heart-shaped leaves, de-
etduous stipules, and rose-colored flowers in litile ummbel-likke
clusters along the branches, appearing before the leaves.

1...C. Canapensis, L. fed-bud.

Leaves roundish-cordate, a2 Ran villous in the axils of the nerves; legume
on short foot-stalks.

Banks of streams, Southern part cf the State. March—May. A handsome tree
20 to 30 feet high, cften cultivated. Leaves 3 to 4inches by 4 to 5 entire smooth
7-veined, on petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers appearing before the leaves,
usually in abundance, in small lateral clusters. Corolla bright purple. Legume
ebout 3 inches long, acute at each end.

Suionper I, CASALPINEAR © |
Taree 6. CASSIEA. he Senna Tribe.

Stamens distinct, some of them often imperfect: corolla open, irregular or almost -
regular.

28. CASSIA. Linn. SENNA.
Separs 5, scarcely united. PETALS 5, unequal, STAs

LEGUMINOS.- 95

MENS 5 to 10, free, unequal, spreading, 5 lower ones longest ;
4 middle ones ’short and straight; 3 upper ones usually abor-
tive. ANTHERS opening at the apex. LxecuMe terete or
_ compressed, many-seeded.— T’rees, shrubs or herbs (herbs in
the United States) with simply abrupt. pinnate leaves and
mostly yellow flowers.

pe: Marinanpica, L. Wild Senna.

Stem erect; leaflets 6 to 9 pairs, ovate-oblong, mucronate, equal ; petiole with %
club-shaped gland near the base; stipules deciduous; Sept ech in short
axillary racemes, panicled at the summit of the branchés

Alluvial soils, along streams; common. July, Aug. fees. Stem 3 to 4 feet
high, smooth or slightly pubescent. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long zs, 14 to % wide.
Racemes i in the upper axils, forming a leafy panicle. Feials brig eht-yellow, 3 erect
and 2 declined. Legume compressed, linear, hisped, at length smooth. Medicinal.

2. C. CumnMacrista, L. Partridge Pea.
Stem erect or decumbent; leaflets in 10 to 15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at base,
obtuse, mucronate; gland on the petiole cup-shaped ; flowers on slender pedicels,
fascicled above the axils of the leaves.

Sandy places. June—Aug. Annual. Stem a foot or more high, spreading,
round, pubescent. Leaflets. crowded, 14 to 24 inch long, smooth, sub-sessile.
Flowers large, 2, 3 or 4 in each fascicle. Petals bright-yellow, the 2 upper ones
with " purple spot. Stamens 10, elongated, unequal, 4 of them yellow, the others
purple. :

a. ©. NIcTITANS, L. Wild Sensitive Plant.

Stem erect or decumbent, branched; leaflets 10 to 20 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse,
mucronate; gland on the petiole cup-shaped, on a slender foot-stalk; racemes
lateral above the axils of the leaves, short, few-flowered ; stamens 5, nearly equal;
style very short; legwme pubescent.

Sandy hanks of streams. June—Aug. Ann. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, slender, ~
-@ little branching. Leaflets crowded, Zto Yinch long. Flowers very small, pale-
yellow, on short pedicels. The leaves are somewhat sensitive like the Mimoss
closing by night and when touched.

29. GLEDITSCHIA. Linn. Honey Locust.

In honor of Gleditsch, a German botanist of the last century.

~

_ FLowers polygamous. Catyx of 3—®d spreading sepals,
united at the base. PreTaus as many as the sepals, and equal-
ing them, the 2 lower somewhat united. SramMens 4—5,
distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx.
LEGUME flat l-many-seeded. Srxps oval, flat.— Trees, with
supra-axillary branched spines abruptly once on twice-pinnate
feaves and inconspicuous green flowers.

G. TRIACANTHES. LL. Honey Locust.

Thorns stout, usually triple or compound; leaflets lanceolate-oblong or linear-
oblong, somewhat serrate; Jegume much,elongated, compressed flat, often twisted, .-
many-seeded.

Rich woods; cultivated. July. A handsome tree 830—50 feet high, with spines
on its branches 2—3 i long. Foliage bright and elegant. Leaflets about 18,

a]

66 | _. ROSACEZ.

1—1% inches long, % as wide, several of them usually transformed “partly or
wholly into smaller leaflets. Flowers small, white, succeeded by flat, crooked,
henging pods, 12—18 inches long, which appear in autumn like si apple-parings
pendant from the branches.

The GYMNOCLADUS CANADENSIS, Kentucky Coffee-tree, is oecapione ly. met with in
eultivation, but is ey not native in our State.

Orpen 39. ROSAGEEL—The Rose Family.

-

Trees, shrubs or herbs with alternate leaves with stipules ; regular flowers with heme.
Prous (rarely few) distinct. stamens, inserted on the calyx, and 1—many pistils. Gnas
5, (rarely 3—4—8) united at the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets
outside. Prtazs 5, regular, rarely wanting, inserted with the stamens on the edge
of a disk that lines the calyx tube. Ovarizs superior, 1 or several, distinct, i-celled
often cchering to the sides of the calyx and each other. STYLES distinct or united.
Fruit ® drupe, pome, acheuia, or follicle. This important family —— rises three
prinsipal sub-orders. .

SUB-ORDER I AMYGDALEA. ALMOND FAMILY.

CALyx entirely free from the solitary ovary, deciduous.
STYLE terminal.. Fruit a drupe (stone fruit. )— Trees or shrubs,
with simple leaves, the bark exuding gum, and the bark,
aves and kernels 4 yielding the peculiar flavor of yet acid.

PRUNUS. . Tourn. Prwm.-

Catyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous. Purans 5 spreading.
Sramens 15—-30. Ovary with 2 pendulous ovules. DRUPE
oval or oblong, fleshy, smooth, usually covered with a glau-
cous bloom; the stone smooth, sharp-edged and pointed, and
the margins mostly grooved.—Small trees or shrubs with -
serrate leaves, rolled up in the bud, and white flowers, usually
preceding the leaves from lateral buds the Fence un simple
wmbel-like clusters.

1. P. Americana. Marsh. Wild Yellow Plum. Red Plum.

Eeaves ovate or obovate, acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate,very veiny,
smooth when mature; e«mbels 2—5 flowered, drupe roundish-oval, nearly destitute
of bloom.

River banks, and along hedges; common. Flowersin May. Fruitin Aug. A
small tree 10—15 feet high, much branched and thorny. Zecaves 2—3 inches ‘long,
34 as wide. Petioles 14416 inch long, mostly with 2 glands near the summit.
flowers white, preceding the leaves. Fruit 34—1 inch in diameter, yellow or

ire e often tinged with red, with a yellow pulp and thick, baie, =—, pleasant
58

2. P. spinosa, L. Sloe. Black Thorn.
Branches thorny; leaves obovate-elliptical, downy beneath, sharply doubly-toothed;
peduncles solitary ; calyx companulate; drupe globose.

Hedgerows and cultivated grounds. Introduced. A thorny shrub 12 to 15 feet
Digh, native of Europe. Sparingly naturalized.

-

ROSACEA. - OF

ep. pomgEstTica, L. Common Garden Plum.

Branches unarmed; leaves oval-lanceolate, acute; pedicels nearly solitary; drupe
globose, oval, ovoid and obovoid. _ This long cultivated tree or shrub is said to be
a native of Italy. It rarely exceeds 15 feet inheight. Fruit black, varying through
many colors to white, covered with a rich glaucous bloom, ripe in Aug. Varieties
very numerous.

4, P. cuicAsa, Michx. Chickasaw Plum.

Branches spinose; leaves oblong-lanceolate, glandular serrulate, acute, nearly
smooth; wmbels 2 to 3-flowered; pedicels short, smooth; drupe globose. A fine
fruit-shrub, native of Arkansas, often cultivated. Height 8 to 12 feet. Leaves1
to 2 inches long, 144 as wide. Flowers small, white, expanding with the leayes.
Fruit red or yellowish-red, tender and succulent, ripe in July.

ARMENIACA, @ genus very closely resembling Prunus.

A. VULGARIS. Common Apricot. A tree 10 to 15 feet high, from Armenia. Flow-
erg white, preceding the leaves. ruit1 to 2 inches in diameter, purplish-yellow.
Cultivated.

A. DASCYCARPA. Black Apricot. A tree about the size of the last, from Siberia.
Flowers white, preceding the leaves. Fruit dark-purple, when mature.

2. CERASUS. Tourn., Juss. CHERRY.

€erasus, 2 town in Pontus from where the garden cherry was first brought.

——

Frowers, &c., as in Prunus. Drupe globular, without
a bloom; the stone almost globular, smooth.— Trees or shrubs
with the leaves folded in the bud, and white flowers in umbels
or racemes.

* Flowers in racemes at the end of leafy branches.

1. G. Virerntana, DC. Choke Cherry. Wild Cherry.

Leaves broad, oval or obovate, abruptly acuminate, often sub-cordate, sharply
(often doubly) serrate with slender teeth, thin, smoothish; petoles with 2 to 4
glands; racemes short and close, erect or spreading; petals obovate; fruit sub-
globose.

River banks and woods; common. F!. May. Fr. Aug. A tall overhanging shrub
or small tree, with greyish bark. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 14 as wide, with a
short abrupt acumination. Flowers white. Fruzt (cherries) abundant, of a dark
red color, very austere and astringent to the taste.

2. C. seroTINA, DC. Wild Black Cherry.

Leaves oval-ebleng or lance-oblong, acuminate, smooth and shining above, finely
serrate, bearded along the midrib beneath; petiole mostly with 2 or more glands;
racemes elongated; petals obovate; drupe globose.

Woods; common. Fl. May, June. Fr. Aug., Sept. A fine large tree, 50 to 80
feet high ef uniform size and undivided to the height of 20 to 30 feet, 2 to 4 feetin
diameter. Bark of the trunk black and rough, that of the branches reddish-
brown. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, 144 as wide, with 1 te 2 pairs of reddish glands
at base. Flowers white, in long racemes or clusters, which are at length pendu-
lous. Fruit nearly black when mature, slightly bitter.- The wood is close-grained
and very valuable for cabinet work.

* * Flowers sub-umbellate or solitary.
3. (C. Pennsytvanica, DC. Bird Cherry.
Leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, shining,

green and smooth on both sides, mostly with 2 glands at the base; flowers many in
@ cluster, on long pedicels; fruit globose. rye

98 ROSACEZ.

Rocky woods and thickets. Fl. May. Fr. Aug. A small tree 20 to 30 fewt highs
with light red-brown bark. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, % as wide. Flowers white,
on slender pedicels 214 inches long, collected into a sort of umbel. Fruit small,
red, x and sour flesh. int

4. ©. PUMILA, ‘Mighe. | Dwarf Cherry. Sand Cherry.
Smooth, depressed and trailing; leaves obovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, serru-—
late, smooth, glaucous beneath; wmbels sessile, few-flowered; drupe ovoid.

Gravelly soils. May. A small trailing shrub, with ascending branches 1 to 2
feethigh. #lowers white,3 to5 in each umbel; pedicels smooth, 1 inch OMB =.
Fruit small, dark-red, acid, agreeable to the taste.

te OULTIV ATED EXOTIC SPECIES.

.

5. (©. vurearis, Mill. Red or Sour ieee

Branches spreading; leaves ovate, lanceolate or obovate, acute at apex, mostly
narrowed at base, smoothish; umbels sub-sessile; fiowers rather preceding the
leaves; Pruit globose; pedicels rather short. A tree 12 to 20 feet high, with a
roundish compact head. lowers white, 2 to 3 from each bud appearing in April.
Fruit large, various shades of red and brown, acid or sub-acid 14 to 24 inch in
diameter. There are about 50 varieties of this species cultivated in the United
States.

6. C. Avium, Mench. English Cherry. Black Oherry.
Sweet Cherry. Bleeding- heart. Ox-heart. Duke Cherry.
Branches erect or ascending; leaves oblong or obovate, acuminate, doubly and
racher coarsely serrate-dentate, smooth above, pilose beneath; umbels sessile ;~-
flowers searcely preceding the leaves; /ruit roundish-ovoid, or sub-cordate at pee
pedicels Grooping. A common cultivated tree 20 to 50 feet high with an oblong or
pyramidal head. eaves 8 to 6 inches long, 44 as wide, on petioles 1 to 2 inches
long, cften with 2 glands. Flowers white. Fruit various shades of red, black or
mottled, firm and fleshy, generally sweet, Varieties numerous.

3. PERSICA. Tourn. PEACH. NECTARINE.

Named from Persia its native country.

CaLyx 5-cleft, tubular, deciduous. Prtrats 5) Drupr
fleshy, tomentose or smooth. STONE somewhat compressed, -
ovate, acute, rugosely furrowed and perforated on the sur-
face.—Small trees. Leaves conduplicate in sestivation.

1. P. vuncaris, Mill. Common Peach.

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, with all the serratures acute; flowers solitary, sub-
segsile, preceding the leaves; drupe tomentose. A common cultivated tree or
shrub 8to 15 feet high. Zeaves 3 to 5 inches long, 14 as wide, smooth ; petioles
short with 1 or 2glands. Flowers rose-color. Fruit large, 1 to 2)4 inches in
diameter, yellowish, tinged with purple, densely tomentose. Numerous varieties
of this delicious fruit are now cultivated in the United States.

2. P> Lavis. Nectarine. °
A tree closely resembling the peach in form, foliage and flowers. The fruit ig ,
1 to Sinches in diameter, smooth, yellow, purple, red, &e. Native of Persia, ~~

ROSACEA, | » 99

4 AMYGDALUS. Willd. “Anmonp.

Specific character as in Persica, except the fruit, which ts
not fleshy ; compressed. Stone perforate and furrowed, ovate,
compressed, one edge acute, the other broad, obtuse.

1. A. communis, Willd. Common Almond.

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, with the lower serratures glandular; flowers in pairs,
Native of Barbary. Scarcely cultivated in

sessile, appearing before the leaves.
this country, 10 to 20 feet high.

2. A. pumiLa, Dwarf double-floweriny Almond.

Leaves lanceolate, doubly-serrate; flowers in pedicels. A low branching shrub,
2 to 3 feet high. Native of China. Highly ornamental, common in cultivation.
Flowers very double, pale rose-color, very numerous, clothing the whole shrub in
their roseate hue while the leaves are yet small, May, June,

Sus-ornpeR Il. ROSACH 4 PRropnr.

Catyx free-from the ovaries, but sometimes enclosing
them in its tube. PisTILs few to many, (sometimes single);
Jrud achenia or follicular:

Tribe 1. SPIRAEA. The Meadou-sweet Tribe. .
5). SPIRANA. Linn. MEADOW-SWEET:

~Canyx 5-cleft, persistent. Prrans 5, roundish, equal.

_Bramens 10 to 50 exserted. Carprns 3 to 12, distinct,

rarely united at base, follicular, sessile, rarely stiped. SnxEps
2 to 10.—Unarmed perennial shrubs or herbs, with aiter-
nate leaves and branches, and white or rose-colored flowers ;
rarely dicecious ; never yellow. :

* Shrubby ; leaves lobed and toothed.

1. §S. opunrrorta, L.. Nine-bark.

Nearly smooth ; leaves roundish, somewhat 3-lobed and cordate, doubly-toothed
and crenate, petioled’; corymb umbel-like; pedicels filiform 3 carpels 3 to 5, at length
spreading.

Rocky river banks and along streams; common. June. <A shrub 4 to 10 feet

high, much branched. Leaves 1 to 214 inghes long, nearly as wide, sometimes
eordate at base with 3 obtuse lobes above. Corymbs resemnbling simple-umbels,

- hemispherical, 1 to 2 inches in diameter. Flowers white, often tinged with purple.

follicles diverging smooth, purplish, 2-seeded.
* * Shrubby ; leaves entire or toothed. SPIRHA PROPER.
2. S$. conymBosa, Raf. Meadow-sweet. 3
_ Nearly smooth; leaves oval or ovate, on short petioles, whitish beneath, ineisely

serrate towards the apex; corymbs large and flat, several times compound _ termi.
nal; carpels 3 to 5-seeded. : i

*

100 ROSACER. | as in

Alleghenies; rare. June. Stem 1 to2 feet high, slightly pubescent; reddish.
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 34 to 114 wide, nearly smooth above, entire towards the
Hee Flowers very numerous, white or rose-colored, in a corymb 4 to 6 inches

road. : 5; Rai Sick

3. §. sauicrroLio, L. Meadow-sweet.

Nearly smooth; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate; racemes in
dense terminal-compound panicles; carpels 5, distinct, smooth.

Meadows along streams; common. June, July. A small bushy shrub 2 to 5
feet high, with purple and brittle branches. eaves varying in form, mostly acute,

but sometimes obtuse, 114 to 3 inches long, 14 to inch wide. Flowers numer-
ous, white, often tinged with red, small, with conspicuous stamens.

4. §S. tomentosa, L. Hard-hack MSteeple-bush.

Stem and peduncles reddish-tomentose; leaves ovate-lanceolate, unequally ser-
rate, densely tomentose beneath; racemes terminal, compound, crowded; carpels
5, woolly.

Low grounds and meadows; eommon. July, Aug. A small shrub 2 to 3 feet.
high. Stems very hard, brittle. eaves 114 to 2inches long, 44 as wide, dark

green above, rusty white beneath. lowers very numerous, small, light-purple,
‘with eonspicuous stamens forming handsome pyramidal clusters.

*% Herbaceous perennials.
§. §. LoBata, Murr. Queen of the Prairie.
Leaves interruptedly pinnate, the terminal leaflets very large 7 to 9-parted, the
lobes incised and toothed; lateral leaflets 3-lobed, the lobes all serrate, mostly

incised or toothed; flowers in a compound clustered panicle; sepals refiexed. ©

Moist grounds. June, July. <A beautiful herb 4 to 8 feet high. Stem angled..
Flowers large, deep rose-color, numerous, and very delicate, in panicled compoung
clusters, on along naked peduncle. Carpels 6 to 8, smooth.

CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES.

6. S. Unmaria. Double Meadow-sweet.

Leaves 3 to 7-foliate, with minute leaflets interposed; lateral leaflets ovate-lanceo-
late; terminal ones much larger, palmately 5 to 7-lobed, all doubly serrate, ané
whitish tomentose beneath; stipules reniform, serrate; paniele corymbose, long-
pedunculate. Native of Europe; cultivated in gardens. lowers numerous,
white, mostly very double, appearing in July.

7. §S. FILAPENDULA. Pride of the West.

Leaves interruptedly pinnate; leaflets 9 to 12, pinnatifidly serrate, with many
minute ones interposed; stipules large, semi-cordate, serrate; corymb on a long
terminal peduncle. Native of Europe. A handsome delicate herb 1 to 3 feet high
‘with white flowers 14 to 14 inch in diameter. Cultivated in gardens.

6. GILLENIA. Moench.

CALYx tubular, bell-shaped, constricted at the throat, 5-
cleft; TEETH erect. Prrats 5, linear-lanceolate, somewhat
unequal, elongated in the throat of the calyx. STAMENS
10 to 20, mostly included. Sryuus 5, filiform, terminal.
CaRPE.s 5, distinct, 2-valved, 2 to 4-seeded, included in the
calyx.—Perennial herbs with almost sessile 3-foliate leaves,
doubly serrate and incised, and pale rose-colored or white
lowers in paniculate corymbs. ; |

. ROSACEZ. 101

1. G. vrironiata, Moench. Indian Physic. --

Zeaves ternate; ieaficts lanceolate or ovate-oblong, pointed irregularly cut-sertate;
stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. \ a

Rich shady woods; common. June. A handsome plant 2 to 3 feet high, slender
and nearly smooth. Lewer leaves petiolate; leaflets 2 to 4 inches long,.34 as wide,
pubescent beneath, sub-sessile. Flowers axillary and terminal, few, nearly white.
Medicinal. : ;

2. STIPULACEA, Nutt. American Ipecac.

Radical leaves pinnatifid: those of the. stem alternate; leaflets serrate, deeply
incised ; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised and clasping.

Western part of the State. June. Stem 2to 3 feet high, branching. Readily

distinguished from the former by the large clasping stipules. Flowers few, rose-
colored. Medicinal.

TRIBE 2. DRYADEA. The Bramble Tribe.
' Pasiila mostly numerous, forming seed-like achenia or litle drupes in frutt.
7. AGRIMONIA. Tourn. AGRIMONY.

Catyx. 5-cleft; tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat,
armed with hooked bristles above, indurated and enclosing
the fruit; limb 5-cleft, closed after flowering. Prratus §.
STaMEns 12 to 15, inserted with the petals upon the calyx.
ACHENIA 2, invested by the hardened calyx. StTy.zEs ter-
minal.— Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves
and yellow flowers in_slender-spiked racemes; bracts 3-cleft.

1. A. Evpatorra, L. . Common Agrimony.

Stem and stalks hairy; leaflets oblong-ovate, crenate dentate, the terminal one
petioled; spike long and slender, terminal, many-flowered; petals twice the length
' of the ealyx; fruit distant, top-shaped, hisped, smooth at base.

-Borders of woods and hedges;-common. July—-Sept. Stem 1 to3 fect high,
branching, leafy. Leaflets 3—5—7, with small ones interposed, nearly smooth.
Racemes6 to 12 inches long, spicate. Flowers yellow, about 14 inch in diameter
on very short pedicels, Calyx tube fluted with 10 ribs, and surrounded with red-
Gish hooked bristles. ;

2. A. PARVIFLORA, Ait. Small-flowered Agrimony.

Stem and stalks bristly with brownish spreading hairs. Leaflets numerous,
linear-lanceolate, ineisely serrate, crowded, 11 to. 19, with smaller ones intermixed;
spikeslong and slender; petals small. :

Woods and dry meadows.. July, Aug, Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Eeaflets2 to3
inches by %4 to 14. Flowers pale yellow, numerous, in long slender racemes. -
F,uit roundish divaricately hispid. =“ ce:

8. SANGUISORBA. Linn: Great BeRner. sy
Lat, sanguts, blood, sorbeo, to absorb, the plants having been esteemed as vulneraries, ,

FLoweErs perfect or rarely polygamous. Catyx 4.-cleft :
with 2 to3 scales or bracts at base externally. PrTazs |
none. - —— 4, the filaments usually enlarged upwards ©

————=Sa=l_e=e=Se=e==e=Ee==a=E=e==s=Ss=Ss=EE=E=S=SeE=E==EE—E™_EESESST

102 ROSAOES.

opposite the calx segments. ACHENIUM dry, included in
the hardened 4-winged calyx-tube.— Perennial (rarely an- .
nusl) herbs, with unegually pinnate leaves and small Rowers
in close spiked heads.

1. 8. Canapensis, L. Burnet Saxijiage.

Smooth ; leaves pinnate; kajle’s ovate-oblong, sub-cordate, serrate; epikes cylin-
dric, long; stamens longer than the corolla.

Wet meadows. Aug, Sept. New 2to 4 feet high, ements striate, eine
eee te ot leafy, serrate. aoe whi =» crowded spikes, which are
from es long, terminating branches. Ouly# greenish:
white, resembling a corolla. “ys ny

9. POTERIUM. Linn.
Lat. pofersum, a drinking vessel.

FLOWERS monecious. CaLyX-TUBE contracted at the
mouth, 3-bracteate, limb 4-parted. PrErats none. Sra-
MENS 20 to 80. Ovaniss 2; style filiform. ACHENTA dry,
included in the calyxs.—Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves.

P. sanavrsorBa, L. Burnet.
Smooth; stem unarmed, angular; leaflefs T to 11, ovate or round doophn ants
rate; or Seah sub-ghobose, the lower flowers staminate. Per. onally

eultiva and at one time held in high repute for its
Porties.

10. G@EUM. Linn. AveEns.
Gr. geuo, to give an agreeable odor; some of the roots being aromatic.

Calyx helt ehaged or concave, deeply 5-cleft, usually with
5 small bractlets alternating with the segments. Prrans 5.
SrTaMENs numerous, inserted with the disk that lines the
dase of the calyx. ACHENIa numerous, hooked on a coni-
cal or. cylindric dry receptacle, the long persistent styles
forming hairy or jointed tails —Perennial herbs, with pin-
nate or lyrate leaves.
1. @. Virerntanum, L. White Avens. |

Stem rather hairy below; radical leaves pinnate, lyrate, or farely simple and

eounded; those of the stem 3 to S-lobed or divided, all unequally and incisely

dentate, softly pubescent; stipules obovate, entire or incised; petals wedge-obovate
‘Bearcely as long as the calyx.

very
inches long. Upper leaves simple, acute, sessile, Flowers rather small, w
pale yellow on peduncles 1 to 3 inches long terminating the branches, at first

2. G. RIVALE, L. Water Avens. Purple Avens.
Pubescent; stem subsimple; radical kaves lyrate and interruptedly planate,

=. =

Ee
_ ROSACEA: 103

or haped,
contracted into a neat See er a5 nee the ik : carpele ina men head, very hairy.

77; WALDSTEINIA. Willd.
In honor of Francis von Walddtzin, German botanict.

CALYx-TUBE inversély conical; the limb 5-cleft, with 5
alternate often minute and deciduous bractlets. Perans 5
to 10. STAmMENs many, inserted into the throat of the
calyx; - Styuzs 5'to 8, long, deciduous. AcHENIA 2 to 6,
minutely hairy. Szzp erect —Low perennial herbs, with 3
to B-lobed or divided, leaves and small yellow flowers on bract-
ed scapes.

W. ¥FBAGARIOIDES, Traut. Dry Strawberry.

Low; leafits 2; broadly wedge-form, crenately cut, toothed, ciliate; scapes several-
flowered bracted; petals longer than the calyx; carpels hairy.

Hilly woods, May. Rooter creeping. A handsome plant with scapes 3 to 6 inches
high. Leaves on Recents D pes 6inches long. Zeaficts 1 to 2 inehes in diameter,

nearly sessile, a rounded and cut cut into lobes and teeth, derk, ehining green
above. Pines yellow $4 inch broad. ri J

12, DALIBARDA, Linn.

In honor of Dalibard, a French botanist of the last eentury.

Catyx inferior deeply 5 to 6 parted, 3 of the divisions
larger and toothed. . PeTaus 5, sessile, deciduous. SramMEns
humerous. STYLES 5 to 8, long deciduous. ACHENIA five,
dry, adhering to the ealyx. —Low perennials, with creeping
and tufted stems, roundish heart-shaped leaves on slender peti-
oles and 1 to 2. white flowers on scape-like peduncles.

DD. repens, L. False Violet.
Depressed, in tufts; aves simple, roundish-cordate, crenate; etipulcs linear-seta-
ceous ; calyx spreading in flower, erect in fruit.
Moist shady . June—A Stem herbaceous, ereeping and rooting,
inches long. poe 1to2 Site in Mamata, allies gutinaenas on aes a
inches Padals obovate,

Flowers white on nearly radical peduncles.
ean tenes opr ee :

13. RUBUS. Linn. Brame.
_ Celtic rub, red, the color of the fruit of some specice.

- CaLyx 5-parted, spreading. Perats 5, deciduous. Sra-
MENS numerous, inserted into the border | of the stick.
STYLE nearly terminal. From enmnnced of many nelnw

carpels aggregated on a spongy receptacle, persistent or de-
ciduous.— Perennial half shrubby piants, with usually biennial ©
stems armed with prickles, white (rarely reddish) flowers, and
edible fruit. an
Fruit concave beneath, separating from the dry, conical, persistent receptacle. Rasp:

® Zeaves simple ; flowers large reddish ; prickles none.

‘|. BR. oporatus, lL. Rose-flowering Raspberry. —
Hisped with glandular hairs; stem erect, branehed; leaves large 3 to 5 lobed, the
lobes acute or acuminate, unequally serrate; peduneles many-Lowered, compound;
-ealyx-lobes tipped with a narrow appendage as long as themselves; pefals rounded.
Rocky places; common. June—Aug. Siem 4 feet high with the stalks, bram-
ches and calyx bristly with glandular clammy hairs. Zeaves 4 to 8 inches long,
nearly as wide, cordate at base. K'lowerslarge, purple, resembling arose. Stameng
very numerous, 1 to 200, whitish. Suit broad end flat, bright red, sweet when
Fipe.
@@ Leaves 3 to 7-foliate.
2. R. tairtorus, Rich. Dwarf Raspberry.

Stems ascending or trailing; leaves ternate or pedate-quinate, on slender petioless
leaflets rhombic-ovate or lance-ovate, acute at both ends, eoarsely doubly serrate,
termina] one petiolate, thin; peduncle terminal 1 to 3 flowered ; sepals lanceolate.

Moist woods and hills. June. Stem flexuous, smooth, reddish. Leaflets 1 to Z

inches long, 14 to L wide. _Petioles1 to Zinches long. Fetals white, rather longer
than the reflexed sepals. S#rutt small, dark red, usually sour, ripe in August.

3. KR. stricosvs, Michx. Wild Red Raspberry.

Stem erect, shrubby, strongly. hisped; Waves teanate or quinate; leafiefs oblong-
evate, pointed, cut-serrate white tomentose beneath, the terminal one of ten sub-
cordate; peduncles 4 to 6 flowered.

Rocky places, common in mountainous regions. May. Sem reddish-brown, 2 to
8 feet high, covered with strong bristles. Leaflets 144 to 2 inches long, ¥4 te % a8
wide, terminal one distinctly petiolate. Flowers white. Sepals spreading, nearly
es long as the petals. Corolla cup-shaped. Fruit hemispherical, light red, rich fla-
vored, ripe in June—Aug.

4. KR. oOccrwEentTais, L. Black Raspberry.

Shrubby, glaucous, armed with rectirved prickles; Zeaves pinnately 3-foliates
leaflets ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened downy underneath ; flowers
axillary and terminal. ct oe y

Thickets and fields along fences; common. May. Sem 4 to 8 feet long, sparing*
ly branched. Ledflets 2 to dinches long, 14 to 34 a8 wide, on long round petioles:
Flowers white, 1 to 3 on axillary peduncles, in terminal leafy racemes. Fruit
roundish, nearly black, sweet, and well flavored, ripe in July. :

6 Rh. waus, lL. Garden Raspberry.

Hisped or armed with recurved prickles; leaves pinnately 3 to 5 foliate; teaflets
broad-ovate or rhomboidal, pointed, unequally and ineisely serrate, hoary tomen-
tose beneath, sessile; flowers in panicled corymbs. Stem shrubby, 3 to 6 feet high.
Leaflets smoothish above, 2 to 4inches long, 24 as wide. Petals white, entire, shor-
ter than the hoary tomentose calyx. Fruit red, amber color or white, ripe in June
and July. Many varieties of this plant are cultivated for the delicious fruit.

BLACKBERRIES. Breit inseparable from the juicy, deciduous receptacle.
6. RK. vitnosus, Ait. High Blackberry. —

Prickly; stem angular, and with the branches, peduncles and lower surface ofthe
ew Re Pies &

pA wlamAnliae: Janes tornata and nofate.auinate: leaflets ovate. nain. —

~

ROSACEZ. = 105

ted, unequelly serrate, the terminal one somewhat cordate, conspicuously stalked ;
Jlowers in elongated terminal racemes; sepals acuminate, much shorter than the
obovate spreading petals.

War. frondosus, Torr.: smoother and much less glandular; flowers lower corym-
bose with leafy bracts. :

Fields and borders of thickets; common. May, June. Stem erect or declined, 4
to 8 feet high. Flowers white, numerous. fruit ovoid-oblong, 4 to 1 inch long;
purple or nearly black when ripe, sweet and well flavored. Aug., Sept.

7. R. Canavensis, L. Low Blackberry. Dewberry.

Stem procumbent or trailing, somewhat prickly; leaves ternate or pedately 5 to
7-parted; leaflets oval or Iance-oval, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply
and unequally cut serrate, the terminal on petioles and sub-cordate; flowers in
racemes, with leaf-like bracts.

Sandy and gravelly fields; common. May, June. Stems ascending at base,
trailing several yards on the ground. Flowers white, on slender pedicels. Petals
twice as long as the calyx, obovate. Fruit 14 to linch in diameter, black, sweet
and juicy, ripe July and Aug. :

8. R. wisprpus, L. Running Swamp Blackberry.

Stems long, slender, somewhat shrubby, prostrate, beset with small prickles
turned backwards; leaves ternate or pedate, 5-foliate; feafiets somewhat coriaceous,
obovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, entire towards the base, smoothish; flowers in
corymbs or racemes, without bracts; sepals spreading, half as long as the petals.

Swamps and wet woods; common. May, June. Stem profusely trailing with
short erect branches. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, 44 as wide, nearly sessile, persis-
tent through the winter on the common petiole 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers white.
Fruit composed of a few large blackish grains, red or purple. -

9. KR. cunErFouius, Pursh. Sand Blackberry.
Low shrubby armed with stout recurved prickles; leaves ternate and pedately
5-foliate; leaflets wedge-form, obovate, thickish, serrate towards the apex, pubes-
cent tomentose beneath; peduncles 2 to 4-flowered.

Sandy fields and woods. May, June. Stem 1 to 3 feet high. Petioles often
prickly. Flowers white or roseate. Petals 3 times as longas the tomentose oblong
mucronate sepals. rwit black, juicy, well-flavored, ripe in July, Aug.

10. -R. trivratis, Mich. Low Bush Blackberry.

Procumbent withgmany leafy and nearly erect branches, armed with numerous
recurved prickles; leaves mostly ternate; leaflets ovate or oval, unequally serrate,
more or less pilose; pedwncles 1 to 3-flowered.

Dry woods or rocky neglected fields. April,May. Stem 4 to 8 feet long, slender,
often several from the same root running in different directions, smoothish, purple,
and giving out numerous leafy flowering branches 2 to 6 inches long, nearly erect.
Flowers terminal, white, rather large. Petals obovate, twice as long as the calyx.
Fru oblong or roundish, 14 to 1 inch in diameter, very succulent and sweet, black
when ripe. July. .

14. ROSA. Tourn. Rose.
Celtic rhos, red; Gr. rodon,; Lat. rosa.

CALYX-TUBE urn-shaped, fleshy,-contracted at the orifice;
limb 5-parted, the segments often with a leafy appendage.
Prrats 5, inserted with the numerous stamens into the edge
of the calyx-tube. Prst1s numerous, nearly included, in-
Serted over the whole inner surface of the disk. OVARIES

=

"106 | ROSACEE.

many becoming bony achenia in fruit included in and: fixed
to the fleshy tube of the calyx.—Prickly shrubs with odd-

pinnate leaves, stipules cohering with the petiole, and showy,

mostly red and white fragrant flowers.

NATIVE SPECIES.

‘ken vk CAROLINA, L. Swamp Rose. | e-

Prickles recurved, often wanting; leajiets 5 to 9, elliptical, often acute, sharply
serrate, glaucous beneath, dull-green above; flowers in corymbs, rarely solitary ;
lobes of the calyx very long, appendaged, spreading, with the panicles glandular-
bristly; fruit depressed-globose, somewhat bristly.

Swamps and low grounds; common. July—Sept. A handsome species” 3 to 8
feet high, erect and “bushy, with reddish branches sometimes unarmed. Leaflets
1 to 2inches long, % as wide, somewhat variable in form. Plowers 5 to 7 in ter-
minal corymbs. Sviuls large, crimson, inversely heart-shaped.

2. KR. tucia, Khr. Low. Wild Lose.

Armed with scattered unequal bristly prickles, mostly deciduous, the stouter
persistent prickles nearly straight, slender; leaflets 5 to 9, lance-elliptical shining _
above, sharply serrate; stipules dilated, long, smooth; peduncles somewhat hisped,
1 to 3-fiowered; segments of the calyx entire appendaged, spreading but mat
refiexed ; fruit globose-depressed, hispid or smooth.

Dry soil or borders of swamps; common. June, July. Shrub 1 to 3 feet high,
slender, with greenish branches. Leaflets 1 to 11% inches long, half as wide, acute
or obtuse, odd one petiolate. lowers rather large, pale red. ‘Petals inversely
heart-shaped. Fruit small, red, mostly smooth when mature.

3. RR. BLANDA, Ait. Harly Wild. Rose.
Prickles few, straight, slender, deciduous; leaflets 5 to 7, oval or oblong, obtuse,
serrate, pale and mostly pubescent beneath; stipules large; Jlowers 1 to 3 on *
smooth peduncles.

Dry hills and recks; common. May. June. Stems 2 to 3 feet high with reddish
bark, prickly near the base. Bracts large, downy. lowers rather large, rose-
color. Fetals obcordate, longer than the sepals. #rutt globose, red, erowned with
the persistent erect and connivent calyx lobes. Po

NATURALIZED SPECIES.

4. KR. Rupicinosa, Ait. Sweet Brier. Hglantine.
Stem smooth, armed with numerous very strong recurved prickles; leaflets 5 to
7, ovate or somewhat rounded with rusty glands beneath, doubly serrate; lowers
mostly solitary ; fruit ovoid or obovate, and with the peduncles hisped.

Hedges and roadsides; common. June, July. A stout prickly shrub 4 to 10
feet high. Leaflets 4 to 1 inch long, 24 as wide, acute, bright green above, rusty
beneath, and when iubbed over, fragrant. Flowers solitary or 2 or 8 together. pale
red, fragrant. Fruit orange-red, crowned with the persistent calyx lobes. Vari-
tees ‘in cultivation about 25 , Single and double.

‘ CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES.

5. R. GALLICA, ‘ys Common French 1 Bay
This is tte common red rose of gardens. Stem and petioles armed with ar

‘fine scattered prickles. Leaflets mostly 5, elliptical or broad oval, thick flowers

erect, large; sepals ovate. Fruit oyoid, and with the peduncles hisped. Nw

i

Galecun “107

varieties are known in cultivation, among which are the velvet, carmine, carna-
tion, &c. :

6. R. PIMPINELLIFOLIA, Ser. Scotch or Burnet Rose.
A shrub 2 to 3 feet high with the stems densely covered with straight needle
shaped prickles. Leaflets 5 to 9, small, roundish, obtuse, smooth, simple serrate.
Flowers small, numerous, globular, usually roseate, but changing in the numerous
varieties to white, red or yellow. Native of Scotland.

7. R. eeuanteria, §. Australian Eglantine. Yellow Rose.

A bushy shrub about 3 feet high, with ash-colored stems and red branches, both

armed with straight, slender, scattered prickles. Leajlets 5 to 7, small, broad, oval

or obovate, smooth, shining above, sharply serrate. lowers numerous, golden

yellow, of very short duration. Varieties numerous, both single and double,
variegated with red.

8 R. pAMAScCENA, L. . Damask Res>. |

A fine species 3 to 4 feet high, branching, bushy stems, armed with unequal
sp'n7s, mostly stipular or hooked. Leafiets large, broadly elliptical, white downy
beneath. Sepals refiexed. Flowers rather numerous, ofa delicate pale roseate
hue, usually with numerous petals and a delicious fragrance. Among its numer-
ous varieties is the common monthly rose.. Native of the Levant.

2

; te
9. KR. centirotiaA. AHundred-leaved Rose. Provens Rose.

A shrub 2 to 4 feet high. Stems covered with numerous neariy straight prickles.
Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate glandular ciliate on the margin, sub-pilose beneath. Sepals
spreading in flower. Flowers usually of a pink color, but varying in hue, form
and size in the numerous varieties. Native of 8. Europe.

10. R. aupa. White Garden Rose.

A fine shrub 5 to 8 feet high, with slightly glaucous stems, armed with slender
recurved prickles, sometimes none. Leaflets roundish ovate, shortly pointed.
Sepals pinnatifid. Petals spreading. Flowers large corymbose, sweetscented, gen-
erally pure white, sometimes tinged with blush. Native of Germany.

li. R. murtrrnora. Japan Rose.

A free growing shrub with long shoots easily trained to the height of 15 to 26
feet armed with slender} scattered prickles. Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate, soft
and slightly rugose. Flowers corymbose, often numerous. Sepals short. Styles
exserted. Petals white, varying through roseate to purple. Native of Japan.

12. KR. Inpica. Chinese Monthly or Bengal Rose. f

An erect or climbing shrub, with purplish stems, armed with strong, remote
prickles. Leaflets 3 to 5, acuminate, thickish, shining, smooth, serrulate. Flowers
solitary or paniculate, in the numereus varieties every hue from pure white to
crimson, blooming from April to November.

13. R. sericerA, Michx. Michigan Rose. Prairie Lose.

Branches long, ascending, smooth, spines few, strong, stipular; leaflets large, 3 to

5; ovate, serrate, pubescent beneath; stipules narrow, pointed; flowers corymbose,
calyx glandular, segments sub-entire; styles united; fruit globose.

This splendid species is a native of Michigan and other Western States. Stems
hardy and of rapid growth, capable of being trained 12 to 20 feet. Flowers in
very larze clusters, changeable in hue, nearly »scentless, and of short duration,
About 20 varieties are cultivated. . Meads

108 ROSACEA. -

EE ea a
Sus-orper Ill. POMEA. Tue Appre Faminy
Trees or shrubs with aliernate simple or compound leaves. ae

15. CRATAGUS. Linn. Hawraorns.

Gr. kratos, strength; in allusion to the hardness of the wood.

.

CALYX-TUBE urn-shaped, limb 5-cleft. Prraus 5, round-
ish. STAMENS many or only 10 to 15. Sryuxs 1 to 5,
smooth. FRuIT a pome, containing 1 to 5 bony 1-seeded
carpels.— Thorny trees or shrubs, with simple mostly lobed
Jeaves, subulate deciduous bracts, and showy white (rarely rose-
color) flowers in corymbs.

* Leaves serrate sub-entire, not lobed.

1. C. Crus-cauui, Ait. Cockspur Thorn.

Smooth; leaves wedge-obovate, thickish, shining, serrate, entire near the base;
spines very long; corymbs smooth; styles 1 to 3.

Borders of woods and thickets; rare. May, June. A thorny shrub or smali
tree 10 to 20 feet high, much branched. Thorns 2to 3inches long. Leaves nearly
sessile 1 to 214 inches long, 1% to 24 as wide. Flowers white, fragrant on corymbs,
on very short lateral bractlets. Sepals lanceolate, smooth, sub-serrate. Style often
solitary. Fruit red, pear-shaped or ovoid-oblong.

2. C€. punoTata, Jacq. Common Thorn.

Leaves wedge-obovate, cut-serrate, smooth, narrowed at base into a margined
petiole, furrowed by the impressed straight veins; corymbs compound, and with
the calyx pubescent when yeung.

Thickets, hedges and swamps; common. May. A small tree 12 to 25 feet high
with rugged branches, usually armed with stout sharp thorns 1 to 2 inches long,
sometimes nearly unarmed. Bark ash-colored. Zeaves light green, mostly hairy.
Flowers white, namerous. Styles1 to 3. Fruit large, red or yellowish, globose,
dotted. " Pi es

3. ©. parviroxra, Ait. Dwarf Thorn.

Leaves wedge-obovate or cuneate, nearly sessile, rounded at the apex, cuneate,
serrate, rarely somewhat incised, pubescent; flowers subsolitary ; calyx lobes folia-
ceous, incised as long as the petals; styles 5; fruit roundish, pyriform.

Sandy woods and banks of stream; not common. April,May. Amuch branched
rhrub 4 to7 feet high, armed with a few long and sharp thorns. Flowers white,
stly solitary and terminal. F7uit 14 to 14 inch in diameter, red or yellow, eata-
ble when ripe.
** Leaves incised, more or less lobed.

4. ©. romenrosa, L. Black Thorn.

Leaves ovate-elliptic or oval-wedge-form, and narrowed at base into a short mar-
gined netiole, incisely serrate and sub-lobed towards the apex, smooth and furrowed
above, tomentose beneath when young; styles 3 to 5; fruit pyriform.

Borders of woods and thickets; common. May, June. A’ large shrub 12 to 15
feet high, branching, armed with sharp thorns 1 to 2 inches long. Leaves 3 to 5
inches long, 14 to 24 as wide, acute at apex, on petioles 44 tol inch long. Flowers
large, white, fragrant, ina large leafy compound corymb. Fruit large, oramge-
red, eatable, ripe in Sept.

5. €. cocctnna, L. White Thorn.

Leaves roundish-oyate, thin, sharply cut and. toothed, 5. to 9-lobed, somewhat.
cordate at base, on long slender petioles, nearly smooth; styles3 to 5; fruit globoses

ROSACEZ. 109

Thidkets on borders of streams. May, June. A thorny shrub or small tree 12

to 20 feet high, with crooked end spreading branches. Branchlets white. Thorns

‘stout, rigid, a little recurved, white, 144 inches long. Flowers white in corymbs

terminating the young branches. J ruzt large, bright red or purple, eatable, ripe
in Sept. Very variable. 7

6. €. corpaTA, Ait. Washington Thorn.

Smooth; leaves broadly-ovate and sub-cordate, on long and slender petioles
acuminate, incised and serrate, mostly 3-lobed near the base; styles 5; fruit small,
globose-depressed.

Banks of streams. June. A shrub 15 to 20 feet high, cuitivated in the Middle

tates for hedge-roWs, branching; the branches dark purple and armed with very
sharp and slender thorns 2 to 3 inches long.; Leaves often deeply 3 to 5-lobed,

about 2 by 114 inches. Flowers white, numerous, in corymbs terminating the
branches. Fruit small, bright purple or red, numerous.

7. ©. Oxycantua, L. Hawthorn. English Thorn.

‘Smooth; leaves broadly ovate, cuneate, 3 to 5-lobed, incised and serrate ; segments
of the calyx acute or acuminate; styles 1 to 3; fruit ovoid.

Roadsides, hedzes, &c., sparingly naturalized. June. A very branching shrub
4 to 16 feet high; the branches armed with sharp, short, tapering thorns 4 inch
Jong. Leaves variously lobed, pale beneath. Fetioles 144 to 1 inch long, with 2
leafy stipules at base. Flowers white, in corymbs. fruit small, purple when
mature. Introduced from Europe.

16. AMALANCHIER. DC. June Berry.

_ Catyx 5-cleft. Prrans 5, oblong-obovate or ob-lanceo-
jate. STAMENS many, rather shorter than the calyx. STYLEs
9, somewhat united at base. Pome when mature 8 to 5-
célled.— Small trees or shrubs with simple serrate leaves and
white flowers in racemes. 7

1. A. Borrrapium, DC. June Berry. Shad Berry.

Leaves cordate-oval, conspicuously acuminate, pubescent when young, smooth
when mature; lowers in loose racemes, appearing before the leaves: petals linear-
Janceolate, four times as long as the calyx.

Rich moist woodJands and hills; frequent. April. A handsome tree 10 to 20
feet high, with rather slender distant branches forming an open top. Levves 2 to
814 inches long, 1 to 2 wide, acutely serrate, on petioles 14 inch long. Flowers
large white in loose racemes 2 inches long, terminating the branches, somewhat
pendulous, fruit dark purple, pleasant tasted, ripe in June, July.

2. A. ovauis, DC. Medler-bush,

Lzaves roundish elliptic, or oblong-oval, acute or acuminate, serrate, emooth
when mature; /lowers in compact racemes: petals obovate, oblong.

Fence-rows and woodlands; rare. April, May. A slender branching shrub 2 toe.
fect high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and 34 to1 wide. Flowers white, in erect
villose racemes. Fruit dark-purple or nearly black, pleasant tasted, ripe in July.
_ Supposed by some botanists to be a variety of the preceding, but considered dis-

tinct by Beck, Darlington and others.

17. PYRUS. Linn. PeEsR. APPLE.

Catyx-rupe urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Prrans round.
ish. STAMENS numerous. Sryztes 2 to 5. Pome fleshy
U

110 | ROSACEAE.

or berry-like, the 2 to 5 carpels of a cartilaginous texture,
each 2-seeded.—Trees or shrubs with simple or pinnate

leaves, and handsome white or flesh-colored flowers, in cymoee -

corymbs.

* Sorbus, Tourn. Petals spreading. Styles 2to5. Leaves scinaalie.
1. P. Americana, DC. Mountain Ash.

Faflets 13 torl5, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate with pointed teeth,

are petiole smooth when full grown; flowers in large compound eymes; frutt
globose.

Swamps and mountain woods. May. A large shrub or low tree, 15 to 20 feet

high, with the younger branches pubescent. Zeaves10 to 15inches long. Leaflets —

2 to 4 inches long, 44 tol wide, sub-opposite, often acute. Flowers small, white,
very numerous. Fruit scarlet, very showy, remaining through the winter, some-
what acid. Alow, smaller fruited variety is found on the Allegheniesg.

** ADENORACHIS, DC. Petals spreading, with claws. Styles 2 to5. Leaves sim
pie, the midrib beset with glands along the upper side. Fruit berry-like.

2. P. arsutirotio, L. Choke Berry.
Leaves obovate, oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, crenate-serrate, smooth
above, veiny beneath, with 2 rows of glands along the midrib; flowers in corymbs;
Jruit nearly globose. ae
1, Var. MELANOCARPAIs nearly smooth, with purplish-black fruit.

_ Damp thickets; common. May. A slender branching shrub 2 to 5 feet high.
_ Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 14 to 1 wide, the under surface usually very tomentose.
Flowers numerous, nearly black, sweetish and astringent, ripe in Aug., Sept.

*** Matus, Tourn. Petals spreading, flat. Styles 5, nearly united. Leqves simple

without glands.
3. P. coronaria, L. Sweet-scented Crab Apple.

Leaves broad ovate, rounded at base, eut serrate or lobed, smoothish; corymbs
_ terminal, few-flowered, on long peduncles; styies woolly and united at base; /rwt#
globose, depressed.

Borders of woods; common: May. A small tree 10 to 20 feet high, with spreading
branches. lowers large, fragrant, pale rose-color, in loose corymbs of 3 to 10.
Fruit 1144 inches in diameter, pale-greenish-yellow, firm and hard, very acid,
translucent and fragrant when ripe. Sept.

4. P. anaustiroLia, Ait. Narrow-leaved Crab Apple.

Leaves oblong, cr lanccolate, often acute at the base, crenate-dentate or almost

entire, smooth, shiny above; jlowcrs in corymbs; styles smooth and distinct; pede
' eels smooth. |

Woods. April—May. A tree 15 to 20 feet high resembling the last, but with
smaller leaves and fruit. .

5. P. Matus, L. Common Apple Tree.

Leaves ovate, or oblong-ovate, serrate, acute or short acuminate, pubcreent
above, tomentose beneath, petiolate, corymbs sub-umbeilate; pedicels and calyas
villose-tomentose; petals with short claws; styles 5, united and villose at base;
gome globose. Native of Europe, and almost naturalized with us. Probably
nearly 1000 varieties are cultivated in the United States.

6. P. communis, L. Pear Tree.

Leaves ovate-lanceelate, sub-serrate, smooth above, pubescent beneath, acute or

acuminate; corymbs racemose; calyx and pedicels pubescent ; styles 5, distinct and
-villose at base; pome pyriform. Native of Europe. Flowers white. Numerous
varieties are cultivated in the United States. eee

~*~

Se

CALYCANTHACEA AND MELASTOMACE. 11i

18. CYDONIA. Tourn.

Named from Cydonia, a town in Crete, from whence it was brought.

CauLyx urn-shaped, limb 5-cleft. Prrats 5. STAMENS
many. Sryues 5. PomeE5-carpelled; carpeés cartilaginous,
many-seeded. SxxEDS covered with mucilaginous pulp.—
Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, and mosily solitary flowers.

C. vuLGARIS, Pers. Quznce.

Leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, acute at apex, very entire, smooth akove,
tomentese beneath; peduncles solitary, and with the calyx woolly; pome tomen-
tose, obovoid. Shrubs about 8 to 12 feet high, with crooked straggling branches.
Flowers white, with a tinge of purple, large, terminal. rat clothed with a sofs
’ down, yellow when ripe, highly esteemed for jellies and preserves.

C. Japonica, or Scarlet Pyrus, a low straggling shrub with beautiful scarkes
showy flowers, is occasionally met with in cultivation.

Ornper 41. CALYCANTHACER.

Shrubs with square stems exhibiting 4 axis of growth surrounding the central one,
with opposite, entire, simple leaves, without stipules, and azillary solitary flowers.
BePALS and pefals confounded, indefinite, imbricate, combined in a fleshy tube.
QOvazigs several, simple. ACHENIA hard, enclosed in the calyx-tube.

CALYCANTHUS. Linn.

Gr. kaluz,e. calyx and anthos, a flower; the calyx resembling a corolla.

-Losus of the cALYX imbrivated in many rows, lanceolate,
colored, all more or less leathery or ficshy. STAMENS about
12, unequal, deciduous, the outer ones fertile. ANTHERS
extrorse.— Shrubs with lurid purple, fragrant fiowers, and
with the bark and leaves exhaling the odor of camphor.

C. Frortpus, L. var. levigatus, Torr. & Gr. Sweeé
Scented Shrub. Carolina Alispice.
Leaves oblong or oval, gradually acuminate, somewhat rugose, smooth and green
an both sides; branches straight, erect; lobes of the calyx lanceolate.

Mountains and fertile soils along streams; rare. May, June. A handsome
shrub, cultivated in gardens, 4 to 6 feet high. lowers large, solitary, terminai.
&iuyz brownish-purple, very fragrant.

OrnpeR 41. MELASTOMACEE,
= ; : al e
Frerbs, shrubs or trees, with opposite mostly entire ribbed leaves. and terminal

wlitary or cymose flowers. Anthers opening by pores at the apex; ctheresise mech
€2 in OncgRACER. (Evening Primroge Family.)

- i. RHEXTA. Linn. Merapvow Braury. |
CaLYX-TUBE urn-shaped, narrowed at the apox, the limb
©. |

2

112 _ LYTHRACEAE.

4-cleft. Prraus 4, obovate, inserted with the 8 stamens on
the summit of the calyx-tube. AnrHeERS 8, long, curved,
attached to the filaments behind, naked at base. Sryzz 1.
Stiema 1. Capsute free in the calyx, with 4 many-seeded
placentse projecting from the central axis. Sexps coiled
like a snail shell, without albumen.—Low perennial herbs,
often bristly, with sessile 3 to 5-nerved, and bristle-edged leaves,
and showy cymose purplish flowers. |

1. BR. Viretnica, L. Deer Grass. Meadow Beauty.
- Stem square, with wing-like angles; leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, sessile, ciliate,
serrate, sprinkled with hairs on both sides; calyx hisped.

Wet meadows and sandy swamps. July, Aug. Stem a foot high, often dichoto~
mously branched above. Leaves with 3 (rarely 5 or 7) prominent nerves, 1 to 3 inches
long, half as wide. /lowe7s large, in corymbose cymes. Feials reddish-purple,
obovate, hisped beneath, caducous. Anthers long and prominent, creoked, golden
yellow above with a purple line beneath. Style long, a little declined.

2. KR. Mariana, L. Maryland Deer Grass.

Stem nearly round, covered with bristly hairs; leaves lanceolate, or linear-oblong,
acute at each end, sparingly hisped on both sides, ciliate-serulate; calyx hisped.

Wet grounds. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, with opposite branches.
Flowers situated in the forks and terminatians of the branches. Petals obovate,
hairy on the outer surface, flesh-colored or white dilatcd with rose-red. Amthers
yellow. Style larger than the stamens.

OrperR 42.. LYTHRACEE..

Herbs rarely shrubs, with usually 4-sided branches, mostly opposite entire leaves,
without stipules, and rarely irregular flowers, axillary or whorled, sometimes in
racemes or spikes. CAtyx tubular, the limb 4 to 7-lobed, sometimes with as many
intermediate teeth. Prrats inserted between the teeth of the calyx, sometimes
wanting. STAMENS as many, or 2to4 times as many as the petals, inserted into
the tube of the calyx. SryLte1; stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. OVARY superior,
1 to €-celled. CAPSULE membraneous, covered by the calyx, dehiscent. SEEDS
numerous, small.

1. DECODON. Gmel.

Gr. deka, ten, and odous, a tooth, from the ten-toothed calyx.

Catyx short, broadly bell-shaped, with 5 erect teeth and
5 longer and. spreading horn-like processes. PETALS 9,
wedge-lanceolate. SrameEns 15, 5 very long, the alternate
ones shorter. Sryzes filiform. CApsuLE covered with the
calyx, globose 8 to 4-celled, many-seeded.—VLerennial herbs,
with opposite or whorled lanceolate almost sessile leaves, and
clustered pedicelled flowers in their axils.

1. D. verRriceLLatum, Ell. Swamp Willow Herb.

Swamps and wet places. Aug. Stems 2 to 6 feet long, sometimes prostrate and
rootivg, 4 to 6-angled, smooth or pubescent. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, 3 to

ee

ONAGRACEAE. 118

5 inches long, gradually acuminate or acute at apex, on short petioles. Flowers
in axillary sub-sessile umbels, apparently whorled, constituting a long, leafy,
germinal and showy panicle. Petals 5 to 6, large, and of a fine purple.

CUPHEA. Jacq.

Gr. kuphos, curved; in reference to the form of the ealyx.

CALYX tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gib-
bous or spurred at the base, on the opposite side, 6-toothed
at the apex, with usually as many little intermediate pro-
cesses. PETALS 6 to 7, unequal. STAMENS mostly 12,
approximate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Sry ez filiform.
SrigMA 2-lobed. CapsuLE membranacecous, 1 to 2-celled,
few-seeded.— Herbaceous or half shrubby plants, with opposite
entire leaves, and axillary and terminal flowers, <

€. viscosissimA, Jacq. Clammy Cuphea.
Viscid-pubescent; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, long-stalked, rough; /lowers
« lateral, and solitary, on short peduncles; petals ovate, short-clawed.

Fields and roadsides. July, Aug. Annual. Sten 10 to 15 inches high, erect,
branching. JLcaves i to 2 inches long, 14 as wide, on petioles 14 to 14 inch long. -
Calyx cfien purple, ventricose. Letals violet-colored. Stamens included. Copsuig
bursting lengthwise before the seeds are ripe.

Crorr 48. ON AGRACER.

/

Herbaceous plants or shrubs, with simple alternate or opposite leaves, and axillary
ferminal flowers of various colors. PETALS 4, (sometimes 2 or 3). Stamens 1—2—8
inserted with the petals into the throat of the calyx. Ovary 2 to 4-celled, coherirg
with the calyx-tube; PLACENT# in the axis. Fruit baccate or capsular, 2 te

.4celled, many-seeded. ‘There are two sub-orders,

SUB-ORDER I. ONOGRACEZ! proper.

CALYX-TUBE often prolonged beyond the ovary, the petals
and stamens inserted on its summit. STAMENS 2—4—8.
STYLEs single, slender. Sriama 2 to 4-lobed, or capitate,
‘Ovary 4-celled. Sreps without albumen. 3

. =

a
~

1, EPILOBIUM. Linn. Witiow-ners.

Gr. ept, upon, lobou, a pod, ion, a violet, viz: a violet ona pod.

_, CaLyx-TUBE not prolonged beyond the ovary, 4-sided;
himb 4-parted, deciduous. Prraus 4. Stamens 8. An.
THERS short, fixed by the middle. Sriama often with 4
spreading lobes, Ovary and CaPsuLE linear, 4-cornered,
4-celled, Pralved. SEEDS numerous, crowned with a tuft of

114 ONAGRACER.

hairs.— Herbaceous perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and
violet, purple or white flowers. Sot

LE. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, L. Willow Herb. Boho

Stem simple, erect; leaves scattered, lanceolate, sparingly denticulate with a
marginal vein ; Jlowers large, pedicelled, in a terminal spike; petals clawed; sta-
mens unequal, declined; style at length deflexed.

Newly cleared land, and waste places. July. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, often
branched above. Leaves sessile, smcoth, 2 to 5 inches long, 44 as wide, acuminate
with pellucid veins. Flowers numerous and showy, colored in all their parts,
deep-lilac-purple, in a raceme often a foot long.

2. H. cotoratum, Muhl. Colored Epilobium.
Stem subterate, erect, very branching, pubescent; leaves mostly opposite. lanceo-
late, sefulate, acute, somewhat petiolcd, smooth; petals small, 2-cleft at the apex;
stigma club-shaped.

Ditehes and wet shady grounds; common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high,
much branched, often purplish. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 14 as wide, with minute
white dots, upper ones alternate and sessile. Jower on short petioles. Flowers
small purplish fading to white, axillary near the extrem‘ty of the branches.

3. H. paALustris, L. Marsh Willow Herb.

Minutely hoary; stem slender, roundish, at length much branched; leaves nearly
_ Bossile, lanceolate or linear, acutish at both ends, slightly toothed or entire; petals
small, obcordate, twice as long as the calyx; style included; stigma undivided,
clavate.

Swamps and marshy places. Auz., Sept. S’em 1 to 2 feet high, very branching.
Fearves mostly alternate, 1 to3 inches long, 44 as wide. lcwers numerous, axil-
lary, rose-color. Capsule 1 to 2 inches long, pubescent.

4. HK. mouse, L. Soft Willow Herb.

Soft downy all over; stem round, straight. ercet, branching above; leaves rr"
lanceolate or linear-oblong, alternate or opposite, mostly entire.

Swamps; rare. Aug., Sept. Sicm1to 2 feet high. Leaves numerous, % to 134
inches long, 144 as wide. #l:wers rose-color, axillary in the upper pert of the
stem. Petals deeply notched, twice as long as the calyx. Stigma large and thick.
Capsule 3 inches long on a short pedicel.

CGiNOTHERA. Linn. FEvrEentnc PRIMROSE.

Gr. oinos, wine; and thera, a chase: application uncertain.

CALYX-TUBE prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the
lobes 4, refiexed. Prerats4. Sramens8. ANTHERS mostly
linear. Sti@ma 4-lobed or capitate. CAPSULE 4-valved,
many-seeded. Srxps naked.— Herbaceous plants, with alter-
nate leaves, and mostly yellow flowers.

1. Qs. srennis, L. Common Evening Primrose.

Stem erect, mostly hairy; leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed, pubes-
_ cent; lower ones on short petioles; flowers in a terminal rather leafy spike; petals
obcordate; capsule sessile, obtusely 4-angled, somewhat swelled. Var. 1. MURICATA
CG, muricata, Ph.) Stem muricate or strigosely hirsute, red; petals scarcely longer
than the stamens. Var. 2. GRANDIFLORA (C&, grandiflora, Ait.) Petals much hin al
- than the stamens, deeply obcordate. Stem branched. Biennial. v nad

~

——_——_ " i 5 =,

ONAGRACEZ. 115

Fields and waste places; common. June, Aug. Stem 2 to5 feet high, simple
or branching from the base. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, % to 114 wide, roughly
pubescent ; radical enes tapering into a petiole. Flowers numerous, light-yellow,
fragrant, opening after sunset and closing next day, in a spike 3 to 12 inches long.

2. (&. Fruticosa, L. Sundrops. Per. Eve’g Primrose.

Stem erect, simple or nearly branched, pubescent or hirsute; leaves oblong or
lanceolate, slightly toothed; pe‘als broadly obcordate, longer than the calyx-lobea
and stamens; capsule obleng-club-shaped, 4-winged, longer than the pedicels.

‘Open places; common. June—Aug. Per. Stem hard, rigid, 1 to 3 feet high,
branched, purple. Leaves variable in pubescence, form and size. Flowers large,
134 inches in diameter, bright yellow, in a peduncled corymb.

3. GH. pumita, L. Dwarf Evening Primrose.
Low, pubescent; sfem ascending; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, mostly obtuse,

attenuate at base, entire; flowers ina loose and prolonged Jeafy raceme; petals
ebcordate, scarcely longer than the stamens.

Dry fields. July, Aug. Biennial. A small halferect plant, 6 to 10 inches lorg,
with a round, slender simple stem. JZeaves 1 to 144 inches Jong, 14 to % inck
wide; radical ones spatulate, petiolate. Flowers yellow, 14 inch br6ad, opening in
succession, 1 or 2atatime. Capsule oblong-club-shaped, nearly sessile, 8-angled.

GAURA. Linn.

Gr. gauros, superb; on account of the showy flowers of some specits.

CALYX-TUBE much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous;
limb 4-cleft, reflexed. Prraus 4, clawed, somewhat unequal,
inserted into the tube. STAMENS8,déclinate. Sry Le long.
Stigma 4-lobed. Frurr 4-angled, dry and indehiscent, by
abortion mostly I-celled, 1 to 4-seeded. SEEDS naked.—
Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with alternate leaves and rose-
color or white changing to red flowers, in wand-like spikes or
racemes. ,

G. BIENNIS, L. Brennial Gaura.
Whole plant softly hairy or downy; leaves lanceolate, remotely dentate, alter

nat, sessile; flowers numerous, sessile, in terminal spikes; /ruit sub-sessile, 8-ribbed,
pubescent.

Banks of streams. July, Aug. A handsome biennial 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves
‘pale-green,acute ateachend. Calyx reddish. Corolla rose-color, changing to deep
red. Fruit rarely with more than one mature séed.

LUDWIGIA. Linn.

In honor of C. D. Ludwig, Pref. of Botany at Leipsic, about 1750.

CALYX-TUBE not prolonged beyong the ovary; Zimb 4-lobed,
usually persistent. Prrats 4, equal, obcordate, often small
or wanting. STAMENS 4, opposite the apex. StTyY Ls short.
_ Capsute short, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded and crowned
with the persistent calyx lobes.—- Perennial herbs, with entire
mostly alternate leaves and axillary flowers, often yellow or

116 ' _ ONAGRACER.

1. L. Aurerniforia, L. WSeed-boxr. : %

Nearly smooth; stem erect, branched; leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute or
pointed at both ends, sessile, pale beneath; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, 2-bracted
above the middle; petals scarcely as long as the spreading acuminate nae capsule
large, with 4 winged angles, crowned with the colored ealyx.

Shady swamps. July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, round with a strong bark, and

several branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 44 to 1 wide, with marginal veins. ~

Sepals large, reddish. Petals large, ovate, yellow, soon ~— off.
* Petals very minute or none. ISNARDIA. ©

_2. IL. spHmrocarpa, Ell Round-fruited Ludwigia.
Nearly smooth; stem erect, much branched; leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering
at the base, alternate; flowers solitary, axilliary, or clustered towards the summit

of the branches; petals mostly none; capsule globular, obscurely 4-sided, very
small.

In water and swampy places; rare. July, Aug. Stem 2 to3 feet high, angular
reddish. med of the leaves rough. lowers greenish, inconspicuous.

8. L. patusrris, L. Water Purslane.

Smooth, low; stem procumbent at base, rooting or floating; leaves opposite
ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a slender petiole; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile ;
capsule sub-ovate, slightly angled.

Floating in water, or creeping in muddy places; common. June—OQOct. Stem
succulent, purplish, 10 to 20 incheslong. Zeaves and slender petioles 1144 by 14

inches, ovate-spatulate. lowers very small. Calyx-lobes and style very short
fetals when present, flesh-color.

CIRCA. Tourn. Encnanrer’s NIGHTSHADE.

Named from Oirce, the enchantress.

CaLyx slightly produced above the ovary, deciduous;
limb 2-parted. Prtats 2, inversely heart-shaped. STAMENS
2, alternating with the petals. CAPSULE reflexed, obovate,
Q- celled, 2-seeded, bristly with hooked hairs. — Low incon-
spicuous perennials, with opposite leaves on slender petioles,
and small whitish flowers in racemes.

1. ©. Lurerrana, L. Common Enchanter’s Nightshade.
Stem erect, mostly pubescent; leaves ovate, sub-cordate, acuminate, toothed,
longer than the petiole; bracts none; fruit reflexed, bristly.

Moist woodlands; common. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, sparingly branched,
tumid at the nodes. Leaves dark-green, 2 to 4 inches long, 1gas wide. Floweraé
small, reddish-white, in a long terminal raceme.

2. ©. anprna, L. Alpine Enchanter’s Nightshade.
Low, smooth and weak; Icaves cordate, shining, coarsely toothed, the lower ones
as long as the petiole; bracts minute. 5

Cold, moist, shady places. July. A small delicate plant 3 to 8 inches high,
Stem transparent, juicy. Leaves 1 to 2 imches long, 24 as wide. Flowers white,
gzninute, in terminal racemes,

Sus-orper II. HALORAGE.
Marsh or water plants, with very small axillary scnsile

J

ONANGRACEA. 4ay

flowers, often monecious or diccious. CALYX-TUBE not at
all prolonged, the lobes obsolete or none. Prrats 8 to 4,
often none. STaAmENS 1to8. Ovary inferior, 1 to 4-celled.
Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1 to 4-eclled. Szxps pendulous, 1
in each cell, |

PROSERPINAGA. Linn. MErRMAID-WEED.

Lat. proserpo,.to creep; the stems creeping and rooting at the base.

CALYX-TUBE 3-sided, /imb38-parted. Prrans none. STA-
MENS 3. STicgMAs 38. Fruir- long, 3-angled, 8-celled,
3-seeded, nut-like—Low perennial aquatic herbs, with the
stems creeping at the base, alternate leaves, and small fertile
flowers sessile in the axils, solitary or 3 or 4 together.

1. P. panustris, L. Common Mermaid-weed.

Upper leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate; lower ones often pinnatifid; fruz sharply
S-angled. ; ;

Wetswamps; rare. July, Aug. Sfem 12 to 18 inches long, roundish. Leaves
~ about 1 inch long, 14 wide, acute at each‘end, lower ones on short petioles, if sub-
merged pinnatifid with linear segments like the teeth of a comb. Flowers greenish,
Beasile, 1 to 3 together. Stigmas purple, cylindrical.
2. P. pecTINACEA, Lam. Cut-leaved Mermaid-weed.

Leaves all peetinate, the divisions linear-awl-shaped; jfruit rather obtusely
' 3-angled.

Sandy swamps; rare. Aug. Sfems 5 to 15 inches high, ascending at hase from
long creeping roots. JZeaves all regularly and finely divided into very narrow
segments like the teeth of acombe Styles none. Stigmas attenuate above.

MYRIOPHYLLUM. Vaill. Warer Mirror.

Gr. murios, a myriad, phulion, a leaf; from the numerous divisions of the leaf.

FLOWERS monecious or polygamous. CaLyx of the
sterile flowers 4-parted, of the fertile 4-toothed. PrraLs
4,or none. Stamens 4 to 8. Fruit nut-like, 4-celled,
deeply 4-lobed. Sriamas 4, recurved.— Submersed aquatic
perennial herbs, with crowded often whorled leaves, those im-
mersed pinnately parted into capillary divisions, and sessile
flowers in the axils of the upper leaves: upper ones staminate.

* Stamins 8; petals deciduous ; leaves whorled in threes.

1. M. sprcatum, L. Spiked Water Milfoil.

Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary ; jloral ones or bracts shorter than the
flowers, ovate entire; lower ones sub-serrate and larger; petals broadly ~ovatc ;
stamens §.

In water. Aug., Sept. Stem slender, branched, varying in length with the
Gepth of the water, the flowers only rising above the surface. Zeaves composed of
innumerable, hair-like segments. Flowers greenish sessile. Carpels smooth.

~

‘Ais CACTACER. _

2. M. verticinnatum, L. Whorled Water Milfoil.

Leaves verticellate pinnately divided into capillary or setaceous segments; floral
Reaves pectinate pinnatifid, usually longer than the flowers; apg oblong-obovate ; 4
earpeis smooth and even. Li

In water. July —Sept. Stem long and stouter than in the preeeding, only the
upper part cmerging. Flowers small, green, in a terminal spike with conspicuous
oral leaycs.

3. M. HETEROPHYLLUM, Michx. Various hao Water
Milfoil.

Stem rather stout; floral ledves ovate and lanceolate, thick, crowded, sharply
servrate; lower leaves pinnatifid ; petals oblong; j/ruit obscurely roughened.

In sluggish water. July. Stem thick and branching. eaves very various,
lowest finely divided. Flowers purple, whorled in the axils of the upper leaves.
Sepals minute. Fetals somewhat persistent. Stamens sometimes only 4 to 6.

% * Stamens 4; leaves whorled in fours and fives, the lower finely divided. ©

4. M. amBicuum, Ambiguous Wa ter Milfoil.

Submcersed leaves cut into capillary segments; the emersed ones pectinate; floral
ones linear, tapering into a short petiole, toothed or entire; flowers mostly perfect ;
petals oblong; carpels smooth and even.

Ponds ang Citches. July, Aug. Stems 2 to 6 inches long and crecping in the
mud, or when floating in water, long and slender. JZeaves variously divided, when
the stems are procumbent and rooting the leaves are all linear, rigid, and often
entire, but when submersed they are finely divided like the teeth of a comb.
# lowers small purplish.

HIPPURIS. Linn. MaArn’s-ratrn.
Gr. hippus, a horse, and ourd, a tail.

CaLyx entire. Prraus none. STAMeEn I, ‘inserted on
the cdge of the calyx. SryLeE single, thread- ‘shaped, stig-
matic down one side, received in the groove between the lobes
of the anther. Fruit nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded.—/eren-
nial aquatics with simple entire leaves in whorls, and minute
flowers sessile in the axils, perfect or polygamous.

_H. vunearis, L. Common Mare’s-tail. , |

is in whorls of 8 to 12, linear, acute, smooth, entire.

Borders of ponds and springs; rare. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, simple, erect.
Flowers at the base of the upper whorls, one to each leaf, small.

Orper 44. CAGTACEH. Cacrus FAMIzy.

Fleshy and thickened leafless plants of peculiar aspect, globular or columnar and
sany-angled or flatiencd and jointed, usually with prickles. Flowers solitary, sessile;
the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in several rows. STAMENS Numerous,
with long and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed
by the union of the sepals and petals. Styitz1. S2IQ@MAS numerous. FRUIT &
i-celled succulent berry, many-seeded. m )

GROSSULACEZ. 119°

OPUNTIA. Tourn. Prickiy Pear.

SEPALS and PETALS not prolonged into a tube, spreading,
the inner roundish. STaMENS numerous, shorter than the
petals. SryLte with numerous erect stigmas.— Stem com-
posed of flat and usually broad joints, bearing clusters of
bristles often with ee intermixed, arranged in @ special
order.

QO. vuLeARIs, Mill. Indian Fig. Cow’ s-tongue..

Stems low, prostrate-spreading, of obovate joints, armed with short barbed brig
tles, rarely with a few spines; flowers sessile, on the margin of the joints.
Dry rocks and sandy soils; rare. June, July. Flowers large, sulphur-yellow.

Fruit obovate, umbillicate, nearly smooth, eatable. Seeds numerous, immersed is
the crimson pulp. Cultivated.

OrpvrrR 45. GROSSULACEE. Currant Famity.

Low shrubs, sometimes prickly, with alternate palmately lobed leaves, a 5-lobed
¢alyz cohering with the 1-celled ovary, and bearing 5 small petals and 5 stamens
Fruit a l-celled berry, with = paiet placentz crowned with a minute embryo e&
the base of hard albumen.

RIBES. Linn.

CALYX companulate or tubular, 5-parted, sometimes col-
ored. PETALS small, inserted alternately with the stamens-
in the throat of the calyx. SramEns5, very short. Srynzs
2, distinct or united. BERRY crowned with the shrivelled
remain of the flowers, 1-celled, pulpy, many-seeded.— Leaves
often clustered in the axils, with the flowers from the same
clusters or from separate buds.

* Stem unarmed ; flowers in racemes: berries never prickly. CURRANTS.

1. R. rrorrmpum, L’Her. Wild Black Currant.

Leaves sub-cordate, 3 to 5-lobed, sprinkled on both sides with ycllowish resinows
dots, doubly serrate, on long petioles; racemes drooping, many-flowered, downy;
bracts longer than the pedicels; calyx tubular, bell-shaped; friutt obese

Woods and hedges; common. May. A handsome shrub 3 to 4 feet high,
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long 114 to 244 wide, on petioles 1 to 2inches long. F lower
somewhat bell-shaped, greenish yellow. Fruit Ne eK, smooth. insipid.

The R. nigrum or black currant of the garden Native of Eurcpe, is proLabiy
not distinct from this species.

2. KR. prostrarum, L’Her. Mountain Currant.
Stem reclining or prostrate; leaves deeply cordate, 5 to 7-lobed, smcoth; the lobeg
ovate, acute, doubly serrate; racemes erect, slender; calyx rotate, segments ebovate;
petals spatulate, small; fruzé glandular-hisped. -

Mountains and rocky hills. May, June. A small procunbent shrub with orced
branches 1 to 3 feet high. Racemes erect, about 8-flowered, at length pendulous
Bracts very short. Flowers marked with purple. Berrizs red, ill-scented. Sted
whole Plant has @ disagreeable odor.

120 GROSSULACE.

3. R. ruprum, L. Fed Currant.

Stems straggling or reclined ; leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3 to 5-lobed,
serrate, downy beneath; racemes nearly smooth, drooping from lateral buds, dis —
tinet from the leaves; calya fiat; /ruit globose, smooth. This is the common red
eurrant of the gardens, so universally cultivated. Indigenous in swamps and
mountains from New York to Wisconsin, and may probably be found in Western
Pennsylyania.

ree: a AUREUM, Pursh. Missourt, or Golden Currant.

Plant smcoth; leaves 3-lobed, lobes spreading entire or with a few large teeth;
gpettolcs longer than the leaves; bracts linear; racemes loose, many-fiowered ; caly#
tubular; segments chlong, obtuse; petals linear; /ruit smooth, oblong or globose;
A beautiful shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, with numerous yellow, very fragrant flowers,
appearing from April to May. Fruit yellow, finally brown. Native of Missouri
and Oregon. Common in cultivation.

& + Siem usually armed with sub-axillary spines, often prickly : berries prickly or
smooth. GOOSEBERRIES.

». KR. Cynosparr, L. Prickly Gooseberry.

Stem unarmed or prickly; swb-axillary spines 1 to 3; leaves cordate, roundish,
pubescent, with 3 to 5 incisely toothed lobes; peduncles siender, 2 to 3-flowered;
stamens and style not longer than the broad companulate calyx-tube; petals
obovate shorter than the calyx segments.

Rocky woods and mountains. May, June. A handsome shrub 2 to 4 feet high,
branching, the lower part of the stem often prickly. lowers greenish-white, in
pendulous racemes. Berries usually with long prickles, brownish purple.

6. R. ararettum, Michx. tough Wild Gooseberry.

Stem unarmed, rarely prickly; Icaves roundish, cordate, 3 to 5-lobed, toothed,
pubescent beneath; peduncles very short, defiexed, 1 to 2-flowered, smooth; calyz-
tube bell-shaped, the segments twice as long as the petals; styles hairy, 2-cleft;
fruit smooth. .

Rocky places. May,June. Stem 2 to 3 feet long. Leaves 34 tolls inches in
diameter, generally cleft halfto the middle. lowers nodding, greenish. J*rwit
bluish-purple, pleasant-tasted.

7. R. RorunpIFoLIuM, Michx. Wild Gooseberry.

Stem without prickles; swb-azillary spines mostly solitary, short; leaves roundish,
nearly smooth, 3 to 5-lobed, incisely dentate; peduncles slender, 1 to 2-flowered;
stamens and 2-parted style a i longer than the narrow cylindrical yes Srut
smooth.

Mountain woods; common. May, June. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, with a whitish
bark. Leaves 1 to 2 inches in diameter, mostly truncate at base, shining above, om
ciliate petioles 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers whitish, with a tinge of purple. Fru
purple when ripe, well flavored, “resembling the garden gooseberr y.

&. KR. tacustres, Poir. Swamp Gooseberry.

"oung stems clothed with bristly prickles, and with several weak thorms; leaves
deeply 3 to 5-lobed, cordate at base, lobes deeply incised; raceme 5 to 9-flowered,
pilose; calyx broad and flat; stamezs and style not longer than the petals; fruit
bristly. . : .

Mountain swamps; rare. May, June, Stem 8 to 4. feet high, reddish from the
numerous prickles, which. differ from the spines only in size. Leaves shining above,
1 ue to 2144 inches in diameter, on ciliate hisped petioles longer than the leaves

Flowers small, greenish-yellow. Fruit bristly, dark-purple,_ unpleasant to the

PASSIFLORACEZ AND CUCURBIFACES. 124

9. R. Uva-crispa, Garden Cooseberry.

Stem prickly; leaves roundish, 3 to 5-lobed, hairy beneath, on short-hairy petioles;
peduncles hairy, 1-flowered; calyx bell-shaped; style hairy; fruié smooth or hairy,
globose. Native of England. Common in eultivation. Varieties numerous, with
red, green and amber fruit very large. |

—Orper 46. PASSIFLORACER,

Herbaceous or shrubby plants, usually climbing by tendrils, alternate, often glan-

- dular leaves, foliaceous stipules, and axillary and terminal flowers often with a

~

3-leaved involucre. SEPALS 5,:combined in‘a tube, the throat crowned with a double
‘or triple fringe. PETALS 5, arising from the throat of the calyx, sometimes wanting.
STAMENS 5, monodelphous, rarely indefinite, surrounding the stipe of the ovary.
Srrtzes 3. Ovary superior, on a large stipe, 1-celled. Fruit many-seeded, placentz,
sometimes 3-valved.

1. PASSIFLORA. Linn. PASSION-FLOWER.

Lat. passio, passion, and jios, a flower; the several parts of the flowers, were
compared to the instruments of the Saviou1’s passion.

Catyx colored, deeply 5-parted, the throat crowned with
a double or triple fringe. PETALS 5, inserted into the
calyx, or none. STAMENS 5; their filaments situated on the
stipe of the ovary, separate and spreading. ANTHERS large,
fixed by the middle. Srtamas 3, elub-shaped, capitate.
Fruit a pulpy berry, many-seeded.—Perennial climbing
herbs or shrubs, with palmately lobed leaves, generally with
stipules, and showy flowers on axillary peduncles.

1. P. nurea, L. Yellow Passion-flower.

Smooth, slender ; leaves cordate, 3-lobed; petioles without glands; stipules min-
ute; peduncles mostly in pairs; petals narrow, much longer than the calyx.

Banks of streams; Southern part of the State. June, July. Stem climbing,
slender, 3 to 10 feet long. Leaves yellowlsh-green, nearly as broad as long. Flowers
small, greenish-yellow. Crown in 3 rows, the inner row a membraneous disk with
a fringed border. Fruit dark-purple. s

2. P. iNncARNATA, L. F'lesh-colored Passion-flower.

Leaves smooth, 5-nerved, deeply 3-cleft, lobe oblong, acute, serrate; petioles with
2 glands; involucre 3-leaved, obovate, glandular, serrate; crown triple; ovary
smooth. A handsome cultivated species, native of the Southern States. Stem
‘climbing, 10—20—30 feet. Fiowers large and showy, on pedicels. Petals white,
~eval-oblong. Two outer rows of filaments long, purple with a whitish base, the
inner row of short rays, fiesh-color. Berry pale-yellow, eatable.

Okpen 47. CUCURBITACER. - ~~

Herbaceous mostly succulent vines, with tendrils, alternate palmately veined leaves,
-and axillary monoecious or diccious flowers. CALYX 5-toothed, sometimes indis-
tinct. Corolla 5-parted, scarcely distinguishable from the calyx, strongly marked
svith reticulated veins. Stamens, distinct, or coheringin 2 or 3.sets. ANEHERS

se
=

(492 CUCURBITACER.

sinuous. OVARY adherent, l-celled; sTyLe short; STIGMA very thick, velvety or
fringed. FRUIT a pepo more or less succulent, often 1-celled by obliteration. Szmpg
fat, with no albumen, often winged. ~

1. SICYOS. Linn.

Gr. stkuos, the ancient name of the cucumber.

FLOWERS monecious. Prrats 5, united below into a
bell-shaped or-flattish corolla. STAMENS 5, monodelphous
or at length triadelphous; anthers contorted. StyiEs 3,
united at the base. FRuir ovate membranaceous, filled by
the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which
are readily detached.—Climbing annuals, with compound
tendrils, and whitish flowers, the sterile and fertile mostly
jrom the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a
long-peduncled capitate cluster. ;

1. §S. aneunatus, L. Stngle-seed Cucumber.

Stem branching, hairy; leaves roundish, heart-shaped, and 5-angled-lobed, the
lobes minutely toothed, pointed; pistillate flowers much smaller than the staminate.

Banks of streams. July, Aug. A weak climbing vine with long spiral tendrils.
Leaves 3 to 4 inches broad, on long stalks. Flowers whitish, marked with green
lines. Fruit 44 inch long, ovate, spinous, § to 10 together in a crowded cluster.

2. ECHINOCYSTIS. Torr. & Gray.

Gr. elinos, prickly, and Kestis, a bladder; in allusion to the appearance of the fruit

FLOWERS monecious. CALYX flattish, segments 5, fili-
form subulate. PETALS 6, united at the base into an open
spreading corolla. STaAMENS 3, diadelphous. Sryne 1;
stigmas 3, fringed. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect ovules in
each cell. Fruir_ globose-ovoid, bristly-echinate, 2-celled,
4.seeded.—A rank tall-climbing annual, with branching ten-
drils, sharply 5-lobed thin leaves, and very numerous small
greenish-white flowers, ,

KH. ropata, Torr. & Gray. Wild Balsam Apple.

Leaves palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base, lobes acuminate, denticulate; flowers
small, the barren ones very numerous, in axillary racemes, the fertile ones solitary
or several, situated at the base of the raceme.

Rich river soils. July—Sept. A smoothish running vine. Stem deeply furrowed,

with long 3-parted tendrils placed nearly opposite the long petioles. Fyuitl to Z
inches long, at length dry and membranaceous, with 4 large seeds. 6

3. MELOTARIA. Linn.

FLOWERs polygamous or monecious. STERILE 'LOWERs,
calyx 3 to 5-toothed; corolla companulate; filaments 5, in
3 sets. FERTILE FLowers, calyx and corolla as in the

CUCURBITACEZ. 128

sterile; style 1; stigmas 3, fimbriate. Fruit 3-celled, many-
seeded.—A_ slender denting annual, with simple tendrils,
five lobed leaves, and small yellowish “flowers.

M. penpuLa, L. Smail Creeping Cucumber.

Teaves roundish-cordate, 5-lobed or angled, slightly hispid; owers axillary, the
sterile in-small racemes, the fertile solitary, on long peduncles.

Banks of streams. June, July. A slender vine, climbing over other vegetables.
Leaves 1 to 2 inches in diameter, on petioles. Tendrils 5 to 6 inches long. Flowers
Yellowish, small. Fruit small, oval.

CULTIVATED EXOTICS.

4. MOMORDICA. Linn.

FLOWERs monecious. CaLyx 5-cleft. Prats 5, united
at the base. STAMENS 59, triadelphous. StYLE 3-cleft;
PEPO fleshy, bursting elastically.. SEEDS compressed with a
fleshy arillus.—An annual climbing herb, with simple tendrils,
palmately lobed leaves, and pale yellow flowers.

M. BatsaAmMiIna, lL. Common Balsam Apple.

Leaves palmately 5-lobed, dentate, naked, shining; peduncles solitary, filiform,
i-flowered, with an orbicular-cordate dentate bract above the middle; frwit
roundish-ovoid, angular, tuberculate, bursting elastically on one side. Native of
the East Indies. Stem slender, climbing by simple tendrils. Flowers pale-yellow.
Fruit orange-color, balsamic and eatable. |

5. CUCUMIS. Linn.
Celtic, cuce, a hollow vessel.

FLOWERS monecious or perfect. CALYX tubular, bell-
shaped, with awl-shaped segments; COROLLA deeply 5-parted.
StaMENs 5, triadelphous. Sryze short; sTiaMas 3, thick,
2-lobed ; PEPO fleshy, indehiscent. SrEps ovate, flat, acute
and not margined at the edge.—Annual herbs, creeping or
climbing by tendrils, alternate leaves, and axillary solitary
yellow flowers.

1. C. sativus, L. Common Cucumber.

Stem prostrate, rough; fendrils simple; leaves sub-cordate, palmately saan Or
lobed, lobes sub-entire, acute, terminal one longest; fruit oblong, obtusely pris-
matic, prickly on a short peduncle. Native of Lartary and Tees: Numerous
varieties are now ass for the table. Gathered and eaten before maturity.
June—Sept.

2. C. Meno, L. Musk Melon.
Stem prostrate, rough; tendrils simple; leaves sub-cordate, roundish, obtuse,
palmately 5-angled; lobes rounded, obtuse, obscurely denticulate; flowers pistillate,
perfect, and staminate, the perfect on short peduncles; fruit oval or sub-globose,

124 si CUCURBITACEZ.

longitudinally torulose. Native of Asia, cultivated for the juicy, yellowish,
delicately flavored flesh of the mature fruit.. June, July..
3. ©. Aneuria, L. Prickly Cucumber.

Stem prostrate, slender, hisped; tendrils simple; leaves palmately and deep sin-
uate lobed, cordate at base; fruit oval-ovoid or sub-globose, prickly. Native of
Jamaica. Fruit about the size of a hen’s egg; cultivated and used for pickles.

4, (C. Crrrunuus, Ser. Water Melon. %

Stem prostrate, slender, hairy; tendrils branching; leaves palmately 5-lobed,
very glaucous beneath; lobes mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, all the segments obtuse ;.
flowers solitary, on hairy peduncles, bracted at base; /fruzé elliptical, smooth.
Native of Africa and India. Cultivated for its large and delicious fruit. June,
August.

6. LAGENARIA. Ser.

Gr. lagenos, a flagon or bottle; from the form of the fruit..

FLOWERS monecious. Cazyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, obo-
vate. Stamens 5, triadelphous; anthers very long, twisted.
Stremas 3, thick, 2-lobed, sub-sessile. Pxpo woody, 1-celled
many-seeded ; : seeds ariled, obcordate, compressed, margin

tumid.— An annual herbaceous plant, climbing by branching

tendrils, with axillary solitary, white flowers.
L. vuncaris, Ser. Calabash. Botile Gourd.

Softly pubescent; leaves roundish-cordate, abruptly acuminate, denticulate, with
2 glands beneath at base; flowers on peduncles; fruit club-shaped, inflated, at
length smooth. Native of the Tropics; cultivated for the rind of the fruit, which
is used for dipping water, &c. Flowers white. July, Aug.

7. CUCURBITA. .. Linn.

A Latin word signifying a vessel.

FLOWERS monecious. CoroLua bell-shaped ; petals united
and coherent with the calyx. Sram. Fis. CAtyx 5-toothed.
Stamens 5, triadelphous; anthers syngenesious, straight,

» parallel. Pist. Fis. Catyx 5-toothed, upper part decidu-

ous after flowering. STIGMAS 38, thick, 2-lobed. PEPO
fleshy or woody, 3 to 5-celled. SEEDS numerous, thickened
at the margin, obovate, compressed, smooth.— Annual herbs
with prostrate running stems, mostly branched tendrils, and
yellow solitary axilary flowers.

1. C. Pero, L. Pumpkin.

Hispid and scabrous; leaves (very large) cordate, palmately 5-lobed or angled,
finely toothed; flowers axillary; stem jls. on long peduncles; fruit very large,
roundish or oblong, smooth, furrowed and torulose. Native of the Levant.
Long cultivated as a useful kitchen vegetable, or for cattle. Flowers large, yellow.

CRASSULACE. 125

-

Fruit sometimes 3-feet in diameter, yellow when mature. The Barrel Pumpkin
and 7-year Pumpkin are varieties of this species. July.

9. ©. Menorero, L. Flat Squash, Sweet Pumpkin.

Hairy ; leaves cordate, somewhat palmately 5-Iobed, finely toothed; flowers pedun-

culate; fruit depressed-orbicular or club-shaped, often elongated and incurved at

“base, more or less furrowed with the ridges swelling. Native country unknown.
A useful and well known kitchen vegetable.

8. (©. verrucosa, L. Warted Squash. Club Squash.

Hairy; leaves cordate, palmately and deeply 5-lobed, denticulate, terminal lobes
narrowed at base; flowers pedunculate, large; fruit roundish elliptic, or club
shaped, often elongated and’curved at base. Probably a nativeof North America,
as Mr. Nutall says it has been long cultivated by the Indians West of the Misgis-
sippi. Common in cultivation, with numerous varieties. July.

Orper 48. CRASSULACEE.,

Succulent herbs, with simple mostly sessile leaves, and perfectly symmetrical flowers ;
the petals, pistils and sepals equal (3 to 20), and the stamens the same or double their
sumber. SEPALS more or less united at base. PETALS distinct, rarely cohering.
OVARIES as many as the petals and opposite to them. FILAMENTS distinct. ANTHERS
2-celled, bursting lengthwise. Fruit. follicles as many as the oyaries, epening
by the yentral suture, many-seeded.

1. TILLAA. Linn.

In honor of Tiilz, an early Italian botanist.

SEPALS, PETALS, STAMENS, and PISTILS, 38 to4. CARPELS
3 to 4, distinct, opening by the inner suture, many-seeded.—
Very small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and
axillary flowers. :

T. SIMPLEX, Nutt. -Pigmy Weed.

Stem diffusely branching from the base and rooting; leaves linear-oblong, their
pases somewhat confiuent; flowers solitary, nearly sessile, calyx half the length of
the petals, carpels 8 to 10-seeded.

Muddy banks of streams; rare. Near Philadelphia. July, Aug. Stems1to3
inches long, Lcaves 14 to 4 inch long, spreading. Flowers very minute, white,

2. SEDUM. Linn.

Lat. sedeo, to sit; alluding to the manner in which these plants fix themselves
upon rocks and walls, :

SEPALS and PETALS 9, rarely 4, Sramens 10, or rarely
8. CARPELS 5, many-seeded, with a little scale at the base
of each.—WMostly herbaceous thick-leaved perennials, with
cymose flowers. ,

1. S. rernatum, Michx. Three leaved Stone-crop.
Stems low and epmeeaines lower leaves whorled in threes, wedge-obovate; woper

‘26 SAXIFRAGACEZE.

ieanes oblong, scattered; cymes mostly 3-spiked, spreading; terminal flowers decan-
drous, the rest octandrous; stamens shorter than the linear-lanceolate petals. ~~
Rocky woods; sometimes cultivated. May, June. Stems 3 to 8 inches long,
branching and decumbent at base. eaves from 14 tolinch long. Flowers white,
loosely arranged on the 3-branched spreading cymes.,
2. §. TELEPHOIDES, Michx. American Orpine. a

Stems erect, leafy at the top; leaves scattered, lance-ovate or oval, flat, acute at
each end, somewhat todthed, smooth and fleshy; flowers in a terminal capitate
cyme, decandrous; petals ovate-lanceolate.

Rocks: Allegheny mountains. July. Sem branching, 10 to 12 inches high.

meer to 2 inches long, 24 as wide. &lower's pale Pees ite leafy bracts inter-
sperse

- §. §. renEPpHiIuM, L. Common Orpine. Inve-forever.

Stems erect, leafy to the top; leaves flat, oval, obtuse, serrate, tapering at the
base; cymes dense, compound. Native of Europe, cultivated and nearly naturali-
zed. July. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, simple, leafy, round, smooth, purplish. Leaves
sessile, fleshy. lowers white and purple, in dense ter: minal leafy tufts.

4. §. Anwacampseros, L. Lvergreen Stone-crop.

Root fibrous; stems decumbent; leaves wedge-form, tapering at the base; cymes

corymbose, leafy. Native of Europe. July. Stems reddish. Leaves fleshy, "pluish-
green. Flowers purple.

5. §. Acre, L. Lnglish Moss. Wall Pepper.

Procumbent, spreading, branching from the base; veaves very small, somewhat
ovate, fleshy, crowded, alternate, closely sessile, obtuse; cymg few-flowered, trifid,
leafy. Native of Great Britain. Common in cultivation, spreading very rapidly
on walls, Age of flower beds, &c. , densely covering the surface. shoes yellow:

PENTHORUM. Gron.

Gr. pente, five, and o7vas a rule or mode; in allusion to the quinary flowers.

SEpas 5, united at base. Prrazs 5, ornone. STAMENS

- 10. Prsrits 5, united at the base so as to form a 5-angled,
5-horned and 5-celled capsule, which opens transversely on

the inner sides of the beaks. SEEDS numerous, minute.—
Upright perennials, with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green

flowers loosely-spiked along the upper side of the naked
branches of the scorpoid cyme.

P. seporpEs, L. Ditch Stone-crop.
Stem branched, angular above; leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute at both ends
unequally serrate.

Ditches and overflowed grounds; common. Aug, Sept. Stem 12 to 15 inches
high. Flower's pale yellowish-green.

OrpEr 49. SAXIFRAGACER.

Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with alternate leaves, dnd simple flower stems (often
maked). CALYX free or more or less adherent to the ovary, superior Or inferior, 4
to 5-cleft. Prrats 5, rarely none. SzrAMENE 5 to 10, inserted either into the calyx
or beneath the ovary. Ovary 1 or 2celled, STYLES none. STIGMAS sessile; on the

SAXIFRAGACER. 127
Sse TnEInIE SESE. nnn
tips of the lobes of the ovary. Fruit a capsule or berry with numerous small.
seeds.

Sup-ornperR I. SAXIFRAGEZ.

Herbs; the petals imbricated (rarely convolute) in the bud; capsule 2-beaked +
calys free or partly adherent; petals 5 (rarely 4 to-6).

SAXIFRAGA. Linn.

Lat. saxum, ® rock, and frago, to break; in allusion to the root penetrating the:
erevices of rocks and stones.

Catyx deeply 5-cleft. Prrats 5, entire, with short claws..
Sramens 10. Sryntus 2. CapsutEe 2-beaked, 2-celled,
many-seeded, opening between the beaks or sometimes 2
almost separate follicles.— Chiefly perennial herbs, with chs-
tered root-leaves, the stem leaves alternate, and yellow white
and greenish flowers.

1. §. Vireiniensts, Michx. Virginian Saxtfrage.
Pubescent; leaves obovate or spatulate-obovate, often obtuse, crenate-dentate,.
tapered at the base into a broad petiole; fowers in a clustered eyme which at
length becomes open and loosely panicled; petals oval, twice as long as the calyx}:
capsules 2, united at.the base, divergent.

Exposed roeks and hilly places; common. April—June. Scape 4 to 12 inches:
high. JZeavesin a radical spreading tuft. Flowers white, with a tinge of purple..
A well known and pretty species, flowering in early spring.

2. S. Pennsytvanica, Linn. Swamp Saxifrage.
Pubescent; leaves oblanceolate or oval, narrowed at the: base into a short and
broad petiole, obscurely toothed; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered ;.
- flowers pedicellate; petals lance-linear, about the length of the nearly free recuryed
calyx lobes; filaments awl-shaped.

Wet grounds; common.* May, June. A homely species 1 to.3 feet hich. Leaves
4 to 8 inehes long, all radical. Flowe7vs small, greenish-yellow. Capsuiles at iength.

divergent.
2. 8. EROSA, Pursh. Lettwee Saxtfrage..

Leaves all radical oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, sharply-toothed, tapering into.
ashort winged petiole; scape slender; paniele elongated, loosely flowered; pedicels
slender; calyx reflexed, 3-nerved, free from the ovary nearly as long as the ovak
obtuse petals; filaments club-shaped.

Cold mountain brooks, near Bethlehem. Mr. Wolle. June. Root fibrous. Stem

12 to 30 inches high. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long. Petals small, white, with a.
yellowish spot near the base.

2. HEUCHERA. Linn.

In honor of John Henry Heucher, a German botanist. —

Catyx bell-shaped, eohering at the base with the ovary,
Secleft. Prrans 5, spatulate, small, entire, erect. STAMENS
5, inserted alternately with the petals into the throat of the
calyx. Styius2. CApsune l-celled, with 2 parietal many-

128 ss SAXIFRAGACER.

seeded placente, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks.—
Perennial herbs, with round heart-shaped radical leaves, and
greenish-white tinged with purple flowers in small clusters
disposed in a prolonged mostly loose panicle.

I. H. Americana, L. Alum Root.

Hairy-pubescent and somewhat visced ; lobes of the leaves short and rounded ;
panicle loose; stamens at length much exserted.
Rocky woodlands; common. June, July. Scape 2 to 8 feet high, somewhat

clammy hairy. Leaves deeply cordate. Flowers small, in along simple panicle.
2. H. pupescens, Pursh. Pubescent Alum Foot.

Scapenakeé, minutely glandular pubescent, or smooth below, often 2 to 4leaveds
leaves orbicular-cordate; lobes rounded, sharply-toothed, with broad pointed teeth,
ciliate with bristly hairs; flowers in a FEI a panicle; stamens shorter than
the erect lobes of the calyx.

Mountains and hills. May, June. Scape 10 to 15 inches high, slender. Flowers
ey 7a 44 inch in length. Calyx-lobes unequal, greenish-white. Petals violet-pur-
ple, veiny.

3. MITELLA. Tourn.

A diminutive of the Latin mitra, a mitre or cap; in allusion to the form of the
capsule.

CaLyx short, bell-shaped, coherent with the base of the
ovary, 9-cleft. ’PErALs 5, inserted into the calyx, slender,
pinnatifid. SrameEns 10, included. Sryzus 2, very short.
CAPSULE short, 2 peaked, 1-celled, 2-valved ; ‘jalees equal.
SEEDS numerous.—Low and slender perennial herbs, with
round heart-shaped leaves on slender petioles, those of the
scape opposite, flowers small, greenish and white, borne ina
simple slender raceme or sptke.

1. M. pippytia. L. Two-leaved Bishop’s-Cap.

Radical leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3 to 5-lobed, toothed; scape leaves
2, opposite, nearly sessile; flowers in a terminal raceme; petals toothed-pinnatifid,

Hillsides and rich woods. May. Stem 8 to 12 inches high. Radical leaves on
long petioles. Scape many-flowerod. Flowers small, white, in a raceme 4 © 8
inches long. Plant hairy. Two-leaved Mitre-wort.

2. M. nupa, L. Heart-leaved Bishop’ s-Cap.
Stem slender; radical leaves somewhat 3-lobed, deeply and doubly-crenate ; Wee ite
naked, or with a single leaf, few-flowered; petals fimbriate-pinnatifid.

Deep moist woods with mosses. May—July. Scape 4 to 8 inches high, occa-
sionally prostrate with creeping suckers. Root-leaves on long petioles; stem leaves
much smaller and sessile. lowers greenish-white, few, in a terminal spike.

4. TIARELLA. Linn.

A diminutive of ie Latin tara, a head dress; in allusion to the form of the
capsule.

CALYX b-parted, bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary.

SAXIFRAGACE, rere 120°

Prrats 5, with claws, entire, inserted into the calyx. Sra-
MENS 10, ‘long and slender. STYLEs 2, distinct. CAPSULES
I-celled, 2-valved; valves unequal. ‘SEEDS few, globular
near the base of the eapsule.—Perennial herbs, with radicat
cordate leaves and white flowers.

ee

T. corpiromiA, L. False Mitre-wort.

Scape naked; leaves arising from the root-stock or runners, heart-shaped, acutely
lobed and toothed, slightly hairy above, downy beneath.

Rich rocky woods. April, May. Leaves on long petioles. Scape 6 to 12 inches.
hich. Flowers white, in a simple terminal raceme. A handsome plant in flower

5. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Tour.

Gr. krusos, golden, and splen; in allusion to its supposed medicinal virtues.

-CALYX-TUBE coherent with the ovary, the limb 4 to
5-parted, lobes obtuse, yellow within. PrrAts none. Sra-
MENS 8 to 10, very short. Srytes 8. CApsuLeE obcordate,
2-beaked, flattened, l-celled, 2-valved at the top. SEEDS
numerous.— Low and smooth herbs growing in wet places,
with fleshy leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed flowers.

C. AMERICANUM, Schwein. Amer. Golden Saxifrage.

Stem decumbent, slender, spreading, forked; leaves opposite, upper ones some-

times alternate, roundish-ovate, Slightly crenate lobed; flowers distant, incon- ’

spicuous, nearly sessile.

Springs and brooks. April, May. Aninconspicuous succulent creeping plant»
with small greenish flowers. Stamens mostly 8, hisped; anthers orange-color:
Considered distinct from the European C. oppositifolium. =

Sup-orpER II. ESCALLONIEA?

Shrubs 3 leaves alternate; petals valvate in the bud.

6. ITHKA. IUinn.

The Greek name of the willow; from a resemblance of foliage.

CALYX companulate, 5-cleft, free from the ovary; seg-
ments subulate. Prraus 5d, lanceolote, much longer than the
calyx and stamens. STA MENS 5, inserted into the calyx.
Sryites 2, united. CapsuLE 2-celled, 2-grooved, 8 to 12-
seeded.—A shrub, with alternate simple and minutely serrate:
leaves, and white flowers in simple spicate terminal racemes.

Lt. I. Virerntica, L.

Leaves oval acuminate serrulate, on short petioles; capsules one acuminate
tipped with the 2 united styles.

Margins of swamps. May, June. A shrub about 8 to 8 feet high.

130 SAXIFRAGACE.

Sun-orper Ill. HYDRANGEA.

Shrubs; leaves opposite ; petals valuate in the bud ; calyx-tube coherent with the ovary.

7. HYDRANGEA. Gronov.

Gr. hudor, water, aggion, a vase; in allusion to the form of the capsule.

CALYX-TUBE hemispherical, 8 to 10-ribbed, adherent to
the ovary; limb 4 to 5-toothed, persistent. Prats ovate,
sessile. STAMENS 8 to 10, slender. Srytes 2. CapsuLE
2-celled, many-seeded, crowned with the 2 diverging styles,
opening by a hole between the styles.— Shrubs with opposite
petroled leaves and numerous flowers in compound cymes. The
margined flowers are often sterile and radient.

1. H. Arporescens, L. Wild Hydrangea.

Leaves ovate, obttise, or cordate at base, pointed, serrate, nearly smcoth; flowers
in fastigiate cymes.

A handsome shrub, native along the banks of the Sasqudenee: fiowering in
June. Stem 5 to6 feet high. Fertile flowers small, white, yéllowish or roseatc,
very numerous. In cultivation, the marginal flowers become radiate.

2. H. Quercirouio, Bartram. Oak-leaved Hydrangea.

Leaves deeply sinuate-lobed, dentate, tomentose beneath. Cymes paniculate,
radiant; the sterile fiowers very large and numerous. Native of Florida. A
handsome shrub from 3 to 5 feet high, with very large pie hes? and showy flowers:
at first a dull white becoming reddish.

o. H. nortensis, L. Changeable Hydrangea.

Leaves elliptical, crowned at each end, dentate-serrate, strongly veined, Smooth.
Cymes radiant. Flowers mostly radiant. Native of China. This beautiful species
has long been cultivated for its showy flowers which are at first green but pass
successively through straw-color, white, purple and pink. The var. H. Japonica
has the central flowers all fertile, bluish-purple, hardy about Philadelphia.

SuB-ORDER ITV. PHILADELPHEA.
Shrubs: leaves opposite; petals convolute in cestivation ; capsule 8 to 4-celled, leculicidat.
8. PHILADELPHUS. Linn.

Name from Philadelphus, King of Egypt.

Canvx 4 to 5-parted, half-superior, persistent. COROLLA |
4 to 5-petalled. Sryzz 4-cleft. Stamens 20 to 40, shorter
than the petals. CapsuLE 4-celled, 4-valved, with ‘loculici-
dal dehiscence. SEEDS many, ariled.— Shrubs, with opposite
exstipulate leaves and showy white flowers.

1. P. GRANDIFLORUS, Willd. eae Syringa.

Leaves ovate, acuminate, denticulate, 3-veined, axils of the veins hairy. Stigmas
4A,linear. Style undivided. A handsome shrub 4 to 8 feet high, with long slender
branches. Native at the South, cultivated for its large showy ¥ white e flowers, which
are borne ina sorminel umbel of 2 or 3 together.

HAMAMELACEH AND UMBELLIFER &. 131

2. P. cononarius, L. False Syringa.

Leaves ovate, sub-dentate, smooth.- Style distinct. Cultivated. Native of South
Europe. Stems 4 to 6 feet high with opposite reddish twigs bearing leafy clusters
of numerous fragrant showy white flowers. ;

OrperR 50. HAMAMELACER.

Shrubs with alternate simple leaves, the 4-cleft calyx cohering with the base of the
ovary. PETALS 4 to 5, linear. Stamens 4 to 24, inserted on the calyx; ovary con-
sisting of 2 pistils united at the base, forming a 2-beaked woody capsule opening
at the summit, 2-celled below, with a single pendulous bony seed in each cell.

HAMAMELIS. Linn.

Origin of the name uncertain.

CaLyx 4-leaved or cleft, with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base.
Perats 4, long, linear. _STaMeENS 8, very short; the 4
alternate with the petals fertile, the other imperfect and
seale-like. Srytes 2, short. CApsuLE nut-like, 2-celled,
2-beaked.— Shrubs or small trees, with short-petioled straight-
veined leaves, and yellow flowers.

H. Vireiica, L. . Witch Hazel.

Leaves obovate or oval, with wavy-toothed margins, downy when young, on
short petioles; flowers sessile, 3 or 4 together.

Damp woods; common. A large shrub consisting of several crooked branching
trunks from the same root, 6 to 12 feet hich, flowering in Oct. and Nov. Leaves
nearly smooth, obliquely cordate at base, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3 wide, on petioles
4inech long. Calyx downy. Tetals yellow, curled or twisted. Cupsule woody,
containing 2 nuts. : ;

Orpen 01. UMBELLIFERE.— Parsley Family.

Herbaceous plants with hollow stems, alternate, mostly compound leaves, petioles
expanded or sheathing at the base. FLOWERS in umbels, the calyx entirely adherent
to the ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted on the disk that crowns the
ovary and surrounds the base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 coherent car-
pels separating from each other by their faces (commissure) into 2 halves called
merocarps. SEEDS solitary and suspended from the summit of each cell, anatro-
pous, with a minute embryo.

SuUB-ORDER I. ORTHOSPERM &.

Inner face of the seed flat or nearly so (not excavated).

1. HYDROCOTYLE. Tourn. Marsua PENNY-wort.

Gr. huder, water, and kotile, a broad or flat cup; in allusion to the leaves of some
of the species.

CALYX-TEETH obsolete. PxTALS equal, ovate, spreading,

{
—— ee ee ee ae ™

439 sei : UMBEULIFERE. ;

entire, apex straibhk: Sramens 5. Sryzus 2. vehavthe than
the stamens. Frutrt laterally flattened, orbicular: or shield-
shaped, the commissure narrow; car pels 5-ribbed, twe of the —
ribs enlarged, often forming a thickened margin. —Eow and
smooth aquatic perennials, with slender stems, round peltate
or kidney-form leaves, and small white his mM simple um-
bels or clusters, single or proliferous. es

1. H. Americana, L. American inet Paring -wort.
Smooth and shining; Zeaves round, kidney-form, doubly erenate, slightly-lobed ; 3.

_ flowers im sessile umbels, 8 to $-flowered; fruit orbicular.

Moist shady places. J une, July. Small delicate pants, with filiform, branching
stems 2 to 6 inches leng, sending out running suckers. Leaves thin, 1 to 2 inches in
‘diameter on petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Flowers greenish-white, small, in very
small axillary umbels.

2. H. RanuncuLoipEs, L. Lobed Marsh Pian
Smooth; leaves round-kidney-form, 3 to 5-nerved, the lobes crenate; umbels-8 to
10-flowered; pedicels very short; fruzt roundish, smooth, scarcely ribbed.
In water. June, July. Stems weak,1 to 2 feet long, creeping or floating. Leaves
mostly deeply 38-lobed, the middle lobes smaller than the other, 1 to 2 inches im

diameter, on petioles 2 to 3inches long. J iowers white on. peduacles shorter than
the peiiolcs.

3)

3. H. INTERRUPTA, Muhl.

Smooth; stem filiform; leaves peltate, orbicular, crenate, rene umbels capi-
tate, subsessile, 5 to 8-flowered; fruzt orbicular.

Wet places; rare vune—Aug. Stem and root creeping, Leaves atmost centrally
peliate, 14 to 1 inch i in diameter, on petioles 2 te 8inchesilong. Peduncles about as

long as the leaves, bearing clusters of afew sessile flowers, interruptedly aiong

its length. Flowers small, white, on very short pedicels. Fruit notched at the
“pase.

4. H. umpetnata, L. Umbellate Penny-wort.
Smooth; stems rooting at the joint; leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular,
motched at the base, doubly erenate; 2mbel many-flewered on an elongated peduncle.

Ponds and boggy places; rare. June—Aug. Stem creeping or floating, 2 to 4
inches long. Leaves on petioles 2 to 4 inches long. 34 to Linch wide. Umbels 20 to
30-flowered, the upper pedicel often proliferous with 2: ‘or Sumbels. Flowers small.
fruit notched at the base and apex.

2. CRANTZIA. Nutt.
In honor of Prof. Crantz, an Austrian botanist of the 18th century.

CALYX-TEETH indistinct. Prraus roundish, entire, obtuse.
Fruit roundish; the carpels hollowed on the mmer face,
5-ribbed, 3 of the ribs on the back, narrow, the lateral ones
thickened and spong gy.— Small perennial creeping plants,
with linear or filiform, entire fleshy leaves, and few flowers
on simple involucrate umbels.

C. LINEATA, Nutt. |
Leaves cuneate-linear, obtuse, with transverse veins, shorter than the peduncles.

UMBELLIFERAE. 133

Muddy banks of streams. July. Stem 1 to 2 inches long, rooting and creeping
inthe mud. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, nearly terete. Umbels 4 to 8-flowered.
lowers white, pedicelled. Fruit with red vittze.

3. SANICULA. Linn.

‘Lat. sane, to heal; on account of its supposed medicinal virtues.

CALYX-TUBE beset with prickles, segments acute, leafy,
persistent. PrETats obovate, erect, converging, deeply
notched. Fruit sub-globose, thickly clothed with hooked
prickles; carpels without ribs.—Ferennial herbs, with pal-
mately-lobed or parted leaves, those of the root long-petioled ;
umbels irregular or compound, the greenish or yellowish flow-
ers capitate in the wmbellets, perfect, with staminate ones
antermixed, and involucre of few often cleft leaflets, involucel

of several, entire.

1. §S. Marimmanpica, L. Sanicle.

Leaves 5 to T-parted, mostly radical, segments oblong, incisely -serrate; sterile

“flowers numerous, on slender pedicels, about as‘iong:-as the fertile ones; styles

long and recurved.

Woods and thickcts; common. June, July. Stem 1 to 2 fect high, branching at |
the top. Radical leaves on petioles 14 to 1 foot long, 3-parted at the base, with the
Jateral segments deeply 2-parted. Stem leaves few, nearly sessile. Petals white or

_yellowish, obcordate. ruiz several.in each umbellet.

2. §. Canapensis, L. Canadian Sanicle.
Leaves 3 to 5-parted, the segments incisely and sharply serrate; sterile fiowers

few, on very short pedicels, shorter than the fertile ones; styles shorter than the

prickles of the fruit. 1

Woods. June,July. Plant 1to2 fect high. Zeaves thin, -divisions wedge-obo-
“vate or oblong, sharply cut.and serrate (the upper ones only 3-parted). Frwé

about 3 in each umbellet.

4, DAUCUS. Tourn. Carrot.

(The ancient Greek name.)

Catyx 5-toothed. Prras obovate, emarginate with an
inflexed point. FRurr ovoid or oblong, the carpels with 5
primary, slender, bristly ribs, 2 of which are on the inner
face,and 4 sccondary ones, Be more or less winged, ) each
bearing a single-row of slender bristly prickles. —Biennials,
with finely 2 to 3-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, pinnatifid in-
wolucre, involucels of entire or 3.cleft bracts, white flowers, and

concave umbels, dense in fruit.

D. Carrota, L. Carrot.
Stem erect, hisped; leaves tri-pinnate; leaflets pinnatifid; segments linear-lences-
date, acute.
W

134 - UMBELLIFERAE.

Old fields and roadsides; naturalized. July—Sept. oot fusiform. Stem 2to
8 fect high. Leaves pale-green, ntimerous. Umbels large and compact, concaye

in fruit, resembling a bird’s nest. Flowers white or cream-color, central one of
each umbellet abortive and dark-purple.

> HERACLEUM: Linn. Cow PARrsnip.
Dedicated to Hercules.

CALYX 5-toothed, tceth minute. PETALS obovate, emar-
vinate, with the point inflexed. Fruit compressed, flat,
with a broad, flat margin, and 3 obtuse dorsal ribs to each
earpel; intervals with short club-shaped oil-tubes.— Stout
perennials, with large sheathing petioles, large flat umbels,
deciduous vnvolucres, and many-leaved involucels.

H, pAnatum, Mich. Cow Parsnip.

Pubescent; stem grooved; leaves 1 to 2-ternately compound; leaflets petioled,
round-cordate, lobed; fruit nearly orbicular.

Moist cultivated grounds. June. A very large coarse looking strong scented
plant4 to 8 feet high. Stems thick, furrowed, branching. Jcaves large, on broad
channelled membranaceous petioles. #lowers white, in very large terminal umbels,
sometimes 1 foct in diameter. Jeials inversely heart-shaped, the outer ecemmonly
larger and radiant, appearing 2-cleft,

6. PASTINACA. Tourn.- Parsnip.
Lat. pustus, food or repast; from the nutritive properties cf the root.

Canyx with the margin obsolete or minutely 5-toothed.
Preraus roundish, entire, involute. Fruit oval, flat, with
a thin entire winged margin; the carpels minutely d-ribbed,
3 of the ribs equi-distant on the back, the lateral ones dis-
tant from and contiguous to the margin.—Chiefly biennial
plants, with spindle-shaped reots, pinnately compound leaves,
yellour jiowers with roundish entire petals, none radient, and
small or no involucres or involuceds.

P. sativa, L. Common Parsnip.

Siem grooved, smooth; leaves pinnate; leaflets sessile, oblong, incised; termina’
ones 3-lobed, downy beneath, shining above; wmtlels large, terminal.

Kields and waste places; naturalized. July. oct large, sweet-flavored, and
ratriticus in its cultivated state, but in its wild state becomes hard, acrid and

paisonous. Siem 2to 8 feet high, erect, furrowed, branching. J'lowers smell,
yellow. rwil large, Lat.

7. ARCHANGELICA. Hoffman.
$0 named from its highly esteemed qualities.

CaLyx-TEETH short. Pxrrans lanceolate, equal, entire,
acuminate, point inflexed. Frurt flattened, the carpels each
3-ribbed on the back and winged at the margins, forming a

‘ UMBELLIFER 2. 135

double winged border to the point; the seeds separating, and
coated all over with the numerous oil-tubes.— Stout and often
very large perennials, with 1 to 2-pinnately compound leaves,
and usually large inflated petioles, scarcely any tnvolucre,
many-leaved involucels and perfect umbels of greenish. or
white flowers.

1. A. ATROPURPUREA, Hoffm. Great Angelica.

Smooth; leaves 2 te 8-ternately compound; the leaflets pinnate, 5 to 7, sharply
eut serrate, acute, pale beneath; petioles much inflated; involucels 8 to 10, very
short; frudt smooth.

Meadows and fence rows; common. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, stort,
hollow, dark-purple, furrowed. Petioles large, inflated, channelled on the upper

side, with inflated stipules at base. Umbels 3, terminal, rounded, 4 to 8 inches in
diameter. flowers greenish white. A popular aromatic herb.

2. <A. HIRSUTA, Torrey & Gray. Hirsute Angelica.

Stem striate, downy at the top; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided:
leaflets ovate-oblong, equally serrate, smooth; involucels of 6 to 8 subulate leaves
directed to one side; peduncles and fruit downy.

Dry open woods. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, simple, erect, straight.
Leaves on petioles 6 to 10 incheslong. Umbels 3 to 4, on long velvety peduncles.
#ilowers numerous, white.

8. THASPIUM. Nutt. Merapvow Parsnip.
¥rom the Isle of Thaspia, which gave name to the ancient allied genus Thapsfia.

CALYX minutely 5-toothed. Pxrrats elliptic, with a long
inflated point. Fruit elliptical or ovoid, not compressed
laterally ; carpels with 5 winged ribs, interstice with single
vitte. [NVOLUCRE none.—Ferennials with 1 to4 ternately
compound leaves, and yellow or dark-purple flowers.

1. T. BARBINODE, Nutt. Hairy-jointed Thaspium.

Leaves 2 to 3 ternately compound; leaflets wedge-ovate, acute, unequally and
incisely serrate, entire towards the base; wmbels terminal and opposite the leaves,

River banks, Northern part of the State. June. Stem tall and branching,
downy on the joints, 2 to 3 feet high. Zeaves smooth; upper ones sub-opposite.
Flowers deep yellow, numerous.

2. T. AuREUM, Nutt. Golden Thaspium,

Stem smooth; lower and middle stem leaves biternately, and the upper onas
ternately divided; segments oblong-lancelate, finely serrate, with cartilaginous
teeth, the root-leayes often simple and round heart-shaped; /rutt oval.

Banks and moist meadows. June. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple. Leaflets very
smooth, thickisk; the larger often heart-shaped, the upper wedge-shaped at the
base. Umbels on long peduncles 19 to 12-rayed, with very short invyolucres.
Fiowers yellow. fruii oval.

3. T. ATROPURPUREUM, Nutt. Purple Alexanders.

Stem smooth or slightly pubescent; root-leaves simple and heart-shaped, some

times ternate, serrate; stem leaves ternate; leafiets heartovate and oblong-ovate,
crenate-serrate.

136 UMBELLIFER &.

Rocky hills and woods. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers dark purple. Prué
strongly winged, as broad as long. :

9. ZIZIA. Koch. Goipen ALEXANDERS.
In honor of J. B. Zizie, a German botanist.

CALYX minutely 5-toothed. Prraus elliptic, apex acu-
minate, inflexed. FRrurv ovate or oval, flattened, didymous;
CARPELS 5, ribbed, without wings; rds narrow; vitie 1 to
8 in each interstice.— Smooth perennials, with divided leaves,
no involucre, few-leaved involucels, and perfect umbels of
yellow flowers. |

1. Z. corpata, Koch.

Root-leaves simple, cordate, rarely lobed, crenate-serrate; stem-leaves sub-sessile,
ternate, segments petiolate, ovate or oblong, serrate.

Meadows; common. May, June. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, smooth. Roo
leaves sometimes slightly lobed. Jnvolucels 1 to. 2-leaved. Umbels on long nake&
peduncles. lowers yellow. Fruit short, oval, black.

2. YZ. AUREA, Koch.

Lower leaves biternate; upper ones biternate or ternate; segments oblong-lanceo=
late, acute, sharply serrate and often cut, the end ones attenuate into a wedge-form
base or winged stalk; involucels 3-leaved.

Rocky hills, woods and river sides. June, July. Stem1to 2 feet high, branching
at the top, rather slender, erect, hollow, smooth. Lower leaves on long petioles..
Umbels about 2 inches broad, 10 to15 rayed. Flowers numerous, orange-yellow.
Fruii oval, brown, with prominent ribs. |

3. 4. INTEGERRIMA, DC. a

Leaves all 2 to 3-ternately divided; segments ovate or oblong; entire, obtuse;

smooth and glaucous; tnvolucels 1-leaved, very short.

Rocky woods; rare. May, June. Stem1 to 2 feet high, branching above. Leaves:
all petiolate, pale beneath. Umbel with elongated filiform rays 1 to 3 inches long,
ae minute inyolucels. Flowers yellow. fruit roundish, compressed laterally,

ark brown.

10. CICUTA. Linn. Water HEMiock.

(The ancient Latin name of Hemlock.)

CALYX minutely 5-toothed. PrrTaus obcordate, the points
inflected. Frurr roundish, a little contracted at the sides;
carpels with 9 flattish strong ribs; the lateral ones margined ;
interstice with single vittze.— Smooth marsh perennials, with
hollow stems, thrice pinnately or ternately compound leaves,
few-leaved involucre, many-leaved involucels, and perfect um~
bels of white flowers.
I. C. macunaTA, L. Water Hemlock.
Lower leaves triternate and quinate; wpper ones biternate, segments oblong-

lanceolate, coarsely serrate; wmbels terminal and axillary.

Wet meadows; common. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, streaked with
purple, smooth, jointed, glaucous, branched above. etioles dilated at base inte
long abrupt clasping stipules. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, 14 to 34 wide, semetimes
lobed, pointed. Umbels numerous, 2 to.4 inckes:broad, Poisonens..

UMBELLIFERZ. eo

2. ©. puupirerA, L. Bulbous Hemlock.
Leaves ternate and biternate; leaflets linear, remotely toothed or eut-lobad;
upper axils bearing bulbs; wmbels terminal and axillary, small.

Wet meadows and swamps; rare. Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, round, smooth
end slender, striate, green, branching. Involucels of $to 5 subulate leaves. Uanbet-
lets of small, close, white flowers.

11. SIUM. Linn. Water PARSNIP.

Celtic siu, water; in allusion to its place of growth.

CALYx with the margin 5-toothed or obsclete. PETALS
obcordate, with an inflexed point. SryLes divergent, re-
flexed. Fruit ovate or globular, flattish or contracted at
the sides; carpels with 5 rather obtuse ribs; interstice with
several S thhas = Mir sh or aquatic perennials, with grooved-
angled stems ; simply pinnate leaves, lanceolate serrate leaflets —
(immersed ones cut into capillary divisions); several-leaved
umvolucres, and perfect umbels of white flowers.

1. §. watirotium, L. Water Parsnip.

Stem angular and sulcate; leaflets broadly lanceolate, pointed serrate, sessile
smooth, sometimes pinnatifid.

Swamps. July—Sept. A tall plant found in ditches and swamps. Stem 3 to 5
feet high, smooth, hollow, about 7-angled. Leaflets 7 to 11, 4to 7 inehes long,
1 to 2 broad, equally serrate. Petioles peneping the stem. Umbels long, with meny-
flowered rays. flowers small, white

2. §. LINEARE, Michx. Narrow-leaved Water Parsnip.

Leaflets narrowly lanceolate or lineat, finely and sharply serrate, acute; ealys-
tezth obsolete.

Swamps; more common than the last. July, Aug. Siem 2 to 4 feet high,
smooth, about 7-angled. Zcaflets 9to 11, 2 to 4inches long, 14 to l4 wide. Involu
cre of 5 or 6 linear bracts. Umbcllets with numerous small white flowers. Fruit
very strongly ribbed, crowned with the broad, yellowish stylopodium.

12. CRYPTOTANIA. DC. Honewort.

Gr. kruptos, hidden, and tainia, a fillet, from the concéaled vittz.

CALYX with the margin obsolete. PETALS obovate, with an
inflexed point. Fruir oblong, contracted at the sides;
carpels equally O-ribbed; vwitiw very slender, one in each
interstice, and one under each rib.—A perennial smooth herb,
with thin 3-parted lobed and toothed leaves; no involucre,
Jew-leaved involucels, compound umbels with very unequal
rays, and white flowers.

C. CanapEensE, DC. Cunadian Honewort.

Leaflets rhomboid-ovate, distinct, entire or 2 to 3-lobed, doubly serrate, her:
ones oblique at =

—_ ee Gea ae ee a ee
hn ee, eee 4

138 UMBELLIFERZ.

Rich moist woods. June—Sept. Sem erect, 1 to 2 feet high, branched above.
Leaflets 3, 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2 wide. etioles clasping, 2 to 6 inches long.
Umbels numerous, paniculate, the lower ones rising from the axils of the upper
leaves. Flowers small, white. Fruit oblong beaked with the persistent style.

13. ARCHEMORA. DC. Cowranz.

A fanciful name given by DeCandolle in allusion to Archemarus, who is said to

have died from eating persley.

Caunyx 5-toothed. Prraus obcordate, inflexed. Frurr
oval, with a broad winged margin; carpels with 5 sub-keeled
equl-distant filiform ribs; vztécee one in each interstice, and.
4 to 6 on the inner face.—Smooth perennials, with rigid

| leaves, of 3 to 9 linear or lanceolate leaflets; scarcely any
anvolucre; involucels of numerous small leaflets, and white
flowers. ,

A. RiaipA, DC. Rigid Cowbane.

Stem rigid, striate, erect; leaves simply pinnate; lcaffets 3 to 9, varying front
lanceolate to ovate oblong, entire, or remotely toothed, in Var. amBiaua, linear, long
and narrow.

Swamps; rare. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, slender. Leaflets 2 to 4 by
14 to 34 inches, varying in outline. Umbels 2 to 3, of many slender rays. Petals
white. Fruit with sub-equal greenish ribs, and large purple vitte filling the
intervals. Poisonous.

14. BUPLEURUM. Tourn. THOROUGH WAX.

Gr. bows, an ox, pleuron, a rib; it is uncertain why so called.

CALYX-TEETH obsolete. PETALS somewhat orbicular,
entire, with a closely inflexed point. Fruir ovate-oblong,
laterally flattened, or somewhat terminal; carpeds 5-ribbed,
with or without vittsee.—Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with
simple entire leaves; various involucres, and yellow flowers.

3B. rotunpironium, L. Modesty Thorough Waz.

Leaves roundish-ovate, entire, perfoliate; tnvolucre none; involucels of 5, ovate,
_ mucronate bracts. —

In cultivated grounds; escaped from gardens. Annual. July, Aug. Stem 10
to 15 inches high, branching. Zeaves1 to 3 inches long, 34 as wide, rounded at
base, acute at apex, very smooth. Jnvolucels longer than the umbellets. Umbels
5 to 9-rayed. Fruit crowned with the wax-like shining base of the styles. Carpels
mostly without vitte:

CULTIVATED EXOTICS:

"15. CARUM. Linn. ‘Caraway.

From Caria, the native country of the plant.

__ CALYX-MARGIN obsolete. PEraus obovate, emarginate,
the point inflexed, Sryuus dilated at base, spreading. FRUIT

UMBELLIFER &. 132

oval, laterally compressed; carpels &-ribbed, lateral ribs mar-

gined; intervals with single vitte.—Herbs with dissected

leaves, perfect umbels, various involucres, and white flowers..
©. Carvi, Ll. Caraway. —

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched, smooth, striate. Zeaves somewhat bipinnatifid;.

with numerous linear segments, lower ones large, on long petioles, with tumid,
clasping sheaths. Umbels on iong peduncles; invoelucrate bract when presen’
linear-laneeolate. Native of Europe. Cultivated for its fine aromatic fruit.

16. APIUM. Linn.

Celtic apon, water; the plants grow in watery situations.

CALYX-MARGIN obsolete. PETALS roundish, with a smalf
or narow inflexed point. Fruit ioundish, laterally com-
pressed ; carpels 5-ribbed, the inteivals with single vittee.—
Huropean herbs, with pinnately dissected leaves; perfect umbels
and white flowers.

1. A. GRAveotENs, UL. Celery.

Lower leaves pinnately dissected, on very long petioles, segments broad wedge.

shaped, incised ; wpper leaves 3-parted, seezments wedge-shaped, lobed and incisely
dentate atapex. Stem2to3 feet high, branching, furrowed. Umbels with unequal

epreading rays. Native of Britain. The stems y hen blanched are used as a sallad..

June, Aug.

2. A. PETROSELINUM, Willd. Parsley.

Leaves decompound, segments of the lower ones wedge-ovate, terminal ones trifid,,

all incised; cauline segments lance-linear, sub-entire; tnvolucels of 3 to 5 subulate

bracts. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched. Ze. ves smooth and shining. June.

Native of Sardinia and Greece. Hsteemed as a pct herb.

17. PIMPINELLA. Linn. ANISsE.

CALYX-LIMB obsolete. PrtTAts obcordate, somewhat un-

equal. SryuEs capillary as long as fruit. FRuir ovate,
ribbed, with convex intervals.—Huropean perennial herbs,
with ‘pimnately many-parted leaves, compound umbels without
envolucres, and white flowers.

P. Antsum, L. Anise.

Radical leaves incisely trifid; these of the st'm many-cleft, with narrow-lineagr:
segments, smooth and shining. Umbels large, a snare Native of Egypt A
well known aromatic carminative of the garden.

18. FCiNICULEM. Adans. FENNER.
Lat. diminutive of fenwm, hay; from the resemblanee of its odor.

CALYX-MARGIN obsolete. Prratrs revolute, with a broad,

i
ee ne ET AR Ams ee FOE Le

ee a a
ee nh.

140 UMBELLIFER &.

retuse apex. FRUIT elliptic- oblong, laterally sub-compress-
ed; carpels with 5 obtuse ribs, those of the margin a little
broader; intervals with single vittze—Autumnal herbs, with
biternately dissected leaves, no involucre or involucels, perfect
ambels, and yellow flowers.

F. VULGARE, Gart. (Anethum, Willd.) Fennel.

Leaves biternately dissected, segments linear subulate, elongated; rays of the
ambel numerous, unequal, spreading; carpels turgid, ovate oblong. Netive of
England. Cultivated in gardens. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, round and smooth,
branched. Leaves large and smooth, finely cleft into numerous yery narrow seg-
ments, Seeds warmly aromatic.

Sunp-ornpER II. CAMPYLOSPERM Az

Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins involede.
19. CHAROPHYLLUM, Linn.

Gp, kairo, to gladden, and piety leaf; alluding to the agreeable odor of the
eaves.

CALYX-TEETH obsolete. Prrats obovate, cmarginate,
point inflexed. Frurr laterally compressed, linear or oblong;
carpels with 5 obtuse equal ribs, inner face deeply furrowed
lengthwise, intervals with single vittee.—Annual or biennial
plants, with bi or tri-ternate leaves, incisely cleft or toothed
segments, no involucre, many-leaved involucels, and mostly
white flowers.

C. PRocUMBENS, Lam. Wild Chervil.

Stems slender, spmsbiitatl somewhat hairy; segments of the leaves pinnatifid,

- with obtuse oblong leaflets; wmbels diffuse, few-flowered, often simple.

Moist shady. places; not common. May. Stems1to2 feetlong. Umbels quite
regular, often with leaves in the place of the invyolucre. Flowers white.

20. OSMORHIZA. Raf. Cretny.

Gr. osma, a scent, and riza, a root; in allusion to the aromatic root.

' CALyX-TEETH obsolete. Prtats oblong, nearly entire,
the sharp straight point inflexed. FRuir linear-oblong,
angled, attenuated at base, contracted at the sides, erowned
with the styles; carpels with hisped angles and 5 acute ribs,
inner face with a deep bristly channel; vitte none.—Veren-
nials, with thick aromatic roots, large 2 to3-ternately compound
leaves, few-leaved involucre and involucels, and white flowers.

1. O. tonerstytIs, DC. Sweet Crcily.. Sweet Myrrh.
Zeoflets sparingly pubescent or smooth when old, short pointed, cut-toothed,
sometimes lobed; styles slender, nearly as long as the ovary.

UMBELLIFER Zi. 14f

Rich moist woods; common. May, June. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branching,
purplish, nearly smooth, striate. Leaves mostly bi-ternate, those of the root om
long petioles; leaflets oblong ovate. Flowers white, much larger than in the next.
Fruit blackish, one inch in length, crowned with the persistent styles.. Root with
the flayor of anise.

2. O. BrevistyLis, DC. Short-styled Cicily.
Leaflets pinnatifid cut, acuminate, dewny-hairy; styles conical, not longer than:

the breadth of the ovary; fruit somewhat tapering at the summit.

Moist rocky shady places; commoner than the last. May, June. Slem about 2
feet high, branching, pale-green, at length smooth. Leaves bi-ternate; leaflets
incised, often pinnatifid. Fruit similar to the last, but crowned with convergent.
styles. Root nearly tasteless, said to be poisonous.

21. CONIUM. Linn. Porson HEMLOCK.

Konicon, the Greek name of the Hemlock by which criminals and philosophers
were put to death at Athens.

CALYX-TEETH obsolete. Prrats obcordate, with an acute
inflected point. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides; the car-
pels with 5 prominent waving ribs; inner face with a deep
narrow groove; vitte none.—Liennial poisonous herbs, with
large ob-compound leaves, 3 to 0-leaved tnvolucres and involu-
eels, and white flowers. :

C. MACULATUM, L. Potson Hemlock.

Stem spotted; leaves tri-pinnate; leaflets lanceolate, pinnatifid; involucels shorter
than the umbellets; fruit smooth.

Waste places, naturalized along Chillisquaqve creek, Montour county. A largo
branching herb, about 4 feet high, very smcoth. Stem much branched, round,
hollow, with purplish spots. Lower leaves very large, bright green, on long
sheathing foot-stalks. _Umbels terminal, the involucre with 5 to 8 lanceolate bracts,
the involucels with the inner half wanting. JZ lowers small, white. Whole plans
highly poisonous; fetid when bruised.

Sup-orpeR III. CdsLOSPERM 2.

Secds incurved at base and apex.

22. KERIGENIA. Nutt.

Greek erigeneia, a name of Aurora, the harbinger of day, or of the spring; om
account of its being the first conspicuous flowering plantin the U. 8. Nutt.

CALYX-TEETH inconspicuous. PETALS obovate or spatu-
late, flat, entire. FRuit somewhat laterally compressed,
reniform or termined with 5 very slender acute bristly ribs.—
A smooth and slender perennial, with 2 to 3 ternately divided
leaves, a somewhat leafy bracted compound umbel, with white
flowers.

EK. Butposa, Nutt. Bulbous Erigenia.

Alluvial soil; Western part of the State. March, April. Root globose, tuberous.
Stem simple, 4 to 5inches high, 2-leaved. Leaves 3-parted; divisions sub-pinnate,

Unbels terminal, 3 to 5-flowered. Flowers white.

142 ARALIACEE AS.

23. CORIANDRUM.

Gr. koris, a bug; on account of the smell of the leaves.

CALYX with 5 conspicuous teeth. Prraxs obcordate,
inflexed at the point; those of the outer flowers radiate,
bifid. Frurr globose; carpels cohering, with 5 depressed
primary ribs, and 4 secondary, more prominent ones; seeds
concave on the face.— Smooth annuals with bi-pinnate leaves;
envolucre one-leaved or none, involucels 3-leaved, unilateral,
and white flowers. |

©. sativum, L. Coriander.

Leaflets on the lower leaves broad, wedge-shaped, upper with linear ones; carpels
hemispherical. A well known plant, cultivated chiefly for its aromatic seeds.
Native of Europe. Stem 2 feet high. Leaves much divided, strong scented. Um-
bels with only the partial involucre. Flowers white. J uly.

OrpER 52. ARALIACEER.

Trees, herbs or shrubs, with the habit of the Umbelliferc, but with usually 6 to 10
flat petals, 5 to 10 stamens, 2 to 5 styles, and the fruit 2 to 3-celled drupes. ye

a 1. ARALIA. Linn. SprKENARp.

CALYX with the margin very short, 5-toothed. Prrans,
STAMENS and PIsTILS 5. I'ruiT a berry-like drupe, 3 to
o-celled, 5-seeded, crowned with the remains of the calyx
and styles.— Low trees, shrubs or perennial herbs, with large
2 to 3-ternately or pinnaicly compound leaves, and panicled
umbels of grecnish-white flowers.

1. A. nuprcaumis, L. Wild Sarsaparilla.

Herbaceous, smooth; stem very short; lec f solitary, decompound; leajlets oblonz-
ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each division; scape naked, bearing 3 umbels.

Moist rocky woods; common. May, June. Joo! large, fleshy and aromatie,
running under ground several feet in length, from which arises a single leaf-stalk
and scape, without a proper stem.. Scape about 1 feet high, with 3 simple umbels
of greenish flowers.

2. A. RACEMOSA, L. WSpikenard. -

Herbaceous; stem widely branched, leafy; 7eaves decompound; leaflets heart-
ovate, doubly serrate pointed, slightly downy; umbels small, very numerous.

Rich rocky woods. June, July. Hoots large, spicy, aromatic. Stem 2 to 5 feet
high, dark green or reddish. The leaf-stalks are 3-parted, each division of which
pears 3 or 5 large leaflets. Flowers greenish-white, in panicles 4 to 8 inches long.

38. <A. HISPIDA, Michx. Bristly Sarsaparilla.
Stem shrubby at base, hispid; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong ovate, acute,

ent-serrate; wmbels on long peduncles, axillary and terminal.

Rocky places. June—Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, the lower part woody and
thickly beset with sharp stiff bristles, the upper part branching, herbaceous.

ARALIACEER, 143

Leaflets numerous, long. Umbels numerous, simple, globose. Flowers greenish-
white. rut blackish, nauseous to the taste.

4, A. spinosa, L. Angelica Tree.

Arborescent; stem and petioles prickly ; leaves large, 2 to 8-pinnate; leaflets ovate,
pointed, serrate, sessile, glaucous beneath; wimbels in a branched panicle, nt-
merous.

Damp woods, Southern parts of the State. Cultivated. July, Aug. A small
tree 8 to 12 feet high, (sometimes 20 to 40,) the leaves crowded near the summit.
Flowers white, in yery large terminal panicles. The bark is said to be emetic and
cathartic. - :

2. PANAX. Linn. GINSENG.

Gr. pan, and akos, a medicine, i. e. a panacea, or a universal remedy.

FLOWERS polygamous. CALYX-TEETH obsolete. PETALS
and STAMENS 5. Sryztes 2 to 3. Fruit a 2 to 3-lobed, 2
to 3-celled, and 2 to 8-seeded drupe, often fleshy.— Perennial
herbs or shrubs, with palmately compound leaves, (in our spe-
cies 8 stem leaves in a whorl,) and whitish flowers ina single
simple umbel on long peduncles.

1. P. vRrirotium, L. Dwarf Ginseng. Ground-nut.

Foot globular; leaves 3-verticillate, 3 to 5-foliate; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, ser-
rate, sub-sessile; styles 3; berries 3-seeded.

Low moist woods; common. May. A neat little plant 4 to 8 inches high witha
tubor deep in the ground. Seni smooth, slender, simple, Leaves 3, in a whor! at
the summit, compound, with a central peduncle terminating in a little umbel of
pure white flowers. Barren-and fertile flowers on different plants, the latter with-
out stamens succeeded by green berries.

2. P. quinquErouium, L. Ginseng.
Rost fusiform; leaves 3, verticillate, 5-foliate; leaflets oblong-ovate, pointed,
serrate, long-petioled, the lateral ones smaller; peduncles shorter than the petioles;
siyles 2; fruit flattened; seeds 2.

Rich woods and mountain sides; not common. June, July. Root spindle
shaped, 3 to 6 inches long, often forked, aromatic. Stem round, smooth, about 1
foot high, with a terminal whorl of 3 compound leaves, and a central peduncle
bearing a single umbel of ycliowish flowers. Berries light-scarlet. The root is
highly esteemed by the Chinese and Tartars for its supposed medical properties,

3. HEDERA. Linn. Ivy:

Celtic hedra, a cord; from the vine-like habit.

CaLyx 5-toothed. Prrats 5, dilated at the base. Berry
5-seeded, surrounded by the permanent calyx.—Huropean
shrubby, climbing or erect plants, with simple evergreen leaves,
and greentsh flowers.

H. wenix, L. English Ivy

Stem and branches long and flexible, attached to tke earth trees or walls by its
mumerous radicating fibres; leaves dark green, smooth, with white veins, petiolate;
lower ones 5-lobed, upper ovate, flowers in ‘numerous umbels, forming a corymb}
berry black, with a mealy pulp. Native of Britain. Cultivated. ih

444 CORNACER.

nbs oe “ii 7 ERS 8 Yo, ee he

OrpER 53. CORNACEE.

Low trees, shrubs or rarely herbaczous plants, with simple mostly opposite and
entire leaves. CALYX SEPALS adherent to the ovary, with the limb minute, 4 or
5-toothed or lobed. Perrats 4 or 5 distinct, alternate with the teeth of the calyx.
STAMENS 453 STYLE single; stTIGMA capitate; ovaRy 1 to 2-celled, with a single ana-
tropous ovule suspended from the apex of each eell, and fruit a gloBose 2-celled
and 2-seeded drupe.

+ “CORNUS “Team. a

Lat. cornu, a horn; on account of the hardness of the wood.

CaLyx minutely 4-toothed. Prrats 4, oblong, spreading,
sessile. Sramens4. Srynul. Drupzs berry-like, sepa-
tate.— Trees, shrubs or perennial herbs, with mostly opposite
entire leaves, and white or whitish fiowers in cymes, often
anvolucrate. Bark bitter and tonic.

i aa capitate, surrounded by a petal-like 4-leaved while tnvolucre; fruit bright

1. C. Canapensts, L. Dwarf Dogwood.

Herbaceous; stem low and simple; lowzr leaves small, upper ones whorled, yeiny,

on short petioles, ovate or oval, pointed; leaves of the involucre ovate.

Damp | cold woods. May—July. A handsome little plant 5 to 7 inches high,

‘arising from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody rhizoma, with

1 to 2 pairs of opposite leaves and a whorl of 4to6at the summit, 2 of which
are large, placed a little lower and opposite. Flowers greenish, surrounded with
@ large showy involucre of 4 white leaves, sometimes mistaken for a single flower.

9. (©. ruoripa, L. Flowering Dogwood.

Arborescent; leaves ee pointed, downy beneath when young; leaves of the

Snvolucre inversely heart-shaped; flowers and fruit in a close head.

Rocky wocds;.common. May, June. A tree 15 to 20 feet high, very showy in
flower. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish-yclow. Jnvolucre very large and showy,
obovate, veiny, white, ending in a callous point. which is turned up or down se

abruptly as to give an emarginate appearance to the leaf. Berries red, very showy

* Flowersin cymes: tnvolucre none; shrubs.

3. C. crrcinaTa, L’Her. Round-leaved Dogwood.

Branches warty-dotted; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, wie, downy

_ beneath; cymes crowded, depressed ; dr upe globose.

Banks of streams. June, July. Shrub 6 to 10 feet high. Stem greyish, upright,
with opposite, round, green, spotted or warty branches. eaves large, 4 to 5 inches
in diameter, opposite, somewhat acuminate. Flowers white. Serries lizht-blue,
hollowed at base, crowned with the remains of the style.

4. (©. sericea, L. Med Oster. Silky Dogwood.

Branches spreading; leaves ovate, acuminate, silk-downy (often rusty) beneath;
eymes flat, close; calyx-teeth lanceolate; drupe globose.

Wet places, banks of streams; common. June. Shrub 4 to 10 “eet high, with
pose bark, and opposite branches and red shoots. Leaves 2to 4 inches long,
44a8 wide. Flowers yellowish-white. rut pale-blue.

5. ©. panicunatTa, L’Her. Panicled Dogwood.

Branches erect, smooth; spike ovate-lanceolate or oval, acuminate, acute at bags,
Whitish beneath; cymes convex, loose, often panicled; fruit depressed-globose,

CAPRIFOLIACE. 145

Thickets and hillsides. June. Shrub 4 to 8 feet high, very much branched,
with a yellowish bark. TZeavessmall, 1 to 2inches long, 4% to 324 as wide. Flowers
profuse, pure white, in small conical cymes. Drupes small, white or bluish.

6. (C. STOLONIFERA, Michx. Led-Osier Dogwood.

Stem often with running shoots; branches spreading, smooth; leaves ovate

rounded at base; abruptly acuminate; cymes small, flat, rather crowded; drupe
globose.

Bogs and wet banks of streams. May, June. A small tree 8 to 10 feet high,
with smooth, siender, spreading branches, which are mostly red in winter. It
multiplies by prostrate running suckers which send up red shoots forming large
clumps 3 to“ feet high. eaves distinctly veined, minutely pubescent, and whitish
beneath, petiolate. Flowers white, in small cymes. Drupe small or lead colored.

7. C. ALTERNIFOLIA, L. Alternate-leaved Dogwood.

Leaves alternate, oval, long-pointed, acute at the base, whitish and minutely
pubescent underneath; drupes globose.

Hillsides and moist shady woods. June. A small tree or shrub 8 to 20 feet
high, with spreading one-sided branches forming a depressed summit. Bark
greenish, marked with warty streaks. Flowers in broad open cymes, pale buf—-
color. Fruit dark-blue.

DIVISION ILI.
MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the
latter composed of petals more or less united (monopetalous. )

Orper 54. CAPRIFOLIACHE.—AHoney-suckle Plants.

Shrubs or rarely herbs, often twining, with opposite leaves, no stipules, the CALYX
‘SUBE coherent with the 2 to 5-celled ovary. Corotza tubular or rotate, regular or
irregular. STAMENS as many, or one less than as many, as the lobes of the corolla,
and inserted on its tube. Sryius 1; stigma 1 to 4. Fruit a berry, drupe, or
capsule.

Tripz 1. LONICERE.
“Corolla tubular, often irregularly cleft; style slender; stigma capitate.
1. LONICERA. Linn.
In honor of Lonicer, a German botanist of the 16th century.
_ CALYX 5-toothed; teeth very short. Corona tubular or
funnel-form, often swelled at the base, irregularly or nearly
regularly 5-lobed. STaMENS 5. Ovary 2 to 3-celled. Sriq-
MA “capitate. Berry several seeded—Climbing or erect
shrubs, with opposite and often connate entire leaves, and often
showy, fragrant flowers. 7

* CapRirotium. Stem climbing; flowers in sessile wh ois ie
of the leaves. 93 ft tle whorled clusters from the axils

AX

Se ee, ee oe

a —

146 CAPRIFOLIACE,

1. L. SEMPERVIRENS, Ait. Trumpet Honey-suckle.
Leaves oblong evergreen, pale beneath, the lower petioled, the uppermost pairs
united a ound the stem; flowers in nearly naked spikes or distant whorls.

Borders of swamps; common in cultivation. May—Oct. A beautiful climber
blooming all summer. Stem 6 to 20 feet long, weody, twining with the sun.
Leaves deciduous at the north. Corolla trumpet-shaped, nearly 2 inches long,
dilated at the mouth, with 5 short, nearly regular segments, of a_rich scarlet with-
out and yellow within. A variety has pale yellow blossoms. Berrées scarlet.

“2. LL. grata, Ait. American Woodbine.

Leaves obovate, smooth, glaucous beneath, the upper pairs united; flowers in
sessile, terminal and axillary whorls; corolla ringent, tube long, slender, not
swelled. F

Rocky woodlands. May, June. A beautiful climber with very obtuse leaves,
ending in an abrupt point, opposite or in whorls of 3. Flowers large and very
fragrant, 5 or 6in each whori. Corolla white, within a purple, fading yellowish.
Berrves red. Cultivated.

3. L. PARVIFLORA, Lam. Small-flowered Honey-suckle.

Leaves smooth, elliptical or oblong, shining above, glaucous beneath, the upper

pairs united, all closely sessile; flowers in heads of several approximate whorls;
corolla ringent; tube short, swelled at the base; filaments bearded.

Rocky banks; common. May,June. A low branching species. Zeaves thickish,
wavy and revolute on the margin, very glaucous beneath. Flowers small, yellow,
tinged with duli red. Stamens and styles exserted. Berries orange-colored.

4. LL. PericuyMEenuM, Tourn. Woodbine Honey-suckle.

Zeaves elliptical, on short petioles, deciduous. lowers in ovate imbricated
terminal heads; corolla ringent, yellow and red, fragrant. errvesred. May—
duly. A woody climber, native of Hurope. Cultivated.

5. L. Caprironium, lL. Stahan Honey-suckle.

Teaves Geciduous, the upper pair united. Flowers ina terminal verticel, yellow,
red and white. Much admired for its beauty and fragrance. Native of Europe.
June—Aug. Cultivated.

© XyLosteumM, Juss. Siem erect; leaves distinet; peduncles axillary, singte,
2lracted and 2-flowered at the summit.

6. L. cmiata, Muhl. ly Honey-suckle.

Feaves oblong-ovate, often cordate, distinctly petioled, thin, downy beneath;
peduncles shorter than the leaves; bracts minute; corolla funnel-form, swelled aé
the base.

Rocky woods, Northern parts of the State. May,June. A branching erect shrub

3to4feethigh. Flowe7s pale straw-yellow, in pairs, at the top of the peduncle,
with an obtuse spur turned outwards at the base. Berries ovoid, red, in pairs.

7. L. Tarrarica, L. Tartartan Honey-suckle.

Stems erect, much branched; leaves ovate, cordate, obtuse, shining and dark-
green above, pale beneath, entire, on short petioles; peduncles axillary, solitary,
2-flowered; segments of the corolla oblong, obtuse, equal. An elegant shrub
much admired in cultivation. Native of Russia and Tartary. Stems 4 to $ feet
high, forming large clumps. eaves 1 to 2 by 34 to1l4 inches, coriacious. Flowers
small, pale-purple, varying to pure white, very fragrant. May—June.

2. DIERVILLA, Tourn, Busan HoNEY-sUcKLE.
In honor of ¥. Dierville, who sent this species from Canada to Tournefort.
€aLYX-TUBE tapering at the summit; the odes slender,

CAPRIFOLIACEA, 147 |

awl-shaped, persistent. CoRoLLA funnel-form, 5-lobed, nearly
regular. SPAMENS 0. CAPSULE oblong, aeute, 2. celled,
9-valved, septicidal, many-seeded.— Low upright shrubs, with
opposite, ovate, serrate pointed leaves, and yellowish flowers
in cymosely-several-flowered peduncles.

D. TRirmA, Meench. Bush Honey-suckte.

Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, petioled ; peduncles mostly 2-flowered; capsule
long-beaked.

Rocky woods and banks of streams. May—July. Stem 1 to 38 feet high,
branching. Leaves 2 to 4 by 1 to 11% inches, finely serrate, jpnepostiet: Flowers
greenish-y ellow. Style much exserted. Stigma capitate.

3. TRIOSTEUM. Linn.

Gr. treis, three, and ostzon, a bone; alluding to thethree bony seeds.

CAaLYx-LoBEs 5, linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent.
CoroLLA tubular, swelled at the base, somewhat equally 5
lebed, scarcely longer than the calyx. STAMENS 5, included.
STIGMA capitate, lobed. FRuira drupe, mostly 3-celled,
erowned with the calyx, containing 3 angled and ribbed,
bony nuts.— Coarse hairy perennial herbs, with the stem
leafy to the top, and the ample entire pointed leaves tapering
«éo the base, but connate around the stem.

1. T. perroniatumM, kL. Feverwort.

Softly hairy; Jeaves oval or cai Gtatenicalé, acuminate, entire, aiisapticti nar-
rowed at the base, crenate, downy beneath; jlower's sessile, 1 to 3 in the axils c¥
the leaves.

Rich woodlands. June. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Zeaves6 by 3 inches. Fruita
rather dry drupe, orange-colored. The root is ar ge and fleshy, and in some repute
in medicine.

2. T. anqustironium, L. Narrow-leaved Feverwort.

Bristly hairy; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base; flowers mostly solitary in
the axils, sessile or pedunculate.

Shady places, along fences. May, June. Stemi1to2 feet high. Flowers green-
ish-cream-color, mostly cd clustered in the axils of the leaves.

4. SYMPHORICARPUS. Dill.

Gr. symphoreo, to bear together, and carpus, fruit; from the clustered berries.

CALYX-TUBE 4 to 5-toothed; persistent; teeth small. Co-
ROLLA bell-shaped, nearly regularly 4 to 6-lobed. STAMENS
4 to 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla. Ovary
4-celled, only 2 of the cells with a fertile ovule; the berry
therefore 4-celled and 2-seeded. SrEeps long.—Low and
branching upright shrubs, with oval shortly petioled leaves,
and small white flowers tinged with rose-color, i close shoré
spikes or clusters.

T48 CAPRIFOLIACER. - | “oll

1. §S. vutearis, Michx. Indian Currant. Coral-berry.

Leaves round-oval; flowers in small spikes or clusters in the axils of nearly all
the leaves; corolla sparingly bearded.
Banks of streams. July. Stem 2 to.3 feet high, with numerous purplish
branches. Corolla greenish-red, companulate, lobes nearly smooth; stamens and
bearded style included. Berries small, purplish.
2. §S. RACEMOsUS, Michx. Snow-berry.

Leaves oval or oblong, the margin often wavy, nearly or quite smooth, paler
beneath, on short petioles; flowers in a terminal loose and somewhat leafy inter:
rupted spike. ‘

Cultivated; native from Lake Champlain to Wisconsin. June, Sept. Stem 2 to
4 feet high. Corolla rose-color, the throat filled with hairs. Berries large, round
er ovoid, of a snowy white, remaining till winter, very ornamental.

5. LEMNJEA.:, rank

In honor of Linneus, the most profound of naturalists, ancient or modern, with
whom this charming little plant was an especial favorite.

CALYX-TEETH 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. CoRoLLA nar-
row, bell-shaped, nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamemns 4, 2 of
them shorter, inserted near the base of the corolla. Ovary
8-celled, l-ovuled, (2 cells abortive,) forming a 1-seeded dry
berry.—A slender creeping and trailing evergreen, with
round-oval leaves and delicate nodding flowers, widely dis-*
seminated through the northern tenperate zone.

LL. BOREALIS, Gron. ~ Twin-flower.

Stem slender, creeping and trailing; leaves round-oval, sparingly crenate, con-
tracted at the base into short petioles; peduncles filiform, forking into 2 pedicels
at the top, each bearing one flower.

Moist mossy woods; common northward. June. Stems long, filiform, brownish,
rooting and branching their whole length, and covering the ground in large
patches. Zeaves small, opposite, with obtuse lobes or teeth and scattered hairs.
Flowers nodding, delicate and fragrant, rose-colored.

Trips 2. SAMBUCEA. Tuer Exper TRrIse..
Corolla regular, rotate; stigmas 38 to 5, nearly sessile.

6. SAMBUCUS. Tourn. Eper.

@r:. sambuca, an ancient musical instrument, supposed to have been made of
Elder-wood.

CaLyx small, 5-parted. Corotta urn-shaped, with a
broadly spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. STIGMAS 3,
obtuse, small, sessile. FRuir a berry-like juicy drupe, con-
taining 3 seeds.—Shrubby plants, with pinnate leaves, serrate
pointed leaflets, and numerous small white flowers in com-
pound cymes.. |

CAPRIFOLIACER. | y49°

TY. §. Canapensis, L. Common Lider.
Stems scarcely woedy; leaflets 7 to 11, oblorg, smooth, the lower often 3-parted +
cymes fiat, 5-parted. .
Thickets and waste grounds; commen. May, June. Siem 5 to 10 feet high,
filled with a light porous pith, especially when. young. Flowers numerous, in
very large (1 foot Lroad) level-topped cymes, white, rathcr fragrant. Serries dark

- purple or biack.

2. §. pupens, Michx. fed-berried Hider.

Siems woody; leajlets 5 to 7, ovatc-lanceolate, Gowny beneath; cymes panicled,
convex-pyramidal. : :

Rocky woods. June, July. Siem 6 to &, sometimes 15 feet high, warty, often
round-topped and tree-like. Leaves simple and unequally pinnate. lowers ina
close, ovoid thyrse or panicle. Corolla white. Lerries small, scarlet.

7, VIBURNUM.. Linn..

Catyx 5-toothed, persistent. Cororua rotate, spreading,
deeply: 5-toothed. STAMENS 5, equal. StraMas 3, sessile.
Fruita 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe with thin pulp and a hard
flattened stone.—WShrubs or small trees, with petioled leaves,

aud white flowers in flat compound cymes.

* 1, Lentaco, DC. Flowers all alile and perfect; fruit blue or blac: when ripe,
glaucous.
LIcaves serrate or tcoticd, entire. 2,

1..-V. PRUNIFOoLIUM, L.. Bicck Haw. *

Branches spreading, smooth; leaves broadly oval, obtuse at both ends, finely and
sharply serrate, shining above, smooth; petioles raked; cymes sessile; fruit ovoid-
oblong.

Weods; common. May. A shrub or small tree 10 to 20 feet hizh, with spread-
ing, sometimes c<tinted branches. . Leaves about 2 inches long, 1% wide, on short,
slightly margined petioles. Cymes large, terminal, sessile. Flowers white. Fruit
dark-blue or klackish, swcet and eatable.

2. V. nupuM, L. Wethe Rod. Swamp Haw..

Leaves thickish, oval, oblong or lanceolate, revolute at the edge, sub-crenate;
cyme-short peduncied; fruit round-ovo:d.

Cold swamps; common. May, June. A handsome shrub’6 to 10 feet high.
Leaves 3 to 4 inches long, punctate-dottet beneath like th> short petioles and
cymes, with small brownish scales, smoeth above, the margin more or less rolled.
Flowers numerous, white. Berries dark blue, covered with a glaucous bloom,
eatable.

3. V. Lentaco, L. Sweet Vibernum.
Leaves ovate, acumina‘e, acutely and sharply serrate; petioles with wavy mar-

gins; cymes terminal, sessile; /ruzt oval.

Rocky woods. May, June. A small bandsome tree 10 ta,20 feet high. Leaves
smooth, long-acuminate, 3 inches long, 4 as wide, on long wavy marzined petioles.
Petioles midribs and branches of the cyme sprinkled with rusty glands when
young. Flowers white, in broad spreading cymes. Zerries 44 inch long, blue-
black when ripe. ‘ :

4. V. DEXTATUM, L. <Arrow-wood. |
Smooth; leaves broadly-ovate, coarsely and sharply-toothed, sub-plicate; petioles -

slender; cymes penne fruit ovoid-globose.

eo a os

150 — RUBIACEE. —

Damp grounds, rather common. June. Shrub 8 to 12 feet hich, with long,
straight, slender branches when young, and ash-colored bark. Leaves on slender
petioles, roundish, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, strongly straight-veined, and often
with hairy tufts in the axils of the veins beneath. Flowers white, in large expand-
ing cymes. Fruit small, dark-blue.

). V. puBESCENS, Pursh. Downy Arrow-wood.

Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or pointed, rarely toothed, sub- soils: cymes
peduncled; jfrutt ovoid.

Dry rocky places; rare. June. Shrub about 2 i 6 feet high, Bees strag-
gling. Leaves 2 inches long, strongly straight-veined, each with a pair of short,
hairy, stipular appendages at the base of the short petiole. The lower surface and
petioles velvety-downy. Cymes small, few-flowered. Flowers white.

Leaves lobed or ineised.

6. V. ACERIFOLIUM, L. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood.

Leaves 3-lobed, cordate at the base, coarsely and unequally toothed; cymes on
long peduncles, many-flowered; frwit oval.

Rocky hillsides. June. <A shrub 4to 8 feet high, with yellowish-green bark.
Leaves broad, heart-shaped, or rounded at the base; lobes acuminate, with sharp
serratures; veins and stalks hairy; under surface and young stalks downy.
Flowers white, with a slight tinge of red; filaments long. Fruit nearly black.

* * OpuLtus, Tourn. Marginal flowers of the cymes cestitute of stamens con

_ with large showy corollas.

7. V. LANTANOIDES, Michx. Hobble-bush.

Leaves round ovate, abruptly pointed, closely serrate; cymes closely sessile,
broad and flat; /fruzi ovoid.”

Rocky woods, near streams. May. A straggling shrub 4 to 8 feet high, the
decumbent branches often taking root.. Leaves heart-shaped at the base, many-

veined, the veins, veinlets, stalks and branchlets very scurfy with rusty colored

tufts of minute down. lowers white, the sterile ones very large. sib red,
when ripe, black.

8. V. Oputus, L. Cranberry-iree.

Leaves 3-lobed, wedge-shaped or truncate at the base, 3-nerved; lobes spreading,
pointed, toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses; petioles glandular; cymes pedun-
cled, radient; rut ovoid.

Woods; rare. June. A handsome shrub 8 to 12 feet high, with spreading
branches. Zeaves with large remote teeth, the stalks with 2 or more glands at the
base, channelled above. Flowers white, the central fertile, those of the border

large, barren. #ruiét red, very acid, resembling the common cranberry in flavor,
and is sometimes substituted for it.

Var. b. rosEuM, L. Guelder Rose. Snow-ball. Leaves rather acute at base, longer
than broad, lobes acuminate, with long pointed teeth; petioles glandular; flowers
all sterile in globose cymes. This is a well known European variety, cultivated
for its large, dense spherical clusters of snow-white flowers, which are all barren.

ORDER 55. RUBIACEE.—Madder Family.

Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules, or

- rarely whorled without apparent stipules. Catyx usually coherent with the 2 (rarely

3 to 4)-celled ovary, or in one group, free. STAMENS as many as the lobes of the
regular corolla, and inserted on its tube. OVARY 2-celled. STYLE mostly simple;
#ATIGMAS 2, FRUIT various. .

RUBIACERE. | ‘151

Sun-orper I. STELLATA. Tue rrve Mapprr Famity.

Leaves whorled, with no apparent stipules ; ovary 2-celled, entirely coherent with
the calyx-tule. Herbs.

1. GALIUM. Linn. Creavers.

Gr. gala, milk, which some species are used to curdle.

CALYX minute, 4-toothed. Corotta 4-parted, rotate.
Sramens 4, short. Srytes 2. Frvir twin, globular, sepa-
rating when ripe into the 1 seed-like indehiscent, L-seeded
earpels.— Slender herbs, with 4-angled stems, verticellate
leaves, and small cymose “flow ers.

* Annual: leaves abcut 8, ina whorl; peduncles few-flowered.

1. G. Aparinge, L. Cleavers. Goose-grass.

Stem weak, procumbent, retrorsely prickly, hairy at the joints; leaves in whorls
of €s, 7s_or 8s, linear-oblanceolate, mucronate; peduncles axillary, 1 to 2-flowered ;
Sruit bristly, with hooked prickles.

Moist thickets. June. St2ms 2 to 6 feet long, leaning on other plants and closely
adhering to objects in their way by their hooked prickles. Zeaves 1 to 2 inches
long, 14 wide, rough on the margins and midribs. Flowers numerous, small,
white.. Fruit rather large, armed with hooked prickles. The root is sometimes
used to dye red. Medicinal.

** Perennial: leaves 4 to 6,and sometimes 8 in a whorl; peduncles Sora and
terminal, few flowered ; fruit smooth.

2. G. ASPRELLUM, Michx. Rough Bedstraw.

Stem diffuse, weak, much branched, rough backwards; leaves in 6s, 5s or 4s,
lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate; peduncles many, short, 2 to 3 times forked.

Low thickets; common. July. Stem weak,2 to& feet long, reclining on other
plants, and closely adhering to them by their minute retrorse prickles. Leaves 14
to 34 inches long, }4 as wide. Fluwers numerous, small, white. Frutt minute

“a oo fA ? 3 ?
smoot

3. cm TRIFIDUM, L. Smali Bedstraw. Dyer’s Cleavers.

Sten decumbent, very Lranching, roughish with retrorse prickles; leaves in whor!s
of 4 to 6, linear or oblanceolate, obtuse, the margins and midribs rough; peduncles
1 to 3-flowered; pedicels slender; ccrolia-lobes and stamens often 8.

Var. 1. TINcToRIUM; stem stouter with nearly smooth angles, and the parts of the
flowers usually in fours.

Var. 2. LATIFOLIUM; <tem smooth, widely branched; leaves elliptical or oblong,
quite rough on the midribs and margins.

Svamps and low grounds; common and very variable. June—Aug. Leaves 4
to 4 inch long, 14 as wide, often wedge-shaped at the base. Peduncles mostly in
3, axillary. Piowers email, white.

4. G. TRIFLORUM, Michx. WSvweet-scented Bedstraw.

Stem weak, often procumbent, bristly on the angles, turned backwards; leaves
in 5s and 6s, elliptical-lanceolate, acuminate-cuspidate; peduncles 3-flowered ; flowers
all pedicelled; fruit hisped, with hooked hairs.

Rich woodlands; common. July. Stem 1 to 4 feet long, slightly branched.

Leaves 1 to 2 inches long. 14 as broad, l-veined, searcely ciliate on the margin.
Flowers small, greenish- white; lotes of the corolla pointed. Fruit whitish. ~

HEE Peduncle several-flowered ; petals pointed ; fruit densely hooked, prickly.

152 RUBIACE A: : .

5. G. prtosum, Ait. Hairy Bedstraw. 4

Stem ascending, somewhat simple, hairy; leaves in 4s, oval, cotted, hairy, indis-
tinctly 2-veined; peduncles several times forked, each ‘vision 2 to 3-flowered, the
flowers all pedicelled.

Dry woods; rare. June—Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high senile 4-angled, with 4
few short spreading branches. Leaves 34 tol inch long, 4 as wide, very hairy.
Flcwers purplish: .

6. G..ctrc@zANS, Michx.. Wild Inquorice.

Stem smooth or downy, erect or ascending; leaves in 4s, oval, mostly obtuse,
S-nerved, ciliate; peduncles lateral and terminal, diverging, few-flowered.

Yar. 1. LANCEOLATUM, Torr. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to
the point, slightly ciliate.

Var. 2. monTanuM, Torr. & Gr. Dwarf; /eaves obovate, nearly smooth.

Rich wocds. July, Aug. Stem atout1 fcot high, simple, or with a few rhort
tranches near the top. Leaves 1to 2 inches Jeng, 4 as wide. J duncles usually
cnce forked, the branches clengated ard widely divergirg in fruit, and tearing ©
several ovate flowers on very shcrt lateral pecicels. Flowers purple. Fiuit clethed
with dense white bristles resembling Circa. ‘Lhe leaves ind 10st haye.a.sweet
taste Jike the liquozice,

Fee * Peduncles many-flcwered, in close terminal panicles.
7. G. BOREALE, L. Northern Galium.
Stem upright, smooth; leaves in 4s, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, smooth; flowers
jin.a terminal, pyramidal panicle; fruit minuiely bristly.
Rocky shady places, and fence-rows. June—Aug. tems 12 to 18 irches high,
branched above. Zcaves 1 to 2 inches long, 14 as wide, tayc ring 1o an ebtuse point.

Flowers numerous, small, white, in an elongated penicle, making rather a hands -
some appearance. /) wit small.

Surn-orper LI. CINCHONE:A®. Tie CrncHona FAMILY.

Leaves opposite with stipules between them; ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, or the
apex rarely free.

2. CEPHALANTHUS. Linn. Butron-Busu.

Gr. kephale, a head, and anthos, a flower.

CaLyx small, angular; inversely pyramidal, 4-cleft. -Co-
ROLLA tubular, slender, 4-toothed. f€ryxeE filiform, much
exserted ; stigma capitate. Fruir dry and hard, 2 to 4-celled,
2-seeded, mostly 2-parted.— Shrubs with opposite leaves, short
stipules, and white flowers densely aggregated tn glolose heads.

1. C. occripentaris, L. Button-bush. Pond Dogwood.

Mostly smooth} /eaves ceiuieteel or in 8s, petioled, ovate-oblong, penton with.
short intervening stipules; peduncles long.

Borders of ponds and streams, forming thickets; common. July, Aug. Stem
4 to 6 feet high, branched. eaves spreading, entire, 83 to 5 inches, long, 2 to 3
widé. Heads of flowers about linch in diameter. Corolla white, tul ular, with.
leng projecting styles. Flowers insertcd on all sides cf the rcund receptacle.

3. MITCHELLA. Linn... PARTRIDGE-BERRY.

In honor of Dr. John Mitchell, a. botanist of Virginia.
FLOWERS in pairs, with their ovaries united.. Catyx.

ee. y

RUBIACES. 153

4-toothed. Cororia funnel-form, 4-lobed, the lobes spread-
ing, densely bearded inside. Stamens 4. Srywes slender;
stigmas 4. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, crowned with
the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, each containing 4 small
seed-like bony nutlets—-Smooth and trailing evergreen
herbs, with rose-color flowers, and bright scarlet edible berries
remaining over winter.

1. M. repens, L. Partridge-berry.
Stem creeping; leaves roundish-oyate, often slightly cordate, petiolate; pedun-
cles 2-fiowered.

Woods; common. June, July. A handsome trailer. Zcaves dark-green and
shining, usually variegated with whitish lines. Flowers fragrant. Berries re
markable for their double structure, well flavored, but-fullof stony seeds.

4. HEDYOTIS. Linn.

‘Gr. hedos, sweet, and ows, ofos, an ear, of no obvious application.

Catyx 4-lobed, persistent. Coro funnel-form, salver-
form, or wheel-shaped, the limb 4-parted. Sramens 4.
STIGMAS 2. CAPSULE 2-celled, many-seeded.— Herbs, rarely
shrubs, with opposite leaves and stipules connate with the petiols.

* Ampuiotis, DC. Corolla funnel-shaped, longer than the calyzx-tceth; flowers in
terminal racemes ; perennials.

1. H. purpurea, Torr. & Gray. Purple Hedyotis.
Pubescent; leaves ovate or lanceolate, 3 to 5-veined, closely sessile; calyx-lobes:
longer than the capsule, lance-linear; cymes 3 to 7-flowered, often clustered.

Woods and river banks. May—July. Stems ascending, 8 to 15 inches high,
clustered, branching, 4angled. Zeaves 1 to 2incbes long, % as wide. Flowers
3 to Zin acluster, pink-purple, or nearly white.

2. H. tonairorta, Hook. Long-leaved Hedyotis.
Smooth; radical leaves oval-elliptic, narrowed to each end; stem leaves linear or
lance-linear, 1-veined ; flcwers in small paniculate cymes; calyz-lobes scarcely as
Yong as the capsule.

Dry hills and shady banks. June. Stems somewhat tufted, 5 to 10 inches high,
4-angled. Zeaves 1 to 1% inches long, 14 as wide, sessile on the stem. Flowers

2 or 3 together, on very short pedicels, pale purple, with deeper colored lines in
the throat.

* * Houston, Linn. Corolla nearly salver-form, with a long tube, limb smootis ;
peduncles 1-flowered.

38. H. ca#rupta, Hook. Innocence. Venus’ Pride.

Smooth; stems erect, numerous, dichtomous; radical leaves ovate-spatulate, petio-
late; pedicels filiform, 1 to 2-fiowered. :

Moist banks; common. May—Aug. An elegant little plant 3 to 5 inches high,
producing in spring a profusion of handsome bright blue flowers, with a yellow
eye. The stem leaves are small, opposite, lance-ovate.

Sus-orDER III. LOGANEA,

Leaves opposite, with stipules between them, united with the petioles; ovary free from
the calyx.

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$54 VALERIANACE AND DIPSACER.

5. SPIGELIA. Linn. PINK-RooT.

In honor of Prof. Spigelius, who ae botany at the beginning of the 17th
century.

Caryx 5 peu persistent; the lobes slender. Coronna
tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at the summit. STamens 6.
STYLE slender, hairy above. CAPSULE short, twin, 2-celled,
separating at maturity into 2 carpels, few-sceded.— Ohiefly
herbs, with opposite leaves, united by means of stipules, and
showy flowers in spikes or 1-sided cymes.

S. Marimanpica, L. Pink-root. Worm-grass.

Erect, simple, nearly sna! stem square; leaves sessile, oval-lanceolate, acute
or pointed, roughish, hairy on the margin and ribs; spike 3-fiowered.

Rich woods; rare. June. A beautiful herb with dark green foliage and scarlet
flowers. ‘Stem 1 foot high. JZeaves 3 to 4 inches long, 4 as wide, entire. Flowers
1% to 2 inches long, somewhat clavate, scarlet without, yellow within. Style
ezserted.

Ornver 56. VALERIANACER,

Flerbs with opposite leaves and no stipules; the calyx-tube coherent with the ovary.
€oroLLA tubular or funnel-form 4 to 5-lobed, sometimes spurred at the base..
STamMENS 1 to5. SryiE slender; stigmas 1 to 3. FrviT indehiscent with 1 fertile

-eell and 2 empty ones. SEEDS suspended, anatropous, with a large embryo and n@

albumen.

FEDIA. Gert. CoRN-SALAD.

CALyx with the limb 3 to 6-toothed and persistent or
obsolete.. Corona tubular, 5-lobed, regular. STAMENS 3.
Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes con-
fluent into one, the other 1-seeded.— Annuals and biennials,
with forking stems, opposite sessile leaves, and white or whitish
clustered-cymose small flowers.

F. otiroria, Vahl. Lamb Lettuce.

Leaves spatulate, tices radical leaves petiolate; fruit compound, dbliqhe at
length, broader than long, the cross section elliptical, with a corky or spongy mass
at the back of the fertile cell.

Fields; naturalized. June. Stem smooth, 4 to 10 inches high, forked. ices
mostly entire. lowers in dense corymbs,, white.

Orper 57. DIPSACER!.— Teasel Family.

Herbs with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, flowers in dense heads, upon a
common receptacle, surrounded with a many-leaved involucre. CALYX adherent, often:
pappus-like. CoRoLLA tubular, somewhat irregular, the limb 4—5 parted. ‘STaM-
ENS 4, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Sryie 1, simple. Fruiz dry, inde-
hiscent, with a single suspended seed..

COMPOSITAE. ? 155

1. DIPSACUS. Tourn. TEASER.

Gr. dipsao, to thirst, alluding to the water held in the axils of the leaves.

FLOWERS in heads. INvoLUCcRE many-leaved, longer than
the chaffy, leafy-tipped, pointed bracts among ‘the capitate
flowers. CALYX superior. -Coroia tubular, 4-cleft, nearly
regular. SrameEns’ 4, imserted on the corolla. Fruit
1-seeded, crowned with the calyx.— Stout and coarse bienni-
als, beni and prickly, with opposite, connate (sometimes dis-
tunct) leaves, and bluish or whitish flowers im large oblong
heads.

1. D. synvestrtis, Mill. Wild Teasel.

Leaves lance-oblong, toothed, or the uppermost entire, connate; leaves of the ins
volucre slender, longer than the head of flowers.

Naturalized by hedges and roadsides. Aug. Nativeof Europe. Stem 3 to4 feet
high, angled and prickly with the opposite and laneeolate leaves united around it.
Bracts (chaff) tapering nto a long fiexible awn with a straight point. Flowers
bluish, in a large oval or cylindrical head.

2. D. runttonum, L. Fuller's Teasel.

Leaves connate, entire or niet heads of flowers cylindrical; bracts hooked,
tnvolucre spreading. <A cultivated European plant, used by the clothiers who em,
ploy the heads with the hard, hooked scales to raise the nap upon woolen cloth |
Siem erect, furrowed, prickly, hollow, about 5 feet high. Leaves 2 at each node’
united at their bases areund in such a way as to hold a quantity of water. Flw-
rs whitish, in large oval or oyoid heads. July.

2. SCABIOSA. Linn.

_ Lat. scabies, leprosy; said to be useful in cutaneous diseases.

CALyYx 5-parted divisions long, bristly, sometimes partial-
ly abortive. IyvoLucrEe many-leaved. INVOLUCEL nearly
eylindrical with 8 little excavations. — Biennial and perennial
mostly European herbs, with opposite leaves and showy flowers
wm heads. :

1. §. succisa, L. —Devils’-bit.

Root premorse; stem leaves remotely toothed ; heads of flowers nearly globose;
corolla in 4 equal segments. Cultivated in gardens. Stem 1 foot high. Corolle
pale violet. Sept.

2. §. aATrRopurPuREA, L. Mourning Bride.

Leaves pinnatifid and incised; heads of flowers radiant; receptacle cylindrical 3
outer crown of the secd short, lobed and crenate. A handsome species, 2 to 4 feet
high, with dense heads of dark purple, pink, and whitish flowers. Sept.

Orpen 58. GONMPOSITR,

An immense family, chiefly herbs in temperate regions, without stipules with perfect,
polygamous, monecious or diwcious lowers. Flowers iv close heads (the compound

156 COMPOSITE.

flower of the older botanists) upon a common receptacle, surrounded by an involu-
‘ere. CaLyx closely adherent to the ovary, the limb wanting or membranaceous and
divided into bristles, hairs, &c., called pappus. CoROLLA superior, consisting of 5

united petals either ligulate RE or tubular. STAMENS 5, inserted on the
corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious). Styue 2-cleft at the apex.
Fruit seed-like (achenium,) dry, containing a single, erect anatropous seed, with no
albumen.

Sup-orper I. TUBULIFLORA.

Corolla of the perfect or disk flowers tubular, regular, the onts 5-cleft, or lobed :
the ligulate or ray-flowers, when present, either pistillate only or neutral (with neither
stamens nor pistils), and occupying the border.

Trips I. VERNONIACER.

HTeads discoid (without ray flowers); the flowers all alike, perfect, tubular :
branches of the style slender and thread-form, or bristle-fcrm, acute, hairy all over,
‘the stigmatic lines ‘only on the lower part, (corolla often slightly irregular).

1. VERNONIA. Schreb. JRON-WEED.

In honor of Wm. Vernon, an English botanist who traveled in this country.

Heaps 15, many-flowered, in corymbose cymes. FLowmrs
all tubular. Invo.vcreE shorter than the flowers, of many
appressed closely imbricated scales. RECEPTACLE naked.
ACHENTIA cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double, the outer
chaffy ; the interior capillary. —FPerennial herbs, with alter-
nate leaves and mostly purple flowers.

NoOVEBORACENSIS, Willd. Common Iron-weed.

Stem erect, smoothish ; leaves on short petioles, elliptical-lanceolate, pubescent
beneath; feads numerous, 20 to 30-flowered; scales of the involucre tipped with

_ along bristle-form or awl-shaped spreading appendage, or awn.

Low grounds; common. <Aug., Sept. Stem branching at top, reddish, 3 to 6
feet high. JZeaves crowded, paler beneath; root-leaves sometimes lobed. Flowers

deep purple, in terminal filat-topped compound cymes. Scales purple, ending in
long thread-like appendages.

2. ELEPHANTOPUS. Linn. ELEPHAN‘’s-FOOT..

‘Gr. elephas, elephant, and pous, foot.

Huaps 3 to d-flowered, clustered into compound heads.
INVOLUCRE narrow and flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales.
ACHENIA many-ribbed. Pappus of stout bristles, chaffy,
dilated at the base.—VPerennials, with alternate subsessile
deaves and violet-purple flowers.

Hi. CAROLINIANUS, Willd. Carolinian Elephant’ s-foot.

Stem branched, leafy, somewhat hairy; leaves ovate-oblong, thin, flee ‘cre=
mate-serrate; heads terminal.and sub-terminal.

COMPOSIT A. | resins 157

Dry soils. July—Sept. Stem 2 to3 feet high, divaricately branched. Lower
stem leaves 5 to 7 inches by 3 to 5, ‘upper 14 as large. Hecds composed of four
clusters, each 4flowered, with the involucre 9 to 10-leaved. Corclia purple.

Trip 2.- EUPATORIACE A.

Heads discoid or radiate; branches of the style much -elongated, ottuse or club-
shaped, minutely pubescent towards the summit outside; anthers without tails at the
dbase; leaves mostly opposite. —

Sup-trisz 1. Evpatoriem. Heads discoid. Flowers all alike, perfect and tubular.
seldom yellow.

8. LIATRIS. Shreb: BuTrron SNAKE-ROOT.

Heaps several-many-flowered. Scates oF THE INVOLU-
ORE imbricated. RrecepTactE naked. FrLowers all tubular.
Coro 5-lobed, the lobes slender. Pappus of 15 to 40
capillary bristles, plumose or barbellate.. SryuLe with the
branches much exserted. ACHENTIA slender, about 10-ribbed,
somewhat cylindric.—Lerennial herbs, with tuberous raots,
chiefly with simple wand-like stems, many narrow rigid alter-
nate entire leaves, and the heads of showy flowers arranged
an an elongated spike or raceme.

* Heads 16 to €0stowered.

1. L. squarrosa, Willd. Blazing Star.

Sient simple, smooth or scahrous-pubescent; leaves linear, elongated ; heads few,
sessile or nearly so; sc2les of the imvolucre numerous, with elongated and leaflike
spreading tips; tzner ones pointed, scarcely colored; flowers numerous; pappus
plumose. ;

_ Drv soils. Aug. A bandsome plant 1 to 3 feet high, thickly beset with long
‘Jinear leaves. -Heads 5 to 20, generally tod. #lowers brilliant purple.

2.. L. scarntosa, Willd. Gay Feather.

Scabrous-pubescent; stem stout; leaves lanceolate, lower on Jong petioles, upper
linear or linear-lanccolate much smaller; heads few or many, 30 to 60-flowered,
remotely racemed; scaves of the somewhat spherical invclucre obovate or spatulate,
witb dry and scarious often colored tips or margins; pappus scabrous.

Dry sandy soils; rare.. Sept. tem 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout. Leaves

numerous, ent:re, lower 3 to 9 inches long, upper 1 to 3 inches long, 44 to 4 of
an inch wide, rough-edged. Heads 4 to 20, Linch in diameter Flowers bright

purple.
*& Heads 5 to 15-fowered.

3. L. spicata, Willd. Blue Blazing Star.

Smooth or somewhat hairy; stem wand-like, very leafy; feavcs linear or lance-
linear, entire smooth, the lower 3 to 5-nerved3 keads densely crowded in along
spike, nearly cecsile, 8 to 12-flowered 5 ixvolucre bell-shaped, cylindr:cal, with slight
scavious margins; achenia pubescent or smoothish; peppus scabrous-plumose.

Moist grounds; rare. Aug. A handsome species, sometimes cultivated, 2 to.5
feet high, mostly stout. pi/¢ terminal, 6 to 8 inches long. Involucre scracwhat
xesinous.. Heads numerous, with. bright purple #0wers. pr pie UO ithe an

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4. KUHNIA. Linn.

In honor of Dr. Adam Kuhn, of Pennsylvania.

Heaps 10 to 25-flowered. Scauus of the involucre loosely

imbricated, lanceolate, in 2 or 3 series. CoRoLma slender,

d-toothed. RECEPTACLE naked. PAppus in a single series,

plumose. ACHENIA cylindrical, many striate—A perennial

herb, with mostly alternate lanceolate leaves with resinous dots
and whitish flowers in panicled corymbs.

K. EUPATORIOIDES, L. Thoroughwort-like Kuhnia.

Leaves varying from linear and entire to broadly lanceolate and toothed; corymbs
terminal, few-flowered.

Dry soiis. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 46 3 feet high, Acree somewhat branched, often
purple. lowers whitish or paile-yellow.

oS. MIKANIA. Willd. Ciimpine Hemp-wezp.
In honor of Prof. Mikan, of Prague.

Heaps 4 to 6-flowered. Fiowers all tubular. Invotu-
CRE of 4 scales. KECEPTACLE naked. Pappus capillary,
simple, scabrous. ANTHERS partly exserted. ACHENIA
angled.— Climbing perennials, with opposite mostly heart-

shaped leaves and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored flowers.

M. scanpEens, Climbing Bonesett.
Nearly smooth, twining; Icaves somewhat triangular heart-shaped or halbert-
form, pointed, toothed at the base; heads in pedunculate axillary corymbs.
_ Copses along streams, climbing over bushes; rare. July—Sept. Hvery part

“smooth. Leaves 2 to 8 inches long, 1 to 2 wide, on petioles 1 to 2 inches lone, apex

tapering to a long point. Branches short, each bearing a small corymb of whitish
or pink-colored flowers.

6. CONOCLINIUM. DC. Mist-rLower. -

Gr. Conon, @ cone, and cline, a bed; referring to the conical receptasle.

HEADS many-flowered. Recrpracte conical. Invorv-
ORE bell-shaped. Scauus linear-awl-shaped, somewhat imbri-
cated. CoroLua 5-toothed. Acnenta 5-angled. Pappus -

a single row of slender capillary bristles. — Perennial erect
Herbs with opposite petioled leaves, and violet Purple Jlowers
tn crowded terminal corymbs.

C. canzstinum, DC.

Somewhat hairy, much branched; leaves triangular-ovate and slightly heart
#haped, crenate-serrate, veiny ; petioles slender; corymbs numerous, sub-umbellate ;

‘sedies humerous, setaceous.

Hedges, thickets and roadsides. Sept. Stem 1 to 2 fect high, terete with oppo-
wite branches, somewhat tufted. Zeaves 1 to 2 inches long, 34 as wide. Flowers
20 to 50 in a head, bluish-purple, fading reddish.

COMPOSIT.&. Ee oe eee

7. EUPATORIUM. Tourn. THOROUGHWORT.

Dedicated to Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used a species of the genus
in medicine.

HzAvs 8-many-flowered. INVoLUORE soliddvion! or bell-
shaped. RECEPTACLE flat, naked. CoroLiaA 5-toothed.
-Paprus simple, a single row of slender capillary longish
bristles. ACHENIA 5-angled. —Perennial herbs, with oppo-
site or verticillate leaves, corymbose WS and flowers white,
blue, red, &e., never yellow.

1. EH. purpureuM, L. Trumpet-weed.
Stem tall and stout, simple; leaves 3 to 6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate,
pointed, very veiny, roughish, finely glandular serrate; corymbls very dense and
compound with whorled peduncles.

-Low grounds; common. July—Sept. Stem 6 to 12 feet high, smooth glaucous-
purple, striate cr fistular spotted or unspotted. Leaves in about 12 whorls of 3 to
6s, largest in the middle of the stem, 8 inches long, and 2 wide, on petioles 1 inch
long. Corymbs often 1 foot in diameter. Flowers purple, showy.

* Heads 5 to 20-flowered ; involucre of 7 to 15, more or less imbricated and unequah
scales; flowers white; leaves mostly opposite, sessile or nearly so; heads mosily
5 flowered.»

2. KH. wysoprrotium, L. Narrow-leaved Thoroughwort.

Minutely pubescent; leaves opposite (the upper ones alternate) often whorled,
marrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1 to 3-nerved, lower ones sub-
serrate, upper ones entire; scales of the involucre obtuse.

Dry fields and sterile soit. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching, with
numerous narrow leaves. Coryinb spreading at the summit. "Heads 5-flowered.
fF lowers purplish. ;

3. EH. autissimumM, L. £eall Thoroughwort.

Stem tall and stout, pubescent; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, su®
sessile, acutely serrate above the middle, conspicuously 3-nerved; corymbs numer
ous, dense; heads 5-flowered; scales 8 to 12, obtuse, shorter than the flowers,

Woods and sandy soil. Sept., Oct. Stem 3 to7 feet high. Leaves 8 to 4 inches
long, 14 to 34 wide, small ones often fascicled in the axils. Corolias whitish,. much
longer than the scales.

4. H. aupum, Lb. White-flowered Thoroughwort.
‘Stem pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, veiny; heads clustered
in the corymb, 5-flowered; scales of the involucre closely pie eloin’ rigid, narrow;
pointed, white and sca:ijus above.

Sandy and barren places. Aug.—Oct. Stem 2 to 3 inches long, 14 to 1 wide,
upper ones entire and alternate. Heads very white. Jnvolucre concealing the
flowers, sprinkled with resinous dots..

5. EH. TEUCRIFOLIUM, Willd. Vervein-leaved Thoro’ wort.

Roughish-pubescent; leaves capes sessile, ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate,
rough, veiny, coarsely toothed towards the base, upper ones alternate; corymb
eompound, somewhat panicled with few branches; ; heads 5 to 6-flowered; _ scales of
the tmvolucre 10, oblong lanceolate, rather obtuse.

Low grounds. Aug.—Oct. Stem 2to3 feet high, erect, rather slender. Leaves
sometimes almost incised; the lower broad at base and closely sessile. Heade

somewhat elustered, cor mibose. Flowers white. Beales 8 rious on the margin,
white at the tips. , . se 5

~

160 COMPOSITE.

6. HE. rorunpirolium, L. Lound-leaved Thoroughwort.

Downy-pubescent; leaves opposite, sessile, roundish-ovate, obtuse, sub-cordate at.
base, 38-nerved, veiny, roughish, coarsely serrate; heads about 5-flowered, in largo
and densecorymbs; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed.

Dry soil. Aug., Sept. A slender species « to 3 feet high. Leaves sprinkled with
rosinous dots 1 to2 inches long, 34 as wide, sometimes almost orbicular, mostly
obtuse. lowers white. Pappus longer than the corolla.. Styles much exserted.

7. EH. pupreseens, Muhl. Hairy Thoroughwort.
Pubescent; leaves ovate, opposite, sessile, acute, obtusely dentate, sarees
3d-nerved, veiny; involucre 7 to 8-flowered, with lanceolate, acute seales.

’ Dry grounds. <Aug., Sept. A large rough plant, 3 to 4 fect high, with the lower
branches opposite. JZeaves thin and slightly scabrous, slightly ‘truncate at tha
base. Jnvolucreof about 12 scales, the outer shortest. lowers white.

8. HK. sessitironium, L. — Sessile-leaved Thoroughwort.

Stem smooth, branching; leaves opposite, sersile, distinct, roundish-ovate or
lanceolate, somewhat clasping the stems, smooth, scrrate; ¢nvolucre 5 to 12-flow-
ored, with oval and oblong obtuse scales.

Rocky woods and banks. Sept. Slem slender, erect, branching at top. Leaves
large, somewhat truncate at base, tapering regularly to a long. point, minutely
dotted beneath. Flowers white, in a widely spreading terminal corymb.

9. E. rusrnosum, Torr. Lesinous Thoroughwort.

Minutely velvety-downy; leaves lincar-lanccolate, elongated, closely sessile or
clasping at the base, serrate, slightly veiny beneath; corymb fastigiate, compound ;
heads 10 to 15-flowered, with obtuse hoaryetomentose scales,

Wet sandy soils. Aug., Sept. Stems 2 to 3 feet high, growing in tufts. Zeaves
4 to 6 inches long, 4% to % inch wide, membranaccous, viscid with resinous glo-
bules. Heads very numerous, rather small.

10. KE. perroniatum, L. TLhoroughwort. . Bonesett.
' Stem stout, hairy; leaves lanceolate, connate-perfoliate, tapering to a slender
point, serrate, very veiny; corynbs compound; heads § to 10-flowered, with linear
lanceolate scales.

Low grounds, meadows; abundant. Aug. A well known common plant 2 to 4
feet high, hairy or.w oolly, branched at the top. Leaves large, united at the base
around the stem, the two measuring from 8 to 14 inches in le: ngth. Heads in large
clustered corymbs. Flowers white. Medicinal. /

* * Leaves opposite ; flowers white, 8 to 30 in a head.

11. KE. aceratorwes, L. LNettle-leaved Thoroughwort.

Smooth, branching; leaves opposite, on long petioles, broadly ovate, pointed,
coarsely and sharply toothed; heads 12 to 20-flowered, with narrow lanccolate scales ;
corymbs compound.

Rich woods and: rocky hills; common. <Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, some-
what branched. Leaves on petioles 1 to 2 inches long, romet'mes slightly cordate,
3 to 6 inches long, 2 to 4 wide. Heads numerous, in small clusters, forming a a
compound corymb. lowers pure white, somewhat fragrant.

12. E. aromaticum, lL. Aromatic Thoroughwort.

Smooth or nearly so; stem terets pubescent, nearly simple; leaves opposite, on
short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, acuminate, 3-nerved ; corymb some-
what panicled; heads about 2)-flowered,

Low woods. Aug., Sept. Stem about 2 feet high. Leaves 2 to.4 inches long, 1
to 2 wide, on petioles 44 tol inch long. Heads ‘of the flowers large. Involucre
with 10 to 12 linear, acute, equal scales. J*lowers in small corymbs, large, white,
@ud aromatic.

COMPOSITE. — F6i

| Sup-rrrer 2. TUSSILAGINEZ.

Heads radiate; flowers dissimilar, or diacious.-

8. NARDOSMIA. Cass.

Gr. nardos, spikenard, and osne, odor..

Heaps many-flowered, somewhat dicecious. STERILE
FLOWERS of the ray in a single series, heulate, pistilate,
those of the disk tubular. FErRtiLe FLOWERS with many
rows of minutely ligulate ray-flowers, and a few tubular per-
fect ones in the centre. RECEPTACLE flat. ACHENIA terete.
Parrus of soft capillary bristles, longest and most copious
in the fertile flowers.—Perennial woolly herbs, with radical
leaves, the scape with sheathing scaly bracts, and the heads of
purplish fragrant flowers in a corymbd.

N. patMATA, Hook. Palmate Sweet Colt’ s-foot.

Leaves rounded or kidney-form, palmately 6 to 7-lobed, the lobes toothed and
eut, white, woolly beneath.

Swamps; rare. May. Szape 1 to 2 feet high, stout, clothed with numerons
sheathing scales. Zceaves large, 6 to 10 inches broad. Heads numerous, in 2
sorymbose thyrse..

9. TUSSILAGO. Tourn. CoLrt’s-roor.

Lat. fussts, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy..

HEADS many-fowered. RAY FLOWERS narrowly ligulate;
pistillate, tertile,in many rows; the tubular disk flowers few,
staminate. SCALES OF THE INVOLUCRE nearly in a single
row. RECEPTACLE flat. FERTILE ACHENIA cylindric-ob-
long. Pappus capillary, copious, in the fertile fowers.—A
low perennial, with horizontal creeping rootstocks, radical
ie and simple scaly scapes bearing a single head of yellow

ower’s..

T. Farrara, L. Common Colt’ s-foot.

Leaves rounded-heart-shaped,-radical ; flowers with very narrow Tays..

Wet places, brooksides. A low plant sending up a single scape about 5 inches:
high in March or April, with a single, terminal, many- rayed head of yellow flowers
before a leaf is to be seen. Leaves arising after the flowers are withered, 4 to 5
inches broad, cordate angular, toothed, dark-green aboye, woolly underneath, on:
ee Saas

“TRipe 3. ASTEROIDBAL THe Aster TRIBE.

Heads rites rarely discoid; branches of the style more or less Jatened aire.
mee minutely and ane pubescent above; leaves nosily alternate.

Section 1. Heads radiate; rays cyanic..

10. ASTER. Linn. STAR WORT.: Asrmn.

a

Gr. astro, astar; from the appearance of the radiate heads of flowers.
Evans many-flowered; ray-flowers in a single series, fertile :
disk flowers tubular, perfect. ScALES OF THE INVOLUCRE
more or less imbricated, often with leaf-like tips. Rexp-

TACLE flat, alveolate (honey comb-like). ACHENTA usually

more or less. fattened. Pappus simple, of capillary bris-
tles.— Perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, corymbed, pani

cled or racemose heads of flowers, with white blue or purple

rays, and yellow disk, often changing to purple.

1. Bromma, DC. Scales imbricated with

appressed greenish tips; rays 6 to 15 (white
or nearly so); lower leaves large,

heart-shaped, petiolate ; heads in open corymbs..

1. A.*corymBosus, Ait. Corymbed Aster.

Stem slender; leaves ovate, mostly cordate, coarsely and unequally serrate,
acuminate, petioled; heads loosely corymbose; rays 6 to 9. t ;
Dry woods; common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to2 feet high. Leaves thin, large,

lower ones heart-shaped, pointed; middle ones ovate; upper becoming lanceolate, .

# lowers in a, broad flat-topped corymb, large, very opeu, with long, narrow, white
rays, :

2. A. MAcRopuyiivus, L. Large-leaved Aster. ;
Stem stout, branched, diffuse; leaves rough, thickish, serrate; lower and radical
ones on long petioles, cordate; upper on winged petioles or sessile; heads in large
corymbs; rays 12 to 25.

Woods; common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rigid, the branches rough,
downy above. Lower leaves 4 to 10 inches long, and 38 to 6 inches wide on some-
what winged petioles. Heads in a spreading terminal corymb. Scales of the
mrolucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. Jiays white or pale-blue. —

2. Catuasraum, T.&G. Scales imbricated with spreading green tips; rays 12.to 30,

violet; achenia narrow, smoocthish; pappus rigid, of unequal thickness ; heads full,
barge ond showy ; stem-leaves all sessile ; lower ones not cordate. .

o <A. Rapuna, Ait. Ltough-leaved' Aster.

Stem erect, eimple below, angular, smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed,
simple, sharply serrate, rough on both sides and rugose-veined; imvolucre bell-
shaped, with oblong appressed scales, and small spreading green tips; achenta
amooth, linear-oblong.

Bogs and low grounds; rare. Aug., Sept. Stem 1to 3 feet high, very leafy, with:
a few spreading undivided branches at the summit, purplish, each bearing a single

large head, rarely more. Jeaves 2 to3 inches long, nearly equal throughout.
Jnvolucre nearly smooth, except the ciliate margins. Rays light violet-purple.

4. A. sprctasiuis, Ait. Showy Aster.

Stem erect, minutely rough and glandular-pubescent at the summit; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, very rough, upper segsile and entire, lower ones serrate in the
middle; branches corymbose; heads hemispherical, with numerous linear-oblong
obtuse scales, and conspicuous spatulate downy tips; achenia slightly pubescent.

Sandy soil. Aug.—Noy. Stem 2 to4 feet high, branched above into a nearly
simple corymb of 10 t0 15 heads. Rays about 20 in a head, narrowly-lanceolate,
nearly Linch Long, very deep-violet blue. Probably the handsomest of the genus.

Aa A lard

COMPOSITE. 163

3. ASTER proper. Scales green or with green tips: rays numerous ; ' pappus shes
soft and nearly uniform ; achenia flattened.

5. A. conconor, L. Silky Aster:

Stem nearly simple, wand-like; leaves oblong or lanceolate, crowded, appressed, the
upper appearing like small bracts; heads in a. simple or compound virgate racemes
tnvolucre obovoid, with closely fabricated. appressed, somewhat rigid, lanceolate,
- silky scales, in several rows; achénia silky.’

Diy sandy soil, Aug—Nov. A handsome plant to 3 feet High, sparingly
branched. Leaves 1 inch in length, 14Z.as wide, reduced in size upwards, greyish+

silky, and of the same hue on both sides. Heads middle-sized, in a long raceme,
showy. Rays bright violet-purple. Pappus rust-colored.

3: * Lower leaves not heart-shaped ; the upper all sessile and more or less clasping by
a cordate or auricled base; rays large, deep purple or blue.

6. A. paTANs, Ait. Spreading Aster.

Rougk-pubescent; stem simple, paniculate above; leaves oblong-lanceolate oF
evate-oblong, generally contracted below the middle; wanicle locse, few-floweréd ;
scales imbricate, lanceolate, loose.

Dry grounds; common. Aug.—Nov. Stem 2 to 8 feet high, slender, branching
into a loose terminal panicle above. Leaveslarge, 3 to 6 inches long below, becom-
ing small and bract-like on the branches, all clasping by a deep auricled-heart-

shaped base, rough. Heads solitary, on the ends of the leafy branchlets, large,
with 2% to 30° violet-colored rays.

7. A. travis, L. Smooth Blue Aster.

Very smooth, glaucous; sfem angular; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,.
thickish, mostly entire, shining; znvolucre closely imbricate, with broadly-linear,
thick and rigid scales; achenia smooth.

Rich woodlands and banks; common. Sept.—Nov. Avery small and beautiful
species, 2 to 3 feet IER Stem polished, green. Leaves rather fleshy, the upper
more or less clasping b by an auricied or heart-shaped base. Heads ina close panicle,

jarge and showy, with numerous rays of-a fine bright sky-blue, becoming purple,
and triangular green. tips.

4, * * Lower-leaves all heart-shaped and. petioled, conspicuously serrate; rays bright
bine, pale or nearly white.

8. <A. corpironius, L. Heart-leaved Aster.

Stem much branched above, smooth; lowes leaves all heart-shaped, on slender -
petioles; imvolucre inversely conical, with closely imbricate appressed scales, tipped
with short obtuse or acutish points. :

Woodlands; very common. Sept., Oct. Sfem2 to 4-feet high, smoothish below,
more or less pubescent above. Leaves varying from heart-shaped to narrow-ovate.
Lower leaves more or less winged, on hairy petioles. Upper leaves gradually reduced
to small bracts. Heads very numerous, in racemed panicles, rather small, ee
on the spreading branches. Hays 10 to 15, pale-blue varying to white.

9. Ax saciTrirerius, Willd. Arrow- leaved Aster:

Stem erect, rigid, with racemose ascending branches; leaves ovate-lanceolate,
pointed, serrate in the middle; lower ones cordate-sagittate, on slender narrowly--
winged petioles; involucre oblong, with closely imbricate linear-subulate scales.

Dry woods. Aug.—Oct. Stem 2to4 feet high, with erect branches above, bearing
numerous racemose heads, forming a compound panicle of racemes. Heads small,.
almost sessile, each with about 12 bluish or white rays.

10. A. unpuLatus, L. Wave-leaved Aster.

Pale or somewhat hoary with ie pubescence; stem spreading; leaves ovate or-
lanceolate, with wavy or slightly-toothed margins; heads numerous, in Tacemonas
panicles; involucre oboyoid, with closely imbricate scales.

-

FED Sore Se era

I Se Tee et ee ee

aie

eas ae. chee Bie a Cai il

STS SR TENT PO eS

164 | COMPOSITE.

Dry woods; common. -Sept., Oct. Slem 2 to 8 feet high, spreading, pearing:
pumerous heads in racemose panicles. Lower leaves heart- -shaped, on long winged,
petioles, which are dilated and clasping'at the base, or directly sessile~by a heart-.
shaped base. Heads middle-sized, with wapipy blue rays and ae disks, at length:
becoming purple.

5. * ** Lower leaves never Heart sh oped those of the stem sessile or clasping 5 heads:
small or middle-sized; rays white or pale bluish-purple. -

Pies A: ERICOIDES, L. | Heath-leaved Aster. -

Smooth or sparingly puck lower leaves oblong-spatulate, sometimes toothed ;-
the upper ones linear lanceolate or linear awl-shaped, acute at both a scales of .
the involucre imbricate, linear obtuse, somewhat squarrose. _ . :

Dry open places. Aug.—Oct. Stem 1 to 8 feet high, with the simple each ioks
or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like spreading branches. 5
Leaves Véry numerous and somewhat rigid, those of the stem 3 inches in length..
Heads small, about 20-rayed.- Rays white or. pale purple. Disk at length purplish

12. A. muntirtorus, Ait... Many- flowered Aster.

Hoary with minute pubescence; lonwes crowded, linear, entire, with rough. or
ciliate margins, somewhat 3-nerved; those of the branchlets spreading and partly
clasping at the base; involucre linear or spatulate with loosely imbricate cblong,
ciliate, squarrose scales..

Dry gravelly or sandy-soil; common. Sept.,.Oct. Stem about-2 feet high, with
numerous spreading racemose branches, usually covered with a dense white pubes--
cence. Leaves 1.to 2 inches long, obtuse, very narrow... Heads small,in crowded’
terminal racemes, on horizontal branches. Jtays white or purplish. Disk at length:
purplish.

6. **=* Teaves none of them heart-shaped; heads small or middle-sized 3 rays:
white or pale buish-purple. __ J ae

18. A. pumosus Ll. Bushy Aster.

Nearly smooth; leaves linear entire or remotely serrate, rough on the margin:
sessile; those of the branches smaller and acute; involucre inversely conical or-
bell-shaped, with closely. imbricated, linear-spatulate, obtuse scales. .

Thickets in dry or moist soil; common. Aug.—Oct. <A variable species 1 to 3°
feet high. Stem loosely branched, racemosely compound, with the scattered heads
mostly solitary at the end of the spreading branchlets.. Leaves decreasing in size:
to the branchlets, the upper small... ays pale-purple or blue.

14. A. -Travuscanti, L. Tradescant’s Aster.

Smoothish; leaves sessile, smooth, with rough margins; cauline linear-lanceolate:
pointed; involucre with imbricated, narrowly-linear, acute scales in 3 to 4 rows.

Var. FRAGILIS; leaves entire or nearly so, except the lowest; heads more scattered!
on the branchlets. ‘

Moist banks, fields, &e.3 very common. Aug.—Oct. Stem 2 to 4. feet high, .
smooth, bushy, the numerous heads closely racemed along the erect spreading or-
diverging branches... Lower stem leaves about 4 inches long, narrowly lanceolate,.
remotely serrate in the middle with fine sharp teeth, gradually reduced. in size
upwards. Heads small, very numerous. Kays white or pale-purple.. .

15. A. miszr, L. Starved Aster.

More or less hairy ; me much branched; leaves lanceolate, Oak: or acuminate -
at each end, sharply serrate in the middle; involucre apr with linear, acute:
or rather obtuse scales in 3 or 4 rows. we ee

Thickets, fields, &c.; very common. Aug. fe A very variable species, varying:
in height from 8 to 10 inches to 3 to. A feet, erect or diffuse. Stem very branching~
or nearly simple, the branches usually diverging, bearing racemose often scattered:
heads. JZcaves varying from narrow-lanceolate to broad-ovate, 1 to 5 inches in:

length. Heads usually numerous, with short, inconspicuous pale aired. are
er white a is

~

-

COMPOSITA. 165

16. A. simpuEex, Willd. Simple Aster.
Nearly smooth; sfem tall and much branchcd3 leaves lanccolate, pointed, the
lower serrate; involucre loosely imbricate with linear awl-shaped scales.

Shady moist banks; common. Aug.—Oct. Another variable species from 1 fo
5 feet hich, the branches and scattered heads somewhat corymbose at the summit.
Leaves sessile, 2 to 4: inches. long, 7 to 1 inch wide, tapering to a slender point,

_ those of the branches small in preporition. Heads middie-size, loosely racemose or

a little crowded on the short branchlets. ays pale purple. Lisk yellowish, ab.
length purple-brown.

17. <A. tenvurrotius, L. Slender-leaved Asier.

Nearly smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering into a long slender point;
lower somewhat serrate in the middle; izyolucre hemisperical, with closely imbri>
cated, numerous, lincar-awl-shaped, acute scales; heads in panicles or racemes.

Low,grounds. Aug.—Novy. Siem 2 to 5 fect hizh, mostly stout. much branched:
Stem leaves 2 to 6 inches long, smaller in proportion on the branches and branch-
Jets. Heads small or middle-sized.. Rays 20 to £0, short and; narrow, pale purple
er whitish.

18. A. carngeus, L. lesh-colored Aster.

Smooth, rough or pubescent; stem much branched; leaves lanceolate, pointed;
upper short and partly clasping; tnvolucre obovate, with closely imbricated, lanceo--
ik abruptly acute scales; heads racemose along the ascending leafy branches.

Moist soils; rare. Sept., Qct. A handsome tushy species, very variable, abou’
2 feet high. Stem often purple. JZecaves firm in texture, smoot or rough above;
those of the stem 3 to 5 inches long, 14 inch wide. those of the br anches mick
smaller. Heads numerous, middle- sized, somewhat l-sided on the branches: Rays-
20 to 30, rather long, flesk-colored or nearly white.

CG, 8**%**% Stem leaves sessile, the upper more or less clasping ; heads middle-sized or
large; rays blue or purple.

19. A. tonerrorius, Lam. Long-leaved Aster.

Smooth or nearly so; stem branched; leaves lanceolate or linear, entire or spa-
ringly serrate in the middle, acuminate, chining aboye; tmvolucre imbricate with
linear scales in 3 to 5 rows, crowned with acute or awl-shapced spreading or recurved.
green tips; heads in corymbose panicles at the summit.

Moist places along. streams; common. Nov. Siem 3to6fecthigh. Leaves varia-
ble in form, the lower sometimes ovate-lanceolate, pale beneath, koth sides smooth,
4toGinches long. Heads numerous, large and showy, with 25 to 380 large bright

purplish-blue a s. This variable plant includes several nominal species, including
A. laxus, Willd., A. presltus, Poir., and A. elodes, Torr. & Gray.

20. A. puntceus, L.* Rough-stemmed Aster. Cocash.
Stem hisped, stout; leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasping by an auricled base, coarsely .
serrate in the middle; involucre scales loose, narrowly linear, acute, equal in. about
2-rows; /eads in panicles.
Low thickets and swamps; common. Aug.—Oct. Sicm 3 to 6 fect high, usually:
purple dnd very rough with rigid bristly hairs. Leaves sparingly toothed in the

middle, rough above, nearly smooth beneath. Heads large and showy. Rays 60
to 80, long and narrow, Jilac-purple or bluish.

21. A. PRENANTHOIDES, Muhl. Prenanthes-like Aster.

Stem low, and with the branches hairy in lines; leaves spatulate-lanceolate or:
ovate-lanceolate, incisely serrate in the middle; znvolucre imbricated, with narrowly.
linear scales, crowned with recurved spreading tips; heads in corymbose panicles.

Moist woods. Sept., Oct. Siem 1 to 3. feet high, sparingly branched. Leaves
conspicuously acuminate, tapering below into a long contracted entire portion,
which is abruptly dilated into en auricled-heart-shared clasping base; branch
leaves smaller, nearly entire. Heads atout middle-size, rather few, clustered:
towards the ends of the branches. Rays violet, lilac or light-blue..

aes c Snes

PS SE TET Ir SLT
}
/

166 COMPOSIT A. ate

22, A. Nova Aneiia, L. New England Aster.

Stem stout, hairy; leaves very numerous, lanceolate, acute, entire, auriculate-
elasping, roughish pubescent; cvolucre-scales linear-awl-shaped, loose, equal, near-
ly in a single row, viscid, as long as the disk; heads in a loose terminal panicle;
achenia hairy.

Moist grounds; common. Sept.—Nov. Stem 3 to6 feet high, almost hisped, with _
a spreading branches. Heads showy, large, crowded in close corymbs. Rays violet-

E purple, sometimes rose-purple, very numerous.

23. <A. oBLONGIFOLIUS, Nutt. Oblong-leaved Aster.

Stem rigid, much branched above; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, mucron=
ately pointed, entire, partly clasping, roughish; znvolucre imbricated: with broadly.
linear scales appressed at the base, crowned with long and spreading foliaceous:
tips; heads in corymbose panicles; ackenia canescent.

Banks of the Juniata, Huntingdon Co. Dr. Porter! in Gray’s Flora. Stem 1 to:
2 feet high, with the branchlets, the uppermost leaves and involucre minutely
roughish-glandular with resinous dots. Zeaves1 to 2 inches long, 14 to 4 wide.

_ #eads fewer and much smaller than in A. Novas Angliz. Rays violet-purple.

Es

NN TEE EE EE OE IPN

4. **eee* OrntHOMERIS, Torr. & Gray.—Scales imbricated, with membranaceous:
margins, destiiuie of green tips ; pappus of sofiand unequal capillary bristles..

24. <A. ACUMINATUS, Michx. Pointed-leaved Aster.

Somewhat hairy; stem simple, flexuous, angular; leaves oblong-lanceolate acumi-~
nate, serrate; involucre imbricated with linear-lanceolate, pointed, thin scales;
heads in corymbose panicles.

Mountains and wocds. Aug. Stem about 1 foot high. eaves conspicuously
pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and entire at the base, 3 to 5 inches
long. Fanicle corymbose, terminal, few-fiowered, nearly or quite naked. Heads:
rather large with 12 to 18 long, white, often tinged with purple rays.

5, Fkkesee OxyrRIPOLIUM, DO.—Pappus soft and capillary; achenia striate =
leaves thickish or succulent.
25. <A. FLEXuosuS, Nutt. Perennial Salt Marsh Aster.
Stem very smooth, flexuous, sparingly branched ; Zeaves linear ; lower Jance-linear
thick and fleshy, pointed, entire ; involucre bell-shaped, with ovate-lanceolate imbri-,

Sle ss ee

a Settee ante a Aelel re

Re eT ee ar

- ¢ated scales in many rows; heads large, terminal on the ends of the branches; rays -
numerous, shorter than the involucre.
i ; ~ Salt marshes. Sept.—Noy. Stem 1to 2 feet hich, with the whole plant very

smooth, usually with a few spreading branches at the summit. Heads large,1 to 2:
on the branchlets.. Rays numerous, large, pale purple. Disk yellow.

26. A. aanirotus, L. Annual Salt Marsh Aster.

_ $mooth; stem much branched, erect, spreading ; leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed,,
entire, flat, on the branches awl-shaped; involucre oblong, with linear awl shaped.
scales in few rows; Aeads in racemes or panicles.

Salt marshes.. Aug.—Oct. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, thick, smooth, reddish,
very branching. Leaves smooth, sessile. Heads small, in a loose terminal panicle..
ays somewhat in two-rows, short, not projecting beyond the disk, more numerous.
than the disk flowers, pale purple or nearly white..

10. GALATELLA. Cass.

HEADS many-flowered, the rays few, sterile. INVOLUCRE.
shorter than the flowers, the scales closely imbricated in 3 or
& rows, the outer often 3-nerved. RECEPTACLE alveclate.

COMPOSIT A. 167

AcHENTA oblong, silky-hairy. Pappus of copious capillary
bristles. —Perennial plants with straight stems, narrow 1 to3
nerved, rather rigid entire leaves, often dotted, and flowers
with purple or pale rays, and a yellow disk.

1. G. HyssopiroLiA, Nees. Hyssop-leaved G'alatella.

Stem erect, corymbose at the summit ; lower leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, dotted,
entire, rough, 3-nerved ; branch leaves linear-subulate, 1-nerved ; involucre scales acu-
tish; rays elongated.

Sandy fields and open woods. Aug—Oct. Stemi to 2 feet high, smooth, with

spreading branches, terminated with a single head. Rays 5 to 10, white or pale
purple. The G. linifolia of Nees is perhaps only a variety of this species.

11. ERIGERON, Linn. FrEapann.

Gr. er, thespring, and geron, an old man; because it is hoary early in the season.
HEADS many-flowered, mostly hemispherical; the ray
flowers numerous, very narrow, pistillate; those of the disk
tubular, perfect. ScALES OF THE INVLOUCRE narrow, nearly
equal and almost in a single row. RECEPTACLE naked, flat.
ACHENIA flattened, usually pubescent and 2-nerved. Pap-
PUS mostly simple,— Herbs with alternate leaves, mostly ses-
stile, entire or toothed, and solitary or corymbed flowers wiih
white or purple rays.
® Rays not exceeding the disk.
1. E. canapensr, L. Horse-weed. Butter-weed.

Bristly-hairy; stem erect, wand-like; leaves linear or lance-linear, mostly entire
ciliate, lower sometimes serrate; heads small, very numerous, panicled; rays crow
ded. scarcely longer than the cylindric involucre.

- Fields and waste places, very common. July—Nov. Acommon annual weed of
no beauty, growing everywhere, from 6 inches to 6 feet high, mostly very hairy.
Leaves very narrow with rough edges. Flowers small, white, of mean appearance,
irregularly racemose upon the branches, and forming a large oblong panicle. The
plant varies greatly in size, according to the soil.

** Rays longer than the disk.

2. E. BeLLiprroLium, Muhl. fobin’s Plantain.
Hairy; radical leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed ; stem-leaves sessile;
distant, lance-oblong, partly clasping, entire; heads few, large, corymbose; rays 50
to 100, twiceas long as the invelucre. Perennial.

Shady woods and moist banks, common. May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, producing
offsets from the base, rather naked above, bearing 1 to 9 large heads, on slender
eee Leaves 2 to 3 inches by 14 to 34 mostly widest above the middle. Rays

luish-purple sometimes nearly white.

3. E. Painapeipaicum, L. Philadelphia Fleabane.

Hairy; stem leafy; lower leaves wedge-obovate, sometimes obtusely serrate or in-
sisely toothed ; upper clasping, usually entire; heads few, on elongated peduncles;
rays very numerous, 150 to 200. Perennial.

Woods and fields, common. <Ausz., Sept. Stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high, loosely
corymbed at the summit, bearing several small heads. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long by
34 to 3g wide. Rays reddish-purple or fesh-colored, very narrow.

Pr
z
3

168 COMPOSIT A,

4. KE. annuum, Pers. Daisy Fleabane. = -.
Sparsely hairy; stem sails lower leaves ovate, obtuse, coarsely toothed, fperiine
into a margined petiole ; upper leuves ovate-lanceolate, acute and hes at both ends;
rays very narrow. Annual. v
Fields and meadows; very common. June—Oct. Stem 3 to 5 feat high, stout,

angular, more or less hirsute, bearing numerous corymbed heads. Rays 100 or
more, white, tinged with purple, scar cely the length of the somewhat hisped invol-

uere.
5. K. stricosum, Muhl. Strigese Fleabane.

Stem slender, hairy ; leaves toothed or entire; lower spatulate-lanceolate, 3-nerved
tapering toa long narrow petiole; wpper lanceolate; heads in panicled corymbs
ways narrow-linear. MPS al

Fields and meadows; common. . June—Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet hich ,angular, fur-

rowed with short stiff hairs, and bearing a large, loose corymh. Rays white, twice

the length of the minutely hairy involucre. Plant smaller and more re than

‘the last, but with longer rays.

12. DIPLOPAPPUS, Cass.

‘Gr. diploos, double, and pappus, pappus, the character which di ‘stinguishes the genus

rom Aster.

HEADS many- flowered ; ray flowers 8 to 12 ina sia dh se-

Ties, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular , perfect. Invoru-
CRE with imbricated, app? ressed, lanceolate “or awl-shaped .

scales, 1-nerved or eee) eled, destitute of herbaceous tips: Rim:
CEPTACLE fa, alveolate eg comb-like}. AcHENTA ‘flat-
‘ish. Pappus double, the outer vem short, subulate, the
inner long, capillary.—erennials with entire aliennale leaves,

and corymbose er sinuple heads of flowers with cyanic ra, ys and

gellow isl
een § 2 Wo entire Hook. Violet Dinlomapins

Stem erect, or somewhat decumbent, roughish; leave; rigid, spreading, linear,
strongly 2 nerve, smooth, with very rough margins; heads terminating the simple
slightly hoary branches.

Dry soil.’ Aug., Sept. A handsome? snecies’8 to 20 inshes high, several fot the
sam2 woody root, very leafy, purplish. Le2ves al rigidly upright. or
recurved, obtuse, pale beneath, shining above. vad; large for the gize of the
p-aat, solitary and terminal on the branches, with long showy violet-colored rays.

2. D. umBELLatus, Torr. & Gray. Unobelled Diplopappus.

Smooth, leafy at the top; todas lanceolate, elongated. acuminate and tapering at
the base; heads very numerous; scales of the involucre abn ppg torso obtusely
ianceolate.

~ Moist thickets, river banks. Augc., Sept. Stem 2to 5 feet high, bushy at the top.
Leaves somewhat rough above, smooth beneath, 3 to 6 inches long, narrow, those
of the branches smaller. Heads aumerous, in alevel-topped corymb. Jtays about
12, white. : -

3. D. amyapatinus, T.& G. Almond-leaved Diplopappus.

Silboth: orroughish above, leafy; leaves ovat2-lanceolate, acute, abruptly nacrowed
at the base; heads numerous; scales of the involucre loosely imbricated, obtuse.

Low gtounds. Aug. .Resembling the last, usually eee rough, ane. with
Droader and shorter leaves. ry

COMPOSIT. 169

4. D. cornirourus, Darl. Cornel-leaved Diplopappus.
‘Siem slender, low, pubescent and loosely panicled above; leaves elliptical or ovate-
lancéolate, acuminate, ciliate-hirsute on the margin, hairy on the veins beneath.

Woods. July—Sept. Stem 1to 2 feet high. Zeaves conspicuously pointed at
both ends, pale beneath on yery short stalks. Heads usually few, on rather rigid
peduncles. ays white.

13. BOLTONIA, Il’ Her.

In honor of J. Bolton, a botanist of the last century.
Heaps many-flowered, the ray-flowers numerous, pistillate;

those of the disk tubular, perfect. _InvotucreE hemispheri- ~

cal with imbricated appressed scales, somewhat in 2 rows,
crowned with narrow membraneous margins. RECEPTACLE
conical, punctate. AcHENTA flat 2 or 3 winged. PAppus
of several minute bristles with 2 to 4 longer awns.— Smooth

branching perennial herbs, with lanceolate entire, sessile leaves, and
loosely corymbose heads of flowers, with white or purplish rays.

1. B. asterormpss, L’Her. Aster-like Boltonia.

Leaves entire or obscurely serrate; pappus of few minute bristles and no awns5
‘achenta broadly oval.

Moist places, along streams. July—Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, with a diffusely
branched summit. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long by 14 to 14 wide, reduced upwards-to
setaceous bracts 1 to 2 inches in length. Heads terminal on the filiform bractlets.
Rays purple, 4% inch long.

2. 3B. evastironiA, L’ Her. Glaucous Boltonia.

Leaves lanceolate, somewhat glaucous; pappus of several short bristles, and 2 or
S more or less prolonged awns; achenia obovate, broadly winged.

Rich moist soil. Sept. Stem 3 to 7 feet high. Stem leaves 2 to 4 inches long by
14 to % wide, those of the branches smaller. Headsinaloose.corymb. Rays pur-
plish, 4% of aninch long. Disk yellow.

14. SERICOCARPUS, Nees.

‘Gr. serikos, silky, and karpos, fruit.

Heaps 12 to 15-flowered ; ray-flowers 4 to 8 pistillate ;
disk-flowers 6 to 10, perfect. INvoLucRE oblong or club-
shaped, closely imbricated with appressed cartilaginous scales
in several rows with short and abrupt green tips. REcEPTA-
CLE alveolate-toothed (honey-comb-like). AcHzENIA short,
obconie, very silky. Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. —
Perennial tufted herbs, with sessile alternate leaves, and small clus-

tered heads of fiowers with white rays and yellow disks, disposed in
a fiat corymb.

1. 8. sonmpAcIneus, Nees. Narrow-leaved Sericocarpus.

Smooth ; stem erect, slender; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse, entire, with rough mar

‘gins obscurely 3-nerved, tapering to the base; heads yery small, in close clusters,
few-fowered; rays slender.

EE a ee a ee

170 COMPOSITA. ©
at LEED AA AB SEE E AES L SLE ILE AA LEO A ER LOE CE RENE ec teas

Woods and low places; rare. Aug., Sept. Stem simple, about 2 feet hich, often
several from the same root. Leaves smooth, pale green, 1 to 2 inches long, 14 to 14

inch wide. Heads in a flat-topped corymh.. Rays white, longer than the disk.
Pappus white. : ; a

2. 8. conyzorDEs, Nees. Broad-leaved Sericocarpus.

Slightly pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower spatulate, obscurely
S-nerved, smooth beneath, acute at each end, ciliate; lower serrate towards the
apex; tnvolucre top-shaped ; heads rather loosely eorymbed ; rays short.

Dry woods; common. July—Sept. Stem 1to 2 feet high, somewhat 5-angled,
rigid, but rather slender. Zeaves somewhat fleshy. Heads few in small clusters.
fays longer than the disk, white.

15. CALLISTEPHUS, Cass.

Gr. kalios, beautiful, and stephos, a crown.

RAY-FLOWERS pistillate, numerous; disk-flowers perfect.
InvoLucrE hemispherical. REcEPTACLE sub-convex. PAp-
rus double, each in one series, outer series short, chafty,
bristly, with the bristles united into a-crown ; inner series of
long, thread-like, rough, deciduous bristles. —Hxotic annuals
with alternate leaves and showy heads of fiowers.

1. C. Curnensis, Nees. China Aster. Queen Margaret.

Wem hisped; branches divergent, 1-flowered ; leaves ovaite, coarsely dentate, petio-
late; stem leaves sessile, wedge-shaped at the base.—Native of China. Cultivation
has produced many beautiful varieties, double and semi-double, with white, blue,
red, faked and metiled rays. Stem 15 to 20 inches high, with long branches, each
terminated by a single largehead. Diskyellow. July—Sept.

16. DAHLIA, Linn.

In honor of Andrew Dahl, a Swedish botanist.

INVOLUCRE double, the outer series of many distinct
scales, the inner of 8 scales united at base. RECEPTACLE
chaffy. Pappus none.—Showy Mexican perennial plants,
with opposite pinnate leaves, and showy large heads of flowers.

1. D. vARrABiis, Desf. (D. superflua. Att.)

Stem green; raches of the leaves winged; leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrate, puber-
alent or nearly smooth; outer involucre reflexed; ray-flowers pistillate, sterile or
fertile.— Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves coarse and roughish resembling those of the
common elder. Flowers large and beautiful, sporting into innumerable varieties,
single and double, of every conceivable shade of white, scarlet, crimson, purple,
red, rarely yellow, blooming from Aug. until arrested by frost.

2. _D. coccInEA, Cav.. (D. frustranea. Ait.)

Stem frosty, or hoary, hollow; leaves with the rachis naked; leaflets roughish he -
neath ; outer involucre spreading; rays neutral.—Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves
slaucous. Kays scarlet, orange-colored or yellow, never purple or white,

Section 2. Beads radiate; rays yellow.

COMPOSITE. 171

17. SOLIDAGO, Linn. GoLDEN-Rop.

Lat. solido, to join, or make whole; in allusion to its reputed vulnary properties.

Heaps few, or many-flowered. Rays I to 16, pistillate.
RECEPTACLE small, alveolate (honey-comb-like). ScALES OF
THE OBLONG INVOLUCRE imbricated appressed. ACHENIA
many-ribbed, nearly round. Pappus simple, of equal capil-
lary bristles.—Perennial herbs with stems branching near the
top, wand-like ; alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow (one spe-
cies whitish) fiowers expanding in the autumnal months.

* Stems much branched, corymbose ; leaves all linear, entire, sessiie.
1. S. LANCEOLATA, Ait. . Bushy Golden-rod.

- Stem angular, halry, much branched ; leaves lance-linear, 8 to 5 nerved, rough«
margined ; heads obovoid-cylindrical, in dense corymbed clusters; rays 15 to 20.

“Woods and meadows; common. Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, terminating in a2
fiat-topped corymb. Zeaves numerous, long and narrow, distinctly 3-veined, acuite-
ly oe Flowers in terminal crowded clusters. Whole plant somewhat frag-
rant.

= * Stem simple, corymbose above ; lower leaves oval or lanceclate, petiolate.

2. S. niatpa, L. Rigid Golden-rod.

Rough and somewhat hoary; sfem stout, erect, very leafy; lower leaves oval, cre
nate-dentate, rigid; wpper ovate-oblong, sessile, entire, veiny, thick and rigid; lea
about 3 to 4 flowered, large, in compact erect racemes; rays 7 to1l0.

Dry fields and rocky woods. Aug., Sept. <A tall species, 3 to5 feet high, very
pubescent when young. Leaves rigid, the radical ones sometimes near a foot long
Heads very large, many-flowered, clustered near the summits of the branches.
Fiays deep yellow.

*# Heads in glomerate axillary clusters.

&d. §. SQUARROSA, Muhl. Large spiked Golden-rod.

Stem stout, simple, densely pubescent above; leaves smooth, oblong or the lower
spatulate-oval, serrate, veiny; scales squarrose with spreading green tips; hegds
many-flowered.

Rocky wooded hills. Sept. Stem3 te5 feet high. Lower leaves large, taperine
into amargined petiole. MHeadsin dense axillary clusters, forming a long leafy
compound spike. ays 10 to 12, elongated, bright yellow.

4. §. cmsra, Ait. Blue-stemmed Golden-rod.

Smooth ; stem terete, erect; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed,
sessile ; heads in short axillary clusters or racemes; rays 5 to 7. :

Moist rich woodlands; common. Aug. Stem 2to 8 feet high, slender, usually
dark purple and glaucous, simple or branched. JZcaves 2 to 5 inches long, long-
pointed, ses i'>, glaucous beneath. Heads middle-sized, in numerous axillary ra-
cemes. Flowers deep yellow.

5. §. LATIFOLIA, L. Broad-leaved Golden-rod.

Nearly smooth; stem angled, mostly flexuous, smooth; leaves broad, ovate or oval,
long pointed at each end, coarsely dentate-serrate; heads in very short axillary
clusters or racemes. 5

Moist woods and shaded banks; common. Aug.—Oct. Sfem 1 to 3 feet high,
slender, mostly smooth. eaves 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 4 wide, with acute and often

long serratures. Clusters of heads short,‘the stem termifiating with a long terminal

ee ee shih) eee Oh nt a ee
4 t ” ia /
_ ’

172 COMPOSIT &..

6. 8. Brcotor, L. Whiéte-rayed Golden-rod.

Hairy; stem simple ; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at each end ; lower:
ones serrate, short-stalked; racemes short, dense, leafy, erect; scales of the involucre
obtuse.

Woods and dry hills; common. Aug.—Oct. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect.. Lower
leaves tapering into a petiole. Clusters or short racemes from the axils of the
upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle. Rays about 8,.
sosiaehy cream-color or nearly white,. Var. concolor, Torr. & Gray. Flowers all yel-

OW

*E EY TTcads in erect, terminal, simple or compound racemes:

7. S. puBERULA, Nutt. Puberulent Glolden-rod.

Minutely puberulent; stcm-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base; Zower
leaves wedgo-lanceolate, subserrate; heads very numerous, crowded in compact
erect-spreading short racemes ; scales of the involucre lineaxr-awl-shaped, appressed ;.
rays about 10, elongated. e

Low woods in sandy soil. Aug.—Oct. Stem straight, purplish, 1 to 8 feet high..
Leaves very minutely pubescent, 2 to 3 inches long; the lower ones on dense winged.

stalks. Heads rather large, bright yellow, in a prolonged and dense narrow or.
pyramidal panicle..

8. SS. stricta, Ait. Upright Clolden-rod.

Smooth throughout; Siem simple, strict; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower ones
tapering gradually into winged petioles, somewhat sheathing at the base, minutely
serrate above the appressed teeth; racemes much crowded and appressed.in a dense
wand-like panicle; scales of the tnvolucre linear-oblong, obtuse ; 7ays 5 to 6, small.

Wet woods. July, Aug. Stem 2 to3 feet high, very smooth. Root leaves 6 to 10
inches long, 34 to Linch wide. Panicle terminal, close, compound, of short, dense,
appressed racemes. Heads 12 to 18 flowered.

9. SS. speciosa, Nutt. Showy. Golden-rod.

Stem smooth, simple ;:leaves oval or. ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong"
lanceolate, the lower ones contracted into a margined petiole; heads somewhat
crowded in-numerous erect racemes; peduncles and petioles rough-hairy; involucre
cylindrical with oblong, obtuse scales.

Woods; rather common. Aug.—Oct. A very handsome species, sometimes 6 feet
high. Zeaves thickish, 4 to 6 inches long and 2'to 4 widein the larger forms. Heads
very numerous with conspicuous, rays of a rich yellow, in a large showy pyramidal
panicle. . Rays about 5, large.

* i & FTCads in one-sided racemes ; leaves triple-veined.

10. 8S. nemorauis, L. Grey Golden-rod. Field Aster.

Minutely greyish, hoary, pubescent; stem simple or-corymbed at the summit
leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenate-dentate and
tapering into a petiole; heads in numerous paniculate-secund racemes; scales of the
znvolucre linear oblong, appressed; rays 6 to 9.

Dry, sterile fields; very common. Sept. A common starved looking species, 1 to
2 feet high, with a greyish, dusty aspect. Heads small but with conspicuous yellow
rays. Jacemes numerous, dense, at length recurved, forming a crowded compound
panicle, which is usually turned to one side.

11. §. Canapensts, L. Canadian Golden-rod.
Stem tall and stout, rough, hairy; Zeaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, more
or less pubescent beneath; Acads small; racemes paniculate, one-sided, recurved ;
rays very short.

Borders of thickets and fields; verycommon. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high,
furrowed. Leaves sessile, 8 inches long, sometimes nearly entire, rough on the up-.

(S” o> 2%

COMPOSITZ:.. 17

per side. Heads very numerous, small, with very obscure yellow rays.—Varies
greatly in the roughness and hairiness ef the stem and leaves, the latter varying
to obleng-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate.
12.. §: serotina, Ait. Late-flowering Golden-rod.
Stem very smooth, tall and stout, often glaucous; leaves laxiceolate, pointed,
serrate, roughish; slender, pubescent; rays numerous, short.-

Thickets and-low grounds; common. Sept., Oct.. Stem 4 to 8 feet high, teretes
sometimes purplish:- Leaves 3 to 7 inehes long, 4% as wide, lower ones slightly
toothed, upper ones entire. Heads numerous, middle-sized, forming a more or less
eompact-panitle inclined at the summiit.-

13. §S. GIgANTEA, Ait. Gigantic Golden-rod.

Stem smooth, stout and tall; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, very sharply serrate,
smooth on both sides, margin rough, ciliate; heads in paniculate racemes; branches
pubescent; peduncles and pedicels hairy ; rays rather long.-

Fields and fence rows; common. Aug.—Oct.- Stem 4toT feet high, green some-
times purplish, sometimes much branched above. Leaves 2 to 7 inches long, 4 as
wide, acuminate at-each end. Heads larger than in the two preceding species..
Panicle diffuse on spreading, leafy branches.

*e EEE Teads-in one-sided racemes ; leaves feather-veined, all entire.
14. §. seMPERVIRENS, L. Evergreenor Salt Marsh G.-rod.

Smooth ; stem stout; leaves fleshy, lanceolate, closely sessile or somewhat clasping 3:
the radical leaves oval or lanceolate-oblong, obscurely triple-nerved; heads in erect
racemose panicles; rays 8 to 10, elongated. e

Salt marshes and river banks near the water. Sept. Sfem 2 to 8 feet high, pur-
plish, somewhat glaucous, with numerouslong and narrow leayes. Heads showy,
with golden-yellow rays:-

15. §. opora, NSvweet-scented Crolden-rod.

Smooth; radical and lower stem-leaves elliptical or lance-ova! ; leaves lincar-lanceo--
late, entire, smooth, pellucid-dotted, scabrous on the margin; racemes paniculate
one-sided..-

Borders of thickets, sunny hills and fertile woodland. July—Sept. Stem 2 to3
feet high, yellowish green, with lines of pubescence from the base of the leaves.-
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 4 to 14 wide.. Heads middle-sized, in one-sided racemes,
forming a terminal pyramidal panicle. Rays 2 to 4, oblong, large. The leaves and
flowers when dried form-an-excellent substitute for tea. ‘The leaves are aromatic,
and yield by distillation’a fragrant volatile oil.. 5

FE SHEET TTeads in one-sided racemes ;-leaves feather-veined, the lower ones toothed,

16. $8. patuna, Muhl. Spreading Golden-rod.
Stem smooth, strongly angled ; leaves ovate, acute, serrate, very smooth and -veiny.
underneath, upper surface very rough ; racemes paniculate, spreading.

Swamps;common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 tod feet high, often purple, branched
above. Leaves often 6 to 8 inches long, lead-colored; the lower ones oblong-spatu-
late, the upper surface remarkably rough. Heads rather: large on- numerous ra-
cemes, on the spreading branches. ays 6 to 7, obloxg.-

17. §. necuxcta, Torr. & Gray:. Neglected Golden-rod.
Smooth; stem stout; leaves thickish, varying from narrow-lancecolate to ovate
lanceolate, tupering to both ends, feather-veined, entire, the lower ones serrate; ra.-

eemes dense, one-sided, at length spreading, on elongated, slender, sub-erect branches, .

Swamps. Aug., Sept.. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, straight, round, dividing at top into:
several nearly erect branches. Lower leaves to7incheslong. Heads middle-sized,-
10 to 20 flowered.. Racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided.

18. §S. araura, Ait. Sharp-toothed Golden-rod.
~ Smooth; radical and Te stem-leaves eliptical or lance-oyal, sharply serrate, with:

Se ee ee ee ene eee ee ee ee ete

|
'
fi
f

san SE a a oa oenammermerrne an enetmeneeeee se
La aa CA TS IE a IED AL NL

T74 COMPOSIT ZL.

spreading teeth, obscurely 3-nerved, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate peti-
oles; wpper leaves lanceolate or oblong, tapering to each end, mostly entire; racemes:
dense, at length elongated and recurved, forming a.crowded. and flat corymb-like
panicle; rays 8 to 12, small.

Woods and banks;common. Aug.,Sept. Stem 2 to4 feet hich, round, sometimes
purple. Heads small, very numerous. Scales of the mvolucre closely appressed.—-

Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes. §. juncea of Ait. is a variety
with narrow leaves and less dense panicles.

19. S. Muntenperer, T. & G.. Muhlenberg’s Golden-rod.

Smooth ; stem angled ;.xadical leaves ovate, on margined petioles ; stem leaves ellip--
tical-lanceolate,; very sharply and strongly serrate, pointed. at both ends; racemes
one-sided, spreading, Gisposed-in an elongated open panicle.-

Low grounds. Aug.—Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, mostly simple, bearing a long

open paniele. Leaves large and thin, notched with very acute teeth, feather-veined.
Heads middle-sized, with 6 to 7 large spatulate-oblong rays.

20. S. AuTIssIMA, l. Tall Rough C'olden-rod..

Rough, hairy; stem erect, hisped, with rough hairs; /eaves ovate-lanceolate, ellip=-
tical or oblong, acute or pointed, coarsely serrate, rough and wrinkled; racemes pa--
niculate, spreading or recurved; 7ays 6 to 9.

Borders of ficlds and woods; very common. <Aug., Sept. Siem 2 to7 feet high,.
much branched at top. Leaves numerous on the stem and branches, variously
toothed or serrate. Branches widely spreading, each terminating in a recurved:
panicle with the flowers turning upwards. A very variable. species.

21. §. vumironta, Muhl. L£lm-leaved Golden-rod.
Stem smooth, the branches hairy ; leaves thin, elliptical-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, -
pointed, tapering to the base, coarsely serrate; racemes panicled, reeurved-spreading ;_
vevolucre scales lanceolate-oblong; rays about 4.

Low grounds; common. Aug., Sept, Stem about 3 feet high, rarely with scat--
tered hairs. Root-leaves tapering to winged petioles. Heads in racemes which are
often slender and usually recurved. Rays deep-yellow. Distinguished from the.
last by its smooth stem-and tie larger leaves.

18. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. GorpEN ASTER.

Gr. chrusos, gold, and opszs, aspect, in allusion to the golden blossoms.
Heaps many-flowered: RAyY-FLOWERS numerous, ligu--

late, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. InNvoLv-
ORE imbricate, with linear scales destitute of herbaceous

: tips. REcEpracte flat. AcHENIA obovate, flattened, hairy.

Paprvs double, the exterior short, interior. copious, capilla--
ry.—Perennial hairy herbs, with alternate entireleaves, rather
large, often corymbose heads of golden yellow flowers terminating.
the branches. |

1. C. Mariana, Nutt.. Maryland Chrysopsis.-

Clothed with long somewhat silky hairs; leaves oblong or elliptical, veiny, nearly
entire, the upper closely sessile, the lower. spatulate and generally obtuse; corymb
nearly simple.

Sandy soil. Aug. Stem 1 to 8 feet high, mostly simple, leafy, and with the leaves

clothed with scattered long, silky hairs. Heads rather few, large, 12 to 20 rayed, .
ia a terminal somewhat umbellate corymb.. Feduneles viscid, glandular. .

COMPOSITE. 175:

SECTION 8. Heads radiate; rays yellow; aga with toils at the base; receptacl®
naleg.

19. INULA, Linn. EQLEcAMPANE.-

The ancient Latin name.

HEADS many-flowered. RAY-FLOWERS in a single series,:
pistillate, ligulate, rarely tubular; DISK-FLOWERS perfect,.
tubular. INvoLucREe imbricated. Pappus of capillary
bristles. RecEPTACLE flat, or somewhat convex, naked.
HEADS solitary or corymbose.— Coarse European perennial
herbs with alternate leaves, and large heads of yellow flowers.

Heventium, L.. Common Elecampane.

Stout; voot-leaves ovate, tapering into a petiole; stem-leaves somewhat clasping,
all of them acute, toothed, woolly underneath; outer involucre scales leaf-like;
yays Darrow, very numerous; achenia prismatic, sided. -

A large coarse-looking plant, naturalized by road-sides. Native of Europe.
Aug. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, furrowed, branching and downy above. Radical-leaves
1 to 3 feet long, 6 to 12 inches wide. Flowers large, solitary, terminal, bright yel--
low. Hays linear, with 2 or 3 teeth at the end. The root is mucilaginous, and is-
highly esteemed as a-domestic medicine.

20. HCLIPTA, Linn:
Gr. ekleipa; to-be deficient, alluding to the absence of pappus.

Hraps many-flowered. RAy-FLowERs pistillate, in one
series, ligulate, very narrow. and short; DISK-FLOWERS per--
fect, tubular, 4-toothed. InvoLucRE in.2 series; the scales
10 to 12, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. REcEPTACLE flat, fur--
nished with hnear thread-like chaff. AcHENTA short, 3 to-
4 sided, in the disk 2 sided, sometimes hairy at the summit.
PAPPUS none, or an obscure toothed crown.—Annual or bi-.
ennial rough herbs, with slender stems, opposite lanceolate or oblong
leaves, and whitish flowers, axillary, or sehtury-and: terminal ; .an--
thers brown.

Hi. PROCUMBENS, Michx. Procumbent Eclipta.

Rough with close appressed hairs; stem procumbent, ereeping or ascending;
izaves oblong lanceolate, acute at each end, sessile, slightly serrate; peduncles axil__
lary or terminal longer than the head. Annual..

Damp sandy soils, western parts of the State. June—Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet long;
often rooting at the base. Leaves 144 to 1 inch by 14 to 4, rough, obscurely triple--
veined. Heads small, with-minute flowers and short rayson peduncles many times

longer than the head.— Yar. BRAGHYPODA has the peduncles scarcely longer than.the-

head.
: Srction 3.—Heads discoid: ~

21. PLUCHIA, Cass. Marsu FLEABANE.-
Named in honor.of VY. Pluche, a French botanist..

eS ie i>. (EPO eT nt a

176 COMPOSITE.

HeEAps many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular; the central
ones perfect or sterile, few, with a five-cleft corolla; the outer
inmany series, with thread-shaped truncate corollas, pistillate
and fertile. INVoLUcRE imbricated. RuEcEPTACLE flat, na-
ked. ACHENIA grooved. Pappus capillary in a single row.
—Herbs somewhat glandular, emitting a strong camphoric smell,
with alternate entire leaves and corymbs of purple flowers..

P. raripa, DC. Fetid Marsh Fleabane.

Nearly smooth; stem erect, very leafy; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute at‘ each
end, distinctly petioled, veiny, obtusely. serrate; heads numerous, in panieulate
eorymbs.

Open, hilly grounds and river banks, western parts of the State. Aug. Per-.
Stem 2 to 4 feet high, sub-simple. eaves 4 to 7. inches long, 114 to 3 wide, sprin-
kled with minute dots, on petioles 14 to l inch long.

TRIBE LY. SENICIONIDEA. Tue Grounpset TRIBE..

Heads radiate or discoid ; branches of the style linear, hatry or hisped at the apex,
which is either truncated or produced into a conical or elongated appendage; leaves:
opposite or alternate.

Section 1.—Heads radiate; flowers yellowish om greentsh.-

22. POLYMNIA, Linn..

Dedicated to one of the ancient Muses, for no imaginable reason. -

HEADS many-flowered. RAyY-FLOWERS pistillate, ligulate,.
in one series; DISK-FLOWERS perfect, tubular, sterile. RE-
CEPTACLE flat, chaffy. InvoLucre.double; the outer scales
about 5, leaf-like, large and.spreading, the inner small and
membranaceous, surrounding the round obovoid achenia.
Pappus none.— Tall, branching, viscid and hairy perennial
herbs, with large opposite leaves, the upper lobed with dilated appen-
dages at the base, and light yellow heads of fiowers in panicled co-
rymbs.

1. P. Canapensis,.L. Leaf-cup:.
Clammy, hairy; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, or lyrate; the uppermost triangu=-
lar-obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre.

Moist, shaded ravines.. June, July.. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, roughly pubescent
and somewhat viscid, branching. Leaves opposite or alternate, very thin, mostly
3 to 5 lobed at the apex.. Flowers light yellow, with short rays, surrounded by the
concave leaflets of the double involucre, so as to form a sort of a cup, henee called
leaf-cup. Heads 14 inch in diameter:

2. P. Uvepauia, L. Large Leaf-cup.
Roughish, hairy, stout; leaves broadly ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile,
the lower palmately lobed, abruptly narrowed into a winged petiole; outer scalesof”

the involucre very large; rays 10 to 15.
Bich soils. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, round. Lower leaves very. large.

COMPOSIT®. ives

Eeads of flowers large, few, arranged in loose panicles, the rays much longer. than:
the inyolucre, bright yellow; disk dull yellow.

23. SILPHIUM, Linn. Rostn-pnanr-

Gr: stlphion, the ancient name of a medicinal plant of Africa, transfered to the ge->
a) nus by Linnzus.

HEADS many-flowered. RAY-FLOWERS numerous, ligu-
late, pistillate and fertile, their broad flat ovaries-imbricated
in 2 to 3 rows; DISK-FLOWERS perfect but sterile, tube short.
RECEPTACLE somewhat convex, chaffy. INvoLuoreE bell-.
shaped, with imbricated scales in. several rows, the outer with
loose leaf-like summits. ACHENIA broad and flattened, sur-
rounded by a ring which is notched at the top, destitute of
pappus, or with 2 teeth. confluent with. the winged margin ;
those of the disk abortive, with an obsolete crown-like pap-
pus.— Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with a cepious
resinous juice, and large heads of yellow flowers in corymbose pan~
acles..

* Stem round or slightly 4-angled, leafy : leaves undivided.

1. §. retrouratum, L. Three-leaved Rosin Plant.

)

Stem tall and rather slender, smooth, often glaucous; stem leaves lanceolates-
pointed, entire or scarcely serrate, rough, on very short petioles, in whorls of 3 or
4; upper leaves opposite; heads loosely panicled; involucre smooth; scales broadly
ovate, rather obtuse; ackenta broadly oval, sharply 2-toothed at the top. 2

Dry woods-and plains. Aug. Siem 5. to 6 feet high, slightly angled, purplish-

Leaves thick, 3 to 5 inches long. Heads loosely cymose on rather long peduncles
ays 12 to 16, expanding about 214 inches, bright yellow.

¥% Siem square ; leaves opposite; connate.

2. 8. PERFOLIATUM, UL. Cup Plant.

Stem stout, square; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, connate-perfoliate, narrowed.
towards the base;-eads in a trichotomous cyme, the central on a long peduncle. _

Rich soil along streams. Aug. Sfem 4 to 6 feet high, often branched above--
Leaves 6 to 16 inches long, the upper united by their bases and forming a cup”
shaped disk, the lower narrowed into winged petioles, which are connate by their
bases. Heads large, with 15 to 25 yellowrays. Achenia winged and variously
notched.

24. AMBROSIA, Tourn. RAG-wEED.
Gr. ambrosia, the food of the gods, a term. strangely applied.

HEADS monecious ; the fertile at the base and the sterile
at the top of the spike. STERILE INVOLUCRE flattish or
top-shaped, composed of 7 to 12 scales united into a cup,
containing 5.to 20 funnel-form staminate flowers. FERTILE
INVOLUORE oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, and usu-
ally with 4 to 8 horns near the top in one row inclosing a.
single pistillate flower. AcHENIA ovoid.—LHerbaceous chief-

t

.

;
:
;

178 COMPOSITAE. a pe

ly annual coarse weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissecied
leaves, and inconspicuous greenish or whitish flowers. -

1. A. TRriripa, L. Great Rag-weed. .
Stem tall and stout; leaves 3-lobed serrate, the lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate $
racemes panicled ; fruit 6-ribbed, the ribs terminating in as many crested tubercles
Var.—INTEGRIFOLIA has all the leaves, or the upper ones, undivided, ovate or oval,
pointed. °
Low moist grounds, and banks of streams; common. Aug. Stem 4 to 12 feet
Lizsh, square, rough and hairy as wellasthe!largeleives. Leaves 4 to7 inches broad,

ppEOeee flowers obscure and unattractive, in long leafless spikes, axillary and
erminal.

2. A. ARTEMIS@FOLIA, L. Roman Wormwood. Hog-
weed. Common fag-weed. |

Stem slender, much branched hairy or roughish-pubescent; leaves opposite, and
the upper alternate, twice pinnatifid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ;
racemes or Spikes loosely panicled; /fruzé obovoid globular, pointed, armed with
about 6 short teeth.—Var. HETEROPHYLLA, has the stem leaves pinnatifid, those of the
branches lanceolate.

Waste places; common everywhere. July—Sept. An extremely variable weed,
£ to 3 feet high, with finely cut leaves, embracing several nominal species.

25. XANTHIUM, Tourn. CockLz-Burr.

- a
Gr. canthus, yellow; in allusion to the color the plants are said to yieid.

FERTILE and STERILE FLOWERS occupying different heads
on the same plant; the fertile clustered below ; the sterile in
short spikes or racemes above. FERTILE INVOLUCRE closed,
coriacious, ovoid or oblong, clothed witle hooked prickles, so
as to form a rough burr, 2-celled, 2-flowered, the flowers pis-
tillate, with a slender filiform corolla. STERILE INVOLUCRE
sub-globose, many-flowered, with the scales in one series.
AcuentA oblong, flat.—Low coarse annuals, with stout bran-
ching stems and alternate lobed or toothed petioled leaves.

1. X. srRUMARIUM, L. Common Cockle-burr. Clot-weed.

Siem unarmed, branching; leaves cordate, lobed, 3-veined, unequally serrate,
rough’; fertile involucre oval, somewhat pubescent, the beaks straight.

Roadsides and waste places; introduced. July—Sept. Stem bristly, spotted, 2
to 3 feet high. Leaves large, 3 to 6 inches broad, on long stalks, rigid. Fertile
flowers in sessile axillary tufts. Sterile flowers few together, terminal, globular,
aoe Fruit a hard. 2-celled burr, near an inch long, covered with stiff hooked
prickles.

2. .X. spinosum, L. Thorn Clot-burr.
Leaves oyate-lanceolate, pointed, wedge-shaped at the base, entire or slightly 3-
lobed, minutely pubescent above, hoary underneath.

Waste places; introduced. Sept.—Nov. Stem 1 to 8 feet high, armed with 3-par-
ted slender spurs. caves entire or repand-denticulate. Heads few, axillary, soli-
tary ; Jertilein the lower and sterile in the upper axils. 2

Tre V. HELIANTHEA. Tue Svun-rLowEr TRIBE.

a

COMPOSIT=. 179

Heads radiate or rarely discoid; the disk-flowers always perfect and fertile; recep-
tacle chaffy ; anthers blackish, without tails at the base ; pappus none, or crown-like, er
of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary or of uniform chaffy scales ; leaves chiefly

opposite.
26. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Ox-rvz.

Gr. helios, the sun, and opsis, appearance, from the resemblance of the flowers.

HEADS many-flowered ; the RAY-FLOWER 10 or more in one
series, ligulate, fertile; DisK-FLOWERS tubular, perfect.
INVOLUCRE in 2 or 8 rows; the outer leaf-like and somewhat
spreading; the inner shorter than the disk. RECEPTACLE
conical ; CHAFF linear. ACHENIA smooth, 4-angled. Pap-
PUS none, or a mere border.—Perennial herbs, with opposite
petioled leaves, and large showy heads of flowers with conspicuous
yellow rays. eee

H. tavis, Pers. Common Ox-eye.
Nearly smooth ; leaves oval-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, petiolate,
3-veined.

A large showy plant in hedges and thickets; common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 6
feet high, ancular, 2 or 8 times forked above. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, 1 to 4 wide.
Branches thickened at the summit, each terminating with a large, solitary, yellow
head.—Var. SCABRA, has roughish foliage, and the involucre somewhat hoary, 6 feet
high. Var. GRACILES is small and slender, with ovate-lanceolate leaves,acute at the

pase, 2 feet high.
27. RUDBECKTA.

In honor of Olaus Rudbeck, Professor of Botany at Upsal, in Sweden.

HEADS many-flowered ; RAY-FLOWERS neutral, in a single
series, ligulate ; DISK-FLOWERS tubular, perfect. SCALES OF
THE INVOLUCRE leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Rer-
CEPTACLE conical or columner, with short concave chaff.
ACHENIA 4-angular, smooth, not margined, flat topped.
PAPPUS none, or a minute crown-like border.— Chiefly per-
ennial herbs, with aliernate leaves and showy large heads of fiowers
terminating the stem branches, with long and drooping yellow rays,

* Disk pale green or purplish.

1. RR. wacrntata, b. Tall Cone-flower.

Stem smooth, branching; leaves smooth or roughish, the lower pinnate, with 5
to 7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets; wpper leaves irregularly, 8 to 5-parted; the lobes ovate-
lanceolate, pointed, or entire; chaff truncate and downy at the tip.

Low thickets: common. duly—Sept. A tall, showy plant, 6 to 8 feet high.
Zeaves gradually less and less divided from the lowest to the uppermost ones.

Heads rather large, terminal. ays linear, 1 to 2 inches long, bright yellow,
spreading or drooping. Disk greenish yellow.

* Disk broadly conical, dark purple or brown.

2. KR. tTRinoBa, lL. Three-lobed Cone-fiower.
Hairy; stem much branched, the branches slender and spreading; upper leaves
ovate-lanceolate, somewhat clasping, serrate or entire; lower leaves 5-lobed, taper
ing at the pase, coarsely serrate; scales of the involucre linear.

180 COMPOSIT &. .

Dry soil. July—Sept. “Stem 2 to 5 feet high, very branching. Zeaves 2 to 4
inches long, 3-veined. Heads small, numerous and showy. Rays about 8, deep
yellow, 14 tol inch long, 24 as wide.

3. R. spectosa, Wender. Showy Cone-flower.
Roughish-hairy, branched ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both
ends, petioled, 3 to 5-nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or cut; involucre much
shorter than the numerous elongated rays; chaff of the disk acutish, smooth.

Dry soil. Aug—Oct. Stem1to 2 feet high, branched, the branches upright,
elongated and naked above, terminated by single largeheads. eaves rather thin,
those of the root 4 to 5 inches long by 3 to 4 wide, on petioles, 6 to 10 inches long.
Rays about 18, oblong-linear, bright yellow.

4. RR. runerpa, Ait. NSmall-flowered Rudbeckia.
Hairy ; stem with slender branches; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly
clasping, 38-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse; scales oblong, spreading, as
‘long as the spreading rays; chaff linear-oblong, obtuse.

Dry soil. July—Oct. Stem 1 to3 feet high, branching, the upright branches
naked atthe summit and bearing single heads. Kays 12 to 14, scarcely longer
than the leafy involucre, deep orange-yellow, 2-cleft at the summit. Disk nearly
hemispherical, purple.

5. R. wirta, L. Hairy Rudbeckia.

Very rough and bristly-hairy; stem. simple or branched near the base; Ucaves
nearly entire; the zpper oblong or lanceolate, sessile; the lower spatulate, 3-nerved,
on petioles; scales nearly equalling the rays; chaff hairy at the tip.

Dry soil. July—Sept. Ashowy plant, 2 to 3feet high, with the stem simple or
branched near the base, naked above, bearing single large heads. Rays 12°to 15,
bright yellow, 1 inch long, surrounding a broadly conical disk of dark purple or
‘brown chaff and flowers.

28. LEPACHYS, Raf

Gr. lepis, a scale, and pakus, thick, refering to the thickened tips of the chaff.

HEADS many-flowered ; the RAys few, neutral, in a single
series; those of the DISK small, tubular, perfect. SCALES
OF THE INVOLUCRE few, small, spreading. RECEPTACLE

“oblong or columner; the CHAFF truncate, thickened and
bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and mar-
gined achenia. PAppus none, or 2 teeth.—FPerennial herbs,
with alternate pinnate leaves, and showy heads of yellow flowers, with
long drooping rays.; disk grayish,

L. PINNATA, Torr. & Gray. Tall Lepachys.

Hairy with minute, appressed hairs; leaves pinnate; leaflets 3 to 7, lanceolate,
acute at both ends, toothed or entire; disk oblong; rays much longer than the disk.

‘Dry soil. July—Sept. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, grooved, with naked branches
above, terminated by single showy heads. Rays yeHow, about 2 inches long,
slightly toothed at the apex. Disk ovate, exhaling an anisate edor when bruised.
Achenia of the ray 3-angled, hairy; that of the disk compressed, smooth or ciliate.

29. HELIANTHUS, Linn. SunFLOWER.
Gr. helios, the sun, and anthos, a flower. |
HEADS many-flowered ; RAY-FLOWERS in one series, ligu-
jate, neutral; those of the DisK, tubular, perfect. INVOL-

- COMPOSIT.A. 181

UCRE imbricated. Recepracte flat or convex; the persis=
tent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally achenia.
-PAppus very deciduous, consisting of two thin chaffy-awned
scales (sometimes additional smaller ones).—Coarse and
stout herbs, mostly perennials, with mostly opposite leaves, generally
triple-veined, and solitary or corymbed heads, with yellow rays.

* Disk flowers dark purple.

1. H. arrorusens, L. Dark-red Sunfilower.
~ Stem erect, branched above, hisped with long scattered hairs: leaves mostly op-
“posite, oblong-spatulate or ovate, slightly serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous; involucre
scales lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, as long as the disk.

Gravelly soils. Aug., Sept. Per.—<Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Lower leaves very
-large and often slightly cordate. Heads in a loose terminal panicle; rays about
~16, yellow ; disk dark purple.

-2. H. annuus, L. Common Sunflower.

Leaves cordate, 3-nerved, lower ones opposite; peduncles thick; flowers nodding?
-Native of South America. July, Aug. Stem 7 to 15 feet high. Heads of flowers
~yery large, with broad rays of a brilliant yellow color. A splendid variety occurs
“with the flowers all radiate.

** Disk flowers yellow; leaves opposite, or the upper sometimes alternate.
3. H. Motus, Lam. Downy Sunflower.

Stem villous; leaves ovate with a somewhat cordate and claspiiig base, pointed
‘nearly entire, hoary above; imvolucre scales lanceolate, downy.

Low grounds. July—Sept. Per.—Stem clothed with soft white ‘hairs, simple,
“leafy, 2 to 4 feet high. Zeaves hoary above, very scft white-hairy and reticulate
underneath. Heads few, rather large; rays 15 to 25, about one inch long, yellow.

4. H. strumosus, L. Patle-leaved Sunflower.

Stem tall, rather simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate, serrate, 3-nery-

“ed, rough above, whitish andpubesbent beneath, abruptly contracted into short

margined petioles; involucre scales broadly lanceolate with’ spreading tips, equal-
ling the disk.

River banks and dry woods; common. <Aug., Sept. Per. “Stem rough above,
- smooth below, 2 to 4 feet high; slender, simple or sparingly branched. Heads few,
on roughly pubescent peduncles; rays about 10, bright yellow.

5. H. prvarnicatus, L. Cross-leaved Sunflower.

Stem smooth, simple or forked at the top; leaves sessile ovate-lanceolate, rounded
at the base, tapering to the point, opposite and divaricate, 3-nerved, serrate, thick
‘4sh rough ; involuere scales lanceolate, acuminate from a broad base, ciliate, spread-

ing; equalling the disk.
Thickets and barrens; common. -Aug., Oct. Per.—Stem -1+to 5 feet high, some-
times purple and glaucous, simple’or-ferked -and corymbed above. Leaves3 tod
inches long. Heads small, few, in‘a terminal panicle; rays 8 to 12, bright yellow;

- disk yellow.

6. H. -TRACHELIFOLIUS, Willd. Throatwort Sunflower.
Stem tall, hairy, loosely branched above ; aves thin, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong-
*Janceolate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, smoothish or roughish-pubescent on both
> sides, contracted into short petioles; involucre scales lance-linear, elongated and
“very acuminate, loose. outer ones larger and squarrose, .

4

oa

coat

TOT tan a te er
x a

ae nee

MiP TT Peer emerson

ee ee

ST Ra ee

182 7 COMPOSIT A.

—_ swamps. Aug.—Oct. Per. Siem 3:to 6 feet high, purplish. “Leaves 3 to6
slong, by 14 to 3 inches wide on petioles 14 tolginches long. Avads ait
ad borne at the top of the slender suberect bra nehes ; TAYS cape to 3

inch: es leng.
i Ho-eraantas, Ti Pall Sunflower. es ie
Séicm rough or hairy, branched above; leares lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very
rough above, rough-hairy beneath, narrowed end ciliate at the base, nearly sessile ;
invowucre scales long, linear-lanccolate, peinted, hairy cr strongly ciliate.

Thickets and swamps; common. <Aug., Sept. Ver.— Stem 3 to10 feet high, pan-
Seulately branched wt the sulimit, sometimes smoothish below. Heads numerous,

oa
yo
ae

tite
he

in a loose terminal panicle; rays 12 to 20, pale yellow ; disk greenish yellow.

8. H. pecaprranus, L.. T'hin-leaved Sunflower.

Siem erect, tall and branching, smooth below, rough above; leaves ovate-lanecce-
lates, cn ghort margined Seti slen, acuminate coarscly serrate, 2nersed, thin and
sli eae iy scabrous; tnrolucre scales lence-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, the
Guter longer ee the disk. :

Copses and low banks of streams; common. Aug.—Oct. Per.—Sicm 8 to 5 fect

hiugh, slender, somewhat branching atthe summit. Outer involuerai scales somc-
ime 3s foliacccus or changing to leaves. Heads in & Aigo x: cory; si il 8 to Fd,

narrow, pele yellow.
9. HH. MICROCEPHALUS, Torr & Gr. Small-headed
Sunflower. |
Stem smooth, with 4 to 6 slender a above; leaves opposite, or the upper
ones alternate, thin evatelanceolate, acuminate, secinie anil serrate, veiny, petio-
led, rough above, downy or hairy underneath; peduncles slender, revzh; tmvolucire
sezles Ovate and ovatce-lanceclate e, ciliate, the outer with squarrose tips. .
Woods and thickets, western part.of the State. Stem 3 to $ fect high, ustally | in
tufts. Leads small, oblong, 14 to 44 inch broad; rays 6 to 6, nearly 1 inch long
** Leaves alternate, sometimes cpposite below. :

10. H. muutrirnorus, L. Many-rayed Sumit:

Stem trect, branching, scabrous; arcs alternate, petioled, toothed, -nerved :;
lower cordate, upper ovate; tneclucre ecales linear-lanccolatc, ciliate, inner cnos

"lanceolate.

Mountain woods. July—Sept. Per. Stem and peduncles rough hairy. Leaves
sometimes oppesite, rough, serrate. involucre with 40 to é0 scales, imbricate, nct
equarrose. Ieudés erect; rays numerous, cbiong. Perhaps introduced.

ll. H. ruperosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke.

Rok bearing tubers; Stem stout and tall, branched, rough ; leaves alternate,

ovate, peticlate, 8-nerved, rough, serrate; lower cordate-dvate; pet-oles ciliate at

base; cmvolucre scales lincar laveeolate. were

Fields and cultivated grounds; naturalized, elso onli wakes BY wall ong Fer.
Stam dt to 8 fect high, branched. Leaves large wedge-shayed at bese; wer CRcs8
opEeaitty rarely tormate or leked. — Ifeads rather large, terminal, on angul: ar pubces-
cent Ped dduncies; rays 12.io20,.yellcw. Thercot is ccometimes ued for pickhng.

29. COREOPSIS, Linn. ‘T1icKSEED.
Gr. korts, s tag, and opsis, enn fe from the form of the fruit.
Heaps many-flowercd ; ray flowers about &, neutral, in a

single series ; disk Powers; small, tubular, perfect... Isvou-
CRE double ; each of shotit 8 ceales, ‘the enters comemhat fo-

-- ——
a __.

a COMPOSITE. : 1 83

liaceous and spreading; the inner broader and appress es —_
RECEPTACLE flat, with membraneceous cha Acuanta flat,
eften winged, 2 toothed, 2 awned, or sometimes naked at
the sanmnilt. Herbs with nostly opposite leaves, and yeliow
or parti-colored, rarely purple rays.
& Pays wantirj.

tL. (©. BEDENTOIDES, Nutt.

Divart, diffusely branched, Sea Setar [21523 laneziate-linear, eut, toothed t=
poring into a petiole; awzs slender, upwards barbed, much longer than the corol-
la, or the bristly young. achenia.

Near Philadelphia, Nuttall.—Prof. Gray thinks this avery obscure and undoubt-
ful plant.

#3 Rays and disk yellow; leaves opposite, divided.

Y. (C. TRICHOSPERMA, Michx. ckseed Sunflower.

Smooth, branched; leaves short petioled, 5 to 7-divided; fea/lefs lanceolate o7 lin-

ear, cut-toothed or the wpyer leaves only 3 to 5 cleftand nearly sessile; outer invol-
“pere sciules su bspatulate, ciliate-serrate; heads in corymbose panicles.

Swamps, near the coast. Aug.—Oct. Biennial. Stem 2 to:3 feet high, ebtusely
4-angled, much branched, smooch. ranches and leaves mostly opposite. Leauzs
thin, subsessile. Le: iflets narrow taperins’to a lonz point with a few unequal ro-
mote serratures. #fiads larga showy, yellow. Acrenia narrowly wedze-obloa.,
‘bristly ciliate above, crowned with 2 triangular or awl-shaped stout teeth.

&. U. TRipreris, Michx. Tahree-leaved Tickseed.
Smooth; Stem simple; tall, corymbose at sammit;leares 3 to 5-divided; leafits
lanceolate, acute, entire, scabrous on the margins; heals small on short peduncles.

Banks of streams. re =—%et. Por: An elegant species, 4 to 6 feet high, slen-.
der, terete: Divisions of the leaves 8 to-’5 inches long, by 34 to 14. inches Wide.

Fivuds rather smali.in a leose terminal corymb, on short peduncles; rays aboat 8;
spreading 14 inch long, yellow. The heads exhale the odor of anise when bruised.

CULTIVATED SPECIES.
% #2 Rays or disk purple.
4, (©. tincronra, Nutt. Dyer’s Coreopsis. Elegant
Coreopsis.

Leaves alternate, those of the root subpinnate; leaflets oval, entire, smooth; sters
eaves subpinnaice; leaflets linear; ackenia naked. A handsome border annual, na-.
tive of the Upper Missouri. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, with light smooth foltage.
Heads with yellow rays, beautifully colored with brownish purple at their base.
Hewering allsummer. Partially naturalized in Union Co.

& C. Dromatonny, T. & G@. Drunvnond’s Coreopsis.
Pubescent;: leaves pinnately divided, sometimes simple, segments (or leaves)
oval, entire; inzolucre scales lanceolate-acuminate ; rays unequally 5 toothed, twice
longer than the involucre ; ackenia obovate, incurved, scarcely toothed. A beau-
tiful annual from Texas. Stems 10 to 20 inches high. ays large, yellow, with.
# purple spot at the base. .
a: Utrosanguines, a variety in cultivation, with dark orange flowers.

81. ZINNIA, Linn.
Dedicated to John Godfrey Zinn, a German botanist, 1557.
Heaps many-flowered; BAys 5, persistent, entire, pistil-

Ne Oe se ee ee OP ee a ee

184 > SguBesrn a ws

late ; DISK FLOWERS perfect. RECEPTACLE chaffy, conical.
PAprus of the disk of 2 erect awns. INVOLUCRE SCALES
oval, margined, imbricate. Annuals, native at the South,
common in cultivation, with opposite entire leaves and showy heads

of flowers.
1. Z. nLecans, lL. Llegant Zinnia.

Stems hairy ; leaves cordate, sessile-amplexicaul; heads on long peduncles: chaff

. serrated. July, Aug. Several varieties are known in cultivation with. violet, white;

purple, scarlet and yellowish flowers.
2. YZ. muutirptorA, L. Aany-flowered Zinnia. - | oe
and old age. i

Leaves ovatelanceolate on short petioles; heads. on long peduncles with dull scar-
let rays. Z. pauciflorum, with bright yellow flowers, is also found in cultivation.

82. TAGETES, Linn. Manricorp.
Named for - Zages, a Tuscan divinity..
HeEADs heterogamous; RAY-FLOWERS 5, persistent. In-
VOLUCRE simple, tubular; of 5 united seales. RECEPTACLE
naked. Pappus of 5 erect awns.—Annual herbs, natives of

tropical America, with pinnately divided leaves and showy heads of
Jjlowers.

eT parpna, I< french Marigold

Stem erect, with spreading branches; segments-of the leaves linear-lanceolate; pé-
duncles elongated, sub-cylindric, one-flowered ; involucre smooth. Stem.1 to 2 feet
high. Flowers yellow-orange, striped and variegated with deep brown.

2. T. erecta; lL. African Marigold.

Leaves pinnately divided; segments lanceolate; cilliate-serrate;. peduncles 1-flow-
ered, ventricose and thickened.at the summit; involucre angular. Stem 2 to 3 feet
high, with large heads of deep yellcw and orange colored flowers..

33. ACTINOMERIS, Nuit. |

Gr. aktin, @ ray, and meris, a part, alluding to the. small number, or -irregularity
of the rays.

Heaps many-flowered; RAY-FLOWERS neutral, few, elon-.-
gated or rarely. wanting; DISK, FLOWERS tubular, perfect.
Invonucre foliaceous, nearly equal, in 1 to 3 rows. Rz-
CEPTACLE convex, chaffy, the outer chaff embracing the out-
er margin of the flat, obovate, compressed and winged ache...
nia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns.— Tall and branch~

ing perennial herbs, with serrate ject leaves, and coryme-..
bed heads of chiefly yellow flowers.

1. A. squarrosa, Nutt. Tall Achtinomeris:.
Stem erect, somewhat hairy and winged above; leaves alternate, or the lower op-:.
posite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends; heads in an open corymbed ;

COMPOSITE. 183
panicle; involucre scales in. 2 rows, the outer linear spatulate; achenia broadly-
winged.

Moist grounds; commeon.. Aug., Sept—AStem 4 to 8 feet high, slender, smooth be--
low. Headssmall, in a terminal leafly corymbose panicle; rays-4 to 19 irregular,-
oblanceolate, yellow; dis greenish-yellow. Receptacle globular..

34.. BIDENS; linn:. Burr. MARIGOLD...

Lat. bidens, having two tecth; in allusion’t6 the two awns of the achenia.

HEADS many-flowered, the RAY-FLOWERS 3 to 8 neutral,.
often wanting; DISK-FLOWERS tubular, perfect. INvoLucRE
double, unequal, the outer series often large and leafy... Rz--
GEPTACLE flattish, chaffy, the chaff deciduous with the fruit.
AcHENTA flattened, parallel with the scales of the involucre,
or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and:
persistent awns which are downwardly barbed.—Aznual or
perennial herbs, with opposite various leaves, and. mostly yellow’
flowers.

* Rays tneonspicwous or Nore. -

1. B. Frronposa, Lb. Common Beggar-ticks.

Smooth or somewhat hairy; stem tall and:‘branching; leaves 3 to 5-divided, tho:
tsaflcts lanceoiate, pointed, coarsely tocthed,-mostly petioled; onter afy involuere -
much longer than the head, ciliate. below; rays- none; achenia wedge-obovate,
2-awned, somewhat ciliate on the margin. . :

_Moist waste places;common. July—Sept. A’very troublesome weed 2 to 4 feet
high, sending out many spreading Dranches. Lower leaves pinnate, upper ones ter--
nate, lanceolate, serrate. _Z'luwers in clusters at the ends ef the branches, without-
rays, yellow, surrounded by.a large and leafy involucre. Achenia 2-awned, and as -
in the cther species, adhering by theix-retrorsely barbed -awns te the dress, and to -
fie fleece of animals. . :

2. B. connata, Muhl. Swamp Beggar-ticks.

Emooth; leaves lanceolate, serrate, connate at the base; lower ones mostly trifid -
scales of the outer involucre longer than the head, mostly obtuse, scareely. ciliate; :
rays none; achenia narrowly wedge-form,.v-awned. .

Wet grounds; common.. Atige.. Annual. Stem ito 2 feet high, smooth and -
4 furcowed, with opposite branches. Leaves tapering into margined petioles which
ase Slightly united at the base; the lower often divided ; the lateral divisions united
at the base and decurrent on the petiole. . lowers terminal, solitary, without rays,
evusisting only of the tubular yellow florets, surrounded by a leafy ‘nyolucre. .

3. B..cernua, L.. Nodding Burr-Marigold.

Nearly smaoth, low; iewves all! undivided; '‘lanecolate, unequally serrate, scarcely ~
connate; heads-diseoid or radiate, nodding; outer invelucre longer than the head
achenia wedge-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed.

Swamps and ditches. Asnuah Aug.—Oct. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, purplish; stri-.-
ate above, branched around the base. Branches opposite. Leaves opposite, slightly -
connate. Fiowers yellowish-green, with or without rays. Hays when present,
about 8, smaller than B. chrysantienvoides, the leaves irregularly toothed and the.
outer involucre more leaflike: .

4.. B. prprnnata, L. Spanish Needles...
Smooth, branching; leaves petioled bipinnately parted, the segments lanceolate-*
or cblong ovate, mostly wedge-shaped at the base; Aeads on slender peduncles, with:
. OK

_

5 NG Tea a ett aE

186 COMPOSITZA.

2-to 4 small rays; outer involucre of linear scales as ee as the inner}; acheter long
and slender, 4-grooved and angled, nearly smooth, 3 to 4 awned.

Dry soil, waste places. Annual. July—Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, benhetine.
smooth, 4angled. Leaves 1to 2 pinnately parted. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, nearly

smooth. Heads of flowers.on long -peduneles, each with 3 -to 4 (or none) fue)
ovovate yellow rays. i

*# PAYS CONSPICUOWss »

5. B.. CHRYSANTHEMOIDES, , Micha. lees wered Burr-
Marigold.

Smoota, erect or reclining at the base; ares lanceolate, sanerieg at. both ends,
- - more or less connate, acute, serrate; heads erect or nodding, conspicuonsly radiat
. outer invelucre mostly shorter than the long rays; achenia wedge-shaped, ¥ With 2 to
| 4 says. ge i a
| Swamps and ditches; common. Annuah Aug., Sept. Av low: plant, with largo Yg
. veilow-rayed flowers. Stem 6 to 20 inches high. ZLzaves smooth, with few remote -

—. Heads rather larze, solitary at the ends of the branehes, erect or somewhat .
nodding ; rays elliptic, 8 to 10, bright. yellow, 1 inch long. :

POOL ee Ie ea I Te er ee

ar

| 35. VERBESINA, Linn. CrownsEARp,
F

‘Name altered from Verbena.”

{

Hans few and. many-flowered, mostly radiate; RAYS pis-
tillate. . SCALES of the erect involucre few, jaaloenoctanla in 2
er more rows. RECEPTACLE flat or: somewhat convex, the
CHAFF concave and embracing the flowers.. ACHENIA flat
(compressed laterally), usually winged at. the angles, crowned
with? rigid awns.—American perennial plants, with the toothed

or lobed leaves decurrent on the stem,and solitary or cor ymbose heads
| of yellow flowers

[ ae ah ri bal is CY cS me) fj
1. V..Srmqusprenia, Michx.. Svegesbech's ecard. |
Stem smooth, 4-winged; leaves opposite, ovate, 3-nerved, serrate, pointed at both
eads,smooth or pubescent underneath; Acads in compound corymbs; involucre -
scales obtuse, few; achenia wingless.
Rich soil. Aug., Sept. Stem 4to 6 feet high, erect, with 4 leafy wings. Zeaves
5 to 8 inches wide, thi ny tapering to a winged ‘petiole. Heads in Oras, ycHou: —
Rar ys i twos lanceolate, 3 toothed, 34 inch long.

2. OW. Virernica; Virginian Crownbeard.

Stem narrowly winged, downy pubescent above ; leaves alternate , ovate-lanceolate, .
feather-veined, serrate, acute at each‘end, the lower decurrent ; euahs 3 in eee é
coryinbs, crowded; rays 3 to 4 oval; achenia narrowly winged.

Dry woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 3 to 6 feet high.:. Heads about 20-flowered, ia
erowded corymbs. Rays very short, the. tube (and involucre) pubescent, pale yel-
law, oval, scarcely 44 inch long. -

ela inl LS ee

a a nN I CI FEY

Section 2.—Pappus composed of severat aistiiet chagy scales.

o6. HELENIUM, Linn. FALse SUNFLOWER.

Named after Helen, the wife of Menclaus.

Heaps many-flowered; radiate ; the RAY-FLOWERS in agiar -

ate mas me, ee ee ee ea ee ee
TTR

_~

py

COMPOSITA, — | 187

gle series, pistillate, ligulate or rarely tubular, 3 to 9 cleft,
DISK-FLOWERS perfect, tubular, very short 4 to 5 toothed. In-
VoLuckE small; reflexed, tho scales: linear or aw!-shaped:
Recerracte globose or.oblong, naked. ACHENIA top-sha-
ped; ribbed. Pappus of 5-to 8 thin and I-nerved chaffy
scales, each extended into a bristle or point.—Lrect branch-
ing herbs, with alternate leaves decurrent on the angled stem
and branches, which are terminated by single or. corymbed
heads of yellow flowers.
Bd woe .. a 3

| L: AUTUMNALE, L. 8S eeze-weed.
1 ‘smooth; stem erect, branched; leaves lanceolate, toothed, acute, decur-
rent ; disk globose ; rays 3 to 5 cleft, spreading or reflexed.

Alluvial soils, low grounds. Per. Aug.—Oct. Stem 2 to 3 fect high, winged by ©
the decurrent leaves. Leaves-narrowed at- tha base; the upper<nearly entire.
Heads showy middle-sized, in a terminal corymb; rays yellow, wedge-snaped disk —
greenish-yellow. Who plant intensely bitter.:

Section 3.. Pappus none, or a very short crown. Heads radiate or discoid.
Léaves alternate.

: :
of. MARUTA; Cass. May-wrxp.

Heaps many-flowered; RAY-FLOWERS, ligulate, neutral; °
DISK-FLOWERS perfect... INVOLUCRE somewhat imbriecated
shorterthan the disk. RecEPTACLE conical, more or less chaf-
fy. ACHENTA vboveid;ribbed, smooth. Pappusnone.—An-
nual ccrid herbs, with a strong, odor, finely thrice pinnately divi«
ded leaves, and single heads with white rays and yellow disk termis
nating the branches,

M: coruna, DO. Common May-weed.’

Smoothish; aves 2 or 3 times pinnatifid, the segments subulate-linear scales of ©
tre involucre with whitish margins; receptacle conic. -

Roadsidess common. Annual. -Jane—Oct. Stem a foot:high, erect, branched:
Leaves pale green, more or less pilose; seymenfs very narrow. Heads on elongated
slender peduncles; rays about 12,°white;- disk convex, yellow. eceptucle chaffy
ouly among the upper flowers... An exotic, every where naturalized...

38. ANTHEMS, Linn. .CHAMOMILE:.
Gr. Anthemis, the ancient name, given in allusion to the profusion of thé flowers.
Heaps many-flowered ; RAY-FLOWERS inone sericsligulate,
pistillate; Disk-rLoweRs tubular perfect. INVOLUCRE SCALES
imbricate in a few series. RECEPTACLE convex oblong or
conic. ACHENTIA terete, striate or smooth. PAppus none-
or a minute crown.— Annual or perernialherbs, with aromatie -
or strong odor, 1 to 2 pinnately divided leaves, and the branches ters-
minaied. by sinzle heads, with white rays.and yellow. disk. .

188 | COMPOSITE. |

1. A. ARVENSES, L. Corn Shictmairitiny

Pubescent; leaves pinnately parted; divisions linear-lanceolate; toothed, very
acute ; branchlets leafless at the summit; tnvolucre scales’obtuse; chaff lanceolate,
pointed; achenta crowned with a very short margin.

Fields and cultivated grounds. Introduced from Europe. June—Au*. Bienn‘=--
al. Stém 9 to 15 inches high, branched.’ Leaves grayish-pubescent. Heads large;
rays broad, white, spreading; disk yellow, comvex:-

2, <A. nosis, Ll. Garden Chamomile.:

Stem prostrate, branching from the base, wcolly; leaves decompound-pinnatifid ;
Segments linear-subulate; chaf’ with a thin membrancous margin, lanceolate,

scarcely as long as the flowers. . Pér. Native of Europes Ovltivated in gardens
for its tonic and.anodyne properties. The agreeatvle scent of the chamomile is well”
known. - ai

39. ACHILLEA, Linn. Yarrow...

So named because its virtues are said to have been discovered by: Achilles.
HRApDs many-flowered; RAY-FLOWERS 4 to6 pistillate, ligu--
late, short, or none ; DISK-FLOWERS perfect, tubular 5-toothed.
RECEPTACLE chaity, flattish. AcHENIA’ oblong, flattened,

margined.. PAppus none.—Perennial herbs, with much ae
vided alternate leaves and small corymbose heads of whitish flowers.

1. A. Mitierotium, L. Common Yarrow. Milfoil.

Stems mostly simple, erect, somewhat hairy; leaves twice-pinnately parted; the
divisions linear, 3 to 5 cleft, crowded; corynub compound, flat-topped; involucre ob-.
long; receptacle small.

Fields and hills; common. Aug. . Siem 1-to 2 feet high, branched at. the top.
Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, cut into very numerous narrow segments. Heuds nu-
ee a dense terminal fastigiate corymb; rays 4 to 4, short, white or ruse-col--
ored.:

40. LEUCANTHEMUM. Tourn. Ox-rEyr Datsy:
Gr. lewkos; white, and anth2mon, a flower. .

HEADS many-flowered; RAY-FLOWERS numerous, fertile, or
rarely neutral ; DISK-FLOWERS perfect, with a fleshy somewhat
2-winged tube. INvoLucRE broad and flat, imbricated ;
_ scales with scarious margins... RecrerracLe naked, flat or

convexxy. AtmENIA«of the disk and ray similar, striate, des-
titute of pappus.— Perennial herbs, with toothed or pinnati-
fid, alternate leaves and large single heads, with white rays and yel~
low disk terminating the branches...
1:. L.. voraare, Lam. Ox-eye. White Daisy. White-
weed. .

| Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above; root-leaves spatulate, petioled, toothed;
stem-'eaves somewhat clasping, cut or pinnatifid-toothed ; “involucre ‘scales with &

narrow rusty brown margin.

A pernicious weed, extensively naturalized in fields and meadows. June—Aug. .
Stem 1 ta 2 feot high, erect or subdtecumbent.at. base, smoothish... Leaves compar-~

COMPOSITE. we 189.

atively few and small. Heads large, solitary on the branches, with 20 to 30 showy —
lane” and numerous.yellow disk flowers. (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemunys. -
1nn. PA e

41. PYRETHRUM, Linn. FEVERFEw..

INvoLucrE hemispherical, imbricate ; scALES with mem--
braneous margins. RecepracLe naked. Pappus a mem-
braneous margin crowning the achenia.—Luropean. herbs, .
chiefly perennials, with alternate leaves, and white flowers.

-P. partHenium, L... Feverfew..

Stem erect; leaves petiolate, flat tripinnate; segments ovate ; heads on branching -
corymbose peduncles; znvolucre pubescent. Several varieties are common in cul- -
tivation, and are in great favor with many florists, on account of their pure: white.
double flowers, borne on a pyramidal corymb.

42. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Linn.
Gr. krusos, gold, anthos, flower; many species bearing golden colored flowers.

HEADS many-flowered; RAY-FLOWERS pistillate, ligulate -
12 or more ; DISK-FLOWERS perfect.. InvoLucRE.imbricate, .
hemispherical; scALES with membraneous margins. -RE--
CEPTACLE naked. PAppus none.—Annual and perennial,
ornamental cultivated plants natives of China and other Easter.
countries, with alternate lobed leaves and large showy heads of fiow--
E6LrS.

1. C. coronarrum, L.,. Shewy Aster.

Stem branched ; leaves bipinnatifid, broader at the summit, acute. Annual. Na- -
tive of S. Europe and N. Africa. Aug. Stem about 3 feet high, striate smooth,

erect, with alternate clasping leaves. JF lower's large, terminal, solitary, of a deep.

yellow color, double in cultivation. .

2.. C. CARINATUM, Willd. Zhree-colored Chrysan thé--

Mostly smooth; leaves bipinnate, fleshy; involucre: scales carinate. Native of.
Barbary. Annual. July—Oct. Heads large and beautiful; disk purple, rays
White with a yellow base. : |

d; ©. SINENSE,Sabine.. Chinese Chrysanthemum.

Leaves coriaceous, petiolate, serrate-pinnatifid, dentate, glaucous; rays very nu- -
merous, long. Native of China,<where it haslong been cultivated and highly es- -
teemed for its beauty. Numerous varieties have been. produced, with double, .
semi-double and quilled flowers of every possible shade of color. . Blooming in No- .
vember, when all other flowers have disappeared, makes. them desirable plants for -
eyery flower garden. .

43. TANACETUM, Linn. TAnzy-
Said to be a corruption of athanasia, undying, from its durable flowers.

Hans many-flowered,nearly discoid, all fertile; the mar-.-

790. . - COMPOSITE.

ginal flowers chiefly” pistillate and 8'to 5: toothed, forming a
Kind of z ray. InvonucrEe hemispherical; SCALES imbrica-
tel, dry. Rzczpracnn convex, naked. ~/ACHENTA angled or
ribbed, with a large flat top. Pappus a short crown. ats

ter and acrid strong: ~seented. her bs, with alternate 1 to 2 pinnately

dissected leaves and corymbed heads of yeliow Jiowers. na
1. T..vunearz, Li’ Common Lanzy. |

Szm erect, smdoth ; leaves twice-pinnatel y parted, the leafiets and the margined
atiole eut-toothed; corym dense; rays terete ; pappus 5-lobed

ultivated and naturalized, common. Aug. Per. Stems i tered 2 to 3 feet
high, branched above into a handsome corymb of yellow flowers. Na‘iveof Europe.
Var. crispum has the leaves more. cut.and‘crisped.

44, ARTEMISIA, Linn. Wormwoop..
Dedicated to the Goddess Artemis.
Heaps discoid, few to many-flowered; the flowers all tu-

bular, those of the disk erfect 5 marginal ones pistillate, or

sometimes all similar and perfect. Invonucre ovoid ; SCALES
imbricated, with dry and scarious margins. Reo EBTACLE
Salt and flattish, naked: AcHENIA obovoid, with a small

summit and’ no pappus. —Dutter herbs or shrubby plants, with

alternate leaves and’ smalt heads of seo or Dee flowers.

an aes Seen spikes or racemes.

* Receptaclenaked. ABROTANUM, Tourn.
1. A. vunaaris, L.. Common Mugwert.

Branches and lower core heh of the leaves whitish-woolly; stemdeaves pinnati&d ;
segments lanceolate, variously. cut or entire; Aeads erect, ovoid, subsessile, in open
leafy panicles.

Banks of streams, and waste places. Per.. Sept., Oct.. Siem 2 to 3 feet hich,
branching into a panicle of spicate racemes. Leaves very variable. Heads few, pur-
plish. Introlueed from Kurope and naturalized.

2. <A. AsroTaNnuM,.L. Southernwood.

Stem erect; lower leaves bipinnate; upper ones capillary, pinnate ; ¢avolucre hem-
is pherical, downy. A well known shrubby plant, common in cultivation. Stem
abcuts feet high. Zeives alternate much divided into linear sagments. Flowers
numerous, nodding, yelow. Native of South Hurope..

*# Receptacie hairy. Fionwers al fertile. ABSINTHIUM, Fourn:-

3. <A. ABSINTHIUM, Ll. Common Wormacood.

_ Shrubby, erect, silky-canescent; leaves bipinnatifid; segments lanceolate, often
incised, obtuse; heads hemispherical, in leafy paniculate raccmes, nocding; receps
gacle hairy. Common in gardens. Aug. Stem 2 to4 feet high, angular, several
from one root... Heads numerous. Flowers yellowish. The whole plant is very
bitter, and possessed of valuable medicinal properties as a tonic, stomachic, &c.

4, A. pontica, L. Roman Wormwood.
Mem-leaves bipinnate;.afletslinear, tomentose beneath; Jeads roundish, _peduns-

COMPOSIT. 19

cled, nodding. Cultivatedin gardens. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, with simple pranch-
es and recemes of yellow flowers. Heads about 24 flowered. From Austria.

45. GNAPHALIUM, Linn. Copwnen.

-Gr. gnaphalon, a lock cf wool; in allusion to the floccose down of the leaves.

HeEAps many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular; the out-
er pistillate and very slender, the central perfect. INVOL-
UGRE ovate ; SCALES imbricated in severalrows. JtECEPTA-
CLE flat, naked. Pappus a single row of capillary rougt
bristles. — Woolly herbs, with alternate sessile or decurrent en-
tire leaves, and clustered or corymbed heads of whitish-yellow or pur-
plish flowers.

1. G@. POLYCEPHELUM, Michx. Fragrant Life-everlast-
tg. é :

Stem erect, woolly; lezves lanceolate, tapering to ‘the base, with wavy margins,
not decarrent, smoothish above, white tomentose beneath; heads obovate, cluster-
ed at the summit of the panicled-corymbose branches; involucre scales ovate ard
oblong. : :

Old felds and woods; common. Annual. July—Sept. Stem 1to 2 feet high,
often much branched at thesummit.. Leaves sessile, cottony beneath. Flowers
erowded clusters at the ends of the branches, yellowish-white. Whole plant fra-
grant.

2. -G. uLiconosum, L. Lew Cudiced. Low -Life-cv-
eriasting.

Stem simple, or branched; woclly el] over; learxs lanceolate or Hnear; heads
sinall.in terminal sessile capitate clusters; tnvclucre scales oblong, inner acute.

Wet grounds, roalsides; common every where. Annual. July—Sept. Stem 4
to 6 inches high, much branched. Zeaves numerous, acute, Narrow at the base;
envotucre scales yellowish-brown, shining. Whole plant clothed with whitish
down. 3 ae

38. G purrurreuM, L. Purple Lafe-everlasting.

Stem simple or branched from the base, ascending woolly; leaves oblong-spatu-
late, mostly obtuse, green above, very white with close wool underneath; heads in
sessile clusters im-the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the summit of the
stem ; involucre scales Jance-oblong, tawny, the inner citen marked with purple.

Grayeliy soil, sandy fields and pastures; common. Annual. June—Mem §
12 inches high. sending out shoots at the base. Heads somewhat ‘spiked at the
tep ef the stem, with purplish scales and yellow corollas.

46. ANTENNAREA, Gert. HyERLASTING.
Name in allusion to the bristles of the pappus, which resemble antennz.

HEADS many-flowered, dicecious or nearly so, corolla tu-
bular; PISTILLATE FLOWERS filiform, 5-toothed. Invo.uv-
CRE SCALES dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated.
RECEPTACLE convex or flat not chaffy. ACHENIA nearly
terete. “Pappus a single row of bristles, in the fertile flow-
crs capillary, in the staminate club-shaped.—Perennial white-

a>
<a ae ons

“>

co, ona

192 COMPOSITE. |

woolly herbs, with entire alternate dedi: and cor -ymbose heads with

white scales and.yellowish corollas.

1. A. MARGARITACEA,R. Brown. Pearly Lverlast-

Ang.

Stem erect, tomentose ; leaves linear. Janceolate, Keventiados 1nerved, sessile. : Ser

. tile heads often with a few imperfect staminate flowers in the centre soe of the

pearly white inyolucre obtuse or rounded.

Dry hills and woods, common. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet ie and with the nu-
merous scattered leaves clothed with white and cottony down, corymtose at the

- summit with many heads. Heads hemispherical, pedicellate. Involucre pearly

white. lowers yellow. -Slightly fragrant. “
lee oo ‘Hook. »Plantain- leaved - Ev-

erlasting.

Stem simple, with procambent shoots; leaves silky-woolly when young, at Jength
green above and hoary beneath; radical leaves oval, pela s-nerved ; stem leaves

linear; heads in a small crowded corymb.

Wooded banks and sterile hills. April, May. Stem 3to8 inches high, often
branched at the base into several from the same root. oot leaves much larger
than those of the stem, ovate or oval-spatulate. Stem leaves few, bract-like. Heads
clustered, terminal, purplish white. Scales of the mostly white involucre obtuse,
in the sterile, and acutish and narrow in the fertile plant.

47. FILAGO. Tour. ‘Corron Ross.
“Rat. filum, a thread; in allusion to the cottony hairs that cover these plants.
Heaps many-flowered, heterogamous; the terminal or

central flowers numerous, pistillate, perfect or infertile, tu-
ular, 4 to 5-toothed, the outer flowers filiform, pistillate,
-scarcely-toothed. INVOLUCRE SCALES few, woolly. Rmcep-

TACLE elongated, filiform, naked at the summit, chaffy to-
-wards the-margins or base. -Pappus of the central flowers

‘filiform, of the outer none or dissimilar.—Low annual branch-

ing ‘woolly herbs with entire, alternate leaves. and small heads of
whitish or yellowish fiowers.in capitate clusters.

F. Germanica, L. Herba Impia. German Cud-weed.

Stem erect, short, dichotomous or proliferously branched ; leaves linear-lanceo-
late, acute, tomentose, crowded; heads woolly in capitate clusters, terminal and
Jateral ; scales of the involucre- -awned.

“Dry fields; introduced from Europe and sparingly naturalized. - “Jaly—Aug.—
Stem 4 to 8 inches high, woolly-tomentose, clothed with linear-lanceolate and up-
right crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly heads, from which

“rise one or more branches, each eruaed by a similar head, and continue in the

SuBTRIBE 6. “SENICIONOIDES.

Pappus soft and capillary. Anthers without tatls at the base. ‘Receptacle naked,
. Beads radiate or discoid. . Leaves mostly alternate.

48. ERECHTHITES. Raf. Fing-weeo.

-Ap-spcient name of some species of senicio,

COMPOSIT &. 193

“HEADS many-flowered, discoid, the flowers all tubular and

“fertile ; the marginal pistillate-with a slender corolla. In-

VOLUCRE cylindrical; SCALES in a single row, linear, acute,

with a few small bractlets at the base. AcHENTA oblong, stri-

ate. PAappus copious, of very fine and white soft hairs.—
Erect and coarse annuals. with alternate simple leaves, and panicu-

_date-corymbed heads of whitish flowers.

Ki. HIERACIFOLIA, Raf. Fire-weed. “Whipstwog.

Stem grooved, simple or paniculate above; leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute, eut-

“toothed, sessile; upper auriculate at base and partly clasping. (Senicio hieracifo-

lia, L.) .
- Moist woods, and especially recent clearings, where the ground has been burnt
over, hence it is called Fireweed ; common. July—Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high,

~gtout, succulent, somewhat hairy, branching. Leaves light green. larze;irregular-

cs

ly cul into many deep and acute teeth. Fiowers terminal, crowded, destitute of
rays, White. Whole plant emitting when bruised arank odor. The distiiled oil

<is probably one of the most powerful styptics the vegetable kingdom. affords.

-49. CACALIA, Linn. Inpran PLANTAIN.

‘An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.

“Heaps 5 to many-flowered, discoied ; the flowers all tubu-
lar and perfect. INVOLUCRE SCALES in a single. row, 5 to
30. CoroLua deeply.d-cleft. RrcErTac.eE flat. ACHENTIA
oblong, smooth. .PAppPuS of numerous capillary bristles.—
Smooth and tall perennial herbs. with alternate often petioled leaves,

-and rather large heads of mostly white or whitish fiowers, in flat

corymbs.
-* Involucreé 5-leaved and 5-fiowered. .
J. C. rentrormis, Muhl. Great: Indian.Piantain.
Stem grooved and angled; leaves petioled, smooth above, hairy on the veins bes

low; rootleuves broad-cordate, reniform, repand-toothed and angled, palmately
veined; stem-leaves oblong, toothed, wedge-form and very entire at the base; corymb_

darge.

Rich, damp woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 4 to 8 feet high, neatly simple, smooth.
Leaves 3 to 12 inches long by 5 to 8 inches wide, repand-dentate ; lower petioles very
long. IJnvolucre whitish. Heads white.

2. ©. arripricironia, L. Pale Indian. Plantain.

Stem erect, smooth, terete ; leaves petioled, smooth, glaucous beneath; lower leaves

de]toid-cordate, sinuate-angled, the upper rhomboid or wedge-form, toothed ; involu-

cre oblong.

Moist rich woods. <Aug..Sept. Stem 3 to feet high, leafy;round. Lowerleaver
4 to 6 inches long, and nearly as wide, on long petioles, unequally toothed. Heads
numerous, small, in aloose terminal corymb, greenish white.

* * Involucre 25'to 30-flowered ; receptacle flat.

3. ©. suavoens, L. Sweet-scented Cacalia. 7
Stem grooved, erect, smooth ; leaves triangular-lanceolate, halbert-shapeéd, pointed,
serrate; those of the stem on winged petioles, smooth; scales about 13; involucts
with several eae spreading bractlets. =
on

=

‘Rich woods and‘banks of streams. Sept. Stem 3*to 4 feet high, grooved and ate
gied, leafy. Leaves smooth and green on.both sides. oot-leaves on long peti ia

ae Stem-leaves on winged petioles.. Flowers whitish, in a terminal compo
corym

4. (C. cocernga, Curt. Scarlet Cacalia. Tassel Flower.
Radical leaves -ovate-spatulate; stem-leaves clasping, crenate; involucre ovate
eyilindric; scales linear, at length reflexed; achenia ciliate; pappus in several rows

A handsome border flower from the East Indies.” Stem 1 foot high. Flowers brighd
segzlet. June—Sept. Annual.

60. SENECIO, Linn. Grounpset.
Lat. senez, an old man ; the pappus resembling a white beard.

Heaps many-flowered, discoid, with the flowers all perfect
and tubular, or mostly radiate, the rays pistillate. InvoL-
UCRE ‘SCALES in a single row, or with a few bractlets at the
base. RecEpTac.Ee flat. Pappus of numerous very soft

and slender capillary bristles.—A vast genus embracing about
600 species of herbs and shrubs, with alternate leaves and mostly
yellow flowers exceeding the involucre in solitary or corymbed heada.

© Rays -nene.; annual,

1. 8S. vunearts, L. Common Groundsel.

Nearly smooth, or at first woolly; stem erect, often branching; leaves pinnatifia
and toothed, clasping, the lowest petioled; heads in a corymbd, nodding; pappem
equalling the corolla.

_ Waste places; common, naturalized. May—Oct. A common weed, growing
about houses, rubbish, &c., 6 to 18 inches ‘high, leafy, branching, mostly smoot
Yeaves thin, bright green. Heads terminal, without rays, yellow.

©? Rays present ; heads corymbed ; perennial.
2. %. AuREUS, L. Golden Senicio. Squaw-weed.

‘Smooth or downy-woolly when young; rcot-leares simple and rounded, the largéw
mostly cordate, crenate-toothed, long-petioled; the lower stem-leaves lyre-shapeg,
epper lancediate, cut pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping ; corymb umbel-like.

A very variable plant, embracing several nominal varieties, of which the follow
ing are the most common: Var. 1, obovatus, with the root-leaves round obovata,
generally found in dry places. Var. 2, Balsamite, with the rcot-leaves cblong,
spatulate or lanceolate, sometimes cut toothed, tapering into the petiole. Rocky
piaces; common everywhere. May,.J une. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched above,
cften woolly. Heads middle-sized, numereus, on long peduncles which are thick
ezied near the involucre. Rays 8 ‘to 12,.and with the disk yellow.

3. SS. TomeEnTosus, Michx. Downg Groundsel.
White-tomentose and woolly ; radical leaves oval-oblong, obtuse crenate-toothed
@a slender petioles; stem leaves oblong, somewhat divided; corymb flat-topped.

Dry rocks on the Blue Mountains. Pursh. May,June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high,
mcarly leafless aboye. Heads yellow, larger than in §. aureus ; rays 12 to 15, elon

4. §. rnoneatus, Pursh. Llongated Groundsel.
Emooth; radical kaves spatulate, serrate, attenuated into a petiole; stem teanae

winnatifid, toothed, very remote; Asade on elongated peduncles, arranged ing
Steen kat umbeled eovymb, .

COMPOSITR S eS

Rocks on banks of streams near Easton. J aly; Parc Reaonuih Var. | Baha
fa, but is destitute of ray-flowers.- Beek’s Bot.

51. ARNICA, Linn:
Name supposed to be a corruption of Plarmica.

Heaps many-flowered, radiate, the rays pistillate; those
6f the disk tubular, perfect. INvonucre canpanulate ;
BOALES in 2 rows, equal, lanceolate. Receprac.e flat, fim-
brillate. ACHENIA spindle-shaped. PAPPUS in a single
row, consisting of rather rigid and strongly rough- denticu-
late bristles — Perennial herbs, chiefly natives of alpine Te

gions, with simple stems, opposite leaves and yellow fiowers in sin-
gle or cory mbed large heads.

A. nupicAutis, Natt: Leopard’s-bane..

Hirsute ; leaves sessile ; the radical leaves clustered elliptic-ovate, nerved, entire -
or slightly toothed ; stem leaves 1 to 2-pairs, lance-ovate; heads terminal, on loosely
corymbose peduncles:

Meadows. Chester county. Durlington; rare. July, Aug. Siem 1 to 2 feet
high, with a few peduncle-like br anches at the summit, somewhat viscid. Heads
large; rays num2rous, deep-yellow, 2 to 3-toothed at the apex; disk greenish-yel-
iow, i

TRIBE V. CYN AREA. Tae Tutstir Tere:

Heads ovoid, discoid; rarely” radiate, homogamous (rarely dioecious), or heterogee
eapus, with tire "marginal flowers in a single series; style in the perfect flowers after
tuckened near the summit.

02. CENTAURHA, Linn.-
Named from the Centaur, Chiron.

_ HeAps many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, the ma
ginal mostly falsely radiate’and larger, sterile: InvoLuceE
imbricated, the SCALES margined or appendaged. REcEP-
TACLE bristly. AcHENIA compressed:. Pappus of filiform

rough bristles in several series, sometimes none.— Herbs, with
alternate leaves, and mostly showy flowers in ‘single heads.

1. C. sacza, Te Brown. Knap-weed.

Siem erect, branched; leaves linear-lanceolate; lower broader and toothed, pet’
aled ; tzvolucre globular, scales scarious and torn, the outer pinnatifid; heads rade
ate; pappus very short or none.

Wasteplaces. July, Aug. Per. Stem about 2 feet high, branching.
with numérous purple flowers. Jnvolucre pale brown, shining. Introduced from.
Murope. Beck’s Bot. This is probably only a variety of the next.

2. C. nigra, L. Black Knap-weed. |
Stem erect, branched; leaves scabrous, lower angular-lyrate, petioled; upper len:
mclate; involuore globular, scales appendaged, and with a stiff black fringe ; > rays
wanting; Ppappus very short, .

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;

196- COMPOSITE.

Meadows and pastures. Aug. Per. Stem-2 to.3 feet high, simple or often divi-
ded into elongated branches. Heads terminal solitary. Flowers purple. Jnvolu-
cre scales almost black, the teeth brown. Native of Europe, naturalized, and be-
coming in some places a troublesome weed.-

CULTIVATED SPECIES.
3. (©. cyanus, L. Blue-Bottle. Bachelor's Button:

Cottony-tomentose; stem erect, branched; wpper leaves linear, entire; lowermosé-
toothed or pinnatifid at base; tnvolucre globular; scales fringe-margined ; rays lon-.
ger than the disk; pappus very short::

Common in gardens, and in some places naturalized along roadsides, &c. July;
Aug. Annual. Stem 2to3feet high. Heads in terminal peduncles; rays few,.
spreading, white, blue and purple; disk flowers smaller, mostly purple. Native of ©
Kurope. Justly prized for its handsome. flowers which are variable in color.

4. (C.. AmERIcANna, Nutt.. American Centaury.

Siem erect, sulcate, sparingly branched; lower leaves oblong-ovate, repand-dens:-
tate, upper ones lanceolate, acute, all sessile and glabrous; /ieads few and solitary, -
very large; peduncles thickened. at.summit; invelucre depressed-globose, scales
with a_pectinate-pinnate refexed:appendage. Native in-Ark.and La. Cultiva- -
ted in gardens. Aug.—Oct. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with very showy heads of pale”
purple flowers. Scales appendaged with-a pinnate reflexed margin resembling the
teeth of a comb. .

AMBERBOA, De Candolle.. Pappus of oblong or obovate palae, atienuaicd to the base, .
all similar, rarely small or none. .

5. C. MoscHata; L. Sweet Sultan.
Léaves lyrate-dentate ; involucre subglobose, smooth; scales ovate; ray-flowers
searcely enlarged, not exceeding the disk; pappus none. A handsome border an-

nual from Persia, with white and pale purple, sweet-scented flowers, blooming from .
July to Oct."

6. C. suavouens, Willd. (Amberboa odorata, DC.)
Yellow Sweet Sultan..

Lower leaves broadly subspatulate, dentate, wpper leaves lyrate at base or scarece ~
ly pinnatifid; heads globose; ray-flowers enlarged upwards, longer than the disk ;
pappus chaffy, alittle shorter than the fruit.. Native of the Levant. lower
yellow...

538. CIRSIUM, Tourn. TuHistiE.

Gt. kirsos, a swelled vein, for which the Thistle was a reported #emedy.

Heaps many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, perfect and™
similar, or rarely dicecious.. INVoOLUCRE ovoid or spherical;
SCALES imbricated in many rows, tipped with a point or.
prickle. Rrcrepracte clothed with soft bristles or nairs.
ACHENIA oblong, flattish, not ribbed. PAappus of numerous
bristles united into aring at base, plumose to the middle.—
Herbs with sessile alternate leaves, armed with ‘spinose prickles,and

large heads of purple or cream colored flowers terminating the
stem with branches...

*Ieques decurrent. ..

COMPOSIT A | 197.

1. ©. LANCEOLATUM, Scop. Common Thistle.

Siem branched, hairy ; leaves decurrent, pinnatifid, hisped above, woolly beneafby
segments divaricate and spinous; scales linear-lanceolate, spinous, outer ones spread
fing.

Pastures and roadsides, common every where, introdaced. July—Sept. Bem
niel. Siem 2 to 4 fect high, winged by the decurrent leaves, which are white with
deciduous webby hairs beneath, armed with formidable spines at all points. Heads.
zuntierous, large, purple..

& + Leaves sessile.

2: C. AutisstmuM, Spreng. Tall Thistle.

Stem downy, branching, leafy to the heads; leaves roughish hairy abeve, white, -
_¥Fith close wool beneath; radical leaves petioled, pinnatifid; stem leaves oslong-lamw
cedlate, sinuate toothed; scales ovate-lanceolate, spinous, appressed.

Old fields and open woods,common. Per. <Aug., Sept. Stem 3 to 8 feet hizh
L-aves 6 to § inches long, and 1 to 6 wide, oblong-lanceolate, undulate-pinnatifid, -
er undivided, the lobes or teeth prickly, those from the base pinmatifid; lies
ehori, oblong or triangular. MHeadslarze. Flowers purple.

3.. C. piscotor, Spreng.. Z'wo-colored Thistle.
Stem grooved, hairy, branched, leafy; leaves all deeply pinnatifid, smoothish
@bove, whitened with cloSe wool beneath, the diverging lobes 2 to 3-cleft, linear

ianceolate, prickiy-pointed ;. involucre subglobose; scales ovate spinous.

Meadows and open woods. Aug., Sept. Bienniel. Stem 3 to 6 feet high. Ele pehs
$srminating the branches 1 inch in diameter, with reddish-purple flowers.

4. (C. Viraintanum, Michx. Virginian. Thisile..

&em woolly, slender, simple or eparingly branched, branches on long pedunekes
maked; leaves lanceolate revolute on the margins, green above, white with clese—
vol beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles; outer involucre scales scarcely prickly.

Woods. July, Sept. Per. Siem 1 to 3 feet high, covered with a white down, ep -
pecially towards the aummit. Zezves entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed, the lowssr’
eometimes deeply sinuate-pinnatifid Heads % inchin diameter; flowers purple. .

». C. muticum, Michx. Swamp Thistle..
Stem tall, angled, aint sh; leaves pinnatifid, acutely cut, scmewhat hairy
gbove, whitish with loose webby hairs beneath; when young; . divisions lanceolate, -
@cute, prickly pointed; ¢uvolucre glutinous and webby, scales closely, appressed, -
pointicss or barely mucronate.

Swamps and low places, common. Aug. Per: Stem 3to 8 fect high, panicled:
at the summit, the branches sparingly leatly and pene single or few naked heads.
Zeaves armed with spines ateach angle. MHzads middle- sized; Jjlowers deep pus

ple.
6. (C. PUMILUM, Spreng. Pasture Thistle.
Stem low, hairy, 1to3 flowered; leaves lance-oblong, partly claspiag, green, some: -
what hairy, pinnatifid ; involucre round-oyate, spinose, outer scales prickly-pointed,
#he inner very slender:

Low or dry fields, common. July, Aug. Biénnial.. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, low
aad stout, bearing 1 to 3 very large heads which are somewhat leafly bracted at
the base. Leaves pinnatifid, with short, and cut very prickly-margined lobes.
dleads 114 inches broad; jiowers fragrant 2 inches long, pale -purple;. ‘pappzee -
more than one inch long.

7. C. HoRRIDULUM, Michx. Yellow Thistle.
Siem stout, webby-haired when young; leaves lanceolate, partly clasping, pinnae -
#4d, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish prickles; heass
Sarge, surrounded at the base by a whorl of leaf-like and very i braete; inva
@ars.gubglobose ; =e linear, acute, scareely spinous, -

oc COMPOSITE.

Sandy fields.and hills. June—Aug. Per. Stem1 to4 feet high, short, webby-

: haired when young, hollow. Leaves somewhat clasping, woolly and hairy, armed «
with stiff spines. Heads large, axillary and terminal,:with 20 to 30 narrow
| bracts at base, the outer of which haye spines somewhat in pairs. . Flowers dull

ae yellow, rarely purple. .

: 8... C..ARVENSE, Scop: Canada Thistle. Cursed Thistle. -
| Low, branched ; 700ts extensively creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth,
| or slightly woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined ;: involucre round :
or-ovate, with minute spines; scales close-pressed, ovate-lanceolate. |

Cultivated fields and pastures, naturalized. July, Aug. Per. Stem 3 feet high, .
with a branching panicle at the top. Leaves alternate, thickly beset with spines. -
Fieads small, numerous, terminal. _ Flowers purple rarely whitish; the inyolucre-s
is nearly thornless, and is the only part that can be safely handled... A.mosttrub -
Jesome weed, which it is extremely difficult to eradicate. .

54. ONOPORDON, Vaill. Corron Turstus.

Heaps discoid, homogamous. . INvoLucrE ovate-globose ;
SCALES coriaceous, tipped with a lanceolate prickly appen--
dage. Rrcepracue deeply alveolate.. ACHENIA 4-angled, .
transversely wrinkled. . Pappus in several series ; BRISTLES
numerous, slender-not plumose, united at the base into a
hoary ring.—Coarse branching herbs, with decurrent leaves,
and large heads of purple flowers.
1s O« acantuium,.L., Cotton: Thistlee Scotch Thistle...
Stem and leaves woolly; leaves ovate-oblong, sinuate and spinous, decurrent;:

énvolucre scales linear-subulate, the outer spreading and woolly ai the base.

f Waste grounds, in some places naturalized.. Cultivated in Scotland as the -

[ Scotch Thistle. July. Bienniel. A tall cottony plant.4 to 6 feet high, branched.
and winged at the summit, wings very.spinous. Jnvolucre round, cottony, spinous, .
Flowers purple... '

55. LAPPA, Tourn. Burpocx:

Lat. lappaa-burr, from Gr.:lavein, to-lay hold of, a characteristic term.::

Heaps many-flowered, the flowers all perfect and similar.:.
INVOLUCRE globose ; SCALES imbricated coriaceous and ap--
pressed at the base, with a long subulate hooked point. Rz-.
CEPTACLE bristly. AcHENTA: oblong, flattened, wrinkled.
transeversely. Pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, .
not. united at the base, deciduous.— Coarse biennial weeds, .
with large aitérnate: heart shaped and petivied. leaves, with ‘wavy...
margins, and middle sized heads of purple (rarely.white) flowers, .
solitary or in clusters.

1.. Li. mason, Geert.. Common Burdock. .
Upper le aves. ovate, lower very large, heart-shaped;: ¢xvolucre smoothish ; Sscaleg-=
subulate. «. ;

Cultivated and waste grounds, common, introduced.’ July—Oct. Stem stout ee
to 4 fect hixh. Root leaves very large, (often 1 to 2 feet long and a foot wide) with
wavy edgc#.. The scales.of the involucre all terminate in a minute, firm hook,

Vv

COMPOSITE. . ie

which seizes hold of every thing that passes by. Heads globose numerous, ofter «
clustered. Flowers purple.

LL: Bardana, a species or variety with pinnatifid leaves, has been observed by Dru--
Darlington.in Chester county.‘

5G... ONICUS, Vaill..
Gr: kniso, to prick; well applied to these herbs.

HEADS many-flowered ; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile,..
shorter than the rest, which are all tubular and perfect. In--
VOLUCRE swelled, imbricate with deeply spinous scales. RE-
CEPTACLE clothed with capillary bristles. ACHENIA smooth, .
striate. PAPPUS in 8-series, the outer 10 toothed, the 2 in-.-
ner each 10 bristled.— Oriental somewhat woolly herbs, with -
clasping leaves and large bracted heads of yellow flowers. .

1. C. Beneprictus, L.. Blessed Thistle.

Leaves scarcely pinnatifid, decurrent, demtate and spiny; involucre doubly apie -
mous, woolly, bracteate:

Cultivated, scarcely natuvalized along roadsides; native of Persia. June. Stem =
1 to 2 fect high, branching. Leaves clasping. Heads large, with yeHow flowers:
it was at one time in great repute asa nema but is now considéred of no ings:
portance. .

EAOTICS. *.

57. CALENDULA; Linn. .
Lat. calenda, the first day of the month ; some species blossom monthly. ~

TREADS radiate. InvoLucrE.of many equal leaves, in: -
about 2 series. Recepracis naked. AcHENIA of the disk
membraneous, curved. PAppus none.—An oriental genus :

of annual herbs, with alternate leaves and showy .flowers, in termi~=-
nal heads.

C. OFFICIANALIS, LL: ot Marigold.
Visced-pubescent; stem erect, branched ; leaves oblong, acute, mucronate, sessile, ..
subdentate and scabrous-ciliate on the margin; heads terminal, solitary; achenia -
keeled, muricate incurved. A common showy garden plant, native of-South Eu: -

rope. lowers single and.double, large. and-briliant, mostly yellow and orange-:
colored. June—Nov.- :

58. CARTHAMUS, Linn.
Arabic, quorthom,to paint ; fronrits coloring property.
Heaps discoid ; rLowERS all. -tubular.and perfect. Ine-
VOLUCRE imbricated, outer bracts foliaceous. TLECETSA PHI

with bristly chaff.. "ACHENTA 4-angled.. Parpus none.—
Oriental herbs.

1. C. rincTorius, L. Common Saffron. .
Slem-smooth; leaves ovate-laneeolate, sessile, spivose-denticulate,: Native ef «

Catt, ttt cls Ut, te agi ciel iy ity a a ———————————e rr, ehh ee le
tee ee dee SS a a

800 COMPOSITE.

Evypt, common in cultivation. July. Annnal. Stem branching, 1 to 2 feet high,
striate. Leaves sub-amplexicaul, smooth and shining, spinose. Heads large, tem
minal, with numerous long and slender flowers, useful in coloring tinctures.

59. XERANTHEMUM, Linn.
Gr. zeros, dry, anthos, flower; on account of its dry imperishable flowers.

Heaps discoid. Invotucrs. hemispherical; scALES Ta
dient, opaque, colored, scarious. Recepracie chaffy. Pap.
pus bristly-chaffy.— Annual herbs, natives of South Europe,
with radient involuere scales which retain thetr beauty a great length.
ef time.

X. ANNUUM, Willd. ternal Flower. Straw Flower..

Mem ercet branched; leaves oblong-lanczolate, somewhat obtuse, alternate, em
¥ire ; heads large, terminal, solitary; involucre scales obtuse, scarious; inner ones
ef the ray spreading, lanceolate, obtuse. A singularly beautiful plant, cultivated
far its imperishable flowers which retain their beauty through the winter. tem
&io4 feet high. The radiant involucre scales are of a rich purple, but there ar¢@
@erae varicties with red, white, blue and yellow rays; expanding in sunghing, bat.
@easing in rainy weather. .

SoporpEerR u. LIGULIFLORAY
Fiowers all perfect with igulate corollas throughout.

SUBTRIBE 6. CICHORACE A.

Flowers all perfect and ligulate; branches of the style slender, obtuse, uniform
ke hairy. Plants with a milky juice ; leaves alternate.

60. CICHORIUM, Tourn. Succory.
Said to be derived from the Arabic Chikourych..

HEADS many-flowered. Inyvotucre double, the outer se--
ries of 5 short spreading scales, the inner.of 8 to 10 scales.
ACHENIA striate.. Pappus of. numerous very small chaffy
gcales, formimga short crown.—Branching perennials, with
toothed or pinnatifid radical leaves, and sessiie axillary and termi-
nal heads of bright blue showy flowers. |

1.. C. Inrysus, L.. Common Succory or Cichory.
Radical.leaves runcinate; stem leaves small, oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, .
@othed or entire; heads 2 or 3 together. .

Cultivated and somewhat naturalized in grass fields, roadsides, &e. Stem 2to3
fet high, round, reugh, with few long branches. Heads. of flowers 1 to 2 inches
@o diameter, sky-blue, somewhat remote on the long branches: Corollas flat, §-

, %eothed. July, Sept. Native of Europe.

2. (©. Enprvia, L. Endive. |
Fedunsles axillary, in pairs, ene.of them elongated and 1-headed, the other yerz>

COMPOSITE. - 901

short, about 4-headed; heads capitate.. A hardy plant from the: East Indies, es-
teemed and cultivated for satad. ‘-

| 61. KRIGIA; Shreber:
In honor of Daniel Krig, an early German botonical collector in this country..

_ Heaps 15 to 20 flowered. INVoOLUCcRE in a single series
with 8 to 12 scales. JroepraczEe naked. ACHENIA tur-
binate, many striate or angled. Pappus double; the outer
of 5 bread, chaffy, rounded scales ; the inner of as many al-
ternate slender bristles — Small annual or bienniei acaules-

cent plants, with radical, lyrate or toothed leaves and solitary heads
with 20 to 30 yellow flowers.

2. K. Virerinica; Willd. Dwarf Dandelion.

Léaves lyrate, smooth; scapes several 1-fioweread; involucve smcoth. -
Dry sandy soil. May—July. Scapes 2 tol0 inches high, srmcoth. Primary
leaves roundish, entire. Heads solitary, small. Filcwers deep yellow. This plant

continues in bloom for some time, during which-it varies greatly in ihe length of

the scape.

62. CYNTHIA, Don..

Probably named after Mount Cynthus.-.
Heaps many-flowered. INVoLUcRE nearly simple;
BCALES In one or tworcws. ACHENIA short striate. Pap-
pus double ; the cuter of numercus very small chafiy bristles;
the inner of numerous elongated bristles—Lerennial herbs,
with alternate or all radical leaves and rather skuwy single heads
of 15to 20 yellow ficwers, en scapes or naked. peduncles.

1. C. Vireinica, Don. Virginian Cynthia.

Smooth and glaucous; stem scape-like, often 2or3 parted, few-leaved; root-leaves —

petioled, lyrate, sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid; stem-leaves lanceolate, clasping, near-
ly entire; peduncles 3 to 5.

Moist banks and low cpen woods. June, July. Stem1 foot or more high, often
2or 5 from one root, divided-into long slender branches, witha clasping leaf at the
forks. Jcads solitary, middle sized-orange yeHow.

63. LEONTODON, L, Juss. Hawxsir.

Gr. leon, lion, and odons, a tooth; in allusicn to the toothed margins of the leaves..

HEADS many-flowered. INvVoLuUcREscarcely imbricated ;
SCALES lanceolate acuminate with several bractlets at the-
base. ACHENIA spindle-shaped, striate, allalike. Paprus
persistent, composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged
and flattened towards the base.—Low and stemless perennials,

with, toothed or pinnatifid reot-leaves and.one or two heads of yellow
flowers borne.on.a scape. | )

-
ee Pe Fe, ae Lee ee

502 soicieiieacs wis COMPOSIT &.

L. AUTUMNALE, L. Autumnal Hawkbit.
Leaves more or less pinnatifid; scape branched; peduncles several, thickened at
fhe summit and furnished with small scaly bracts; involucre ovoid-oblong.

A European plant, naturalized in meadows and roadsides.. July—Sept. Scape
16 to 18 inches high spreading, branched into afew peduncles. Leaves all radical,
epreading, 6 inches long, with deep round sinuses, and covered with remote hairs. -
Heads J inch in diametor, bright yellow, resembling the Dandelion.

64. HIERACIUM, Tourn.. Hawkweep.
Gr. hierak, a hawk, supposed’ to strengthen the vision of birds of prey.
Heaps many-flowered. InvonucrEe more or less imbri-
cated, ovoid; SCALES linear, obtuse. ACHENIA oblong or
columner, striate. Pappus a single row of tawny fragilé
capillary bristles—Perennial herbs, with entire or toothed
alternate leaves, and single or panicled heads of yellow flowers:

1.. H. scAsrum,. Michx.. Rough Hawkweed.
Stem erect, leafy, rough-hairy ; leaves obovate or oval, entire or somewhat den-
Siculate, hairy, the lower narrowed, at the base the upper- closely sessile; panicle
stiff flexuous, at first racemose, at length rather corymbose.

Woods and dry hills. July—Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, round, striate, rather
stout. Leaves subacute, often purplish as well as the *stem. Jnvolucre 40 to 50-
flowered, densely clothed with glandular bristles. Heads large, with yellow flow-~
ers. -Achenia obtuse at apex, bright red, with a tawny pappus.

2. H. Gronovit, L, Gronovius’s Hawkweed.

Siem erect, wand-like, mostly simple,;leafiess and paniculate above, leafy and
hairy below; leaves oblong.and obovate, nearly entire, hairy; tnvolucre and
peduncles sparingly glandular-bristly. - | ae

Dry sterile soil, common. July—Aug. Stem 1 to 4 feet high, furnished with a.
fév leaves below, naked above, and forming a long and narrow panicle. Heads
rather small, 20 to 39-flowered. Flowers yellow. -Achenia spindle-shaped, with :a.
very tapering summit. A

3.. H. venosum, L. Vetny Hawkweed, Rattlesnake-
weed. . | ale |

Stem scape-like, naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above
fato a spreading loose corymb; leaves obovate oblong and lanceolate, entire or eb-
scurely denticulate, hairy on the margin and midrib beneath.’ ee

Dry soil aad pine woods,common. Juns—Aug. Stem 1to 2 feethigh. Radical
igaves spreading on the ground, colored with purple veins. Heads 2)-flowered on
very slender peduncles. Rays rather large for the size of the head, yellow. Bé-

' puted as an antidote for the poison of the rattlesnake.

4. Hs PANICULATUM, L.: Pdnicled Hawkweed.
Stem slender, leafy, paniculate, hairy below; leaves lanceolate, acute at bot
ends, slightly toothed, smsoth; heads in a loose panicle on slender spreading pe-
Guncles; achenia short, not tapering at the summit. .

Damp woods, common. August. Stem.1 to 3 feet high, diffusely branched.
Féaves thin, 2 to 4 inches long.. Heads small, 12 to 20 flowered. Flowers yellow.
Achenta ribbed, reddish-brown... .

65.. NABULUS, Casse.

Mame probably from:the Greek nabla,.a harp, in allusion’ to the lyrate leaves of
| some species. . }

COMPOSITE. 208

Heaps 15to 30 flowered. INVoLucrE cylindrical. SCALES
5 to 14, linear, in.a single row, with a few small bractlets _
at the base. AcH®eNIA linear-oblong, striate or grooved, —
truncate at the apex. Pappus in many -series of yellow
brownish, roughish capillary bristles.—Perennial herbs with
spindle-shuped, bitter tubers, upright leafy stems, with variable leaves
and racemose-panicled, mostly nodding heads, with greenish-wiile
or cream-colored flowers, sometimes tinged with purpk.

+ Involucre smooth or nearly so, 5 to 12-fowered.

1. N. ausus, Hook. White Lettuce, Rattlesnake-root.
? y]

Smooth and glaucous; stem tail; leaves angular-hastate or angulate, sinuate
toothed, or 3 to 5d-cleft; the uppermost oblong and undivided; racemes short,
paniculate; cnvolucre with about 8 scales, 8 to i2-flowered. Var. <Serpentarta is
a form with deeply divided leaves, with their margins often rough-ciliate.

“Woods and hill sides, in rich soils, common. Aug., Sept. Sten 2 to 5 feet high,
gimple or much branched. Heads numerous, in a leose corymbed panicle. Tie
eobucre purplish. Flowers white. Pappus deep cinnamon-color.
Reputed as a remedy for the bite of the rattlesnake.

2. N. atvisstmus, Hook. Fall White Lettuce.
‘Smooth; stem tall and slender, branched; leaves all peticled, undivided, or the
lower 3.to 5-cleft or parted; the lobes or leaves acuminate, repandly toothed o
denticulate ; involucre slender, of 5 scales, 5 to €-flowered; heads insmall axillary
and terminal loose clusters, forming-a long leafy panicle. ri
Rich moist woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, erect. Leaves very
variable, sometimes cordate, deltoid or triangular-hastate, with naked or winged

‘petioles. Heads nodding with yellowigh white flowers, Puppus dirty white, oF
psic straw color.

Achenta yellow.

3. N. Fraserit, DC. ILon’s-foot.. Gall-of-the-earth.
Nearly smooth; stem erect, branched; leaves mostly deltoid, roughish; lower $
to T-lobed, on margined petioles; upper nearly sessile and undivided; involuess
amoothish, of about 8 scales, 8 to 12-fiowered; heads in corymbose panicles. Yar
@Miegifolia has the thickish leaves all undivided and merely toothed.

*Dry sandy or sterile soil. Aug.—Oct. Stem1to4feet high. Leaves very varizg
dle. Involucre greenish or purplish, sometimes slightiy bristly. Flowers creamer
selor, sometimes with atinge of purple. Pappus dull strsw-color.

66. TARAXACUM, Haller. DANDELION.

xr, taraktikos, cathartic; on account of its once celebrated medicinal properties

Heap many-flowered. InvoLucre double, the outer of
short scales; the upper of long linear scales, erect in a single
row. AcHENIA oblong ribbed prolonged into a long beak,
crowned with the copious, white capillary pappus.—Acau-
escent perennial herbs, with radical runcinate leaves and slendeg
naked hollow scapes, bearing a single krge head of yellow fiowers.

1. T. Dewns-Leonis, Desf. Common Dandelion.

Smooth or at first pubescent; leaves unequally and deeply runcinate; outer te»
gplucre scales reflexed. att

Peatures_and.fields, common everywhere. Aprii—Oct. After blossoming the ie

a ee ee ee

&

504 COMPOSITE.

ner involucre closes for a time, the slender beak elonzates and raises up the pappus
while the fruit is forming, the whole involucre is then reflexéd, exposing to the
wind the naked seeds with the pappus displayed in an open globular form. The
eaves are used in spring as a pot-herb. a

67. LACTUCA, "Tourn. “Lerrvcs,
The ancient name of Lettuce, from lac, milk in allusion to the milky juice.

HEADS several-flowered. InvoLucre cylindric; Scatas
imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Reczpra-
CLE naked. ACHENIA flat, obcompressed, abruptly pro-
duced into a long thread-like beak. Pappus of very -soft
and white capillary bristles —Leafy-stemed herbs, with, pani-
cled heads of various-colored flowers.

1. LL. gtoneata, Muhl. Wild Lettuce.

Stem tall and stout; leaves partly clasping, pale beneath; the upper lanceolate
and entire; the lower runcinate-pinnatifid; heads in a long and narrow panicle,
varies greatly. The var. ¢iegrifolid is mostly smooth, with the leaves nearly all
entire and the flowers yellow or bluish. ‘Var. sanzuiner is smaller, mostly hairy,
with the leaves chiefly runcinate, and the flowers variously colored. Gr,

Rich damp soil, hedyes and thickets,common. July—Sept.. Biennial. Stem 2 to
8 feet high, often purple}-bearing a leafless, elongated, sometimes corymbss -spread-

ing panicle of numerous heads of flowers. Carelies yeliew. ‘Achenta oblong, coms
pressed, about the length of the beak.

2. sativa, Ll. Garden “Lettuce. NSallad.

Stem corymbose; leaves suborbicular, those of the stem cordate. A well known
cultivated exotic, with several varieties. The var. capitata has the lesves so thick as
to form heads like the cabbage. .Weads numerous, smail, with yellowish caroilas.
The milky juice contains opium.

68. MULGHEDIUM, Cass.
‘Lat. mulgeo, to -miik.
_ Heaps many-flowered. Invouucre calyculate-imbricate,
the outer scales much shorter than the inner. RECEPTACLE
naked, honey-combed. ACHENIA smooth, compressed, at-
tenuated in a beak.at. the summit, appearing as‘if “a partef

the achenia, and expanded at the apex inte a-ciliate disk,

which bears copious pappus of soft. capillary bristles. —Leafy-
stemmed herbs, with panicled or racemed heads of chiefly blue flowers.

1. M. Acuminatum, DC. Sharp-leaved Mulgedium.
Smooth ; stem panicled above} stem-eqyes ovate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed
merely toothed, sometimes haipy on the midrib beneath, contracted at the bare
into a winged petiole; the lower ones sometimes runcinate or sinuate; heads in a
thyrse-like panicle; peduncles somewhat scaly.

Borders of thickets and shady woods. Aug.—Sept., Biennial. Stem 3 to.6 feet
high, erect, smooth, simple. Leaves 3 to6 iuches long. the lower ones often deltoid-
hastate or truncate at the base, narrowed into winged petiole. “Hads small, not

aing termine! panicles “Seales dark ‘purple. Corolias
jeusuerous, in @ widely SPFeACI” © eel PES ae
biue.

: COMPOSITE. 905

°2. M. FrormanuM, DC. Gall-of-the-carth.
Nearly smooth; stem erect, paniculate above; leaves all lyrate or runcinate, the
divisions sharply toothed; heads in a loose erect panicle.

Rich soil, woods and road sides. July—Aug., Biennial. Stem 3 to 6 feet high,
purplish or somewhat glaucous. Leaves 4 to 8 incher iong, variable in form, the
upper triangular; lower ones petioled. Heads rather small, in an oblong terminal
panicle. Flowers blue. Pappus dirty white. Pursh states that this plant is used

»as a cure for the bite of the rattlesnake, and is known by the name of Gall-of-the-
earth.

3. M. teEvcopHEUM, DC. Tall Mulgedium.
‘Nearly smooth; stem tall, very leafy; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes
runcinate, coarsely toothed, the uppermost often undivided; heads in a large and

. dense compound panicle.
‘Low grounds, common. July—Sept., Biennial. Stem 3 to 12 feet high. . Leaves
5 to 12 inches long, irregularly divided in a runcinate or pinnatifid manner, the ;
“segments repand-toothed, those of the root on long stalks, the upper ones sessile.
-Heads small, with pale-blue or yellowish corellas. .Pappus tawny white. 2

‘69. SONCHUS, Linn. Sow-Tuistxez.

The ancient Greek name.

Heaps many-flowered, dilated at base. INVOLUORE im-
-bricated. REcEPTACLE naked. ACHENTIA flattened lateral-
‘ly, ribbed or striate, not beaked. Pappus of numerous soft
and very white, fine capillary bristles.—Leafy-stemmed herbs,
chiefly smooth and glaucous, with mostly 'spinulose leaves and
_corymbed or umbellate heads of numerous yellow fiowers.

1. §S. oneraceus, L. Common Sow-T histle.

-Stem-leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed, with soft
“gpiny teeth, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricle acute; involucre downy
when young; achenita striate, wrinkled transversely.

Waste places, naturalized. July—Sept. Stem 2 to 4feet high, hollow, angular.

- Leaves apparently clasping, with large retreating lobes at base, wavy and serrated

-in a runcinate manner. «Heads in a somewhat umbelledeorymb. lowers yellow.
Fappus very white and silky. Introduced from Europe.

2. §. asper, Vill. .Spiny-leaved Sow-T histle.

Stem-leaves mostly: undivided, undulate or slightly runcinate, spinulose-toothed,
~eordate clasping ; lower ones:spatatate or oval; heads umbellate-corymbose; avhenia
=margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth.

Fields and waste places. Aug.—Sept., Annual. Stem about 2 feet high, smooth
-or slightly hairy. Zeaves with numerous short, spiny teeth; the uprer ones

-clasping so as to appear. perfoliate. Heads small, somewhat umbelled. Flowers
yellow. Introduced from Europe.
3. S. ARVENSIS, L. ‘Corn Sow- Thistle.

Root creeping; stem erect, smooth; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-tcothed,
-cordate clasping, the auricle obtuse ; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenia trans-
>yersely wrinkled on the ribs.

Near cultivated.greunds. Aug—Sept. Per. Stem angular, about 2feet high.
-Heads large with deep: yellow flowers. Introduced from Europe and sparingly na-

-turalized.
70. TRAGOPOGON, Linn. Saustry.
«Gr. fragos, a rant pogon, a beard; in allusion to the tawny, showy pappus.

906 LOBELIACEE.

INVOLUCRE simple, of many leaves. Reogpracie naked.
Pappus plumose. ACHENIA longitudinally striate, contract-
ed into a long, filiform beak.— Bienniel European herbs, with

dong linear grass-like leaves, and terminal solitary heads.

1. T. porrironius, lL. Salsify. Vegetable Oyster.
Leaves long, linear, undivided, straight ; peduncles thickened upwards; involucre
much longer than the corolla. Stem3 to 4 feet high. Flowers terminal, solitary,
large, bluish purple or sometimes pale straw-color. Native of Europe, cultivated
fer its long tapering root, which is nutritious, and when ‘properly prepared has _@

aaild sweetish taste, similar to that of the oyster.

“7A. CATANANCHE, Linn.
Gr. kata, anagke, from necessity ; it must mecessartly be admired.

INVOLUCRE imbricated, scarious. RECEPTACLE paleaceous.
Parpus paleaceous, 9- leaved ; PALEE awned.— Annual ort-
ental herbs, with alternate leaves, and solitary heads of showy flow~
ess,

1. ©. caervea, L. Blue-flowered Catananche.

Toses linear .and lanceolate, villous somewhat bipinnatifid at base; involuere
seales ovate, mucronate. A handsome annual from South Kurope, 2 to 3 feet

high. Heads solitary, on long peduncles. #lowers blua, ligulate. Coroilas tooth-
edatapex. July—sSept.

OrnpDER 09. LOBELIACEE:. — Lobelia Family.

Flerbs (often with milky juice) with alternate leaves and scattered flowers, an tt
regular monopetalous 5-lobed corolla split down to the base on one side; the 5 stamens
free From the corolla, and united into a tube both by their filaments and their an
ther 5.— Calya-tube adherent to the niet -seeded capsule. BI¥LH1; STIGMA fringed.
SEecps anatropous.

1. LOBELIA, Linn. CARDINAL FLOWER.
In honer of Matthias de Lobel, a Flemish. botanist of the close of the 16th century.

Oaryx 5-cleft, with a short ovoid tube. Corona irreg-
ular, cleft on the upper side, 2-lipped; lower lip 3-cleft, up-
ci) lip of 2 rather erect lobes. Stigma 2-lobed. CAPSULE

?-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top.— Herbaceous

plats, with alternate leaves, and blue, white or red lowers, ¢ in ag
itlary, or terminal, bracted racemes,

* Piowers deep red.

1. L. carpinaris, lL. Cardinal Flower.

Smeothish ; stem erect, ample; pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at both
enda, slightly toothed ; raceme elongated, rather one sided ; pedicels much shortgr
ban the leef-like bracts; stamens longer.than the corolla.

LOBELIACER. QO0F

Low grounds,common. July, Aug. Perennial by offsets. Stem 2 to 3 feet
high, often quite smooth. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 34 to 114 inch wide, usualiy
denticulate. Filcwers few or numerous, in » nodding raceme, very showy, andén-
tensely red. Corolla 114 inch in length:

+* Flowers blue, or white.
2. LL. sypuimirica, L. Blue Cardinal Flower.

Stem erect, somewhat hairy and simple; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, |
slightly toothed, somewhat hirsute; raceme or spike leafy; calyx hispidly-ciliate
with the sinuses reficxed.

Wet meadows and along streams, common. Aug. Per. <A handsome plant, 1
to 8 feet high: Leaves broader at base, acute at each end, pilose: Calyx lobes half
the length of the corolla, the obtuse reflexed auricles shorter than the tube.
Flowers large on short peduncles, each‘solitary in the axil of an cyate-lanceolate
bract. Corolla bright blue or purplish, rarely white. I found the white variety
Seow ine in company with the deep blue in a meadow near Mooresburg, Montour

3. L. puprrutA, Michx. Downy Lobelia.

Jinutely downy pubescent; sfem erect, simple; leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse,
denticulate with glandular teeth; flowers in a one-sided spike, the leafy bracts
ovate, acute, serrate, as long as the flower; calyx hirsute at base the lanceolate
cziate segments as long as the tube of the corolla.

Moist grounds, rare. Aug., Sept. Per. Stem1 to 2 feet high, scarcely furrow-
ed. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and half as wide,.the lower ones broadest towards
the exid, covered with a short down or silky pubescence. Flowers large on very
short pedicels, in a one-sided raceme. Corolla of a bright purplish biue.

4. L. spicata, Lam. Spiked Lobelia.

Somewhat pubescent ; stem slender, and very simple; leaves obtuse, pubescent
nearly entire; radical leaves spatulate or oblong, those of the stem-oblong-lanceo-
late; raceme spiked one-sided, elongated; segments of the calyx subulate, nearly
as long as the tube of the corolla.

Open woods and fields, common. July, Aug. Per. Stem1to2 feet high, few-
leaved, ending in a long wand-like raceme. Flowers numerous, crowded, each ax-
illary to a short bract, pale-blue.

Do. L. inrcata, lL. Jndian Tobacco. LHye-bright.

Hairy; stem low, panicled, branched above; leaves ovate-lanceolate, unequally
toothed, the lower obtuse, sessile; rucemes leafy, somewhat paniculate ; capsule in-
flated, ovoid.. ‘ f

Fields and. woods, common. July—Sept. Bienniel. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, becom-
ing branched in proportion to the luxurience of its growth.. Flowers small, pale
blue, on pedicels much shorter than the pointed bracts; lobes of the smooth calyx
aslongasthecorolla. This plantis much used in the Thompsonian practice of
medicine, and is an invaluable emetis; as well as a'powerful expectorant, seldom
fsiling to give almost instantaneous relief in attacks of croup, asthma, &c.

2. CLINTONIA, Douglass.

CaLyx 5-sepaled, subequal. CoroLLa 2-lipped, lower lip
cuneate, 3-lobed.; upper erect, 2-parted. STAMENS iIncurved;
united into a tube. CAPSULE silique-form, dry, chartaceous,
l-celled, many-seeded, dehiscent by 3 strap-shaped valyes.—
Procumbent annual herbs, with minute leaves and azillary soktary

Jrowers.

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:
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208 ~ CAMPANULACEZ.

1. (©. ELEGANS, Doug. Llegant Clintonia. ~

Smooth; stem slender, angular, sparingly branched; leaves sessile, ovate, 3-yein--
ed; ovary sessile, long acuminate, triangular, contorted, much longer than the
leaves. A beautiful garden annual, native of the Rocky Mountains. Flowers of .
the most intense blue; corolla with a white spotin the middle of the lower lip:

—Orper 60. CAMPANULACEER.— Bell-flower Family,.

Herbs with a milky juice, aliernate leaves, no stipules, and mostly blue, scattered
Jtowers ; the calyx generally 5-cleft, adherent to the ovary ; the regular bell-shaped
corolla 5-cleft, valvate in aestivation ; the 5 stamens inserted with the corolla on the
calyx, free, and usually distinct. StytE 1, beset with collecting hairs above; sTIG=.
M48 20r more. CAPSULE 2 or more celled, many-seeded. -

1. CAMPANULA, Tourn. Beti-rLowrr:

Lat. campanula, a little bell; from the form of the corolla.

CaLyx 0-cleft. Coronna mostly bell-shaped, 5-lobed:
STAMENS 5, seperate, the filaments broad and membranaceous
at the base. Srriamas 8 to 5. CapsuLe 38 to 5-celled,
opening by: lateral valves.—Mostly perennial herbs, with al--
ternate leaves, and terminal spicate, or axillary. flowers. -

1. C. rorunpireriA, L.. Rock Bell-lower. Hair Bell.

\ Sfem slender, branchitig; root-leaves round heart-shaped, crenate, on long peti--
oles; stem leaves linear, narrow, entire, smooth; flowers few,nodding; calyx-lobes-
awl-shaped.

On damp rocks and rocky streams;common. June—Oct. An exceedingly deli--
cate species from 6 to 15 inches high, smooth. The voot-leaves generally decay on
the opening of the flowers, when the specific name appears wholly inappropriate.
Stem-leaves 2 inches long and scarcely a line in width.. Flowers terminal, in a»
loose panicle, bright blue.

2. (C. APARINOIDES, Pursh. Slendér Bell-flower--.

Stem weak, slender, simple, somewhat 3-angled; leaves linear-lanceolate; pedun- -
cles diverging, slender, 1-flowered ; calyx-lebes triangular, half the length of the bell--
shaped corolla.

Bogs and wet meadows, common. July, Aug. Stem 8 to 20 inches high, rough
backwards on the angles, by which it supports itself upright among the grass.
Leaves smoothon the upper surface, denticulate, the margin and veins rough back- —
bet 9 ; Flowers small, nearly white, on thread-like, flexuous peduncles at the. top.-
of the stem.

3d. C. AMERICANA, Li. Aimerican Bell-flower.

Slem tall and wand-like, nearly simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate, accuminate at
both ends, serrate, sparingly hairy, thin, the lower somewhat heart-shaped; flowers
axillary, sessile; style exserted; lobes of the calyx awl-shaped. .

Moist rich soil,common.. July, Aug. A tall erect ornamental species, sometimes~
oultivated, 2 to 3 feet high. , Siem-nearly smooth. Zeaves ending in a long point,
smooth, with fine teeth. Flowers numerous, sessile or on short stalks, one or more
in each axil, forming a terminal leafy raceme or spike, sometimes 2 feet long. ©
Corolla nearly wheel-shaped, gleeply 5-cleft, blue...

CAMPANULACE &. 209°

4. (. pYRAMIDALIS, L: Pyramidal Bell-flower.

Stem upright, elongated, branched below; leaves ovate-cordate acuminate, pe
tiolate; wppper ones lanceclate; peduncies about 3-flowered. Native of France.
Jaly—Sept. A showy perennial cultivated in gardens for its showy bell-shaped
flowers, which are borne on pyramidal branches, rising from the border like a Chi-~
nese pagoda.

mw: MEDIUM, L. Canterbury Bell.

Stem simple, erect, hispid; leaves lanceolate, obtusely serrate; sessile, 3-yiened
at base; flowers erect.. An ornamental biennial from Germany, of the easiest cul-.
ture. Stem 2 to 8 feet high, branched, rough with bristly hairs. Flowers very
large, the base broad, limb reflexed, mostly of a Gcep blue. . Several varieties are
euttivaled with blue, purple and white corollas. Junc—Sept.

6. (CC. persicirotia, L. LPeach-leaved Bellflower.

Stem angular, erect; leaves rigid, obseurely crenate-serrate, radical oblong obo--
vate, stem-leaves lance-linear; corolla larze, broadly-companulate. A beautiful
species, native of Europe, ranked among the most ancient ornaments of the Eng--
lish parterres. Flowers large, blue, varying to white. - June—Scpt.

7. ©. Carparica, Ll. Curpatic Bell-Flower..

Diffuse, spreading; sfem trailing, somewhat angled; eaves heart-shaped, coarsely ©
rerrate, wavy on the margin, with a few scattered hairs on the midrib beneath;
Stowers termimal; célyx-iobes linear-subutate, spreading; stigme 8-cleft, the lobes
spreading. A beautiful perennial, native of the Carpatic Mountains. July—Oct..
Stems prostrate forming dense patches. ZLzaves-1 to 2 inches long, 14 to 1 inch:
wide on petioles Z to 5inches long. Flowers purplish-blue 1 to 144 inch in diam--
eter on peduncles 4 te 8 inchas long..-

2. SPECULARIA, DC-.

Name from Speculum Veneris, the ancient name of one of {he Exropean species, -
CALYX 5- (rarely 3 to 4)-lobed, tube elongated. CoroLia..
wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. SAMENS d, distinct, half as long
as the corolla ; FILAMENTS hairy, shorter than the anthers.
STYLE included, hairy; stramas 3.. CapsuLE clongated,.
prismatic, 3-celled, opening by-3°small lateral valves.—Low
annual herbs, with sessile, axillary and terminal, erect flowers. .

I. 8. perronrata, DC.. Clasping Bell-flower.
Somewhat hairy; leaves roundish or ovate, cordate, amplexicaul, crenaté; flow--
ers sessile, solitary or three together in the axils of the leaves.

Dry hills, or open fields, common. May—Aug.. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, most--
ly simple. ” Leaves clasping by the heart-shaped base, distant, alternate. Flowers.
Smet purple; coroWa with spréading segments; calyx segments acute, lancee--

ate

2. 8S. specutum, L. Venus’ Looking-glass.

Siem diffuse, very tes g¢ ;-leaves oblong-crenate; flowers solitary. July,
Aug. Native of Europe: A*pretty-border flower. Stem 6 to'12 inches high, with.
epreading branches. Flowers blue, axillary; corollu salver-shaped, resembling -
in form, a little round concave mirror. Towards evening the corollas fold up in--
6 a pentagonal figure, enclosing the parts of fructification, and securing from-
the damp.sir oc a are again opened by. the morning sun...

— = SL. ee a,

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:

210 "SRA GE aR.

nants 61. ERICACEE,.- — Heath Family

Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with simple ‘aeriede or opposite leaves, wen ever great
wtthout stipules, and regular flowers or nearly so, the stamens as many or twice as
mony as the 4 to 5-lobed corolla, and inserted with ti.” ANTHERS” 2-celled, mostly ap-
pendaged, opening by chinks or pores. Ovary 4 to10-celled; styng1. Fauireap-
sular, baccate, or drupaceous. RS cae |

Sup-orprn 1. VACCINE A. WuortLeserny La

Ovany adherent. to the tube of the calyx, becoming ; a ber-

ry or drupe-like fruit, crowned with the ae. teeth. . ‘Shrubs.

esith, scaitered leaves.

“ls VACCINIUM, Ginn. WSORTLEBERRY. 3
Catyx adherent to the ovary, 4 to 5toothed. Cororns

eyoid, bell-shaped, urn-shaped or cylindrical, 4 to 5-clef&

STAMENS 8 to ae _ STYLE erect, longer than the stamens.
Berry globose, 4 to 0-(rarely 10)- celled: cells many-secded.—
Shrubs or under-s Hes with scattered eles: solitary or race-
myose, white or reddish jrowers, and succulent. mol -secded
berries. ,

Sec. 1. Garyiussacts, Torr. & Gray. Flowers tm lateral acta racemes. Corelle
B-clet ; stamens 10.

* Leaves thick and evergreen, wot resinous dotted. , ;

1. ¥, BRacHYcERUM, Michx. Box-leaved Huckleberry.

Daw; very smooth; leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed; racemes short and nearly:

possile; pedicels very short; corolla eylindrical-bell-shaped. (Gaylussacia brachyq.
cera, Torr & Gr.)

Hilisides, rare. May—June.. I found this species in the summer of 1850 very =

abundant on a small hill near Bloomfield, Perr y County. Slem 8 to. 12inches high,
with leaves resembling those of the Box. .

+* Leaves deciduous, entire; whole plant more or less resinous dotted.

2. V, FRonDosUM, Willd. . Lhietangics High Blue- ;

berry.
sos branches slender and divergent;. ‘leaves sbovateonbline: obtuse, pale,

glaucous beneath; vacemes slender, loose, with oblong or linear bracts; , Corolle

giobular-bell-shaped. (Gaylussacia frondosa, Torr. & Gr.)

Low sandy woods, common... May—June. .Sarub.3 to 6 feet high, with smooth .

signder branches and-grayish bark. Leaves twice as. longas wide. Macemes lateral,
few-flowered. Flowers small, nearly globose, reddish-white. Berries large, glo-
bose, blue, covered with a. glaucous bloom when mature, swect.

8, V. nesinosum, Ait.. Black Huckleberry, or Whor-.-
deberry.

Much branched, rigid, slightly ere when young; leaves petiolate, oval,
ghiong-ovate or oblong, obtuse, very entire, sprinkled wilh: shining resinous dots;-,

“EBRICACER. OLE.

vacemes short, clustered, one-sided, bracteate; corolla ovoid-conical or at length -
éylindrical, contracted at the mouth, at length open. (Gaylussacia resinosa, Torr. ©

& Gr.)

Woods and swamps, common. May—June. Shrub 1 to 3 feet high, bushy; -
Leaves i to 2 inches long, 14 as wide, rarely acute, shining beneath with resinous
spots, on petioles 1 line in length. Flowers reddish in lateral, dense, corymbose
elusters, small drooping. Cvrolla greenish or yellowish-purple, longer than the
stamens, but shorter than the style. Berries black, globose, without bloom, sweet
aud eatable, ripe in Atigust. °

Szc. 2. Vaccinium proper.. Flowers in solitary clusters or racemes, white er
reddish ; stamens 8 to-10. - -

*% Ovary more or less completely 10-célled by false partitions ; corolla 5-lobad.

4..-V. staAMINEUM, L.. Deerberry. Squaw Huckle- -

berry. White Whortleberry:

Diffusely branched, young branches pubeseent; leaves ovate or oval, acute, very
entire, glaucous beneath; pedicels solitary, axillary, filiform, nodding; corvile
bell:‘shaped, spreading; anthers exserted, with 2 awns on the back.

- Dry woods, common: May, June. Sirub 2 to3 fcet high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches
long, 4 to 14.as wide, mostiy rounded at baszeand on very short petioles. Flowers
en long, slender-pedicels, arranged in loose, leafy racemes. Corolla white, spread-
fmt. Stamens conspicuously exserted, but shorter than the style. Berries large,
gresnish-white, bitter.

_ §.. V. PENNSYLYANICUM,..Lam.. Common Low. S hin-
ang-leaved Blueberry.

Dwarf, smooth; leaves cvste-lanceolate or ovlong-lanceolate; acute at each end,’
minutely serrulate;thin ; corolla short, ovoid-cylindrical.

Thickets and dry hills, in hard soil,common. May. A low undershrub, 6 to 18’
inches high, growing in dense patches. “Branches green, angled, with 2 pubescens.
lines. Leaves sub-sessile, crowed 14 to I ineh long, 14 to 4 wide. Plowers rc ddish-*
white, 4Zinch long, with mostly colored bracts. berries abuncant, large andsweet,;
bluish-biack, somewhat glaucous, ripening early in July.

6. V. conymposum, lL... High Swamp. Whortleberry...

Tall; flowering branches almost leafiess; leaves oblong-oval, rather acute at ezch
end, nearly entire, pubescent when young; racemes short, sessile, bracteate; cerole
evoidscylindrical, |

Swamps and marshy places,common. June. A tall shrub, 4 to § feet high,t
with afew stragling branches, which are green or purplish when young. Leaves
gsmcoth on both sides, (when young somewhat downy on the veins). Micwers nu-
merous, nodding, generally appearing in advance of the leayes, en short bracted
pedicels, crowded rear the summit of the naked branches. Corcila large, inch.
in diameter, purplish-white, contracted at the mouth. Serrieg large, sub-asid,?
eovered with a glaucous bloom; ripening in July and August. — Soa

7. V. ruscatum, Ait. Black Swamp. W horileberry.

Tall; leaves oval obdvate or oblong, downy beneath, and also usually on the
eins above; racemes shorts corolla cylindrical. © ; ;

Marshes, common.* June. Stem 5 to 9 feet high. Leaves:2 to 3 inches long

when full grown, at length thickish and somewhat shining above, but always soft —

aowny underneath. Berry purplish-black, destitute of bloom, erowned with very
eonspicuous calyx-teeth. Gray. This may prove to be'only a variety of V. eorym-
bosum. -
8. Vy vaccin~ans, Solander.. Sugar: Whortleberry.
Low; branches angular, smooth; leaves oval or obovate, acute or rather oby a
‘gexrulate, smooth on both sides, glaueous beneath; racemes very short, eluste
eerelia'sy lindrieal-beil-shaped.. Fee

212 | ERICACE.

Dry hills and open woods, common. May. Sfem 1 to 2 feet high, with numérous
yellowish-green branches. ' Leaves pale and dull, fringed with bristly or glandular
heirs, which tip the serratures. Flowers greenish white tinged, with red, on short
petioles. erries dark blue, glaucous, very sweet, ripening a little later than those
of No. 5. |

9. VY. micustRinuM, Michx: Privet W hortléberry.

Branches angular, erect, slender; leaves-sub-sessile, erect, thick, lanceolate,
mucronate, serrulate, pubescent; fascicles sessile, with short glomerate pedicels; -
eoroNa@ ovoid-oblong. :

Dry woods and mountains. May—June. A small shrub; with straight and-
Siender branches. lowers purplish-red. - Berries~blaek:. Very variable in the
gpape and sizeof the lcayes. ° set .

2. OXYCOCOUS, Pers:.

Gr. oxys, acid, and coccus, a berry. ° 3
CatLyx superior, 4-cleft.. Coro~ua4-parted, with elonga>
ted, revolute divisions. STAMENS 8, convergent. ANTHERS
tubular 2-parted, opening by oblique pores. Ovary 4--
celled, many-seeded.— Slender trailing shrubs, with alternate
evergreen leaves, with-revolate-margins, aud red-acid berries.

1. QO. Macrocarpus, Pers.- Common Cranberry.

-

Stems elongated, creeping, the flowering branches ascending; leaves oblong, ob-*

tuse, glaucous underneath ; peduncles lateral, from the base of the young shoots.

Peat bogs,common. June. Stem creeping, and throwing up short erect branch- -

es. Leaves about 4 jneh long, and nearly 14 wide, rounded at each end, on- verxe

short petioles, obscurely serrulate., F lower’ fiesh-colot ‘ed on slender petioles 14 to
21-inch long, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, the 4 segments refiexed. ;
Berry large, scarlet or purplish, ripe in October. Highly. prized for its fine acid--

feuit
Sup-orDER 2. KRICINEA. Tur Proper Heats FAMILY. -

Ovary free from the calyx. Srxp-coat close and thin,.
rarely loose and cellular.—SArubs or small trees.

Trisz 2. ANDROMEDEA. Fruit a capsule opening:
loculicidally.

* Culys becoming berry-like in fruit and enclosing:the capsule. -

3. GAULTHERIA, Kalm.
Dedicated by Kalni ‘to “ Dr. Gaulthi¢r,” of Quebees

CALYX cylindrical-ovoid, 5-toothed. Coroia ovoid- tubu--
lar, limb with 5 small revolute lobes. STAMENS 10, in-
eluded. CApsuLE depressed, 5-lobed, 9- celled, 5-valved,.

-seeded, inclosed when ripe by the calyx which thicken
coming fleshy, so as-to appear like a globular red berry.—

.
|

ERICACER. 213

Somewhat shrubby plants, with alternate evergreen leaves, and-
axillary, nearly-white flowers, on pedicels which are 2~bracted.

-1. G. procumsBens, L. Creeping Wintergreen. Box-:
berry. Checkerberry.

Stem somewhat creeping, with ascending flowering branches; leaves obovate or-
oyal, obseurely serrate, shinin® ; flowers mostly single inthe axils;‘drooping.

Cold damp woods and mountain sides, common. May—July. Stems slender, 3”

to 5 inches high, extensively creeping on or below the surface, the flowering
branches ascending, simple, leafy at the summit. Leaves thick, acute at each end. -

Corolla white, contracted at the mouth. Frwit having the appearance of a bright”

scarlet berry. The leaves and fruit have the well-known spicy aromatic flavor of*
the Sweet Birch-’-

** Calyx dry and unchanged in fruit.
4,. HPIGEA, Linn. Grounp Laure

Gr: epi, upon, ge, thé earth. -

CALYX deeply 5 parted, with 3 bracts at the base. Coror--
GA salyer-form, with a long.tube, villous within; limb 5--
parted spreading. Stamens 10, with thread-like filaments.
ANTHERS: oblong, awnless,. opening lengthwise. CAPSULE.
o-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded.— Trailing scarcely shrubby:
plants, bristly with rusty hairs, evergreen alternate leaves, and:
pale rose-colored fragrant flowers in axillary, clusters. - ;

1. EK. repens, L. Trailing Arbutis.

Stem prostrate, creeping; leaves roundish-oval and heart-shaped, on slender:
petioles; tube of the corolla-hairy-inside.

Damp woods and north side of mountains; common. - April, May. A small
trailing evergreen, covered with a hairy pubescence in all its parts, 10 to 15 inches *
long. JZeaves 2 inches-long, and 1 to 1144 wide, roundish at the end, abruptly~

tipped with a very short-point-. Flowers very fracrant, white or tinged with. va--

rious shades of red, in small clusters on short staiks.

». ANDROMEDA, Linn...
Named for Andromeda of ancient fable. -

CALYX small, various in. form. 5-(rarely 4)-parted, persis-
tent. Coroupa ovoid-cylindrical, the limb 5-cleft, reflexed..
STAMENS 10, rarely 8, included. CapsuLE 5-celled, 5-.
valved, many-seeded.— Shrubs prostrate or erect, with ever-

green or deciduous alternate leaves, and mostly racemed ore

clustered flowers.

Src. 1. ANDROMEDA. proper. Calyx without bracts. Anthers 2-awned. Leaves:
evergreen. -

1. A. pottronta; L.. Marsh Andromeda. Wild Rose--
mary. Rosemary Andromeda. .

Erect, very smooth; leaves thick, lanceolate or linear, entire, with strongly :re~ :
volute margins, green above, white beneath; flowers on:short naked. peduncles-;

niet § as

ree ae

Se i aah a Sl Ln et Ns EE em Sipe ag ig atlas Puan 0 gc

ay Pesie san” ant:

614 ERICACER.

erowded in a terminal umbel;. corolla globose urn-shaped, much contracted at the
. top; filaments bearded. a Weite fhe

Sides of ponds, and inswamps. May. A beautiful evergreen shrub 1 to 2 feet
high. Leaves very smooth, 2 to 3 inches long, and less than 14 ineh wide, on very
short petioles. Flowers in pendulous clusters. Calyx white, tipped with red.
Corolla rose-colored.

Sze. 2. Leonia, Nuit. Corolla swb-globose ;* capsule with 5 supernumerary valves.
Shrubs with deciduous leaves.

2. As LIGUSTRINA. Muhi. Privet Andromeda:

Pibescent; leaves obovate-oblong; pointed nearly-entire, finely serrulate;: flow
ers in racemes, crowded ina somewhat leafy or naked panicle on terminal branches
of the preceding year; calyx without bracts; capsule globular.’

Swamps. June. A deciduous shrub 4 to 8 feet high, minutely downy when

oung,sometimes rusty. JLeavesabruptly acuminate, paler beneath, 2 to 3 inches

ong, and nearly half as wide, on:short petioles: lowers small, nearly globose;:
white in dense panicles..

Sec..3. CASSANDRA, Don. Calyx with 5 acute sepals and 2 braetlets capsule~
ealves double. Shrubs with-evergreen leaves.

o: A. CALYCULATA, L.. Box-leaved Andromeda:

Erect} leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, sub-revolute, mwearly entire;rusty dotted; bracts
ovate; racemes one-sided, leafy, terminal;.corolla cylindrical-oblong, thé mouth
slizhtly narrowed and 5-toothed ; filaments smooth.

Swamps and marshy places, common. April—May. Shrub 1 to 3 feet high.
#eaves coriaceous, shining, dotted; about 1 inch lon& and 144 wide, those of the
racemes not halfaslarge. lowers numerous, 20 to 30 ineach raceme, white, each
from the axil of a small leaf.

Sec. 4. Huporrys, Nutt. Calyx with 2 bractlets; capsule depresscd-globular.
Shrubs with deciduous leaves.

4; <A. RAcEMOSA, L. Racemed Andromeda.

Nearly smooth; leaves oval lanceolate or oblong, acute, serruiate; racemes erect
or spreading ;’ sepals<ovaté-laneeolate; corolla cylindrical; anthers 4awned at the
summit.

Swamps and wet woods. June—July. A branching shrub 3 to 5 feet high.
Leaves 1 to 2inches long, 14 as wide, minutely notched, veiny, thin. Flowers nue
merous, white, closely set in a simple one-sided spiked raceme, 2 to 6 inches long.
Bracts awl-shaped. Carolla 4 to 5 times as long as the calyx.

Sec. 5. Marra, DC. Culyx without bruactlets; anthers awnless; capsule-walves
simple. Shrubs with deciduous leaves.

o. A. Martana, L. Maryland Andromeda.

Nearly, smeoth; leaves thickish, oval or oblong, entire, paler beneath; flowering
branches nearly naked; calyx leafy; corella ovoid-cylindrical; filaments hairy.

Sandy woods. June. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with very smooth leaves on short
petioles.. Flowers large, nearly 14 inch in diameter, white or pale red, arranged
in umbel-like clusters crowded on leafless branches, from buds developed in the
axils of the deciduous leaves of the preceding year.
- Szo. 6. OxypEenpron, DC Calyx without bractlets, acuminate; capsule pyramidal,
poentangular. Trees with large, acid deciduous leaves...

6. A. ARBOREA. lL. WSorrel-tree. Sour-wood.

Arborescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, petidlate, shining above; corolla
oblong-ovoid, narrowed at the summit, 5-toothed; filaments thickened; capsuse
$-angled.

Bich woods, rare. June—July.. A fine tree, 20 to 60 feet high, trunk 10 to

216

fnches in diameter, with thick and deeply furrowed bark. Leaves 5 to 6 inches
long, and 2 to 3 wide, turning bright scarlet early in autumn. Flowers ‘white,
arranged in slender, somewhat 1-sided racemes crowded in a large terminal pan
‘gle. Bracts minute, deciduous.

6. CLETHRA, Linn. Swser Peprer Busu.
Klethra, the ancient Greek name of the Alder.

Canyx 5-parted, ‘persistent. Coro of 5 distinct obo-
-yate-oblong petals. STAMENS 10, exserted. ANTHERS in-
versely arrow-shaped. FILAMENTS.subulate. Sryue slen-
der. Sriamas 3. CApsuLeE 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seed-
ed, enclosed by the calyx.— Shrubs, with alternate deciduous
eaves, and white flowers in single or panicled racemes.

1. ©. aunrrorra, L. Sweet Pepper Bush. White Alder.

Leaves wedge-obovate, serrate, entire towards the base, smooth, green on both

fides; raceme upright, hoary; bracts as long as the pedicels; filaments smooth.

Wet woods and swamps. July—Aug. Shrub 4 to 12 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3
inches long, 14 as wide above, with a long, wedge-shaped base, tapering into a short
petiole, slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers white, fragrant, in racemes, 3 to 9
inches long; Corolla spreading, about equaling the stamens and-styles.

7. MENZIESIA, Smith.

In honor of Archibald Mensias, companion of Vancouver in his voyage around ths
world.

CaLyx bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Corona globose,
A4-cleft. Stamens 8, included. Frm~aMeEntTs subulate,
smooth. Sria@Ma obtuse. CapsuLEe 4-celled, 4-valved.—
Heath-like shrubs, with evergreen leaves, and mostly solitary
flowers. |

1. M. gropurartis, Salisb. Globose Menziesia.

Branches and pedicels somewhat hairy ; leavcs oval-lanceolate, ciliate, pubescent
except on the veins beneath, with a sharp glandular point.

‘Mountains. June. Shrub 4 feet high. Leavesvery hairy when young. Flowers
yellowish-brown, nodding, and mostly solitary on eaeh terminal pedicel.

ERICACE &.

TrinE 3. RHODORAL. Fruit a capsule opening sepir-
sudally. - .

8. RHODORA, Duhamel.

Gr. rcdon, a rose, from the color of the showy flowers.

‘CALYX minute, 5-toothed, persistent. CoRoLLA irregular
‘and 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-lobed or 3-cleft, the lower 2-
parted or of 2 distinct spreading petals. SrameEns 10, de-
elinate. FILAMENTS unequal. Capsuxe 5-celled, 5-valved,

216 -ERICACER.

emany-seeded, opening at the top.—A ae with deciduous

alternate leaves, and pale purple : flowers.
1. R. Cananensis, L. Jthodora.

Leaves alternate, oval, veiny entire, nearly smooth above, downy beneath ; ; Jlow-
-ers clustered on short peduncles.

~Mountain bogs. ‘April—May. Shrub 2.to2 feet high, with erect branehes; the

~stems clothed with a smooth brown bark, each dividing at top into several erect,

flowering branches. Flowers purple, in terminal clusters of 2 to 5, somewhat
preceding the leaves.

9. AZALEA, Linn.

Gr. azaleos, arid, inappropriate as applied to our species, which mostly grow in wet
places.

CALYX 5-parted, often minute. CoRoLLA funnel-form, 5-
‘lobed, slightly irregular; the lobes spreading. Stam=znsd,
with long exserted filaments, usually declined, as well as the
‘long style. ANTHERS short, opening by terminal pores,
pointless. CAPSULE 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded.— Up-
right shrubs, with alternate deciduous leaves, and large and
‘showy flowers, tn umbelled clusters, from large scaly-imbri-
-cated buds.

* Flowers appearing after the leaves.

A, A. ARBORESCENS, Linn. Tiree Azalea.

‘Branchlets smooth; leaves obovate, obtuse; very smooth on both sides, Shining
above, glaucous beneath, the margins ciliate, flowers in leafy corymbs, not viscid,

Aube longer than the segments; stamens and style very much exserted.

‘Blue Mountains. June. Shrub 3 tol0 feet high, with thickish leaves. Flowers
“Jarge, rose-colored, fragrant. Scales-of the flower-buds large, yellowish-brown with
.® fringed white border.

2. <A. viscosa, L. Clammy Azalea. White Honey-
‘suckle. Clammy Swamp Pink.
Branchlets bristly; leaves obovate and oblong-lanceolate; corolla viscid, hairy;

ealyz-lobes minute.

Woods, common. June—July. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, much branched above,
the branches hispid. Zeaves’1 to 2 inches long and about 14 as wide, smoothish,

- “hispid, ciliate-on the petiole, midvein and margin. Flowers white or tinged with

rose-color, fragrant, in large clusters.
¢% Flowers appearing before or with the leaves.

3. A. NupIFLORA, L. Purple Azalea. Pinaxter-lower.

Branchlets rather hairy; leaves obovate or oblong, downy: underneath; calyz
.€hort; tube of the corolla longer than the lobes; stamens and style much exserted.

Woods and mountains, common. SArub 2.to 6 feet high, much branched above.
Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 1)4 broad, with
ciliate margins. Flowers pale pink or purple, in terminal clusters, appearing a
little before the. leaves. Stamens purple, declinate, twice as long as the corolla.
Style much longer than the stamens, There are numerous varieties, some with 10

‘Or more stamens.

4. A. CALENDULACEA, Michx. Flame-colored Azalea.
:Brenchlets somewhat. hairy; leaves obovate or oblong, mucronate, pubescent.on

~

‘.

ee ‘BRICACEA ; ees Ti

both sides, ciliate on the margin ; ; flowers large in rather naked corymbs, not viseed 5 ’
.calyx-lobes oblong, conspicuous ; stamens and style much exserted.

_ Woods and mountains, southern parts of the State. May. A splendid flowering
shrub 3 to 10 feet high, covered. about the time that the leaves appear with a pro-
fasion of large and showy yellow or orange flowers, usually turning to fiame-color.
Corolla about 214 inches longand 2 wide. Cultivation has ‘produced many varieties,
-from golden yellow to dark er imson, single and double.

0. A. HIspipuM, Torr. Aisped Azalea.
2 “Branches straight, very hisped; leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, hisped |
above, smooth beneath, glaucous on both sides, ciliate on the margin; flowers
very visced, appearing with the leaves; caiyz-tecith oblong, rounded; stamens and

styles exserted. .

Margin oflakes, on high mountains. July, Aug. Shkrubofa biuish appearance,
10 to 15 feet high, very upright. Flowers white, withared border; the tube
-weddish-white. Stamens often 10. Professor Gray considers this scarcely distinet
from A. viscosa

10. RHODODENDRON, Linn. Roszpay.

Rhododendron, rose-tree; the ancient Greek name.

~Catyx o-parted, mostly small. CoroLia somewhat bell-
‘shaped, or partly funnel-form, sometimes slightly irregular,
d-lobed. SramMensS 10, very rarely fewer, commonly de-
clined. ANTHERS opening by 2 terminal pores. CAPSULE
5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded —Shrubs or low trees, with
evergreen entire alternate leaves, and large showy flowers in compuct
terminal corymbs: or clusters from large sccly-bracted buds.

1. R. maximum. L. American Rosebay.

Leaves elliptical-oblong or lance-oblong, acute, narrowed towards the’ base, very
smooth, paler beneath, thick and evergreen; corolla companulate..
Sheded ravines and water-courses,common. July. Shrub6to 20 feet high, with

- crooked stems. Zeaves when young downy, bccoming very smooth when full

-
*

grown, 4 to 10 inches long, thick and leathery, remaining on the stem 2or3 years.
Usrymbs 15 to 20-flowered. Corolla 1 to 2 inches broad, pale rese-color or nearly
“white, greenish in the throat on the upper side and spotted with yellow or reddish.

dil. KADLMIA, Linn. American LAUREL.

Dedicated to Peter Kalin, a pupil of Linnezus.

Catyx 5-parted. CoroLia between rotate and companul-
-ate, 5-lobed, furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10
pve are severally lodged until they begin to shed their

ilen. FinameEnts elastic, thread-form. CAPSULE globose,
‘Becelled, many-seeded.—North American evergreen shrubs,
with naked flower-buds, alternate coriacious leaves, bracted REED
and showy white and red flowers in umbel-like corymbs.

in K. LATIFOLIA, li. Mountain Laurel. —Calico-bush.

Br anches terete; leaves mostly alternate, on long petioles, ovate-lanceolate or.
‘elliptical, tapering at each end, bright-green on both wisless ers terminal,
aaany-flowered, ee. :

918 ERICACE ZH.

Hills and mountains, damp soil, common. June, July. A beautiful shrub 4 to
5 feet high, with irregular branches. Jvaves 2 to 3 inches long, thick, smooth and
shining. Flowers very showy, im spreading corymbs, profuse light or deep rose-
eolor. Oorella 34 to 1 inch in diameter, with a short tube. Leaves poisonous te
some animals. | Thee

2. K. anaustironia, L. Sheep Laurel. —
Branches terete; leaves mostly opposite or in threes, petiolate, narrowly-oblong,
obtuse, pale or whitish underneath, light-green above; corymbs lateral, slightly
glandular, many-flowered; bracts hinear-lanceolate.

Sandy woods and hillsides, common. dune, July. A beautifulshrub 2 to 3 feet
high, upright. Leaves acutely and narrowly elliptic, with rounded ends, 1 to 2
iaches long and 14 as wide, on short petioles. lowers crimson and purple, in
lateral.corymbs, forming a Kind of whorled faseicle around the stem. Corolla 4
to 34 inch in diameter. : AAS

8. K. eravca, Ait. Swamp Laurel.

Branchlets 2-edged; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, oblong or lanceolate, white-
glaucous underneath, with revolute margins; corymbs terminal, few-flowered,
smooth; bracts large. Var. rosmarinifolia, Pursh. Leaves linear, conspicuously
revolute, nearly green beneath.

Cold peat bogs and mountains, common- June, July. A delicate straggling
shrub, about 1 foot high, the branches distinctly 2edged. Zeaves smooth and
shining, about 1 inch long. Flowers pale rose-color, 8 to 10 in each corymb.
Corolla 4 inch in diameter. Calyzred. Bracts 2, concave, obtuse,

12. LEDUM, Linn. Laprapor Tza.

Ledon, the ancient Greek name of the Cistus, transfered by Linneus to this

genus.

CaLyx 5-toothed, very small. CoroLia 5-petaled,
spreading. STAMENS 5 to 10, exserted. ANTHERS opening
by 2 terminal pores. CapsuLeE 5-celled, 5-valved, many-
seeded, splitting from the base upwards.— Low evergreen
shrubs, with alternate entire leaves clothed with rusty wool under-
neath, and handsome white flowers in terminal umbel-like clusters
from large scaly-bracted buds.

1. IL. natironium, Ait. Broad-leaved Labrador Tea.

Leaves elliptical or oblong, revolute on the margin, ferruginous-tomentose be-
neath; stamens 5, sometimes 6 or 7, as leng as the corolla; capsule oblong.

Cold bogs and damp mountain woods. June. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high, with ir-
regular woolly branches. Zeaves 1 to 2 inches long, broad-oblong, obtuse. Flow-
ers in terminal corymbs, white. ‘

2. LL, pALusTRE, L. Narrow-leaved Labrador Tea.
Zeaves linear, revolute on the margin, ferruginous-tomentose beneath; stamen®
16, longer than the corolla.

Swamps. June. A shrub smailer than the last and with narrower leaves
Both species have been used as substitutes for tea, but the latter is considered the
best. ;

SuB-ORDER 3. PYROLEZD. : THE PrroLa FAMILY, —

Ovary free from the calyx. PETALS nearly distinct.

ieee ERICACER.

‘Frurr a capsule—Mosily herbaceous plants, with evergreen
foliage.

18. PYROLA, Linn. Fatsz WINTERGREEN.
A diminutive of the Latin pyrus, a pear, fromthe resemblance of the leaves of
some species.

CALYX minute, 5-parted, persistent. PETALS 5, concave,
deciduous. Stamens 10, with awl-shaped, naked filaments.
Sryxe long and generally turned to one side.. STIGMAS 8.
CAPSULE. depressed-globose, 5-valved from the base upwards,
many-seeded.—Low and smooth perennial herbs, bearing a
cluster of rounded and petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple
raceme of nodding fiowers on an upright scaly bracted scape.

1. P. rorunpironra, L. Round-leaved Wintergreen.

Leaves orbicular, thick, entire or crenulate, usually shorter than the dilated pe-
tioles; raceme elongated, many-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acutish; stigma
clavate.

Damp or sandy woods, common. July. Scape6 to12inches high, many-bracted.
Leaves all radical, 114 to 2 inches in diameter, on petioles about the same length.
fiowers 34 inch broad, nodding, white, fragrant, 8 to 20 in araceme.

2. -P. exuiprica, Nutt. Shin-Lea/.
Leaves elliptical or obovate-oval, usually longer than the margined petiole; ra-
ceme many-flowered, naked or with a subulate bract; ¢alyzx-lobes ovate, acute;
stigma clavate, 5-lobed.

Rich woods, common. June, July. Leaves all radical, membranaceous, finely
serrate, with an attenuated. base much longer than the petiole. Scape 6 to 10
inches high, slender, bearing 8 to 12 greenish-white fragrant flowers.

8. P. cHtorantHa, Swartz. Smail Pyrola.

Leaves small, roundish, retuse, thick, shorter than the petiole ; scape few-flowered,
nearly naked; calyx-lobes very short, obtuse; petals elliptical, converging; stigma
with the disk 5-lobed.

Open woods,comnion. June. Leaves about 1 inch long, varying from orbicular
te broad-ovate, crenulate, smooth, leathery, shining. Seape 6 to 8 inches high, 3
to 8-flowered. Flowers nodding, greenish-white, fragrant, on pedicels 14 inch long;
each in the axil of a very short bract.

4, P. secunpDA, L. One-sided Pyrola.
Leaves ovate, acute, thin, serrate, longer than the narrow: petiole; raceme dense,
many-fiowered, secund; calyz-lobes ovate, shorter than- the oblong petals; style ex-
serted; stigma depresssd, 5-lobed.

Rich woods. common. July. Leaves somewhat raised ona decumbent stem;
about 1 inch long, and petioles about the same length. Scape 3 to6 inche ~
high, with the flowers:ail turned to oneside. Flowers greenish-whitie..

d. P. minor, L. Lesser Pyrola.
Leaves roundish, slightly crenulate, mostly longer than the margined petioles:
raceme spiked; bracts as long as the pedicels; calyx-lobes very short; corolla glo-
bose; style included ; stigma 5-lobed. ‘

Base of mountains, rare. July. Leaves on short petioles, mucronate at the-
spex. Acape angular, 5 to 10 inches high. Flowers- small; white or rose-color..

920 , “ERICACER.

14. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Prnsissewa.. "he ao :

Gr. kerma, winter, and phileo, to love. el
Catyx 5-parted, Prtans 5, spreading, concave. Sas
MENS 19. FiLAMENTs dilated in the middle. SryuE very
short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the depressed
summit of the globular ovary. StiaMa. broad and -or-
bicular, the border obtusely 5-toothed. CAPSULE 5-celled,
opening from. the summit. SEEDS numerous.—Low nee
rennial, nearly herbaceous plants, with running underground shoots,
evergreen thick shining opposite o7 whorled. leaves, ana’ fragrant:
white or purplish flowers corymbed:er wmbelled.on-a terminal pe-
dunele.
TY. C. UMBELLATA, Nutt. Prince’s mas Pipsissewa.
Leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acute at the base, in 4sor 63; peduncles

4to7 flowered, corymbed; bracts linear-subulate; style immersed in the ovary.

A beautiful evergreen, common; indry woods. June. Plant 4 to 8 inches high, .
leafy. Leaves in 2 or more irregular whorls, 2 to 3inches long, 14 te 3% wide, re--
motely and distinctly serrate, on short petioles, shining of a. uniform dark green.
color. Flowers light purple on nodding petioles.

2, ©. macuLara, Purshi Spotted Wintergreen.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, remotely toothed, discolored, opposite

or in threes; peduncles corymbose, 1 to 5-flowered; filaments wooly.

Dry woods. June, July. A pretty evergreen 4 to 6 inches high, with leaves 1 to
2. inches long, 14 as wide, marked with a whitish line along the midyein and vein--
lets. Flowers purplish-white, on nodding pedicels.

Sus-ornpern:4. MONOTROPE ZA. Tien Pree Faminy.

—

Ovary free from the calyx.—Lea/fless herbs, destitute of
green.

5: PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Prye-pRops.

Gr. pleron, a wing, and spora, seed; alluding to the singular wing borne by the:
seeds. .

CALYX 5-parted. CoRoLua ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed,
persistent. STAMENS 10; ANTHERS 2-celled, peltate. Srvyim
short; STIGMA 5-lobed. CAPSULE globose, depressed, 5-
lobed; 5-celled, 5-valved. SEEDS very numerous, minute,
with the apex expanded: into a broad reticulated wing.—A:
stout and simple purplish-brown clammy pubescent perennial plant,
with lanceolate scales in place of leaves scattered along the stem, and
whitish flowers in a raceme.

1. P. AnpRomepA, Nutt. Tall Bird’s Nest.
Hard clayey and limestone soils; rare. July. Plant covered with brownish —
viscid hairs. Stem.8 to 24 inches high, straight, simple, grooved, brownish-red or :

ae *
ye ei Z = e : a : y a : = 2
AQUIFOLIACE®. 921

purplish, clothed at the base with imbricated scales, Flowers very numerous, 26°
to 60 ina long terminal raceme, rose-red and -white,.

16. HYPOPITYS, Dill. Prne-sap.:
_ Gr. hypo, under, and pitus, Pine-tree; from the place of its growth.
SEPALS 4 to 5-colored.. Prrats 4 to 5, fleshy, with 4
gac-like necteriferous depression at the base.. STAMENS 8 or
10; AnTHeRS kidney-shaped; FILAMENTS subulate, persis-
tent. SryzLe columner, hollow; stigma: disk-like, with a
bearded margin. CApsuLE ovoid or globose, 8 to 10-grooved,

4. to 5-celled, miny- -seeded.— Parasitic Dns white nae

with scaly roots, simple stems, scales instead of leaves, and. bracted
nacemes of flowers, at first nodding; but in fruit erect.

1. H. ranvernosa, Nutt. Pine-sap. False Beech-drops..
Plant clothed with a velvet-like pubescence; pedicels much. longer than the

flower; capsule globose.

Oak and pine woods.. Plant 4 to 6 inehes high in flower, and sometimes 12
inches in fruit, tawny-white. Flowers 7 to 12 in a terminal raceme, the terminal.
with 5 petals and 10 stamens, the other with 4 petals and $ stamens. The whole.
plant turns black in drying.

17. MONOTROPA, Gron: InpDIAN PIPE:
Gr. monos, one, and tropos, turn; the solitary flower turned to one side.

CAaLyx represented by 2 to 4 scale-like deciduous bracts..
CoroLLA 4 to 5-petaled, persistent, gibbous at the base
STaAMENS 10; FILAMENTS persistent, alternating with 10
reflexed appendages of the torus; ANTHERS short. SrTi@-
MA 5-crenate. CAPSULE 9-celled, many-seeded.—A singu-
lar white fleshy parasitic herb; rising ina cluster from a matted
mass of fibrous roots, with scales like the petals instead of leaves,.
Rearing a solitary flower turned to one side.

kb. M. ontriora, L. Indian Pipe. Bird’s Nest.

Stem short; scales approximate; flowers nodding; fruit erect; stamens 10.
Deep rich woods; common. June—Aug. A small succulent plant from 4 to &
inehes high; white and smooth, becoming purplish-black in drying..

-Orver. 62. AQUIFOLIACER.— Holly Family.

'
Trees or shrubs with alternate or opposite leaves, without stipules, and small azit.
tary 4 to 6-merous white or greenish flowers. CALYx 4 to 5-sepaled, imbricate in

-westivation. CoroLLa regular, 4 to 6 parted or cleft, hypogynous. STAMENs insert-

ed into the tube of the corolla and alternate with its sezments: ANTHERS adnate,
opening lengthwise. Sricmas 4 to 6 or united into one, nearly sessile. Ovary free-
fromthe calyx 4 to 6-celled. Fruit a berry-like drupe, with 2 to 6 stones.or nus.
culeg: SZED saa oe With a minute embryo in fleshy albumen..

ee

Ske a

1. IJLEX, Linn. Hotty.

CaLyx 4 to 5-toothed, persistent. Gonpuna subrotate, 4
to 5-parted. Stamens 4to 5. StiemMaAs.4 to 5, subsessile,
united or distinct. Burry 4 to 5-seeded. — Shrubs or trees,
with alternate spinose dentate leaves, and whitish, mostly perfect
flowers.

Sre.-1. AQuIFOLIUM, Tourn. Leaves evergreen, spiny- toothed,
1.1L opaca, Ait. American Holly.

eaves oval, flat, acute, smooth, margins wavy, armed with scattered spiny teeth;

jlowers in loose clusters along the base of the young branches and from the axils 5

calyx-teeth acute.

Moist woodlands, rare.. June. Am evergreen tree 10 to 15 feet high. Leaves
tough and shining, with rigid spines. Flowers small, white, in scattered clusters,
the fertile ones succeeded by red berries which remain until late in autumn. The.
wood is fine grained and compact, and is employed by cabinet makers and turners.

Sec. 2. Prrvoies.—Leaves membranaceous, deciduous.

2. I. monrana, Torr. & Gr. Mountain Holly.
Tas2s oblong-ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, smooth, closely ap=
proximated on the ends of the branches; fertile flowers on very short peduncles;.
calya-teeth obtuse.

Damp woods, along.the Alleghanies. June. Strub or small tree 6 to 20 feet.
high, straggling. Legves 8 to 5 ‘aches leng, very thin. Fertile flowers perfect, on
short stalks. Steréle flowers, if any, unknown. Nuitlets strongly striate-ribbed on.
the back.

2. PRINOS, Linn. WInNTERBERRY.
The Greek name of the Holly. |

FLOWERS. mostly diccious or polygamous. CALYX mi-
nute, 4 to 6-toothed. CoroLLA somewhat rotate, usually
6-parted. STAMENS mostly 6. OVARY superior, 4 to 6-
eelled. Frurr a drupe, with 6 smooth nutlets— Shrubs.
with aliernate leaves, and inconspicuous flowers.

* Leaves deciduous; fruit bright red:

1. P. verricELuAtTus, L. lack Alder. Winterberry.

Leaves oval, obovate, or wedge-lanceolate, painted, acute.at the base, sharply

serrate, downy on the veins beneath; sterile flowers axillary, subumbellate; Sertile
flowers somewhat clustered or solitary; berry 6-celled, 6-seeded.

Swamps, common. June, July. Shrub 38 to 10 feet’ “high, very. variable in.
foliage, often rugose veiny. lowers numerous, small, white. Hrudét slobose,.
bright scarlet, crowded so: as to-appear in whorls on .the branches, and remaining.
until late in autumn.

2. P. La&vIGATUS, Pursh. Smooth Winterberry.

Leaves lanceolate, pointed at both ends, minutely serrate with appressed hairs,.
shining above, minutely pubescent on the veins beneath; sterile flowers 2 to 5 in:
a cluster, or single on slender peduncles; the fertile mostly single, and on short
peduncles.

“Swamps, along cold streams and mountains. dune. Shrub 4 to 8 feet. high,

EBENACEZ. ee

with grayish and warty branches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 4 tol cae wide, on:
petioles 44 to Linch long.. Flowers mostly solitary, the sterile on pedicels near 1
inch long, the fertile scarcely tyaslong. Berries large red.

*# Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, shining above; frurt black.

8. P. auaBer, L. Ink-berry. Evergreen Winterberry:.
Leaves Beet satake or oblong, somewhat toothed towards the apex, smooth ;
pedicels axillary, of the fertile 1-flowered, the sterile 3 to 6-flowered. at the summit..

Sandy woods. July. Sirub3to4 feet high, much branched. Leaves crowded,
about 114 inch long, broadest abeve the middle.. Flowers white mostly 6-parted.
Bzrries globose, black and shining.

3. NEMOPANTHES, Raf... Mounrarn Howty-

r. nem4d, a thread, pous, a foot, and anthos, a flower; a flower with a filiform pe--
duncle.

FLOWERS polygamo-dicecious. CALYX a minute ring..
PeTats 5, oblong-linear, reflexed, distinct. STAMENS. 9.
OVARY: hemispherical; stiaMAs 3 to 4, sessile. FRuIT a

& to 4-celled globose berry, with 4 to 5 long nutlets.—A
a: with aiternate- entire deciduous leaves, on short petioles, and
solitary flowers on-long and: slender axillary peduncles.

1. N. Canavensis, DO. Canadian Holly.

Eeaves oval, very entire, smooth, mucronate- ‘pointed ; peduncles nearly solitary,—

very long; fruté somewhat 4-sided.

Damp cold woods. May, June... Sirud 4 to 6 feet high, with smooth ash-gray
bark. Leaves about 2 inches long on petioles Yas long. Flowers small, greenish--
white. Serres dry, red.

OrpER 63. EBRNAGHE.—TZhe Hbony Family.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and pelugamous regular flowers which’
have a calyx free from the ovary, the stamens 2 to-4 times as manyasthe-lobes of the
earolla, and the fruit a severat-celled berry. SEDs anatropous, mostly single in each
eell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument; EMBRYO shorter than.
the hard albumen.

tT. DIOSPYRUS, Linn. PersimMon:.
Gr. Dios, pyrus the fruit of Jove.

Diccious. Catnyx 4 to 6-cleft. Corona 4 to 6-lobed..
STAMENS mostly 16 in the sterile flowers, and: 8 inthe fer-.
tile, in.the latter. imperfect; FILAMENTS shorter than the.
anthers. Brrry large ovoid or glebular, surrounded at the
base by the permanent calyx, 4 to 8-celled, 4 to 8-seeded.—.
A large genus of shrubs or trees, mostly tropical, with alternate entire»
leaves and axillary flowers, the fertile awillary and solitary, the
sterile smaller and often clustered.

1. D: Virernrana, L. Common Persimmon..

Zenves. ovate-oblong, nearly smooth, entire; peduncles very short; calyx 4-parted3;

eer

924 PLANTAGINIACEE. >

corolla somewhat bell-shaped; stamens 8; styles 4, 2-lobed at the apex. foe

Woods and old fields, abundant near Liverpool, along the Suspuehanna. June.
A’ small tree 20 to 30 feet high. Leaves 2 to3 inches long, glaucous beneath.
Flowers obscure, pale, yellowish-green, the fertile ones succeeded by a plum-like
fruit, 1 inch in diameter, which is exceedingly astringent when eas golden-yels -
low when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to trost.

Onvze Gt. PLANTACINIACER:

cd

Chiefly stemless herbs, with regular 4-merous spiled flowers, the stamens inserted’
on the tube of the dry and membranaccous veinless monopetalous corolla alternate -
with its lobes ;—-chiefly represented by the typical genus«

I, PLANTAGO, Linn. PLanrain.

The Latin name of the Plantain.

r Browrrs perfect. . CAtivx of 4 imbricated: persistent’
sepals. CoRroLLA tubular, withering on the capsule, the:
border 4-parted, reflexed.. SrAMENS 4, mostly with long
and weak filaments. CapsuLE 2-eelled, 2-several-seeded,

opening transversely so that the top falls off like a lid.—
Acaulescent herbs, with radical: ribbed: hea, and: small. whitish:
jiowers in a bracted spike raised on a naked scape. '

1. P. mason, L. Common Plantain.

Smooth or hairy; leaves oval.or ovate, aacewinat toothed, 5 to 7-nerved, abruptly ®
narrowed into a channelled go e; spike long, eylindrical, densely flowered ;
stamens and style long. ;

Rich moist soil, about footpaths near houses.. June—Sept. Per. MSeape 8 to 12:
inches high, pubescent. Leaves spreading on the ground. coarsely toothed. Sptke.
2-to 6 inches long, close. Flowers whitish. Probably introduced.

2. P. corpaTA, Lam. . Heart-leaved Plantain.
Smooth; leaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped, scarcely toothed, thickish, on:
jong stout petioles; spike very long, at length rather-loose; bracts ovate, obtuse
seeds mostly 4.

Banks of streams, rare. June, July. Per. Scapes stout 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves:
3to 8 inches long, the 6 to 8 ribs or veins confluent below with the thick midrib. .
Flowers in a slender elongated spike, with white corollas.

3, P. LANcEOLATA, L. Le@nce-leaved Plantain..

Hairy or almost smooth; leaves lanceolate, 3 to 5-nerved, entire or nearly £0,-
tapering to each end, on slender petioles, remotely toothed; scape slender, elongated, -
grooved; spike short, ovoid or oblong-cylindrical, very dense; bracts scale-like, .
ovate, pointed; seeds 2.

Dry fields among grass, common: May-—Aug. Per. Scape 12. to 18 inches~
high, somewhat hairy. Flowers whitish, with 2'of the sepals commonly united:
into one. Introduced. ,

4. BP. Vireinioa, L. Virginian Plantain.

Woolly with soft hairs; leaves oblong or lanceolate-ovate, 5-nerved, sparingly —
toothed, or entire, narrowed into a short margined petiole; spike cylindrical,
@ense-flowered above and interrupted and scattered below ; 3 lobes of the corolia in.
Suit inyolute and converging into a sort of beak. .

PLUMBAGINACER. 225) ©

Sandy fields. April—Sept.. Biennial. Scapes 3 to 10 inches high, angular.
Eeaves 2 to 3 inches long, obtuse. Lacs nearly as -long as the calyx. #lowers
yellowish, with the anthers exserted in some specimens, and included ane smail in
others. Seeds oval, concave on the inner face.

5.° P. pustuna, Nutt. Dwarf Plantain.

Minutely woolly; leaves linear-subulate, flat, entire, acute; scape ferete, Aieneer.
longer than the leaves; spike locsely-flowered, the lower flowers dieiees . bracts.
ovate, acute; stamens short.

Dry bare soil and rocky hills. April—Aug. Annual. Scape 2 to 3 inches:
hich, slender. Zcaves crowded, about 1 inch long. Spike 44 to 2 inches long, the-
fiowers interrupted.

Orpzr 65. PLUNMBAGINACE.—Leadwort Family.

Herbaceous plants or undershrubs, with alternate or clustered leaves, somewhat?
sheathed at base, and regular 5-merous flowers, in loose panicles or contracted into:
heads. Catyx tubular, plaited, persistent. CoroLua monopetalous, or of 5 regular
petals. STAMENS 5, opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla. OVAR®:

free, 1-celled, with a-sclitary ovule hanging from-a long cord: which rises from the»

base of the cell. Fruit an utricle.

I. STATICH, Tourn. Sea LAVENDER.>
_ = Gr. statixe, to stop, on account of its astringency.
Catyx funnel-form, 5-toothed. Prrans 5; united af:
base. SramEns 5, inserted on the claws of the petals.
STYLES 5, separate. FRuIT membraneous and indehiscent,.

1-seeded, in the bottom of the calyx.— Salt-marsh perennials,
with, thick and stalked radical leaves, and small flowers loosely:

spiked on the branches of a compound corymb, one-sided, 2~bracted,

1. S. Limonium, L.. Marsh Rosemary.
Leaves obovate-lanceolate or oblong, tipped with a poiat, 1l-ribbed; scape much»
branched, the flowers rather-crowded along the upper side of the spreading
branchlets.

Salt marshes, rare. Aug. Scape about a foot high, with several lanceoiate,.
clasping bracts. Culya pink, hairy along the angles. Corolla pale-blue. Root:

thick and woody, very astringent. Perhaps not a native of this State.

29. ARMERIA, Willd. Turtrr.

CALYX tubular, bell-shaped, 5-angled, with 5 shallow
lobes, plaited. Prraus 5, almost distinct. STAMENS Oy.

inserted on. the base of the petals. STYLES 9, distinct.

Fruit indehiseent, invested by the calyx. = Prcitnials, with
mostly linear radical leaves, and a simple scape. Serene. abowe,,
with the showy rose-colored flowers in a dense head. |

IT. A. vuiearis, Willd. Thrift.

Leaves linear, flat, obtuse; oufer br acts of the involucre ovate, acute, shorter:

than the sheathing appendage at beens base; scape cae smooth. 8 §..

ae ——S Se eee eee

826 PRIMULACER,

Rocky places, rare.. July, Aug. oot large, woody. Leaves 3 to 4 inches long,
and about 14 inch. wide, numerous, crowded. Scape about 1 foot high, bearing a
singular sheath at top. lowers in heads, rose-colored, intermixed: with. scales.
Pursh gives this as anative of this State, while Prof. Gray thinks itis not in-
diginous in the United States. —

_

Orpen 66. PRIMULACEE.—Primrose Family.

Herbaceous annual or perennial plants, with regular perfect flowers, the stamens

_asmany as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely polypetalous) corolla and inserted op-

posite them on the tube. Catyx 4 to 5-cleft, persistent. Stamens 4 to 5, rarely 6 to.
8. StTyLe 1; stigma capitate; ovary. l-celled. CapsuLz 1-celled, with a central:
placenta. SEEDS numerous.

Taise tr. PRIMULEA.—The Primrose Tribe.

Capsule entirely free from the calyx, opening by valves:-

“1. PRIMULA, Linn. Parimrosz.

Lat. primus, first; on account of the early appearance of the flowers of some
species.

Canyx tubular, angled,.d-cleft. Corona salver-shaped,
enlarging above the insertion. of thea stamens, 5-lobed ;
LOBES often notched or inversely heart-shaped. STAMENS
o, included. CAPSULE many-seeded, splitting at the top.
into 0 valves or 10 teeth.—ZLow perennial herbs, with the
verny leaves in a tuft at the root, and mostly simple scapes.
bearing the flowers in an umbel..

CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES..

Tt. P. vungaris, Hads. Common Primrose.
Leaves obovate, oblong, toothed, rugose, villous beneath; wmbel radical; flewer
stalks as long as the leaves; corona flat. Native of Europe. A beautiful garden’
plant, cultivated and highly esteemed for its early flowering, in the numerous va-

' rieties there are some with red, pink, white, orange, and purple flowers, and in

some instances the umbels are ona scape. The roots and seeds smell of anise seed.
April.
2..-P. veris, Cam. Cowstip:
Leaves toothed, rugose, hairy beneath; wmbels many-flowered; flowers all nod-
ding; corolla concave. Native of Britain. Flowers yellow. The plant smells
atrongly of anise. Its varieties may be increased by raising from the seeds.

38. ~P. evatior, Jacq: Oxlip Primrose. Polyanthus.

Leaves toothed, rugose, hairy on each side; wmbcl many-flowered, with the outer
flowers nodding; corolla flat. Native of Britain. This isthe Ozlip from-which all
the varieties of polyanthuses have been grown. The flowers are on a scape from 3
to.9 inches high, yarying from yellow to red, purple and white.

PRIMULACE. 297

2. DODECATHEON, Linn. American Cows.ip.

Gr. dodelea, ‘twelve, theot, gods; alluding to its curious flowers whieh are about 12.

‘* Catyx deeply 5-cleft; the divisions lanceolate, reflexed.
CoROLLA with avery short tube, and rotate, 5-parted limb,
with reflexed long and narrow segments. STAMENS 9, In-
serted into the throat of the corolla; FILAMENTS short,
monodelphous at the base, with long and linear approximate
anthers. StTyie exserted. CApsuLe oblong-ovoid, 5-valved,
many-seeded.—-Perennial smooth herbs, with jibrous roots,
radical oblong or spatulate leaves, in clusters, and an erect
simple scape bearing a terminal umbel of nodding flowers,
purple rose-color or sometimes white.

1. D. Mepra, L. American Cowslip. Mead’s Cowslip.

Leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, tapering Into amargined petiole, toothed or entire:
wumbel many-flowered; involucre bracts ovate or lanceolate; anthers acute, much

longer than the short filaments.

Rocky places, along the Susquehanna. May. A beautiful smooth plant, with
radical clustered leaves, 5 to 10 inches long, by 1 to 2 inches wide, the margin
eften wavy. Scape 6 to 12 inches high. Corolla white, rose-colored or purple.
Anthers 14 to 4% inch long, yellow, purple at base.

2. D. INTEGRIFOLIUM, Michz. Dwarf American Cowslip,
Leaves ovate or lanceelate, subspatulate, obtuse, petiolate; tnvolucre bracts lances-
late or linear, acute; wmbel few-flowered; jlowe7's erect.

Mountains, rare. June. A much smaller plant than the preeecding. Scape
4 to 8 inches high, thick. Lzaves 3 to 5 inches long, on naked petioles. Flowers
pale-blue, somewhat crowded, on short pedicels. This may prove to be only a va-
riety of the preceding species.

8. TRIENTALIS, Linn. SrarrioweEr.

Lat. triens, the third part of a foot; alluding te the size of the plant.
Catyx mostly 7-parted. CorottA mostly 7-parted,
spreading, flat without any tube. Sramens 6 to8; FILA-
MENTS slender, united into a ring at base. STYLE filiform.
CAPSULE globose. few-seeded.— Low and smooth perennials,
with simple erect stems, a whorl of veiny leaves at the summit,
and a few white flowers on solitary peduneles.

1. T. Americana, Pursh. Chickweed Wintergreen.

Leaves narrow-lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate; petals finely pointed.
Low woeds, rare. May. Stem 6inches high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, €or 7

$n a terminal whorl, with a few minute alternate ones belew. Flowers white on
terminal filiform peduncles.
4. LYSIMACHIA, Linn. Looszsrrire.
Gr. lusts, a release, and mache, strife.

CALYX o-parted. ConRoLLA with a very short tube;

ee a an ae

228 PRIMULACER.
dimb 5-parted. Sramens 5; FILAMENTS often united into
ring at base. CapsuLe globose, 5 to 10-valved, few-many-
seeded.— Perennials with entire opposite or verticellate leaves,
and axillary or racem2d flowers with yellow corollas.

1. L. srricra, Ait. Upright Loosestrife.

Stem erect, smooth; leaves opposite, or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each
-end, punctate; raceme terminal, very long, loose; yedicels long, slender.

Low grounds, common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet hich, often with bulblets
in the axils, at length branched, very leafy. Flowers yellow, on slender pedi
seels in a whoried raceme, 5 to 10 inches long, which is leafy at the base.

2. L. quapriroiia, L.. -Whorled Loosestrife. :

Somewhat hairy; stem-simple ; ‘leaves whoricd in fowrs or fives (rarely 8s or 6s),
-ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, punctate; jlowers on capillary peduncies from the
axils of the leaves. :

Moist or sandy soils, common. June,-July. Siem, 12 to15 inches high, with
‘many whorls of 4 to 5 leaves, each bearing a peduncie about 1 inch Tong in its
-gxil, with a single flower. Corolla yellow, with purple lines. Amihkers purple.

8. L.-cruata, L. Harry-stalked Loosestrife.

Leaves lanceolate-ovate, tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at
4he base, on long petioles; petioles ciliate; peduncles mostly im pairs, 1-flowered ;
flowers drooping; corolla longer than the calyx. ,

Banksof streams and thickets; common. July. S&tem 2 to 3 feet high, square,
‘gparingly branehed. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, on hairy petioles 14 to 2 inches
‘Jong, somewhat cordate at base, the upper ones apparently in fours. Flowers
Jarge, yellow, axillary. Stamens with 5 alternate teeth or rudimentary filaments.

4 WL. wANcroLata, Walt. Lance-leaved Loosestrife. —

Leaves lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base into a short and margined petiole
fringed with hairs, or the upper nearly sessile and linear, the lowest oblong and
gpatulate; peduncles axillary, mostly in pairs, 1-fowered ; corrolla longer than the

ealyx.

Var. 1. hybrida, has the leaves varying from lanceolate to. nearly oblong.

Var. 2. hetérophyla, with the leaves narrow, linear and acute at each end.

Swamps and moist grounds. July. Siem 12 to 20 wches high, sometimes branehed
-at base. Zeaves 2 inches or more long, varying from 44 to linch wide. lowers
‘yellow resembling those of L. cilaia. 3

‘Terps 2. ANAGALLIDE A.—The Pimpernel Prive.

; Capsule free From the calys, opening allreund by a transverse tine, the top falling off

hike a lid.

5. ANAGALIS, Tourn. PrmpErnet. —
Gr. cnagatao, to laugh; on account of its supposed exhilerating virtues.
Cauyx 5-parted. CoroLua wheel-shaped, with scarcely
‘any tube, 5-parted, longer than the calyx. SPAMENS 0;
FILAMENTS hairy. CAPSULE globose, circumscissile, the top
falling off like a lid) many-seeded.—Small spreading pro-
cumbent herbs, with opposite or whorled entireleaves, and sola-
tary flowers on axillary peduncles. a ee

PRIMULACER, | 999

1. A. arvensis, L. Common Pimpernel. Gs Man’s
‘Weather-glass.

Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than the peduncles; sepals linear-Tenc eeolate, about
“gs long as the petals; petals es obtuse, fringed with minute teeth, longer

than the stamens.

Waste sandy fields, introduced from Europe. June—Aug. Siem 6 to 20 inches
long, with elongated branches, or simple. TZeaves'4inch long. Flowers opposite,
pmail but beautiful, with scarlet, sometimes purple, blue or white petals, quickly
closing at the approach of rainy weather; whence the common name of * Poor

Man's Weather-glass.”
Trize 3. SAMOLEA.—The Water Pimpernel Tribe.
‘Capsule half adherent to the calyx.

‘6. SAMOLUS, Linn. WaATER-PIMPERNEL.

From Samos, the island where the original species was first found,

Catyx 5-cleft, the tube adherent to the base of the ovary.
COROLLA somewhat bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with 5 sterile fila-
ments in the sinuses. SrTaMENs 5, included, on the tube of
the corolla. CApsuLE 5-valved at the summit, many-seed-
ed.— Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small
white flowers in racemes.

1. §. Vateranpi, L. Brook-weed.

Siem erect, subsimple; leaves ovate, obtuse, radical ones on long petioles, upper
“sessile; racemes elongated, loose, many-flowered; pedicels with-a small bract near

“the middle.
Wet gravelly places. July—Sept. Stem 8 tol2inches high, smooth. Leaves 1
‘Sneh long, breadly-lanceolate. Flowers small, white.

Tre 4. HOTTONIEA—The Featherfoil Tribe.
Capsule opening by valves; seeds fixed by the base, anatropous.

7. HOTTONIA, Linn. Featuenrott.

CALYx 5-parted, the divisions linear. CoRoLLA ‘salvér-
‘form, with a short tube; the limb 5-parted. Sramens 5,
included. CAPSULE 5-valved, many-seeded. ‘SEEDS at-
tached by their base.— Aquatic perennials, with pectinate im-
mersed leaves, and white fiowers:whorléd at the joints in a somes
what interrupted raceme torne on hollow nearly leafiess peduncles.

1. H. mruata, Ell. Inflated Feather foil.

-Leaves*dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered on the fioating stems, or
*whorled or crowded at the base of the cluster of peduncles; peduncles inflated be-
‘tween the joints; flowers verticellate, mostly in fours, on short pedicels.

“Stagnent water, ditehes and pools. Jung, July. Stem immersed, thick, round,

.
Ny es FP ae

ae

Os LENTIBULACES.

spongy. Pedunelcs 6 to 10 together, arising in a sort of umbel from the top of the
giem, 8 to 10 inches long. lewers small, white in numerous verticels.

OapEer 67. LEN TIBULACEA. Br paseane Family.

Sma aquatic herbs, with a 2-lipped calyx, and a 2lipped personate corolla, 2 sta-
mens with 1-celled anthers, and a 1-celled ovary with a free central placente, bearing
enatropous seeds.—CoROLLA deeply 2-lipped, spurred at the base in front; the palate
usually bearded. Ovary free. StyLz very short or none. Stigma 1 to 2lipped,
the lowor lip longer and revolute over the approximate anthers. CapsuLz cftem
bursting irregularly. Scares 1-few-flowered.

1. UTRICULARIA, Linn. BLAppERWorT.

Name from utriculus, a little bladder.

CALYX 2-parted, subequal, the dips entire or nearly so.
CoROLLA personate, the palate on the lower lip projecting,
and often closing the throat. .STAMENS 2. STIGMA bile-
biate. CAPSULE globular, I-celled—Immersed aquatic
herbs, eetth axillary. dissected eaves,.mostly bearing little bladders,
which are filled with air and fioat the plant at the time of flowering,
and crect scapes bearing yéllow or purplish flowers.

1. U. ryruata, Walt. Inflated Bladderwort.

Teper leavesin a whorl, floating; leaf-stalks inflated, each into an oblong blaa-
der; lower leaves capillaceous, dissected; scape 4 to 10-flowered; spur conical, %4
es long as the corolla; style distinct.

‘Ponds. Aug. Stem very long, branching, suspended in the water by a single
irregular whorl of 5 or 6 floating, inflated leaves which are oblong, cleft, and pin-

natifd at the end. Flowers large, yellow, an aseape 8 inches long, peduncled,
with sheathing bracts.

2. U. purpurgA, Walt. Purple Bladderwort.

Stem long, floating, branched; leaves whorled along the submersed stems, pe-
ticled, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders; scape assurgent, 2 to 4
fiowered; spur appressed to the lower lip of the corolla and about l4 as long.

Ponds. Aug., Sept. Stem 1to3 feet long. Leaves 1% inches long. Flowers
iolet-purple, with a greenish spur on axillary, solitary scapes 2 to 4 inches long.

o. U. vuuearis, L. Common Bladderwort.

Floating; stem immersed, 2forked ; icaves many-parted, crowded on the long
stems, capillary, bearing many bladders; flowers 5 to 12, on scapes; upper lip of
the closed corrolla, scarcely.longer than the prominent palate; spur onions in-
eurved.

Pools and ponds of deep water; common. July, Aug. Per. Root much
branched. Immersed stems 1 to 3-feet long. Leaves very:numerous 1 inch long.
Flowers 14 to 34 inch broad, yellow, racemed on. scapes 6 to 12 inches long, rising
out of the water.

4, U. cornuti, Michx. Horned Bladderwort.

Stem erect, rigid, 2 to T-flowered ; pedicels-not ‘longer than the calyx; upper Np of
the corolla obovate, entire; lower lip large and PeupeEshepet spur owl-shaped,
turned downwards.

Poet bogs and sandy swamps. June—<Aug. Rompe to'12 inches high, leafiess,

ey ee :
z

Sar ae

OROBANCHACEZE. : O31

but furnished witha few small, distant, ovate, pale scales, and bearing at the ye
2to3 large, deep-yellow ‘crowded flowers.

ORDER 68. OROBANCHACER —Broom-rape Family,

Herbs destitute of green foliage, growing parasitically upon the rots of other
plants, with d:idynamous flowers, @ Lcélled ovary with 2 or'4 parictal placente and
many-secded capsules. CALYx persistent; 4‘%o 5-toothed or parted. Corotia tubular, _
more or less 2-lipped, ringent, persistent. : Sramens 4, more or less dydanamous, in-

-gerted on the tube of the corolla; ANTHERS 2-celled. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed
with along style which is curved at the apex; sTiGMA large.

1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt.. Bezou-prors.

Gr. epi, upon, phegus the beech; because it grows on the roots of that tree.”
ELOWERS moneciously-polygamous, racemose or spiked,
eeattered on the branches. CALYx 9d-toothed. STIGMA cep-
aie, somewhat 2-lobed. CApsuLEe 2-valved at the apex,
with 2 approxima.e placente. on each.—Low perennials, =
lurid yellowish or brownish scales instead of leaves, and simple
branches floriforous their whole length, the upper flowers
sterile, with a long tubulur corollé and long feu and
style ; the lower fertile, with a very short corolla, which seldom

opens, but is forced off fr om. the base by. the gr owt ath the cep-

sule.

1. E. VieGginiana. Bart. —Cancer-root.

Whole plant purplish-brown; stem branched, leafiess; lowers remote, eltérnate.

Common under the shade of Beech-trees, parasitic on their rovis, 6 to 12 i ei
high, much branched, slender, with scattered inconspicuous, scales. Curalix
the upper flowers whitish and purple, 14 inch long, curved, 4+-toothed, the coca hip
* broadest, notched atthe apex, arched. Seeds yery numerous, shining.

2. CONOPHOLIS,: Wallr.. Squaw-roor.

Gr. konos, a fir-cone, and pholis, a scale; the lewer seales covering each other simi_
lar to those of the fir-cone.

Frowers in a thick sealy spike, perfect with 2-bracilets
at the base of the irregular calyx. CoRoLLA: ae, swelled
at the base, 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, notched at the
summit, the lower short, é-parted, spreading. STAMENS
protruded. Sriram depressed. CAPpsuLE with 4 placenta, .
approximate in pairs on the middle of each valve.

1. C. Americana, Wallroth. American Broomrape.
Stem simple, covered with hes lanceolate imbricated scales ; spice smooth, termi-
Bal; corolla recurved. (Qrobanche Americana, L.)

Oak woods, growing in clusters among fallen leaves. May, June. A singular
plant chestnut celored or yellowish throughout, 4 to 6 inches high, very smovih.

a ear ae

| 939 BIGNONIACEZ.

3. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Naxep Broomrarpg,.
Gr. a, privative, and phullon foliage, alluding to the naked stalks.

Fiowers perfect, solitary on long naked scapes, without
bractlets. CALyx. 5-cleft, regular. GoRoLLA-TUBE long,.
eurved, with a spreading border, somewhat 2-lipped; the-
upper lip deeply 2-cleft, the lobes similar to the 3 of the-
lower lip. STAMENS included, StigMA broadly 2-lipped..
CAPSULE with 4 equidistant placentze, 2 borne on each.

valve half. way between the midrib and the margin.

1. <A. unrrnora, Torr. & Gr. One-flowered Cancer-root..

Siem subterranean or nearly so, very short, scaly, often branched, each branch:

Sending up 1 to 3 slender l-flowered scapes; calyx-lobes lance-awl-shaped; corolla-

dobes obovate.

Woods. April, ou Hairy, brownish-yellow. Oborolla 1 inch long, tinged and:
edged with purple, with.2 yelNow-bearded folds in. the throat. (Orobanehe uni--
flora, L.)

Onpen 69. BIGNONIACER.—Bignonia Family.

Woody or sometimes herbaceous plants, with monopetalous didynamous flowers, a:
mostly 2-celled ovary and the numerous anatropous seeds with a large flat embryo and”
mo albumen.—CaLyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. CoRoLuA tubular or bell-shaped, -
5-lobed, somewhat irregular and 2-lipped. Sramens 5, inserted on the corolla, 1 or
o Steriie. Ovary free, bearing a long style and a 2-lipped stigma,

SUB-ORDER.I. BIGNONIEA. True Brenonta. FAMILY.
Fruit a Z-valved pod ; seeds flat winged. Trees or woody vines.

1. TECOMA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER.

Abridged from the Mexican name.

Cauyx bell-shaped, 6-toothed. CorouiA funnel-form, 5--

lobed, a little irregular. Sramens 4, didynamous. Cap-

SULE ‘long and narrow, 2-celled, 2- valved, the partition con-
trary to the valves. SEEDS ina single row. in each cell.—
Trees or shrubs, often climbing, with opposite,.digitate or un-
equally pinnate leaves and showy flowers..

1. T. rapicans, Juss; Trumpet Creeper.
Climbing by radicating tendrils; Jeaves unequally pinnate; leaflets 5 to 11, ovate,
pointed, toothed ; flowers in.terminal corymbs; corolia-tube thrice longer than the -
calyx; stamens included.

A splendid climber in woods and thickets, along rivers. June—Aug. Stem 20.
to 80 feet inlength, ascending trees. Leaves 10 to ‘15 inches long; a 2 to 3 by:
ito, 2 inches. | Flowers 1 ye inch long, orange and scarlet showy.

BIGNONIACE.E. 45

2. ‘T. qranprrbora, Delaun. Chinese Trumpet-flower.
Climbing, smooth; leaves unequally pinnate; leajicts 3to 5 pairs, ovate-acum:-
nate, Be crate Demaere: terminal; pedicels nodding, biglandular; corolla-
tubescarcely lonzer than the - -cleft calyx. Native of China and Japan. s%cwers
of a rich scarlet, shorter and broader than in T. radicans.

2. CATALPA, Scop., Walt. Inpran BEAN.
The aboriginal name.

CALYX deeply 2 lipped. CoRoLLA bell-shaped, swelling;
the irregular border 5-lobed, spreading, wavy. STAMENS 5,
but mostly only. 2 of them-anther-bearing.. Pop very long
and slender, nearly cylindrical, 2-celled, the parlitions con-
aoa to the valves. SEEDS ina single row in each cell,
broadly wiaged on each side, the wings cut into a fringe.—-~
Trees with simple opposite or ternate-ver ficellate petiolate leaves ;
and terminal panicles of. white flowers.

1. C. BIGNONTOIDES, Walt. Cuta/jpa-

Leaves heart-shaped, membranaceous, pointed, sees beseath ; flowers in open
ssmpound panicles; calyz-lips mucronate.

Native of the South, but naturalized along: the Schuylkill nest Philadelphia.
June. A well known ornamental tree growing from 15 to 3) fret high, witha
wide spreading top, and comparatively few branehes. Leaves large, heart- shaped.

Flowers white, slightly tinged with violet and dotted with purpte and yellow in
the throat. Pod remaining.on the tree until the following spring, often 1 footlong.

Suzp-onper 1.. SESAMEAN.. Tur SESAMUM EKAMILY.
Pol or fieshy and woody fruit falsely 4 td 5-celled ; seeds wingless.

&. MARTYNIA, Linn. Unicorn Pra

In honor of Prof. John Muri yi of Cambridge, Eng. 1760.

‘Catyx o-cleft. Coronna gibbous, bell-shapeds 5- lobed,
wregular. SrAMENs 5, one sterile, 4 didynamou "Saban:
fleshy, snd with the inner part hoes Fal woody, termi-
nated by a long beak, which at length splits. into 2 hooked
horns, the capsule opening at the apex between the-beaks,
imperfe ctly d-celled. Szxzps several, wingless, with a thicix
and spongy roughened coat.—Low branching annuals, clam-
my pubescent, exhaling a heavy odor, with oppostic, petiolate,
subcordaie roundish leaves, and large racemed flowers,

1. M. prososcrpna, Glox: Crowspur..
Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, or undulate, the upper alternate; flowers on long, -

axillary peduncles; beai's much longer than tue capsule.

Banks of the Susauehanna, near Harrisburg. Ju! ly—Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet hi a.
Corolla large, ¢ Pa a yellow, the limb nearly ag bread as the leaves, tinged or

ws

254 , ACANTHACE.

a ROR ET TT EE rE
spotted with yellow or purple. Stamens bright yellow, exserted. a ene
crested om-one side, with 2 long claws. Bat yeu ? ted Woody endocarp-

Onpzn70. ACANTHACER!,—Acanthus Family.

Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrous stamens, in~-
serted on the tube of the more or less 2-léipped corolla. Fruit an 8-celled and few- -
seeded eapsule. CaAtyx 5-cleft. Corona 5-lobed, subequal. StyLE thread-form. .

STIGMA simple or 2-cleft. CApPsuLE loculicidal; suzps anatropous, supported by.
hooked projections of the placente. _

i. DIANTHERA. Gronove.

Gr. dis, double, and anthera, anther; the separated cells ‘giving the appearance of «
2 anthers.on each filament.

_ CALYX 5-parted.. Coronna:deeply 2-lippeds the upper:
itp erect, notched ; the lower spreading, 3-parted. STAMENS™
2; ANTHERS 2-celled, the cells placed one lower down than.
the other. CapsuLE obovate, compressed, attenuated at
the base, 4.te.5-seeded.— Perennial herbs, growing in water, .
with narrow.and entire leaves, and purplish flowers.in axil-.
lary peduncled spikes or heads...

1. D, Americana, L.. Water Willow.-

eaves linear-lanceolate, elongated; spies oblong, dense, long-peduncled. (Js: -
iets pedunculesa, L.) .

Borders of streams and ponds; commen. July, Aug. Roof.creeping. Stem 3 ~
feet high, simple or. sparingly. branched above. JZeaves.nearly 6 inches long, ..
smooth, wavy, coniracted to a short petiole... lowers pale-purple.

2. DIPTERICANTHUS, Nees. .(RwELiiA, partly, L.) .

Gr. dipteros, 2-winged, and akanthos, the Acanthus; en account of the 2leaved pe- -
duncles. .

CaLyx deeply 5-cleft: CoroLua funnel-form ; the spread- -
ing limb nearly regularly and equally. 5-cleft. STAMENS.
4, included,.didynamous; ANTHERS arrow-shaped; CELLS -
parallel, and nearly equal... CAPsuLE somewhat compressed,
and stalked at the base, 8 to 12-seeded, SrEps with a mu- -
cilaginous coating.—Lerennnial herbs, with ovate or elliptical
. nearly enéire leaves, leafy bracts, and clusiered blue ov purple flowers. .
j. D. srrepmns, Nees:-. Fwo-winged Acanthus.

Somewhat smooth: leaves ovate er ovate-oblong, entire; peduncles axillary, very ~:
short; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, ciliate, spreading, shorter than the tube of the ~
corolla. (Ruellia strepens, Le)

Shady woods. July. Stemi to 2 fect high/often simple, clothed with white--.
btistly hairs. Leaves 114 to 214 inehes long 14 to 4 as wide. Corolla 2 inches long}. ».
beight blueiah-purple, 1 to 112 inc-broad, with long and slender-tube..

»

SCROPHULARIACES. . 235.

3. THUNBERGIA; Linn:.

In honor of Charies Peter Thunberg, Professor of Botany at the University of Upsal. .

CALYX double, 5-cleft, with: 2 bracts. Corouua bell-.
shaped, with an inflated tube, and 5-lobed limb; lobes eAaeh -
SrigMA 2-lobed: CApsutE. globose, beaked, 2-celled.—-
Mostly climbing herbs, with showy axillary flowers:

1. T: anata, L.. Black-eyed Susan.

Stem twining; leaves triangularly-cordate, sinuately toothed, 5-nerved; petioles

winged. July. . Native of the East Indies.: Flowers 1 to. 114 inch broad, pale;-.
buff or orange, with a deep-purple throat.- -

Onpun Til. SOROPHULARIACER.—Figwort Family.

Chiefly herds, with didynamous, diandrous, or- very rarely 5 stamens inserted on ~

Be tube of the 2-lipped or more or less irregular corolla. CALYX of 5 wmaore or less. -
united sepals, persistent. .GvyARy 2-celled, with asingle style. Fruit.a2-celled and 5

Wsually many-seeded capsule, with the placentee in the axis. -

Sup-onpER i. ANTIRRHINIDE®. Tue SnappRaGgon”
FAMILY...

- Opper hp of the corella covering the lobes of the lower im thé bud. Cupsule usually. -

septicidat.

1. VERBASCUM, Linn. Mtnurr.

The ancient Latin name, altered from: Barbascum.

CALYX d-parted. CcroLuaA-d-lobed, open or concave, ro=-.
tate, the lobes nearly equal. rounded. ’ STAMENS D, perfect, -
often hairy, the anterior longer. . Sryue flattened at the apex.

CAPSULE ovoid or globose, many-seeded.— Tall biennial”
herbs, usually woolly, with alternate leaves, and ephemeras -

flowers in terminal spikes or-racemes.

1. VY. Tarsus, L.. Common Multetn
Densely woolly throughcut; stem simple tal) and stout; kaves ovate-oblong, ds -
surrent; flowers in a-prolonged. dense cylindrical spike; lower stamens usualiy ~
beardless.

Fields and roadsides; very common... Yntroduced from Europe. June. Stem 3
to:6 feet high, angular, winged. . "Leaves €tol2incheslong. Flowers yellow in a-
Jong dense cylindric spike.

2. VY. BuarrariA,. L.. Moth Mullein.. -

Green and-nearly smooth; leaves obiong, elasping, crenate-serrate; the radtoad ~
ones petioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped; raceme long: and-:
hoose ; filaments all-bearded. .

Roadsides, common;:. Introduced from Europe. June, July. Stem 2 feet high, ~
angled. Leeves acute, serrate or toothed. Flowers yellow or white, with a ail >

¥

236 ~ SCROPHULARIACE A.

plish tinge, on pedicels-nearly an inch long. Stamens unequal, purplish; the fila-
ments all hairy. — <

3. V. Lycunatis, L. White Mullein.
Clothed with a thin powdery woolliness; leaves oblong, wedge-form, greenish ©
-above; flowers in a pyramidal ‘panicle ; filaments white-woolly.
Old fields, roadsides; rave. Introduced from Europe. July, Aug. Stem 2 tod

feet high, angular. Flowers pale-yellow. €alyx small,-with lanee-subulate seg-
menis.

LINARIA, Tourn... Toap-Fnax:
Named from Linum, the flax, which the leaves of some-species resemble. ~
Catyx 5-parted. CoroLta personate, with the promi-
nent palate nearly closing the throat, spurred at the base-en
the lower side. Stamens 4, didynamous. CAPSULE ovoid
or globose, opening .below the summit by 1 or 2 pores or
chinks, the orifice split-into teeth. SEEDS numerous.—fer/s
with the lower leaves opposite or whorted, the upper alternate,
and solitary, axillary flowers often forming terminal leary
racemes.
1. L. CANADENSIS, Spreng.. Wild Toad-flax.
Emcoth; stem slender, erect, mostly simple, with scattered linear leaves; flowers ~
raécemed, on short pedieels; spur thread-form, curved.”
Low grounds. May—Aug: Annual. Stem about 1 foot high, slender, often -

throwing out suckers at the base, which bear oblong; crowded, mostly opposite or °
whoried leaves. lowers blue, in a slender raceme, variable in size.

2. L. vurearts, Mill. Common Toad-flax.

Smcoth and glaucous; stem erect; leaves alternate, crowded, linear-ianceslate; :
flowers in a dense raceme, on pedicels shorter than the bracts; spur awl-snaped.
Roadsides and waste places; common. June—Oct Per... Stem 1 to 2 feet high,
sometimes somewhat branched. Flowers large and numerous, pale-yellow, with a
deep orange palate, hairy in the throat, ina dense bratteate rack me, rately with 3 to
2 spurs.
3. L. Evatirve, Mill. Sharp-potnted Toad-flax.
Hairy; branehed from the base; leaves alternate, ovate-halbert-form ‘petioled;
flowers axillary, on slender peduncles; spur slender. :
Fields and banks, sparingly introduced. July. Ann. Stem procumbent, 1 te ‘
3 feet high, with spreading branches. Flowers yelow and purplizh, small.

38. ANTIRRHINUM, Linn.. Snap-pRacon. .

Gi. endi; like, rin, a nose; from tHe resemblance of the fowers to ee snout of some
animals.

CALYX 5-sepalled. Coronia gibbous (not spurred) at
base, the upper lip 2-parted, lower 3-parted, closed by the
prominent palate. CapsuLE without valves, opening by 3
pores,—Luropean herbs, with the lower Icaves opposite, the
upper alternate, and showy flowers in leafy terminaLracemes -

é SCROPHULARIACES. O37.

-]. A. masus, L. Great Snap-dragon..

Leaves lanceolate, opposite; flowers in racemes; sepals glandular-hairy, smooth,
laneeolate, acute. A showy garden. flower, ndiive of England. Stem 1 to 2 feet
high. # lowers large, rose-colored, the lower lip white and the mouth yellow, with
& gibbous prominence at the base beneath. There are numerous yaricties with:
scarlet, scarict.and white, and white flowers. June, July...

4. SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. Friewort:.
So called from its supposed virtues in curing scrophula.

Catyx deeply 5-cleft. Corona subglobose; limb con-
tracted, with 2 short lips; upper lip 2 lobed frequently with:
a deslo: or abortive stamen at the summit of thie tube. Cap-
BULE 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded:—Rank herbs, with:
snostly opposite, leaves, and small greenish-purple or luric:
flowers, in loose cymes-forming a terminal panicle.

1. §. noposa, L.. Common Miguwort..

Smooth, tall and branching; Stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, oblong or the upper
lanceolate, acute, cut-serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at the base. (S. lanceolata,
Pursh, S. nodosa, Benth, in DC.)

Woods and hedges; common. June—Aug. Per.. Stem 3to5 fest high. Leaver-

3 to 7 inches long, thin, often long- acuminate. Flowers ovoid ly to 44 inch long,-
purple-brown tinged with green.

- 6}. COLLINSIA, Nutt..
In honor of.Z. Collins of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist.

Catyx deeply 5-cleft. Corona bilabiate, the orifice:
elosed ; upper lip 2-cleft ; lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled.
and sac. like, infolding the 4 declined stamens and style.
CAPSULE slobose, many-seeded.— Slender branehing an-
nuals, with opposite leaves, and handsome flowers ia um-
bel-like clusiers, appearing whorled in the axils of the up-
per leaves.

1. C. Brcotor, Benth. Two-colored Collinsia:

Siem upright; somewhat branched; leaves ovate-lanceclate, remotely serrate or-
nearly entire, sessile with a somewhat heart-shaped base; flowers in axillary ra-

cemes. A pretty annual plant from the Rocky Mountains; common in cultiya--
tion. Stem 4 to 8 inches high, with opposite leaves and branches. Leaves 1 to 2.

nA

inches long, 14 to 34 inch wide, broadest at the base. Flowers showy, 14 to 34.
inch long. Corolia white, the lower-lip a beautiful violet-purple. :

6. CHELONE, Tourn. SNAKE-HEAD.

Gr. kelone, a tortoise; the corolia much resembling in shape the head of that.
animal.

CaLyx.5-sepaled, imbricated. Corona inflated-tubular,

—

O88 SCROPHULARIACE.

with the mouth a little open; upper lip ‘broad, concave,
keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the lower lip
spreading 3-cleft, beardéd in'the throat. Stamens 4, didy-
namous, with a 5th shorter sterile filament; ANTHERS ‘héart-
shaped, ‘woolly. CApPsuLE 2-celled, 2- valved, many-seeded.;
SEEDS wing-margined.— Smooth perennials, with upright
branching stems, opposite serrate leaves, and large white
or purplish flowers, sessile, in spikes or clusters, and closely
imbricated with roundish bracts and bractlets. .

1.. C. cuasra, L. Turtle-head. Balmony Shell-_flower.

Téaves very short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed ; flowers in dense spikes.

Wei places; common. Aug.—Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, simple. Leaves thick,
and soméwhat coriaceous, vurying fr om narrow to yery. broad. lanceolate. Flowers
large, white or reddish. ~:

7. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell.

Gr. pente, five, and sfeman, a stamon; inallusion to the 5th larze abortive stamen..

G anyx 5-parted.. Corouia tubular, more or less inflated,
mostly 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed, andthe ower 3-cleft,
STAMENS 4, declined at the base, ascending above; anda
fifth sterile filament, mostly as long as the others, either
paked or bearded. CApsuLE ovoid, 2-celled, 2-valved.—
Perennial herbs, branches at the base, with opposite leaves,
and showy flowers-in thyrsoid panicles.

1: P. pupescens; Soland: Beard-tongue.-

Somewhat pubescent; radical leaves peticled, ovate or oblong; stem leaves lanceo-
late from a clasping -base, serrate, sometimes entire; flowers lcosely. panicled ;
stertie filament bearded from the top to below the middle.

Hills andviver banks; common. June—Sept. Stem 12 to15inches hich, round,
smooth below, supporting a lcese oppositely branched Dae? of bluish-purpis

flowers. Corclia 1 inch long, gradually enlarged upwards, flattened and L-ridged
on the upper side. Sometimes quite smooth, wicn itis P.lavigatus, Soland, &¢.°

8:. PAULONTA, Siebold..

Gautyx deeply 5-cleft, fleshy. CoroLuA-TUBE long, de-

elinate, enlarged above, Limb oblique, with rounded segments.
SraMENS sy “arched downwards... CAPSULE woody, acumi-
nate ; valves septiferous in:the middle. SEEDS numerous.—
4 magnificent flowering tree, native of Japan, with large
leaves, and large terminal panicles of numerous purplish
flowers.

1: P. mmperiatts, Siebold. Paulonia.

Leaves broad-cordate-ovate, entire or somewhat 3-lobed, villous-canescent on
both sides. smoothish above when full grown. A splendid tree with the abit of

SCROPHULARIACE. 289
Catalpa, recently introduced in cultivation in this eountry! Branches crooked, “
nearly horizontal. Leaves 7 to 20, by 15 or 29 inches, opposite, on petioles.
Panicles large, terminal, many-flowered. Corolla 2 inches long, pale-violet, striped
within, somewhat fragrant. (Biynonia tomentosa, Thunb.)

9. DIGITALIS, Linn. Foxcroyv:.
Eat. digitabulum, a thimble ; from the form of the flowers
‘Catyx 5-parted. Coroxina bell-shaped, ventricose, in 5
subequal lobes. CapsuLz ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, with a
double dissepiment.— Huropean and Asiatic herbs.or shrubs,
culiivated, for ornament, wiih large flowers in showy ra-
cemes.

1. D. purpurza, L. Purple Foxglove.
eaves oblong, rugose, crenate; calyx segments ovate-ovlong; corolla obtuse, up-
per lip entire; peduncles as long as the calyx. Native of Europe. A well known
biennial showy border flower, 2 to 3 fect high, with large, rough, downy leaves.
| F lowers numerous, in a lon, simple spike, large crimson or purplish, often white,
with beautiful spots within. Medicinal.
| 2. D. Granpirtors, Allioni. Great yellow Foxglove.

: Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, veiny, serrulate, amplexi¢aul; raceme tomcn-
: tose, lax; calax segments lanceolate, acute ; corolia ventricose-bell-shaped, segmcnis
broader than long, lowest twice as broad as the lateral. Native of Europe. A pe-
rennial plant 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers 14 inch long, yellow, varying to brownish
| erorange,

| 10. MIMULUS, Linn. Monxey-riowne.

‘Gr. mimo, an ape, on account of the gaping corolla.
3 3

-Oatyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth
cs. CoroELa ‘tubular ; : the upper lip erect or reflexed-
spreading, 2-lobed; the dower spreading, 3-lobed. Srasrens
4. Stiama 2-lpped. CapsunEe 2+celled, many-sceded.—
Prostrate or erect herbs, with square-stems, opposile leaves,
and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary pe-
duncles.

1. M. rincens, L. Purple Monkey-flower.

Erect, smooth; leaves oblong or lanceolate, pointed, serrate, clasping by a-heart-
shaped base; peduncles larger than the flowers. Per.
“Wet places; common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 foet high, somewhat branched.
F lowers pale-purple, ringent. Culysz-teeth acuminate from a broad base.
“2. M. auatus, Ait. Wing-stem Monkey:flower.
Stem somewhat winged at the angles above; leaves oblong-ovate, tapering into a

petiole; peduncles shorter than: the calyx; calyx-lecth:very shert, abruptly pointed.
Per.

Low grounds,rare. Aug. Stem 2 fect high with winged ~angles comin
branched. Flowers pale-blue, ringent.

w

a = I i
)
s ,

the *
Hat Da deah ‘

irk, hy ig mae yee -_—
~<

240 SCROPHULARIACE.

ll. HERPESTIS, Gert.

Gr. herpestes, a creeper; from the prostrate habit of the plants. ©
CALYX 5-parted, unequal. Coronua bilaliate; upper
lip notched or 2-lobed; the lower 3-lobed. Sramuns 4,
didynamous. STYLE concave, dilated or 2-lobed at the
apex. SEEDS small, numerous.—Prostrate or creeping
herbs, with opposite leaves and inconspicuous solitary or
subracemose flowers.

1. H. Monnreria, Humboldt. Wedge-leaved Herpestes.

Smooth, fleshy, prostrate; leaves wedge-obovate, entire or obscurely crenate near
the summit; pedicels as long as the leaves, with 2 bracteoles near the calyx; calyx
segments ovate. Per. :

Inundated banks. Aug. Leaves opposite, thick, somewhat clasping, variable in
ie and form. lowers very small, pale purple, on peduncles aboutas long as the
eaves.

“2. H. micrAntHa, Pursh.

Smooth, prostrate; leaves oval, entire, sessile or clasping, obscurely many-veined ;
pedicels ebracteate, nearly as long as the leaves; corollo scarcely longer than the
ealyx.

Border of pools and rivers. Aug. A minute weed, 2 to 4 inches in length.
Leaves about 14 inch long, 5 to7-veined. lowers yery small, blue.

12. GRATIOLA, Linn. Hepcr-Hysup.
Name from gratia, grace or favor; on account of its supposed excellent medicinal
properties.

CALYX 5-parted; the divisions narrow and nearly equal.
CoroLua tubular subbilabiate; apper lip entire or 2-cleft,
the dower 3-cleft. STAMENS 4, 2 sterile or wanting. STYLE
dilated or 2-lipped at the apex. CAPSULE ovate, 4-valved,
many-seeded.—Low mostly branched and diffuse herbs, with
opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1-flowered peduncles,
usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx.

1. G. Virarntana, L. Common Hedge-Hysup.

Smooth or nearly so; leaves lanceolate,-slightly serrate, narrowed atthe base’
peduncles longer than the leaves; calyz segments linear-lanceolate, equal; stcrile
fllaments nearly wanting. Ann,

Wet places; common. July, Aug. Plant 4 to 6 inches high, branched at base.
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and 1% as-wide,‘sessile. -Cerolla whitish, the tube pale
yellow, often tinged with purple, scarcely 34 inch long. Calyx with 2 linear-lance
-olate bracts, which are rather longer than the sepals.

2. G. MEGALOCARPA, Ell. Large-potnted fledge-Hysup.

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent; peduncles opposite, longer than the leaves;

ealyxs segments linear, as long as the globose capsule. (G. acuminata of Pursh.)
Per.

Ditches and pools. July, Aug. Flowers pale-yellow, large. Capsule largerthan
in any other spccies. |

SCROPHULARIACER. | 24]

13. ILYSANTHES, Raf. (Linpernta, Muhl.)
Gr. ilus, mud, anthos, flower; alluding to their place of growth.

Catyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of the corolla

‘short, erect, 2-lobed, the dower larger and spreading, 8-cleft.

STAMENS 2, fertile and 2 sterile filaments forked, one of the
divisions olandular, the other smooth, acute, or "rarely with

shalf an anther. SrynEe 2-lipped. at the apex. CAPSULE

ovate or oblong, many-seeded.— Small smooth herbs, with op-
posite leaves and small axillary flowers, or the upper racemed.

1. I. GRATIOLOIDES, Benth. False Pimpernel.
‘Much -branched, diffusely spreading; leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, or the

5)
lower obovate, slightly toothed or entire, mostly obtuse, the upper partly clasping;
capsule ovoid-oblong, a little longer than the calyx. Ann. (Lindernia dilatata,
and L. aitenwata of Muhl.)
Low grounds, and along rivulets; common; flowering all summer. Leaves va-
riabie in size, 144 to % inch long. Ovrolla much exserted, nearly 14 inch long,

- bluish-white.

14. HEMIANTHUS, Nutt.

-Gr. hemi, half, anthos, flower; alluding to the uneqally divided ‘corolla.

CaLyx 4-toothed, equal. Coronna 2-lipped; the upper

‘lip very short, entire; lower 8-lobed, the middle lobe long,

spreading. STAMENS 2, anterior, with a scale at the base of

‘the filament. SryLE short. Capsune globular, 1-cell:d,

2-valved, many-secded.—-A smail inconspicuous annual awe
crowded opposite roundish leaves, and minute solitary flowers sessile

an the axils of the leaves.

‘1. H. MICRANTHEMOIDES, Nutt. Creeping Hemianthus.

Creeping and rooting; stem dichotomously branched; leaves’ roundish-ovyate, op-

- posite, crowded, sessile, obscurely 3-veined. :

Inundated banks of the Delaware below Philadelphia. -Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to-2

“inches long, branched.

‘Sup-orper HH. RHINANTHIDE A.

“Inflorescence entirely centripetal or compound. Lateral lobes of the corolla or one of
them outermost in the bud.

15. LIMOSELLA, Linn. Mupworr.
Lat. limus,mud; in allusion to its place of growth.

“CALYX bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Cerorna shortly com-
‘panulate, 5-cleft, equal. SramMENS 4; ANTHERS by con-
‘fluence -I-celled. Styne short, ¢lub-shaped. CAPSULE
. globular, oS many-seeded.— Smad! annuals, growing

a i
Ene Noes

Ta TIO

Ee

ee ee

942 SCROPHULARIACESE,

im mud, creeping: by slender runners, with entire fleshy leaveg in
dense clusters around the simple 1-flowered pedunele.

Ad. L., reEnurFouia, Nutt. Common Mudwort.
Leaves terete, awl-shaped or. thread-form, scarcely dilated at the apex; scepe 1-
flowered, as long as the leaves. kgs
aaddy eheres. Aug. Zearesaboutl inch long. Flowers bluish-white, minuts.

6. “VERONICA, Linn. ‘SrprEEDWERL.

Neme of doubtful erigin.

CALyYx 4-parted. CoroLLa with a 4-cleft spreading
border, lower segments mostly narrow. STAMENS 2, one
each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, exserted. Sryue
entire; STIGMA single. CapsuLE flattened, usually obtuse
or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few to many-seeded:—
Chiefly herbs, with various fuliage, and blue, flesh-color or white
fowers, axillary or racemed. .

* Spikes or raccmcs terminal. Ferennials.
I. V. serpyiuirorma, L. Vhyme-leared Specdwell.

Binch branched, at the bare, low; Uranches ascending, simple; leaves ovate oF
ovieng, obscurcly erenate, smoothish; raceme- elongated, many-flowered ; capsule
inversely heart-shaped, as lomg as the style.

‘Roadsides and fields, common; introduced.ard indigenous. May—July. Stem
pet, 3 to Sinches Icng, scmetimescreepiug. Leaves rather fieshy, 3-veined,
44, to linch long. Corclla scarcely excecding the calyx, olue and white, beautifulby
Fenciled with ;urple lines.

** “piles or racemes axillary. Percnniais.

2. V. scurEnLaTA, Ll, Marsh Speedwell.
Emooth, ascending, slender and weak; ledves sessile, linear, acute, somewhat
tcothed ; racemes very slender, zig-zag, with the flowers few and scaitered; capstae
flat, much broader than long, notched at both ends.

Moist places, common. June—Aug. Plant 8 tol2Zincheshigh. Leaves 2tod
inches long, 14 tor4 inch wide. Flowers flesh-colored or binish, in simple rarely
ecinpound raccmics.

o. WV. AnaGgatiis, L. Water Speedreell.

Smooth, creeping and rcoting at the base, erect above; leaves sessile, mertly
clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire; pedicels
fpreading; capsule orbicular, slightly notched.

Breokg and ditches. Junc—Aug. Stkm1 to 2 fecthigh, sueculent. Leaves 2 to

8 inckes long, 14 to 4 inch wide. Flowers numcrous,,blue or purplish. Coreita
marked with purple lines.

4. V. Americana, Shweinitz. American Brooklime.

€meoth, decumbent at tha bese, then erect; leaves ovate er obleng, mostly, pe-
#cled, acutish, rerrate, thickich, rcmewhat. cordate at base; copstde rounded,
turgid, notched. (V-Beceabunga. American authors.)

Brosks ard ditches; cemmen. June—Aug. Atems 8 to 1S inches high. Leaves

1 to Zinches long, 44 to 34, as. wide. Flewers bive ex bluish-purpls, on raccanes
longer than the leares. .

- SCROPHULARIACES. 943

§. <V. oFFIcinaLis, L. Common Speedwell. Se.

Pubescent throughout; stem prostrate, rooting at the base; leaves obovate-ellip-
tical or wedge-oblong, short-petioled, obtuse, serrate; racemes densely many-flow>
ered; capsule triangular-ovovate, broadly notched.

Dry hillsand woods; common. May—~July. Plant trailing, 6 to 12inches long,
with ascending branches. Leaves mostly elliptical, 1 to 114 inch long. Flowers
pale blue, in long, erect, pedunculate spikes.

#223 Flowers axtilary, sokiiary, scarcely racemed. Annuals. -

6. V. pertarnina, L. Neck-weed.-Purslane Speedwell.

Nearly smooth, ascending, branched; lower leaves petioled, oval-oblong, toethed,

he others sessile, seine obtuse; the upper oblong-linear and entire; capsule or-
bicular, slightly notched.

Cultivated grounds; common . introduced. April—Inne. Plant often branched
from the base, 4 to 10 inches hich: Leaves thickish. Flowers very staall, white

_ ov pale blue, nearly or guitesse gsile.

7. VY. ARvENsis, L. Corn Speedwell.

Simple or diffusely branched, hairy; lower leaves ovate, crenate, peticled; the asp-
perinost sessile, lanceolate, entire; flowers subsessile; capsule inversely. hea
ghaped, the lobes rounded.

Caltivated grounds; common, introdneed. June. Sfem 3 to 8 inches hich

FPhowers on short t peduncles, very smail, pale: blue, beautifully penciled with pur-
ple lines.

8. V. aarustis, L. Meld Speedwell...

" Prostrate, hairy ; leaves petioled, cordate-ovate or round, erenate-toothe® calya-

bobes ovate-lanceolate; peduncles. as. long as. the leaves; capsule nearly orbicular,

sharply notched, few-seeded. .
Sandy fields, introdueed. May—Oct. Stem 3-to4 inches lone round; leafy

> pt.
wh om

pee <)e

branching nearly at the base. Flowers small, light blue or white, veined.

O. V. HEepDERarontIA, L. ILvy-lea ved Speedwell.
Prostrate, hairy; leaves petioled, cordate, roundish, 3 to 5 toothed or lobed;
duncies scarcely longer than the leaves; sepals triangular, sub- “cordate, acute,

length erect; capsule turgid and wrinkled, 2-lobed.

Shady rocks and hills; sparingly naturalized. March—-May. Stem slender. 4
to 10 inches long, diffusely branched. C alyx semewhat 4-aneled in fruit. Cvrells
smaller than the calyx, blue.- -

KEES Mrotics. Perenniaizs

10. V. spreara; fi. Spiked Garden Speedwell.

Breet, tall; leaves petiolate, ovate-oblong or lanceola ate, lower ones obtuse; erenate,
upper acute, crenate-serrate. entire at apex; vaceme most} ly solitary; pedicels much
shorter than the sepals; calyx mostly hoary-pubescent. Cultivated in Farcdeas;
mative of Hurope and Asia. Varietics numerous, with flowers bine, rose-color, ‘&e,

17. LEPTANDRA, Nutt.
Gr. lepios, slender, and aner, andres, aman; in allusion to the stamens.
Catyx 5-parted; segmentsacuminate. CoroLa tubular-
bell-shaped ; border 4-lobed, somewhat ringent, the lower seq-
menis narrower. STAMENS 2, and with the pen Hi length
rach exserted. CAPSULE O ovoid, acuminate, 2 -celled, many-

: ee ee ee See TT

ory

Ln Oe

Ca ae eee

——-

a el ee ine ee le

Bas

SCROPHULARIACE A, :

seeded, opening at the summit.— Tall perennials, with mostly
whorled leaves and dense spiked terminal racemes of white -
flowers. :

i. L. Vireinica, Benth. & Nutt. Virginia Speed well.”
Siem erect ; leaves whorled in 4s to 7s, short petioled, lanceolate, acute or pointed *
finely serrate; spikes panicled, crowded.
Rich moist places, often cultivated. July. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, angular, sim-
ple. lowers nnmerous, white, nearly sessile in long terminal and verticellate,

oo spikes. Cupsule many-seeded. The root is medicinal. Crdver’s.-
*hysic.

18. BUCHNERA, Linn.. Brius-Hearrs. |
In honor of J. G. Buchner,.an early German botanist.

Catyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-parted. Corona:
salver-form, with a straight or curved tube, and a nearly
regularly 5-eleft limb. SrameEns 4, included, approximate
in pairs. Sry ue club-shaped and entire at the apex. Cap-
sule 2-valved, many-seeded.—Perennial. rough-hairy herbs, |
with opposite leaves or the uppermest alternate, and blue - flowers in:
terminal bracted spikes. . :

1. B. Americana, L. Blue-Hearts.

Rough-hairy; stem mosily simple and wand-like; lewer leaves obovate-oblong,
obtuse; upper ones oblong and lanceolate, sparingly and coarsely toothed, veiny ; .
jlowers in an interrupted spike; calyx longer than the bracis.

Moist places. .June—Aug. Siem 1 to 2 feet high. Zeaves 2 to 3 inches long,
very rough, appressed to the stem. Flowers axillary and sessile, blue or purple.

- Corolla 1 inch long, hairy. Stamens inserted 2 in the throat of the corolla and 2 _
in the middle of the tube.

19. GERARDIA; Linn:
In honor of John .Gerard an English botanist. .
Canyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft.. Coronia bell-'-
shaped-funnel-form, swelling above, with 5 more or.less un-.-
equal. lobes, the 2 upper smaller and usually more or less

united. Sramens 4; didynamous, included, hairy. Sryie

elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened at the apex. Car-
sule ovate, pointed, many-seeded.—Lrect branching herbs,
with the stem leaves opposite, or the- upper often alternate, and :
showy purpleor yeilow flowers often in racemes or spikes.

Sec. 1. Gerarpia proper.- Leaves linear ; flowers purple. Annual. .

1. G. purpuREA, L.. Purple Gerardia. -
Upright, with long widely spreading rigid branches; leaves linear,-acute, rough- -
marzined; flowers nearly sessile; calyx-teeth subulate.

Swamps and low grounds. Aug.—Oct. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, rough on the
angles. Leaves 34 to1 inch long, and nearly 14 inch wide, coiled. up im drying.
+ lowers large, axillary, often opposite, purple.

SCROPHULARIACEE., O15

- : a * : Z
- Po a ey ya % Qt . cee
2. G. renurrouta, Vahl. Slender Gerardia.
Miuich branched, very slender, diffuse, nearly smooth; leaves limear, acate; pe
mercies axillary, thread-form, ‘ae than the flowers; calyx teeth short, acute.
Dry woods.common. Jaly—Sopt. Stem Sto 15 inches hich, 4-angled. Leaves
= co ae es } Seas
variable, about 1 inch long, very narrow, entire rough. Corolla 14 to 14 inch
- ae nots say!
long, pale purple, spotted within,-the border much spreading, smooth and near. y
equal... . a
: 4 : = > aaiie 4 ‘ i a Y ee
8 G. seracea, Walt. Setaceous Gerardia.
Very slender; branchlets and leaves setaceous, roughisn; peduncics very much
longer than the leaves; calyx-teeth awl-shaped; capsule ovate, larger than the calyx,
at length execrted.

Dry woods, rare. Aug., Sept. Plant 8 to 12 inches high. | Corolla small j40 1%

a y pas 2°? = oO SE +“

inch long.*. :
Sec..2. Dasystoma, Raf. Leaves rather large; flowers yellow. Perennials.

‘

4, ae FLAVA, LL. Dowhp Ful lse Foxglove.

> 3+ ; + Tt. RTrEaAn
Pubescent with a fine close down: stem tail, mostly simpie; leaves ovate-laneco-

lateor oblong, obtuse, entire, = e lower usually sinuate-tocthed or pinnatifil: pe-
duncles very short: flowers axillary. - :
Woods and rocky places, common. Aug,.- Stem 3 to4 feet hich, erect. Lower

e2tes Variously pinnelit, c cus.or toothed; upper ones very entire. # bowers larce,
vite W, trumpet-si LApecd. +.

a - QUERCIFOLIA, Pursh. Glaucous Fulse Foxgleve.

7 z

Smooth and glaucous, tall, mostly branchin ass lewer leaves twice pinnatifid; the
upper obiong-lanceolate, pinnatifid or entire; pedunclesnearly aslong asthe ealyx;
sabyvz-lobes iinear-ianccolaie, acute, as or 3 the at length infiated tube.

Rich moods: common. Aug... Siem 2 ae feet high. enh larg
brifliant yell ow, cpposite and axillary, Ho ne top of the stem, for
spike. Corolla trumpet-shaped, 2 inches Jeng.

6. G» pepreuLtarREA, L. Bushy Gerardia:
Smocothish or pubescent; much branched ; leaves ovatetanceolate, pinnatifd, the
| #o5es cutand toothed; pedicels longer than the calyx ;. calyz-lobes. toothed, as |
as the hairy tube. .-

a woods; common. Aux. Slem 2 to 3 feet high, very leafy. Leaves a £9 3
inches long, aud 14 to 2 inches wide: 3 8€9? ynents cre mately incised-serraie. Fiewr

“od

yellow, 1 to 114 ineh long, villose. S%3le longer than the stamens.

©
te
U5

Ge

Sic.3. OTopHyLLa, Benth—Upper leaves with a lode at-the base; corcila purple
{rerely white), spuringly hairy inside. Annual? <

7. G. AURICULATA,. Michx.. Auriculate-Gerard aa.
Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, the
dwer entire; the others with an <oblong-lanceviate lobe at the base, en each Side 5
flowers nearly sessile in the axils of the u peer leaves, forming a prolsueres ond i in-
terrupted leafy spike.

Low grounds, rare. Aug., Sept: Stem 9 to 20 inches high. Leaves i toi 4 by
1% to ye of an inch: entire on thé margin, sessile. Corolla purple or rarely w vik e
Dube scent, dilated at the méuth; nearly 1 inch long.

20. GASTILLESA; Mutis. ParntEp-cup..-

=e,

In honer of Custsiejo, a Spanish botanist.

|

‘ : “

CALYx tubular, flattened, ventricose, 2 to 4-cleft. Coror:-
}

LA. 2-lipped ; oes lip. long and narrow, arched, keeled and :
‘2

y EER te ae oe
Je

246 © SCROPHULARIACE2.

flattened laterally, inclosing the stamens. Sramens 4._

CAPSULE ovoid-compressed, many-seeded.— Herbs, with al-

ternate entire or.cut-lobed leaves, the fioral ones dilated, colored and ’

usually more showy than the pale yellow or.purplish spiked flowers. .
1. C. cocernza, Spreng. Scarlet Painted-Oup.

Hairy; stem simple; root-leaves clustered; stem-leaves lanceolate, pinnatifidly in- -.
cised; floral-leaves trifid or incised, colored at the summit; calyx nearly equally 2- .
clefi, the lobes dilated at the apex, nearly: entire the length:of the corolla. Bien. ..

Low grounds: _May, June.. Siem 8 to 16 inches high; simple reddish or purple. |
floral-leaves scarlet towards the summit. Stem-leaves alternate, sessile, with about ~
2, long, linear segments on each side. Flowers inacrowded spike, greenish-yellow.

The ee palens.of Pursh, having the floral-leayes dull-yellow is occasionally .-
found.

21. SCHWALBE M@Gronoy. CHAFF-SEED. .

In honor of Ciristian Schwalbe, a German botanish. «
CaLyx declined, very oblique, tubular, 10 to 12-ribbed, *.
-toothed, the upper rib much smaller, the anterior united -
much bigher than the others. Coroua bilabiate; upper lip -
arched, oblong,-.cbtuse, entire; the dower shorter, erect, 2- .
plaited, with 3 very..short obtuse Icbes:. Stamuns.4, didy-, .
namous, included in the upper lip. Sryie club-shaped atthe ©
apex... CAPSULE oveid-roundish, 2-celled, 2-valved, many- |
seeded. SEEDS winged with the.chaff-like coat.—Perennial °
herbs, with alternate, sessile, entire teaves, and leafy simple stems,. .

terminated by a loose spike of rather large dull yellow fiowers.

“1. 8. Americana, L.., American Chaff-seed.
Minutely pubescent; stem simple, leafy; leaves-ovate or oblong, the wpper-gradu- .
elly reduced into. lanceolate and linear bracts, 3-nerved; pedicels very short, with 2 .-

’ practlets under the calyx.

Wet sandy soil; rare. May—July. Plant 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat, visced -
pubescent. lowers dull purple or yellowish, 1 to 144 inch long. .

292. PEDICULABIS, Tourn.. Lovsewort..

Lat.edicilus, a louse; of no obvious application. | -

Canyx tubular or bell-shaped, unequally 5-toothed or 2- .
lipped. CoroLna strongly 2-lipped; the upper lip arched, .
flattened, often .beaked at.the- apex; the lower erect at. the.
base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed,:commonly spreading. STA-
MENS 4, under thé upper lip. CApsuLE ovate or lanceolate,
mostly. oblique, several-seeded.— Perennial herbs, with chiefly
alternate pinnatifid leaves, and rather large flowers tu terminai
spikes. . ae

1. P. CANADENSIS, L.. Common Lousewort.
_ Uasiry; eteme simple, low;clustercd; wares scattered; the lowest pinnatifidiy-s

aa

——s

VERBENACE. . 947°

parted, the others half pinnatifid; spice short and: dense; calyx split in front,
otherwise nearly entire; obbque; upper lip ef:the: corolla hooded, incurved, 2- -
toothed under tire apex.=

Pastures and low grounds, common. May—July. Piant 5 to 12 inches high,
often several stems from oneroot. Zeaves 3 to 6inches long, by 1 to 2 wide, chicfly
radical. Corolla yellowish and purpie,-in a short terminal spike. Capsule com--
pressed, somewhat sword-shaped.

2:. P. LANCEOLATA, Michz.. Yall Lousewort.
tem upright, tall, nearly simple, mostly smooth; leaves sub-opposite, oblong: ~
lanceolate, double-cut-toothed; spies somewhat crowded; calyx bifid, with round-
ish-ovate segments; upper lip of the corolia truncate at the apex, the lower erect so
as-to nearly close the throat.
Low grounds. Aug., Sent. Stem 1to3 fectthigh. Flowers large, straw-color. .

Calya-loces leafy, crested. Cupsule ovate, scareely longer than the calyx.

~MELAMPYRUM, Tourn. Cow-wHzarT.

Gr: melas; age and -puros,;-wheat;-from the -color of the <seeds,.as they appear
mixed with grain. :

CaLyx tubular, 4-cleft. or 4-toothed. CoRoLLA ringent
or personate; upper lip arched, compressed, with the margins -
folded back, the dower lip somewhat longer, biconvex, 3- -
lobed at. the. apex.. Stamens +,.under the upper lip.. Car- -
SULE compressed, ovate, oblique or -faleate, 2-celled, 1 to 4- -
seeded.— Hrect branching annuals, with opposite leaves, and
solitary axillary, or leafy-spiked flowers.

M. PRATENSE, L..Var.. AMERICANUM. Benth. Cow-wheat.

Lower leaves lance chat or linear-lanceolate; jloral leaves. lanceolate; toothed at

the base; flowers remote, one-sided, axillary.

Dry woods; common. June, July. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, branched above.
Leaves op noite, 1 to 14 by 14 to % inch, the upper ones broader, with setaceous
teeth at the base. Flowers slender, yellowish, the eorolla twice the length of the —
calyx. _

Onper 72. VERBENACER.—Vervain Family.

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular corollas, and
adidynamous stamens, the 1 to 4 celled. fruit, dry or drupaceous usually seperating
when ripe into as many 1-seeded indehiscent.nuilets.. CaLyx tubular 4 to 5-toothed,
inferior, persistent. Corouia tubular, irregularly-¢ to 5-cleft,. deciduous... Szsps
wih little or no albumen.

1. VERBENA,. Linn... VERVAIN..—
The Latin name for any.sacred herb; ‘derivation obseure:

Catyx tubular, 5-toothed, with one of the teeth often
shorter than the others. CoroLus. tubular,. often curved,
salver-form. the border..somewhat unequally 5-cleft. Sra--
MENS 4 (rarely, but 2), included, the upper pair pometimes.s

i en a ie

rev

412 - VERBENACEA.

without anthers, STYLE slender ; “STIGMA capitate. CAP-
SULE seperating into 4 seed-like nutlets.— Herbs, with oppo-

site leaves, and mostly aliernately spicate, —— flowers, rarely
capitate or corymbed. .

TI. V. wasrata, L. Blue Vervain.
Fall; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cut serrate, pe anes, the
lower often lobed and sometimes halbert-form at the base; spikes slender —

densely flowered, corymbed or panitied. Per.

Low and waste grounds; common. -July—Sept. Stem 3 to 4 fret high, with pan-
ichlate opposite branches above.” Leaves rough, opposite. Flowers small, blue,
arranzed in loug, close, imbricated spikes, erect ‘and parallel to each other. ~ Seeds
4. A variety with lance-ovate, or lance-oblong sharply serrate leaves and smaller
flowers is occasionally met with; probably a hybred between this and thenext
species. ‘

€ 2 i fee : % 5 ° :
2. V. URTICIFOLLA,.L: eVettie-leaved Vervain.

‘Erect, somewhat pubescent; leaves oval or oblong-ovate, a2eute, coarsely serrate,
petioled ; spikes very slender, at lenzth much elongated with the flowers remote,
loosely panicled; flowers tetrandrous.

Qld fields and roadsides; common: intvoluced. July—Sept. Per. A roughish,
hairy plant with slender syreading. branches, 2 to 3 feat high... Flowers, white,
ee small, remote, on divergent, slender spikes.

V. spuriA, L. Cut-leaved Vervain.
Siem decumbent, loosely branched, diffuse; leaves sessile, pinnatifid, the lobes
eut-toothed; spies vory slender, loosely panicled; bracts longer than the calyx;
epper stamens imperfect. Annual or Biennial.:

Sandy fields and roadsides; rare. Aug. 2066. Stem square; 1 to 2 feet long; at
tength much branched, half ‘erect, Spiice es 3 to 6 inches long, bearing very smail
purplish-blme or rose-colored flowers, at length scattered on the spike.

4. V. ancustironiaA; Michx. Narrow-leaved Vervain.

Dwarf, erect, mostly simple; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate at the base, re-
mrotely tcothed; spikes solitary, the flowers at first crowded.

Dry hills or sandy fields. Sept. A small hairy species 6 to 12 inches
high, with leaves 3 inches long, and % inch wide. #lowers purplish-blue,larger
than in any of the preceeding species.

5. V. MELINDRES, Lind. Scarlet Verbena.

Stem and branches spreading, h viry ; leaves opposite, obovate or broad-lanceolete.
deeply toothed, rough on the upper side, hairy beneath;. flowers in termina:
branches; culyx hairy, tubular, ha'faslong as thé corrolla.- A beautiful perennial
border flower, native ef Buenos Ayres, blooming all summer, much eultivated ir
houses and conservitories. Flowers of a dazling scarlet, but in the pumerous ¥a-
rieties some are white, lilac, purple, pink and flesh color. Ovrolla with a spreading
limb, the 3 lower.segments larger than the 2 upper ones.

2. PHRYMA,.Linn. Lopsrxn.

CaLyx cylindrical, 2-lipped; upper lip of 3 bristle- bias
shaped teeth; dower shorter, 2-toothed. CoroLua 2-lipped ;
upper lip notched ; lower much larger, 3-lobed. SramEns
4. included. STYLE slender. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruir
oblong, l-celled, 1-seeded.—A perennial herb, with slender

LABIATAE, | 249 }

branching stems, coarsely toothed ovate leaves, and small purplish or
rose color opposite flowers, in clongated and slender terminal spikes.
1; P. Leprosracuya, L. Slender-spifed Lopseed.

Lzaves ovate, acute, coarsely.and unequally toothed, peticled; calyx in fruit re--
fiexed.
Rich sandy woods,common. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, with a few spreading.
branches above. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, thin, on short stalks. Flowers small, -
mostly opposite.

8. LIPPIA, Linn. (ZAPANTA. Juss.)

In honor cf Lippi, an Italian traveler and naturalist.

CALYX. compressed, 2. to 4 parted, 2-lipped. CoroLia-
tubular, strongly 2-lipped; upper. lip. notched; the lower
much longer, 3-lobed. Sramuns 4, included. SryLz
slender; sTigmA’ obliquely capitate.. Fruir 2-celled, 2-.
seeded.— Shrubs or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves, and:
heads of flowers on axillary peduncles.

Il. L.. Nopirtora, Michx. Fog-fruit.

Procumbent or creeping ; leaves wedge-ovate or- oblanceclate, serrate above: pe -
duncles axillary, slender, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of flowers. Per.-

Low grounds. July. Stem 6 to8 inches long, branching. Leaves with con= -
spicuous veins, 1 to 2 inches long, 14 to % as wide, on petioles 14 to 4 inch long.
Peduncles 2 to 3 inches long, bearing ovoid or roundish heads of bluish-white -
flowers. .

OrnpER:73. LABIATH.—Mint Family, .

Chiefly herbs; with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves; more or less 2-lippca
corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a deeply 4-lobed ovary, which forms
in Jruit 4 little seed-like nutlets or achenia surrounding the base of the single style in
the persistent caiyx, each filled with a single erect seed. FLOWERS axillary or opposite,
without stipules. Catyx tubular, regularly 5-toothed or cleft. Urprr i of the.
corolla 2-lcbed or sometimes entire; the LOWER 2-parted. . STAMENS inserted. on the.
tube of the corolla... Styne 2-lebed:at the.apex. .

1. ISANTHUS, Michx. Fause PENNYROYEL:

Gr. isos, equal, and anihos, a flower; referring to the nearly regnlar corolla.

Cauyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-toothed, equal, 10-nerved.
COROLLA nearly regular, 5-lobed; the dobes nearly. equal, .
rounded, spreading. Stamens. 4, nearly equal): erect,.
distant, scarcely as long as the corolla. AcHENIA wrinkled
and pitted. — A low branching clammy-pubescent annual, with
entire leaves, and small pale blue flowers on short axillary 1 to 35
Jiowered peduneles, = ; 3

250 ac) LABIAT,

1: I. cmruneus, Michx. Pulse Pennyroy yel.
Viseid hairy ; lecves oblong-lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved.

A branching leary herb with ‘the aspect of the pennyroyel. Gravelly peaks.
ecmmon. July, Aug. Plant about a foot high. Siem round, slender. Levves 1

inch long, and as wide. Flowers numerous, blue with inciuded stamens. The
whole plant when rubbed, emits a balsamic odor.

2. MENTHA, Linn. Muinv.
Aintha or minthe, an ancient Greek term.

Catyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly
so. CoRroLnLA with a short included tube, the border bell-
sean nearly equally 4-cleft, ihe upper tube broadest, entire

r notched at the apex.. SraAMENS: 4, equal, erect, distant.
ee smooth.—Aromatic herbs, with opposite leases, and

small pale purple or whitish flowers mostly in close clusters, form-

ang axillary capitate whorls, sometimes approximeted in inter rupled
spikes«

* Nearly smcoth ; naturalized. » Perennials. -
1. M. viripis, L. Spearmint. -

Leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanecolate, unequally serrate flowers in approxi-
mate loose pa anicled spikes; calyx somewhat hairy. ‘
Low grounds; perfectly naturalized. July, Aug. Stem 1 tc 2 feet high, branched,

. 4angled. Spikes somewhat panicled, long. coms ored of distinct cymes, apparent)
2 p ig oO PE i

whorled, a little remote from each other. Coralia paie purple. Stylemuch exserted.
2. M. prperivTa, L. Peppermint. -

aves stiooth, petioled, ovate-oblong, acute, serrate; whorls of flowers crowded

in short obtuse spikes, interrupted at the base; calya-teeth hairy.
Low grounds and along breoks; common. Aug. - Stem 1 to 2 feet high, arising
from underground running shcots, branched, often purplish. Leaves da rk green,

sharply serrate, rounded at: the base. . Flowers pale purple. . Medicinal. - Native of
Europe. ;

3S. M.-arvensis, L.. Corn Mint..

Ascending, pubescent; letves ee ovate er oblong, serrate; frowers i in ‘gloHose
remote whorls; calyx mostly hairy.

Fields and hedgerows; common. Jy Stem. stout often erect, about 1 foot
high. Leaves varying .to oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes nearly smooth, 1 to:
2 inches lowe, and 14 as widev ” Flowers small, numerous; pale purpke. Stumens
exserted. The plant when bruised emits ihe. odor of decayed cheese. Native of
Burope.

*% Truly indigenous species. Perennials. -
4.. M. Canapzunsis, L. Wild Mint. Canadian Mint.
Stem low, spreading, whitish-hairy; leaves petioled, oblong, lanceolate or ovak
lanceolate, serrate; jiowers numerous, in seas axillary rlioriss calyx hairy ;

stamens exserted.

_ Moist grounds and shady places; common. gal sept Plant ae. ae
with the odor of. Yennyroyel, 1 to 2 feet highs. Leaves hairy, especialy: ee
tapering to bothends. lowers pale-purple. . :

LABIAT A. : yaa

38. LYCOPUS, Linn. Water Horenounp.
Gr. lucos, a wolf, and pous, & foot; from some fancied resemblance in the leaves.

Catyx obldng-bell-shaped, 4 to 5-toothed. Cororna
bell-shaped, nearly equally 4-lobed, scarcely longer than the
calyx. SramMens 2. distant. AcHENTA 4, smooth, with
thickened margins.—Low perennial herbs, with sharply
toothed or pinnatifid leoves,and dense axillary whorls of small white
jiowers. ‘

1. Ly Vireinicus, Ll. “Bugle-weed.

Smooth; stem stoloniferous at base, smoothish, obtuse 4-angled ;. leaves. oblong or
ovate-lanceolate, icothed, cntire towards the base, short-petioied; calyx-tecth 4,
ovate blunt.

Shady moist places, common. Aug.’ Plint often purplish. ~Sfem 10 to 15 inches

high, often purplish, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves opposite, kavers
white in minute capitate clusters.

2. L. stnvatus, HH. Water Horehound.

Siem erect, sharply 4. angled; leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at both enda,
petioled, the lower ones pinnatifid, the others sinuate toothed, or the uppermost
linear and nearly entire; colyz-teeth 5, spiny-pointed.

Low grounds, common. July, Aug. Smoothish. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. .Flow-
ers in. dense whoris, white, larger than the last.

4. ORIGANUM, Linn. Marsoram.
Gr.¢ros, ammountain, and ganos, delight.

CALYX ovoid-tubular, 5-toothed. CoroLtA somewhat 2-
lipped ; upper lip erect, nearly flat, slightly notched; lower
of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes; tube about as long as the
calyx. STAMENS 4, exserted, somewhat didynamous.— Herbs
with nearly entire leaves, and purplish flowers crowded in cylindrs-
cat-ar oblong spikes which are imbricated with colored bracts.

1. O. vuneaRe, L. Wild Marjoram.

Perenniel, upright,-hairy, branched atthe summit; leaves round-ovate, pethleé,
obtuse, nearly entire; bracts ovate, obtuse, longer than the calyx; spikes roundish,
panicled, clustered, smooth.

Rocky fields and dry banks, sparingiy naturalized. June—Oct. Stem 10 to 18
inches high, purple. Zeaves very slightly serrate, opposite. sprinkled with resinous

dots. Bracts tinged with purple. Flowers pale-purple, in numerous small spikes
which are crowded together so as to form a terminal head.

2. ©. Margorana, Ph. Sweet Marjoram.

Leaves oval or obovate, obtuse, entire, petiolate; hoary-pubescent ; spikes roundish,
eempact, pedunculate,; clustercd atthe ends of the branches; bracts roundish. Na
tive of Portugal. A perennial plant, cultivated in gardens for its pleasant aromatta
flavor, which is employedin various waysasaseagoning. Whole plant soft downy,
lfoot high. Flowers pink. July, Aug.

952, 3 LABIATAE,

5. COLLINSONIA, Linn. Horsz-Baum.
In honor of Peter Collins, of London, a'patron of botany.

Canyx ovate, about 10-nerved, 2-lipped; epper lip 3.
toothed, truncate ; lower 2- toothed. CoROLLA elongated,
expanded at the throat, somewhat 2-lipped, with the 4 upper
lobes nearly equal, the lower larger and longer, toothed or
lacerate-fringed. STAMENS mostly 2, much exserted, di-
verging.— Strongly-scented perennials, with large ovate leaves,

and yellowish flowers on slender pedicels in loose and panicled
terminal racemes.

©. CANADENSIS, L. Common Horse-Balm. MStone-root.

Nearly smooth; leaves broadly ovate, serrate, pointed, petioled; panicle loose,
many-flowered; stamens 2.

Rich moist woods, common. yee ee Stem 1 to 3 feet high, somewhat

branched, 4-angied. Leaves thin, 6 to 8 inches long, and 3 to4 inches wide. Flow -
ers large, greenish-yeHow, exhaling the odor of lemons.

6. HEDIOMA, Persoon. PENNYROYEL.

A Greek name for Mint, alluding to its agreeable odor.

CALYX ovoid-tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the
base, 2-lipped; upper lip 8-toothed; lower lip 2-cleft. Co-
ROLLA 2- lipped; 3. upper. lip erect, flat, notched at the apex ;
lower spreading, d-cleft, the lobes nearly equal. STAMENS 2,
fertile and ascending, 2 lower, sterile flaments or wanting.—

Oo)
Low aromatic plants, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters

of pale blue flowers, somewhat approximated i in terminal leafy ra.
cemes,

Hi. puneciormpes, Pers. American Pennyroyel.

Stem erect, branched, pubescent; leaves ovate or elongated, obscurely serrate,
’ narrowed at the cls petioled; ‘wiorls about 6-fowered; corella about as long as
the calyx.

Open barren woods and dry ficids, common. Juty—Sept. Plant 6 to 10 inches
high, branched above. Leaves opposite, with 1 to 2 teeth on each side. lowers
small, pale-blue, about 3 in each opposite axil. A popular domestic medicinal herb.

7. CUNILA, Linn. Dirtrany.

An ancient Latin name of unknown origin.

‘CaLyx ovoid-tubular, equally 6-toothed, hairy in the
‘throat, about 13-nerved. CoroLma 2- lipped ; upper lip
erect, flattish, mostly notched ; lower lip-3-lobed, spreading.
‘STAMENS 2, erect, exserted, ’ distant. STYLE 2- -parted at
the summit.— Perennial herbs, with small white or purplish
sfloewers in corymbed cymes or close clusters.

LABIATAE, — 253

dees

C. Mariana, L. Common Dittany. :
Stems tufted, corymbosely branched; leaves ovate, serrate, smooth, rounded or
heart-shaped at the base, nearly sessile; cymes peduncled, loosely-eorymbed.
-Dry hills-androcks; common. .July—Sept. Plant 1 foot high, sprinkled: with
resinous and pellucida dots, much branched; branches triangled, purple. Flowers

rose-colored. Samens and style much exserted, of the same hue. ag the corolia.
“Whole plant delightfally fragrant, often uscd as a substitute for tea.

8. BLEPHILIA, Raf.

Gr. blepharts,the eye-lash; in reference tothe hairy-fringed bracts and calyx-teeth.

-CaLyx oveid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, :naked in the
throat. CoRoLLa 2-lipped, inflated in the-throat; upper lip
-erect, entire; dower lip spreading,-3scleft, with the laterai
lobes ovate and rounded. -‘STAMENS 2, ascending, exserted.—
‘Perrennial herbs. with entire or toothed leaves. and small pale bluisi:-
; mers _flowers, crowded in axillary and terminal globose captiate
28Wizer &&.

4. B.-cmsata, Raf. Fringed Blephitia.

‘Somewhat downy; leaves nearly sessile, oblong-ovate, narrowed at the base,
whitish downy underneath; outer bracis ovate, acute, ciliate, colored as long as the
ealyx. ,

Dry open places. July. Stem simple, acutely 4-angled, 2 to 3 feet high, rarely
“with lor 2 spreading branches. Leaves 1 to 234 inehes leng, tol inch wide.
_Llkwers small, numerous, pale purplish.

2. Bb. wirsura, Benth. Harry Blephitia,

‘Whole plant hairy; leaves long-petioled, ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shapad
vat the base; bracts colored, linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the calyx.

Damp woods; rare. July. Stem 2to 3 feet high, with spreading branches, end
mumerousclose whorls. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, on petioles 4 to 14 inch long.
Corclla scarcely 14 inch long, pale purple, with spots ofa deeper hue. Style longer

.than the stamens and corolla.

‘9. MONARDA, Linn. HorsEeminr.

In honor of Mcnardez,an early Spanish botanist.

Catyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly- equal, 5-
toothed. CoROLLa ringent, with a long cylindric tube, up-
per lip spreading, 3-lobed at the apex, the-middle lobe long-
er. STAMENS 2, exserted from the upper lip of the corolla.—
Odorous erect herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and showy large
Jlowers ina few capitate whorls-elusely surrounded with bracts,

7. M. pipyma, L. Oswego Tea. -Burgamot.

Scmewhat hairy; stems acutely 4angled; leaves broadly ovate acuminate, rownd-
ed or slightly heart-shaped at the base, short petioled; calyx smecth, incurved,
nearly naked in the throat; corolla smooth, much elongated. Per. ;

Moist woocs and mcadows; cultivated. July. A handsome fragrant plant, 2 to
$ fect high, mostly bramched Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, verv broad at base, ser-
rate, with scattered hairs above. #lcwers erimson or scarlet, in heads, often pro-
ligercus-with ne tinged with red. Ovrolia 2inches lors,

”

el

254 | , LABIAT A.

.M. rristutosa, L.. Wild Dae

eraesunt or downy; wit ovate-lanccolate, rounded and somewhat contetiis at
base, acuminate, coarsely toothed ; floral leaves and outer bracts slightly colored ; .
enyx slightly curved, very hairy in the throat. Per.

Woods and rocky banks; common. ‘Tuly—Sept. A very variable cage 2 to §
feet high, embracing several néminal species and varieties. Stem Chat a eaer,
with the sides somewhat concare. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long on petioles 14 to. 4
nch long. Flowers purplish, rose-color or nearly white.

3. M. punotata, L. Horsemint.

Minutely downy; leaves ee narrowed at the base, petioled; bracts lance
-Olate, obtuse at the base, sessile; calyx-teeth short and rigid, awnless; corolla —-
smooth, ths tube scarcely exceeding the calyx.

Sandy fields and dry banks. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, isc.
Leaves punctate. Bracts yellowish and purple. Corolla yellowish the upper lip
#potted with purple. The whole plant is very edorous and pungent to the taste,

10. ‘SALVIA, Linn. Sage.

Lat. salvo, to save; in allusion to its reputed healing qualities.

Catyx somewhat bell-shaped, 2-lipped; upper lip mostly
3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Coron~na deeply 2-lipped,
ringent ; upper lip erect, straight or faleate and vaulted,
entire or barely notched ; “the lower lip spreading or pendent,
3-lobed, the middle lobe longer and sometimes notched.
STAMENS 2, on short filaments; CONNECTILE transversely
articulated to the filament, supporting at each end a cell of
the drmidiate anther. ACHENIA 4.—A large genus of which
but few are indigenous, with - usually large and showy, spiked,
racemed, or panicled whorls of flowers.
1. 8S. nyrata, L. Lyre-leaved Sage.

Somewhat hairy ; stem nearly simple and naked; root-leaves obovate, lyre-shaped
or sinuate-pinnatifid, sometimes nearly entire; those of the stem mostly a single
pair, smaller and narrower, the floral oblong-linear; whorls of jlowers loose and
distant, forming an interrupted raceme; upper lip of the corolla short, straight and
vaulted.

Woodlands and meadows. May, June. Plant 10 to12 inches high. Flowers‘y
whorls of about 6,.distant. Corolla blue, the tube much exserted,

2. 8. urricrron1A, L. LNettle-leaved Sage.

Downy with clammy hairs, leafy ; leaves rhombic-ovate, pointed, crenate, rounded
at base, short-petioled ; whorls remote, many-flowered ; upper lip of the corolla erect,
much shorter than the lower; style bearded.

Woodlands, Western Counties, rare. Leaves very pubescent. Flowers blue,

viscid, in remote whorls. Corolla 4 inch long, the lateral lebes deflexed, the mid-
dle notched.

CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPLCIES.

3. 8. orrictANALis, L. Common Sage. — |
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, crenulate, TUgose; whorls 6 to 10-flowered in 2 opposite

~

ee

ie ar A pe

LABIAT. | EE RR,

sets; calyx striate, the divisions pointed; upp2r lip of the corolla as long as the
lower, somewhat vaulted. A well known garden plant, cultivated for its medicinal’
properties. Stem 1 to 2 feet hizh. Lzaves 1 to 3inches long, of a dull green color, ©
aromatic. Corolla ringent, blue or purplish. Native in the South of Europe.

4. 8: Scnarna, LD. Clarry:

Leaves oblong, heart-shaped, rugose, serrate; bracis colored, concave, longer than
the calyx. A strong-scented exotic, native of Italy. Stem1 to 3 feet high, with:
leaves 5 to7 inches long and 3 to 4 wide, viscid. Flowers variagated with pale
purple and yellowish-white, in whorled spikes. Bracts pale purple or yellowish.

5. §. sPLENDENS, Ker. Spendid Suge..

Stem erect, smooth; leaves broad-ovate and ovate, petiolate, rounded or acute at’
bage, dentate-serrate, acuminate, smooth on both sides; bracts deciduous; calyz and
corolla pubescent; upper vp entire. A beautiful species, cultivated in gardene;:
mative of Mexico. Plant 2 to 4 fect high, branched. Flowers large, scariet. Calya
scarlet, after fowering becoming enlarged-and-as showy: as the corella..

1. CEDRONELLA, Meench.

Gr. kedros, a diminutive of Cedar; from the aromatic leaves of the original epecies;
C. triphylla, the Balm-of. Gtlead of Exglish gardens.

CALYyx somewhat obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Co--
ROLLA much expanded at the throat, 2-lipped ; upper lip
flattish or concave, 2-lobed, the dower 3-cleft, spreading, the
middle lobe largest. SraMENS 4, as cending, s shorter than
the upper lip, the lower pair shorter than the other!— Sweei-
scented perennials, with pale purplish flowers. .

C..corpata, Benth. Creeping Cedronelia.

Low, creeping by ee runners, hairy; leaves broadly heart-shaped, crenate,.-
petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx; worls few-flowered, approximate at the.
summit of short ascending stams.

Low shady banks of streams, western part of the State, rare, June. Flowers
purplish. . Corolia-hairy inside l¥ginch long. (Dracocephalum cerdatum, Nuit.)

12. NEPETA, Linn: Cat-MInv..
Supposed to be from JVepet, a town in Tuscany.
Catyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5-toothed. Co-
ROLLA naked and dilated in the th ‘roat, 2 wppetl; j, supper diya:
erect, notched. or. 2-cleft, the lower spreading, 3 3-cleft, the
middle lobe largest:. Sra MENS 4, ascending under the upper
lip, the lower pair shorter.—/er ennial herbs.

*CaTaRIA, Benth.—Clusters dense and many-flowered, forming interrupied spies:
ar racemes.

ii N: Cararia, L. Catnip.
Downy, erect, branched; leaves heart-shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, peticled it,
whitish downy underneath; spiced racemes somewhat panicled.
Waste and cultivated grounds, a.yory common naturalized weed. July, Aug. Siem.

256 See

square, pubescent, branching, 2 to.38 fect-hich, Flowers ean white ,

=

purplish, the dower lia dotted with crimson.
**Gurcnoms, L. Azxiliary clusters loosely few-flowered.
2. N. Guzcnoma, Benth. Ground Ivy.

Creeping and trailing; leaves petioled, round-kidney-shaped, crenate; corolla
about 8 times as long as the ealyx.

Waste grounds, in shaded plaees, perfectly naturalized. May—Aug. Stems
prostrate, from a few inches to 1 to 2 feetlong. Flowers axillary in 33. Corolla
bluish-purple, with a variegated throat. Anthers with the cells diverging at a rizne -
angis, cach pair approximate and forming a cross,. ae ae

18. DRACOCEPHALUM, Linn. Dracon rap:
Gr. drakon, a dragon, and kephale, head; alluding to the form of the corolla.

CALYX tubular, 13 to 15-nerved, 5-toothed, the upper
tooth much largest. Coro Lua dilated in the throat, 2-lipped ;
upper lip slightly arched and notched; the dower spreading,
3-clefi, with the middle lobe much larger, rounded or 2-cleft.
Sramuns 4, ascending under the upper lip — Whorls of
flowers mostly spiked er capitate, and usually subtended with.
large conspicuous bracis..

D: PARVIFLORUM, Nutt: Sneall-flowered Dragon-head.

Sab-pubescent;. séem erect, somewhat branched, leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate,.
pharply cut-toothed, petioled; whorls crowded in a terminal globular or oblong.
capitate spike; bract leafy, ovate, fringed; biennial. ;

Rocky places, and gravelly shores, along the Susquehanna. May—Aug. Stem
8 to 2) inches high, obtusely 4-angied. Upper calyx-tooth nearly.as long the corol-
ka. Corolla biuish-purple; the upper lip arched, emarginate, central lobe of the
kower lip crenate.. ; i

14, LOPHANTHUS, Benth. Grant Hyssup..

Gr. lophos, a crest, and anvthos, a flower.

Caryx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed,.
the upper tooth rather longer than the others. CoRroLLa,
3-lipped ; upper lip nearly erect, notched ; the lower-some-
what spreading, 8-cleft, with the middle lobe broader and
crenate. Szamens 4, exserted; the upper puir declined;
tive-lower ascending, shortest !—Perennial upright herbs, wrth
petioled serrate leuves, and small flowers crowded im terminal
apikes. | :

L. L. neperorpes, Benth. Fellow Giant Hyssup:

Emooth or nearly 80; leaves ovate, somewhat pointed; calyz-teeth ovate, rather
obtuse, little shorter than the corolla.
Borders -of woods. Aug. Stem stout, smooth, quadrangular; 4 to 6 feet high.

Feaves 2 to 4 inches long, coarsely crenate-toothed. Flowers small, greenish-yel-
tow, in eylindrical spikes 2 to 4 inches long, crowded with ovate pointed bracts. |

|

ae

LABIATA. | re

2. L. scROPHULARI@F0L1Us, Benth. Purple Giant Hyssup.

Stem and lower surface of the leaves pubescent; leaves cvais, acute, serrate =
erenate; calyx-tecth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the corolla. _

Borders of rich woods. Aug. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, mostly of « purple eolor,
branched. JZcaves often cordate at base, 5 inches long and about 5 inches wide;
eoarsely-serrate. Flowers in crowded, axillary verticels, jorming slong, demss, -
terminal spike. . Corcila pale purple. Stimeiis and sigle exseried.--

15. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Mounrary Mint’ ~ Ae
Me.
Gr. puknos, dense, and anthemon, a blossom ; from the crowded or capitate Bowers.

CaLyx tubular or ovate-oblong, striate, b-toothed. Ca-
ROLLA with a short tube and a somewhat 2-lipped borde Sa
epyer lip entire or slightly notched, the dower d-cleft; iv
all ovate and obtuse. SvameEns 4, distant, the lower pais
rather longest. ht?

Perennial aromatic UpT left: herbs, cory ms O3E +
ly branched above, often whitish fioral is ane dense
many-flowerec whorls s, crowded with bracts, usually forming
terminal heads er cise cymes, with- seiantih or flesh-colorad
lowers.

1. P. mncanum; Michx. Common Mountain Mint.

E2aves ovate oblong, seate, removely toothed, rounded at the base, downy above
aad hoary with whitish woo! underneath ; cymes peduncled, eompouna, open; bracts
subulgte.

Roeky woceds and hills, common. July, Aug. Stem 2to4 fact hich, obtuacly
4enczled, eract, eovered with sot down. # lowers pa or tisea-coiored, with «
PErpls sgots on the lower lip of the corolla.

2, P. mutioum; Pers. YVetny-leaved Mountain Mint
Smooth or somewhat hoary throughout, corymbosely branched; aves ovate er~
roadiy ovate-lanceclate, acute, rounded or somewhat heart shaped at the base,
msstly sessile, minutely toothed, rigid; wrorls dense, mostly in terminal heads;
ower bracts and ovatelancesiate cidyz- teeth hosry with a fine close down.

Dry hilis; common. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high *e ith wideiy spreading brant h- -
ea, ejuare. Lewes opposite, large, 14 as Wide as long. Flowers reddish-white
with parple spots, In dense termi: nal heads which are aboat i4Aach in diameter.

sy. = > cral Z e E a F.. a <
3. P.LANCEOLATUM, Parsh. Lance-leaved Mountain Mint.

Smoothish or minutely downy, corymbosely branched above, very leafy; lexves
j--mezolate or nearly linear, entire, rigid, obtuse at the base, sessile, feather-veined
bracts oyate-lanceolate, barely potnticd, downy. -

Taickets and dey woous; common. July, Awz. Stem about 2 feet high, square:
with phenae anzies, Leaves variable in wideh. Fiowers small, reddish white,
wilh purple dots, in numerous small clustered dense heads.

4. P. wixrrontium, Pursh. Flax-leaved Mountain Mint.
Smoocth, or nearly so; leaves narrowly linear, crowded, 3-veined, entire ; brachs

slightly awned ; calyz-teeth lance-subulate.

Thickets and moist woods. July, Ang. Stem ereet,12 to 18 inches high, with .
festigiate, trichotomous branches, often ‘purplish. Leaves very narrow. punctate,
With fascicles of smaller onesia the axils. Fiowers small, white, in nomervns, .
small, roundish heads, mostly terminal ; ele

G2* satiate

.
.

858 LABIATSZ, Be

16. THYMES, Linn. Tayme.

The ancient Greek name.

al

CAaLyx 2-Hpped, hairy in the throat, 13-nerved ; upper lip:
a-toothed, spreading ; lower 2-cleft. Corona short, slight-
ly 2-lipped; upper lip straight and flattish; notched at the
sie ee eects lx 2 e. 4
apex; (ower spreading, equally é-cleft, or the middle lobe
longest. Stamens 4, mostly exserted.—-Low- mostly prostrate
and dijuse perennials, with smad entire veiny. leaves, and
purplish or whitish flowers.

1. T. Sexpyiium, L. Garden. Tsyme. ;
Sm procumbent; leaves flat, ovate, obtuse, extire, short-petisled, more or less-
ciliate; flowers approximate at the endof the branches in an oblong head.
. Old fields, escapod from cultivation and sparingly maturalized. July. Stem
foreading, decumbent, branched. euves green, more or less hairy. J*lowers purz--
plo, spotted.

17. CLINOPODIUM, Linn. Bast.
@r -Hinc, a ved; aud pous, a foot; feom the stalked and flaitened head of flowers.

CALYX tubular, 13-nerved} nearly equal at the base, hairy:

in the throat, more or less 2-lipped; upper lip 38-cleft, the
lower 2-cleft. CoRonLA inflated im the throat, distinetly 2=
lipped; upper lip erect, entire ; lower spreading, 3-perted.
Stamens 4, asecnding—VLerennials, with many-flowered

capitate whorls of purplish flowers, and numerous linear-

awl-shaped exterior bracts forming-a sort of wmvolucre.

CG. VULGARE, da. ,4V¥ild Basil.
Eixect, hairy; lezves ovate, petioled, slightly toothed; wrorls many-flowered, do-
prossed-giobose; exlyx carved; bracts subalate as long as the calyx.
Hillis and -old folds; naturalized. July. Stem1 to2 feet high, equare, simple
er sparingly branched, and, aa well as the whole plant clothed with » whitish
wool. Sewers pale purple.

18; MELISSA, Linn. Baum.
Gr. melissa, a bes; the fowers yielding an abundsace of honey.

Canyx slightly gibbous at the base,.2-lipped; upper dip:
8-toothed; lower 3-cleft. CoRroLLs with:a recurved-ascend-.
jng tube, 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flattish ; lower spreading, .
3-lobed; tite middle- lobe: mostly broader. Stamens 4,,
ascending, mostly approximate in pairs at the summit.—
Perennials, with few-flowered, loose, one-sided clusters of whtie
er cream-colored flowers, and few mostly ovate bracts re-
sembling theleaves..

LABIAT A. o59

M. ovrrictnauis, L. Common Balm.
Upright, branching; leaves broadiy ovate. crenate-toothed, petioled, more or lees.
hairy; worls dimidiate or secund, loose, axillary.

Bseaped from gardens, partially naturalized. Anz. Sten te 2 fect hich, more
or less pubesc sent. Flowers white or creaucolor. Pax! exhaling the olorog
Remon.

CaLyx. tudular-pdell- shaped, a ati ; WD ;
“flat, truncate, with 3 short. teeth; fowsr 2-cleft. Corona:
3

2-lipped ; upper lip erect, are hed, entire; dower reflexed-
gpreading, ne Dos the lateral lobes oblong, the ek ons:
rounded, concave, fiac! ly toothed. Sramens 4, ascending
under the u oa sk fvanments. 2-toothed at the a sr tha
lower tooth bearing the ast a ee pereniass, with near?

oh ij o
) simple stems, and 6~ fla inrted elssters fe or fi2s! colored fiawers

19. PRUNELLGA, Linn.
ned; upper tip broad and
- fa

:
2

sessile in the avils of round:d and bract-like floral leaves, imbricated
| tna crpilate 371k.
) P. vuteanis, L. Common S2ifheal. Heal-all.

ELeie2s ovate-odlong, entire or toothel, pstioled, hairy or smcothish; corela-
mecriy twice as long as the calyx.
ods and fields, common. Aus. Plant 10to 15 inches hich, ersctor ascanding.
Woods and field Aug. Plant 10tot : ato ting,
somewhat branshed hairy. Fl: ngers 1a. £2, purpie. Floral leaves comsare, sort--
pointed, tinged with purple...

20: SCUTELLARIA, linn. Skunucap:

ly Lat. sculelia, a dish, in allu sion to the form of the calyx.
|. Caryx bell-shaped, gibbous, 2 Tipped the Nps entire;
upper one witha wi inged appendage the back, decidusu
| after flowering. Cozonpa:2-lip: Se with.an elongated tube,.
| dilated-at the throat; wpwer' lis ioe entire or nearly so,
| flower dilated, convex. STAMENS 4, ascending under the
: upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs.—Lutter perennial
herbs, with axillary: spiked or racemed flowers ; the short pedunetes
| opposite, 1- flowered, often.1-sided.
* Flowers acillary, solitary.

} lL. 8. GavericunaTa, b. Common Skullcap.

Smooth or somewhat doway, mostly branching; kaves ovate-lanceclate, aenfa,
Serrate, roundish and slightly cordate at base, short-petioicd; fowera on short.
pedicels.

Wet shady places, common. Ang. Stem square, 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves -
4 inch long, and \4.wide, on yery short petioles. Flowerz blue, pubescent, es to.
inch long.

oS: NERVOSA; Paorsh. Nerved Skullcap.
Smooth, simple or branched, slender; lowest leaves roundieh, petioled; middle ;

eres ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped, scexile; upper foral ovete lanccolete, :
@nutire; flowers small, opposite.

ee ee ee ae a ee ee le Oe

269 oe disse LABIATE,

Moist thickets. June. Stem 10 to15 inches high, weak, often with a iw f\iform ‘
branches. Leaves about 1 inch long, % as wide, with 3 to 5 prominent veing un-
derneath, thin. Flewers small, pale-blue.

8. §S. parvuta, Michz. Small Skullcap.

Minutely downy, dwarf, branched and spreading; lowest Ieaves round-orate,
short-petioled, the others sessile ovate or lance-ovate, obtuse, all entire cr nearly
£0; flowers small, axillary.

Dry banks and fields. May, June. Stem 3 to 6 inches high, simple or branched ‘

from near the base and spreading, mostly purplish. Leaves 14 to 34 inoh long,
sessile, distinctly veined, purplish bensath. Powers 4 talg inoh long, lao, heiry.-

&3 Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes.

4. §. parertroona, L. Muid-dog Skullcap.

Smooth; stem upright, much branched; Icaves lance-ovate or ovate-oblong, -

pointed, coarsely serrate, rounded at the base, petivied, upper floral leaves scarcely
longer than the calyx; flowers small, in lateral racemss.

Wet shaded places, common. Aus. Stem square, 1 to 2 feet high, very branching.
Leaves opposite, 2 to 3 inches long, on petioles 1 inch leng:: ” Raaemes opposite,
axillary, somewhat I-sided, on long st: Le Fiowers small, blue, !Z ineh long,..
the upper lip scarecly arched. This | plant wasin Lene repute #Olle Yoars AZO 43 & =
sure for hydyophcbia.

5. §. prioss, Michs. MHatry Shulleap:-

Stem erect, mostly simple, hairy; leaves remote, rhombieovate, crenate, obtuce,”

‘maore or less hairy; the lowest rounded and often heart-shaped; the others wedge-

siapced at the base; upper floral spatulate, sherter than the hairy calyx; raceme,

terminal, short. i

Open dry woods. June, July. Stem 12 to 13 inches hich, often purplish. Leaves
few 1 to 2, inches long, ) Yas wide, on petioles 1 inch long. Hareme mostly simple,
few flowsre ‘a, es opposite elliptical bracts. Corolio tube | nearly white below, blue
&% the summit, } 4 to 34 inch long.

6. §. cansscens, Nutt. Cunescent Skullcap.

Siem tall, branched, pubescent; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, crenate,

the upper narrowed, but the lotssr rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base,

Eéarly smooth above, white downy benzath; Se in loose paniculate racemes.

Dry open woods and meatows. July. Siem 2to 8 feet high, erect, mostly pur
pie. " Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2 wide, often ie a purple margin and purple
Fpots. Flowers rathcr numercas, 34 inch long, deep blue, showy, “jn lateral and
terminal racemes.

7. §. wrecrirouta, L. Latire-leaved Skulicap.

Whole plant downy witha minute hoarinoss; stem upright, nearly simple;
le@ves ob'ong-lanecolate or linear, mostly sntire, obtuse, remote, the upper on very
short petioles; raceme often branched, leafy ; bracts lanceclate.

Moist open grounds. June, July. Stem-1 to 2 feet high, sparingly branched
abéve, grayish-green. Leaves i to 2 inches long, variable in width. Corellia 34 to
1 inch long, bright blue at the summit, nearly white at the base.

8. §. smrrata, Andrews. Serrate Skullcap.

Rather siender, upright; leares ovate;serrate, acute or pointed at both ends, all
tapering into the petiole, green and nearly smooth on both sides; the flora? lance
olate, the w per shorter than the slightly hairy calyx; raceme mostly simple, locse,
leafy at th: bise; upper lip of the coro!la in‘urved.

Woods, Scuthern parts of the State. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, smooth,
Léaves 2 10-8 inches long. . Flowers deep blue, 24 inch long...

21. PHYSOSTHGIA, Benth. PFatse DraGon-HEAD.
y ¥ = py
Gr. phusa, a bladder, and stego, to cover; on accountof the inflated calyx and coroli@.-
GaLYx nearly equully 5-tcothed,.cbscurely 10-nerved,.
after flowering inflated-bell-shaped. CoroLLa 2-lipped, with
@ much exserted long tube and inflated throat; upper lip
nearly erect, somewhat. concave; lower ip spreading, 8-
lobed, the lateral lobes small, the middle broad and rounded.
STAMENS 4, ascending under the upper lip; ANTHERS ap-
proximate.— Perennial smooth herbs, with upright slender
stems, sessile leaves, and large showy flesh colored and purplish
flowers, opposite, in simple or-panicied terminal leafiess, crowded
Epiies. ; :
P, VirGintana, Benth. Lion’s-heart. Dragon-head.
Leaves varying from lance-linear to ovate-lanceolate, serrate: calyx acutely and
gimost equelly 5-toothed; bracts shorter than the calyx, ovate, pointed.

Moist places, along rivers. Juiy, Aug. Stem variablein heicht, 1 to4 feet hich..
Leaves opposite, closely sessile, 4 to 5 inches long, 24 inch wide, with remote shallow
teeth, of a shining dark green. Fiowers in 4-rowed spikes, large pais purple,.
avout 1 inch long, spotted inside.

22.. LAMIUM, Linn. Dsap-Nerrir:
Gr. laimos, the throat; in allusion to the ringent corolla.

Catyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly
equal serulate teeth. Corona dilated at the throat; wup-
per lip ovate or oblong, arched; narrowed at the base; dewer:
ézp with the middle Icbe broad, notched at the apex, con-
tracted at base. Stamens +4, ascending under the upper hip;
ANTHERS approximate in pairs,—Hertbs, decumbent at base,
with the lowest leaves small and long-petioled. the middle ones cor-
date and doubly toothed, the floral nearly sessile, and axillary whorled
clusters of purplish flowers:

“LL. AMPLEXICAULE, LE. Common Dead-Wetile. Hen-bit,
Leaves rounded, deeply crensate-toothed or entire, the upper clasping; lower whoris-
remote, the:upper crowded; corolla elongated, the upper lip bearded, the lower,

spotted ; lateral lobes truncate.
Waste and cultivated grounds, intrcduced. Biennicl.. May—Noev. A semeli

_ Siender herb, with ascending stems, several from the same root, 6 to inches high,

with opposite, short, broad hairy leaves. /lowersin. cense wher!s, purple, downy %.
eorolia-iube much exserted, the lowcr lip spotted with white..

23. LEONURUS, Linn. Mornerwort.
Gr. leon, a lion, and oura, a tail, i. e. Lion’s-tail.
CaLyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with nearly equal subulate
teeth. Corona 2-lipped; upper. lip oblong, entire, scme-
what arched; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe

4

96? LABIAT.E. Te LE eRe

larger, broad and ern. Heart hipad the lateral oblatig,
STAMENS 4, ascending under the upper lip; ANTHERS ap-

proximate in pairs.— Upriyht herbs, with cut-lobed leaves,,

and close whorls of pale purple flowers in their axils.

L. Carpraca, L.. Common Metherwort:.

Fomewhat hairy, tall; leaves long-petioled; the lower: rounded; palmately?
lobad; the floral wedge-shaped at the base, 3-cleft, the lobes: Janssolate ; upper lip»
of corolla bearded:

Waste places, around houses, naturalized. July—Sept.. Per. Stem 2 to3 feet
high, branched, villous, Zeaves pubescent, pale beneath. Flowers in many-~
whorls, white or with a reddish tinge. Corolla hairy. without, variegated within.

24. GALEOPSIS, Linn. Hemp-Nerrtie..

Gz. galea, a weasel, and opsis, resemblance; from some recemblance of the corolla:
to the head of the weasel.

Cauyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, 5-toothed,.
equal and spiny: tipped... CoroLmnA 2-lipped,. dilated at the-
throat; upper lip ovate, arched, entire; lower lip $-eleft,-
Spreading, the middle lobe ob-cordate, the lateral lobes ovate;.
the gees with.2 teeth.at the sinuses. STAMENS 4, ascend-:
mg under the upper lip.— Annuals or brenniels, with spreading:
branches and several to man. y flowered whorls in the axils of the

floral leaves.
G. Terranitr, b. Common Hemp-Nettle.

Stem swollen below the joints, bristly-hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate ; eerel
ta 2 to 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx.

Waste places, natnralized. rather commcn. July. Siem 1 to2 feet high, re
trorsely hisped,. branched. Flowers numerous, pele-purple, with darker spots, ins
Gense whorks.

25. STACHYS, Linn: HEpGE-NETTLE:.

Gr. stakas,-a = in tein to its mode of flowering. .

CALYX tubular-bel _ ped, 5.to 10-nerved,; equally 5--
toothed, or the upper. Le Daer .. COROLLA 2. hpped » up-
per lip erect oF readies. often arched, entire or nearly so;

lower lip usuaily longer and aie ading, 3-lebed, the middle
lobe largest. STAMENS-4, ascending under. the upper lip;
ANTHERS approximated in. pairs.—fost/y perennial herbs;.
with 2 to many-flowered whorls, approximated in terminat
racemes or spices.

1.. 8. aspera, Michx. Jtough Hedge-Nettle. .

Stem erect, angles hairy backwards; leaves ovate-oblung or. obleng-lanccolate, .

acute, serrate, rounded at the base, bristly on the midrib aud veins, shori-petioled ;
ealyx bristly; whorls about 6-fiowered.

Wet banks and thickets. June—Auz. Per. Plant 2 feet high, sparingly branched. .

Ficwers in loose whorls of. 4 to 8. forming BY terminal leafy spike, pale purple,

LABIATZ. 263

Q. §. panustris, L. Marsh Hedge-Nettle.

Stem softly pubescent, or smooth below; leaves oblong-lanceolate, crenate-toothed,
rounded or heart-shaped at the base, rugose, hairy, nearly sessile; whorls 6 to 10-
flowered; calyx smooth, the teeth lanceolate, acute and somewhat spiny.

Wet places. July, Aug. Per. Siem 2 to 3 feet high, branched. Flowers

purplish, in whorls, forming a leng terminal spike.

3. §. HYSSOPIFOLIA, Michx. Smooth Hedge- Nettle.

Smooth or nearly so; leaves linear-oblong, sessile, cbscurely toothed towards the
-apex; whorls 4 te 6flowered; calyx smooth, lanceolate, acute; corolla twice or
“thrice the length of the calyx.

Wet sandy places. July. Per. Siem slender, ascending, 9 to 12 inches high.
Leaves often linear, very finely toothed. -Flowers.purple, sessile in whoris near the
-Sumimit of ithe stem.

26. MARRUBIUM, Linn. Horenounn.

“A name of Pliny, said to be derived from the Hebrew marrod, a bitter juice.

CaLyx tubular, 6 to 10-nerved, nearly equally 5 to 10-
toothed ; throat hairy. Corouua 2-lipped; upper lip erect,
‘flattish, notched; dower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the middle
lobe broadest. STAMENS 4, ineluded in the tube of the
-corolla.— Whitish-woolly bitter perennial herbs, with -rugose
and crenate or.cut-leaves, and whitish, fiowers.

M. vutcare, L. Common Horehound.

Stems ascending; leavesround-ovate, crenate-toothed, petioled ; flowers in distant
-and dense capitate whor!s; calyx with 10 recurved teeth, the alternate ones shorter.

Roadsides and waste places, common, naturalized. July, Aug. Stem 12 to 18
‘inches high, branched from the base, covered with a white wool. Flowers small,
white, in crowded whoris. An aromatic bitter herb, muuch used as a domestic medi-
cine. Native of Europe.

27. TRICHOSTEMA, Linn. Brvr Currs.

Gr .thriz, trikos, a hair, and stema, stamen; in allusion to the hair-like stamens.

‘CALyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft; the 8 upper
‘teeth elongated, the 2 lower short. CoroLuaA 5-lobed; the
lobes oblong, declined; the 3 lower more or less united.
‘STaMENS 4, much exserted beyond the corolla, declined and
than turned upwards.—Low somewhat clammy pubescent an-

muals, with entire leaves, and mostly blue fiowers on solitary 1s

flowered pedicels terminating the branches.

T. picnoTroMaA, L. Bastard Pennyroyel.

Stem pubescent; leaves lance-oblong or rhombic-lonceolate, -rarely lance-linear,
‘petiolate, entire ; flowers inverted ; stamens very long, exserted.

‘Sandy fields -and roadsides, common. July—Sept. Stem 10:to 12 inches high,
obtusely 4-angled, bushy. lowers axillary and términal, becoming inverted by

a)

_ the twisting of the petiole, purple. Stamens slender, curved from the lower lip of

the eorolla to the upper, forming a beautiful arch.

>

264 _ -LABIATA.

28. TEUCRIUM, Linn. GerMaAnpEr.
Named for Teucer, king of Troy.

Catyx equally 5-toothed, or the upper tooth larger.
CoroLia 5-lobed; the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong,
‘declined ; the Eig es large. SraMens 4, exserted from
the cleft between the two upper lobes of the corolla. ACHENIA
wrinkled.—A herbuceousdoway perennial, with Star or pure
ple flowers.

T. Canapznsn, L. Wild Germander. Wood Sage.

Hoary-pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the base, short-
petioled; the floral scarcely longer than the calyx; wéorls about 6-flowered ,
crowded ina single terminal spike; cxlyx bell-shaped, with the 3 upper teeth
broader.

Fields and roadsides,notrare. July. Stem 1to3 feet high, simple, erect, square
with concaves.ides. Leuves 3 ee as as lons as wide, greea above, hoary beneath.
Bracts longer than the calyx. Coroiia pur ple, rarely white, apparently without
the upper lip, instead of which is afissare through which the stamene are ex-
pexted.

CULTIVATED EXOTICS.

29. OCYMUM, Linn. Basrn.
Gr. osa, tosmell; on account of the powerful scent of the plants.
Canyx 2-lippel; upper lip orbicular; lower 4-cleft.
CoROLLA inverted or sub-bilabiate; the 4.upper dobes nearly
equal, the lower one declinate, fe tvided, tlat or concave,

€arinate or saccate. SraMens 4, declined; exterior fla-

ments with a process at their base.
O. Basitnicum, L. oyel Ocymum. Sweet Basil.
Leaves smooth, ovate-oblong, subdentate, petiolate; calyx fringed. An exotic
annual from Persia, cultivated for its delightful odor. Stem about a foot high

: : 5 > 3
branched, rétrorsely pubescent above. Leaves smooth and soft, variously colored.
Flowers white, in simple terminal racemes.

30. LAVENDULA, Linn. LAVENDER.

Lat. lavare, to wash; the distilled water of this plant being used.as. tounii.

CALYX tubular, nearly equal, 18 or rarely 15ribbed, with
5 short teeth, the upper one often Targest. * COROLLA 2-
lipped; upper Up 2-lobed; lewer 8-lobed. STAMENS 4,
declined ; filaments smooth, ‘distinct, not toothed.—A smal

genus:of oderi ferous shrubby plants, with narrow rigid leaves, and
Salt white flowers. :

—

L. sprca, L. Common Lavender. ~ ;
Leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, revolute at the. sei the

a ; — “on

pels ae

a, 7

LABIATUR, | 265

upper ones linear-lanceolate; sptkes interrupted; bracts awl-shaped. Native in

the South of Europe A perennial aromatic plant, exhaling a delightful fragrance,

12 to 18 inches high, branching from the base. Leaves crowded at the base of the
-branches, clothed with awhitishdown. Corolla pale-lilac, much exserted. July.

31. ROSEMARINUS, Linn. Rosrmary.
An ancient Latin name; ros, dew, and marinus, of the sea.

CALYX ovate-bell-shaped, 2-lipped; upper lip entire, lower
2-parted. Coroxtua bilabiate; upper lip 2-parted; lower
dip reflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest. SramEns 2,
ascending, inferior, exserted; filaments toothed at base.
Upper lobe of the style very shor t; stigmas minute, terminal.—
An erect evergreen shrub, with opposite leaves, and bright blue axil-
dary and terminal jlowers.

R. OFFICINALIS, L. osemary.

Leaves sessile, linear, smooth, with revolute margins; flowers peduneled. Na
tive of South Europe. Leaves dark green and shining above, downy and sometimes
‘whitish beneath. Flowers bright blue, having like the leayes a strong aromatic

fragrance like camphor. ,

o2, SATUREJA, Linn. Savory.
Arabic. satur, the general name for. labiate plants.

‘CALYX 5-toothed, tubular, 10-ribbed. CoroLwa ‘bilabiate,
with the segments nearly equal. STAMENS 2 to 4 diverging,
scarcely exserted.—A cultivated perennial, with numerous
smatl narrow leaves, and axillary cymes of pink-~colored flowers.

§. morrensis, L. Summer Savory.

‘Stem branching; leaves linear-oblong, entire, acute at the ends; peduncles axil-
‘lary, cymose. Native of Italy. Cultivated a3 a culinary aromatic. Stem bushy,
1 to 1)4 feet high, woody at base, often purple. @alyx about aglong as the corcha
‘Corolla pink-colored- July, Aug.

33. HYSSOPUS, Linn. Hyssop.
‘Hebrew ezob; Arabic azzef; English hyssop.

CaALYx 5-toothed. Corotta 2-lipped; upper Mp erect,
flat, emarginate, lower lip nL ager the middle segment
largest, the tube about as long asthe calyx. STAMENS 2. to
4, exserted, diverging.—A showy namenneal with delicate

/

foliage, and br ight blue flowersin one sided verticels,

WW. OFFICINALIS, L. Common LHyssop.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile; calyx-teeth erect, middle division
‘of the corolla 2-lobed, entire. Native of South Europe; cultivated for its reputed
‘medicinal properties. Plant 2 feet high, tufted. lowers bright blue, appearing

din teal 12

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:

266 | BORAGINACER. vee

7 ar

Orper 75. BORAGIVACEE.— Borage Family. ty

Derts, chiefly rough-hairy, with alternate entire leaves, and symetrical flowers with

a 5-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla, 5 stamens inserted on its tube, and a deeply

4-lobed ovary which forms in fruil 4 seed-lile nutlets surrounding the tase of the

Single seed. -FLIWERS axillary, or mostly in one-sided racemes or spikes which are

revolute (circinate) before expansion, and often bractlees.

1. ECHIUM, Tourn. Viper’s Bucross.
Gr. echio, a viper; from the spotted stem of some gpecics.

CALYX Od-parted; segments subulate, -erect. CoROLMA
‘bell-shaped or funnel-form, with an. unequally spreading 5-
lobed border ; lobes rounded, throat expanded, naked. Sra-
MENS OD, mostly exserted, unequal. Sryir filiform. ACHENIA
tuberculate, imperforate.— Herbs or shrubs, with entire lcaves
andirregular cyanie fiowers, in spicate panicled racemes.

HH. VUEGARE,‘L. Viper’s Bugloss. Blue-aceed.

‘Rough-bristly ; stem erect, mostly simple; sicm-leaves linear-lanceelate, segsiie ;
spines lateral, hairy, defected; corolla-tube shorter than the calyx.

Readsides and meadows, rare, introduced. June. Bicnnial. Stem 18 to 2
incheshich. Leavres2 to Ginches longyand l4 to 1 inch wide, upper ones clarping. entire,
duli green. #lewers in shortlateral spikes, at fret spreading, than erect, disposed
in a long-and narrow raceme; cordla reddish-purple changing to violet-blue.

2. LYCOPSIS, Linn. Buenoss.

‘Gr. lucos, a wolf, and opsis, appearance.

CoroiiaA furmel-form, with a curved tube; the throat
closed with-5 convex obtuse Lristly scales placed opposite
the lobes. SramMENs 5, and with the style included.
ACHENTA rovgh-wrinkled, concave (perforate) at the base.—
Annual herbs, wiih blae fiowers, distinguished from Anchusa only
by the curved corolla tule. | ,

L. arvensis, L. Small Pugloss.

Very rough-bristly; leaves lanccolate, obscurely toothed, the upper partly elasp-
ing; flowers in leafy racemes; calyx as long (er nearly as long) as the tube of the
eocrolia.

Dry or-sandy fields and roadsides, sparingly neturalized. .June, July. Stem 1
foot bizh, erect, branching, roundish. caves 5 or 6 times as long as wide. Ficw-
ers small. -Cirolia sky-blue with white scales within.

3. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comrruy.

Gr. sumphein,to grow together; probably in allusion to its reputed healing virtues.

Caryx 5-parted. Coro.ia oblong-tubular, inflated above,
5-toothed, the throat closed with 5 converging linear-eubu-
late scales. STAMENS included ; ANTHERS elongated. STYLE

BORAGINACES,. > aay?

filiform. ACHENIA smooth, ovate, fixed bya large perforate
base.— Coarse perennial herbs, with thick mucilaginous roots,
and one-sided nvdiling ratemes, single or in pairs.

S. OFFICINALE, L. Common Comfrey.
Hairy ;. stem branched, winged above by the decurrent leaves, lower ovate-lance-

late, petiolate, upper and floral lanceolate; sepals lanceolate; corolla limb with
recurved teeth.

Moist places, naturalized, cultivated in gardens. June. Whole plant rough
with dense hairs. tom 2 to 3 feet high, bearing terminal revelute racemes of
whits and pink flowers appearingallsummer. Hoo! medicinal.

4. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. Fausz GRoMWELL.
So called from its near resemblance to tha genus Oxosma.

Canyx deeply 5-parted, with linear segments. CoRroLuA
oblong-tubular, with 5 erect lobes, , naked | in the throat; sey
events converging: ANTHERS included, nearly sessile, sagit-
tate. Sryne much exserted, smooth: AOHENIA ovoid,
smooth and shining, fixed by a flat base.—/erennial herds,

with eblong sessile ee leaves, .and ° yelioipish: while flowers in
terminal and one sided. ereet, leafy. Scaeiad spiked racenes,

1. QO. Virersranum, DC. Virginian Onosmodium.

Clothed with harah appressed bristles; leaves obloag cr oblong-lanceoslate, the
lower narrowed at the base; caiyzlobes lanceolate, half.asiong as the eorolia
; ’ Jf ’ 3
bearded with long bristles outside. (Lithospermaum Virginianum, LL.)
Banks and hillsides. June—Ang. very rough crect pl ant akout 18 inches
high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 14 to 34 inch wide, 3 tod veined. Flowers
greenish-white, in leafy racemes, which are recurved at fat: at length erect.

2. QO. CarzoLtinanumM, DC. Carolina Onosmodium
Clothed with long spreading bristly heirs; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, acute; corolia twice as long as the ealyx, with deltoid-ovate Icbes;
ealyx lodes lanceclate; anthers oblong, longer than the narrow filaments.
River banks and Rocky hills. June, July. Stem stout: upright, 3 to 4 feet hich.

Leaves 2 to 4 inches lone, thiekly clothed “with long and shazzy hairs. Corelia-
“aint more or less Baby: on the back...

5. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. GromweELt.
~ GY. lifhos, a stone, and sperma, seed; from tite hard or stony sced.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent.. CoRnonna: funnel-form, or
rarely salver-form, 5- bai ods lobes rounded; throat open,
mostly furnished with 5 small folds or gi ie pee one
SraAMENS included; ANTHERS ‘oblong, nearly sessile
ALOHENTA ovate, smooth or wrinkled, imperforate at base.—
Herbs, with rough-hairy or downy: mostly 'y sessile leaves, and spiked
or racemed leafy- -bracted white or yellow flowers.

268 - BORAGINACEA.

* Wiowers white.

J. L> anvenss, h. ie Gronueell. Wheat-thief;

Slender, hoary with minute appressed hairs; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo- —
_ Yate; calyx nearly equal to the corcHa, with spreading segments; VACEMES few-flow-.

ered, the lower fiowers remote.

Grainfields, and waste grounds. June, July. Annual. Slem 12 to 18 inches
high, more or less branched. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, brigth green, rough. Flow-
ers emall, white, subsessile, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves.

2. L. orricinate, L. Common Gromwell..

Stem herbaceous, erect, very branching above; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute,

yeiny; calys about as long as the tube of the corolla; achenta-very smooth:

ok, ate ry"

Waste grounds, introduced, sparingly naturalized. June, July. Slems much:
branched, clustered, 12 toiSinches high. JZeaves grayish-green, rough on the up-.

per side, hairy beneath 2 to 3 inches jong, 4 to 34 wide. Flowers small, white;
axillary, in leafy spike-like racemes.
*E Wlowers yellow. Pérennials.
2 i hee
3. hb. nirtum, Lehm. Hairy Puccoon.
Herbaceous, hairy above, erect; leaves linear-lancoolate, rough-nhairy, obtuse; the
floral ovate-lanceolate ; corolic-tube about as long as the calyx, bearded at the base
inside, lobes obovate; achenia ovoid, shining.

ry woods. May. July. Stems 8to 12 inches high, clustered. Flowers crowded,

in somewhat.scozpoid racemes. Ovrolla large, orange yellows.

6. MYOSOTIS, Linn. ForcgEtT-ME-NoT:

Gr. mus, mouse, and ous, ofos, ear, in allusion to the leaves of some species.

Catyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corot salver-form ; tube-
i
casi limb flat; throat closed with 5: short arching AD.

pend: nes. STAMENS 9, included, on short filaments.. ACHE-

NIA smooth compressed: —Low- and mostly soft-hairy herbs,.

with entire leaves, and small blue or white flowers in naked racemes.

1. M. srricra, Link. eld Scorpion Grass.

Whole plant somewhat hoary; stem erect, simple or branched; leaves oblong,.
obtuse; raceme leafy at the base, long; pedicels erect in fruit, rather shorter than~

the 5-cleft calyx, corolla-tube included. (M. arvensis, Pursh, Mz: verna: Nutt.)
Dry hills and sandy woods, rare. May—Jily. Ann. Whole plant of a grayish
hue from iis dense pubescence, 4° to 10 inches high, at length much branched.

Leaves 44 tol inch long, sessile, acutish, the lower ones obtuse. Flowers very.
amall, white or pale biue, on terminal revolute racemes, short at first but at length.

6 to 8 inches long.
2. M.uaxa, Lehm. Marsh Scorpion Grass. Forget-me-not.
Ascending stems rooting along at the base, terete, branching, sprinkled with
minute appressed hairs; faves linear-oblong, obtuse; pedicels filiform, longer than
the flowers, spreading; calyx 5-cleft; style very short.

Ditches and aay one places, common. June—Sept. Per. Siem 6 to 15 inches
high, ascending from long creeping roots. Leaves scattered, scasile, 1 te 3 inches.

lone, iYytolsg ineh wide, the lower often petioled. Flowers small bright blue with
& yellowish eye, on pedicels 14 to 1% inch long.

3. M. patustris, With. True fo rget-me-not.

Whole plant more or less hairy; stem angled; leaves oblong-lanceclate, acutich; .

—

BORAGINACE 2. 269

etyle nearly a3 long as the 5-toothed calyx. May—Sept. Per. Native of Eurape,.
probably wrongiy attributed to this country also. Stem creeping, sud with the
leaves covered with close appressed hairs. Cvrulla bright bhis, with.s yellew eye,
4 to 14 inch in. diameter.

7. MERTENSIA, Roth. Luxreworr.
In honor of Prof. Mertens, an early German botanist.

Caryx short, 5-cleft or 5-parted. CorornLa trumpet-
shaped, much longer than the calyx, naked or with 5 small
foldsin the throat; Jorder spreading, 5-lobed. STAMENS
© inserted in the upper part of the tube, protruding. STYLE
— long and filiform. AcHENIA ovoid, smooth or somewhat
wrinkled.— Smooth! perennial herbs, with pate entire ovate
leaves, and showy purplish blue (rarely white) flowers wy terminal
FaCCINES.

i - ; Y “2 a e <4 e F :.

| M. Viraintoa, DU. Virginian Cowslip. Lungwort.

Sfem upright; radical leaves ovate-obiong, obtuse; stem-leaves narrower: racemes
at first corymbed, elongated.in fruit; corolla 4 times as long aa the calyx, naked
in the throat. (Pulmonaria Virginica.): .

Alluvial banks, often cultivated. May. A showy plant I10-to 20 inches high,
with smooth somewhat glaucous leaves, 4 to Sinmcheslong. Flowers large, bright
blue, 1 inch long.

8: ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. Srickszrp.
Gr. ekinos, ahedgehog, and sperma, secd; from the prickly nuticts.

CALYX O-parted. Corona salver-form, short; throat
closed by short scales, the Zim with obtuse lobes. STAMENS
mncluded. ACHENIA erect, fixed toa central column, triangu-
ar or compressed, the margin armed with prickles, barbed
at the apex.—/fough-hairy and grayish herbs, with oblong or
linear leaves, and small blue fiswers tn bracted racemes.

EK. Lappuna, Lehm. Common Stickseed. Burrseed.
Stem erect, branched above; leaves lanceolate, sessile, bristly-ciliate; corolla
Yonger than the calyx, border erect, spreading; ackenia with 2 rows of hocked
prickles cn the margin.
Roadsides, probably introduced. July, Aug: Ann. Stem erect, 10 to 20 inches
high. Leaves Linch long, 14 to lg wide... Fhwers minute, blue, in leafy racemes.

9. CYNOGUOSSUM, Tourn. Hounp’s-rongue.

Gr. kuon, a dog, and glossa, a tongue ;- in allusion to the form of the leares.

CALYX 5-parted. CoROLLA short, funnel-form, the threat”
closed with 5 obtuse scales; LOBES rounded. SraMeEns in-
cluded. AcHENtTA depressed or convex, laterally affixed to
the base of - style covered with short hocked prickles. —.

12 3

RFQ - BORAGINAGEAR.

-

Coarse herbs, with mostly panicled racemes of Blue, purple or white.
jowers, naked above but usually bracied at the base. ‘

1. G. ormicrnanz, L. Common Hound’ s-tongue.

Ciothed with siiky hairs, leafy, panicled above; lower leaves lanceolate, oblong,
attenuated inte a petiole; upper lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded er slizhtly
Heart-shaped base; racemes without bracts; calyxlobes oblong, obtuse, shorter than
the corolla. )

Waste grounds, introduced. May, June. Bienniel. An erect downy plant of
minal green color, 18to 20 inches high: Lower leaves § to 10 inches leng and 1 to
Z2inches wide. lowers purplish-red in naked one-sided racemes. ruiz rough,
aihering to the fisece of sheep: :

69 - , oe ys A *, r.
2. ©. Vineintoum, i. Wild Comfrey.

Roughish with spreading bristly hairs; stem simple, with few leaves; Jower leaves
oval-obiong, petiolate; unper lanee-oblong,clasping by a deep heart-shaped base ;
raecmes somewhat corymbase, naked ; calyx lobes acute, villous, about Lalf as long
as.toe tube of the serolla.

Rich shady woods. May. June. Per. Sfem 2 to 3 feet high, very hairy. . Recob:
leaves 5 to 6 inches long and halfas wide. Flowers pale blue or nearly white, in
@ torminal corymbose panicle...

6 i a : rq >- y — -
3. .C. Morisonr; DO... Begger’s Lice.

Stem erect, hairy, broadly branched, leafy; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, tapering
to the base, thin, minutely downy underneath and roughish above; racemes paxvi-
cle, forking, diverging, hairy. with leafy bracts at the base; pedicels reflexed in
frnit. af

Borders of woods, rather common. Jily. Bienn‘el. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, fur-
rowed, with many slender remote branches. Leaves entire, remote, 3 to 4 inches
long, tapering toeachend. Flowers very small, white or pale blue in forked ter-
yainal racemes. Pedicels reflexed in fruit. Achenia convex, the prickles with: bar=-
od points..

.

CULTIVATED EXOTICS.

10. BORAGO, Tourn. BoRaGcE:

Catyx 5-parted. CoronLa wheel-form, with acute seg:.
nents; éhroat closed with rays.. FILAMENTS converging.
AcHENTA. rounded, imperforate at base, inserted lengthwise
into an excavated receptacle. — Lurepean herbs, with alternate
rough leaves. and mosily blée flowers in one-sided clusters revolute:
before expansion. ae.
B. orricrnaris, L. Common Borage.

Leaves ovate, alternate, the lower ones petioled; calyx spreading; peduncle tor -
minal, many-flowered. Annual. The: whole plant is rough with short bristly
hairs, erect, 1 te 2:feet high. lowers in terminal clusters, sky blue, fowering alli
suraner.

5 li: ANCHUSA, Linn: Buazoss:
Canyx 5-parted.. Coronna funnel-form, vaulted ; tube
straight; orifice olosed with 5 prominent scales. STAMENS»

SS in) ee

HYDROPHYLLACE 7 Sh

included: SriaMA emarginate. AcHENrIA perforate at the.

base, with mostly rugese surfaces.— Showy, mostly Euro:
pean plants with cyanic flowers.

A. OFFICIANALIS, L. Bugloss Ox-tongue.

Leaves lanceolate, clothed with short stiff appressed hairs; spies one-sided, im-
bricated; calyx as long as the tube-ef the corolla. A rough garden plant, native
of.Britain. Sfem.2 feet- high, rough with bristly hairs. Leaves long, rough.
Gracts ovate. Hlowers purple, with a long hairy corolla, very attractive te bees-

12. PULMONARIA, Linn. Luyawort.

CALYX prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. _Coro~na funnel—
form, with. a.cylindrical tube; orzfice hairy in-5 lines al-
ternating with the stamens. ACHENIA imperforate.—Muro-
pean perennial herbs, with mosily blue flowers. .

P> oOFFICIANALIS, L. Common Lungwort.

Piant rough; radieai leaves ovate, cordate, scabrous; stem leaves ovate, sarpile;.
eaiya a3 loag as the corolla tube. Native of England, but nainralized and culti-.
vated in cur gardens. Sim 18 to 15 inches high, with rough leaves. Ficwers-
blue, in iatast clusters.

Orpen 76. HYDROPHVLLACEE.— Waterleaf Fumily.

Ti=rbs, commonly hairy, with mostly aternate and cul-lobed leaves, regular 5-parted

and 5-androus blue or wite flowers, aon ovoid entire l-celied ovary, with 3 parietal,
few io many ovuled placenta, which usually project into the cell and ofter Wines tt like
@n tniertor capsule. StxyL2 2-cleft abeve. CapsuLe globular, 2-valved few-seeded.

1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Linn. Waree-Lear.

Gr. Audor, water, and phuiion, leaf; of no obvious application to the plané. -

CALYX. 5-parted, rarely with a small appendage in caeh .
sinus.. Coroua bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the tube furnished with |
5 longitudinal appendages opposite the lobe which cohere by
their middle, with their edges folded inwards, forming a.
necteriferous groove. STAMENSO, exserted; jilamenés more
or less bearded. Ovary bristly-hairy. CAPSULE globose,
2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded, 3 of ‘the seeds mostly. abortive. —
North American perenmial herbs, with petioled pinnately or palmate. -
ly veined leaves, and searpoid braectless clustered cymes of white or

pale biue fiowers.

# Calyx not appendaged ; flaments mush exserted. '
1. H: Macropayiium, Nutt. Great Wutericag
Rough hairy; leaves oblong, pinnate and pinnatifid, the divisions ovate, obtuse,
eoarsely cut-toothed: pedunele very long; ealyz lobes lanceolate-acuminate with a:
broad base, very hairy.

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E72 _ HYDROPHYLLACE &.

Allegheny mountains. ren Stem about 1 foot high, ‘almost leateul Root-
Feaves 1 foot long, with 9 to 13 divisions. Flowers white in a terminal globose
eyme, crowded. Corolla twice longer than thesepals. Filaments 34 inch long:

2. H. Vireinicum, L. Virginian Waterleaf.

Smoothish; leaves pinnately divided, the divisions’ ovate-lanceolate or oblong;
pointed, sharply cut-toothed, the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent;
peduncles as long asthe petioles; calyx-lobes narrow-linear, bristly-ciliate.

Rich moist woods and fence-rows; common. June. Stem 12 to 16 inches high,

often branched from the base. Leaves pinnately cut into 5 to 7 segments, on long:
petioles.. Mlowers white or blue, in-crowded elusters, on ferked peduncles.

3. H. Canavense, L. Canadian Waterleaf. -

Nearly smooth; leaves palmately 5 to 7-lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at tha base;
unequally toothed; the radical leaves sometimes with 2 or 3 small and scattered
lateral leaflets; peduncles mostly shorter than the long petioles, forked, the crowd-
ed flowers on very short petioles.

Shady woods. June. Sten 12 to 18 inches high, arising from a thickened root-
stock. Leaves 3 to 5 inches broad; lobes: broad, cut-and toothed: Juscicles dense;
axillary and terminal. Corolla white or variou: sly tinged with purple, 44 to 34 iach
broad. Filaments hairy about half way up.

** Corolla appendiged between the sepals at base; stamens scarcely exceeding the
corolla.

4. H. APPENDICULATUM, Wicks. Hairy Waterleaf.

Hairy; stem-leaves palmately 6-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed
the lowest pinnately divided; cymes rather loosely flowered; sepals lance-subulate..
(Nemophiila paniculata, Spreng.)

Moist woods, not common. May. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, branched. Leaves
on petioles 1 to 4 inches long, roundish in outline, the broad acute lobes diverging

in a stellate manner. Culyx nearly 1% inch long, appendages. defiexed, 1 inch long.,
Corolla blue, on long peduncles.

2. PHACELIA, Juss.

Gr. praxelos, a fascicle, probably in allusion to the clusterad or forked ratemes.
CALYX 5 athe CoROoLLA open bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the
ecale-like appendages in the tube sometimes obsolete. OVARY
with 2 linear adherent placente, each 2-ovuled. CApsuLE
ovoid, 2-valved, 4-seeded.— Hairy: herbs, with alternate di-.
vided leaves and'usualle ly pale blue flowers in forked scorpeid racemes.
or raceme-like c ymes.

1. P. BrprnnaAtiFipA, Michx. Pinnatifid Phacelia.
Stem samewhat erect, branching, hairy; leaves pinnately divided; the divisions:
or leaflets ovate, acute, incisely lobed or pinnatifid ; racemes elongated 2 to 4 part-.
ed, many-flowered ; corolla-lotes entire, twice as long as the linear-acuminate calyx. .

Shaded banks and damp woods, r rare. May, June. Ann. Stem 10 to 20 inches
high, often much branched from nearthe base. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, inclading
the petiole, thin and’smoothish, bright blue 4% to 4% inch in diameter, the grooy<a,
bordered with narrow pubescent margins.. Haceme erect in fruit.

2. P. Pursuit, Buckley. Fimbriate Phacelta.
Whole plant hairy; stem upright or ascending; lower leaves pinnately divided;

‘petiolate, the seements few and entire; wpper deeply pinnatifid, sessile and partly
slasping, the lobes lanceolate, acute or pointed, entire; racume 8 to 10-fowered, sim-.

HYDROPHYLLACES. 273

ple; pedicels clongated; calyxz-lobes lance-linear, acutish; corolla. fimbriate. (P..
fimbriata, Pursh. Cosmanthus fimbriatus, Nolte.)

Moist woods and river bottoms. April—June. Biennial. Flant8 to 12 inches
high, slender and with slender branches. Corolla light blue, 14 to % inch in
diameter, strongly laciniate-fringed, nearly destitute of folds and scales inside..

8. COSMANTHUS, Nolte.

Gr. kosmeos, elegance, anthos, a fiower..

Catyx 5-parted, the sinuses naked. Cororta broadly
bell-shaped, ei cleft, without scales. STAMENS 5; slender,.
about as long as the corolla. Sry bifid; ovary I-celled,.
hairy above. CApsuLE 2-valved, septiferous in the middle,
2 to 4, sometimes 8-seeded.—North American annual herbs,
with allernate leaves, and white or pale blue flowers, in long bractless.
racemes,

C. paARvIFLORUS, DO. Small-flowered Cosmanthus.

Diffuse, pubescent; leaves pinnatifid and trifid, middle lobe obovate, lateral acute,
diverg ng; lower leaves petiolate, upper sessile; raceme solitary; calyx-lobes lance-

evate, shorter than the corolla; stamens exserted; filaments hairy at base.

River banks and hillsides, common along the Susquehanna. May. Stem often:
Branched from the base; 4 to § inches hi ich. Corolla smooth, pale blus inelining te:
violet, greenish white in the centre, the divisions rounded.

4, EUTOCA.
Gr. eutokos, fruitfal
CaLyx 5-parted. _Cornonia. 5-cleft, broadly. bell-shaped,,.
eaducous, the tube without appendages. STAMENS 5, as:
Jong as the corolla. Svyux bifid; ovary hairy. CAPSULE
l-celled, 2-valved, the valves septiferous in the middle.
SEEDS numerous, rugulose.—Annuals, with alternate leaves.
and showy blue or white flowers.

E:: vescipA. Visctd Hutoca.

Stem ascending, branched, covered with a viscid glandular pubescence; leaves
ovate-cordate, crenate-serrate ; corolla broadly bell-shapedor salver-form. A bean-
tifal garden annual, often cultivated. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, very visced, emitting.
@ very disagreeable odor. Calyx-segments narrow, 24 as long as the corolla-lebes:
Corolla. dgep-blue with a white centre sprinkled with purple in. the form of a:
pentagon, 34 tolinch in diameter- Filaments hairy.

5. NEMOPHILA. GROVE-LOVE.

Gr. nemos, a grove, and phtieo, to love; so called from its habitat:

Catyx 10-parted, the alternate lobes reflexed. COROLLA
flat bell-shaped, 5-lobed; the Jobes emarginate, with necteri-
ferous cavities at the base. Stamens shorter than the eor-
olla. CaApsuue fleshy, 2-valyed, 4-seeded._

*

274 ' POLEMONIACER.

1. N. rnsranis.: Blue Grove-lore.

Eexves aligrnate, pinnatifid, with some of the divisions lobed ; calyx 14 the length
ef the corolla, with acute segmonts; lobes of the corolla rounded, slightly emargin-
ate ;-anhers sagittate ; style bifid: A beautiful garden annual 6 to 8 inches high.
Sem branched. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 14 inch wide, the petiole beset with
higira along each side.. Pediwnsies very long tercte; l-flowered. Corolla sky blue;
white in the centre. Anthersdark purple. June—Aug.

W. avomarts, has white flowers, spotted with brown or, black, sometimes found’
fa calti tiyation. '

Osvar 77. POLE MONIACE A: —Polemonium Fumily:.

a Fierbs, with alternzte or opposite leaves, cin *d-merous and 5-androus flowers;
ha lobes of the coralla convolute in the bud, a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style, the cap-
ele 3-eclied, 3-valved, loculicidal, few-many-seeded. CALYX 5-cleft, persistent. Co
ROLLA with a o-sleft barder. STamuns often unequal or unequally inserted on, the.
tabe of the corolla.

L. ILOX, Tinn. Uycunrpia.
Gr. phlox, flame, an ancient name of Lychnis, transfered to this genus.

CALYX somewhat prismatic, Ss segments erect. Coror-
BA salver-form, the tube slende , somewhat curved, the limb

flat, 5-lobed. SrameEns very unequally inserted in the tube:
of the corolla. CAPSULE ovoid, with a single seed in each

eell.— Chiefly perennial North Ambiance plants, with oppo-
site sessile mostly entire leaves, and purple j pink or white flowers, i
open clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils, cymose, mostly
bracted.

* Loves of the corolla entire. Perennials.

1. P. panicunatTa, L. . Panicled- Phlox:

Tall and stout, smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate and ovato-laneecolate Ge

acuminate, large, tapering at the base, the upper often Heart-shaped at the base;
panicle pyramidal-corymbed, many-flowered; calyx-teelh awa-pointed ; corolla-iobes
cbovate.

Rich woods and meadows, cultivated in gardens. June, July. Siéne2 to 3 feet
hizh. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, 34 to ll4 wide, the lower ones distinctly petioled.
fF lowers very numerous, pink- pur ‘plo varying to wuite, in a large oblong terminal
panicle. Var. acuminata, (P. acuminata, Parsh, ) has the broad and acuminate
Jeayes downy underneath, like the stem, which is likewise occa sionally spotted
below.

2. P. macunaTa, L. Spotted Phlox.

Smooth or slightly roughish; sfem erect.simple, spotted with purple; lower leaves
lanceolate, the upper nearly,ovate-lanccolate, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped
at the base; panicle oblong, thyrsoid or somewhat, pyramidal; calyx-teeth triangu
har-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed.

Rich woods, moist meadows and river banks, common, often cultivated. J une—
July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. mostly simple, sometimes spotted with dark purple.
Flowers mostly purple or crimson, sometimes white, when it is P. suaveolens, Ait...

POLEMONIACE®. ahs a7o

When the lower branches ef the panicie ars elongated so as to forma pyramital
penicle, itis P. pyramidaiis, Smith.
3. P. Carona, L. Carolina Phlox.

Smocth; stem-rather slender, branched at the base, ascending; leaves oblong-
lanceolate or.the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute, the lower witha slender tapering
base, the upper sessile by a rounded base, marg’ns revolute; calysz-teeth short-asu-
miinate; corolla-tube awned, segments entire.

Open woods and barren places, net common. June, July. Sten 1 to 2 feet high
pane 3 decumbent or creeping base. Lezves 2 to £ inenes loaz, mostly quita nar
yow, 14 to 4 inch wide, thick and shining. Fiewers large, pink-purpie, 15 to 25 in
ge Cor ymbose ienicle.

A. Po poss, L. Hairy Phloz.

Downy-hairy throughout; stems slender, rather upright; aves lance-linear, or
narrowly acute, the uppermost broades’ at the base; fiowers aes corymbed;
calyx-test’ hairy, very long, awn-like; corolla-lebes obovate, entir

Barzen3 and wet pla aces, May, Juns. Stem 10 to 20 inehes hich, weak. Leaves

4% to 8 8 inches long, 14 te ve inch wide, with the margins reyoiute. Flowers rose-
Pp: arp! e€ or pale, the cordila-tade athird lon ger than the long, slender teeth of the
ealy x

5. P. rep PTENS, Michx. Creeping Phlox.

Pubescent; stem crect with proeumbent suckers at base; lower leaves roundish-
ovovate, thick, those of the stem small, eval or oblong, obtuse; eyme simple, 3 to
8-flowered; calyxz-tecth linear-awl-shaped.

Damp woods and rocky places, rare. April, May. Runners creeping and bear

a

ing roundish-obovate leaves, tapering into st ort m nargined pea es. Stem low, 4 bo

10 inches high, ascending, clammy-pubesacent, with leaves 44 to 24 inch lung, 14 to
= 44 Y% ee),

Ve wide, cae. Flowers larze; reddish- -purp le or crim3on.

*% Toles of tire corolla aittted at the enti. Perennial.

G6. P. pivaricata, L. LHurly-flowering Phlox.

Minutely dewny, loosely branched from the base, the foweving stems ascending;
‘eaves oval-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse; cyme baer eahone panded: loorely flowered;
ealyz-teeth lincar-awl-shaped; cercla-lodes inversely heart-shaped.

Rosky damp woods and fence-rows, common. May. F'lowering-stems 9 to 15

inehes high. Opger leaves nearly clasping and often alternate. Flowers larye, of
@ pecaliar brilliaat grayish-blua color.

7. P. supuuatTa, L. Moss Pink. Mountain Pink.

Minutely downy; tufted, procumbent, much branched; lezres awl-shaped oF
narrow-linear, somewhat rigid, crowded and with numerous smaller ones clustered
dn the axils; corymbdifew-fowered; calyz-tecth awl-shaped ; cerollu-lotes wedge shaped,
emarginate.

Dry hills and ony. banks,eommon. April, May. A showy plant, forming low
matted and prostrate tufts, often cultivated in gardens. Stem 6 to 12 inches long,
with numerous assurgent branshes, 2 to 3 inches high. Leaves % inch long.

Fiowers pink-purpie or rese-color rarely white with a purple centre, 3 to & in one
orymb.

#* Dobes of the corolla entire. Anuual.

8. P. DrumMmonpi, Hook. Drummonds’ Phlox.

Erect, dichetomously branched, glandular-pilese; leaves oblong or liancelate,
scabrous; corymb dense-fiowered; calyx hairy, segments lanceolate, setaceous,
elongated, revolute; cerolla-tube pilose, segments obovate entire. July, Aug. A
beautiful annual species, native of Texas, common in cultivation. Stem § to 12
inches high, and with the leavesrough-glandular. Flowers yery showy, all shades
from white to dark-purple, with a deeper colored centre.

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276 ’ POLEMONIACE A.

2, POLEMONIUM, Tourn. Greek Vaneatan.

Name employed by Dioscorides, from polemss, war; of doubtful application.

CatyX bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Coronua bell-shaped-rotates
‘tube very short, closed by the hairy appendages at the bases
of the 5 filaments. CAPSULE few, several-seeded.—Low
branching herbs, with alternate pinnate leaves, and blue or white
jlowers, in nearly bractless corymbs.

1. P. Reprans, L. Greek Valerian. Jacob’s Ladder.

Smooth, diffusely branched; leaves 7 to 11-foliate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate or ob-
long, acute, entire; corymbs few-flowered; flowers nodding.

Moist woods and shady river banks. May. Per. A handsome plant often eul-
tivated, 12 to 18 inches high, with aweak and fleshy stem. Leajfiets mostly 7, sub-
opposite, smooth, as well as ‘the common petiole. lowers blue, in small nodding

corymbs at the end of the branches.

2. P. caeruteum, L. Greek Valerian.

* Stem smooth, simple, erect; testes pinnately 11 tol7-foliate; segments acuminate;
flowers erect; calyx as long as the tube of the corolla; cells of capsule 6 to 10-seed-
ed. Nativeof England. Bienniel. Stems clustered, several from the same root,
about 2 feet high, hollow, stout, each dividing at top into a corymbose panicle.
Leaves mostly radical, on long grooved petioles. lowers blue, about 4 inch in
diameter, terminal, suberect. ,

CULTIVATED ORNAMENTAL PLANTS.

Oo. MGILIA, Ruiz & Payon.

CaLyx 5-cleft, membranaceous, smooth or downy. Cor-
OLLA somewhat funnel shaped, 5-parted. STraAMENS 0, ip-
serted on the inner side ef the tube of the corolla. Disk
cup-form. CAPSULE eblong er ovoid, 3-celled few-seeded.—
Showy annual or brenniel plants, with alternate pinnalrfid leaves,
and blue or particolofed flowers in close capitate clusters or seatlered
panicles.

1. G. tTRicotor, Benth. T'ri-colored Gilia.

Stem erect, nearly smooth; leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid, with narrow linear
rezments; cymes paniculate, 3 to 6 flowered; calyx shorter than the tube of the
corolla. downy; corolla tricolored, with a very short tube. An elegant garden
plant native of California. July, Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, with bright
green shining leaves. lowers numerous, the limb of the corolla pale lilac-blue,
throat purple and tube yellow. Stamens 1% as long as the corolla.

2. G. AcHitLE#Formra, Benth. Afifoil-leaved Gulia.

Stem erect, hairy; leaves pinnatifid, somewhat hairy toward the base, nearly
smooth at the extremety; flowers corymbed, more dense then in G. tricolor; calyz
shorter than the tube of the corolla. Native of California. July, Aug. indi
to 15 inches high. lowers bright purple, ‘i inch in diameter. .

a

peel ele a

~ CONVOLVULACER. ee 4

4. IPOMOPSIS, Linn.

Ipomea, cypress-vine, and opsis, resemblance.

CALYX 5-parted, tubular and membranaceous. CoROLLA
funnel-shaped, the tube much exserted, deciduous. Sra-
MENS 5, inserted in the tube of the corolla. CAPSULE Q-
celled, many-seeded ; seeds angular.—Showy bienniels, with
alternate finely pinnatifid leaves, and showy sctrlet, orange
or reddish flowers in clustered panicles.

1. prota, L. Painted Lpomopsis.

Stem erect, tall, hairy; leaves crowded, pinnatifid, with subulate divisions;
thyrse elongated, with very short branches; corolla elongated, with a slender tube,
and spreading segments; stamens much exserted. Native of Carolina. Aug.
‘Asplendid plant, 2 to 4 feet high, bearing at the top athyrse of flowers | foot
long, Corolla 114 inch long, orange-red, spotted with carmine, the mouth of the
tube nearly white. j

Ornper 78. CON VOLVULACEHR.—Bindweed Family.

Twining or trailing herbs, with alternate, entire, or lobed leaves, and regular 5-an-
drous flowers, with a calyx of 5 wmbrieated, persistent sepals, a 5-plaited or 5-lobed
corolla, twisted in the bud, and u 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary, with a pair of erect
ovules from the base of each cell, the cells often doubled by a false partition. FLow-
ERS usually large and showy, opening but for one day. STAMENS 5, inserted into
the base of the corolla. Fruit a globular 2 to 6-seeded capsule.

Sup-orper I. CONVOLVULACEZ. Tue True pe
WEED FAMILY.

Emeryo with cotyledons; cARPELS united. FRurr cap-
sular, dehiscent.— Green and leafy plants.

1.- CALYSTEGIA, R. Brown. BracreD BrnpWEED.

Gr. kalyx, calyx, and stego, to cover; alluding to the bracts inclosing the calyx.

CALYX 5-parted, enclosed in 2 large foliaceous bracts ;
sepals equal. CoroLuLA between bell-shaped and funnel-
form, 5-folded, the border obscurely 5-lobed or entire. Sra-
MENS 5, included. Styte 1; stigmas 2; ovary imperfectly
2-celled. CapsuLE l-celled, 4-seeded.—Perennials, with
heart-shaped or arrow-shaped leaves, and axillary 1 flowered
peduncles.

1. ©. sepium, R. Br. Hedge Bindweed.
Smooth; stem Sears leaves arrow-shaped or somewhat halbert-form, pointed,
the lobes at base obliquely truncate and often toothed; peduncles 4-angled, 1-flow-
ered; bracts ls ial much longer than the calyk. (Convolyulus sepium, L.)

ee ee a a a

278 CONVOLVULACES:.

A vigorous climber, in hedges and low grounds. June, July; cultivated. Flow-
ers about 2 inches in diameter, white, often tinged with rose-color, opening at dawn
and cloudy weather. :

2. C. SPITHAMA!A, Pursh. LHrect Bindweed.
Downy; stem low and mostly simple, erect or ascending; leaves oblong-lanceo=
late, sub-cordate or auricled at base; obtuse or pointed at the apex; peduncles
usually longer than the leaves, l-flowered: (Convolvulus stans, Michx.)

Dry fields and hilly pastures. June, July. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, not twi-
ning, branching, leafy. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 14 as wide, with an abrupt cor-
date hase; on petioles, 14 to 34 inch long. Flowers 2 inches long, wuite, on pe-
duncles; 2 to 4incheslong. Bracts concealing the calyx.

2. CONVOLVULUS, Linn. Mornina-Gurory.

Lat. convolvo, to entwine. -

CaLyx 5-parted, naked. Corota bell-shaped or funnel-
form, with a spreading, nearly entire, or 5-lobed border.
STAMENS 5, mostly included. Sryue 1, often 2-cleft at the
apex; STIGMAS 2, rarely 3. CAPSULE 2 to3-celled, 2 to 3-
valved.— Chiefly twining or trailing plants, ofjen with milky
juice, and axillary peduncles, 1-many-flowered.

Suc. I. ConvoLvuLus proper.-Stigmas 2, linear; capsule 2-celled.

1. C. arvensis, L. Small Bindweed.

Stem procumbent or twining, low, angled, somewhat hairy; leaves ovate-oblong,
arrow-shaped, with acute lobes at the base; peduncles mostly 1-fiowered, bibracteate
near the base ; sepals roundish-ovate.

Fields, common, introduced from Europe; a very troublesome weed. June;
July. Stems several feet long. Leuves 1 to 2 inches long, the lower ones obtuse,
on short petioles. Flowers 1 inch long, white, often with a tinge of red, on pe-
duncles longer than the bracis.

Sec. II.. Ipomaa, L. Stigmas 2, globular or united into one; capsule 2-celled,

4-sceded.
9. ©. panpuratus, L. Wild Potato-vine.

Stem trailing or sometimes twining: leaves broad-cordate or panduriform; pe-
duncles 1 to 5-fiowered, longer thah the petioles; calyx smooth, with ovate-oblong
sepals; corolla open-funnel-form.

Sandy fields and dry bankscommon. July, Aug. Stems long and stout, trom
a thick root which often weighs 10 to 20 pounds. Leaves 2 to 3 inches iong, and
about the same width, aeute or obtttse, occasionally some of them are contracted
at the side so as to be fiddle shaped. Flowers 3 inehes long, purplish and white,
opening in the forenoon. Mun-ef-the-earth.

3. C. LAcuNnosus, Spreng. Morning-Glory.

Rather smooth; stem creeping and twining, slender; leaves heart-shaped, point:

ed, angular-lobed or entire, on long petioles; peduncles very short, 1 to 3-flowered ;
sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, half as long as the corolla; corolla 5-lobed.

Woods, dry fields and hills, rare. Aug., Sept. A small prostrate species. 2 to 6
feet long. Leaves 3 inches long, 114 wide, deeply heart-shaped, often deeply 3-lobed ;
petioles 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers 14 to 24 inch in diameter, 34 inch long, white,

<

with a purplish rim, the corolla 5-lobed.
_ Sec. IIT. Puarzins, Choisy. Stigmas mostly 3, united, capitate; capsule 3-
gelled; cells 2-seeded. = ’ i eto eee Taz

CONVOLVULACES. 279

4. ©. Nit, L. Blue Morning- Glory.

Stem hairy, twining; leaves cordate, 3-lobed, the intermediate lobe dilated at the
base, the lateral ones shorter, acute ; peduncles short, 1 to 2-flowered.

A beautiful plant, indigenous in the southern parts of the State, but known as @
garden plant. July—Sept. Calyx hairy, the segments long-acuminate, Flowers
arge, the tube white and the border of a clear sky blue color,

5. C. purpurgeus, L. Common Morning-Glory.

Twining, hairy; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, entire, pointed ; peduncles elonga-
ted, 3 to 6-flowered; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute; coroila funnel-form with a
spreading entire border.

Fields and about gardens, common in cultivation. June—Sept. Stem climbing
8 to 25 feet. Flowers large, beautiful, dark-purpie, violet-blue, pink, and somc-
times neariy white. ,

Sec. IY. Baratus. Stigma capitate, 2-lobed; ovary 4 or by abortion 3 or 2-celled’
6. C. Batarus, L. Sweet Potato.

Stem creeping, rarely twining; leaves heart-shaped, hastate, angular, 5-veined,
smoothish; peduicles long; flowers fascicled; sepals lanceolate, acuminate. The
sweet potato is found growing wild in both Indies, and is cultivated in all warm
countries. The stem is round, hispid, prestrate, sending out scattered oblong tubers
which are yellowish or purplish without. Flowers large, purple and white.

38. QUAMOCLIT, Tourn, CyPpREss-VINE.

Gr. kuamos, a bean, klitos, dwarf; resembles the climbing bean, but smaller.

SEPALS 5, mostly mucronate. Corona tubular-cylindri-
eal. STAMENS exserted. Styte 1; stigma capitate, 2-
lobed ; ovary 4-celled, cells 1-seeded.— Twining herbs, often
with pinnatifid divided leaves, and delicate white, yellow, orange and
scarlet flowers.

1. Q. vuLearis, Choisy. Jasmine Bindweed.

Leaves pinnatifid to the midvein, segments linear, parallel, acute; peduncles 1 to
2-flowered; sepals ovate-lanceolate.

An exceeding delicate vine, common in cultivation. July, Aug. Stem smooth,
yery slender, twining and climbing to the height of 5 to 10 feet. Flowers 4 to 34
inch in diameter, scarlet, varying to crimson and rase-cojor, sometimes white.
Corolla-tube slender, limb flat, 5-parted. Cypress-Vine,

2. Q.coccinEA, Moench. Sarlet-flowered Morning- Glory.

Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire or angular at base; peduncles elongated,

about 5-flowered; calyx awned. Native of the Southern States, cultivated. July,
Aug. Annual, Flowers scarlet or sometimes tinged with yellow,

Sus-orper If. CUSCUTINEA. Tre Dopper FaAmMI Ly.

Empryo slender, spirally coiled, entirely destitute of
eotyledons.—Parasitic. yellowish or reddish plants, with
thread-like naked stems and minute scales in place of leaves.

4, CUSCUTA, Tourn. DoppeEnr.
CALYX 5-(rarely 4)-cleft. Corota globose-bell-shaped,

280 : — “SOLANACEA.

4 to 5-cleft. Srammns 4 to 5, attached to the tube of ‘he
corolla, furnished with a scale- like, often fringed appendage
at their base. STYLES 2, distinct (or rarely united). OVARY
2-celled, 4-ovuled. CaPsuLE mostly 4-seeded. HEmsBryo
thread- shaped, spirally cviled in the rather fleshy albumen,
entirely destitute of cotyledons.—Leafless, chiefly annual,
yellowish or reddish herbs, with thread-like stems, bearing a
few minute scales in place of leaves ; germinating in the soil,
at length withering at the root and becoming entirely parasitic
on the bark of herbs and shrubs; flowers small cymose-
clustered, mostly white.

1. (C. eprtinum, Wiche. Slax Dodder.

Stem very slender; flowers in small and dense scattered heads; corolla globular-
cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the 5-parted calyx ; leaves small; styles at first up-
right, not longer than the ovary.

Flax-fields, common; introduced from Europe. June. Stem reddish-orange.
Flowers yellowish- white. Cal, yx thickish. Stamens included. Stigma acute.
Capsule depressed-globose, surrounded with the withering corolla.

2. C. Gronovil, Willd. Common Dodder.

Stem thickish, branched; scales oblong, fimbriate; flowers peduncled, in close
or cpen cymes; corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with short spreading or refiexed seg.
ments, withering at the base of the capsule; calyx-lobes broad ovate, obtuse; style
diverging ; stigma capitate.

Low grounds very common, chiefly on herbs. Aug., Sept. Sfem smooth, slender,
© to 5 feet long, and with the scales of a light orange-color, whoily destitute of
green, always twining from right to left, or hanging infestoons. G@alyx and corolla
more or less dotted with pellucid glands, yellowish-white.

o. C. coMpAcTA, Juss. Compact-flowered Dodder.
Bracts and sepals orbicular, concave, appressed, slightly crenate, much shorter
than tke slender cylindrical tube of the corolla. #lawers sessile, in dense clusters ;
stamens shorter than the linear-oblong spreading lobes of the corolla; scales pin-
natifid-fringed. a
Dry grounds, on shrubs. Southern parts of the State.

Orper 79. SOLANACEM.— Nightshade Family.

Herbaccous or rarely shrubby plants, with a colortess juice, alternate leaves, regu.
lar 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, and the frutt a 2-celled (rarely 3 to 5-celled)
many-seeded capsule or berry. CALyx usually persistent. CoroLua plaited or in-
folded; valvate in the bud. Stamens mostly equally inserted on the corolla.
STYLES and STIGMA single. PLACENTA in the axis, projecting far into the cells.
SEEDS nearly amphitropous. .

1. NICOTIANA, Linn. Tosacco.

In honor of John Nicot, of Languedoc, who is supposed to have introduced it into
Europe.

Catyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. CoroLLA funnel-

SOLANACE. 281

_ form or salver-form, usually with a long tube; border plait-

ed, 5-lobed. STamMens 5. SrigMa capitate. CapsuLE 2-
celled, 2 to 4-valved from the apex. Sreps minute.—Rank
acrid narcotic herbs, mostly clammy-pubescent, with large simple
entire leaves and lurid fiowers in recemes or panicles, white, tinged
with green or purple. |

1. N. rustica, L. Wild Tobacco.

Viscid-pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate; corollu-tube cylindrical, 24 longer than
the calyx, the lobes rounded.

Sparingly naturalized near dwellings and old fields. Said to have been intro-
duced by the Indians. Aug. Stem12tol8inches high. lowers greenish-yellow,
in a terminal panicle or raceme.

2. N. rasacum, L. Virginian Tobacco.

Viscid-pubescent; leaves lanceolate, sessile, decurrent; corolla-tube inflated at
the throat; lobes acute. Native of Central America. Extensively cxltivated in
the Middle and Western States, and is exported in vast quantities. S’em 4 to 6
fect high, paniculate above. Leaves 1 to 2 fect long, 6 to 12 inches wide, entire.
Flowers rose-coior. July. Taken into the stomach this plaxt is a powerful nar-
eotic poison.

~

2. DATURA, Linn. JAmMEsTOWN-WEED.
Altered from the Arabic name, Jatorah.

CALYX prismatic, 5-toothed, seperating transversely above
the base in fruit. Corota funnel-form, with a large and
spreading 5-toothed petioled border. SramMens 5. STIGMA
2-lipped. Carsune globular, prickly 4-valved, 2 celled;
cells 2 to 3-parted, many-seeled.—Nurcotic-poisonous rank
weeds, with ovate angulur-toothed leaves, and large and showy fluw-
ers on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stems.

D. stramoniuM, L. Thorn-Apple. Jamestown- Weed.

Leaves ovate, smooth, angular-dentate; calyz-teeth pointed ; capsule priekly, erect.

Waste grounds and roadsides, common; introduced. July—Sept. Annual.
Plant 2 to 3 feet, often flowering when only 1 foot high. Stem smooth, hollow.
Leaves \arge, situated at the base of the 2 forked branches. Flowers 2 to 3 inches
long, solitary ; cerolla funnel-form, with a long tube and a plaited 5-toothed border,
white with a slight tinge of purple. The whole plant is poisonous.

8. HYOSCYAMUS, Tourn. Henpane. ;
Gr. hus, huos, a hog, kwamos, a bean; the fruit is said to be not poisonous to
swine. 7 j

- CaLyx tubular, 5-toothed. Coronna funnel-form, ir-

regular, border 3-lobed, plaited. Stamens 5, declined.

STIGMA capitate. CApsubE ovoid, 2-celled, covered by the

persistent calyx, opening transversely all round the apex

which falls off like a lid.—Clammy-pubescent rank herbs,

with angled e dootieed leaves and lurid flowers in their axils,
2 orice

989 | ‘SOLANACER.

~#H. nicer, L. Black Henbane. =
Stem branching, erect, very leafy ; leaves clas ping, s inuate-toothed and angled;

flowers sessile, in one-sided at length recurved leafy spikes.

A tall foetid weed, sparingly naturalized, growing about waste places. July.
Annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, round. Flowers large, dull-yellow, ue dark
‘purple veins. A powerful narcotic. “Introduced from Europe.

4. NICANDRA, Adans. AppLe or PERv.

Named after the poet Nicander, of Colophon.

CaLyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions arrow-shaped,
enlarged and inflated in fruit, inclosing the 8 to 5-celled
globular dry berry. CoroLiA open-bell-shaped, with the
plaited border nearly entire. STAMENS 5, converging.—An
annual smooth herb, with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled
leaves and solitary pale blue flowers on axillary and teiminal

peduncle.
Ii. PuysaLorpEs, Gert. Apple of Peru.

Stem herbaceous; leaves smooth, sinuate, angular; flowers solitary, axillary, on
short peduncles; calyx closed with the angles very acute.

Cultivated grounds, sparingly naturalized. Native of Peru. Aug. Stem 2to5
-feet high, very branching. Leuves large, oblong decurrent. Corolla slightly lobed,
‘pale blue, white and with 5 blue spots in the centre.

5. PHYSALIS, Linn. Grounp CHERRY.

Gr. phusa, a bladder, alluding to the inflated calyx.

CALYX 5-cleft, persistent, at length much inflated. Co-
ROLLA spreading-bell-shaped, with a very short tube, marked
with 5 concave spots at the. base; border plaited, somewhat
5-lobed. StTAMENS 5, converging. Fruita 2-celled globu-
lar berry, enclosed within the inflated calyx. —Herbs, rarely
shrubs, with the leaves often unequal!y in pairs, and axillary
or extra-axillary flowers on 1-flowered peduncles.

1. P. viscosa, L. Ground Cherry. Yellow Henbane.

Clammy-pubescent, low, very diffusely branched; leaves ovate or ovate-Jancco-
late, heart-shaped or acute at base, somewhat angled, tuothed or entire; flowers
nodding.

Dry fields and hillsides, common. July, Aug. Per. A very variable plant, and
embracing many nominal species. Stem about 1 foot high, more or less decum-
bent. Leaves 1 to 4 inches long, % to 24 or even as wide, acute, acuminate or
often cbhtuse at the apex. Corolla pale greenish-yellow with 5 brownish spots at
base. Beary yellowish, pleasant tasted, Mies i inclosed in the much inflated

calyx.
2, P. PHILADELPHICA, Lam. Pislddelp Ht Ground Cherry.

Smoothish, erect; leaves obliquely ovate, pointed, angled ; calyx open in fruit,
scarcely inclosing the berry. ;

. Dry river banks. July. Ann, “J lowers larger thon i in the preceeding species,
yellow, Wit browa stripes.”

‘SOLANACE. 1283

6. SOLANUM, Linn. NIGHTSHADE:

Catyx 5 to 10-parted, persistent, spreading. CoRoLLA
mostly wheel-shaped; ¢ube very short; /imd plaited in the
bud 5 to 10-lobed. Sramens 5, ‘exserted, coe
around the style ; filaments very short. BERRY usually 2-
celled.—Herbs or shrubs, unarmed or prickly with pinnatifid
or undivided, sometimes geminate leaves, and lateral solitary
or extra solitary peduncles.

1. S. puncamara, L. Bittersweet Nightshade.

Stem somewhat shrubby, climbing, mostly smooth; leaves evate-heart-shaped;
the upper ones halbert-shaped, or with 2 ear-like lobcs at the base; flowers in
small cymes, which become lateral.

Moist banks and around dwellings, naturalized. June, July. Per. Stem
branching, several fect Jong. Flowers drooping on branching peduneles from the
side of the stem. Corollu of reflexed, segments, purps, with a green spot on each
segment. Berries bright red.

2. §S. nigrum, L. Black Nightshade.

Low, much branched and often spreading; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed; flewers
small, in lateral umbel-like clusters, drooping ; berries globular.
Waste places. common, introduced. July, Aug. Bienniel. A poisonous plant

of no beauty, about a foot high. TZeaves mostly erose on the margin as if gnawed
by insects. Flowers very small, white, with yellow anthers. Berries black.

3. §. CAROLINENSE, L. Horse-Netile.

Iierbaceous, prickly: leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate-toothed or angled,
hcary-pubescent, prickly along the midrib ; flowers large, in simple loose racemes}
berv y globular.

Roadsides, sandy soil, rare. June, J uly. Per. Stem erect, prickly, branched,
'-about one foot high. Leaves + to 6 inches long, 2 to 3 wide, usually in unequal
pairs, with a few large repand lobes or teeth. Flowers pale blue.or white, 1 to 114
inch in diameter, in lateral racemes. Ber? "y plopular orange- yellow.

CULTIVATED SPECIES.

4, §. tusrerosum, L. Common Potato.

Root tuberous; stem herbaceous, winged; leaves interruptedly-pinnate, pube-
- geent; flowers sub-corymbed; corolla 5-angled. This valuable plant is supposed
to be a native of South America where it still grows wild. Although it now cons
stitutes a large portion of the food of man, it was scarcely known until the 17th
century, and was not extensively cultivated until the middle of the 18th. Nu-
merous varieties are raiscd from the secd, which differ in the time of pees
quality, form, color, size, &e.

5. §. metoncena, L. Lyg Plant.

_ Prickly; leaves ovate, sub-sinuate, downy; flowers many-parted. Ann. Stem
branching, about 2 feet high. The fruit consists of large egg-shapcd berries, from
the size of an egg to that of a water melon, smooth, white or of @ glossy purple.
It is prepared in various ways, and considered delicious.

Sec. II. Lycoprersicum, Mill. Berries 3 to 6-eelled, often torose.
6. §. nycopersicuM, L. Tomato.
ii stem herbaceous, weak ; leaves unequally pinnatifid, segments ~ glau-

284 | SOLANACE A.

éous beneath; fruit torulose, furrowed, smooth. A common garden plant, re-
sembling the potato in its general aspect, 2 to 4 feet high. Flowers greenish:
yellow. Fruit large, mostly with or without acute furrows, at. first green, be-
coming when ripe a beautiful red or golden yeliow. The fruit i is prepared in
¥arious ways, for sauces, stews, &c.

CULTIVATED EXOTICS. -

rf ATROPA, Linn. DErapiy NIGHTSHADE,

Name of one of the three fates of Grecian mythology; whose office was to cut the
thread of human lite.

CALYX persistent, 5-cleft. CoronnA bell-shaped. Sras
MENS 9, distant: Brrry globose, 2-celled, situated on the
calyx. ley bs, shrubs or trees, natives of the Old. World.

A. Bettaponna, L. Deadly Nightshade.

Stem herbaceous; leaves ovate, entire, acuminate, at both ends in pairs, on short
retioies; flowers solitary, somewhat drooping, on short 1-floweted axillary pe-
auneles; calyx deeply divided into 5 ovate segments; stamens shorter than the
corolla, Dearing heart-shaped 4-lobed anthers. Native of Europe. A powerful
narcotic poison, often cultivated. Stem 65 fect high, branching below, and with
the leaves purplish. Flowers pale purple externally, darker on the upper internal
surfaee, and yellowish below. Berries about the size of a small cherry witha
transverse furrow, shining, smooth, of a dark violet black color.

8, LYCIUM, Linn. Farse Jessamine.

From Lyeia, the native eountry of the original species.

CaLyx 2 to 5-cleft, short. CoroLua tubular ; imdb most-
ly 5-lobed, spreading ; orifice closed by the. beard of the
filaments. STAMENS 4 to 5, exserted. Berry 2-celled ;
seeds several, reniform. — Shrubs, with the branches endine g
tn spinose points, and often with axillary spines. lowers ax-
allary, solitary, or in pairs,

L. Barzparum, Linn. Matrimony Vine.

Stem angular, with long pendulous bratiches, somewhat spiny; leaves often
fasciculate, lanceolate; calyx mostly 3-cleft. Native of Barbary, cultivated and

_ nearly naturalized. A handsome shrub, growing to the height of 8 to 12 feet,

With long slender trailing or hanging branches, which overspread walls, &c., with
a thick tangled mass. Leaves smooth, 8 times as long as wide. Flowers greenish-
purple. Serrtes orange-red. *

9. _ CAPSICUM, Tourn. CAYENNE PEPPER.

Gr. kapto, to bite; from the acridity of the fruit.
CaLyx erect, 5-cleft, persistent. CoRoLLA rotate, with a
very short tube and. plaited d-lobed limb. SraMeEns 5, with
converging anthers. Fruir a juiceless berry, 2 to 4. -celled,

re ra a I i

GENTIANACES. 285

many-seeded.—.A large genus of herbaceous or shrubby plants,
pervaded by a hot and pungent principle, with the leaves often
in pairs, and axillary solitary peduncles.

C. annuum, L. Led Pepper. Cayenne Pepper.

tem herbaceous, angular, branching above; leaves ovate, acuminate, entire,
petiolate, smooth; peduncles axillary, smooth; calyx angular, with short, acute
lobes; corolla-lobes spreading, longer than the stamens; berry oblong or sub-glo
bose. Native of South America. Ann. Cultivated in gardens for its stimulating
fruit, which is well known. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers solitary, on crowded
peduncles of a greenish-white color.

10. PETUNIA, Juss.

The Brazilian name is petun, Latinized petunia.

CALYX-TUBE short, the limb 5-cleft, leafy. CoroLua
funnel-form, with a cylindric tube; dimb in 5 unequal
plaited lobes. STAMENS 95, unequal, included, arising from
the middle of the corolla-tube. CAPSULE 2-valved, many-
seeded.—Herbs, with simple leaves, and axillary solitary
showy flowers.

1. P. NYCTAGINIFLORA. White Petunia.

Diffuse; clothed with clammy hairs; lower leaves alternate, ovate, obtuse, hairy;
floral leaves sessile, cordate-ovate, opposite; corolla-tube cylindric, 8 or 4 times
longer than the spatulate sepals, limb flat, spreading. A handsome border flower,
native of Brazil. Stem 1to3 feet long. JZeaves 2 to 3 inches long.

2. P. vioLaAcEA, L. Purple Petunia.

Stem weak, viscid pilose, prostrate ; Jeaves ovate, acute, on short petioles; corolla
yentriccese, with ovate acute segments. Native of Brazil. A handsome trailing
or climbing plant, quite popular in cultivation. Whole plant clothed with clammy
hairs. Stems several from the same root, simple or somewhat branched, 2 to 8
feet long. TZeaves 1 to 2inches long, flesby, nearly smooth beneath. Jeduncles as
long as the leaves. Corolla bright purple, 1 inch or more broad, upper segments
smallest. These two species are found to hybridize freely, and the union of the
two produces a great number cof beautiful varieties, such as violet, white and pur-
ple, flesh color, &c., some of which are highly fragrant.

OrveR 80. GENTIANACEER,.— Gentian Family, —

Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, mostly opposite sessile entire leaves without
stipules, regular flowers with the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, mostly
twisted in estivation, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placente ; the fruit a 2-valved
many-seeded capsule. CALYX persistent. CoroLLA mostly withering-persistent, the
stagens inserted on its tube.

‘1. SABBATIA, Adans. AMERICAN CENTAURY.

. Dedicated to Sabbati, an carly Italian botanist.
CALYX 5 to 12-parted, the divisions slender. CoROLLA

s

286 } GENTIANACE®,

5 to 12-parted, wheel-shaped. Stamens 5 to 12, with erect
at length recurved anthers. Srywr 2-parted, slender, with
spiral divisions. CapsuLE 1-celled, the valves a little intro-
flexed.—Biennicls, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled
handsome white or rose-purple flowers.

1. §. ANcuLaris, Pursh. Common Centaury.

Stem square and 4 angled, stiff, erect, much branched above; leaves ovate or
ovate-heart-shaped, clasping ; calyx-lobes lance-linear, nearly 44 as long as the
corolla; corolla-labes ovatecelliptical.

Dry neglected fields and river banks. July, Aug. Sfem 12 to 20 inches high,
with opposite many-flowered branches. Leaves closely embracing the stem, 1 to 2
inches long, 14 to 114 wide, obscurely S-nerved. Flowers showy, 1 to 1144 inch in
diameter, deep rose-color with a yellowish-green 5-rayed star in the centre,

2, 8. GRaciiis, Salisb. Slender Oentaury.

Stem, branches and peduncles very slender, diffuse ; leaves linear, the lower rather
oblong ; calyx-segments linear-bristle-shaped, about as long as the corolla; corolla
d-parted, with elliptic-oblong obtuse lobes. ;

Wet grounds. July, Aug. Stem 10 to 15 inches high, with long diverging
branches. Panicle terminal, with spreading few-flowered branches. Flowers
purple, on long peduncles.

3d. §. STELLARIS, Pursh. Star flowered Centaury.

Stem weak, nearly round; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, the uppermost
linear; calyx-loves linear subulate, about half as long as the obovate lobes of the
corolla.

Brackish meadows. Auz., Sept. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, slightly angular,
dichotomously branched; branches elon zated, 1-flowered. Leaves somewhat fieshy,
i to 2.inches long, sessile. J'lowe7s bright purple or rose-color, with a yellow star
in the centre, edged with crimson.

4. §. cHxtorormeEs, Pursh. Large-Aowered Centaury.

Stem slender, weak, nearly round; leayes oblong-lanceolate, erect ; flowers 7 to
12-parted ; sepals linear, shorter than the elliptical-lanceolate lobes of the corolla,

Border of brackish pands. July—Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, loosely panicled
above, with few 1l-flowered branches. Zeives 1 to 114 inch long, opposite, entire,
amooth, closely sessile, acute. Carolia 114 to 2 inches in diameter, bright purple,
with a yellow base, the segments spatulate, rounded at the end. }

2. ERYTHRAMA, Pers. CrENnTAURY.

Gr. eruthros, red; from the color of the flowers,

Catyx 4 to 5-parted, the divisions slender. CoroLLA
funnel-form, with a slender tube and a4 to 5-parted limb,
which in withering twists on the pod. SraMeENs 9, rarely
4; anthers after flowering spirally twisted. Sry slender,
single; ségma capitate or 2-lipped.— Low and small branch-
ing annuals, with sub-angular stems, somewhat ouneate leaves, and
rose-purple or reddish cymose flowers.

Kj. RAMOSISSIMA, Persoon, var. PULOHELLA, Griseb.,
Low; stem simple below, 2 forked, branched above; leaves ovate, oblong or oval §

‘

GENTIANACE.E. 287

flowers all on short pedicels; corolla-tube thrice as long as the elliptical-oblong
lobes.

Wet meadows or shady places; rare; probably introduced. July. Stem 2 to 6
inches high, many times forked above and forming a diffuse cyme. Leaves 14 to
24 inch long, 14 inch wide, closely sessile. Corolla “bright purple, tube yellowish:
green, slender, persistent and withering on the capsule.

38. BARTONIA, Muhl. (CEentavuretia, Michx.)
Dedicated in the year 1801 to the late Prof. Barton, of Philadelphia.

CaLyx 4-parted. Coroxua deeply 4-cleft, without glands,
fringes or folds. SraMeENs 4, short. StiaMma thick, glan-
dulous and partly bifid. CapsuLE oblong, pointed, 1- celled,
2.valved, many-seeded — Small annual or bienniel erect herbs,
with slender stems, owl-shaped greenish scale like leaves, and small
yellowish-white peduncled fiowers,

B. TENELLA, Muhl. Small-flowered Bartonia. Screw-stem.

Stem smooth, branched above; branches mostly cppesite, 1 to 3-flowered ; leaves
awl-shaped, minute; corolla as long as the calyx: style very short.

Open woods and damp grounds. Aug., Sept. Stem 3 to 10 inches high, square,
often twisted. Peduneles opposite or terminal, simpleor branched. Flowers small,
greenish-white, on the ends of the branches. Stamens inserted in the clefts of the
corolla. CENTAURELLA MoserRi, Grisb., is only a yaricty with the scales and pe-
duncles mostly opposite.

4. GENTIANA, Linn. GENTIAN.

From Gentius, king of Illyria, who discovered the tonic virtues of this genus,
Catyx 4 to 5-celcft. Corotna 4 to 5-lobed, regular, mest-
ly with intermediate plaited folds, which bear appendages at
the sinuses. STAMENS 4 to 5, inserted upon the tube of the

- corolla, short. SryLe short or none; sTIGMAS 2, persistent.

CapsuLe oblong, 2-valved, many-seeded.— Herbs of various
habits, with opposite leaves, and solitary or cymose showy
flowers.

* Corolla without crown or plaited JSolds ; annual.

G. QUINQUEFLORA, Lam. JLive-flowered Gentian.
Stem 4-angled, slender, branched; leaves ovate-lanceoiate, somewhat heart-
shaped and clasping at the base, 3 to 7-nerved, minutely pointed; corolla-lobes
triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, about 14 as long as the slender obconical tube,
the tube 4 times as long as the subulate sepals.

Hillsides and pastures. Aug., Sept. Stem about 1 foot an; with the branches
racemed or panicled, about 5-fiowered at the summit. F lowers about 1 inch long;
light purplish-blue. 1

** Corolla with plaited folds ; perennials,
2.. G. saponariA, L. Soapwort Gentian.

Stem erect or ascending, _ roughish above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong oF
lance-obovate, with rough margins, narrowed at the base; ca’yx-lobes linear or
spatulate, acute, about 4 as long as the corolla; corolla club-bell-shaped, with

2

ee ee a
hy °

es
—

988 : GENTIANACEA, _ | 3 :

-roundish-ovate, mostly obtuse, erect or converging lobes, which are longer than
the 2-cleft minutely-toothed appencazes; anthers united. i}

Meadows and sides ef streams, common. Sept., Oct. A very variable species,
embracing several varieties and nominal species, 12 to 18 inches high, simple,
erect, smooth, with opposite smooth leaves. Flowers 1% inch long, erect, bright-
blue, sub-sessile in bunches at the top of the stem, and often solitary in the upper
axils,

Oe, Am OCHROLEUCA, Freel. Yellowish-White Gentian.

Stem ascending, most!y smooth; leaves obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly obo-
vate, obtuse, the upper ones lanceolate, all nerved at the base; flowers in a dense
terminal cluster; calyx-lobes linear, unequal, longer than the tube; corolla club-
shaped, apex connivent or slightly expanding, lobes ovate, cbtuse, the folds entire,
acute, short; anthers free. *

Dry grounds, rare. Sept., Oct. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, simple, stout. Leaves
ciasping or sessile, 2.to 4 inches long, 34 to 114 wide. Flowers 2 inches long, 34
inch thick. Corolla open at top, greenish-white, painted inside with green yeins
and lilac-purple stripes.

4. G. ALBA, Muhl. Whitish Gentian.

Stems upright, stout, very smooth; leaves ovate-lanccolate, from a heart shaped
closely clasping base; calyz-loles ovate, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and
much shorter than the tube of the corolla; corolla inflated, club-shaped, at length
open, the short and broad ovate lobes nearly twice as long as the toothed appen-
Gages; anthers at first united; capsule nearly included.

Glades and low grounds. Aug.- Stem 12 to 18 inches high, with the flowers
closely sessile and much crowded in a dense terminal cluster, and sometimes also
clustered in the upper axils. Galyx-lobes reflexed-spreading. Cor olla white, more
or less tinged with greenish or yellowish. This has generally been confounded
with G. ocurotuuca, but Prof. Gray considers it a very distinct species, on whose
authority I have here inserted it, as indizinous to this State.

*** Corolla 4-cleft, fimbriate on the margins ; annual or bienniel.

5. G. ormnita, Frel. Fringed Gentian.

Stem erect, branched above; branches clongated, 1-fiowered ; leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, with a partly heart-shaped or rounded base; lobes of the 4-clefé
ealyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate; corolla-tube bell-shaped, the limb 4-parted ©
with wedge-obovate lobes, strongly fringed around the summit.

Low grounds and hil'sides. Sept., Oct. A beautiful species 6 to 12 inches high,
round and smooth, with long branches, slightly curved at the base, becoming erect
and straight, each bearing 2 leaves at the middle and a single flower at the top.
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 14 to 4 inch wide, broadest at the base. Flowers 2
inches long, sky-biue, finely fringed on the margin, expanding in sunshine.

5. MENYANTHES, Tourn. BuckKBEAN.

€r. men, month, and anthos, a flower; because the plant blossoms about that
length of time.

CaLyx 5-parted. Coror~iA short funnel-form, 5-parted,
deciduous; LIMB spreading, 95-lobed, equal, white, bearded
within. Sramens 5. Sryue slender, persistent. STIGMA
2-lobed. CapsuLE 1-celled, bursting somewhat irregularly,
many-seeded.—A perennial herb, with a thickish creeping
rootstock, sheathed by the membranaceous bases of the long petioles,
which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets at the summit, and white or
slightly reddish flowers, racemed on the naked scape,

APOCYNACER. 289

M. terrontata, L. Marsh Trefoil. Buckbean.
Leaves trifoliate; leaflets obovate; peduucles long naked; sepals cbiuse, 14 as long
as the corolla; peials acute, about as long as the stamens.

Bogs, marsinsofponds. A fine plant arising from large, bleek reots, deseend-
‘ing deep into the borgy earth. Stem'8 to 12 inches high, round. Flowers white
-or fiesh-color, beautifully fringed with soft hairs at the base and in the tube of
the-corolla.

6. OQBOLARIA, Linn. PENNYWoRT.

Gr. obolo3, 3 small coin, with which the leaves of this plant are comparce.

Cauyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the
leaves. Corona tubular-bell- shaped, w ithering-persis stents
4-cleft, the lobes oval-oblong, or sometimes g patulate. Sra-

5.

tt a

MENS A, inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. SryLE

y)
1
6}

‘short persistent: STIGMA 2-lipped. Roe ovoid, l-cel-

ded, 2-valved, many-seeded.— A low and very smooth pur-
plish-areen perenniel. with opposite wedge obovate leaves, and whi-
tish or purplish ternunal and amillary flowers solitary or in elusters
of 3.
O. Virernica, Ll. Virginian Pennywort.

Siem simple or with afew opposite branches above; leaves cuneate-obovate er
‘roundish-rhomboidai, sessile and decurrent at base.

Rich woods, rare. April, May. Stem 4 to8 inches high, often in clusters. Cor-

-oU@ pale-purplish or whitish, longer than the stamens.

Orper 81. APGOYNACEI.—Dogbane Family.

Prants with miiicy acrid juice, entire chiefly opposite aves without slipules, regu-
‘lar 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, with the 5 lobes of the corelia convolute and twist-
ed in the bud.—Catyx entirely free from the 2 ovaries, persist:nt. FiLamEents cis
tinct: pollen granular, globose or 5-lobed. Fruita pair of follicles, rarely one of
‘them abertive. Srro3 numerous, amphitropous. Chiefly tropical plants.

+e APOCYNUM, Tourn. Dograne

‘Gr. apo, away, and huew,a dog; to which the plant was-thought te be poiKon ous

CaLyx 5-parted, with acute lobes. ‘Corona bell-shaped,
‘O-cleft, with 5 triangular appendages in the throat eppesite
‘the lobes. SrAMENS 5 ), inserted on the base of the corella:

anthers arrow-shaped, longer than the filaments: f/aments

slightly adherent to the 2 Aobed sti gma by their inner face.
Fruit of 2 long and slender follicles.— Perennial herbs, with

opposite entire mucronate ‘teaves, and small pate fiowers in te rminad

and axillary cymes.

1. A. AxpDresmMiIrotiuM, L. Deg’ shane.
#mooth, branched above, the branches diverging; leaves ovate distinctly petic-

>)

asl

“

CO) ASCLEPIADACES,

Ved: e eymes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves; cerolla open bell-she-
ped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the calyx.

fiorders of wvods and fencerows, common. Jung July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high,
erect reddish. Peanes 2 to 3 inches Jong and 24 8S wide, dark green above, paler
beneath, on petioles lg inch long. Coroila 4 inch broad, white striped with red,

with 5 acute, spreading segmonts.—Varies, also, with the leaves downy under-
neath.

2. <A. CANNABINUM, L. Indian Hemp.

Stem and branches upright or ascending; leaves varying from ebiong, oval
orate: to heart-shaped; cymes close, many-flowered, erect, usually shorter than the
leaves; corollu with nearly erect lobes, the tube about as long as the lanceolate
lobes of the calyx.

Open woodsanil river banks, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 fret high, gen-
on dividing above inte long, slender branchyas. Le wes 116 to 4 inches long, 14
to lg as wide. Var.l. gliberrimum, DO. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, on short peti-
o} ex, smxo0th, obtuse or rounded. Var. 2, psessens, DC. Leaves oblong, oval, or
ovate, downy und :rn2ath or on both sides, as wellas tke cymes, Var. 3, hypertcs-
Jo#um. Lesves more or less heart shaped at the base, on v-ry short pet.o.es, most
ly smooth. (A hypericifoliam, At.) lowers small, with lemccolate acute sepals.
Cerolia whitish wilh straight obtuse segments.

2. VINCA, Lmny PERI WINE

Lat. vinculum, a band, from the long twining branches.

CoROLLA salver-form, Bead die, ‘border 5-cleft, the leba
oblique, orifice d-angled; 2 ? glands at the base of the orary.
CAPSULE follicular, erect, fusiform; seeds oblong. — Upright
or trailing shrubs, with evergreen leaves and showy flowers.

SL V. minor, L! ~ Lesser Pertwinkle, Fale Maric

Stem procumbent, trailing; leaves ellipticlanecolate, smooth on the margina,
thick; flowers pedansulate; sepuls lanceolate. A handsome cvergreen, Lowering
jnzin May. Native of Europe. Stems soveral feet in length, round, smooth and
leafy. Leaves opposite, smooth and shining, about aninehiong. Flewers soiitary,
gzitlary, alternate, blue, violet.and white,

OV MAJOR, LU. . Greater Periwinkle,

‘A beautifal shrub, common in eultivation, native of Europe. Stem 1 bo 2 fect’
hizh, with numerous, slender, straggling branches, very leafy, forming light maa-
soz of evergreen foliage. Leaves 1to2 inches long, rounded or somewhat heartsha-
pedat base. Flowers blue, pink and white, biossom-ng nearly all scazons.

Oxprr 82. ASCLEPIADAGEH,.—Milkweed Family.

Plants with milky juice and oppo.tte or whorled rarely scattered entire leaves, regu-
lar d--mnerous, 5-androus flowers, with a vatvate corolla, and singular eonnestion of
tre anthers with the stigma, the eshesion of the pollen masses into waz-like masses, cc,,
a3 explained under the typical genus.

1. ASCLEPIAS, Linn. MILkWEED. SILKWEPD.
The Greek name of Hsculepius, to whom this genus is dedieated.
CaLyx small, 5-parted, persistent, spreading. COROBLA

ASCLEPIADACEE. peel

deeply d-parted, the divisions lanceolate reflexed, deciduots:.
Ghoien of 5 hooded lobes Cera seated on "the tube cf
stamens, ae containing a horn-like incurved process. STA-

BENS 5, inserted on the base of the corolla; FILAMEN®S

united into a tube which incloses the pistil; ANTHERS ad-
herent to the stigm1, with 2 vertical cells opening length-
wise tipped with a membranaccous appease: each cell con-
taining a flattened waxy pollon-mass. STIGMA depressed
Q- angled, covering 2 ovaries. FoniicLes 2, one of then
often abor tive _ inflated, smooth or muricate. SEEDS furnished

with a long tuft of silk ky hairs at the hilum.—Perennial up-
right herbs, with thick and deep rosts, usually transversely veined

leaves. and terminal or mostly lateral peduncles between the peitoles
bearing simpie many flowered umbels.
* Leaves opposite.

. ¥
1.. A. Cornutt, Decaisne. Common Milkweed er Silkweed.
Siem nearly simple, large and stout; leaves ovate-elliptical, with a slight point,
spreading, petiolate, minutely velvety-downy underneath; umbel nodding; divi-
sions of the corolia ovate; hoods of the crown ovate; obtuse, with a lobe or tcsth
en each side of the claw-like horn; fUl%cles muricate.
Rich soil, fields, roadsides, &c., common. July. A coarse, very milky plant. 3
to4dfesthigh. eaves 4 to 8 inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide, tapering at boih ends,
pale. Uimbels several, dense, globose, each of 20 or more sweet-scented flowers.

Cyrallz pale-purple, about }4‘as long as the pedicels, reflexed, leaving the crown
guite conspicueus.

2. <A. pHywmoLAccoipes, Ph. Lvih-leaved Scikweed.
Slem simple, erect, smooth; lezves broaily ovate, or the upper oral-lanceolate
pointed at both seas, short petioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath 3 pedice/s
loose and nodding, numerous, elongated, slender; divisions of the corolla ovate
oblong, heads of the crown truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the summit, ihe

horn with a long projecting point; jullicies minutely spit

Tiow shady grounds, rather common. June. Stem 3 to 5 feet hish, abore
marked with 2 or opposite lines of minute pubescence. L/ a ee 5 to 8 inches lon r, anil
nearly 14 as wide. Unedels near the — a seh one pedincles 4 to 6 inches lenz,

with 10 to 2) large flowers, en pedicels 2 slong. Pctuls green. Crown fiesb-
esicred.
9 cr f
o. A. PURPURASCENS, L. Purple Milkweed.
Scem simple, ercet, with 2 pubescent lines; leaves clliptical or ovate-oblong,.the
lower salen § the upper acuminate, minutely sags cowny underreath,
gm30zh above, contracted. at base into a short petiole; pedicels shorter than the

mostly terminal peduncle; divisions of the cerdila lance-ovate; poate of the
erown oblong; the horn broadly faleate, with a narrow and broadly inflexed hori
zontal point; follicles smooth.

Border of woods and = noteommon. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. rather”
slender. eaves pale and downy berea = the midrein purple. Flowers in termi-

pal, erect umbels, with a small green calyx, and dark purple corella with reflexed
SSE zments.

4, A. VAgiEGATA, L. Variegated Milkweed.
Nearly smooth; . stem. Simaple, erect; leayes cvate, oval-or obovate, somewhat

»

992 “ ASCLEPIADACE2.

wavy, musronate, contracted into a short petiole; pedicels and peduncles short,
downy; corolis segments ovate; hools of the crown orbicular, entire, the horn
breat-faicate, with a horizontal point; follicle slightly downy.

Dry woods. July, Aug. Stam 3 to4 feet high. Z-«ves somewhat acuminate, om
pubeseont’ petioles. Unsdels 29: to 49-flowered, mostly globose. Corollu and crown
white, the latter with a baad of purple around tha base. s

Oo. A. QUADRIFOLIA, Jacq. Lvur-leaved Miliweed..

Nearly smooth; stem simple, slender; leaves ovate or-ovate-lanceolate, petioled,
mostly acuminate, the middle ones in whorls of four; pedicels capillary; corolla
segments oblong; hoeds of the crown elliptical-ovate; horn very short, incurved;
Soiiicle linear-lanceolate, smooth.

Dey woods anc-hilis; common. June. Siem 1 to2 feet high. Leaves thin, 2%
to 4 inches long, the upper and lower ones opposite. Ombels 2 to 5, on slender pe-
duncles 1 to 144 inch long. lowers small, white or purplish, fragrant.

6. <A. oesrusironia, Michx. Weovy-leaved Milkweed.

Smooth and glaucous; stem simple, erect; leaves oblong.or. ovate-elliptical, very:
obtuse, mucronate, seasile, somewhat clasping by a heart shaped base, the margins
wavy; umbels terminal, many-flowered; hoods of the crown truncate and some-
what toothed at the summif, shorter than the slender subulate horn; /vllicle.
smoothish.

Sandy woods and fields. rathercommon. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet hich, bearing a:
sinvle (rarely 2) long »eduncied terminal unveel of 30 to-40-large reddish-green
flowers. Zzuves much waved on the margin, 4 to 5 inches long, )4 as wide. Corolla
lisht purple. Crow nearly white, the segments large.

7. A. nupra, L. Led-flowered Milkweed. j

Smooth, slender, ersci; Icaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, subcordate
er rounded at base, on. very short petioles; divisions.of the corolla lanceplate,..
ae2te; hoods of the erown oblong, acutish, with an awl-shaped Dorn.

Low grounds,rare. July. Stem 1to2 feet high, with a pubescent line on one
sides, bearing 1 to 3 few-fiowered umbels at the naked summitof thestem. Leaves
4 to4 inches lonz, reugh-ciliate, in remote pairs. J*lowers reddish purple, tinged
with orange.

8. <A. INCARNATA, L. ose-colored Silkweed:.

Stem erect, branching above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed, obtuse-
at the base, distinctly petioled; wmbels many-flowered, erect, mostly terminal, of-
ton in opposite pairs; divisions of the corolla ovate; horas awl-shaped, curving in-
wards.

Wet places, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet hizh, very leafy, with 2 hairy
lines above and on the branches and peduncles. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, \% to
14 wido, tapering to a very acute point on petioles 14 inch long. Umbels close, 2
. fa 6 togethes as the top of the stem or branches, on a peduncle 2 inches long..
Flowers small. Qvrolia reddish-purple. Crown flesh-color.

9. A. TuBzsosA, L. Butterfly Weed. Pleurisy Root.

Roughish-hairy; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, with spreading branches ;
leaves varying from linear to oblomz-lanceolate, sessile or-slightly petioled; wmbels.
numerous, often forming terminal eorymbs; hoods of the crewn narowly-oblong, .
scarcely longer than the slender awl-shaped horns; follicles hoary.

Dry hills and fields, common. June—Aug. Root large, tuberous. Plant 1 to 2
feet high, leafy to the summit, usually with numerous corymbed umbels of showy
orange flowers onshort peduncles. Leaves sometimes broad and cordate, at othera .
linear and somewhst tapering at. base. Corolla greenish-Orange. Orown bright.
Qramge- Medicinal.

ASCLEPTADACE ZR. GES

10. <A. verticrnnata, L. Whorled Milkweed.
Bmoothish ; stems siender, simple or sparingly branched, minutely hesryin lnes,.
vary leafy to the summit; aves mostly whoried, nerrowiinear, revolute on the
raarsin; umbels small lateral and terminai; hoods of the crown roundistroral,
half as long as the hooked-claw-shaped horns.
Dery hills. June—Sept. Stem 1 to 3 fect: hich, very slender, often als tle branched

atihosnmmit. Leaves 2 to 8 inches long, scarcely yi ine wide. 3 to din a whork er
the fow2st amd uppermost nearly opposite. Flowers sma anh, groenish-white, in Da-

HESTCRS UMbsis oak Linch in diameter.
Aacrates, Bll. Hoods af the crown destiiuis cf a hern: whenes the name, from
3 4 2
@, privative and Zerss,-aice, a horn. 3

dl. A. virnrprriora, Raf. Green-fiowered Millsweed.
Bowny-heary; siems low and stout, assending; leaves oval, ovate and obovate or
somstimes aimest Hnear; slightly peticied, mucronate, acute or obtusa, thick, at
length smoothish; wumdels nearly sessile, densely many-fowered, globose, lateral;
evown oblong, strictly erect, sessile at the base of the tube of flamenis, shorier
than the anthers.
ry hills and sandy fields, common. Jaly—Sept. Stem 12 tc 18 inches high,

sometimes clustered. Leaves Z to 3 inchesloag, thick and coriaccous, very variabie
in form. U.nbdeis 2 to a psubterming! on short thick hairy peda ucless Plawers
greenish, when-expanded about the iengtb-of Hire pedicel.

2. GONOLOBUS, Michx.
Gr. gonos, an angle, and lebos,.2 pod, from. the ribbed fol: igica.

CaLyx 5-parted, spreading. Corozta 5-parted, whecl-

shaped, sometimes reflexed-spreading. CRowWN a small and

fieshy wavy-lobed ring in. the throat cf the corolla. ANTHERS
horizontal, partly concealed under the flattened stigma,
opening transversely. PoLLEN-MassES 5 pairs, horizontal.
Fo.uicnes 2, turgid, somewhat ribbed. SEEDS comose.—~
Twining her Fachous or shrubby plants, with oppesite heart: shaped
leaves, usually hairy, and racemed or corymbed greenish or purplish.
flowers, on peduncies rising from between the petioles.

1. G. uirsutus, Michx. Hatry Gonelobus.

Minutely pubescent; leaves ovate heart-shaped, somewhat obtuse of pointed ; De.
Guncles f2w-flowered, shorter than the petioles; pedicels very short; bractkts ayi--
shaped; lobes of the corolla oblong minutely so tly-hairy outside; felicles covered
wth spine-like soft processes.

Rich river banks. Western part of the State. Inne, July. Stem trailing aca
climbing 3 to 4 feet long, the younger branches very hairy. Leates slightly aurlea--
Rateat base. Unmdels axillary, 3 to-Lilowered.. Fiowers dark purple,

2. G. macroruyntus, Miehx. Large-leaved Gonolobus:

Stem hirsute with long hairs; rele broadly ovate-heart-shaped,. pointed; pe-

d@uncles and pedicels ionger than the petioles; bracilets linear; lebes of the corelis.
linear or narrowly oblong, downy outside; /ouieles ribbed and angled.

Shady banks, near Philadelphia, Barion: Chester Co., Darlington. July. Stem
twining several feet long. Leaves 3 to 6 inches wide. Flowers purple and greesje-
ish, fetid, in eee cymose umbels.

») *k
as

994 ~ “" JASMINACEE AND OLEACEA.

‘Orvur 83. JASHINACEE.—Jasmine Family. yes

Sirubs, often with twining stems, opposite or alternate mostly compound leaves and’
white or yellow, mostly fragrant flowers in enpsoitecorymbs. CALYX divided er
toothed, persistent. COROLLA regular, salver-form, the limb in 5 to 8 divisions.
STAMENS 2, arising frem the corolla and included within its tube. Ovary free, 2-
celled, each cell with 1 erect ovule. Sryzz 1; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a double.
berry, ora capsule seperable into 2, 2-seeded...

JASMINUM, Linn. JASMINE:
Gr. tasme, perfume; from the fragrance of the flowers.

CALyx. tubular, 5 to 10-cleft. Corona salver-form ;:
tube long; limb flat, 5 to 10-cleft. Frurra double berry:
seeds 2, solitary, ariled.—iushy or climbing shrubs, with op-
posite compound leaves on articulated peticles, and white or yellaw
mostly fragrant fidwers in paniculate corymbs.

li J; rroricans, lL. . Yeilow Jasmine:

Emcoth, erect; branches angular; leaves alternate trifoliate, rarely simple ;~

a; flowers few, subterminal; calyx segments subulate; corclla-tube.
nger than the calyx, limb of 5, obtuse lobes. Native of South Europe.
Siem 3 fect high, bushy. J lewers yellow, incd orous, the tube about 34 inch long.

2. J. OFFICINALE, L. White Jasmine. Common Jasmine.

than the calyx. Native of-Asia. A beautifuland much cultivated species, several .
se high; with fragrant white flowers. - 2

Oever 84. OLE AGERE — Olive Family.

ow

Trees or shrubs, with oppesite and pirtnate or simple leaves, a 4-cleft or sometimes.
odsolete calyx, a regular 4-cleft or nearly 4-petalous corolla, sometimes apetalous, 2, or
rarely 8, stamens, and a 2-celled ovary with 2 suspended ovules im each cell. Faurz-
drupaccous; baccate or samare, usually l-seeded by abortion. Sa#Ep3 anatropous,..

with a large straight embryo usually in hard fleshy albumen.

1, LIGUSTRUM, Tourn... Priver..

=

The classical name.

CaLyx:- minutely,4-teothed, deciduous. Cornotia-funnel--
form, 4-lobed ; dobes ovate, obtuse. STAMENS 2, on the tube
of. the corolla, included.. Sryne very short; stugma 2-cleft..
Berry globose, 2-celled, 2 to 1-seeded.— Shrubs with sim-
ple entire leaves on short petioles, and.small white flowers in terminal.
thyrsoid panicles. ) :

OLEACEE . ~~ ee,

L. vunGarE, Ll. Privet. Prim. .

Leaves lanceolate and obovats, acute or obtuse, smocth, thickish ; pandees dense, -

terminal.

Introduced from Hurope, used for low hedces; naturalized. May. June. A
genooth shrub 6 to 10 feet high, with wand-like opposite branches, andsmooth dark
green leayes-1 to 2inches long, }4 as wide. Berries black, globose. .

2. CHIONANTHES, Linn. FrRings-TRen.

Gr. chien, snow, andanthos, blossom; alluding to the light snow-white elusterswf

; flowera.

Canyx very small, 4-parted, persistent. Corona of 4
long and linear petals, barely united at the base. STaAmMENs.
2, very short, on the base of the corolla. STYLE very short;
stigma notched.. Daups ileshy, globular, becoming 1-celled
and I-seedéd.—Low trees or shrubs, with entire petioled leaves,
and delicate flowers in loose and- drooping graceful racemes or
panicles.

C. Vireginica, L. Waite Fringe-tree.

Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate, smoothish or rather downy, veisiy;
Rowers on slender pedicels.

- Chester Co.,.Darl. Union-Co. River banks and mountains, rare. June. A smaiFk
very ornamental tr2e6 to 12 feeb high, with opposite branches. Flowers avhite in
pendulous panicles; petals about 1 inch long, narrowly linear, acute, rarely 5 to &
fonumber. Drupe purple witha bloom... .-

8.. SYRINGA, Linn... Lizac.
Gr. syrinz, 2 shepherd’s pipe; from the use once made of its branches.
Canyx small, with erect teeth. Corotta salver-form;
with the tube several times longer than the calyx; limd

_oleft into 4 deep, obtuse, spreading segments. STAMENS 2,

short, included within the tube. CApsuLE 2-celled, 2-

valved.— Oriental, flowering shrubs, with simple, entire leaves, .

ond mostly fragrant thyrsoid flowers.

1. 8. vunearis, L. Common Lilac..
Taaves eordate-ovate, entire,-smooth, green on both sides; flowers thyrsoid; Wad
of $hecorolla somewhatcoucave. Native of Hangary. There are several varieties:
with purplish-blue, lilac-purple and white flowers.

2. §. Persita, Lb. Persian Lilac.

Lzaves lanceolate, acute, smooth, green on both sides,.sometimes pinnatifid; limb -
ot the corolla flattish. Native of Persia. May. A beautiful flowering shrub, .
smaller than. the first, with wand-like branches in thyrses of white or lilac-blue.

Bowers. .

4. FRAXINUS, Tourn.. Asx.

Gx, frawis, a: soparation, from the facility with which the wood splits.

_. ELowers polygamous or diewcious.. CALYX small, 4-clef¢.

Cae ee oe Oe ee a a a

- ~ ares: > oe _
nae

ee ee

296 3 _ OLEACE®

er obsolete. Prats 4, slightly cohering in pairs at the
base, sometimes only 2 oblong or linear, often entirely want-.
ing in our species. STAMENS 2, rarely 3 to4. STYLE
single; stigma 2-cleft.. Fruir a 1 to 2-eclled samara,
flattened, winged at the apex, 1 to 2-seeded.—Tvees, with
pelioled unequally pinnate leaves, and small flowers in erowded
panicles or racemes from the axils of the former years growth.

- © Culyx present; corolla wanting.

}. TF. Americana, Lb. Waite Ash.

Leaflets 7 to 9, stalked, oblong-ovate, pointed, nearly entire, glaucous underneath,
ef iength smooth; samara spatulate-linear, obtuse, with a long narrowed base.

Rich woeds, common. April, May. The white ash is execeded by few trees:
in the beauty and magnitude of ity proportion. Tho trunk arises often to the”
height of 40 feet without branch and then*expands into s regular summit of-
about the same additional height. Burt of the trank gray, farrowed and crackead,.
that of the branchlets greenish-gray, smooth. Leavesi footor morstong. Ficw
era in loose panicles.

§ is > ‘ ay 2
9. EF. pussescens, Walt. Red Ash.

Leaflets 7 to 9, lanceolate cr ovate-lanceolate, pointed, somewhat serrate, velvety-
downy underneath, as well as the petioles and young branchlets; samera narrow-
ly lanceolate-spatulate, cbtuse, usually with an obtuse point, tapering at the base.

Woods alone streams, very common. May. The red ash resembles the last:
species, so as often to-be can founded with if. If rises 60f-et high with a straight-
trunk, covered with bark of adesp brawn color. eaves at length reddish undex-
meath. The wood ig less valuable than thatof the white ash.

3. FF. suananpironia, Lam. Swamp Ash.
Branches smooth ; leaflets 7 to 9, ovate, serrate, smooth, somewhat downyon tho
yeins underneath, sislked; samara wedge-lanceslate, obtuss, scarcely acuminate:

at the base.

Wet woods. May. A small tree 15 to 25 feet hich, with greenish branchlsts:
Feaves 10 to 15 inches lon, green on both sides, with a glauccus hue undernusath:
Flowers greenish. Fruit much smaller than in the other species.

2% Oly and corolla beth wanting.
4. Ff. gampBucitronia, Lam. Black Ash. Water Ash.
Leafiets 9 to 11, sessile by an obtuse base, elliptical-lanceolate, pointed, mora or-
less hairy on the veins bensath; samara eliptical-oblong, very obtuse ab both ends, .
River banks and swamps. April. A slender tree 40 to 60 feet high, with a very:

tough wood. Bianchesash-color, with dark dots. Leaves 9 to 16 inches in length,;.
emooth above, and red-downy on the veins beneath.

DIVISION IIL.

‘

APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS..

€eRoL.A none; the floral envelopes consisting of asingle:
series of organs (calyx) only, or sometimes wholly wanting..

Le a ateladtl eSS lea

ARISTOLOCHIACE ER. £97

Oxpzr 85. ARISTOLOCHIACEE.—Birthwort Family.

Glimbing shvubs or herbs, with aliernate simple petiolite leave and perfect axillary,
galitary, brown or lurid colored fiow2rs, with the calyx coherent below with the 2-celled
ovary; which forms amany-secaed §-celled-capsule or berry tn fruit. STAMENS 6 {0-12,
more or Jess united with the style; antiers adnate, extrorse. Supa anatropows,
with a minute embryoin fleshy albumen:

1. ASARUM, Tourn. ASARABACCA.
An ancient name, thought to be derived from.a, privative, and. setron; bound; ba-
cause if is rejected from garlands...

PeRIANTH bell-shaped; limb 3-parted,. the tube wholly
adherent to the ovary. STaMENs 12 ;. jilaments awl-shaped,
coherent with the apex of the ovary. Srynzs united into a
short column, bearing 6 radiating. crested stigmas at the
apex. Fruit fleshy, globular, crowned with the per-
sistent calyx, many-seeded. Sfemiless herbs, with aromatic-
pungent creeping rovtstocks, bearing a nodding fiower close to the
ground, between the long petioles of the kidney shaped leaves.

A. CanaAvrensse, L. Wild Ginger. Coltsfoot.

Downy; leaves a terminal pair, broad kidney-shaped; pertanth woolly, cleft to.
the base, the segments reflexed. :
EHilisides in rieh woods. May. JZzaves 3 to 4 inches wide, on long and hairy

petioles. Flowers brownish purple inside. The root has au agreeable and aro
matic flavor. ;

2. ARISTOLOCAIA, Tourn. Birntuworr.

From the Greck; in alluslon to Hs medicinal virtues.

Perranta: tubular, the tube variously. inflated.above the
ovary, dilated at the apex and ligulate. ANTHERS 6, sub-
sessile, inserted on the style. Stiama 8 to 6-parted or lobed.
CaprsuLE 6-sided, 6-valved, many-seeded. SreEps flat.—
Twining, climbing, or sometimes upright perennial herbs or
shrubs, with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary. greenish
or lurid-purpie flowers. |

1. A, Serventarta, L. Virginia Snakeroot.

Fferbaceous, low, pubesocnt; eave: ovate or cblong, from a heart-shaped base, or
halbert-form, mostly acute or peinted ; peduncles nearly radical; perianth strongly:

bont and inflated at the curvature, the border obtusely 3-lobed.

Rich woods; common-near the Allecheny Mountains. July. oot conzisting of.
numerous coarse fibres, aromatic-stimulent. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, pubescent,.
oe and knotty at the base. lowers purplish-browna, bent like the letter 8,

flated at the twoends. Stigma 3-lobod.

3. A. Srpeso,L’Her. Duichman’s Pipe.
Woody, twining and climbing, smooth ; leaves round-beartthaped, slightly downy

i

698 CH ENOPODTACE FR.

ganniddntits peduncles solitary, 1-fowered, with a claspinz bract;. perianth astend-
ing curved, contracted at the throat, the border obtusely 3-lobed.

Rich mouutain woods, rare. May. Siem sometimes 2inches in diametar, elimb-

fax tress. Leavas 8 to 12 inches broad. Pertanth 1 1g inch i brownish. Stig-
ma slighily 3-lobed. zs i.

Orpen 86. CHENOPODIACEE.— Goose/oot Family.

Chiefly herbs of hontely aspect, more or less succulent, with mostly alternate leaves
weet ioul stipules or bracts, minute greentsh flowers, with the free ca’yx imbricated 73
the bud; the stamens aboutas many as the lobes and inserted opposite them or on thetr
Buse, @ l-cetled ovary becoming a l-seeded utricle in fruit. CALYS persistent, inclosing.
the irais. Sryizs 2,rarely 3to5. Flowers commonly perfect.

1. CHENOPODIUM, Linn. —Goosnroor.

Gr. chen, a goose, and pous, foot, in allusion to the shape of the leaves.
Frowsrs perfect. Canyx 5-parted, obtusely 5- —
pee enveloping the depressed fruit. STAMENS 0. STYLES
Urrichm membranaceous; SEEDS horizontal, ico
Sinoot mostly annual weeds w ti petioied triangular or rhomboid
footed or entire leaves often covered with a white mealiness. and
sessile flowers in small clusters.

Lf Aer,’ Li, Lamb’ s-quarter.

Siem upricht, ees branched ; leaves rhomboid-ovate with a wedge-s! axed
entire base, coarsely sinuate-toothcd; flowers in panicled spikes, nearly leaflogs ;
seed smooth and shining.

Waste.grounds, conmmon. July, Aug. Avery common plant about gardens, 2:
$03 fect high, covered with awhitish mealinc ss. Upper leaves mostly oblong-linear
and entire. Flowers numerous small, eee in irregular terminal erect racemes.
A‘greener variety is the C. viride of most authors.

2; C. euaucum; L. hides Goosefoot.

Stems ascending or nage ute, much branched; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, sin-
wato or toothed, mealy-whitened undern neath; racemes spiked, rather dense,
accending, leafless; calyz-lobes not keeled; seeds smooth and shining.

Near Philadelphia, rare. July. Stem diffuse thick

5.. C. HYBRIDUM, L, Afluple-leaved. Goosefoot.
Stem erect, much SER: Gite leaves ovate-beart-shaped at the base, pointed, angied
with a few large and distant pointed teeth ; racemes loosely panicled, spreading,
seadhnss' calyx-lobes keeledin fruit.

Waste places, common. July, Aug. Sfem 2103 feet hi zh, slender, with large
and bright green leaves. Flowers greenish, ill-scented, in a loose branching cluster.

4. C. ursioum, L. Triangular-leaved Goosefvot.
Stem-erect, branching; leaves triangular-acute, coarsely sinuate-toothed, the up-
pormost lance-linear and nearly entire; racemes spiked-panicled, erect; calyx-lobes
not kecled—Var. riombifoltum, Moquin (0. rhombifolium, Miuhl,), has rather
rhombic leaves with more prolonged tevth.

Wot common. June, July. Whole plant yellowish-green, 1 te 2 i high
beanched. J iowers emall green,,in roundish | dense clusters, .

CHENOPODIACEE. 99

Asana, Spach. Szsp either vertical or horizontal, the embryo nst eciled into
@ complete ring; sTyLes often 3.—Glandulbar and often pubescent herds, exhaling an
aromatic or balsamic odor.

5. C. Borrys, Lb. Jerusalem’ Oak.
Stem ascending; leaves oblong, obiuse, sinuate pinnatifid, the upper spatulate-
lanceclats; racemes cymose-paniclel, divergent, leafiess.

Waste places, common. July—éSept. Whole plant frazrant, 1 to 2 feet high,

branched. Leaves petioled, with deep sinuses, numerous. Miowers green, very nu-

by 3 2

m-rous, in numerous short azillary racemes.

1 x, - 3 i Bae
6. C. ANTHELMINTICA, L. Wormseed.
Erect; leaves ovate-cbiong, narrowed at the base into a petiole, coarsely and un-
5) oo 3

equaily cut-toothed or sinuate; racemes clongaied and spike-like, slender, Jeaficss ;

eatyx-loles not kecled.

Roadsides and waste plaecs- Per. July, Aug. Plant 2 feet hich, very strong-
reented, the branches terminating in long spikes of green, inconspicuous flowers.
The secds yield the well Lnown vyermifauge }yorm-szed oil.

to di

7. C. amBrosorpzEs, L. Sweet Pigweed. Mexican Tea.

Ereet, much branched; /ezves oblong, narrowed at the base into a petiole, ze-
motely sinuate-toothed, the upper cblonz-lincar and entire; racemes leafy, dense;
exlja-lobes somewhat keeled,

Roadsides, common. Aug., Sent. Stem 18 inches high, som>what pnbeseent.
Leaves.on short peticies, acute atcachend. Fiwers green in erect apises.

2. BLIEUM, Tourn. SBuire.

The ancient Groek ani Latin name of some insip'd pot-herb.
Friowers perfect. CALyx 38 to 0-parted, becoming juicy
and berry-like in fruit. StaAMENS | to 2. Sryies 2, united.
SEEDS vertical, compressed globular.— Nearly smooth an-
nuals, with petioled triangular or khalbert-shaped sinuate-
tosthed leaves, and mostly capitate-clustered flowers.

1. B. capitatum, L. Strawberry Biiie.

Stem ascendinz, branched; leivycs triangular and somewhat halbert-shaped, sin-
uat~-toothed ; c’usters simvle, interruptedly spiked, the upper leafless; seed smsoth,
with a narrow sharp margin.

Dry rich grounds. June. A weediike plant about a foot in height. The ealyx

becomes pulpy and bright red in fruit, when the large clusters appear like stiaw-
berries.

2. B. virearum, L. Slender Strawberry Blite.

Stem with spreading branches; leaves triangular-hastate, sinuate-toothed; heads
seattered, lateral.

Fields and wastes places; introduxd. June. Stem 2 feet in length, spreading
or procumbent. Leaves 2 to 3d:by 1 to 2 inches, coarsely toothed on petioles 1 to 2
ixiches long. Flowers always in axiilury clusters, terminal. Calyz Bbeeoming
fieshy and red in fruit.

3. ACNIDA, Mitchell. Water Hemp.
Gr. a, privative, and knida, a nettle; far a nettle-like plant which does not sting

FLowers diecious, without bracts: . STERILE FLOWERS

800 AMARANTITACER.

with 5 membranaceous oblong sepals and 5 short stamens.

FERTILE FLOWERS with 3 acute sepals and a3 to 5-angled

ovary bearing 3 to 5 linear revolute stigmas. Hruira 3 to_
5-angled coriaceous achenia. SEEDS vertical, compressed.—
Smooth and tall annuals, with linceolate and acuminate entire peti-
oled leaves. and clustered sessile flowers crowded in axillary and ter-
minal spikes or panicles. |

A. CANNABINA, L. Common Water Hemp.

Leaves elongated-laaceolate, tapering to a long mosily obtuse point; frat sonte-
ehzled, smooth.

Brackish swamps, common. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 6 fect hich, slichtly angled.

Leaves alternate, ribbed, Zio inches long. Flowers small, green, in large axillary
aud terminal panicles. ‘

4. BETA, Linn. ~ Breer.

Celtic beté, red, the usual color of the beet.

Catyx 5-sepaled. StTamens 5. Srytes 2, very short,
erect, with acute stigmas. SED reniform, embedded in the
fleshy calyx—Biennials, with furrowed stems, alternate leaves,
and ¢ glomerate ¢ green flowers in spikes or paniculate racemes.

1. 3B. vuuiearis, L. Common Beet.

Lower lzave3 ovate; roct fleshy; fiowers in denge, sessile, axillary clusters. Na-
tive ofSouth Burope. Much cultivated for the table. Thore are several varieties,
of which the purple-leaved iz the most estcemcd for the kitchen, and the green-leay-
ed for cxtracting sugar.

2. B. Creona, L. Scareity. HMangel- Wurtzel.

Leaves with very thick veins; flowers 3 together. Native ef Periugal. Feat-
leares stalked, those of the stem sessile. lowers green, numerous, in very long
spikes. The variety Scurcity has very large leaves, w:th but a small root, used ag
asaiad, &c. The variety Mungel- Wurtzcl has a very large root, and is much culti-
vated as focd for cattle, for which purpuse if is highly prized.

Orpen 87. AMARANTHACESS,.—Amaranth Family.

Herbs, rarely shrubs, with oppesticor atternate leaves, without siipules and flowers
ia heads or spikes usuatly colored, tmbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts
which are usually colored, the sepals very similar. Sxpans 3-te 5. Sramuna 6, or
some multiple of 6. Ovary 1, fece, lor fewovuled. Sryrslernene. Sriemascim-
pile orcompound. Fruita utricle. Snzps penduious.

1. AMARANTHUS, Linn. AMARANTH.
Gr. a, not, marains, to wither, and anthos, flower.

FLOWERS monecious or polygamous, rarely dicecious, 3~
bracted. Seraus3 to &. Stamens 3 to 5, separate: aN-

AMARANTHACE A. 301

THERS 2-celled. SryLeEs or STiaMAs 2 to 3, sometimes 4,
threadlike. UTRICLE opening transversely all round, or in-
dehiscent, 1-seeded.— Chiefly annual weedy herbs, of coarse
aspect, with alternate and entire petioled leaves, and minute spike-
clustered fiowers with green or purple bracts and calys.

“*. Moneeious : stamens 3.
1. A. ansus, L. White Cock’s-comb.
‘Smooth; stem upright, angular, with spreading or horizontal branches; aves
‘obovate or spatulate-oblong, pale-green, obtuse or notched; clusters axillary, in-
‘conspicuous; bracts lance-oval-shaped, with spreading spiny tips longer than the
calyx.
Open waste places and readsides, common. Aug. A very homely weed, tto3

feet high. Leaves 14 to 2:inches long, somewhat wavy-margined. Flowers ineon-
spicuous, concealed ameng the greenish bracts, in small clusters.

“** Stamens 5.
2. A. HyBRipus, L. Hybred Amaranth.
‘Roughish-pubescent; stem upright, grooved-angled, sparingly branched, or sim-
ple; leaves ovate and lance-ovate ; flowers crowded in dense compound terminal
and axillary naked spikes; bracts awl-shaped, nearly bristle-pointed, longer than
the flowers.

Waste and cultivated grounds,common. July—Oct. Stem 1 to 5 feet high, stout.
Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, alternate. Flowers minute, inlarge green oblong spikes,
becoming at length a dull:red.

do. A. RETRoFrLEXUs, L. Hairy Amaranth.
Rough-hairy.; sfem upright, stout, often zigzag, the lower branches recurved at
the base; Veaves ovate, wavy-margined; spikes compact, triply-compound, ereet;
‘bracts awi-shaped, pointed, much longerthan the flowers.

Waste and cultivated grounds, among rubbish,common. July—Oct. Plant?
‘to 3 feet high, scarcely distinct from A. hybridus, being rougher and stouter, with
‘thickerand more'crowded spikes and larger flowers.

4. A. sprnosus, L. Spiny Amaranth,

Smoothish, branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate, spiny at the axils; stertle clusters
crowded in compound panicled and naked spikes, the fertile mostly compact and
globular in the axils; bracts not longer than the calyx.

‘Roadsides and cultivated grounds; ‘introduced. June—Sept. Stemlto3 feet
high, often purplish. Spinesl4 tolginchlong. lowers*greenish.

5. A. Buitum, L. Low Amaranth.

Smooth, diffusely spreading ; leaves ovate or rhomboid, very obtuse or notched;
jJlowers in small and round axillary clusters and in naked terminal spikes; bracts
‘shorter than the calyx.

Gardens and waste grounds; introduced. July—Sept. Stem mostly prostrate
and spreading. Zeaves as long as the petioles, 44 to 24 as wide. Flowers numer-
‘ous, greenish. Stamens 3.

*%* Flowers red or purplish.

6. A. nypocHonprRiacus, L. Prince’s Feather.

Nearly smooth; sfem upright, stout; leaves ovate, acute; fewers clustered on up-
right compound spikes or racemes.

Common around gardens. -July—Sept. “Whole plant dark red, 8 to 4 feet hich.
Leaves green with a red purple spot or tinged with purple. J fowers bright red-
:purple as well as the subulate bracts.

REED eae One ee ee ee ae Le ee

SSe" . he ee eae pee beta TO, OA) ee EO aE a ee ny ae TT Se Ot aT:
a uO yee . “ - ‘ ae Te
oe 4 uch : = a

802 NYOCTAGINACER!

(7. A. MELANCHOLICUS, L. Love-lies-bleeding.
~ Lewes ovate- lanceolate, colored; racems3 axillary, peduncled, roundish. A Leau-
tiful slant from India, 1 to 2 feet hizh. Flowers redd ish-purple. SR

ié

CULTIVATED E.XOTZES.

2. GOMPHRENA, Linn. \ GLOBE AMARANTH.

‘BraActs 5, colored, the 3 outer ones connivent, carinate.
SEPALS 0, villous. Disk (nectary) cylindric, 5-toothed.
UPricue circumscissile, 1-seeded.-—-Annual or perennial herbs,
with opposite leaves, and globose heads of flowers. : :

1. A. quoposa, L. Annual Globe Amaranth.

Stem erect, hairy; leaves oblong, pubescent ; flowers in globose selitary heads,
keels of the bracts winged. A showy flower from India,much admired for iis
heads of flowers, which retain their beauty foralong time. Stem 12 to 18 inches
hish, with opposite axillary branches. Flowers purple.

2. A. PERENNIS,-L. . Perennial Globe Amaranth.

Leaves lanceolate; heads 2- fee ived; flowers with a peculiar calyx. Native of South
Amer: ca. Stem about 3 feet high.* Flcwers in giobose nee purple, re sembling
heads of eloyer. Ja oe

8. ORLOSIA, Linn. Cocx’s-coms.

Gr. keleos, burnt; some of the species appear as if singed.
Spas 8 to ° colored ; STAMENS united at base by a
plauited disk. STYLE 2 to 3- cleft. Uraronz circumscissile. —

Ornamental one wie with mostly alternate leaves.

C. cristata, L. Crested Cock’s-comb.
| Leaves ovate, acuminate; stipules falcate; commen peduncle striated; spiie ot-
long, compressed. Native of Japan, where the flowers or crests are a foot in diame.
per, and of an intense purplish-red. Stem 2 feet high. June—BSept.

Oxpzer 88. RY{ CPACIN ACES,

-. erbs or shrubs, with opposite waves, one of each pair smaller than the cther, and
@ eolored perianth resembling a corolla, with a plaited limb, falling off from the lewer
part which becomes indurated in frusi. Stamens hypogynous, definite! ANTHERS
@-celled... OVARY free, with a single, erect ovule. Sryz# 1: smema i. Pavitr a thin
utriele, arehenat within the enlarged inflated bract.

MIRARELIG, LinngsPosnavenaeel

PERIANTH funnel-form, tube contracted, free from the
ovary, limb plaited, entire, deciduous. © SrA MENS 9. Sirie-
ma globose.—A beautiful genus of flowering plants, natives
of warm latitudes, with white red yellow and variagated fiewers.

to 8

mice. 2

OS BeyROLACCAC

ual AND POLYGONACEA.

a

M. JALApa, b.

Lege ‘smooth, cordate, acuminate; fewcrain clusters, stalked, lar;
known plant is a native of the West

arvel of Peru.

Tnities.

cn
et

tem 2 feet high. Flower

axillary end terminal clusters, with a wide-spreading border, openirg at: Loita

>. BM., bright purple.

white, red and white, and redand yellow flowers

2. M. nonaisiora, L.

Teaves Pubcscent 5 flowers crowded ;

tive of Mexico. Per. _Junc—Sept.

OnpeRr $9. F)

By cultivation it sports into meuy varicties with yclow a

June—Sept. ~

roe oe Four-o' ciock.

tube of wee peri
Siem 2 feet hich,

fangh very long, hairy.
Flowers white.

:
wae &
ot

Plunits with alternate entire leaves, end serfeck flowers, with nearly the cheructer, of

Chen PoGiacce
tale a Ting and forn sing
by the typical genus:

& vert TY

PHYTGLACCA,

Gr. phiden, plant, and the French lae, lake, in allusion

the

ropresented in the §

Pony 5

Gur

to the eol
berr eR yield,

€atyx of § rounded-and petal-like sepals.

Ovary of 5 to 12

giovose 5 to 12-cclled_berry,

carpels, united into a Ting, Wi

{Criherh

EED.

aD

adh

£iaRt te + wilt mite!

with a single - vertical

, but usually a several-celied ovary composed of as many carpeis uni: d
a fruct ;

Statea only

aed rer

each cell.— Zul and stout perennial herbs, with lar: ge petiotet
eaves, and fiowers in racemes becoming lateral and oppose by the
axillary prolongation of the stem.

P. pEcANDRA, L: Common Poke or Scoke.

- Leaves ovate, acute at both ends;

Stem 5 te 8 feet-high. round, smooth
erimson or purple. Leaves 5 inches
toled. Miswers greeniah-white.

»

stamens 10; sézles 10.
Roadsides and moist grounds, confmon. July—Sopt.

long, by 2 to 3

2 wide, smooth,
fred a dark purple berry, filed with a crimidn

Garget.

Rest very larzve. polk-tncua.
, branching, and when mature of a fina de 22

pe &»
entire aud »--

SON ACH I2Z,— Buckwheat FPumily.

EPs, with alternate nity entire leaves furnished with sSipules codes ferm-ef

shasiths above tie swolien joints of the

onthctropous.zeed. STAMENS:+4-t0

iz

" Canyx most}
sere

stem and mostly perfect flowers, wit
dass persistent calyx, a l-celled: he ance 269 dustyles or stigmas, Gud a single @réct
éo 12, inserted on the base cf th

POLYGONUM, Lina.

Gr. pola, ee and gonu, Knes, from the numorous joints.

5-parted, the divisions often petal-like, por

3 to ¢«

KROTWSEED

_ Sramuns 4 to9. - STYLES or STIGMAs 2 to 3)

cleft caly=

=

>

+42 726reer

ae. eee eS eee, ee eee eee,

Chee! PEL, Wee eee |

Se ree

304 oie POLIO ACE, ©

filiform. . ACHENIA triangular or lenti ‘cular, usually covered

by the persistent calyx. Deke plants with jointed
stems, and small flowers in axillary and terminal jasaokee and.spikes,.
or paniculate racemes. :

*PuErsicaria, Tourn. Flowers in terminal or axillary spikes, white or rose-colored.
HMosily annuals, .

: ee ae PENNSYLVANICUM, L. Pennsylvania Rnot: Grass.

Stem smooth, tumid af the joints; leaves. lanceolate, petiolate ; stipules smooth 3
spikes oblong, crowded; stamens 8; styles 2 or 1.

Margins of ponds and ditches. July—Oct. Stem 2 to 8 feet high. Leaves 3 to 5
inches “long, 14 as wide v alightly ‘scabrous. Spikes dense-flowered, largs and some- —”
what se. Flowers rose- colored, pedicellate.

. P. Persicaria, L. Lady’s Thumb. Spotted Knotweed.

Sten smooth; lzaves see late, pointed, roughish; sheaths fringed; spikes ovoid-.
oblong or cylindrical, dense, ereet, on smooth peduncles; stamens mostly 6; styles -
2, united nearly: half their length.

Waste and damp places, very common. July, Aug. Stem12 to 18 inches high,
often colored. Leaves 2 to 4 inches gies yas wide, usually marked with a dark
heart-shaped spot near the middie Flowers greenish-purple,in spikes about L.
inch long. ;

(3)

3. PP. LAPATHIFoLIUM, L. Pale Knotweed.

Siem smooth, geniculate; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, .
smoothish, sometimes hairy beneath; upper sheaths somewhat fringed; spikes ey-
lindrical or oblong, erect or nodding; stamens mostly 6; styles 2, distinct and
at length divergent.

~Swamys So ditches, rare. Aug. Siem 2to 4 feet high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches:
long, 14 to 4 as wide, on petioles 44 to 14 inch wide. # lowers small, white, or:
tinged with red, in numerous panicled spikes.

4. P. Hypropiper, L. Water-pepper. Smart-weed..

Smooth; leaves lanceolate, marked with pellucid dots, wavy-margined; sheaths -
inflated, fringed; spikes slender and interrupted, drooping; calyx dotted : with.
glands; stamens 6 to 8; styles 2 to 3, united at base; fruit lenticular or 3-sided. .
(P. punctatum, Ell.)

Low grounds, very common. <Aug., Sept. A well known intensely acrid plant,
12 to 20 inches high, with the stem ‘and leaves sprinkled with glandular dots.
2 to 3 inches long, 1-5 as wide. Flowers green, tinged with purple and
white.

5. P. Hyproprperoipes, Michx. Mild Water-Pepper..

Stem smooth, upright or ascending, often rooting at the joints along the base;-
‘leaves lanceolate, roughish, slightly hairy or ciliate; sheaths fringed with long
bristles; spies slender, loosely flowered, weak; stamens T to 8; styles 3, united be-
low; fruit 3-sided, smooth and shining.-.

Swamps and..along streams. July, Aug. Stem 12 to 15-inches high. JZeaves 2°
to 4 inches. long, 1-5-as wide, sessile. Spikes several crowded near the summit of.
the stem, composed of small fascicles of reddish flowers. (P. mite, Pers.)

6. PB. AmpuiBiuM, L. Water Persicaria.

Leaves clliptical-lanceolate or oblong, pointed or nearly obtuse, narrowed or-
somowhat heart-shaped at the base; spikes very dense, ovoid or cylindrical; sta-
mens 5; styles 2; fruit flattened, smoothish.

Marshes or ponds. July, Aug. A very variable species, embracing several dis-
tanct varictics. Stem smooth, furrowed, shortjointed, often very long and creeping, |

-POLYGONACE &. piace (4°
or floating and rooting. Leaves 5 te 7 inches long, 1_to 2 inches wide, often shi
ine. Stipules large, dew es mostly torn. Flow ers rose-red, in spikes 1 to 3
inches long. —

7. P. Virainranum, L. Virginian Persicaria.

Bearly smooth; stem:angled, upright; leaves ovate or the upper ovate-lanceolate,
seuminate, rounded at the base, shori-petioled, rough-ciliate; sheaths cylindricel,
truncate, hairy and fringed; flowers loosely disposed in a long and slender nakul
spike; stumens 5; styles 2, uneqal.

Thickets-in rich soil, common. Aug. Stem 2 to4feet high. Leaves 3 to 6 inches

long. 14 as wide, on petioles 14 to % ine long, Spite 10 to 20 inches long, simple
er with one or two branchlets. lowers smail, white.

8. P. onrentTaLe, L. Prince's Feather.
Tall, branching, somewhat hairy; leaves ovate, pointed, petioled; upper sheaths
saiver-form; spives numerous, nodding; stamens 7; styles 2.

Kseaped from cultivation, and naturalized about gardens and waste grounds.
Auz., Sept. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, erect, paniculateiy branched. Zeaves 8 to 12
inches long, 4 as wide. Flowers bright rose-colored, open, in numzrous large
Flume-like terminal spikes.

$2 AVICULARIA, Mtisn. Flowers greentsh-white, axillary; stamens 5to8; stigmas: 8.

9. P. ARVICULARBIA, L. Kauot-grass. Goose-grass.
; J g

Prostrate or spreading ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong; flowers anparentiy:
sessile; sheaths much shorter than the lower leaves; fruit enclosed in the calyx

@ Roadsides, door-yards and waste piaces, common. June—Noy. Stems slender
44 to a foot long, smooth, branching, with short white torn stipules at the joints:
Leaves 1g tol inch long, 44 as wide. JSlowersgrcenish-white. Var. erectum, Roth,
(2. erectum, L.) has upright or ascending stems, larger oval or elliptical leaves and
weually 5 stamens.

10. PB. venue, Michx. Slender Enot-grass:
Mem low and slender, upright, sparingly branched, sharp-angled; leaves sessilé,
narrowly-linear, very acute; sheaths canillary-fringed; flowers nearly sessile, often
Solitary, greenish-white; /ruit nearly smooth, shining.

Dry soil and recky hills. July—Sept. Piant6 toi2 inches high. Leaves ltol
inch long, 14 to 14 as wide, sessile, 3-veined. Flowers green} ish-white.

SS *HeLXIne, L. Calyx 5-parted, pale-rose-colored or white ; stamens mostly & ; styiea
or capituie stigmas 3; leaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped ; annuals.

Ti. P. arnironium, L. Hualbert-leaved Tear-thivmb:

Siem groove-angled; leaves haibert-shaped, acuminate, long-petioled; Aowers
somewhat racemed, few; peduncies glandalar-bristly ; calyx ofien 4-parted, closed;.
stamens 6; styles 2, very short. :

Low grounds. Aug. Stem flaccid, somewhat climbing, by the reflexcd puckie
which beset its angles as well as the petioles. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long and 14 as
wide, the divergent lobes at the base pointed. Clusters racemose, slender, loos3,

ew-flowered at the ends of the branches. Flowers pale rose colored.

12. P. saairratum, L. Scratch-grass.

Stem 4 angled; leaves arrow-shaped, short-petioled; flowers capitate; peduncles
smooth; stamens 8; sty’es 3, slender; frutt sharply 3-angled.

Low grounds, common. Jaly—Sept. A climbing plant often several feet tn
Jength, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib beneath, which are close-
ly beset with a line of sharp “prickles pointing downwards. Leurves acute, 1 to 3
becher dees 14 as wide, on petioles 44 to 34 inch long, withamooth stipules. Pix -
6rs Whitish in small terminal heada.

2

ad

306 “POLYGONACEE.

13. P. Convotvouus, L. Black Bindweed.
Stems twining or procumbent, roughish; leaves cordate-hastate, pointed; flowers

im small interrupted racemes; calyx segments obtusely keeled; stamens 8; styles 83>
Jrué smoothish. |

: Cultivated and waste grounds, comn: on. July—Sept.. A climbing plant 2 to 6
feet long, with roughish angled stems. eaves 1 to 2 inches long, 14 as wide, with
somewhat spreading lobes at base. Flowers whitish.

14. P.crninopE, Michx. Fringe-jointed False aes
Minutely downy; sheath tinged at base with reflexed bristles; Teaves cordate and
siightly hastate, acuminate; racemes panicled ; stamens 8; styles 8. _ ’
Gpen woods and rocky hills, common. July—Sept. ens climbing 3 to 9 feet.
Flowers whitish.
id. P. pumztrorum, Ll... Climbing False Fe Pe
smooth; sheaths naked; leaves -heart-shaped-or slightly hastate, pointed; ra.

oemcs interrupted, leafy; 3 outer calyx-lekes strongly keeled, and in fruit winged ;
Jrutt smooth and shining; stamens 8; styles 8.

Moist thickets, common. Aug. Stem twining 8 te 12 feet over . Sicha. Leaves
with distinct round lobes. lowers in long interrupted racemes, white.

%&%* FagoPYRuM, Tourn. Culyx petal-like, equally 5-parted; stamens 8; styles 3;
ackenian 3-sided.— Annuals, with triangular-cordate or hastate leaves, and corymbose -
racemes or panicles of wiite flowers, often tinged with green or rese-color.

16. P. Facopyrum, L. “Buckwheat:
Smoothish; leaves cordate-sagit te raceme panicled; fiowers 8, honey-bearinggs
elands interposed between the stamens; fruit twice as long as the calyx, with acute -
and entire angles. (Fagopyrum esculentum, Tourn.)

Old fields, escaped from cultivation. June—Sept. A valuable grain, much cul;
tivated on pocr land. Stems 2to 4 feet high. Zecaves 2 to 4 inches ee Vy as.«
wide. J'lowers Lumercus, white, fragrant.

2. KUMEX, Linn. Dock. Sornrer:.
The ancient Latin name of unknown etymology.
CALyx of 6 sepals, persistent, the 8.outer herbaceous, the-
& inner. large, somewhat colered, valvately. convergent over
the 8-angled achenium.. STAMENS 6.. STYLES 3; STIGMAS
tufted.— Coarse herbs, with.small. mostly greenish flowers,
commonly whorled in panicled racemes. .

* LAaPatHum, Tourn. lowers perfect; or sometimes nelygameus; styles Sree; im
ner sepals bearing grain-like tubercles; bitter herbs, with the petioles sheathing at the
base.

Bp baat. VERTICILLATUS, i... Swamp. Dock...

“Leaves lanceolate, acute, -flat; racemes nearly leafiess, elongated, the flowers im
crowded whorls; sheaéis cylindrical; valves broad-cordate, entire, cach 0 0 a.
very large grains.

Wet swamps and ditches, rather commen. June, July. Siem 2 to 4 feet ti,

branched above. JZeaves long, pale-green, thickish, with. conspicuous sheathay
Whorig few-flowered. Jedicels 14 to 1 inch long,

2. KR. optustrorius, L.. Broad-leaved Dock.
Stea roughish :. lowest leavcs.ovate-cordate, obtuse, rather downy on the velns.un-

Fa

ee ee ee \

aw J)" 2 i. a. oF oo

-LAURACEE. SOF

underneath, slightly -wavy-margined, the upper .oblong-lanceolate, acate ; whorls
loose and distant; valucs teothed, one of them bearing grains.

Fields and waste places, common; introduced. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. fur-
rowed, branching, leafy. Hect- leaves about 1 foot long, 5 to Ginches wide. PF low-
ers in long, nearly na ed: racemes.

= ~ a Fe
5. KR. crispus, L. Gurl Dock. Yellow Dock.
Smooth; leaves lanceolate, with strongly wavy-curled margins, aeute, the lower
truncate or somewhat heart-shaped at the base; whorls crowded in long slender
racemes, leafiess above; valves entire, ovate, one of them bearing grains.

Cultivated and waste grounds, very eommen; introduced. June, July. Stem3
to 4 feet high, from a deep spindle-shaped yellow rcot. Flowers numerous, in a
large panicle, consisting cf numerous racemes of halfwhoris. The root is used
medicinally.

: = = = 7 7 = ti
4, KR. SANGUINEUS, L. Bloody-veined Doce:

Tecves lanceolate, wavy-marginsd, the lowest cordate at the base; whorls distant,
in iong and slender leafless stort apted spikes; valess entire, one-of them at leaat
bearing grains.

Waste and cultivated grounds; sparingly introduced. June. Stem 2 to 3 feet
high, reddish, branching, leafy. Veins of the leaves red, or in the variety ririziz,
green.

** ACETOSELLA, Tourn. Flowers deesctous: styles adherent to the angles of
ovary ; herbage acid.

o. KR. Acerosrerua, L. ~ Field Sorrel. Sheep Sorrel.

Low; aves lance-halbert-form, the narrow lobes entire; whorls leafiess, in slender
panicled racemes; vaives cyate, without grains.

A very common weed in sterile soil and worn fields. May. Stem 6 to 12 inshes
high, leafy. Leuwes very acid, but pleasant tasted. Flowers small, red or reddish.

o. RHEUM, Linn. RavBArs.

Rha, the river Volga, on whose banks the plants are said to be native.

CaLyXx colored, 6-sepaled, persistent. STAMENS9. STYLES
2; STIGMAS multipid, reflexed. ACHENIA: 3-angled, the
angles margined.— Lerenniuls, with fasciculate flowers in
racemose panicles...

R. Raaponticum, f. Garden fthubarb. Pre-plant.

Leaves smooth, cordate- sapanes obtuse; peéioles channeled above, rounded at the
edges. May. Native of Asia, cultivated in gardens for the juicy acid petigies.
Stem stout and fleshy, 3 to 4 feet high, hollow with large sheathing stipules at the -
joints. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, 24 as wide, on petioles 6 to18 incheslong. Flow- -
ers greenish-white in a terminal panicle, atfirat enclosed in a white membranceus «
bract.

Orpen 91. LAUBACERN—Bay Family.

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with. alternate simple leaves mosfly marked with minute -
pelucid dots, and clustered flewers with a regular calyz of 4 to 6 eclored sepals wiichs -
ere barely united at the base, imbricated th 2 series in the bud, free from the cvary:
ee definite. STXls single. Faust a l-seeded berry or drupe.

eS: Pe ao

ON TCE EIS Se SS ON Oe a
t “4 J > h » 4

308 THYMELEACER.

1. SASSATRAS, Nees. Sassarras.
ELOWERS diecious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx.
ETAMENS 9, inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the
3 inner with a pair of stalked glands at the base of each:
ANTHERS 4-celled, 4-valved. FERTILE FLOWERS with 6
short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupz
ovoid, supported on a club-shaped fleshy pediccl.— Trees:
with spicy aromatic bark, deciduous leaves, and greenish-yellow flow--
ers in clustered.and peduncled corymbed racemes, appearing with the
leaves.
S. OFFICINALE, Nees. Common Sassafras.
Leaves ovate, entire or some of them 8-lobed and cuneate at base; racemes with
linear bracts. (Laurus Sassafras, L.)
Rich weods and hillsides; common. April, Hay A tree 15 to 40 feet hich, with

yellowish-green twigs. Flowers greenish-yellow, in clustered racemcs at the end ef:
the last years-twigs.. Fruita dark blue drupe, born on a red stalk.

9. BENZOIN, Nees. Spicz-pvan.

FLOWERS poly gamous-diccious, with a 6-parted open calyx..
The STERILE FLOWERS with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the immer
1 to 2-lobed and gland-bearing at the base; ANTHERS 2-
celled, 2-valved. FERTILE FLOWERS with 15 to 18 rudi-
ments of stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. DRuUpPE
obovoid, the stalk not thickened.— Shrub with entire decid--
wous leaves, and yellow fiowers preceding the leaves in nearly sessile
umebel-like clusters.

B. oportrornum, Necs. Spice-wood. Fever-busht:

Nearly smcoth; leaves ocblong-obovate, pale underneath; pedicels scarcely a3 long
ee the flowers. (Laurus Benazcin, L.)

Damp woods. April, May. A shrub6 to 10 fect high, pervaded with an aromatic
flaver similar to gum Benzoin. Leaves 2 to 4 inches lenz, and about 44 as wide.

Fiowers inciaatered umbels, greenish, appearing before the leaves. Lerries tips
in fept.

Orper 92. THYMELEACER.—LMezereum Family.

Shrubs, with acrid and very tough bark, entire leaves, and perfect flewers witha
regular and petal-like calyx, bearing usually twice as many stamens as tis lobes, im.
serted into.the calyx. OVARY solitary, with 1 ovule.. St¥Lze 1: stigma undivided.
Fruit hard, dry, drupaccous.

1. DIRCA, Linn. Lx aTHER Woop.

Gr. Dirke, the name of a fountain ncar Thebes.

Prrranty colored, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the
border wavy or obscurcly 4-tocthed. SramEns 8, leng and.

: NYSSACEE. | oa See)

slender, inserted on the perianth above the middle, exserted,
the alternate ones longer. Sryzz 1, filiform: sTIGMA capi-
tate. Drurpe oyal.—A much branched shrub, with jointed
branches. oval obovate alternate leaves, and light yellow flowers, pre-
ceeding the leaves.

D. pALustTRis, L. BMoosewood.. Wicopy:

Leaves oval-cbovate, alternate, at length smovth, on very short petiolés, entite
ebtuse.

Damp rich woods, not common. April. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high, with white soft
aod very brittle wood, but the fibrous bark is remarkably tough, whence the com- _
mon name Leatherwood. Flowers preceeding the leaves, 3 in a cluster on a shoré-
thick peduncle.. Berry oval, reddish when ripe.

?

2. DAPHNE, Linn. Mezereum

From the nymph Daphne, who, it is said was charged into a laurel.

PERIANTH 2-cleft, marescent; Jimb spreading. STAMENS
8, included in the tube of the perianth. Srynel. Drupx
l-seeded.— Mostly. evergreen shrubs, with the leaves generally.
Jrom the terminal buds and the flowers jrom: the laterat.

; D. Mezereum, b. Common Mezereum.

Leaves deciduous, lanceolate, in terminal tufts, entire, sessile, about 3 from each

Tateral bud; perianth funnel-form, the segments ovate, spreading; stamens inserted

ih 2 rows near the top of the tube; filaments very short; sityma sessile. A beau-

tiful European shrub, 1 to3 feet high, flowering in.March. Flowers pink and.
white, clothing nearly the whole plant.

Qapen 93. NYSSACEH.— Tupelo Family.

Trees, with diecious-polygamcous flowers, consisting only of the genus Nyssa,
which has commonly been appended to Santalacex from which it differs in the scdz-
ery ovule of the ordinary structure, suspended Jrom the top of the cel.

NYSSA, Linn. TUPEto..

STERILE FLOWERS with a 5-parted calyx, and about 10°
giamens on the outside of a convex disk. FERTILE with the
tube of the calyx adherent to the 1-celled ovary, th border
A4-parted and deciduous. STAMENS 5: STYLE elongated,
revolute. JRurr an oval or oblong berry-like drupe, with a
grooved endocarp.— Ziees, with: alternate deciduous smooth.
and shining leaves, and axillary peduncles, bearing sterile
flowers in capitate clusters or racemes, and the fertile 2 to 4
together or sometimes solitary.

SANTAL ACE AR.

N. MULTIFLORA, Wang.- oe
Leaves oval and Tate acute Or pointed at both onde entire, th
midribhairy; fertile Rowers mostly in 33; Greve oval. 2-7

Yoods, in éry or moist soil, common. May. Amiddlerized ee with See
bark, horizontal branebes, ceep green and shining leaves, end small gre enish fow->
era, ‘The wood is very umwedzgeable, on account of the che save geechon eid
eresting of the fibre of different layers

: / 4 ~
3 x 3

ORDER G4 S SNTAL AGE en oe —Sondebecod oe 7 ie

ae ae

x Frerhs, shrubs, oF trees, vith entire leaves, the 4 to &- cleft partenth eaeait in he
baad, ite feile coherent with the l-celled ovary, which pers tio Lovutes. - Sramere 4or
3, opposite the segments of the perienth and inger ated into their. Lages. ‘Suyned:
evsiua often lobed. FRtita nutor drupe. _ cgi peice ah, Seta
- fi aN J ~ e3 ‘ y v4 |
ae 1. COMANDRA, Nutt. ee DARD. Toapz FLA.

Gr, Lema, hair, and andres, for stemens, in allusion to the etary tufte attached to.
the anthers. -

TKowrrs perfect. PERIANTH bell-sha eped er ur n-chaped, e
the limb 5-cleft, persistent. Sramens5, rarely 4, theun-
thers ab ering to the lobes ef the pene Ly a tuft of thread.
a single. Fruit .dry and rather rnut-bke, ged,

wred by the persistent beneath — Low end emacth
rennial herbs, with alternate vblong and sessile leaves, an ie

greenish-white Jjlowers in ome or. axillary. umbel- like |

Pee ee eee an ey eee Serre PS ee
‘: . % es
4 :

C. UMBELLATA; Nutt. - Bastard Toad -flan.

siem round and ereet; leaves obcvate-cbhlong. subse eile, entire ; cymes Corr mi
hoee-cluetered, several Lflowered : porianth-tube cort’nued beyord the every, fo: m-
ing aneck to the globular-urn-suaped fruit; stylesiender, as long as the stamens.

Dry or reeky banks, ecemmon. Mey, June. —Sems branching, & to 12 incheaLigky
@ncethizsh, £lasers whitish, nemerous on skort pedicele. Sit ae

| may if Dae 6 gi ee
2. FPYRULARIA, Michx. On-ntr
Rame a ciminutive of Fyrus, from the fruit, which resembles a mall pear.

LOWERS diecious. Prrrantn 5-cleft, the Ickes re-
Le STERILE FLOWERS with o steamers cn very short
filaments, alternate with Brounded glands. FERTILE FLOW-
ERS with a pear-shaped ovary invested by the adherent pe-
anth; pisK with 5 glands: srytz 1, chert and thick :
STIGMA capitate. Fruit fleshy and drup e-Hke—A lew
straggling shrub, with alternate short petioled and veiny

leaves, and small greenish sessile Siow ers in simple terminal,
spikes. ~* m i 4 } 4 é

~ , sural te
¢ a Cab

.

cas 3 , °

LORANTHACEAE AND ULMACEH. ~~ “Sit

P. oueirreRA, Gray. Buffaio-nut. Oil-nut.
’ Lsaves ovate-oblonz, pointed at both ends, semewhat downy, or at length nearly
sinvosh, somewhat sucewient. a
Rieh wooded banksani mountains. May. Stem 4 to 6 feet hich, with a very
deep root. Aezves 2 to 3 inches long, oily to the taste. Flowers in a terminal
spike gréenish-yellow. Sptxes ripening but one fruit, which is-about lainch long.

Gaver 90. LORANTAASHES.—Misletoe Family.

‘

| Shrubby plants with coriaceous greenish foliage, parisitie on trees, represented in
the northern temperate zone ehielly by the Mistletoe, distinguished from the pre-
ceeding order by the truly-simple ovwe being soli’ ary and suspended from the upex
of es ced. PIF a i-secded berry.

VISCUM; Linn. -Misieros.
“The ancient Latin nam», from viseus, gine, in aliusion to the glutinous fruit.
Firowss3. moncecious or diccious. Psrianta fleshy-
coriacious; in the sterile flowers 3 to4-parted, the triangular
loges, each with a sessile anther direcily adhering to its inner
face, ‘and opening by several pore 8; in the fertile the tube of
the perianth is combined with the ovary, the border obsolete.

7 Srrgara Sessile. « FRuIt a globalar berry.— Auch branched

parisitical shrubs, with jointed stems, opposiie leaves aud
sitadl flowers ta short spikes.

OW. rhavescen s, Parsh. White Misletoe.
Branches round, spreading; leaves-obovate or oval, contracted at the base into a
short petiole, 3-nerved; spires axillary, solitary; sterile flowers mostly trifid.
Parasitic on the trunks of old trees, especially Eims, Oaks, and Hiekories. April.

_ Whole piant yellowish-green, 9 to 18 inches: high. F lowers sim: il, ones eliow.

Sperrtss p2ariy-white, resembling white wax.
ORDER 96. UL! $i. —LHim Family. -

Trzes or shrubs, wah alternate roughish leaves, and deciduous stipules, perfect or

raredy pylygamous flowers in uxillary clusiers or solitary, with the definile stamens tn-

serted on tie base of tre free perianth wich is invbricated ta the pest PERIANTH free

from the ovary, bell-shaped, 4 to 9-vleft. Sryuss or svigmas 2; eVARY 1 to 2-eslled.

Fauit l-celled, with a single suspended seed.

0 Se CMTS: Lak

The classical Latin name.

oS eebe bell- -shaped, 4-to 9-cleft:) Stamens 4 to 9,
with long and slender flameats. Sryues 2, short. Ov ARY.
‘flat, 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from

the summit ‘of each cell. Fauir a leelled and 1- -segded

LEP RSLS UN a Or ee ees ee ee eee tee) eee

” Ae

i
dele

212 - ‘ULMACER.

membranaceous samara winged all around.—T'rees, rarely
shrubs, with rough leaves, and (often polygamous) purplish
or yellowish flowers in luteral clusters, preceding the short-pe-
ttoled leaves.

1. U. Americana, L. American or White Elm.

Leaves smooth above, downy underneath, oblong-ovate, pointed, sharply doubly
serrate; flowers in umbel-like clusters, on conspicuous pedicels; fruit oval, with
woolly-fringed margins. .

Moist woods and river banks, common. April. A large tree, 30 to 70 feet high,
with long spreading pendulous branches, and slender pendulous branchlets. Leaves
4 to 5 inches long, doubly denticulate. bowers small, purplish. Stamens about &.

2. U. Funva, Michx. Siippery Elm. Red Elm.
Leaves very rough on the upper side, roughish-downy underneath, ovate-oblong
doubly serrate; buds rusty-woolly ; flowers nearly sessile in dense clusters; Srwit
nearly orbicular, the margins naked. :

Woods, in rich, dry or moist soil, common. April. A middle-sized or small tree,
= to 4) feet high, and 9 to 20 inchos in diameter, with straggiing branches and

ather tough reddish wood, remarkable for the tough macilagiaous inner bark.
‘Stathers about 7, short, reddish. 7

2. CHLTIS, Tourn. NETTLe-TREE.

An ancient Greek name for the Lotus, which this tree is said to resemble. ~_
FLowers polygamous. Prrtanta 5 to 6-parted, persis-
tent. STAMENS 0 to.6. Ovary I-celled, with a single sus-
ee ovule: sTIGMAS 2, long and pointed, recurved. Fruit
a globular drupe, with thin fiesh.—TZrees or large shrubs,
uh pointed, petioled leaves, and greenish axillary re
solitary or tn pairs, appearing with the leaves.

1.. C. ecctpenraris, L. Sugar-berry. ae hope

. Leaves roughish, obliquely-ovate, sharply serrate, finely acuminate, unequal and
often heart shaped at the base; flowers smail, subsolitary.

Woods and river banks. May. A tree 20 to 60 feet high, with the aspect of an
Elin. Leaves 2 to ddinches long, with a very long acumination and very unequal as
the base. lowers small, greenish-white. Fruit dull-purple or yellowish-brown,
swect.and edible.

2. C. crassirotiA, Lam. Sdackberry.

Leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, serrate, unequally heart- -shaped ‘- bage, rough

and hairy on both sides; peduncles mostly 2-flowered.,

Low grounds. May. A small tree, 20 to 40 feet high, witha straight slender
trunk , undivided to a considerable height, covered with : an unbroken bark. Leaves
3 to 6 inches long, thick and firm. lowers small, —— succeeded by @ round,
black drupe about the size of the Whortleberry.

3. C. pumILA, Pursh. Dwarf Hackberry:

Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, equally serrate, unequal at the base, smooth
on beth sides, the younger only pubescent; peduncles mosily 3-flowered ; Srwit
solitary.

River banks, along the Susquehanna. A dwarf very straggling shrub, 3 to 10 »
feet high. Leaves sometimes heart-shaped, nearly as broad as ae with. a very
short acumination. Berries brown or nearly black.

SAURURACEEH, CERATOPHYLLACEE AND CALLITRICHACER. 3]

Orver 97. SAURURACES..— Lizard’s-tail Family.

Herbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves with stipules, and perfect fowers
:in spikes, entirely destitute of a perianth, and 3 to 5 mere-er less wnited ovaries.—
-GyuLes few, erthetropous. ‘Fruit acapsule cr berry, 3 to 5-celled, few seeded

‘SAURURUS, linn. Lizarp’s-Tamn. _
Gr. saura, 2 lizard, and oura, a tail; in allusion to the form of the infiorescence.
Inflorescence an ament or spike of l-fiowered scales.
SramMens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, swith long and distinct
filaments. Fruir scmewhat «fleshy, -wrinkled,-of 3 or 4
spistils united at the base, -with recurved stigmas. S£EDS
usually solitary, ascending.—A perennial aquatic herb, with
‘heart shaped petioled leaves, and-white: flowers, each from the axil of
.a small bract, closela:.aggregated-in a slender terminal spite.
§. cernuus, Lb. Lizard’s-tail.
Siem angular; leaves cordate, acuminate.
Margins of ponds and streams, common. Jume—Aug. Sem lito 25 feet high,

sreak. furrowed. ‘Zeaves 4 to 6 inehes long, 14 as wide, smooth ana giauceous. on
peticles 1 to 2Zineheslong. Spiie slender, 3 to 6 itiches long, drooping at the end

‘Onper 98. GERATEPHVLLACER.— Hirnwort Family.

Aquatic herbs, with wherled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary and sessile
monecious flowers without any fioral envelopes, but with a many-cleft involucre.—
STAMENS 16 to 24. FERTILE OVARY free, l-celled with a suspended ovule; styi5 fili-
:ferm, oblique, cessile. -PruIT:en-achebium beabed-with the indurated stigma,
‘SEED containing 4 cotyledons.

CeERATOPHYLLUM, Linn. Hernworr.

‘Gr. eras, horn, phullon, a leaf, alluding to the born-like divisions of the leaves.

STERILE FLOWERS of 12 to 24 stamens with large seasile
anthers. Fruit an achenivm, beaked with the slender per-
‘sistent style.-—Herbs, growing under water, in ponds or slow
Mowing streams:; the sesstic leaves cut into 2 or 28 forking filiform
-nather rigid: divisions. |

‘C$. ECHINATUM, #..‘Gray. Hornivort. | F

‘Ackenium elliptical, rough-pointed en the sides, with a termina! aud 2 short
lateral spines, the slightly wixged margins armed wita bluut teeth, which finally
elongate and equul the ldteral-spimes; divisions ef the leaves minutely serrulate,
mostly 2-toetned-at the apex. .

Common. June, July. Flowers mintte.

ORDER 99. — CALLITRICHACEIE. — Starwori Family.

Aguatic small annuals, with opposite entire leaver, and polygamois solitary flowers -
2 9 . 4

al -

=

eb alee PODCSTEMACES,

in their artls, usually. between a patr of bracts, withevt: proper floral envelopes:
.Frurr 4celled, 4-lobed and 4-seeded, consisting cnly of the genus

‘CALLITRICHE, Linn. “WATER-STARWORT
Gr. kalos, beautiful, thrix, triekos, hair; alluding to the slender stems.

STAMENS I, rarely 2: FILAMENTS slender: ANTHERS 1-
eclied, kidney-form. Sryies 2, awl-shaped, distinct. Fruig
Barriers nut-like, 4-lobed and 4-eclled, but the styles
only 2, awl-shaved, distinct.. SEED. solitary and suspended,
filing cach. cell, anatropous.— Aquatic small annuals, with
opposite entire leaves.

T. 'C. verna, Lb. Vernal ‘Water-staracort.

Leaves 3-neryed, the foating cnes spatulate cr ckovate, the immersed Hnear;
bracts ineurved; styles constantly erect; fruit nearly sessile; the lcdzs par allel in
yairs and bluntly kecled on the tack.

Shallow poolsand sicw streams, common. May—Serpt. Siem floating 1 to2 fet
long, composed of 2 tubes, simple or kranched. Leaws 2 et each joint, heecming
crowded above into a star-like: tuft: upon the surface of she, water. J lewers.white,
axillary 1 to 2 tegether.

2...C. PLATYCARPA, Kutzing.
Frutt.nearly sessile; the lobes yaralle! in;paire, slightly winged on the hack;
styles crect in the flowers, refiexcd cicsely over the fruit. Bracts and folisge much
as jn the last, the frnit twice as large: growing in similar situaticns.

Oraver 100. FPODOSTEMACHE:.—lRiver-weed Family.

Axvatics, crowing on stones in rurning water, resembling Fea-weeds or Mcsécs, wih
the minute naled ficwers bursting from a sputhe as in Liverworts, producing a 3-
celled many-seeded capsule; represented in North America by the genus

PODOSTEMUM, Michx. River-awExp.

Cr. -pous, a foot, and sicmon, stamen; the stamen appearing as if cn a common
foot-sta alk.

PERIANTH or BRACTS, of 2 to 3 small awl-shaped ecales.
SraMENS 2, rarcly 8; FILAMENTS monodelphous belew.
STYLES or STIGMAS 2, awl-shaped. CarstLe 2-celled, 2-
valved, many-ribbed.. SeRDS .minute, very .uumercus on a
thick central placentee-— Sf lewers axillary and sohiary, pedi-
cetied from a tubular spathe.

P. CERATOPHYLLUM, Michx. Zhvread-foot.
Leaves rigid, dichotomcusly dissected; fllaments united to aLove the middle.
Common in the bottom of shallow streams. July. A small olive-green pleut
resembling a fea-weed, and tenaccously adhering to Icore ktones at the” bettcm,
timilar to a Fucus, by ‘fleshy disks or piceesseB iv the place of rocts. Leaves nu-
iwerous. alternate divided into several long lineur-Lristly segments, 1 to 4. inchs 8
lung. Flowers ou tLort thick pecuncles. ;

EUPIE)RBLACE 815

Oaper. 101. BIPHI2 ee Family.

Trees, shruds or herds, oflza avountliaz in aa acrid milly juice, spkente or alter-
nite, simole, P47 rely comorun dt lerv2s, often faraisied with stipules, usually terminal
eruriilary monecinus or dierious flowers, and 4 capsule of 2 to 3 or several 1-seeded
ouurizs united areund a ezntril rai separating when ripe-—CALYxX usually valyate in
tas bal, occasionally wanting. PeraLssomotimes present. SrigMss 2.to.3 or mor,
often forked.

1?) EUPHORBIA, Linn. Sprource.

Nam2d after Zuphorbus, physician to King Juba. -
_Fnowers mouccious, included in a cup-shaped 4 to 5-
lobed involuer combi nga calyx or corolla, usually. with

Jarg> and thick glands at its-sinuses. STERILE FLOWERS

=)

nameroas and lining the base of the involucre, each from
tho axils of a little bract, and consisting merely of a single
gtamen jointed on the pedicel like the “flament. FErvite

FLOWERS solitary in the middle of the involucre, g00n pro-

traded on ado one pedicel, consisting of a 3- lobed, 8 8-celled

.

forb3. or ener’, weil a pes ae 7WICe, generally oppo-
es, 1 rnast ofier in whorls or pairs, or sometimes
woitinr and I. big or terminal peduneles often umbellaée-clustered.

ms
0
ey
~~
?

* Siew leivs aiteriite; flowers in involucrate umbels.

yi r TFL e a .
LE: cornonnara, L. Flowering. Spurge.
Siems upright, nearly simple; leavzs oblong, by Frc entire, the floral leaves
1 6 rays, then 3 or 2 forked; glands oval, each at the

hs
i)
ct
©
Orv
(e)
i

mee ase of a pctatoid involuere.
ly s.

y Dank cs apd sandy fields, verycommon. Per. July—Sept. Stem slender; 1

ar

ta 2 Fos hish, mostly snrooth. Léeaves:1 toa 2 inches long, often. quite linear, very
entire, scattered on the stem, verticillate and opposite in the umbel. - Corolla-liie
treo! wre larse, wate, showy.
OD» i oa y = j ’ sg
2° ky Daruineronit, Gray. Darlington’s Spurge.

S'e n-leaves lance-oblong, ed and minutely downy pee ee. the secondary or
fora! letwes orb ealar ditated, ail entire; war%el divided into 5 to-8 rays, then seveyal
t.moes simply forked; seynucs of the foral cavolucre colored, entire, sub-renifora ;
oviiy warty.

Mois§ w01s, Chaster ‘County, &o. May, June. Per. Stem 2 to 4 feet high,
én > >t! ‘hs ravely branched below the umbdol. eaves 3 to4inches long, the flor al

Oval. very obSus2, th: others rounded and nearly as broad as long. Fioral invelu-
cre purpsh-brown within. Cuzpsule at length nearly smooth.

do: HK, Heutascopra. L. Sun Spurge.

Erect; floral leives obovate; stem leaves wedge-form, all obovate and nearly

iv
sub a-cal ‘yx or a mere vest ge. Srynzs 3, 2-cleit,
: 3-lobed, 3-celled; cells 1+

rounled at the end, finsly serrate; umbel divided into 5 rays, then-into 3s, or at

length s'mply forked: glinds orbicular, stalked; fruit smooth and even.

Waste places, rare. July—Sept... Ann, Stem smooth, 8 to-16%inches high,

oLl6 EUPHORBIACES.

branched from the root. Leaves scattered 14 to 114 inch long, 24 as broad at the -
rounded or retuseapex. Branciesof theundel mastly short. Sterile flowers most--
mumercuss :

4. KE. Pepuus, L. - Petty, Spurge:.

Stem erect or ascending, branched below; leaves entire; very obtuse, the lower
oval or obovate, petioled, the floral round-heart-shap2d; uwmdel divided into many
rays, then forking; glands long-horned; frwif rouzghish and thickened on the baci.
of each carpel, otherwise smooth. _ ae

Waste grounds, introduced. July, Aug. Ann. Plant 5 to 10 inches high,

smooth. IJnvolucels or floral, leaves large, clasping, broader than long. Flower.
conspicuous.

* * Stem leavesopposite. Heads axillary or fusciculaite.

: 4 zi ‘ ee e
>. EH. wyperrorrornia, L. Common Spurge. Hyebrighi.
; £
Smoothish; stem branching, nearly erect; leaves ovate-oblony or oval-oblonz,
oblique or heart-shaped at the base, often curved, finely serrate, 3 to S-ribb2d ua-
,derneath ; corymbs terminal. ;

_ Waste and cultivated places, common. July—Sept. Ann- S¥em 10 to 20 inchas
high, usually purple, very smooth.. Lesves 14 to 1 inch long, 4 as wide, on very
_ short petioles, marked with oblong dots and blotches, ciliate. Coryms of smau
White hoods.

6. E. MAcunata, Ll. Spotted Spurge. Milk Purslane.

Hairy or sometimes smoothish; diffusely prostrate, very much branched from the -
toot; leaves oval, minutely serrulate towards the end, unequal at the base, slighi -
ly d-ribbedy fruit mostly hairy; seeds 4-angied. |

Gravelly banks and‘open places, common everywhere. June—Sept. Annual.
Stem 6 to 12 inches in length, spreading flat on the ground. Leaves opposite, 44 to
+ inch long, and 4 a3 wide, often purplish, or with a dark purple blotch o2 the
upper side. Heads of flowers small, crowded near the summit.

7. E. Ipecacuanaam, L. Wild Ipecac. [pecac Spurge.
Procumbent or suberect, smooth; leaves opposite, varying from-obovate or oblong
to long amd narrowly linear, entire; »eduncles elongated, axillary, l-flowered;
Jruit smooth.
Dry sandy soil, rare. May—July. Per. Stems many from a very long perpen-.
dicular root, low and.diffusely spreading, flowering and isimply forking from the
~ base. Leaves 114 to 2 inches long, 14 to 14 imch wide.

8. HE. pentata; Michz; Toothed Spurge.
Upright, hairy; leaves ovate or. oblong-lanseolatc, coarsely serrate with blunt.
teeth, narrowed into a slender petiole; flowers crowded at the summitof the stem
Shady hilisides, in rich soil. Aug. Ann. Plant about 1 foot high, at first simp] e-

afterwards with side branches. Upper leaves spovted. Jnvoiucre lobes cut irimgcd.
Truit smooth, short-stalked.. - :

CULTIVATED EXOTICS. —

9 EH. Largyaos, L. Caper Spurge. Mble-tree
Stem eract, stout, smooth; leaves linear-oblong, entire, the floral oblong-ovate -
and heart-shaped, pointed; twmbel mostly ‘raved, rays dichotomous; glands of the -
involucre short-horned; fruit and. seeds amooth.

Cultivated grounds and gardens. July—Sept. Stem 2to3 feet hich, Leaves 2:
to 4 inches long, '4 to 34 wide, numerous and arranged in 4 rows on the stem.,
Umbet of 4 verticillate brauches with a central, sunsessile head.

EUPHORBIACER. 317

10. EK. puntca, L. Scarlet Spurge. Splendid Euphorbia.

Stem shrubby, fleshy, armed with rigid sharp thorns; leaves ovate, tapering to
the. base, smooth, entire, acute, mucronate; peduncles axillary, 2 to 3-times dicho-
tomous; bracis searlet. A singular and showy garden plant.

9; PHYLLANTHUS, Linas.
Gr. phullon, leaf, anthos, blossom ; the flowers being attached to the leaves.

FLOWERS moneecious. PERIANTH 5 to 6 parted, alike in
the sterile and fertile flowers. STAMENS 3: FILAMENTS
united in a column, surrounded by 5 to 6 glands or a 5 to 6-
lobed glandular disk. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 2-ovuled :
STYLES.3, 2-cleft: strg¢MAS 6. CAPSULE separating into 3

earpels, which split into 2-valves.— Herbs or shrubs, with. al-

_ ternate stipulate leaves, and minute axillary flowers.

P. CAROLINENSTIS, Walt. Leaf-blossom.

Siem erect, herbaccous, with alternate brauches; leaves simple, entire, smooth,

oval and obovate, short-petioled; flowers few, subsolitary.

Gravelly banks. July, Aug. Ann. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, slender. Leaves
of the stem 1% to 3% by 4% to \% inch, those of the branches 14, and those of the
branchlets 14 as large. lowers very small, whitish; 1 to 3 in each axil.

o. ACALYPHA, Linn.. Mrrcoury..
The Greek name for the nettle, whieh this plant resembles:

FLOWERS moneecious. PERIANTH of the sterile’flowers
4-parted, of the fertile 3-parted. Sramens 8 to 16: Fia-
MENTS short, united atthe base : ANTHER-CELLS' separate,
long, hanging from the apex of the filament. Sryues 8,
cut-fringed. CAPSULE separating into 3. globose: carpels -
which split into 2 valves.— Mostly herbaceous plants, with
alternate petioled stipulate leaves, and the clusters of sierile flowers
witha minute bract. the fertile surrounded by a large leaf-itke cut-
lobed. persistent bract.’

1. <A. Virernica, L. Thiee-seeded Mercury.
Leaves ovate or oblong-cvate, obtusely serrate, long petioled; sterile spike rather ©
few-flowered ; involucre of the fertile flowers heart-shaped, broad-ovate, acuminate,
veined and toothed.
Fields and open places, common. Ang. Ann. A homely weed 1 to 2 feet high,

smooth or hairy, often reddish in autumn. Leaves 3-veined, 1 to 214 inches long,
Wwaswide. Fistiliate flowers at the base of the peduncle, of the staminate spike.

2. A. CAROLINIANA, Walt. Carolinian three-seeded Mercury.

Leaves on long peticles, rhombic-ovate, acuminate, serrate, entire at base; bracts »
heart-shaped, loked; fertile ficwers at the base of the staminate spike.
Fielda, rare. 133 Aug. Ann. Sem 9 to ifincheshigh. A-pceuliar especies, —
*K a

348 is JUGLANDACER.

4, RICINUS, Linn: PAuma CHrRistt.
Lat. ricinus, an.insect, which the fruit of these plants resemble.
Moneecious. Sterile flowers:. PERIANTH.5-parted. Sra-.
MENS numerous: FILAMENTS united branching. Fertile-
flowers. PERIANTH:3-parted. SryiEs 3, 2-parted. Cap-
SULE mostly echinate, 3-celled, d-seeded.— Herbs and shrubs,
eoith peltate, palmate leaves, and monecious flowers.
R. coMMUNIS, L.. Castor-ow Bean.
Stem herbaceous, glaucous, leaves peltate-palmate, lobes lanceolate, serrate; cap -
sule echinate. Aug., Sept. Native of the Hast Indies. In our gardensit is a tall, -
smooth plant, of a light bluish green color, but in its mative country it becomes a.

tree. Leaves 4to 12 inches in diameter, on long netioles. Cultivated extensively
im various parts of the U. 8. for the purpose cf obtaining oil from.the seed.

5}, BUXUS; Linn: Box-woon:

Moneecious.: Sterile flowers. Cauyx. 3-leaved? PETALS.
®. Sramens 4, with the rudiment of an-ovary. Fertile
flowers. CaALyx4-sepaled. Prraus 3: Styntms3. Cap-.
-suLE with 3 beaks and 3 cells: SEEDS 2.—/vergreen shrubs.
with opposite leaves, and inconspicuous flowers.

B: SEMPERVIRENS, L.. Boz..

Leaves ovate ;.petioles hairy at the edge; anthers ovale, sagittate.. Native of Bu-:
rope. Var. angustifolia has narrow lanceolate leaves. Var. sujfruticosa the dwarf

box has chovate leaves and a scarcely woody stem, highly ornamental for edginga---
im gardens. .

Orper: 102. JOGLANDACERS— Walaw: Family:

Trees, with alternate unequally pinnate leaves, without stipules, green inconspicuous ©
monactous flowers in aments with an irregular calyx, and a fruit which isa kind of ~
ary drupe witha bony endocarp:(nut-shell), containing a large 4-lobed orthotropous -
secd. FintiLe FLOWERS solitary-or in small clusters, witha regular 3 to 5-lobed
calyx adherent to the incompletely 2 to 4-celled but-only l-ovuled ovary.

ik. JUGLANS, Linas Watnor:
Lat. Fouts glans; ive. the nut of Jupiter.

STERILE FLOWERS in long and simple lateral-aments; the~
CALYX SCALES unequally 3 to.6-parted, somewhat bracteate -
at base.. Stamens 8 to 40: FILAMENTS very short. TFerr-..
TILE FLOWERS solitary or several tegether’ on a pedunele at
the end of the branches: cALYx 4-toothed, bearing 4 small.
petals at the sinuses. Sryius 2, very short: stramas 2,.
somewhat: club-shaped and fringed. Hruin. drupaceous;.

—

JUGLANDACE. 319.

with a fibrous-fleshy indehiscent epicarp, and a rough irregu-
larly furrowed endocarp or nut-shell.—Large trees, with -
strong scented arumatic bark, &<, odd-pinnate leaves of many ser- -
rate leafists, and sterile’ flowers in aments, the fertiie terminal.

1. J. cornered; Ls. Butternut. Waite Walnut. .

Leaflets numerous(i5 to 17), obleng-lanceolate, pointed, rounded ai the base,
aowny beneath; petioles and branchlets downy with clammy bLairs; fruit oblong,
acuminate, clammy, the nut-deeply and irregularly furrowed.

River banks and rich woods, common. May; fruitripein Sept. Tree 30 to 60
feet high, with gray bark, and widely spreading branches. Zeaves 12 to 20 inches
long. Barren flow2rs in long aments: fertiiein short spikes. The kernel is oily-
and pleasant-flavored. From the bark is extracted am excellent cathartic.

vis a si
2. J. nieRA, L. Black Walnut.

Leaflets numerous (15 to 21), ovate-lanceclate, acuminate, serrate, subcordate at
base, smooth above, the lower surface and the petioles minutely downy; fruit glo-

bose, with scabrous punctures..

Ritch woods, common. May; fruit ripein Oct. A large handsome tree 60 to 90 >
feet high, with a diameter of 3 to 6 feet; bark brown. The wood is very valuabie
for cabinet work,-purplish-brown, turning blackish with age.

2. CARYA, Nutt. Hickory..

Gr. Karua, the Walnut.
STERILE FLOWERS in slender. lateral. catkins, which ~are »
mostly in threes on a common peduncle: CALYX naked, un- .
equally 3-parted. STAMENS 3 to 8: FILAMENTS scarcely.
any. FERTILE FLOWERS 2 to 3 together at the ends of the
branches, with a 4-toothed calyx, and no petals. Sriama..
large, 4-lobed.. Frure. globular, with.a somewhat leathery
epicarp, which splits into 4 valves, and fails away when ripe
from the smooth and slightly 4 to 6-angled-nut-shell, which -
is incompletely 4-celled.— Trees, with hard and very tough
wood, odd-pinnate leaves of 5 to 9 -teafleis, and sterile flowers in

branched aments.
* Seed edible and delicious: bark exfoliating tn shaggy sirins er plates.

1. C. aupa, Nutt. Shell.bark Hickory.
Leaflets 5, minutely downy underneath, finely serrate, the 3 upper obovate -
lanceolate, the lower much smaller and cblong-lanceclate, all acuminate; fruit:
depressed-globular; nut somewhat flattencd. :
Rich moist woods, common. April, Mey; frudt in Gct. A tall and handsome
tree with rough and shaggy bark, consisting of long etrips adhering by the mid- .
die or one end;-the wood is valuable as timber, and especially far fuel. The fruitia--.

covered with a very thick epicarp separating into 4 parts, and containing.a whitish -
thin-shelled nut with a large richly-flavored kernel.

2. C. suncata, Nutt. Thick Shell-bark Hickory.
- Leaflets 7 to 9, chovate-lanceolate, downy underneath, sharply serrate; fruii
oval, 4ribbed above the middle with intervening furrows; mut. strongly poimted,...
slightly fattened, with a thick yellowish shell. ee .

3820 | CUPULIFERZ.

Valleys along the Allezhenies; abundant along Chillisquaque. Creck, Northunsr-
berland County. May; fruiéiin Oct. A large tree 50 to 70 feet high. Leauzs 10
to 20 inches long. Sterile aments very long. Nut nearly twice larger than in ©:
alba, with a thick shell.

* * Seed sweelish but small; nut hard-shelled; bark not shaggy. -

3. C. ToMENTOSA, Nutt. MDekernut. Bullaut Hickory.
Leaflets 7 to 9, oblong or obovate-lanceolate, slightly serrate, roughish dow ny
underneath; aments hairy; fruit globular or ovoid, with a thick and hard shell,
which splits almost to the ep nut somewhat S-angled, the shell very thick and
hard.
Rich woods.and hills, common. April, May; fruzé in Oct. A tall tree 40 to £9

fest high, with resinous scented foliage and whitish cracked bark ; the wood is.
celebrated for axe-handies, fuel, &c.

4. (. microcarpa,Nutt.. Small-fruited Miekory.

Leaflets 5 to 7, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glandular underneath ; aments smooth
Fruié roundis b-oveid, with a thin husk; nut slightly 4-angled, the shell rather thin

Moist woodlands. May; jruttin Oct; A tree €0 to 70 feet high with an even
bark. Anents long, slender, smooth. Leaves 4.to 8 inches long, 2 to 3 inches
“wide, the under surface tufted in tile axils of the veinlets.. Fruit 34 of an inch in
@iamreter.

5. ©. auaBea, Torr. Pig-nut. Broom Hickory.

Lexflets 5 to 7, ovate- 2 uae: serrate, smooth or nearly so; fruit pear-shaped
or roundish obovate, thin, splitting about halfway down into 4 coriaccous valves;
nut hard and tough with a sweetish or bitterish kernel.

Weoodlands;common. May; fruitin Oct. A iarge tree with a close bark very
tough and valuable wood, and exceedingly tough sprouts. WFruttof various forms.

* ** Seed intensely bitter ; husk thin and soft; nut-shell thin and fragile.
6.. C. AMARA, Nutt. Bitter-nut. Swamp Hickory.

Leaflets 7 to 11, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, smooth, acuminate; fru globular;
with ridged or prominent seams opening half way down; nut inversely heari~
shaped.

Wet woods, common. May; fruitin Sept. A graceful tree with close bark, and
small pointed budsnearly destitute of scales..Wutsdell very thin, with an intense-
ly bitter kernel...

Orper 103. COPULIFERE.— Oak Fumily.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple stra‘ght-veined leaves, deciduous stipules, -
and monecious flowers; the sterile in aments or elusters, the fertile solitary or clus-
tered, furnished with an involucre which forms a cup or covering to the 1-celled 1-seed-
ed nut. STAMENS 1 to3 times as many as the sepals, inserted into their base. Ova-
RY 2 to 7-celled, with 1 to 2 pendulous: anatropous ovules in each cell; all the~
ovules and cells disappearing im fruit. Fruir a bony or leathery-nut, more or lesa.
enclosed in. the capsule. -

I: QUERCUS, Linn: Oax:
The classical Latin name:

STERILE FLOWERS clustered in slender and naked droop-
ing aments, without btacts; PERIANTH.O to 8-parted. Sra-

7
. 5

= ; FS 2 au
CUPULIFERS. . an

hes

MENS 6: to 12: ANTisRS 2-celled. FERTILE ELOWERS-
attered or oes: clus

seatt u shi consisting of a d-celled 6-
ovuled orary with a3 loved stigma, inelosed by: a. scaly bua-

like involucre which. becomes an indurated cup: (cupule )
around the base of the rounded nut or acorn.— A’noble genus
of trees (rarely shrubs) , with greenish or yellowish sterile flowers,
on axillary, pendilous, fi jitiform aments ; the fertile inconspicusus .
Jiswering im-Aprtil and May, and ripening their fruit in- Ostubar.

Sec. 1. Fruit annual, pedunculate—Lzaves not mucronate.
* Leaves sinuate-loved or pinnatifid. WHIT OAKS...

® ae
1. Q. atpa, lL. White Oak: ;
L2aves smooth, pale or glaucous underneath, chovate-oblong, obtss+, obliquely
3 > I
and deeply cut into 3 to 6 oblong, obtuse mostly entire lobes; cup hemispherical,
roushish, naked, much shorter than the cvsid oroblong acorn. .

Rich woods, cemman. The White O2k 43 a well see? and invaluable tree
to-8$9 feet high, with a diameter of 4 to 6 feet. Leaves bright green above, th
lobes variabie in-breadth, somatimes very narrows Nut about 1 inch long, Swee
ish,edible.

Fs wal pry fa 5 ,4 Ja
. Q: osrusinoBpa, Michx. Post Oak: Iron Oak.
ale deeply cut into 5 to 7 roundish divergent. lobes,;the upper ones musa
longer and often 1 to 3-notched, grayish-downy underneath, paleand rough above ;
cup hemispherical, nfiked, about 14 the length of the ovoid acorn.
Sandy soil, not common. ay Attree 30-to 50 feet high, with stragzling irrezu-
lar branches. Fruit sessile, or 2 to 3 toz3ther oa a short common peduncle. The
timber is very durable, and is much esteemed in ship building.

2 AY } ga 2
3. Q. MacrocanpaA, Michx. Over-cup White Oak
Teaves obovate, deeply and lyrately sinuate-icbed, pale or downy undern2ath,

the lobes obtuse, repand; cup -decp, fringed around the margin, more than half:
enclosing the ovoid turg.d acora.

Woods along rivers, rare. May. Actree 40 to 60 feet high, the branches covered
with a Corky bark. Leaves dark-green, 10 to 15 inches long. Acorns very lange
immersed x Of their “ath in the cup which is mossy-fringed on the-boriler.

AT; ~ as ) :

4. Q. onivaerormrs, Michz. ~Mossy-cup Oak.
Leaves oblong, deeply and icvants gin wa te- pinuatifid, smooth, slauccus under-
neath; cup very “ni mossy-fringed above, inclosing 34 of the oe ee acorm:
Swamps and low places, not common.- A-large and majestic tree 60 to 830 fees
high, with a diamater of 2to 4 fest, chiefly remarkable for its smaller branche: 3

always inclining downwaras. Leaves very variable in form. Frwit 114 inch lon

This species is commonly Known through Udien County a3 ike § Swamp White OER. Bop
and is considered very durable for. posts, raila, &é.

e)

% * Leaves coarsely sinuxte-toothed, nat lobed. Caastnot Oaxg.s

D. Q. Breotor; Wild). Swamp White Cak>

Leaves on short petioles, oblong-oosvate, cuneate at ths base, wuilish-down7
neath, coarsely and irregularly sinuate-toothed ; pedunc’e elongated in fruit; cz
hemispherical, som2timea-a little fringed at the border, inclosing less than one ha:f
bhe oblong-oroid acorn. ; ; 2.

Low moist woods, common. A tree 40 to 60 feat high, with tha bark aeparating

ae arze flat plates. Leaves § to 7 inches long, with 8 to 15 coarse teeth. Acorn
jn.a small. thin and reughish cup.

ae a CuPU LIFERR.

BR 3 Di ,rTS rf a Nise afin =,
Of: Qh) Pp eo digs Swe my Chestnut Oak...
Lery2s on long petioles, obovate, acute,..coarsely serrate with. nearly uniform
round'sh teeth, pubescent beneath ; cup somewhat top-shaped; acorn ovate.
Shady woods aud river banks., Avtree 60°to 80 feet high. Leanes lurge on pe-
ticles 1 inch long. . Acormdarge, sweet. The timber is valai ible in the arts.

7.° Qo MonvTana; Willd. Rock Chestnut Oak.
Lezves potioled, brovlly obovate, coarsely and neatly equally toothed; whitish
downy wnderneath 5 pedwncles short; cup hemispherical, with ragose and tubercléd
seales: acorn ror ;

Rocky f halls, com nan. A middle sizeltree, seldom more than 60 fret Bich.
Exgyes with broad an lobtuse teeth on a yellow petiole. Azorn 1to 1% inch long.
Pre ae is hizhly esteemed for tanning, anl the wood makes excellent fuel.

Wee Gr. ure ; BITTE ge (UR oe
&. Q. Castanea, Willd. Yellow — Oak.
saves on long petioles, demeits lanceolate, obtuse at base, acuminate, hoary-white
wnderneath, equally and nearly snarply toothed; cag Hediie pars ical; acorn ovo.
Rich mountain woods and valleys. A tree 60 to 70 feet high. Leaves narrower
than th :0xe of the former, ¥ vith acute teat ony which: are ‘calious at the point. Fruvt
mais idle -s.Z00, Sessile or on a-short peduncle. These three Chestnut Oaks are yory
diticuil to dizstinzaish, and many prove to be -ouly Varieties of one species.
; ae Yad r ~ RT sy ea. > fs
Q. prrnotprs, VW "a. hinguapin Oak.
Jeaves on Short peticies, obovate and Fince-oblong, coarsely wavy-toothed, downy
underneath; peduncles shortor none; cup hemispherical; acorn ovoid. — Chin-
quapin, Pursh.)

San ay coll. A shrub 3 toG feet high. erowinz in patches intermin rgled with the

Black Serub-Oak. (Q. ilicifolia, Wang.) Acorns swees, middle 8izc “d. and so
abundant as often to weigh the chrub to the vrourd. Lwarf Chestnut Oak.

»

Sc. 1. Fruit not maturing until the second year, nearly sessile.:
* Lewves cttre, Narrow.

> 7 TK . : nae 42 + eae : Ts
40. Q.crmBRicarRtTA, Michx. Laurel or Shingle. Car.
Léaves lance-oblong, acute at both ends, mucronate, thickish, smooth and cliring
aLove, pubescent beneath; cup saucer-shaped; acorns
Barrens and open wootllands. A tree 30 to 38 feet high, with numerous irre.
jar branches. Leaves dark green, thick and firm, in texture, 3 fo 5 inehes lon Cy
as wite. Acorn small, in a dat nosriy sessile cup. The wood splits ea sity, ana
goinetimes used. for shin: sles.

** Leaves toothed or lobed. Busace AnpRep Oars.

#1. QM IELIOIFOLIA, Wang. Black Scrub Oak:
arf; Yeaves on .short petioles, obGvate, wedze-s shaped J atthe base, 5 to é-angu-
Lael y ipbed, whitcilowhny underneath; cup Cc -top-:kaped 5 acorns oveid. (a.
wamnis Lich.) ;
Sandy } barrens end rocky hills, common. A ¢lreeeling erccke ie hrup, 3 to F fet
nae much branched. Acorns in numerous clusters ‘agian pbrancLes,. Geur cat.

12. Qooniara, L.. Alaek Jack, or Brown, Cate.

Leaves broadly wedge-shaped; rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the bese,
ciated and slightly 3, or rarely 5 lobed at the end, rusty-downy underneath when
young : acorn ovoid-gloLular, half covered by the very scaly cup.

Dry woods and sandy barrens, ecmmon. A scraggy tree, 15 to 50 feet high,
covered with a thick rough black bark. Jeaves Jeathery, shining ubove, 4 # ie

inches Jong, with rounded often obscure Jokes, the principal veins resect»
vaistle: pointa which wre commosty deciduous. Acorns 74 tol inch Jong.

ee ee = es

‘> wp 4 .
13. Q. rincrorrA, Bartram. Quercitron or Black Oak.

Leaves obovate-obionz, slightiy or sometimes deeply sinuate-lobed, the lobes
somewhat toothed, more or less rusty pubescent underneath; acorn dvpress¢d-
gidbose, in a fiat scaly cup. :

Dry woods common. -A large tres;sometimes attaining the height of 80 to 90
fudt,-w ith a diameter of 4 to- Q fect, and a deeply furrowed black or deep brewn
bark. Theinner bark is very thick and yellow, used in dying. Leaves 6 rise 8 inch-
es long, broadest towards the end, quite va riable. Acorirs ae Own, nearly sssile,
about half covered with the thick sealy cup

i oe ed :va Re i y pe
a O occinea.. Wane, Saat let Oak.

Leaves on jonz petioles, oval in outline, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, with broad ard
open sinuses, the lobes divergent ana sparingly cut-toothed, 5 to 4 on each side,
smooth ; cup top-shaped, conspicuously scaly; acorn roundisb-ovoid.

Veh woods, common. A tree €0 to 80 feet-hich, with a diameter of 3 or 4 feet.
Leaves of a bri igh shining green on both sides. tur ning brisht scarict in autumn.
ACOrns large | 4 to 14 immersed in the ep. -Lhe wo od. is used for siayes, and the
bark for tanning.
if ssp lise SD ree 8
ae Q, RU i BRA, Li. Red Oath.

Leaves owlong petioles, chlong. smooth, pale bencath, Gotusely sinuately-lobed ;
lobes Ee cking speringly-teothed or entire, 4 to 6.08 each side; cp saucer-shaped,

shallow. hearly srasoth, much shorter than the oblong-ovoid acorn.

Forests, common. A tree 70 to £0 fret high, with a diameter of 3 to 4 feet.
Leaves .6 to 16 inches long, slightly pitie scemt in the axils cf the nerves beneath,
chanzing to. dall red-or yellowish ia autumn. Acorns Linch long, with a fiat base
in’cuns so shailow és rather to reseluble snuecers than clips, caserly devoured by
hogs. Lhe wood is re rd dish and coarse grained, and the bark is used in tanning.

i 3 x = Pe eee ee) Pee 2;
16. -Q. panusTRis, Du Roi. Michx. -Pin Oak.

Leaves cn icng fetioles, chieng, in-outHne emcoth and sLining. deeply pinnatifid
with broad and rounded sinuses, the /cbes divergent, cut-lobed and toothed, acute;
cuz) saucer-shaped, even; acorn nearly giovoge.

Swan py wecds, common. A handsome irce 40 toe CO feet high, with numerous
spreading branthes and light elegant foliage. Leaves Lright green on both fides.
Avornas numerous, small, on short pe eduncles, in shallow cups. It is called Pin Cak

on account of its sun asual number of secondary branches «lich die as the tree ad-
Vances, giving the trunk the appearance of havi ing pins or trie wails driven intoit.

Q. heterophylla, Michx., f., was founded on a cingle tree ré et in Bartram’s gar-
den near Philadelphia, saat cestroyed, wLich veas. douk abkybred. Itis
figured and described by Michaux in Lis Sylva Americapa.

We CASTANEA, Lenrn., .A-aLEST NAT.

From Custanca, a city of Thessaly, noted for its chestutts.

Poly gamous. STERILE FLOWERS interuptedly clustered
in long cylindrical aments: PERIANTH age o to O-parted

STAMENS 8 to 1d. JERTILE.FLOWERS 2 or 2 together in an
ovoid scaly, prickly involucre: Sepia urccolate, & to‘6-
cleft, with therudiments of-5 to 12 abortive stamens. Ova-
n¥ crowned withihe perianth,-3 to T-celled, 14 to 25-ovuled.
Nuvs -coriaccous, ovoid, 1 to 3 inttaded. in the enlarged
echinate 4-lobed involucre. —Trees and shrubs, with mostly
deciduous alterncte straighiveincd lecves, the sterile cream-cutored

j
;

aad. : _ CUPULIFER.

flowers in axillary aments near the end of the branches, and the fer-

tile flowers at their base.
1. C. vesca, L. | Chestnut.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, mucronate-serrate, smooth and green om both
sides; mufts 2 to 3 in'each involucre, flattened on cne or. both sides.

Rocky or hilly woods, common, especially in stony land. June, July. A large
tree, with light coarse grained wood. Leaves 6’to 9 inches long, and 14 as wide
with large uniform teeth. -Aments 5 to 8 inches long, very numerove. Nuts about
3 together, of a peculiar brown, enclosed in the enlarged cupule or burr which is
beset on all sides with sharp spines.

e | e e =
2. C. pumina, Michx. Chinguapin. Dwarf Chestnut.

Leaves oblong, acute, serrate with pointed teeth, white-cdowny- beneath; ‘nut goli-
tary.

Sandy woods, and steri‘e places. June. A shruborsmall:tree 6 to 20 feet high,
much branched. Jeaves 3 to 5 inches long, 114 to 2 inches wide, smcoth above, on
petioles 44 inch long. Stamenate flowers in aments 6to 10 inches iong. Nut ovoid,
pointed, scarcely baifas large as a common chestmut, very sweet.

o. LAGUS, Tourn. Benen,
Gr. phago, to eat, in allusion to the esculent nuts.

Moncecious. STERILE FLOWERS in small heads on droop-
ing peduncles, with deciduous scale-like bracts; PERIANTH
bell-shaped, 5 to G-cleft: stamens 8 to 12. Ferre
FLOWERS 2 within a 4-lobed prickly involucre.: PERIANTH

i ‘ ral ‘ ‘
with 4 to 5 minute awl-shaped lebes. SryLes 8: OVARY
3-celled with 2 ovules ineach-cell. Nurs usually 2, sharp-
ly 8-sided, invested by the soft prickly coriaceous involucre,
which splits to below the middle into 4-vaives.—rees with
smooth gray bark, undivided straight-veined leaves, ani yellowish
flowers appearing with the leaves.

I’. FERRUGINEA, Ait. American Lecch.

Leaves cblong-ovate, acuminate, distinctly and oiten coartely toothed, obtuce af
base; priciles of the fruit recurved or spreading:

Woods along streams, common. May. A beautiful tree, often S0-or €0 feet high,
covered with thick -emcoth esh-gray bark. «Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, often a littis

heart-chared at base, bright green and shining above, silky underdeath when
young. JVuts small, oily, sweet and:mutritious. ‘The Aed Beech is now céfisidered .

. 48 only a variety, with the-wood sofier.and easiersof cleavage. |

4, CORYLOUS, fourn. Hazertsutr. Jee.

Gr. korus, ashelmet or cup,in allusion to the involucre. |
Moneecious. STERILE FLOWERS in drooping -cylindrical
aments, the concave bracts and the 2-cleft perianth combined
to form 8.lobed scales, to the axis-of which the 8 short fila-
wments irregularly cchere. MERTILE FLOWERS several to-
gether in lateral.and terminal scaly buds. SriGMa 2, thread-
like. Ovary 2-celled with 1 -ovule ineach cell. Not long,

CUPULIFERE. 2 BIO

‘roundish-ovoid, obtuse, surrounded by the enlarged coriace.
‘ous and: Jacerately toothed involucre.—Shrubs, with round_
‘tsh unequally serrate leaves, the yellowish sterile and red fertile flow,
‘ers appearing un early spring in advance of the leaves.

i. @. Americana, Walt. Wild Hazle-nut.

Teaves Youndish-heart-shaped, acuminate, coarsely serrate; involeore roundish —
bell-shaped, glandular, with a spreading flattened border about twice the length
of the flattened nut.

Thickets and fencerows, commen. A shrub 5 to 8 feet high, with the young

twigs, &. , downy and glandular hairy. Leaves Sto 6 inches-long and 24 as wide.

Barren fiowers in long ] pendulous aments flowering in April. Nut fisefiavored
smaller than the Eurepean hazel or fitvert. |

‘2. C. RosprRata, Ait. Beaked Lazle-nut. |
Eaves oblong-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped, acuminate, doubly serrate; ssohe
ere bell-shaped-tubular,. prolonged above the globular-ovoid nut into a narrow tu-
‘bular beak, densely elothed with bristles
“Banks of streams and.along mountain ravines. May. <A ehrubd 2 to 6 feet high

with slender smooth branches. Jnvolucre1 to 1% inch long, contracted at the top
‘into a long narrow neck, like a bottie, covered with short stiff hairz.

5 ‘CARPIN JS, Linn. HornpeaM. Inon-woon.
The ancient Latin name.

Monecious.° STERILE FLOWERS in drooping cylindrical
aments, ore from 8 to 14 stamens in the axil of «
simple entire scale-like bract, destitute of a proper calyx: fil-
amenis very short. FERtine FLOWERS several, spiked in
an oblong loesely imbricated terminal ament, with small =
eiduous: bracts, each with a pair of flowers consisting of a 2
eelled 2-ovuled ovary terminaicd py 2 thread-like pen
Nut small, ovoid, ribbed, acute, each with a simple, 1-seed-
ed, enlarged, open and leaf. like involucre.— Trecs with a
snooth gray bark,with alternate undiwided straight-veined leaves
-Gppearing later than the fowers. . re

C. AmeERIcANA, Michx. American Hornbeam.

‘Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply doubly serrate, nearly smooth; dgetis-
-ere-3-lobed, somewhat halbert-shaped, somewhat cut-tocthed on one side.

Woods al ong. streams, common. April, May. <A smeil tree 12 to 20 feet biew.
with an irreguiar rigid trunk, end very hard wocd, covered with a light ash-color-
ed or gray bark. Lecves 2 io 4 inches long, 44 as ‘wide, petiolate. Scales of the
fertile ement d-parted, the middie ecgment much the la rgest, oblique with a later-
al tooth. =

6. OSTRY.A, Miche. Hop HorRnBEAM.
; ‘Gr. ostreon, a shell; in allusion to the fruit,
‘Monecious. STERIL LE FLOWERS In cylindrical aments,
with orbicular, acuminzte, ciliate scales. SraMeEns 8 to 10,

t
with somewhat irre eguiarly united filaments. FERTILE FLOW:
M2

p2

ee Se eae MYRICACE®.

ERS numerous, in a short ecteriial ament, with ani decd.

-ous bracts; each enclosed in a membranaccous sac-like in-
volacre whieh enlarges and forms a bladdery closed bag in
fruit, those imbricated to form a sort of strobile, appearing
like that of the hop. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, crowned
with the entire and bearded border of the calyx, forming. a:
small ana seed-like smooth nut.— Slender trees with brown-
ish finely furrowed bark, entire alternate bie and Sowers ap-
pearing with the leaves.

QO. Virerica, Willd, Arnercih Eop- Homose

Leaves ovlong ovate, acuminate, sharply doubly serrate, somewhat downy
Sertile ametits oblong, pendulous; inrclucral-sacs bristy-hairy at the base; brads

acute. ,
Rich-weods. April, May. A email tree 20 to 80 feet high: The bark is remark-
-able for its fine narrow lengitudinal divisiens. Zeeves cn Leiry petioles, slau’
“wics as long as wide. The fruit is similar in eppcarence to hops. ecnsisting cf
membraneous imbricated sacs, containing each.a fcwer. The wocd is very white,
hard ené@ streng, much used for levers, de. Lever-wiced. lren-avocd.

Cnprr 1¢4. ELV RICACE E.— Sucet Gale Family.

Boncectous cr Giectous shrubs, withthe kersleand fertile fowers in short ecaly amends,
and resinous doited often Jrogrant leaves—differing from the Birch Family chiefly
by the Leelled ovary with asingle erect orthetropous ovule, and a drape-like nnd,

ol. MYRICA, Linn. BAYBERRY.-
Gr. merce, the ancient: name-of the Tamariek.

Diecious. STERILE FLOWERS in oblong or cylindrical
ments, the FERTILE in ovoid closely imbricated amenis,

both destitute of calyxand ee! solitary under a ecale-lke

bract, with a pair of bracticts. <StamEns 2 to 8 with the
‘filaments somewhat united below. OVARY 1, superior, with
3-scales at its bese, and 2 thread-like stigmas. Froit acmuell
slobular nut, studded with resinous grains OF wax. |
1 aes. Geacam, I]. Sweet Gale. Meadow Fern .

TARAS wedge-lanceolate, cerrate towards the @pex, eppearing ‘tee then the
flowers; stert.c armaents ciceely clustered; ti vwes in an oblong imbricated amentsce-
ous head, .

Borders of ponds and smraceniin lakea, rare. Mey. A branching. rub: RB to 4
iter high. Leaves Cerk green alove, paie beneath, with a strong midvein. 3% te

114 inch long, 4% te 14 inch wide, entire 4 ike length. Fertile and sterile f-wwers
ou seperate plenis. ‘he fruit and lesves when bruised emit apungent epity odor.
9. M. cenirrra, L. Paykerry. Wax fyrtle.

Teeece: oblong-Janceolate. Saved at the base, entire or wavy-locthed towards
the avex, shining ard resinous detted on both sides, eemewhat preceding the Sew-

era; sterile ements seatiercd, oblong; muds seattered and neked, inerrssed whh

Orhite waz.

YS
5a
:

BETULACER. As @

Sandy soil, rare. May. A shrub 2 to 8 feet high, with a very branching top,
and grayish bark. Leaves 114 to 214 incheslong by 4 to 34.. Aments sessile along
the last years branches. The fruit consists of a globular nut or stone enclosing a
Kernel, and covered with a coating of whitish wax.

29. COMPTONIA, Solander. Swarr Fury.

"Th honor of. Henry Compton; Bishop of London a century ago, a patron of botany. -

Moneecious. STERILE FLOWERS in cylindrical aments:
with reniform-cordate pointed scale-like bracts, and 3 to 6
stamens. FERTILE FLOWERS in globular aments, burr-like;
OVARY surrounded by 5 to 6 long linear-awl-shaped scales,
persistent around the ovoid smooth: nut; otherwise as in
Myrica.— Low shrubs, with long and narrow pinnatifid-lobed:
leaves with small stipules appearing after the flowers.

G. asprenrroura, Ait: Sweet Fern.

Lzaves long linear-lanceolate, alternately sinuate-pinnatifid.
Dry woods and hills, common. May. A well known, handsome aromatic shrub,

tito 2feethigh, Zeaves numerous, on short peduncles, 3 to 4 inches long, 14 inch:
Wide, divided nearly to the midvyein into humerous rounded lobes.

Orpen 105. BEPULACHE..— Birch: Fumily.

Monesinus trees or shrubs, with sterile and fertile flowers in scaly aments, 2 or 3 -
wnder each bract, and no involuere te the naked 1-celled and 1-seeded often winged
nul, which results from a 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary. STYLES single or none; gTiG--
Ma 2. . .

1. BETULA, Tourn. Bincn:

The ancient Latin name.

STERILE FLOWERS 3, with:2 bractlets under each scale or’
bract of the ament, consisting each of a perianth of 1 scale
and 4 stamens attached toits base: FILAMENTS short. Frr-
TILE FLOWERS 8 under each 3-lobed bract,.consisting of a
naked ovary with 2 thread-like stigmas, becoming a broadly
winged and seale-like nutlet or small samara. SrxEpD sus-
pended, anatropous.— Trees and shrubs, mostly with-the outer’
bark usually separable in thin horizontal sheets, ovate, serrate alter-
nate leaves, and monecious flowers, the golden sterile ones expanding
en early spring preceding the leaves, the fertile in oblong cylindrical
aments appearing with the leaves. purer :

ST rees with the bark of the trunk white externally, separable in thin sheats. *

— J. _B. poputironta, Ait.. White Birch:

Leaves deltoid (triangular), long-acuminate, truncate or slightly cordate at base,
unequally serrate, smooth and shining on both sides, on smooth petioles; fertile
ements.on peduncles ; scales with roundish, lateral lobes...

ee

i aa ce a SSP ACD a. OE ae ee en

Poor soils, in rocky mountainous woods, common. May. A small and slender,
very graceful tree, 20 to 40 feet high, with a chalky-white bark. Leaves tapering
to a long point as tremulous as an Aspen, on petioles 1 inch or more long. Aments
long pendulous. Poplar-leaved Birch. — : Se

2: 3B. papyracea, Ait. Paper Birch. Canoe Birch.

Leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly-serrate, the veins hairy beneath, small above?

lateral lobes of the fruit-bearing bracts short and rounded.
Hillside woods, common. May, June. A tree 46 to 70 feet high, with fine-

grained wood, and very tough durable bark, white externally, seperating into pa-.
per-like layers. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long,14 as wide dark-green above, pale.

giandular-dotted underneath. Sicrile aments1 to2 inches long. 3 .
** Trees with reddish-brown or yellowish bark ; leaves with short petioles...

8. B. niora, L. Red Birch. River Bireh.

“ Ixaveg rhombic ovate, acute at each end, doubly. serrate, whitish and downy

underneath ; fertileaments somewhat peduncled, woolly; bracts with oblong-linear -

nearly equal lobes, -

Low river banks, common. May. A tree 30 to 50 feat high, with reddish-brown.
bark, which at length becomes very loose and torn, hanging in shreds. Leaves 3.

inches long and 2 wide, on petioles 14 to 34 inch long, dark-green above.

4. B. venta, L. Black Birch. Sweet Birch.

Teaves cordate-ovate, pointed, sharply and finely doubly serrate; hairy on the.

veins beneath; fertile amenis elliptical, thick,.erect, somewhat hairy.

Moist rich woods, common. April, May. A beautiful tree 40 to 60 feet hich..
with a diameter of 1 to 8 feet, covered with a chestnut-brown dark. Branches.
glender, spotted with white. Zeaves 3to 4 inches long, about 14 as wide. The.

wood has a close grain and issusceptible of a fine polish, valuable for cabinet work.
be bark and young twigs are spicy-aromatic. |

€F* Shruds with brownish:bark and rounded crenate-toothed- leaves.
5. B. pumina, Lb. Low Birch. Dwarf Birch.

Erect or ascending; leaves obovate or roundish-elliptical, coarsely crenate-toothed,

the younger downy and nearly orbicular; fertile catkins cylindrical; scales more -

or less unequal 3-lebed; frit broadly winged.

Mountain bogs, rare. Pursh. May, June.. A shrub 2to 5 feet hich, with smooth’.
or sometimes warty branchlets, the young twigs Gawny. Zeaves.on short petioles,.,

ito 144 inch long, pale or whitish underneath.

2. ALNUS, Tourn. ALDER.

The ancient Latin name.

Monecious. STERILE AMENTS long and drooping, cylin-
dric, with 5-bractlets and 1 to 3 flowers under each scale;
each flower with a 4-parted calyx and 4 stamens with very
short filaments. FERTILE AMENTS ovoid or oblong, the

fleshy scales each 2-flowered, with a calyx of4 small scales.

coherent. with the seales or bracts of the ament, which be-
come thick and woody in fruit, all coherent below and per-
sistent.— Shrubs or small trees, arising from large and strong
roots, stalked leaf-buds furnished with a single scale, alternate stmple
deaves, and the aments produced at the close of summer, and expand-
ino in-early-springs agin Ree airy

‘i | SALICACBE. $29

een eee ens
4. A. rncana, Willd. Black Alder.

Tzaves broadly oval or ovate, rounded at the base, sharp ly serrate, often peter

~ wothed, white and mostly downy underneath; stipules oblong-lanceolate; fertile

aments oval; fruit orbicular.
Banks of mountain streams, common. A shrub 8 to 206 feet high, with smooth
browa bark. Fertile aments usually 4 to 5 ina panicuiate racems:.

2. A. sERRULATA, Ait. Common Alder. Smooth Alder.
Leaves obovate, acute at the base, sharply serrate with acute teeth, thickish,
gmioth and geen on both sides, a little hairy on tha veins beneath; stipules oval;

Sertile aments ovoid-oblong; fruit ovaie.

Borders of ponds and stream3, common. A well knowa shrub 6 to 12 feet hizh,
growing in clumos. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long and 2¢.a3 wids, strongly veiaed.
Ammts 2 to 3 inches long, slender, pendulous; the fertile oags short, thiek, dark

browa, persistent. -
Oapun. 106. SALICAGEHE.— Willow Family.

Diceious trees or shrubs, with alternate undivided leaves, the fertile and sisrile
Jeowers in aments, one under each bract, entirely destitute of calyx or corolla; the
Sruit al-celled and 2valved capsule, containing numerous secds clothed with a wng
silicy down. Ovary l-celled or imperfectly 2-celled; STYLES 2, vary suort, or more
of less united, each with a-2-lobed stigma..

Tt. SALLEX, Tourn. Witntow. Oster:
Celtic, sal, near, and lis, water; alluding to their usual loeality.
Diczious. AMENTS cylindric, with entire imbrieated
scales. Srerine rowers of 2 to 6 stamens, accompanied.
with 1 or 2 little glands. Farting rFoowsrs with a smail
flat giand at the base of the ovary on the innér side; sfTra-
MAS short.— Trees or shruds, generadly growing along streams,
with round and. flexible branch 85, nvostiy long and pointet
leaves, entire or glandularly-tosthed, and terminal and laieral
aments appearing: before or with: the leaves. °
S20. 1. Aments lateral and sessile, appearing before tha leaves. Shrubs or small
trees.
% Leaves entire or obsexerdy wary toothed ; amentz ound er short-sylingriew, smati ;
stigmas 2: cleft.
1. 8S. canpipa, Willd. Moary or W hite-leaved Willow.
Esaves narrow-lanceolate, acum‘nate, or the lowest: obtuss, pubeseent above,
White-tomentose beneath ; ‘stipules small, lanczolate, toothed ; as tc ed

drical, closely flowered ; ovary densely woolly; sty’e distinct.

Bogs in shady woods, rare.- Avril, May. Ashruab 2 to § feet high with reddish
twigs, smooth and shini ing at maturity. Leaves 8 to 12 inekes long, i to 2 wide,
Aments about an inch long, dense on:short peduneics. .

2. §. rristis, Ait. Dwarf’ Gray Willow.

Lewes iedieancsctate, almost sessile, pointed, ov at the lower obtnes ceayiokes
woolly on both = ay upper side af maturity, nearly smooth; stipules small,

ee Ste

330 SATICACE A.

hairy; aments globular when yeung, lcosely flowered; ovary with a long hairy ?
beak ; style short. “4 ak sf

Sandy woods. March, April. A small shrub 1 to 134 foot hich. much br ¢ ed,
witha profusion of aments in spring appearing before tae Leaves ae oe
numerous, thick, 1}4 inch leng, often. crowded. Stipules seldom scen, often re .
duced to a mere gland. | eet, TAG Resets

3. S. HuMItdIS, Marshall. Low Bush Willow.
Leaves on petioles, lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, acute er obtuse with an ab -
rupt point, slightly downy above; stipules small, semi-ovate and entire, or larger —
and linear with 2 to 4 teeth, shorter than the petioles; aments often recurved; -
avary hairy ; style distinct.
Borders of fields and _roadsides,common. A ‘shtub3 to 8 feet high; varying in -
size and appearance., Leaves. of the larger forms 3 to 5 inches long, and 34 to 1°

_ Inch broad. This species, as well as some of the following section often bear cone -
like excrescences on the ends of the branches, formed of closely imbricated leayeg. .

** Leaves more or less serrate, smooth and shining above ; aments cylindrical, large. .

- 4, §. picotor, Mubhl. Glaucous Willow”

Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, irregularly toothed on the sides, en- -
tire at the base and apex; stipules semilunar, toothed; aments erect; scales very
hairy, oblanceolate, somewhat acute; ovary densely silky... ;

Low meadows and river banks, common. A largeshrub orsmall tree 8 to 15 feat -
high. Leaves when young commonly obtuse and pubescent, at length becoming
smooth and whitish-glaucous beneath. Young catkins 144 inch long, glossy, black- .
ish, with the conspicuous stipules, elongating in fruit to 2)4 inches.

se Teaves jinely and evenly serrate, silky-gray or glaucous beneath ; ements ovoid ~
or cylindrical; stigma 2-lobed.: Shrubs...

4 Cane pu) € 31 3 vt tg $ woe.
5, §. sericea, Marshall. Silky-leaved Willow
Leaves lanceolate, pointed, downy above, grayish with short silky hairs undex -
neath; séerile aments small, the fertile narrowly cylindrical, closely flowered ; scales ~
obtuse, round-obovate; stigma nearly sessile. |
Sandy river banks.. A shrub 4 to 10 feet high, with green or purvle twigs which :
are tough but.brittle ai base. Jeritile aments in fiower 34 inch, at length 14 ineh ,
long. Anthers at first. reddish, then yellow, and finally brown.
‘6. 8. PETIOLARIS, Smith: Long-stalked Willow.
Teaves lanceolate, pointed, smooth above, glaucous beneath, silky at base, moest-:
ly unequal; stipules lunate; aments appearing before the leaves, the fertile ovoid- .
eylindrical, loosely flowered ; scales very hairy, obovate; siyle short but distinet.
Sandy river. banks and low grounds, common. A shrub 6 to 10. feet high, some-
what resembling the last, but the mature leaves are smooth beneath, and dry less .
black. Fertile aments:chorier and broader, the capsule spreading and showing the...
_ Btalkes. ;
sre* Tilaments seperate; stigmas-undivided. - Small trees. —
7. §. viminaxis, L: Basket Osier. Basket Willow.
Leaves linear-lanccolate, very long and acuminate, entire or obscurely crenate,;
white-silky beneath: stipules very small; amenis- cylindrical-ovoid, clothed with *
long silky hair; ovary long ard narrow; styles elongated; stigmas. linear, mostly
entire. i>
Wet meadows; introduced from Europe: A middle sized: tree; with slender and ©

fiexible branches. Zeaves 8 to 6 inches long of a beautiful lustre beneath. Fila .
gents yellow. -Anthers orange. Considered the, best species for basket making. ,

Src. uu. Aments lateral, with 4 to 5 leafy bracts at the base, appearing with @r :
before the leaves: stamens 2—Shrubs er email trees. >

‘SALIGACEE. i Ty

8. S. CORDATA, Muhl.. Heart-leaved Willow.

Zaaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes truncate or heart-shaped at~

dese, acuminate, sharply toothed, smooth, paler beneath; stipules reniform or —

evate, toothed, often large and conspicuous, or sometimes small and almost entire;
a@ments appesring with the leaves, leafy at base, cylindrical, the fertile elongating
to fruit. .

Low river banks and low meadows. A shrub 2 to 6 feet or a small tree 6 to 18
feet high,-with leaves 4 to Ginches long. Fertile aments 2 to 3 inches long.

9. §S. ancustaTa, Pursh. Narrow-leaved Willow.
Leaves lanceolate, acute, long and tapering to the base, slightly toothed, smooth -

and scarcely glaueous beneath ; stipules semi-cordate ; aments large, appearing be- -

fore the leaves; ovary tapering into a long style.

Banks of streams. A large shrub or small tree 8 to 16 feet high, with very long ~

and slender twigs, and long end narrow leaves.

Sze. m. Amenis peduncied (long and leose) borne on the summit of lateral leafy
branches of the s#¢ason.— Shrubs and trees, with the branches very britile at the baze.

* Ovary sessile, smooth; stamens 2.

10. S. ansa, L. White Willow. Yellow Willow.

Teaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, pointed, toothed, clethed mere or legs -
with white silky hairs, especially beneata; stipules lanceolate; stigmas nearly ses- -

gile thick and recurved: An-intreduced tree of rapid growth, attaining a height

‘ef 50 to 80 feet, with several varieties. War. 1, VITELLINA, has yellow or light red
branches; leaves shortet and breader. (8.vitellina, Smith & Borrer: 8. Pameachi- -

ana, Barret.) Var.2, o@RULEA has the leaves nearly smooth at maturity.
%* Ovary stalked, smooth; stamens 2 io 6.

11. S. rraeiuis, L. Brittle Willow. Crack Willow.

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, glaucous beneath, serrate with inflexed °

teeth ; stipules semicordate, pointed, toothed; stamens mostly 2.

A tall and handsome tree, with smooth and shining branehes, introduced from -

Berope, and cultivated for basket-work, with several varieties. Var. 1, DECIPIENS,

has dark brown buds, and the lowest. leaves on the branches broadly obovate, very
ebdtuse. (S. decipiens, Hoffman.) Var. 2, RusseLiana, has the leaves long and .
bright, strongly serrate, the younger ones, and upper branches of the annwal :

shoots, silky-downy; stipules large and acuminate. (S. Russeliana, Smith.)

12. 8. nr@ra, Marshall. Black Willow.

Zeaves narrowly-lanceolate, pointed and tapering at each end, serrate, mostly -

smooth, green on beth sides; stipules small, deciduous; glands of the sterile flow-
ers 2, large and deeply 2 to 3-eleft; stamens 3 to 6.

Mareins of streams. A tree 15 to 25 feet high, with a rough black bark. .
Branches very brittle at base, pale yellow. Sterile amenig 3 inches long, and efter -

with but 3 stamens in the upper scales.
13. 8. nuctma; Mahl... Shining Weéllow. .
Leaves ovate oblong or lanceolate and narrow with a long acumination, smoot -

ead shining on both sides, serrate; stipules oblong, toothed; stamens mostly 5.
Overflowed banks of streams. A handseme species, sometimes 12 to 15 feet high, ~.
eften flowering at the height of 3or 4 feet. Branches smooth, dark shining greex. <.
Zeaves broad and glossy above.: ,
14. §: Basyxionica, Tourn. Weeping Willow.
Bramehes pendulous; leaves lanceolate, acuminate smocth, glaucous beneath; -
Sipules roundish, oblique, acuminate; cyary sessile, ovate, smooth. This beantifed.«

eee a es a

ee ee a ae

832 - ‘SALICACE.

species is a native of the Wast, and has been cultivated until nearly naturalized.
The long slender drooping branchlets very naturally indicate the common name of
the tree: Only the fertile plant.is known in the United States. .

$#% Ovary stalked, hairy; stamens 2.

15. 8S. toneirorra, Muhl. Long-leaved Willow.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile; remote-
ly denticulate with projecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when young, at length
nearly smooth; stipules small, lanceolate, toothed; seales hairy at the base, often
glandular-toothed at the top in the sterile aments; stigma very long, sessile.

River banks. A variable rooting species 2 to 12 feet high, with: brown branehes
and white branchlets, often. prostrate.

*

2. POPULUS, Tourn. Pornar: ASPEN. —
Lat. populus, the people, being often planted by the public ways.

Diccious. AMENTS cylindric. Bracts (#cales) of the
aments irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Frowers from a
eup-shaped disk, which is: obliquely lengthened’ in front.
STAMENS 8 to 30, with distinct filaments. STra@mMas 4,
elongated. CArsuLE superior, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-
seeded. SEEDS comose.— Trees, with soft wood, usually broad
and more or less heart-shaped or ovate toothed leaves on long
petioles, and long drooping aments, appearing before the leaves.

1. P. TREMULOIDES, Michx. American Aspen.

Leaves roundish-heari-shaped, with a sharp short point, dentate-serrate, smooth —
ou both sides, with ddwny margins; scales cut into-3 to 4 deep;linear divisiens,
fringed with long hairs.

Woods and open fields, common. April. A'tree 20 to 50 feet high, with smooth

greenish-white bark. Leaves 2 to 214 inches lone, 214 to 3 wide, on petioles 2to3
inches lone. which are laterally compressed. so that they are thrown into acontinued

agitation by the slighte: st breeze. White Poplar.
2: P. GRANDIDENTATA, Michx. Large-toothed Aspen.

Leaves roundich-ovate, with large and irregular sinuate teeth, white-silky-woolly
when young, at length smcoth on both sides; scales cut into 5 to 6 unequal small
divisicns, slightly fringcd.

Woods and groves. rather common. A tree 40 to 50 feet high, with a diameter
of 1 foot. straight. covered with a smooth, greenish bark. Leaves 3to’5 inches long
and nearly a3 wide, generally at the extremities of the distant, coarse and crocked -

‘branches.

3. P. HETEOPHYLLA, L. Various-leaved Poplar.
Leaves roundish-ovate or heart-shaped, obtuse, serrate, white- woolly when young,

at length nearly smooth, oxcept on. the veins beneath.
Swamps. May. A tree 40 to 60 feet hich. with round branches. Leaves large,
usually quite bl Bn, the auricted lobes at the base often conceal the insertion ef —

the petiole:
4. P. anautata, Ait. Water Poplar. — Cotton- Pood.
Zeaves broadly-deltoid, or heart-ovate, smooth, Sie aye over ciiey or cut-serrate,

acuminate. .
Ranks of streams. March, April A-tree of large dimensions 40 to $0 feet high, .

ee PARA USES TRO URS 2 Hs tT Wee ne a ae a

ee ee ee en ee eT le we

BALSAMIFLU 3. Maes te

and 1 to 2 feet thick, with acutely angled or winged branches. Leaves often 7 to 8

‘inches long, and about as wide on the young shoots; whilst on full-growa. trees-

they are only 2 to3 inches long. The buds are covcred with resin..

D. P. BALSAMIFERA, L. Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac.
Leaves ovate-acumrinate, finely serrate, smooth on both sides, white and reticu-
late-veined beneath; scales dilated, slightly hairy; stamens very numerous.

Borders of rivers and swamps, rare. April. ‘A tree 60 to 70 fect high, and 1 to
1% feet thick, with reund branches. The buds are covered when young witha
Balsamic resin.

>

CULTIVATED SPECIES.
6. P. canpicAns, Ait. Balm-of- Gilead.

Leaves ovate-cordate, acuminate, obtusely and unequally serrate, whitish be=-
meath, somewhat 3-veined; petioles hirsute.
_ Weods, common in cultivation. April. A tree 40 to 50 feet high, and 18 to 20
inches in diameter, with smooth and greenish bark, and large dark green foliage.
Fertile aments 6 inches long. The buds are coyered with a balsamic resin, much,
used in domestic practice:

7. P. piuarata, 0. Lombardy Poplar.
Leaves smooth, deltoid, acuminate, serrate, about as wide as long; trunk lobed -

and sulcate. Native in Italy as its name imports. It has long been cultivated in
this country, and is found in the vicinity of all old settlements.

8. P. arpa, L. Abele. Silver Poplar.

Leaves heart-shaped, broad-evate, lebed and toothed, acuminate, dark green and
smooth above, very white downy beneath; fertileaments ovate; stigmas 4.. A-high-
ly ornamental tree, native of Hurops. The silvery whiteness of the lower surface -
of the leaves produce @ striking contrast .with the dark green of the upper.

Grand 107. BALSAMIFLUE..— Sweet-Gum Family

Trees, with a balsamic colorless juice, alternate palmately lobed leaves, deciduous
stipules, and monecious flowers in seperate roundish aments, destitute of calyx or co-
volla, the fruit of 2-beaked and 2-celled several-seeded woody capsules: consists only of.
the genua.

LIQUIDAMBAR, Linn. Sweret-GuM:
Gat. liqguidum, fluid, and Arabic ambar, amber, in allusion to the terebinthine~
: juice that flows from the tree.

STERILE FLOWERS in conical clusters, naked. STAMENS:
numerous, intermixed with minute scales : FILAMENTs short.
FERTILE AMENTS consisting of 2-celled ovaries, subtended
by minute scales, all more or less cohering and- hardening in
fruit, forming a spherical-head, the capsule opening between
the 2 awl-shaped diverging styles. Sxeps small, often abor--
tive.— Tree, with alternate simple or lobed leaves deciduous .
stipules and racemed nodding aments, inclosed in the bud by a 4:
teaved dectduous involucre.

ee - Tea Sateen oa

334 PLATANACEE AND URTICACER,

L. Sryractrnua, L. Sweet-Gum. Bilsted.. .
Leaves rounded, deeply 5 to. 7-lobed, smooth and shining, finely glandular-ser-:
vate, the lobes pointed.
Moist woods. April. Alarge and handsome tree, with finely grained wood and
gray bark, with corky ridges cn the branchiets.. The young twigs are yellowishy -
putting forth leaves of a rich green, which are fragrant when bruised, turning«

deep red or crimson in autumn. Fruit when mature about 1 meh in dismeter,
forming a brewnish woody and prickly strobile.

Orver 108. PLATAN ACHE Z,— Plane-tree Family. |

Trees, with alternate palmately-loved leaves, sheathing stipules and monceious flow.
ers in seperate and naked spherical aments, destitute of. calyx or corollu; the fruré*
elub-shaped l-seeded nutiets, furnished with bristly dewn along the-base: consisting:
only of the genus

~
=

PLATANUS, Linn. Burronwoop.

Gr. platus, broad, in allusion to the ample shade ef its foliage. .

STERILE FLOWERS of numerous stamens with clavate:
small scales intermixed : FILAMENTS very short. . FERTILE
FLOWERS in seperate aments consisting of inversely pyra-:
midal ovaries mixed with little scales: sTyLE rather-lateral,.
awl-shaped, or filiform , simple. NUTLETS coriaceous, § small,
tawny-hairy below, containing a single Oro prenane pendu--
lous seed.

| EN Se OCCIDENTALIS, L. American Plane or Sycamore. .

Leaves angularly-sinuate-lobed and toothed, the short lobes sharp-pointed ; /fer- -
ile heads solitary, suspended on a long peduncle. .

Banks of streams. A very large and well-known tree, witha white bark sepers- -
ting early in thin brittle plates. Leaves woolly when young, alternate, on leng pe-
tioles. -Aments axillary globose.

2. P. opnrenTauis, L. Oriental Sycamore.

A handseme shade tree, native of the Hast, is occasionally met with in-cultiva -

tion.

OrnpEr 109. URTICACEEE.—WNetile Family:.

Trees, shrubs and- herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, monecious or diecious
flowers, furnished with a regular calyx, free from the mostly 1- celled ovary which
Forms a 1-seeded utricle or achenium in fruit. Stamens as many as the letes of the
ealyx and opposite them. Comprising several very distinct suborders.

Sunorper 1. MOREA. Tur Murperry Famizy.

~ Bhrubs or trees with a milly juice. FRUIT fleshy, composed.of the flesby calyx ox”
yeceptacle.. , .

as “AURPIOAGH aE << ; 335

1. MORUS, Tourn. Murserry.

ur. Morus, the ancient name.

FLOWERS moncecious or diccious; the two kinds in sepe-

rate axulary ament like spikes. Canyx 4- -parted, the sepals

ovate: . STAMENS 4: Fa MENTS elastically expanding.
Ovary 2-celled, oa of the cells smaller and disappearing :
STYLES filif: et stigmatic down the inside. ACHENIUM

ovate, compressed, covered by the succulent | berry-like calyx,
the whole fertile spike thus becoming a compressed berry. —

L’rees, with milicy Jue alternate mostly lobed leaves and in-.
conspicuous flowers

1.. M. nupra, lL. Red Mulberry.

eaves heart-ovate, serrate, rough above, downy beneath, pdinted, sometimes

‘variously lobed; flowers often dicecious; fruit Gark purple.

Rich woods, common. May; fruit in July. A small spreading tree, cover

with a grayish much broken aud furrowed bark. Leaves 4 ‘to 6 inches long, 44 a

wide, entire or divided into lobes, thick, dark green. Berries compounded of a
great number of smail ones, of an agreeadle acid fiayor.

2. M. apa, L. Waite Mulberry.

Leaves obliquely heart-ovate, acute, serrate, sometimes lobed, smooth and shi-

Ring; fruit whitish.

Nat ural ized uear houses. Asmalitree, native of China. Deaves 2to 4 inchag

dong, 24 as wade, acute, petiolate. _#lowzra green, in smuil, roundich sti or
heads. This and the variety mulicaults are culine rd for feediag silk WO?Ts

3...M. nigra, L. Black Mulberry.

Leaves seabrous, cordate, ovate or lobed, obtuse, unequally serrate; fertsle epihee

-Ovel.— Native of Persia; cultivated for eee eae fyi dark red or bieckiak, of
a aromatic acid flavor, :

; 2... BROUSSONETIA, L’ Ter,
In honor of P. NN. Browussonet, a distinguished French nainralis.
FLowgrs. polygamous, in cylindric aments. Canyx 4-

parted. peers AMENTS globose ; RRCEPTACLS eylin-
dric-club-shaped, compound ; CALYX 3 to 4 ‘toothed, tubular,

OVARIES becoming Shes, club- shaped, prominent. STYLE

Jateral. Sz=ps 1, covere od by the calyx.— Trees, naitvs of

Japan.

B. paprrirera, L. Pigs Mulberry.

Leaves of the younger tree, roundish-ovate, acuminate, mostly undivided, bik
adult tree G-lobed; fruzt hispid —A fine hariy tree, often cultivated, with s lew
bushy heed, large, Hight green, downy leaves, and dark red frait sumew bet ape
than peas, covered with long purpie hairs, ‘ :

$36 - - URTICACER.

3. MACLURA, Nutt.
Dedicated to Wilkam Macture, Esq., of the U. S., a distinguished geologist.
FLOWERS polygamous, inaments. OVARIES numerous,
coalescing into a compound globose fruit, composed of 1-seed-
ed, compressed, angular, wedge-form carpels. Sryux 1, fil-
iform, villous. —A luctescent tree, with alternate entire leaves,
without stipules, and axiliary spines.
M. avrantiaca, Nutt. Osage Orange. Bow-wood.
Leaves ovate or ovate-oblons, obscurely denticulate, somewhat acuminate, cori
acvous, smooth and shining above, strongly veined beneath. A beautiful tree, na-
tive on the banks of the Arkansas. Leaves 4 to 5 inches long, 114 to 244 wide, on
ehort petioles. Fruit about as large as an orange, golden yellow when ripe, sus-
peaded by an axillary podunele, which amidst the dark glossy foliaze form3 a beaw-
tiful contrast,

SuBORDER 1. CANNABINE A Hemp FAmIny.

Erect or twining herbs, with a watery juizse. FLowens dioccieus,-the sterile raee-
modgorpanicied. Sryvies 2. FERTILE FLOWERS in a cone-like ament.

4. JiUMULUS, Linn. Hop.
Lat. humus, moist earth; the hop flourishes only in rich soil.
Frowrrs dicwcious; the sTmRrE in loose -axillary pani-
cles: SEPALS and STAMENS 0. FERTILE FLOWERS in short
axillary and solitary spikes or aments: BRAcTS foliaceous, im-
bricated, each 2-flowered : CALYX l-sepaled, embracing the
ovary. ACHENTA invested with the enlarged scale-like calyx, to-
ecther forming amembranacecus strobile.— A rough perenniat
twining herb, with mostly opposite heart shaped. 3 to 5 lobed leaves
and the fiowers in axillary panicles and strobils-like-aments.
- H. --Laponus,; fi.» lop.
Leaves-mostly 3-lobed, deeply -cordate-at base, on long petieles. '
Eanks of streams, truly indigencus. July. Stem twining with thesuh. Galye

ecales in fruit covered wirh orange-colored -resinous graing, in which the-pesdiier
- Wilternegs.and arcma cf the hop resides.

oD. CANNABIS, Tourn. Henip.
The ancient name, of.obscureetymology. -

FLOWERS dicecicus; the STERILE in axillary compeund
racemes or panicles: SEPALS and STAMENS). IERTILE
FLOWERS spiked-clustered, 1-bracted: CALYX of a single se-
pal, swollen at the base and folded round the ovary.—A tail
roughish annual, wiih digitate 6 to 7-parted leaves, and azillary
Jiowers, tke staminate in cymose panicles and the fertile in sessile
spikes. | sy

=

“URTICACE &, 387

C. sativa, L. Common Hemp.
Leaves palmately 5 to 7-foliate, the leafiets lanceolate, serrate, the middle one

the largest.

Waste places, escaped from cultivation. June. A tall erect plant cultivated for
-the sake of its fibre, which-is the best ef a!l materials for cordage and rail-cloth.
:# lowers green, small, Bhs Par

SUBORDER In. URTICE A. Nerriz ‘FAMiny proper.

Herbs (in our country) with watery juice, and flowers in spikes, heads. or panicles.
-STYLE single or none.

i dD. URTICA, Tourn. Netrrne.
‘Lat. uro, to burn; some of the species are armed with stinging hairs.

FLOWERS moncecious or dicecious; the STERILE mostly
‘with 4 sepals, and 4 stamens-: the FERTILE with 4+ or 2 sep-
-erate sepals, and no rudimentary stamens. ACHENIUM ob-
Tong or ovate, flattish.— Herbs with stinging hairs, stipulate
leaves, and greenish. flowers in axillary panicles, racemes,
spikes, or heads. |

Scc.1.. Unrica proper. Sterile calyx 4-patied; the fertile of 4 yery unequal se-
»pais, the 2 outer small, the inner foliaccous.—Lzestes opposite.

1. .U. aRacizss, Ait. Slender Nettle.

Sparingly bristly, tall and slender; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3
‘to 5nerved from the rounded or scarcely heart-shaped base, smoothish, on elonga-
‘ted bristly petioles; flowzr-clustz7s in slender and loosely panicled branched spikes.
~. .Feneerows and moist ground, rather common. July. Per. Plant 2 to 6. feet
‘high, with scarcely any stinging hairs except on the petioles and sparingly on the
principal reins, not downy. lowers minute, grecn.

2. U. prota, lL. Dicecious or Stinging Nettle.

Very bristly and stinging; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, pointed, very deeply ger
trate, downy underneath a3 well as the upper part ef the stem; flower-clusters in
spanicled branched spikes. :

‘Waste places, common; introduced. June—Auz. Per. — Stem 2 to 4 fect high,
‘ranching, obtusely 4-angled, with opposite short-petioled leaves, 3 to4 inches tons,
-and about 44 as wide. Flowers small, green. Whole plant copiously besct with
stinging bristles—Like the last mono-dicecious.

38. .U. urens,L. Smal? Stinging, Nettle.

Leaves elliptic or roundish-ovate, somewhat 5-nerved, acutely serrate, with
“spreading testh ; flower-clusters nearly simple, 2 in each axil, shorter than the pet-
doles. :

Cultivated grounds, rare; introduced from Europe. July. Ann. Siem 10 toli
‘inches high, stinging. Zeaves 1 to 2 inches long on slender petioles.

Sec.2. Laportea, Gaud. Sterile calyx 5-parted, the fertile of 2 equal sepals :—
Leaves alternate. |

4. U. Canapensis, L. Canadian Netile. |
Leaves ovate, obtusaly serrate, pointed; flowers in long anid loose divaricately-
branched panicles, the lower stcrile, the upper fertile. 08

008 ° URTICACER.

Moist shady grounds, along streams, common. Aug. Per. Slem 3 to 6 feeb
high, branching, stout, erect. Leaves often 6 inches long, strongly opened by ME

This species has rery tough and strong-fibres, and was “formealy Proposed by’
Whitlow as a substituic for hemp.

6. BCLAMERTA, Jacq. Fase Nerriuz.
Named after G. R. Bahmer, a. German Botanist.

TLOWERS monocious or diecious, minute. STERILE
FLOWERS with 4 sepals, and 4 stamens. FERTILE with a
tubular or urn-shaped entire or 4-toothed calyx inclosing the
ovary. STYLE awh shaped, stigmatic down one side. ACHE-
NiuM elliptical, closely invested by the persistent calyx.—
Hlerbs or shrubs, (ncariy allied to Urtica) w7th oppostie or
aiternate leaves and elustered flowers in axillary spilces.

LB. cytrnprica, Willd. Common False Nettle.

Smeathish; stem tall and simpte; leaves mostly opposite, oblonz-ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-nerved, on long
times intermixed, in clusters.

foist thickcts, common. cums Per. Siem 2 to 3 feet high, obtusely
dangled. Leares 2 to 4 inches Jong. 14 as wide. Flowers minute greenirh, ia

elender mestly leafy spikes, the sterile interrupted, the fertie mostly uaintem
rupte d.

petioles; flowers disecicus or some-

7. PIiLEA, Lindl _ Srinaursss NET ie.

FLOWERS age ae 3 the two kinds often intermixed in
the same panic! oe; bbrneted : the STERILE of 3 to 4 sepals and
stamens; the FERTILE with 3 more or Jess unequal sepals
or Givisions and an incurved scale before each. STIGMA
sessile, peneil-tufted. ACHENIUM minutely warty.— Smooth
er hairy herbs, with opposite long pelioled leaves ; the flowers in am-
ilfary clusters.

P. pumina, Lindl. Richweed Clearweed.

dow! stem: smooth and shining, translucent; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed,
pointed, 3-negyed, emoothish; flower-clusters much shorter than the potiole; sepals .

' of the fortile fiawers lanceolate, somewhat unequal.

Coc} and mois#.shaded places,common. July—Seopt. Ann. Stem4to ls inebes
high, with rmeoth pellusid branches. Flcwers very small, greenizh.

8. PARIETARIA, Tourn. PELutroryY.
Let. partes, 2 wall; from the place where some of the species grow.

FLOWERS moneccious or polygamous, in clusters surround-
ed by a many-cleft involucrate bract, CanLyx 4-parted :
BRAMENS 4, at first incurved, then expanding with an elas-
tic foree, STYLE terminal, short: or none; sTiama peneil-

CONIFERS. . 889

tufted.— Small herbs, with usually alternate leaves, and green
flowers in axillary clusters.
P. PENNSYLVANICA, Muhl. American Pellitory.

Bow, simple or sparingly branched, minutely downy; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
very thin, veiny, roughish’ with opaque dots; flowers often perfect, shorter then
the involucral leaves; fertile calyx bell-shaped, 4-cleX to the middle ; stigma sessile.

Shaded rocky banks, rare. June—Auz. Ann. A small homely weed 6 to 12

faches high. JLeaves alternate, hairy, it¢ to 2 inches long, 14 inch wide, on pe-
ioles. Flowers deuse; greenish and reddish-white.

Sun-cuAss IL GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENS..

OvuULEs not enclosed in an ovary, fertilized by the pollen
without the intervention of a pistil, and becoming truly
naked sceds, the carpel being represented by a flat opcn
scale or leaf, or entirely wanting. CoryLEDoNs often more
than tivo.

Orper 110+ CONIFRRES.— Pine Family.

Preez or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly wth subulate or acerose entireleazes,
and monecious or diecious flowers in amenis destitute of calyx or corolla. OVULES
erthotropous. KEmpryo in the axis of the albumen. (Wood destitute of duets,.
@ -maposed chicfly of a homogeneous large woody fibre which is nrarked with ciscu-

lar disks on two sides.) Comprises the three following sub orders.

SuB-ORDER I ADIETINEZA. Proper Ping FAMILy.

FERTILE FLOWERS In aments, consisting of epen imbri-
cated carpels in the form of scales sabtended by a bract, in
fruit forming a strobile or-cone: Ovu Es 2, adherent to the
base of each carpellary scale, with the orifice turned dowwn-
waxd..

I. PINUS, Tourn. Pine.
The classical Latin name.

FLowrErs moneecious. Srroprte large, conical’; cAR-
PELLARY SCALES thickened at the summit, becoming strong
and. woody in fruit. CorynEpons 3 to 12, linear.— Trees,
often of the loftiest dimensions, with evergreen, needle-shaped leaves,
tn fascicles of 2to 5 from the same slender buds, sheathed by the
searious bud-scales at the base. Flowering in May or June; the conss
maturing the seeds in the autumn of the second year.

* Leaves 20r Bin a sheath, rigid, scales of the cones thickened at the end, and most-

We Sppcd wilh a posit or spene ;- baric rough. :

Pd

840 CONIFER A.

1. Py rNops, Ait. Jersey y or Serub Pines <6. <2

Teaves in pairs, rather short; cones oblong-conical, sometimes: ‘curved the soites
tipped with a prominent and straight awishaped prickle. .

Barrens and sterile hills, common. A straggling tree 15 to 40 feet Bb} gh, with
apreading or drooping branchlets; young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom.
Leaves 134 to 234 inches long. Cones 2 to 8 inches long. .

a P. RIGIDA, Miller. Pitch Pine.

Leaves in threes (rarely in fours) from very short shiethe, flattish; cones OVOid=
conical; the soales tipped with a short and stout recurved prickle.

Barren sandy or gravelly plains, common. A tree 80 to. 70 feet high, ae very
rough and dark bark, and hard wood saturated with resin. eaves rigid, 3 to 5
inches long, dark green. Cones usually clustered in 38s or 4s, 2 to3 inches long.

©. P. RESINOSA, Ait.. Red Pine.

Leaves in pairs, from long sheaths, semicylindrieal, elongated ; ecnes oyeuicant
cal; scaies poiatiess, dilated in the middle. (P. rubra, Michz.)

Dry woods, banks of streams; northern parts of the State, Pine Creek, Lycom-
ing Co., Canisteo, TiogaCo. A tree 50 to 80 feet high, with reddish and raiher
amooth bark, and compact wood, softer than that of P, rigida. eaves dark green,
§ to 6 inches long. Cones about 3 inches long, sometimes. aggregated in large and
close clusters.

4, 2. myrrts, Michx. Yellow Pine.

Leaves in paix's (rarely in 3), from long sheaths, channelled, slender; cones ovoid
or oblong-conical; the seaies slightly enlarged at the end, tipped with a minute and
wax prickly point.

Dry gravelly or sandy-soil, common. A tree €6:to 80 feet high, 18 to 36 inches
thick, straicht, producing a very durable, fine-grained, moderately resinous tim-

ber, valuable for flooring, &e. Leaves 3 to 5 inches lone, softer than inany of the
preceding, dark green. Cones 2:to 3 inches long.
). P. montana, N. Pome Pine.

Leaves in pairs, short, rigid, very acuminate; cones large, growing in clusters,
sgmetimes on the trunk of the tree.

Miffin, Centre and Union Counties. This somewhat doubtful species was first
discovered by Mr. F. H. Miller, of New York, growing on the south slope of the
seven mountains in. Miffiin county from thence to the Natural Bridge west and
south to Cumberland Co., Va. Since then I have found it on hich sterile land in
the western partof Union Co. The trunk is short, rarely exceeding 20 feet in
height, with a rough bark and conical top. Foliage lic ht green, very disagreeable
fo the touch. Cones very large, 4 to 6 inches long and 3 to 4 inches i in diameter.
This may prove to be the Zable-mountain Pine of Michx.

** Leaves 5 ina sheath, soft and slender ; scales of the cones pointless and not thick.
ened at the end ; bari: smeoth.

6. P. Strosus, Li. ° White Pine.
Feaves in fives, very slender, rather glaucous, with deciduous sheaths ; cones nar-

rew, cylindrical, nodding, somewhat curved. .

Cool and damp woods, common. The White Pine is one of the most majestie
end most useful of forest trees. The trunk is straight, covered with a smoothish
bark, and from 80 to 120 feet high, with a diameter of 2to 4 feet, or more. Leaves
about 4 inches long, bluish-green, forming a very soft and delicate foliage. Cones
4 to 6 inches long ; “the scales very slightly thickened upward.

2. ABIES, Tourn. Spruce. Fir.

The classical Latin namie.
SreRiue AMENTS scattered or somewhat clustered towards

eo ee es
a % ,

CONIFER &. 3 423

the ends of the branchlets. Scars of the strobiles thin
and flat, not thickened at the apex, nor with a prickly point.
SEEDS with a persistent wing.— Handsome trees or shrubs,
with evergreen, scattered, short, frequently 2-ranked leaves.

Sso. 1. Cones long, erect, lateral. Fark smooth, with blisters of balsam.— Learas
flat, becoming 2-ranked, sileery-whitened underneath, obtuse or notched at the apex.

1. A. BALSAMEA, Marsh. Balsam Fir. Silver Fir.
_ Leaves narrowly linear; cones cylindrical, large, violet-colored; bracts obovate,
gerrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, slightly projecting. appressed.
Coid damp woods and Ewamps; Huncy Creck, Lycoming Co. A beautiful erer-

- green, much cultivated for ornement. The branch Sare nearly hcrizontel. grace-

ay becoming shorter upwards, forming a regular pyramidal head. Leates 34 to 1
nach long, growing upon the sides and top of the branches, of a bright green above
a silvery-white beneath. Cones 3 to 4 inches long, 1 inch thick, the seales yery

broad and rounded,
A. Faasert, Pursh. Double Balsam Fir. Frase7’s Fir.

Loaves narrowly linear, often emarginate, glavcous beneath ; cones small, ckloxg
ovate ; bracts oblong-euneate, short-pointcd, the upper part much projecting and
reflexed. (A. balsamifera, Mickx.)

Mountains, Lewis Lake, Pokona mountain,and Dear meadows, Centre Co. A
highly ornamental tree. much resembjing the “ Norway Fir” in foliage. Leaves
1s to 34 inch lone, of a yellowish green color. Cones 1 to 2 inches long when ma-
ture, distinguished. by the long-pointed, violet-colored, reitexed bracts, Slerii¢
HRVENTS te srmiiaal.

Sac. 1. Cones ansine, terminal; sterile aments scactcred—Leaves evergree,

*-Leaves 2-ranked, flat, whitened underneath.

3. A. CANADENSIS, Michz: Hemlock Spruce..

Leaves linear, flat, obtuse; cones oval, of few scales, somewhat longer than the
leaves.

Hi ay or rocky ene: and along mountain.streams, common.. Aavell known tree,

7€ to 80 feet hich. with a licht spreading spray. and delicate foliage, byight above,
BiLvery viniianeaiedta Cones 3% inchlong x. ‘The bark is extensively used in tanning.

- €* Leaves necdle-shaped, t-anguldr, equally distributed al around the branches.

4.. A. ALBA, Michx.. White Spruce. Single Spruee.

Leeves slender, spreading, of a glauvous or light bluish-green hue; sevles of the
oblong cones entire.

Soild swamps and moist woods, rare; Bear Meadows, Centre Co. A tree 40 to €0
feet higa, siender, with peas red bark, slender and often drooping kranchk ts,
end pale som- shat spreading leaves, 14 to 34 inch long. Cones small, 1 to 14
ine long, pale-brown.

a. th. WiGeA, Folr. Black or Double Spruce.
Lexves short, erect, rigid, very dark green; eones ovate with tLe scales wavy and

toothed at the apex.

Swamps or mountain woods.. A tree 49 to79 feet high. with a straight trunk,
andilofty pyramil tal head. — leaves thickly cover the branches, about 14 i ines
hong. Comes 1 to 2 inchea long, reddish-brown. *

3. LARIX, Tourn. Larcw:
The ancient name.
AmeEntTs lateral and seattcred, bud-like. Sturite riow.
N2*

382 a oes “sa “CONTFBR

- ad - ~ AS RO ee ae | Ameen teint ean

ERS nearly as in Pinus. ConEs aa ereet, the peaetwand
sinha ni bt Sate ee as-in- a ‘with “de

es meters Michx. ty eee Larch. Prindttok.

~ Leaves nearly filiform, without sheaths; cones ovoid, composed of few rounded
seales, inclining upwards; bracts elliptical, often hollowed on the side.

Swamps, not common. Black-Hole Valley, Dycoming Co... A beautiful tree, 30
to 70 feet high, often cultivated. Zeaves-1 to 4“ inches leng, collected in bunches
of 12 to 29 on the side of the branches. Cones deep purple, 4 to 1 inch long.

Sup-ornpeR 1. CUPRESSINE A. Cypress FAMILY.

BERTILE FLOWERS consisting of few carpellary scales,
without bracts, bearing 1 to 8 ‘erect ovules on their base,
forming a closed strobile or.drupe-like fruit.

4.. THUJA, Tourn: Arprzor Vita.

Gr: Thua, Thwoia, the ancicnt name of some resinous evergreen,

FLOWERS monoecious on different branches, in very small
terminal. ovoid. amentss ANTHERS 4; sessile. FERTILE
AMENTS of few.imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each
bearing 2 erect ovules, dry and spreading.at maturity. Co-
TYLEDONS 2.— Frees or shrubs, with evergreen squamose im-
bricated leaves.

1. @. occipentauis, L.. American Arbor Vite.
Leaves ovate- rhombic, with a gland on the back, appressed-imbricated in 4 rows

on the 2edged branchlets; scales of the concs pointless, 1-seeded ; seeds broadly
winged. .

Siautps and cool rocky banks, rare.- A tree 20 to 30 fect hich, with very touch

ang recurved branches. Cones about 36inch long, yelluwish-browm. Tho wood is
very light, soft and durable. .

The.. THUJA ORIENTALIS, Chinese Arbor Vita a besutifal. evergreen. shrub, with
bright green fohapta! is common ia cultivation.

6: CUPRESSUS, Tourn: C¥perss..

The classical name.

FLOWERS monoecious: en different branches, in terminal
small aments.. SPERILE AMENTS composed of shield-shaped
scale-like flaments, bearing 4 anther-cells under the margin.
FertiLe AMENTS globular, with scales in 4 ranks, bearing
several erect ovules.. Cone globular; firmly closed, but
opening at maturity. SEEDS compressed, narrowly winged.
CoryLeDons 2. or 3.—Strong-scented evergreen wees, with .

sperij email “andl sound like closely ten resi nD POR Eat leaves, tea ,
ery durable wood.

“C. THYOIDES, L.. White Gidan:

Dania minute, ovate, with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated in 4
rows on the 2-edged branchlets; cones spherical.

Swamps, rare. May. A tree 30 to 70 feet high, with white, fine-grained and very
Mghs, soft and durable wood.. Cone scarcely larger than a pea, few-seeded,

6. TAXODIUM, Richard. Batp Cypress.

Gr. Taxas, the Yew, and ovdes, resemblance.

FLOWERS moneecious on the same branches. STERILE
AMENTS spike-panicled, of few stamens. FERTILE AMENTS
ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with 2 ovules at the base of
each scale. Con globular, closed, composed: of: very thick
and angular somewhat shiald: shaped scales, bearing 2 angled

seeds ae their base. CoryLEDONS 6 to 9 5Rb with linear
R:ranked and deciduous leaves.

T. pIsticHUM,. Richard. American Cypress.

Lzaves linear, strictly 2-rankel and spreading; sometimes awi-shaped and int
bricated on the flowering branches; sterile aments paniculate, pendulous, leafless;
¢one oblong-globose.

Swamps, along the Delaware, rare. A large tree sometimes attaining the height

ef 106 feet.or more, with a wide spread and often depressed. head. Foliage light

green and open. Cuncslinch in diameter. The timber is light fine-grained and
@urable. .

~

7. JUNIPERUS, Linn. JUNIPER,

The classical name.

FroweErs dicscious, or sometimes moncecious, in very”
small lateral arents: ANTHERS 4 to 8, I-celled. Ferriny-
AMENTS ovoid, of 8 to Gileshy, 1 to-3- ovuled scales; in fruis .
forming a sort of drupe or berry, scaly-bracted underneath,

Szeps i to 3, long. CoryLepons 2.—LKvergreen trees or
shrubs, with awl-shaped or scale like rigid leaves..

1. J. communis, L.. Common Juniper..

Lezves in threes, linear-awl-shapod, pri oly -pointed, spreading, longer tien ths ~
ovoid berry.

Dry woods ant sterile hills. May. A shrub, with numerous a spreading ~

-Branches, spreading nearly flaton the ground, rarely ascending. Leaves in whorls

ef 3, 4Yinch loag, bri: shti.sreen exeept the giaucous-white concave upper surinee. -
Berries dar k-purple, as large aS-a pea.

2. J. Vireintana, lL. Hed Cedar.

Zeaves 4-ranked, much crowded, on young plants and rapidly-growing shoot ayk -
shaped and somewhat. spreading in pairs or threes, on older lateral twigs very ~
gmell and.scale-like, closely imbricated, triangular-ovate.

Dry rocky hills, common, generally in limestone regions. April. A small tree, .
with numerous horizental branches. Berries small, bluish, covered witha white .

844 sae CONIFER 2.

yewder. The wocd is fine grained and ecmpact, of a reddish hue, very light and

‘@arabis. es ,
3. J. sapiwa, . Suvin. A widely spreading or almost prostrate shrub, native.
ef South Europe, is sometimes found in cultivation. (J. Virginlana, Var. humilis.

Heck.) | :

SuB-ORDEB III: TAXINE Ai. Yew FAMILY.

FERTILE FLOWERS solitary, consisting of a naked ate ‘

ripening into a drupe-like or nee fruit.

S:° TARUS, Tourn, Yew.
The classical name.
Ane

FLOWERS postly dieecicus, axillary from. scaly i gos. ll
MENS 8 to 10, monodelphous; ANTHERS peltate, 6 to 8-

eelled. FERTILE FLOWERS solitary, scaly-bracted. at the
base, consisting of a single Ox nts becoming in fruit a fleshy

l-seeded drupe. COTYLEDONS 2.— — Frees or shrubs, weil

evergreen, fiat mucronate, rigid, seatiered 2-ranked leaves.
T. CANADE pine Wild. American Yew.
Stems Giffusely spreadin
resentacle 210b0se. .
Moist shaded banks and hills, near streams. April. A small evergreen stragling

ce prostrate bush, with the general plate of a dwarf hemioek. spruce. Leauge
Bearly an inch long, green en both sides, arranged in 2 opposite rows on the sides

ef the branchisis. Drupes oval, concave or open at the summit, red and Jpisy
rd

Phen tecture.

; leaves linear, with slightly revolute margins ; Stevibe-

aise tc CLASS-IL..
ENDOGENS OR MONOCOTYLEDONS.

SfEMS with no manifest distinetion into bark, wood, and —
pith; but the woody fibre and vessels collected into bundles
‘or threads which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular
tissue : perennial trunks destitute of annual | layers, Inereas-
ing by internal accretions. Leaves mostly parallel-veined
(nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom seperating ee an
articulation, alternate, entire. FLOWERS commonly in threes..
EiMBRYO with a single cotyledons (orif twothey are alternate).

Sup-crass III. AGLUMACEOUS ENDOG

Plants of the endogenous structure, with flowers con--
structed on the usual plan; perianth verticillate, consisting
of one or more whorls of petaloid organs, or Wanting.

Orpen lll. ARBRAC EA — Arum Family.

Plants weth acrid. or pungent juice, stnipte or- compound often veiny leaves, and
saoncecicus or perfect flowers crowded on a spadiz, whica ts usuaily surrounded by @
epathe. FiorAL envelopes none, or of 4 to6 sepals. Fruit usually a berry.

¥ ARUM, Linn. Inpran Torntip.

The ancient name, of unknown meaning.

FLOWERS 2 PRONE CCDS, the upper sterile and the lower fer-
tile, or scmetimes polygamous dicecious, on the base of an
elongated spadix, surrounded by a hooded spathe, convolute
at base. PERIANTH none. ANTHERS crowded and some-
what whorled on the. spadix, nearly sessile. Berry I-celled,

many-seeded.— Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstect:
er corm, sending up a simple scape, sheathed with the peiioles on the
simple.or compound veiny leaves.

id, A. Taipuytium, L.dndian Turnip. Fok inithe-Pil Init,

Leaves mosily 2,:divided into 3 elliptical-ovate pointed leaflets; “spadia “elub-
shaped, obtuse, ise shorter than the apaibe >. spathe ovate, againnate, flat and
deflected oo .

motes and Bivathe green, or = iingieen tl ly variecated aithe dark and whitish ibtzipas
“or. spots. - Berries bright scarlet, in a dense head, ripe in autumn. 5

Est) se
ss

346 : ARACEAE,

2. A. Daacontium, L. Green Dragon. Dragon-root.

Leaf mostly solitary, pedately divided into 7 to 11 oblong-lanceolate pointed

leaflets; spadtx tapering to a long and slender acintp beyond the oblong and point-
ed-spathe.

ew grounds, along streams, common. ahs Corms clustered: Leaf’ arena
spreading, ona petiole 1 to 2 feet long, extending much beyond the peduncle.
Spaihe grecnish, rolled in a tube, with a short erect point. Berries seariet.

2. PEHLTANDRA, Raf. Arrow Arum.

Gr: pela, a shield ortarget, and andres, stamens; from the shield-shaped stamens.

FLOWERS monoovtous, thickly covering the’ long and ta-
pering spadix throughout; the staminate above, and the
pistillate below. SpatuxE convolute throughout, elongated.
PERIANTH none. STAMENS peltate. Burry -1-eelled, 1-
seeded.—.A stemiless perenniat herb, with arrow-shaped leases
and simple seapes from the rout of thick tufted fibres.

P. Vircinica, Raf. Arrow-leaved Arum.

Acaulescent; leaves cbicng, hastate-cordate, acute at the apex, the lobes obtuse;
spathe elong ated, ineurved.; spadix covered with fowers nearly the whole’ length’
(Arum Virginicum, Z. Lecontia, Furr.) : . .

Swampy borders of ponds and streams, common, dune. A smooth dark green
plant, with scapes 8 to 16 inches high. Leaves redieal, numerous, 8 to 12 inches

jong, 14 as wide, on petioles8to 12 inches long. Berries 1 to 8-seeded, green when
ripe..

3. CALLA, Linn, Water Arum.
An ancient name, of unknown meaning.

‘SPATHE spreading, ovate, persistent. onus oblong, -
eutirely covered with flowers, the lower perfeet, the upper
often staminate only; destitute of a perianth. -ANTHERS’
with slender filaments. Sticwa sessile. BERRres distinct,
few-seeded.— Perennial aquatic herbs, with a creeping thick-
whi reoistock, bearing heart shaped long-petioled leaves, and solitary
scapes. :

C. panustris, hk. Northern Calla. Common Water Arum.

Leaves cordate; spathe ovate, ftat; spadix: covered with ovaries, intermixed with
stamens.

Bogs and shallow waters, rare. June. <A fine plant. ZLeaves2to S inches long,
34 as wide, on long petioles, with an inyolule acuminate point. Seape 6 to 8 inches
high, roundish, smooth. Spatire clasping at the pase, Leake yellow, WE and
soft within. Spadux 1 inch long.

The C. Arnropioa, (Uthiopian Calla) A beautiful plant from: Cape Gene Hope is.
eften met with in green house s and parlors.

4, SYMPLOCARPUS. Salisb. Sxunx CapBacE:
Gr. sympleko, connection, and kargos, fruit; the berries being united.

Seatue hooded-shell-form, pointed, fleshy. Spaprx ob-

ARACER. 847

dong, ‘entirely covered with perfect flowers. PERIANTH
deeply 4-parted, persistent. SraAMens 4, opposite the pe-
rianth lobes, with short filaments. Sryre 4- angled, with a
minute stigma. Sreps berry-like, imbedded in the enlarged
and spongy spadix.—ferennial her ‘bs, pervaded with a strong
odor, with a th a descending rooistock bearing coarse fibrous roots,
and a cluster of very large and entire veiny leaves, preceded by the
nearly sessile spathes. — -
S. ra@ripus, Salish. Common Shunk Cabbage.

Leaves ovate, heart-shaped, short-petioled; spadix globular, much shorter than ©
the spathe. (Ictodes, Bizl.)
Moist grounds, common. HBarch, Ap vil. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, smcoth. Spatke

epotted and striped with purple and yellowish-green, ovate, mcurved. #ruit ripe

in Sept. forming.a-rovgh and gic bular m2ss, 2 to 8 inches in diameter, in decey
shedding the buiblet-like secds. Biedicixal.

o. CRONTIUM, Linn. GoLpEN-cLUB.
An arcient name, of obscure origin.

~Spatne none. Fiowrrs crowded all over a cylindrical
epadix, perfect; the lower with a G-parted — anth and 6
rtamens, the upper with 4. Ovary free, i-celied 5 STIGMA
sessile, minute. Fruira green utricie or-dry berry. — An
eguatic perennial with a deep reotsteck. long-petioled and entire

nerved fiouling leaves, and the spadia terminating the scapea which
thicken upwards, covercd with ycllow flowers.

. &
©. aquaticum, L. Common Golden-club.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate; spice or spadiz cylindric on a club-shaped scape.
Fonds and marshes. Bley. Leaves 6 to 10 inches long, 14 to 24 as wide, smooth
ef a dcep green. veivet-like zbove, paler Leneath.. Sccpe s to 15 inches long, exd
ing in a spadix cf a rich yeliow color, covered with smail perfict yellow fiowers.

6. -ACORUS, Linn. CaLamus.

€r. a, privative, and Lore, the pupil of the eye; a suppored remedy for sore eyes.

Spapix lateral,*sessile, emcrging frcm the side cf a scape
which rescmbies the leay cs, densely covered with flowers.
PERIANTH 6-scpaled. ETaAmMENS 6. Ovary |, free: sTia-
MA minute, sessile. Fruit at length dry, 1-few-seeded.—
Pungent aromatic plants, espectally the thick creeping rootstocks,

which send up enstform leaves, and [ommnes scapes bearing the
spadiz on one edge.

A. Catamus, L. Sweet Flag. Common Calamus.
Scape prolonged and leaf-like far beyond the eylindrical spadix.

Margins of streams and wet medows, not rare. June. Rhizoma horizontal,
aromatic. Leaves sword-shaped, 2 to 3 feet long. and 4 to 34 inch wide. Spadia

. ‘to 3 inches. loug, sessile om the side of the scape, sovered with minute greenish,
owers, "

848 LEMNACEE AND TYPHACER,

Oapun 112, LEMMAGEE.—Ducwcod Family. —

Minute stemless plants, floating free on the : ‘goater, destitute of disteniet pee and
foliage, but a flat frond, producing one ortwomonecious flowers from a chink at
the edge or upper surface, and usually hanging roots from underneath. Fructifica-
tion much as in Araceee, of whicn these plants appear-to be minute and greatly
reduced forms.

LEMN A, Linn. Duckwerep.
The Geek name of uncertain mean: ng.

FLOWERS 2 to 3, appearing from the margin of a . Rat
frond, enclosed in a ‘spathe, moneecious: the sterile consist-
ing of 1 to 2 stamens with long iiemenis the fertile of a
l<celled ovary, a short style and a simple stigma. FRUIT a

utricle.—loating annuals, consisting of a “stem and leaf
confounded (frond) sending down froin the under surface,
roots which hang loosely in the water, and producing the
spathaccous flowers from the margins, which are Jehies found.

1. L.-minor, L. Lesser Duckweed. )

Fronds roundish-cbovate, thickish, often grouped; . root-solitary; ovule solitary;
eced horizontal.
Stacnant water, very common; but not yet found in flower in’ this county.

Fronds 14 inch long, somewhat fleshy, increasing rapidly by pen me (young fronds)
EO as ofien com pletely to cover the surface of the water.

2:- ly TRtsuLca, da. .sdiarDuckwpecd.

Fronds oblong-lanccolate, from a stalked base, thin, denticulate at the tip, pro-
liferous from the sides near the middle so as to form crosses; jlowers very minute;
ovule solitary, half anatropous. .

Ditches and pends; rarely in flower. Fronds }4 inch or mere long.

&. L. pouyvrnama, L. Larger Duckweed.

Fronds roundish ovate, ehiekiah, flat above, palmately veined, (4 to 14 inchiong)
often dark purple beneath; root a bundle of 8 to 10 simple fibres in the middle of

the frond. f ;
Siagnant waters, rare. It is.said never to have been seen in flower in this
aountry. a ;

Orprer 113. TYPHACEE.— Cat-tad Family.

Marsh herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves. and monecious flowers on a spa-

diz or in heads, destitute of proper florat envelopes. OVvaRy tapering into a slender

style, and usually an elongated tongue-shaped 1-sided stigma. Fruir nut-like When
‘ripe, l-seeded. SxEpD suspended, anatropous. :
1. TYPHA, Tourn. Cat-ram FLAG.
Gr. typhos, a marsh}; alluding to the plaee of its growth.
rowers in long and very dense cylindrical spikes, termi-

Oe ee

TYPHACES. d49
nating the stem; the upper part consisting of stamens, in-
termixed with simple hairs; the lower or fertile part consist-
ing of ovaries, surrounded by club-shaped bristles, which
form the copious down of the fruit. NUTLETS minute, very
long-stalked.— Marsh herbs, with perennial roots, very de-
ciduous spathes or bracts, and narrow leaves sheathing the base of the
erect thickish jointless stems.

1. T. watiroura, L. Common Cat-tail. Reed-mace.

Leaves linear, nearly flat; sterile and fertile spikes close together or continuous.
_ Borders of ponds. Jaly. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, round and smooth, leafy below,
terminated by the large cylindric spike, which is 6 to 10 inches long, 1 inch thick,
brownish at the surface.

2. T. anaustironiaA, L. Narrow-leaved Cat-tail.

Zeaves channelled towards the base, narrowly linear; sterile and fertile spikes @
little remote.

Muddy pools and ditches, rare. July. Stems and spikes more slendér, and the
deayes narrower than in the last.

2. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. BuRR-REED.

Gr. sparganon, a fillet, from the ribbon-like leaves.

ELOWERS collected in seperate dense globose heads, scat»
tered along the summit of the stem, subtended by leaf-like
bracts, the wpper ones sterile, consisting merely of stamens
with minute scales irregularly interposed; the lower or fer-
tite larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each sur-
rounded by 5 to 6 scales much like a calyx. FRvuitT nut-
like when mature, 1 to 2-celled.— Aquatic herbs, with fibrous
perennial roots, simple or branching stems, sheathed by the base of
the linear leaves.

1. §. RAmMosum, Hudson. Great Burr-reed.
Stem erect, branching above; leaves triangular at base, the sides concave ; scales of
the fertile flowers thickened and dilated above; stigma linear, longer than the style.

Borders of ponds and ditches, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 feet high, round.
Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, 14 to 14 inch wide, thickish. Heads of flowers ight green ;-
fertile ones 2 to 5, the lowest generally somewhat stalked, sterile ones above, more
numerous, smaller, sessile. Sigmas often 2.

2. §. Americana, Nutt. American Burr-reed.
Stem erect, mostly simple; leaves triangular at the base, the sides flat; stigma
conical, oblong, oblique, about 14 as Jomg as the slender style.

Small streams and ponds, commen. Aug. Stem 1to 2 feet high, simple or di-
vided at base. Jeaves mostly radical, 1 to 214 feet long, 44 inch wide, keeled at
base. Fertile heads sessile, mostly 3, below the several barren ones, with the sim-
ple styles conspicuous.

3. §. NATANS, L. loating Burr-reed.
Stem weak; leaves flat, thin, often Joating; heads few, the sterile lto 2 stigma
oblong, shorter than the style.
O02

850 NALADACEAR.

Ponds and streams, common. Aug. Stem longand slender, and with the leaves

floating. Leaves when floating, elongated, narrow, and pellucid. —

_—

Onper 114. NAIADACEH,—Pondweed Family.

Tamersed aquatic plants, with joinied stems and sheathing stipules within the pe-
tioles, ov sessile sheathing bases, inconspicuous mono-diecious flowers, which are naked
or with «@ free merely scale-like caly#. STAMENS definite. Ovanies 1, or 2 to 4, free,
i-ovuled, Siem simple, often sessile. FuiowEers usually bursting from a spathe,
FRoit dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded.

I. NATAS, Linn. Narap.
= — Gr. Naias, watcr-nymph ; from the habitat.

FLOWERS dicecious, or sometimes monoecious, axillary,
solitary and sessile. FERTILE FLOWERS consisting of a-
single ovary tapering into a shortstyle ; sSTIGMAS 2 to 4, awl-
shaped. STamENs 1, with a slender filament. Fruit a
little seed-like nutlet, enclosed in a loose epicarp.— Slender
branching herbs, growing entirely under water, with opposite and
whorled crowed linear leaves, sessile and dilated at the base, and very
small flowers, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves in
_ the axtls.

1. N. Fuexius, Rostk. Bending Water Nymph.

Teaves mmembranaccous, spreading, narrowly linear, very minutely denticnlate,
opposite or in 88,48 or Gsatthe joints ; stymasusually 8 to 4. (N. Canadensis, AMeha,
Caulinia, Wild.)

Ponds and slew streams,common. July—Sept. Stem 6 to 20 inches long, many

times forked. Leaves 14 to 1 inch long, less than 1 line wide. Flowers very small,
setsile.

®. N. minor, L. Smaller Water Nymph. )
Leaves alternate or opposite, linear-subulate, reeurved, priekly-toothed, rigid.

Im water, not sommon. Aug. Stem long, submersed, rather rigid. Flowe*’
grmall, .

2. ZANNICHELLIA, Mitchell. Hornep Ponpwamp. —
In honor of Zannicheliz, a Venitian botanist. :

FLOWERS monecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds
from the same axil; the sterile consisting of a single stamen,
with a slender filament; the fertile of 2 to -5 (mostly 4)
sessile pistils in a cup-shaped involucre. Sriama large and
peltate. Fruir a nutled, on a short stipe, beaked with a
short style.— S’ender branching herbs, growing entirely under
water, with very slender stems opposite or alternate long and
linear thread-form entire leaves, and sheathing membrancous
stipules. : bs

:

& = = =

NAIADACE Ri. ) 351

cee

Z. PALUSTRIS, L. Common Horned Pondweed.
Stem filiform, floating; style half as long as the fruit, which is flattish, somes
\what incurved, even, more or less toothed on tha back, nearly sessile.

Ponés and slow streams. July, Aug. Stem i to 2 feet long, round, smooth.
j raves grass-like, 2 to 3 inches leng, sesgile. lowers issuing from axillary bracts,
small, 2 tegether, a sterile and fertile.

3. POTOMAGETON, Tourn. PoNDWEED.

ur. petomes, a river, and geiton, near.

Frowers perfect, spiked. Prxrranta single, 4-leaved.
STAMENS 4, nearly sessile, opposite the perianth lobes.
Jvanins 4, pedicellate: sTiGMA sessile or nearly so. FRUIT
4 sessile nutlets or drupes, flattened on one or two sides.
JgzEDs hook-shaped.—Asily perennial aquatic and submersed
serbs, with creeping and rooting stems, two-ranked pellucia leaves,
inited membraneous sheathing stipules, and small greenish flowers
4 fa 10, in a pedunculate spike, rising abeve the water.

* Leaves of two forms, the upper floating.

1. P. natans, 8S. Broad-leaved Pondweed.

Leaves all long-petioled, the floating ones coriaceous, oval, elliptical, or ovate,
“hiefly rounded or a little heart-shaped at the base, many-nerved; immersed ones
s«mear or laneeolate; spices rather dense, shorter than the peduneles ; frutt short-
pointed, more or less keeled on the back.

_ Ponds and slow waters, common in the Susquehanna. July, Aug. Stem slender,
ito 3 feet long, branched. Spike 1 to 2 imches long, 20 to 40-fiowered. Varies with
the lewer leaves all reduced to petioles. Aa

2. P. oBLonGus, Viv., Fries. Oblong-leaved Pondweed.

Leaves oblong-elliptical ; suétleta small, obtuse and pointless, always rounded at
the back.

Pools and ditches. Floating leaves oblong-elliptieal or oblong-lanceolate. Frué
reunded, not half as large as in P. natans.

3. P. HETEROPHYLLUS, Schreb. Various-leaved Pondweed.

Floating leaves elliptical or oblong, or the lowest lance-spatulate, on long pe-
tioles; emmersed leaves lenecolate or linear, sometimes elongated and grass-like,
flaccid, obscurely denticulate or reughish on the margins, the lower sessile ; pe
duncies much thicker than the stem, elongated; spike cylindric, many-flowered.

Pools and shallow slow streams, eommon. Aug. Sfems numerous, branched,
filiform. Floating leaves 1 inch long, very variable. Peduncle 1 te 2 inches long,
Nutiels roundish, flattened on the sides, obtuse and rigid on the back.

4. P. nysripus, Michx. Hybrid Pondweed. -
Floating leavee oval or lance-oblong, 5 to 7-nerved, on petioles; immersed leaves
Capillary; spike globular, few-fowered, on a short somewhat club-shaped peduncle.

Shallow pools and streams. Aug. A delicate species, with thread-like branching
stems 1 foot or more in length, and the floating leaves 14 to 34 inch long, some-

times none. Fruit nearly round, flattened on the sides, somaewhat keeled and
erested on the back.

= Leaves all submersed, uniform.

do. P. tucens, L. Shining Pondweed. |
Leaves oval-lanceolate, fat, large, the short petioles continuing in a thick widrily

352 ) - ALISMACEAR.

amall pointed ; peduncles thicken ed upwards; spikes cylindrical, many-flowered ;
nutlets slightly keeled.

Ponds and deep streams. June. Stem long, branched. Zeaves large, very pel-
lucid, and when dry shining above, beautifully veined, 3 to 5 inches long, 14 to 1
inch wide, acuminate, each with a lanceolate bract above the base. Spike 2 inches
long, of numerous green lowers.

6. P. perFouratus, L. Perfoliate Pondweed.
Leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes
round ovate, obtuse ; spikes terminal, with a few alternate flowers; nutlets rounded

on the back, shori-pointed.

Ponds and rivers, common. July. Stem 2-forked, very leafy, 6 to 10 inches:
Yong. Leaves shining, 1 to 1144 inch long, 14 as wide, obtuse, flat, more or less
Wavy or crisped. Spike on a peduncle, 1 to 2 ‘inches long..

7. P. paucrrtorus, Pursh. Grassy Pondweed.

Stem very slender, and: filiform, flattish; leaves narrowly linear, acutish; spikes

few-flowered, short-peduncled; mnutlets obliquely lenticular, distinctly crested on
the back.

Ponds and streams, common. July, Aug. JZeaves numerous 2 to 4 inches long,
scarcely 1 line wide, obscurely 3-nerved, of a bright green color. Milowers 3 to 5
greenish, on a terminal peduncle an inch long.

8. P. peorinatus, L. ennel-leaved Pondweed.

Stenis thread-like, many-times forked; caves bristle-form, l-nerved; spikes abate
‘rupted, on long peduncles; nutlets rounded-obovate.

Ponds and deep streams. June.” Plant much branched and leafy. Leaves 3.to
6 inches long, less than 1 line wide, thickish. Spike in clusters of 3 or 4 seperated
in fruit by considerable intervals. Jruié purplish.

EX Stipules none; leaves all opposite and immersed.

9. P. prnsus, L. Dense Pondweed.

Leaves pellucid, elliptical or lancolate, clasping; spike. few-flowered, shert-pe-
duncled, reflexed in fruit; nutlets beaked and Keeled. Bethlehem, Schwenitz.

OrvpEerR 115. ALISHIACHE.— Water-Plantain Family.

Marshy herbs, with parallet-veined leaves sheathing at the base, scape-like flowering:
stems, and perfect or monecious flowers, not on a spadix, furnished with both calys
and corolla; sepals and petals each 8, distinct. STAMENS definite or indefinite. OvA~
RIES 3 to-many, distinct or partly so. STYLES and STIGMAS as many as the ovaries.
FRuIT dry, indehiscent, 1 to 2-seeded..

‘Sus-onperR 1. JUNCAGINE A. Arnow-Grass. FAMILY.

CALYX and COROLLA colored alike (greenish). SEED ana-
tropous, with a straight embryo.—Leaves petiole-like without

a blade.
I. TRIGLOCHIN, Linn. Arrow-GRrass.

Gr. ters, three, and glochin, a point; in allusion to the points of the capsule.
SEPALS and PETALS nearly alike, ovate, concave, deciduous.

= °° °°» °» =

Stamens 6, with oval anthers, on short filaments. PisTiLs
united into a 3 to 6-celled compound ovary; STIGMAS ses-
sile: OVULES solitary. CapsuLE splitting when mature
into 3 te 6 carpels, which seperate from a central axis.—
Herbaceous aquatic or marsh plants, with ensiform rush-hke leaves,
sheathing the base of the slender and jointless scape, and smal
greenish flowers in a spiked raceme, bractless.

T. MARATIMUM, L. Sea-side Arrow-grass.
Seape and leaves fleshy, thiekish; frud ovate, acutish, of 6 united earpels which
are rounded at the base and slightly grooved en the back.
Salt marshes, rare. July. Scape 18 inches high, from a horizontal rootstock.
eaves linear, smooth, thick, 6 to 12 inehes long, less than a line wide. Flowers
greenish, 36 to 40 on the obtusely angled scape.

2, SCHEUCHZERIA, Linn.
In honor of the two brothers Sheuckzers, Byias botanists.

Sepats and pETAs 6, oblong, acute, persistent, spread-
ing. STAMENS 6, with linear anthers. Ovanius 4, globu-
Jar, slightly united at base, with flat sessile stigmas, 2 to 3-
ovuled, in fruit forming 3 diverging and inflated capsules, 1
to 2 seeded, opening along the sides.—A low perennial bog-
herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering inio the ascending
simple stem, which is partly sheathed by the grass-like leaves. termi-
nated by a loose raceme of afew flowers with sheathing bracts.

S. panustris, L. Marsh Scheuchzeria.

Peat bogs, rare. July. A rush-like plant, 8 to i2 inches high, angular. Louwves
4 te 6 inches long, cemi-cylindrie. #lowers yellowieh-green, on shert pedigels,
eaeh axillary to a braet,

Sup-orper i. ALISHEA.

CaLyx green and persistent. CoRoLLA white, deciduous.
SzED campylotropous.—Leaves commonly furnished with o
blade. ee ,

8. ALISMA, Linn. Wares-PLAantraq.

Gr. elyemos, anxiety, from the supposed remedial preperkies.

FLowess perfect. Prraus and sepats 8. StTAmMuNs 6.
OVARIES and STYLES numerous, in a simple circle on a flat-
tened receptacle, forming coriacious achenia in fruit.— Aqua-
te perennials, with radieal several-ribbed leaves, and the seape with
whorled panieled branches, bearing emall white or pale rose-eolored

0 e
fowers aes

B54 sien HYDROCHARIDACE..

A. PuAntTAGo, L. Common Water- Plantain.
Leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, narrowed rounded or somewhat cordate at-

the base, 3 to 9-nerved, on long petioles; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered.

Ditches and marshy places, common. July, Aug. Scape 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves:
&.to.6. inches long, 24 as wide..

4. SAGITTARIA, Linn, ARRow-HEAD.
Lat. sagitta, an arrow; from the peculiar form of the leaf.

FLOWERS monecious, rarely dicseious or: perfect. PrTaLs:
®o. SEPALS numerous (about 14). OVARIES many, collect-
ed in a spherical head on a globular receptacle, in fruit form--
ing membranaceous achenia, covered with the persistent-
style.—Marsh or aquatic herbs, with milky juice and fibrous:
roots, radical, mostly sagittate leaves sheathing at the base the scapes...
which bear the white or whitish flowers in 3s.

Sao. 1. Sacitraria, proper: F Towers moncecious, rarely dicecious.

1. S -varraprits, Engelm. MSS: Gray.. Common
Arrow-head. Variable Arrow-head.

Leaves trianyular-arrow-shaped, or entire, evlong, lanceolate; linear, and some--
times mere naked petioles; scapes simple.

Ditches; pools, streams, and moist grounds, common. July, Aug. Petals white..
6‘ This with its Protean varieties-of which almost every pool and stream furnishes<
a goodly number, embraces many nominal species of authors, and may safely be~-
held to include all that are found within our limits,” Gray. The largest forms
bear sagitiate leaves 12 inches or more long and 7 wide, others have both the -

main blade and the lobes linear; many hear entire leaves, or else mere naked pe--
tioles; the smallest forms being only from.3 to 5 inches high.

Sec 1. Ecsinopcrvs, Richard; Engelmann, in Gray.. Flowers: perfeet. Sta--
mens F to 21.
2. S.. puss, Nutt. Dwarf Arrow-head:

Leaves linear, obtuse and ‘short, with foliacious summits; scape simple, about as-
long as the leaves, umbellately 3 to 8 flowered, some of them becoming proliferous~
runners; pedicels elongated, recurved; petals inversely heart-shaped; stamens-
about 9; styles much shorter:than the ovaries.

Muddy margins of ponds and streams. Aug. Scape 2 to 4inches high. Leaves~

rarely ever subulate 1 to 2 inches long, searcely a line wide. lowers 3 to 6,.
each ripening 8 to 15 carpels..

Onper 116: HYDROCHARIDAGER. — Frog’s-bit Family.

Aquatic herbs, with ditecious or polygamous reguiar flowers on scape-like peduncles
from a spathe; and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the fertile flowers are:
united into a tube and coherent with the 1 to 6-celled ovary. STAMENS 3 to 12, dis--
tinct, or monadelphous: ANTHERS 2-celled.. Stiamas.3.to.6. FRuir ripening under
water, indehiscent, many-seeded.

T. UDORA, Nutt Watrrr-wrep:
Gr. udor, water; in allusion to its place of growth.
Polygamous. Frowerssolitary and sessile, from a sessile:

HY DROCHARIDACEE. 355

and tubular 2-cleft axillary spathe. STERILE FLOWERS
minute, with a 6-parted perianth; ANTHERS 9, oval, nearly
sessile. FERTILE FLOWERS with 3 to 6 oblong anthers, and
the perianth extended into an extremely long and eapillary
tube, the small lobes obovate, spreading. Styne long and
filiform: sTIGMAS 3, large and spreading, 2-lobed. Ovary
a-celled, with 3 projecting pointed placentz, each bearing 2:
few orthotropous evules. Erurr oblong, coriaceous, few-
seeded.—A perennial herb, growing under water, with long
branching stems, thickly beset with pellucid and veinless, 1-nerved’
sessile, whorled or opposite leaves, and very, small whitish sessile:
flowers.

U. Canavenstis, Nutt. Ditch Moss. Water-weed.
Leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, finely serrulate, in 3s and 4s; perianth tude:
filiform. (Elodea Canadensis, Michkz.. Serpicula verticillata, MuAl.)

Ponds and slow streams. July. Stem submersed diffusely 2-forked, filiform.
Leaves 4 to 4 inch long, less than 1 line wide, thin. Flowers minute, ofa dingy
white, the slender hair-like tube 2 to3 inches long. The staminate flowers break.
off, and float on the surface, where they expand and. shed their pollen to fertilize
wo which are raised to the surface by the excessively prolonged calyx:-

Co

2. VALLISNERIA, Michel. Tapz-crass..

In honor of Antonia Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.

Diecious. STERILE FLOWERS numerous, crowded in &
head ona conical receptacle, inclosed in an ovate at length:
d-valved spathe, which is borne on a very short scape : PE-
RIANTH 2-parted.:: STAMENS mostly 3. FERTILE FLOWERS:
solitary and sessile in a tubular spathe which is borne on.a
very long scape: PERIANTH elongated, 6-parted; the al-.
ternate- segments linear; tube linear, coherent with the 1-
eelled ovary : STIGMAS 3, large, 2-lobed. OvuULEs very nu-
merous ond parictal placentee: Fruit elongated, cylindric,
berry-like, 1-celled, many-seeded.— Stemless plants, with long:
and linear grass-like leaves, growing entirely under water,,
and spiral scapes.

U. sprrais, L. el-grass. Tape-grass.

Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like, obscurely serrulate, Ss geeee: somewha&
merved and’ netted-veined.

Slow waters,common. Aug: Per: Leaves all radical t to-2 feet. long, 44 inch:
wide, grass-like, smooth and deep-green. Pertanth reddish-white. The staminate-
elusters of flowers. break away from-the bottom, as in Udora, and fioat on the sur-
face, where they expand and shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, which:
are- raised to the surface at this time; fertilization being thus accomplished, the
filiform scapes which are Z‘to 4 feet long, coil spiraily and. draw the ovary undee-
water to ripen..

856 ORCHIDACER.

Onpen 117. ORCHIDACE.—Orchis Family.

Pereanial often acaulescent herbs, with fleshy corms, or tuberous fasciteulaied roots,
sémple, paraliel-veined entire leaves, and irregular 6-merous flowers ; the perianth ad-
herent to the 1-celled ovary with 3 parietal placente, gynandrous stamens, and polles
eokering in waxy or mealy masses. P#RIANTH SEGMENTS in 2 rows, the outer (calys#)
wsually colored and petaloid like the inner, the lowest one (lip) different from the
ethers and often spurred. STAMENS 3, nnited with the style and thus forming the
eokswn, on which the 2-celled anther is variously situated.

:

{

:

| 1. MICROSTYLUS, Nutt. AppDER’s-mMouTH.
| Gr. mékros, little, and siylos, a diminitive column or style.

|
|

SepaLs spreading. Prraus filiform or linear, spreading.
/ Lap auricled or halbert-shaped at the base, entire or nearly
so. COLUMN very small, with 2 teeth or wings at the sum.
mit. Por.LEN MASSES 4, collateral, cohering by pairs at the
apex.—NSmaill herbs, arising from solid bulbs, producing sim-
ple stems or scapes, which bear | or 2 leaves, and a raceme of
minute greenish flowers.
| M. opHioGLossoipEs, Nutt. Common Adder’s-mouth.
Ieaf solitary near the middle of the stem, ovate, clasping ; raceme short and ob-
| @use; pedicels much longer than the flowers; lin obtusely aurieled at the base,
a §-toothed at the summit.
4 Bamp woods, rare. July. Stem 4 to 10 inches high, 5-angled, with a single leaf

about 214 inches long andl inch wide. Flowers whitish, minute, mumerons, in &
terminal raeeme an inch or more in length.

2. LIPARIS, Richard. Twaypiang.
| Gr. kparos, fat or shining; in allusion to the smooth leaves.

q SEPALS and PETALS nearly equal, linear, or the petals
i filiform, spreading. Lip flat, entire often bearing 2 tubercles
| above the base. CoLuMN elongated, incurved. PoLLEn
iy MASSES 4, collateral— Small perennial herbs, arising from
i: solid bulbs, with 2 root-leaves and @ low scape, bearing @ ra-
acme of few purplish or greenish flowers. |

f 1. UL. winmrour, Richard. Lnly-leaved Twayblade.

uh Leases 2, ovate, shorter than the scape; petals filiform, reflexed; kip large, wedge
@bovate, abruptly short-pointed.. (Malaxis liliifelia, Willd.)

Moist woodlands. June. Stape 6 to-8 inehes high, triangular. Leaves radical,
bi 8 to 6 inches long, 14 to 14 as wide, tapering into a sheathing base. Flowers rather
Pa large, 10 to 20 in a terminal raceme; the 3 sepals greenish-white, 2 upper petals,
| yellowish-white, and the large lip white.

2. L. Laser, Richard. Smaller Twayblade.

Leases 2, elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, sharply keeled; scape angular; Hp obo. —
wate or ovate, entire. (Malaxis Correana, Furi.) igh

Boge and vet meadows, raze. June, July.. Soaps & to08 inches high, 3 to S-angled.

ORCHIDACER, 357

Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 1 inch wide, sheathing at base. Flowers small, erest,
about 4, appressed to the rachis in a thin raceme, greenish-white.

38. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Coraz-Roor.

Gr. korallion, coral, and rhiza, root; the root being coral-like: .

FLOWERS ringent; the SEPALS and PETALS nearly alike,
the lateral ascending and the upper arching; Lip recurved,
spreading above, 2-ridged below, adherent at the base of the
straightish column. ANTHER 2-lipped, terminal: POLLEN
MASSES 4.—Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green
foliage, with much branched and toothed coral-like reot-stecks, and

simple scapes furnished with sheaths, bearing dull-colored fiowers iv
spiked raceme.

1. ©. muutirpioraA, Nutt. Large Coral-root.

Scape many-fiowered ; lip wedge-ovate, 3-lobed, the middle lobe recurved, 3 times
as long as the lateral ones; ovary and capsule oblong.

Woods, about the roots of trees; common. <Aug., Sept. A brownish or purplish
plant 10 to 18 inches high, with a few sheathing bracts instead of leaves, and 10 to
30 rather large brownish- yellow flowers. Zip whitish, spetted with crimson, 54 to
inch long. Spur yellowish, conspicuous.

2. C. WisTARIANA, Conrad. Smaller Coral-root.

Scape few-flowered; lip ee » minutely 2-toothed near the base, minutely
motched; spur obsolete; ovary elongated.

Woods, near Philadelphia. June, July. Plant about 6 inches high, with Sto 10
flowers, nearly as large as in C. multiflora.

3. ©. InnATA, R. Brown. Karly Coral-root.

Scape few-flowered; Jip oblong, 2-toothed near the base; ovary and capsule oblong
or club-shaped; spu7 obsolete.

Swamps and wet woods. May, Ju Scape slender, 5 to 8 inches high, yellow--
ish-green, with 3 or 4 membraneous aths. Flowers 5 to 10, dingy-yellowish ;
tip white, seldom spotted.

4. (C. opontorniza, Nutt. Small Late Coral-root.

Scape several-flowered; lip roundish, entire, thin witha erisped or wavy margin;
ovary and capsule globular or roundish oval; spur none.

Rich woods, about the roots of trees. Aug., Sept. Scape 8 to 10 inches high, =
little enlarged at the base, with 2 or 3 sheaths. Flowers 10 to12in a terminal
pendulous raceme, purplish; lip whitish, spotted with purple, with 2 oval protu-
berances on the palate.

4. APLECTRUM, Nutt. ApAm Anp Eve.
Gr. a, without, and plektron, a spur; from the total want of the latter:.

FLOWERS ringent. SEPALS and PETALS nearly equal.
Liv with a short claw, free, 8-lobed, with a 3-ridged palate ;
without a spur. ANTHER situated a little below the sum-
mit of the column. PoLLEN-MAsSsES 4.—A perennial herb,
with a simple scape, invested below with 3 greenish sheaths,

springing up in May from the side of a thick globular solid

AA a Pil pit) kl

358 : ORCHIDACEAE.

bulb or corm, which also produces late in the summer a large
oval, many- -nerved and placed petioled green leaf from tts
apex, lasting through the winier.

. A. HYEMALE, Nutt. Puity-root. Adam-and-Lve.

Rich shady woods,rare. May, June. Bulbs 2 or 3 together, horizontally con-
nected, often 1 inch in diameter, filled with exceedingly glutinous matter. Leaf
solitary, 4 to 6inches long, elliptic acute at each end, on a petiole 2 to 3 incheslong,
ingerted on the summit of the bulb. lowers brownish, erect, racemed, on & Scape
Lfoothigh. Zip whitish and speckled. Capsule large, smooth, nodding.

5. TIPULARIA, Nutt. Crane-rny Oronrs.

Tipula, the crane-fly; from the fancied resemblance of the flowers.

SEPALS and PETALS spreading oblong or spatulate. Lip
3-lobed, prolonged underneath into a filiform spur twice as
long as the flower. CoLUMN narrow and wingless. ANTHER
lid-like, terminal: POLLEN-MAssES 2, ea ch 2- parted.— A
perennial herb, with solid bulbs, connected horizontally, pro-
ducing a single ovate nerved leaf, and along and naked slen-
der scape, bearing a many-flowered raceme of greenish jlow-
ers, tinged with purple.

T. pisconon, Nutt. Zwo-colored Crane-fly Orchis.
Pine woods, rare. July. Scape 10 to 18 inches high, with 1 or 3 sheaths at the
base. Leaf solitary on a slender petiole. Flowers small, nodding, greenish with
@ tinge of purple. Spur nearly 1 inch long.

6. ORCHIS, Minn. Oncuis.

The ancient Greek name.

FLOWERS ringent. SEPALS and PE oTALS nearly equal, all,
or nearly all converging upwards and arching over the column.
Lip turned downwards, with a spur on the under side at
base. PoLLEN-MASSES pedicillate, collected into 2 large
masses borne on a slender stalk, the base of which is at-
tached to the 2 glands of the stigma: GLANDS contained in
a common little pouch.— — Perennial herbs, with showy flow-
ers in a spite.

QO. sproraBILis, L. Showy Orchis.

Leaves 2, radical, oblong-obovate, obtuse; seape angular, naked, few-flowered,
searcely longer than the leaves; bracts leaf-like, lanceolate; spus club-shaped,
shorter than the ovary. °

Shady woods. May, June. Scape 4 to 7 inches high, arising from a thick fleshy
fibrous root, 5-angled, smooth. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long. Sepals and petals all
veulted, pink-purple; ; “ip ovate, undivided, and with the obtuse spur white.

ORCHIDACE AR. 358

7. GYMNADENIA,R. Brown. Nakep-GLAND ORnouis.

- Gr. gymnos, naked, and aden, a eland.

FLOWERS as in Orchis. ANTHER-CELL parallel; the ap-
proximate glands naked.

G. TRIDENTATA, Lindl. TYhree-toothed Gymnadenia.

Lower leaf obleng, rather acute; upper leaf much smaller bract-like; flowers
few, in an oblong terminal spike; ls wedge-cblong, 3-toothed at the apex.

Wet woods, and swamps. July. Stem slender, 6 to 12 inches high, with a single
leaf. Spike 6 to 12-flowered, compact. Flowers pale yellowish-green. Spur club
shaped, curved upwards, longer than the ovary.

8. PLATANTHERA, Richard. Fausz Orcuig.

Gr. platus, wide, and anthere, an anther.

FLOWERS as in Orchis, but with the lateral sepals spread-
ing. ANTHER-CELLS diverging at the base; the two naked
glands widely separated. Lip with a spur at the base—
Perennials, with spicate or racemose flowers, often showy.

-€ Scape 2-leaved at the base: spur very long; lip entire.

1. P. ornprounata, Lindl. Round-leaved Orchis.

Leaves very large, orbicular, spreading flat on the ground; scape bracted, bear-
ing many flowers in a !oose raceme; upper sepat erbisular, the lateral ovate; iép
linear-spatulate, drooping, nearly 3 times as long as the sepals; spu7 curved, slen-
der, linear-club-shaped,

Rich shady woods, Bear meadows, Centre Co.,rare. July. Sceapel to 2 feet high,
With several! small appressed scales. Leaves 2, very smooth, shining above, silvery
underneath, 4 to 8 inches wide. lowers yellowish-green. Lip 34 tol inch long.
Spur 114 to 2 inches long.

3* Stem leafy ; lip entire aboud the length ef the spur.

2. P. BRAOTEATA, Torr. Bracted Green Orchie.

Lower leaves obsvate, the upper oblong, and gradually reduced te laneeolate
bracts; petals linear-lanceolate, erect; lip oblong-linear, truncate and minutely &
to 3-toothed.

Damp woods. June. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, with 6 to12 amall, green flowors
in aloose spike. Jip mere tkan twice the length ef the gaclike, somewhat 2-lobed -
apur. .

3. P. FLAVA, Gray. Yellowish Orchis.
Stem leafy ; lower teaves oblong acute; upper lanceelate, acuminate; spike demas,
eylindrie; petals ovate; lip oblong, obtuse, toothed at the base, and with a small
protuberance on the palate; spwr filiform, rather shorter than the sessile ovary.

Wet places. June—Aug. Stem 10 to 20 inehes high, with small greenish-yellow
flowers, in a long spike at first dense, at length loose. Leaves about 3, with long
sheaths, 3 to 7 inches long, and 34 to 2 inches wide.

¥ Stem Leafy ; lip Jringed along the side, undivided, shorter than the spur; exergy
with am acuminate beak. alee

4, PP. cprerara, Lindl. Crested Orchis. |

Lower leaves lanceolate, elongated, the upper gradually reduced te sharp-pétand

ores

860 | _ ORCHIDACE®.

bracts; sptke oblong or cylindrical ; petals rounded, crenate ; lip ovate, with a torn-
fringed raargin; spwr shorter than the ovary.

Swamps, rather common. June,July. Stem1 to2 feet high. Flowers small,
yellow, in a crowded terminal spike.

5. P. crmraris, Lindl. Yellow Fringed Orchis.

Laaves oblong or lanceolate, the upper passing into pointed bracts; spike oblong,
rather closely many-flowered ; lateral sepals rounded, reflexed ; petals linear fringed
at the apex; lip oblong, about 14 the length of the spur.

Swamps and wet places, common. July, Aug. Stem1to 2 feet high, with a
short spike of very showy flowers. Zeaves sheathing at base, the lower ones 3 to 5
inches long. Flowers bright orange-yellow. Zip furnished with a very long and
copious capillary fringe, }4 inch long.

6. P. BLEPHARIOGLOTTIS, Lindl. White fringed Orchis.

Lower leaves lanceolate, channeled; spike oblong; petals oblong, slightly cut or
toothed at the avex; lip oblong or lance-oblong.

Swamps, rare. June, July. Stem 1 to 114 foot high, with the lower leaves 6 to8
inches long, the upper gradually smaller. lowers pure white, in a dense oblong
spike. Zip fringed in the middle.

%* &* & Stem leafy; lip 3-parted shorter than the long spur, narrowed at the base in-
toaclaw. Flowers white or greenish.

7. P. wacera, Gray. Ragged Green Orchis.

Leaves oblong or lanceolate; raceme loosely many-flowered ; petals oblong, lincar,
entire ; lip 3-parted, with wedge-shaped segments; spw% filiform, club-shaped, as
long as the ovary.

Swamps and moist thickets. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, slender.

Leaves few, 3 to 6 inches long, mostly acute. Flowers greenish-yellow, numerous.
Lip with narrow divisions, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes.

eEEES Flowers purple.
8. P. pyscopxs, Gray. Small Purple Fringed Orchis.

Leuves oblong, the upper passing into linear-lanceolate bracts; raceme cylindri-
cal, densely many-flowered ; lower sepals round-oval, obtuse; petals wedge-obovate
or spatulate, denticulate above; divisions of the lip broadly wedge-shaped, many-
cleft into a short fringe.

Moist meadows. July, Aug. Stem 2 feet high, smooth, slender. Flowers bright
purple, in a crowded spike 4 to7 inches long, small, very showy, fragrant. Zip
short-stalked, scarcely 14 inch broad, its 3 fan-like, spreading segments, as well as
the petals beautifully fringed. Spur nearly 1 Inch leng.

9. P. rimpriAta, Lindl. Large Purple Fringed Orchis.

Lower leaves oval or oblong, the few upper ones passing into lanceolate bracts
spike or raceme oblong, loosely-flowered; lower sepals ovate, acute; petals oblong,
fringe-toothed down the sides; dp fan-shaped, with pendant, large divisions, many-

cleft into a capillary fringe. (O. grandiflora, Bigl.)

Wet meadows, rare. June. A superb plant, 114 to 2 feet high, with a thick,
hollow, stem with a few sheathing bracts at base. eaves 2 or 3 principal ones 4
to 7 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, the upper ones linear, 1 or 2inches long. Flow-
ers very large, showy, lilac-purple, in a terminal raceme 3 to 6 inches long. Zip
much dilated, 34 to linch broad, with a deep and nearly capillary crowded fringe.

10. P. PERAM@NA, Gray. Sringeless Purple Orchis.
Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceolate; spike oblong or, cylindrical,
densely flowered; lower sepals round-ovaie ; petals rounded-obovate, raised on a
claw; lip large, with broadly wedge-shaped divisions, the middle one 2-lobed. (0.
fissa, Pursh. P. fissa, Lindl.)

ORCHIDACER. see:

Moist meadows and banks, rare. Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, slightly winged.
Leaves 4to Ginehes long. lowers large and very showy, violet-purple. Lip 34
inch long, with minutely and variably toothed divisions. Spur 1!4 inch long.

9. ARETHUSA, Gronoy. ARETHUSA.
Dedicated to the Nymph Arethusa.

‘Brow: ringent, with the lanceolate sEPALS and PETALS
nearly alike, united at the base, ascending and arching over
the column. [Lip spreading towards the summit, bearded
inside. CoLUMN adkerent to the lp below, dilated at the
apex. PoLLEN-MASSES granular, 2 in each cell of the lid-
like terminal anther.—A beautiful low herb, with a sheathed
scape from a globular solid bulb, bearing a single large purple flow-
er, and a solitary, linear, nerved leaf.

A. BuLBOSA, L. Bulbous Arcthusa.

Sphagnous swamps, rare. May. Scape 6 to 10 inches high, the lower part bear-
ing 3 to 4 loosely sheathing scales, with lanceolate points, from the upper of which
there is often a linear-lanceolate leaf. Flowers 1 to 2 inches long, very handsome.
bright-purple. Zip yellow and white, bearded in the middle.

16. POGONTA, Juss. Pogonta.

Gr. pogon, a beard, from the bearded lip of the original species.

FLowErs irregular, the SEPALS and PETALS separate and
somewhat spreading. Lip crested or 2-lobed. ConLuMN
free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. ANTHER terminal,
stalked, with 2 farinaceous pollen-masses, 1 in each cell.—

Perennial her bs, with 1 te &-leaved stems, and purplish flowers.

1. P. opHrognossorpEs, Nutt. Adder’s-tongue Pogonia.
Root fibrous; stem bearing an oval or lanceolate, elasping leaf near the middie-
and a smaller leaflike braet next the flower; lzp spatulate, beard-crested and
ringed.
Bogs, common. June, July. ogee 8 to 12 inches high. Flowers mostly soli-
“ary (sometimes 2 to 3), handsome, 1 inch long, pale-purple.
2. P. veRTICILLATA, Nutt. Whorled Pogonia.
Root of thick fibres; stem bearing a whorl of 5 oval or oblong-ovate pointed ses-
rile leaves at the summit, 1-fiowered; sepals narrowly linear, twice as long ag the
oviong petals; lip short, 3-lebed, the middle lobe wavy and crested. —

Bogs, rare, June. Scape about 12 inehes high. Flowers mostly solitary; the
sepals 2 inches iong, brown; petals paler and obtuse.

ll. CALOPOGON, R. Browi. Caoprogon.
Gr. kalos, beautiful, and pogon, beard: from the bearded lip. —
SEPALSand PETALS nearly alike, spreading, distinct. Lip
rather spreading, dilated at the summit, strongly bearded ~
wlong the — side. CoLuMn free, winged at the apex.

362 SS ORCHIDACH RR:

ANTHER terminal, sessile; PoLLEN-MASSES 2 one i in each
eell).— Scapes fiom a solid bulb, sheathed below by the base
of the grasa-like leaf, naked above, bearing several showy flowers,

C. puLcpeLLus, R. Br. Grass Pink. -

Leaf linear, $ to 10 inches long, sheathing the base of the stem. Scape 12 to 18
inebes high, 2 te 6-flowered. JF lewers 1 ineh broad, pink-purple, fragrant. Sepals
and petals ovate-lanecolate, acute. Lip beautifully bearded towards the epremiing
summit with white, yellow, and purple clavate hairs.

12. SPIRANTHUES, Richard. Lapres’ Tressszs.
Gr. speira, acoilor curl, and anthos, bicssom.

SprKeE spiral. FLowErs somewhat ringent; the lateral
sepals rather oblique at the base and nearly opposite the lip,
tke upper one cohering with the petals. Lip oblong, con-
cave and embracing the colunin below, with 2 callous pro-
ccxses at base. CoLuMN arching | abliqnely short-stalked,
= with a Q-cleft beak. Anruer dorsal : POLLEN-MAS SES

, club- shaped, affixed to a common glind.—Terennial herbs,
me elustered tuberous ee sending up is kaliteg naked scapes, hear-
ang & spirally y twisted spike of small white f jiowers, ent horizontally,

1. S. oracris, Bigl Slender Ladies’ Tresses.
Leives radical, ovate, caduccus; scape very <Pender, smooth, sheathed; spike
r'ender, with the flowers in a straight of usually epiral row; bracts ovate, pointed;
ip spatuiate-oblong, strongly wavy cfisped.

Tilly woods and sandy plains. July. Aug. S:ape 8 to 12 inches hizh, erect, with
a few sheathing seales or leaflets. Zeaves 1 to 2 inches long, thin, sometimes fail-
tug off before the flowers expand. Flowers white, 1-5to 14 ineh long; the callé at
first oval, at length clongating and incurved.

2. S. CERNUA, Richard. Nodding Ladies’ Tresses,

Leaves radica), lincar-lanccolate, veined, those of the stem smallcr, passing fate
bracts; spike dense, minutely pubescent; bracts ovatu-lamceolate, pointed; Kp
oblong, furnished with 2 minute callositics at the baze.

Wet prey places. coramon. Aur.—Cct. Scape 6 to 18 inches high; the reot
leaves 4 to 12 inches long. Spthe thick, 3 to8 inches long, seldom twisted. Piae
ers white or cream-cclor, fragrané. |

13. GOODYERA, R. Brown. RAtTrLesNaAKE PLANFAIN.

Dedicated to John Goodyer, au earity English botanist.

FLOWERS ringent. . CALYX herbaceous, upper shies
vaulted. Lip saccate at the base, sessile, over the 2 lower
sipais. COLUMN small, straight. PoLLEN-MASSES 2, eon-
sisting of angular grains, loosely eobering by a manifest
web.— Perennial herbs, with a root of thick fibres from a
fleshy somewhat creeping rootstock, bearing .a tuft thickish

o:2 oled leaves negt the ground, and small grecnish while Mowers im
a spike on a slender seape. te

my

2

-_ eee Ee
|

&
ft

REHIDACEZ. 363

1. G. puRBEscEeNS, R. Brown. Jatilesnake Plantain.
Eeoves radical, ovate, conspisuously reticulated and blotched with white; scape
sheathed, with numerous flowers in a crowded spike; hp inflated with an abrupt
evate apex; siigma rounded ct the summif.
Rich wocds. July, Aug. Seipe8 to 12 inehes high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches lon¢+

‘ eontracted at base into a winged petiole, seareely half as long, dark green, veined

with white. lowers whitish, in a terminal oblong spike.

2. G. REPENS, R. Brown. Smaller Rattlesnake Plantain.
Small and slender; leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat reticulated with white:
Jlowers several in a loose l-sided spike; lip inflaited#with en eblong obtuse apex;
stigma Gistinctly 2-toothed.
Rich woods, under evergreens, and on-mountains. Aug. NSeape 6 te 8 inches:
high. Leaves Linch long. Flowers greenish-white.

(14. LISTERIA, R. Brown. Twaysiabe.
_ Im honor of Marti Lister, an: eminent British botanist.

SEPALS and perars nearly alike, spreading or reflexed.
Lip mostly drooping, longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or
2-cleft. ConumN wingless: sTIGMA with a rounded beak.
ANTHER dorsal, ovate: POLLEN-MASSES powdery, in 2
masses, joined toa minute gland.—ferennial herbs, with
Jibrous routs, the stem bearing a pair of vpposite sessile leaves in the
middle, and a spike or raceme of greenish or brownish purple smalt
flowers.

1. L. Ausrrauis, Lindl. Twayblade.

Leaves ovate; raceme loose and slender; flowers very small, on pedicels twice the
length of the ovary; Jip linear, slightly sagittate at the base, 3 or 4 times as long
as the sepals, 2-parted, with the divisions linear-setaceous.

Damp thickets, rare. June. FPignt 4 to 6 inches high. Zeaves % inch long.
Flowers smell, purplish on minuiely giendular-pubescent pedicels.

2> L. CONVALEARIOIDES, Hook. Large Lwayblade.

Leaves oval-rouncish, sometimes somewhat %ordate at base, often acute; raceme
loose, pubescent; flowers on slender petliceis: lip wedge-oblong, 24tobed, at the
spreading apex, and 1-tosthed on cach side atthe base; sepals narrowly lanceolate,
spreading, twice as long as the lip.

Damp mosry woods, rare. June. Sten very slender, 5 to 10 inches high, sheathed

with a few bracis. Leaves nearly 1 ineh long, 24 as wide. Flowers dark brown
and green, the purplish lip nearly 14 inch long. :

15. CYPRIPEDIUM, Liam. Lapy’s SLIpper.
seu Gr. Kupres, Venus, and podien, a sock er slipper.
_ SEPALS spreading; the 2 anteriar distinct, cr commonly
united into one under the lip. Prraus similar but usually
marrower, spreading. Lip a large inflated sac, somewhat
_slipper-shaped. ConuMN skort, 3-lobed, the middle lobe
dilated and petaloid, the lateral bearing a 2-celled anther

864 — CANNACEZ.

under each of them. Sriama terminal. — Perennial herbs,
vith tufted fibrous roots, large many-nerved plaited leaves, Pueaheins
at the base, and solitary or few large and ‘showy flowers.

* Stem leafy, 1 to 3-flowered. Flowers yellow and white.
i. C. puprscens, Willd. Large Yellow Lady's Slipper

Stem leafy; sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals longer than the lip, pointed ;
lp flattened laterally, very convex and gibbous above; sterile stamen triangular.

Bogs and damp low woods, rare. May, June.. Stem 2 feet high, pubescent.
Leaves large, pubescent, 3 to 6 inches long, ovate- lanceolate, plaited, acute. Ilow-
evs 1 to 3, greenish-yellow, spotted with purplish-brown. me J “a to 2 inches long,
much inflated, pale yellow.

2. C. PARVIFLORUM, Salish. Small Yellow Lady’s Slipper.

Leaves oval, pointed ; sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate; dip flattish above and be-
low; sterile stamen triangular, acute..

Rich low woods. May, June. Stem 10toI5 inches high. Zeaves clasping the
base, pubescent, 3 to 5 inches wide, strongly veined. lowers yellowish, fragrant,
a a more brown-purple than in C. pubescens. Lip bright yellow, 34 tol
inch long

3. ©. cANDIDUM, Mubhl. White Lady's Slipper.
Leaves cblong-laneeolate, acute; sepals ovate-lanceolate ;. lip flattish, laterally

convex above; sterile stamen lanccolate.

Low grounds, rare. May. Stem 5 to 10 inches high, slightly pubescent, 1-flow-
ered. Petals and sepals greenish. Lip white, 34 inch long.

** Scape naked, 2-leaved at the base.. Flowers purplish.

XN

‘

4. ©. AcAuLE, Ait. Common Lady’s Slipper.

Downey; scape leafless, 1-flowered; leaves 2, oblong, obtuse; sepals oblong-
lanceolate, pointed, nearly as long as the linear petals; l7p droeping, obovoid, with
a fissure in front; sterile stcamen rhomboid, pointed. (0. humila, Salish.)

Moist woods and sides of mountains, common. May, June. Scape 8 to 12 inches
high, with a bract at the top. Leaves 5 to 7 inches long, 2 to 4 inches wide, plaited
and downy. Flowers solitary, large purplish or pale pink. Jip nearly 2 inches
long, veiny, purple or sometimes nearly white.

Orpen 118. GCANNACEE.—Indian Reed Family.

Tropical plants with the nerves of the leaves diverging froma midrib, theirregular

perianth with 3 petaloid filaments, only one of which ts fertile, with a: treeltea anther.
Bruit a 3-celled,capsule.. SHED round, not. winged..

CANNA, Linn. INDIAN REED: .
The Hebrew name of the reed.

PERIANTH unequal, variable in the number of its parte,
scarcely lip-shaped. SraMENs petaloid,. only one-with half
an anther on its edge. Sryux flat, straight, nearly free.
Ovary 3-celled, with many ovules. FRurr membraneous,.
8-celled, with a deciduous granular surface. SEEDs round,
maine —An extensive genus of herbaceous tropical plants,

AMARYLLIDACEZ. 365

with erect stems bearing distant sheathing leaves and handsome
flowers in spikes or racemes.

C. Inpica, L. Indian Shot. Indian Reed.

A beautiful plant often found in cultivation, native of the East Indies. Stem-
leaves 1 to 2 feet long, and 3 to 6 inches wide. Flowers scarlet and yellow, borne
in a spike. :

Orper 119. AMARYLLIDACEE.—Amaryllis iets

Chiefly iin and scape bearing herbs, with linear flat root-leaves and regular
6-androus flowers, the tute of the 6-parted perianth coherent with the 3-celled ovary.
ANTHERS introrse:- Stylz single. Cars.Le 3-celled, loculicidal, many-s.edcd.
SzEDS with fleshy albumen.

1.- AMARYLUIS, Linn. Aararyruis.
A poctical name.

Perranra with 6- petal-like similar divisions. Sra-
MENS 6, inserted in the threat of the perianth: ANTUERS
versatile. CAPSULE membranaceous, 3-lobed.—A splendid
genus, with the long linear leaves and scape from a coated buld, and
the showy flowers issuing from @ 1 to 2-leaved sputhe.

A. Aramasco, L. <Atamusco Lily
Spathe tubular, 2-cleft, 1-flowered; periantr funnel-form; stamens and style de-
clined. 3 ;
Shady woods, rare. June. Leaves a foot long. piney, concave, smooth. F'low-
€78 solitary, white and pink, 3 idehes long, on « scape 6 inches high.
A. Formosissima, L. Jucobea Lily. A beautiful flower from Mexico, sometimes
cultivated. Flower dark red, on a scape 6 to 10 inches high.-

2. AGAVE, Linn. AmeERtcAN ALOE.

ge BK ESP agavos, wonderful, in allusion to A. Americana, the Ocntury- plant. 2

PERIANTH tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted; the
Givisions narrow, nearly equal. SraMENS 6, soon exserted :
ANTHERS linear. CAPSULE coriaceous. 3. celled, many-
seeded. Szeps flattened.—A_ splendid American genus,

with mostly thick and fleshy radical leaves, often spiny or cartilagt
nous teeth, and a large many flowered p yramidal panicle on a scape.

A. Vireinica, lL. False Alve.
Stemless, herbaceous; leaves linear-lanceoiate, fleshy, smooth, with cartila .ginous |
serratures on the margin; scape simple, smooth; the flowers scattered in a locse ~
spike, with leaf-like scales.

Rocky banks, southern part ef the State. Sept. Scape 3 to 6 feet high, round,
loosely ‘spicate above. Flowers greenish-yellow, very fragrant,

A. AMERICANA, L, American Aloe. Century Plant. A splendid herbackows pla 2
p2*

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366 — AMARYLLIDACES.

from tropical America, is sometimes found in our conservateries. Leaves radieat;.
3-to 6 feet long, 4 to 12 inches wide, very thick, spinose-toothed. Scape rising te
the height. of. 15. to.25 feet, bearing a eee ‘panicle of. yellow: Seuat3e

3 HYPOXIS, Tinn. is came | |
Gr. hypos bercath, and‘ oxus, sharp; on account of the pointed base of tho fruits.

SpaTusE 2-leaved. PERIANTH persistent, 6-parted, spread-
ing, tae 3 outer divisions somewhat herbaceous. STAMENS:
6; with erect anthers. CApsuLE crowned with the withered:
or closed perianth, not opening by. valves. SzEns-roundish.—.
Acaulescent small herbs, with grassy and hairy linear. leaves,.
and yellow flowers on slender scapes from @ solid bulb.

H. erecta, L. Séar-grass.

Leaves ae Sgt scape umbellately 3 to 4flowered, mostly shorter than:
the leaves

Meadows.and open woods,common. July. Scape4dto6 inebes high. Leavesali
radical, 6 fo 12 inches long, 14 inch wide. ae ne 4, yellow withimgreen--
ish without...

CULTIVATED EXOTICS»

4. GATLANTHOUS,.Linn. SNow:prop:
Gr. gala, milk, anthos, flower; on account of the whiteness of the flowersy

KLOWERS spathaceous. SEPALS 3, concave; corona Reeds
of 5 small emarginate petal-hke segment ; sti gma simple.—
An ornamental bulbous exotic, sending; up in. early spring a
scape with a single white flower:

G. NYVALIS, LE. Snew-drop:
Leaves linear, radical, keeled, acute; scape 1-flowered: Wative of the Alps; flow~
ering in garlyspring. Scape 3 to 6 inches high, arising from a perennial bulbs,

Woariag a.cingld, large nodding flower as white as .enow,. iseuing from a spathe:
Grown (petals) afriate with green..

5. NARCISSUS, Linn:. Darropim.. Jonquiii.
Gr. narke, stupor; from..the effects- produced by the smell of some Specics. .

PERIANTH. regular, 6-parted: Crown. monophyllousy.
bell-form, salver-form; or with the tube funnel-form. Sra--
MENS 6, short: Styne longer than the stamens: STIGMA:
3-parted.— Showy bulbous exotics; with linear or ensiform:
leaves, and yellow straw-color or white flowers, issuing from
a withering compressed spathe, opening on one side...

1. N. Jonquinua, L. Jonguil..

Leaves linear; scape 1 to 3-flowered ; segments of the perianth spreading, ellipti-
calor spatulate;.neute; cup.(corona) bell-shaped, crenate. Native of Spaia. April,..

H@MOBORACE A. oe 867

May. Scape 9 to 12 inches high, roundish, slender; bearing a few fragrant flowers;
of arich chlorine yellow, 114 to 2inchea in diameter. Cup-Y4.inchilong. Leaves
§ to 10 inches long, with the edges somewhat rolled.

2. N. paericus, L. Poet's Narcissus.

Scape 1-flowered; segments of the:perianth, imbricate at base, somewhat reflezed,
mearly round; crows sliort, fiat, rotate, crenulate; 3 anthers shorter than the tube.
Native of South Europe. June. Scape about 1 foot high, bearing a single whits
flower, 114 to 2 inches imdiameter ;:the cup or crown singularly adorned with cir-
¢lesa of crimson, white and yellow.

3. N. Pseupa-Narcrssus, L. Daffodil.

Scape 2-edged, straight, striated; segments of the pertanth ovate or spatulste-
evate, sulpher-yellow; crown very long, with.acrerate-serrate orifice. Native of
England. April, May. Leaves.linear, 9 to 12 inchss long, striate, veined. ape
9 to 12 inches high, bearing at the top a single large flower, about 2 inches‘in

diameter, commonly deubled by cultivation. Cup 114 to 2 inches long, orang>
yellow.

4. WN. sutpuvurevs, Lb. Sulpher- sotned Daffodil:
Scape 2-cedged; leaves linear, flat; spathe 1-flowered; segments of the persant’:
elliptic-spatulate; crown somewhat bell-form, crenate. May, June. Flowers

straw-colored, 2 inches in diameter, on. a scape 1 foot high. Crown ‘4 inch long
erange-yollow, Style long.

6. LEUCOJUM, Linn. SNow-FLaxe..

PERIANTH: regular, Giparted : SEGMENTS equal, spreading;
STaAMENS.6, equal: ANTHERS long. Srvyiz elavate, longer
than the stameinkore bulbous plants, with cnsah aie

eaves and oftes. numerous white flowers-issuing: from a termi-
nal spathe:.

L. zstivum, I. Summer. Show-Flake.

_ Lxaives long, ensiform; spathe many-flowered, long; dirtsions of the perianth=
regular, oval. June. A pretty border flower; native of Austria. Scape 1 to 2.
feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, 4 inch wide. Sputhe 2 to 3 inches long, with-3-
to 10 flowers, on peduncles at last.114 to 244 inches long.. Flowers white; the di--
Visions tipped with green.. ,

Orper 120: H@MODORACER:.— Bloodwort Family..

Frbaceous plants, with’ fibrous perennial roots, equitant leaves and perfect 3 to €.
amdrous regular flowers, which are usually more or less woolly outside; the tube of ~
the 6-lobed pertanth coherent with the whole surface; or with-merely-the lower part, of
the 3-celled ovary. STYLE single, sometimes 3-partible. CapsULe crowned or inclosed.
by the persistent perianth, 3-celled, loculicidal, 3-many- -secdeds

ALETRIS, Linn. Star-erass..

Gr. Aleiris, » female slave who grinds corn, in allusion to the apparent mealincsa<
of -the- flowers:

PertaNTH cylindrical, tubular-bell-shaped; rou gh-wrinkied.

a a_—-:

$68 IRIDACE.
on the outside, 6-cleft at the summit. Sramens 6, inserted
at the base of the lobes, included. Sryne awl-shaped, 3-
cleft at the apex. CAPSULE ovate, inclosed in the roughened
perianth, 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the summit.—
Perennial and smooth stemless herbs, with very little fibrous
roots, spreading clusters of thin flat lanceolate leaves, and~
small white or yellowish flowers, in a slender, spiked raceme.

A. FARINOSA, L. Star-grass. Colic Root.

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, smooth; flowers pedicellate, oblong-tubular ; lobes

: lance-oblong. he

Grassy sandy or gravelly wcods, not common. July, Aug. Scape 2 feet high,
-with several minute bract-like leaves. lowers white, appearing as if covered with
@ rough powder.

Orpen 121. IRIDACER.—Iris Family.

Herbs with equitant 2-ranied leaves, and regular or irregular perfect flowers, the
tube of the €-cleft petal-lile pertanth coherent with the 8-celled ovary, and 3 distinct
or monodelphous stamens with eatrorse anthers. Firowers from a 2-leayed spathe,
usually showy and ephemeral. fTYyL#s single: sTieémMas 3. CAPSULE 3-celled, Iccu-

licidal, many-seeded.

1. IRIS, Linn. FLoweER-pE-LvUce.

Gr, Jris, the rainbow deified; on account of the bright and various color of the
. blossoms.

PERIANTH 6-cleft, the 3 outer divisions spreading or re-
fiexed, the 3 inner smaller and erect. STAMENS distinct,
placed before the outer divisions of the perianth, and under
the 3 petal-like stigmas. CAPSULE 3 to 6-angled.. SEEDS
flat.— Perennials, with sword-shaped or grassy leaves and
large blue, white and yellow flowers. :

1. J. versicotor, L. Blue Flag. ; |
Stem stout angled on one side, more or less flexuous; leaves sword-shaped; pe-
rianth beardless; cvary obtusely triangular with the sides flat; capsule oblozxg,
turgid, with rounded angles. ;
Wet places, common. May, June. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rarely branched, frcm
a large fleshy creeping root. Leaves 34 inch wide. Flowers 2 to 6 at the summit
cf the stem, blue, variegated with green, yellow and white at the base. ye

2. I. Vireinica, L. Slender Blue Flag. |
Siem slender, round, smooth; leaves narrowly linear; pertanth beardless; ovary
3-sided, each side deeply 2-grooved; e7psule triangular, acute at both ends.
Wet meadows, rare. June. Root tuberous, creeping. Stem 1 to 2 feet high,

somewhat flexuous, round. J’lowers 3 to 6 at the summit of the stem, blue and
yellow, more delicate than in the preceeding.

3. I. ortstata, Ait. Crested Iris.
Scape mostly 1-flowered, as long as the leaves; periunth bearded, the beard crested

IRIDACE. | | | 869

Mountains, southern partof the State. April, May. Scape 10 to 15 inches high,
bearing a solitary flower. Flowers blue and yellow.

CULTIVATED. EXOTIC SPECIES.

4. I. pumina, L. Dwarf Iris.

Scape short, 1-flowered; spathe shorter than the tube; reflexed sepals narrower
than the erect petals. April, May. Native of Hungary. A handsome dwarf
species, eultivaied in the edgings of walks Zcaves numerous, 4 to 6 inches long,
broad-sword-shaped, suberect. Flowers large, deep purple, bearded ona very short
scape.

do. I. ocHroiteves, L. Fellow Iris.

Beardless ; leaves ensiform, depressed, striate; scape sub-terete, many-flowered ;
ovary nearly round, somewhat Gangled. July. Native of the Levant. Stem 2
to 4 feet high. Renics 1)4 to 2 feet long. lowe rs yellow or sulphur-colored. Cap-
sule 2 inches long, round.

6. J. GermManica, L. Plower-de-Luce. Fleur-de-Lis.
Siem many-fiowered; leaves long-ensiform; sepals reflexed, bearded; petals emar-
ginate, bent inwards at the point. Native of Germany, common in gardens. June°
Stem 2to 3 feet high. Zcaves numerous, i44 te 2 feet long, 34 to 1 inch wide
Flowers 3 io 4 inches in diameter, purple. Sepals with a beautiful yellow ang
white beard.
7. I. xrpurum, L. Bulbous Iris. Spanish Flag.

Root bulbous; leaves linear, strongly channelled, the margins confiuent towards
the apex; scape few-flowered.. June, Juiy. Native of Spain. Leaves 6 to 10 inches
high, thick and fleshy, 14 inch in diameter, white on the upper cr hellow side,
round towards the peint. #lcwers very showy, blue yellow and white, the outer
perianth Icbeg short, on a scape 16 to 1Z inches high.

2. SISYRINCHIUM, Linn. Buvr-xvep Grass.

Gr. sus, a hog, and vwzgchkos;asnout; from a fancy that hogs are fond of rooting it up-

PERIANTHA 6-parted ; the divisions equal, spreading. STa-
MENS 3, monodelphous. SryuLE short: sTIGMAs 38, Bh og
filiform. CapsuLe globular-3-angled. sExDs giobular.—
Low slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceo~
late leaves, and small mostly blue flowers in umbelled clusters
from a 2 leaved spathe:

ee BERMUDIANA, L. Comson Blue-eyed re

Scape winged, naked or 1 to 2-leaved; ledves narrow and grass-like; svatke um-
Bellately few-fiowered ; divisions of the perianth cbovate, more or less ncetched a$
the end, and: bristle-pointed from the notch—vVar. anceps (S. anceps, Cav.) has a
broadly winged seape, and the onter leaf of. the very unequal spathes longer than:
the Sowers — Var. 2. MUCRONATUM (S. mucronatum, Michz.) has a slender and nar-.
rowly winged scape, very narrow leaves, those of the enlace unequal, one
of them usually longer than the flowers.

Moist meadows, common among grass. J une—Aug. Sipe 6 to 10 inches High>.

Pag re < =
x
Or a a ”

370 : -TRIDACE.

‘Eonaie small, delicate, blue, changing te purplish, 4 to 6 opening im succession..
Spathe often. pur plish. bes are Various intermediate forms. = *

CULTIVATED EXOTICS:

3. PARDANTHUS, Linn. Briackprrry Lair.
@r. pardulis, a panther, and anthos, flower; the flowers-are: spotted like the panther.
Spatue of 2 or 2 ovate short bracts. Parranra regular,
§-parted; the divisions equal. SramEns 3, with thread-
like filaments. Sriama straight or ineurved, fixed: by the

base, subfiliform.— An ornamental garden plant, with yellow-
tsk and reddish spotted flowers.

P. Cuinensts, L. Blackberry Lily.

Stem round, flexuous, leafy; leaves ensiform, vertical, sheathing; panicle some-
what dichotomous and corymbose; perianth fiat, spreading; segments lance-linear.
July, Aug. Native of Seuth Africa. Common in cultivation. Stem 2 to 3 feet.

high. eaves tapering to amacute- point. Flowers yellew, spetted with red, 1 to-
- 14 inch in diameter. Fruit composed of numereus black: gieesy seeds attached:
round the rachis, resembiing a ee

4. CROCUS, Linn. Sarrron. Crocus.
Named from the youth Crocus, who, according to Grecian mithology, was changed
: into this flewer:. .
PERIANTH esas cial the segments united at: base into.
a slender tube. STrAMENS 8. StiaMA 3-cleft, convolute,.
erested.— Bulbous plants, with a radicul 1 to 2- leaved thin

transparent spathe, the long tube of the flowers nearly or "quite sessile:
upon the bulb.

1. C. sativa, L. Saffron Crocus
Leaves lincar, revolute on the margins; stigma 5-parted, as longas the corolla,.
veflexed. Sept. From Asia. Leaves radical, with a longitudinal white furrow.
above. Flowcr nearly sessile on the bulb, with a long white tube, and purple el-
liptical segments. tigmas leng, emarginate, exsert of a.deep orange color. The:
stigmas compose the saffron ef thé shops so much used: for medicinal ane coloring’

purposes. There is a variety with yellow perianths.

9. ©. vernus, EL. Spring Saffrom.
Leaves short, linear; stiginas included within the: flower, with 3 short wedge-
shaped segments. Native of the Alps. Scane1 to2 inches high, 3-sided. Flowers:
mostly purple, often yellow, pale blue or white, very variable; tube very slender,.

graduaily enlarged upwarda, closed at the mouth with a circle of hairs;. limb. bell:
shaped, ghorter than the tube. Antkers yellow, sagittate. Mareh, April’.

5. TIGRIDIA, Linn. Tiger Foowsr.

Name in reference to the large spotted. flowers.

Sparae 2-leaved, carinate, 1-flowered. PERIANTH 6-

eee

TOSCOREACEE AND SMILACE2. ee

parted, with oblong segments, upright-spreading ; the altern-.

ate ones the broadest. STAMENS 3, monodelphous: FILA-
MENTS united into a long tabe: ANTHERS subovate, double.
Sryte filiform, the length of the tube. CapsuLE oblong,
3-sided: SEEDS numerous, roundish, covered with a pulp.—
Showy Sexth American bulbsus plants, with large, very evanescent
yellow and red spotied flowers.

T. Pavonia, L. TFiger Flower.

Siem simple, flexuous; leaves sword-shaped, veined; segments flat; metals pandue
riform. duly—Sept. A superb plant, native of Mexico and Peru. tem 2 to 244
Tact high, erect, round, leafy, somewhat branched. Leaves erect, 8 to 12 inches
‘long, smooth. lowers 5 to 6 inches broad, yellow, variegated with scariet, crim-

5¢n and purple, very evanescent, lasting but a few hours, but a new one appear
daily for several weeks.

Orper 122. DIOSCOREACER.— Yam Family.

Twining herbs er undershrubs, from large tuberous roots er knotied roctstocks,
ribled and netted-veined leaves on pelicles and snveall diacious 6-androus and regular
Sewers tn spikes. OVARY adherent, 3-celled. -Srynes 3, united below er distinct
Fruit usually a membranaccous 3-angled or winged capsule.

DIOSCOREHA, Plamier. Yam.
In -honer of the celebrated Greek naturalist, Deescortdcs.

FLOWERS very small, diecious. STaMENS 6 at the base
of the divisions of the 6-parted pcrianth : FILAMENTS sub-
ulate. Stynzs distinct nearly to the base. CapPsULE 3-
celled, triangular, 8-winged. Szreps 1 or 2 in cach cell,
flat, witha membranaceous wing.— Climbing nerennials, itth
alternate often heart shaped leaves, and inconspicuous zreenish flow +
ers in axillary branched racemes er spikes. ‘

D. vintosa, L. Wild Yam-root.

Herbaceous; leaves mostiy alternate, sometimes mearly epposite or in fours,
more or less heart-shaped, pointed, 7 te 11 ribbed.— Var. quaTennara, (D. euaterna-
da, S¥cit.) has the leaves more acuminate and 7-nerved, the lateral nerves 2-parted.

Thickets and old fields, common. July. <A slender vine twining over bushes,
fometimes 10 or 12 feet long. Flowers minute, greenish-yellow, the sterile in pen-
uous panicies; the fertile in pendulous simple racemes.

Order 123. SNILACEE.— Smilax Family.

Herbs cr shrubs, often chtmbing, with ribled and conspicuous meiied veiny teaves,

regular C-androus flowers with the 6 parted perianth free from the 3-celied crary.—
Fuowsrs diecious or periech. Ovany Swelled, 1] or msny-cesded. Fuuirs few
many-seedad berry.

~ 7 > >a0 ee) aa

Te

S700" “ia _ SMILACEZ.

SMILAX, Tourn. | GREENBRIER. >

An ancient Greek name of obscure meaning. /

oe Sta

Dicecious or polygamous. PxrrRiAntH of 6 equal spread-
ing segments, deciduous. STAMENS mostly 6, inserted at

the base of the perianth segments: FILAMENTS short.
Srramas 3, thick, on a very short style. Burry globular,
i to 3-celled, 1 to 3-seeded. Sxxps globose, suspended,
orthotropous.—WS hrubs, or rarely perennial herbs, often ever-

green and prickly climbing by tendrils on the petioles, with greenish

stems, cordate or ovate leaves, and small flowers in axillary Bias
umbels.

Sec. 1. Smrax preper.—Stems woody, often prickly ; ovules solitary.
* Leaves broad, thiekish, often persistent.

1. §. norunpiroLiaA, L. Common Greenbrier.

Stem nearly round; branchlets more or less 4-angular; leaves round-ovate, often
roader than long, slightly cordate, abruptly short-pointed, 5-nerved; peduncles
ccarcely longer than the petioles.

Moist thickets, common. June. Stems armed with stout scattered prickles,

often climbing 20 to 20 feet. Hlewers yellewish-green in small globose axillary
umbels. Berries bluish-black.

2.8. QUADRANGULARIS, Willd. Square-stemmed Greenbrier.

Branches and branchlets square, armed with stout scattered prickles; leaves
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cerdate at base, 3.to 5-nerved; peduncles
about the length of the petioles.

Dry woods. June, July. Leaves about 3 inches long, 4 a8 wae, thinnish, some-

times minutely rough-ciliate on the margin. lowers greenish-yellow. Barries
black.

&* Feaves, broad, thin, entirely deciduous; prickles bristle-léke.

3. §. HIspIpA, Muhl. Hispid Greenbrier.

Stem round, the lower a very hispid; leaves ovate, mostly heart-shaped, oot.
ed, strongly 5-nerved; peduncles 6 ~ 10-fiowered, 2 or 3 times the length of the
petioles.

Moist thickets. Jitne. Stem elimbing high, densely beset below with shining
brown weak and slender prickles; the flowering branehes often naked. Zeaves $

to 5 inches long, minutely tonEn on the margins, bright green on both sides. Pe
duncles 114 to 2 inches long.

Src. 0. CoPpROSMANTHUS, Torr.—Siem herbaceous, not prickly. pete long-
petioled, thin.

4, §. HERBAOEA, L. Carrion Flower.

Stem erect and recurving, or climbing ; leaves ovate-oblong or rounded, mostly
heart-shaped, 7 to 9neryed, mucronate or pointed, smooth; tendrils sometimes
none; peduncles very long, compressed.

Moist meadows and river-banks, common. June. Stem 3 to 6 feet long, climb-
ing or leaning on other plants. Zeaves very variable, on petioles 1 to 3 inches
long. Flowers numerous, on peduncles 3 to 6 inches long, yellowish-green in glo-
bose axillary umbels of about an inch in diameter, exhaling the stench of carrion.

TRELLIACEZ. 373

Orper 124. TRILLIACHA.—TZriliium Family.

Herbaceous plants, with simple stems, verticillate, net-veined leaves, and large termi-
gal mostly solitary trimerous flowers. PERIANTH 6-parted. Stamens 6to10. OVARY
free, 3 to 5-celled, with as many styles. Fruit succulent, 3 to 5-celled. Sseps
mumerous.

4. TRILLIUM, Linn. Trinwrom.

Lat. trilex, triple; all the parts being in threes.

FLOWERS perfect. SxEpats 3, lanceolate, spreading,
herbaceous, persistent. Preraus 3, larger. STAMENS 6,
with linear adnate anthers, on short filaments. STYLES 3,
uwl-shaped, distinct or united at hase, stigmatic down the
joner side. Berry 3-sided, ovate, 3-celled. SEEDS hort
zontal, several in each cell.—Zow perennial herbs, with @
stout simple stem rising from a short and abrupt tuberous rootsteck,
bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 broadly ovate leaves, and a tere
minal large flower.

1. VY. cernuum, L. Nodding. Trillium. Wake-Robin.

Leaves brozdly rhomboid, pointed, nearly sessile; petals white, oblong-ovate,
pointed, recurved, somewhat wavy.

Moist woods. May, June. Stem slender 10 to 15 inches high. Leaves 3 to 5
inches in‘diameter, nearly round. lower white, pendulous beneath the leaves,
on a peduncle 1 to 244 inches long. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, green, 1 inch long.
Petals 34 to 1 inch long, 14 to 14 inch wide.

2. T. erectum, L. Purple Trillium. Birth-root.

Teaves broadly rhomboid, abruptly -acuminate; petals dark dul purple, ovate,
somewhat pointed, flat, spreading.

Rich woods, common. May. Stem 12 told inches high. Zcaves 3-nerved, 3 to
@ inches long. #'lower on a peduncle 2mches long,soon reclining. Fetalsi to1?g
inch long, greenish outside. Ovary brown-purple. Medicinal.

3. “Lf. GRANDIFLORUM, Salish. Large-flowered Trillium.

Leaves obovate-rhomboid, pointed, barely sessile; petals obovate, spreading from
‘an erect base, longer and much broader than the sepals, white, changing to roge-
“color.

Rich woods, rare. June. Slem10 to 12incheshigh. Flower on aslightly in-
lined peduncle, which is2or 3 inches long. fetals 2 to 214 inches long, broadest
mear the apex.

4, ‘T. ERYTHROCARPUM, Michx. Painted Triflium.

Leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, short petioled; petals ovate or
oral-lanceolate, pointed, wavy, widely spreading, nearly twice as long as the sepals
shorter than the peduncles. ;

Colddamp woods. May, June. Stem 8 +012 inches high. Leaves long acumi-
nate, 2-nerved, 3 to 4 inches long, 24 as wide. ¥etals Linch long, white, painted
with purple lines at the base. Medicinal.

5. T. sessine, L. Common Sessile Trillium, .

Leaves ovate or oblong, sessile or nearly so, acute; petals lanceolate, erect, much
bonger than the sepals, dark dull purple.
ray

eh

874 . “ELLACEAR,

Rich woods, rare. April, May. Stem 6 to 8 incheshizh, smooth. JZeares rather
chick, 114 to 214 inches long, i to 2 inches wide, smooth and entire. Sepals green,
#¢ inch long. Petals narrow, l inch long.

6. T. nrvauy, Riddell. Snowy Frillium.

Small; leaves oval or ovate, ebtuse; metus oval-lanceolate, obtuse somewhat
wavy, white, as long as the peduncle, longer than the sepals.

Rich shady woods, rare. April. Stem 2to4 inches high, from a thick tuberous

root. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, by 4 to l inch wide. Sepals green, much narrower
than the petals. Petals 34 tol inch iong. Séyles long and filiform.

2. MEDEOLA, Gronov. INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT.

Named after the sorceress Media, from its supposed medicinal virtues,

PERIANTH revolute, of 3 sepals and 3 petals. STAMENS
6, inserted at the base of the perianth: FILAMENTS thread-
hike, longer than the linear-oblong anthers. Srynzs 38, fili-
form, recurved-diverging, deciduous. Berry spherical, 3-
celled, few-seeded.—A perennial herb, with a simple slender
stem rising from @ horizontal and tuberous white rootstock, bearing
a whorl of 5 to 10 sessile leaves near the middle and another of 3
smaller ones at the top, sudblending a sessile umbel of small recurved
flowers,

M. Virornica, L. Cucumber Reot,

Teaves of the lower whorl obovate-lanceolate, pointed; upper ones ovate,

Rich damp woods,common. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect. Ficewers $ to
6, greenish-yellow, reflexed, with long dark red reficxed stigmas.

OrpER 125. LILIACE#§,.—Lily Family.

Herds, with parallel-nerved sessile or sheathing leaves, regular perfert 6-(rarcly 4)-
androus flowers with a petal-like 6-merous periavih free from the 2 to 3-celled ovary.—
STAMENS 6 insertcd into the perianth; aniHeERs attached by a point. SrTyLz single;
ETIGMA simple or 3-loLed. Fruita 3-yalved leculicidal capsule or berry, few-many-
seeded.

Tripel. ASPARAGEZE. Tue Asparacus TRIBE.

Fruit a few-seeded berry, 2 to 3-celled. J?octstecks ereeping or tuberous.

1. ASPARAGUS, Linn.
The ancient Greek name.

PERIANTH 6-parted, spreading above. STAMENS 6, with
peltate anthers. Styze short: stiaMA 8-lobed. Burry
spherical, 8-celled ; cells 2-seeded.— Perennials, with much-
branched stems from thick and matted rootstocks, narrow
leaves in clusters, and small greenish-yellow axillary flowers.

LILIACE. 3735

A. OFFICIANALIS, L. Garden Asparagus.
Siem herbaceous, erect, rounded, much branched; legves thread-like, fasciculate
and flexible; peduncles jointed in the middle.

Cultivated in gardens, and naturalized. June. Stemi to3 feet high. Flowers
small, solitary, drooping. Berry globose, red.

2. POLYGONATUM, Toura. Soromon’s SEAL.
Gr. polus, many, and gonu, knee, alluding to the many jointed steme and rhizoma.
PeriANTu tubular, 6-lobed at the summit. Sramens 6,
inserted on or above the middle of the perianth-tube, in-

‘eluded. Ovary 3-celled: sryie slender: STIGMA capitate

or triangular. Berry giobular, blue or black, the cells L
to 2-seeded.— Perennial herbs, with simple erect or curving
stems from thick and knotted creeping rootstocks, mostly alternate and

sessile or half clasping nerved leaves, and axillury nodding green-

ish flowers.
I. P. CANALICULATUM, Pursh. Great Solomon’s Seat.
Stem stout, angled or channelled; leaves oblong-ovate, obtusely pointed, partly
elasping, smosth, nearly equally many-nerved; peduncles 2 to 6-flowered, smooth ;
Jilaments smooth, shorter than the anthers, inserted cn the middle of the perianth-
tube. (Convaliaria eanaliculatum, Mui.)
Rich sandy river banks, common. June. Sfem 3 to 5 feethich,curved. Leaves
green on both sides. Perianth cylindrical-oblong, greenish-white.
2. P. PUBESCENS, Pursh. MSmatller Solomon’s Seal.
Stem round, or slightly grosved on one side; leaves ovate-oblong or elliptical-
Fanceolate, minutely dowzy aud glaucous underneath, with 3to 5 principal nerves,
sessile; peduncles 1 to 2-flowered, smooth ; filaments minutely glandular puberulent,
inserted near the summit of the perianth. (Cenvallaria pubescens, Aull.)
Woods and recky banks, common. May. June. Sten 1 to 2 feet high, slightly

eurved. JF vrianth\4 inch lomg, cylindrical-oblongy greenish. Ovules often 6 in
each cell.

3. SMILACINA, Desf. Fanse Sotomon’s SEAL.
Name a diminutive of Smilax, to which this genus, however, has litile resemblanee,
PeERIANTH 4 to 6-parted, spreading deciduous. STAMENS
4 to 6, inserted at the perianth-lobes: FILAMENTS slender:
ANTHERS short. Ovary 2 te 3-celled. Sryes short and
thick: sTIGMA obscurely 2 to 3-lobed. Berry globular,
1 and 2-seeded.—FPerennial herbs, with simple stems from
ereeping or thickish reotstocks, ailernate nerved leaves, and white
often fragrant flowers in a terminal simple or compouud raceme,
Szci. Smiacina, Desf.— Divisions of the perianth and stamens 6.
1. §. racemosa, Desf. False Spikenard.
.Minutely downy; stem somewhat flexuous; leaves numerous, oblong or oral-

kanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, abruptly short-petioled ; raceme compound, panicled;
ezury d-ccllod.

276 x LILIACE A.

Moist woods. Mim June. Stem zigzag, 2 feet high from a thick and fleshy roo ‘
stock. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, about 4 as wide, contracted into a long sone
mation. Flowers very numerous, small, white, on white pedicels, with white ex-
serted filaments. Berries pale red, speckled with purple, aromatic. :

2. S. sTennAta, Desf. Star-flowered Solomon’s Seal.

Smooth or nearly so; leaves 7 to 11, oblong-lanceolate, acute, minutely ciliate,
slightly clasping, thickish; raceme simple, few-flowered; ovary 2-celled..
Moist.banks.. May, June. Stem about 12 inches high, round. Leaves smooth,,.

glaucous beneath, 4'to 6 inches long, 34 to Linch wide; tapering to:the apex. Flow-
ers about.8, white, stellate. Berrtes.blackish..

3. S. trrromm, Desf. Fhree-leaved’ Solomon’s Seal.
Smooth, dwarf; leaves 3, sometimes 2 or 4, cblong or oval-lanceolate, sho rt-pointed;

marrowed into a sheathing base; raceme simple, ovany-2 to 8-celled.—

Swamps. May, June. Sfem:3 to 6inches high. Leaves smooth on the margin,.
about 2 incheslong,4 as wide. Haceme terminal, erect, consisting of 4 to 6 white
flowers.. Perianth-lobes spreading. Anthers brownish Berries red.

SEC. 11. MAranrHemum, Desf. Divisions of thie perianth and stamens 4..
4. §. prronra, Ker.- Two-leaved Solomon’s Seal.

Smecoth or nearly so; stems low, mostly 2-leaved ;. leaves heart-shaped, petioled-or-
gessile; raceme simple, crowded.

Shady, moist wocds, common. May. Siem 3 to 5 inches high, with 2 or some-

times 3 leaves near-the summit, and often a larger radical leaf on a long petiole.

Flowers white, small, fragrant, in an oblong raceme, one inch long. Berries red:-

dish, speckleds.

4. CULINTONTA, Raf?
Dedicated to De Wit Ciiniton.

PERIANTH 6-parted, bell-shaped, lily-like, deciduous:
STAMENS 6, inserted at the base of the segments: FILA-
MENTS long and threadelike : ANTHERS linear-oblong. Ovary
ovoid-oblong, 2-celled; styLz long, compressed: sTIGMA
depressed. Burry ovoid, blue, few to many-seeded.— Acaue
lescent perennials, with slender. creeping rootstocks, sending up a
naked scape, sheathed at the base by 2 to 4 large oblong or oval ciliate
leaves, and: bearing rather large, wumbelled or rarely-single, white or
greenish flowers at the-summit.

1. ©: spornatts, Raf. Northern Clintonia.
Umbel 2-to. T-flowered; ovary with 10-to 12 ovules in-each cell. (Dracsena:
borealis, Azz.)
Cold moist mountain:-weods. June: Scape6te 8 inches high. Leaves radical,
5 to Sinches long. Pertanth 14.to 34 inch long, greenish-yellow. Berry blue.

2. €. uMBELLATA, Torr. Small-flowered Clintonia.
Umbel. 12 to 30-flowered ; cells ofthe berry 2-seeded.. (Convallaria umbellata;.
Michz.)
Rich woods, through the Alleghenies. June. Scape many-flowered, 9 to 12 inches.
high. Leaves 2 to 5,6 to 9 inches long. Flowers 15 to: 3Cy white, speckled. with,
purple,/4 to )4 inch long, odoroug.. : |

>. 2”

‘LILIACE S. 377

6. CONVALLARIA, Linn. Li oF rus VALLEY.
Tat: convallis; a valley, tue locality of some species.
- Perranve bell: shaped, 6 parted. SraMENS 6, divergent,
arising from the base of the segment. Perry globose; 2--
eclled.—An eleyant sweet-scented perennial herb, often culti-
vated in gardens with mostly 2 radical ovate leaves, and a slender
seape bearing white flowers in @ single rank.

©. magsauis, L. Livy of the Valley.
Scape naked, smooth, semi-cylindric; leaves nearly radical ,ovate; raceme. simple
one-sided.
_Avegheny meuntains, common in cultivation. May. Scape -6 inchés high.
Léeves £to 7 inchs long, piduch sary pointe

TRIBE 2 ASPHOD ELEAS.. THe ASPHODEL: TRIBE.

Fru’t 2. few to many seeded capsule, 3 celled, loculicidal. . Seeds: anatropous or
amphitrupgus. ~

Sec. 1, Not buibous.° :
6. HEMOROCALULIS, Linn. -DAy Liry.. ~
Gr. kemcra,a day, and katlos, beautiful; its flowers la isting but a day.

Perrantu funnel-form, lily-like, ihe short tube enclosing.
the ovary, the spreading limb 63 parted. STAMENS 6, insert»
ed on the throat of the perianth: FILAMENTS long ane
thread-like, declined: sTIGMA eee CAPSULE rather
fleshy, 3-angled, 38-vaived, with several black round seeds in
eaeh cell.— Showy pere ecpial ee with fleshy fibrous roots,
radical linear, keeled 2*ranked leaves and yellow or reddish

wers, (W hich collapse and decay after expanding for
single day) Lorne on tali scapes.

1. H. rutva,.L.. Common Day Laly..

Fewer divisions of the perianth wavy and obtuse, the veins. branched: -

Damp crounds, escaped from cultivation and naturalized. July. Leaves nu---
merous, about 2 fect long, and an inch w ie, smooth, acute. Flowers large, tawny--
orange or reddish. Scape round, thick, smooth, 3 feet high. Style. striate.

H. rrava, Lb. Yellow Day Lily.

Divisions of the perianth flat, the veins undivided. Native of South Europe.
July. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, 1g inch wide, keeled. . Scape 2 feet high, branching...
Fhuerslarge, yellow, sweet scented. Cuit-yated.'

3.- H. cramrnea, L. Grass-leaved. Day Lik, 'Yy.

fais es grass-l’ke, linear, keeled; 3 inner perianth lobes larger, waved, the outer ~
smaller. Native of South Europe. July. .Zeaves 6 to 18 inches long, narrower.
end much emaller than -in either of the preceding species. . Scape 9 to 12 inches -
hizh, 3 to6-flowered. Ierianth orange-yellow on the inside, reddish on the outside,

aréin Cultivation.

=

378 (2. ona,

%. FUNKIA, Gert. Japan Day Linigs. —
PeRiAntH fannel-bell-shaped, 6-parted. Stamens 6.
FInAMENTS long, declined, the upper ones the shortest :
ANTHERS oblon g, ‘fixed by their sides, turned up at the ends.
Sry long, declined, superior, furrowed: sTra@MA obtusely
d-angled. CAPSULE 3-sided, 3-celled, S-yvalved. SEEDS
very numerous, flat— Ornamental perennial herbs, from Ja-

pan, with somewhat heart-shaped long-petioled leaves, and
white or bluish flowers on bracted scapes.

1. FF. anpa, Geert. White Day Lily.

Leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate; perianth: fannel-form, with a long fered
Aug., Sept. Scape1to 2 fect high. Leaves smooth, on long radical petioles 3 to 3
inches wide. Flowers. large, white, very fragrant, 3 to 4 inches long, somewhat
crowded, each axillary toa large bract. -Anihers yellow. ~

2.. FH. carunia, Gert. Blue Day Lily.

Leaves heartshaped, on petioles; perianth tubular-bell-shaped, swelled. July;

Aug. Scape 2 to 3 feet high. Dracts yellowish. Flowers bluish-purple, 2 to 3

inches long, the slender tube enclosing the eyvary; border inflated, round-belk-
shaped.. Anthess blue.

3. PF. JApontoa, Gert. Jupan Day Lit
Leaves lanceclate or ovate-lanceolate; perianth funnel-form,; with somewhat’
refiexed segments. July, Sept. Zeaves 3 to 4.inches long, narrowed inte.a petiole
of 4 to 5 inches-in length. Scape slender, 12. to18 inches high. F lowers.mucie
smaller than:in.the preceeding species, pale-purple, Lito 2 inches long,.

8: ASPHODELUS, Linn. Kixe’s Spxar.
@r. a; privative; sprallo, to surpass; a flower not surpassed in beauty:
PerRrantu O-parted, spreading, with 6 valves, covering:
the ovary. STAMENS 6, issuing fromthe valves. CAPSULE,
globular, many-sceded—iine garden plants with showy
flowers,

1. A. wourevs; f. Kiag’s Spear. Yellow Asphodel.
Stem leafy ; leaves linear 3-nerved. A showy garden perennial from Sicily, of
_the easiest culture and rapid iacrease. June. Stem.2 to 3 feet high, thickly in--
yosted with. the jong. Unear-hollew. apenas Shee leayes
sd long spike.

-A. RAMOSUS, L. Branching Aephodel.

ee naked, branched; leaves cusiform, koeled, smooth; peduncle as long as the-

bract. Native of South Europe. dJune.. Not so.tall. as the preceding, but, with,
longer white flowers.

.. Flowers yellew, in a.

Sre. uw: Pull ous:
9. ORNITHOGALUM, Tourn. Srsr-or-BETHLEHEM.
Gr. ornithos, e bird, and galz, milk; why so-called is not obvious.

PERIANTH deeply 6-parted, spreading above the middle :.

LILIACHZ. 879

tho divisions several, nerved. FILAMENTS 6, flattened-awl-
shaped. STYLES Ssided: sTIGMA 3- angled. CAPSULE
roundish-angular, with a few roundish seeds in each cell.—
Perennial herbs, with rddical leaves and a naked racemose or
corymbed scape from a coated bulb.

O: UMBELLATUM, L. White Star-of- Bethlehem.

Flowers corymbose, 5 to 8 on long epreading pedicels; sepals green in the middle
outside.

Moist meadows, naturalized, common in gardens. Native of England. Janse...

Seape 5 to 8 inches high. Leaves linear and n&rrow, emarginate, 5 to 8 inches long,
with a white lineon the upper side. #lowers white, few ina loose corymb. fe
rianth-lobes beautifully marked with a longitudinal green str:pe om the outside:

10. ALULIUM, Linn. Onion. Garuic.

The ancient Latin name cf the Gariie.

PERIANTH of 6-entirely colored sepals, which are diatinet
om united at the very base, l-nerved, becoming dry and mcre
or less persistent. FinamrEnts awl-shaped or dilatcd as
their base. StTYLe filiform: sTIGMA simple. CarsvLE
lobed, 3-celled, 3-valyed, with a few black and rough sceds
in each cell.— Strong-ecented and pungent acaulescent herbs;
with the mostly radical leaves and the scape from a@ coated
bulb, the Aowersin a simple umbel, and a1 to 2-valved spathe.

*Umbel often densely balt-Pearing with or without Lowers.

TI, <A. VINEALE, L. /'teld Gazriic.

Scape slender, clothed with the sheathing bases of the-leayes below the middle 3:
beares round, hollow, slender, channelled abeve; filaments much dilated, the al-
ternate one 3-cleft, the middle divisions anther bearing.

Moist meadows and fields, naturalized and some placer very troublesome. June.
Bulb o¥oid, emall. Leaves 6 to l2Zincheslong. Sevpe 1 to 24 fect high, besring 3»
epathe of 2 emall bracts at the tep, and an umbtel of rese-ccloted and green fowers
at the top with which bulbs are sometimes iniermixcd.

2. A. Canwapensis, Kalm. Wild Afeadow Garlic.

Scape leafy only at the base ; leaves narrowly linear, f@attieh ; umiel few-Lowered;
Fiaments simple, dilated Below, about as long as the perianth.

Moist fields, common. May, Jane. Leaves very long and narrew. Seane 12 to
15 inches high, round, smooth, bear’ng a spathe of 2 ovate acute bracts at ithe top,
with a head of bulbs and flowers. Flowers whitish or pale rose-co.or, on-pecicelsy
the bulbs are sessile, each furnished with a bract beneath.

* 4% Umbel. bearing cnly flowers. s

3. <A. ceRNUUM, Roth. Nodding Garlic. Wild Onion.
Scape naked, angular, clongated, often nodding at the apex, bearing & loose or
@rooping many-fowered umbel; leaves linear, elongated, sharply keeled; sepals
eblong-ovate, acute, much shorter than the slender flaments; ovary €-toothed at
the summit, becoming a roundish 3-secded capsule.

Banks and steep rocks, common. July. Scape 16 to 12 inches high, besring »
lecee umbei of 20 to 20 Gowers. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long. Flewers white ox

ere CLEA Oe oe ear Pen el a eee

330° LILIACE A. | .

rose-color. The yariet ty with white flowers grows abundantly ia aha socks
places along the Susquehanna. The plant is very strong: scented...
4. A. TRIcCOccUM, Ait. IVid Leel:. Lance: leaved Garlic.

Scape naked, bearing an er ack many-flowered un®el ; leaves lance- oblong or ellip-
tical, flat; sepals obtuse, obtong; capsule strongly 8-lobed:

Rich shaded sandy woods, rare: July. Pulds clustered, pointat. 2 chee jong.
Zeaves 5 to 10 inehes lonz, I to 1% inch wide, acute, tapering into a petiole. ap-
pearing in early spring and decaying before flowering. Sc ipe 12 to 15 inches high,
bearing a thin 2-leaved deciduous spathe at the ton, with an umbel of 10 to 20°.
white flowers. ;

5. A. TRIFLORUM, Raf. Mountain Leeko

Scape naked, terete, shorter than the leaves; leaves: lanceolate, nerved{ umbel-
few-fiowered. Pursh. 303

Liountains, rare, Mazy;Jume.

CULTIVATED EXC TIC SPECIES. .

6. A. saTryum, I. mmon Garlic.
Bulb compound; stem leafy; butbiferous: s‘amens tricaspidate. Native of Sic‘ly:-
July. Stem 3 feet high. Fidivers ee white. Bulbs strong-scented and acrid.

7. A. Scera@noprrasum, L. Chives. Cives.
Scape as long as the round subulate leaves. lowers small, rosceocler.> June.
Cémmon in gardens.
8. A. Porrum, Le t Cele.
siem compressed, leafy; lecves sheathing at base; stamens tricuspidate. Native -
of Switzerland. July . Rea ments a nee cylindrical bulb. Stem 2 feet hich,
bearing long lincar alternate sheathing leaves, and at the top a large umbel of.
gmall white flowers
9. A. Crpa, L. Common Onion.
Scane fistulous, swelling towards the base, longer thaw the torete fistulousteaves,
ative of Ilungary. Universally cultivated for the Kitchen. Culture has pro-
dweed numerous varieties: -

ll. HYACINTHUS, Linn. kas
A fabulous name. © |

PeRIANTH sub-globose or bell-shaped, regular ns éleft.
STAMENS 6, issuing from.the middle i: ‘the segments.
OVARY with 8 necteriferous pores at the summit. Capstrn
5-eelled, about 2-seeded.— Ornamental bulbous plants, native
of the Levant, with fragrant white, pink blue-and purple
jlowers. : eee 8

HW. oRIENTALIS, L.. Common Hyacinth. |

Ferianth fannel-form, half ¢-cleft, swelled at the base. May. The hyacinth is
a well known garden flower, long prized and cultivated. Leaves thick, linear---
lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long. Scape 5 to 10 inches high, thick, bearing a dense
thy rsoid raceme.of differentehades-of blue; pink, purple or white fragrant flowers. .

a

: LILIACE R. 381

12. POLYANTHOS, Iinn. TusBErosz.

@r. polus, many* anthos, flower; the plant bearihg numerous flowers.
PERTANTH. funnel-form, incurved. FINAMENTS inserted
into the throat. StTraMA 38-cleft. Ovary at the bottom of
the perianth.—A beautiful bulbous exotic, with white fragrant
flowers.
P. TuBEROsSA, L. Tuberose.
Leaves linear- noe es e; flowers alternate, in pairs; perianth-lobes oblong. Nae

tiye of Ceylon. Aug., Sept. Scape scaly, 2.to 3 feet high, with white regular flow-
ers of a delicious fragrance...

Tripe 3. TULIPACE®. Tuxip or TrRvE Lity Terre:

Frutti a many-seeded 3-celled loculicidal capsule. Seeds anatropous. Pertant:

@leaved.— Bulbous.

T3. LILIUM, Linn. Lriry.

The: classical Latin name.

PrERIANtTH funnel-form or bell-shaped, colered, of 6 dis-

tinct sepals, spreading or recurved above, with a necteriferous

furrow at the base, deciduous. STAMENS 6, somewhat ad-
hering to the bases of the sepals : ANTHERS linear, versatile.
STYLE elongated, somewhat club- shaped: sTi@mMA 3-lobed:
CAPSULE oblong, 3-celled} containing numerous flat seeds
densely packed in 2 rows in each ecll—Perennial scaly

bulbous herbs, with simple stems, numerous alternate-scaticred
or whorled short and sessile leaves and one to several large and

showy flowers...

* Flowers erect, bell-shaped, ths sepals narrowed bclow into claws.

1. L. Purnaperpricum, L. Wild Orange Lily.

Leaves linear-lanccolate, the upper chiefly in whoris of & to 8; fowers 1 to 3 or

sometimes 5, cpen-bell-shaped, with lanceolate sepals.

Qpen woods, hillsides and- fence- rows, not rare. — Siem 2 to 8 faet
high, round, smooth, simple. Zcaves 2 to.3 inckes long, 14 io 4 inch wide, 1 to 3
nerved. Flowers larve, reddisch-orangs, the inside sp otted with .purple pear the
base, 214 inches long, en a peduncle 1 to 3 inches long.

BV CATESBEI, Walt. Wild Red Exly. Catesby’s Lnly..

Leaves. linear-lanceolate, scattered; flowers solitary, open-bell-shaped, the long-
clawed sepals wavy on the margin, and recurved at the summit, the margins of

the claws involute. ,

Low sandy soil, and meadows, rare, Montour Co. July. Sem 12 to 18 inches
high, bearing a single large termizal scarlet flower, spotted with dark purple and’
be i inside. Sepals ovate or rhombic-oyaie, with the mid-vein green on the.
suiside..

382 | _ -LILIACEZ,

** Flowers nodding, beii-shaped, the sessile sepals revolute.

3. UL. CAnADENSE, L. Wild Meadow Lily.

Leaves remotely whorled, lanceolate, strongly dnerved, the margins and nerves
rough ; flowers mostly 3, sometimes 5 or more, long-peduncled, funnel-bell- shaped,
the sepals recurved-spreading above the middle.

Moist meadows, common. June, July. Stem 2to3 feet hich. Flowers1 to 3,
sometimes 5 to 20, pendulous, yellow or-orange at the base, densely spotted with.
brown-purple inside and outside above, 2 to 3 inches long.

4. E. supersum, L. Turk’s-cap Lily. Superb Lily.

Lower leaves whorled, lanceolate, pointed, smooth, 3-nerved, upper ones scattered >
flowers often 3 to 40 in a pyramidal raceme, nodding with revolute sepals.

Rich low grounds rathercommon. July, Aug. A sup¢rb plant 3 to 5 feet high,
with an erect, round, straight stem. Fiowers bright orange, with numerous dark
purple spots inside. Sepals 3 inches long, linear-lanceolate, beautifully and fully
xevolute.,

CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPLETES..

5. LL. trarinum, L. Tiger-spotted Lily.

Eeaves scattered, sessile, 3-nerved, the upper ones cordate-ovate > sepals revolutey,
Papillose inside. Aug. Native of China,common in cultivation. Silent 4 to 6 feet
high, woolly, bearing bulbs in the axils of the leaves. Flowers large, dark orange:
or reddish, spotted with black, in a pyramidal raceme. Sepals 4 to 6 inches long,
beautifully revolute, scabrous on the midvein, inside.

* ee Wlowers bell-shaped..

6. L. BuLpreernum, L. Orange Lily. Fire Lily.

Leaves scattered, 3-veined, pubescent when young: flowers bell-shaped, creek
rough within. July. Native cfItaly. S'em thick, round, 2 to 4 fet high, bearing
smail, roundish bulbs in the axils of the leaves. lowers large, orange-colored,.
scabrous within. Common in cultivaticn. 3

vt. L, canpipum, L. Common White Lily.

Leaves scattered, lanceolute, narrowed at the. base; flowers bell-shaped, smooth:
on the inside. July. Native of the Levant. A much cultivated and beautiful
gsrden plant, witha thick stem,3 to 4 feet high. Flowers large, snow-white,.
yxery fragrant, in a terminal raceme.

14. ERYTHRONIUM, Linn. PBoe’s-roorm VIOLET.
Gr. eruthros, red, which is inappropriate as respects our species.

PeRIANT?H, liliaceous, of 6 distinct lanceolate sepals, re-
curved or spreading above, deciduous, the 5 inner usually
with a callous tooth on each side of the erect base and a
groove in the middle. FinaMENts 6, awl-shaped : ANTHERS
eblong-linear. Styny elongated. CAPSULE obovate, con-
tracted at tac base, 3-valved. Seups ovate.—Near/y stem-
less bulbous perennials, with twosmooth and shining flat leaves
tapering into petioles and sheathing the base of the 1-flomeredk
scape.

oa

LILIACE.. mar

i.. E. AmericanuM, Smith. Yellow Dog’s-tooth Violet.

Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, involute at the point, spotted; scape naked; sepals

oblong-lanceolate, obiuse, inner ones bidentate near the base; style club shaped ;
stigmas united.

Meadows in sandy soil, common. April, May. A beautiful little plant. Scape

6 to9 inches high. Leuves 2, spotted with purple, and dotted 5 inches long, one of

them nearly twice as wide as the other. J lowcr drooping, yellow, revolute ia the
Eunshine, spotted near the base. ;

2. KE. anpipum, Nutt. White Dog’s-tooth Violet.
Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, spotted, not dotted; sepals linear-lanceolate, the
inner without lateral teeth; style thread-like and club-shaped; stigma 3 cleft.
Low thickets and sandy meadows, often in company with the other species.
April, M:y. eaves without an acumination, including the petiole 4 to 5 inches

long, spotted with purple. Scupe 6 to7 inches high, bearinga single white flower.
Sepals 114 inch long.

15. FRITTILLARIA, Linn. Crown IMPERIAL.
Lat. frdtillus, a chess-board; alluding to the checkered fiowers.
PeRIANTH bell-shaped, with abroad base and necterifcrons
cavity above the claw of each segment. STAMENS 6, as long
as the sepals. SEDs flat—Bulbous perennial exotics, with
showy, but ill-scented flowers.

1. F. inperiais, L. Common Crown Imperiad.

Raceme comose, naked below; leases lanceolate, acute. May, June. Native of
Persia. A showy flower of casy culture, common incultivation. Stem thick, 1 te
2 feet high, the lower part inserted with the long leaves, the upper part is naked,
bearing at the top a cluster of several red or yellow nodding flowers beneath a
crown formed by the pairs of leaves at the base of each pedicel.

2. FF. maueaeris, L. Checkered Crown Imperial.
Leaves alternate, linear, channelled; stem l-flowered. May. Native of Britian
Stem a foot high, with alternate, long, very narrow leaves. # lower usually self
tary, large, nodding, and beautifully checkered with purple pale red or yellow.

16. . TULIPA, Linn. Tuxre.

Persian thouliban, a turban; alluding to the form of these magnificent fowers.
PreriantTi bell-shaped, with sepals. SraMEns 6, short,
subulate: ANTHERS 4-angled. SriamMa thick. CapsuLE
oblong, triangular. SEEps flat.—Bulbous exotic perennials,
with radical leaves and a showy solitary flower on a scape.

1. T. GesnertIana, L. Common Tulip.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate ; flower erect, smooth, with obtuse sepals. May. Native
of Persia. There are more than 500 varieties enumerated in catalogues, with red,
gearlet, crimson white yellow, brown, purple, striped, blotched and fringed flowers

2. T. suaveoLens, L. Sweet-scented Karly Tulip.
Leaves linear-lanceolate; flower erect, smooth with aeute sepals, the alternate

884 ANT ACE aR,

ones lancedlate, the others ovate. Native of Persia. Flowers mostly yellow,
fragrant, appearing in April.

TripE 45 ALOINEAN.

Fruit 3-celled, $-valved, with a leculicidal dehiscence, opening at the summftt. —
Seeds numerous.— Not bulbous.

17. YUCCA, Linn. ApAm’s NEEDLE.
Jucca, the Indian name.

PeRTANRA inferior globular or bell-shaped. STAMENS
with awl-shaped filaments. SryLe none. Caprsuxz oblong,
with 3 obtuse angles 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the
summit. Serps flat—Lvergreen perennials, with narrow
Jilameniaceous radical leaves, and a scape of numerous white flowers,
in a terminal panicled raceme or spike,

1. Y. anoustironia, Ll. Narrow-leaved Yucca.

’

Leaves long linear, filamentose on the margins, mucronate. Aug. Native of the
Southern States. Zeaves 10 to 15 inches long, 14 to 34 inch wide, with white
threads along the margin. Panicled spike terminal, on a scape 2 to 3 feet high,
many-flowered. Flowers globular-bell-shaped, white.

2. Y. FILAMENTOSA, L. Adam’s Needle. Sitk-grass.

Leaves lance-linear, ilamentose, mucronate; 3 inner sepais broad-lanceolate;
eapsule large oblong-obovate. July, Aug. Native of the Southern States. Leaves
12 to 18 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, very filamentose on the margin. Scape 3
to'5 feet high, beaaing a terminal panicle of numerous whiie fragrant flowers.
Ferianth globose. Stigmas recurved, spreading.

OrnveR 126. PELANTHAGER.—délanthium Family.

Flerbs, with perfect er polygamous and regular 6-merous and 6-androus flowers,
the petaloid pertanth free from the 3-celea ovary, extrorse anthers, and 3 (sometimes

united) more or less distinct styles.
e

SuporRDER I. UVULARIEA. Tue Bettwort Famity.

PERIANTH soon deciduous, the divisions distinct, petaleid.
Sry ies united at the base or throughout. Fruit a 3-celled
few-seeded berry or loculicidal capsule.—Siems from small
perennial rovtstocks and fibrous roots, ovate or lanceolate membra-
maceous sessile or clasping leaves, and perfect flowers on solitary or
l-jflewered peduncles.

1. UVULARIA, Linn. Beniworr.

Name “from the flowers hanging on the uvula, or palate.”
PERIANTH nearly bell-shaped, lily-like, the sepals spatu-

a

==

MELANTHACEE | 385

late-lanceolate, with a necteriferous groove or pit at the
base of each. Stamens 6, with short filaments: ANTHERS
long and linear, adnate. SryLe deeply 3-cleft. CapsuLE
triangular, 3-celled, 3-valved from the top, with a few obo-
void seeds in each cell.— Perennial herbs from creeping root-

stocks, alternate sessile or clasping leaves, and pale yellow nodding,
mostly solitary flowers. ;

& Leaves clasping, perfoliate.
1. U. Granpiriora, Smith. Large-flowered Bellwort.

Leaves oblong or elliptical-ovate, pale and very slightly pubescent underneath;

gepals smooth within; anthers nearly pointless; lobes of the capsule with convex

sides.
Rich woods, rare. May, June. Stem 12 to 15 inches high, passing through the
perfoliate leaves near their bases, dividing into 2 branches at the top, one of which

bears a large pendulous pale-yellow flower. Pertanth 114 inch long. <Anthers 3%
fach long.

2. WU. perroniata, Ll. Pernfoliate Bellwort.
Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate,-smooth, glaucous underneath; sepals granu-
lar-roughened inside; anthers pointed; capsule-lobes with concave sides.
Moist woods and thickets, common. May, June. Stem 8 to 12 inches high,

passing through the perfoliate leaves near the base, 2-branched at the top. Leaves
2 to 3 inches long, 24 to linch wide. lowers pale-yellow, 34 to-l inch long.

** Teaves scesile.

8. U. sessttironma, L. Sessile-leaved Bellwort.

Low, smooth; leaves oval or lance-oblong, pale, glaucous underneath ; styles
united to the middle, longer than the obtuse anthers; capsule triangular.ovate.

Low woods, common. May. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, forked near the summit.
Leavesi toiléinch lerg. #lewers 1 to 2 on a slender axillary peduncle, cream-
eglored, 34 inch long.

4. U. pusperuta, Michx. Puberulent Bellwort.

feaves shining, ovate, green, minutely puberulent, as well as the branches;
styles united below, as long as the short-pointed.anthers; capsule ovate, sessile.
Mountains, southern parts of the State.

2. PROSARTES, Don. Prosarvres.

‘Gr. prosartas, to - hang from; in allusion to the suspended oyules or flowers.

PeRIANTH bell-form, 6-parted, much as in Uvularia.
SraMeEns 6, the thread-like filaments inserted at the base of
the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules suspended
from the summit of each cell. SvryLxEs united into one:
STIGMAS 8, short, recurved. Berry ovoid, pointed, 3 to 6-
seeded, red.— Downy low herbs, widely branched above, with
closely sessile. ovate leaves. and greenish-yeliow drooping flowers on
slender terminal peduncles, solitary er few in an umbel.

P. wanuGcinosa, Don. Pale-flowcred Prasartes.

Leaves ovyate-oblong, acuminate, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base,

8
2

+

386 MELANTHACE &.

closely sessile, downy underneath ; flowers solitary or in pairs; sepals lance- -linear,
acuminate, soon spreading, twice as long as the stamens. (Streptopus, Michz.)

Rich woods, rare. May. Stem 12 to 15 imches high, with 2 to 3 forks near the
summit. Flowers greenish-yellow, the sepals WE inch long, marked with L CORSPIER
ous -cross-yeiniets like the leaves.

3. STREPTOPUS, Michx. Twist-SranK.
Gr. streptos, twisted, and pous, foot, or staik.

PERIANTH 6- -parted, recurved spreading from a bell- i
base, the 3 inner sepals keeled. STAMENS 6: FILAMENTS
short, flattened: ANTHERS arrow-shaped. Ovary with
many ovules in each cell: sryLEs and even the stigmas
united into one! Berry red, roundish-ovoid, with several
seeds in each cell_—Herbs with somewhat stout stems, di-

vergently spreading branches, ovate and acuminate round clasping
leaves,and small fiowers on slender filiform peduncles.

1. S. ampLexirorius, DC. Clasping Twist-Stath.

Teaves oblong-ovate, closely clasping, very smooth, glaucous beneath; peduncle
abruptly bent or contorted near the middle; anthers acuminate, entire; stiging
entire, truncate.

Low cold wocds, rare. June. Blemt 2 to 8 feet high, rough at the base, forked.

F owers greeni h-waite, on a filiform peduncle, bent round the clasping base of the
loaves, rarely 2-iowered.

2. §. Roseus, Michx. ose Twist- Stalk.

Leaves ovate-obiong, clasping, finely ciliate on the margin, green on both sider 3
branchessparingly bent with short bristly hairs; anthers 2-horned; stigmw minutely
3-cleft.

Cold damp woods, rare. May, June. Per. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, 2 or 3-
forked at the upper part. Flowers rose-colored, | to 2 on filiform nodding peduncles.

Sup-orppern 1. MELANTHIE A. Tue Traur GoLenicum
FAMILY.

PERIANTH mostly persistent, the sepals distinct or rarely
their claws united. StTyzLEes 8, seperate. FERuir a 3-celled,
3-parted capsule.—LHerbs Bie arid poisonous proper ties,
and sometimes polygamous or dicecious flowers.

eae MELANTHIUM, Gronov., L.
Gr. melas, black, anthos, flower; the flower becoming black after blossoming.

Polygamous. PERIAnta petaloid, rotate, deeply 6-parted ;
the segments somewhat cordate, raised en slender claws,
with 2 glands at the base. STAMENS 6, on the claws of the
perianth. Srynixzs short, awl-shaped, ‘tipped with simple
minute stigmas. CarsuLE ovoid- conical, 3-lobed, 3-celled,

rs

> MELANTHACEZ:. . 387

many-seeded.— Tall perennials, with simple stems, lance-
linear grass-like leaves, and an ample pyramidal panicle of cream-
eolored racemose fivwers.
1. M. Vireinicum, L. Virginian Melanthiwm.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, long; sepals ovate-hastate, at last oblong, flat, the glands
distinct; fiJament cohering with the claws beyond the middle.

Wet meadows, rather common. July. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, leafy. Leaves 9 to.
15 inches long, somewhat clasping at base. Flowers greenish-white, the perfect

and sterile mixed, en short pedicels, in simple alternate racemes, together consti-
tuting a pyramidal panicle 10 to 15 inches long.

2. M. nysripvum, Walt. Hybred Melanthium.
Leaves long-linear, nearly smooth, clasping the stem; sepals round-rhomboid or-
broadly ovate, wavy, the glands united; jilaments involved in the lower part of
the involute claws.

_ Low and high grounds, rare. July—Sept. Stem 2 feet high, leafy. Leaves yary~
ing from lance-linear to lanceolate. Perianth very open, yellowish-green.

Do. VERATRUM, Tourn. Fats HELLERoRE.

Lat. vere, truly, atrunv, black; in. allusion. to the color of the flowers or root.

FLowers polygamous. PERIANTH of 6 spreading and
separate sepals, more or less contracted at the base, without
glands. STAMENS 6, free from the sepals and shorther than
they, recurving. Styues 3, short, awl-shaped. CAPSULE
evoid, membranaceous, 5-lobed, the carpels distinct at the
summit.— Somewhat pubescent perennials, with simple stems,
plaited 3 ranked leaves, and raceme-panicled dull or dark flowers.

VY. virine, Ait. White Hellebore. Indian Poke.
* Leaves broad-ovate, plaited ; panicle pyramidal, with compound racemes: -
Swamps and low grounds, common. June. Stem stout, very leafy to the top,
2 to 4 feet high. Leaves large, sheathing the stem at the base. Flowers yellcwish-
green, moderately spreading. oot very poisonous.

6. AMIANTHEMUM, Gray. | Fiy-Poison.

&r. aniantos, pure, and anthos, flower ; alluding to the unspotied glandless perianth..

FLoweERrs perfect. PERIANTH widely spreading, the dis-
tinct petaloid sepals oval or obovate, sessile. FILAMENTS
eapillary. ANTHERS kidney-shaped or heart-shaped. St¥zEs
filiform. ©APSULE ovoid conical, 3-lobed. SEEDS nearly
wingless, 1 to 4 in each cell_—Perennial herbs, from a

bulbous base. with simple scape-like stems, linear-keeled grass-like

leaves, and handsome flowers in a simple or rarely compound -dense
FaACEME..
A. MuUSCETOXICUM, Gray. Lly-Potson.
Leaves broadly linear, elongated, obtuse,.as- long: as the scape; raceme simple,
oblong or cylindrical ; capsule abruptly 3-horned; seeds oblong with a fleshy red.
eaat..

~

388 | -- JUNCACEZE. af

a

Shady swamps, rare. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves mostly radical, 19
to 15 inches long, 44 to F inch wide. FRaceme 3 to 9 inches long, dense-flowered:
Pertanth and stamens white.. ;

7. HELONIAS, Linn. Unrcornx.

Gr..helos, a swamp; the place of its growth..

FrLowers perfect. PERIANTH of 6 spatulate-oblong per-
sistent sepals. StamEns.6, longer than the sepals: ANTHERS
roundish-oval, 2-celled, blue. SrynEs 3, revolute, stigmatic
along the inner side. CAPSULE obcordately 5-lobed, locu-
licidally 3-valved, the valves deeply 3-lobed, many-seeded.—
A. smooth perennial, with a hollow naked scape from a tuberous

rootstock, numerous leaves,and a simple short dense raceme of paits
purple flowers..

H. BunnaTa, L. Purple-flowered Unicorn.
Leaves inversely canis or-oblong-spatulate, flat, nerved; scape leafless. (EA
latifolia, Micha):

Sandy swamps, rare. May. Scape 1 to 2 feet high, thick and fleshy. Zeaves-10:
to 18 inches. long; 1.to. 114 inch wide. Flowers purple, with.obtuse sepals.

8. CHAMALIRIUM, Willd. Dxvin’s-prr:

Gr. cHamaz, on the ground, and letrion, a lily; of no obvious application:

FLOWERS dieciows. PERraAnTtH of 6 spatulate-oblong
sepals, persistent. STAMENS 6, longer than tho sepals:
FILAMENTS thread-like : ANTHERS yellow. FERTILE FLOW-
ERS with rudimentary stamens. Srytes 3, linear club-
shaped, stigmatic along the inner side. CAPSULE ovoid-
eblong, not lobed, loculicidally 3-valved from the apex,
many-seeded.—.A smooth perennial herb, with a slender stem

from a thick premorse tuberous rootstock, clustered spreading. leaves,.
and a. long: slender spiked. racame of yellowish- white flowers.

©. nureuMm, Willd Wnicorn Root. Blazing-star.
Leaves flat, lanceolate, the lowest:spatulate, tapering into a petiole; fertile scape’

very leafy; sterile spike nodding; stamens exserted.. (Helonias dioica, Pursh.)
Low moist grounds, rather common. June. Spike at length 6 to 10 inches long:

‘showy. Root-leaves 4 to 8 inches long, 14 to:1 inch wide; somewhat whorled at the:

base of the scape. Flowers small, very numerous, yellowish-white. The fertile:
plants are taller, more erect, but with fewer flowers. Medicinal.

OrpER 127. JUNCACER.—Rush Family.

Grass-like or:sedge-like herbs, with jointed siems and a regular persistent perianth:
of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3, stamens with introrse anthers, and a &
to 3-celled ovary, forming a 3-valved 8 to many-seeded, capsule. STYLE single. SEEDS:
anatropous, with a minute embryo inclosed at the base of the albumen..

< a
— JUNCACES. ~~ 389

1. LUZULA, DC. Woop- RUSH:

“Talia, foc ‘ola, aglow-worm; from the dew glistening upon its flowers.

PerRIanru persistent, 6 parted, spreading: Sramens 6.
Stiamas 3. Capsunx. L-celled, 3-valved, 8 seeded.— Pe-
rennials, with flat and soft ieaiatalh y hawry leaves and spiked-
erowded or umbelled flowers. | |

1. L. pinosa, Willd Pilose Wood=rush.
Leaves lance-linear, hairy: peduncles umbelled; simvie, mostly T-flowered; sepale
pointed, shorter than the o Dtuse capsule; seeds tipped with a curved appendage,

Wools and banks, April. May. Stem 6 to12 inches hizh, cesnitose at the Base.
Radicil leives numerous, 2 to £ inches tong, veined, fringed with long white hairs.
Panicle 8-to 12-flowered; umbelled. Flowers reddish-browa.

7]

2. WL. campzestars, DC. Common. Wood-rush..
Beaves flzt, linear, hairy; spices 4 to: 12; somewh-t-umbelled; ovoid, straw-color,
fom? of them lonz-pelaicle others nearly: sessile; sen<ls acuminate, awned,
longer than the obtuse capsule; sceds with a.conicaliappendage at the -base.

Dry fieids and woods. May. Stem 5to 12 inches high, easspitose at base. Leavsse
grais-like 2 to Ginches long, vont hairy onthe marging. iwwers reddish-brown,

-wiovoid or oblong nearly erect spikes.

2. ° JUNCUS, Lion. Rusm -Boe:Rusz.
The classical name, from jungo, to join, allading to their-use fr bands.

PERIANTH spreading. glumaceous, §-parted. STraAMEns 6,
“?

ersumetimes 3. Sricwas 3, subsessile le; Capstne 3-celled,

Iocalicidal, many-socted.—Chiely perennials, with pithy

stems, and cymase, panicled, or clustered small greenisit or

Barish lowers. ,
*Lervesnone. Scapesnaved and imple from matted running rootstocks. Stamens 3.

Le EFFUSUS, lL. Conrvmon or Soft Rush. Buil-rush.
Scape sott and a iant, finely striated ; panicle diffesely mach branched, many-
Rowered ; sepais green, lanceolate, very acute, as-loag as the cbovate very acuta
eapsule; stumens —
Marstiy ground. very abundant. June. Scape 20 4 feet high, erect, terminatinz

in along tapering point. Pnicle bursting froma fissure in “the side of the scape
above the middls, sessile: Flowers gre senish, with white anthers.

* + Scanes naked, some of the sheaths at tie base lea, if-bearing. Stamens 6..
2. J. SETACEUS, Rostkow. Bristly. Rush.
Scape slender; filiform; panzele loose, rather simple, few-flowered 3: sepals lanceo:

late, very acute, especially the 3.extericr. longer than the obovate pointed capsule.

Swamps, June, duly.. A very slender species, growing in tufts about 2 feet

high. Scapes sheathed at base, turning ight chestnut color. Punicle small, 20 to

30-tio wered, bursting from the side of the scape, below, the summit.
*** Stems leaf-bearing. Leaves round | or flattened laterally knotted, or guinted.

8. J. sorrromzs, Lam. Many-headed Rush.

Stem erect, Ss ae leaves round; panicle rather simple,. bearing- & te 6,
¢

-~-—~ . J ~~
OR RE IN, REP AOI LA
— LS Ft Se te im wns wo — om

¥
it
|
i
3

S00. | i JUNCACER. ae

pale-green densely many-flowered spherical heads; sepals rigid, awl- shaped, and .
somewhat awned. especially the outer, as long as the nee ‘acuminate ee >
seeds barely pointed at each. end..

Wet borders of streams, rather common. July, Aug.. Stem 1 to 3: feet high,

from a thickish: creeping vootstoeck. Remarkable fpr its burr-like green ven
usually 44 inch in: diameter.

4. J. parapoxus, E. Meyer, in Gray’s Flora.
Stem stout and round; leaves tere te or somewhat flattened ; panicle deccmyfound
Reads numerous, giebular,.8 to 15-flowered; sepals lanceolate, somewhat awl- emt
ed, rigid; seeds conspicuously tailed at both ends.

Wet places, common. July, Aug. Stem1 to. 21% feet high. Heads less dense,
fewer-flowered, and sometimes smaller than the foregoing. * Remarkable for the:
Toose white sed: coat prolonged at both ends into a ‘tail longer than the body of
the.seed,” _

). oJ. ACUMINATUS, Michs. & harp- freited Rush .

Stem erect, terete; leaves Race nearly terete ;. panicle terminal, with ‘rather:

. Slightly spreading branches; heads 3 to 8-flowered, chestnut-colored; sepals linear-

lanceolate, very acute, shorter than the acutely triangular capsule; seeds tail-.
pointed at Bot h ends..

Peat bogs and borders of” ponds. guly, Aug. Stem 10 to 15 inches high. Flewers:
pale-green or purplish, mostly 3:ina head. Ciupsule turning Sa cap chestnut browns.

wee Deaves jointless, flat and op:m. Stamens 3.

6. J. MARGINATUS, Rostkow. Grass-leaved Rush.

Stem leafy, erect, flattened ;: leaves linear, grass-like, neryed:; heads globose, &
to 8-flowered; sepals oblong, the 3 outer with the bracts slightly awned, the inner-
obtuse and pointless, as long as the globose capsule; seeds minutely pointed at
both ends..

Moist, sandy places, common. July.. Slem.1. to 3 feet. Kizh, tuberous at the baze,.
with numerous root-leaves. funicle simple or compound. Sepals soft, chestnut-
purplish, with a green keel.

% ERE Tooses channelled or trvoluce, ttread-forn: or alnvost sebaceous. Stamens: $..

7. J. TenvIs, Willd. Slender Rush.

Stems: stender; wiry; senaist leafy only near the base; leaves setaceows-linear,,.
ehannelled:; cyme shorter than the involucral leaves; flowers solitary one-sided ,.
nearly sessile ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, alittle longer than the obtuse capsule..

Low grounds and fields, very common. June, July.. Stem caespitose, 10 to 13:

inches high. lowers green, shining, somewhat racemose or one-sided on thie:
branchlets.

8. J. GERARDI, Loisel. Black Grass.
Stems simple, flattish, leafy, rigid; leaves linear-bristly, channelled; panies:
terminal, eymose, longer than the Involucral leaves, rather crowded 5 sepals ovate --
oblong, obtuse, nearly the length of the obovoid obtuse capsule.

Borders of salt-marshes, common. Aug. Stem 10° to 18 inches ‘Ligh, slender..
Foliage deep-green,. Quter sepals deep chestnnt-brow n, with a deep green ‘keeli.

9. J. Buronius, L. Toad Rush.

Annual;. stems diffuse,. br and‘ slender, leafy, bflen branched at the base; parst-
ele forking, spreading, the flowers remotes: sepals lanceolate, awl-pointed, much.
longer than the oblong obtuse capsule..

Low grounds and roadsides, very common. June, Aug. Stem 8 to9 inches bigh;.

tufted, divided towards the top.. Panicle loose, spreading, fe w-flowered, pale-green-.
Hlowers greenish..

pies - PONTEDERIACES. | : 898

este Stems leaftearing ; leaves terete, short. Stamens.6.

10. J. noposus, L. Jointed Rush.

Stem erect, slender, 3 to 5-leaved ; leaves terete, short; heads TI to 2,.or several’
and clustered, globose, 10 to 20- 4owered; sepals lanceolate, awl-pointed. nearly as
long as the slender 3-angled capsule.

Gravelly borders of streams, &.,common. Aug. oststooks slender. Stem 6
to 20 inches high. Headsina loose panicle, or in a dense cluster. Flowers brown-
ish or greenish.

OrveEr 128. PONTEDERIACEZ:,— Pickerel-weed Family.

Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers from a spathe; the peta.

‘oid 6-merous perianth free from the 3-celled ovary, and the 3 or 6 mostly unequal or

dissimilar stamens inserted in tts throat. PERIANTH-LOBZES colored alike. Srynzes.1:
gtiama 3 to 6-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Szgps numerous, with

somewhat mealy albumen.

1. PONTED@RTA, Linn. PIickEREL;WEED.
Dedicated to Pontedera, Prof. at Padua at.the beginning cf the last century..

PeRIANTH funnel-form, 6-cleft, 2-lipped; the 3 lower
Tobes spreading, and their claws, more or less seperate down
to the base. STAMENS 6, unequally inserted,3 near the
base and 8 near the summit of the tube : ANTITERS oval,
blue, Ovary 3-celled; 2 of the cells empty, the other
eontaining a single suspende d ovule.. Urricue 1-celled,
filled with the single seed.— Stout herbs, growing tn shullow
water, with thick « creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-
petioled mostly cordate leaves, and a l-leaved scape, termi-
nated by a spike of violet-blue ephemeral flowers.

P. corpaTA, L. Common Pickerel-weed.
Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, Lint; spite very dense, from a spathe-like bracti—
Var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Torr., has triangular-elongated and tapering leaves, scarcely
eordate at base.

Ponds, common. July—Sept. Sm 1 to 2 feet high, bearing a single smooth
giossy leaf, 4 to: 7 inches long and Wy to 3 inches wide. Flowers aggregated by 2g
and 3s, sessile br ight blue, with.a pair of small yellow spots onthe upper lobe.

2. WETERANTHERA, “Hue & Pave Mup PLANTAIN.

Gr..hesra different, and aner, for anther; “the aniliees being dissimilar.

SpATHE several-flowered. Perranti salver-form, : wate
slender tube, the limb somewhat 6-parted. STAMENS Bye 2
of the anthers ovate, yellow, the 3d oblong or aneeiehaed
greenish. CAPSULE incompletely 3-eelled, many-seeded.—
Rise 2 or floating lew herbs, with mostly rounded long-

Te 2p Ee eee ee

392 | : COMMELYNACE,

petioled leaves, and a 1 to jew-flowered spiihee bursting gJ from
the sheathing side or base of a pay with blue or white

flowers.
Hi. ReNIFoRMIS, Ruiz & Payon. Mud Prantitays
Teaves round kidney-shaped; spathe oblong-acumizate, 3 to 5: flowered:

Muddy margins ef streams. July, Aug. Stem prostrate and rooting in the:
mud, partly floating. Leaves semicireularty nerved, on petioles 2 to 3 inches long..
Flowers white. ;

8- SCHOLLERA, Schreber. Water Srar-crass.
Dedicated to: Frederick A..Scholler; a German botanist.
Pertanti salver-form, with 6 nearly equal lance-linear’
spreading segments on a very long filiform tube. STAMENS
8, with similar oblong-arrow- shaped anthers (or rarely an
abortive fourth onc): FILAMENTS nearly cqual, subulate,
®APSULE oblong, invested by the withered perianth, 1-celled,.
meng seeded A grass-like herb, growing wholly under
water, only the small pale yellow flowers pipe on the:
surface, with slender branching stems, clothed with linear
translucent sesstte leaves and Y-flowered spathe.

S. GRAMINEA, Willd. Common Water Starwort.

_In flowing streams, common in the Susquehanna. July, Aug: Stem.2 to 3’ fort:

Fong. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long,.very narrow. lowers yellow, witha tube 114.

inch long and a thick style. . : 12,
. »

OrveR 129. COMMELY NACH St.— Spiderwort Faniily,
Herbaceous plants, with jointed often branching leafy stems, and mostly perfect and
S-androus flowers, with the perianth Sree from the.2 to 3-celled ovary. PASRIANTH in-

2yrows; outer row herbaceous, 3-leaved; inner petal-like, ephemeral. SramMEns:
6, hypogynous. Sryiu i: stTiemMA-undivided.. CapsuLe-2 to 3-celled, 2.to-3-valved,.

boeulicidal,; 3 to several-seeded.

1. COMMELYNA, Dill. Day-rnower..
Dedicated to the early Dutch botanists, J. & G. Com: melyne.
PERIANTH in 2 rows; outer one d-leaved;. ealycine ; inner’
3-leavod petal-like. STAMENs 0, unequal, 3‘ of them fertile,.
ene of which is bent inward: 3 of them sterile and smaller,.
with imperféct cruciform.anthers > FILAMENTS. naked. Car-
BULE 3-celled, 2 of. the cells 2-seeded, the other 1- seeded 0
abortive.—Herbaceous plants, with branching g stems, lance-
linear. leaves contracted: at the base into sheathing petioles, the:
floral one cordate and clasping, folded together or hooded:

XYRIDACEZ.. 393

and forming a kind of spathe inclosing the blue or white
ephemeral flowers. :

T. C. aneustironiaA, Michx. Narrow-leaved Day-flower.
Stem usually reclining and rooting at the joints; leaves lanceolate or linear-
Tanceolate; spaihe: heart-shaped, folded together; peduncles usually. divided, the
smaller branch i-flowered or sterile; petals unequal, the lawer one much smaller ;
capsule 2-celled.. S

Damp rich woods and banks, rare. July—Oct. Per: Plant nearly smooth, 12
to 18 inches high. Leaves 8 to 5 inches long, 34 to 1l'4inch wide, varying from
lance-linear to lanceolate. Spathe vyeiny, 3 to 5-flowered. Flowers deep blue.
Stamens 2, perfect.

2. C. Vireinica, L. Virgintan Day-flower..

Stems upright, smooth; leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, the upper surface and
margins rough backwards; sheaths fringed with rusty bristles; spathes crowded
and nearly sessile, broadly dilated ; peduncle eer flowered ; petals nearly equal>

capsule 3-celled.

Alluvial shaded river-banks. July, Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect..
Leaves 5: to 7 inehes long, Z.inches- wide. Spathe broadly funnel-shaped.. Flowers
blue, clustered at’ tiie:top ofthe stem. Stxmens 3.

€. C@LESTIS, with blue or white flowers is sometimes cultivated:

2. TRADESCANTIA, Linn. SprpErwort.
Named for Tradescant, gardner to Charles.the First.
FLowers regular. SEPALS herbaceous. PETALS al¥
alike, ovate, sessile. STAMENS 6, all fertile: FILAMENTS

bearded. CAPSULE 2 to 3-celled, the cells 1 to 2-seeded.— _
Iferbaceous perennials, with keeled linear or bance-linear leaves, an@

ephemeral white purplish and rose-colored fiowers in axitlary and
terminal umbelled clusters.

1. T. Vireinioa, L. Common Spiderwort.
Leaves lance-linear, elongated,.tapering from the sheathing base to the poins,.
ciliate ; wmbels terminal, many-flowered ; calyx pubesceut.

Moist shady woods, common in cultivation. May—Aug. Sfems thick, round;.
jointed, 12 tolS inches high. Zeaves numerous,.12 to-18 inches-long, by. lg to L
inch wide.. Wlewers blue, in gardens often purplish or white, soon fading.

2.. T. RosEA, Vent. Jose-colored Spiderwont.
Small and slender, smooth; leaves linear, long, ciliate at. the base; umbel simple
er sometimes a pair; calyx smooth.
Moist woods orsandy fields, common. May: Stem Sto 12’inches high. Leaves

grass-like, 6 to 8 inches long, about 44 inch wide.. Flowers rose-colored, myuech,
smaller than in the preceding species. :

OrDER 130. KXYRIDACHE.—Xyris Family.

Rush-like herbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the base by a naked scane, which %:
terminated by a head of perfect 3-androus flowers, with extrorse anthers, 4 glumaceous:
calyx, and a regular corolla. Fruit a 3-valved capsule containing many anatros

pous seeds ;—thiefly represented by the genus..

:

a lh a ce i li el ee)

B94 | -ERIOCAULONACE A.

~XYRIS, Linn. YELLow-zvep GRaAss.
Gr. wyTOS, sharp, i in allusion to the pqs leaves. 3 as
PERIANTH in 2 rows; outer row glumaceous, 2 of the
segments boat-shaped or keeled; inner row petal-like, with
elaws, more or less coherent. SrameEns 6, 8 fertile with
linear anthers, and 3 sterile, plume-bearing. Sryuu 3-eleft.
CAPSULE oblong, free, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentes, 3-
valved.— Jeush-like her ‘bs, with marrowl 'y linear rigid radical
leaves, sheathing the scape, and yellow fiowers in a ter minal. dense:
head. 7
1. X. CAROLINIANA, Walt. Common Yellow-eyed Grass.

cape flattish, somewhat ie at the summit, l-angled below, smooth ; leaves:
linear-ensiform, flat; head globular-ovoid; lateral sepals obscurely torn-fringed:
above on the winged keel, rather shorter than the bract..

Wet meadows. rare. July, Aug. Per.. Scapel to 2-feet high, somewhat bulbous’
at the base, often spirally twiste ‘ds Leaves few flat, 6 to 12 inches long, 4 tolg
inch wide. Jails rather large, yellow, the claws turning brownish.

2. X. BREVIFOLIA, Michx. Short-leaved Yellow-eyed Grass.

Teaves subulate, ensiform, short; head gletose ; ins shorter than the sepals.
slightly notched.

Wet meadows, rare. July. Per. Scap212to 18 inches high, compressed near-
the summit. Leaves mich twisted. Flowers yellow.

OnpeR 131. ERIOCA ULONACEER.—Pipewort Family.

Aquatic er marsh plants, usually acaulesccnt, with linear ecllular spongy leaves-
naked scapes sheathed at the base, and bearing dense heads of monacious or diwcious
minute flowers in the axtls of minute bracts, with a double perianth, introrse anthers
and a 2 te 8-celled 2 to 3-seeded capsule; principally represented by the genus:

ERIOCAULON, Gronov. Prprwort.
Gr. erion, wool, and daulos, a stalk; from the woolly scape of many species..
Fiowerrs chiefly monccious; the central ones of the:
head sterile, bearing 4 or 6 stamens, the exterior fertile.
SEPALS 2 or 5, the lateral ones boat-shaped. COROLLA
tubular and 2 to 5-lobed: in. the sterile flowers; of 2 or 3

sepals in the fertile, each bearing a black gland. Sryum 2.

to 3-parted. CapsuLE 2 to 3- -celled, loculieidal.— Herbaceous:
p lants, with smooth often pellucida leaves, semple scapes bear-
ing a single head, the bracts and perianth whitened at the
summue with a clothing of dense fine wool and the outer bracts
scarious, often empty and forming a kind of tnvolucre.

Hi. SEPTANGULARE, Withering. Jointed Pipewort.

Scape slender, 6 to 7-angled or furrowed ; leaves subulate-ensiform, conspicuous-
ky cellular, pellucid; owter bracts obovate, rounded ;, head small, round.,

a ay

CYPERACEA. — 395 ;

Ponds and borders of swamps. Aug. Per. Scape 2 inches to 6 feet long, ac- |

cording to the depth of the water, pellucid and cellulay. Zeaves submersed, in a-
small tuft: at the bottom, 1 to 3 inches by 1 to 2 lines, awl-pointed, tapering from
-@ flattened base. Heud lead-color, 14 to 14 ineh broad. Stamens 4.

Sup-citass LY. GLU MACE, or GLUMACEOUS EN-
DOGENS.

Plants of the endogenous structure, with the flowers in-
vested in an imbricated perianth of glumes instead of a
calyx. OvARY with one cell containing a selitary ovule
and becoming a l-seeded achenium or caryopsis.

Orprr 132. CYPERACER.— Sedge Family.

Grass-like or rush-like herbs, with fibreus roots and solid stems (culms), closed
sheaths, and spiied chiefly 3-androus flowers, one tn the axil cf each of the glume-lixe
ambricated bracts, destitute of any pertanth, or with hypegynous bristles or scales tn
its place, and a 1-celled ovary, with a single erect anatropous cvule, in fruit forming
an achentum. STYLE 2-cleft, when the fruit is flattened or leviticidlar, or o-cleft
when itis 3-angular,

1. DULICHIUM, Richard.
Gr. duo, two, leiizen, a scale; alluding to the glumes in two rows.

SPIKELETS : to 10-flowered, linear, flattened, sessile in 2
ranks on axillary sclitary peduncles. emerging from the
sheaths of the leaves. Tees 2- ey lanceolate. PE-
RIANTH of 6 to 9 downwardly barbed bristles. STAMENS
3S. STYLE 2-cleft abeve. ACHENTUM flattened, linear-
oblong, beaked with the long persistent style.—l’ viennéals,
wilh short fiat linear 3-ranked leaves, and rou simple jointed
culnrs, leafy to the summit.

D. sPATHACEUM, Pers. Spathaceous Dulichiwm.

Borders of ponds, common. July—Sept. Culm 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves flat, >

spreading almost herizontally in threedirections. Spikelets 34 inch long, brownish,
ona fiexuous rachis. Scales rusty-yellow.

2. CYPERUS, Linn. GALINGALE.
The ancient Greek name.

SPIKELETS many to few-flowered, disposed in a ‘apie or
compound terminal umbel. ScaLEs Q-ranked, deciduous
with age. Sramens 1, 2, or mostly 3. PERIANTH none.
Sryte 2 to 3-cleft, deciducus. -ACHENIUM lenticular or
triangular, naked at the apex.— Mosily perennials, with simple

a> ha

396 - OYPERACER.

=

mostly triangular culms leafy at the base, 1 to several leaves ut the
sunmit forming an involucre to the wmbel, and unequal peduncles
sheathed at the base.

Secz. Pxcrevs, Beauy.—Style yas cleft: achenium flattened.

1. ©. ruavescens, L. Yellow Sedge.

Stamens 3; spike linear, rather obtuse, 14 to 30-flowered, clustered at the end of
the 2 to 4 very short rays; scales obtuse, l-nerved ; achenium shining, orbicular.

Low grounds, rare- Aug. Culms 4 to 10 inGnes high, Leaves narrow, as long
as the culm. sions ad 5 to 8 inches long, yellowish. Jnvolwcre 3-leaved, very -
unequal. )

2. ©. DIANDRUS, Torr. Diandrous Galingale.

Stamens 2; sptices lance-oblong, rather acute, 14 to 24-flowered, scattered or clus-
tered on the 2 to 5 very short or unequal rays; scales oblong, rather obtuse, brown-
margined; achentum oblong-ovate.

Low grounds. Aug., Sept. Culms 6 to 12 inches high, 0 ten weak and somewhat
decumbent, clustered. Stumens sometimes 3 in the upper axils. Var. CASTANEUS,
Torr., has oblong: lanceolate, shining close chestnut-brown scales, and scarcely ex-
serted style.

3g. ©. Creavern, Torr. Delicate Galingale. -

Stumen 1; culin bristie-form, terminated by a single and similar erect inyolucral
leaf and a solitary lance-linear 10 to 12-flowered spike ; seales linear-obleng, rather
’ acute, d-nerved; achenitum oblong-obovate.

Near Philadelphia, Dr. Cleaver. Culm 4 te 6 inches high, triangular. Spice 44
inch long much compressed.

Sze, m. Cyperus proper—Style 3-cleft. Spikes many-flowered. Achenium tri-
angular. 4
* Stamen 1: umbel contracted or sessile. \

4. (©. inrtexus, Muhl. Odorous Galingale.

Dwarf, in tufts; spzces oblong-linear, about 8-flowered, collected in 2 or 3 ovate
heads; scules oblong, tapering oo a long recurved point; ¢tnvolucre 3-leayed, very
long.

Sandy shores. Aug. Ann. Culms 2 to5 inches hich, densely clustered. Leaves
linear, as long as the culm. Umbel often sessile. Spikelets yellowish. Plant
sweet-scented dike Meyilet in drying.

€* Stamens 3: culm triangular.

5. C. stricosus, L. Vall Galingale.
Culm mostly stout, tuberous at the base; wmbel simple or compound, many-
“rayed; rays numerous, elongated; spices linear-lanceolate, flat, 8 to 10-flowered,
very numerous; scales oblong-lanceolate, strongly nerved, acutish.
Low and cultivated grounds, very common. <Aug., Sept. Culm 1 to 8 feet high.
Spikes 1 to 2 inches long, consisting of 20 to 80 spikelets. Scales loosely imbricate,
yeilowish on the sides.

6. C. pentatus, Torr. Toothed Gealingale.
Culm slender; umbel 4 to J-rayed, compound; spikes 8 to 6 on each partial ray,
clustered, oblong or ovate.lanceoalate, flat, 6 to 30-flowered ; ; scales strongly keeled,
with very acute tips; joints of the axis naked; acheniwm obovate, minute.

Sandy swamps. Aug &iitzoma creeping, Culm 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves
pre ap rigid, pale yellowish-green. Scuies reddish-brown on the sides, green on
back.

CYPERACEZ. 897

7. C. Fmicutmis, Vahl. Slender-stalked Galingale.
Culm slender, wiry, often reclined; spikes numerous and clustered im a dense

head, or in 1 to 3 additional looser heads en peers rays, 6 to 10-flowered ; scales
ovate, blunt, loose; achenium obovate.

Dry sterile soil. Aug. Culm 1 foot high, clustered, tuberous at base. Leaves

linear, dull green. Scales yellowish-green, with @ scarious margin.
€** Inner scales herbaceous, free.

8. CC. eryrHrouizos, Muhl. Led-rooted Galingale.

Culm obtusely triangular ; wmbel compound, many-rayed ; involucre 4 to 5-leaved,
very long; spikes very numerous, crowded in oblong-cylindrical heads, 10 to 18-
flowered; scales lanceolate, mucronate.

Wet alluvial banks. Aug. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, smooth. eaves sherter than
the culm. Spikes bright chestnut-colored. Root fibrous, red.

3d. HEMICARPHA, Nees.

@r. hemi, half, andkarphos, straw or chaff, in allusion te the single inner sealelet on
one side of the flower.

Sprke many-flowered, ovoid, one or few in a lateral clus-
ter, sessile. ScALES imbricated m many ranks, ovate or
obovate. INNER SCALE single behind the flower, very thin.

PERIANTH none. STAMEN 1. Sry.eE 2-cleft.—Low tufted
annuals; the naked culms with bristle-like leaves at the base.

H. suspsquarrosa, Nees. Dwarf Hemicarpha.

Dwarf; involucre 2-leaved, 1 long as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm,
the other a minute leaf; spikes .2 or 3; scales tipped with a short-recurved point.

Sandy shores. July. Culms 1 to4 inches high, in dense tufts, leafy at base.
Zeaves setaceous. Spikes 14 inch long, sometimes solitary. Scales very numerous.

Be

4. ELEOCHARIS, R. Brown. SprKe-Rusu.

Gr. elos, a marsh, and charts, to delight in; being marsh plants.

SPIKE single, terminating the nuked culm, many to
several-flowered. ScALEes imbricated on all sides in many,
rarely 2 or 3 ranks. PrriaNnTH of 3 to 12 (usually 6)
bristles, often rough or barbed downwards. STaMENS 38.
STYLE 2 or.3- cleft, bulbous at the base, jointed with the
apex of the lenticular or mostly obtusely triangular achen-
ium.— Chiefly perennial leafless herbs, with tufted culms

sheathed at the base, sume of them often sterile from matted or creep=
ing reotstocks.

1. E. quapraneunata, R. Brown. Square-stalked
Spike-rush.

Culm even, sharply 4-angled, 3 of the sides concave, the fourth wider and flat;
Scales broad-ovate, very obtuse; acheniwm smooth;-crowned with a beaked tubercle

Shallow water. Aug. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, with purple sheaths at base.
Spike 1 to 114 inch Jong. Scales with a scarious margin, dotied with purple.

ya

898 | OYPERACEZ.

2. HE. optusa, Schultes. Odtuse Spike-rush.

Culms nearly terete, tufted; spite globose-ovoid, many-flowered ; seales very
numerous (80 to 130), densely crowded in many ranks; style 3-(rarely 2)-cleft.
achenium obovate, shining, tumid- -margined, about half the lengths of the 6 bristles,
\erowned with a broad tubercle.

Muddy places, very common. July. Culms 8 to 15 es high. Spite thick .
and obtuse. Scales with a green midrib.

8. E. panustris, R. Brown. Common Spike-rush.
Culms nearly terete, striate, rising from running rootstocks; spikes oblong-
lanceolate, pointed, many-flowered; scales ovate-oblong, loosely imbricated in
aeveral ranks; achenium obovate, somewhat shining, crowned with a flatt ened
tubercle, shorter than usually 4 bristles.

Marshes and low-meadows, common. June—Aug. Culm 1 to 9 feet hich, stout
and tall when growing in the water, or slender and lower when in grassy grounds.
A very variable species. Spike l4 to 4 inch long. Seales reddish-brown, with a
broad and translucent whitish margin and green keel.

4. KE. INTERMEDTIA, Schultes. Intermediate Sptice-rush.
Culms capillary, wiry, striate-g rooved, densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffuse-
ly spreading or reclining; spike oblong ovate, acutish, loosely 10 to 18-flowered,
scales oblong, obtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown; achentum pimooth,
obovoid, tubercled, nearly equalling the 6 bristles. ! ¢
Wet slopes, common. July. Culms very numerous, 6 to 12 incheshigh. Ache
sum light brown. ote c ;
5. KH. tenvts, Schultes. Slender Spilce-rush.

, Culms almost capillary, erect, sharply 4-angular, the sides concave; spixe ellip-
tical, acutish, 20 to 30-flowered; scales ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple with a broad
gcarious margin and green keel; achentwm cbovate, roughened; bristles 2 to 3,
half the length of the achenium, or wanting.

Wet meadows and bogs, common. July. Culm8 to 12inches high, very slender, -
with 1 or 2 purple sheaths at base. Spike 14 inch long.
6. EE. acrcutaris, R. Brown. Capillary Spike-rush.

Culms finely capillary, 4-angular; spizxe 3 to 8-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong,
rather obtuse, greenish with purple sides; achentwm obovate-oblong, rather acute
at each end, tumid, with © 3-ribbed angles, longer than the 8 or 4 yery fugaceous
tr stles.

Muddy placea, and margins of brooks,commoa. June—Aug. Culm 2 to 8 inches
long, clustered, slender.

5° SCIRPUS, Linn. BuLtrusn. Crup-Rusu.
The ancient Latin namefof the Bulrush.

SPIKES many or several-flowered, terete, mostly clustered,
often appearing lateral from the extension of the involucral
leaf hke a continuation of the culm. Scaxrs regularly
imbricate on all sides in several ranks. PERtantTH of 3 to
6 bristles. SraMENS 3. Sry x 2 or 3-cleft, simple at base,
deciduous. ACHENIUM lenticular or triangular.— C1 hiefly

Farah with the culms sheathed at the base, sheaths usually coi
earing, and solitary con glomerated or cor ymbose spikes,

a_i

a_i _—

CYPERACH#. 3a3

Sse. 1. Scrirus proper.—Zristles rizid, saestiy barbed downwards.

i. S. PLANIFotIus, Muhl. #'lat- idues Club-rush.

Culms triangular, locsely tufted, leafy at the base; leaves linear, flat, as long as
the culm, rough on the edges and keel; spite ovate or oblong, 5 to T-flowered, rusty
color; scales ovate, with a strong green keel prolonged into an awned tip; dristles

_ 4to 6, upwardly hairy, as long as the blunt achenium.

Dry or moist woods, rare. Juae. Culms6 to 12 inches long, rough on the edges.
Scales yeliowish. :
2. S. PUNGENS,, Vahl. Pungent Clud-rus:

Culm sharply 3-angled throughout, with concave sides; lexves 1 to 3, elongated,
keeled and channelled; spikes 1 to 6, capitate, ovoid, long, overtopped by the point-
ed involucral leaf; scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft at the apex; anthers tipped
with a minute fringed appendage; style 2-cleft; bristles 2 to 6, shorter than the
obovate smooth achenium.

Borders of fresh ponds and sireams. July, Aug. Culm 1to4feethigh. Leaves
4to10inches long. This is the species used for rush-bottom chairs.

3. §. LAcUSTRIS, L. Bulrush. Tall Club-rush.

Culm large, cylindrical, gradually tapering at theapex; spikes ovate-oblong, nt-
merous in a compound umbel-like panicle, turned to one side, rusty brown; scales
ovate, mucronate; bristles 4 to 6; achenium obovate, mucronate.

Fresh water ponds and lakes. July. Culm 3 to 8 feet high, 44 inch thick at the
base, tipped with an erect pointed invoincral leaf, shorter or longer than the
Fanicle. Scales ‘brown, minutely pubescent.

4. §. pepiiis, Pursh. Weak-stalked Club-rush.

Culms slender, tufted from fibrous roots, leafless, sometimes l-leaved at the base
spikes ovate, 1 to 8 in a sessile cluster; scales round-ovate, greenish-yellow; style 2
to 3-cleft; bristles 4 to 6, longer than the obovate shining achenium.

Low grounds, and banks of streams. Aug. Ann. Culms 6 to12 inehes high.
Spikelets apparently bursting from the side of the cuim 2 or 3 inches frem the top.
Pristies retrorsely hispid.

5. S. ATROVIRENS, Muhl. Dark-green Club-rush.
Cuim rigid, obtuscly triangular, very leafy; leaves broadly linear, flat, rough
margined ; wmlel cymose-decompound, irregular, the numercus spikes clustered
15 to £0 together in dense heads ; bristles 6, scarcely exceeding the obovoid cou.*

pressed achenium.

Low grassy ground,common. July. Culm about 2 feet high, leafy nearly io
the top, smooth. Spikes ovoid, dark-lead-colored or clive-green, turning brownish.
involucre of 3 principal leaves, dark-green.

Ssc u. TricuopHortmM, Richard.—Bristles 6, capillary, tortuous, smoothish.
Stem leafy.

6. S. tryeatus, Michx. Loose-flowered Wool-grass,
Culm triangular, leafy; leaves linear, flat, rough on the margins; wmbels termi-

nal and axillary, loosely cymose-panicled, drooping, the terminal with a1 to 3-leaved
involucre; spikes oblong, becoming cylindrical, on filiform pedicels; scales ovate,

_ pointed with a green keel.

Low grounds. July. Culm1to3 feethizgh. Bri stles crisped, scarcely exceeding
the scales.

ot Ca 2 iccoticietan Michx. Wool-grass.
Culm nearly terete, very leafy ; leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid; panicle.
aecompound, large, loose; spikes ovate, clustered om the lateral pedicels, woolly

er ee.

400 HS "OYPERACEAE

at maturity ; : bristles rusty-colored, much longer than the penne scales ¢ ci Le

zum short-pointed.

Wet meadows, common. hii, eae. A anes vaetaliie: apecies 2 to’ (3 feet
high, leafy near to the top. Leaves I to 2 feet long, flat apie, sabi on the mar-
gin. Scales with the sides brown andthe keelgreen. tb Bile. idee

aid

6. ERIOPHORUM, Linn. Corron-arass.

Gr. erton, wool or cotton, and phora, bearing.

SPIKE many- -flowered. SCALES imbricated all Bes in

several ranks. PERIANTH woolly, of numerous flat hairs,
much longer than the scales, persistent aud forming a silky
er cotton-like usually white tuft in fruit. STAMENS 3.

Sryte 3-cleft.— Perennials, with mostly leafy stems, and

mostly wmbelled spikelets, finally clothed with long silky hows. —

1. E. Vireinicum, L. Virginian Cotton-grass.
Culm. vigid, nearly: terete below, obtusely triangular above; leaves narrowly-

linear, elongated, flat; spies crowded in a dense cluster or head ; wool rusty-color,

8 times the length of the scale; stamen 1.

Bogs. and low meadows, common. July, Aug. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, leafy.
Scales with pale sides and a green keel. Hairs very numerous, tawny.

2. HE. ponysracuyon, L. . Broad-leaved Cotton: grass.

Culm rigid, obscurely triangular; leaves linear flat, or barely channelled belows:

‘triangular at the point; envolucre 2 or d-leaved ; spikes dei on nodding “ld

duncles, some of them. elongated in fruit.
Bogs and marshes, common.» June, ripe in Aug. A variable srecies. ~ Culm ¥

to 2 feet high, smooth. Scales green, at length brown. Hairs very Dumerous,.

long, white ‘With a reddish tin ge, 1 inch long.

7. FIMBRISTYTIS, Vahl.

Hat. jimbria, a fringe, and stylus, a style; from the ciliate style.

(5

SPIKES several to many-flowered. Scanzs regularly im-
_bricated in several ranks. BristLes none. STrameEns | to

3. Srvie 2 or 38-cleft, with a thickened or bulb-like base,
deciduous.—f Papaniiae with leafy culms, and ¢ ymvose-um-
belled spikes, as. in Scirpus. cen

Sec. I. VIMBRISTYLUS proper.—Style2-cleft, mostly. flatand ciliate on the margin.

Do At Tad ks Weal,

Culms grooved and flattish, slender; leaves chiefly from the base, narrowly linear,.
flat, channelled, ciliate-denticulate, glaucous; wmbel simple or compound ; involu-
ere about d-leaved ; sotkes ovate, slceieg stamen single; achenium 6 to 8- vide on-
each. side.

semen

Low clayey soil. J Fal; Aug. Culm 4 to 12 inches Hate: Tindet small, some of

the rays divided. Sp ikes ly inch long.

SEC. EH. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Tee Style 3-cleft, igi from the triangular
achenium..

2. F. aurumnatts, Roem. & Sohuline a, -ieemn
Low, tufted; eulins flat, often diffusely spreading; leaves flat, very diel.

ee

CYPERACE.E. : — ADL

polucre 2-leaved; wmbel usually decompound ; sptxes oblong, acute, single or 2 or 3
_ together at the end of the rays; stamens 2 or 3; achenium oboyate-triangular.

Muddy grounds. Aug.—Oct. Culm 8 to 12 inches high. Leaves mostly radical.
Scales rusty- brown with a green keel.

3. F. oaprnnaris, Gray. Capillary Fimbristylis.

Low, densely tufted; culms capillary, much. longer than the bristle-form leaves;
“Shzaths se at the throat; involucre 2 or 3-leaved; wznbei compound or cymose-
panicled; spixes oyoid-oblong; stamens 2; achentum very obtuse, tipped with the
minute ae

Sandy flelds, common. Aug. Culm 3 toSinehes high, Leares mostly radical.
Seales rusty-brown with a green keel. <

8. CERATOSCHCINUS, Nees. Hornep Rusu.
Gr. keras, a horn, and schoinos, a rush.

Spikes 2 to 5-flowered, one perfect, and I to 4 staminate.
ScALEs few and loosely imbricated, the lower empty. Pe-
RIANTH of 5 or 6 rigid or cartilaginous bristles. Sramens
3. SryLe simple, entirely hardening into a long beak. with
a narrow base, much exserted, and several times longer than
the flat and smooth achenium.— Perennials, with triangular
leafy culms and large spikes clustercd in simple or compound terminal
and capillury cymes.

T. €. cornicurata, Necs.

Cymzs decompound, diffuse; br “stles awl-shaped, stout, unequel , shorter ee thie
“aohenium.

Wet places. Aus. Cwm 3 te 6 fect hizh, triangular. Leaves 12 to 16 imshes
Fong, 4 inch wide. Jruil w-th the beak 1 incl long.

9. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. Brax-rusa.

Gr. rugcnos,.a snout, and spora, a seed; from the beaked achenium.
SPIKE ovstc, few to several-flowered. Scatus loosely im-
bricate, the lower ones smaller and empty. Brisruss 6,
rarely more. STAMENS mostly 3. Sry Le 2-cleft. AcuHEN-

1UM lenticular or globular, crowned with the persistent base_

of the style-—Perennials, with more or less: triangular leafy
culms, and small spikes in terminal and axillary clusters, eymes or
heads,

-T. RR. crmosa, Nutt. Pufted Beak-rush._

Culm triangular; leaves lincar, flat; cynves corymbese; spixes crowded and elus-
tered; aclhenium round-obovate, twice the length of the bristles.

Low grounds, rare. July, Aug. Giulm 12 to 18 inches high, slender..

£25°R- arpa , Vahl. White Beak-rush. -

Culm triangular above; leaves nearly bristle-form; spixes several corymb-clus-
tered, lanceolate; stamens usually 23; achentum ovoid, nerrowed at the base, short:s
than the $‘to 11 bristles..

Q2%

ee ee ee a ee

A

_—

402 . | CYPERACER.

Bogs and swamps, common. July, Aug. Culm slender, 12 to 20 inches highs:
smooth. Spikelets about 2-flowered.. Scales lanceolate, whitish, when old brownish:

3. RK. caprenaces, Torr. Capillary Beak-rush.

Culm triangular, slender; tenes bristle-form ; spikes 3 to 6 in a’ terminal cluster,
and mostly. 1 or 2.0n a remote axillary peduncle; acheniwm oblong-ovoid, stipitate,
about he!f the length of the-6 stout bristles..

Bogs and rocky _river-banks. July. Culm:6 to 9 inches: high. aia to 3-
flowered., Scales-light-brown, oblong; mucronate..

4. KR. atomMerRaTA, Vahl. Clustered Beak-rush..

Culm obtusely triangular; leaves linear, flat; spikes very numerous in distant.
elusters er heads, ovoid-oblong; achenium obovate, margined, narrowed at the-
base; bristles 6; downwardly barbed..

Low: grounds. Aug. Culm Ito 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves flat, shorter than:
the culm.. Séales: lanceolate,, brownish.

I0:. CLADIUM, P. Browne. Twie-rusn..
Gr. klados, a twig or branch, application uncertain..

SPIKES ovoid or oblong. Scanes few, imbricate in x
somewhat trifarious manner; the lowest empty. BRISTLES
none. StamENS 2. Styne 2 or 8-cleft, deciduous:
ACHENIUM ovoid or globular.—Pérennials, with leafy stems
and terminal and axiliary corymbs or panicles.

©. MARIcoIDES, Torr. Smooth Twig-rush. Bog-rush.
Culm obscurely triangular; cymes small, compound; spikes clusteredin heads of?
& to 8 together on:2 to4 peduncles; style 3-cleft, with entire lobes.

Bogs and ponds.. July. Culm 2 feet high, nearly smooth. Leaves channelled;.
with a long compressed point.. Scales-about.6, brown;-4-lower ones usually empty..

EY. SCLERIA, Linn. Nurrvsu..
Gr. sktlevia, hardness; from the bony or crusted fruit.

FLOWERS moneecious. FERTILE sP1KeEs I-flowered, usual:
ly intermixed with clusters of few-flowered staminate spikes..
ScaLxEs loosely. imbricated, the lower empty. Stamens L
to 3. Sryie 3-cleft. AcHENIUM globular, seated. in a
shallow or saucer-shaped disk.—L¢érennials, with triangular

leafy culms, and fascicled or panicled spikes.
- Sec. SEcLeRra proper.—Perianth lobed or a ring, often obscure: :
1. S. TRIGLOMERATA, Michzx. Phree-clustered Nut-rush.
Culm broadly-linear leaves roughish ; fascicles of spikes few, terminal and axil-

lary; in triple clusters, the lower peduneled 5. siamens 3;. achentum ovoid-giubular,.
slightly pointed:

Low grounds.. June, July:. Culm 2 to 3 feet hizh, leafy. Heaves 2 to 3 lincs~
wide, rough onthe margin. Scales purplish.. Achentum large and white.

2. §. pauciFLors, Muhl.. Few:flowered Nut-rash.

Somewhat downy or nearly smooth ; leaves narrowly linear; clusters few-flowered;;

CYPERACES. 403°

‘bracts ciliate; scales smoothish ; tubercles of the perianth-in:3 pairs at the base of
the shining roughened achenium.

Swamps and‘ hills. July. €ulm $:to I8 inches high, roughish above. Fascteles-
2 or 3; the lower lateral:ones when present peduncled.. Achenium. white, —*
with elevated points..

Sze: 1. Hypororum, Nees. Ferianth none: stamens 1 or 2.

3. S. VERTICILLATA, Muhl. Whorled Nut-rush.
Smooth ; culm simple, slender and with the linear leaves smooth; fascicle 4 tu 6,-
alternate, sessile, distant; bracts minute, setaceous; scales smooth; achenium-. gle--
bose, rough-wrinkled, short-pointed. “

Swamps. June—Aug. Culm 6 to10 inches high, very slender, terminated by
an interrupted: spike er fascicle of 4 to 6 rather distant sessile clusters. Scales:
purple..

#2. CAREX, Line. Sxpoe.
A classical name of obscure signification.

SPIKES one or several, androgynous, moneecious or rare-
Ty dicecious. Scazzs of ‘the spikes I-flowered, equally im-
bricated around the axis. STAMENS 3, rarely 2. STYLE:
single, included: stTigMAS 2 or 3, elongated, exserted..
OVARY inelosed in an inflated sac (perigynium). ACHEN-
tum lenticular, plano-convex or triangular, crowned with the:
lower portion of tae style-—NPerennial herbs, chiefly flower=.
ing in April or May, often growing in wet places, with tri-
angular culms, grassy: leaves usually rough on the margins
and keel, and bearing the spikes tn the axils.of green and
leaf-like or scale-like- bracts. z |

Sec. 1. Sptkes staminate at the summit.
= Stigmas 3..
1. C. potytrrienomwss, Muhl. Bristie-staiked Sedge..
Culm slender ;: leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm ; spike very small, fe w+-
flowered:; periyynia erect, alternate, oblong, obtuse, slightly nerved,entire at the

apex, green, twice the length of the ovate scale. _
Low grounds and: boegs,.common. Culm a foot high, very slender. Fertile flowe--
4r8 3 to 8.

2. (C. PEDUNCULATA, Mukl. Peduncled Sedge.

Spikes about:4, on long peduncles, very remote; sheaths with green tips muck:
shorter than the stalks; perigynia with a long attenuated-base, the orifice minute
ly notched, a little longer than the dark purple scale.

Dry woods and rocky hillsides, rare.. Culms 4-to 10 inches high, tufted, prostrate-
at maturity..

3. ©. UMBELLATA, Schk. OUmbelled Sedge.

Tufted; exlms very short; staminate spice short, ereet, sometimes with a few-
pistillate flowers; fertile spikes 4 or 5, ovoid, few-flowered, the uppermost clcse te:
the sterile spike and. sessile, the rest on radical peduncles of about an unequal
height; perigynia ovoid, 3-angled, acuminate.

Rocky hillsides. Culms in dense tufts 2 to-6 inches high. Leaves radical, nare-
row, rough, longer than the culm.

ee ee

404 | CYPERACEZ. ae

4, ©. Pennsyitvanica, Lam. Pennsylvanian Sedye. —
Sterile spikes erect, commonly ona short stalk; fertile spies usually 2, approxi-
mate, nearly sessile, ovoid, 4 to 6-flowered.; perigynium roundish-oveid, with 4
ebort and abrupt minutely-toothed beak about the length of the ovate pointed
chestnut-colored scale.

Dry woods and hillsides, commen. Culms tufted, 4 to 12 inches. high, slender,

rough above. Leaves short, somewhat e¢laucous.
5. C. vestira, Willd. . Short Woolly Sedge.

sterile spikes 1 or 2, the uppermost cylindrical, shori-staiked ; fzitde spives 1. or
2, approximate, sessile, ovoid or oblong; perigynia ovoid, dowry, » Berved, short-
beaked, a little longer than.the ovate pointed seale., :

Sandy soils, rare. Culms about 2 feet high, tufted. Leaves eat shorter than
ne culms, rough. anes

6. €. TENTACULATA, Muhl. Long-potrted Sedye.

Sterile spives solitary ; fertile spiices 2 or 3, ovoid, oblong, or cylindrical, densely
flowered, approximate and diverging horizontally; perigynta crowded, ovoid, in-
fated, very long-beaked, 2-tcothed at the apex, longer than the long-subulate
BCALe.. :

Wet meadows, common. Culm 12.to 18: inches high, triangalar, rough on the
angles. Leaves bright green, longer than the culm.

=

7. (C. intuMESCENS, Rudge. Swollen Sedge.

Sterile spies oblong, penned fertile spikes 1 or 2, ovoid, loosely 5 to 8-flowered,
elosely approximated, sessile, or the lower on a very sbortly exserted peduncle;
perigynia ovoid, erect-spreading, tapering into-a leng beak, much longer than tha-
ovate cuspidate scale.

Wet grounds, commen. Culm. slender, 15 to 20 inches hich, with I-to.3. fertile
epikes close! y crowded together. Leaves broad-linear, rough on the margin.

8. °C. routicubata, G. Pall Yellow Sedge.

Sterile spt’e solitary, small, sor t-stalked, or sessile; fertile «pikes 3 cr 4, ovoi'l,
very remote, the lower on exserted peduncles; perigynia erect-spreading, tapering
to a long point, excceding the.ovate white long-awned scale.

Swamps. Culm 2 to 4 feet High, leafy. Leaves flat, smooth, %4 inch wide, yellow-
ish. Bracts long, foliacecus.

9. ©. LupuLina, Muhl. epee Sedge:

Sterile spiices short-peduncled; fertile spikes 2 or 3, oblong-ovoid) erect, the upper
gp proximate, the lower on more or less exserted stalks; perigynia erect, inflexed,
long-beaked, much longer than the lanceolate awned scale. Var. 1. PEDUNCULATA,
Beck. Fertile spikes all peduncled, distant ; the 3: upper subumbellate. ;

Swamps and wet meadows, not common. A coarse robust species 2 to 3:feet highs
with very thick culms, long bright green leaves, and very thick spikes 2 or 3.inches
in length.

10... C. vesicarta, LG,

Staminate spikes 2 or 8; fertile spikes mostly 2, oblong, or cylindrical, stout; ap-
rroxiniate, the upper sessile, the lower on a short rough staiks perig ynia oblons-
evoid, 17-nerved at base, 10-nerved above, with a short tapering beak, bread:r
than the long pointed scale..,

Marshes, rare. Chester County, Darlington. A bright green plant about. 2.fect
Righ. Cutm sharply angled and rough, shorter than the leaves.

1l.. C. scaprata, Schweinitz. Rough Sedge.
Fertiie spiies 4 cr 5, eylindrical, ercet, rather distent, densely Ecwered). the lower

‘

Ot

. CYPERACE-E. | 405.

on long stalks; bracts without sheaths; perigynia ovoi id, contracted at the bese,
few-nerved, rough with an oblique notched beak, longer than the ovate brown
scale. pes . ig is | .

Wet meadows and swa amps. Culm 18 inches high, and with the dark green leayes
and bracts very rough. |

: = a Iv i
12.. C..pepruis, Michx. . Weak Sedge.
Sterile sptices solitary, occasionally fertile at the apex; ferétile spizes with loose
alternate flowers, on a somewhat zizzag rachis; perigynia oblong, tapering at each
end twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate awned scales.

Moist meadows. June. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, weak and slender, sometimes
procumbent, leafy. Zeaves narrow.

13. fi WP OHADEARES, Schk. Few-fruited Sedge.

Sterile spiice solitary, pedunculate; fertile spikes small, 3 to.8-flowered ; style very
short, thickened towards the base; perizynium roundish-triangular, witha slighily

ebiique poin 7c
Woods. Cid 6to 12 inehes high, erect.. Leaves longer than the culm, rough on
the edge, dark green. WSheaiiis smooth.

“

14... ©. pirantacines, Lam. Plantain-like Séiye.
Sterile spike solitary, pedunculats ; fertile svilces mostly 4, oblon #8 8-flovrered ;
bracts very short, dark purple or the lowest greenish at the apex; perigynia oblong «
acute at each end, recurved at the apex.

Shady woods.. Gulm 8 to 20 inches high, erect. Zeaves radical, broad, ‘stro aly
enerycd.

15. C. Granvianis, Muhl. Round-fruited Siok a
Sterile spike sessile, or shovt-staiked, occasionally bearing a few fertile Sowers;
fertile spiices 8 or 4, cylindrical, densely flowered, remote, the 2 tea pedurcled ;
perigynia roundish-ovoid, nerved, minutely pointed ; dr acts longer thau the eu uim.
~ Wet meadows, commen. Culm 10 to ldinches high, erect or somewhat decumber *

16. C. ancers, Willd... Pade Sedye.

?
Sterile spike solitary. triangular ; fertile spikes. 2 to 4, slender; loosciy flawered;
? oS b) 2 J =

perigynia oveid, narrowed at each end. Var.1. Sreiaruna has the spikes oblong,
‘more densely flowered,and the perizgynia obovoid witha shorter point. (C. bianda,
<2) 6 ian ae ae .
~ Open woods, common. €xim 6 to 12 inches high, triangular, leafy near the base
Leaves as long as the ctlm, pale-green and somewhat glaucous.

a7. + G: BULLATA, Schk. ~ Iuflated Sedge.

Sterile sptices 2 or 3; fertile spikes J or 2, mostly 1, approximated, oblong or cylin-
drical, stout, sessile or on short smooth stalks: perigynia spreading; ovoNl, long-
beaked, tiice as lonzas the ee s0late seale. ; ;

Wet meadows. Culm 1% to 216 feet hich, triangular, rough: above, leaty.

~ Bracts and leaves narrow, avout as long as the culm.

18. (©. uysrericrna, Willd. Porcupine Sedye-

Sterile Spil-e solitary ; fertile et 2 to 4, oblong-cylinarical, densely flowered,
the uppermost nearly sessile, the lower on long stalks, atlength. nodding; pertg unica
evoid, inflated, pee ading many-neryed, beaked, twice as wets as the gr Sign

- ‘Scales.

Wet meadows. A pale or yellowish-green plant, 1 to 2° fect high. shia lon- os
linear-laneeolate.. Fertile spikes 34 to 114 inchdong. " .

406 : CYPERACER

. ~

® Stigmas 2. Spikelets mostly sterile at the summit.

19. ©. Bromoipes, Schk. Brome-like Sage.

Spikes + to 6, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, some of the central ones wholly fertile ;
perigynia erect, narrow-lanceolate, wilh a tapering point, longer than the lanceo
late scale; style jointed at the base.

Swampy grounds common. Culm 12 to 13 inches hich, slender, rough above.
Scale lizht brown. Occasionally dicecious.

20. C. VULPINOIDEA, Michx:.« Pox Sedge.
Spixe oblong and dense. or more or less interrupted, of 8 to 10 crowded clusters ;
pertgynia ovate from a broad base, with a more or less abrupt beak, diverging at

maturity ; scale ovate, cuspidate.

Low grounds, common. €iim 18 to 24 inches high; obtusely triangular above,
leafy. “Spikes 11% to 214 inches long.

21. C. stirpata, Muhl. Beaked Sedge.

Spties 19 to 15 aggregated, or the lower ones distinct and sometimes compound;
perigynia lanceolate, with along beak tep¢ring from a truncate base, longer than
the scale

Swooane and low grounds, common. Oulm 1 to 3 feet high, thick and succulent.
Spire 2 inches long, | straw-color.

22. ©. ROSEA, Schk. Lose Sedge.

Spikes 4 to 6, the uppe se approximate, the others all distinct and the foweat
often reniote; perigynia oblong, 8 to 10 in cach spike, narrow at the base, rough
on the margin, twice as lonz as the ovate obtuse scale.

Moist wocds and meadows, common. Culm 12to15 inches high. Spivxes yellow-
fsh-green. Varies with weak slender culms, and small 3 to 4 flowered spikes.

23. C. RETROFLEXA, Muhl. Leetroflexed Sedge.
Spies 4 or *, allapproxima'‘e, the 1 or 2 lowest distinct but not remote; perigynia
-about 5 to 7 ineach spike, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, smooth on the margin, spread-
ing or refiexed, not much execeding the ovate-lanecolate pointed scale.
, Moist meadows and pastures. Culm 12 to 15 inches high, slender.

24. (©. cepHatopnora, Muhl. Ovat-headed Sedye.

Spt.es 5 or 6, small, and densely aggregated into a short ovoid head; pertgynia
broadly ovate, with 2 or 4 distinct nerves on the outer side, scarcely longer than
the ovate roughly-pointed scale; achentum roundcish-ovate; s7yle short tumid at
the base.
br ag and sets common. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, leafy at base. Whole plant

een

25. ©. carsprrosa, L. Smaller Bog Sedye.

Sterile spikes solitary or sometimes 2, cylindrica]-oblong; fertile spthes mostly z
cylindric, obtuse, distant, the lower on a short exsert peduncle; perigynium ovoid
er oval, somewhat acute, smooth, — longer than the oblcng obtuse blackish
scale. 33

Mountain bogs. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, slightly round above. Leaves flat,
light green. Beck,

26. CC. crinita, Lam, Fringed Sedye.

Sterile spikes 1 or 2, often with fertile flowers variously intermixed; fertile :pt/.es
8 to 5, long-cylindrical, densely flowered, on exserted nodding stalks; bracts longer
than the culm; perigynia roundish-obovate, ete inflated, obscurely nerred,
shorter than the eit light-brown scale.

CYPERACES. AGT

Wet meadows and borders of rills, common. 6'4/m 2 to 4 feet high, sharply
angled, w:th pale leaves about '4 inch wide. Jeritle sptkes 2 to 3 inches iong.

27... C.. stRictA, Lam.

Sterile spilces 1 to 3; the fertile 2 to 4, cylindrical, slender, usually barren at the
summit, sessile or the lower on a short stalk; lower bracts auricled, seldom ex-
ceeding the culm; pertgynia ovate-acuminate or clliptical, with ashort, entire, or
slichtly notched point, usually shorter and broader than the reddish-brown scale.

Wet meadows and swamps, common. (Culm 2 to 21% feet high, slender sharply
triangular, rough. Leaves shorter than the culms, narrow, rigid, rough and glau-
cous. Grows in large thick tufts.

28. (©. ALOPECOIDEA, Tuckerman. Fox-tail Sede.

Jead of 8 to 10 aggregated spikes, oblong, dense; perigynia compressed, obscure-
ly nerve, ovate, somewhat longer than the scale; achenium pyriform.

Woods net common. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, rough on the angles. Spike yellow-
ish-green.

Bzc. u. Spikes pistillate at the summit.

© Stigmas 2.

29. C. Frasert, Sims. Fraser's S- dye.
Spike simple, ovoid; perigynium ovoid-subglobose, entire at the point, striate,
longer than the oblong scale.

Mountains. Culm about afoot high, sheathed at base. Leaves radical, broad,
wavy. Beck.

30. C. sTeLLuLaTA, Good. Star-like Sedge.

Spixes 3 to 5, distinct, obovoid or roundish at maiurity; perigynia ovate, acumi-
mate, scabrous on the margin, at length spreading horizontally, longer than the
ovate acute scale; achentum oblong or ovate; style slightly tumidat the base. (C.
ecirpoides, Scvic. ) :

Swamps and wet mozndows, common. Culm 8 to 18 inches high, stiff, leafy be-

low. ‘A variable plant embracing several nominal varictics, some of which occa-
sionally bear dicecious spikes.

dl. C. scoparia, Schk. Broom-like Sedye.
_ Spikes & to 8, club-shaped, at length ovate, more or less approximate, sometimes
forming a dense head; peri: gynia narrowly lanccolate, tapering into a long siender
beak, longer than the lanceolate pointed scale. }

Low meadows, common. Culm 1 to2 feet high, triangularrough above. Leaves
lengand narrow. Spice browuish or straw-colored wien ripe.

82. C. LAGoPpopiorpEs, Schk. Hare’s-foot Sedye.
Spice 10 to 15, approximate, alternate and sessile; perigynia ovate-lanceelata,
twice as jong as the ovate-lanceolate scale; ackentum narrowly oval, ona short
stalk. Var. cristata has the spikes closely aggregated, with the perigynia spreading.

Wet fields, common. Culm ito 214 feet high, furrowed. Sprke sub-cylindrie
when young. %

338. (CO. STRAMINEA, Schk. Straw-colored Sedye.
Spices about 6, roundish-ovoid, approximate ; perigynia orbicular-ovate, much
eompressed, broadly and membranaceously winged, somewhat longer than the
lanceolate scale ; acheniuwm sessile, oval.

Wet meadows, borders of woods and felds. A yariable species, including several
nominal epscics.

— ree

408 - @RAMINE-E.

© * Stigmas 3.

34. €. Szortiana, Dew. WShort’s Sedge.
Rpikes about 5, cylindrical, erect, more or less distant, and the lowest rather re-
- mote, all androgynous and densely flowered; perigynia broadly-obovate, abruptly
contracted at the base into a short etalk, but little longer than the short-pointed
somewhat obovate scale.
Marshes, Southern parts of the State.

35. C. MILIACEA, Mull. Millet-like Sedge.
Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate; fertile spikes 3, slender, cylindrical, on filiform
nodding peduncles; perigynia ovoid triangular, slightly beaked, entire at the
orifice, as long as the ovate-lanceolate scale.

Wet meadows. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, slender, Peay’ below. Leaves narrow,
about as long as the culm, yellowish-green.

86. C. squarrosa, L. Sguarrose Sedge.

Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, obtuse and very thick, rigidly erect on short stalks;
-perigynia longer than the lanceolate pointed scales, which are nearly concealed by
the crowded bases of the fruit.

Low meadows. Culm 2 feet high, triangular, rough, leafy. Spice 1 to 2 inches
long, 44 to 34 inch in diameter, densely flowered.

OrvER 133. GRAMINEE.— Grass Family.

Grasses, with usually hellow stems (culms) closed at the joints, alternate 2-ranked
leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite the blade; the hypogynous flow-
ers imbricated with 2-ranked glumes or bracts. STAMENS 1 to 6, commonly 3: AN-
HERS versatile, 2-celled. StyLes mostly 2 or 2-parted: stigmas feathery or hairy.
Ovary 1-celled, forming a seed-like grain (caryopsis) in fruit. FLowzrs green, in
smal] spikelets, arranged in a spiked raceme or panicled manner.

1. LEERSIA, Solander. Wauuirr Grass.
Named in honor of J. D. Leers, a German botanist.

_§prKe ets 1-flowered, perfect, flat. Guumms none. Pa-
LE (outer perianth) compressed-carinate, awnless, bristly
ciliate. STaAMENS 1 to 6. Sti@mas feathery, the hairs
branching.—Perennial marsh-grasses with flat leaves, which
with the sheaths are rough upwards.

1. L. ornysorpEs, Swartz. Cut-grass. False Rice.

Panicle diffusely branched, often sheathed at the base; flowers elliptical, with 3
stamens; palee strongly bristly ciliate.

‘Wet places, common. Aug., Sept. Culm retrorsely scabrous, 3 to 5 feet high.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, very rough with hooked prickles. SPunicle with
apany widely spreading and fiexuous brancies.

2. UL. Virainica, Willd. White Grass.

Panicle simple, the lower branches spreading, the flowers closely appressed and
gomewhat imbricated on the slender branches; flowers oblong, with 2 stamens;
palex sparingly ciliate, greenish-white.

G@RAMINER. 409

Wet woods. Aug. Culm 2to4 feet high, slender, branched, erect or decambent.
/Eeaves linear-lanceolate, rough. Panicle terminal, at length much exserted.

2. ZIZANIA, Gronsv. Witp Ric.
Gr. Zizanton, the ancient name of some wild grass.

‘FLOWERS moneecious, the staminate and pistillate in 1-
‘lowered spikelets in the same panicle. GnuUMES ‘none, or
‘only rudimentary. Pavtrem@m 2, herbaceous, concave, awnless
in the sterile. _STAMENS 6. Srramas pencil-form.— Large
and often reed like water-grasses, with the spikelets jointed with the

_-elavaie pedicels, very deciduous.

1. Z. aquatica, L. Indian Rice. Water Oats.

/Panicle pyramidal; the lower branches spreading and staminate. the upper ereét
and pistillate ; pedicels strongly club-shaped ; lower Pe long-awned, rough; styles
‘distinct.

Swampy borders of streams and in shallow. water. Aug. Ann. Culm3 to.9
feet high, stout terete. smooth. Leaves 2 to 3 feet jong. lincar-lanceolate.. Panicle
terminal, a foot or more long. Grain linear, slender, % inch long; gathered for
food by the North-western Indians.

2. Z. miuiacea, Michx. AMfillet-like Water-Rice.
-Panitie diffuse, pyramidal; stauminate and pistillute flowers intermixed; awne
-Bhort; sty/es united; grain ovate.

‘Swamps, &c. Aug. Per. Culm erect, Gto 10 feet high. Zeaveg involate, very
long, narrow, glaucous. Panicle terminal, large.

8: ALOPECURUS, Linn. Fox-ram, Gwass.

Gr. alepex, a fox, and oura, tail; m allusion to the form of-the spike.

SPIKELETS. 1-flowered. GuruMeES 2, boat-shaped, and
‘keeled, nearly equal, united at the base, equalling er exceed-
Ing: the lower palese, whichis awned en the back below the
middle; uppor pales none. STAMENS 2. ‘SryLes-mostly
united: STIGMAS long and feathered.— Panicle spiked, cyling
dric, terminal.

A. anistuLatus, Michs. Wild Water-Foxtail.

“Glaucous; palee rather longer than the obtuse glumes, which are wedge-shaped
-at the base, and hairy on the back and margin; awns twice as yee as the flowers

anthers oblong.
Wet meadows, rare. June, Aug. Per. *Culm 12:to 18.inches high, ascending,

-kneejointed at the base, smooth, terete. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 1 acute

. bi aia nearly 2:inches long, pale.

4. PHLEUM, Linn. TrimorTsy. on
An ancient Greek name. —

‘GLUMES 2, much longer than the palez, distinct, equal,
boat-shaped, beaked or mucronate, PAaLE& 2, included. in.
T2

410 9 ee GRAMINES.

the glumes, awnless, truncate. SryLzs distinct.— Spike
very dense, cylindric.....- |

P. pRATENSE, L. Timothy. Herd's-Grass.
Spire cylindrical, elongated; glumes ciliate on the back, truncate, tipped with a
bristle less than half their length. .

Meadows, &c., naturalized, and much cultivated. Oulm 2 to 8 feet high, simple,
sinooth. Leaves flat, smooth and glaucous. Spike green. Anthers purplish.
Keteemed very yaluable for hay.

5. ViILFA, Adans. Rusu-Grass.

SPIKELETS I|-flowered, in a contracted or spiked panicle.
GLUMES 1-nerved, carinate ; the lower onesmaller. Paez
2, much alike; the lower one l-nerved, rather acute, longer
than the glumes; the upper.2-keeled. STAMENS mostly 2.
SQIGMAS simply feathery. Grain oblong or cylindrical,
gleciduous.— Cu/ms wiry or rigid: leaves involute, their
sheaths ofien enclosing the lateral panicle, £ lower nearly sessile in
the olu nes,

}. V. vactnariora, Torr. ffidden-flowered Rush- Grass.

Culms slender, ascending ; leaves involute-awl-shaped ; panicles simple and spiked,

thie iateral and often the terminal concealed in the sheaths; glumes equal, about
as large as the pales.

Sandy soils. Sept., Oct. Ann. Culms about a foot high, tufted. Zeaves with
melender point, Punicle obiong conmspressed, few-fiowered. Anthers purple.

._®. V. aspera, Beauv. Rough-leaved Rush- Grass.

Lowest leaves very long, rigid, rough on the edges, tapering te a long involute
aud filiform point; the upper ones short, involute; skeaiis partly inciosing the
contracted panicle; pale@ much longer than the unequal glumes.

Sandy fields and dry hills. Sept. Culm 2to 4 fect high, simple, terete. Leave,

1 to2 feetlong. Punicle lateral and terminale Dulee rough above, smooth or
hairy below, of greatly variable proportions.

6. SPOROBOLUS, R. Brown. Drop-snzep Grass.
Gr. spora, seed, and bullo, to cast forth. |

SpIKELETS 1-(rarely 2)-flowered, ina contracted or open
panicle. FiLowrrs nearly as in Vilfa; the palez longer
‘than the unequal glumes. SraMEns 2 cr 3. GRAIN a
globular utricle, containing a loose seed, deciduous.

‘S. sunceus, Kunth. Jtush-like Drop-sced Grass.
Leaves inyolute, narrow, rigid, the lowest elongated ; cuJm naked above, bearing
4 narrow loose panicle; glumes ovate, rather obtuse, the lower one balf as long as _
she upper one.
“Dry soil. Aug. Culm 1to2 feetbigh. Spikelets } to 2 tines long, shining. —

4 te eS
ww vd a

GRAMINES. 411

7. AGROSTIS, Linn. Bent-Grass.
Gr. agros, a ficld; the place of growths
SpiketETs 1-flowered, in an open panicle. Grumes.
somewhut unequal, usually longer than the palex, pointless.
PaLuz very thin, pointless, naked; the lower 8 to 5-nerved,
mostly awned on the back; the upper often minute or want-
ing. STAMENS mostly 3. GRAIN feo. —Culms usually
tufted, slender, bearing a diffuse pairicle
Sre. 1. Tarcuoprum, Michx.— Upper palew none, or obsolete.
}. A. soaprum, Muhl Lough Thin-grass.

Culm geniculate at base, assurgent; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate;.scabrous on
the margin; pazzcle at length diffusely spreading, pale green, the branches short ;
glumes unoqaal, longer than the awnlcess pales. (A. perennans, Gray.)

- Damp shaded places. July, Aug. Per. Culms 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 4 to 6
inches long, 1 to 2 lines wide.

2. A. LAxirioruUM, Michx. Hair-grass.
Culins very slender, erect; leaves short and narrow, lance-linear, the lower soon
involute? panicle very loose and divergent, purplish; glumes unequal acute, longer
than the awnless or short-awaed pales.

Dry fields, common. May, June. Per. Culm 18 inches high. Lower leaves 3
to 6 inches long, becoming filiform. Spivelets clustered at the extremetics of the
branchlets. A somewhat variable species.

Src. u. AGRosTIs proper.—Upper palew manifict,
3. A. vuLGARIS, With. Red-top. Herd’s-grass:
Rootstocks vreeping; panicle oblong, with spreading short branches; ligule very
phort, truncate; lower pulé@ nearly equalling the glumes, chie‘ly awnlegs, 3-nerved.
(A. hispida, Willd.)
Low meadows, introduced. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, mostly upright. Leaves linear
Lunicle purple, 4 to 6 inches long. A yvaluabie grass.
4. A. ALBA, L. White Bent-Grass. Fiarin- Grass.
Funicle narrow, contracted efter flowering, the branches rough; ligule oblong or
linear; lewer palee rather shorter than the glumes 6-nerved, awnless, or rarely
ghort-awned on the back.

Moist meadows aud fields, introduced; native northward. July. Culm 1 to 2
fret high, ascending, rooting at the lower joints. Duniclé greenish-while or bare-
ly.tinged with purple. A valuable grass.

8. CINNAs Linn, Woop Renp-Grass.

Srikgecets 1-flowered, “flattened, crowded in an open
panicle. GuLUMES lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, nearly
equal. Patem 2, nearly equal, compressed, shortly stipi-
tate, naked at the base, the lower one longer than the upper,,
short-awned near the summit. StTAMEN 1, opposite the up-
per pales. Grain linear-oblong, free.— Perennial, rather
sweet-scented grasses, with simple upright culms, bearing a large
compound terminal panicle, and lincar-lanceolate flat leaves.

412 , 6RAMINES.

C. ARUNDINACEA, L. Biuntaon Wood oak itl

Panicle spreading. mostly contracted in fruit; lower ieee and the upper pales —
about 4 shorter than the lower palex. =

Moist grounds. Aug. Culm simple, smooth, 2 to 5 fect’ high. Leaves a foot or.
more ia length, linear-lanceo! ate, rough on the maryin. Panicle 8 to-12 inches.
long. lowers green or purplish.

Pod

9. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. Drop-seep Grass:

Dedicated to the Rev. Dr. Murlendurg, a distinguished American botanist.

SpikrELetTs 1-flowered, in contracted or rarely open pani-
eles. GLUMES mostly acute,, persistenty the lower rather:
smaller or minute. ILOweER very short-stalked or sessile in:
the glumes. Para usually. boar deel at the base, deciduoug:
with. the inelosed- grain, often equal; the lower 3- -nerved;
mucronate or awned at the apex. Sramens 8.—Chiefly
perennials, with branched and often diffuse rigid culms and shoré
marrow leaves...

1, M. sosotirera, Gray: Shooting Muhlenbergia.

Culms ascending, sparingly branched ; panicle contracted, filiform, simple, with:
appressed alternate branches; glumes barely pointed, almost equal, 44 shorter than*
the equal palez; lower palee mucronate at the tip.

Open rocky woods.. Aug. Culm 2 feet high, producing young shoots from the
roots. eaves pale green, somewhat.scabrous. Panicle “with the fiowers rather
crowded. 5

2. M. Mexicana, Trin. Afacican Muhlenbergia.

Culms ascending, much branched ; panicies lateral and terminal, often included”
at the base, contracted, dense-flowered; glumes acuminate awnless, unequal; palew~
about as Jong as the glumes, equal, awnless.

Moist grounds. Aug. ool. creeping. Culms 2 to 3 feet high. Taek broad-
linear, flat. Fuznicles numerous, terminating the branches, pale | green or purplish. .

8. M. sytvatica, Torr. & Gr. Wood Muhlen bergia.
Culms ascending, much branched and diffusely spreading; panicle slender, con-
tracted, densely-many-flowered; glumes almost equal, bristle-pointed, nearly as.

long as the lower long-aiwned palees.. es
Low or rocky woods, common. Sept: Root creeping. Culin 2 to 4 feet high.

4. M:? Witipenown, Trin.. _

Culms upright, slender. simple or sparingly branched; panicle.contracted, slen-.-
der, loosely flowered; glumes slightly unequal, shori-pointed, half the length of:
the lower long awned pales... (Agrostis tenuiflora, Willd.)

Rocky woods. Aug. Root creeping. Culm 3-£-et high, with swelled and pube--
scent joints. Leaves few, Spreading, strongly nerved.

5. M. prrrusa, Schreber.. Drop- seed. Nimble Will.

Culms diffusely much branched; panicles coniracted, slender, rather loosely —
many-flowered, terminal and lateral; g/wmes very minute, the lower obsolete, the.
upper truncate; awn about twice as long as thé palee.

Dry hills and woods. Aug., Sept. Culm 8 to 18 inghea high, compressed. Ttnts.:
tough. Bristle purplish,

it inci Sa aa.

}
/

eo

Brine ses GRAMINED. 0 a

10. BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv. Suorr-HusK Grass.

Gr.-brachus, short, aud elyiron, husk; from:the very short glumes.

SpIKELE?S 1-flowered, with a filiform pedicel of an abor--

ef er . e \
tive second flower, fow in asimple appressed raceme. LOWER

GLUMES obsolete. PALE involute, inclosing the linear-
oblong grain, somewhat equal, the lower 5-nerved, the upper
2-pointed. STAMENS 2; the linear anthers and stigmas
very long.—A perennial grass, with sane culms, rather
downy sheaths, broad and flat lunceolaie pointed leaves, died large
spikelets. |

B. ARISTATUM, Beanv. Res

Cuim créct, from creeping rootstocks; panile simple, loose..

Rocky woods, common. June. Culm 1 to- 3 feet high, slender. Teas i to 6
inches long. Lower prlee with a very long awn. Sprteiets 4 inch long.

Hl. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans.. Reep Bent-Grass.

Gr. czlamos; a reed, and egrostis, 2 grass.
SPIKELETS J]-flowered, in an open, contracted, or spiked
panicle. Grumes 2, keeled or boat-shape d, often acate,

nearly equal. P. ALBE 2, mostly shorter than the glumes,

surrounded with a copious tuft of wiite. bristly hairs; the
lower one bearing a slender awn on the back or below the

‘tip, rarely awnless. STAMENS 3. GRAIN free.— Perennials,

wilh running routstoeis, and mostly tali and simple rigi 'd flowers.

1. ©. Gansavensts, Baaiy. Canadian. Reed- Grass.
Punicie oblouz, loose; lower hcl nearly as long as the lanceolate acute glumes,
bearing an exceedingly delicate awn beiow the middle; rudimentary pedicel minut>,
(Arundo Canadensis, Michx.) ;
Wet grounds. uly. Rather glaneous. Culm 3 tod feet high: Ticaves a font
long, flat, narrow. Punicle erect, mach divided, at length spreading, often purplish.

2. C. conrinis, Nutt. Close-flowered Reed- Grass.
Punicle elongated, narrow, the branches appressed after flowering, pale; lower
palee nearly equalling the oblong-lanceolate acute glumes, with a rather stout and
slightly exsertud awn between the middle and the base; puppus nearly as long as
the fiower.
Swamps. July. Culm erect, simple. about 3 feet high. Leaves about 14 inch
wide, smooth. Punicle 5 to 8 inches long.
3. C. coarerata, Torr. Glaucous Reed-Grass.
Panicle contracted, dense; lower pulew shorter than the acuminate tips of the
lanceolate glumes, awned; pappus 2% as long as the flower.
‘Wet meadows: Aug. Culm:3 to 5 feet hizh simple,.somewhat glaucous. Leaves.

lincar laaceolate, scabrous and somewhat hairy. Punicle 5 to 6 inches long.

12. STIPA, Linn. FeatHer-Grass..
Gr. stypa, tow; in allusion to the flaxen appearance of the feathery awns of & some
of the species.

- SprKEcers l1-flowered; the flower stipitate. LowER Pa-
ToO* wre

———— —_--_ —-

414 3 GF ACER DAR,

bEZ coriaceous, cylindric-involute, closely. embracing the:
smaller upper one and the cylindrical grain, bearing a long:
and twisted simple awn,. jointed with its apex. STAMENS.

mostly 3. STIGMAS obits ci dita withnarrow tH-.
volute leaves and a loose panicles -

S. AVENACEA, L. Black Oat-Grass.
Culm slender, leafy at the base; leaves nearly bristle-form; panicle spreading:

somewhat one-sided; palee blackish, nearly as long as the pointed glumesg awn:
very long, naked.

Dry or sandy woods. July. Culm 1 to 2 feet hieh. Leaves mostly radical, $ te-
S.inches long. Panicle nodding... Awsz 2. to 3-inches.long.

13. ARISTIDA, Linn: Trirnr-awnep Grassi

An ancient Latin name, from artista, a beard or awn.

TLoweErs stipitate. GLuMES unceual, often bristlé--
pointed. LoweEr PALE tipped with atripleawn; the up-
per much smaller. ScaLzEs 2, entire, smooth.— Annuals or

perennials, wiih branching culms, ‘narrow, often involute leaves, and:
racemed panicless.

1. Ax picHotomMA, Michz: Poverty, Grass.

Culms in tufts; much fork-branched; spixelets in short contraeted racemes;-
flower rather shorter than the glumes, lateral awns very short, the middle not:
longer than the palcee, bent down.

Sterile-roils. Aug. Ann. Culm 5 to 15 inches hish.. Leaves —_ very slender, .
amocthish, Racemes on clubyshaped pedunclca,

2: A. PURPURASCENS, Poir. Purple Three-awned Grass:

Oulms raostly simple, filiform, ereet; leaves very narrow, flat; panicle spiked.
densely flowered; qwns nearly equal, 3 or 4 times the length of the pales, the-
middle one rather longest.

~ Sandy fields and woods. Sept. Per. Cuim .2to3 fret high, clot hed with long;
smooth leaves below. Panicle 1 feot long, purple. .

ia. SPARTINA, Schreder:. Conp ow Mansy Grass.
Gr. spartina, a cord; on account ef its long and teugh leaves.

SPIKELETS. imbricate, 1-flowered, much compressed..
GLUMES and PALE unequal, awnless. STAMENS 3. STYLES.
long, mostly united: below. Perennials, with simple and

rigid reed-like culms, long, and. tough leaves, very. smooth sheuths;..
and racemed spikes.

1. §S. oynosuroipes, Wilid. SF resh-water .Cord- eS

Leaves very long, filiform at the end, keeled flat, at length convolute; spikesé ta»
£0, scattered, spreading ; glumesawn- pointed ; style 2-cleft at the summit.

Banks of streams and marshes. Aug. Culm 3to 8 feet high, smooth, terete,
Tegawes 2. to 4 feet long, narrow. Spikes. linear, 2.or 3 inches long, straw-celon.

GRAMINER. : Ghee

a. ik Sains CEA, Willd. Rush-like Cord- Grass.

Culms low and slender; lea ves narrow and rush-like, strongly involute; spikes 3~
¢o 5, short-peduncled; glumes acute, rough-serrulate on the back; pale@ rather
ebtuse; styles distinct nearly to the base. J

Salt marshes and river banks. July, Aug. Moot creeping, forming thick tufts. .

Culm 1 to 2 feet high, rigid, smooth. eaves 6 to 10 inches-long, smcoth. Spikes
tmsually 3.

15. ATHEROPOGON, Mull.

- Gr. athe, a bristle, and pogon, a beard; the beards being bristlelike.-

SPIKELETS one- sided, nearly sessile, alternate, 2 or 3--
flowered, the terminal flower abortive. GiumEs 2, mem--
branacecus; uncqual ; the lower shorter. LOWER PALF & é--
nerved, 3-toothed. at the apex,.the upper 3-nerved and 2-.
toothed. ABORTIVE FLOWERS pedicecilate, neutral. Sra.
MENS 3.— Spikes short, arranged in a raceme.

A. APLUDOIDES, Muhl. Bristle-beard Grass.

Culms erect, in tufts ; sheaths commonly hairy ; leaves narrow, acuminate; spikes .
Hnear-oblong, almost sessile, horizontal, numerous or rather remote, forming a=
strict raceme ; rachis tipped with.a slender naked point.

Dry rocky banks, rare. Aug. Per. Cuim1to3 fect high. Leaves lanceolste, .

attenuate atihe end. Spises 20 to 40 on short fiat peduncles.. Anthers bright:
wed.

16. CYNODON, Richard. Brermupa GRASss..
Gr. Kuen, a doz, and odons, a tooth. :
SPpIKELETS 1-flowered, with.a naked rudiment of a second!
flower, imbricate- ettee on. one side of. a flattish. rachis..
Guiumzs. keeled, pointless, somewhat unequal. Patra.
pointless and awnless, the lower larger, boat-shaped. Svra-

MENS 3.—Lew diffusely-branched and creeping perenniags, .
with short: fiaitish leaves, and-uswuily digitute spikes at the naked:

susmmit of the flowering culms.
C. Dactryton, Pers. Doy’s-tooth Grass.

~ Spikes digitate, 3 to 5; palew smooth, longer than-the blunt rudiment.

Bandy waste places; introduced. Jaly, Aug. Culm creeping, a foot or mote=
tong, prostrate. AStig:nas dark purple. :

AT, ELEUSINE, Gert. Crap-Grass. Yarp-Grass..
Gr. Hleusin, the town where Ceres, the goddess of harvests, was worshipped,

_ BprKeverts sessile, 2 to 6-flowered, with a terminal naked?
rudiment. QLUMES membranaccous, pointless, shorter than:
the flowers. PaLea membranaceous, awnless and pointless,,
the lower ovate, keeled, larger than the upper.. SramEns 3..

‘ ‘elas . ‘ 2\ " R >.
/ CN a?

416 pacman arn:

PericarpP free from the oval seed, — Low annuals, with fat
leaves, and digitate or clustercd 1-sided spikes, )

RF). Inpica, Geert. Dog’s-tail Grass. . Wire-grass. "~~
Culms branched at the base, ascending, flattened ; spi ikes 2 to 8; seliealess about

5-flowered.. *

Yards.and cultivated grounds; introduced. July—Nov. Culm 9 to 18 inches
long. Leaves distichous, linear, sgl pubescent. Spikes usnally 2to 4,2
tnehics long, greenish.

re. ~TRICUSPIS, Beauv.
Lat. tricuspis, three-pointed; alluding to the lower parce.

SPIKELETS nearly terete, 3 to 12-flowered, the terminal
flower abortive. GuLuUMES shortcr than the flowers. Lower
PALE bifid at the apex, and tricuspidate by the projecting
keel and marginal nerves, the base villous. STAMENS 3.
STIGMAS dark purple, plumose.—/aves acuminate; sheaths
bearded at the throat. Panicle compound, spreading ;. the spikelets
purplish, often racemed.

T. sesLeRiomes, Torr. Tall Red-top.

Punicle loose, spreading 5 By anches floxuous, smooth; rptielets maha tis og
6 to 6 flowcred, nearly tercte, shining.

Sandy fields. Aug. Per. Culm 3 to 5 feet high, erect, smooth. Leaves long,

flut, neryed. Panicie very large, at length spreading and pe udulous, usually .
purple.

,

19.. DACTYLIS, Linn. Orcnarp GRass.
Gr. da/.tylos, a finger; in allusion to the form of the spike. '
SPIKELETS 2 to 7-flowered, crowded in one sided clusters,
forming a branching dense panicle. GLUMES unequal ; the
larger keeled, mucronate ; the lower 5-nerved, witha fringed
82)

keel; upper bifid. Srammns 3. Sriamas. plumose.—£%-

rennauls, wilh keeled leaves, and contracted glomerate panicles.

D. @LoMERATA, L. Rough Orchard Grass.

Rough and rather glaucous} leives broadly lincar ; branches of the panicle naked

at the base; spiiclets 3 or 4-flowered. ce .

Kields and meadowsy introduced, from Burope.. June. Culm 2 to 3 feet high,
erect. unicle glaucous. Good for hay. ‘ i: ,

, oy 20). KC LERIA.
In honor of 3f..K@ler, a German botanist:

SPIKELETS. compressed, 2 to 7-flowered. GiLUMES: 2,.
shorter than the flowers; the lower much narrower, keeled.
PALEA membranaceous, unequal; the lower acute or obtuse,
unawned or with a short awn below the tip; the. vu a

aC

-
; GRAMINEZ. AIT
keeled. Stamens 8. Srynes very short.— Perennials,

with simple and tufted culms, often downy sheaths, and contracted
or spike like panicles,

Sec. 1. Ke_eRIA.proper.—Spikelets 3 to 7-flowered, crowded in a-dense and nar-
row spike-like panicle.

1. K. cristaTA, Pers. Crested Keeleria.

Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted at the base; spikelets 2 to 4-flowered; lower
palea acute, often mucronate-pointed.

Dry grounds or hils. June. Culm 23 to 30 inches high, smooth, leafy to one-.
half its height. Leuves flat, erect, pubescent, 2 to 3 inches long. Shea ths smooth:
or downy.

Sec. u. Repourza, Kunth.—Spikelets usually 2-flowered, and with an abortive:
rudiment or pedicel, in.a contracted or slender panicle.

2. K. Pennsytvanica, DC. Pénnsylranian Keeleria..

Panicle long and slender, rather loose, the racemose branches somewhat elongar-
ted ; upper glume obovate, barely obtuse; lower palea rouzh.

Moist woods and meadows. May,June. Culm about 2 feet high, simple. Zeaves:
ehort, flat. Punicie 4 to § inches long. very slender with yeilowish-green spikeleta.
Varies with a larger and fuller panicle, with the aspect of Cinna.

oS >

21. MELICA, Linn. Metic-Grass.
An old name from melt, honey.
SPIKELETS 2 to-5-flowered, the 1 to 3 upper flowers im-.
perfect and dissimilar, convolute a around each other. GLUMES:
usually large, 2- valved, unequal, the upper 7 to 9-nerved..
PALE te Wensa cecunk eg. STAMENS 3. SrTia--
MAS branched plumose.—Leaves flat and soft. Punicle sim-
ple or sparingly branched,
M. spectosa, Muhl. Showy Melic- Grass. |

Smooth ; panic’e loose, erect, with a few spikelets on each branch, each epikeled.
containing 2 perfect flowers and a stalked rudiment composed of 3 abortive ones; ;
glumes and palea very obtuse.

Rich soil. June. Per. Culm 3 to 4 feet high. Spikelets 144 inch long.

-

22. BRIZA, Linn. QuAktNG GRAss.

Gr. brizo, to nod or hang down; alluding to the pendulous spikelets.

SPIKELETS many-flowered, ovate or heart-shaped. GLUMES»
roundish, unequal, purple. PALE, inflated.; lower one-
cordate at base, embracing the upper, which is-nearly round:
and much shorter. STAMENS 8. Stri@Mas branched plu-
mose. GRAIN flattened.—Lvaves flat. Punicle loose, with:
the large and showy spikeiéts often drooping on delicate sprkelets,~

B. mepia, L. Common Quaking Grass.

Punicle erect, the branches spreading; spikelets 5 to 9-flowered, heart-shaped.
when old. .
Meadows; naturalized. June. Per. Culm 3 to4 feethigh, . Care

-
Ce ee a a eae ene ea See ee ae eee

Sieve tee
~ an

418 oo nea
23. GLYCERIA, R: Brown. MANNA-GRASS. ee
Gr. glukeros, sweet ; alluding to the sweet-tasted grain. vgs ee

_ SprKELETS mostly terete, long, linear, many-flowered ;
RACHIS jointed. GLUMES 2, membranaceous, nearly equal,
pointless. Patra somewhat chartacecous, nearly equal,

naked, the lower rounded on the back, strongly 7-nerved,

the upper 2-keeled. STAMENS 3 or 2. STIGMAS decom-

pound. Grain oblong.—Lerennial smooth marsh-grasses,

wiith simple culms from running root-stocks, fiat pal and nearly
entire sheaths ; the panicle loose and open, .

1.. G. Fuurrans, R. Brown. Common Manna grass.
Panicle 1-sided slightly branched; spikelets 7 to 18-flowered, appressed; ced
palce oblong, obtuse.

Shallow water, common, June, July. Culm thickish, 2 t0 15 feet hich, from’ a
creeping root. Leaves short and rather broad, very smooth. Panicle 1 to 15
inches ions, slender, partly concealed in the upper sheath...

2. G. OBTUSA, Trin. Obtuse-flowered Manna- grass.

Punicle dense, narrowly oblong; sptielets ovate, 6 to T-fowered; glumes scariousa ;:

lower palee ovate, obtuse, the upper as long when old.

Swamps, rare. Aug., Sept. Culm stout, 1 to 2 feet high, very ree Leaves :

linear, long, smooth. Punicle 5. to 4 inches ‘long, many-flowered,

8. G. ELonGgata, Trin. Long-panicled ‘iii

Panicle narrowly racemose, elongated, somewhat 1-sided, recurving; the branch-

es appressed, bearing the 3 to 4-flowered spikelets nearly to the base; lower pales
oblong-ovate, obtuse, rather longer than the upper.

Wet woods,common. Jnly. Culm 3 to 4 fect. hich, simple. Zeaves 1 foot or.

more long, rough. Punicle 1 foot long. Spikelets pale, with short pedicelled Zowers.

4..G. wervaATa, Trin. Nerved Monna-grass.
Panicle diffuse, loose, ihe branches capillary, at length drcoping; spzkelets very
numerous, ovate-cbhlong, 6 to 7-fiowered ; palew oval, obtuse, nearly equal inlength.
foist meadows, common. June. Culm erect, 1 to 3 fect high. Leaves rather
long, narrow-linear, fiat, smaocth. Punicle large, broad and open, often purplish.

24. POA, Linn. Merspow-arass. SPEAR-GRASS.
An ancient Greek name for grass.

SPIKELETS ovate or oblong, compressed, few-flowered, in
an open panicle. GLuUMES 2, mostly shorter than the flow-
ers. PALE@ nearly equal, membranaceous, awnless, eften
with a villous web at the base; the lower one keeled or con-
cave; upper one 2-keeled. StTAMENS 2 or 3. STIGMAS
plumose. GRAIN oblong.—Grasses, with tufted culms,

smooth usually flat and soft leaves, and the spikelets in dius :

er contracted panicles.

ae

%
GRAMINSE, 419
1. P. annua, L. Low Spear-grass. os

Culms spreading or decumbent, flattish ; panicle short and broad, often L-sided,
at length spreading; spiielets crowded, very short-pedicelled, 3 to 7-flowered.

Cultiyaied and waste grounds, very common. April—Oct. Culms 3 to 8 inches
hizh, very smooth. Jeaves lance-linear, short, bright brown.

2. BP. punceNns, Nutt. Vernal Spear-grass.

Culm compressed ; panicle somewhat simple, spreading; sprxelets lanceolate, 3 or
4-Howered, crowded at the extremeties of the branches:; flowers rather obtuse.

Rocky places. April, May. Per. Culm stoteniferous from the base, Ito 2 feet
high, JZeaves very short, cuspilate, the canes ones long, linear, these of the culms
usually 2, lanceolate, very short.

_ 8. P. senotina, Ebrh. Red-top.

-Cuim erect, smooth ; panicle diffuse, elongated, at length somewhat nodding at
the top, the branches mostly in pairs; spikelets numerous ovate-lanccolate, 2 to 4-
fowered; glumes lanceciate, sharp-pointed.

Banks of stresms and wet meadows, common. June, July. Per. Culm 2 to 3
fect high. Leuvés narrow-linear, flat, smooth. Punicle 6 to 10 inches long, the
branches mostly whoried. Spicclets green, or often tinged with duil purple.

4. P. pratensis, L Spear-grass. Meadow grass.

Culms. froma creeping base, and with the sheaths smooth; panicle pyramidal,
somewhat cfowded, the branches commonly in fives, spreading; spitelets 3 to 5-
flowered, oblong ovate; flowers acute.

Fields and meadows, very common in. cultivation. May—July. Per. Rost
creeping. im 2to 3 feet high. Leaves keeled, linear, abruptly acute, deep green,
the Jower very long. Uighty prized as a pasture grass.

6. P. compressa, L. Blue-grass. — Wire-grass.

Calm much flattened, obliguely ascending; ponicle contracted, somewhat 1-
sided; spiicelets 4 to 9-fowered, flattened; flowers linear elliptical, rather obtuse,
buiry below on the keel.

Fields and pastures, common; introduced. June, July. Per. Root creeping
extuneively. Culm 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves short, biuish, smooth.

6. P. conrerra, Hil. Clustered Meadow Grass.
~Gdm. erect, geniculate; panicle terminal and axillary, erect; spikelets about 8-
flowe red, compressed ; flowers clustered, smooth.

Meadows, rare. Shweinits.. Per. Culm 2 to 3 feet high. Zeaves smooth, s:rru-
late on the margin. Punicle 4 4 3 inches long.

{

20. ERAGROSTIS, Beany. :

An early name, probably from era, the earth, and Agrostis.

SPIKELETS 2 to 70-flowered, nearly asin Poa, exce pt that

‘the upper is persistent on the rachis for some time after the
rest of the flower is fallen.— Oulms often branching : leaves
linear, fr mpueeny involuie, and the ligule bearded. Panicle
various.

= ee Oe PILOSA; Beauv. Pilose Sere ae

“Panicle loose, ample, with capillary branches, all but ihe lower scattered and

~

5

‘the lower palea is but 3- nerved, not webby at the base, and

ve
a ira eS

420 - GAINES eae et

naked in the axils, compound; seen, 5 to 12: flowered, nearly linear, atti ;
flowers ovate acutish. ‘ 2

Sandy soil. Aug. Ann. Culms 5 to 12 feian hich, tuft ed. Toleaes flat or ine
Peake bearded with long hairs at vie throat. Spikelets A to Aa inch meer pur
plis :

2. E. CAPILLARIS, N ees. Capillary Renee

Panicle expanding, very compound, delicate; the axils naked; spikelets oblong 2

to 4-flowered, on long eap lary pedicels. (Poa capillaris, L.)

Dry sandy places, common. August. Ann. Culms 12 to 18 ee high, tated.
Leuves linear. fiat, the sheaths fringed with Jong hairs. Punicle 8 to 18. speee:
long, much branched.

. 8.. KE. sprecraBiuts, Gray. . 8 hoe y Er agrostis.
Panicle divergently spreading, the rigid cranches reflexed with age,-and aboard:
ed tuft in the principal axils; spikelets oblong or linear 7 to 10 or 15- flowered ; Hose
ers ovate, minutely ciliate. (P. spectabilis, Pursh.)

Sandy fields. Auy, Sept. Ann. Cuilin and long leaves rigid, mostly cartes
lower sheaths often ee. FPunicle 1 to 2 feet long, with purplish spikelets.

26. FESTUCA, Co FESCUE:GRASS.

_ An ancient Latin name. ite! oar e

SPIKELETS oblong, 3 to many- Moms ; the flowers not
webby at the base. GLUMES unequal, anostly. keeled. Pa-
LEA chartaceous or almost:coriaceous, roundish on the back,
acute, mucronate or awned at the surmmit; the upper mostly
adhering at maturity to the inclosed grain. STAMENS most-

aly 3 S hiGMAS simply p!umose.—F’ lowers and leaves rather
ary and harsh. Spikelets panicled or racemose,
1d. F. evatior, L. » Tall Fescue- Grass.

Panicle branched. Jogse, rather spreading 3 Spike élets crowded, as to 6. flowered; Tow.
‘@r pale nearly pointless; flowers cylindric.

Moist meadows and pastures. June. Per. Culm 3 to 5 feet hizh. Leaves broad
Ninear. 9 to 5 inch:s long. Punicle 6 to 10 inches long, mostly nodding. Spikelets
‘14 inch long. mntiodaecd. : Bees. Ses
2. F. prarensis, Hudson. Meadow Fescue- Grass.
Panicle simple,-or ert: branched; we celets 5 to ane flowered ; lower palea
-barely acute. eee

Fields and meadows, common, naturalized. June, J uly. Per: Culm 2to 3 feet

- high, without a creeping base. Leuwves bread-linear, nerved, smooth, Sic oat on
-the margin. Punicle 4to 8 inches long, somewhat one-sided. :

oo. F. NUTANS, Willd. Nodding Pisce ee

{Panicle of several slender and spreading branches, - mostly in pairs,” drooping
‘when old, naked below, bearing near their extremity a few ovate 3 to Sflowerea
Spikelets; flowers ovate oblong, rather obtuse, close tezether.

Rocky and open woods. July. Per. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, naked abot, Leavas
‘eroadly-linear, acuminate, dark green,- often rather hairy. ~ Panicle few-flowered,

4. FF. pupra, L. Red or Creeping Fescue- Grass.

Punicle one-sided, erect, spreading; ane somewhat anes 5 or ‘Sllowereds
fiewers longer.than-their awns, 2. A a aoe

GRAMINE A, 421

Dry soils. June. Per. Root extensively creeping. Culm 12 to 18 inches high,
‘rect. Leaves long pubescentontheupper side. Punicle contracted. Introduced.

27. BROMUS, Linn. Brome-arass. CHEAT.
Bromos, a name given by the Greeks to a kind of oats.

SPIKELETS oblong, 5 to many-flowered, panicled. GLUMES
mnequal, membranaceous, the lewer 1 to 5-nerved, the upper
3 to 9-nerved. Lower PALES” bifid at the apex, and usually
awneu a little below the tip; upper 2-keeled, at length ad-
hering to the groove of the oblong or linear grain. Sra-
MENS 38. SriGMAS simply plumose.—Coarse grasses, with
‘large spikelets, at length drooping, on pedicels thickened at the apex.

1. B. ormrartvus, L. Ciliate Brome-grass.

Punicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches at length divergent, droop-
dng; spikelets 7 to 12-flowered; lower glume 1-nerved; flowers oblong-lanceolate,
tipped with an awn, 14 te 3¢ their length; upper pulee bristly-ciliate; the lower
silky, with appressed hairs near the margins. (B. Canadensis, Michx. B. pubes
ecens, Muhl. B. purgans, L.)

River banks and moist woodlands. July, Aug. Per. Culm 3 to4 feet high.
Leaves large, 4 to 4 inch wide smooth or somewhat bairy; the sheaths oftem
hhairy or densely downy near the top. Variable as-to-its-pubescence, &ec.

2. 8. secarinus, L. Cheat. Chess.

Panicle spreading, the drooping peduncles but slightly branehed; spikeleis oblong-
ovate, turgid, smooth, of 8 to 10 flowers overlapping each other, mostly lenger
than the awns; lower glumes 5-nerved; upper 7-nerved.

‘Cultivated grounds, common in grain-fields. June. Ann. Culm 2 to 3 feet
‘high, with swollen and pubescent jeints. Leaves broadlinear. hairy above. Punt-
.¢le 4 to Ginches long. Introduced from Europe. This troublesome grass is very
<common.in wheat fields, especiaily when the grain is injured by frost; which has
given re to the common, but mistaken idea, that wheat is changed into this plant.

3. B. monits, Lb. Sot Brome-grass.

Punicle erect, close, compound; spikelets ovate, flattish, the flowers closely im-
Dricat-d, downy, as long as the awn.

Fields and pastures, sparingly naturalized. June. Biennial. Culm 1 to 2 feet
thigh. Leaves very soft, pubescent. Funicle 310 4 inches long. Spikelets nearly
-erect, 5 tea 10-ilowered.

4. DB. arvensis, L. Feld Brome-grass,

Panicle erect, spreading; spikelets lanceolate, compressed, 7 to 8-flowered ; flower
Smbricate, compressed, smoothish, about as long as the straight awn.

Fields and meadows. West Chester. Darlington. June, July. Ann. Culm
sa@bout 2 feet high, smooth, with dark-colered pubescent joints. Leaves lance
dinear, hairy om both sides. Funicle slender, spreading, at length drooping.

28. UNIOLA, Linn. SprKe-erass.

‘An ancient name ef some grass.

SPIKELETS compressed, many-flowered; one or more of
the lower flowers sterile, and consisting of a single palez.

U2

PE ee oer ee a

422 | G@RAMINEE.

GuuMES keeled. Pate of the perfect flowers 2; lower
one boat-shaped; upper smaller, doubly keeled. STAMENS—
mostly 1.— Upright perennials, in tufts from creeping root-
stocks, with broad leaves and large spikelets in a panicle.

U. watiroiiA, Michx. Broad-leaved Spike-grass.
Spikelets on slender pedicels, drooping in an ample loose panicle, oblong-ovate,

10 to 15-flowered; flowers nearly appressed, evaie-lanceolate and acuminate, some-
what falcate; stamen 1.

Mountains and shaded banks. Aug. Culm 3to4 feet high, somewhat branch-
ing. Leaves flat, nearly 1 inch wide, Punicle 1 foot long, loose. Spikelets 1 inch
long and 14 inch wide.

29. PHRAGMITES, Trin. ‘Rexp.

Gr. phragmites, growing in, or forming hedges.

SPIKELETS 3 to 7-flowered; FLOWERS surrounded by a
tuft of hairs, all 3-androus and- perfect, except the lowest,
which is either neutral or with a single stamen, and naked.
GLUMES 2, lanceolate, unequal. PALE very unequal; the
lowest one elongated, acuminate; the upper 2-keeled.
StyYLes long. —TZall and stout perennials, with numerous
broad leaves, and a large terminal panicle.

P. communis, Trin. Common Reed Grass.

Punicle loose, difuse when old ; spikelets 3 to 5-flowered. (Arundo Phragmites, Lz.)

Edges of ponds and swamps. Aug., Sept. Culm 9 toi. feet high, very leaty,
with numero-is joints. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, linear-lanceolate, flat, glaucous.
funicle very large, loose. The largest grass in the Northern States; resembling
Broom-corn at a distance.

30. TRITICUM, Linn. WaHeEat.

The classical name.

SPIKELETS 3 to many-fiowered, single at each joint, and
placed with the side against the rachis. GLUMEs transverse,
nearly equal and opposite, herbaceous, nerved. PALEA
lanceolate ; the lower one concave, acuminate or awned at
the summit; the upper one flattened, bristly-ciliate on the
nerves, free or adherent to the grooves of the gram. ~ Sta-
MENS 0.—lowers spiked.

Sze. 1. AGROPYRUM, Geert. Perennials. Spikes 2-ranked; glumes acute o#
pointed.

1. T. repens, L. Couch-grass. Quttch-grass.

Rootstocks creeping extensively; spikelets 4 to 8-flowered; glumes 5 to 7-nerved;
rachis rough on the angles; awn none, or very short.

#ields and meadows, naturalized and troublesome. June—Aug. Culm 1 to?
feet high. Leaves flat, roughish or hairy above, lanee-linear. Sprvce 3 to 6 inches
lomg.

i

GRAMINER. 4293

2. T. caninum, L. <Awned Wheat-grass.
Root fibrous, not creeping; spikelets 4 or 5-flowered; glumes 8-neryed: rachis
bristly on the edges; awn longer than the smooth flower.

’ Wocds and banks, introdueed. Jaly. Culm 2to 3 feet high. Leaves flat, rough-
ish on both sides.

Sec. u. Triticum proper. Annuals. Glumes ovate-oblong and yentricose boat-
shaped.

& ‘TF. sattvum, lL. Wheat.

Culm round, smooth, with the internodes somewhat inflated; stipules truncate ;
spike parallel, somewhat 4-sided; spiielets crowded, broad-ovate, about 4-flowered ;
awns of the upper pales generally longer than the flowers. Annual and Biennial.
This is the most valuable plant of the order, and is universally cultivated. Many
Varieties are known to farmers.

o2. LOLIUM, Linn. DarRNeEt.

The ancient Latin name.

SPIKELETS many-flowered, solitary, and nidesd edgewise
on the continuous rachis. INNER GLUME mostly wanting.
Lower PALE lanceolate, mucronate or with a short bristle
at the tip; upper one 2-beaked.— Spike simple: rachis not
jointed.

1. L. perenne, L. Common Darnel. Rye-grass.

Giume much shorter than the spikelet; flowers 6 to 9, awnless, sometimes awn-

pointed.

Meadows and fields; naturalized.. June. Per. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth.
Leaves Jance linear, smooth, shining. Spikelets 12 to 20, alternate, forming a spike
‘about Ginches leag. A zood pasture grass. :

2. L. temuuentum, L. Bearded Darnel.
Clume fully equalling the 5 to 7-flowered spikelet; awn longer than the flower.
Old fields. July. Ann. Culm about 2 feet high, terete. JZcaves lance-linear,
rough on the margins. Spitelets much compressed. The seeds are said to be
poisonous. Introduced from Europe.

32. ELYMUS, Linn. Lyme-crass. Witp Rre.

Gr..Hlymos, a Lull, also-an ancient name for some grain.

SPIKELETS 2 to 4 at each joint of the rachis, all fertile,
each 2 to 7-flowered; the uppermost flower imperfect.
GLUMES nearly side by side in front of the spikelets, ——
wanting. Paez coriaceous, the lower rounded on the
back, usually awned at the apex.—Ztye-like grasses, with
simple sprkes..

1. E. Virarnicus, L. Wild Rye.

Spike rigidly upright, dense and thick, on a short peduncle usually included in

the sheaths; spikelets 2 or 3 together, 2 or 3-flowered, smooth, short-awned ; grams
Inneeciate, strongly nerved:

424 ii GRAMINE.

River banks. Aug. Per, Culm-2 to 3 teet high,smooth, Leaves broadly linear;
fiat, rough, deep green. Spike 3 to 5 inches long, stifily erect, thick.

2. KH. Canavensis, Lf. Canadian Lyme-grass.

Spike rather loose, curving, on an exserted peduncle ; spikelets mostly in pairs of
$ to 5 long-awned rough or rough-hairy flowers; glumes lance awl-shaped, tipped
with short awns.

River banks, in rich soil. Aug. Per. - Root creeping. Culm 3 to 4 feet high,
erect. Leaves broad-linear, flat, somewhat rough. Spike 6 to 8 inches long, at
length nodding. A variety (H.-glaucifolius of Muhl.) is pale or glaucous throughe
eut, with spreading awns 1/4 inch long.

3. EK. Hystrix, L. Bottle-brush Grass.

Spike erect, loose; the spreading spikelets 2 or 3 together, early deciduous from
the joints, about 3-flowered; jlowers smoothish, or often rough-hairy, tipped with,
an awn thrice their length.

Moist woodlands, commorm. July.. Per. Cxlm,2: to 4 feet high, erect, smooth..
Leaves broad-linear flat, and with the sheaths smoothish. Spike 4 to 6 inches long,
at length spreading. .

4. H. striatus, Willd. Sériated Lime-grass.

Spike erect; spikelets in pairs, 2-flowered, awned, hispid ; glumes lincar, nerved}.

awned, nearly as long as the spikelets.

Shady woods, June, rare. Per. Culm 8-to 12 inches high, erect, striate. Leaves:
lanceolate, acuminate, rough above; sheaths smooth. Leaves somewhat spreading.

83. HORDEUM, Linn. Bartey.

‘The ancient. Latin name.

SpPrKELETS I-flowered, with an awl-shaped rudiment om

the inner side, 8 at each joint of the rachis, the lateral ones

usually imperfect. GLuMEs side by side in front of the
Spikelets, slender, awn-pointed or subulate. Patra 2, the
lower with,a, long awn, the upper 2-keeled, obtuse. Sra-
MENS 3,—Spike dense, simple, the rachis often seperating.
into. joints. — :

I. H. vuuears, L. Common Barley.

Culm smooth, 2 to 3 feet; high; leaves lance-linear, keeled, nearly smocth ; sheath &
auricled at the throat; spike thick, about 3 imches: long; spikelets all fertile, 1-.
flowered, with an awn-like rudiment at the apex of the upper palez:; glwmes col-
lateral; flowersin four rows. Ann. Extensively cultivated. May.

2. 4H. pisticuum, L. Two-rowed Barley.

Culm 2 to 8 feet high; leaves lance-linear, scabrous above; sheaths auricled a%
the throat; spzke.3 to 4.inches long, linear, compressed’; lateral spikelets abortive,
awnless; fruit arranged in two rews. Ann. more common in cultivation than:
the former species.

a4. AIRA, Linn. HArrR-aRaAss.
An ancient Greek name for Darnel. |
SPIKELETS 2-flowered, in an open diffuse panicle. GLUMES.
2, unequal, about as long as the flowers. PALE. thin and,

GRAMINEA | 425

membranaceous, the lower one awned on the back below

the middle, 3 to 5-nerved, STAMENS 3.

1. A. FLExuosa,.L. Common Hair-grass.

Panicle loose; spreading, ‘ee hotomously branched; branches smoothish, flex:
uous; flowers scarcely longer than the glumes; lower palee slightly 2-toothed:.

Dry rocky or sandy places,common. June. Per. Culm 1 to 2 feet hich, slender,
from small tufts of setaceous involute leaves. Punicie whitish, the lower branch-

es somewhat whorled.

2. A.-cmspirosa,.L. Tufted Hair-grass.

Panicle pyramidak or oblong; lower patew eroded-4-toothed at the truncate apex 3.

awn straight, short. ;
Wet places. June, July. Per. Culms 2 to 3 feet high, in close tufts. Leaves

fiat, linear, roughish. Punicle duil parplish, the branches somewhat whorled.

3: <A. pRecox, L. Larly Hair-grass.
Punicle small, oblong, somewhat spiked; lower palee With 2 awl-pointed lips;
aeon twisted, inserted below the middle, longer than the flowers.
Sandy fields. \June. Culins 3 to 4 inches high, tufted. Zeaves short, smooth,
setaceous. unicle few-fowered, greenisn.

30: SECALR, Linn Ryze.

SPIKELETS solitary on the teeth of the rachis, 2 or 3-

flowered; the 2 lowest flowers fertile, sessile, opposite; the

upper one abortive. GLUMES ; awl-shaped, opposite, shorter

than the flowers. LOWER PALE@ with a very long awn;

upper. often.biid at the apex. ScALEs abortive, hairy.

S: Czrzears, Le Rye.
Guim hairy beneath the spike, 4 to 6 feet high; leaves lance-linear, rough-edged
rough above, glaucous; spe about 5 inches long, linear, compressed; palee@
smooth; awns scabrous-ciliate, long. Ann. or Biennial. June. The rye has long

‘Been cultivated and may be considered naturalized.

36: TRISHTUM, Persoon
Lat. tris, three, and sefa, a dristle.

SpIKELETS 2 to several-flowered, usually in a contracted
panicle. LoWsR PALE. compressed- keeled, awned below

the sharply 2-cleft or 2-pointed‘apex : otherwise nearly ag:

in Aira.

T. PALUSTRE, Torr. Meadow Trisetum.
Smooth; panicle ratiier long and narrow, loose, the branches capilary;- spikelesg

flat; glumes rather unequal, shorther than the 2:sneoth lanceolate flowers; lowe7 -

palee ending in 2 setose teeth.
Wet meadows, rare. May—July. Per. Culm slender 2 to8 et high. Leaves

Bat, lance-linear, hey 3 inches long. Sptkelets yellowish-white, tinged with green,

426 GRAMINE.

a7. DANTHONIA, DC. Witp Oat-crass.

In honor of Jf Danthoine; a French botanist.

SPIKELETS 2 to 10-flowered; the upper flower often im-
| perfect. GLUMES nearly equal, mostly longer than the
| flower. Pa.eE hairy at the base; lower one 2-toothed' at
the summit, with a twisted awn. between the teeth; upper
a one obtuse, entire.—Flowers in a spiked panicle. |
D. spIcaATA, Beauv. Wild’ Oats. |
Punicle simple, raceme-like, rather 1-sided; spikeléts few, appressed, 7-flowered ;:

lower palece broadly-ovate, loosely hairy on. the back, about'% the length of the
awn.

Dry and sterile or rocky soil. July. Culms tufted, 1 to 2 teet high, erect.
Aieaves short somewhat.involute-awl-shaped ; sheaths bearded-at.:the throat...

as. AVENA, Linn. Oat.
The classical Latin name.

SPIKELETS 3 to many-flowered, panicled, commonly large».
Fiowers rather remote, the: upper ones. often imperfect..
(3LUMES loose and membranaceous, nearly equal. Patmar:
2; the lower one bifid at the summit, with a long twisted
awn: on the back below the tip. Sramens 3. GRAIN:
oblong-linear, grooved. on. one side.—Punicle compound,
tOOSE..

KA. sativa,.L. Common Oat:

Culm 2 to 4 feet high; leaves linear-lanceolate, veined; rough, with loose striate-

sheaths; stipules torn; panicle loose; spzkelets pedunculate, pendulous, 2-flowered

palew somewhat cartilaginous,.closely embracing the grain; Aun. A. highly im-
portant grain..

2. A, sterinis, Lb. Animated’ Oat:

Siem 3 to 4 feet high, and with the leaves smooth, the latter long, acute, fiat ;.
spikelets 5-flowered; outer flowers and awns hairy, inner: fiowers awnless. Ann..

From Barbary. Cultivated as acuriosity. The awns are.2 inches long, geniculate:
and twisted more or less according to the state of. the atmosphere..

39. HOLCUS, Linn. SorrarRass;
Asr ancient name, of obscure application:

SPIKELETS 2 or 38-flowered. in.a contracted panicle, poly.’
gamous. GLUMES herbaceous, somewliat boat-shaped, mu--
cronate. Lowest flower: neutral, small and abortive, or:
obsolete ; the middle one perfect, 3-androus, awnless; the

upper one staminate only, 3-androus, bristle-awned. towards:

GRAMINER. 4207.

H. tanatus, L. Felvet-grass. White Timothy.
Soft-downy, pale; panicle oblong; upper glume mucronate under the apex; awn
ef the staminate flower ‘recurved.

Moist meadows. Junes. Per: Root fibrous. Crslm 18 inches high. Leaves 2 to:
5 inches long, flat. Glumes pubescent, whitish or tinged with purple. Introduced.
from. Europe.

40: ANTHOXANTHUM, Linn. VeERNAL-cRASS:

Gr. anthos, flower, and zanihos, yellow; from-the color of the spikes.

SPIKELETS 3-flowered, the two lower flowers neutral and
each consisting of a single awned pales; the upper flowers
perfect, of 2 palese, diandrous, nearly equal, short, awnles.—
Panicle contracted or spite-like.

A. opoRATUM, L: Sweet-scented Vernal-grass.
Panicle spiked, the spikelets spreading; one of the neutral flowers with a bent.
awn near its base, the other short-awned below the tip.

Meadows and woods, completely naturalized. June—Avg. Per. Culm about #
foot high, erect. Leaves short. Fanicle 1 to2 inches long, yellow oy brownish
when mature. Very fragrant when abeut half dry. :

41. PHALARIS, Linn. Canary-crass. RIBBON-GRASS.

Gr. phalos, shining; in allusion to the smocth palez.

SPIKELETS 3-flowered ; the two lower flowers mere neutral
rudiments. at the base of the perfect one, which is flattish:
awnless, of 2 shining pales, shorter than the equal boat-
shaped glumes. STAMENS 3.—Leaves broad, flat. . Panicle
dense and spike-like.

P.. ARUNDINACEA, L. Heed Canary-grass. Ribbon-grass:
Punicle more or less branched, clustered, a little spreading when old; glumes:
obtusely keeled ;.palew@ unequal; abortive flowers hairy:.
Swamps. July.. Aug. Per. Culm 2 to 5 feet high, erect, a little branching.
Leaves deep green, sometimes variegated with white, when it is the “ Ribbon grass’**
of. the gardens. Punicle 2:to 4:inehes long.. .

42. PANICUM, Linn. Panic-erass..

Amancient Latin name...

SPIKELETS 2-flowered, naked. GLUMES 2, unequal, mem:-
branaceous, concave. LowkER FLOWER of 1 or 2 pales.
staminate or neutral, membranaceous. UPPER FLOWER per-
fect, closed, with 2 paleae, inclosing the free and grooveless.
grain. STAMENS 3. Sriamas plumose,, usually purple.—-
Spikelets panicled, racemed, or sometimes spiked, not tne
gol ucrates, |

498 er . GRAMINEA.

Sec. 1. Dicrrarra, Scop. Finger- Grass. Spikelets crowded, 2 or 3 together ie

simple and mostly l-sided clustered spikes or spike-like racemes.—Annuals:.

1. P. sanauinate, L. Finger-grass. COvab-grass.

Spikes 4 to 15, digitate-clustered; spikelets cblong, downy-margined ; upper glume:

shorter than the flower.
Cultivated grounds, everywhere naturalized? Aug.—Oct. Culm 12 to 18 inches

high, spreading from the tufted base, then upright. Leaves linear-lanceolate, and.

with the sheaths rather: hairy. Sozes and often the leaves purplish,

2. P. GLaBruM, Gaudin: Sinooth Finger-grass.

-

Spikes digitate, somewhat alternate, spreading; spikelets ovoid, rather hairy ;’

upper glume nearly equalling the flower.

Sandy fields. Aug., Sept. Culm 6 to 12 inches high, procumbent or spreading. .

Spikes mostly 3 (2 to 6), about 2inches long. _
8. P. rinirorMe, L. Slender Kinger-grass.

Spikes 2 to 8, alternate and approximated; thread-like; spdkelets all distinctly

pedicelled, oblong, acute; lower glume none.
Dry sandy soil. Aug. Culms extremely slender, 1 to 2 feet. high. Zeaves nar-
row, 1 to 2 inches long. Spikes mostly 3,1 to 2 inches long; rachis rough, flexuous.

Sec. u. Panicum proper. Punic-Grass. —Spilelets scattered, awnless.—Moatlyy

perennials.
4: P. Anceps, Michx. Two-edged Panic-grass.

Panicle contracted, pyramidal; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, a little curved ;~

upper glume T-nerved ; neutral flowers 14 longer than the perfect, of 2 paleze-:

Wet soil. Ang. Culms flat, upright, 2 to 4 feet high. eaves linear-lanceolate,.

1 to 2 feet long,.14 to 14 inch wide, smoothish.

5. P. AGROSTOIDES, Spreng. Agrostis-like Panic-grass..

Panicles terminal and often lateral, pyramidal; spiielets racemose, crowded and:

Exided, on the spreading branches, ovate-oblong, acute, purplish; upper glume 5-
nerved, longer than the neutral fiower, with 2 pales
‘Wet meadows.

Aug. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, flattened, upright. Leaves long »

and with the sheaths smooth, tufted. Punicle 4 to 8 inches long, mostly dark.

purple.
6. P. PpROLIFERUM, Lam. J oliferous Panic-grass.
Smooth throughout; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, . pyramidal;

spikelets appressed, lance-oval, acute; lower glume broad, 44 to Y the length of the.

upper; neutral flower little longer than the perfect.one, of a single pales:
Wet meadows and marshes.

flattened.
7. P. cAprnuaRE, L.. Hair-stalked Panic-grass:

Aug., Sept. Ann. Culms thickened, succulent;
branched, ascending froma procumbent base. Leaves 8 tol2 inches long; sheaths.

Fanicle pyramidal, capillary, compound and very loose, with slender straight:
pranches, reflexed when old; spikelets scattered on-long pedicels, oblong, pointed ; |

‘Wwer glume half the length cf the single pales of the neutral fiowers

Sandy soil and cultivated fields, common. Aug., Sept. Ann. Culm upright;
often branched at base and forming a tuft. Leaves flat, broad, and with the
flattened sheaths hairy. unicle often purplish. ;

8; P. Ltatirotrum; L.. Broad-leaved Panic-grass. .

Fanicle terminal, a little exserted, simple, pubescent; spikelets oblong-ovoeid,..

@owny ; lower glume ovate, not 14 the length of the many-nerved upper.one; sterile

Power voostly with 3 stamens. .

GRAMINE. 499

Moist woods and thickets, common. June, July. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, smoothy.
the joints and margins of the smooth sheaths bearded with soft. woolly hairse
Leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate from a heart-clasping base, often 1 inch wide.
Panicle 2 inches long, with downy branches.

9. PP. CLANDESTINUM, L. Eidden-flowered Panic-grass.
Sheaths hispid, enclosing the short lateral panicles; spikelets ovoid, pubesceat,
the lower flower neutral, with 2 palezx.

Low thickets and river banks. Aug. Culm 1 to 3 feet high, very leafy to the
top. at length producing appressed branches. JZeaves oblong-lanceolate, from a
keart-clasping base, very acuminate. Panicles terminal and lateral, the former
wholly concealed in the leaves, exserted, or onaloug peduncle. Anthers and stiz-
mas purple.

10. P. Microcarpon, Muhl. Small-pointed Panic grass..

_Panicle soon exserted, very many-flowered, narrowly oblong; spikelets long,.
ovcid, smoothish; lower glume orbicular, very small.

Thickets. July. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, the joints and the orifice of:
the throat of the sheaths bearded with soft woolly hairs. Leaves broadly lanceos
kate, rough-margined, bristly-ciliate. Punicle 3.i0 7 inches long.

11. P. pauctFLtoruM, Elk. Smatl-Aowered Panic-grass:.
Panicle open, nearly simple, bearing few tumid-obovate hairy or smoothish,
spikelets; lower glume \4 to 4. the length of the upper one.

Wet meadows andcopses. June, July. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, at length much
branched and reclining, roughish, Leaves lanceolate, 2 to 5 inches long, 44 to 14,
inch wide, faintly 9-nerved, hairy or smooth, fringed on the margin.

12. P. picuotomum, lL. Variable Panic-grass.

Punicle small, lateral, nearly simple; sprrelefs minute, on long peduncles, obo-.
void, mostly pubescent; lower glume 14 the length of the upper; lower flower.
neutral, the upper palez minute.

Moist. meadows and woods. July—Sept. Culms 8 to 20. inches high, at first
mostly simple, bearing a more or-less exserted-compound spreading panicle, I to 3.
inches lony. Leaves lanceolate, flat, the radical tufted ones, ovate-lanceolate, very
short, thickish. Punicle changing its form, often purplish. A very variable spe-
eies, embracing P. nodiflorum, pubescens, laxiflorum, and nitidum of Lam. P..
barbulatum and ramulosum of Michz.

13. P. DEPAUPERATUM, Mubl. Few-flowered Panic-grass.,

Panicle sinple, contracted, few-flowered, often over-topped by the narrowly
linear upper leaves; spi/celets oval-obovate, commonly poinied when. young; lower.
glume ovate, 14 the length of the 9-nerved upper one.,

Dry woods and hills, common. June. Gulms simple or branched at the base,
ferming close tufts, 6 to 12 inches-high. JZeaves short, becoming longer above,
narrow-linear, hairy beneath. Punicle. 4 to 7 inches.tong. Varies with the leaves.
often involute.

14. P. verrucosuM, Muhl. Warty Panic-grass.
Smooth; panicle capillary, widely spreading, few-flowered; spi/elets oval, acute,

warty-roughened, dark green; lower glume 14 the length of the upper one.
Sandy swamps. Aug.,Sept. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, branching and spreading,
very. slender, naked above.. Lcaves narrow, smooth, spreading. ‘
15. P. Crus-eanur, L. Barnyard-grass. :
Spikes alternate, crowded in a dense panicle; glumes ovate, abruptly pointed>.
lower palee of the neutral flower bearing a rough awn of variable length.

Wet places, near barn-yards. Aug., Sept. Ann. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, terete,

smooth, stout, branching from the base. Leaves lanceolate, 14 inch or more wide, ,
rough-margined. Spikes 1 to 3 inches long.

ee ee a ee Teen

480 ie . GRAMINE A.

43. SEHETARIA, Beauv. BRISTLE-GRASS.

Lat. seta, a bristle; in allusion to the bristly spikelets.

SPIKELETS 2-flowered, invested with an involucre of 2 or
more bristles. GLUMES 2, unequal, herbaceous. LowER

FLOWER abortive; PALE@ 1 or 2, herbaceous. Upprrr
FLOWER perfect; PALE cartilaginous.—Annuals, with lin-
ear-or lanceolate fiat leaves, and the inflorescence in a dense spiked
panicle or apparently a cylindrical spike.

J. §. VEeRTICILLATA, Beauv. Jftough Bristle-grass.
Spike subverticillate, cylindrical, somewhat interrupted; bristles short; palew of
tke perfect flower roughish-puncitate.,

Naturalized near dwellings. July. Culm about 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves.
Ianceolate, acuminate, rouzhon the margin. Spike 2.to 3.inches long, green..

2. §. auAuca, Beauy. Bottle-grass.~
Spike cylindrical, very dense; Oristles 6 to 1! im a cluster, much longer than the

spikelets ; perfect flower transversely. wrinkled,
Very common in stubble. July, Aug. Culm 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves lanceolate,

hairy at base. Spite 2 to 4 inches long, tawny or orange-yellow. Introduced.

8. S. virnipis, Beauv. Green Foxtail.
Spike nearly cylindrical, more or less compound; bristles few in a eluster, longer
than the spikelets; perfect flower striate lengthwise and dotted.
_ Cultivated grounds, comnron. July, Aug. Culm 2 to 3’feet high, erect. Leanes
linear, flat, roughish. Spike 2 to3 inches long, green.
4. §. Irauica, Kunth. Jtalian Bristle-grass.
Spike compound, izterrupted at the base,.thick, nodding; bristles 2 or 3 in: a
eluster, either longer or shorter than the spikelets.
Wet grounds, spariagly naturalized and sometimes cultivated under the name of ©
ee Bengal Grass. Culin t feet high. Spire 6 to. 9 inches long, yellowish or
purplish.

44. TRIPSACUM, Einn. SsaAMeE-GRass.
Gr. tribo, to rub; perhaps in allusion to the polished fertile spikes..
Monecious. STERILE SPIKELETS above, in pairs on each
joint of the rachis, collateral, 2-flowered: FLOWERS each
with 2 paler. FERTILE SPIKELETS solitary, as long as tlre

joint, 2-flowered; the flowers with 2 pales; the outer or

tower dower neutral, the inner or upper one fertile. STyLEs
united: sTIGMAS very long, hairy, purple. GRAIN ovoid,
free.— Culms stout and tall. Leaves broad and flat. Spikes
axillary and terminal, seperating into joints at maturity.

T. DACTYLOIDES, L. Sesame-Grass. Gama-Grass.

Spikes 2 or 8 together at the summit, and solitary from the upper sheaths.

Meadows. July, Aug. Per. Culm erect or oblique, 4 to 6 feet high. Leaves:
large, often 3 feet long, linear-lanceolate, smooth beneath, rough above. Sptives:
4.to 8 inches long.

GRAMINER. 431

45. ANDROPOGON, Linn. BEARD Grass.

Gr. aner, aman, and pogon, a beard, in allusion to the hairy flowers.

SPIKELETS in pairs upon each joint of the slender rachis,
spiked or racemed. Lowerr FLOWER staminate or neutral,
the glumes and palea very minute or wanting. UPPER FLOW-
ER perfect. GLUMES awnless. Panza 2, shorter than the
glumes ; lower one mostlyawned. STAMENS]to 3. GRAIN
free.— Coarse and rough perennial Grasses, with lateral or
terminal spikes commonly clustered or digitate, the rachis hairy or

plumose bearded. |
1. A. FurcATUS, Muhl. Forked Beard- Grass.

Spikes digitate, mostly in threes or fours; lower flower staminate, awnless; au
of the perfect flower bent.

Sterile soils.common. Sept. Culm 3to4feet high. Leaves flat, the lower very
lons. Spihes-3 inches long, 3 to 5 at the naked summit of the culm.

2. <A. scoparius, Michx. Purple Beard-Grass.
Spices siraple, lateral and terminal, pedunculate, in pairs; lower flower neutral,

awned; glumes of the perfect flower smooth; awn twisted.
Old fields and roadsides. Aug. Gulm 3 to 4 feet high, slender, with many pan-

iculate branches. Leaves flat, hairy. Spikes on a flexuous rachis, often purple.
3. A. Vireinicus, L. Virginvan Beard- Grass.
Culm flattish below, sparingly short-branched above; sheaths smooth ; spikes 2or

8 together in distant appressed clusters.

Sandy soil. Sept. Cu’ms about 3 feet high, somewhat tufted. Zeavesa foot or
more long. Spires i inch long; partly conceaied in sheaths.

46. SORGHUM, Pers. Broom-Corn,

The Asiatic name of a eultivated species.

SPIKELETS 2 or 8 together on the branches of an open
panicle, the lateral ones sterile or often reduced merely to
their pedicels ; the middle or terminal one only fertile, its
glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnless. PALEA
3, the upper one awned. STAMENS 3.

1. S. nurans, Gray. Indian Grass. Wood Grass.
Punicle narrowly eblong, rather crowded, the perfect spikelets at length droop-
ing, clothed near the base with fawn-colored hairs, shorter than the twisted awn
sterile spikelets small and very imperfect, or reduced to a mere plumose-hairy ped-
icel.
Dry soil. Aug. Per, Cuim simple, 8 to 5 feet high, terete. Leaves linear-lance-
- @late, glaucous. Punicle 6 to 12 inches long, the spikelets bright russet brown
and shining.
2. §S. saccHaratum, L. Broom Corn.
Culm 6 to 10 feet high, thick, solid with pith; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, pu-
bescent at base; panicle large, diffuse, with long verticillate at length drooping

ee ee ee a ee ee

432. Ee GRAMINE.

branches ; glumes of the perfect epikelet hairy, persistent. Ann. From ‘the Eaét |
Indies. Much cultivated. ~

3d. S. VULGARE, Il. . Indian Millet.

An annual from the East Indies, is rarely cultivated -as a-curiosity, or for the
seed for food for pouliry.

47. ZEA, UL. Inpran Corn.
Gr. Zao, to live ; the seeds contributing eminently to the support of life.

Monecious. STAMINATE FLOWERS in terminal paniculate
racemes : SPIKELETS 2-flowered : GLUMES 2, herbaceous, ob-
tuse, subequal: PALEA membranaceous, awnless, obtuse.
PISTILLATE FLOWERS lateral, axillary, on a spadix enclosed
in a spathe of numerous bracts: SPIKELETS 2-flowered, 1
flower abortive : GLUMES 2, very obtuse: PALEA awnless%
STYLE 1, filiform, very long, pendulous. SEED compressed.

%. Mays, L. Maize. Indian Corn.

Foot fibrous, often with aerial roots ; culm erect 5 to 15 feet high, channelled on
one side, leafy ; leaves lance-linear, entire, 2 to3feetlong. Annual. Native of the
warm latitudes of America. Very extensively cultivated throughout the temperate
and torrid zones. Varieties numerous.

48. COIX, Linn. Jop’s TEAR.
Koiz, a palm-leaved tree.
STAMINATE FLOWERS, in remote spikes ; GLUMES 2-flow-
ered, awnless. STYLE 2-parted. SEED covered with the
bone-like calyx. j

€. tacHryMA, L. Job’s- Tear.

‘Culm semi-terete above; flowers naked; fruit ovate. June. Ann. A curious
Brass, often cultivated for its-sceds, which much resem)le heeds.

~

ADDITIONS.
To Onper 39. ROSACEA, after Dalibarda, page 103, add

Trise Ill. Fracarrea.— The Strawberry Tribe.

POTENTILLA, Linn. Crinque-rorn. FIVE-FINGER.

~ Lat. potens, in allusion to its seppdsed medical virtues.

Catyx deeply 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets at the sinuses, ap-
pearing 10-cleft. Parans 4 or 5, roundish or inversely
heart-shaped, deciduous. STAMENS numerous. ACHENIA
many, collected in a head on the hairy receptacle.— Herbs,
or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves, and solitary or cy-
mose flowers.

_ * Leaves palmate: leaflets 3to 5: flowers yellow. : |
1. P. Canapensis,L. Common Cinque-foil or Fide-finger.
Hairy or pubescent, procumbent and ascending, producing runners; peduncles
axillary, elongated, 1-flowered; leaflets 5, oblong or obovate-wedge-form, cut-tecthed
towards the apex; petals longer than the calyx. -
Dry fields, among grass, very common. April—Oct. Per. Stemsat length 12
to 18 inches long. Leaves white villous when young. Flowers yellow. A very
variable species, ernbracing several varieties. Var. 1. PuMILA is a dwarf early

flowering state in sterile soil. Var. 2. SIMPLEX is a taller and greener state, with
slender ascending stems. (P. simplex, Michz.)

2. P. arcentea, L. Silvery Cinque-foul.

Low; stems ascending, eymose at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly ;
deaflets 5, wedge-cblong, almost pinnatifid, entire towards the base, with revolute
margins, green above, silvery-white-woolly beneath; petals lowger than the calyx.

Dry barren fields. June—Sept. Per. Stems 4 to 10 inches long, somewhat

woody at base, at length with slender branches. Leaflets 14 to 34 inch by 4, with
2 or 3 slender spreading teeth on each side; upper ones linear entire. lowers
small, yellow.

3d. P. Norweeica, bk. Norway Cinque-foil.
Tlairy, erect, forked above, many-flowered; leaflets 3, obovate-oblong, coarsely
‘tut-serrate; calyx longer than the petals; ackenia wrinkled or ribbed.

Old fields and pastures. July—Sept. Ann. or Bien. Stem 1 to 2 feet high,
hirsute, at length more or less branched. Lower leaves on petioles 1 to 4 inches
long. lowers pale yellow, in leafy corymbs at the top, and’on long solitary pe-
‘duncles below.

** Leaves odd-pinnate: flowers yellow. —

4. P. areuta, Pursh. Close-lowered Cinque-foil.

Stem erect, tali and stout, brownish-hairy,’ clammy towards the summit; leaves
pinnate, the Jowest 7 to 9, the upper 8 to 7-foliate; leaflets oval or ovate, incised or
doubly serrate, downy underneath ; flowers ceymose-clustered. . .

Rocky hills and banks. July. Per. Stem mostly simple, 2 to 4 feet high.
Radical leaves 1 foot or more long. Leaflets 1 to 2 inshes long, 24 as Sride, sessile.
# lowers «bout 34 inch in diameter, yelléwish-whité. ~

©

, .

434 ~ ADDITIONS. < an

6. P. rruricosa, L. Shrubby Cinque-foil.
Stem ercet, very much branched, bushy; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5 to 7, crowded,

oblong-lanceclate, entire, silky, especially beneath; stipules lanceolate, scale-like ;
flowers numerous, terminating the branchlets.
Margins of swamps, rare. June—Sept. A shrub 2 to 4 feet high, witha reddish

bark, and numerous branches. Leaves numerous, on short petioles. Flowers
numerous, larze, yellow. Cultivated. ;

FRAGARIA, Tourr. StTrawBerry.
Lat. fragrans, fragrant; on account of its perfumed fruit.

CALYX concave, deeply 5 cleft, with an equal number of
alternate exterior segments or bracteoles. Prraus 5, obcor-
date. STAMENS numerous. SryLes deeply lateral. Re-
CEPTACLE in fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming
pulpy and whitish or scarlet, bearing the minute dry achenia,
scattered over its surface.—Low perennials, with runners,
radical 3-foliate leaves, aud white cymose flowers on scapes.

1. EF. Virernica, Ehrh. Wild Strawberry.

Leaficts broad-oval, smoothish above, the lateral ones distinctly petioled; pedun-

cles mostly shorter than the leaves; achenia imbedded in the deeply pitted ovoid
' receptacle.

Banks and rocky places. April, May. Fruit in June, July. Fetioles radical,
2 to G@inches long, with spreading hairs. Leaflets coarsely toothcd, 1 to 2 inches
long, 34 as wide.

2. F. vesca, L. Common Strawberry. a

Leaficts folded, thin; peduncles usually longer than the leaves; achenia superfl
cjal on the conical or hemispherical receptacle (not sunk in pits).

Fields and meadows, common. April, May. Fruit June, July. Stolens often
crcep:ug several feet. Numerous varieties are cultivated.

To OnvER 35. RUAMNACES, after Rhamnus, p. 74, add
9. QEANOTHUS, Linn. New Jersey Twa.

An ancient Greek name applied to this genus.

Catyx 5-lobed, the lower part adhering with the ovary,
the upper seperating across in fruit. Pxrans hood-form,
on slender claws. FILAMENTS elongated. Fruit 3 lobed,
dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe.—Shrubly
plants, with entire leaves, and small white flowers tn little
umbcl-like clusters, which are crowded in dense panicles or
corymbs at the summit of naked flower branches.

C. Americanus, L. New Jersey Tea. ed-root.

Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate, downy beneath, often heart-
shajed at the base; common peduncles elongated, nearly leafless. .

Dry woodlands and fence-rows, common. July. An undershrub 1 to 3 feet
high frgm a dark red roct, with downy Lranches and numercas small flowers, in
pretty white clusters.

J») 4 = ee

ERRATA.

_ Generie description of Nasturtium on page 29 should real—Pod nearly terete,
&c., see Class 14, Tetradynamia, Order 2, Siliquosz, in Analytical Tables.

On page 16, for Podophyllum pellatum, read peltatum.

On page 36, 3d line, after Cleome for on, read or.

Page 73, 6th line, from Euonymus for 5-sided, read 4-sided.

Page 87, for Lespedza, read Lespedeza.

Page 103, 2nd line from bottom, for stick, read disk.

On page 110, for P. arbutifolio, read arbutifolia.

. Page 112, 4th line after Decoden, for stamens 15, read stamens 10.
Page 220, 4th line after Chimaphila, for stamens 19, read stamens 10.
Page 232, 2nd line after Tecoma, for 6-toothed, read 5-toothed.

On page 272, 6th line from bottom, after ‘“‘smoothish,” read Corolla.
Page 281, 4th line after Datura, for petieled, read plaited.

=. tae TU

INDEX
BOTANICAL NAMES.

The name of the Orders and: Sub-orders are in SMALL CAPITALS, the. Genera ang@
Sub-genera in Roman, and the.Synonymes in Jtalic.

PAGE. PAGE. PAGE,
Abies 340 Anagallis 228 Aster. 162:
Abietiness 339 ANAGALLIDER 228 ASTEROIDES:. 161
Abrotanum 190 Anehisa 270 Astragalus e 89,
Absinthium 190 Andrdmeda 213 Atheropdgon, 415.
_Abitilon 59, ANDROMEDES 212 Atroépa 284
Acalypha 3817 Andropogon 431 Avéna 426
ACANTHACES 234 Anempne 2 Aviculazia. 305;
Acer 69. ANGIOSpEKMOTS. Exo- Azalea ; 216,
ACERACEE 69 GENS. - k
Acetosella 807 ANONACKE. 14 BALsAMIFLUA: 83a:
Achilléa 1838 Anthemis 187 BALSAMINACES, 64.
Acnida 299 Anthoxanthum, 427 Baptisia 93.
Aconitum 10 Antenniria 191 Barbarea. 29.
Actaéa . 10 ANTIRREINIDES 235. Bartdnia, 287:
Actinémeris. 184 Antirrhinum. 236 Batatus 279.
Adenorachis. 110 Anychia 54 Bénzoin 808:
Adlimia 24 APETALOUS EXOGENOUS. BERBERIDACE: 16,
Adonis 12 ~=s«PLANTS. 296 Bérberis. 16;
Aischynomene. 84 Aphylion, 232 Beta 303
Zésculus 71 Apios 382 Betula 327
Agave 3865 Apium 139 BETULACES 3827
AGLUMAGEOUS ENDO- Apléctrum 3857 Bidens 185
GENS. 349 APOCYNACER: 289 BIGNONIACER - 222 -
Agrimonia 101 Apoc}Ynum 289 BIGNONES 232
Agrostis 4)1 AQUIFOLIACES 221 Bidttia EE
- Agropyrum. - 422 Aquifodlium, 222 Blephilea 253
Aira. 424 Aquilégia 8 Blitum 299
Alétris 367 Arabis 30 Behméria 838
Alisma 595 ARACES 345 Boltdnia 1€9,
ALISMACEA3. 352 Aralia 142 BoRAGiNACEE _ 266
ALISMES 393 ARALIACE® 142 Borago 270
Allium. 379 Archémora 138 Brachelyirum 413.
Alnus 328 Archangélica 184 Brasénia 17
Aloinez — 384 Arendria - §2 Brassica. 34
Alopeeirus 409 Arethtsa. $61 Briza AIT
lsinez 50 Argemodne, 21 Brémus. 421
Althéa 58 Aristida Aid Broussonétia. - + $85
Alyssum 27 Aristoléchia. 297 Buchnéra — 244.
Amalanchier 109 ARISTOLOCHIACEE 297 Bupletirum? 138.
AMARANTHACES 309 Arméria 225 Buxus ; 318,
Amaranthus 300 Armeniaca 97
AMARYLLIDACES - 365 Arnica 195 CABOMBACER 17-
Amar fllis 365 Artemisia 190 Cacilia, 193,
Amberboa 196 Arum @ 345 CAgPACED: 118,
Ambrosia Lit. Asarum. : 207 OCFSALPINES 94.
midnthium 367 ASCLEPIADACEE 290 Calamagrostis. 413
_ Amdorpha 90 Asclépias 290 Caléndula 196:
Ampelopsis 75 Ascyrum 45 Calla .— a 348,
_Amphicarpa 83 Asimina 15 Calliastrum. 162:
Amphidtis 153 ASPARAGES 374 Callistéphus} 170,
MYGDALEE 96 Aspéragus 874 GALLITRICHACE.S 313,
Amygdalus 99 ASPHODELEZ 377 Callitriche 314,

ANACARDIACER 67 Asphddelus 878 Calopdgon - 861

438

CaAltha
CALYCANTHACE
Calycdnthus
Calystégia
Camelina
Campanula ~
CAMPANULACER
CaMPYLOSRERM
Canna
Cannabis
CANNABINEE
CANNACER
CAPPARIDACHA
Caprifolium
Capsélla
Cipsicum
Cardamine
Cardiospérmnm
Carex .
Carpinus
Carthamus
Cirum
Carya
CARYOPHYLLACES
Cassandra
Cassia,
CASSIZ
Castanea
Castilleja
Catan4nche
Catalpa
Cataria
Caulinia
Cedronéila
CELASTRACES
Celdstrus
Celésia
Céltis
Centaurea
Centroésema
Cephalanthus
Cerdstium
Cerassus
CERATOPHYLLACE
Ceratophyium
Ceraidschcenus
Cércis
Ciseroph¥llum
Chameelirium
Cheiranthus
Chelidonium
Chelone
‘ CHENOPODIACESS,
Chenopodium
Chimaphila
CINCHONE®S
€hionanthes
Chrysopsis
Chrysanthemum
Chrysosplénium
Cicer
CICHORACE.B
Cichorium,
Cicita
Cimicifuga
Cinna
Circa
Crigium,

~

“INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES.

PAGE.

7 CISTACER _-
111 Cladium
111 Claytonia
277 Clématis
26 Cledme

208 Cléthra

208 UClintodnia
140 Clinopocdium
364 Cnicus

3836 Cochlearia
335 Celosperma

$64. Coix

35 Collinsia

145 Collinsonia
25 Comaiandra
284 Commellyna
al COMMALLYNACEA
79 Comptonia
403 Comeosita
825 CONIFER
199 Conium

138 ~Conoclinum
819 Conophotis
47 Convallaria
214 Convdlvulus
94 CONVOLVULACEAR
94 Coptis -

325 Coprosminthus
245 Corallorhiza
206 Coredpsis
233 Coriandrum
255 CORNACEA
sao Cornus

255 Corydalis

“1 Corylus

(2 Céosmainthus
302 Créintzia

812 CRASSULACER
195 Cratezus

83 Crocus

152 Crotaiaria

51 CRUCIFARZ |
97 -Cryptotenia
813 Cacumis

813 Cucirbita
401 CrcuRBITACSS
94 Canila

140 Cuphéa

O88 CUPRESSINES
33 Cupréssus

_ 21 CuPULIFERE

237 CUusCUTINE
29§ Cusciita

298 Cydonia

220 Cynogléssum
152 CyNARES
295 Cynthia

1f¥4 CynoJdon
189 CYPERACER
129 Cypripedium
80 Cyperus
2.00

209 Déactylis

126 Dahlia

11 Dalibirdéa
411 Danthonia
116 Daphne

196 Dancus

PAGE. -

40 Datira
402 Dscoden
66 Delphinum
2 Dentaria
86 Desmodium
215. Dianthus
207 Dianthéra
258 Dicéutra

“199 DICOTYLEDONS

26 Diclytra
141 Dielytra
432 Diervilla
237 Divitadlis

° 952% Diosedrea

810 Dioscornacay
$92 Diospyrus
392 Diplopappus
3827 Dipsacka
155 Dipsacus
339 Diptericanthus
j41 Dirca
158 Dodecitheon
231 Dracocéphalum
877 Drosera
278 DROSERACER
277 Dalichiuw

$
572 EBENACER
857 Hchinocystis
182 k¢hinospermum
442 Echinddorus
144. Echium
144 Meclipta

23 HWLATINACES
824 latina

73 Hledcharis
132 Hlephantopus]
1425 HEleusine

108 Klymus

873 Hlodea

93 HNDOGENS

ZL Kpigéa

137 Epilobium
123 Kpiphegus
124 Mragrostis
121 Hréchthites’
952 HERICACER
113 Hrigenia

342 Krigeron

342 Hriocatiion
820 HRIOCAULONACER
279 Hridphola
279 HKridphorum
111 Erysimnum
269 Erythriea.
195 Hrythronium
901 ESCALONI BAS
415 Hschschoitzia
8395 EUVONYMER
863. Euonymus.
895 WUPATORIACES

Eupotoriam

446 HKuphorbia
170 HEuPHORBI ACES
103 HEutoca
426 MXoOGENS

309

183 Faba

PAGE.
Fagopyrum 806 Hepatica
Fagus 824 Heraclium
~Fedia 164 Ierpéstis
Festtica 426 Hésperis
Filago 192 Hetcranthera
Fimbrist}lis 400 Heuchéra
Floeerkia . 66 Hibiscus
Foeniculum 139 Hieraceum
Fraxinus 295 Hippiris
Fragaria 34 HamopoRACEs
Frittiliaria 883 Haélleus
Famaria 24 Hordeum
FUMARIACEA 22 Hottonia
Funkia 878 Horrontess
Horstonia
Galactia &2 Hudsdnia
Galénthus 3866 Himuius
Galatélla 166 Wya-icthus
Galeodpsis 202 Uydréingea
Galium 151 LyYpRANGES
Gatra 115 Hydrastis
Gaulthéria 212 Hydrocotyle
Gaylu:sicia 210 HYDROCHARIDACES
Gentiana 287 HYDROPHYLLACE2
GENTIANACES 285 IfydropL ¥:lum
GERANICES 62 Iyoscyamus
Geranium 62 HyPERICACe
Gerirdia 244 Hypéricum
Geum 102 Hypophorum
Gillia 276 Hypoxis
Gillénia 16@ Hyssépis
Glechoma 256
Gleditschia 95 Theris
GLUMACEZ 395 Tlex
GLUMACEOUS ENDOGENS 895 Jlysénthus .
Glycéria 418 Impatiens
Gnaphalium 191 Tnula
Gomphréna 3802 Todanthes
Gonolobus 293 Ipomea
Goodyéra 862 Ipomépsis
GRAMIN:& 408 TRIDACER
Gratidla 240 Iris
GROSSULACE® 119 IsAnthus
aymnadeénia 869 satis
GYMNOSPERMOUS Exo- Isnarda
GENS 339 Itea
Gy nandropsis 25
J ASMINACES
HIALORAGER 116 Jasminum
HAMAMELACES 121 Jeffersonia
Hamimelis 431 JUGLANDACES
Heceoma 252 Jigians
Hédera 143 JUNCACEE
Hedyotis 183 JUNCAGINES
HEDYASAREZ $4 Jfincus
Hedysarum 84 Juniperus
HELIANTHES 8&4 Justicia
Helenium 1868
FIsviANTHES V8 Kalmia
Helidnthemum 49 Keléria
Hélianthus 180 Krigia
Heliopsis 179 Kthnia
Helleborus 12
Heléuias 088 LABIATR
Helxine 305 Lactica
Hemidnthus 241 Lageniria
Hemicirpha 3¢7 Limium
Hemorocallis 3i7 Lappa

Lapéthum
Laportca
Larix
Lathyrus
LAURACES
Laurus
Lavéendula
Léchea
Lédum
Leérsia

5 LEGUMINOS

Lémna
LEMNACEX
Léntago
LENTIBULACEA
LeGuntice
LeGutodon
Leontrus
Lépachys
Lepidium
Leptandra
Lespedéza
Leucanthemum
Letiedjum
Liatris
LIGULIFLORZ&
Ligtstrum
LILIACE®
Lijium

6 LIMNANTHACER

bimosélla
LINACES
Linaria
Lindernia
Linnaéa
Linum
Liparis
Lippia

5 Liquidémber

Liriodéndron
Listeria
Lithospérmum
Lobelia

5S LoBELIACE

LCGANEX
Lolium
Lonicera
LONICERES
Lophanthus
LORANTHACES
LOTE
Ludwigia
Luniaria
Lupinus
Lizula
Lychuis
Lycium
Lycopersicum
Lycoépsis
Lycopus
Lyonia
Lysiméchia
LYTHE ACER

Maelira
Magnolia

M AGNOLIACES
Malanthemum

=

440

INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES.

Malus

Malva-

MALVACER

- Malaxts
Maria
Marrtbium
Martynia
Martita
Matthiola
Meconopsis
Medéola
Medicago
MELANTHIER
Melanthium
Melampyrum
MELASTUMACE
Mélica
Melilstus
Melissa
Melothria
MENISPERMACES
Menispérmum
Méntha
Menyaénthus

Menziésia
Merténsia
Mikania
Micréstylus
Mimulus
Mirabilis
Mitehélla
Mitélla
Molit ago
Momirdica
Monarda
MoNOoCOTYLEDONS

‘PAGE.

110 Westone
bY

57 Obolaria
356 Ocymum
214 Ginothéra

363 OLBEACHE

233’ ONOGRACER
187 Onopérdon
84 Onosmodium
20 Opulus ©

374 Opaintia

92 ORCHIDACES

386 Orchis,

886 Origanum
247 Ornithdgalum
111 ORoBANCHACES
417 Orobanclie
92 Oréntium
258 Orthomeris
122 ORTHOSPERMZ
15 Osmorhiza
15. Ostrya

250 OXALIDACEA
288 Oxalis

215 Oxydendron
269 Oxycoccus
158 @xytripolium

239° Peednia

202 Panax

152 Panicum

128 Papaver

53 PAPAVERACES
1238 PAPILIONACES.
253 Pardanthus
345 Parietaria

BIiONOPETALOUS ExoGgens 145. Parnassia

hiondtropa
MONOTROPEA
Morea

Morus
Muhlenbérgia
Mulgédium
Myos otis
Myrica
MYRICACES
Myriophyllum

Nabulus
NAIADACER
Naias
Narcissus
Nardosmia
Nasturtium
Negtinda
NELUMBIACESE
Nelambium
Nemopanthes
Wem ophila
Népeta
Nicandra
Nicotiana
Nigélla

Nyc CTAGINACER
Nymphea
NYMPH HACED
Niphar
Nyssa

2921 PARNASSIE

990 Passiflora

354 PASSIFLORACER
8aD Pastinaca
412 Paulonia

904 Pedicularis

. 268 Peltandra. .

826 Penthoérum

896 Pentstémon-

117 Pérsiea

- Pérsicaria
202 Petainia
309 Phacélia .
350 PHANOGAMIA
366 Phalaris

161 Pharbitis

29 PHASEOLER.
70 Phaséolus

18 PHILADELPHEA
18 Philadelphus
223 Phiéum

273. Phiox - -
255 Phragmites
282 Phryma

280 Phyllanthus
13 Physalis

302 Physostévia
18 Phytolacca
18 PHYTOLACCACKE
19 Pilea

* $09 Pimpinélla

‘PAGE.

809 Pinus
Pisum =

‘289 PLANTAGINACER

264 Plantago

-114 PLaAtTANACER

294 Platanthéra
113 Piatanus
198 Plaichia

1+ OF PLUMBAGINACES |
150. Poa

119. Podophy¥lum
356. PODOSTEMACEE
358 Podostémum

251 Pogonia

878 Polanysia

231. PoLEMONIACE
231: Polemonium.

347 Polydnthus
166 PoLYGONACEE
131 -Polygala .
140 PoLYGALACES .
825 Polygonatum ~
63 Polygonum |
63 Polymnia .

212 PomEx

166, Pontedéria
PONTEDERIACESR
12 Populus

148 Portulaca
427 PoRTULACACES
21 Potentilla

20 Potéerium

V7 Primula

3870 PRIMULACER
038 PRIMULEE

43 Prinoides

43 Prinos

121 Prosartes

121 Proserpinica
134 Prunélla

238 Primus

246 Ptélea

546 Pterdspora —
126 Pulmonaria.

238 Pycnanthemum

98 Pyrceus.
O04 Pyréthrum

285 Pyrola

272 Pyrdles
ilePyrularia

427 Pyrus

278

81 Quamoclit

130

130 BatcNcuiaeel
409 Rantuculus
274 Raphanus
422 Rebotilea

248 Reseda
817 RHAMNACER
282 Rhémnus

261 Rhéum

$03 Rhéxia

803 RHINANTHIDES -

838 Rhododéndron
439 Rhodora

81 Quercus he

214 PoLyPETALOUS EXoGENs 1

|

oe = =

Eo — = ~

~ ReoDORA

. Rhos

" Rhynchiéspora
~ Ribes

Rosaces
- Rosacez#, proper
_ Rosemarinus
* RuBIACEs
- ‘Rabus
-Rudbéckia
— Ruellia
“Radmex

> Babbhtia

- Savina

- Bagittaria
BALICACEH

~ Salix

SAivia
SaAMBUCER

“ Sambucus
SAMOLEX

~ Samdlus
Senicula
Sanguinaria
- SansuisSrba
- SANTALACES
SAPINDACE.B
Baponaria
‘Sarracenia
SARRACNIACE

* S4ssafras

' Satureja

’ SAURURACES

’ Saurarus
MAX iFRAGACLE
Saxifraga
SAXIFRAGES

. Seabidsa
Scheuchseria

* Schoilera

~ SchwAlbea
‘ Scirpus
~ Scleranthus
Scléria
ScnroPHULARIACES
Seutellaria

* Séeale
_ Sedum
~ Senécio
_SENICIONOIDER
« Sericocarpus
SESAME

~ Setaria —
Sicyos
Sida

» Silene

SILENES
SmicuLos%
SILIQuosz
- Silphium
Sinap s
Sisfmbrium
Sisyrinchium

Sium

S SMILACEE

. PAGE.

215

Smilaeina
Smilax

SoLANACEZE
SolAnum
Sdlea.
Solidago
Sénchus
SoPHORSE:
Sorbus

5 Sorghum

Sparganinm
Spartina
Specularia
Spérgula
Spergularis
Spigélia
Spirza
SPRrees
Spiranthus
Spordbolus
Spachys
Staphylea
STAPEYLEE

Statice

Stelkaria
STELLATE

Stipa

Streptorus
Stylosanthe es
Symphori: 4rpus
Symphytem
Symplocarpus
Syringa

Tagetes
Talinum

Panacetum

Taraxicum
TAXINES
Tax6dium
Taxus
Tecoma
Tephrosia
Teticrium

. Thalictrum

Thaspium
Thlaspi
Thunberzgia
Tnhija
THYMELEACES
Thymus
Tiarélla

Tilia
TILIACES
Tiled
Tipularia
Tradescantia
Tragopogon
Trichelostylus
Trichddium
Tricdphorum
Trichéstema
Tricfispis
Trientalis
Trifolium
Trigléchin
TRILLIACES
Trillium
Tridsteum

INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES.

es AGE.

‘Tripsacum

- Trisétum

Triticum
rollins |
TROP EHOLACER
Tropxolum
ToBULIFLORAS
Tulips
TULIPACES

TT USSILAGINE AS
Tussilago
Typha

) TYPHACEZ

Udora
ULMACEZ
Ulmus —
UMBELLIEERE
Uniola
Urtica
URTICACE.S
URTICEX
Uvualaria
UVULARLE

VACCINES
Vaccinium
VALERIANACEE
Vallisnéria
Veratrum
Verbascum

> Verbéna

VERBENACEE
Verbesina
Vernonia

i VERNONIACEE

Veronica
Vibairnum
Vicia
VICIEH
Vilfa
Vinea

_ Viola
_ VIOLACE

Viscum
VITACES

5 Vitis

Waldsteinia
Wistaria

Xanthium —
XeraAnthemum
Xylosteum
XYRIDACE

_ Xyris

Yaces

Zannichéllia

_Zanthoriza _
; ZANTHOXYLACE®

Zanthoxylum _

‘Zizia
(3 Zizania

INDEX

COMMON NAMES.

A PAG?. ‘PAGE. “PAGE.
“Acénthus Family 234 Beard-tongue -238 Butter-cup tf
~Adam-and-Hve 357 Beak-rush 401 Batton-bush 152
Adams needle 384 Beech 324 Button Snaké-root 187
Adders-mouih 356 Beech drops 231 Button-wocd 518
‘“Agrimony 101 Beet 309
Alder 328 Bellflower Family 208 Cabbage $4, 343
Alexanders 136 Bellwort, B. Familf 384 Cactus Family 118
Almond $9 Bent grass ‘4i1 Calamus 347
Almond Family 96 Berinuda-grass 415 Calopdgon ook
“Aloe 365 Bigndnia Family 233 Calico-bush 217
Amararth 300 Bind weed Family 277 Canary grasg A427
Amaranth Family 209 Birch Family 327 Cancer root 231, 232
Amarflis 3€5 Birds-nest 220, 221 Candy-tuft 27
Amaryliis Family 365 Birth-root o73 Caraway 138
‘American Aloe | 369 Birthwort Family 297 Cardinal-flower 208
a Brookiime 242 Biackberry-Lily 370 Carrion-flower a72
= Broomrape 231 Biack-grass 390 Carrot 133
Centaury 285 Bladder-nut 72 Catmint 253
ae Cowslip 227 Bladderwort, B. Family 250 Cat-tail Family 348
Re Laurel 217 Blaving-Star 388 Cat-tail Flag — 348
Anise 4 139 Blite 299 Cayenne Pepper 284
‘Apple Family 108 Blocdwort 20 Celendine 21
Apple of Pera 282 Bloodwort Family 367 Centaury 285, 286
Arbor Vitv 242 Blue-curis -263 Chafi-sced 246
ArethGsa 061 Blue-eyed-grass 3869 Chamomile 187
Arrow Arum 346 Blue crass 419 Cheat z1
«“ Grass Family 352 Blue-hearits 2i4 Cherry OT
“6 Grass 352 Bog-rush 329, 462 Chess 421
‘¢ 6=Head 254 Borage, B. Family 266, 270 Chestnut 323
Arum 840; Bottle-brush-grass -424 Chick Pea 80
Arum Family ©3845 Bow-wood 3.6 Chick-weed, Ch. Fa-
| Asarabacca 297 Box-wood “318 mily 50, Sl
Ash 295 Bracied Bind-weed 277 Chives 380
Asparagus Tribe 374 Bramble, Br. Tribe 101,103 Cicily . 149
Aspen 332 Bresic ' 34 Cinchona Family - 152
_ Asphodel 378 Bristie beard-grass 415 Cives 380
~ Asphodel Tribe _- 877 Bri-tle-grass 430 Cleavers 161
-Aster,: Tribe “161, 162 Brook-weed 229 Climbing Fumitory 24
- Aveus 02 Brocim-corn *. 431 Climbing Hempweed 158
es Broom-grass 421. Chntéinia 207, 376
Balad Cypress 343 Broom-rape, Br. Fa- Club Golden 847
Balin 258 — miiy 231, 232. Otub-rush 398
jalsam “62 Bock bean _. 288 Clover-tre foil $0
- Baneberry 46. Buck-thorn, By-Fa- Cockie-barr 178
- Barberry 15 = mily 73 Cockscomb 802
« Barley 424 Buckwheat Family 303 Columbine — 8
Barn-yard- grasa 429 Bug-bane 11 Célchicum Family BEG
Bartonia _. 287 Bugle- weed 251 Colts-fout 161
“Basil 258,264 Bugloss ~266, 270 Comfrey 266
~ Bastard Toad-Flax 10 Bu'-rush 398 Coral-root £67
Bayberry 326 Burdock 198 Coriander 142
“Bay Family 307 Burr Mary-gold 185 Corn-salad lod
: Bean Tribe 81 Burr-reed 349 Cord-grasa 4al4
+ Beard grass 431. Bush Honey-suckle 147 Cotton graca Md

INDEX TO COMMON NAM3&S.

PAGE. - PAGE. PAGZ,.
> Cotton-roge - 192 False Rice -4038 Heal-all 259
+ Cotton-thistle ~.498 = =Roeket 30 -Heath Family 210, 213
> Cowbane «138 “ Solomon’sSeal 375 Hedge Bind weed 257
~ Cow-parsnip 1384 © Sun-flower -186 ‘. hysup 240
- Cowslips 226, 227 - Winterge -219 « “ mustard Bi
Cow-wheat 247. man -gTass -441 © nettle 263
: Crab-grass .415, 428 Feather-foil, F.. Tribe .229 Hellebore > 887, 12
~ Crane-bill, Cr. Family 62 Feathergrass -413 Hemicarpha B07
» Crane-fly Orchis 358 Fennel -139.-Hemiock 126, 144
~ Cress 29 Fern > $26, 327..Hemleck spruce c4
Crocus - 370 Feseue-grasg - 428. Hemp -. 886, 299
» Crow-feot, Or. Fa- - Fever-few -189 Hemp Family Z
mnily -1, .4 Figwort, F. Family 235, 237 Hemp-nettle 262
> Crown-beard 186 Filbert”. 324 Hemp-weed . 158
’ Crowgpur 233 Pinger-grass 428 Henbane . 281, 282
Crown Imperial 383 Vir 4) Herdsgrass 410, 4i1
Cucumber-root 374 Fireweed 192 Hickory 319
- Cud-weed 191. Flax 61 ay, H. Family. 221, 222
Cut-grass 408 Fleabane 187, 175 Hollyhock 53
Cypress, C. Family 342. Flower de-Luce 268 Ionewort 187
: Cypress Vine 2°9 Fiowering Plants 1 Honesty 27
Fiy Poison 387 Honey-locust -95
- Daffodil 366 Foz-fruit - 249 Honey-suckle 148
Daisy 188 Forzet-me-not 268 Hop 336
Dandelion 203 Four-o’clock 302 Hop-hornbeam 325
Daruel 423 Fox-clove - 239, 245 Horehound 261, 263
Day-flower 392 Fox-tail 409, 430 Hornubeam 325
- Day-Lily 377, 78 Fox-tail-grass . 469 Horaoed Pondweed 50
Deadly Nightshade 284 Fringe-tree 255 Horned Rush 401
Dead Nettle 261 Frog’s-bit Family 864 Hornwort, H. Family 313
Devils-vit 388 Fumitory 24. Horse-balm £52
. Diclytra - 23 “ nettle 283
Dielytra 23 Gale Family 826 “ chestnut 71
. Dittany 252 Galingale «= 395 “© mint 253
Bock 306 Gall-of-the-earth . 205 Houndstongue 269
Dedder, D. Family 279. Gama-grass 430 Hyacinth 360
Dog-bane, D. Family - 289-Garlic 379 Hyssup . -265, 256
Dogs tooth-grass 416 Gentian,G. Family.285, 287
Doxs-tooth-violet 382 Germander . 264 Indian bean 233
ragon-head - 256, 261 Giant Hyssup . 256 6 chickweed 53
Dragon-root 346. Ginseng 143°“ cucumber-root161,274
Drop-seed-grass 410,412 Gicbhe Amaranth 302 “ corn 121, 432
Duck-wéed, D. Family 348 Globe-fiower Sofie 119
. Dutchman’s Pipe 297 Golden Alexanders 1386 ‘ grass 41
Dutchman’s Breeches 23 “ =6Aster 174 3“ hem 290
ci. Cleb 347 mallew 58
Ebony Family 223 “ Rod -Aj1 =“. miilet 43:2
Ee}l- grass 3i5 Gold-thread 8 & pine,I. Family 220,221
Elder, E. Tribe 148 Gonolobus 293 “ plantain 193
. Klecampane 175 Gooseberry 120 “. reed, I. Family 3264
Hlephani’s-fcot 156. Goose-foot, G. Family 298 < rice 4U7
_ Ely, E. Family sll Grass Family 408 © turnip B45
- Enchanters Night- Great Burnet 1¢l Tris Family 368
shade nee 116 Greek Valerian ..2;6 Iron weed : 158
Evening Prim-rcse lit. Green Violet 40 Iron wood < 825
_ Everlasting 1S1 Grien-brier - 872 Ivy - 143
. Kye-bright 207 Gromweil 207
Ground Cherry 282 Jamestown weed 2é1
2 False Dragon-head 261 «“ [Laurel -- 218 Japan day lilies 378
Flax 25 &é Love 273 Jasmine, J. Family 294
“ Gromvwell 267 << anut ' 82 Jessamine “84
“ fHiellekore 387 Groundsel,@. Tribel76, 194 Job’s tear 432
“« Tndigo 90, 93 Jonquil 866
“¢ Jessamine - 284 Hairgrass 411,424 Judas Tree G4
Nettle 338 Hawkbit 201 Juniper + 161, 843
« Orchis 359 Hawkweed 202 June berry - 169
‘ Pennyroyal 249 Hawthorns 108
°&. Pimpernel 241 Hazelnut $24 Kidneybean: -&1

we ca iaibaendinne sie

INDEX TO COMMON NAMES.

air
PAGE Ae . RAGE. 4 4 PAGE,
~ Kings spear 278 Monk’s-hood 10. Pigmey-weed - Tarts
‘Knawel 55 Moon-seed 15 Pimpernell —* 228
Knot weed 303 Morning Glory 273 Pine - ° B39
Moss Pink 75 Pine-drops © “y 220
Labrador Tea 912 Motherwort ‘261 Pine-sap A NOY
-Lacies Tresses 362 Mountain Ash 110 Pinks 49
_ Lady’s Slipper 863 +e Fringe 24 Pink-root* ‘ 154
Larch d41 co oly 222 Pink Grass 862
Larkspur “9 Morning Bride 155 Pinweed 4]
Lavender 225, 264 Mudwort 241 Pipewort 594
Laurel 213 Mulberry 335 Pipsissiwa ; 226
.Leat blossom | 161, 317 Mullein 235 Pitcher Plant . 13
Leadwort Family 225 Maullein Pink 50 Plantain 224
~ Leatherwood 808 Musk Melon «+ 123 Pleurisy-roet 292
Leek 380 Mustard 32 Plom 96
Lottuce 204 Poison Hemlock 141
Lilac 295 Narcissus 366 Poison Oak 68
Lily 374 Nasturtion 65 Poke-weed 803
Lilly Family 381 Nectarine 93 Pond Lily _ 19
Lily-of the-yaliey 377 Nettle 337 Pond-weed “361
Limerass 423 Nettle-trea 312 Poor-man’s Weather-
Linden, 1. Family 60, 61 Nightshade 233 284 ~— glass 229
L.ion’s foot 17 Nine-bark 99 Poplar B52
Liverleat 3 Nonesuch $2 Poppy 215°: aR
Lizatd’s-tail, L, Family 3i8 Nutmeg Flower 13 Potato 279, 283
Lobelia 206 Nut-rush 492 Prickly Ash 66
Locust 89 Prim or Privet 295
Loose Strife eat Oak. 320 Primrose 226
Lopssed 248 Oak of Jerusalem. 299 Prince’s Feather 301
Louse wort 2416 Oat 426 Prince’s Ping 220
Langwort 269, 271 Oilnut 811 Pucccon 20
Lupine 93 Onion 879 Pumpkin 124
Lychindia 574 Orchard Grass 415 Purslane 56
Lymegrass 423 Orpine 126 Putty-root 858
Osage Orange 336 Aad
Madder Family 160, 151 Osier 329 Quaking Grass 417
Mallow, M. Family 57 Ox-eye (179 188 Qgqeen of the Prairie 100
Manna-grass 418 Queen’ Margaret 176
Maple €9 Peony 12 Quince lit
Mare’s-tail . 118 Painted-cup # O45 :
Marigold i§4, 185, 199 Painted Ipomopsis 277 Raddish 33
Marjoram 251 Palma Christi 318 Ragged Robin 50
Magnolia 13 Pansey 40 Rag-weed lit
Mandrake 16 Papaw 13 Raspberry 104
Mangel-Wurtzel 300 Pappoose 17 Rattle-box 93
Marsh Marigold Y Parsley 139 Rattlesnake Plantain 3f2
Marvel-of-Peru 803 Parenip 1845:135, 137 Red-bud 94
Matrimony Vine 281 Partridge Berry 152 Red Osier | 144
May Apple 16 Passion Flower 121 Reed 422
May-weed 187 Paulonia 238 Rhubarb 307
_ Meadow Beauty = 111 Pea 79, 80 Ribbon-grass A2T
‘“ Sweet 99: Peach 98 River-weed 812
« Rue 3 Pear 110, 119 Robin’s Plantain 187
Melilot 62 Pearlwort 53 Rock Rose 40.
Melon 324 Pellitory 838 Rocket 33, 34
Mermaid-weed 417 Pencil Flower 89 Rose 105
Mezcreum 309 Penny nae g = Rose Acacia 89
Mignionette 36 Pennyroyal 252 Rose Campion 50
Milfoil 117: Pennywort 131,135,137,289 Rosebay 217
Milkweed 290 Pepper-bush sweet 215 Rosemary 265
Milk-wort 76 Pepper-grass 26 Rosin-plant © 1i7
~ Milk Pea 82 Pepper-root 28 Rye ’ 425
Milk Vetch 89 Peppermint 250 Rush-grass 410
Mint 250 Periwinkle 290 ; .
Missletoe 311 Persimmon Tree 223 Sacred Bean :
_ Mist-flower 158 Pheasant’s — - 13 Saffron 199, 370
_ Mitrewort 129. Phlox 274 Sage 254
“Monkey Flowet 239 Pickeral-weed 391- Sandwort ° ey

a IO nt, tt es
{

—————— i i

INDEX TO COMMON :-NAMES.

445

Salsify 205
Sanicle 3
Sarsaparilla 342
Sassafras -808
Saxifrage “127
Savory 265
Seorpion Grass 268
Scratch Grass 805
Sedge 403
Seed-box 116
Self-heal 259
Seneca Snake-roet 76
Senna 94
Sesame-Grass 430
Shad berry 109
Shepherd’s Purse 25
Shinleaf “219
Ficklepod 30
Sida ‘60
Side-saddle Flower 20
Silk-weed “290
£kull-cap 259
Skunk Cabbage 846
Snail 92
Snake-head 237
Snake-root 297
Snap-dragon 236
Sneeze-weed 187
Snow-ball 250
“ perry 148
«. drop 366
“ 6Flake 367
Snowy Campion 47
Soapwort 48
Solomon’s Seal “315
Sorrel 68, 806
forrel Tree 214
Sow Thistle 205
Spanish Needleg 185
Spear Grass 418
Spearmint -250
Speedwell 242, 244
Spicewood 808
Spiderwort 36, 393
Spikenard _ 142
Spike-grass ~421
Spike-rush - 397
Spindle-tree 73
Spring Beauty 56
ai (CECES 3l
fpruce - 340
Spurge 315
Spurrey 54
Squash 125
Sq aaw- root 231
Equirrel-corn 23
Star-fiower 227
Star-grass o67
Starry Campion 47
Etar-of- Bethlehem 378
Starwort 162
St. John’s-Wort 44
St. Peter’s-Wort 45
$t. Andrew’-Cross 45
Eteeple-bush 100
Stick-seed 269
Stickwort 51
Stone-crop 126
Strawberry 434

X2

‘PAGE. PAGE.

5 Strawberry Blite 299 Venus’ Looking-glass 209
Straw Flower 200 Vernal Grass 427
Succory 200 Vervain, V. Familg 247
Sumach -67 Vetch, V. Tribe 17
Sundew A2 Vetchling 7§
Sundrops 415 Vine, V..Family 7+
Sunflower 180 Violets 37, 383
5 Susan Black-cyed 235 Virgin’s Bower 2
“Sweet Alyssum 27 Virginia Speedwell 244
‘Brier 106 Viper’s Bugless 266

3 .

Cee do Wake Robin 873

“ Flag 347 ‘Wall Cress 30

“ Gale Family 396 Wall Flower 33

“ Gum, §. Family 333 Walnut ois
“Pepper bu&b 215 Water Arum “S46

“ -Scented.Shrub 111 aos oe

‘“ Sultan 196 “ Hemlock 136

“ William ag “ ITlemp 299
Sycamore 884 s teat oe . on

Oe f x ea amily 27
Syringa 230) =... Lily 18
; Gia 2 on Milt foil 188
Tape-grass 355 is Parsnip 137
Tease), T. Family 134,155 “ Pimpernel, W.
Thin-grass a eee en Stoo 229
Thistle, Th. Tribe 195, 194 Plantain, W.Fa-
Thorn IOS. <2, mily 392, 355
Thorough-wax 188: ou zie 409
Thorough-wort 159,160 % Shield ati
Thread-foot ea eee | hee
Thrift 225 Starwort 314, 392
Thyme 258 E Weed 304
Tickseed 182, Willow 234:
Tiger-flower 370 __ Wort =
Timothy £09, 427 Wax =
Toad-flax 236, 319 Wheat 428
Tobacco 2839 White Grass 405
Toothwert 28 Whortle-berry te
Treacle Mustard 32 Wild Oats ai
4 Trefoil Per | Race a”
Trefeil Shrubby ez. Hye =
Trillium Famil 7 ee BO =
Triple-awned-Grasg 414 _. Herb A13
Trisetum 425 Wind.Flower 2
‘True Lily Tribe 331 Windsor Bean alt
True Colchicum Family 386 Winterberry 22
Trumpet Creeper 7 Cress <J
“Flower 939 or BREE 2Ae
:‘Tubetose 381 Wire-grass 416
Tulip-tree 14 Wolt’s-bane 10
“ Tribe, Tulip 381, 33 Wood Fern 4i1
‘Tupelo, T. Family 309 W god Grass 431
“Turtle-head 28 see erass 411
Tarnip SS OL 389
Tway-blade 356, 363 Sorrel, W. Famiky €3
Twig Rush ‘402 Wool-grass v9
Twin-leat 17 eo:
“Blower y4g *9TS ig
Twist-stalk 886 Yam, Y. Family 71
Two-winged Acanthus 234 ‘Yam Roct 371
Yard Grass ALB

Unicorn 988 Yarrow 188
ee Reot 388 Yellow-eyed Grass 394
<> Pleat 233 “ Root 15° age.

‘6 6 Water-lily 19

Valerian 276 Yew, Y..Family 344
Vegetable Oyster 206 Yucca 384

}

FLORAL DICTIONARY.

A: represented by the Apple leaf. -

Acacia; Platonic or Chaste Love:

Acacia (Yellew): Conevaled Love,

Aehilea Millefolia: War.

African Marygold: Vulgar Minds.

Avrimony: Thankfuln: ss.

Aimond-Tree: Indiscretion—Heedless-

Almond-Laurel: Perfidy. [ ness.

Aloe; Misplaced Devotion.

Althea Frutex: Persuasion.

Alyssum (Sweet): Worth beyond beauty.

Amaranth ; Immortality.

Amary tis; Haughtiness—Pride.

Amorosia: Love returned.

American Cowslip: You are my Divinity.

American Elm: Patriotism.

American Linden: Matrimony.

American Starwort: We come toastran-

Anemone; Your Frown I defy. [ger.*

Anemone (Field): sickness.

Anemone ({tarden): Forsaken.

Anemone (Wood): Forsake me not.

Angelica: ‘Inspir ation.

Apoeynum; Falsehood.

Apple-Blossom: Preference--Fame speaks
him great and. r6ad.

Arbor Vitz; While L Live.

Arrow-Head: Cain repose.

Arum, or Wake-Rohin: Ardor.

A Roseleaf: I wil! rot trouble vou.

Asclepias; Cure for the Heartache.

Ash; Grandeur.

Ash-leaved Trumpet-Flower; seperation.

Aspen-Tree; Lamentation.

Asphodel; My regrets follow you to the

Auricula: Painting. (Grave.

Azalea; Your blush has won me.

B: Beach Leaf. ~

Bachelor’s Button; T with the Morning's
Love have oft made sport.

Balloon Vine: You are puffed up.

Balm of Gilead Fir; Healing—a Cure.

Balm (Gentle); Pleasantry.

Balsam: Impatience.

Balsam Fir; Always smiling.

Barberry: sharpness—sourness.

Basil: Hatred.

Bayberry: Instruction.

Bay-Leaf; I change but in dying.

Bay- Wreath; Reward of Merit.

Beech: Prosperity.

Bellflower (Blue): Constancy.

Bellflower (Carpatic); I Love my. =,
tain Home.

Belvidere: I declare against you.
Bellwort: Gracefulness.

Bee-Ophrys: Error. ’
Betony; surprise.

Bilberry: Treachery.

Birch: Gracefulness.

Bindweed: Humility. .
Bird-Cherry: Hope.

Bird’s-Foot Trefoil: Revenge.

Black Poplar; Courage.

Black Thorn ; Difficulty.

Bladdcrnut-Tree: Frivolous amusements.

Blood-Root; Flattery’s smile.
Blue-bottle ‘Centaury : Delicacy.
Blue-flowered Greek Valerian: Rupture,
Blue Canterbury Bell: Constaney.
Bluc-eved Grass : meekness.

Blue Flag: A message.

‘Blue Lohelia: Purity of heart.

Bonus Tenricus: Goodness.

Borage: Bluntness or Roughuese of Man-
30x: She teat [Ders.
Bramble: Envy

Branch of Currants: You please all.
Rranch of Thorns: severity—Riger.
Broken Straw: Dissension—Kupture.
Broom: Mirth—Neatness.

Bryony: Prosperity.

Bugloss: Falsehood.

Bud of a White Rose: A heart ignorant
Burdock: Importunity. fof Love.
Bundle of Reeds with their Panivles; Mr-
Butter-cups: Ingratitude. [ sis.
Butterfiv-Ophrys: Gavety-
Butterfly-Weed; Let me go..

C: Cherry Leaf.

Cabbage; Profit.

Calla (#thianica); Feminine Modesty..
Calveanthus ; benevolence.

Camellia Japonica; beauty and Eleganos.
Camomile: Energy in Adversity.
Campanula; Gratitude.

Candy-Fuft ; Indifference.

Canterbury Bell (Blue); Constaney-

- Cardamine: Paternal Error.

Catesby’s Starwort; Afterthought.
Cardinal’s Flower; Distinction.
Catalpa-Tree; beware of the Coquet#-
Catchfly; snare.

Cedar of Lebanon; Incorruption.
Cedar-Tree ; strength.

Checkered Fritillary: Persecution.
Cherry-Tree; Good Education.
Cherry-Blogsom; spiritual beauty.

443

Chestnut-Tree; Do me Justice.
China-Aster; Variety..
China or Indian Pink; Aversion.
China or Monthly Rose; beauty evernew.
Chinese Chrysanthemum; Cheerfulness
under Adversity.
Cinquefoil; Parental:Love.
Cistus, or Rock- Rose ; Popular: favor.
Circa; fascination. .
Glematis : ; fillial’ Love.
Clove-Giliyflower; Dignity. .
Cobcea; Gossip.
Cock’s- Comb ; singularity...
coltsfoot; J ustiee shall be done jou,
Columbine; Roily.
Common Cactus, or Indian Fig; Lburn.
Common Fumitory; spleen.
C mmon Reed; Complaisance..
Convolvulus Ma jor; Extingtished Hopes:
Convoivulus Minor; Night.
Corchorus ; Impatience of Absence...
G rn; Richess.
Cornelian Cherry-Tree; Durability.
Coreopsis; Love at first sight:
Coriander s: Concealed Merit.
Coronilla ; success crown pour Wishes:
Cows) ips Pensi\ eness.-
Cowshp American; You are my Divinity.
‘Cowslip American White ;: Angelic Pu-
Cranberry ; Hardiness: [rity.
Cranesbill Geranium ;:
Creeping Cereus; Hvcrror.
Crocus; smiles—Cheerfulnessi
©c088 of Jerusalem; Devotion.
Crowfoot-Bulbous ; ‘showy but not wel-
come,
CG own Imperial’: Majesty and-Power..
ickoo-Pink; Ardor,.
@ clanzen; Diffidence..
Oy press 5° Mourning. .
Cypress and Maryeold: Despair:
Cy press-T’ ree; Deak and Eternal sorrow.
Cy press: Vine 5. My affections cling to you.

FLORAL DICTIONARY.

HEnchanter’s Nightshade ; a
Witchcraft.

Endive ;. frugality..

Eupatorium: Delay.

Evergreen; Poverty.

Eversreen-Thorn ; ; solace in Adversity.

Ever lasting: Never-ceasing Remembrunc ¢

Everlasting Pea; Lasting Plcasure.

EF; Fir Leaf

Fennel ; strength.

Fern; sinccrity.

Fern (Flowering); Revery.

Fig; Argument.

Fig-Tree ; Prolific.

Filbert; Reconciliation:

Fir; Times

Fir-Tree; Elevation.

Flax;-1 feel your Kindness.

Fiax-leaved Goldly-Locks; Tardiness. _

Flora’s Bull; You are without Pretension.

EFiower of'an Hour; Delicate beauty.

Elowering Reed ; Confidence in Heaven. '

Forget-me-not; True Love.

Kox glove; Lam not changed—they
wrong me,

Frankineense; The Incense of a faithful

Fraxinella; fire. { Heart.

French Honey suckle; Rustic beauty.

French Marygold; Jealousy.

Fringed Gentian; A late but welcome
Guest:

Fringe-Tree; beauty in smiles.

Frog-Opbhrys; Disgust.

Full-blown Eglantine: simplicity,

Fullers’ Teasel-; Austerity.

G; Grass:

Garden Chervil; sincerity.

Garden Marygold ; Uneasiness.

Garden Ranunculus; You are rich in At-
tractious:; -

Garden Sage; Esteem. .

™*

- Garland:of- Roses; Reward of Virtues

D:; Dandelion Leaf.

Daficdil; Deceittul Hope.

Dahlia; Heartless Leauty—Instability.

Daisy ; "Innocen- e.

Dairy (Gard.m); I partake your: senti-
merts.

Daisy (W bite); I will think of it..

Damark 1. ose 3:Freshness of Complexion.

Dandeiion ; Oracle.

Daphne Qc ora; sweets to the. sweet. .

Parnel,.or Ray Grass; Vice..

' Dew- Plant ; 2 AR serenades.

Dead Leaves: sadness:

Dittany 3° Birth:.

Dodder: Baseness:;. ;

Dog’s tc oth Violet; Youthful Affection.

Dragon Plant; snare.

Dried F ax; Utility. -

Dutchman’s Breeches; Domestic Happi-

Dutchman’s Pipes. singularity. _ [mess.

FE 3: Bpigea Leat:.
Ebony; Hypocrisy. .
Elder:; Zealousnesa:
Bun ;. Dignity. -

Gentiana Fritillaria; Virgin Pride.

Geranium (Sorrowful) ; Melancholy spi-

Gilly-Flower; Lasting beauty. (rit.

Glory- Flower; Glorious beauty.

Goat’s Rue; Reason:

Golden Gowslip; Days.of: Childhood.

Golden Rod; Precaution.

Goosefoot ; Goodness.

Grape (Wild); Reckless Mirth:

Grass ;. Utility.

Grass, Pink. (Callopogon); smile on-me-
stil

Great Bind weed : Dangerous Insinuation..

Guelder Rose; Winter or Age.

H; Hazel branch.

Harebell; Delicate and lonely ag: this
Flower

Hawkweed ; Quicksigtedness...

Hawthorn ;- Hope.

Hazel; Reconciliation:

Heath; solitude.

Helenia; Tears.

Heliotrope; Devotion.

Hellebore; Calumry, .

/

ee eee

FLORAL LICTIONARY. ~ 4405

Hémlock; You will cause my Death.
Hemlock-Spruce ; Honor.

Henbane; Imperfection.

Hepatica; Confidence.
Hibiscus ; Delicate beauty.
Hickory; Glory. —

Hoarhound; frozen-Kindness.
Holly ; Am I forgotten?

Holiyhock; fecundity.

Honesty ; Honesty.

Honeysuckle; bond of. Love.
Honeysuckle (Chinese) ; Love ungought.
Hep; Injustice:

Hornbeam ; Ornament.
Horse-Chestnut; Luxury;
Hortensia; You are cold.
Houstonia; Content.
Hundred-leaved Rose; Graces:
Hyacinth ; Grief.

Hydrangea ; boaster.

I; Ivy Leaf. — -

Iceland Moss ; Health.

Ice-Plant; Your Looks freeze me:
ludian Cress; Resignation.

Indian Jasmine; I attach myself to you.
Innocence; Innocence.

Ipomopsis Painted; A gay belie..

J; Jessamine Leaf.

Jxcob’s Ladder: Come down to me.

Japan Rose; beauty is your only: Atirac-
tion.

Jessamine. or Jasmine; Amiability.

Jessamine (Virginian); soul of my soul.

Jonquil ; Desire.

Judas-Tree; Unbetief.

Juniper; Protection.

Justicia; The Perfection of male Love-
liness.

K; King’s Pear.
Kennedia; Mental beauty:
King-Cup; I wish I was zich..

L; Locust Leaf.

Laburnum; Pensive beauty. .
Lady’sSiipper; Win me and- wear. me.
Larch; Boldness.

Larkspur; Leyvity..

Laurel ; Glory.

Laurustinus; I die ifmeglected:
LavenGer; Distrust.

Lead Plant; tranquility.
Leather-flower; Fiexibility.

Lettuce ;-Coldhearted.

Lichen ; solitude.

Lilac; first Emotion of Love:

Lilac (White) 3: Youth...

Lily of.the Valley; Keturn of Happiness.
Lime or Linden-free ;.Conjugal Leve.
Live Oak; Liberty.
Lobelia (Red) ; splendors.

Locust; Vicissitude.

Londou-Pride ; Frivolity.

Loose Strife; a kin...
Lotus-Flower ; silence.

Gove in a Mist; Perplexity.

Love ina Puzzlc;.Embarrassment.

Love lies a-Blecding; Hopeless, not Heari-

Lucerne; Life. {legs.

Lungwort Bue; Heavenly Aspiration.

Lupine; VYoraciousness:

Lupine Wild; Oh leave me not to die
alone.

Lychuis; Religious Enthusiasm.

Lythrum; Protection.

M; Mint*Leaf.

Madder ; Calumny.

Madwort (Rock); Tranguiity.
Maiden-Hair; Diseretion—secrecy.
Maize; Plenty. -

Mxgnolia; Peerless and Proud.

Mallow; Mild or sweet ‘Disposition,
Manchinceel-Tree; Falsehoed.

Mandrake; Rarity.

Maple; Reserve.

Marjsram; biushcs:

Murshimaliow; Humanity.

Marvel of Peru; Timidity.

Marygold; Inquietude.

Matrimony Vine; Connubial Ties:

May Rose; Precocity.

Meadow Beauty; beauty in Romance.
Meadow-Rue; A ba!m for a broken hear*..
Meadow-Saffron: My best days are past.
Meadow-Sweet ; Uselessness.

Mercury; Goodness.
Mesembryanthemum ; Idleness. a
Mc zereon; Love in a snow-wreath.
Michaelmas Daisy; Farewell.
Mignionette; Your Qualities surpass

your Charms.

Mik Vetch; Your presence softens my
Mimosa; Sensitiveness. [pain.
Mint; Virtue.
Mistietoe; I sarmount all Difficulties.
Mock Orange ; Counterfeit.

Money wort ;.Transient Friendship.-
BMenk’s Heod; KnightErrantry..
Mcouwort ;° Forgetfulness.

Moschatel; Weak but winning..

Moss (Tuft-of); Maternal Love.

Moss Pink; Fraternal Love..

loss-iiose; Pieasure without Alloy,
Mossy-Saxiirage ; Maternal Love.
Motherwort; secret Love.
Mountain-Ash; Prudence.
Mountain-Fringe; Youare my supporter..
Mountain Laurel ;:my country’s glory.
Mouse-Har Chickweed; Ingenious sim-
Moving Plant; Agitation. [plicity.
Mulberry-Tree (White); Wisdom.
Muiberry-Tree (Black); Iwill not sur-
vive you:

Mushroom; suspicion.

Musk-Crowfoot; Weakness:

Musk-Rose; Capricious beauty.
“Myosotis, or Mouse-Ear; Forget-me not.
Myrtle; Love.

N; Nightshade Black-Flower.

Narcissus eae Delusive Hopes.
Narcissus (Poet’s) ; Egotism.
Nasturtium; Patriotism.

Nettle; Cruelty.
Night-Liooming Jessamine ; Love's Vigil.

a ee eat i

——a— se

amen nth i a i RE eRe aa ruameeeanTOmnIeraEnEEEEmenmemeres sooo :

450 . FLORAL DICTIONARY.

Night-blooming Cereus; Transient beauty
Nightshade (bitter-sweet) ; truth.
Nosegay ; gallantry.

0; Oak leaf.

Oak; hospitality.

Oats; the witching soul of music—hers.
Oleander; beware.

Olive; peace.

Orchis; a belle.

Crchis Pink ; seclusion.

Orchis Yellow syour aspirations are high.
Orange Flowers; chastity.

Orange-Tree; generosity...

Osier; frankness.

Ox-Fye; Obstacle.

P; Peach leaf.

Painted Cup; you are proud.

Palm; victory.

Pansey, or Heart’s-Ease; think of me.

Parsley ; entertainment—feasting.

Pzssion-Flower; religious faith.

Patience Dock; patience.

Pasque-Flower; you are without preten-

Paulonia ; a foreigner. fsion..

Pea; an appointed meeting.

Peach-Blosson ; I am your captive.

Pennyroyal; flee away.

Peony ; bashful shane.

Pepper-Plant; satire.

Periwinkle; sweet remembrance.

persimen; bury me amid nature’s beau-

Persicaria ;. restoration. [ties.

Peruvian Heliotrope; I trust in thee.

Pheasant’s-Eye. or Flos Adonis; serrow-
ful remembrance.

Phiox; unatimity.

Pimpernel; assignation.

Pine; pity.

Pine-Apple; you are perfect.

Pink: lovely ana pure affection.

Plane-Tree (Wild); independenee.

Polemonium ; a declaration of war:

Polyanthus; confidence.

Pomegranate; foolishness.

Pond Lily White; eloqguence—the fairest
of the fair.

Pond Lily Yellow (Nuphar) ; much infe-
rior.

Poppy; consolation of sleep.

Potato; beneficence.

Prairie Rose ; beauty without exeellence..

Prickly Pear; satire.

Pride of China; discussion.

Primrose; early youth.

Primrose (Evening); inconstancy.

Princes’ Pine; my affections are fixed.

Privet; prohibition.

Pulmonaria Blue; heavenly aspiration.

Parple Clover; provident.

Pyramidal Bell-Flower: gratitude.

Pyrus Japonica; fairies fire.

Q; Quince blossom.

Quamoclit; busybody.

Queen’s Rocket; you are the: Queen: of
coquettes.

R; Rose leaf.

Ragged Robin; wit.

Ranunculus; you are radiant with

Red Bay ; love’s memory. — [charma:.

Red Mulberry; wisdom.

Red Shanks ; patience.

Rest- Harrow; obstacle.

Rhododendron; danger.

Rocket; rivalry.

Rock Rose ; fading and transitory.

Rose; be uty.

Rose (Wild) ; simplicity.

Rose (Acacia) ; elegance.

Rosebud; youthful charms.

Roses (A Garland of); reward of virtne;

Rosebay ; dignity in misfortune.

Roscbay Willow Herb; celibacy.

Rose Campion; you are without preten-
sion. :

Rose (White); I am worthy of you.

Rosemary; remembrance.

Rese scented Geranium; preference.

Rudbeckia; justice.

Rue: grace or purification.

Rush; doeility..

S: Sage leaf.

Saffron-Flower; excess is dangerous.

Saffron-Crocus; mirth.

Sage ; esteem.

Sardony; Irony. .

Ecabius: unfortunate attachment.

Scarlet Fuchsia; taste.

Scarlet Tpomcea. or Indian Jasmine; IE
attach myself to you.

Scotch Fir: elevation.

Sensitive Plant; timidity.

Serpentine Cactus ;, horror:.

Service-Tree; prudence.

Shaking Saintfoin ; agitation.

Siberian Crab-Tree-Blossom ; deeply in-
teresting.

Side-saddle Flower Purple); eccentricity.

Sidesaddle Flower ; will you pledge me?

Silver Fir; elevation.

Skull-cap ; madness.

Small Bindweed: obstinaev.

Sreall White Violet; candor and inno-
cence.

Snapdragon; You are dazzling, but dan-
serous:

Snowhall; thoughts of heaven.

Snowdrop : consolation.

Solomon’s Seal (Small); mystery.

Solemon’s Seal (Large); let my name be
en graven on your heart.

Sorrel; wit ill-timed.

Southern-Wood; jest or bantering..

Spanish Jasmine: sensuality.

Speedwell; fidelity.

Spider-Ophrys ; skill—adroitnesgs.

Spiderwort; transient happiness.

Spindle-Tree ; your image is engraver
on my heart.

Spiked Speedwell; resemblance.

Spirse Hpdericum Frutex ; uselesenesg..

Spring Beauty ; can you love.

Squirting Cocumber; critic.

St. John’s-wort ; superstitious sanetitg..

~

SENTIMENTS.

Star of Bethlehem; the light of our
Faith—follow me.

Stock, or Gillyflower; lasting beauty.

Stonecrop; perseverance.

Stramonium (Common); disguise.

Strawberry ; perfect excellence.

Striped Pink; refusal.

Sumach; splendor.

Sunflower; smile on mie stili.

Swallowwort: medicine.

Swamp P.nk ; the blush of modesty.

S veet-Brier, or Hlangtine; poetry.

Sweet Flaz; fitness.

Sw-et Pea; delicate pleasure.

Sweet Sultan; felicity.

Sweet-scented Tussilage; you shall have
justice.

‘Sweet Violet; modesty.

‘Sweet-Wiiliam; craftiness,

Sycamore ; woodland beauty.

Syringa ; memory.

T; Tanzy leaf.

Tamarisk; crime.

‘Tansy ; resistance.

Teasel ; misanthropy.

T'un-Week’s-Stock ; promptitude.

Thistle ; austerity.

Thorn-Apple; deceitful charms.

Lurift; sympathy.

Throatwort; neglected beauty.

Thyme; activity.

Trailing Arbutis; you have won my af
fections.

T:emella Nostoc; resolve the.riddle.

Trillium ; solitary musings.

Truffie; surprise.

Tizser-F ower; for once may pride bi friend

_ Tree of Life; old Age. : fme,
Yuit of Moss; Maternal Love.

Tulip; decieration of Jeve.

Turuip; charity.

iwin-Fiower (Mitchella); we are united.

®: Violet leaf.

Valerian (Red); accommodating disposi-

¥arious-colored Lantana; rigor. [tion.

Verbena; sensibility.

Vernal Grass ; poor, but happy.

Vervain; enchantment.

Venus’s Car; fiy with me.

* Flytrap; have I caught you at
ast.

Venus’s Looking-Glass ; flattery.

Vine; intoxication,

Violet ; modesty.

451

Violet, pedate ; I cannot forget.

Virgin’s Bower; artifice. :

Virginia Spiderwort; momentary happi-
ness. [ py.

Vvuikamenica Japonica; may you be hap-

W; Willow leaf. -

Wall-Flower ; fidelity in adversity.

Wall-Speedwell ; fidelity.

W ater-Lily ; eloquence.

Walnut; intellect.

Walking-Léaf; how came you here?

Water Lily (White); eloquence—-the
fairest of the fair.

Watermelon; bulkiness.

Water-Star; beauty combined with piety.

Wax-Plant ; susceptibility.

Wax-Myrtie; I will enlighten you.

Weepmeg-Wiilow ; melancholy.

Wheat; riches.

White Lily; purity and modesty.

White Mullein; good nature.

White Oak; independence.

White Pink; talent.

White Poplar ; time.

White Poppy: sleep of the heart.

White Rose; silence.

White Rose (Dried); death preferable te
loss of innocence.

Wibite Rosebud; the heart that knows
not love.

White Violet; candor.

Wud or Dog Rose; simplicity.

Wiid Indigo: highly eclored.

Willow; forsaken.

Willow Herb; pretension.

Wintergrcen ; send me an answer.

Winter-Cherry ; deception.

Witch-Hazel; a spell.

Woodbine; fraternal love.

Wood-Sorrel; joy.

Worm-wood; Absence.

Y ; Yarrow leaf.

Yarrow ; war.

Yellow Carnation; disdain.
Yellow-Day-Lily : coquetry.

Yellow Gentian; ingratitude.

Yellow Iris; fiame.

YAllow Phlox (Erysimum); false-hearted.
Yellow Rose; infidelity.

Yew ; infidelity.

ZL; Zizia fiower.
Zinuia; Absence.

SIE

SENTIMENTS.

Rose.—lvy.—Myrile.
To Beauty Friendship, and Love.

Jaismine.—Strauberry.— Tulip.
Your amiability, and the excellence of your character, have compelisd me to dé-
glare my love.

i

a RR nn nn a

KBD 7 . SENTIMENTS.

Pr imrose.—Honéeysuckle.— Murygold.
‘Be not too early entangled in the chains of Love, or yours will bea life of inquictude.

Forget-me-not.— Cypress.— Pimpernel.
‘Forget:me not, for, alas! we may never meet again.
Scarlet Geranium.—Scarlet Ipomea.—Laurustinus.
-In preference, I attach myself to you,'but shall die if neglected.
Bulsam.— White Daisy.
“Be not impatient, I will think of it.
Myrtle.—Sweetbr ter —Lucern.
Love is the poetry of life.

Blue Violet.—Daisy.— Apple-Blossom.
-Your modesty and innocence-seeure you the preference.
Crown Imperial and Tur kes Cup Lilies.—Lily of the Valley.
You haye the power to restore me to happiness.
Pansies.—Broom.
‘My heart would be at ease, if my solitude were blest with your society.
Mignionette.— Helioty ope.—Pink.
“Nour qualities surpass your charms; I love you with a pure and devoted love.

Purple and Yellow Iris.—Hawthorn. cain
J send. you.a message. of love on the wings of hope.