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This book was presented by

Frederick L« VJellman

THIS BOOK MUST NOT BE TAKEN
FROM THE LIBRARY BUILDING.

V*

BOTANICAL

U m\J jL jLH^rX^I -lSlJUIj -EL f

BEING

A TRANSLATION FROM THE FRENCH

OP

LOUIS-CLAUDE RICHARD,

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AT THE MEDICAL SCHOOL
IN PARIS ;

WITH ADDITIONS FROM

31 ARTYN, SMITH, MILNE, WILDENOtf,
ACHARIUS, &c.

NEW-HAVEN :
PUBLISHED BY HEZEKIAH HOWE

JV". Whiting, Printer,

1817.

District of Connecticut , ss.

4*#####**# "TIE IT REMEMBERED; That on the

* j « * J3 thirteenth day oi January, in i be forty-

• * firot year of the independence of the United
*##*#####* Spates of America, Hezekiah Iiowe, of the

said District, hath deposited in this office
the title of a Book, the right whereof he claims as Proprie-
tor, in the words following, to wit ;

44 A Botanical Dictionary, being a translation from the
44 French of Louis-Clauae Richard, Professor cf Botany at
44 the Medical School in Paris ; \vi*h additions from Martyn,
l* Smith, Milne, Wildenow, Acbarius.&e."

In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United
States, entitled, M An Act for the encojragemen* of learn-
ing, by securing the copies of Mi p>. Charts and Books, to
the au'hors and proprietors of such copies, during the times
therein mentioned."

R W. EDWARDS,
Clerk of the District ff Connecticut.

A true copy of Record, exam'ned and Sealed by me,

H. W. EDWARDS,

CUrk of the District of Connecticut ,

TO

ELI IVES, M. D.

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND MATERIA MEDICA IN
YALE COLLEGE.

Although this Dictionary has not received the ben-
fit of any corrections immediately from your hand:
I have been governed by your opinions in all cases of
doubt.

Your liberal explanations in answer to my nume-
rous enquiries, together with free access to your ex-
tensive library, have left me almost without excuse
for my errors.

I beg permission to place the work under your pro-
tection ; with the hope that my strenuous exertions
to execute it in an acceptable manner will be re-
ceived as an apology for its defects.

I am, with gratitude and esteem,
Your obedient humble servant,

THE AUTHOR.

New-Haven, Sept. 16, 1816.

ri. PREFACE.

6. All these materials thus combined, were then
copied for the press; with occasional remarks, from
the hints of able botanists.

Notwithstanding the diminutive size of the book,
the author almost ventures to hope, that all the terms
used by botanical writers in Latin or English, who
follow the Linnean System, will be found here, satis-
factorily defined and illustrated

SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY.

The principal elementary terms, together with the
Classes and Orders, should be fixed in the memory,
previous to entering upon the exercises of a prac-
tical botanist. The student must therefore be di-
rected to look out and commit to memory the defini-
tions of the following terms, according to this ar-
rangement. All other terms may be looked out
occasionally. See Botanical Exercises.

CAR'POGENATION

Comprises the Flower and Fruit.
The seven Elementary organs are :

1. Calyx. The outer or lower part of the flower-

generally not coloured.

2. Corol. The coloured blossom of the flower, with-

in or above the calyx.

3. Stamens. The mealy or glutinous knobs, generally

on the ends of filamentous organs.

4. Pistil. The central organ of a flower, whose base

becomes the pericarp and seed.

5. Pericarp. The covering of the seed ; whether pod,

shell, bag, or a pulpy substance.

6. Seed. The essential part, containing the rudiment

of a new plant.

7. Receptacle, The base which sustains the other

six parts, being at the end of the stem.
Note. Any accidental appendage is called a
nectary. The forms and positions of these organs,
and of no other part, are employed in distinguishing
the Classes, Orders and Genera.

8 SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY.

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE CA-
LYX.

Every calyx is either Mo-
nophyllous, consisting of
one leaf] orPolyphy lions,
consisting of more than
one leaf. Calyxes are:

1. Perianth.

2. Involucre.

3. Spathe.

4. Glume.

5. Ament.

6. Calyptre.

7. Volva.

SUBDIVISIONS OP THE CO-
BOL.

Moncpetalous, or one-petal-
led corols are :

1. Bell-form.

2. Funnel-form.

3. Salver-form.

4. Wheel-form.

5. Labiate.
Polypetalous, or more than

one-petalled, corols, are :

1. Cruciform.

2. Caryophylleous.

3. Liliaceous.

4. Rosaceous.

5. Papilionaceous.

If the corol agrees with
the descriptions of none
of the above, it is Anoma-
lous.

SUBDIVISONS OP THE STA-
MEN.

1. Anther.

2. Pollen.

3. Filament

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PIS-
TIL.

1. Stigma.

2. Germ.

3. Style.

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE PERI-
CARP.

1. Silique.

2. Leg-ume.

3. Capsule.

4. Drupe.

5. Pome.

6. Berry.

7. Strobile.

SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SEED.

1. Coicle.

2. Cotyledons.

3. Tegument.

4. Hilum.

SUBDIVISIONS OF Til'
CEPTACLE.

1. Proper.

2. Common.

3. Rachis.

4. Columella.

5. Spadix.

GENERAL DIVISIONS OF

FLOWERS.

1. Simple.

2. Aggregate.

o. Compound.

SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY. 9

INFLORESCENCE,

Or the manner in which
jloii'ers are situated, up-
on plants.

1. Whorl.

2. Raceme.

3. Panicle.

4. Thyrse.

5. Spike.

6. Umbel.

7. Cyme.

8. Corymb.

9. Fascicle.
10. Head.

ROOTS AND MERBA45E.

The substance of roots arid
herbage consists of

1. Cuticle.

2. Cellular integument.

3. Bark.

4. Camb.

5. Wood.

6. Pith.

Roots are the descending
parts of vegetables : and
are Annual, Biennial,
or Perennial. They
are of seven kinds.

1. Branching.

2. Fibrous.

3. Creeping.

4. Spindle.

5. Tuberous, whether
knobbed, oval, or fasci-
cled.

6. Bulbous, whether soZidy
coated, or scaly.

7. Granulated, whether
moni/iform, or dentate.

Herbage is all the plant,
except the root and car-
pogenation. It includes
the Stem, Leaves, and
Appendages.
Stems are :

1. Tidge.

2. Culm.

3. Scape.

4. Peduncle.

5. Petiole.

6. Frond.

7. Stipe.

Leaves are Evergrtei*
or deciduous.
Simple leaves art : ;

1. Orbicular.

2. Ovate.

3. Oval.

4. Oblong.

5. Obovate.

6. Cordate.

7. Obcordate.

8. Kidney-form.

9. Lanceolate.

10. Linear.

11. Awl-form.

12. Awl-pointed.

13. Arrow-form.

14. Halhert-form.

15. Guitar-form.

16. Lobed.

10 SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY.

17. Palmate.

18. Pedate.

19. Sinuate.

20. Pinnatifid.

21. Lyrate.

22. Runcinate.

23. Serrate.

24. Toothed.

25. Crenate.

26. Emarginate.

27. Retuse.

28. Obtuse.

29. Acute.
Compound leaves are r

1. Ternate.

2. Bi-ternate.

3. Tri-ternate.

4. Pinnate.

5. Bi-pinnate.

6. Tri-pinnate.

7. Interruptedly pinnate.
Surface of leaves are :

1. Hairy.

2. Downy.

3. Silky.

4. Bristly.

5. Ciliate.

6. Nerved.

7. Veined.
Positions of leaves are

1. Decurrent.

2. Clasping.

3. Sheathed.

4. Perfoliate.

5. Connate.

6. Peltate.

7. Opposite.

8. Whorled.

9. Imbricate.

10. Fascicled.

11. Radical.

APPENDAGES-

1. Stipule.

2. Bract.

3. Thorn.

4. Prickle.

5. Sting.

6. Gland.

7. Tendril.

SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY. U

PHYSIOLOGICAL terms, genera! remarks and
directions, to be read in the following order

Seedf cotyledon, vitellus, albumen, tegument, hilum,
corcle, plumula, rostel. Root, buio, scion. Stent,
cuticle, cellular integument, bark, camb, wood, pith,
sap, vessels, trccheae, shoot, tree, si rub, dextrorsum,
sinistrorsum. Leaf, bud, gemmation, leafing season.
Appendages, thorn, prickle, sting, galls. Fruciif ca-
tion, flower, sexus, pollen, perfect, imperfect, fovilla,
fertilization, chorion, caprificatior, hybrid, efferes-
centia, monstrous, florist, full-flowered, ergot or spur-
red rye. Elementary heads; nafv.ral histoiy. par-
tes primaries, gentes, plant, phytology, system, ve-
getable, vegetable kingdom^ vegetable substance,
herbage. Durability; ephemerus, annual, bien-
nial, perennial, caducous, deciduous, permanent,
evergreen. Qualities ; medicinal, qualities of
plants, natural orders, sapor, poisons, poisonous ve-
getables- Directions; botanical exercises, botan-
ical garden, herbarium. Terms ; relative propor-
tions, synonyms, terminations, compound terras.
Miscellaneous ; analysis, analogy, habij, ages, irri-
tability, sleep of plants, temperature, light, varieties.,
• ttdiginous, anomalous, phanerogamous.

J 2 SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY.

NUMERALS.

The Latin and Greek numerals are so frequently
compounded with oiler words by botanical writers,
that an English student ought to commit them to
memory, as here laid down. Eis, Duo, &c. are not
used.

LATIN. 2S0S.

Unus 1

Bis 2

Ties 3

Quatuor 4

Quinque 5

Sex 6

Sept em 7

Octo 8

Novem 9

Decern 10

Undecem 1 1

Duodecem 12

Terdecem 1 3

Quartuordecem 14

Quindecem 15

Sexdecem 16

Septen decern 17

Octodecem 18

No ven decern 19

Viginti .20

Multus Many

GREEK.

Monos

Dis

Treis

Tet tares

Pente

Ex (pronounced hex)

Epta (pronounced hep-

Octo

Ennea

Deka

Endeka

Dodeka

Dekatreis

Dekatettares

Dekapenta

Dekaex

Dekaepta

Decaocto

Decaennea

Eikosi

Polus

m

SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY. 13

LINNEAN SYSTEM OF VEGETABLES.

All Vegetables are divided into twenty-two* cla:?-
scs. These clashes are divided into orders. Order*.'
arc divided into genera. Genera are divided into
ni'ecies are frequently changed into varic
ties. Varieties, however, are more properly within
the province oi* the Gardener, than of the Botanist;
;it least the method of procuring varieties.

When a Botanist finds a plant, which he never
aw before, and wishes to know its name and uses ;
he proceeds as follows.

1. II« takes the unknown flower in his hand (no

tknown plant can he ascertained without the fiow-

and compares its part:; with the description of

. until he finds the class to which it belongs.

"2. He then goes to the orders of that class and

finds its order in the same way.

3. Next he goes to the genera of that order, and
reads their descriptions, until lie finds the genus 1j
which it belongs.

4. At last looks over the species of that genus, un1
he finds the exact description of his plant.

."i. Thus he mids ihe Apple to be Class 12, Or.j .
5, Genus Pyrtte, Species 3 lulus.

* Lin iWus divided ihe.n i»sfo 24 clause's. But farther ill?
coveries, since iiis death, have proved the Hastes PoJjaUel-
Ymt\ an:1 I p t.x uncertain and variable to Lo

any finger retained. Pe/so »::, therefore, and other eminent
botanists have rejected the::'. See these classes in the Die-
I

D

14 SYSTEMATIC TERMINOLOGY.

LINNEAN CLASSES.

1. Monandbia, one stamen or one sessile anther in

the flower.

2. Diandria, 2 stamens, or 2 sessile anthers.

3. Triandria, 3 stamens, or 3 sessile anthers.

4. Tetrandria, 4 stamens, or 4 sessile anthers.
">. Pentandria, 5 stamens, or 5 sessile anthers.

6. Hexaxdria, 6 stamens, or G sessile anthers.

7. Heptandria, 7 stamens, or 7 sessile anthers.

8. Octandria, 8 stamens, or 8 sessile anthers.

9. Enxeandria, 9 stamens, or 9 sessile anthers.

10. Decandria, 10 stamens, or 10 sessile anthers.

11. Dodecandria, 12 to 19 stamens, or sessile anthers.
J 2. Icosandria, about 20, or more, standing on the

calyx.
J 3. Poly axdria, always 20 or more, on the receptacle.

14. Didynamia, 4 stamens, 2 of them uniformly the

longest.

15. Tetradynamia, 6 stamens, 4 of them uniformly

the longest.

16. Moxadelphia, stamens united by their filaments

in one set, anthers remaining separate.

17. Diadelphia, stamens united by their filaments in

two sets (sometimes in one set) flowers papilio-
naceous.

18. Syngenesia, stamens 5, united by their anthers
in one set, flowers compound.

10. Gynandria, stamens stand on the germ, style, or

stigma, separate from the base of the calyx and
corol.

20. Moncecia, stamens and pistils in separate flow-

ers, on the same plant.

21. Dicecia, stamens and pistils on separate plants.

22. Cryptogamia, stamens and pistile so obscure

that the plants can only be classed by natural
families.

DICTIONARY. •

Latin names are printed in Italics. But when the
Latin and English differ only in a terminal letter or
two, the Latin is omitted.

Abbreviated perianth. Shorter in proportion t.
breadth 7 than is generally observed in other pi;

Abbreviations. Although each botanist may em-
ploy such abbreviations as best suit his purpose,
by explaining their import; yet the following are
in such general use, that it is convenient to know
them :

Rad. root.

Fr. fruit.

Fol. leaf.

Ph. leafet of calyx.

Stip. stipule.

Per. pericarp.

Flo. flower.

Mas. stamate flower.

Cal. calyx.

Fern, pistilate flower.

Cor. corol.

Neu. neutral flower.

Pet. Petal.

Her. perfect flower.

Stam. stamen.

(2) annual.

Fil. filament.

% biennial.

Anth. anther.

11 perennial.

Pist. pistil.

b woody.

Stig. stigma.

A C O

Words which are numerical are expressed by fi-
gures : as quadrifid, 4-cleft ; quinquand, 5-cleft ;
quinquangular, 5-angled, &c.

Two Latin words are often contracted into one;
as incurvus for introrsum aureus.

Abbreviatus. See abbreviated.

Abortiens. Se pbortive.

Arorti^e flower. Not arriving to perfection ; the
proof of which is want of perfect seed.

seed. Not increasing or becoming perfect for

want of the reception of pollen by way of the
stigma.

instil. Being defective- in its external form.

— — stamens. Not being furnished with anthers ; or
with those which have no opening cells, or which
ate mere sketches or rudiments of anthers.

Abrupt leaf. A pinnate leaf^ which has not an odd,
or terminal leafet ; or root as if bitten off$ as Bird-
foot violet.

Abrupte. Abruptly. See abrupt.

Acalycimis. Without a calyx.

Acaulis. See stemless.

Acerose leaf. Needle-form. Generally inserted on
the sides of branches, as in the pines.

Acerosus. See acerose.

Ackularis. Form of a small needle.

Acinaciform leaf. Sabre-form. One edge sharp and
convex, the other thicker and strait or cgncave.
Cutlass-form.

Acinaciformis. See acinaciform.

Acine. One of the little globules, constituting a com-
pound berry ; as the rasp -berry.

Acinus. See acine.

Acotyledonous plants. Having no cotyledons, or
seed-lobes: and consequently no seminal leaves.
See Cotyledon and Seed-leaves.

A E Q

Acidcatus. See prickly.

Acideus. See prickle.

Acuminate. When the leaf, calyx, &c. terminate
suddenly in a point, which is more or less curved
towards one edge of the leaf.

Accuminatus. Awl-pointed. See accuminatc.

Acutangularis. Sharp-cornered.

Acute. Any part of a plant terminating without a
curved, or rounded termination. An ohtuse an-
gle or any other angle in mathematics, is acute in
botanical language.

Acute. Acutely. As acute-dentatus, sharply toothed.
icutiusculus. Acutish. That is ; the apex, corner,
&c. is hardly rounded so as lo be called obtuse, and
is rather too nearly round to be denominated acute.
The termination ish as a diminutive is now suffi-
ciently authorised by President Smith, and others.

Vdxate. Adhering. Any two or more parts of a
plant being attached to each other, in cases where
analagous parts are separate in other plaifts. As
the bulbous offsets of Daffodil). The stipule in
some cases is detached from the petiole, in others
it is adnale, See.

Adnatus. Growing together. See adnate.

Adpressus. See appressed.

Adsecndens. Sec ascending.

Adverse leaf. Presenting its upper surface to '.;..
sun.

JEqualis Polygamia. The 1st order of the cla.^
Syngenesia. The florets of the disk and of th<:
ray are all perfect. Examples; Leontodon, (dan-
delion) Lactuca (lettuce) Hieracium (hawk-weed
Arctium (Burdock) Eupatorium (boncsct).

JEquhahis. Valves of a capsule equal among them-
selves. It is also applied to valves (chaffs) of a
glume calv.x.

B 2

A G G

-/Eruginosus. Light bluish green, verdigris colour.

JEstivafio. Summer residence. See ^Estivation.

Estivation. The manner in which petals lie in the
flower-bud, before it opens. 1. Convolute, petals
rolled all one way like a roll of paper or cloth.
2. Imbricate, petals lying over each other so as to
break joints, like shingles on a roof. 3. Condupli-
lie, each petal having its edges rolled in, till the
two opposite rolls meet on the midrib. 4. Falcate,
when, just before they open, they stand like the
husks of an ear of corn. 5. Unequal-valved, when
the petals differ in size.

.lffinis. Having relation, or affinity, to something
supposed to be previously known.

Agamia. (a without gamia matrimony) Necker's
name for the class cryptogamia.

Ages of plants. Some plants spring up, flower, ripen
seed, and die in a few hours or a day, which are
called epfiemeral. Others live a few months, or a
summer, which are called annual. Others spring
up in ene summer and ripen and die the next,
which are called biennial. Others live an indefi-
nite period, either with the whole stem and branch-
es, or only by the root, which are called perennial.

The ages of trees may be known by counting the
concentric rings, or grains. Our author, Richard,
sapposcs that trees have three ages. L The age
of increase, or growth. 2. The age of maturity,
when there is no increase. 3. The age of decay.
But is there not sufficient proof, that all trees,
while in a living state, continue to deposit new
layers of wood every year ? If so, the age of matu-
rity must be rejected.
Aggregate. Many springing from the same point
or from the same receptacle. Sometimes this term
is rather loosely applied to heaps or bilndles.

A L G

Aggregate flowers are those where several stand
on the same receptacle without united anthers.
These flowers have rarely any inclination to yel-
low colour like compound flowers ; but are blue,
purple or white. See Smith, page 308.

Aigrette, Egret. The flying, feathery or hairy
crown of seeds ; as the down of thistles and dan-
delions. It includes whatever remains on the top
of the seed, after the corol is removed.

stiped (stipulatus) when it is supported on a foot-
stem.

simple (simplex) when it consists of a bundle of

simple hairs, without branches.

plumose (plumosus) when each hair has other

little hairs arranged along its sides, like the beards
on a feather.

membranous, thin transparent leaves.

Martyn recommends this term under the word
pappus; Barton adopts it, and Ives approves. On
♦hose authorities it is introduced here from the
French botanists.

Aigretted. Bearing aigrette.

Ala. See wing.

/llatus. See winged.
Albicans. Whitish, grew ing white.

Albumen. The farinaceous, fleshy, or horny sub-
stance, which constitutes the chief bulk of monoco-
tyledonous seeds : as wheat, rye, &c. Smith says
they are more properly seeds without any co-
tyledons.
lllmrnum. SeeAubier.

Alga. The fourth order of the class cryptogamia ;
containing those sea-weeds and aquatics of fresh
waters, which arc apparently mere pellicles or
membranes; or branching leaves with blubbers
along their substance, or mere formless fibres in

A N A

appearance. The definition of this order is: The
fruit is r'csicidous or flamentous, in an aquatic or
gelatinous frond.

Linneus comprised the plants of the orders Hc-
paticae and Lichenes under this order.

Alienated. When the first organs, as the stamens,
leaves, &c. give place to others different from the
natural habit of the plant.

Alternate. Branches, leaves, flowers, Sec. are al-
ternate, when arranged upon opposite sides of the
stem, or whatever supports them ; beginning at dif-
ferent distances from its base, and continuing in
marly equal series. Sometimes they arc in 3
series.

Alternating. When one organ is arranged alter-
nately respecting another ; as the stamens, in the
first ten classes, mostly alternate with the petals, or
divisions of petals.

AHerne pinnata. Alternately pinnate.

Alveolate receptacle. Havingcells so as to resem-
ble a honey-comb, with more or less of each seed
imbedded in it.

Alveolaius. See alveolate.

Ament. An assemblage of small flower-bearing
scales, which serve as lateral calyxes. These arc
arranged along a kind of raehis. and each encloses
either the stamens or pistils of flowers, if not abor-
tive. The pine, willow, oat, chesnut, walnut and
nettles are good examples.

Amentaceus. Growing in anient?, amentacco;

Amentum. See ament.

AmphocicauUs. See clasping.

Amplius. Enlarged, abundant.

Impulhts. See utricullus.

Analogy. In botany it is frequently necessary to
reason from analogy. That is: aft< r leeomii .-

A N G

acquainted will] those organs which usually accom-
pany each" ether: if we discover one of them we
frequently assume the existence of others in
making out an object, when the parts are too mi-
nute for inspection. This principle becomes in-
dispensable in most cryptogamous plants.

An \lysis. To analyse a plant botamcallij, is to search
out the number, form, position, &c. of its organs,
as they exist in a natural state. But to analyse
dicmkwlv, the parts must be decomposed, com-
bined with tests, &c.

Anceps. See ancipital.

Axcipital. Having two opposite edges or angles j
Iwo-e&gexf.

Androgynous plants. Bearing stammate and pistil-
late flowers on the same root without any perfect
ones ; as the Indian corn.

spikz, has both stagnate and pistillate flowers,

distinct on different parts of it.

Jiower, has stamens or pistils only, and is on the

same plant with other flowers with different organs
from itself.

Androgymis. See androgynous.

Anfractuous. Winding inwards by angular turnings.

Angiocarpus. Fungi bearing seeds internally.

Angiospermia. The second order of the class di-
dynamia. The seeds are inclosed in a capsule
(rtggos capsule, sperma seed.) Antirrhinum (snap-
dragon.) Scrophularia (fig-wort.) redioularis
(louse-wort) are examples.

Angular. By means of intervening grooves, st?ms,
calyxes, capsules, &c. often have ridges running
lengthwise, which give them this appellation.
Sometimes the angles project considerably ; par-
ticularly the side-points or projections of leaves^
which are also called angles.

A P U

Angidatus. See angular.
Angiistifolius. Narrow leaved,
Annotine. Of one year.

Annual. Which spring up, perfect fruit, and dies,
in the same year. The herbage is often annual
with a perennial root. But the root is always in-
tended, unless the other parts be particularly men-
tioned.
Annulatus. Having a ring around the capsules in
ferns ; or a fungus with a ringed slype. See ring.
Annulus. See ring.
Annum. See annual.

Anomalous, (a without, nomos law.) Whatever
forms an exception to the assumed rules or systems.
In the attemps of old botanists at natural arrange-
ment, many plants were necessarily thrown info
anomalous classes.
Anther. The essential part of the stamen ; being a
delicate capsule containing a powdery or glutinous
substance, called pollen.

The forms of anthers are frequently used in gene-
ric and specific descriptions. For these see the
several forms of leaves, &c. under the respective
terms.
Anihifera. Flowers bearing sessile anthers j that is,

anthers without filaments.
Anthodium. See perianth calyx.
Apertio. See blooming.
Apetalous. A flower without a corol. See sta-

minous.
Apex. The tip or end.
Aphyllous. Leafless.

Apiculatum. Covered with fleshy, erect, short points.
Apophysis. A process from the base of the theca of
mosses.

A R I

uiiccium. The receptacle of lichens, being the
part whereon the seeds are formed and ripened.
The saucer-form cups on those greenish leathery
-cabs' on fences and stones, arc examples. See
Border of Lichens.

\rrENDicuLATE. Appcndaged, having something
attached to a leaf, corol, Sec. as a wing on a peti-
ole, a nectary at the end of a petal ; as in some
Polygalies.

Appendages. See fulcrum.

Appressed. Closely pressed j ajs leaves against the
stem, &c.

Approximate. Growing near each other, or near to
a different part.

\qiatic. Growing most naturally in or near water*

irachnoideus. Covered with interwoven hairs, so as
to resemble a spider's web.

. Iraneosus. See arachnoideus.

Arbor. See tree.

Arboreous. Tree-like ; not bushy or shrubby.

Arborescent. Becoming woody in approaching ma-
turity.

Arbuscula. See suffrutex.

Arbustivus. Bush-like.

Arched. Curving above. See vaulted.

Arcuatim. Archwise.

Arcuatus. Bent like a bow. See bowed.

Arenarius. Growing in sand.

Areolatus. Raised a little so as to resemble a gar-
den-bed.

Argenteus. Silver-coloured.

Argutus. See sharp.

Argyrocomiis. Silky and silvery white.

Aridus. Dry and rough.

Aril. The outer coat of a seed, which, not contract-
ing with it in ripening, falls of. Scopoli calls it

Arc

Theca, but this name is now exclusively appropri-
ated to the capsule of mosses.

Arista and Ariskttus. See awn and awaned.

Arms. The spines and prickles of plants.

Aromaticus. Aromatic, sweet scented.

Arrow-form. Shaped like an arrow-head. It dif-
fers from heart-form in having the side-lobes acute.

Articuhis. See joint.

Articulated. Jointed 3 which see.

Articulate. Jointed ly.

Artificial Arrangement. The bringing to^etho?
of many plants under one head; by the number,
figure, situation, connection and proportion of as-
sumed parts, without any regard to their natural
affinities. Sucli is the Liunean artificial system.
It is absolutely essential in finding out unknown
plants. Then his Natural Orders and those of
Jussieu, bring us back to the natural affinities.
Sec Natural Orders.
Irwidinacms. Resembling reeds.

Arvensis. Growing in cultivated fields.

Ascending. Rising gradually between a horizontal
and vertical position.

Ascidium. Bottle-form leaf or appendage ; as on the
Sarracenia.

Asper. See rugged.

Asperif alius. Rough-leaved.

Assurgens. Rising in a curve from a declined base.

Astiped. Pappus or a fungus without a slcnij or
stipe.

Atropurpureus. Dark Purple.

Attenuates. Tapering gradually till it becomes
slender.

Aubier. Sap-wood, the last year's deposit.

Auctns calyx. Having an outer row of leafets; a*
the Dandeiiott.

BAD

4cenium» Veinless.

'htrantiacus. Orange-coloured.

Aureus. Gold-coloured.

Auriadatus, or auritus. See eared.

lutumnalis. Coming to maturity in autumn.

lutumna'io. The effect of autumn upon plants.

Awl-form. Linear at, and adjoining, the base ; and
becoming sharp and more or less curved to one-
side at the point. •

Awl-pointed. See acuminate.

Awn. A short slender process, or stiff beard, pro-
ceeding from the top or back of glumes, or chaff'.
Processes resembling awns are called by this name,
which proceed from anthers or any other parts of
vegetables.

Awned. Having awns.

Awnless. Without awns; sometimes it means a
blunt pointless awn.

Axe-form. Nearly cylindric towards the base, with
one side projecting towards the end ; which pro-
jection is sharp-edged.

Axil. The arm-pit. Applied to vegetables it means
the angle formed by the meeting of a leaf or peti-
ole with the stem, or of a branch with the main
stem.

Axillary. Any thing growing from the axils.

Azureus. See Cueruleus.

B

Dacca. See berrv.
Bacciferous. Berry-beari ng.
Bacillum. Pedicel of lichens.
Badius. Liver-brown.

C

fil€

JiANNER. The upper petal in a papilionaceous
flower.

Barb. A strait process armed with teeth pointing
backwards.

Barba. See beard.

Ben batus. See bearded.

Bark. Properly the inner strong fibrous part of the
covering of vegetables. But in a more extended
sense it includes also the cuticle and cellular integu-

ment; which see. Also see cortex.

Barren. Producing no ripe seed, See staminate,
neutral and abortive.

Basis. Base. The part of a stem, leaf, flower, &c.
nearest to the place through which it derives its
nutriment.

Beaked. Terminated by a process, formed like a
bird's bill.

Beard. Parallel hairs. It is applied to the filamen-
tous nectaries on the petals of Iris. The lower
lips of ringent corels are sometimes called beard.

Beardless. Destitute of beard.

Bell-form. Swelling out at the base and without a
tube. Properly applied to monopetalous corols
only ; but is frequently extended to liliaceous flow-
ers, and some others.

Bellying. See ventricose.

.Berry. A pulpy pericarp enclosing seeds without
covering them with capsules, or themselves ever
splitting into valves. As currant, grape, cucum-
bers, gourd, orange. Raspberries are compound
berries ; being made up of an assemblage of small-
er berries or globules, called acines.

Bibulus. Sucking water.

BicAPsrLAR. Two capsules to one flower.

Bkornis. Anthers with two horns, or two horn-form
processes.

B IF

Bicuspid ate. Having two lengthened points, each

terminated with a small bristle.
Bidejis. Having two teeth.
Biennial. Springing up one summer, flowering and

dying the next, as wheat.
Bifaremis. Facing two ways, presenting two oppo-
site series.
Biferous. Bearing twice in a year. Common iiv

hot climates.
Bifid. Two cleft, split into two divisions.
Bifidus. Bifid.
Bijloms. See two-flowered.
Biforus. Having two openings, or holes.
Bifurcatus or Bifurcus. Forked.
Bigeminate. Twin-forked. Having a forked stem

with two leaves on each part.
Bijugous. A pinnate leaf with two pairs of leaves

on each part.
Bilabiate. Corol with two lips ; as in most of the

class didynamia.
Bilamellate. Composed of two lamellae ; it ap-
plies to a flattened stigma split lengthwise.
Bilobate. Divided into two lobes.
Bilocular. Two-celled.

Binate. Two standing up together on the top of
one stalk. If they spread out horizontally, they
are called conjugate.
Binervius. Two-nerved.
Bipartible, or Bipartile. Naturally divisible into

two parts.
Bipartitus. Divided into two parts to the base, but
still remaining in one piece ; as the petals of
stellaria.
Bipinnate. Doubly pinnate. The general petiolr
with a second range, bearing pinnate leafets ar-
ranged each side of them.

BOT

"Bipinnatifid. Doubly pinnatifid. When the divi-
sions of a pinnatifid leaf are cut in, or pinnatifid
again.

Biternate. Doubly-ternate. When the petiole is
ternate, and each division of it has three leafets.

Bivalve. When a capsule is composed of two
pieces, or valve's; or when the glume calyx of grass,
&c. consists of two chaffs, or husks.

Bivascularis. With two horn-form or cup-form cells.

Blistered. See bullate.

Blooming. The precise time when all parts of the
flower are completely developed.

Blossom. The corol.

Blunt. Round-obtuse.

Boat-form. Hollowed one side with a compressed
longitudinal ridge on the opposite side.

Bole. The naked trunk of a tree.

Border in Lichens. The edging of their receptacles
(apothecium.) It \s proper, when of the same sub-
stance and colour of the receptacle. It is accessory,
when of a different substance or colour from the
disk of the receptacle.

Border of corols, leaves, fungusses, &c. The spread-
ing brim.

tenuis. Thin border of a fungus.

colorata. Coloured border.

equalis. When the stem of a fungu^ is in the

center.

crassa. Thick border, Sec.

Bossed. Bunched up in the center ; as in some
agarics.

Botany. (Bofane, an herb.) The science which,
by the aid of systematic arrangement, enables
us; 1st, to find out the name of any plant before
unknown to us ; 2d, to ascertain its general medi-

B 0 T

cal and economical uses. Whether the physiology
of vegetation is strictly a part of the science of
botany or of Natural Philosophy, we will leave to
school-men to decide.

Though Materia Medica comes not under this
head, no one can study it with satisfaction to him-
self without a knowledge of botany.
Botanical Exercises. Learners should be exer-
cised in the application of botanical terms, after
having committed to memory the elementary
names and definitions, or the grammar of botany.
This should be done by question and answer as
follows :

Let eacli pupil have a specimen of some com-
mon simple flower. The teacher must point to
each part of it and ask its name ; to which the pu-
pil must answer from these definitions. After the
application of the names of the various parts of
fructification is understood, all the other parts of
plants must be attended to in the same manner.
In a few weeks, the pupils may enter upon that
practical part of the science, which leads to the
discovery of the names of plants. Exercises in
that part should be repeated in the following man-
ner, with every plant, which pupils can procure.

Common apple flower.
Teacher. To what class does it belong?
Pupil. Tcosaudria.
T. Why ?

P. It has 20 or more stamens fixed on the calyx.
T. To what order does it belong ?
P. Pentagynia.
71. Why ?
P. It has 5 styles.
T. To what crenus docs it belong ?

C 2

BOU

P. Pyrus.
T. Why?

P. It has a 5-cleft superior calyx ; corol 5-petalled ;

pome 5- celled; each cell about 2-seeded.
T. What species is it ?
P. Malus.
T. Why?
P. The flowers are in sessile umbels ; leaves ovate,

serrate.
T. What are its qualities ?
P. It belongs to the Natural order Pomaceae,

which contains mostly refrigerants. See Nat.

Ord.

It will be perceived, that a suitable system of
Vegetables, describing the plants of the country
where pupils are taught, is essential.

Though the lecturer's chair is a more dignified
place than such a schoolmaster-like employment ;
yet the pupils will derive more benefit from a sea-
son spent in this way, and in collecting and pre-
serving plants, than from half a dozen courses of
formal lectures. See herbarium.
Botanical Garden. A few rods of ground enclosed,
comprising the border of an old garden or rubbish
ground, will produce many species of wild native
plants. If to this be added all the wild roots which
shew a little herbage in April, as well as the wild
shrubs in the neighbouring woods; a very amusing
and instructive wild botanic garden in miniature
may be had, containing two or three hundred spe-
cies of plants, at a very cheap rate.
Botanical names of plants.. They should always
have a Latin termination, in order to be equally
convenient for all nations.
Botrus. A cluster, like grapes.
Bough. See branch.

BUD

Bowed. Curved over downwards.

Bowl-form. About half of a hollow sphere.

Brachtate. Branches nearly horizontal and de-
cussate.

Br. act, Braitea. Floral leaf. A leaf near or among
flowers, which (Hirers in shape, or colour, or both,
from the other leaves of the plant; as on the bass-

. wood (tilia. )

BracUatus. Bracted, having bracts.

Bracteifomiis. Resembling bracts.

Branch. A division of the main stem, or main root.

Branched. Divided into branches. Applied to
roots of trees.

Branch-leaves. Leaves growing on branches.

Branchlet. Subdivision of a branch ; a twig.

Branch-peduncle. A peduncle proceeding from a
branch.

Brevis. Short.

Brevissimus. Very short.

Bristles. Very stiff hairs. They are simple or
hooked.

Bristle-form. Nearly proportioned to a bristle in
length and breadth.

Bristly. Set with bristles.

Bmmalis. See Hvemalis.

Bud. The winter residence of leaves and flowers.
Generally wanting in hot countries. They are de-
fended by imbricate scales and mostly by a clam-
my glutinous substance also. They are :

1. Leaf-bearing. Which are more slender and
sharp.

2. Flower-bearing. Which are thicker, not so
hard nor so sharp.

3. Leaf and Flower-beariiig. Which are gene-
rally smaller than either*of the other kinds. See
foliation.

C A E

Bulb. Bulbus. Bulbous roots. Though we call the
turnip, the onion, &c. roots, they are strictly buds ;
or the winter residence of the future plants. Some
bulbs are borne above ground, as on several spe-
cies of onion (allium.)

Bulbiferus. Producing bulbs above ground.

fiulbosus. Bulbous. Growing from bulbs.

Bulbous root. Fleshy and spherical.

Bulbuhis. Small lattcral bulbs shooting from larger
ones.

Bixlate. Raised in bunches or blisters : as when
the pyrenchamous substance of a leaf rises up be-
tween the veins.

Bundle. See fascicle.

Butterfly-form. See papilionaceous.

Buttons, Tricot. That kind of receptacle of lichens
which wh<?n magnified resembles a coiled horse-
hair. They are roundish, sessile, unexpanding,
compact, black and solid; continued along their
whole surface. Upper side they are in concentric,
or coiled, plaited and twisted folds ; covered every
wherewith the same membrane; containing seeds
without cells, or cases. Smith.

C

Caducous. Any part of a plant is caducous, which
fails off earlier, compared with other parts of the
same plant, than is usual for similar parts in most
plants. As the calyx of the poppy falls off before.
the corol is hardly expanded.

Caruleo-purpureus. Blue-purple, violet colour.

Ca rulius. Blue.

C&siiis. Sky-blue, pale-Blue.

C A L

C.espitose. Turfy. Several plants growing together,
or from the same root, forming a turf.

Calamus. Reed- like.

:r. A conic spur. See spur.

C iLCARATE. See spurred.

Caficuiafus. Having a smaller outer calyx. See
auctus.

CALVcixr. Appertaining to a calyx.

Calyciriiis or Cu'uinus. See Calycine.

CALtcLE. Tlie outer calyx-like part of the crown of
some seed?. Also see auctus.

Gafycled. See auctus.

Caly cuius. See calycle.

Calypfta. Calyptre, or veil. The enp or hood of
pistillate mosses; resembling in form and position
an extinguisher set on a candle. It is ranked
among calyxes, and so used in descriptions. But
in reality it is tiic corol closed 5 which after being
detached at the base like other corols, its form still
keeps it on the capsule a while. See villose, also
Perichutauiiy which is the true calyx of mosses.

Calnplraius. Having a calyptre.

Calyx. ( Kalux, that in which something is enclos-
ed.) That floral organ, which proceeds from the
receptacle or peduncle below all the other organs.
It is generally green ; or, in botanical language,
not coloured. When the calyx or corol is want-
ing, it is often difficult to determine which is pre-
sent. Our author, Richard, says: when but one is
present, it ought always to be called the calyx.
But as no one can change the language of botan-
ists, which is already adopted in descriptions of
plants, we must endeavour to understand it as it is.
If the stamens alternate with the leafets or divi-
sions, Linneus ca corol; and if the stamens
stand opposite to iheieaicts or divisions, lie calls it.

CAM

a calyx, without regarding the colour or texture.
Where the stamens are numerous, this rule cannot
apply; neither has Linneus made it necessary in
his descriptions*

Wildenow's rule. The Calyx is hardly as long
as the stamen ; the corol quite as long or longer ; the
calyx green and firm ; the corol coloured and ten-
der. This rule is to apply where but one of the or-
gans is present 3 and he allows a few exceptions
to this.

double. When one calyx is outside of another ;

as in the holly-Jwck (althea.)
common. When one calyx includes many flo-
rets, as the thistle.

proper. When florets, included in a general

calyx, have calyxes of their own.

There are seven kinds of calyx : 1. Perianth,
2. Involucre. 3. Spathe. 4f Glume. 5. Ament.
6. Calyptre. 7. Volva. See each.
Camb, Cambium. Du Hamel's name for the mu-
cilaginous or gelatinous substance between the
wood and bark.

At the time in the year when the camb is most
abundant, many farmers in North America have
peeled off all the bark from the body of bark bound
apple trees; it is soon replaced, especially if care-
fully wound up in swingling-tow, &c. But the
slightest scratch upon the camb will cause a large
opening in the new bark, and leave a large spot of
dry dead wood. The same is always observed in
the operation of inoculating trees.

Every one, who is accustomed to observe
American forest trees, has frequently seen trees
which arc killed by the frequent fires in the woods,
whose whole bole is totally dead, leaving a mere
thin sheet alive next to the bark, on the side oppo-

CAR

site the course of the fire ; and still these trees con-
tinue to grow, flourish and bear fruit as usual.
Then if all outside of the camb may be taken off,
and all inside destroyed, and the tree still survive,
it is evident that it is by means of the camb that the
tree is supported. More especially as the least re-
moval of camb is always succeeded by dead wood;
all other parts remaining undisturbed.

Ca.mpanulate, Campanulatus. See bell-form.

Campestris. Growing in uncultivated fields.

Canaliculatus. See channelled.

Cancellatus. See latticed.

Capillaceus. See capillary.

Capillary, Capillaris, Capillaceus. Hair-form ; lon-
ger than bristle-form in proportion to its thickness.

Capillus. Hair. See pilus.

Capitate, capitatus. Head-form ; growing in heads.

Capituhim. See head.

Capreolus. See tendril.

Caprification. The fertilizing of pistillate flowers
by sprinkling pollen upon them. This is impor-
tant in raising figs.

Capsule, capsula, (a little chest.) That kind of peri-
carp, which opens by valves and becomes dry when
ripe ; not including siliques nor legumes. When
it is one-valved, it is called a follicle, folliculus,
which see. It consists of valves, partitions, colu-
mella, and cells, which see. One kind of capsule
never opens and is called samara.

Carina. See keel.

Carinated. See keeled.

Carinatus. See keeled.

Carneus. Flesh-coloured.

Canwsus. Fleshy.

Car'pogenation. (Karpos, fruit ; genesthai, to bring
forth.) A substitute for the word fructification. A

CEL

multiplication of terms is very injurious to the sci-
ence. But in teaching botany to young persons, a
word, so often to be repeated and so very difficult
to pronounce, is extremely troublesome. This
term is both easy and perfectly applicable. In a
synopsis presented to Professor Mitchill of New-
York, this substitute was proposed and received
his approbation.

Cartilaginous. Hard and somewhat flexible. It
applies to a leaf, when it is bound around with a
strong margin, different from the disk of the leaf.

Caryophylleous. A pink-like corol; having five
petals with long claws, all regular and set in a tu-
bular calyx.

Castrata. Filaments without anthers.

Catenula. A thread in some mosses, serving to unite
or chain together the seeds.

Catkin, Catulus. See ament.

Cauda. See tail.

Caudex. The main body of a tree or root.

Caulescent, caulescens. Having a caulis, or stem,
besides the peduncle or scape.

Cauline, caulinus. Growing on the main stem.

Caulis. The main herbage-bearing stem of all plants,
except of the grassy kind ; as trees, weeds, &c.
We have no English name for this stem ; neither
can any English termination assimilate this term
with our idiom. It has been usual in such cases
to look into some modern language for a suitable
term. How would the French word Tlge be re-
ceived? (Pronounced tidge in English.)

Cell. The hollow part, or cavity of a pericarp or
anther. It is more generally applied to the cavi-
ties of pericarps, where seeds are lodged. Accord-
ing to numbers of these the pericarps are called
one-celled, two-celled, &c.

CH A

Cellular Integument. The pyrenchamous sub-
stance between the cuticle and bark. This sub-
stance is generally green. It constitutes the most
considerable part of leaves; in which the juices
are operated upon by air and light, and the pe-
culiar secretions of vegetables principally elabo-
rated.

Cellules, cistulce. That kind of receptacle of li-
chens, which is globose, terminal, and formed of
the substance of the frond. It is filled with un-
coated seeds, intermixed with fibres 5 at length it
bursts irregularly. Smith.

Cellulosus. Cellular. Having cavities within, which
are small and irregular ; and in which sometimes
granules are nested.

Centralis. In the center.

Cephalodia. See knobs.

Cerealis. (Ceres, goddess of corn.) Any grain of
which bread is made.

Cemuxts. When the apex or top only droops or
bends down. See nutans, and the difference in the
two terms.

Cespitose. See Caespitose.

Chaff. Thin membranous covering of the seeds of
grass, grain, &c. See glume. It is also applied
to whatever resembles chaff; as the substance left
on the receptacles of some compound flowers, af-
ter the seeds are removed ; to tlie crown of some
seeds, &c.

Chaffy. Bearing chaff.

Channelled. Hollowed out longitudinally with a
rounded groove of considerable depth.

Character. That description of a plant, which dis-
tinguishes it from all others. In making out the
character, Situation, Proportion, Connection;

D

CLA

Number and Figure, are considered." The two
last are not so constant as the other three.

Generic characters are limited to the flower and
fruit.

Specific characters are restricted no farther, than
to avoid running into the characters of the genus.

Chorion. A clear limpid liquor contained in a seed
in the time of flowering. This liquor, after the
pollen is received, becomes a perfect embryo of a
new plant, and takes the consistence usual in per-
fect seeds. But without the reception of the pollen,
neither any thing like the embryo or perfect seed,
is ever formed. Malpighi.

Chnjsocomiis. Golden locks ; or a yellow bundle of
threads.

Cicatrice, Cicatrisatus. The mark or natural scar
from whence the leaf has fallen.

Ciliate, ciliatusr Edged with parallel hairs or bris-
tles, resembling eye-lashes.

Cinereous. Of the colour of wood-ashes.

Cing&ns. Surrounding, girding around.

Circinal. Rolled in spirally beginning with the
tip, which continually occupies the center; as ferns.

Circinatus. Circinal. Also compassed about.

Circumcissus. Cut round. Opening transversely,
not lengthwise ; as the capsules of purslain.

Circumscriptio. The circumference of a leaf.

Cirri/ems. Bearing tendrils.

Cirrose, cirrosus. Terminating in a tendril.

Cirrus. (Curled bushy hair.) See tendril. This
term is also applied to that kind of clouds which
resembles flax, as it is pulled from the distaff.
This kind of clouds ascend 4 or 5 miles high j
much higher than any other kind.

Cistulce. See Cellules.

Clambiy, See viscid/

CLE

Olasper. See tendril.

Clasping. The base of the leaf being more or less
heart-form and sessile, so that the two hind lobes
partly surround the stem-.
Class, classis. The highest division of plants in a.
system. Each class is defined to be the agree-
ment of several genera in the parts of fructifica-
tion, according to the principles of nature, distin-
guished by art. Linncus divided all plants by their
stamens and pistils, into 24 classes ; bul, Persoon
and other approved systematic writers have distri-
buted the plants of the 18th and 23d classes among
the others, and rejected tjiese two; leaving but 22*
classes. These are rejected on account of the
liability of their characters to perpetual varia-
tions. See each class in its proper place, also
system.
Clavate, clavaius. Club-form. Growing larger to-
wards the end.
Clavkula. See tendril.
CJausus* Closed, shut up.
Clavus. See spurred rye.

Claw. The lower narrow part of a petal by which
it is fixed on the calyx or receptacle. It can exist
only in Polypetalous corols.
Cleft. Split down, not exceeding half-way to the
base; with nearly strait edges on both sides of the
fissure. The parts into which it is split are num-
bered in descriptions; as once split making two
divisions, is called 2-cleft ; two splits, 3-cleft, &c
Clefts, lirellce. That kind of receptacle of lichens,
which is open, elongated, sessile, black, very nar-
row or linear, with a somewhat spongy disk ; the
border is parallel on each side and proper. Some-
times it has an accessory border from the crust be-

COL

sides. The clefts are either simple and solitary $
or aggregate, confluent and branched. Smith.

Climbing. Ascending by means of tendrils, as grapes ;
by leaf-stalks, as virgin's bower ; by cauline radi-
cles, or rootlets, as the creeping American ivy
(rhus radicans.) It diners from twining, which see.

Clouds. See Natural History.

Cloven. See cleft.

Club-form. See clavate.

Clustered. See racemed.

Clypeatus. Form of a buckler. See peltate.

Coadunate. With united bases.

Coarctate. Compact. Pressed or squeezed close
together.

Coated. Consisting of concentric coats, layers or
skins, as the bulbous root of onions.

Cobwebbed. See arachnoideus.

Coccineus. Scarlet-coloured.

Coceum. A grain or seed. Tricoccous, 3-seeded;
pentacoccous, 5-seeded, &c.

Cochleate, cochleatus. Coiled spirally, like a snail-
shell.

Coherens. Cohering, attached.

Coiled. Twisted like a rope ; or rather resembling
the form of one thread of a rope, after the other
threads are removed.

Collimis. Growing on hills.

Coloured. Of any hue except green ; but in the
language of botanists green parts are not coloured.
See temperature, also glaucous.

Coloratus. Coloured.

Columella. That which connects the seeds to the
inside of a pericarp. It is generally applied to a
central pillar in a capsule; which takes its rise
from the receptacle, and has seeds attached to
it on all sides. In mosses it is called sporangi-

COM

'dium by Wildenow ', and he sometimes applies this

term as a substitute for columella ; and says U is

found only in 2-valved capsules.
Columnar. See terete.
Columnifera. Stamens and pistils disposed iu tne

form of a column.
Coma. (Kome, a head of hair.) A tuft of bracts on

the top of a spike of flowers.
Common. Any part is common,, which serves to

include or sustain several parts, , similar among

themselves.
perianth. Including several florets; as in the

thistle.
involucre. Surrounding the base of the pedun-
cles in an umbel, which are subdivided above.
This term is often used for frequent also.
Communis. See common. .
Comose. Having a coma.
Compact. See coarctus.
Complete, computus. Having both calyx and corol.

When the corol is wanting, the flower is incomplete.

When the calyx is wanting,, the flower is naked,

if it has a corol.
Complicate, complicatus. Folded together.
Compositus. Compo und.
Compound. One whole, formed of many similar

parts.
flovc&cs. Those comprised in the class synge-

nesia, with several florets on one receptacle, each

with united anthers.
Compound flowers- are divided into five kinds by

the relations and kinds of florets ; upon which di-
visions are founded the five orders of the syngene-

sia class.

1 . The florets are all perfect, each having 5

stamens and one pistil. The anthers are all ut>-
D2

COM

ted into one set forming a tube around the pistil.
See aequalis.

2. The florets of the disk are all perfect ; but
.those of the ray, or the edging-florets, are pistillate.
See superflua.

3. The florets of the disk all perfect ; but the flo-
rets of the ray neutral, having neither stamens nor
pistils ; except in some cases they have abortive
pistils. See frustranea.

4. The florets of the disk staminate ; but those
of the ray pistillate. See necessaria.

5. The florets all perfect as those of the 1st
kind; but differ from them in each floret having a
little perianth of its own, which is wanting in all
the four preceding kinds. See segregata. This
last kind is not so common as the others.

' ■■ leaf. When several leafets grow on one petiole.
■ raceme. When several racemes grow along the
6ide of a peduncle.

spike. When several spikelets grow along the

side of a fruit-stalk, or general spike.

umbel. Having the peduncles subdivided into

peduncles of lesser umbels, &c.

petiole. A divided leaf-stalk.

peduncle. A divided flower-stalk.

Compou>q> terms. When any part of a plant is to be
described, which does not agree with the defini-
tion of any term in use ; two or more terms must
be compounded, so as to convey to the mind cor-
rect information. For example the chesnut leaf
has notches on the margin pointing towards the
apex, which answers to the description of serrate
leaves; excepting that the notches are hollowed
out. But these holjovved notches are not deep
enough for sinuses; therefore the two term*

CON

are compounded, making sinuate-serrate. Com-
pound terms are always united by a hyphen.
Compressed, compressus. Flattened, as if squeezed

or pressed.
Concave, coneamis. Hollowed a little on one side.
It is sometimes applied to deeper hollows ; though
rarely.
Conceptaculxtm. See follicle.
Cdncolor. The same colour in all the parts.
Conpensed. See coarctate.

Conduplicate. That kind of foliation where the
leaf, while in the bud, has its two sides shut to-
gether like two leaves in a book.
Cone, conus. See strobile.

Conpert, confertits. Thick-set ; leaves, flowers, &c.
standing so closely together, as to seem to crowd
each other.
Confluent. Running together. It is applied more
particularly to the receptacle of some lichens,
which run together in disorder and become in-,
distinct.
Congeneres. Plants of very similar habits, &c.
Congestus. See heaped. i

Conglomerate. See glomerate.
Conic. With a broad base and approaching a point

towards the top.
Com/era* Bearing cones.
Conjugate. See binate.

Connate. Leaves which are opposite, with their
bases growing together, so as to form the appc aiv
ance of a single leafT Anthers are sometimes con-
nate also.
Con.iivtns. Seefcon verging.
CotmmUis. Resembling.
Contiguus. Near, next.

GOR

Contorted, contortus. Twisted. It is is also* ap-
plied to corols, which have the edge of one petal
lying obliquely over the next.

Contractus. Close, narrow.

Contrarhint. See partition.

Converging. Approaching, or bending towards each
other.

Convex. Swelling out in a roundish form.

Convexus. Convex.

Convolute, convolutus. Rolled into a cylindrk

form, like a roll of paper,, lengthwise with the midrib.

Applied to the situation of leaves in the bud.

Coilcle fCorculum. ( Cor3 the heart.) The embryo
of the new plant in a seed, situated between the
cotyledons in dicotyledonous seeds. It consists

iw of the plume and rostel, which show themselves soon
after vegetation commeuces. See plume and
rostel.

Cordate. Heart-form 5 so called from its supposed
resemblance to the heart. It is hollowed behind with
the side-lobes rounded at the base. See arrow-
form.

Cordate-oblong, cordate-lanceolate^ &c. pertake of
the formation of both compounds.

Coriaceous. Leathery or parchment-like.

Cornered. Having angles or corners. Three-cor-
nered, four-cornered, &c. is often expressed tri-
gonus, &c.

CorrtUi A horn or spur.

Cornv i: is. Horn form .

GoRO'i., corolla. (A diminutive of wronajQ, crown.)
1 • ihhef delicate covering of the flower, which
constitutes its principal ornament in most eases.
It; a few cases, as the hartsia coccinea, the corol is
dull find .usi '/V, while the calyx is gaily coloured
See petai and nectary.

COT

Corollet, corollula. A little corol.

Corolliferus, Bearing the corol.

Corollinus. Resembling, or appertaining to, a corof

Corona. See crown.

Coronarius. Forming a crown.

Coronatus. Crowned ; as the thistle seed is crowned
with down.

Coronula. A little crown.

Cortex. The bark, which see. It consists of a
number of layers equal to the number of years the
tree has been growing ; though they are often too
thin to be numbered. The inmost layer is called
the liber.

Cortical. Having its origin from the bark.

Corydalis. {Kotos, a helmet.) Plants with helmet-
form corois.

Corymb, corymbus. Flowers umbel-like in their
general external appearance, but their peduncles
or supporting stems stand at different distances
down the main stem ; as yarrow.

Corymbifera. Bearing corymbs.

Costate, costatitm. Ribbed.

Cottony, See tomentose.

Cotyledon. The thick fleshy lobes of seeds. Very
manifest in beans at the first commencement of
germination. These lobes soon become thick suc-
culent leaves, after they rise out of the ground.

Jussieu's Natural Orders are founded principally
upon the cotyledon. He makes three great tribes,
or divisions, of plants. 1. Acotyledones, plants
without cotyledons; as mushrooms, mosses, fe?*ns,
&c. 2. Monocotyledones, plants with one coty-
ledon; nsivheat, grass, hulian corn, cat-tails, sweet-
flag, sedge, Solomon7 s seal, onion, iris, ladies' sli])-
per, pond-lily, &c. 3. Dicotyledones, plants
with two cotyledons; as beans, peas, dock, plan**

C R E

tain, lilac, sage, tobacco, milkweed, dandelion,
See Natural Orders.

Cowled. AVhen the edges meet below and expand
above, and generally separate ; as the spathe of the
arum, Indian turnip.

Crassus. Thick.

Creeping. Running along the ground, or along old
logs, &c. nearly in a horizontal direction, and send-
ing off rootlets.

Crenate. Scolloped, on the rim or edge. Notches
on the margin of a leaf, which do not point or in-
cline towards either the apex or base. When
large crenatures have smaller ones on them, they
are doubly-crenate.

Crenulate. Very finely crenated.

Crescent-form. Resembling the form of the moon
from its change to half-fulled.

Crested. Having an appendage somewhat resem-
bling a cock's comb in form.

Creta. Growing on chalky land.

Grinitus. Long-haired.

Crispus. See curled.

Cristatus. See crested.

Cross-armed. See brachiate.

Crowded. See confert.

Crown. The calycle, hair, or feathers on the top of
some seeds ; as the dandelion.

Crowned. See coronatus.

Cruciatim. Crosswise. Opposite pairs of branches
or leaves successively crossing each other. See
decussate.

Cruciform. (Crux, a cross.) Corols with four pe-
tals, whose lamina form across. Plants with such
corols belong to the class tefradynamia.

Cm 'st aceous. Leafy appearance, but consisting of
small crusty substances lying one upon another.

C U L

Cryptogamia. (Kruptos, concealed $ gamtis, mar*
riage.) The name of the last class in the Linnean Ar-
tificial system. It includes those plants, whose sta-
mens and pistils are too minute or obscure to be
used as classic characters. This class is therefore
distinguished by natural affinities ; and cannot be
said to be artificial, though arranged with the other
classes in the artificial system. It includes the na-
tural families of 1. Filices, ferns; as brakes, poly-
pods, maidenhair, ground-pine, scouring-rush, &c.
2. Musci, mosses ; as water-moss, earth-moss, fork-
moss, great or hair-cap moss, &c. 3. Hepatim,
liverworts — less common, except a few species.
4. Algce, seaweeds, &c. as the common weed about
docks with blubbery swellings, and the green thread-
form substance in brooks, which is not much like a
vegetable substance in appearance. 5. Lichens; as
the light green patches on fences and stones, the
whitish spots on stones with black spangles ap-
pearing like fly-dirt, the long fibrous substance
common on trees, which is erroneously called tree-
moss, &c. 6. Fungi ; as the common mushroom
and toadstool, puffball, touchwood, mould, blight
or rust on grain, smut, &c. All these are organ-
ized substances bearing seeds, and are highly inte-
resting subjects for the microscope.

Cryptogamous. Belonging to the class cryptogamia.
See phanerogamous.

Cubit. A measure from the elbow to the end of the
middle finger.

Cuculatp. See cowled.

Cucurbit aceous. Resembling gourds or melons.

Culinary. Suitable for kitchen cookery.

Culm, Cidmus. The stem of grain and grass, when
dry it is usually called straw. It is ^applied to all'
grassy plants ; as Indian corn, sedge, sugar cane, &o

C Y P

Culmiferous. Having culms.

Gulmineous. Having an affinity to grasses, or culmi-
ferous plants.

Cumulus. Heaped. This term is also applied to
that kind of clouds, which have a strait base and
roundish heaped upper side. See Vellus.

Cuneiforms See wedge-form.

Cup-form. Hollow -within, resembling a little cup.

Cupularis. Cup-form.

Curled. When the periphery of a leaf is too large
for the disk, it becomes waved or curled.

Curved. Bent inwards. See incurved.

Cuspidate. Having a sharpened point and that tip-
ped with a bristle, a prickle, or lengthened apex,
not curved. See mucrinate and observe the dis-
tinction 5 also aecuminate.

Cuticle. The thin outside coat of the bark, which
has no life and is very durable, often transparent.
It greatly resembles the scarf-skin of animals.
Very distinct on elder, currant and birch 9 on one
species of birch U resembles paper.

Cyaneus. Blue.

CyathifomUs. Wineglass-form. Cylindric, widen-
ing gradually upwards, margin not revolute.

Cylindric. A circular shaft, of nearly equal diame-
ter throughout its whole extent.

ijymbiformis. See boat-form.

Cyme, cyma. Flowers umbel-like in their general
external appearance. It agrees with an umbel in
having its common stalks spring from one center ;
but differs in having those stalks variously and al-
ternately subdivided; as the elder (smnbucus.)
Smith.

Cymosus, cymose. Being in cymes.

€uphellct. See pits.

DEC

D

Dcedalius. The end broad, waving and torn.

Dagger-pointed* See cuspidate.

Debilis. Weak, feeble, lax.

Decagynia. (Deka. ten ; gune, female.) Ten-
styled. The name of the tenth order in each of
the first thirteen classes. Let the class be which-
ever of these it may, if the pistil consists of ten
styles or sessile stigmas, it is of the 10th order. In
North America there is not a native plant in this
order, excepting poke-weed (phytolacca :) and in
England there is none.

Decandria. (Deka, ten; andra, male.) Ten-sta-
mened. The name of the tenth class. It compri-
ses all plants, whose flowers are perfect, with ten
stamens in each, which are not united by their
filaments in one or two sets.

It is also the name of the tenth order in those
classes, where the character of the first 13 classes
are taken for orders ; as the geranium in the class
?nonadelphia} the pea (pisum) in the class diadel-
phia, &c.

Decaphyflus. Ten-leaved.

Decenifidus. Cut into ten parts, or 10-cleft.

Decemloculare. Ten-celled.

Deciduous. Falling off in the usual season for simi-
lar parts to fall; as leaves falling at the decline of
the year; corols falling off at the time the stamens
fall, &c. See caducous and permanent.

Declined, declinatus. Curved downwards archwise.

Decompound. decompositus. Doubly-compound.
When a compound, or divided, petiole has a com-
pound leaf on each part, the whole is a decom-
pound leaf. The same with umbels, &c. See
supra-decompositas.

E

DEL

Uecorticabilis. Easily peeled.

Decumbent, decumhens. When the base is erect,
and the remainder is procumbent. It applies to
stems, stamens, &c.

Decurrent. When the two edges of a leaf extend
downwards below the points of insertion and be-
come projecting wings to the stem. The gills of
agarics are decurrent, when they run down the
stipe in a single ridge.

Decursive. Decurrently.

Decursively pinnate. .When the leafets of a pin-
nate leaf run along the petiole^with their extended
bases.

Decussated, decussatus. When leaves or branches
are opposite in pairs, and each pair stands at right
angels with the next pair above or below on the
same stem.

Deflected, deftexus. Bending down archwise.

Defloratus. Having discharged the pollen.

Defoliation, defoliatio. The shedding of leaves in
the proper season.

Defoliatio notha. The shedding of leaves before the
proper time, on account of injuries received.

Dehiscent, dehiscentia. The natural opening of
capsules in the proper season.

Deliqyum. See debilis.

Deltoid, deltoideus. A leaf with four corners ; that
is, one at the stem, one at the apex, and one each
side ; but the side ones are nearer to the base than
to the apex. When the side angles are about as
near to the apex as to the base, it is called a rhom-
boid leaf. Both kinds are called diamond-form in
English. Wildenow considers a deltoid leaf as a
thick 3-sided leaf, a transverse section of which he
supposes intended, as giving the deltoid form. See
page 155.

D E S

Demersus. See submersed.

Dense, densus. Close, compact. A panicle with
abundance of flowers very close is dense. Sec
thyrse.

Dentate, dentatus. Toothed.

leaf. (This term is of such almost unlimited

extent, it is best defined negatively.) Projections
from the margin of a leaf, which are of its own
substance; and not serratures, nor crenatures.
root. That kind of granulated root, which re-

sembles teeth strung together.

Denticulate. Having very small teeth.

Denudate. Plants whose flowers appear I x
the leaves, consequently have a naked appearand .

Deorsum. Downwards.

Depauperatus. Few-ilowered.

Depmdens. Hanging down.

Depressed. When the upper surface of a succulent
leaf is a little concave. It applies to seeds also.

Descendens. The entering of a root into the ground.
The direction is vertical, as the beet ; horizontal, as
the mint 5 oblique, as the branching roots of most
trees.

Descriptions of plants. In writing a complete de-
scription of a plant, begin with the fructification,
and describe : 1. Calyx. 2. Corol. 3. Stamens.
4. Pistil. 5. Pericarp. 6. Seed. 7. Receptacle.
Then go through with the root and herbage, thus:
1. Root. 2. Stem and brandies. 3. Buds inclu-
ding the foliation. 4. Leaves. 5. The appenda-
ges; that is, Stipules, Bracts, Thorns, Prickles,
Stings, Glands, Tendrils. To this add the Inflo-
rescence.

Then add the general appearance and size of
the plant, and what well-known plant it most re-
sembles. Give an account of the soil and situa-

D I A

tion where it grew; whether high or low, wet or
dry — the precise time of flowering, colour of all
parts, whether annual, biennial or perennial. Then
close with the name of the town, country, &c. and
what quantity of the same kind of plant is to be
found there ; and what name the common people
call it by, if any. Accompany this description
with several specimens ; so selected as to exhibit
the plant in all its parts.

There can be no better exercise for student?,
than to write several such descriptions every day.
See Diagnosis.

Deskcatio. Dryness.

Dextrorsum. Twining from left to right; that is,
with the apparent motion of the sun ; as the hop-
vine.

Piadelphia. (Dis, two; adelphos, a brother.) Two
brotherhoods. The name of the seventeenth class.
It comprises all plants, whose flowers are perfect,
with the stamens uuited by their filaments in two
sets. This was the character given the class by
Linneus. But Lupines and others of this class have
the stamens united in one set; which is the cha-
racter of the Monadelphia class. The form of the
corol has therefore been taken into the description
by some writers, thus :

Stamens united by their Jilaments in one, or two
sets, carols papilionaceous.

Diadelphous. Belonging to, or varying into, the
class diadelphia.

Diagnosis. A short description containing only
what is essential. Linneus made it his rule, never
to lc"l a specific description exceed twelve Latin
words. Wildenow says, more must be added if
necessary. It should extend no farther than to

DID

express the difference between that, and the other
species.

Diamond-form. See Deltoid.

Diandria. (DiSy two ; andra, male.) Two stamen-
ed. The name of the second class. It comprises
all plants, whose flowers are perfect, with two sta-
mens in each, not growing on the pistil.

It is also the name of the second order in those
clases where the characters of the first 13 classes
are taken for orders ; as the ladies' slipper (cyp-
ripedium) in the class gynandria, the duck-ineat
(lemna) in the class moiwcia} willow (salix) in the
class dicecia,

Dichotomcus. Forked. Stem, &c. parted in pairs,
each branch parted in pairs again, and so on.
When it is parted but once it is more properly
called forked, furcatus.

Dicoccous. Two-grained. Consisting of two cohe-
ring grains, or cells with one seed in each.

Dicotyledonous. Plants with two cotyledons. See
Cotyledon.

Didymous, didyrna. Twinned.

Didynamia. (Dis, two ; dunamiSy power.) Two over-
topping or overpowering others. The name of
the fourteenth class. It comprises all plants,
whose flowers are perfect, with 4 stamens, two of
which are regularly longer than, or overtopping,
the other two. Plants of this class have labiate
corols. But on account of adhering rigidly to the
character of the class, some ringents are placed
in the 2d class. The student should be directed to
look in the second class, under the sections of ir-
regular corols, when he has a ringent flower, whose
generic character he does not readily find in the
14th class.

£2

DIP

Didynamous. Belonging to, or varying into the clr.ss
didynamia.

Difformis. Applied to a monopetalous corol whose
tube widens above gradually, and is divided into
irregular or unequal parts — Wildenow. It is also
applied to any distorted parts of a plant.

Diffused, diffusxis. Spreading. Expanded in an
open loose manner.

Digitate. Fingered. When the base of several
leafets rest on the end of one petiole 5 as the straw-
berry and fivefinger.

Digynia. (Dis, two; gune, female.) Two-styled,
the name of the second order in each of the first
thirteen classes. It comprises all plants in each
class respectively, whose flowers have two styles in
each : or, if the styles are wanting, two sessile stig-
mas: as the blite (blitum) in the class monandria;
the sweet-scented grass (anthoxanthum) in the class
diandria; wheat (triticum) in the class triandria ;
witch-hazel (hamamelis) in the class tetrandria ;
rice (oryzaj in class hexandria; pink (dianthus)
in the class decandria; agrimoay (agrimonia) in
the class dodecandria.

Dilatatus. Expanded, widened.

Dilute. Prefixed to a colour implies, that it is redu-
ced; as dilute purpureus, pale purple

Dimidiatus. See halved.

Digecia. ( Dis, two ; oikos, house.) The name of the
22d class, or the 21st if the 18th be rejected. It
includes those plants whose flowers are not per-
fect ; but the stamens and pistils grow on differ-
ent plants of the same species. The Hemp, Hop,
Willow, and Poplar, are good examples.

Dioecious, dioica. Belonging to, or varying into, the
class diaecia.

Dipetalous. Having 2 petals.

D 0 D

DirHYLLors. Having 2 leaves.

Discoid. Having a disk without rays. Such com-
pound flowers as are wholly made up of tubular
florets; that is, though they may have marginal
florets differing from those in the disk in the essen-
tial organs, yet the corois wiU be all tubular, and
not capitate.

Disk, discus. The whole surface of a leaf, or of the
top of a compound flower, as opposed to its edge or
periphery. This term is also applied to the ag-
gregate florets of an umbel.

Dispermus. Containing but two seeds.

Dissectus. Gashed in deeply.

Dissipimentum. See partition.

Dissiliens. A pericarp is dissilient, when it bursts
open with a spring; as the touch-me-not, (im-
patiens.)

Distans. Standing off remotely.

Distichus. (Dis two stiehos row.) Two-ranked. When
branches, leaves or flowers are arranged along
opposite sides of the stem or spike, so as to point
two opposite ways ; as the leaves of the hemlock
tree (pinus canadensis.)

Distinct, distinctus. Separate, opposed to connate
or confluent.

Divaricate, divarkatus. Branches spreading out
from the stem so far, as to form more than a right
angle with it above.

Diverging, Divergens. Branches spreading out from
the stem so far, as to form a right angle with it.

Diumits. Enduring but a day.

Divided, divisus. Severed into parts.

Dodecandria. (Dodeka, twelve ; andra, male.)
Twelve stamined. The name of the eleventh
class. It comprises all plants, whose flowers are
perfect, with from 12 to 19 stamens which are not

D R U

united by their filaments in one or two sets. En*
decandria would seem to be the proper name for
the 11th class. But there has not only never been
a plant found, whose flowers uniformly contained
11 stamens ; but it is so contrary to all analogy of
pails.it is presumed there is no such plant.

Dodecandeous. Belonging to, or varying into, the
class dodecandria.

Dodecaphyllm. Having twelve leafets.

Dodrans. Long span. Distance between the ends
of the thumb and little finger, both being extended.

Dolabriforme. See axe-form.

Dorsal, dorsalis. Fixed to the back. Awns are
dorsal, when proceeding from the outside of a
glume and not from the tip.

Dorsiferous. Bearing the fruit on the back; as.
ferns.

Dotted. Besprinkled with dots. See punctate and
perforated.

Double. Two in the place where most plants have
but one ; as the double calyx of the holly-hock
(althea.)

Double-flowered. See full-flowered.

Doubly. See duplicate. In English it has its com-
mon appropriate meaning; as doubly-crenate>
when the crenatures are crenated, &c.

Doubly-pinnate. See bipinnate.

Down or downy. See tomentose.

Drooping. See cemuus.

Drupe, drupa. That kind of pericarp which consists
of a thick, fleshy, succulent or cartilaginous coat,,
enclosing a nut or stone. It is berry-like (baocata)
as in the cherry, or dry (exsucca) as in the walnut
(juglans.)

Drupaceous. Bearing drupes, or fruit resembling
them.

E G L

&ubiiis. Doubtful.

Dulcis. Sweet.

Dumosus. Bushy, or resembling bushes.

Duodectmjidiis* Cleft in 12 divisions.

Duplex. Double.

Duplicate. Doubly. This term is often prefixed to

others, in all which cases it simply means doubly.

As duplico-ternatum, doubly-ternate or biternate.
Duplkatus. Doubled.
Duration. Sec ages.

to'

E

Eared. This term applies : 1st, to the round ex-
tended, or appendaged lobes of a heart-form leaf:
2nd, to the side lobes near the base of some leaves:
and 3rd, ta twisted parts, in some ferns and some
liverworts, which are supposed to resemble the
conchus, or passage into the ear.

Ebracteatus. Without bracts.

Eburneus. Ivory white ; as the whole plant monotropa,
called beechdrops, or birdsnest.

Ecalcuratus. Without a spur.

Echinate, echinaius. Hedge-hog-like. Beset with
erect prickles.

Efflorescence. The powdery substance on some
Lichens, composed of minute deciduous globules.

Effloresccntia. Flowering season of different sorts of
plants. More simple flowers come out in June
than in any other month in North America. Ve-
ry few compound flowers appear before August.

Effoliation. Unnatural falling of leaves by means

of improper culture, worms, &c.

Egg-form, j See ovale.

Eghtndulosus. Gland less.

E N S

Egret. See aigrette.

Elastic. See dissiliens.

Elliptic. Longer than wide, rounded at or near
both ends, and nearly equal in breadth towards
both base and apex.

Elongated. Lengthened out, as if extended beyond
what is usual in similar parts.

Emarginate. Notched in the end at the termination
of the midrib. See Retuse.

Embracing. See clasping.

Empalement. See calyx.

End-bitten. See prannorsus.

Enervate. Nerveless.

Enneandria. (Ennea, nine ; andra, male.) Nine-
stamened. The name of the ninth class. It com-
prises all plants, whose flowers are perfect, with
9 stamens in each. The number of stamens are
very variable in most plants in this class; particu-
larly in the genus lanrus, including the common
sassafras and spice-bush.

It may also be the name of the ninth order in
those classes where the characters of the first 13
classes are taken for orders ; should any discove-
ries hereafter require it. Linneus' system is so
contrived, that it not only provides for ail known
plants ; but also assigns a place for all possible dis-
coveries.

Enneandrous. Belonging to, or varying into, the

class enneandria.
Enneapetalus. Nine-petalled .
Enodis, enode. Knotless. Having no joints; as the

bulrush. .
Ensate, meatus. Having sword-form leaves.
Ensiform. Sword-form. Two-edged, tapering from
base to apex mostly, and a little arching towards
one edge; as flag and cat-tail (Iris and Typha.)

E X A

Entire. Continued without interruption. A mar-
gin of a leaf, calyx, corol, &c. is entire, when it is
neither serrate, toothed, notched nor in any man-
ner indented.

Ephemerus. Of very short duration.

Epicarpeus. On the germ. See superior.

Epidermis. See cuticle.

Epiphragma. A thin membrane stretched over the
mouth of the moss, polytrichum.

Equal. Similar parts equal among themselves. The
calyx, corol, Sec. are equal, when the leafets, petals
or subdivisions, are similar in form, size and direc-
tion. Opposed to unequal.

Equinoctial flowers. Opening at stated hours
each day.

Eqlitant. Opposite leaves embracing each other,
so that they alternately enclose each others edges ;
as the leaves near the roots of the Iris and yellow
garden lilies (hemerocallis) ; also the position of
the leaves in some unopened buds.

Erect, ercctus. Upright. Not so perfectly straight
and unbending as strictus. When applied to any
thing latterally attached to the stem, as leaves, &c.
it implies that it makes a very acute angle with it.

Erectiasculus. Erectish.

Ergot. See spurred rye.

Erinaceus. Hedge-hog-like. See echinatus.

Erose, erosus. Gnawed. Unequally sinuated, as if
the sinuses had been eaten by insects.

Esculent. Eatable.

Essential character. See diagnosis.

Essentials. The stamens and pistils.

Evergreen. Such plants as retain their leaves
throughout the year; as white pine, laurel, &c.

Exannulate. Ferns whose capsules are without
rings. This comprises one section of ferns. Those

FAG

which have an apparent vestige of, but not in re-
ality, a ring, form another section. Those with a
ring, another. See annulatus.

Exaratus. See sulcate.

Exasperatus. See roughened.

Excavatus. Hollowed out.

Exotic, exoticus. Plants not growing spontaneously
in a wild state in that particular country, or sec-
tion of a country.

Expanded, expansus. Spread.

Explanatus. Unfolded.

Exsert, exsertus. Standing out. Stamens are ex-
sert when protruded out of the corols. Peduncles
of spikes in culminiferous plants are exsert, when
protruded out of the sheaths 3 as carex folliculata
and pubescens.

Exstipulate. Without stipules.

Exsiccus. Juiceless.

Extimus. At the very top, or extreme end.

Extrafoliaceous. Outside of the leaf A stipule
is extrafoliaceous when it comes out a little lower
than the leaf does.

Extrorsum. Outwardly.

Eye. See hilum.

Fades. The general external appearance of a plant.

Factitious character. An essential character, where
the number of parts or some other circumstance,
not of essential importance, are taken into it — Wil-
denow. Artificial marks distinguishing one genus
from another — Martyn. AVhat is not natural —
R:chard. It admits of fewer or more character-
istic marks, than are absolutely necessary — Milne.

FAtf

It serves to discriminate genera that happen t©
come together in the same artificial order or sec-
tion. It can never stand alone, but may some-
times commodiously enough be added to more es-
sential distinctions. — Smith.

Falcate. See acinaciform.

Families. See gentes.

Faniculis umbiliatis. The small thread or pedicle by
which seeds are fastened at the hilum, and by
which they receive their nourishment, till ripe.

Farcins. Stuffed, full. It is opposed to fistulous,
hollow.

Farina. See pollen.

Farinosus. Mealy, powdery.

Fasciatus. Having parallel bands, or coloured stripes.

Fascicle, fasciculus. A bundle. Flowers level-top-
ped, umbel-like in the general external appear-
ance, with footstalks irregular in their origin and
subdivision. The fascicle differs but little from the
Corymb, excepting in having shorter footstalks,
which do not extend so far down the main stem.
Sweet-william (dianthus) is a good example.

A bundle of tuberous roots is called a fascicle ;
as the asparagus roots. Also a bundle of leaves ;
as of the white pine.

Fasciculate. An unnatural bundle of branchlets.

Y xstigi ate, fastigiatus. Level-topped. Applied to
aggregate flowers, which are elevated to an equal
height or nearly so ; forming a level, convex or
concave top, differing but little from a plane. It
is also applied to leaves; as the hog- weed (am-
brosia arteiuesiafolia.)

Favosus. See alveolate.

Faux. Jaws. The throat or opening into a corol.
That precise spot, where the tubular' part of a riu-

F

F I L

gent corol begins to separate or expand into lips
or mouth, is the faux.

Feather. See Aigrette. The plumose crown of
seeds.

Female, femineus. See pistillate.

Fence. Involucre of Withering.

Fenced. Walled around, as the stamens are by the
scales in brookweed (samolus.)

Fere. Almost.

Ferns. See Alices.

Ferruginous, ferrugiiuus. The colour of iron-rust.
See glaucous.

Fertile. See pistillate.

Fertilization. The application of the pollen,
which is formed in the cells of anthers, to the stig-
ma ; which is essential to the production of per-
fect seed. See chorion. Richard is too lengthy
upon this subject for the .plan of this Dictionary ;
which is intende4 for definitions and illustrations,
but not for physiological discussions.

Fetidus. Smelling disagreeably.

Fibre, jibra. Any thread-form part. The small
flexible thread-form roots of grasses and many
other plants, are called fibres.

F ibrous. Composed of fibres.

Fiddle-form. See panduraeformis.

Figura. See icones.

Figuratum. This terin is applied to cthe mouth of the
capsule of a moss, when it is set round with mem-
branaceous teeth.
Filament, filamentum. That part of the stamen
which is between and connects together the an-
ther and the receptacle, calyx or pistil. When
the filament is wanting, the anther is sessile. In
monopetalous corols, the filaments are generally
inserted into, or are attached to, their bases.

FLO

Ftlices, ferns. The first order of the class cryptoga-
mia. It includes all that natural family of plants,
whose fruit grows on the backs of leaves, on a pe-
culiar appendage, or on a leaf (frond) wholly met-
amorphosed into a kind of fruit-bearing spike. See
cryptogamia, annulatus, and exannulatus. Brake,
polypod, and maidenhair belong to this order.

Filiform. Thread-like. Of nearly equal thickness
throughout, round and cylindric. It is applied to
spikes which are very long in proportion to their
diameters. But it is generally confined to smaller
parts.

Fimbriatus. Fringed. Differs from ciliate in beiu c
less regular and of coarser parts.

Fimetarius. Growing naturally on manure-heaps.

Fingered.- See digitate.

Fissure. A cleft or slitted aperture.

Fissus. See cleft.

Fistulous. Hollow like a pipe, flute or reed.

Flaccid, jlaccidiis. Too lax or limber to support its
own weight. See lax.

Flagellwn. See runner.

Flagelliformis. Resembling a whip-lash.

Flammeus. Flame-coloured.

Flat. See planus.

Flatus. Yellow.

Fleshy. Thick and filled with pulp within.

Flexible, Plexitis. Easily bent.

Flexuose. Bending and frequently changing direo
tion. A stem is flexuose, or zigzag, which uni-
formly bends at regular intervals ; as from joint
to joint, branch to branch, leaf to leaf, &c.

Flexus. Bent. This relates to but one bending.
See geniculate.

Floating. See nalant.

Floral. Relating to a flower.

FLU

— — bud. Containg an unopened flower.

leaf. See bract.

Floresccntia. See efflorcscentia.

Floret. Little flower. Whether the flower he

large or small, it is a floret, if it is one of a number

all of which constitute an aggregate or compound.

As the litle flowers which make up the head of a

thistle, a head of wheat, the umbel of a carrot, &c.

Floribundus. Abounding in flowers.

Floriferous. Bearing flowers. A leaf is floriferous

when a flower grows out of ils disk or margin.
Florist. One whose employment is that of creating
monsters; that is, double and various coloured
corols ; as carnations, double roses, &c. These
meet a more ready sale than the most interesting
plants in their native state, among persons of a
coarse unscientific taste. Such persons, to be con-
sistent, should prefer the high coloured daubings
of a sign painter, to the delicate touches of a Sav-
age, a Trumbull, or a Vanderlin.
Flos. See flower.

F loscul ARyflosculosus. See tubulous.
Flower. The stamens and pistils with their cover-
ing. These two organs, or rather their anthers
and stigmas, are essential to all plants. But the
calyx, corol, and even nectaries when present, are
parts of the flower. The flower is perfect with a
single stamen and pistil. But if either of these be
wanting, it is imperfect, however splendid and gay
the corol, &c. as it can never bring forth perfect
seed nor in any manner produce its kind. Raising
plants from bulbs, roots, &c. is now known to be
only an extension of the same individual, which
will cease to grow, when it arrives to its stated
limits. For this reason grafts from a kind of tree
loner known and often transferred from tree to tree,

F O 0

sooner die of old age, than those taken from
a kind later from the seed. It is for this rea-
son also, that any kind of potatoe, however excel-
lent, ceases to produce good crops, after being for
20 or 30 years extended by planting the root. 1 1
must be renewed from the seed from time to time,
or become extinct. Smith says, " all other modes
u of propagation [excepting by the seed] are but
" the extension of an individual, and sooner or
" later terminate in its total extinction." See
page 240.

Flowering season. See efflorescentia.

Flower stalk. See peduncle.

Fluviatilte. Growing naturally in rivers and brooks.

Fold. Annexed to numerals denoting so often com-
bined; as o-fold leaves, growing in fives, &c.

Foliaceous. See ieafv.

Foliaris cirrus. A tendril on a leaf.

gemma. A bud containing leaves only.

¥ ohi ATWXjfoliatio. The manner in which unopened
leaves are situated within the bud. The modes of
foliation are : 1. Involute; 2. Resolute. 3. Ob-
volute. 4. Convolute. 5. Imbricate. 6. Equi-
tant. 7. Conduplicate. 8. Plaited. 9. Reclinate.
10. Circinal. See each in its proper place.

Foliatus. Leafy.

Folifents. Particularly adapted to bearing leaves*

F oLWLE+f oliolum. See leafet.

Foliosus. See leafy.

Folium. See leaf.

Follicle, Folliculus. A pericarp with one valve,
which opens lengthwise on one side only ; as milk-
weed (asclepias.)

Fontinalis. Growing naturally about springs.

Footstalk. See peduncle and petiole, it is put for
both.

F2

FRU

poraminulosus. Pierced with many small holes.

Forked. See dichotomous.

Fornicatus. Arched. See vaulted.

Fovea. A nectariferous cavity for the reception of
honey.

Fovilla. The fine substance contained in the parti-
cles of pollen. When the ripe pollen comes in
contact with the moist stigma^ it explodes and dis-
charges the fovilla.

Fragilis. Breaking easily and not bending.

Frequens. Very common, or frequent.

Frigidus. Growing naturally in cold countries.

Fringed. See fimbriatus.

Frond. An herbaceous, a leathery, a crustaceous,
or gelatinous leaf, or somewhat of a leaf-like sub-
Stance, from which or within which the fruit is pro-
duced. It is applied exclusively to the class cryp-
togamia — Smith. But formerly it was also applied
to palms.

Frondescentia. See leafing.

Frondose. Frondosus. Leafy, or leaf-like. It is
applied to mosses to distinguish them from liver'
worts by Wildenow j who retains them in the same
order.

Frons. See frond.

Frutescentia. Applied to palms and s«ach others as
have a simple stem, and leaves only at top. Wil-
denow, page 268.

It is applied by Martyn to the time when veget-
ables scatter their ripe seeds.
Fructiferous. Bearing, or becoming, fruit.
FRueTiFicATioN,/rMc^ca^i<?. " The temporary part
" of vegetables, which is destined for the repro-
u duction of the species, terminating the old indh-
'f vidua! and beginning the new." Linneus. It
consists of seven parts— 1. Calyx* 2. Corol. 3,

FUN

Stamen. 4. Pistil. 5. Pericarp. 6. Seed. T.
Receptacle. See each in its proper place.
fRViTy/ructus. The seed with its enclosing pericarp.
If the seed grows naked, the seed alone is the
fruit ; as of the sage.
Fruit-dots. Assemblages of capsules on the backs
of ferns. Also small assemblages of powdery bo-
dies on the fronds of lichens, called soredia.
Fruit-stalk. See peduncle.

Frustrate a (Frustra, in vain) polygamia* The
2d order of the class syngenesia The florets ot\
the disk are perfect, of the ray neutral. Exam-
ples. Helianthus (sunflower.) Centaurea (blue-
bottle.)
Frutescent, frutescens. Woody ; Or from herbaceous

becoming woody.
Frutex. A shrub, which see.
Fj-uticosiis. See shrubby.
Fugctx. Fugacious. Soon disappearing. Flying

off. See ring.
Fulcratus. Having appendages.
Fulcrum. These are seven — 1. Stipule. 2. Bract,
a. Thorn. 4. Prickle. 5. Sting. 6. Gland. 7:
Tendril. See each in its proper place.
Full-flowered. When the petals of the corol are
so multiplied as to exclude the stamens; which is
effected by the stamens becoming petals; as the
peony, rose, &c. This rarely tajves place in mo-
nopetalous corols. Double ftowers are totally un-
fit subjects for botanical exercises. See florist.
Fulvus. Yellowish rust-colour.

Fungi, funguses. The sixth order of the class cryp-
togamia. It comprises that natural family of
plants wkich is totally destitute of all herbage or
herbaceous substance^ and of a spungy, pulpy,

GAL

leathery or woody texture. See Angiocarpus and
gymnocarpus, also cryptogamia.

They are now known to be organized bodies,
propagating their kind by seeds, like other vegeta-
bles. However unsightly a common toadstool, the
mould on old scraps of leather in damp places, or
the blight in grain, may appear to the careless ob-
server 5 they are ali beautifully organized, and
highly interesting to the student in Natural His*
tory. But " their sequestered and obscure habita-
tion, their short duration, their mutability of
" form and substance^ render them indeed more
u difficult of investigation than common plants.*'
Smith, page 500.

Fungus. This term is sometimes pot for pileus.

Eunnel-form. A corol with a tubular base, and a
border opening gradually into the form of a re-
versed cone.

Furcatus. See dichotomous**-

Furrowed. Seesulcate.

Fuscits. Sooty-yellow, dark-yellow.

FxjsiFOKMjfusiformis. Spindle-form. A root thick
at the top and tapering downwards to the point is.
fusiform ; as the beet and carrot.

GT

Galea. See labiate.

Galeatus. Resembling a helmet.i

Galls, gallce. Excrescence produced by the stings
of insects. The balls found on oaks which are
used in dyeing, the common large green oak-balls,
the singular green lumps found on the wild honey-
suckle, &c. are examples. The irritation upon the
delicate sap-vessels, produced by the sting and egg

GEN

of the insect, causes a greater flow of sap in thtl
direction. This pressure of sap distends and dis-
torts the capillary tubes and membranes, until those
excrescences are formed around the egg. In due
time the egg becomes a larva, or maggot, which
aficr feeding a while upon the gall, changes into
the pupa, or crysalis, and at last escapes a perfect
insect, or fly. Each fly produces a gall of a pe-
culiar form. Wildenow.

Gape. The opening between two lips of a labiate, or
irregular, corol.

Gaping. See hians.

Gashed. See incisus.

Gcminus. See double. It is also used for paired, in
pairs or twins.

Geimna. See bud.

Gemmatis. Budding. The germation of plants com-
prehends the developement of a new plant from the
bud, as well as the foliation ; according to Richard.
See foliation. Buds are of four kinds. 1. Bud,
properly so called, which see. 2. Turion, the rad-
ical bud, or tender shoot which rises from the
root in the spring, before it expands its leaves; as
the early asparagus shoots. 3. Bulb, which see.
4. Propago, a,longish round body proceeding from
the mother plant in mosses, which itself becomes
a new plant. This is placed among the buds by
Richard: but Linneuscalls it the seed; and Gart-
ner applies it to the seed of lichens also.

Gemmiparous. Producing buds in the axils of leaves.

General. See partial.

General fence. Universal involucre.

Generic character. The definition of a genus, it
is confined entirely to the flower and fruit. It is
essential, factitious, or natural : which see.

Generic name. The name of a genus. Milne enu-

G E N

meraies 21 rules respecting the naming of genera;
winch with his examples, occupy 40 pages. The
principal names are founded upon some sup-
posed virtues of plants, expressed in Latin or
Greek— the habit, place of growth, &c. expressed
in the same manner — given in honour of some dis- '

tinguished botanist— or borrowed from the fables
of poets.

It seems to be an established modern rule, that
no genus shall have the name of a politician, or of
any other character however distinguished, unless
liberal patronage, or skill in the science of Botany,
will warrant it.

Geniculate. Kneed. Forming, a very obtuse an-
gle, like a moderate bending of the knee.

Gentes. Nations. Linneus divided plants into nine'i
great natural tribes or casts. 1. Palms (palmai) ;
as the date and cocoa-nut. 2. Grasses (gramina) ;
as wheat, Jndian-corn, sugar-cane, rice, timothy
grass, .fee. a Lilies (lilia); as lily, tulip, daffodil,
&c. 4. Herds (herbae);as thistles, nettles, peas,
mint, potatoes, hemp, plantain, beets, and all other
herbaceous plants except the above. 5. Trees,
(arbores) ; as oak, chesnut, pine, willow, dogwood,
currants, lilac,whortleberry,cranhei ry,'and all other
plants with a woody stein. 5. Ferns" (Alices) ; as
brake, polypod, maidenhair, ground pine, and all
other plants of- this order, which see. 7. Mosses,
(rausci). See the order. 8. Alg^. This tribe
includes the plants of the orders, hepalicce, alga
and licftenes, which see. 9. Fungi. As mushroom, I

^ toadstool, pufi'ball, mould, blight, &c.

Genus, (plural genera.) A number of plants which
agree with one another in the structure of the flow-
er and fruit. Wildenow. The classes are divided
into orders, and then the orders are divided into

OIL

■genera, the genera into species. This is the ana-
lytic method. The species are united into their
respective genera by rejecting the specifiic distinc-
tions; genera are united into their respective orders,
by rejecting the generic distinctions j orders are
united under their respective classes by rejecting
the taxinal character. This is the synthetic meth-
od. Thus it will be readily perceived, that scien-
tific botany is practical logic.

Plants of the same genus possess similar medical
powers, though in very different degrees. Milne.
This rule is certainly liable to some exceptions.
Germ, germen. That part of the pistil, which, after
the pollen is received, soon contains the rudiment
of one young plant, or more. Its whole substance
becomes the pericarp and seed, as it enlarges itself.
When the calyx comes out below the germ, the
germ is superior, and the calyx inferior ; when the
calyx comes out of the upper part of the germ, the
germ is inferior, and the calyx superior.

The mirabilis and sanguisorba, have the germ
between the calyx and corol. But Smith says, the
corol can be traced to the base of the germ in the
sanguisorba; and Doct. Ives showed the writer of
this article a sanguisorba media wherein he had
distinctly separated the corol from the germ en-
tirely to its base. It is therefore very doubtful,
whether there is a plant, whose germ is between
the calyx and corol.
Germination. The swelling of a seed, and the un-
folding of its embryo.
Gibbous. Bunched out. When one or both sides

are swelled out.
Gills. See lamella.
Gilvus. Iron-grey.

G L O

Glabrous, glaber. Sleek. Having no pubescence.
Glaber is often translated smooth, which in most
cases conveys a correct idea ; or at least does not
lead to error. But a leaf with soft cottony pubes-
cence is smooth, though it is not glabrous.

Gladiatus. A sword-form legume is sometimes called
gladiate. See ensiform.

Gl an d, glandula. A round, or roundish appendage
which serves for transpiration and secretion. They
are situated on leaves, stems, calyxes, and parti-
cularly at the base of stamens in some cruciform
flowers; as mustard. Glandular hairs, or hairs
with glandular heads, are very abundant on the
common hazlenut calyx of North America (cory-
lus americana.)

Glandular, glandulosus. Having glands.

Glass-form. See cyathiform.

Glassy. See hyaline.

Glaucous. Cloathed with a scagreen mealiness,
which is easily rubbed off. It is sometimes put for
a greenish-grey colour. This colour, ferruginous
and hoary, are so constant, that they are used in
specific descriptions. All other colours are ex-
cluded on account of their being too variable to be
relied on.

Globose, globosus. Spherical, round on all sides like
a ball. This term is often applied in cases where
the part is rather roundish than perfectly globular.

Globules. That kind of receptacle of lichens,
which is globose, solid and crustaceous, formed of
the substance of the frond, and terminating its
points or branches ; from whence they fall off en-
tire, leaving a pit or cavity. They are supposed
to be covered all over with a coloured seed-bearing
membrane. Smith.

Globuli. Globules.

OLA

iilechis. See barb.

Glome. A roundish head of flowers.

Glomerate, glomeratus. When many branchlets
are terminated by little heads — Richard. A spike
\% glomerate when it consists of a collection of
spherical heads — Wildenow.

Glomerule, glomerulus. The small heads Consti-
tuting a glome> or a small glome.

Glume, gluma. Consists of the scales or chaffs which
surround or enclose the stamens and pistils in the
flowers of grasses. The outer ones are called the
calyx, the inner ones the corol.

Each scale, chaff, or husk, is called a valve;
which gives the names bivalve, with 2 husks or
chaffs ; unfcale, with one$ &c.

When several flowers are arranged along a ra-
chis in a spikelet with a valve or two, or more) he-
low the lowest flower) these are called the common
or general calyx (gluma communis); and the
glumes to each floret on the spikelet above is called
partial (gluma partialis.)

Richard says, glumes ought to be called bracts;
as they are not properly either calyx or corol.

Glumose. Having glumes.

Glutinous. Having on some part more or less of
adhesive moisture.

Gnawed. See erose.

Gongulus: A knot. It is applied tb & round; hard
body, which falls off r.poli the death of the mother
plant, and becomes a new one ; as in the funis.
Wildenow.

Gramina. The family of grasses. Scegcntes. But
in a limited sense, the sedges, rush grasses, <Scc. are
not included. See Natural Orders. Culminife-
rous is the most extensive term ; and most of tins
vast family have three stamens iii each flower,

G

a y n

though many of lliem arc monoecious. The rice*
stargrass and rushgrass have six stamens to the
flower.

Graminif alius. Having leaves resembling those of
grasses.

Gmndiftorus. Having large flowers.

Graniferus. Bearing grains or kernels ; as those on
the valves of dock-flowers.

Granulate, graidatus. In the form of grains. A
granulate root consists of several little knobs strung
together along the side of a Aliform radicle. It
differs from the knobbed tuberous roots in this;
that the latter are strung together by rootlets which
proceed from near the middle of one knob to an-
other.

Granulations. Grain-like substances.

Graveolens. Having a strong odour or scent.

Grooved. See sulcate.

Grossification. The enlarging of the fruit after the
florescence.

Guitar-form. See panduraeformis.

Gymnocarpi fungi. Such as bear seeds in a naked
hytne?iium) which see.

(hjmnospcrmus. (Gumnos, naked; sperma, seed.)
With seeds naked, or growing without pericarps.

Goixospermia. The name of the first order in the
class didynamia. It includes those plants, whose
seeds have no pericarps ; as mint, motherwort,
pennyroyal, hyssop, catmint, thyme, heal-all, &c.
The rudiments of the four naked seeds may be
seen around the base of the pistil, as soon as the
flower opens.

Gynandria. (Gum, female, imdra, male.) Stamen
and pistil united. The name of the 20th class, or
of the 19th if the 18th be rejected. It includes all
plants whose stamens are inserted on the germen,

HAM

stj le, or stigma, separate from the base of the
rol. Formerly plants were placed here, as the pas—
sion flower, &c. whose stamens were attached lo an
elongated receptacle.

The pollen in most plants of this class is glutin-
ous. Many of them have the anther on a movea-
ble lid on the top of a style. Plants formerly in
the second order of this class arc mostly removed
to the first by Swartz. What was formerly consid-
ered as two anthers is found to be 2 cells of one
anther. The pol'en is often in stalked masses,
which might apnea* to a student like so v
anthers.

H

JIabitatio. The native residence of plants; or the
situation wherein they grow most naturally.

Habit, habitus. The external appearance of a plant
by a general view of which we know it without at
tending to any of its essential characters.

A knowledge of the habits of plants is to be ac-~
quired ; by first seeing themin a growing state, and
then by repeatedly reviewing them in an herbari-
um, which see.

Hair. See pilus.

Hair-like. See capillary.

Hairy. See pilose.

H albert-form. See hastate.

Halved. One-sided, as if one half had been taken
off; as the halved spathe of some Indian-turnips,
one-sided involucres, &c.

Hamus. A hook, as the hooked spines on burdock.

Hamosus* Hooked.

Hamulostis. With very small hooks.

HER

Hand-form. Sec palmate

Hanging. See pendant.

Hastate. Halbert-form, or shaped like an espon-
toon. A lea£ with processes near the base from
each edge, which are acutish j as common sorrel
leaves. When these processes point considerably
backwards the leaf is sagittate.

Hatchet-form. See axe-form.

Head. Flowers heaped together in a roundish form
with no peduncles or very short ones; as clover-
heads. This term is applied to a globular stigma also.

Heaped. Compact but hardly so close as dense.

Heart. See corcle.

Heart-form. See cordate.

Hedge-iiogged. See erinaceus.

Helmet. See labiate.

Hemisphere. Half a sphere.

Hepaticjs. See cryptogamia.

Heptagynia. Seven-6tyled. The name of the 7th
order in each of the first 13 classes.

Heptandria. (Epta, seven ; andra, male.) Seven-
stamened. The name of the seventh class. It
comprises all the plants whose flowers are perfect,
with 7 stamens in each.

It may also become the name of the seyenth order
in those classes where the characters of the first 13
classes are taken for orders should future discove-
ries require it. See enneandria.

Heptandrous. Belonging to, or varying into, the
class heptandria.

Herb, herba. Any plant which has not a woody stem.
But when applied to the 9 families (see gentes) it
includes neither grasses nor lilies.

Herbaceous. Not woody. Also applied to plants
which perish annually down to the root.

Herbage. All that part of a vegetable which is

HER

bounded by the root below, and by the fructification
above. It comprises all parts of every plant, ex-
cept the root and fructification, whether herba-
ceous or woody. See partes.
Herbarium. A collection of dried plants. No per-
son can ever become a good practical botanist
without an herbarium. See habit. A man of sci-
ence may acquire a knowledge of the physiology
of plants, and obtain a general view of the science
of botany from books. But to become a practical
botanist, so far as to be able to apply the principles
of the science to any useful porpose, an herbarium
is essential.

The uses of an herbarium are principally these :

1. To- acquire a knowledge of plants. Any per-
son of either sex, who is desirous to know the
names of all the plants in any neighbourhood
(which, in the compass of three or four miles, will
amount to 6 or 7 hundred species in most parts of
North America, exclusive of cryptogamous plants)
should make an herbarium according to the follow-
ing directions. Let this be sent to the nearest
practical botanist ; who will readily annex to
each its generic and specific name. Make an in-
dex to these names ; and frequently look over the
plants and compare others with them, in a grow-
ing state; which is all that is required to obtain
the object desired.

2. To revive in the memory the names and habits
of plants. No memory is sufficiently retentive to
permit nothing to slip, relating to several hun-
dred species of plants ; unless they are frequently
presented to the eye.

3. When plants are not in flower ', they often want
some of their most striking habits also. It is there-
fore very convenient and satisfactory to compare

G2

HER

the more minute parts in order to insure correct-
ness in relation to plants, which we have occasion
to examine at various seasons of the year.
Directions for making an herbarium.
Those, who are desirous to know all the various
modes of performing this interesting task, are refer-
red to Smith's Elements, page 504. Wildenow's
Principles, p. 4. Richard under the word herbier.
But the object of the author being to give an ac-
count of the most simple and convenient method;
a detail of the various plans proposed will not be
proper here.

1. Provide yourself with about 100 old newspa-
pers; or other coarse paper about equal to that in
quantity and texture. Let these papers be very
thoroughly dried. This will be a sufficient stock
for the season.

2. Procure two smooth inch-boards of the size of
half of a paper ; also a weight of lead, stone or
other substance, of twenty pounds.

3. Gather 3 or 4 specimens of each plant, as it
comes in flower. Let the specimens be so large as
to include the various parts of the plant. If it be
a small plant, take the root also. If large take it
in two pieces; one to include the flower and parts
adjoining, the other the root-leaves, if any, and
those near the root. Place these between the folds
of the papers, as nearly in their natural state as
possible. If the plant curved, let in curve in the
papers; if the flowers drooped in the field or
woods, let it droop in the papers, &c. Lay the pa-
pers between the boards with the weight upon them.
If 20 or 30 filled papers lie upon each other, it is
all the same.

4. Twice or three times each week lay your
paper?, containing plants, separately in the sun,

HER

with small stones on the corners, for three or
four hours. When taken in, put them in press
again.

5. As fast as your plants become dry, put them
up in books made of the same paper, with about a
dozen sheets in each. Most plants will be fit to
put up, after suning five times, and pressing two
weeks. When the roots are taken up, if bulbous,
they should be immersed in boiling wafer, or they
will be very long in drying. Most evergreens and
succulent plants, except aquatics, should be im-
mersed in boiling water, or they will drop their
flowers, &c.

6. After the season is past (which is about the
end of November) make a large book of stiff print-
ing paper ; and fasten one or more of your best
specimens of each species to the first page of each
leaf. Put as many specimens on a leaf as will fill
it up ; leaving room for names, &c. under each..
Some glue them on ; others cut through the papers
and raise up slips, like loops, and run the specie
mens under these loops. The latter method is
best and cheapest.

Your hei barium will now be ready to send to
the practical botanist, as before mentioned.

It may be proper to observe, that if a long sea-
son of wet weather occur, or if you have not time
or convenience for drying your papers in the sun
while containing the plants, you may effect the
same object by drying other papers thoroughly by
a fire, and then shifting your plants into them.

Plants should never be dried so as to become
brittle. They should resemble the state of well
dried hay. The object in drying them between,
papers is; to prevent their crisping, and to retain
more of their natural colour and texture,, than can

HEX

be done openly. But stilt many plants cannot
possibly be made to retain their natural colours.

Simple a»d woods flowers abound in the fore
part of the season; compound and field flowers
come most after the middle of July. An indus-
trious collector will have 400 species by the first of
July ; and will find 250 species afterwards, befc-e
the season closes. See eillorescenlia, temperature,
and species.

Herbarius. An herbist. One who collects and sells
plants.

Hermaphrodite. See perfect.

Hexagonal, hexagonm. Six-cornered.

JIexagyma. (Exa} six; gime, female.) Six-styled.
The name of the sixth order in each of the first
thirteen classes. Plants of either of these classes
with six styles or sessile stigmas are of the 6th or-
der of such class ; as Wendlandia is of the 6th or-
der of the 6th class.

Hexandria. (Ex, six ; andra, male.) Six stamen-
ed. The name of the sixth class. It comprises all
' plants, whose flowers are perfect ; with six stamens -
in each, not united by their filaments in one or two
sets, nor regularly with 4 longer than the other 2.
Liliaceous plants belong here.

It is also the name of the 6th order in those
classes, where the characters of the first thirteen
classes are taken for orders ; as fumaria and cory-
dalis in the class diadelphia, aristolochia (bi rib-
wort) in the class gynandria, . wild-rice (zizania)
in the class moncecia, green-briar (smilax) in the
class diaicia.

Hexandrous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class
hexandria.

Hexapetalous. Six-petaled.

II O It

Ilexapetalovles. A one-petal!cd corol so deeply di-
vided as to appear O-pctalled.

Hexaphyllus. 6-leaved.

Hums. See gaping.

IIiltm. The external scar or mark on a seed, where
the funicule, or thread, is attached to it and con-
veys its nutriment till ripe.

Hirsute, hirsuftts. Rough-haired. Covered with
stiffish hairs, but hardly stiff enough to be called
bristles.

Hirtus, Covered with short stiff hairs. Nearly the
same as hirsute.

Hispid, Hispidns. Bristly. Beset with stiff hairs, or
rather with bristles, which are very short. Per-
haps it differs from hirtus only in having the hairs
shorter and stiffer. It seems to be applied in some
cases, however, where the bristles are not very
short.

Hlulcus. Cracked open ; a gaping chink.

Hoary. Whitish coloured, arising from a scaly meali-
ness. See glaucous.

Holeraceous. Suitable for a pot-herb.

Hollows, (thalamia.) That kind of receptacle of //-
chens, which is spherical, nearly closed, lodged in
the substance of the frond, lined with its proper
coat, under which are cells 2 or 4-seeded. Each
hollow finally opens by an orifice in the surface of
the frond above. Smith.

Honey-cup. See nectary.

Hooded. See cowled.

Hoof-form. See ungulatus.

Hook. See ham us.
Horarius. Continuing but an hour.
Horizontal. Parallel to the horizon. Leaves are
horizontal, when they form right angles with erect
stems.

II Y M

Horn. See spur.

Horn-form. Shaped like a horn, or rather like ar
cock's spur. See spur.

Horologium. A botanist, who watches the progress
of vegetables as they approach maturity, particu-
larly the developement of flowers, through every
hour of the day. A table kept of such progress is
called, by the French, horolege.

Humidus. Moist, humid.

Hamifuse, hwnifusus. Spread over the ground. Ri-
chard defines it j spread on the ground and not
rooting.

Humilis. Low, humble.

Husk. The larger kind of glume ; as the husks of
Indian corn.

Hyaline, hyalinus. Colourless. Transparent like
glass or water.

Hybernicle, hybernacuhim. See bud.

Hybernalis. Growing in the winter season.

Hybrid, hybrida. A mule. A vegetable produced
by the mixture of two different species. The seeds
of hybrid s wil I not propagate. They are prod uced
by sprinkling the stigma with the pollen of a differ-
ent species. Care must be taken in such cases to
prevent any pollen of its own species from falling
on it first.

Hyemalis. Growing in the winter season.

Hypocrateriformis. See salver-form.

Hymenium. An exposed or nnked, dilated, appropri-
ate membrane of gymnocarp fungi, in which the
seeds are imbedded.

I N 0

I

in. . See laciniatc.

Jaws. See faux.

femes plantarum. Figures or drawings of plants. *^!

Icosandria. (Eilcosi, twenty ; and ra7 male.) Twen-
ty-stamened. The name of tlie 12th class. It com-
prises all plants, whose ilowers are perfect, with
20 or more stamens growing on the inside of the
calyx, not on the receptacle. Some authors say,
any number of stamens over 12, provided they grow
to the calyx. Lithium, however, has the stamens
on the calyx ; also agrimonia, and they are not
always constant in the number of stamens. Per-
haps the better way is lo'leave this class asLinneus
left it ; and annex the genera, which vary from it,
to the end of orders in the usual way.

The calyx is always monophyllous and the claws
of the petals fixed into the inside of it along with
the stamens.

Icosandrous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class:
icosandria.

Icterus. The change of colour in leaves in autumn.

Imberbis. Beardless. See beard.

Imbricate, imbricatus. Leaves, scales, &c. lying over
each other, or one covering the place where two
others meet, like the shingles or tyles on a roof.

Immersed. See submersed.

Impari-pinatus. Unequally pinnate. When a pin-
nate leaf is terminated by a single or odd leafet.

Imperfect, imperfectus. Wanting the stamen or pis-
til. No flower is perfect without both organs;
but with an anther and stigma the flower is perfect,
though destitute of calyx and corol. «

Incequalis. Unequal, which see.

I N D

Incequivalvatus. Valves of capsule or glume unequal.

Inanis. Having a spongy pith.

Inapertus. Hollow, but without any opening.

Incanus. See hoary.

Incarnatus. Flesh-coloured.

Incisus. Cut in like a gash with a knife, but not deep
enough to be called a cleft. If the crenatures or
«erratures of a leaf are cut down, to appearance,
with a slit or gash, this term applies.

Inclined, incUnatus. Bent towards each other. Also
bent towards something different.

Including, inchidens. One thing containing ano-
ther within it; as the calyx shutting up the seed,
capsule or corol.

Inclusus. Enclosing. Opposed to exsert.

Incomplete. See complete.

Inconspicuus. Not apparent without the aid of a
magnifier.

Incrassate. Thickening. When a flower-stem grows
thicker upwards towards the flower.

Increment. The quantity of increase.

Incumbent, incumbens. Leaning upon or against*
When an anther lies, as it were, somewhat hori-
zontally upon the top of the filament.

Incurved incurvatus. Bent inwards. As a leaf bent
in at the point towards the stem, a filament towards
the pistil, a prickle towards the stem.

Indiginous. Plants, growing naturally and original*
ly In a country, are indiginous to that country. It
is often very difficult to determine, whether a plant
is exotic or indiginous. Who can say, whether
the chess (bromos secalinus) stone-seed (lithosper-
mum arvense) and cockle (agrostemma githago)
are native or exotic ?

Indiviws. Undivided. Not cleft into parts. It may

I N T

however be serrate, crenate or toothed; it is
therefore not the same as entire.
Indurescens. Becoming hard, tough, or leathery.
Indusium. A shirt. It is used by some authors for
the thin membranous covering on the ft uit of ferns.
But Smith prefers retaining the old name, involu-
cre, which see.

Inermis. See unarmed.

(nferna. Downwards. Towards or near the base or

root.
Inferior, inferos. Below. A calyx or corol is in-
ferior when it cemes out below the germ. See
germ.
Injimus. At the very bottom or base, lowest.

Inflated, injiaius. Appearing as if blown up with
wind. A very small degree of inflation is some-
times noticed in descriptions; as the calyx in
siltne.

Fnflexed, injiexus. The same as incurved. Smith.

Inflorescence, iajlorescentia. The mode by which
flowers are connected to the plant by the peduncle.
It is of 10 kinds. I. Whorl. 2. Raceme. 3.
Penicle. 4. Thyrse. 5. Spike. 6. Umbel. 7.
Cyme. £. Corymb. 9. Fascile. 10. Head. See
each in its place.

Infractus. Bent in with such an acute angle as to
appear as if broke:..

InfundibiUformi;. See funnel-form.

Ludorus. Having' no smell.

Insert us. Inserted, fixed to or on.

Lisidms. Sitting upon.

Insignitus. Marked.

Instructus. Furnished with.

Integer. See entire.

Inlegerrimus. Very entire, having no indentation
latever.

II

I N V

Intlrfoliaceous. Situated along the stem between
the origin of the leaves, not opposite to them.

Jntermediiis. Between two extremes.

Internode, intcrnodius. The space between joints
or knots.

Intemiis. Within the inside.

Interposiius. Placed between.

Interrupter Interruptedly.

Interrupted, interruptiis. A spike is interrupted,
when leaves or smaller flowers are interposed at
intervals.

Interruptedly pinnate. When smaller leafets are
interposed among the larger ; as the potatoe and
agrimony leaves.

Intimus. Entirely within.

Intorsion, intorsio. Twisting, twing or bending from
a strait upright position. See twining, contorted
and twisted.

Intortus. Twisted inwards.

Intrafoliaceous. Within the leaf. A stipule is in-
trafoliaceous, when it originates a little above the
origin of the petiole, which brings it, as it were,
within the bosom of the leaf.

Introrsum. Inwardly.

Inversely heart-form. See obcordate.

Inundatas. See submersus.

Involucre, involucmtm. That kind of calyx which
comes out at a distance below the flower, and never
encloses it like the spathe. It is further distinguished
from the spathe in being of a leafy texture and co-
lour, whereas the spathe is generally membrana-
ceous or coloured. It is generally found at the
origin of the peduncles of umbels ; and sometimes
attached to other aggregate flowers. When it is
all on one side it is called dimidiate, halved. See
partial.

I U L

Involucres of ferns generally lie on the lops 01
the capsules, like a piece of linen spread out to
dry ; hence they are called indusium, a shirt. They
are denominated cornicnlatum, when eylindric, hol-
low and enclosing the seed.

Tnvolucred, inrohicratus. Having involucres.

[xvolucsl. A partial involucre, or a little involucre.

hivolvens. Arching over.

Involute, mvolnfus. Rolled inwards. A term in
foliation ; applied to leaves whose opposite margins
are rolled in and continued rolling, till the two rolls
meet on the midrib and parallel to it.

Joints. Swelling knots, rings, or narrowed intersti-
ces, at regular intervals along glumes, pods, spi!- -,
leaves, &c.

Jointed. Having joints.

Irregular, iiTegidaris. Differing- in figure, size, or
proportion of parts, among themselves.

Irritability. The power of being excited so as to
produce contractile motion. That there is such a
thing as vegetable irritability is evident to every
one, who examines the common barberry flower.
Touch the inside of a stamen near its base with the
end of a horse-hair, or any thing about the same
size, and it will instantly strike its anther against
the pistil and shoot a quantity of pollen upon the
stigma, or in that direction.

Isthmis. Long narrow joints in legumes or loments.

Jugum. Yoke. In pairs.

Juhts. See ament.

LAB

K

Keel. The lower petal of a papilionaceous corol.
The stamens and pistils lie enclosed in it.

Keeled. Having a ridge resembling the keel of a
boat or ship. A leaf, capsule, calyx, &c. is keeled
when it has the midrib, angle, or peculiar process,
running along the back of a compressed form, and
attached by one edge.

Kernel. See nucleus.

Kidney-form. Hollowed in at the base with round-
ed lobes and rounded end. Its breadth is generally
as great as its length.

Kneed. See geniculate.

Knobbed. In thick lumps; as potatoes.

Knobs. (Cephalodia.) That kind of receptacle of
lichens, which is convex, more or less globular,
covered externally with a coloured seed-bearing
crust, and placed generally at the extremities of
stalks, originating from the frond, permanent 5
rarely sessile. Sometimes they are at first spangles
on filamentous lichens, and afterwards become
convex irregular knobs. They are simple, com-
pound or conglomerate. Smith.

Knot. A swelling joint. See joints.

Knotted. Having swelling joints.

Knotless. Without swelling joints. See enode.

Labiate. Having lips; or a calyx or corol divided
at top into two general parts, somewhat resembling
the lips of a horse or other animal.

LAM

Labiate corols are divided into ringent and
personate.

Ringent, such as have the lips open or gaping.
Personate, such as have the lips closed or muffled.

Labyrinthiformis. Winding and turning by various
involutions and contortions like a labyrinth.

Lacerated, lacerus. Torn. Cut, or apparently torn,
into irregular segments.

Lacinia. The division of a calyx, corol, leaf, &c.
into which they are cleft, torn or divided.

Laci^iate, laciniatus. Jagged. Irregularly divided
and subdivided, cut or torn. Hardly different from
lacerated.

Lactescence, lactescentia. Milkinesss. The milky
juice of some plants; as the milkweed (asclcpias.)
It is also called by this name, when the j uice is red ;
as in the bloodroot (sanguinaria.)

Lacteus. Milk-white.

Eacunose, Lacunosns. Hollow between the veins of
a leaf. When the blisters are under side of the
leaf instead of the upper. See bullate.

Lacustris. Growing most naturally in or about lakes.

Loevis. Smooth, even, polished; not striate, or
wrinkled.

Lamella. A thin plate. Applied to the gills or ver-
tical plates under the hat or pileus of the agaric
fungus, or toadstool.

equalis. When all the gills reach from the

stem to the margin of the hat.

inequalis, or intemiptus. When some reach but

part of the way.

biserialis. When a long and short gill alternate.

triserialis. When 2 long and 2 short gills alter-
nate in pairs.

ramosce. When several gills unite in one. so

as to appear branched.

112

LEA

deeurrms. When they run down the stem mere

or less.
vcnoscn. When so narrow as to have the ap-
pearance of veins.
Lamellate. In the form of thin plates, or having

thin plates.
Lamina. The broad upper part of the petal of a

polypetalous corol. See petal.
Lanate, lanatus. Woolly. Covered w ith curly,
crooked, close, thick pubescence. Not so fine,
nor so closely matted together as tomentose.
Lanceolate, lanceolatus. In the form of the lance
of the ancients. When the length greatly exceeds
the breadth ; and it tapers gradually from near
the base to the apex.
Laxce-ovate, &c. lanceolaio-ovatus, 8$r. Pertaking
of the lanceolate form and of that with which it is
compounded.
Lanugo. Down.
Jjxterifolius . Side-leaved.
Lateral, lateralis. On one side.
Latifoliiis. Broad-leaved.
Lateritius. Brick coloured.
Letiitans. Hidden, concealed.
La*, laxiis. Limber. See flaccid.
Leaf. That part of most vegetables, which presents
more surface to the atmosphere, than all other
parts ; and consists principally of the cellular inte-
gument covered with the cuticle. Leaves imbibe
and give out moisture; generally more with one
surface than the other. Aquatic leaves perspire
faster than dry-land leaves; which is the reason
for their drying so much sooner. Some leaves im-
bibe sufficient moisture from the atmosphere for
their support for a long time; as the common live-
forever will grow, if broken off and stuck up in a
dry place.

L I D

Leaves arc divided into simple, when one leaf
grows on one petiole; and compound when seve-
ral leafets grow on one petiole.

They are evergreen, remaining through the win-
ter; or deciduous, falling off at the close of the
year.

They are farther distinguished by their forms,
surfaces, and positions. All of whicli are describ-
ed under their peculiar names.
Leafing season. That time in the year when most
leaves come out. In North America the prcp« r
leafing season is in April.
Le afet, or leaflet. One of the lesser leaves which,
with others, constitute a compound leaf. A simple
leaf is never a leafet, however small.
Leafless. Destitute of leaves, naturally. This term

does not apply in cases of defoliation, which see.
Leaf-stalk. See petiole.

Leafy. Furnished with leaves. Abounding in
leaves. Leaves intermixed with flowers on a
spike.
Leathery. See coriaceous.

Legume, legwnen. A pod, without a longitudinal
partition, with its enclosed seeds attached to one
suture only; as the pea. Those with transverse
partitions are usually called loments, which see.
Leguminous. Bearing legumes.
Lenticular, lenticularis. Lentil-form. It is applied
to a kind of glandular roughness on the surface of
some plants.
Level-topped. See fastigiate.
Liber. The innermost layer of the bark, or the last

year's deposit. Smith, page 25.
Libera. Free, not adnate, or attached.
Lichenes. See cryptogam i a.
Lid of mosses. See operculum.

LI It

Light. Various motions and inclinations of plants
prove the effect of. light upon them. Trees present
their leaves outwards in quest of light, because it is
darkest in the centre. Plants in a greenhouse all
present the upper surfaces of their leaves towards
the enlightened side of it. Wheat heads hang to-
wards tiie sun. ' Most compound flowers follow the
sud through the day. Plants deprived of light loose
their green hue; as potatoe tops growing in a dark
cellar.

Lignous, lignosits. Woody.

Lignum. See wood.

Ligulate, ligulatus. (Ligula, a strap or garter.)
That kind of floret, in some compound flowers,
which consists of a single strap-like petal which be-
comes tubular at the base only; as all the florets
in a dandelion, and the ray florets in a sunflower.

Lilia, lilies. The family of lilies-. See gent es;

Liliaceous. A corol with six petals spreading gra-
dually from the base, so as altogether to exhibit a
bell-form appearance.

Limb, limbus. The broad spreading part of the petal
ef a monopetalous corol.

Line, linea. The breadth of the crescent at the root
of the finger nail.

Linear, linearis. Continuing of the same breadth
throughout most of the extent. Linear leaves al-
ways, or with very few exceptions, become nar-
rowed or pointed at one or both ends.

Lineate, lineatus. Marked with lines.

Linguiform. Tongue-like. Thick, fleshy, linear,
blunt at the end.

Liontoothed. See runcinate.

Lip, or lipped. See labiate.

Lirellce. See cleft.

L Y R

Lateralis. Growing on the sea-coast $ also on the

shores of rivers.
JAviJus. Dark trey inclining to violet.
Lobe, lohis. Divisions, which arc rounded, or parted
by rounded or curved incisions. Sometimes it
seems to be applied to cases where it has nothing
to distinguish it from a segment cut oil by a cleft
incision, except by its being larger.
Lobed, lobatus. Divided into lobes. Deeply parted,
with the segments distant or spreading and large.
hoculamentum. Sec cell.
Locuhis. The little cell of an anther, which contains

pollen.
Loment, lomentum. A legume pod with transverse
partitions. This term is generally applied to the
legumes in the Natural Order Lomentacrc.
Tjongifolius, Longleavcd. See relative proportions.
Longissimus. Very long.

Langus. Rather long. See relative proportions.
Loose. Open, net compact.

Lonrfa. The long threads of Usnea. This lichen,
so common on trees, is erroneously called moss by
most people.
hucidus. Bright, shining. Nearly the same as ni-

tidus.
Lunulate, lunulaius, Shaped like a crescent, which

see.
Lurid, luridus. Of a palish, dull, deathly colour.
Most plants with lurid petals are more or less poi-
sonous ; as tobacco, henbane, thorn-apple.
Lutescent, hitescens. Approaching to a yellow

colour.
Luteus. Ye1 low.

Luxuriant, hixiaians. See full-flowered.
Lyrate, lyratus. Pinnatifid, with the division at the
apex largest.

M E A

Lyiute-pinnate. Pinnate >vilh the odd terminal
leafet largest.

M

Maculatus. Spotted.

Mane. See staminate.

Manifestus. Very apparent.

Many. Whenever there are more than are usually
numbered of that kind; as we say, 1 -seeded, 2-
seeded,. 3-seeded,4rseeded, many-seeded.

Marctscens, or marcidus.* See withering.

Marginatum. Having a margin dilVering in some
measure from the disk.

Margin, margo. The circumference or edge. See
border.

Maritimus. Growing naturally near the sea-boardi
It may be extended several miles from the water.

Marrow. See pith.

Masculus. See staminate.

Masked. Personate. See labiate.

Mature, matunis. Full-grown, but not entered upon
a state of decay.

Measures. Proportion between parts is better than
any measure. But when measures are adopted,
they should be taken from parts of the hand and
arm. Because the parts of plants vary about as
much as the hand; and in adopting these mea-
sures the same allowance should be made.

1. Line, the crescent at the root of the nail.
About one-twelfth of an inch. 2. Nail (unguis.)
Length of the nail. About half an inch. 3. Inch
(pollex.) Length of the first joint of the thumb.
4. Palm. Breadth of the four fingers. About 3

MEL

inches. 5. Short-span (spithama.) Distance between
•ends of thumb and fore-finger. About 7 inches.

Long-span (dodrans.) Distance between ends
of thumb and little finger. About 9 inches.

Foot (pes.) Distance between the point of the
elbow and the second joint of the thumb. About
12 inches.

Cubit (cubitus.^ Distance between the point of
the elbow and of the middle finger. About IS
inches. •

Arm (brachium.) Distance between armpit
and the end of middle finger. About 24 inches.

Fatliom (orgya.) Distance between the ends of
the middle fingers, when the arms are extended.
Medicinal, medicinalis. Plants possessing principles
sufficiently active to entitle them to a place among
the materia medica. Many physicians daily tram-
ple underfoot plants, which possess similar quasi-
lies with those which they purchase from Europe,
and often the very same plants; but being igno-
rant of those botanical principles by which the
names and properties of plants are ascertained,
they are consequently ignorant of the absurdity.
See qualities.
Mediocris. Averaging in dimensions compared with

other parts. See relative proportions.
Mcdiits. In the middle. This term is used when one
part is between the other parts, though sometimes
much nearer one than the other ; as a braci is in
the middle of tlie peduncle, when it is much nearer
the flower than to the base of the peduncle. This
name is sometimes given to species holding a mid-
dle place between extremities, expressed bv the
names of other species of the same genus.
IMedula. See pith.
Mellifera, Producing or containing honey.

M O N

Melligo. Honey-dew on leaves.

Membranaceous. Made up, apparently, of the two
plates of the cuticle, without any cellular integu-
ment between them. Nearly transparent, very
thin and colourless.

Membranatus. Flattened and resembling a mem-
brane.

Mmsurct. See measures.

Method, methodicus. A mode of arranging plants
in classes, orders, &c. Richard has 14 pages on
this head ; in which he gives the methods of Tour-
ncfort and Linneus at length. But as we have
given the method of Linneus under Systematic
Terminology, and throughout the Dictionary; and
as Tourneforfs method is no where adopted in
this country ; this article is principally omitted.
It may be observed that :

Tournefort's Method
Divides plants into herbs and trees. The HeRba<
ous plants are divided into 17 classes. Fourteen
of these are distinguished by the form of the corals ;
as, 1. InfundibiUformis. 2. Personate, &c. The
other 3 classes are apetalous and distinguished b\
having stamens, no apparent flowers, and no ap-
parent seed. The Tree kinds are divided into 0
classes.

Midrib. The main or middle rib of a leaf rum
from the stem to the apex.

Miliaris. In the form of millet seed.

Miniatus. Scarlet, vermillion colour.

Minutissimus. Extremely small or minute.

Molendinacea* Many winged.

Mollis. Soft.

Monadelphia, (Monos, one ; adelphos, brotherhood.)
One brotherhood. The name of the 15th class.
It comprises all plants, whose flowers are perfect

Mt)N

with the stamens united by their filaments in one
set and the flowers not papilionaceous.

It is alo the name of the 16th order in those
classes, where the characters of the firt 13 classes
are taken for orders. Though this is not of the
first 13 classes ; yet it is adopted upon the same
principle in the class monozcia and diozcia ; as the
pine, white cedar, cucumber, squash, &c. in the
former ; and red cedar, yew, &c. in the latter.
Monadelphous. Belonging to^ or varying into, the

class monadelphia.
Monandria. (Monosyone ; andm, male.) One-sta*
mened. The name of the second class. It com-
prises all plants, whose flowers are perfect, with
one stamen in each, not growing on the pistil.

It is also the name of the first order in those
-classes, where the characters of the first 13 classes
are taken for orders j as the orchis and amthusa in
the class gynandria.
JVIoniliform. See granulate.

Monobcia. (Monos, one; oikos, house.) The name
-of the 21st class ; or the 20th, if the 18th be reject-
ed. It includes those plants whose flowers are not
perfect, but the stamens and pistils grow in differ-
ent flowers on the same plant. As in the Indian
corn, the stamens are in the tassels, and the pis-
tils are the silks of the ear.
IMoncecious, or monoicus. Belonging to, or varying

into, the class moncecia.
Monogtnia. (Monos, one; gune, female.) One-
pistilled. The name of the first order in each of
the first 13 classes. It comprises all plants in each
class, .respectively, whose flowers have two styles
in each ; or, if the styles are wanting, two sessile
stigmas ; as samphire (salicornia) in the class mo-
■nandrid) lilac fsvringa) in diandria, Lis in trian-

I

MUC

dria, plantain in tetrandria, mullein in pentandria?
lily in hexandrin, horse-chesnut in heptandria^ laurel
(Kalmia) in decandria, purslane in dodecandria}
cherry in icosandria, popy in polyandria.

Monopetalous. The whole corol in one piece.
Sometimes it is so deeply parted, that it appears to
be polypetalous until it is pulled off and closely ex-
amined at the base. In most moropetalous corols
the stamens are attached to the tube. They are
divided into Bell-form, Funnel-form, Salver-form,
Wheel-form, and Labiate, which see.

Monophyllous. (Monos, one; phullon, a leaf.) One-
leafed. A calyx all in one piece. All the calyxes
in the class icosandria are of this kind. They are
often so deeply divided, that a student may mis-
take them for polyphylloug, without particular at-
tention.

Monopyremts. Enclosing but one nut or stone.

Monospermus. One seed to a flower.

Monostachyos. (Monos} one; stachus, spike.) Sin-
gle spiked.

Monstrous. Plants producing any part different
from the same part, when growing wild. As the
rose has but five petals in a wild state; but, by
rich cultivation in gardens, the stamens are mostly
changed to petals. Carnations and peony are ex-
amples also. These are all monsters. See florist
and full-flowered.

Montanus. Growing most naturally on mountains.

Moon-form. See crescent form.

Mosses. See musci.

Mouth. See faux.

Mucidus. Resembling mouldiness, or mucor.

MtrcRONATE, mucr&natus. Having a rounded end,
tipped with a prickle; which often appears rather
an extension of the midrib.

M U T

Mule, feee hybrid.

Multangularis. Many-angled. Having several cor-
ners or ridges.
Mullicapsularis. Many-capsuled. Several capsules

to each flower.
Muliicaulis. Producing many stems.
Multidentatus. Many- toothed.
Multifidiis. Many-cleft.
Maltiftorus. Many-flowered.
Multilobus. Many-lobed.
Multilocularis. Many-celled.
Multipart itus. Many-parted.
Multiplex. Many-fold. Plaving petals lying over

each other in two rows.
Multiplied, multiplicatus. See full-flowered.
Multisiliquosus. Many pods proceeding from the same

point.
Multivalvis. A glume with many chaffs or valves.
Multoties. Often times.
Muniens. Leaves drooping down and hanging over

the stem, &c. at night.
Munitus. See fenced.
Mubicate, muricatus. Armed with sharp spines.

Covered with subulate prickles.
Musci, mosses. The second order of the class cryp-

togamia. All mosses have lids on the capsules.

See crypto gamia.
Muticus. See awnless.
M. tilated, mutilaiiis. Not producing parts with

their full complete forms.

SAT

N

Xaked, Wanting a covering analagous to that o£
most plants. As stem without leaves, leaves with-
out pubescence, corol without a calyx, seed with-
out a pericarp, receptacle without chalF, pubes-
cence, &c.

Nanus, Dwarfish, very small.

Nap. See tomentose.

Napiformis. Resembling a turnip.

Nat ant, na'ans. Floating. When the plant is fixed
by the root at the bottom and its leaves float on
the top of the water, as the pond lily, (nymphea.)

Nations. See gentes.

Natural character. The description of the parts
of fructification at large ; without regard to any
method: or at least so given as to be capable of
being used under any method. See descriptions.

Natural class. See natural orders.

Natural history. That department of Science,
which treats of the productions of nature as they
come from the hand of the Creator ; without any
decomposition or chemical analysis.

It is generally divided into four branches.

1. Zoology. Which includes all animals : as
Beasts, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, Insects, Snails,
Clams, Worms and Corals.

2. Botany. Which includes all plants. As
Palms, Grasses, Lilies, Herbs, Trees, Ferns, Mosses,
Liverworts, Seaweeds and Mushrooms.

3. Mineralogy. Which includes the unorgan-
ized mass of our globe. As Pit-coal, Common salt,
Flint, Lime, Clay, Iron-ore, Silver-ore, Lead-ore,
with the ore of 26 other metals, &c.

NAT

4. serology. Which include? the atmosphere
and whatever floats in it. This takes in the natural
history of lightning, meteors, &c. But it is moie
particularly concerned with clouds as it respects
systematic arrangement. There are so few simple
structures among clouds, that it affords little room
for system. It is very convenient, however, in
writing the description of a storm, &c. to know* the
few names applied to clouds.

Simple Clouds.

1. Cirrose clouds, are those fibrous clouds which
resemble flax as it is gradually pulled from the dis-
taff. They ascend higher thau any other clouds \
often to the distance of 5 or 6 miles.

2. Cumuloxts clouds, are those blight shining
clouds, which have the base nearly straight, and
the upper side in roundish shining heaps. They
are seen floating in the horizon in detached masses,
generally in fair weather and after a rain.

3. FeWna clouds, are those fleecy clouds, which
fly swiftly about the sky, with an open texture with-
out any defined side or base.

4. Nimbose clouds, are those dense clouds, which
ascend from the horizon, at first with heads like
the cumulous, which soon shoot into cirrose branches
extending towards the zenith. They generally
bring thunder-showers.

5. Stratose clouds, are those stratified horizontal
ranges of vapours, usually called fog. As soon as
the sun shines upon them, they ascend, and gene-
rally become cumulous clouds.

Compound clouds.

6. Cirro-cumulous clouds, are those which are
formed of cirrose clouds, by their becoming, as it
were, knotted or curdled into small heaps; and
these often continue to unite till the clouds become

12

NAT

very extensive. As soon as cirrose clouds begin to>
settle down towards the lower regions of the at-
mosphere, they become cirro-cumulous.

7. Cirro-stratose, are those stratified masses seen
above the horizon often at evening. They are al-
so the clouds which shroud the sky in a steady set-
tled rain. They are formed out of most of the
simple kinds; but as they have a stratified form ;
often with cirrose extremities, they are called cir-
ro-stratose.

8. CumulO'Stratose, are more rare; but a cirro-
stratose is sometimes combined with a cumulous-
like cloud, and extends upwards spreading out to
great extent above ; and standing, as it were, upon
a stem in the horizon. It is sometimes called a
mushroom-cloud.

Natural Orders. An arrangement of plants ac- -
cording to their natural affinities, without regard-
ing their artificial characters. Such an arrange-
ment is of great use both in finding*, out a plant,
and in examining its relations and qualities.

It is considered advisable to insert here the two
celebrated systems of Linneus and Jussieu. For this
Dictionary is intended as an assistant in reading
any system, which may fall into the hands of a
student; and after he has found out a plant, he
may be desirous to examine it by these systems.

Linneus supposes (Rose, Milne and others follow
his opinions, and Cullen in some measure,) that
plants of the same natural order possess similar
medical qualities. But the scent of plants must
certainly be taken into consideration ; as all nau-
ceous scented umbelliferous plants are poisonous,
while the sweet-scented are pleasant stomachics,
&c. See qualities. The medical qualities are
annexed from ftlilne, Woodyille, Thornton and

NAT

NATURAL ORDERS OF LINNE US'.

others, that the student may avail himself of what-
ever advantage can be derived from such natural
affinities* " Several plants characterized by a
" particular virtue, possess it to such a degree of
u strength or weakness, that we may reasonably
" expect very different effects from this difference
" of intensity in the same quality." Milne.

Natural Orders op Linneus.

1. Palmj?. Palms and their relatives ; as Co-
coanut, Frog's bit. Farinaceous diet.

2. Piperita. Pepper and its relatives. In
crowded spikes ; as Indian-turnip, sweet-flag.
Ionics and stomachics.

3. Calamarle. Reed-like grasses, with culms
without joints 5 as cat-tail, sedge. Coarse cattle
fodder.

4. Gramina. The proper grasses with jointed
culms; as Wheat, Rye, Oats, Timothy grass, In-
dian corn. Farinaceous diet and cattle fodder.

5. Tripetaloide.e. Corol 3-petalfed or calyx
3-leaved ; as Water plantain, Rush grass, Arrow-
head- 'Tonics and rough cattle fodder.

6. Ensat-E. Liliaceous plants with sword-
form leaves; as Iris, Blue-eyed grass, Virginian
spiderwort. Antiscorbutics and Tonics.

7. Orch.idejE. With fleshy roots, stamens on
the pistils, pollen glutinous, flowers of singular
structure with the germ inferior; as Ladies'-slip-
per, Arathusa. Farinaceous diet -and Stomachics.

8. Scitamine.e. Liliaceous corols, stems her-
baceous, leaves broad, germen blunt-angular;, as
Ginger, Turmeric Warming stomachics.

9. Spathace>e. Liliaceous plants, with spathesj.

NAT

NATURAL ORDERS OP LIXNEUS.

as Daffodil, Onion, Snow-drop. Secernent stimu-
lants.

10. ConexARiJE. Liliaceous plants without
spathes; as Lily, Tulip, Star-grass. The nau-
ceous scented are antiscorbutic and 'cathartic, the
others Emollient.

11. SarmentacE/E. Liliaceous corols with very
weak stems; as Smilax, Asparagus, Bell-wort.
Tonics and Secemant stimulants.

12. OLERACE/Ti;, or IIolerace.e. Having flow-
ers destitute of beauty, at least of gay colouring ;
as Beet, Blight, Pig-weed, Dock, Pepperage. If
naceous, Cathartic; others, mild stimulants and
mitrientics.

13. Succulents. Plants with very thick succu-
lent leaves ; as Prickly-pear, House-leek, Purslain.
Antiscorbutic and Emollient.

14. Geuixales. Corols with five petals, cap-
sules beaked; as Flax, Wood-sorrel, Crauebill.
Tonics and Refrigerants.

15. Inundata. Growing under water and
having flowers destitute of beauty; as Hippuris,
Pond-weed. Astringents.

16. Calyciflorje. Plants without corols, with
the stamens on the calyx; as Poet's cassia, Seed
buckthorn.. Astringents and Refringerants.

17. Calycanthemje. Calyx on the germ or
growing to it, flowers beatiful ; as Willow-herb,
Ludwigia, Oenothera. Astringents.

18. Bicornes. Anthers with two strait horns ;
as Whortleberry, Spicy and bitter Wintergreen,
Laurel. Astringents.

19. Hesperides. Sweet-scented, leaves ever-

NAT

NATURAL ORDERS OF LINNEUS.

green; as Myrtle, Cloves, Mock-orange. As*
tringent and stomachic.

20. Rotacee. Corols wheel-form ; as Gentian,
St. John's wort. Tonics.

21. Precis. Plants with early spring flowers of
an elegant specious appearance; as Primrose.
Astringents.

22. Caryophyllee. Plants with caryophyllous
corols; as Pink, Cockle. Astringent and ♦Secer-
ned stimulants.

23 Trihilate. Flowers with 3 stigmas, cap-
sules inflated and winged, and generally 3-seeded
with distinct hilums; as Nasturtion, Hbrse-ches-
nut. Tonics and Nutrientics.

24. Corydales. Corols spurred or anomalous ;
as Fumalory, Touch-me-not- Narcotic and Anti-
scorbutic.

25. Putaminee. Plants which bear shell-fruit ;
as Caperbush. Detergent and Antiscorbutic.

26. Multisilique. Having several pod-form
capsules to each flower; as Columbine, Larkspur^
Rue, American cowslip. Cathartic and Caustic.

27. Rhozadee:. Plants with caducous calyxes,
and capsules or siliques; as Poppy, Bloodroot,
Celandyne, Anodyne and Antiscorbutic.

28. Luride. Corols lurid, mostly monopetalous ;
flowers Pentandrous, or Didynamous with cap-
sules; as Tobacco, Thorn-apple, Nightshade, Fox-
glove. Narcotic and Antiscorbutic.

29. Campanacea. Having bell-form corols, or
those whose general aspect is somewhat bell-form ;
as morning glory, Bell-flower, Violet, Cardinal
flower. Cathartics and Secernant stimulants.

N A T

NATURAL ORDERS OF LINNEUS.

30. Contort e. Corols twisted or contorted ;
as Milk-weed, Periwinkle, Choak-dog. Cathar-
tics and Antiscorbutics.

31. Veprecul-e. Having monophvllous calyx-
es, coloured like corols; as Leatherwood, Thesium.
Antiscoi'butic and Emetic.

32. Papilionace.e. Having papilionaceous
flowers; as Peas, Beans, Locust tree, Clover.
Emollient, Diuretic, "Nidrientic.

33. Lomentace.e. Having legumes or loments,
but not perfect papilionaceous flowers; as Cassia,
Sensitive plant. Emollient, Astringent, Cathartic.

34. Cucurbitace^e. Fruit pumpkin-like, an-
thers mostly united; as Melons, Cucumbers, Pas-
sion-flower. Cathartic and Refrigerant.

35. Senticos.e. Prickly or hairy, with Poly-
petalous corols and a number of seeds either na-
ked or slightly covered; as Rose, Raspberry,
Strawberry. Astringent and Refrigerant.

36. PoMACEiE. Having many stamens on the
calyx, and drupaceous or pomaceous fruit; as
Pear, Currant, Cherry, Peach. Refrigerants.

37. Column ifere. Stamens united in the form
of a column; as Plollyhoc, Mallows, Cotton.
Emollient.

38. Tricoccte. Having 3-celled capsules; as
Castor oil plant, Spurge, Box. Cathartic.

39. Siliquose. Having siiique pods; as Cab-
bage, Musfard, Shepherd -purse, Diuretic, Anti-
scorbutic, Nidrientic.

40. Personate. Having personate corols : as
Snapdragon, Monkey-flower. Diolstruents and
Cathartics.

NAT

NATURAL ORDERS OF LINNEUS.

41. Asperifolle. Corols monopetalous, with
o stamens, seeds 4, naked, leaves rough ; as Com-
frey, Stone-seed (lithospermuni.) Astringents
and Diobstnients.

42. Verticillata. Having Labiate flowers;
as Sage, Thyme, Catmint, Motherwort. Sto-
machics and Astringents.

43. Dumosj:. Bushy pitliy plants with small
flowers, petals in 4 or 5 divisions; as Sumach, El-
der. Holly. Tonic and Cathartic.

44. Sepiari^. Having mostly tubular divided
corols with few stamens ; being ornamental shrubs ;
as Lilac, Jasmine. Astringent.

45. Umbellatje. Flowers in umbels with 5-pe-
t ailed corols, stamens 5, styles 2 and 2 naked seeds;
as Fennel, Dill, Carrot, Poison-hemlock. Sto-
machic and Narcotic.

46. Hederaceje. Corols 5-cleft, stamens 5 to
10, fruit berry-like on a compound raceme; as
Grape, Ginseng, Spikenard. Tonics and Refri-
gerants.

47. Stellate. Corols 4-cleft, stamens 4, seeds
2, naked, leaves mostly whorled ; as Bedstraw,
Dogwood, Venus' pride. Tonics and Diolsfments.

48. Aggregate, Having aggregate flowers;
as Button-bush, Marsh-rosemary. Tonics and Sc-
cernant stimulants.

49. Composite. All the compound flowers;
as "Sun-flower, Boneset, Tansey, Thistle. Tonics
and Secemant stimulants.

50. AmektAceje. Bearing pendant amenls:
as Hazle, Oak, Chesnut, Willow. Astringents.

51. Conifers. Bearing strobiles; as Pine. Ju-
niper, Cedar. Tonics and Stomachics,

NAT

NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIEU,

52. Coadunata. Several Berry-like pericarps,
■which are adnate; as Tulip-tree, Magnolia.
Tonics.

53. Scabrida. Leaves rough, flowers destitute
of beauty; as Nettle, Hemp, Hop, Elm. Astrin-
gents*

54. Miscellanea. Plants not arranged by any
particular character ; as Pond-lily, Pokeweed,
Amaranth. Their qualities are various.

do. Filices. All&rns; as Brakes, Maidenhair.
■Secernant stimulants.

56. Musci. All mosses; as Polytrychum. Ca-
thartics and Secernant stimulants.

57. Alga. All Liverworts, Lichens and Sea-
weeds; as Jungermannia, Fucus, Usnea. Tonics.

58. Fungi. Allfungusses; as Mushroom, Toad-
stool, Puffball, Touchwood, Mould. Tonics and
Cathartics.

Natural Orders of Juss-ieu.
Jussieu's System is a very great improvement
upon that of Linneus. But I have seen no attempt
at giving the medical qualities of each order. Ac-
cording to the maxim of Linneus and others, the
student has only to acquaint himself with the vir-
tues of one or two plants, in order to be able to
form some general opinion of all other plants in
that order.
-1st Division. Seeds xoithout lobes or cotyledons.

1. Fungi. Allfungusses. As Mushroom, Toad-
stool, Puffball.

2. Alga. 'Lichens ttnd Seaweeds. As Ulva,
Usnea.

3. Hepatic a. Liverworts. As Anthoceros,
Jungermannia.

NAT

NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIEU.

4. Musci. Mosses. As Hypnum.

5. Filices. Ferns. As Pol/pod, Brake, Maiden-
hair.

6. Naiades. Water plants. As Pondweed,
Maretail.

2nd Division. Seeds icith a single lobe, or one
cotyledon.

7. Aroide.e. Indianturnip-like. As Skunk-
cabbage, Sweet-flag.

8. Typh,e. Cattail-like. As the Burr-reed.

9. Cyperoid^e. Cyperus-like. As Sedge, Club-
rush, Bog-rush.

10. Gramine.e. The proper grasses. As Wheat,
Oats, Timothy-grass, Indian-corn.

11. Palm*. Palm-like. As Cocoanut, Ground-
rattan, Palmetto.

12. Asparagi. Asparagus-like. As Smilax,
Solomon-seal, Yam.

1-3. J[ xci. Rush-like. As Arrow.-grass, Vir-
ginian Spiderwort.

14. LiLiACEiE. Lily-like. As Tulip, Dogtooth-
violet.

15. Bromelia. Pineapple-like. As Agave,
False moss.

16. Asphodeli. Asphodel-like. As Hyacinth.
Onion, Star-of-Bethlehem.

17. Narcissi. Daffodil-like. As Star-gra*s,
Pickerel-weed, Sea-Daffodil.

IS. Irides. Ins-like. As Blue-eyed-grass,

19. Mus^e. Banana-like, No common ex-
ample.

20. Cann.e. Indianreed-like. As Ginger.

NAT

NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIEU.

21. Orchideje. Orchis-like. As Ladies' Slipper.
Neottia, Cymbidium.

22. Hydrocharides. Frogbit-like. As Water-
lily, Pond-lily.

3d Division. Seeds with two lobes , or two cotyledons.

23. Aristolochi^:. Birthwort-like. As Asarum.

24. jEleagni. As Pepperage, Sea-buckthorn.

25. ThymelejE. As Leather wood.

26. Prote.e. Silvertree-like. No common
example.

27. Lauri. Camphor-like. Sassafras, Spice-
bush.

28. Polygoneje. Buckwheat-like. As Water-
pepper, Dock.

29. Atripltces. Orache-like. As Pigweed,
Pokeweed, Blite, Saltwort.

30. Amarantiii. Cockscomb-like. As Chaft-
■weed, False-knotgrass.

31. Plantagines. Plantain-like. As Ribwort.

32. Nyctagines. As Hog weed

33. Plumbagines. Leadwort-like. As Marsh-
rosemary.

34. Lysimachle. Loosestrife-like. As Prim-
rose, Brookweed.

35. Pediculares. Lousewort-like. As Milk-
wort, Speedwell, Painted-cup.

36. Acanthi. Bearbreach-like. As Malabar-
nut.

37. Jasmines. Jasmine-like. As Lilac, Ash.
88. Yitices. Chastetree-Hke. As Vervain.

39. Labiate. Ri^ent-flowered plants. As Sage,
Mint, Motherwort. •

40. Scrophulari^:. Figwort-like. As Hedge-
hyssop, Snapdragon.

NAT

rCRAL ORDERS OF JPSSIEU.

41. Solaxe.e. Nightshade-like. As Tobacco,
Thorn-apple.

4'2. BoragixE *:. Borage-like. As Comfrey,
iecJ, Turnsole.

43. Convolvuli. Bind weed-like. As Dodder,
Cypress-vine.

44. Polemonia. Grcekvalerian-likc. As Phlox,
Cantua.

45. Bicxoxle. Trumpetflower-like. As Ca~
talpa-tree, Snakehead.

46. Gentiana. Gentian-like. As Piukroof,
False-gentian.

47. Apocynejb. Dogbaue-likc. As Milkweed,
Choak-dog.

48. Sapota. As Bomelea.

49. Guaiacanjk. Lignumvitae-like. As Date-
plumb, Silverbell.

50. Rhododexdra. Rosebay-like. As Laurel*
Wild-honeysuckle.

51. Erice. Heath-like. As Spicy-wintergreen,
Benrberry, Crow berry.

52. Campanulace/e. Bellflower-like, As Car-
dinal-flower.

53. Cichorace.s. (Compound.) Endive-like. As
Lettuce, Dandelion, Hawkweed.

54. Cinarocephal/e. (Compound.) Bearing head-
form flowers. As Burdock, Thistle, Bluebottle.

55. Cory.mbifer^. (Compound.) Corymb-bear-
ing. As Yarrow, Wormwood, Fleabane.

56. Dipsace*. Teazel-lil^e. As Valerian.

57. Rubiace,e. Madder-like. As Button-bush,
Bed-straw, Partridge-berry.

58. Caprifolia. Honeysuckle-like. As Dog-
wood, Elder, Snow-ball.

NAT-
NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIEU.

•50. Arali.e. Spikenard-likc. As Ginseng.

60. Umbelliferje. Bearing umbels. As Fen-
nel, Angelica, Carrot, Celery.

61. Kanunct lace^e. Crowfoot-like. As Wind-
flower. Larkspur, Virgin's bower.

62. Paperaceje. Poppy-like. As Fumitory,
Bloodroot, Celandine.

63. Crucjfer.e.j Bearing cruciform flowers.
jLs Mustard, Watercress, Shepherd-purse.

64. Capfarides. Caperbush-like. As Sundew,
Parnassus-grass.

65. Sapindi. Soapberry-like. As Heart-seed.

66. Acera. Maple-like. As Horse-chcsnut.

67. Malpighije. As Mylocarium.

68. Hyperica. John's-wort-like. As Asarum.

69. Guttifer.e. Bearing secreted drops. As
the Balsam tree.

70. Aurantia. Orange-like. As the Lime tree.

71. jMelia. Beadtree-like. As Mahogany tree.

72. Vites. Grape-hke. As American ivy vine.

73. Gerania. CranebilMike. AsWoodsoncl.

74. Malvaceae. Mallows-like. As Hollyhock,
Cotton.

75. Magnolee. Magnolia-like. As whitewood,
A nice-tree.

76. Annonje. Papaw-like. As Porcelia.

77. Menisperma. Moonseed-like. As Schisan-
dra, Wendlandia.

78. Berberides. Barberry-like. AsWitchha-
zel, Pappose-root.

70. TiLiACEyE. Basswood-like. As Linden-
tree.

80. Cisti. Rockrose-like. As violet.

81. Rutage.e. Rue-like. As Caltrops.

NAT

NATURAL ORDERS OP JUSSlEU.

82. Caryophyllej:. Pink-like. As Cockle,
Flax, Catchfly, Sandwort.

83. Semper viva. Liveforever-like. As Stone-
crop, Virginian orpine.

84. Saxipraga. Saxifrage-like. As Allum-
root, Tiarella.

85. Cacti. Pricklypear-like. As Currant.

86. Portulaccej;. Purslane-like. As KnaweJ,
Claytonia.

87. Ficoidea. Fig-like As Sesuvium.

88. Onagri. As Enchanter's Nightshade,
Willowherb.

89. Mtbtus. Myrtle-like. As Mock-orange,
Pomegranite.

90. Melastomjs. As Deergrass.

91. Salicarl-e. As grass-poly, Isliardia, Glaux.

92. Rosacea. Rose-like. As Thorn, Plumb,
Pear, Strawberry.

93. LeguminosA. Bearing Legumes. As Pea,
Clover, Locust-tree.

95. Terebinthi. Terpentine-like. As Wal-
nut, Sumach.

95. Rhamni. Buckthorn-like. As New-Jer-
sey-tea.

96. Euphorbia. Spurge-like. As Box, Palmi-
christi.

97. Cucurbitace*:. Pumpkin-like. As Melon,
Balsam- Apple.

98. URTiCiE. Nettle-like. As Hemp, Hop,
Mulberry-tree.

99. Amenta ce*:. Bearing pendant aments. As
Oak, Willow, Beach.

100. Comperjs. Bearing strobiles, or cones-
As Pine, Juniper, Cedar.

K 2

NIT

Navelled. See umbilicatus.
Navicularis. See boat-form.
Necessaria, polygamia. The fourth order of the
class syngenesia. Florets of the disk staminate, of
the ray pistillate. The disk florets seem to be
perfect at first view ; but on a close examination
they are found without stigmas. The iva (a saltr
marsh plant) is a good example.
Neck. The upper part of the tube of a corol.
Nectariferous. Bearing nectaries. Producing

honey.
Nectary, .nectarium. That part of a flower, which
secretes honey. It is either a distinctliorn, gland,
spur, scale, cup, &c. or the claw or some other
part of the corol secreting honey. This name is
applied to any appendage to the flower, which has
no other name.
IXemerosus. Growing naturally in groves, where the

under brush are cleared away.
Nerved, mrvosus. Leaves are nerved, when they
have rib-like fibres running from the base towards
the apex. In numbering nerves for a specific
character, the midrib is counted with the lateral
nerves.
Neutral* Having neither stamens nor pistils, con-
sequently barren ; as the ray-florets of the Sun-
flower.
Ni c ke d . See emargi n ate.

Nidtdans. Nesting. When seeds are placed in cot-
ton, &c. as in a nest.
Niger. Black.
Nigricans. Blackish, sooty.
Nigro-cmmlins. Dark blue.
Nisus fofmativus. That principle of vital energy,

which tends to restore lost or injured parts.
Nitidus. Glossy, glittering.

OBL

Niveus. Snow-white.

Nodding. See nutans.

T&dus. See knot.

Nomen, name. See generic name and specific name.

Notched. See crenate.

Nubilus. Grey and white, cloudy. Resembling cu-

mulous clouds. See cumulous.
Nwcamentum. See Anient .
Nucleus. Nut or Kernel. The inner seed or kernel

is properly the nucleus ; and its hard shell is the

putamen. But the whole including, both putamen

and nucleus, is the nut, mix.
Nudus. See naked.
Nudiusculwt. Nakcdish.
Nullum. None.

Numerosi. Many. An indefinite number.
Humerus. A determinate number.
Nut, nux. See nucleus.
Nutans. Nodding. When above half of whatever it

is applied to droops or hangs down. See pendulus.
Nutatio. The various inclinations of the parts arising

from the effect of the Suirsrays.

O

Oh, obverse. Reversed or inversed. Often com-
bined with ovate, cordate, &c. as obcordate, in-
versely heart-form.

Obconic. Conic with the points, or apex, downwards.

Obcordate. Heartform, with the apex next to the
stem, or place of insertion.

Oblique, obllquus. A position between horizontal
and vertical ; or between perpendicular and the
plane of the base. It is also applied to leaves,
petals, calyxes, &c. which are, as it were, cut

OCT

obliquely ; or whose bases are shorter on one side

than on the other.
Oblong, oblongus. Having the length twice ^Dr

more than that of the breadth, with the opposite

sides somewhat parallel.
Oblongiuscuhis. Somewhat oblong.
Oboval, obovalis. If it differs at all from obovate, it

must be more nearly oval — having the ends nearer

equal in width.
Obovate. Ovate, with the narrowest end towards

the stem, or place of insertion.
Obscure. Obscurely.
Obsolete, obsoletely, obsohtus, obsolete. When

teeth, notches, serratures, &c. are obscure and ap-
pear as if worn out.
Obtuse. Obtusely.
Obtuse. See obtusus.

Obtuse-aaaninalus. Blunt with a small point.
Obtusiusculus. Obtusish.
Obtusus, obtuse. Ending bluntly, or in an apex more

or less rounded.
Obversus, obverse. See ob.
Obvolute, obvelutus. A term in foliation; applied

to leaves where two opposite ones areconduplicate,

with one edge of each leaf between the edges of the

other.
Occlusus. Closed.
Ochrea. A roll, or cylindric sheath, around the base

of the peduncle in some species of cyperus.
Octandria. (Octo, eight ;andra, male.) Eight-stamei:-
ed. The name of the eighth class. It comprises all

plants whose flowers are perfect, with eight stamens
m each, not growing on the pistil nor united by
their filaments in one or two sets.

It is also the name of the eighth order in these
classes, where the characters of the first thirteen

ORB

classes arc taken for orders. As pohjgala in the
class Diadelphia.

Octandrous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class
octandria.

Octqfidus. Eight-cleft.

Octogynia (Oc/o, eight: gune, female.) Eight-styled.
The name of the eighth order ill each of the first
thirteen classes. It comprises all plants in each
class respectively, whose flowers have 8 styles in
each ; or if the styles are wanting, 8 sessile stigmas.
But there are no plants of this order yet discovered.

Octoloadaris. 8-ceiied.

Octopetahis. 8-petal'edf

OctophpUus. 8-leaved.

Odoratus. Scented, odorous.

Officinalis. Such plants as are sold in the shops for
some use, either m medicine or the arts.

One-sided. Flowers, &c on one side of a stem, &c.

Opaque, opacus. Neither transparent nor shining.

Opcrculatus. Having a lid.

Operculum. The lid or covering on the capsules of
mosses. This is generally covered by the calyptre
when young. After the calyptre is gone and the
seeds are ripe, the lid falls also. This term is also
applied to the covering of other capsules, re-
sembling the lids of mosses.

Opposite, oppositus. Standing at the same height
with base against base, on different sides of a stem.

Opposite. Oppositely.

Oppositifolius. Set opposite to the base of a leaf j
as some peduncles and stipules are placed.

Opposite-pinnatm. :Leafets of a pinnate leaf set oppo-
site to each other.

Orbicularis. Nearly circular.

Orbillw. See orb.

PAL

Orrs. That kind of receptacle of Hcbens/whicu is
flat, orbicular and dilated, of the substance of the
frond, terminal, pe'tnte, Without a border, but often
surrounded with radiating shoots. The mem-
brane, or disk, under which the seeds arc lodged,
is smooth, nearly of the colour of the frond. Spu-
rious orbs bordered like shields or spangles when
young, are sometimes found in the genus cornicula-
ria. Smith.

Orchideous corol. Like the orchis ; having 4 arched
petals, and the fifth longer.

Orgya. Fathom. See measures.

Orifice. Any hole or opening into a capsule, co-
rol, &c.

Os. See faux.

Oval, oralis. The length exceeding the breadth in
any proportion, with the two ends of an equal
breadth, curvature and form, or nearly so; the
sides curving from end to end.

Ovate. Egg-form. The length exceeding the
breadth in any proportion, one end exceeding the
oilier in breath ; the sides curving from end to end*

Pagina. The surface of a leaf. The Upper surface
is pagina superior; the lower surface, pagina in-
ferior.

Palate. A prominence, process or elevation in the
lower lip of a labiate corol, which tends more or
less to close the throat.

Palea. See chaff.

Paleaceous. See chaffy.

Palmate, palmatus. Divided deeply and spreading,
so as to resemble the hand with spread fingers.

PAR

When the divisions arc very narrow and almost
down to the stem of a leaf, it is called jiedate, from
its supposed resemblance to a bird's foot. Some
pedate leaves arc hardly connected at all at the
base, and almost run into the compound digitate
leaf.

Palustris. Growing naturally in swamps and marshes.

Pandurcvformis. Guitar-form, or fiddle-form. Ob-
long, broadish,jiear the base and contracted near
the sides.

Panicle, panicula. When the peduncles, along the
sides of the main peduncle of a raceme, are di-
vided, it takes the name of panicle; as oats. But
if it is still in a close, compact form, it is called a
thyrse, as the lilac.

Panicled, panicuJatus. Disposed in the form of a
panicle j or bearing panicles.

Papilionaceous. (Papillio, a butterfly.) Butterfly-
form ; as the pea-flower. When complete, it con-
sists of the banner , the upper petal which generally
spreads over or above the others ; the icings, the
two side petals, next below the banner; the keel.
the lower boat-form petal, generally enclosing the
stamens and pistil. It is sometimes called ihe pea-
bloom, flower.

Papillose, papillosus. (Papilla, a. njpj? te.) Covered
with fleshy points or protuberances. See verrucose.

Pafpose, papposus. Bearing pappus or aigrette.

Pappus. See aigrette.

Papulose, papulosus. (Papula, a pimple.) Pimply,
bladdery or blistered.

Parabolic. Conic, with the top rounded off, con-
siderably below where it would terminate in the
apex, if completed in the conic form.

Parallel, parallellm . Two lines or opposite sides,
running nearly equal distances fr©m each other.

PAT

The opposite edges of a leaf are parallel when the
leaf is linear.

Parasitic. Drawing support from another plant.
Growing out of another; as the dodder.

Parenchyma. A succulent vegetable pubescence ; as
the thick part of leaves between the opposite cuti-
cles, the substance around the pith of herbs, the
pulpy part of apples, &c.

Partes primaries. The three pri mary parts of a veget-
able are : 1. The root, or descending part. 2. The
herbage, or ascending part, except ; 3. Thejiructi-
Jication, comprising the flower and fruit.

Partial, partialis. Particular, not general. Ap-
plying to an entire part of a general whole. The
perianth, involucre, petiole, &c. of one floret, or
of a separate part of all the florets, which with
others constitute a compound or aggregate. The
perianth, involucre, &c. to the whole is called gen-
eral or universal.

Partible, partibilis* Easily separating into partis.
Bipartible, into 2 parts. Tripartible, into 3
parts, &c.

Partition. The membrane, &c. which divides
pericarps into cells. It is parallel, when it unites
with the valves, where they unite with each other.
It is contrary or transverse, when it meets a valve
in the middle, or in any part -not at its suture, or
juncture with another.

Parted, partitus. Deeply divided, almost to the
base.

Patellulce. See spangles.

Patens. Spreading so as to form a moderately acute
angle ; considerably less than a right one, or a
square.

Patmtissimus. Spreading almost to a right angle.

PEN

Fatulus. Somewhat spreading. Open, loose.

Fauci. Few in number.

Fauciflorus and paucif alius. Few-flowered and few-
leaved.

Pea-bloom. See papilionaceous.

Pectinate, pectinatus. So finely pinnate or pinna-
tifid as to resemble the teeth of a comb.

Fedalis. About a foot high.

Pedate, pedatus. See palmate.

Pedatifid, pedatifidus. Nearly the same as pedate 5
perhaps hardly so deep-cut.

Pedicel, pedicellus. A partial peduncle.

Pedicelled, pedicellatus.. Having a pedicel. -

Peduncle. See pedunculus.

Peduncled, peduncidatus. Having a peduncle.

Fcduncularis. Appertaining to, or fixed on, a peduncle.

Feduncuhis, peduncle. The stem bearing the llower
and fruit, which Coes not spring naked from the
root. Those which spring immediately from the
root without leaves, are called scape. As the dan-
delion has a scape, the apple a peduncle.

"Pellicle, pellicula. A thin membrane-like sub-
stance. The close covering of some seeds; some-
times it is a little mucilaginous or downy.

VeltcR. See targets.

Peltate, peltatus. Having the petiole attached to
the under side of the leaf. In all cases of leaves
and fiat stigmas, when the petiole or style is at-
tached to the disk instead of the margin, they are
peltate; as the leaf of nasturtion and the stigma
of the yellow water lily.

Pendant. Hanging down.

Pendulous. When the whole of the part droops, or
hangs down.

Pencil-form, pencilformis. Shaped like a painter's
pencil, or little round paint-brush.

L

PER

Pentacoccus. A 5-grained capsule.

Pentagonal, pentagonus. Fi ve-cornered .

Pentagynia. (Pente, five; gune, female.) Five-
styled. The name of the sixth order in each of
the first thirteen classes. Plants of either of these
classes with five style or sessile stigmas are of the
fifth order of such class. As Spikenard and Flax
of the 5th class, Woodsorrel and Cockle of the 10th
class, Apple of the 12th class, Columbine of the
13th class.

Pentandria. (Penta, five; andra, male.) Five-
stamened. The name of the fifth class. It com-
prises all plants, whose flowers are perfect and do
not grow on the pistil, and have five stamens to each
flower.

Pentandrous. Belonging to, or varying into, the class
pentandria.

Pentapetalus. 5-petaled.

Pentaphyllus. 5-leaved.

Perennial, perennis. Continuing more than two
years.

Perexilis. Slender.

Perfect flower. Having both stamens and pistils.

Perfoliate, perfoliatus. Perforating a leaf. Hav-
ing the stem running through the leaf. But the leaf
is not formed by the union of opposite bases, as in
the boneset (eupatorum) ; for in this case the leaves
are connate.

Perfoliate is sometimes the specific name where
the leaves are nearly connate (as eupatorium per-
foliatum) ; and even where the leaves are merely
clasping (as companula perfoliata.)

Perforated, perforatus. Having holers as if pricked
through. Punctate may differ in presenting spots
like points, which are not holes. Pertuse perhaps
is synonymous with perforated. These dots may

PAT

be seen by holding St. John's wort and many other
leaves to the light. This term is applied to stig-
mas, drupes, &c.

Perianth, perianthum. (Peri, about; anthos, flower.)
That kind of calyx, which is immediately adjoin-
ing the corol, stigmas and pistil, or to such of these
organs as are present. It is superior when it grows
on the germ; it is inferior, when it grows out from
below the germ. See monophyllus and poly-
phyllus.

Pericarp, pericarpiwn. (Peri, about, kapos, fruit.)
Seed-case. Any bag, shell, pod, pulp, berry or
other substance, enclosing the seed.

Pericheth, perichtztium. (Peri, about ; chaik, crest.)
An involucre surrounding the base of the peduncle
of mosses, among the leafets but duTering from
them in form. See calyptt a.

Peridiuni. A round membranous dry case, enclosing
the seeds in some angiocarp fungusses.

Perigrinus. Foreign, exotic, strange.

Peris toinium. The fringe, teeth, or membrane,.around.
the mouth of the capsules of mosses, under the lid.

Permanent. Any part of a plant is permanent,
which remains longer compared with other parts
of the same plant, than is usual for similar parts
in most plants. As the calyx of the quince re-
mains on the end of the fruit, till it ripens.

Perpusillum. Very little.

Persistens. See permanent and ring.

Personate, personatus. See labiate.

Pertuse, pertusus. Punched. See perforated..

Petal, petalum. The coloured leaf or leaves of the
corol. The petal of a menopetalbus corol is di-
vided into the tube and limb ; which see. Each
petal of a polypetalous corol is divided into the
claw and lamina %, which see.

P I L

Petal-form, petalifonnis. Resembling a petal.

Petalimis. Attached to, or being part of, a petal.

Petaloides. Having petals.

Petiole, petiolus. The footstalk of a leaf. Leaves
which have no footstems are sessil<e.

Petioled, petiolatus. Having a petiole.

Petioluhis. A partial petiole, which connects the
leafettothe main petiole; as the butternut.

Phanerogamous, Phcenogamous. Having the sta-
mens and pistils sufficiently apparent for classifi-
cation. Applied to all plants, not included in the
class cryptogamia. M'Bride.

Though phanerogamous is correctly derived from
phaneroo, to make manifest ; yet as phenogamous
(ofphaino, to shew) is perfectly appropriate, there
seems to be no necessity for encumbering the lan-
guage of botany with another term of greater length.
Ives.

Phoiniceus* Purple, dark-red.

Phytology. (Phutty a plant; logos, a treatise or
discourse.) The science which treats of the prin-
ciples of vegetables. It is nearly synonymous with
the physiology of vegetables.

Piceus. Blueish-black, resembling dark pitch.

Pileus. The hat of a fungus. The top and most
spreading part. It may be without stype, and
th us constitute the whole ascending part. It always
contains the seeds, though it requires the highest
magnifiers to discover them in most cases.
Pilidia. See puffs.

Pilose, pilosus. Hairy. Having distinct straitish
hairs. Pappus is pilose, hairy or simple, when
each hair is without any lateral branches. See
aigrette.
Pilus. A hair. An excretory duct of a bristly
form, leading off a fluid. See sting.

PIT

Pimpled. See papulose.

Pinna. A wing-feather. It is applied to leafets,

which resemble feathers by thefr positions.
Pinnate, pinnatus. Winged, or feathered. Leaves
are pinnate, when distinct leafets are arranged
along opposite sides of a simple petiole. See bi-
pinnate and tripinnate.
Pinnatifid, pinnatifidus. Cut-winged. Leaves arc
pinnatifid, when, instead of leafets as in pinnate
leaves, segments or divisions of a leaf are along op-
posite sides of the midrib. Pinnate are compound,
but pinnatifid are simple; because the divisions
never reach the midrib. When pinnatifid leafets
are on a pinnate leaf, it is called pinnaie-pin-
' natifid.
Pistillate flower. Having pistils only, without

stamens; as the flower of the fertile cucumber.
Pistil, pistiUum. The central organ of a perfect
flower. It generally consists of the germen, style
and stigma. But the style is frequently wanting ;
then the stigma is seated on the germ, or sessile.
The stigma receives pollen from the anther, and,
in some manner not yet discovered) fertilizes the
germ. Without this operation no perfect seeds
are produced. See flower, style and stigma.
Pistil! if ems. See pistillate.
Pitcher-farm. See urceolate.
Pith. The spongy substance in the center of the
stems and roots of most plants. Most woody
stems have no appearance of a pith after they be-
come old.
Pits (cyphella?.) That kind of receptacle of lichens,
which consists of open, cup-like, naked: white or
yellow little spots, on the under side of the frond ;
which is generally downy. They are at first im~

L2

POI

mersed, globose, minute dots, which at length burst
with an irregular margin, and discharge a powder.

Pitted. See lacunose.

Placenta. See receptacle.

Placeniation. The disposition of the cotyledons in
the germination of the seeds.

Plaited. Folded somewhat like a fan, when nearly
full spread. In foliation it is more closely folded.

Plane. Flat, with an even surface.

Plant. Any substance growing from seed. As
trees, grass, puffball, mould. See vegetable.

Plenus-ftos. See full-flowered.

Plicatiis. See plaited.

Plumose. Feather-like.

Plumose pappus. Feather-like down. When a hair
has other hairs arranged on opposite sides of it.

Plumula. The ascending part of a plant at its first
germination.

Pluri?nus. Very many.

Pod. That kind of pericarp which is composed of
two valves with the seeds attached to one or both
sutures, or a longitudinal partition at the edges im-
mediately adjoining the sutures. The pod is ei-
ther a legume or silique.

Pedetia. The peduncles of lichens, whether hollow

or solid.
Pointal. See pistil.

Pojsons. The definition of poisons and the manner
of their operation has not yet been satisfactorily
made out. It will here be no farther noticed, than
'as it respects vegetables, and then wot physiolo-
gically.
Poisonous Vegetables. Persons of all descriptions
have frequent occasion to make some use of plants,
when they are not in a situation minutely to investi-
gate their nature and qualities. As many plants

P 0 I

arc narcotic and injurious to the human constitu-
tion; it is very convenient to have at hand, or in
the memory, a few concise rules on this subject.
The following have been selected with great care
from the authors whose names are given at the end
of each rule.

GENERAL RULES FOR AVOIDING POISONS.

Plants not poisonous.

1. Plants with a glume calyx, never poisonous.
As Wheat, Indian-corn, Foxtail-grass, Sedge-grass,
Oats. Linneus.

2. Plants whose stamens stand on the calyx, nev-
er poisonous. As Currant, Apple, Peach, Straw-
berry, Thorn. Smith, page 392.

3. Plants with cruciform flowers, rarely if ever
poisonous. As Mustard, Cabbage, Watercress,
Turnip, Smith, page 487.

4. Plants with papilionaceous flowers rarely, if
ever, poisonous. As Pea, Bean, Locust-tree, Wild-
indigo, Clover. Smith, page 446.

5. Plants with labiate corols bearing seeds with-
out pericarps, never poisonous. As Catmint, Hys-
sop, Mint, Motherwort, Marjoram. Smith, page 434.

G. Plants with compound flowers rarely poison-
ous. As Sunflower, Dandelion, Lettuce, Burdock.
Milne.

Poisonous plants.

1. Plants with 5 stamens and one pistil, with a
dull-coloured lurid corol and of :i nauseous sickly
smell, always poisonous. As Tobacco, Thorn-ap-
ple, Henbane, Nightshade. The degree of poison
is diminished where the flower is brighter colour-
ed and the smell is less nauseous. As potatoes
are less poisonous, though of the same genera with
nightshade. Smith, page 41-3.

POL

2. Umbelliferous plants of the aquatic kind and a
nauseous scent are always poisonous. As Water-
hemlock. Cow-parsley. But if the smell is pleasant
and thc\ grow in dry land, they are not poisonous.
As Fennel, Dill, Coriander, Sweet-cicily. Smith,
page 416.

3. Plants with labiate corols, and seeds in cap-
sules, frequently poisonous. As Snap-dragon, Fox-
glove.

4. Plants from which issue a milky juice on be-
ing brokori are poisonous, unless they bear com-
pound flowers. As Milkweed, Dogbane. Milne's
Contoitaj and Lactescentia.

6. Plants having any appendage to the calyx or
ccroi, and eight or more stamens, generally poison-
ous. As Columbine, Nasturtion. Linneus.
General rule.
Plants with lew stamens, not frequently poison-
ous, except the number be five ; but if the number
be 12 or more, and the smell nauseous, heavy and
sickly, the plants are generally poisonous. Milne:s
Multisiiiqua? and Sapor.

Note. Many plants possess some degree of the
narcotic principle, which are still by no means
hurtful. But the use of such plants is to be defer-
red, till fully investigated. See qualities.
Pollen. Meal. The dusty or mealy substance con-
tained in the cells of anthers. In the anthers
of most of the plants in the gynandria class, the
pollen is glutinous. And even the dry pollen is al-
ways moistened by a peculiar liquid on the stigma,
before it fertilizes the germ. These dry globules
always explode on touching the moist stigma. On
being viewed through a magnifier, they are found of
various forms. In the sunflower it is a prickly
ball, in geranium perforated, in comfrey double,

POL

in mallows a toothed wheel, in violet angular, in
daflbdil kidney-form, &c.

PoiAADELrHiA, (Polus many 5 adclphos, a broth-
er.) Many brotherhoods. The name of the
eighteenth class as first established by Linneus.
This class includes all plants with perfect flowers,
whose stamens are united by their filaments id
three or more sets, or brotherhoods. As St. John's
wort, Orange, St. Peter's wort. This class is still
retained by the translators of Linneus, Wildenow
and others. But it is rejected by Persoon and oth-
ers, on account of the extreme uncertainty in its
character. Very few species of the genera arran-
ged under it are constant in its character. Of the
late American writers, Mulenberg, Bigelow, Elliot,
and Doct. Barton, have retained it ; Pursh and
the author of the American Genera have rejected it.

Polyadelphous. Belonging to, or varying into, the
class polvadelphia.

Polyandria. (Polus, many ; audra, male.) Many sta-
mened. The name of the thirteenth class. It
comprises all plants, whose flowers are perfect,
with twenty or more stamens in each, growing to
the receptacle. It is distinguished from the 11th
class by having more stamens, and from the 12th
by their not growing to the calyx.

It is also the name of the thirteenth order in those
classes, where the characters of the first thirteen
classes are taken for orders. But the character of
the 18th class is not rigidly adhered to in this or-
der. If the number of stamens exceed ten the
plant is placed in this order. And those which
are very variable in number are generally placed
in it ; as the Arum has sometimes 6 or 8 stamens.
Some of the examples of this order are Mallows
and Hollyhock in the class invnaddpfria, Indian

POL

turnip. Oak, Che$nut, Buttonwood in the class ma-
nacia, Poplar in the class dicecia.

Polyandrous. Belonging to, or varying into, the
class polyandria.

Polycotyledonous. Plants with more than two co-
tyledons. See cotyledon.

Polygamia. (Pubis, many ; gamia marriage.) Many
unions. The name of the twenty third class, as
established by Linneus. It comprises all plants,
which have some perfect flowers, and others which
are staminate and pistillate, or both kinds. This
class is divided into three orders. 1. Moncecia,
having perfect flowers and either stamincte or pis-
tillate or.es or both on the same plants. 2. Dice-
cia, having perfect flowers on some plants, and ei-
ther staminate or pistillate flowers on others of the
same species. 3. Tiioacia, having perfect flowers
on some plants, staminate on others, and pistillate
on others of the same species. This class, like the
18lh, is abolished by Persoon and others, and the
plants under it distributed among the other classes.
President Smith thinks it ought to be discarded.
See page 485.

Polygamous. Varyi.g into, or inclining to, the class
polygamia.

Polygonum. Many cornered, or many-angled.

Polygyria. (Poltts, many ; gune, female.) Many-
styled. The name of the thirteenth order in each
of the first thirteen classes. Plants of either of
these classes with any number of styles or sessile
stigmas over 12, are of the 13th order of that class.
But we have no wiiter on North American plants,
who has adopted the order Dodecagynia ; there-
fore we may here take this order for all plants in
the first 13 classes, whose flowers contain over 10
styles or sessile stigmas. Examples. Yellow-root

PRO

in the class pentandria, Waterptantain in the class
hexandria, Strawberry in the class icosandria,
Crowfoot in the class polyandria.

Poiatetalous. Many-petalled. If the corol con-
sists of more than one petal, it is polypetalous.

Polyphyllois. Many-leaved. A calyx of more
than one distinct piece is polyphylious.

Polyprenus. Enclosing more than one nut, or stone.

Polysperma. Many-seeded.

Polystachus. Many-spiked.

Pome, pomus. A pulpy pericarp without valves,
which contains within it a capsule. See berry and
note the difference. Apples, quinces, &c. are
pomes.

Pom'fents. Bearing pomes.

Porous, porosus. Full of holes, cellules, or tubular
openings.

Prcecox. Rare-ripe. Coming to maturity early in
the season.

Pmmorsus. Bitten off. Terminating bluntly, as if
bitten off. As the root of the pcdate or birdfoot
violet.

Prasimis. Green like a leek.

Pratensis. Growing naturally in meadow land.

Premens. Pressing.

Prickle. A sharp process fixed to the bark only,
not to the woodj as on the Raspberry, Rose,
Barberry.

Prismatic, prismaticus. Linear, with several flattish
sides.

Proboscides. Proboscis-like. Resembling a project-
ing horn.

Processus. Tall, elevated.

Procumbent, procambens. Lying on the ground.

Profunde. Deeply.

P U L

Proliferous, prolifer. Putting forth brandies or
flowers from the center of the top of a preceding
one.

Prominent, prominens. Standing out more or less
beyond what is usual in other plants.

Promimdus. A little prominent.

Promts. The under side.

Prop. See fulcrum.

Propagation. See flower.

Propago. See gemmatio.

Propagula. See efflorescence.

Prop€7viens. Apparently on the point of falling.

Proper, propenis. See partial.

Prostrate, prostratus. See procumbent and ku-
mi/use.

Protruded. See exsert.

Proximus. Very near.

Pruina. The mealiness or hoariness on plumbs,
peaches, &c.

Pniruns. Hairs which excite itching.

Pubescent pubescens. Hairy, having hairs, wool,
down, glandular hairs, &c.

Puffs, (pilidia.) That kind of receptacle of lichens,

L which consists of little round bordered knobs, whose
disk finally turns to powder. It is at first covered
with a membrane and often clothed with a fine
grey hoariness. These receptacles are, elongated
below into a stalk fixed to the crust, but totally
different from it.

Pullus. Dull brownish colour.

Pulpy, pulposus. Filled with a tenaceous kind of pa-
renchyma.

Pulverulent, puheruhntus. Turning to dust.

Puhinuli, (A garden bed.) Excrescences found on
the surface of the fronds of some lichens, some-
times clustered or branched. Its use is unknown

Pumilus. Small, low.
Punched. See perforated.

Punctate. Dotted or sprinkled with coloured, gen-
erally diaphanous, specks. See perforated.
Pun g nt, pungens. Sharp piercing, pricking.
Puniceus. Scarlet-coloured.
Purpurascens. Inclining to a purple colour.
Purpurcus. Purple.
Pnsillus. Low, small, diminutive.
Putamen. Nut-shell. See nucleus.
Pyramidalis. Conic, pyramid-form.

Q

Quadrangular, quadrangularis. Having four cor-
ners, or angles.

Quadricapsular. Having 4 capsules.

Quadddentatus. Four-toothed.

Quad if arius . Fac i n g 4 ways .

Quadrifid, quadrifidus. Four-cleft.

Quadrijloriis. Four-flowered.

Quadrijugus. Four-paired.

Quadrilobus. Four-lobed.

Quadrilocu/aris. Four-celled.

Quadrinervis, Four-nerved.

Quadripartitus. Four-parted.

Quadrivalvis. Four-valved.

Quadriv oscular is. Four cup-form cells.

Qualities op plants. Richard says that plants ot
the same taste and odour, are generally possessed
of similar qualities. Also that the smell and taste
are always the same. He divides the odours of
plants into, 1. Fragrant. 2. dramatic. 3. Am-
brosiac (resembling amber.) 4. Alliaceous (resem-
bling garlic.) 5. Fetid (as asafuetida, &c.) 6. Naif

M

RAD

teous (causing the stomach to heave.) As the fra-
grant, the aromatic andambrosiac, are always free
from all hurtful qualities, and as the fetid and nau-
seous are generally poisonous ; it seems that man-
kind have in some measure an instinctive princi-
ple by which food is to be selected.

Quaternus. Four together in a whorl.

Quinus, Five together in a whorl.

Quinate, quinatus. Five leafets on one petiole.

Quinquangularis. Five-cornered. When a leaf has'
five points ; as the cucumber.

Quinquecapmlaris. Having 5 capsules.

Quinquefidus. Five-cleft.

Quinqueflorus, Five-flowered.

Quinquejugus. ' Five-paired.

Quinquelobus. Five-lobed.

Quinquelocularis. Five-celled.

Quinquenervis. Five-nerved.

Quinqaepartitus. Five-parted.

Qninquevalvis. Five-valved.

Quinquevascularis. Five cup-form cells.

R

Raceme, racemus. (Rax, a bunch of grapes.) That
kind of inflorescence, wherein the florets have un-
divided pedicels arranged along the sides of a gen-
eral peduncle. As currants, grapes.

Kacemed, racemosns. Flowers in racemes.

Rachis, (Rachis, the back-bone.) The filiform re-
ceptacle connecting the florets in a spike. As in
wheat-heads. It is sometimes put for the midrib in
ferns.

Radiate, radiahs. The spreading florets around

RECf

the margin of a compound flower. As the Sun-
flower. See Compound.

Radical, radicalis. Proceeding from the root with-
out the intervention of a stalk. As the leaves of
plantain.

Radicans. See rooting.

Radkatus. Sending off roots.

Radicle, radicula. ~ The Utile fibrous branches pro-
ceeding from the main root ; which imbibe the
moisture and other nourishment for the plant.

Radius. See ray.

Radix. See root.

Ragged. See Squarrose.

Ramentum. Applied to the loose scales frequently
in the angles of petioles. &c. called in English,
rameiits.

Rameum folium. See branch leaves.

Ramiferus. Producing branches.

Ramosissimus. Very branching.

Ramosus, ramose, branching.

Ramulus. See branchlet.

Ramus. See branch.

Rartflonis. Flowers few and distant.

Rarifolius. Leaves few and distant.

Ray. The outer margin or circumference of a com*

• pound flower. It is also applied to the outer flo-
rets of an umbel ; particularly when they differ
in any respect from the inner, or disk, florets.

Rayed, having a ray.

Receptacle, receptacuhtm. The base by which the
other parts of the fructification are connected
and supported ; being the end, or at the end, of
the peduncle. It is considerably used in the gen-
eric characters of compound flowers ; but very lit-
tle noticed in any others. Perhaps this part may
hereafter be noticed on account of the change, it

REL

m some way produces on the vegetable secretions.
JDoct. Smith mentions the wholesomeness of some
fruits, while the other parts of the plant are poison-
ous. See page 302. Every one has noticed the
delicate flavour of the pond-lily, (Nymphea odora-
ta) while all back of the receptacle is extremely
different. Numerous similar instances may be ci-
ted to prove the very great change in some way
effected by the receptacle.

Reclined, reclmatus. Bent down so that the apex
of a leaf, &c. is lower than the base. Applied to
the stem it implies that it is bowed towards the
earth.

Recompositus. Twice compound.

Reconditus. Concealed.

Rectiusculus. Straitish.

Rectus. Strait.

Recurved, recurvatus. Curved downwards.

Recutitus. Appears as if peeled.

Reflexed, reflexw. Bent back, nearly or quite to
touch the stem or peduncle.

Refracted, refractus. Bent back in an angular form,
so as to appear as if broken.

Regnum veg&tabile. The vegetable kingdom as taken
into view with the animal and mineral.

Regular, regularis. See equal.

Relative proportions. When dimensions are ex-
pressed indefinitely, as long, very long, short,
large, &c. such expressions are to be understood
as long, &c. compared with the proportion which
similar parts usually bear to other parts, in plants
generally. But when such terms are used for spe-
cific names, the proportion between the parts of
species of the same genus, which were known when
the names were given, are compared. Thus Kal-
mia latifolia has a broader leaf than Kalmia an-

R I G

giistifolia ; but it has a narrow leaf compared with
any species of trillium.
Remote, remotus. See relative proportion.
Reniform. See kidney-form.
Repand, repandus. Having small sinuses, separated

by teeth in the form of segments of small circles.
Rep ens. See creeping.
Reptans. See creeping and runner.
Restarts. See permanent.
Resupinatus. Upside down.
Reticulate. Netted. Having veins crossing each

other like net-work.
Retiform. Net-form, net-like.
Retroflex, retroflexus* Bending in various di-
rections.
Retrofractus. See refracted.
Retrorso-dentatus. See runcinate.
Retuse, retusus. Ending in a sinus generally hol-
lowed out but very little. See emarginate.
Reversed. Bent back towards the base.
Re volute, revolutiis. Rolled outwards. A term in
foliation ; applied to leaves whose opposite mar-
gins are rolled outwards and continued rolling, till
the two rolls meet on the back of the midrib and
parallel to it. It is the reverse of involute.
Rhizosfierma. Fruit on the root of some ferns.
Rhombic, rhombeus. See deltoid.
Rhomboideus. See deltoid.
Rib. A nerve-like support to a leaf.
Ribbed. When the midrib sends off lateral ribs near-
ly strait to the margin. It is sometimes put for
nerved.
Rictus. See gape.

Rigid, rigidus. Stiff, inflexible, or not pliable; or if
attempted to be bent, will rather break.

M 2

hot

Rimose, rimosus. Chincked, abounding in cracks,

as the outer surface of the pitch-pine tree.
Ring. The band around the capsules of ferns, which
is elastic. See exanulatus.

It is also the thin membrane attached to the
stern of a fungus. When young it is attached to
the pileus. It is erect when the upper edge is not
fastened — inverse when the lower edge is not fast-
ened— sessile, when it is attached by one side only
— mobile, when it may be pushed up and down —
persistent, when it is as durable as the pileus— -fu-
gacious, when it disappears at the opening of the
fungus.
Ringent, ringens. See labiate.
Rising. See assurgens.

Root. The descending part of a vegetable, which en-
ters the earth, or other substance, in search of nour-
ishment for the plant. Roots are annual, biennial,
or perennial. See ages. They are Branching, Fi-
brous, Creeping, Spindle-form, Tuberous, Bulbous,
or Granulated. See each term in its place.
Rooting. Bending or extending to the earth and stri-
king root.
Root-leaf. See radical.
Rootlet. A fibre of a root.

Baridus. Humid. Appearing as if covered with dew.
Rosaceous. A ccrol formed ©f roundish spreading
petals, without claws or with extremely short ones,
\Roseus. Rose-coloured.

"Rostel, rostellum. That pointed part, which tends
downwards at the first germination of the seedf
See corcle.
Rostratus. See beaked.
Rotate, rotatus. See wheel-form.
Rotundity Roundish. Without angles*

SAA

Rough. Covered with dots, which are harsh to the
touch, but not apparent to the naked eye. See
rugged.

Round. See rotundus.

Rubra. Red.

Rubiginosus. Rnst-coloured.

Ruderalis. Growing among rubbish about build-
ings, &c.

Rugged. Covered with invisible dots, which are
harsh to the touch. See rough.

Rugose. Wrinkled. Veins more contracted than
the disk, so that the intermediate pyrenchyma ri-
ses up between them.

Runcinate. Pinnatifid, with the divisions pointing
backwards ; as the Dandelion.

Runner. A shoot producing roots and leaves at the
end only, and from that place giving rise to anoth-
er plant.

Rupestiis. Growing naturally among rocks.

S

Sabre-form. See acinaciform.

Sagittate, sagittatus. See arrow-form.

Salsus. Salt-tasted.

Salver-form. A monopetalous corol with a flat
spreading limb proceeding from the top of a tube.

Samara. A winged pericarp not opening by valves ;
as the Maple.

Sap. The watery fluid contained in the tubes, and
cellules of vegetables ; which furnishes the means
of, or is itself, the support of their growth and life,
and preservation from decay. Tlmt part of the
sap, which supplies material's for the growth, foil-
*tge and fructification, evidently ascends by way

SAP

of the camb. See camb. But that, which fills the
interstices among the woody fibres, and serves to
preserve them from decay, is probably raised by
capillary attraction. Freezing and thawing in
some way or other suspends for a day or two the
effect of capillary attraction. It then descends by
its natural gravity ; at which season only can the
sap be obtained from the sugar maple. That it
descends is evident from the fact, that no sap is ob-
tained from below the i ncission, except a few drops
at the first moment after it is made. That the sap
descends from the woody fibres and not from the
camb appears from inspection. That this sap
serves only to preserve the wood appears from the
rapid decay of the wood in the sagar maple direct-
ly above the incission to the whole extent of the
bole ; while the incision produces but little effect
below it. And the herbage of the tree with the
outer layers of wood continue as flourishing after
the tree has been drained of its sap annually for half
a century, as its neighbours, which have never
lost any sap. It may be observed further ; that
sap can never be drawn from the same vessels
above the incision where it has been drawn on any
preceding year ; unless a new incission be made
several feet above the old one. Nor even then if
the preceding draining had been very considera-
ble; or, in other words, if the sugar-making sea-
son had been very favourable, and the incission
large.
Sapindus. Having some kind of taste.
Sapor. Having a relish, pleasant tasted. Any taste.
Colour sometimes indicates the taste. White ber-
ries are generally sweet ; red, sour; blue, sweet
and sour; black, insipid and poisonous. Wilde-
now. But certainly our spicy wintergreens (gaul-

SEC

theria,) partridge-berry (mitchella,) and whortle-
berries (vaccin niurn,) are exceptions to Wilde-
now's rules.

Sarmentose, sarme7itosns. A running shoot, which
strikes root at the knots or joints only. Generally
applied to shrubs. See runner.

Saucer-form. Shaped like a common tea-saucer.

Scaber, Scabrous. See rough.

Scabrities. Roughness.

ScALLorrED. See repand.

Scaly. Covered more or less with scaly appenda*
ges, as Fern roots ; or consisting of substances, in
some measure resembling coarse fish-scales ; as
the scales of Lily roots.

Scandais. See climbing.

Scape, scapus. See peduncle.

S carious, scariusus. Dry and membranous, gene-
rally transparent.

Scattered. Standing without any regular order:
that is, neither opposite, alternate, nor in any de-
finable series.

Scion. Shoots proceeding laterally from the roots
or bulb of a root.

Scrobiculate, scrobiculatus. Deep round pits on the
receptacle gives it this name.

Scored. See Sulcate.

Scutellce. See shields.

Scutellatus. See saucer-form.

Scymitar-form. See acinaciform.

Scyphi/er, Scyphus. Cup-bearing. See cyathiform.-

Section. The genera of some orders and the spe-
cies of some genera are divided into sections. Sec-
tions judiciously constructed greatly facilitate the
investigations of plants. But they often mislead ;
and must be sometimes disregarded, and the whole
order read over 5 especially under those orders

S E M

which are made up of natural families. See the
orders siliquosa in the class Tetradynamia of Lin-
neus' system.

Secundus* Turned to one side. One-sided, one-
ranked.

Seed. The matured part of fructification, destined
for the reproduction of the species. It contains
the rudiment of a new plant and is analogous to
the egg of animals. It consists of the corcle, co-
tyledons, tegument and hilum j which see.

Seed-bud. See germen.

Seed-coat. See aril.

Seed-leaves. The cotyledons expanded into leaves.

Seed-lobes. See cotyledons.

Seed-vessels. See pericarp.

Segment. The parts into which a calyx, corol, leaf,
&c. is divided or cut*

Segregata polygamia. The 5th order of the class
syngenesia. The florets are all perfect like those
of the first order; but it differs from that in hav-
ing a partial perianth tofeach floret. In all other
plants of this class, the florets are destitute of par-
tial perianths. The elephant-foot (elephantopos)
is the only native of North America in this order.

Sejugus. Six-paired.

Semen. The seed.

Semiamplexicaulis. Half clasping the stem.

Semicolumnar. See semiterete.

Semicylindraceus. Half-cylindric. In form of a
round ruler split lengthwise.

Semifosculus, semi-floret. See ligulate.

Semi-mferus. Half-inferior. When the calyx grows
on the side of the germ, so that it is neither supe-
rior nor inferior.

Seminalis. See seed-leaves.

Seminatio. The sewing of seeds.

SEX

Seminifera. Bearing the seed.

Semiorbicular, semiorbicidatus. In form of half a
sphere.

Semiqidnquejidus. Half 5-cleft.

Semisagittatus. Half-arrowform. That is, one side
wanting; as in the vicia pusilla.

Semisexfidus. Half 6-cleft.

Semiterete, Semiteres. Half terete. See terete.

JSempervirens. Living through the winter and retain-
ing the leaves.

Senus. Six-fold. Growing in sixes.

Sensilis, sensitive. Moving on being touched. See
irritability.

Sericeus. Silky. Covered with soft close-pressed
hairs.

Serotinus. Coming to maturity late in the season.

Serpentine margin. See repand.

Serrate, serratus. (Serra, a saw.) Having sharp
notches, appearing as if cut, about the edge or
margin, pointing towards the ap ox.

Serrulate, semdatus. When a serrate leaf has the
teeth serrate again. It is also applied to any ser-
ratures, which are very fine.

Sesqidalter. When a large fertile floret is accompa-
nied by a small abortive one.

Sessile. Sitting down. Wrhen a leaf, flower, seed-
down, pileus of a fungus, receptacle of a lichen,
&c. are destitute of a petiole, peduncle, stipe, &c.

Seta. A bristle.

Seiaceus. Bristle-form.

JSetosus, setose. Bristly. Having the surface set
with bristles, or stiff strait hairs.

Sexangularis. Six-angled.

Sexjidus. Six-cleft.

Sexjlorus. Six-flowered.

Sexjugus, Six-paired,

9 B I

Sexlocularis. Six-celled.

Sexus, Sex. When Linneus first adopted the sta-
mens and pistils as the organs of classification, he
addressed his arguments to physicians, who were
conversant with animal anatomy. He therefore
took advantage of the analogy between animals
and vegetables in the reproduction of their kind,
in order to illustrate his theory. He called the
stamens males, and the pistils females, &c. But
nothing can be more ridiculous and disgusting
than to keep up these references at this day. Dr.
James Edward Smith, President of the Linnean
Society at London, has totally discarded all sexual
allusions. Under the word Clitoria in Rees' Cy-
clopedia he has treated the subject with great se-
verity. Dr. Bigelow in his incomparable discrip-
tion of the plants about Boston, as far as it goes,
has no where defiled his work with a single allu-
sion of the kind.

Sexvalvus. Six-valved.

Shaft. See style.

Shaggy, See hirsute.

Sharp. Tapering to a point. Acute differs from
sharp, as it may apply to the tip of a leaf, which
becomes broad immediately back of the point.

Sheath. The prolongation of a leaf down the
stem, which it encloses ; as in most culminiferous
plants.

Sheathed. Having a sheath.

Shields, saitellce. That kind of receptacle of lichens,
which is open, orbicular, saucer-like. The under-
side and border are of the substance and colour of
the frond. The disk is of a different colour and
substance from the border and frond, containing
the seeds in extremely minute vertical cells. The
shields arc thick and tumid, when they are ses-

SIL

.Mie; and membranous when stalked or elevated.
Very rarely they are perforated in the center.
Smith.

Shining. See lucidus.

Shoot. Each tree and shrub sends forth annually
a large shoot in the spring, called the spring shoot ;
and from the end of that a smaller one about the
24th of June, called St. John's shoot. There is al-
ways the appearance of a joint where the latter
springs out, very perceptible after the whole shoot
is matured.

Shrivelling. See withering.

Shrub. A vegetable with a woody stem. It is gene-
rally put for that kind of woody plant, whose stem
divides into branches near the ground, without
being elevated by a bole, like trees. See tree and
suffrutex.

Shrubby. Having woody stems or branches.

Siccus. Dry, neither Irumid nor succulent.

Sickle-form. A very much-curved keel.

Silicle, silicxda. A little siliqae, whose length and
breadth are nearly equal.

Siliculosa. The name of the first order of the Class
tetr adynamia. It includes those plantsjwhich have
a silicle, whose length is never twice- that of its
breadth. As the Shepherd's purse, Horse-radish,
Pepper- grass.

Silique, siliqua. That kind of pod, which has a lon-
gitudinal partition with the seeds attached to both
edges of it alternately. As the radish.

Siliquosa, The name of the second order of the
class tetradynamia. It includes those plants, which
have a silique, whose length is more than twice that
of its breadth. As Mustard, Cabbage, Watercress.

Silky* See sericeus.

N

SOR

Simple, simplex. Undivided. Single, opposed to
compound, or aggregate.

Simplicissimus. Very simple.

Single. Only one. Also opposed to full- flowered.

Sinistrorsum. Twining from right to left, that is,
contrary to the apparent motion of the sun ; as
the pole-bean.

Sinuate, sinuatus. (Sinus, a bay.) Having rounded
incisions. The margin hollowed out, resembling
a bay; as the white-oak leaf.

Sinuate-serrate. Having serratures hollowed out -}
as the Chesnut.

Sitting. See sessile.

Situs. Situation ; as opposite, alternate, &c.

Sleek. See glabrous.

Sleep op plants. The effect of night upon the ex-
ternal appearance of some plants; as the leaves
of Peas closing over the very young flowers.

Slender. See tenuis.

Smaragdinus. Grass-green .

Smooth. Sometimes put for glabrous, but it is not
synonymous. For glabrous means sleek or slippe-
ry ; whereas smooth may be applied to line
chamois leather.

Solid, solidus. Of an uniform substance, not natur-
ally partible ; as the turnip. See coated and scaly.

Solitary, solitarius. Standing alone, or very dis-
tant from others of the same kind.

Solutus. Disengaged. Not adnate.

Somewhat. Used as a diminutive; implying in
some degree, not fully. President Smith trans-
lates sub, by somewhat, when combined with an
adjective; as subtrijidus, somewhat three-cleft.

Soimms jilantamm. See sleep of plants.

Sordide albicans. Dirly white.

Soros and Soredia. Sec fruit-dots.

S P E

Spadiceus. Plants with Spadixes.

Spapix. An elongated receptacle proceeding from
a spathe, or resembling such in texture and ap-
pearance.

Spatiie. That kind of calyx, which first encloses
the flower and after it expands is left at a distance
below it. As Daffodil!, Oniony Indian Turnip.

Spatulate, spatulat&s or spathnlatus. Roundish and
diminishing into a long, narrow, linear base.

Species. The lowest division of vegetables. There
have been about thirty thousand species described.
In North America about four thousand species
have been described; of these about twenty-five
hundred are found to the north and northeast of
Virginia. About one thousand species have been
examined by Professor Ives in a wild state, within
five miles of Yale College. Very few places of the
same extent will afford more than eight hundred,
and few less than six hundred, in the Northern
Stales. PhClps gives a catalogue of thirteen hun-
dred and forty species as a complete list of all
the British plants. In all these calculations, relat-
ing to America and Great Britain, the cryptoga-
mous plants are left out.

Specific character. See diagnosis and descriptions.

Specific name. In common use we apply this to
what Linneus called the trivial name. The spe-
cific name lie calls all those several descriptive
words, which express the essential difference, or
diagnosis.

The rage for changing specific names has be-
come a great nuisance to the science. Richard
proposes the establishment of a literary tribunal,
having authority to fix the names in every depart-
ment of science for the whole globe; in order to
check the growth of this child of vanity and ig-
norance.

S P u

Spike, spka. Having florets arranged along the
sides of a general elongated peduncle or recepta-
cle, without partial peduncles or with extremely
short ones. As a Wheat-head, or Mullein.

Spikelet, spicula. One of the subdivisions of a spike.

Spindle-form. See fusiform.

Spine, spina. See thorn.

Spmescms. Becoming thorny.

Sjwnose, spinosus. Thorny.

Spiral, spiralis. Twisted like a screw-

Spongumu. Spongy.

Sporcc.. The seeds of lichens.

Sporangium.. A name given 10 the pericarp by Hed-
wig.

Sporangidium. Wildenow's name for the columella
of mosses. See columella.

Spotted. Having spots differing in colour from
the principal part.

Spreading. See patens.

Spur. An elongated process from the base, or from
iiear the base of a calyx or corol or nectary, some-
what resembling a horn or cock's spur. As the
Larkspur, Orchis and Nasturlion.

Spurred. Having a spur.

3puRRtD-nYE or spukrkd-craix. An enlarged, elon-
gated seed, projecting out of a glume, of a black
or violet colour, brittle texture, somewhat spur-
form. It is that morbid swelling of the seed, call-
ed Ergot by the French. The black or dark co-
loured kind is called the Malignant ergot. " Large
(i doses of which cause head-ache and febrile sym-
" toras. Under proper regulations it may be con-
(i sidered a valuable addition to the present stock
" of medicinal ageuts. The dose usually admin
i( istered is from ten grains to half a dram, in de
" coction." Bigelow% The pale violet kind, call-

S T E

cd simple ergot, is harmless and inactive. Wilde-
no w.

Grain growing in low moist ground, or new land
is most subject to it. Also spring grain more than
winter grain ; and rye more than wheat, barley
or oats.

When crops are so much infected with it as
greatly to injure them, the loss may be in a great
measure made up by collecting the ergot, and sell-
ing it to druggists. It should be thoroughly win-
nowed out of the grain, as it is said to be very in-
jurious in bread. The ergot may then be collect-
ed from the chaff.

Squumosas or squamattes. See scaly.

Squarrose, sqiiairosus. Ragged. When the points
of scales, &c. bend outwards, so as to make a rag-
ged appearance. It is also used for scurfy, or
when covered with a bran-like scurf.

Stalk. See stem. »

Stamen. The part of the fructification next to the
central organ. It consists of a knob of one or
more cells containing pollen. It is either eleva-
ted on a filament ; or sessile upon the germ, style?
stigma, receptacle, calyx or corol.

Staminate. Having stamens only, without a pistil ;
consequently barren. As the flowers in the tassels
of Indian corn.

Stamineus. Having no corol, the stamens serving in
its stead. Ray.

Staminiferus. See staminate.

Standard. See banner.

Stellate, stellatus. Spreading out in a radiate man-
ner. Leaves are stellate, when three or more
surround the stem in a whorl. Flowers and the
volva of a fungus are stellate, when the petals or

N2

STR

segments spread out, so as to resemble the vulgar
representation of a star.

Stem. The main base or supporter of the fructifi-
cation and herbage. It is either Tidge, Culm,
Scape, Peduncle, Petiole, Frond, or Stipe ; which
see.

Stem-clasping. See clasping.

Stem-leap. Inserted on the stem. See cauline.

Stemless. Having no stem.

Sterile, sterilus. Barren flower. Staminate flower.

Stiff. See Rigid.

Stigma. The top of the pistil. It is generally moist
when in full perfection, for the better reception of
the pollen. See pollen. Some care is required
in numbering sessile stigmas. No more must be
numbered, than can be found distinct quite on the
germ.

Stings, stimuli. Hair-like processes, which excite
itching punctures ; as on the Nettle. They are
generally hollow with a sack at the base, contain-
ing an acrid liquor. By pushing against their points,
the sacks are compressed, and thrust out the liquid.

Stipe, Stipes. The lower part of the midrib of a
fern ; the stem of a fungus ; or the stem of the
down on the seeds of Dandelion, &c.

Stipe d, stipitatus. Having a stipe.

♦Stipule, stipula. A leafet or scale at or near the
base of a petiole, which in some respect differs
from the leaves.

Stipular, stipidaris. Formed of, or connected with
stipules.

Stipuled, stipulatus, or stipulaaous. Having stipules.

Stolo. See sucker.

Stoloniferus. Putting forth suckers.
Straddling. See divaricate.

Straight, or strait. In a nearly right line,

SUB

Straitish. A little curving, but not sufficiently to
take the appellation of curved.

Strap-form. See ligulate.

Stratum proligerum. Tiie seed-bearing disk of the
receptacles of lichens.

Striate, streaked, striatus. Marked or grooved
with slender lines.

Strictus. Both stiff and strait, or perfectly strait.
See erect.

Sirictissimus. Very stiff and strait.

Strigose, strigosus. Armed with small, close, rigid
bristles, which are thickest below. Wildenow.

StrobilctQeus. In form resembling a strobile.

Strobile, strobilus. An ament with woody scales ;
as the fruit of pine.

Strobiliformis. See strobilaceus.

Style, stylus. (Stulos, a column.) That part of a pis-
til, which is between the germ and stigma. It is
often wanting; as in the Tulip.

There is frequently a. difference in opinion
among authors in fixing the orders oi some plants,
on account of their numbering the styles different-
ly. As in the Mountain rice (Oryzopsis.) Rich-
ard made it the first order, because the two styles
seemed to unite a little above the germ. But Muh-
lenberg makes it the second order, because they
are at least separable, if not always separate in per-
fect maturity. It grows in abundance abwit New-
Haven, with styles perfectly separate in all stages.
From this example the student will perceive the
importance of looking through all the orders, where
his plant can possibly be found j before he deter-
mines in difficult cases.

Suavis. Sweet, agreeable.

Sub. Used in cojabinatioa as a diminutive. See
somewhat.

SUP

Suberosus. Corky.

Submersed, submenus. Growing under water.

Eubterraneus. Growing and flowering underground.
This may be applied to the shoots of the Polygala
rubella.

Subius. Beneath.

Subulate, subulatus. See awl-form.

Sulunijiorus. Generally one flowered, but sometimes
more.

Sttcculentus, succulent. Juicy, abounding! in juice.
It is also applied to a pulpy leaf, whether juicy or
not.

Succue. See sap.

Sucker. A shoot from the root, by which the plant
may be propagated.

Suffruiex. An under-shrub. A plant whose branch-
es annually die, but the lower part of the stem is
woody and remains ; as the Spirea alba, white
Steeple-busli ; also Sage.

Suffruticosus. Undershrubby.

Sulcate, sulcatus. Furrowed. Marked with deep'
lines.

Sulphtireus. Sulphur-coloured.

Superwis. Exceeding in height.

Superdecompound. See supradecompositus.

Superficies^ See pagina.

Superflua, polygamia. The second order of the
class syngenesia. The florets of the disk are per-
fect, of the ray pistillate. As Life-everlasting,
Wormwood, Tansey, Elecampane, Yarrow, May-
weed.

Superm. Upwards, towards the top.

Superior, superns. A calyx or corol is superior,
when it proceeds from the upper part of the germ.
See germ.

fhipinus. Face upwards. See resupimis.

SYN

Support. See fulcrum.

Supra-axiUaris. See suprafoliaceus.

Supradecompositus. More than decompound ; which
See. When a petiole is divided and the divisions
divided at least once more, and the last divisions
have leafets.

Suprafoliaceus. Inserted above the axil, or base of
the leaf.

Surculus. A little branch or twig. Applied to the
stem or shoot which bears the leaves of mosses*

Sctcre, sutura. A seam-like appearance at the
meeting of two parts; as the valves of pea-pod-

Swimming. See natant.

Sword-form. See ensiform..

Sylvaticus. Growing in woods.

Syloestris. Altogether, wild ; growing in wild woods.

Syngenesia. (Sun, together ; genesis, springing up.)
Anthers growing up together in- an united tubular
set. The name of the eighteenth class, if pohja-
ddphia be rejected, or the nineteenth as established
by Linneus. It comprises all those plants, whose
flowers are compound, having the anthers in each
floret with more or less of their edges adnate; so
that the whole (which are always 5) form a tube.
Formerly the union of the anthers was the only
circumstance noticed in defining this class; which
brought the violet, the cardinal flower, &c. into
it. But now the flower being compound is taken
into consideration ,• which makes a perfectly na-
tural class. The order monogamia, which was al-
lotted to the simple flowers, is of course rejected.
The present orders are Polygamia ce Qttcd is, super-
flua,fmstranea, necessevria and segregata; which,
see.

Synonyms, synonymia. Different names for the same
plant. A list of synonyms has now become essential

SYS

to every publication, containing descriptions of
- plants; on account of the vast multiplication of
names. This is nscribnble to two causes. 1. A
botaanist with but lit tie knowledge of plants,
falls in with a plant which he cannot find out : though
it is familial' to practical botanists, He immediate-
ly gives it a name, ami pulls himself into the face
of the public as the discoverer. 2. Vanity is oft-
en a quality of the indolent. And we find many
vain men, who, feeling a strong desire to be cited
as the authors of something, sit down at home,
and split up and new-name genera and species;
which the)- at length crowd into books to thegceat
injury of the science.
Synopsis. A condensed systematic view of a sub-
ject, or science.
System, sy sterna. An arrangement of natural bod-
ies according to assumed characters ; for the pur-
pose of aiding the mind and meraery in acquiring
and retaining a knowledge of them. Systems have
been proposed in abundance. And we are still in-
fested with system-makers and reformers, which
are among the greatest evils incident to Natural
Science. Any man of ordinary talents may make
a tolerable system in half a day ; that is, sixty
systems per month. But why not adhere to
that which is universally known and established ?
There may be improvements in the Linnean sys-
tem. But let them be adopted with caution, and
on the authority of the oldest and most experien-
ced botanists.

T E M

TceniarMS. Ribbon-form.

Tail. A filiform process terminating a seed, &c\
As the Virgin's bower.

Talea. Sucker.

Tapering. Seeattenuatus.

Targets, peltce. That kind of receptacle of lichens
which is flat, close-pressed, and attached to the
frond by its whole underside, as if glued ; some-
times attached to the bark of the frond. It is broad,
kidney-form, or oblong, rarely irregular; covered
with a thin coloured disk, with no border except
occasionally a very minute accessory one, which
seems to circumscribe it. In an early stage it is
concave, and concealed by a thin gelatinous fuga-
cious membrane, or veil. Smith.

Target-form. See peltate.

Taste. See sapor.

Tectus. Covered.

Teeth op mosses. The outer fringe of the peristo-
mium is generally in 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 divisions,
which are called teeth. See peristomium.

Tegens. Covering.

Tegument. The skin or bark of seeds ; as appears
very distinct on a boiled pea or bean.

Temperature. The degree of heat and cold to which
any place is subject. This is not limited to de-
grees of latitude ; as high mountains iu Pennsyl-
vania produce many plants, most natural about
Hudson's bay. In cold regions white and blue pe-
tals principally prevail,- in warm regions red and
other bright strong colours.

In the spring season white petals predominate j
towards autumn the yellow arc most prevalent.
AVildenov,-,

T E T

Tendril. That kind of appendage, which rs fili-
form and reaches out to grasp bodies to climb
by. As the climbers of grapes and peas.

Tenellus. Tender, delicate and fragile.

Tenuifolius. Slender-leaved.

'Tenuis, Thin and slender.

Teres. See terete.

Terete. Round, columnar, and tapering from the
base to the other end.

Teretiusculus. Somewhat terete.

Tergeminus. tergeminate. Thrice-paired. The pe-
tiole is forked, these branches forked, and the last
branches with paired leafets.

Terminal, terminalis. Proceeding from or occupy-
ing the end of a stem, branch, style, &c.

Terminations. In expressing resemblances it would
greatly lengthen discriptions to introduce words
drawing full-length comparisons. As a leaf re-
rembling the form of an arrow. To avoid this,
terminations united to the substantive word by a
hyphen have been used ; as arrow-shape, or ar-
row-form. I prefer the termination form, ma-
king the whole a compound adjective noun. There
are cases where like becomes a convenient termi-
nation ; as petal-like stigma in the Iris. Here
form or shaped would be inadequate ; as its resem-
blance consists rather in texture and general ap-
pearance, than in shape.

Ternate. Tluee-fold. In threes. This term is al-
so applied to compound leaves, where 3 leafets
proceed from the end of one petiole ; as in the
Strawberry. See biternate and triternate.

Terraneus. Appertaining to the earth.

Terreus. Earth-coloured.

TeSSElate, tesselatus. Chequered.

Teter. Having a disagreeable smelk

THE

TetrAdynAmiA. (Tettares, four ; dunamis, power.)
Four stamens overpowering, or overtopping the
other two. The name of the fourteenth class ; in-
cluding all plants whose flowers contain six sta-
mens, four of which are uniformly longer than the
other two. The corols of this class are always
cruciform. This class is divided into two orders.
siliculosa, and siliquosa ; which see.
Tetradyxamous. Belonging to the class tetrady-

namia.
Tetredra. A 4-sided pod.
Tetragonus. Four-cornered.

Tetragynia. ( Tettares, foiw; gun e,femTi\e.) Fotft-
styled. The fourth order ofeach of the first thir-
teen classes. It contains all the plants of those
classes, whose flowers have four styles or four ses-
sile stigmas. As Holly (ilex.) Pearlwort (sagina,)
Pondweed (potamogetan) in the class tetrandria.
Parnassus grass in the class penfandria. Lizard-
tail (saururus) in the class heptandria.
Tetrandria. (Tettares, four ; andra, male.) Four-
stamened. The name of the fourth class. It com-
prises all plants with perfect flowers, having 4 sta-
mens in each ; which are not united nor regularly
two long and two short.
Tetrandrois. Belonging to, or varying into, the

class tetrandria.
Tetrapetalus. Four petalled.
Tdraphyihis. Calyx with 4 leafets.
Tetraspermus. Having 4 seeds to a flower.
Thalamia. See hollows.

Them. The frond, or whole herbage of lichens.
Theca. The hidden capsules of mosses.
Thecaz. The cases or cells containing the seeds in
the disk of scutclla? and seme other receptacles
of lichens.

O

T R A

Thorn, or spine. A sharp process from the woody
part of a plant. It is an indurated imperfect bud,
which when the plant grows in a rich soil, changes
to a branch. Pears bear thorns in a poor soil,
which disappear in richer. Wildenow.

Thread-form. See filiform.

Three-fold. See ternate.

Thrice-pinnate. See tripinnate.

Thrice-pinnatifid. See tripinnatifid.

Throat. See faux.

Thyrsioides. Flowers disposed in the form of a
nosegay.

Thyrse, thyrsus. See panicle.

Tidge or tige. See caulis.

Tinctorhts. Plants suitable for dyeing or pigments.

Tomentose, tomentosus. Covered with fine downy
or cottony substance matted together. See lanate.

Tongue-form. See linguiform.

Toothed. See dentate.

Toothletted. See denticulate.

Top-form. See turbinate.

Torn. See lacerated.

Torose, torosus. Protuberant. Raised in bunches
or vein-like protuberances or ridges.

Torulose, torulosus. Swelling a little; as the
ridges on a muskmelon.

Torsio. See intorsion.

Tortilis. Se coiled.

Trachea. The air-vessels of Grew. They are spi-
ral channels supposed by Grew to be designed for
receiving and distributing air in the vegetable.

Trailing;. See procumbent.

Transvfrse, transverms. Crosswise. It is applied
to a parti+ion when it meets the valves of a peri-
car;) in any other part than at the sutures.

Trapeziformis. Having four unequal sides.

T R I

Tube (arbor.} A large woody plant. The word
large is very indefinite ; but the distinction be-
tween tree and shrub is very difficult to express.
Perhaps large and small, interpreted according to
the rules relating to parts under Relative propor-
tions, will serve to distinguish trees and shrubs as
well as an elaborate definition. These terms are
not used in specific descriptions. See shrub and
sutfrutex.

Triandria. (Trm three ; andra male.) Three-stamen-
ed. The name of the third class. It includes all
plants whose flowers are perfect, wiih three sta-
mens in each, not growing to the pistil. This class
includes most of the grasses.

Triandrous. Belonging to, or varying into, the. class
triandria.

Triangular, triangularis. Having 3 angles or cor-
ners. It is applied to a leaf with 3 points or cor-
ners.

Tribes, tribus. See gentes and cotyledon.

Tricce. See buttons.

Trichotomus. Three-forked. See forked.

Tricoccus. A 3-seeded capsule ; or rather 3-grained.
It is applied to capsules, which appear as if three,
of one cell and one seed each, were grown together.

Tricuspidatus. Three pointed. See cuspidate.

Triduus. Enduring 3 days.

Trifarius. Facing 3 ways.

Trijidus. Three-cleft. See cleft.

Triflorus. Three- flowered.

Trlfoliatus. Three-leaved.

Triglochis. Three-barbed. See barb.

Trigonus. Three-cornered. See triangular.

Trgynia. (TVm, three; gune, female.) Three-styled.
The name of the third order in each of the first
thirteen classes ; comprising all the plants in those

T R I

orders, whose flowers contain 3 styles or 3 sessile
stigmas in each. As Carpet-weed (mollugo) jn the
3d, Alder in the 5th, Dock in the 6th, Buckwheat
in the 7th, Rhubarb in the 9th, Sandwort in the
10th, Spurge in the 11th, classes.

Trijugits. Three paired.

Trilobus. Three-lobed. See lobed.

Frilocidaris. Thre-celled.

Irinervis. Three-nerved. See nerved.

'Vrinus. Leaves in threes.

Tripartitus. Deeply divided into three parts.

Tripetalus. Three-pe tailed.

Tdphyllus. Three leafets to a calyx.

Tripinnate, Tripinnatus. Having the petiole pin-
nated with other petioles ; and this second range
of petioles supporting a third range w ith leafets.

Tripinnatifid, tripinnatifidiis. A pinnatifid leaf,
with the divisions pinnatifid, and those latter divis-
ions pinnatifid again. See pinnatifid and bipinna-
tifid.

Triplinervis. See trinervis.

Triply-compound. See Supradecompositus.

Triqueter. Three-sided.

Trisperma. Three-seeded.

Crist is. Dull-coloured, melancholy.

Triternate, triternatus. When a petiole is divided
into three branches ; and the branches again di-
vided, each in three parts ; and on each of the last
divisions three leafets. See biternate.

Trivalvis. A pericarp with 3 valves.

Trivascularis. Having three cup-form cells.

Trivial name, trivialia nomina. The name of a
species, not including the discriptive terms. Pres-
ident Smith says, trivial name is now superfluous ;
as specific name is no longer used for the discrip-
tive terms. See specific name.

T U R

Truncate, truncatus. The end appearing as if cut
off. Terminating in a strait edge, either per-
pendicularly or obliquely transverse.

Trunk, trimcus. The bole of a tree. See bole. It
is also applied to the stem of plants not woody ;
and sometimes to the caudex of a root.

Tube. The lower hollow cylinder of a monopela-

lous corol.
Tubercles, tubercula. That kind of receptacle of
lichens, which is spherical or slightly conic, nearly
closed, crustaceous, black; more or less immersed
in the surface of the crustaceous frond, which it
elevates ; or sometimes it is exposed, being
merely sessile. Each contains a ball, or mass, of
connected seeds, destitute of cells, envelloped in a
common membrane. The whole mass of seeds is
at length discharged together by an orifice at the

. top of the tubercle. We often find these tuber-
cles after the seeds are discharged.

Tubercula. See tubercles, This word is sometimes
applied to rough points on leaves, 8zc.

Tuberous, tuberosus. Roots, which are thick and
fleshy, but not of any regularly globular form.
They are knobbed, as potatoe ; oval as Orchis and
some Anemones ; Abrupt, as the bird-foot violet ;
Fascicled, as the Asparagus.

Tubular, tubulatus. Having a tube, or being in the
form of a tube.

Tubulous, tubulosus. That corol of a compound
flower, which forms a whole tube, not a ligulate
floret. It is also applied to a perianth, if the whole
or the lower part is a hollow cylinder.

Tufted. See fascicle.

Tunicate. See coated.

Turbinate, tubinatus. Top-form. A oone with the
point downwards.

02

V A R

Turgid, iurgidus. Thickened, swollen, but not in-
flated.

Turion, tnrio. See gemmation.

Twin. Two connected or growing together.

Twining. Ascending spirally. See dextrorsum and
simstrorsum.

Twisted. See coiled.

Two-ranked, or two-rowed. See distichus.

Vagina. Sheath. That prolongation of a leaf, which
forms a cylinder around the stem. See_sheath.

Vahatus. Resembling the valves of a glume.

Vaginalis. Sheathing.

Vaginatus. Sheathed.

Valve, talva. The several pieces of a pericarp,
which separate naturally on ripening, are called
valves. Also the leaves, or chaffs, of a glume.
Each piece is called a valve. This name is some-
times applied to the scales, which close the tube hi
some corols.

Valvelet, valvula. Little valve.

Variegatus. Variously coloured.

Variety, Varietas. The changes produced among
plants of the same species by accidental causes;
as by soil, situation, culture, climate, &c. These
changes respect magnitude, fullness of flowers, cits-
ping of leaves, colour, taste and smell. If the same
kind of plant can possibly be produced from the
sejed of other kinds, these are but varieties of the
same species. All apples are but varieties of the
same species ; because if the seeds of a sour ap-
ple be planted, they will produce trees bearing sour,
sweet, tart, red, green, large and small apples pre-

V E G

miscuously. But the Quince is a different species *,
because it cannot possibly be produced from ap-
ple seeds.

Vasa, Vessels. The sap-vessels of vegetables have
formed the subject of much enquiry and discussion.
The best summary of the various theories may be
found in Smith's Elements : beginning at the 43d
page. See sap and camb By cutting very thin
transverse segments of aquatic plants and holding
them to the light, considerable practical knowl-
edge may be obtained on this subject.

Vaulted. Arched over like the roof of the mouth ;
as the upper lip of some labiate corols.

Vegetable. An organized substance, whose pro-
creative organs decay before the individual dies.
As in the pea ; the stamens and pistils decay be-
fore the rest of the plant. It is divided into the
fructification, root and herbage. See natural his-
tory.

Vegetable Kingdom. This is the name Linneus
gives to all the subjects of the science of botany.
See natural history.

Vegetable Substance. The elementary principles
of vegetables are principally carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen ; some contain nitrogen.

The proximate principles are very complicated.
1. Gum is a mucillaginous substance ; as Cherry
gum, Arabic gum, &c. Most gums are softening
and sheathing to the stomach, but not very ac-
tive. Professor Siliiman found the gum of sassafras
(laurus sassafras) the most effectual remedy for his
eyes, after they had been greatly injured by the
explosion of fulminating silver. 2. Resin, is found
in most pines. -In a more refined and volatile state
it becomes the true balsam; but the substance usu-
ally called balsam is a coarse mixture of resin and

VER

volatile oil. Resin and gum combined was the
substance burned, when frankincence offerings were
made by the Jews. 3. Starch, is the most nutri-
tious part of vegetables. The Potatoe consists al-
most entirely of starch crystals. The starch should
be washed out of flour in making paste; which
can be clone best after the paste is raised by a little
yeast. It then leaves the gluten almost pure, and
very strongly adhesive. [Extract from M. S. notes
taken at Professor Silliman's lectures in March
1816.]

Incipient germination seems to increase the pro-
portion of gluten and diminish that of the starch.
For flour made of grain, which had began to
sprout in the field during a wet harvest, is very ad-
hesive, when manufactured into dough.
Veil. See calyptra.

Velhis. Fleecy, or a fleece. This term is also ap-
plied to that kind of clouds which float swiftly about
the sky, without any strait side, and resemble an
open fleece of wool. See cirrous and natural
history.
Veined, venosus. A leaf with the ribs or tendonous

fibres variously branched.
Ventricose, ventricosus. Swelling out as if blown up

with wind. Or rather bellied out. See inflated.
Ventriculosus. A little ventricose.
Vemalis. Coming forth early in the spring.
Vernation, vernatio. See foliation.
Verruca. Variously formed protuberances, solid and
usually smooth, on the crust of some lichens.
Sometimes the receptacles grow on them.
Verrucose, verrucosus. Warty. Having little war-
ty knob-like substances on the surface.
Versatile, versatilis. Lying horizontally and mo-
ving freely on a point. Particularly applied to
anthers lying on the point of the fillament.

V I N

Vertex. The summit.

Vertical, verticaUs. Standing or hanging up and
down at right angles with the horizon 5 or paral-
lel to the stem.
Verticillatus. See whorled.
Versicular, versicularis. Containing, or consisting

of, a cellular substance.
Vessels. See vasa.
Vexillum. See banner.

VigilioR plantarum. The determined hours of the
day, when certain plants expand and shut their
flowers. See sleep.
Villose, villosus. Having a superficial covering of
long soft whitish hairs. Thecaryptra of some mosses
consists wholly of a mat of hairs.
Villus. Fine soft hairs.

Vimen. A withe. A twig which is slender and flex-
ible.
Violaceus. Violet coloured.
Virescens. Inclining to green.
Virgalus. Wand-like. Slender rod.
Viridis. Green.
Virgultum. Small twig.
Virosus. Nauceous disgusting smell.
Viscid, viscidus. Covered superficially with a tena-

ceous juice.
Viscidity, viscositas. Clamminess. Possessing an

adhesive quality.
Vitellines. Yellow with a tinge of red.
Vitellus. A thin substance in the seeds of some plants,
closely connected with the embryo, but never ri-
sing out of the ground with it in germination. It is
never in plants with genuine ascending cotyledons ;
and perhaps it may serve to perform the functions
of cotyledons. It is between the albumen and em-
bryo, when albumen is present. It comperes the
bulk of the seeds of Mosses and Ferns. Smith.

UNI

Vitreus. Glassy, colourless. See hyaline.
Viviparous. Producing its offspring alive, either by

bulbs instead of seeds or by seeds germinating on

the plant.
Uliginosus. Growing in damp places.
Ulna. Arm's length.
Umbel, wnbella. That kind of inflorescence, where

several flower-stems diverge from one place, like

the braces of an umbrella ; bearing florets on their

extremities. If these flower-stems are subdivided,

a partial umbel is formed.
Umbelliferous. Bearing umbels ; as Carrot, Dill,

Fennel.
Umbellet, unibellula. A partial or lesser umbel.
Umbilicus. A navel.
Umilicatus. Navelled. Having a kind of central

roundish hollow or protuberance ; as on the end

of an apple, or of a pumpkin.
Umbonatus. See bossed.
Unangulatus. One-angled.
Un\rmed. Having no thorns nor prickles.
Unci&lvs. As long as the thumb-nail.
Uncinate, uncinatus. Hooked at the end. See

ham us.
XJnchiosus. Greasy, unctious.
Undulate, undulatus or undalus. Wavy. Rising

and falling, or extending and receding in waves.
Undershbub. See scffrutex.
Undivided. See mdivisus.
Unequal. The parts not corresponding in size, form

and duration.
Unguiculatus. A petal v itli a daw.
Unguis. A claw, which see.
Ungulate, ungidatus. In the form of a horse's hoof;

as the common touch-wood (boleteus igniarius.)
Unicapsidaris. Having one capsule to each flower.

WAN

Unicus. Single. Only one.

Uniftonts. One-flowered.

Utiiformis. All parts alike, or corresponding.

Unilahiatus. One-lipped.

Unilateral, unilatcraUs. See one-sided.

Uniloadaris. One-celled.

Unisexus. Either staminate or pistillate, not perfect.

Univalvis. One-valved.

Univascularis. Having one cup-form cell.

Universal, universalis. See partial.

Volva. The ring or wrapper of some fungus plants,
which contracts in size as the plant grows older ;
as the mushroom. Wildenow calls that the volva
only, which encloses the fungus in the young state,
and remains close upon the ground ever after. The
ring around the stem above, he calls anmdus. See
ring.

Volubilis. See twining.
• Upright. See erect.

Urcelatus. Bellying out like a pitcher, and not
contracting much at top.

Urens. Stinging, armed with stings.
'Urn-form. Swelling in the middle and contracting

at the top ; as the calyx of the Rose.
i Ustilago. Smut in grain.

IUtricles. The little bag-like reservoirs for sap.
i U'riculus. A little bladder.
i Utrinque acutus. Sharpening at both ends.

glaber, villosus, &c. sleek, downy, &c. both

sides.

W

Wand-like. See virgatus.
Waveb or wavy. See undulate.

Z I G

Wedge-form. Obovate with straitish sides.

Wheel-form. A monopetalous corol with a spread"
ing border and an extremely short tube.

Whorled. Surrounding the stem in numbers at in-
tervals ; as the leaves of Bedstraw, and the flow-
ers of Motherwort.

Wings. The two side petals in a papilionaceous
corol.

It is also applied to the membranes affixed to
seeds or pericarps. Monopterygia, 1- winged. Dip-
terygia, 2- winged. Tripterygia, 3- winged. Tetrap-
terygia, 4-winged. Pentapterygia, 5-winged. Po-
lypterygia, many-winged.

Withering. Haying a shrivelled and decaying ap-
pearance, though not actually in a state of decay ;
as the flowers of elm (ulmus.)

Wood. The most solid part of trunks and roots of*
trees and shrubs. It is also applied to the part of
herbaceous plants between the bark and pith.

Woody. Not herbaceous.

Woolly. See lanate.

Wrinkled. See rugose.

Writhed. See coiled.

Wythe. See vimen.

Z

Zigzag. See fluxuose-

ERRATA.

Under Calyx, insert germ, between u the" and
M receptacle."

Under Omb, erase u killed " and insert" injured"
Under Diverging, insert almost between " form,;
and "a right."

" Faniculus" should be Funiculus, and stand be-
tween Fungus and Funnel-form.

Under Gemmatis, alter "germation"to gemmation.
" Mane" should be Male.

Under Ovate instead of " one end/' read the end
next to the Stem.

Under Parenchyma erase " pubescence" and in-
sert substance.

Versicular should be Vesicular.
Umilicatus should be Umbilicatus,
Urcelatus should be Urceolatus.

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