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THE

Botanical Gazette.

EDITOR :

JOHN M. COULTER,

Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind.

ASSOCIATE EDITORS :

C. R. BARNES, J. C. ARTHUR.

Purdue University, LaFayette, Ini>. Charles City, Iowa.

Volumes VII & VIII.

INDIANAPOLIS:

CARLON & HOLLENBECK, PRINTERS AND BINDERS.

1882—1883.

X6

INDEX TO VOLUMES VII AND VIII.

SUBJECTS

Page.

Acids and Cellulose 59, 87

Additions to N. Am. Flora 5

jEsculus glabra, Notes on 245

Alaska ferns 96, 160

Albinism in Gentiana crinita 135

Ambrosia trifida 40

Anthemis Cotula, Abnormal 318

Aquilegia longissima 295, 319

Aralia racemosa 122, 123

Arizona, Botanist in 8

Arkansas, Forestry Notes 354

Arkansas, Second spring in 12

Articles in Journals, 180, 196, 216, 232, 248, 268
288, 304, 324, 344

Asteroma Pringlei, n. sp. (Peck) 55

Aster or Solidago? 238

Astragalus mollissimus 76

Australian Big Trees 138

Autumn Color of the Bartram Oak 10

"Drt r,+ OM o '31-1

Baldwin, Dr. Wmi (biogi'sketeh) 233

Ballast Plants in Boston and vicinity 188

Bartram Oak, Autumn Color 10

Beitriige zur Morphologie und Physiolo-

gie der Pilze 81

Bentham's "Notes on Graminepe" 2

Bigelow, Jacob (biog. sketch) 217

Botanical Laboratory 7

Botanists and Botanizing in Minne-
apolis 296

Botanist in Arizona 8

Botanizing on Comanche's Peak, Texas 47

Botrychium matriearirefolium 79

Buckeye, Notes on 260

California, Notes from 93

California Plants 33, 175, 203, 255, 283

Campanula planiflora, n. sp. (Eng.) 5

Camptosorus rhizophyllus.var. interme-
dins, n. v. (Arthur) (plate) 199

Canada, Notes from 95

Cantharus Morgani, n. sp. (Peck) 43

Castor-oil wood 226

Cell-state 143

Chloranthy of Ranunculus Calfornicus.. 246

Chlorophyll, Animal and Vegetable 123

Chlorophyll corpuscles and pigment

bodies 297

Chorisisin Podophyllum 259

Chrysogonum Virginianum, var. denta-

tum, n. v. (Gray) 31

Classification of Plants 281

Clematis, Abnormal 319

Clematis, Revision of genus 265

Colors of Flowers 214

Compound Crystals of Begonia 10

Conierte, Female Flowers of (Eichler) 39, 104

Conifers, Notes on Western 4

Coreopis Curious growth of 72

Cratsegi, Black-fruited and a new species 127
Crataegus brachyacantha, n. sp. (Eng.)... 128
Cross-fertilization, structures which favor 195

Page.
Cundurango 260

Current Literature.

Allen's (Grant) "Colors of Flowers"... 214

Arthur's "Description of Iowa Uromy-
ces and some Algaj supposed to be
poisonous" 266

Arthur's "Flora of Floyd co., Iowa 127

Bailev's "Report on Michigan Forest
Fires of 1881" 360

Belfleld's "Relations of Micro-organ-
isms to Disease" 287

Bentham and Hooker's "Genera Plan-
tarum" 267

Brendel's "Flora Peoriana" 343

Bryant's "Fringed Gentian" 343

Burrill's "Bacteria" 214

Chapman's "Supplement" 195

Christ's "Flore de la Suisse et ses
origines" 343

Darwin's "Power possessed by leaves
of placing themselves at right
angles to the direction of incident
light" 45

Davenport's "Supplement to Fern Cat-
alogue" 287

DeBary and Woronin's "Beitrage zur
Morphologie und Physiologie der
Pilze (Ustilaginese)" 81

DeCandolle's "Nouvelles Remarques
sur la Nomenclature Botanique".. 304

Eichler's "Leber die weiblichen Blu-
then der Coniferen" 39

Ellis' "N. Am. Fungi, Cent, 10 and 11" 266

Englemann's "Genus Isoetes" 52

Farlow's "Notes on some species in
the 3d and 11th cent, Ellis' N. Am.
Fungi" 302

Gradle's "Bacteria and Germ-theory
of Disease" 287

Gray's "Contributions to N. Am. Bot
any. Proc. Am. Acad. 17" 100

Jackson's "Flora of Worcester county,
Mass" 359

James' "Revision of U. S. Clematis" 265

Lea and Berkeley's "Descriptions of
new species of Fungi collected in
vicinity of Cinoinati (reprinted)" 164

Lectures to Employes of the B. & O.
R. R., by Martin, Bewail, Sedgwick
and Brooks 266

Macoun's "Catalogue of Canadian
Plants. Parti. Polypetahe" 360

Morgan's "Mycologic Flora of the Mi-
ami Valley, Ohio" 231

Peck's "33d and 34th Ann. Report as
State Botanist" 359

Penhallow's "Tables for the use of
students and beginners in the
study of Vegetable Histology" 232

Poulson's "Botanische Mikrochemie" 287

Ridgwav's "Native Trees of the Lower
Wabash, in 111. and Ind." 102

7229M

INDEX.

Page.
Current Literature.
Trele&se's "Structures which favor
cross - fertilization in certain

plants" 195

Tuckerman's "Synopsis of N. Am.

Lichens" 58

Yasev's "Crasses of the U.S." 303

Ward's "Guide to the Flora of Wash-
ington and vicinity" 66

Watson's "Contribution to Am. Bot-

anv, PrOC. Am. Acad. 17 & 18" ..101, 303
Wenzig's "Revision of the genus Frax-

inu&" 264

Cyclamen, Anthesis of 211

Cycloderma Ohioensis Cke. & Morgan... 209

Cyperus, Schedule fur study of 210

Cyst opus 334

Darwin, Charles (notice of death) 51

Decaisne, Joseph (notice of death) 19

Decumaria barbara 99

Dentaria a subgenus of Cardamine 206

Dichogamy of Umbelliferse 70

Discharging ascospores 160, 246

Distribution of tendrils in the bud (ill.) 10

Doassansia Epilobii, n. sp. (Farlow) 2/7

Dothidea Dasylirii, n. sp. (Peck) 57

" Pringlei, n. sp. (Peck) 57

Edible plants, Notes on 316, 325, 352

Ejection of seed in Cereus Emoryi 159

Elastic stamens in Urtica 176

Eleocharis dispar., n.sp. (Hill) 3

Elliot, Stephen (biog. sketch) 249

Embryo-sac of Mimoseas 71

English plant-names 2

Entyloma Besseyi, n. sp. (Farlow) 275

Compositarum, n. sp. (Far-
low) 275

" Lobeli», n. sp. (Farlow) 275

" Menispermi, n. sp. (Farlow).. 275

Epipactis Helleborine 124

Epidendrum cochleatu..m 144

Epiphegus Virginiana ...11, 154 (with plate)

Equisetum vanegatum 76

Eriodietvon glutinosum, illustrating evo-
lution (with plate) 1S4

Eriogonum alpinum, n. sp. (Eng.).. 6

Ferns. Album of living 117, 123

Fern Distribution in U. S 226

Fern history, A bit of 60

Ferns of Alaska 96

Perns of Iowa 73

Fertilization of Serophularia 2

Fig and Capriflg 280

Flora of Lincoln co., Miss 74, 79

Flora of Madagascar 11

Flora of N. America 129, 139

flora of Washington and vicinity 66

Florida notes 356

Forest tires 145, 176

Forestry notes from Ark 354

Fossil botany 14

Franconia, Notes from 157

Frazinus, Revision of genus 264

Freshmen, Notes of 170

Fresh water algse 224, 246

Fungi, Early 76

Fungi, New species 43, 54

Oalinsoga parviflora 283

Gentiana crinita 135, 159

Genera Plantarum 298

Githopsls .,. 40

Gleditschia triacanthos, Curious growth

(illustrated) 88

Page

Gonolobns Shortii 191

Grape-mildew in Europe 30, 42

Grasses, changes in nomenclature 48

Grasses, new species 32, 92

Grasses of the U. S 319

Greenland Flora 27

Hall, Elihu (notice of death) 126

Harvard, Botany at 20o

Helianthns Maximiliani 339

Hendersonia Cerei, n. sp. (Peck) 55

Hepatica? of N. Am 18

Hibernaculum of Asaruni Canadense

(illustrated) 152

Hibiscus Moschentos and H. roseus 244

Hieracium aurantiacum 7

Hymenochtsete multispinulosa, n. sp.

(Peek) 54

Hymenula Lychnidis, n. sp. (Peck) 54

Illinois, Notes from 103

Immigrants 109

Indiana plants 187, 285

Injurious parastic plants 298

Introduced plants at Rockford, 111 68

Iowa, Flora of Floyd co 127

Iowa, Notes from 85

Isoetes, The Genus 52

James, Thos. P (notice of death) 37

Jasminum odoratissimum 64

Juncus canaliculars, n. sp. (Eng.) 6

Kentucky Fungi 156

Laboratory notes 35

Lactuca Scariola 136, 159

Laticiferous vessels, Development of... 72

Lathyrus palustris, Abnormal 112

Leaves of aquatic plants 67

Leaves placing themselves at right an-
gles to direction of incident light 45

Leaves, Shapes of 227

LeConte, John Eatton (biog. sketch) 197

Letter from Dr. Torrey to A. Eaton...289, 317

Lichens, Synopsis of N. Am 58

Lignifled snake from Brazil 153

Linnsea borealis 112

Liquid exudations in Mahonia 175

List of N. Am. Hepticse 19

Lycoperdon pachydermum, n. sp.(Peck) 54

Madagascar, Flora of 11

Mallow-rust, Spread of 342

Malvastrum angustum 24, 111

Melampyrum Virginicum 356

Menyanthes trifoliatum 147

Merulius rubellus, n. sp. (Peck) 44

Michaux, Andre (biog. sketch) 181

Michigan plants, Limits of 105

Michigan, Plants of Belle Isle 202

Microscope, Two classes of workers 15

Mimulus dentatus 112

Minneapolis Meeting of A. A. A. S ...291, 296

Mississippi, Flora of Lincoln co 74, 79

Mississippi Pine Barrens 43

Missouri, Notes from 24

Mistletoe 21

Mitella diphylla 296

Moisture on Pine, Effects of 281

Morphological notes (illust.) 240

Morphology of spines 338

Movement of water in plants 260

Mt. Lafayette, N. II., Notes from 108

Muhlenbergia glomerata.var. brevifolia,

n. v. (Vasey) 92

INDEX.

Page.
Muhlenbergia setifolia, n. sp., (Vasey)... 92
" sylvatica, var. Califor-

nica, n.v. (Vasey) 93

Miiller, Hermann (Notice of death) 320

Mycologic Flora of Miami Valley, O.... 231

Necrology for '80, '81 and part of '82 51

Nectar-glands on leaves 339

North Am. Botanists 149, 165, 181, 197, 217

233 249 269. k

NortlfAmfBotany, Contributions to.100, 101

North Am. Flora, Additions to 5

North Am. Hepaticee, with list 18

Ohio, Notes from 24

Origin of vernal flora 146

Ornamental trees for Mass 2

Osmunda cinnamomea, var. frondosa... 86

Parasitic plants 298

Parishella Californica 94

Parker, Chas. F. (notice of death) 321

Pastinaca sativa proterandrous 24, 26

Peridermium filamentosum, n. sp.

(Peck.) 56

Perkins, Chas. E. (notice of death.) 358

Peronospora 309

" Arthuri, n. sp. (Farlow) 315

" Claytonise, n. sp. (Farlow).. 314

Illinoensis, n. sp. (Farlow).. 332

" Lophanthi, n. sp. (Farlow).. 333

" Sicyicola, n. sp. (Trelease).. 331

Peronosporese of the U. S 305, 327

Phallus togatus, n. sp. (Kalch.) (with

plate) 223, 258

Pholisma arenaria, Nutt 64

Physostegia .Virginiana, Notes on Ill

Phytolacca decandra 11

Phytophthora 309

Pileolaria effusa, n. sp. (Peck) 55

Plantago pusilla 175

Plants .and metallic oxides 79

Plucheas 45

Poa Bolanderi, n. sp. (Vasey) 32

" pulchella, n. sp. (Vasey) 32

Polyporus fraxinophilus, n. sp. (Peck).. 43
reniformis, n. sp. (Morgan)... 135

Popular Botany 209

Postage on botanical specimens 73, 97

Poulson's Botanische Mikrochemie 287

Proterandry in Amarvllis regina 42

Marked (illust.) 160

Proterogyny inSparganium eurycarpum 100
Protoplasmic movement, Conditions of.. 225

Puccinia Boisduvalise, n. sp. (Peck) 45

" Brandegii, n. sp. (Peck) 44

" Gayophyti, n. sp. (Peck) 56

" heterospora B. & C 356

Raflnesque, C. S. (biog. sketch,) 149, 177, 191

Ranunculus 47

Notes on (illust.) 57

Red-bud, a large 36

Reply to Emesby 8

Resinous matter in plants 78

Page

Respiration in plants 84

Rhode Island, Notes from 296

Rhododendron Vaseyi, Gray 282

Rhus Toxicodendron, A large -245

Riddell, John Leonard (biog. sketch) 269

Rudbeckia, Depauperate 41

Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana 129

" Sitchensis and its affinities 25

Sarcodes sanguinea 284

Second Spring in Arkansas 12

Sections of wood for schools 337

Seeds, Latent vitality of 88, 121

Seleniaaurea 57

Siberian vegetation 16

Solanum Fendleri 208

Spines, Morphology of 338

Staining vegetable tissues 15

Stamens of Heteranthera reniformis 209

Stellaria obtusa, n. sp. (Eng.) 5

Stigma of Catalpa 191

" " Martynia, Sensitive 208

Stipa Parishii, n. sp. (Vasey) 33

Stipules in Saxifragacese 245

Strawberries, One-leaved 340

Structure and growth of cell-wall 172

Supplement to Chapman's Botany 195

Synopsis of N. Am. Lichens 58

Teichospora aridophylla, n. sp. (Peck.).. 57

Tendrils in the bud (illust.) 10

Teratological Notes (illust.) 242

Texas, Botanizing in 47

Thistledown 278

Torrey, John (biog. sketch) 165, 208

Trees of the Lower Wabash 102, 345

Trichobasis Helianthella?, n. sp. (Peck.). 45

" Wyethife, n. sp. (Peck) 45

Trifolium hybridum 121

Tubers 148

Uromyces compacta, n. sp. (Peck) 56

" Jonesii, n. sp. (Peck) 45

" versatilis n. sp. (Peck) 56

Ustilaginete of U. S., Some notes on. ..271, 318
Ustilago cylindrica, n. sp. (Peck) 55

Vegetable histology, Tables in.-. 232

Veratrum Woodii 79

Viburnum nudum 260

Vincetoxicum 245

Viola Beckwithii, var. trinervata, n. v.

(Howell) 207

Virginia Creeper, Notes on, 201

Vitality of Seeds 88, 121

Vitis palmata, Vahl 254

Water-pores of Fuchsia (illust.) 210

White Pine 38

Woodsia Plummerse, n. sp. (Lemmon)... 6

Yucca elata, n. sp. (Eng.) 17

" macrocarpa 17

" Notes on 1'

FXDKX.

AUTH

- Page.

Allen, Win. S .*•*£ 966

Arthur, J. C 10, 88, 127, 199, 283, 294, 296

339.
Austin, Mrs. R. M 284

Ballev, L. H., Jr 105, 109, 176, 217, 269

Bailey, W. \V 64, 108, 122, 147, 156, 159, 208

210, 259, 284, 296, 319.

Barnes, Chas. R 35, 160, 210, 227, 260, 318

Bastin, E. S 294

Beal, W. J HO, 293, 294

Bebb, M. S 25, 68, 129, 191

Boltwood, II. L 24

Burgess, T. J. W 95, 135

Bush, Frank 24, 111

Calkins. W. W 144

Clavpolc, B. W 298

Cleveland, D 264

Cohn, Ferdinand 143

Coulter. John M 10, 84, 100, 101, 102, 111

123, 149, 181, 211, 226, 245, 291,294, 297

298, 299.

Cratty, R. J 85

Cusiek, Wm. C 176

Davenport, Geo. E 60,96,135, 160

Davis, J. 3 339

Day. David F 124, 159

Dudley, W. R 294

Emesby 8, 27

Engelman, Geo 4, 5, 14, 17, 104, 127, 175

254, 337, 338.

Fallow, W. G 30, 42, 224, 246, 258, 271

295. 305, 318, 327.

Fergus, S. T 11, 154, 356

Flint. Martha B 43, 74, 79

Foerste, Aug. F 24, 40, 67, 70, 112, 136

148, 152, 202, 240, 245, 259, 296.

Gannett, Henrv 114

Gerard. W. R 165

Goodale, Geo. L 39

Gray, Asa 27, 81, 40, 45, 47, 94, 112, 129

139, 153, 191, 197, 244,245, 260, 264, 282

295 :!17.

Greene, Edward L 93, 203, 255

Harger, Edward B 208

Harvey, F. L 12, 57, 88, 354

Hill, E. .1 3, 87, 187, 238

Holway, E. W 160

ORS.

Page

Howell, Thos 207

Hubbard, R. S 159

James, Joseph F 41, 121, 122, 206, 289, 294

Jones, Marcus, E 33, 283

Kalchbrenner, C 225

Knapp, Miss M 278

Lemmon, J. G 6, 117

Lockwood, Samuel 11

Martindale, Isaac C 86

Meehan, Thos 7, 10, 21, 159, 175, 177, 191

201, 208.

Mevncke, O. M 36

Morgan, A. P 79, 135, 156

Morgan, L. V 246

Morgan, R. T 72

Murtfeldt, Miss M. E 294

Peck, Chas. H 43, 54

Penhallow, D. P 293

Perkins, Chas. E 188

Porter, Thos. C 76

Prentiss, A. N 226

Rattan, Volney 175, 246

Rau, Eugene A 223

Ravenel, H.W 249

Redfield, J. H 233, 317

Reverchon, J 48

Richardson, C 295

Ridgwav, Robert 345

Rothrock, J. T 8, 184, 208

Sargent, C. S 145

Sehneck, J «... 242

Seymour, A. B 76, 103, 356

Shoemaker, Lizzie 60

Sturtevant, E. L 293, 316, 325, 340, 352

Taylor, J. E 146

Trelease, Wm 26, 71, 73, 319

Troop, J 42, 205

Underwood, L. M 18, 70

Vasey, Geo 32, 92, 319

Ward, Lester F 97, 99, 100

Werthner, Wm 260

Wood, Marv E 73

ggfBOTAJWg
"*?*. 0 L U B.

^ew yo?

Vol. VII, No. i.

Botanical Gazette.

A PAPER OF

Botanical Notes

TERMS— SINGLE NUMBERS 10 CENTS.

YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, $1.00

CONTENTS

Page.

Editorial l

Eleocharis dispar, n. sp. E. J. Hill — 3

Notes on Western Conifers.. G. Engel-

mann i

Some Additions to the X. Am. Flora.
G. Engelmann ........ 5

Woodsia Plumm.-ra\ ft. sp. J. G Lem-
mon. . . . . . <i

Another Botanical Laboratory 7

Ilieracinm aurantiacum. Thos. Mee-

han. 7

A Reply to Emesby. J. T. Rothrock... 8

Page

The Botanist in Arizona 8

Disposition of Tendrils in the Bud. J.
C. Arthur 10

Autumn Color of the Bar tram Oak.

Thos. Jleehan 10

The Compound Crystals of Begonia.

JM.C .... 10

The Flora of Madagascar 11

Epiphegus Virgiuiana. S. T. Fergus.. 11
Phytolacca decandia. S. Lockwood. . .11
A Second Spring in Ark. F. L. Har-
vey .' . . . 12

JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind.y
M. S. COULTER, Logamport, Ind.,

Editors atitl I'libtinhcrs.

CR A W r'OKDSVILLE, iND.

REVIEW STEAM BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS

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Orders addressed to the under-
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VOLUME III.

'Firms. — Subscription, $1 per
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The paper will be invariably
stopped when the subscription has
expired. All subscriptions, unless
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Address,

JOHN M. COULTER,

Crawfordsville, Ind.

The Gazette for 1882 will continue
to be devoted to the interests of botan-
ists in general. Not being restricted to
any department, any subject that re-
lates to the science will be found in its
pages. We ask the aid of botanists in

making the Gazette indispensable to
every working botanist. We are anx-
ious to receive from all any notes that
are worthy of record and any informa-
tion of general interest to botanists. As
an advertising medium for the sale of;
plants, or botanical books and instru- I
ments, the Gazette cannot be excell- I

ed.

Let botanists use their influence in

our favor with botanical friends, not
for charity's sake, for the Gazette is
self-supporting, but that its usefulness
may be increased and that it may be-
come even a more complete index to
the botanical activity of this country.
Sample copies will be mailed upon
application.

J. M. COULTER,

Crawfordsville, Ind.

Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VII. JANUARY, 1882. No. 1.

Editorial. — We make no promises for Vol. VII, except that it
shall lie better than any before it. With the last volume the catalogue
of Indiana plants was published in the fiirm of extras. Some material
is now in hand to be published with the present volume, of even more
general interest, and we feel confident that the one dollar subscription
will be thought but a small return for value received.

M. Crie, before the Academy of Sciences of Paris, in a paper "On
some new cases of phosphorescence in plants," reported for the first
time emission of light in certain of the Ascomycetes.

Rev. A. B. Langlois has just published a list of the very inter-
esting plants found in Plaquemines County, La. The list numbers
456, and of course the author does not claim that it is complete.

Mr. J. F. James, of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History,
has, in the last Journal of that Society, a paper on the variability of
the acorns of Quercus macrocarpa. He has sketched eight very different
looking acorns as belonging to this single species.

Mr. Aug. Foerste, of Dayton, Ohio, writes that Mr. Samuel Wel-
ter, a farmer near Centreville, brought him a Lycoperdon %iganteumx 20
inches in diameter, with a vertical diameter of 15 inches. It weighs
17^ pounds and was just beginning to turn yellowish green.

Mr. John Robinson has published a list of the dates of flowering
of trees and shrubs in Eastern Massachusetts in 1880. Although the
Red and White Maples showed flowers in January on account of a few
warm days, the season of flowers did not begin before the first ot
April.

The genera of Composite changed by Bentham and Hooker
areas follows: Manila becomes An/hemis, Leucanthemum becomes
Chrysanthemum, Cacalia becomes Senecio, Lappa becomes Arctium,
Cynthia becomes Krigia, Mulgedium becomes Lactuca, Nabalus be-
comes Prenanthes.

We take pleasure in calling the attention of our subscribers to
the advertisement of W. N. Suksdorf. The plants he offers for sale so
reasonably are very fine, as some large bundles just received abun-
dantly testify. He has many new species, though he is in doubt how
long species are considered new.

Mr. A. H. Curtiss has just sent out Fascicle V of his invaluable
Florida collections. It contains several new species and very many
not in Dr Chapman's Manual. No sooner is the work off hands than
this indefatiguable collector is off again to South Florida, whose flora
he intends to complete with Fascicle VI.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

The full text of Sir Joseph D. Hooker's address on "Geograph-
ical Distribution," before the Geographical Section of the British
Association last year at York, has come to hand and proves to be what
a!l expected, a complete and compact review of the subject. Much
more information is given in its d >zen pages than can sometimes
be gleaned from whole volumes of more pretentious style.

Mr. S. B. Buckley has notes upon some Texas oiks in the
Proc. Phil Acad., Part II, 1S81. His Que reus Durandii, which Dr.
Engelmann regards as one of the varielies of Q. undulata, he still holds
as good, though in spite of a fling at closet workers, it takes a good
deal of temerity to dispute Dr. Engelmann's decisions among the oaks.
In the same paper Q. Txana is reduced to a variety ot Q. rubra, but
by others it is regarded as Q. pahtstris.

In the Torrey Bulletin for December, Mr. William Trelease
has a valuable paper on the "Fertilization of Scrophularia," and in
conclusion makes the following summary: i. The flowers are
adapted by their coloring, odor, nectar, form and protogyny to cross-
fertilization by wasps ; 2, in case the insects fail to do their part,
self-fertilization is fairly well assured, though we have known it to
tail occasionally ; 3, the existence of species which are adapted to
close fertilization without a previous chance for crossing remains to be
proved ; 4, cleistogene flowers are produced, so far as we know, by
only one species, S. arguta.

Prof. John Earle, of the University of Oxford, has written a
little book upon "English Plant-Names from the Tenth to the Fif-
teenth Century." A single sentence will tell its general bearing.
"Plant names are often of the highest antiquity and more or less com-
mon to the whole stream of related nations. Could we penetrate to
the original suggestive idea that called forth the name, it would bring
valuable information about the first openings of the human mind
towards Nature ; and the merest dream of such a discovery invests
with a strange charm the words that could tell, if we could understand,
so much of the forgotten infancy of the human race."

Mr. John Robinson read a paper before the Mass. State Board
of Agriculture upon the subject, "Ornamental Trees for Massachusetts
Plantations," which has just appeared in pamphlet form. Mr. Robin-
son sums up his principal points as follows: I. That, for planting in
New England, our own New England trees are, with few exceptions,
the best. II. That, in addition co the New England trees, we can
safely make use of the many beautiful and useful trees which abound
in the forests of the Middle States and the Alleghany Mountains; and
that to these Eastern species may be joined a few trees of unsurpass-
ed beauty in the Rocky Mountain region. III. For exotic species,
with which to add variety and interest to a plantation, we must look
to Eastern Asia rather than to Western Europe.

Mr. Geo. Bentham, last November, read before the Linnean So-
ciety a paper entitled "Notes on the Gramineoe" of which an abstact
appears in the last Journal of Botany. When Mr. Bentham speaks we
all listen. In this paper, the author first mentions the fact of many
bad species having been established. Then is given a sketch of the

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

3

views of Linnaeus, Robert Brown, whose name seems to be synony-
mous with "sagacity," Kunth, Trineus, Nees von Esenbeck, etc.
The statement that Steudel's "Enumeratio Plantarum Glumacearum"
is the worst production of the kind he has ever met with is very in-
structive. The law of priority is sensibly set aside in certain well
known genera, and Sorghum is retained rather than the earlier Blu-
menbachia, Cynodon instead of Fibrichia, etc. The arrangement in
tribes is as follows : —

A.

Panice^.

B.

POA«

ZEM.

Tribus i . Panicece.

Tribus

7-

Phalaridece

" 2. Maydece.

< i

8.

Agrostidece.

" 3. Oryzece.

i 1

9-

Isachnece.

" 4 . Tristcginece.

c <

10.

Avenece.

5. Zoysiece.

t .

1 1.

Chloridece.

" 6. Andropogonece.

1 i

[2.

Festucece.

i 1

l3-

Hordea.

« ;

14.

Bambusa.

Eleocliai'is (lispar, 11. SJJ. -Culms slender, roundish, several
from the same root, erect or ascending, or with some of the shorter
ones recurved, very unequal in length, 1^-8 inches high, mostly 1-4
inches Roots fibrous, tufted, annual. Spikes ovate to ovate-oblong,
obtuse, 1-3 lines long, 15 to 40 flowered; scales thickish, firm, oval,
obtuse, brown with paler margins; keel green, becoming lighter col-
ored with age. Stamens 2, style 2 cleft. Bristles 6-8, downwardly
barbed, mostly shorter than the achenium. but variable in length.
Achenium biconvex, obovate, shining, brown to nearly black, rough-
ened with oblong striae, tipped with a flattened or saucer-shaped
tubercle.

In sand or gravel near the margins of "sloughs," August and
September, Whiting, Lake Co., Ind.

The plant may mature its fruit in shallow water, but during the
two seasons in which it has been observed, it was found only in the
dry bottom of a shallow pond. It was first detected in August, 1880.
Looking for it in the early part of July ot the present year, when the
bottom of the pond was covered with water, the plants had apparent-
ly started, as was indicated by tufts of short stems that could not be
identified with any other plants growing there. It is most like E.
multiflora, Chapman, a Florida plant, but differs in several characters,
particularly in the presence of bristles and fewer flowers in a head.
One of the most striking peculiarities is the remarkable difference in
the length of the culms, some of the heads being scarcely above the
surface of the ground, or nearly sessile on the root, on stems, barely
%. of an inch long, while other stems from the same root may be 8
inches high. Since the short stems bear ripe fruit, they have evi-
dently attained their growth. The plant seems to germinate in the
water, but to mature its fruit when the water fails. — E. J. Hill, En-
gltwood, HI., Dec, r88r.

4 BOTANICAL GAZET1E.

Notes 011 Western Conifers.— In another publication I in-
tend to give a full account of the observations on Coniferae made in
the Pacific States, when with Prof. Sargent and Dr. Parry I explor-
ed their forests, but it seems proper that I should not withhold any
longer the principal results arrived at.

Abies amabilis, (Douglas) Forbes, is not a variety of A. grandis as
I had assumed, but a very distinct species peculiar to the higher
mountains of the Cascade Range from Oregon to British Columbia.
It is easily recognized by its dense, dark green, glossy leaves, very
white underneath, usually emarginate, but on the fertile branchlets
acute; by its large very thick purple cones and oblancolate
acuminate bracts.

Abies nobilis, (Douglas) Lindley, is peculiar to the higher moun-
tains of Oregon and has not yet been found in California nor, as far
as I can learn, in Washington Territory. Its grooved leaves crowded
on the branchlets, and its large purple cones with long exsert re-
curved bracts, well characterize it. The tree on Mount Shasta
which has gone by this name (also in the Flora of California) is dis
tinguished by its quadrangular leaves, keeled on the upper side ; its
large cones considerably resemble those of nobilis and have often,
not always, exsert and recurved bracts; it is a form of A. magnified
Murr., the common Red Fir of the Californian Sierras, which has
bracts normally enclosed.

Finns reflexa, n. sp., {P. Jiexilis var. reflexa, Eng. in Rothrock's
Rep. Bot. Exp. Wheeler) proves to be quite distinct from flexilis, not
only by the reflexed scales of the cone but also and principally by the
long peduncled cylindric female aments, erect in the first, recurved in
the second year, which associate it with the true Strobi, while the
large wingless seeds distinguish it from the other species of that
section.

P. a/bieau/is, Eng., is specifically distinguished from P. jiexilis
by its subglobose purple cones with short, thick scales and its thin
white at last scaly bark.

P. Chiliitahuana, Eng., observed by us in the Arizona Mountains,
proves to be of peculiar interest as maturing its 'cones in the third
year, the only American species with this character, which I have
found only once more in the Mediterranean P. Pinea.

P. Jeffrey i, Murr., holds its characters well wherever we have
seen it trom the mountains west of Mt. Shasta, where it was first dis-
covered, down to the San Bernardino Mountains, affecting more par-
ticularly the eastern slopes. The glaucous branchlets with pleasantly
aromatic fragrance, thinner glaucous foliage, the great size of the
cones with thin, spiny recurved mucro on the scales, large seeds and
more numerous cotyledons, distinguish it from P. ponderosa which
has brownish-green branchlets with a turpentine odor and dark green
coarser foliage.

Pinus Arizonica, Eng., has also been repeatedly collected by us
as well as by subsequent explorers, and the question has been agitated
whether it may not be also a form of P. ponderosa. The fact is that
five-Vrived forms of this species do occur on the Californian Sierras

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 5

(Lemmon) and on the Arizona Mountains (Lemmon, Pringle), but
the larger number of leaves is here a casual occurrence; the branch-
lets show the brown-green color noticed above, the leaves are dark
green and have the structure described by me in Wheeler's Report.
P. Arizonica has glaucous branchlets, thinner leaves, constantly in
fives, and of different structure; its cones are thicker and shorter
with much more prominent umbos, but not much weight can be put
on this last character. — G. Engelmann.

Some Additions to the North American Flora.— Stellaria

obtusa, n. sp. — Glabrous, stems weak, prostrate, much branched,
leaves subsessile triangular-ovate acute smooth edged i-nerved
and the delicate reticulated veins uniting into distinct intramarginal
nerves ; flowers single, pseudo-axillary, peduncles nearly as long as
the leaves patulous or recurved in fruit, sepals ovate obtuse nerveless
scarcely membranaceous on the margin, petals (always ?) wanting;
capsule ovate obtuse scarcely exsert, seeds (under the lens) covered
with oblong linear pectinate tubercles, dark brown. — Western Color-
ado on the tributaries of Gunnison River, alt. 9,000 to 10,000 feet, in
damp grounds, T. S. Brandegee. Closely allied to 5. crispa of the
northwest but readily distinguished by the form of the sepals, the
capsule and the seeds ; in that species the sepals are lanceolate,
broadly margined and 3-nerved, the capsule exsert, acutish, the
seeds larger, reddish and nearly smooth. 6". borealis, with which
crispa has sometimes been united, has a similar calyx, capsule and
seeds, but is distinguished by its elongated lance linear leaves, finely
serrulate on the edge, the intramarginal nerve very indistinct.

Campanula planifloka, n. sp. — Erect, glabrous, a finger to a
span high from a filiform rootslock bearing similar subterranean sto-
lons, usually i-fiowered ; leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate 1 to 2
inches long. 2-3 lines wide, the lowest ones sometimes broader, all
more or less dentate or denticulate; flower erect, calyx turbinate, lobes
lance-linear mostly dentate, several times longer than the tube and ex-
ceeding the tube of the corolla ; corolla shallow, wide open, 4 times
wider than deeo, divided to the middle or beyond ; lobes ovate acute
spreading or at length reflexed ; capsule erect ovate or turbinate as
long as the connivent calyx lobes or shorter, opening at top — C.
Langsdorffiana of the Rocky Mountain floras, not Fischer ; C. Scheuch-
zeri, Gray Flora in part.

Common in Subalpine meadows, near streamlets, at an elevation
of 7000 9000 feet Colorado ; Clear Creek vailey, Middle and South
Parks. The large and very shallow flowers of a reddish-purple color
and the filiform branching rootstocks distinguish this species at once
from C uniflora with which I had united it (this journal, 6. 238). The
usually erect stems become sometimes decumbent and sev-
eral flowered when overgrown. C. uniflora is found only on bare al-
pine slopes, usually with Dryas and Silene acaulis at about 12000 to
13000 feet alt. It grows from a stout several-headed rootstock, bears
deeply campanulate mostly horizontal flowers l4 inch in length

BOTAMCAL GAZETTE.

and an erect fruit; the leaves are usually marked with a few small
glandular semi-transparent teeth in notches.

Eriogonum ALPiNUM,n.sp.— Few heads from a very stout caudex ;
the whole plant (except the flowers) densely white tomentose; leaves
nearly orbicular, i inch wide, attenuate at base into a petiole of the
sime length ; scape (about 4 inches high) with a verticil of 3 or 4 lan-
ceolate, foliaceous bracts above its middle ; umbels solitary, involu-
crum broadly campanulate (3 lines wide) with 9 to 12 short, erect
teeth ; flowers very numerous, attenuate at base, glabrous in and out-
side,yellow, 2]/2 lines long. — On Scotts Mountain, Northern California,
together with Campanula scabnlla (see page 237) on stony ridges about
the timber line, G. E. The large single yellow heads look very
much like those of some alpine composite ; the plant is a counterpart
to the glabrous rose-flowered E. pirolcefolium, Hook., found on the
opposite Mount Shasta in similar situations.

Juncus canaliculatus, n. sp. — A coarse plant of the section
Graminei, 3 feet or more high from a cespitose rootstock with stout
terete steins and numerous concave or channeled leaves 2 or 3 of them
with auricled sheaths on the stem ; heads 3 to 8-flowered on slen-
der branches in a decompound rather contracted panicle ; flowers
light greenish-red over 2 lines long, sepals of nearly equal length with
membranaceous margins, inner acute, outer ones acuminate ; sta-
mens 6, two-thirds the length of the sepals, long linear red-brown
anthers longer than the filaments ; ovary attenuated into a slender
style bearing very long exsert stigmas, 1 celled ; fruit and seed un-
known.— San Bernardino Mountains at 4,000 feet alt S. B. and W.
F. Parish. Abundantly distinguished from the allied J. marginatus,
witn which it has in common the brown-red anthers, otherwise rare in
the genus, by the stouter habit, the long coarse deeply channeled
leaves, larger flowers, acute sepals, acuminate ovary, long style and
stigmas. — G Engelmann.

Woodsia Plummeree, Tl. sp.— Root stock short ; stalks 1-2
inches long stramineous, chaffy; fronds bright green, 4-8 inches long,
lanceolate-elliptical, membranaceous, beset with gland tipped leaves,
pinnate, or nearly bi-pinnate ; pinniB approximate except the lowest,
very short peduncled, lanceolate, attenuate to an obtuse point, the
lowest cuneate ovate, middle ones longer, of the same width at base,
all pinnately parted ; segments long-oblong, elliptical, crenately tooth-
ed with about five teeth on a side, dentate at apex, ciliate with the
peculiar glandular hairs of the species ; veins forking, free, mostly
alternate ; sori terminal on the veinlets nearer the margin than the
midrib; spore cases pearly gray with brown rings ; spores amber col-
ored round-ovate, the cell-wall deeply wrinkled ; indusium minute
lacerate fimbriate, ciliate with glandular hairs

This lovely fern is closely allied to forms of W. obtusa but differs
from that species at several points. The fronds are bright green, al-
most diamond-shaped. The pinnae are not remote except the lowest
but approximate, not obtuse but long-attenuate from a broad base.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

The segments are longer, narrower and with more teeth, all conspic-
uously ciliated with stalked glands, as are also the lobes of the in-

dusium.

On the north side of a high peak of the Chirricahua mountains,
near Apache Pass and Ft. Bowie, S. E. Ariz., around moist granite
recks, in shade. Plants solitary, with several fronds, all fertile.

September 24, 1881, J. G. and Mrs. S. P. Lemmon.

Dedicated to Mrs. Lemmon, whose maiden name is Sara A.
Plummer and whose devotion to science, arduous labors and daring
heroism while botanizing in the land of the Apache, entitles her to
high honors and this timely recognition.— J. G. Lemmon.

Another Botanical Laboratory. -One result of Dr. Roth-
rock's visit to Europe last year has been the cieation of a well equip-
ped botanical laboratory in Philadelphia at the University of Pennsyl-
vania. Phis is, to be sure, devoted more especially to the medical as-
pects of botany, and forms a prominent feature in the school which
that institution has opened for the purpose of fitting young men to
study medicine ; but it also aims at giving a thorough grounding in
microscopic and in general systematic botany.

Probably but tew college trustees are aware how general the de-
sire for biological instruction has become. In evidence of this we
may say that the laboratory under Prof. Rothrock was started in
doubt as to whether there would be a single student to avail himselt
of its advantages; vet, though it is not three months old, it has its ca-
l acity taxed to the utmost and urgent demands for more room and
instruments are being made. Not only do we find there the ordinary
student and those who are preparing for medicine specially, but teach-
ers, physicians, students of architecture and aspirants for naval medi-
cal honors, each week bringing in new applicants. In a word, it bids
fair to be a first-class success, and the question may now be fairly put
to the authorities of other institutions, is it not time for every college
that claims respectable standing to furnish such laboratories?

rlieraciimi aurantiacillll.- Besides the localities already
mentioned, I learn that Mr. Redfield, of the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences, collected it also on the Catskills, in another locality
besides that of Miss Mary Cope, and Mr. Chas. J. Sprague, of Bos-
ton, found it in the summer of 1880 in St. Alban's, Vermont. Mr.
Sprague found it covering large patches of bare hilltops where the
grass was thin and scant, and in what appeared to be old fields, and
'•seemed to have taken full possession." From this expression it is
clearly Mr. Sprague's idea that it was not indigenous there, and this
appears to be the sum of all I can gather from other collectors. It
has not been found in any place where it was unlikely not to have
been introduced. It is still a matter of interest as to how it was
brought from the seed sowed. I do not know of its being anywhere
cultivated in our country, though its beauty might claim that distinc-
tion, and so doubt whether it will come under the head of an "es-
cape."— Thomas Mef.han.

8 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

A Heply to Elliesby. — Editor of Botanical Gazette: My
genial critic Emesby, in your last issue, says '•'■Systematic Botany Nev-
ertheless" with which I am absolutely in accord, and in proof whereof
quote from my previously published paper on Modes of Teaching, these
words: ''Systematic botany must, if it represents a strictly natural
system, be founded on a nice appreciation of the entire organization,
the life history of the individual and its relation in past and pres-
ent time to allied plants. This, then, is the highest, all embracing trend
botanical thought can assume." Surely there is in that nothing but un-
qualified respect for systematic botany under whose aegis honored
leaders have established a glorious record for our country.

Neither, my good Emesby, have I ventured to dream, much less
to suggest that a final system had been attained. I have told how
thorough a ''foundation" Torrey, Gray, En<ielmann and Watson have
laid, but the superstructure is another question. I can well admit
that systematic botany will boil and bubble into no one knows how
many changing forms before it comes to the crystalline condition with
its angles clear and sharp and its points absolutely fixed. There is
ample work for generations of systematists before the high ideal I
have above hinted at shall have been attained,

Mr. Darwin was named not to encourage any one in the idea
that all could enter the harvest field and return with such a load of
sheaves as he, but to show what the productiveness of the field was.

Now then, oh Emesby, friend, why did I write such radical
things in that somewhat pointed paper? First, to make those who
rest satisfied with the mere name dissatisfied and to lead them to a lit-
tle fuller study of the plant itself. Second, to protest might and
main against colleges that boast of their thorough teaching outfit al-
lowing a 6tudent to go away with the idea that our science had no
other side than the systematic. I have in a small way started that
"School of Botany," (and 1 wish the teacher were more worthy of the
kind words Emesby has written of him) and in it I start with micro-
scopic botany, urging that my pupils see for themselves, draw for
themselves and come to their own conclusions. After some months
in such mental drill, I shall introduce them to systematic botany with
the hope that their eyes will be the sharper and their reasoning power
the keener for the ordeal that they have passed. Thus I hope to lay
a foundation for a better knowledge of many plants and to beg effic-
iently for the "highest, all embracing trend botanical thought can as-
sume,i. e., Systematic Bctany. Very sincerely yours,

J. T. Rothroi K.

Tilt' Botanist in Arizona. — This territory is fast becoming the
favorite haunt of our more intrepid collectors, for its physical features,
w hile most forbidding so far as comfort is concerned, favor the growth
of very peculiar plants. The Lemmons, Pringle, Greene. Vasey,
Jones'1 and James have all been there and nearly all have specimens of
the wonderful flora for sale. But when, amidst the comforts of our
herbaria, we revel in the riches their carefully prepared bundles bring

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

to us, we must not forget what they have cost, for nowhere in this
country is botanizing accompanied by such discomfort and actual suf-
fering. Nature seems to delight in guarding her treasures well and has
surrounded her choicest gifts with difficulty and danger; and as if sand
and heat were not sufficient to warn off the intruding botanist in this
land of the Apache, the vegetation also puts on a most forbidding as-
pect and wrings from him a tribute of blood. The last Californian
contains a spicy account of a ''Botanical Wedding Trip" made to this
inhospitable region by Mr. J. G. Lemmon and wife. The hardships
they endured in their eager search for plants are almost incredible,
but the results amply repaid them. Add to intolerable heat, glaring
sand and rattlesnakes, the following condition of things, and it will be
seen that our plant.-, are dearly bought. "The way was along a. sandy
creek-wash, with patches of boulders and occasional steep ascents, the
whole way besef with cacti of varied degrees of formidable armature,
from the innocent pin-cushion cactus, that only catches to your feet and
clothing with its fishhook spines while the other straight spines tickle
you. to the horrid, wide-branching tree cactus, with its long, glisten-
ing barbed spines, that completely clothe limbs and buds, the latter
being shed off so frequently, and in such abundance, that they form
high mounds under the trees, and often are scattered about for
many rods. Any of these spines is strong enough to pierce through
a cowhide boot-leg; and when it reaches the flesh you are gone.
The retrorse barbs cause it to continue entering the more you strug
gle. The best thing to do is to break it off at once where you can,
and let the rest fester and come away with the pus.

"Almost as cruel are the bushes of an acacia, appropriately called
"cats's-claws," that crowd in the trail, and reach their slender limbs
across the way, armed every half inch with pairs of strong, recurved
thorns, that tap your veins unawares, and cause you to add drops of
blood to the perspiration that drips almost constantly from your per-
son."

"Perhaps no torture known exceeds that produced by attempt-
ing t> extract these i cactus) spines from human flesh. One of the fa-
vorite tortures inflicted upon captive whites by the Apaches is to strip
their victims of clothing, tie their hands and feet, then hurl them
against these cacti, rolling them with their lances over upon the bro-
ken-down branches, until the poor wretches die from the fiendish tor-
ment. Animals in Arizona, impelled by hunger or thirst, often ex-
pose their noses to these attacks, when they become mad with pain and
die amidst frantic efforts to remove the burs. It is the worst country
in the world for sheep. I have seen unsophisticated lambs that had
caught a bur from lying down. In attempting to remove it with their
teeth, the nose had become attached to the side, and death from star-
vation was inevitable."

So long as such a condition of things exists the average botanist
will be perfectly content to pay from seven and a half to ten dollars
per hundred species and enjoy them without such an outlay of sweat
and blood.

jo BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Disposition of Tendrils in the Bud.— in observing a num-
ber of cucurbits growing in my garden last season. I noticed that the
tendrils were variously arranged previous to their full expansion.
There were three positions, and not far from the same num-
ber of species belonging to each sort, with possibly some
preponderance in favor of the straight ones. They were
either (i) unfolded or straight; (2) rolled from the apex
downward upon the unper face, i e., circinate ; or (3) rolled
backward from the apex, and the whole coil bent forward
upon the upper face so as to make a loop or handle project-
ing beyond the coil. This last kind might well be called
ansulate. The straight tendrils were found in balsam-apple,
gherkin, teasel and gooseberry cucumbers and the dish rag plant.
They were at first necessarily very short, but in the climbing species
soon exceeded the main axis from which they arose. The circinate
ones were seen in the squash, pumpkin, wild cucumber (Echinocystis)
and star-cucumber; and the ansulate in muskmelon, common cu-
cumber, and Mukia scabrclla. Some species of the genus Cucumis
have straight and some ansulate tendrils, but the species of the other
genera are uniform, so far as observed. — J. C. Arthur.

Autumn Color of the Bartram Oak.— It may be of interest

to note that the autumn leaves of Quants heterophylla color like the
scarlet Q. coccinea. The early leaves of the season are more or less
entire, but when the plants are growing freely, and make a secondary
growth, as vigorous oaks often do, the later leaves much resemble
Quercus coccinea. Indeed, when mixed it is difficult to separate them.
I think with Martindale it is a good species, and that its relationship
is with the Scarlet and Black oak. — Thomas Meehan.

The Compound Crystals of Begonia.— A few weeks ago the

students n the botanical laboratory of Wabash College were investi-
gating plant crystals. One member of the class was working with
the petiole of one of the large leaved Begonias and examining its
well known compound crystals. Upon using his reagents to deter-
mine their chemical nature, he found his weaker acids slow to pro-
duce any effect, and determined, at any rate, to destroy the crystals,
drew under the cover glass some undiluted sulphuric acid. Of course
the crystals at once responded and began to dissolve rapidly, but the
investigator's attention was at once attracted by the fact that the
compound crystals had become bundles of raphides. Upon calling
my attention to the fact I directed other members of the class to re-
peat the experiment, and in every case the compound crystals wasted
away to bundles of raphides, lying in the direction of the longer axes
of the crystals.

In this connection might be mentioned the fact that the same
class found a better display of cystoliths in the stems of the common
Pilea pumila than in any other plant studied. The cystoliths were
very large, lying of course parallel with the fibers of the stem, and

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. n

several of them could be brought into one field under a low power.
With a Beck's 34 objective and A eyepiece some of them had both
ends out of the field. — T. M. C.

The Flora of Madagascar. — Madagascar is wonderfully rich
in its display of all kinds of life and its natural history has just been
considered in some interesting papers published by Mr. J. G. Baker
in the Journal of Botany. As Prof. Bessey says, this island is only a
little more than three-fourths the size of the State of Texas and yet the
number of species of flowering plants alone is estimated at from four
to five thousand.

Mr. Baker closes his paper with the following summary of the
leading characteristics of the Madagascar flora: —

i. The flora of the tropical zone throughout the world is remark-
ably homogeneous in its general character, and to this general rule
Madagascar furnishes no marked exception. There is no well-marked
plant type largely developed in the island which is not found else-
where, and none absent that one might, a priori, expect.

2. About one in nine of the genera are endemic, but they are
all small genera, mostly belonging to the large natural orders and
closely allied to cosmopolitan generic types.

3. There is a close affinity between the tropical flora of Mada-
gascar and that of the smaller islands of the Mascarene group.

4. There is a close affinity between the tropical flora of Mada-
gascar and that of the African continent.

5. There are a few curious cases in which Asiatic types which
do not occur in Africa are met with in Madagascar, but these bear
a very small numerical proportion to the great mass of the flora.

6. There is a distinct affinity between the flora of the hill-coun-
try of Central Madagascar and those of the Cape and the mountain-
ranges of Central Africa.

EpiphegllS Virginiana.— The Epiphegus Virginiana exhibits
an entirely different form of parasitic growth from those plants having
haustoria or sucking roots The beech root (on which it grows) on
being touched by the parasite, sends a branch, or branch-like growth
into the latter, through which all its nourishment is carried, causing
the death of the root from this point to its end, if not too large, while
that above flourishes despite the drain of the parasite. If, however,
the root is larger, and there is substance enough after the parasite is
supplied, it will live, but will be retarded in itsgrowth. — S. T. Fergus,
West Chester, Pa.

Phytolacca (lecandra L. A prolific case.— In an article in the
July Number of the American Naturalist, I instanced our Eastern
snow bird finding a cache of Pokewort seeds in a deep bank of snow
by my garden fence. How the plant got there I do not know, but be-
cause of its elegance it was allowed to retain its place. This summer
it has attained proportions which exceed anything 1 have ever seen.
The plant threw out ten stems. Nine of these averaged ten

12 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

feet in height. The sight presented by the beauti-
ful cylindric racemes of berries is very grand. I was
curious to estimate the quantity of this purplish fruit. We
counted over 1800 racemes, whose average weight was 1 oz. averdu-
pois each, thus making a little more than 112 pounds of berries on one
plant. The robins are feasting daily upon them ; and they are wel-
come, although I hope some will be left for the snowbirds. — S. Lock-
wood. Freehold, N.J. Oct. 22, 1881.

A Second Spring in Ark.— This season has been such a pe-
culiar one that 'Dame Nature" has become confused.

Vegetation was luxuriant in this region during the spring and
early summer months.

Plants put forth rapidly and made a vigorous growth.

There was scarcely any rainfall from June until October.

All the summer and autumn species of plants were dwarfed.

During the continued drouth vegetation assumed a dead like ap-
pearance as though killed by frost. Foliage of the trees was dull and
shriveled. Meadows and lawns were as brown as stubble fields. The
vital forces were apparently suspended, and plants seemed to be tak-
ing their periodical rest after a season of activity. The shoots that
grew in the spring had the appearance, at the close of the drouth, of
wood hardened by the suspension of growth and the approach of
winter.

The copious fall of rains set in. A second spring arrived and as
by magic the earth was transformed into a garden.

Nature was enticed to make a second growth which was scarcely
interrupted until the hard freeze on the night of Nov. 19th.

Flower and leaf buds formed by the early spring growth were lured
into development by the warm sun and copious showers.

Pear, peach, plum, cherry and apple trees and Japonicas have
been in full bloom this fall and on some trees voung fruit has formed.

Garden perennials have had a second season of blooming and
many summer and fall wild perennial herbs revived and continued to
bloom until the freeze.

There will certainly be two layers of woody tissue in the exogens
of this region representing the growth of 1881.

Are the flower buds of plants formed, ordinarily, the spring or
season previous to their development ?

Is it not probable, that these trees during their second growth,
formed new flower buds to take the place of those untimely devel-
oped ?

Are there latent flower as well as leaf buds which may develop
blossoms in cases of emergency? — F. L. Harvey. Ark. Ind. Univ.,
Fayetteville, Ark.

Botanical Paper.

E; MORRISON

Paper Warehouse,
No. 805 D Street. Washington. D. C.

Standard Herbarium Paper, 21 and 28 lbs.,

at $4.50 and $6.00 per ream.

Genus Covers, standard size and weight,
05 lbs. per ream, $8.12 per ream, or 50 cts.
per quire.

Drying paper always kept on hand.

Oregon Plants.

A few small sets from the Blue
Mountains, for sale by W. C. Cusick,
Union, Oregon. For list and terms
apply to

CURATOR of HARVARD HERBAPIOM

Cambridge, Mass.

Bare Western Plants.

from Tin:

Cascade Mountains.

The subscriber has sets of 300 species of
plants of Washington Territory, collected in
the Cascade Mountains. Several are new
species, some of which have not yet been
published. Over TO per cent, are represent-
ed by both fruit and flowers. 1 he rates
will be

$8.00 Per Hundred.

Sots will be sent by mail, and lists will be
written for inquiring parties.

W. X. SUKSDORF,
White Salmon. Klickitat Co.,
Washington Territory.

My son, Mr. Geo. R. Vasey, has made dur-
ing the past season a valuable collection of
plants in S. E California, Arizona and New
Mexico, principally in New Mexico. The
collection consists of the very interesting
plants of that region, many of them exceed-
ingly rare, and in first class condition. There
are| over 600 species, and the whole set is
offered for fifty dollars. Nearly

"all the Ferns of that region are included, and
a few sets of these will be sold separately
A rare opportunity is offered for colleges or
individuals.

GEO. VASEY,

Dep'tof Agriculture, Washington,D. C.

Combination Offer.

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Arizona Plants.

Prof J. G. Lemmon and wife, the botanists,
have returned to Oakland, Cal., from a busy
season's exploration of S- Arizona and have
added a large collection of

Rare and New Plants

to their previous valuable herbarium. They
solicit early orders from their old customers
and also new ones who desire a valuable set
of full and excellently prepared specimens of
the wonderful flora of the border.

Price Per Hundred $7.50.

The Pacific Coast ferns (about 50 in mini-
oer) including all the new ones,at 10 cts. each.
New ones alone 25 cents each. Live plants of
the new and rare ferns at 50 cents each.
AgaVe Shottii, @ 50 each. Mammilaria pecti-
iinla% 50 each. Lilium Parryi @ 50 cents. A
small quantity of seeds ot the new and beau-
tiful Cupressvs Arizonica just gathered and
for sale. The ti ee is sure to become very pop-
ular as it will grow in varied climates and
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branchlets' A few seeds of the Pinna Ariz-
onica and P. CMhvahaua, &c. Address,
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Oakland, Cai..

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BOTANICAL GAZETTE,

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CATALQ6US OF .IHBIANA PLABT 8.

This catalogue, which has been published in the Gazette in the form of ext< a sheets,
has now been bound in a neat pamphlet of over 40 pages, with a map Persons desiring
copies can procure them at the rate of 35 cts. per copy, or three for $1 .00, by addressing
eilner JOHN M. COULTER,

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or Prof. CHAS. R. BARNES,
LaFayette, Ind.

Flora of the Pacific Slope.

Having begun the collection through a series of years of material to represent in the
best possible manner in his own herbarium and those of a few friends the Flora of the
Pacific Slope Of North America in all its natural orders, the subscriber desires to an-
nounce that he is pro> iding a number of supernumerary sets and duplicates for such in-
dividuals or institutions as may require them in future. His collections of 1891 made in
Arizona, California, Oregon and Washington, but chiefly in Southern Arizona, contain
an unusual number of arborescent species. Cactacese, Grasses and Ferns, and includes a
large number of species but recently discovered or rarely collected.

For list and terms address always unless otherwise privatel] advised),

C. G. PR1NGLE,

It. East Charlotte. Vermont.

February. 1882.

^ CLUB. ;)The

Vol. VII, No. 2.

Botanical Gazette.

A PAPER OF

Botanical Notes.

TERMS— SINGLE NUMBERS 10 CENTS.

YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, $1.00

CONTE NTS

Page.

Editorial 13

Siberian Vegetation 16

Some Notes on Yucca. O. Engelmann 17

North American Hepatic*. L. M. Un-
derwood 18

The Mistletoe. Thos. Meehan 21

Page.

Pastinaca sativa Proterandrous. Aug.
F. Foersle 24

Notes from Dayton, O. A. F. Foerste . 24

List of the Genus Carex 24

Notes from Independence, Mo. Frank
Bush. 24

JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind.,
M..S. COULTER, Logansport, Ind.,

Editors and Pxhlishers.

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1882.

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Tlic Gazette for 1882 will continue
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any department, any subject that re-
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! CLUB. 4

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•^ew

YOR^S

Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VII. FEBRUARY, 1882. No. 2.

Editorial.— Mr. J. G. Lemmon has published a smaH pamph-
let entitled "Ferns of the Pacific Coast, including Arizona." A full
conspectus of the tribes and genera is given, and also a classified list
of the species, giving the principal points of distinction and places of
growth. The announcement is also made that Mrs. Lemmon is about
to publish a "Manual of Pacific Ferns." The price of the pamphlet
is 35 cts., or $3.50 per dozen.

Mr. J. Saunders has given in Hardwicke 's Science- Gossip the results
of his study of Gray's Manual of Botany with reference to the colors
of fruits of the northern United States. He includes both colored
fruits and seeds, and finds that there is a great preponderance of red
and black, the former being about 45 per cent., the latter about ^
per cent., while yellow, blue and white occur only in very limited
numbers.

S. E. Cassino is just about to publish a work on North Ameri-
can Lichens by our highest authority, Prof. Edward Tuckerman. It
will appear in volumes and be sold at a very low figure. As a very
small edition is to be printed and the work is not to be stereotyped
orders should be sent in early. The price for Vol. I has been fixed
at $3.50, though orders received before March 1st will be filled at 10
per cent, discount. The first volume will be 8vo. and will contain
nearly 300 pages, comprising the Parmeliacei, Oadoniei and Cceno-
goniei.

Jamaica must be a paradise for the fern collector, over 450 spe-
cies being enumerated as belonging to its flora.

Dr. Engelmann, in the January Torrey Bulletin, notes the oc-
curence of Sagittaria nutans, Mx., in the Charles River, Mass., ob-
served by Mr. C. E. Faxon, also observed in the Noponset and Ip
swich Rivers by Mr John Robinson It never perfects fruit and
hence seems not to be at home in these northern waters. In Gray's
Manual these northern forms were included in 6". graminea. S. pusil-
la. Pursh, must now be considered but a subterrestrial form of S. na-
tana .

Mr. Darwin's methods of work are peculiarly his own and their
results have made astonishing additions to scientific knowledge, but
because Mr. Darwin's methods have yielded such resuhs to him it is
no indication that any one using the same methods will become a
successful investigator. It needs the man as well as the methods, and

I4 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

there are investigators in this country who have adopted the latter
without any thought of the need of 'he former, and their observations
are "as utterly barren of important results as an undigested weather
record." The pages of our scientific periodicals are sometimes bur-
dened with such material.

Editor Gazette : — Your note about oaks on page 2 of the Jan-
uary number puts a greater responsibility on me than I am capable to
bear. I have seen of Buckley's Oaks only miserable and incomplete
dried specimens and could therefore only make guesses and sugges-
tions on them and not "decisions." How important and necessaiy it
is for a "closet-botanist" to occasionally refresh his botanical vision
by communing with living nature I have seen on my extended visits
to the Pacific States and the Rocky Mountains. My observations
there have furnished new views and suggested different corrections of
former statements ; a few of them you printed in the last number,
others will follow. But I must confess that I am not any farther ad-
vanced in the knowledge of those Texas Oaks, never having had the
opportunity to study them in numerous and complete herbarium speci
mens nor having seen them growing. Buckley's Quercus Texana is
undoubtedly correctly placed by him with the polymorphous Q. rubra.
— G. Engelmann.

No department of botany seems to the average botanist so un-
satisfactory and perplexing as that of Fossil Botany. We all know
how difficult it is to name plants when the specimens are only tolera
bly complete, but to name them from the merest fragments of stems and
leaves is something that must border very closely upon guess work.
Such naming too becomes of very great importance when the age of
formations rests upon the evidence of fossil plants. It would some-
times seem as if the botanist started in with the idea that the frag-
ments must of necessity belong to genera and species unlike any living
in the same region. Still some splendid work has been done and our
countryman, Mr. Lesquereux, has had by no means the least share in
it. As an instance of the uncertainty of such work at the best. Mr
J. Starkie Gardner, in a bite copy of Nature, speaks of Dr Heer's
work upon the fossil flora of Madeira. The terminal leaflets of a
Rubus were referred to Corylus, and the various leaflets of another
species of Rubus were referred to Corylus, Ulmus and Psoralea, and so
on in several other instances.

Of the multiplication of species there is no end. The col-
lector's first ambition is to find new species and when that is gratified
and many new species bear the discoverer's name, the next ambition i:
to name the new species himself. It is not very hard, nor does it take
many appliances to name and describe a species as new, but it is very
hard and it takes the greatest command of appliances to discover the
fact of its being really new. One generation coins specific names, a
large percentage of which apptar in the synonymy of the next genera-
tion. Any one looking over the species of Torre y and Gray's Flora o1"
a generation ago and then hunting in Watson's Index to see what has

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 15

become of them will appreciate this fact. But still species are describ-
ed by botanists with a limited collection ot plants, a still more limited
library and sometimes even with no proper conception of what consti-
tutes a species. Any one may get the credit of describing a new
species authoritativelv by referring it to competent authorities, upon
whom after all will fall the burden of the work in deciding its genuine-
ness. Many forms are now enjoying the pleasure of a name "for a
season," and many a species in this and other countries is bear-
ing two or more names, and only waiting for the question of priority
to be settled.

Mr. F. Kitton in Science- Gossip describes the method of stain-
ing vegetable tissues practised as early as 1774. We give it for the
benefit of some of our friends who are laboring over the preparation
of beautiful slides, as containing some hint that may be of service.
"Dissolve one drachm of sugar of lead in one ounce and a half of
water; filter the material. A stem, or piece of a small branch of a
tree is to be immersed upright for half its length in this solution, and
covered with a glass to prevent evaporation, and allowed to remain
two days in it; Cut off the part immersed and throw away. Place
the remaining piece in orpiment lixivium (which is thus prepared).
Place in a basin two ounces of quicklime and an ounce of orpiment;
pour upon them one pint and a half of boiling water. When it has
stood a day and a half, it is fit for use. By this process a deep brown
stain is produced." This is tak^n from a work on "The Construction
of Timber from its Early Growth, explained by the microscope and
proved from experiments in a great variety of Kinds. By John Hill,

I774-"

There are, and may be always will be. two classes of workers
with the microscope. The one class have the microscope itself for an
end. and to these the euphonious name microscopist is usually applied.
As they have in view continually the perfection of the instrument and
all its appliances they naturally run to large and complicated stands
with an endless array of accessories. There are the best of reasons
for everything they use and they obtain the best of results. The other
class consider the microscope simply as a means and have made the
science of biology what it is to day. But it is a strange fact that these
workers always (we speak now strictly of botanical workers) use the
simpler instruments and fewer appliances. The great laboratories of to-
day, those which are furnishing the material for books and are filling our
scientific periodicals with the results of their work, are equipped with
very simple instruments. Does it follow that if such work can be
done by ordinary instruments even more astonishing results can be ob-
tain by using finer ones? Or is it a fact that the extra appliances, etc.,
are more things of "fuss and feathers" than fruitful additions to bio-
logical laboratories ? A discussion is now going on in the Am. Month-
ly Micr. Journal concerning the relative value of large and small mi-
croscopes, the reading of which suggests to the working biologist some
such thoughts as the above.

i6 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Siberian Vegetation. — Baron Nordenskjold in his "Voyage
of the Vega," gives a sketch of a journey up the Yennissi River, in
which occurs the following account of the vegetation : "As is the
case with all the other Siberian rivers running from south to north, the
western strand of the Yenisej, wherever it is formed of loose, earthy
layers, is also quite low and often marshy, while on the other hand the
eastern strand consists of a steep bank, ten or twenty metres high,
which north of the limit of trees is distributed in a very remarka-
ble way into pyramidal pointed mounds. Numerous shells of Crus-
tacea found here, belonging to species which still live in the Polar Sea,
show that at least the upper earthy layer of the tundra was deposited
in a sea resembling that which now washes the north coast of Siberia."

"On the slopes of the steep tundra bank and in several of the
tundra valleys there is an exceedingly rich vegetation, which already,
only ioo kilometres south of Yefremo-Kamen, form actual thickets
of flowering plants, while the tundra itself is overgrown with an ex-
ceedingly scanty carpet, consisting more of mosses than of grasses.
Salices of little height go as far north as Port Dickson (730 30' N. L.);
the dwarf birch (Betiila nana, L.) is met with, though only as a bush
creeping along the ground, at Cape Schaitanskoj (720 8' N. L.); and
here in 1875, on tne ice-mixed soil of the tundra, we gather ripe
cloudberries. Very luxuriant alders (Alnaster fruticosus, Ledeb) occur
already at Mesenkin (710 28' N. L.), and the Briochov Islands (700
to 710 N. L.) are in several places covered with rich and luxuriant
thickets of bushes. But the limic of trees proper is considered to be-
gin first at the great bend which the river makes in 6g° 40' N. L , a
little north of Dudino. Here the hills are covered with a sort of
wood consisting of halt-withered, grey, moss grown larches (Larix
Sibirica), which seldom reach a height of more than seven to ten me-
tres, and which much less deserve the name of trees than the luxur-
iant alder bushes which grow nearly 2° farther north. But some few
miles south of this place, and still far north of the Arctic Circle, the
pine forest becomes tall. Here begins a veritable forest; the greatest
the •■•• orld has to show, extending with little interruption from the
Ural to the neighborhood of the Sea of Ochotsk, and from the fifty-
eighth or fifty-ninth degree of latitude to far north of the Arctic Circle,
that is to say, about one thousand kilometres from north to south, and
perhaps four times as much from east to west. It is a primeval forest
of enormous extent, nearly untouched bv the axe of the cultivator,
but at many places devastated by extensive forest fires."

"On the high eastern bank of the Yenisej the forest begins im-
mediately at the river bank. It consists principally of pines; the
Cembra pine [P. Cembra L.], valued tor its seeds; enormous larches ;
the nearly awl-formed Siberian pine [P. Sibirica, Ledeb.]; the fir [P.
obovata, Turcz.]; and scattered trees of the common pine [P. sylves-
tris, L.]. Most of these already north of the Arctic Circle reach a
colossal size, but in such a case are often here, far from all forestry,
grey and half-dried up with age. Between the trees the ground is so
covered with fallen branches and stems, only some of which are fresh,

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 17

the others converted into a mass of wood-mould held together only
by the bark, that there one willingly avoids going forward on an un-
broken path. If that must be done, the progress made is small,
and there is constant danger of breaking one's bones in the labyrinth
of stems. Nearly everywhere the fallen stems are covered, often
concealed, by an exceedingly luxuriant bed of mosses, while on the
other hand tree-lichens, probably in consequence of the dry inland
climate of Siberia, occur sparingly. The pines, therefore, want the
shaggy covering common in Sweden, and the bark of the birches
which are seen here and there among the pines is distinguished by an
uncommon blinding whiteness." — Nature.

Some Notes 011 Yucca. —Yucca elata : Trunk 3 to 5 feet or
more high, leaves linear rigid sharp pointed, filamentose on the white
margins ; with white oval acute or acuminate bracts as long as the
pedicels ; flowers white, segments ovate acute, ovary attenuated into
a whitish style; capsule cylindrical-ovate obtuse short-cuspidate;
seeds large, % inch wide narrowly wing-margined. — Y. angustifolia,
var. elata. Engelm. Notes on Yucca p. 50. Y. constricta, Baker,
Yuccoideae p. 229; not Buckley.

Deserts of Arizona probably extending into southern New Mexico
and Mexico. Altogether one of the most stately Yuccas, distinguished
from the closely allied Y. angustifolia, with which I had formerly
united it by its distinct trunk, which is usually 3 to 5 feet, but wnich
I have seen even 10 or n feet high, and 3 to 7 inches thick, and es
pecially by its long flowering scape, 3 to 7 feet, naked below, and
bearing a much branched panicle often 5 feet long ; flowers spreading,
3^ to 4 inches wide, while those of the allied species are more glo-
bose, mostly of greenish color, with broadly oval concave segments,
with a green stigma ; capsule similar to that of angustifolia, seeds of
same size as in that species but with a narrower margin. Young spec-
imens flower before they mane a trunk and they look much like Y.
angustifolia but can always be distinguished by the naked scape and by
the characters of the flower.

Yucca constricta, Buckley, appears to be a form of Y. angustifolia
with a short trunk ; the constricted capsules ascribed to it are not
normal but occasionally occur in all species of Yucca.

Yucca macrocarpa, Engelm. 6.224 of this journal has now
been found by C. G. Pringle in flower ; the panicle is densely pubes-
cent; flowers about 2^ to 3^ inches wide with broadly oval acutish
segments. Y. baccata has a glabrous panicle and larger flowers with
narrow tapering segments. Y. Schottii, Engelm., Yucc. 46, from Ari-
zona, is known only from Schott's notes and very poor specimens and
has never been identified since. Its panicle is likewise pubescent;
its leaves short, narrow and very {hick, with few thin fibres. It may
possibly be a small-leaved form of Y. macrocarpa, which also shows a
few thin fibres on the leaves. Both are recommended to the study ol
observers. — G. Engelmann.

18 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

North American Hepatic*.- Among all the groups of

Cryptogamia the Hepaticce seem to receive the least attention
from students and are also neglected by general botanical collectors.
The group was not recognized by Linna?us as a distinct order yet in
Class XXIV in his Systema Natara he describes forty-five species dis-
tributed among the following genera : — -Jungermannia, twenty-eight ;
Targionia, one; Marchantia, seven; Blasia, one; Riccia, five; An-
thoceros, three. Although these Linnsean species to some extent have
been redistributed among other genera by later botanists, the genera
still remain and include some of our common forms of Hepaticce.

Since the time of Linnaeus other genera have been formed by Du-
mortier, Palisot de Beauvois, Raddi, Micheli, Corda, Nees, Linden-
berg, Taylor and Lehmann.

The British Jungennannice were describe 1 by Sir W.J.Hooker
in 1816, and those of Germany by T. P. Eckart in 1832.

Corda published the Genera Hepticarumixoxa Prague in 1828, and
Nees von Esenbeck in connection with Gottsche and Lindenberg
published the Synopsis Hepaticarum from Hamburg from 1844 to 1847 '■>
the latter is as yet the only general work on Hepaticce that has been
issued

In our own country there have been only two investigators of promi-
nence. W. S. Sullivant (1803-1873) published the "Musci and He-
paticae of the Eastern United States," which formed an appendix to
one of the earlier issues of Gray's Manual ; the copyright bears
date of 1856 and this work which is the only one attempting to clas-
sify our native species is now outof print and can scarcely be obtained
at any price.

In the death of Coe F. Austin, of Closter, N. J., in 1880, Amer-
ica lost not only an enthusiastic botanist but her solitary worker
among the Liverworts. His contributions to the subject were unfor-
tunately not arranged in any systematic publication, but are found
scattered through various scientific journals, notably the Proceedings
of the Philadelphia Academy, Botanical Gazette, and the Bulletin
of the Torrey Botanical Club. In addition to many notes on species
already described, Mr. Austin has described over sixty new Ameri-
can Hepaticce besides many from foreign localities chiefly Japan and
the Sandwich Islands. His ''Hepaticce Borcali-A?ncricance exsiccatce"
containing over one hundred and seventy numbers was first distributed
in 1874.

Only a small portion of America has been searched thoroughly
for Liverworts. Ohio, New Jersey, Florida and portions of New
England, California, and Illinois have been more or less carefully ex-
amined but the greater portion of the continent is still new territory.
Seventy-six species have been catalogued from New Jersey and forty-
five from Illinois, yet in the latter State only a few counties have
been carefully examined. The descriptions of the American species
being so widely scattered through German and English works and in-
accessible works and periodicals published in our own country, and
especially being written largely in Latin are not in a form to be of especial

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

*9

value to the general student. In the absence of any American
specialist in this group, the subject can receive little aid from general
collectors or local botanists until the present knowledge of the subject
is systematically arranged for reference and study. To this end the
present writer hopes to be able to contribute a compilation of the
Hepaticce in a form available for study and further investigation and
would be pleased to receive any communications respecting distribu-
tion, etc. — Lucien M. Underwood, Bloomington, III.

The following preliminary list is presented for suggestions and
corrections : —

List of North-American Hepaticce— doubtful species are
printed in italics. —

Alicularia,

Lescurii, Aust.
Aneura, Dumort.

latifrons,

multirida, (L.), Dumort. var major.

palmata, (Hedw.), Nees.

pinguis, (L.), Dumort.

pinnatifida, Nees.

sessilis, Sprang.
Antiioceros, L.

cti'spiticius, DeNot.

Donnellii, Aust.

fusiformis, Aust.

Hal Hi, Aust.

Joorii, Aust.

Itevis, L.

Lescurii, Aust.

melanosporus, Sulliv
melanospora, Sulliv.

Mohrii. Aust.

Olneyi, Aust.

orbicularis, Sulliv.
bicularis, Sulliv.

Oreganus, Aust.

punctatus, L.

Kavenelii, Aust.

stomatifer, Aust.

sulcatus. Aust.
Asterella, Beauv.

liemispliaerica,(L.), Beauv, ; Reboulia
hemixphcerim, Radcli.
Blasia, Mich.

pusilla, L.
Blepharostoma, Dumort.

tricliophyllum, (L), Dumort.
Beepharozia, Dumort.

ciliaris, (L.), Dumort.

C^ESIUS,

conciuDatus, (Lightt'oot), B. Gray;

Oymrunnitrium concinn(itam,Corda.
Calypogeia, Raddi.
Sullivanti, Aust.
Trichomanis, (Dicks), Corda.

var. rivularis, Aust.

Notothylas

NolotJiylas or-

var. tenuis, Aust.
Cephaeozia. Dumort.
albescens, Hook,
bicuspidata, (L.), Dumort.

var. conferta, Aust.
catenulata, (Huben.), Aust.
connivens, (Dicks.), Aust.
curvifolia, (Dicks.), Aust.
divaricata, (Engl. Bot.), Aust.

var. confervoides, Aust.
Macouni, Aust.
nematodes, Gott.
Sullivanti, Aust.
Chiloscyphus, Corda.
ascendens, Hook, and Wils.
Drummondii, Tayl.
pallescens, (Dumort.), Nees.
polyanthos, (L.), Corda.

var. rivularis, Aust.

CONOCEPHAEUS Hill.

conicus, (L.), Dumort. ; Fegatelia con-
ica, Corda.

DUMORTIERA, Nees.

hirsuta, (Swz.), Nees.
Duvalia Nees.

rupestris, (Biscb.), Nees.
Fimbriaria, Nees.

Bolanderi, Aust.

Californica, Hampe.

elegans, Spreng.

fragans, (Scleicb.), Nees.

tenella, Nees.

violacea, Aust.
Fossombronia, Raddi.

angulosa, Raddi.

cristula, Aust.

longiseta, Aust.

pusilla, (L.). Nees.
Frullania, Raddi.

a?olotis, Nees.

Bolanderi, Aust.

brunnea, Spieng.

Donnellii, Aust.

Eboracensis, Gott.

20

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Grayana, Mont.

Hal'lii, Aust.

Hutehinsia:, (Hook.), Nees.

Kunzei, Lehm. and Lindb.

Lean a, Aust.

Nisqualensis, Sulliv.

Oakesiana, Aust.

plana, Sulliv.

saxicola, Aust.

squarrosa, Nees.

Sullivantii, Aust.

Tamarisci, Nees.

"Virginica, Gott.
Geocalyx, Nees.

graveolens, (Schrad), Nees.
Gkimaldia, Raddi.

barbifrons, Bisch.

sessilis, Sulliv.

JUNGERMANIA, L.

alpestris, Schleich.

Bantriensis, Hook., var. Mullen,

Lindb.
barbata, Scbreb.

var. attentata, Mart,
bicuspidata, L.
biformis, Aust.
cordifolia, Hook,
crenulata, Smith.

var. gracillima, Hook,
crenulit'ormis, Aust.
excisa, Dicks.

var. crispata, Hook.
fossombronioid.es, Aust.
Gilmani, Aust,
Helleriana, Nees.
Hornschiana, Nees.
hyalina, Lyell.
incisa, Dicks.
inflata, Huds.

var. fluitans,
Micbauxi, Weber,
minuta, Crantz.
pleniceps, Aust.
polita, Nees.
porpbysoleuca, Nees.
pumila, Witte.
Scbraderi, Mart,
setiformis, Ehrh.
sphaerocarpa, Hook.
Sullivantia-, Aust.
ventricosa, Dicks.
Wallrothiana, Nees.
Wattiana, Aust.
Lejixia, Libert,
auriculata, Hook, and Wils.
ealyculata, Tayl.
cavit'olia, (Ebrh.), Lindb.
clypeata, Scbwein.
cucullata, Nees.
cyclostipa, Tayl.

echinata, (Hook.), Tayl. M. S.

looriana, Aust.

longirlora, Tayl.

minuti«sima, Dumort.

Mohrii, Aust.

polyphylla, Tayl.

Sullivantia', Aust.

testudinea, Tayl.
Lepidozia, Nees.

reptans, (L.), Nees.

setacea, (Web.), Mitt.
Leptoscyphus.

Taylori, (Hook.), Mitt.

LlOCHL^ENA,

lanceolata, (L ), Nees.
Lophocolea. Nees.

bidentata, (L.), Nees.

crocata, (DeNot), Nees.

Hallii, Aust.

heteropliylla, (L.), Nees.

Macouni, Aust.

minor, Nees.
Madotheca, Dumort,

Bolanderi, Aust.

involuta, Hampe.

navicularis, (Lebm. and Lindb.),
Nees.

platyphylla, (L.), Dumort,

porella, (Dicks.), Nees.

rivularis, Nees.

Sullivanti, Aust.

thuja, Dicks.

Watangensis, Sulliv.
Marchantia, L.

disjuncta, Sulliv.

polymorpha, L.
Mastigobryum, Nees.

derlexum, (Mart), Nees.

trilobatum, (L.), Nees.
var. trkleidiculatum.
Masttgophora,

Californica, Aust.
Metzgeria, Raddi.

furcata, (L.), Nees.

pubescens, Raddi.

ODONTOCIItSMA, DuillOlt.

Hubeneriana, Rab.

scutata, (Web.), Aust.

Sphagni, (Dicks.), Dumort.
Pellia, Raddi.

calycina, (L), Nees.

epiphylla, (L.), Nees.

porphyrorrhiea, (Nees.), Aust.
Phragmr'oma, Dumort.

clypeata, (Scbwein), Sulliv.

xantbocarpa, L. and Lg.
Plagiochasma, Lehm. and Lindl).

erythrosperma, Sulliv.

Wrightii, Sulliv.
Plagiociiii.a, Nees and Mont.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

21

asplenoides, (L.), Nees and Mont.
interrupta, Nees.
Ludoviciana, Sulliv.
porelloides, Lindb.
spinulosa, (Dicks.), Nees and Mont,
undata, Sulliv.
Pleuranthe, Tayl.

olivacea, Tayl.
Pressia, Nees.

commutata, (Lindb.), Nees.
Radula, Nees.
Caloosiensis, Aust.
cotnplanata, (L.), Dumort.
Hallii, Aust.
obconica, Sulliv.
pallens, (Swz.), Nees.
spicata, Aust.
Sullivanti, Aust.
Xalapensis, Mont.
Kiccia, Mich,
albida, Sulliv.
arvensis, Aust.

var. birta, Aust.
Beyricbiana, Hampe.
bifurca, Hoti'm.
Californica, Aust.
crystal! ina, L.
Donnellii, Aust.
fiuitans, L.

var. terrestris.

var. lata.

var. canaliculars. Hofftn.
Frost ii, Aust.
glauca, L.
lamellosa, Raddi.
Lescuriana, Aust.
lutescens, Schwein.
natans, L.

var. terrestris, Aust.
nigrella, DeCand.
sorocarpa, Biscb.
Sullivanti, Aust.

tenuis, Aust.

tuniida, Lindb.

Watsoni, Aust.
Sarcoscyphus, Corda.

adustus, Nees.

Bolanderi, Aust.

ernarginatus, (Ehrh.).
var. aquaticus, G. L. N.

sphacelatus, (Gies.), Nees.
Sauteria,

limbata, Aust.
Scapania, Lindb.

albicans, (L.), Mitt. var. taxifoiia.

Bolanderi, Aust.

breviflora, Tayl.

compacta, (Roth.), var. irrigua.

exsecta, (Schmidt).

nemorosa, (L.).Nees.

Oakesii, Aust.

Peckii, Aust.

subalpina, (Nees.).

uliginosa.

umbrosa, (Schrad.) Nees.

undulata, (L.) Nees and Mont.
Sexdtnera, Endl.

juniperina, Nees.
Sph^erocarpus, Mich.

Berteri, Mont.

Californicus, Aust.

Donnellii, Aust.

Michelii, Bellardi.

Texanus, Aust.
Sphagncecetis, Nees.

Macouni, Aust.
Steetzia, Lehm.

Lyelli, (Hook.) Lehm.
Targonia,

Michelii, Corda.
Thallocarptjs, Lindb.

Curtissi, Aust.
Trichocolea, Nees.
Tomentella, Nees.

Genera, 49; species, 219; varieties, 17

The Mistletoe.— The Mistletoe of the Eastern States has a
general resemblance to that of Europe, Viscum album ; but the old
genus Viscum has been divided by modern botanists, although the
lines of distinction are somewhat artificial. We have two genera,
Phorndendron and Arceuthobium. Among the leading distinctions may
be mentioned that the European branch of the family, Viscum, as
now restricted, has the anther open by three pores or slits, our Pho-
radendron by two, while the Arceuthobium has but one. There are
other slight differences in pollen grains, cotyledons, and form of the
fruits. The European Mistletoe is usally found on deciduous trees
only, an instance being recorded where it has been found on the
Scotch pine in Germany, and its American representative. Phoradcndron

22 BOTANICAL GAZET1E.

flavescens, Nuttall, seems also confined to deciduous trees and shrubs.
This extends across the continent, a form being found on the Pacific
coast still confined t> deciduous plants; while another genus. Arceu-
thobium,seems wholly confined to the coniferous trees which are mixed
with the deciduous ones. The nam^ Arceuthobium is suggestive of
this fact, it being derived from two Greek words signifying "living on
the juniper." Phoradendron, on the other hand, means simply
"living on, or stealing from trees." Arceuthobium, however, does not
live whollv on junipers. In the herbarium of the Phila. Academy is
a specimen of A. occidentale, growing on Jiiniperus occidcntalis — some
Nevada specimens are on Pinus ponderosi. I have specimens of Pho-
radendron juniperinum from Nevada growing on Libocedrus decurrens,
which, by the way, is, I believe, the first time this pretty cupressine-
ous tree has been reported from the State of Nevada. Among the
differences noted by Engelmann in the Botany of California, between
Phoradendron and Arceuthobium, is that while the former flowers in
February and March, and matures its fruit "next winter," the fruit of
the Californian species opens in the summer, and does not mature till
the "second autumn." The European Mistletoe is stated by Bentham
to open in spring, and perhaps this is so ; it was formerly supposed to
be the case with the American Phoradendron flavescens, but Mr. Wm.
Canby had shown to the Phila. Academy recently, that in Delaware
the flowers open in the fall, and the fruit matures in the autumn of the
following year, or just one year afterward. The flowers and fruit are
on the trees at the same time together. If this is general with Pho-
radendron. it still lessens the distinctions between the genera. Usually
Phoradendron bears leaves, while Arceuthobium is leafless— but the
Libocedrus parasite is as destitute of leaves as an Arceuthobium, and the
common observer would see little in their general aspects to distin-
guish them. But there is one great difference in the genus, at least
as represented by these two species. In opening the box which con-
tained the specimens, the whole mass was covered with a dense viscid
secretion, which rendered it very difficult to separate one branch from
another. On leaving the lid open a little while, the watery particles
soon evaporated, leaving a dry gummy deposit over the whole surface.
While this was going on, the seeds were ejected with great force from
their endocarps. being projected against the face with such force as to
leave a stinging sensation. Dr. Engelmann has noted this powerof ejec-
tion in the berries of this plant. The Phoradendron exhibits no trace of
any such power, though there seems to be little difference in the struc.
ture of the berries. These facts raise a nice teleological question.
Birds do not seem to use the berries. As they are so viscid
that the famous bird-lime is made from some species, it is probable the
very viscidity would prevent the free use of the beak in any attempt
to use the seeds. But it is believed that by becoming attached to the
feet or feathers of birds, the seeds are widely distributed, and that in
this way the plant has all the advantage necessary for distribution in
the "struggle for life." But Arceuthobium, besides all the advantages

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 23

to be derived from this mode of distribution, has an additional aid
from a projecting force.

Did Arceuthobium at one time exist when or where there were no
birds, and had it to depend on this projection alone for its distributing
power, and is the viscidity a later development ? Did Phoradendron
once possess the power, and has it abandoned it from having through
the ages found out that it travels well enough without its exercise?
Or is it rather, as I am inclined to believe, that nature loves to aim
expressly at variety, and is continually exhibiting her power to accom-
plish the same end by a wonderful variety of means ? But whatever
may be thought of the various theories of development, and the laws
of final causes which may have operated to produce changes, there can
be but little doubt but parasitism is an acquired habit, and the endeavor
to find out what these plants were, and how they behaved before they
were parasites, is fast becoming one of the most interesting of biologi-
cal studies.

The seeds ejected from the endocarp in Arceuthobium fasten them-
selves tn the branches of trees by a glutinous mass at one end. This
end is opposite to the radicle, which, in germinating, has to push out
from above, and curve downward towards the branch in order to at-
tach itself. I have not seen them during the process of ger-
mination, but as the testaceous covering is held fast by the glutinous se-
cretion, it is probable the cotyledons are drawn out as the plumule takes
its upright position, leaving the testa as an empty case fastened to the
branch. Presuming that this must be the case with other Loranthace-
ous plants, it is difficult to understand the process by which the East
Indian species performs the locomotive feat recently noted by Dr.
Watt, and which from its remarkable nature has had a wide publica-
tion. It was reported as the observation of Dr. Watt that a seed fall-
ing on and becoming attached to the coriaceous leaf of a Memecylon,
would send out its radicle, which, curving down, formed a flattened
disk by which it attached itself to the leaf. But, as if it knew that
;i leaf couli not permanently support a perennial plant, the cotyledons
were lifted and turned to the other side, when the end with the disk
moved to another place, and in this way the seed traveled to a more
favorable spot. Without reflecting on the observation, I believe it
should be repeated in order to be sure of no mistake In all plants
in our country which fasten to an object through a disk at the end of
a rootlet or tendril, as in Ampelopsis and Bignonia capreolata, the at-
tachment is made while the disk is forming. A disk once formed,
does not reattach itself to an object when removed from the original
spot. In like manner the cotyledons, once removed from the endo
carps, would have no viscidity with which to form a resisting power
while the disk was unfastening itself from its undesirable location.
There is, however, so much of singular behavior in the Mistletoe
family that further observations are very desirable. — Thos. Meehan,
Proc. Phil. Acad.

24 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Pastinaca Sativa Pl'Oterandrous.— Umbelliferae are mostly
proterogynous, and so it was a matter of surprise to me to find an ex-
ception in our common Parsnip. The anthers discharge their pollen
very early and fall off while the rudimentary styles can be seen as mere
protuberances on the disk crowning the ovary. In time, the styles
lengthen, separate, the stigmas develop, and the flower is now capa-
ble ot being fertilized. This is accomplished by means of numerous
small coleoptera and other insects which frequent the plant. As the
plant is fertile with its own pollen, this arrangement must exist to pre-
vent excessive close breeding. — Aug. F. Foerste, Dayton, O.

Malvastrum angustum in Ottawa, 111.— I have found

Malvastrum angustum in Ottawa on Trenton limestone. The only local-
ity given in Gray's Manual is Rock Island, and Patterson says, in his
catalogue of Illinois plants, that that locality is now covered by the gov-
ernment buildings. It was almost past blossoming when discovered,
but I have several fruited specimens for exchange. It grows quite
near, and in the same formation with the Petalostemon foliosus. Croton
capitaius is also abundant. near by, and Calatnintha glabella, var. Nut
tallii. — H. L. Bolt wood.

Notes From Dayton, Ohio. — in a Dkksonia punctUobula,

Kunze, collected by Mr. A. P. Morgan, I noticed several pinnae
forking a little above their bases. This variation, although not rare
in other genera, I have never seen mentioned in a Dkksonia.

I have also found Lycopcrdon pedicellatum, Peck, a species hith-
erto found only in New York. I am indebted to its author for the
determination. — Aug. F. Foerste.

List Of the OenilS Carex. — With this number we publish as
an extra the first part of a lis!: of the species of Carex as found in
Gray's Manual, with the synonymy. Mr. J. F. James, Curator of
the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, was led to the preparation
of this list by his own needs; and thinking that the needs of many
other botanists may be similar, we present it to our subscribers as a
help to their study of this troublesome genus. The list will probably
be completed with the next number.

Notes From Independence, Mo.— During the past season

Ihave found here Conobea multiftda, Benth. with ternate leaves, though
rarely the upper are in twos.

A white flowered form of Verbena stricta, Vent., with a white
flowered Delphinium exaltatum Ait., both abundant.

Specularia leptocaipa, Gray, very plenty on damp rocks. Verbena
Aubletia L. , and bracteosa Michx. , in dry and open prairies, both very
common

Salvia azurea, Lam., with the variet} gratidi flora, Benth., which
seems very distinct.

Solatium rostratum, Dunal, is a pest on our streets and seems like
a native. Can furnish a number of the above on exchange. — Frank
Bush

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Crawfordsville,, Ind.

^$EY BOTltf/g
^ CLUB,

Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VII.

MARCH, 1882.

No. 3.

Note on Salix Sitchensis and its affinities.— Among

some specimens of willows sent from Washington Territory, by Mr.
W. N. Suksdorf, my attention was particularly directed to one
showing but a single stamen under each scale. There were fertile
aments to match, and good leaves accompanying both sexes, so
that I had no hesitancy in referring all to Sailx Site hew sis, the fruit
of which is quite unique among American willows. Need T say
that no time was lost in a critical re-examination of all the staminate
Sitchensis in my herbarium, from British Columbia to California,
nor how astonished I was to find this peculiarity of a single stamen,
constant throughout! At first glance the profusion of stamens in
Mr. Howell's specimens appeared to belie any such reduction, but
it needed only the most cursory examination with a magnifier to
show what an oversight I had been guilty of, at the .very outset, in
framing my key totheJJiandra' of the Californian Flora. This brings
me directly to remark that we have now a clew to the true charac-
ter and affinity of that obscure species, S. Coulteri. It is, in my
opinion, simply an extravagant, autumnal growth of Sitchensis,
bearing the same relation to the normal development of the species
that the serotinous state of the S. hisiolepis (upon which S. Hart-
ivegi was founded) does to typical lasiolepis. Considering the ex-
cessive variability of the leaves of willows there is nothing in the
form, vesture, petioles or stipules to invalidate this view, while on
the other hand we have the significant fact that Sitchensis and
Coulteri share together the single stamen — a character unique
among Pacific coast willows.

Salix Coulter i is known only from two gatherings, the original
one by Coulter, and the other by Bolander, both staminate, with
scarcely developed aments appearing in the axils of leaves so old,
so thoroughly mature and rigid, that where doubled in pressing
they have broken instead of bending. Above there is a younger
growth,' such as might appear along with the normal expansion of
the aments. Bolander says the tree is "common in Marion county,"
but if this is true why has the pistillate plant never been collected?
If however we find that Coulteri is only an abnormal, secondary
growth of what under ordinary conditions would be recognized as
Sitchensis, the answer is obvious. Old leaves of Sitchensis, known
to be such, I have never seen. I doubt if they exist in any herba-

2<5 BOTANICAL QAZETTE.

rium on either side of the Atlantic. At best we have had young,
succulent growths — usually taken with the mature fruit. Mr.
Suksdorf's specimens give us the full grown — if not the old and
rigid leaves, and they show a decided approach to so called Coulteril
It remains to consider the thicker and more densely villous aments,
and the stout, furrowed, tomentose twigs of Coulter/; but here
again Mr. Suksdorf's specimens are intermediate in character, and
we need only concede a degree of variation paralleled by our famliar
S. hum His to warrant the uniting of the two extremes.

I broach, with much hesitancy, a further consideration of the
place of S. Sitchensis in a methodical arrangement of species. Pro-
fessor Andersson grouped it with sericea wApetiolaris as a peculiar-
ly American type, at the same time arranging Coulteri with lasio-
lepis as manifestly representing the European S. daphnoides, sug-
gesting however a doubtful affinity to S. discolor (eriocephala) and
S. lanata through the intermediation of Hookeriana and speciosa.
Remembering the scanty material before the distinguished Salicolo-
gist these conjectures appear sufficiently plausible; but Coulter/',
must be most nearly allied to — if not identical with — Sitchensis and
it is clear that Sitchensis is distinguished from the species with
which it has been heretofore associated not only by the single sta-
men but also by the long, narrowly cylindrical fertile aments erect
then spreading, subsessile capsules with manifest style — short peti-
oled leaves with entire revolute margins, etc.

May it not be that Sitchensis represents in America the Euro-
pean Synandrw, a group so commonly distributed throughout
Europe and Asia that its entire omission from our flora has always
appeared remarkable, and furthermore one which if found at all
with us would most likely appear on the Pacific slope where already
S. Bre/reri gives us our only species of the Viminales. Is the coales-
cence of the two stamens in purpurea carried a step further to the
extreme of suppressing entirely one of the members in Sitchensis?
A peculiar American type it may still be, "pulcherrima et dis-
tinct issima species'" it most certainly is, but its place seems to be with
or near the Synandrce rather than among any of the recognized
groups of the Diandrce. — M. S. Bebb.

Protamlry of Pastinaca — Will you kindly allow me to
correct a mistake into which your correspondent, A. F. Foerste,
falls, in his note on "Pastinaca sativa Proterandrous,, (Bot. Ga-
zette, Feb. 1882, p. 24.). So far as I know all Umbellifer/v that
have been studied in this respect are described as protandrous, and
in nearly every case the dichogamy is quite as marked as in Pas-
tinaca. Although not understood, the fact was observed by Pon-
tedera 160 years ago; and it was well described and explained by
Sprengel near the end of the last century. There are probably a
few genera having inconspicuous flowers, with imperfect protandry,
and it is not impossible that synacmic species may be found. So

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 27

far as I recollect, however, no case of this sort is known in the or-
der; and the only instance I recall in which the dichogamy is in-
complete enough to allow self-fertilization is afforded by the genus
Hydrocotyle, described by Herman Muller (WeitereBeohachtungcn,
1879, 1. p. 32-33.). Even here there is very pronounced protandry,
for the stigmas do not become receptive until the last stamen has
matured; and the accelerated development of the pistil is doubtless
correlated with the reduced flowers and umbels of this aberrant
genus, and the attendant decrease in the number of its insect visit-
ors. The causes which led to this reduction in the attractiveness
of the flowers are probably of an entirely different nature, and
connected with the changed habit of the plants. In Germany the
flowers of the parsnip are said by Dr. Muller to be visited by Hy-
menoptera and Diptera, never by Coleoptera! — Wm. Trelease,
Cambridge, Mux*.

Seeds of Orontium and Symploearpus — Has any Botanist
of U. S. got ripe seeds of Orontium and of Symploearpus, and will
they forward some by mail to Sir J. D. Hooker, Royal Gardens,
Kew, London? No matter how old; they are wanted for the
structure. — A. G.

The Greenland Flora.— A year hence the classical Flora
Dcmica will be terminated by the completion of the seventeenth
volume. The work will contain figures of 4,000 species of plants,
of Scandinavia, including Greenland and Iceland. It has been
published whollv at the expense of the King of Denmark, and a
right royal work indeed. At its completion the plates (in folio)
which relate to Greenland plants, and which illustrate its whole
flora, are to be separately issued, with a brief letter press, under the
title of Icones Florce GroenJandicxe. As this flora is in one sense
American, and as the copies of the whole Flora Danica in the
United States are and must be very few, we take pleasure in an-
nouncing this illustrated Greenland Flora to American botanists.
Some of them w^ll wish to possess it. The price of uncolored
copies is fixed at 56 francs, of the colored at 236 francs. It should
be added that, as the impression is strictly limited, application
should be made very promptly. The editor, Professor Joh. Lange,
Copenhagen, informs us that he will himself receive subscriptions,
up to the first of May next. — A. G.

A Note from Emesby.— Editor of the Botanical Gazette —
Let me thank Professor Rothrock most heartily for his courteous
statement— or rather re-statement— of the methods and "trend of
botany teaching in the University of Pennsylvania; after which
I ought not to have another word to say further than to disclaim
all thought or intention of "criticising" the articles which appear-

28 BOl AA'ICAL GAZETTE.

ed in the Gazette from the pen of this genial writer; articles which
no one could have read with more cordial appreciation than T. The
truth is, I was away from home, and dropping into a public read-
ing room to spend a leisure hour, 1 picked up a periodical
which, for all the botany it contains, I have not considered worth
subscribing for, and the whole spirit of the little I did read on this
occasion prompted my hasty and inconsiderate protest. Had I
waited for the next number of the Gazette, giving Prof. Beal's
methods and the editorial comments theron I would have felt reas-
sured and remained in becoming obscurity.

I wrote in the interest of the "average amateur11 — being of
that "small fry11 myself. I had no right — indeed am utterly incom-
petent— to write in the interest of the average Professor seeking to
advance the cause of Science and at the same time his individual rep-
utation "in the direction of least resistance11 by working in fields
that have only been left unexplored because they are comparatively
uninviting.

But I must have said something very naughty to stir up the
Botanical editor of the Naturalist to a notice covering just nine
lines, but so crowded with apparently unconscious perversions,
misquotation?, and unwarranted inferences that I stand amazed! I
am charged with placing too high a value on the "identification of
&few plants (when I distinctly urged the very reverse) or the "find-
ing of a new species11 — when I never said a word about new species,
and in point of fact consider "new species11 a chance game, the
"finding11 of which may just as well fall to the lot of a fool as a
philosopher. The eliminating of Mr. Watson's species to which
I incidentally referred, directly resulting from a thorough revision
of the genera to which they respectively belong, is quite another
matter.

What I did say is this: that a large proportion "of amateurs
are interested11 in plants themselves, in their structural affinities as
expressed in a methodical arrangement "which involves organo-
graphy— comparative morphology — and systematic botany11 and "in
their geographical distribution and antecedents.11 Under this last
head may I quote from an address given by Charles Kingsley to the
Scientific Society of Winchester. He says: "I ask you to consider
for a time, a subject which is growing more and more important
and interesting, a subject the study of which will do much toward
raising the field naturalist from a mere collector of specimens — as
he was twenty years ago — to a philosopher elucidating some of the
grandest problems. I mean the infant science which treats of the
distribution of plants and animals over the globe and the causes of
that distribution.11 "It begins with asking every plant or animal
you meet, large or small, not merely what is your name? That is
the collector and classifieds duty, and a most necessar}7 duty it is,
and one to be performed with the most conscientious patience and
accuracy so that a sound foundation may be built for future specu-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 20

lations. But * * how did you get here? By what
road did you come? What was your last place of abode?'1 And
better still", Wallace in "Island Life,11 p. 6: "'If we take the organic
productions of * * * any very limited tract of coun-
try, such as a moderate country parish, we have, in their rela-
tions and affinities — in the fact that they are there and others are not
there, a problem which involves all the migrations of these species
and their ancestral forms — all the vicissitudes of climate and all
the changes of sea and land which have affected those migrations
— the whole series of actions and reactions which have determined
the preservation of some forms and the extinction of others — in
fact, the whole history of the earth, organic and inorganic, through-
out a large portion of time." And further on he says: " We re-
quire then in the first place an adequate knowledge of the fauna
and flora of the whole world and even a detailed knowledge of
many parts of it." * * 'This kind of knowledge is of
very' slow growth and is still very imperfect. In the next place we
require a true and natural classification of animals and plants so
that we may know their real affinities an 1 it is only now that this
is being generally arrived at.'1 Here certainly, is "ample room and
verge enough1' for the exercise of all the mental power the "average
amateur1' is possessed of— not to include the average Professor as
well.

I distinctly disclaimed any intention to disparage histological
studies, but nevertheless would protest against the thrusting of his-
tology upon students as a first step in the acquisition of a knowl-
edge of systematic botany. Need I do more in this connection,
now, than to remind the reader of the programme of a summer
school, not long since, and place beside it this quotation from the
preface to the last edition of Gray's Text Book: "Structural and
Morphological Botany of Phaenogamous Plants properly comes
first. It should thoroughly equip a botanist for the scientific
prosecution of Systematic Botany, and furnish needful preparation
to those who proceed to the study of Vegetable Physiology and
Anatomy !"

But I don1 1 "understand plants as living things.11 That depends!
I strive to the extent of my ability to study my fellow-men as "liv-
ing things;11 but I much prefer to go to the Herbert Spencers
Sociology for instruction to dissecting a cadaver under the best
demonstrator of human anatomy in the country. It is a question
of predilection as I said before — and I for one do not propose to
quietly submit to the claims of the anatomists that they are the
only students of "living things.11

Is the little tufted, alpine Diapensia which we find on the
summit of Mount Washington, with all the fascinating associa-
tions which cluster around it as a relic of the glacial period, more
or less a living thing than a pickled pumpkin vine?

As to the advantage of the study of botany on account of the

SO BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

comprehensiveness and perfection of its classifications let me offer
the following from Prof. Youmans: uNo other subjects compare
with zoology and botany in these respects. Not only do they fur-
nish inexhaustible material for the exercise of memory, but by the
presentation of facts in their natural relations, they exercise it in
its highest and most perfect form.11 * * "They open
to us the broadest view of the relations and harmonies of organic
nature, and are best fitted to discipline the mind in dealing with
large co-ordinations, and the comprehensive arrangement of objects
of thought, whether in the arts, the professions, business or
science.'

I have quoted freely the words of eminent men, hoping there-
by to encourage young botanists to hold bravely to their prefer-
ences, who might have treated any argument advanced by myself
as not worthy of consideration. — Emesby.

American Grape Mildew in Europe.— The fact that our
common grape mildew, Peronospora viticola B. & C. grows luxu-
riantly on cultivated varieties of Vitis vinifera in this country was
noticed in the Bulletin of the Bussey Institution of March, 1876,
and although owing to the dryness and short duration of our sum-
mers it was there stated that no great harm need be anticipated to
the grape crop in the northeastern States, it was suggested that
the case might be very different should the fungus be introduced
into the vineyards of Central and Southern Europe, where the cli-
matic conditions are very different from ours. In 1877 Dr. Cornu
called attention, in the Comptes Rendus, to the danger of the in-
troduction of the Peronospora into France by the importation of
American vines; and, as is well known, his fears were soon realized.
In 1878 the mildew was detected by Planchon in the southwest of
France, and in the following year by Therry in the vicinity of
Lyons, by Pirotta in Northern Italy, and in Switzerland. Since
then the spread of the disease has been rapid and it has attacked
the vineyards in the greater part of France and Italy and has ex-
tended as far eastward as Hungary and as far southward as Algiers.

As was natural, great alarm was excited by the appearance of
the fungus in wine growing districts, and the agricultural journals
of France and Italy especially have contained numerous articles on
the disastrous effect of the mildew and the means of prevention.
With reference to the injurious effect on the wine crop opinions
vary considerably; some maintaining that the Peronospora is even
more harmful to the vine than the Phylloxera, while others declare
that the injury done is not great. Official investigations have been
undertaken in Italy and France for the purpose of ascertaining the
best way of combatting the disease.

The latest contribution on the subject is the Report of Prof.
Prillieux in the Journal Official, Jan. 9th, 1882, who was appointed
to study the mildew and its development in the vineyards of France

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 31

and Algiers. After giving an account of the morbid appearances
produced in the vines and a sketch of the development of the Per-
onospora and its mode of propagation, he states that the evil effects
of the Peronospora are much greater in Algiers than in France. In
the former country the fungus makes its appearance in May, causes
the leaves to wither, and exposes the young grapes to the burning
sun. The activity of the disease disappears in July. In the region
of Bordeaux the mildew also appears early in the season and some-
times with such virulence that the conidial tufts appear not only
on the leaves and young stems but also on the flowers and young
berries, on which parts, as far as I know, the fungus has never been
observed in this country. Prof. Prillieux, however, does not tHink
that the harm done by "the Peronospora is very great to the wine
crop, for the danger is not so much from injury to the grapes as
from injury to the nutrition of the vines by the premature fall of
the leaves. Admitting that in exceptionally moist years serious
trouble might arise, he thinks that in ordinary years the dry weather
of midsummer would prevent marked injury from the growth of the
Peronospora.

The use of lime having been proposed by Prof. Garovaglio, of
Pavia, as a remedy, M. Prillieux experimented with powdered lime
sprinkled on the leaves, but he found no beneficial effects. Even
when the spots on the leaves where the Peronospora appeared were
cauterized new conidial tufts appeared on the margin of the spots.
Experiments with antiseptic fluids sprinkled on the leaves were
without satisfactory results. As a practical measure it is advised to
burn the leaves affected, because the oospores contained in them
carry the disease over to the next season. Oospores have been
found by Millardet and Prillieux in grape leaves in France, and the
latter thinks that they occur abundantly. It is not improbable
that they are abundant in this country, but owing to the density
and hairiness of the leaves of most of the varieties of grape culti-
vated in this country it is almost impossible to detect their presence
with the naked eye or a hand lens, and, as far as my own experience
goes, examinations with the compound microscope show oospores
only in a comparatively small number of leaves. A continued observ-
ation of the disease as it occurs in New England has failed to con-
vince me that any perceptible injury is done to the vines in that region
where the short and unusually dry summers are unfavorable to the
full development of the Peronospora. Dr. Engelmann, however,
states that the fungus produces injury in some of the Western States.
In Algiers, where the conditions are very different from those of New
England and favor the appearance of the fungus early in the sea-
son, the disease, as might be expected, is most disastrous.— W. G.
Faklow.

Chrysogonum Virginianum, var. dentatum— I wish to direct
the attention of botanists in the lower Middle and Southern States

32 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

to ;x striking variety of our Chrysogonum, which grows apparently
intermixed with the ordinary form. The low and subcauleseent
forms of the two appear to he nearly alike. But in the well devel-
oped and taller forms, rising to a foot in height, the difference is
that this var. dentatum has the leaves strongly serrate (instead, of
crenate), all the upper ovate and acute, the base not cordate, the
teeth callous-mucronate, and a very pronounced callous mucro
makes a conspicuous point to the involucral bracts. It is found on
High Island in the Potomac, Maryland, and was first received from
Mr. J. Donnell Smith, who collected it in June, 1881. Specimens
from the same locality collected in May and June, 1879 and 1880,
by Mr. L. F. Ward and Dr. Vase}', communicated by them, exhibit
these characteristics in a less degree, and show that we have to do
with only a marked variety. — A. Gray.

Some New Grasses.— Poa pulchella.— Culms eespitose, de-
cumbent at the base, from a much branched rhizome, the base
crowded with the short almost filiform leaves which are seldom
more than 1 inch long, with somewhat broadened and thickened
bases; culms slender, smooth, erect, 4 to 6 inches high, with 1 to 2
short leaves, the blade i inch long or less, ligule 1 line long, mem-
branaceous, obtuse; panicle 1 to li inches long, 1 inch wide, erect,
the lower branches in pairs, spreading, smooth, capillary, each with
a single spikelet; spikelets purplish, 3 to 4 lines long, large for the
size of the plant, 3 to 5 flowered ; lower glumes about 1 line long,
3 nerved, smooth, mostly obtuse or somewhat erosely dentate,
broadly scarious margined; flowering glumes about 2 lines long, 3
nerved, lanceolate, the upper ones a little acutish, the lower obtuse
with scarious apex, finely scabrous on the keel and nerves, but not
pubescent nor webbed at the base; lower palet about equaling the
fl. glume strongly bidentate, and scabrous on the conspicuous
nerves.

A handsome dwarf Poa, related to P. laxa but distinct, found
by Mr. W. N. Suksdorf, on the Columbia river, from near the river
bank to the summit of the hills (2,000 ft.).

Poa Bolanderi. — Culms 1 to li ft. high, erect or somewhat
geniculate below, with 3-4 conspicuous rather short and broad
leaves (2 to 3 inches by 2 lines); sheaths striate, smooth, loose, lig-
ule membanaceous, obtuse; panicle 4 to 6 inches long, the rays 1£
to 2 in., distant, mostly in pairs, frequently with 2 to 3 additional
short ones, at first erect and appressed, becoming horizontal or
reflexed, the longer ones 2-3 inches long, slender, mostty flowering
near the extremities, the bran chiefs appressed and short pedicelled ;
rachis and rays smooth, spikelets 1 to 3 flowered, often only 1
flowered; outer glumes thin, green, scarious margined, the upper
about 1 line long, lance-oblong, 3 nerved, frequently lacerate at the
apex, the lower about one-third shorter and acuter; flowering
glumes \\ lines long, rather faintly 5 nerved, lanceolate, acute

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 33

(sometimes strongly so), smooth or minutely scabrous with a thin
webby tuft at the base; palet ± shorter than its glume, narrow,

smooth. . .11

This is No. 6115 of Bolander s distribution, and recently col-
lected by Prof. M. E. Jones, at Soda Springs, Cal. It is closely re-
lated to Poa arctica, which was also collected at the same place by

Mr. Jones. ,.,,/. • ^^ ^

Stipa Parishii.— Culms 1 to W ft. high, leafy especially be-
low; leaves conduplicate or involute, smooth, rigid and divergent
lower ones 6 inches, upper ones about 3 inches long, throat of
sheath fringed with a few soft white hairs, ligule very short, upper
sheath long* somewhat inflated and enclosing the base of the pan-
icle; panicle about 6 inches long, open and somewhat spreading
except at the included base, lower branches in threes, upper in
pairs or single, rather few flowered at the ends of the branches and
tiranchlets, longest rays about 2 inches; outer glumes hnear-
lanceolate, acute. 3 nerved, smooth, the lower one 6 to 7 lines long,
the upper 5 to 6 lines, nearly twice as long as the flowering glume,
which with the short stipe is 3 to 1 lines long, densely clothed
with silky hairs which are longer toward the apex, bidentate, the
teeth less than a line long; awn 9 lines long, smooth below, sca-
brous above. , _ „ _ _ . , „
Collected in the San Bernardino Mts., by Mr. S. B. Parish, for

whom it is named. — Or. Vasky.

Notes on California Plants— Balsamorhiza sagittate, Nutt.
o-rows on the west side of the Sierras at Summit, along with
IVi/etJtia mollis.

Dr. Gray did well to take it for granted (without proof) that
Collomm tinctoria, Kellogg, was a var. of C. linearis. I have a form
intermediate between the two, showing that they are not distinct
as suggested in the Flora of California.

The flowers of Eriogonum Lobbii are sometimes ochroleucous,
as well as white.

Polygonum Muhlenbergii grows at Santa Cruz.

The leaves of Spiranthes Romanzbffiana are net-vemed.

Allium platycaule has linear-oblong reticulations. They are

not absent. , . ,

The heads of Hieracium albiflorum are olten slightly glandu-
lar in my Santa Cruz specimens, and in my Soda Springs specimens
they are quite glandular even to the peduncles. The pubescence
of the heads, in at least some species of Hieracium and Crepis, is a
verv shaky character. n ,

* Tt is a mistake to say that the leaves of the Eucalyptus oi Cal-
ifornia "turn edgewise to the sun" and so give little shade lne
young leaves are pendent and so vertical of course, but they do not
show a sensitiveness bv which the petiole is twisted to keep them

34 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

edgewise to the sun. The older leaves, however, are not even pen-
dent and hold no particular position to the sun, and the trees give
a great deal of shade though not as much as the broader leaved de-
ciduous trees that have also a dense foliage.

Helianthemum scoparium is an almost shrubby perennial.

Arabis platysperma, in robust specimens has auricled leaves:
the pubescence is more branched than "stellate."

Arenaria Douglasii has concentrically striate seeds, and they
are often hairy at the hilum.

Hosackia subpinnata undoubtedly shows a transition to H.
Purshiana.

I have what I suppose must pass for Oxythrca dendroidea, from
Nevada. My specimens have all but the lowest bracts in twos:
leaves hirsute, linear-oblanceolate; awns 1^ to 3 times the length of
the involucre; flowers hirsute; pedicel and involucre glabrous, all
the rest of the plant with stalked glands and some stellate hairs.

Menyanthes trifoliata grows in patches acres in extent in the
Sierras and at Park City, Utah.

Juniperus occidentalis. 1 found a peculiar form of this with
seed protruding from the berry like an acorn in the cup. Dr. En-
gelmann informs me that this sometimes occurs. I had never
seen it in any Juniperus before. The leaves also have a large pel-
lucid spot in the center.

The corolla of Trifolium barbigerum is very beautiful under a
microscope magnifying about 30 diameters; it is covered with a
white or purple net-work with circular meshes. The same is true
of T. cyathiferum though in a less marked degree.

The seeds of Hoxiivkiii strigosa appears to the eye to be almost
square with a notch on one side. They are, at least in my num-
erous specimens, a sure index to the species.

Hosackia maritima is often perfectly smooth, leaflets *>-". stems
2° long, prostrate.

HosacKa Torreyi has the standard beautifully veined with
purple.

Trifolium microcephalum has the lobes of the involucre often
two-toothed.

My specimens of Trifolium microdon are very smooth except
the pedicels.

Con/us Californica has very interesting branched hairs. The
pubescence of Platanus racemom called "tomeutum" in But. Cat. is
made up of very long hairs, branched in whorls or singly and jointed,
densely matted, with straight, simple, rather flat hairs on the very
young stems. The pubescence is more beautiful than that of Alter-
nanthera lanuginosa.

I have Hosackia oblongi folia from Santa Cruz, which verifies
Mr. Coulter's locality, upon which doubt is thrown in Hot. Cal.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 35

Dr. Engelmann's note on Eschscholtzia Californica, in the
Gazette, reminds me of the broad patches of this plant growing
at Santa Cruz on chalky hills. I have seen a mat three feet in di-
ameter growing from one thick root, with plenty of remains of
former flowering stems still attached to the plant, showing that it
is a perennial as Dr. E. suggests. It is strikingly different from the
annual form in Southern Utah, hut I doubt its claim to distinctness
because of being a perennial.

The base of the petiole of leaves of Ivesia Kingii are strik-
ingly hairy, but the hairs are concealed by the decaying remains of
the outer leaves. The pubescence is as remarkable as that of
Lygodesmia spinosa. — Makcus E. Jones, Salt Lake City.

Notes from a Laboratory.— It is not unwelcome to teachers
who have little spare time to know j ust what plant to give to a stu-
dent of Vegetable Histology with the certainty that the particu-
lar tissue under consideration will be found in such form as to ren-
der it desirable for examination. With the object, therefore, of
recommending a few common green-house plants, in which illustra-
tive examples of the prominent tissues can be found, the following
notes, from the work of the Sophomore class of Purdue University,
are presented. Most of this work passed under my personal obser-
vation.

Of course every one will (if he be not too forgetful) have a
good stock of pumpkin or squash stem to illustrate the dicotyledon-
ous stem, and next spring all of us, by Dr. Bessey's recommenda-
tion, will lay in a supply of asparagus for the monocotyledonous
one. Other' plants are frequently wanted however, and the follow-
ing to be had from almost any green house or window-garden, will
be found useful:

Geranium (sp?)* exhibits an abundance of fine compound
crystals in a transverse section of the leaf and a few in petiole and
stem. Its starch grains are large and abundant (the plant was
just well started from a slip) and the layers of cork-cells are num-
erous and regular.

Age nit urn Mexicanum (Blue Ageratum). Collenchyma well

shown.

Primula Sinensis (Primrose) has particularly fine trichomes.
The presence of chlorophyll bodies in the epidermis is also a marked
feature.

Neriwm roseum (Oleander) is peculiar on account of the ar-
rangement of the stomata in groups at the bottom of hairy pits m
the under surface of the leaf.

*The specific names, when any are given, cannot be vouched for. They are
as given me by our florist. All of the plants can be identified either by the
common or generic names.

j6 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Cuphea _ platycentra (Cigar or Match Plant) shows splendid
glandular trichomes.

Coleus harlequin shows collenchyma nicely.

Tradescanlia, sp? (Wad&ering Jew) has remarkably regular

epidermis on the upper surface of the leaves. In horizontal section
it appears made up of almost exactly hexagonal cells. Very long-
slender trichomes at the nodes.

Pilea pilosa (Artillery plant) was one of the most interesting
plants examined. The motion of the protoplasm carrying chlo-
rophyll grains can be easily seen in the parenchyma of the primary
cortex. Cystoliths, as in its wild congener, P. pumila are of ex-
traordinary size and number, thirteen being counted in a cross-sec-
tion of a small branch. They are everywhere, leaves and stems
being full of them! The epidermal cells' of the leaves are also ex-
tremely large.

Begonia semperflorens will compare favorably with the pump-
kin for a "general purpose'" plant. The epidermis is composed of
large cells; the collenchyma is beautifully regular; the tracheary
tissue is represented by spiral, angular, annular, scalariform and
pitted vessels, many of the latter exhibiting the "crossed" pits; the
lenticils show a peculiar development of cork; the starch grains
are large and both simple and compound crystals are present (Vide
Bot. Gaz. VII, 12). Finally the stomata occur in groups of 6-14
and show plainly the successive segmentation of the original epi-
dermal cells to form the mother-ceil of the stoma.

There is but one objection to the Begonia for general labora-
tory use and that can be easily overcome. It must be grown es-
pecially for the purpose, while any corn-field almost will furnish the
standard pumpkin. The ease and rapidity with which it can be
grown from cuttings will almost invalidate tiiis objection, and this
species seems to be more compact and easily handled than any
other. The Begonia has several points of superiority over the
< 'ucurbitacew, chiefly in the structure of the fibro-vascular bundle,
which is much simpler and easier of comprehension by the average
student. Trichomes (except on the root) are absent from this
species. This plant in connection with those already in wide use,
will be found of very considerable value in laboratory work. — Chas.
K. Batotes. LaFayette, Tnd.

A Large Red-bud. — I found growing on the hill-side near my
house a specimen of the LJed-bud. Cercis Canadensis, which was
about 14 inches in diameter at a point 10 inches above the ground.
The trunk was well-formed throughout and free from from swell-
ings or knots. — 0. M. Meyncke, Brookvitte. Ind.

Botanical Paper.

E. MORRISON

Paper Warehouse,
No. 805 D Street. Washington. D. C.

Standard Herbarium Paper, 21 and 28 lbs.,
.at $4.50 and $6.00 per ream.

Genus Covers, standard size and weight,
65 lbs. per ream, $8.12 per ream, or 50 cts.
per quire.

Drying paper always kept on hand.

The undersigned will sell to Botanists sets
of about 300 species from. Eastern Oregon.
For list and terms address

WM. C. CUSICK,
Union, Oregon.

FROM THE

Cascade Mountains.

The subscriber has sets of 300 species of
plants of Washington Territory, collected in
the Cascade Mountains. Several are new
species, some of which have not yet been
published. Over 70 per cent, arc represent-
ed by both fruit and flowers. The rates
will be

$8.00 Per Hundred.

Sets will be sent by mail, and lists will be
written for inquiring pai'ties.

VV . N. SUKSDORF,
White Salmon, Klickitat Co.,
Washington Territory.

laie Western Floats.

My son, Mr. Geo. R. Vasey, has made dur-
ing the past season a valuable collection of
plants in S. E California, Arizona and New
Mexico, principally in New Mexico. The
collection consists of the very interesting
plants of that region, many of them exceed-
ingly rare, and in first class condition. There
are] over 600 species, and the whole set is
offered for fifty dollars. Nearly

all the Ferns of that region are included, and
a few sets of these will be sold separately
A rare opportunity is offered for colleges or
individuals.

GEO. VASEY,

Dep'tof Agriculture, VV ashington,D. C.

Combination Offer.

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Botanical Gazette

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Arizona Plants.

Prof J. G. Lemmon and wife, the botanists,
have returned to Oakland, Cal., from a busy
season's exploration of S. Arizona and have
added a large collection of

Rare and New Plants

to their previous valuable herbarium. They
solicit early orders from their old customers
and also new ones who desire a valuable set
of full and excellently prepared specimens of
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Price Per Hundred $7.50.

The Pacific Coast ferns (about 50 in num-
oer)including all the new ones,at 10 cts. each.
New ones alone 25 cents each. Live plants of
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Agave Shottii, @ 50 each. Mammilaria pecti-
«ato@50each. Lilium Parryi® 50 cents. A
smail quantity of seeds of the new and beau-
tiful Cupressus Arizonica just gathered and
for sale. The tree is sure to become very pop-
ular asit will grow in varied climates and
forms a pyramidal tree with quadangular
branchlets. A few seeds of the Finns Ariz-
onica and P. Chihuahaua, &e. Address,
J. G. LEMMON,

OAKLAN D CA1

Arizona Plants.

The undersigned has made very large collections of plants in Arizona and adjoining
regions, and will dispose of them at very low rates. He will also exchange Specimens
for standard Medical and Surgical works, either new or second hand. For lists and
terms appty to

HENRY H, RUSBY,

Frauklin, N. J.
M^In every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette.

English Plants.

An English botanist desires to dispose of his collection of Phamogams which com-
prises over 1,000 (mostly British species) specimens mounted. Price 10£ 10 shillings,
delivered in N. Y.

For particulars address

. J. A. SANFORD,
289 Summit St., Toledo, Ohio.

Important to Botanists.

Wishing to close out my stock of check-lists of North American Polypctate and
Gamopetalre after Composite, (which are very useful for herbarium lists and exchanges}
I will fill all orders received before May 1st as follows: 1 copy of each list, 30 cents; 5
copies of each, $1. Stamps as good as money.

II. N. PATTERSON,

ma- Oquawka, 111.

TO BOTANISTS.

We take pleasure in announcing- as now ready, a work on the LICHENS, by Prof. Ed-
ward Tnckerman of Amherst College. The title is as follows: "A Synopsis OF THE
North American Lichens, Vol. 1. comprising the Parueliacei, Cladoniei and
Ccenogoniei." The book isSvo. in size, and contains nearly 300 pages. The work is not
stereotyped and an extremely limited edition has been printed. The price lias been fixed
at ;);:}. 50, but orders received before March 1st will be filled 10 per cent. less. Orders
should be sent direct to us as no discount will be allowed to "the trade" on tins bonk.
Orders should be sent at once as the price will be raised to $5.00 after a certain number
of copies have been sold. g. k. GASSING, Publisher,

manu 32 Ilawley Street, Boston.

April, 1882.

Vol. VII, No. 4.

, ^$£1 BOTiif.

The (* club.

Botanical Gazette.

A PAPER OF

0

Botanical Notes.

TERMS— SINGLE NUMBERS 1 0 CENTS. YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, $1 .00

CONTENTS

<<*

Page.

Editorial 37

The White Pine. W. H. Ballon 38

Ueber die weiblichen Bluethen der

Coniferoen. G L. Goodale 39

Githopsis. A. Gray 40

Notes on Ambrosia trifida. Aug. F.

Foersle 40

Depauperate Rndbeckia 41

Proterandry in Amaryllis regina?. J.

Troop. 42

Grape Mildew. W. G. Farlow 4a

Page.
Notes from Mississippi Pine Barrens.

M. B. Flint 43

New Species of Fungi. C. H. Peck... 43

Plucheas. A.Gray 45

Relation of Leaves to Light, Francis

Darwin. A. Gray 45

Ranunculus. A. Gray 47

Botanizing on Comanehe's Peak, Tex-
as. J. Beverchon 47

North American Grasses,Bentham. G.
Vasey 48

JOHN M. COULTER, CrawfordsvMe, Ind.,
M. S. COULTER, Logansport, Ind.,

Editors and Publishers.

CRAWFORDSVILLE, IND.

REVIEW STEAM BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS.

1882;

THE

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Orders addressed to the under-
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. M. S. COULTER,
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The paper will be invariably
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Address,

JOHN M. COULTER,

Crawfordsville, Ind,

The Gazette for 1882 will continue
to be devoted to the interests of botan-
ists in general. Not being restricted to
any department, any subject that re-
lates to the science will be found in its
pages. We ask the aid of botanists in
making the Gazette indispensable to
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ious to receive from all any notes that
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Let botanists use their influence in
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for charity's sake, for the Gazette is
self-supporting, but that its usefulness
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come even a more complete index to
the botanical activity of this country

Sample copies will be mailed upon
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Crawfordsville, Ind.

CLITI *

Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VII. APRIL, 1882. No. 4.

Editorial. — Mk. E. L. Greene describes six new species of
Composite in the Torrey Bulletin for February. Half of them be-
long to the genus Hemizonia.

New stations are being found for Asplenium ebenoides, but
not much definite information is gained with reference to the origin
of this suspicious species. Whether it is a hybrid between Camp-
tosorus and A. ebeneum or not still remains to be decided, though
the burden of testimony all seems to be in favor of that idea.

Mr. John H. Redfield calls attention to the fact that Dr.
Gray, in his Synoptical Flora of N. Am., says that Plantago elon-
gata, Pursh, of "Bradbury's collection on the Missouri, is unknown,
probably a glabrate form of P. Palagonica." Pursh's specimen
ticketed (probably from Lambert) P. elongata, and noted as from
Bradbury, has recently been found in the herbarium of the Phila-
delphia Academy and proves to be unmistakably P. pus ilia, Nutt.

Our plant collectors have been unusually active during the
past season, and the result is appearing in the unusual number of
desirable plants for sale. Handsome catalogues have been received
from the Parish Bros., San Bernardino, Calif, Wm. C. Cusick,
Union, Oregon, and Prof. Marcus E. Jones, of Salt Lake City.
Add to these Mr. Geo. R. Yasey, Mr. C. G. Pringle, Mr, J. G. Leni-
mon, Mr. W. N. Suksdorf, and Mr. H. H. Rusby, and it looks as
though a botanist can obtain almost any western plants he desires.

Prof., J. C. Arthur has issued a fourth " Contribution to the
Flora of Iowa." The Flora of this state bids fair to be thoroughlv
known, for it contains as fine a corps of active collectors as any
state can boast. In the present paper the plants to be credited to
the state, and not found in Gray s Manual, are Artemisia serrata,
Nutt., Senecio lugens, var. Hooker!, Eaton, Plantago Rugelii, De-
caisne, Gerardia tenuifolia, var. macrophylla, Benth., Cuscuta
Gronocii,vax. latiflora, Engelm., Polygonum Muhlenbergii, Watson,
Aristida pupurea, Nutt.

Thomas P. James. — It is with m-eat regret that the Gazette is
called upon to record the death of this eminent botanist. He died
in Cambridge, Mass., February 22, in his 79th year. Most of his

38 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

life was spent in Philadelphia in mercantile pursuits. From his
youth he devoted his leisure to the study of Cryptogamia and at the
time of his death was recognized by the best authorities as one of
the two leaders in the scientific world in the knowledge of mosses
and lichens. Retiring from business in 1869 and desiring to devote
himself to scientific pursuits, he removed to Cambridge. In Phila-
delphia he was an officer of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society.
He had been treasurer of the American Pomological Society since
its origin until a year since, when he resigned that position. He
was for a considerable time the chairman of the committee of pub-
lication of the American Philosophical Society, and was connected
with other important societies. At the time of his death he was
engaged in the preparation of a Manual of North American Mosses,
in connection with Mr. Leo Lesquereux, to which he was bringing
the experience of forty years' study. Quoting the words from the
private letter of a friend; uThe study of plants, I believe, is con-
ducive to longevity, but cannot confer immortality. We can only
gather whilst the summer lasts and winter must come at last 'to
shake all our buds from blowinor.1 "

■■»•

- The White Pine.— Mr. W. H. Ballou, of Evanston, read a
paper before the American Association for the Advancement of Sci-
ence, at Cincinnati, in which occurs the following passage with ref-
erence to the origin of the White Pine in Michigan:

The first thought suggested is relative to the origin of the
white pine forests. From whence came the species which so strictly
confines itself to its own peculiar territory? The oak and most
other trees are naturally reproductive, and young trees are equally
prolific in their growth on the same soil where the first forest was
leveled to the ground. They may be transplanted on almost any
territory, and without any special care, speedily growing up to a
state of usefulness to man. Not so with the white pine. It is now
an almost undisputed fact that it will not reproduce on the parent
soil, and that when transplanted elsewhere, its development is mark-
ed with early decay in so many instances as to disparage the work.
Furthermore, it is beset at once with the same host of natural ene-
mies common to it on indigenous ground.

For some years past my attention has been directed to some
facts which may have bearing on the question under consideration.
The pine of the level country east of the Rocky Mountains seems
to have its best growth in proximity to the lake region. I have
noticed that frequently, where a lake recedes,leaving a sandy beach,
evergreens, the juniper, pines,etc, are very apt to spring up. With-
in the memory of man, a wide sand beach near Waukegan has been
made, and on this area a miniature white pine forest has appeared,
and thrives. On some lone islands in Lake Erie, of evident recent
formation, called the East Sister, the Old Hen, etc., I observed sev-
er il years since that a similar phenomenon had occurred. These

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 39

and other facts point to a recent origin of the pine forests under
consideration, which might not have been in existence at the time
of the landing of Columbus. This fact is more apparent when it
is stated in this connection that the average age of the pine is less
than three hundred years in this country; and the other fact is reit-
erated that it does not reproduce on the same soil. The present
pine forests, then, doubtless took the place of some other species,
which had exhausted the soil necessary to their existence, a phe-
nomenon well known to naturalists. It matters not whether the
seeds were blown there by the winds, or lay dormant in the soil
until their turn, or, indeed, what the speculation concerning them
is, so long as the facts are inaccessible; certain it is the origin of the
pine forests in Michigan is a matter of several centuries ago.

Ueber die weiblichen Bluethen der Coniferen, von A. W.

Eichler, Berlin, 1881 (a pamphlet of 32 octavo pages, and a double
plate). — In this interesting paper Professor Eichler frankly avows
that his views respecting the female flowers of Coniferae have un-
dergone some important changes since the publication of his Blue-
thendiagrainme. The views now held are, as he states, essentially
those found in Sachs1 Lehrbuch, but he adduces copious illustrations
in support of them, and adds a succinct history of the controversy
regarding gymnospermy. Since the time of Robert Brown most
botanists have held that the ovules of Coniferae are naked, while a
few have considered them as ovaries with single ovules. The main
point, however, in the late discussions has been with respect to the
nature of the bodies, often scale-like, from which in most cases the
ovular structures arise. Notwithstanding their flatness, the scales
have been looked upon by some as axial in their character; by oth-
ers as leaves and hence carpellary. From the short extract which
is translated below it will be seen that the author does not regard
it as impossible to harmonize the conflicting views, at least in part.
" In all Coniferae, the scales of the so-called female anient represent
nothing but simple leaves; the inner scales,where they are met with,
being ventral outgrowths therefrom. The ovules take their origin eith-
er on the inner surface of these leaves or in their axils (in Taxus and
Torreija only, they appear at the apex of a special bracted axis. In
these two genera the ovules are to be regarded as female flowers ; in
all the other genera the ament represents collectively the individ-
ual female flowers, the leaves being open carpels.). At first sight
there appear to be important morphological differences which, in a
family so conspicuously natural as Coniferae, we should not expect
to find. Thus in one case the ovule seems to be an appendage of the
leaf, in another, axillary and therefore seemingly an axillary shoot,
and, thirdlv, a body at the er^d of a leafy axis. But these differ-
ences are not so great as they appear. The ovule has the character
of a macrosporangium, and "may perhaps rightly bear this name, as
many have proposed. Therefore, what we see realized 111 a macro-

40 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

sporangium (or in a sporangium in general) ought not to surprise
us in the case of an ovule. Now it is certain that in Isoetes, the
sporangia stand on leaves, in Selaginella and Lycopodium in the
axil of the leaf, in Psilotum and Tmesipteris (as Gobel has lately
pointed out) at the apex of a leafy axis. All these genera belong
to the same circle of relationship, and also to the very one from
which the Coniferae have descended. The variations therefore serve
to strengthen rather than to weaken our position. To be sure, we
must give up the notion that the ovule represents either a leaf-seg-
ment or a bud, or has been derived from a metamorphosis of one of
these two structures; it is the macrosporangium inherited by the
phanerogams from the higher cryptogams, but more or less trans-
formed and taking on, like that, a structure sui generis. It can be
compared to an outgrowth ("emersion11),but it must not be regarded
as the exclusive privilege of leaves, or as exclusively axial. The
ovule may take its origin like other outgrowths from one organ, or
another, or at the limits of the two (that is, in the axil of a leaf).
This is plainly so in Coniferas, as we have seen, and is the case in
Angiosperms beyond a doubt." A minor question is incidentally
discussed in the paper and again treated of in a subsequent pamphlet
by the same author (Ueber Bildungsabweichungen bei Fichtenza-
pfen, Berlin, 1882). Monstrosities in the scales of fir cones had
been adduced by some writers as evidence that the seed-scales are
not simple but compound structures. A re-examination of the
specimen used in support of this theorj^ and a study of other new
examples have served to convince Professor Eichler that the car-
pillary "scale is a simple organ, but that by the appearance of a bud
on the posterior aspect, it may undergo all kinds of deviations, and
even split into two or more often three leaf-like lobes.11 — G. L.
Goodale.

GitllODSis. — Baillon in Bull. Soc. Linn., Paris, no. 38, p. 304,
states that besides wild specimens of G. specularioides, the herbar-
ium of the Museum at Paris has specimens raised from Texan
seeds in the Botanic Garden at Cambridge, which show that the
capsule dehisces by triangular "panneaux" below the calyx; where-
fore the genus subsides into Specidaria. Now GitJtojJsis is unknown
in or near Texas, and has never been raised in the Cambridge Gar-
den. Specidaria Lindhe/'meri is Texan and has been cultivated
here. It appears that Baillon has taken this for Gdhopsis. — A.
Gray.

Notes on Ambrosia trifida. — Last year I made quite exten-
sive researches as to the facilities presented by weeds for the dissem-
ination 'of seeds, hoping thereby to gain a true insight into their
nature. The results show that an explanation is not to be sought
here, but in their tenacity of life when injured, their power of "de-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 41

veloping branches in the lower axils of leaves, from roots, &c. In
deed, many weeds are almost destitute of arrangements for the dis-
tribution of seeds. One of these is the common ragweed, Ambro-
sia trifida. In this I noted an occurrence, properly belonging to
the study of Natural Philosophy, but which may interest even the
botanist. The akenes of this plant have a stout central process, i
the length of the seed, surrounded at the base by five slight protu-
berances. On a clear morning, when the fields are covered with
hoar-frost, go out into the fields in which this plant grew last sum-
mer. Wherever there is a seed exposed you find 5 or 6 strands of
ice attached to these processes, sometimes separate but oftener in
contact with one another, resembling asbestos in the arrangement
of the "fibers" of ice. These, after making various contortions, re-
sembling locks of hair, reach a length of 11 to 3 inches. During
winter season the akenes are mostly half-buried by the earthy mat-
ter around them, but in the fall they lie loose on the ground. Now
for our application to botany. The seeds being quite heavy gener-
ally are carried but a short distance from the stem; but when at-
tached to these strands of ice, they are carried away by the winds,
rolling over the ground; or the feet of animals in striking the ice
— which always rises above the ground, often nearly perpendicular
— propel the seed with the ice; and most frequently of all, becoming
by this means attached to leaves, light twigs, &c, they are carried
by these for short distances, which during the entire winter season,
may amount to a considerable distance, for a plant presenting no
other facilities.

Why do not other seeds, as well as our common ragweed,
have these curls of ice? Or have they been noticed elsewhere? No
doubt this plant offers peculiar facilities in this direction. The
seeds present an extraordinary amount of surface by means of these
processes, radiation of heat being more advanced here, they offer
the first attachment for the dew, which precipitated on the seeds,
forms the curls of ice, while at the same time the processes
give direction to the strands thus formed, and instead of an irregular
mass of ice we have "ice-curls.1— Aug. F. Foerste, Dayton, Ohio.

Depauperate Rudbeckia — An interesting instance of the
change which may be effected in the habit and growth of a plant,
came to my notice last fall. One day while out walking, I came
across a specimen of Rudbeckia hirta, L., which was to me a curi-
osity. The leaves were all radical, and the solitary flower was on a
veritable scape, leafless and bractless. The leaves and flower were
of the typical R. hirta, but instead of the plant being tall and
branched as it is usually, it was only two inches high. The next
week my brother found another specimen of the same description.
This latter was a little taller, being about six inches high to the
top of the scape, but all the leaves were radical and the scape was
leaflless. This is an interesting instance of the way in which a

42 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

long period of hot and dry weather can reduce a tall branching
plant, to alow branchless one, and may show under what influences
plants may acquire the leafless scapes and radical leaves which are
characteristic of so many species. — Jos. F. James, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Proterandry in Amaryllis reginse. — The species here

named is now occasionally cultivated from South America as a
house plant, for which purpose it possesses many desirable charac-
teristics. The large crimson-red, nodding flowers exhibit proteran-
dry in a manner easily observed. The stamens are in two sets of
three each, the outer being somewhat shorter than the inner. They
are all nearly straight at first but soon begin to curve upward.

The anthers are versatile, and when first appearing are f of an
inch in length. From six to ten hours after the flower opens the
dehiscence of the anthers takes place by a gradual splitting open
on each side, the valves rolling up so as to hide their external sur-
face completely from view; or in other words the anther is turned
inside out. At the same time the valves become fluted like a ruffle
thereby shortening the anther so that when the dehiscence is com-
plete the anther is only about 3-16 of an inch long. The dehis-
cence takes place in the short stamens about four or five hours be-
fore it does in the long ones. The pollen is very abundant, forming
nearly one-half the bulk of the anther. The styles of the three-
celled ovary are united into one, with a three-lobed stigma. During
the dehiscence of the anthers the stigma remains closed, and is
turned downward away from the anthers, thus preventing any pol-
len from coming in contact with it. After about twenty -four hours
the style curves upwards, and the lobes of the stigma turn back, or
open, and are ready to receive the pollen. This, however, must
now come from a fresh anther of another flower. From the
structure of the flower, and the character of the pollen it is well
nigh impossible that the latter could be brought to the stigma by
the wind. No doubt, therefore, this Amaryllis in its native region
is wholly dependent for its fertilization upon some insect, probably
some moth with a long proboscis. To this end a liberal supply of
nectar is secreted at the bottom of the perianth. — J. Tkoop, Botan-
ical Laboratory, Ithaca, N. Y.

Grape Mildew. — In the Gazette for March I stated that the
conidia of Peronospora viticola were not known to occur on the
flowers and young berries of the grape in this country. The
remark is untrue as far as the Western States is concerned, for in
the Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Science of Sept. 16,
1861, Dr. Engelmann mentions that in Missouri the fungus appears
in June, and on the pedicels and young berries when they are of
the size of small peas or smaller, although he had never seen it on
full grown berries. The early occurrence of the fungus in Missouri

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 43

would accordingly account for the fact that the vines suffer more
from the fungus in the Western than in the Eastern States. — W.
G. Farlow.

Notes from the Mississippi Pine Barrens.— The winter

has brought little cessation in vegetable activit}'. With the late
blooming fall flowers, Asters, (especially A. squarrosus and A. ad-
natus), Ascyrums and Lobelia glandulosa, would open now and
then, a belated Cape Jasmine, and a second bloom of several spring
flowering plants. Pear trees and apricots bloomed throughout No-
vember; Gelsemium sempervireris on Nov. 22nd, and Crataegus Py-
racantha during the first week of December. Stellaria media has
been in continuous bloom. The thirty rainy days in the month of
January gave no opportunity for rambles in the Pine Woods, but
Arabis Ludoriciana appeared January 7th, and Houstonia minima
on the 10th. The gardens were fragrant with English violets, Hy-
acinths and Narcissi, N. Polyanthus opening first on Christmas
day. In JV. Tazetta, the polymorphism of the perianth is very
frequent, occurring with but three, or sometimes four divisions in
the same umbel with the normal flowers. The number of stamens
is also reduced to correspond with the perianth. From day to day
an adventurous rose would open. The dainty Bosa Banksiae first
appeared, January 19th. Magnolia purpurea and Pyrus Japoniea
were in bloom February 2nd, when the bellow Jessamine was again
opening in sheltered spots. On February 4th the ground, in moist
places, was starred with Ranunculus fascicularis ; the dark-eyed,
purple Houstonia was everywhere abundant;' Viola p'rimulaefolia.
Primus Caroliniana, Vaeciniuni tenellum and Allium striatum,
were blooming, and over the Barrens many mosses were beautifully
in fruit. — Martha B. Flint, Brookhaven, Miss.

New Species of Fungi ; by Chas. H. Peck. — Cantharellus
Morgani. — Pileus thin, plane .or centrally depressed,] and subin-
f undibuliform, glabrous, red, the margin involute ; lamellse narrow,
decurrent, dichotomously branched, whitish; stem /equal or slightly
enlarged above, solid, paler than the pileus ; spores minute,subellip-
tical, .00016— .0002 of an inch long. ' ' V ! " i I

Plant 8-12 lines high, pileus 6-10 lines broad, stems 1-2 lines
thick. ., '.n „ •'•■ ! 1

Under coniferous trees. Vermont. '';A-yP. Morgan.

This is a small species resemMwg'C.Gu'yanensis Mont., which,
according to the description, differs in' its thick coriaceous reddish-
orange pileus, yellow hymeniuni and thick corneous fistulose stem.
The pileus in our plant has a Ught-red or pinkish-red color, and I
do not detect any peppery taste to the flesh.

Polyporus fraxinophilus.— Pileus sessile, thick, corky, more
or less ungulater.somewhat clecurrent, concentrically sulcate, rimose

44 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

when old, the first year whitish, then gray or cinereous, finally
black, the margin obtuse, the substance obscurely zoned within, at
first whitish, then isabelline; pores medium size, stratose, nearly
plane, subrotund, the dissepiments obtuse, entire, whitish; spores
white, broadly elliptical, .0003-00035 of an inch long, .00025-0003
broad.

Pileus 2-4 inches long, 1-2 inches broad.

Dead or languishing trunks of ash trees. Dakota. C. W. Irish.
Arizona. C. G. Pringle.

This Polyporus belongs to the Fomentarii. It varies consid-
erably in shape, some specimens being almost as much flattened as
the thicker forms of P. applamtus, others being as thick as the or-
dinary forms of P. f omenta rats. Specimens three or more years
old are somewhat tri-colored, the oldest part being black and full
of chinks or cracks, the margin whitish and the intermediate part
gray or cinereous. The annual additions are separated by concen-
tric grooves. In the Dakota specimen the annual additions are
much broader than in the Arizona specimens, and the pileus is
more flattened and thinner. The interior substance is at first
whitish but it changes with age to a brownish-yellow or isabelline
hue, thus forming a connecting link between the second and third
sections of this tribe as given in the Epicrisis of Fries.

Merulius rubellus. — Pilei mostly casspitose, imbricated, ses-
ile, dimidiate, soft, somewhat tenacious, tomentose, deep-red when
fresh, paler when dry, the margin usually undulate, inflexed; hy-
menium whitish or cream-colored, the folds much branched, porous-
anastomosing; spores -minute, elliptical, colorless, .00016-.0002 of
an inch long, .0001-.00012 broad.

Pileus 2-3 inches long, 1-2 inches broad; tufts sometimes six
inches long.

Decaying trunks of beech trees, Fagus ferruginea, in dense
woods. Near Cincinnati, Ohio. December. A. P. Morgan.

This is a beautiful species, similar to M. tremellosus in the size
and thickness of the pileus, but very different in color. The fresh
moist pileus is a deep red (Indian red) but in drying it fades to a
pinkish-gray or to a grayish hue with a red margin. The texture
is almost floccose-tomentose, with the upper part red, the lower
white. According to the notes sent me by Prof. Morgan, it differs
from the description of M. incarnatus in the pileus not being
"coriaceo," the folds neither usubtremellosis,, nor " luteis roseisve,
the mode of growth not "stellatim provenit11 and the habit not be-
ing "ad cortices dejectos Quercus albw, faleatce" although fallen
trunks of Quercus alba were more abundant in the locality where
it was collected than were those of the beech.

Puccinia Brandegei. — Spots none, sori amphigenous or cau-
lincolous, often confluent, reddish-brown, distorting the stems and
petioles; spores subelliptical, smooth, .0011-0014 of an inch long,
.0008-001 broad; pedicels short.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 45

Living leaves and stems of Corydalis Brandegei. Colorado.
T. S. Brandegee.

Puccikia Boisduvalle. — Spots indefinite, yellowish, often
tinged with red or brown; sori few, scattered, amphigenous, brown;
spores obovate or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, slightly constricted at
at the septum, smooth, .0014-.0016 of an inch long, .0008-00095
broad; pedicels short, colorless.

Living leaves of Boisduvalia Torreyi. Santa Cruz, California.
M. E. Jones.

Ueomyces Jokesii. — Spots none; sori amphigenous, small,
scattered, reddish-brown; spores subglobose to elliptical,verruculose,
.0011-0014 of an inch long, .0009-0011 broad; pedicel short, col-
orless.

Living leaves of Ranunculus. Soda Springs, California. M. E.
Jones.

The roughly warted spores and scattered amphigenous sori are
notable features in this species.

Tkichobasis Wyethi^e — Spots none; sori dot-like, abundant,
often occupying the whole lower surface of the leaf, reddish-brown;
spores subglobose or broadlv elliptical, .0012-.0016 of an inch long.
.0008-0012 broad.

Living leaves of Wyethia angustifolia. Colorado. T. S.
Brandegee.

Tkichobasis Helianthell^. — Spots pale greenish; sori hy-
pophyllous, numerous, generally most abundant along the midrib,
reddish-brown; spores globose or subglobose, uninucleate, .0012-
.0014 of an inch in diameter.

Living leaves of Heliarithella Californica. Soda Springs, Cal-
ifornia. M. E. Jones.

Plucheas. — Pluchea eamphorata, P.foetida, and even P. pur-
pura seens, DC, appear to be forms of one variable and widely dif-
fused species. Is the plant of the Mississippi valley found growing
anywhere far from subsaline soil, and is the root perennial? Is the
root of P. camphordta ever perennial ? — A. Gray.

On the Power possessed by Leaves of placing themselves

at Right-Angles to the direction of Incident Light; by

Francis Darwin. Journal of the Linn. Soc, no. 112 (vol. xviii,
pp. 420-455), published June, 1881, read Dec. 16, 1880— Taking up
this subject where it was left by his father and himself in the work
on " The Power of Movement in Plants,1' Mr. Francis Darwin, in
this paper, records his investigations and experiments made with a
well-devised modification of Sachs1 Klinostat, with the view of de-
termining whether Frank's or DeVries's explanation of the position
which leaves normally assume with respect to the light is the more

4.6 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

tenable. While the vertical position assumed by the growing
plant's axis is attributed to geotropism and heliotropism, Frank at-
tributes the xiosition taken by leaves (with one face to the sky and
the other to the ground) to transverse geotropism and transverse
heliotropism. "An organ which grows transverse-geotropically,

places itself horizontally In the same way a transversa helio-

tropic organ has an inherent tendency to place itself at right-angles
to, instead of parallel [as does the stem] to the direction of incident
light. It may be said that this is no explanation at all; and this
is true in a certain sense. But there is no reason whv it should be
more unsatisfactory than the accepted explanation of the vertical
growth of stems and roots, namely, that they have an inherent
power of growing in these directions." Indeed the one is just as
satisfactory or unsatisfactory as the other. The terms "geotrop-
ism," " heliotropism," "apheliotropism" and the like, transverse or
otherwise, — now a numerous brood, — are useful and not misleading,
when held to mean only that, in fact, a leaf " has an inherent ten-
dency to be horizontal, ' or "to place itself at right-angles to the di-
rection of incident light" and "the hypocotyl of a seedling has an
inherent tendency to grow vertically upwards. "The technical terms
are unsatisfactory only when they are supposed to carry more expla-
nation than the simple and untechnical statement does. But do leaves
take their position in virtue of an inherent tendency ? This is sub-
stantially denied by DeVries,or at least he maintains that the assump-
tion is needless, for that it may be the result of an antagonism be-
tween positive and negative heliotropic and geotropic forces, or be-
tween these and what he calls epinasty and hyponasty. These new
technical terms are simple in meaning. An organ, such as a leaf,
is epinastic when the upper half grows in length more than the
lower, and the effect is convexity above and concavity below, or
downward curvature: it is hyponastic when the reverse takes place.
And the suggestion is, that the horizontal position of a leaf under
zenith illumination may be due simply to an equilibrium between
two or more of these opposing forces. It is unnecessary to enter
into particulars of how this obviously might produce the effect: for
the result of Mr. Francis Darwin's experiments is a clear disproof of
DeVries' suggestion. In the "fundamental experiment:, -if a plant
whose leaves have the power of placing themselves at right-angles
to incident light is growing normally in the open air and lighted
from above, its leaves will be horizontal. Let the plant be now
made to rotate on a klinostat [so slowly that no centrifugal effect
will be produced, but rapidly enough to destroy all geotropic action]
so that the axis of rotation coincides with the axis of the plant.
And let the direction of the incident rays of light be parallel to the
axis of rotation, so that the morphologically upper side of the
leaves is illuminated by rays striking them at right-angles, just as
they were when the plant grew on the ground. Then, if the normal
horizontal position is the result of a balance between geotropism

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 47

(positive or negative) and any other force — epinasty, hyponasty,
positive or negative heliotropism, — it is clear that, geotropism bein^
destroyed by the rotation, the balance cannot be maintained.11 The
experiments, varied in many ways, and with arrangements to elim-
inate epinastic and hyponastic tendencies, plainly bring out the
conclusion "that the power which leaves have of placing them-
selves at right-angles to the incident light is due to a specialized
sensitiveness to light, which is able to regulate or govern the action
of other external forces, such as gravitation, or of internal forces,
s uch as epinasty.11 — A. G. in Am. Jour. Sci.

Ranunculus. — I invite attention, thh season, to the various
forms which in this country pass under the name of Ranunculus
repens, L. I suspect that the European species, one which merits
the specific name, is not indigenous to the United States, but is oc-
casionally met with as a naturalized plant. The ''third form11 with
"spotted leaves,11 mentioned in Mr. Ward's new Flora of Washing-
ton, would seem to be of this species. Does the low and early-flow-
ering form of our common species make runners later in the season ?
And do the larger forms of low ground freely produce prostrate
shoots and do these take roots?11 — A. Gray.

Botanizing on Comanche's Peak, Texas.— This high bluff
is one of the most remarkable features of Central Texas. Situated
six miles south of Granbury, it towers above the beautiful valley of
the Brazos like an immense citadel, its height above the valley be-
ing estimated at six hundred feet. It is seen from long distances in
every direction and from its top a most extensive view is obtained.
Like an isolated sentinel, it seems to be the only remnant of a vast-
plateau that has been washed away. Belonging to the Cretaceous
Period, its rocks full of interesting marine fossils have characterized
one group of that period, bearing the name of Comanche's Peak
Group.

In September, 1881, my wife and I visited the peak on a botan-
izing expedition, but the season was not favorable except for a few
grasses which I will mention below. The Euphorbia Fendleri and
Paronychia Jamesii were the only interesting plants in bloom. On
the rocks which had fallen from the top of the peak we noticed some
Solidago neinoralis in bud, but most of the species were detected
by means of leaves, or dried stems bearing seeds; such as Arenaria
Michauxii, Erythrcea Texensis, E. Beyrichii, and Sabbatia campes-
tris. We looked eagerly for ferns, but only two were obtained.
PeUcea atropurpurea and Nothokena dealbata. of the latter only a
small specimen. The pretty Cereus pectinatns is also growing
there, being, I think, one of its more northeastern stations.

The grasses were; 1, a Boutehua much resembling ol/'yostac1iy<i
but with culms 2 or 3 feet high and that in poor rocky soil; 2,
Leptostachya dubia; 3, Tricuspis (probably mutica of Torrey); 4,

48 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Aristida, probably a new species. The last three species were grow-
ing on rocks on the very top of the peak. The first is abundant in
rocky prairies near the base of the mountains. I have sent these
grasses to Dr. Vasey of the Department of Agriculture, and he has
not yet reported definitely about them.

The sides and part of the top of this great bluff are covered
with a thick growth of mountain cedar (Juniperus occidentalism Tax.
conjungens), red oak (Quercus rubra), live oak (Q. virens), and shin
oak (Q. sinuata, var.?). Among these we noticed the following
shrubs; Celtis reticulata, PteleatrifoUata, var. mollis, Moras parvi-
folia, Rhus triIobata,and the curious evergreen Berberis trifoliata.

I have no doubt that the locality is very rich in plants, and the
botanist who will visit it in a good season will be well repaid for his
trouble, besides the pleasure of viewing beautiful landscapes.

The settlers about the peak have assured us that they are gen-
erally favored with more or less rain while the country 8 or 10 miles
distant is suffering from drouth. Some of our own observations
seem to corroborate this statement.

In crossing the Brazos 6 miles from the peak we found on the
sandy banks of that river fine blooming specimens of the following
species: Heliotropium convolvulaceum, Euphorbia hexagona, Dalea
lanata, Aster spinosus,Cycloloma platyphylla, and Enslenia albida. —
J. Reverchon, Dallas, Texas.

North American Grasses.— In the April Naturalist Dr
Vasey gives some notes on N. Am. Grasses,based on Mr. Bentham's
recent paper on Graminece. As all botanists are interested in the
proposed changes we will note a few of those that most concern us.
Polypogon is placed under the Panicacew. Thurbera is a new genus
made to include two species of hitherto doubtful relations, and
most happily named. Sorghum nutans is not Sorghum at all, but
Chrysopogon. Sorghum includes only the cultivated S. rulgare and
S. Halapense. Muhlenbergia is made to include Vasey a. ' Sporo-
bolus includes Vilfa. In Deyeuxia are included all our species of
Calamagrostis except two or three which go into Ammophila. All
our native species of Aira are referred to Deschampsia. Lepturus
paniculatus, Nutt., is referred to Schedonnardus. Eleusine includes
Dactyloctenmm. Leptochloafascirularis again appears as Diplach-
mfascicularis. Triodia includes Tricuspis and Uralepis. Tnpla-
lis appears with two N. Am. species. Our Brizopyrum is Distlich-
iss, Raf. Briza includes Calothera. Atropis is referred to Glyceria.
Bromus includes Ceratochloa. Our native Triticums are referred to
Agropyrum. Gymnostichum is referred to Asprella.

Botanical Paper.

E. MORRISON

Paper Warehouse,
No. 805 D Street. Washington. D. C.

Standard Herbarium Paper, 21 and 28 lbs.,

at $4.50 and $6.00 per ream.

Genus Covers, Standard size and weight,
65 lbs. per ream, $8.12 per ream, or 50 cts.
per quire.

Drying paper always kept on hand.

The undersigned will sell to Botanists sets
of about 300 species from Eastern Oregon.
For list and terms address

WM. C. CUSICK,
Union, Oregon.

FROM THE

Cascade Mountains.

The subscriber has sets of 300 species of
plants of Washington Territory, collected in
the Cascade Mountains. Several are new
species, some of which have not yet been
published. Over 70 per cent, are represent-
ed by both fruit and flowers, The rates
will be

$8.00 Per Hundred.

Sots will be sent by mail, and lists will lie
written for inquiring parties.

W . N. SUKSDORF,
White Salmon, Klickitat Co.,
Washington Territory.

3to Western Plant;

My son, Mr. Geo. R. Vasey, has made dur-
ing the past season a valuable collection of
plants in S. E California, Arizona and New
Mexico, principally in New Mexico. The
collection consists of the very interesting
plants of that region, many of them exceed-
ingly rare, and in first class condition. There
are; over 600 species, and the whole set is
offered for fifty dollars. Nearly

all the Ferns of that region are included, and
a few sets of these will be sold separately
A rare opportunity is offered for colleges or
individuals.

GEO. VASEY,

Dep'tof Agriculture, Washington,D. C.

Combination Offer.

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Botanical Gazette

Will be sent with the following periodicals
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Leisure Hour — 1 50

Arizona Plants.

Prof J. G. Lemmon and wife, the botanists,
have returned to Oakland, Cal., from a busy
season's exploration of S. Arizona and have
added a large collection of

Rare and New Plants

to their previous valuable herbarium . They
solicit early orders from their old customers
and also new ones who desire a valuable set
of full and excellently prepared specimens of
the wonderful flora of the border.

Price Per Hundred $7.50.

The Pacific Coast ferns (about 50 in num-
oer)includingallthe new ones, at 10 cts. each.
Xewones alone 25 cents each. Live plants of
the new and rare ferns at 50 cents each.
Agave Shottii, @ 50 each. Manimilaria pecti-
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small quantity of seeds of the new and beau-
tiful Cupressus Arizonica just gathered and
for sale. The ti ee is sure to become very pop-
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forms a pyramidal tree with qnadangular
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J. G. LEMMON.
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Arizona Plants.

The nndersigned ha9 made very large collections of plants in Arizona and adjoining
regions, and will dispose of them at very low rates. He will also exchange Specimens
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terms apply to

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ggg^/tt every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette.

English Plants.

An English botanist desires to dispose of his collection of Phaenogams which com
prises over 1,000 (mo3tly British species) specimens mounted. 'Price IOjG 10 shillings,
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For particulars address

J. A. SANFORD,
289 Summit St., Toledo, Ohio.

Important to Botanists.

Wishing to close out my stock of check-lists of North American Polypetala3 and
Gamopetalse after Composite, (which are very useful for herbarium lists and exchanges)
I will fill all orders received before May 1st as follows: 1 copy of each list, 30 cents; 5
copies of each, $1. Stamps a9 good as money.

H. N. PATTERSON,

ma. Oquawka, 111.

TO BOTANISTS.

We take pleasure in announcing as now ready, a work on the LICHENS, by Prof. Ed-
ward Tuckerman of Amherst College. The title is as follows: "A Synopsis of the
North American Lichens, Vol. l. Comprising the Parmeliacei, ( ladoniei and
C(ENO(;oniei." The book is 8vo. in size, and contains nearly 300 pages. The work is not
stereotyped and an extremely limited edition has been printed. The price has been fixed
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Orders should be sent at once as the price will be raised to $5.00 after a certain number
of copies have been sold. S. E. CASSINO, Publisher,

mama 32 Hawlcy Street, Iloston.

May, 1882.

Vol. VII, No. 5.

^ BOTANIC^

W CLUB. *Xhe

Botanical Gazette

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Editorial 49

The Genus Isoetes, Engelmann. J. M.
C 52

New Species of Fungi. Chaa. H. Peck 54

Selenia aurea. F. L. Harvey 57

Notes on Ranunculus. F. L Harvey . 57
A Synopsis of N. Am. Lichens, Tuck-

ennan. J. M. C .

58

Page.

Action of acids on Cellulose. Lizzie
Shoemaker 59

A Bit of Fern History. Geo. E. Dav-
enxiort 60

Pholisma arenarium, Nutt. D. Cleve-
land 64

Jasminum odoratissimum. W. W.
Bailey 64

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Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VII. MAY, 1882. No. 5.

Editorial. — The American Forestry Association held its
first annual meeting in Cincinnati, April 25-29. With Dr. John
A. Warder as President, the convention could not well help being
one of great interest.

Mr. Thomas Meehan writes that the European snowdrop flow-
ered near Philadelphia on the 1st of April this year, and that Frit-
illaria pudica, within a few feet of it, was only four days after.

Joseph Decaisne, the most eminent botanist in France, the di-
rector of the Jardin des Plantes ever since the death of Mirbel, the
Professor of Culture in the Museum of Natural History at Pans
for more than forty years, died on the 8th of February, 1882, in the
75th year of his age.

We have just received information of the death of Mr. William
H. Leggett, tor so long a time the editor of the Torrey Bulletin.
He died April 11th and in the absence of particulars we will await
the notice which will appear in the journal with which he has been
so honorably connected.

Mr. Thomas Howell, of Sauvies' Island, Oregon, has published
a catalogue of the plants of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, in-
cluding the mosses. He offers to furnish botanists their desiderata
at ten cents, and full sets at five cents per species. Mr. Howell's
plants have proved very satisfactory.

The Agricultural College at Lansing, Michigan, seems to
have quite an active Natural History Society, judging from accounts
of it given in The College Speculum. Prof. W. J. Beal, of course,
contributes largely to the botanical interest, but the best of it is
that he is ably assisted not only by professors but by students.

Part V, of Dr. Braithwaite's British Moss-Flora, published
at the close of the last year, has come to hand. It contains Leu-
cobryum and a part of 'the Dicranacece. Twenty-five species are
beautifully figured on the three plates. This work is specially re-
commended to American botanists. Even if we get our long hoped-
for Manual, we shall still need an illustrated work like this.

Prof. C. E. Bessey has recently met with a severe loss which
calls forth the sympathies of his many botanical friends. On April

5° BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

8th a tornado struck North Hall of Iowa Agricultural College,
carrying off the roof and crushing in the botanical laboratory, bo-
tanical lecture room, and the room in which were the Professor's
library, cabinet and herbarium. His work is now carried on in an-
other building. The herbarium is saved in packages, but the case
is still in the wrecked building, exposed to rains and storms. The
library was mostly saved, but badly hurt by rain, lime and crushing.
The building is to be repaired soon and the Professor expects to be
back in his old quarters by midsummer.

Mr. Volney Rattan has published a popular "California
Flora,'1 or "Manual of Botany for Beginners," which has just ap-
peared in a third edition, revised and enlarged. It contains some
introductory lessons and condensed descriptions of plants with con-
spicuous flowers, numbering something over 600. The most diffi-
cult orders, such as Umbelliferce, Compositce, etc., are not described,
being too difficult for beginners. The book seems a most excel-
lent one for its purpose, and well calculated to be a stimulus to the
study of botany in the schools of California. Many a book of this
kind has come from the necessities of an enterprising teacher, for
our specialists will not always attend to the wants of beginners.

The great collections of the late Professor E. Fries, are now
offered for sale by his heirs. They consist of an herbarium of extra-
Scandinavian phanerogams of about 40,000 species ; an herbarium
of Sandinavian phanerogams, complete and containing the types of
Prof. Fries1 works on the Flora of Scandinavia ; a collection of fungi,
containing original specimens of Prof. Fries1 own species and oi
those of almost all other mycologists in this century; a collection of
about 1,500 drawings of fungi, most of which are colored ; a collec-
tion of mosses ; a collection of algse ; exsiccata published by many
authors. All these collections have been well taken care of, and the
phanerogams are mounted upon fine white paper. They will be sold
undivided or in families or genera, and purchasers should address Th.
M. Fries, Upsala, Sweden, before the end of May, stating the price
offered per hundred.

Rev. A. B. Hervey, of Taunton, Mass., has prepared some ex-
ceedingly handsome slides of marine algge. They are divided iuto
two sets of six each. Set 1 shows the characteristic fruit of each
of the 6 groups into which the Floridece or red alga? naturally di-
vide. Set 2 shows 3 different forms of the asexual spores ot the
Floridece, and the sexual fruit of the lower algse. viz : the Crtjpto-
phyceai, Zoospores, Oosporete. The writer must acknowledge that
these slides came nearer filling a "felt want11 in his laboratory, than
any appliance has done for many a clay. Heretofore his students
had to exercise a large degree of faith in regard to the reproductive
parts of these low and very interesting forms, but now seeing
strengthens both belief and interest. As an educational series these
slides are invaluable, and no laboratory or lecture room can afford

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 51

to be without them for they really illustrate every important fea-
ture of the reproductive machinery of the alga?. Either set costs
$3.00, both together $5.00, with full explanatory text.

The writer confesses a delinquency which he wishes to cor-
rect both in himself and his botanical friends. We have an Associa-
tion known as the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, where workers in all departments of science are in the habit
of meeting to have most pleasant and profitable intercourse^ Zoolo-
gists, geologists, chemists and mathematicians flock to it in great
numbers, but botanists are both few in number and modest in spirit.
Where are the possessors of those long lists of names which fill page
after page of our directories? There is now a section of biology
where botany will have a fair chance, and botanists should avail
themselves of this opportunity of becoming acquainted with each
other. The next meeting will be held in Montreal, August 23d, as
attractive a place for meeting as could well be imagined. The writer
expects to be there, he is ashamed to say for the first time, and
hopes to make hosts of botanical acquaintances. He does not offer
his presence as an inducement for any one to attend, but simply to
assure his readers that he intends to follow his own advice. Let us
begin thus early to lay our plans for making the botanical subsec-
tion a very prominent feature of the next meeting. Go prepared
not only to see something but to say something.

Charles Robert Darwin died April 20, 1882. Just as we go
to press this telegram has been received from London, accompani-
ed by no particulars. He was born February 12, 1809, and the his-
tory of his long life is the common property of all intelligent peo-
ple. Seldom has there been a life more busy or more fruitful, for it
must be conceded that his powers of observation were phenomenal.
His name has become so much a part of modern biology that it
can never cease to be a familiar one. A great "path-breaker," manj-
have followed in his footsteps and he had the good fortune to live
long enough to see his work properly appreciated. It is almost
needless to name his contributions to botany, for his books are in
every library. Those with botanical subjects are as follows: "Fer-
tilization of Orchids," "Insectivorous Plants," "Climbing Plants,"
"The Effect of Cross- and Self-Fertilization in the Vegetable King-
dom," and "Different Forms of Flowers in Plants of the same Spe-
cies." His last book was upon the "Effect of the Earth-Worm on
Vegetable Mould."

We may expect a notice in some degree worthy of the man
from the pen of him who of all in this country knew him best, and
with whom his name is so pleasantly associated in that delightful
book, "Darwiniana."

Botanical Necrology for 1880, 1881 and thus far in 1882, as
given in the American Journal of Science for April includes the fol-
lowing names:

52 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Gen. Wm. Munro died near Taunton, England, Jan 29, 1880,
at the age of 64.

Coe F. Austin, Closter, N. J., died March 18, 1880, at the age
of 49.

Wm. Philip Schimper died March 20, 1880, at the age of 72.

Nils J. Andersson died at Stockholm, March 27, 1880, at the
age of 59.

Dominique Alexandre Godron died at Nancy, August 16, 1880,
at the age of 73. ['_'__

S. B. Mead, Augusta, 111., died November 11, 1880. at the age
of 81.

W. Lauder Lindsay died November, 1880, at the age of 52.

Ernst Hampe died November 23, 1880, at the age of 85.

Alphonso Wood, West Farms, N. Y., died Jan. 4, 1881, at the
age of 70.

Gottlieb Ludwiq Babenhorst died near Meissen, in Saxony,
April 24, 1881, at tlie age of 74.

Matthias Jacob Schleiden died at Frankfort on the Maine, June
23, 1881, at the age of 77.

Theodore Schwann died at Liege, Belgium, early in the present
year, at the age of 70.

Joseph Decaisne died at Paris, February 8, 1882, at the age of

Thomas Potts James died at Cambridge, Mass., February 22,
1882. at the age of 78.

Wm, H. Leggett died in N. Y. City, April 11, 1882.
Charles Robert Darwin died April 20, 1882, at the age of 73.

The Genus Isoetes ; by Dr. George Engelmann.— This is a
pamphlet of 33 pages from the Transactions of the St. Louis
Academy, Vol. IV, No. 2, and was read in February of this year.
This insignificant genus was for a long time ignored by botanists
and until thirty or forty years ago, the few specimens that were col-
lected were referred to /. lacustris. Of course a genus that was at-
tractive to no one else was just the one for Dr. Engelmann to study
and the result is that we now wonder why so interesting a ge-
nus was not studied long ago. At least this pamphlet will spur us
all to activity and its author will begin to hear frequently of more
Isoetes. This paper is remarkable for its completness, containing
all the information pertaining to the genus that can be given at
the present time, though, to he sure, the literature of the subject
has not yet become very extensive. First the author gives the his-
tory of the genus in North America, giving a complete list of the
discoveries of the various species, from "that of Pursh in 1806 (?) to
that of the author and Mr. Pringle in 1881. Under the same head-
ing is included a list of publications in reference to the genus.

Then follows an account of the morphology and biological
elements of the members of this genus, the simplest vascular plants

BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 53

known. The lobing of the trunk, the presence or absence of sto-
mata, and the peripheral bast-bundles are noted as furnishing val-
uable characters for classification. The rarest patience has been
shown in the careful dissection of tissues in hundreds of specimens
not in all cases the best. The author advises any one who desires
to study the structure of Isoetes to begin with the well known
species and fresh specimens. The arrangement of the leaves varies
from distichous to even the 21-34 order; their number from 5 or
10 to 100 or even 200; their length from i to 1 inch to 1 or 2 feet.
The genus contains from 40 to 60 species, North America haying
14, with 12 varieties. The systematic arrangement proposed is as
follows:

I. Tkunk bilobed.

A. Submerged species with quadrangular leaves, without, or in 4 and 5
with few or many stouiata" and without peripheral bast bundles; vel-
um incomplete.

I. /. lacustris. 2. I. pygmcea. 3. /. Tuckermani. 4. /. echinospora.
6. I. Bolanderi.

B. Amphibious species with abundant stomata in the quadrangular
leaves.

* Without peripheral bast-bundles (these are intermediate
between the submerged and the truly amphibious spe-
cies).

•)• Velum partial.
6. I saccharata. 7. /. riparia.

ft Velum complete.

8. I. melanospora.

** With peripheral bast-bundles.
f Velum partial.

9. /. Engelnwnni, 10. /. Rowelli.

ff Velum complete.

II. I. flaccida,

C. Terrestrial species, maturing when entirely out of water, with abund-
ant stomata and peripheral bast-bundles in the nearly triangular
leaves.

* Velum partial or almost wanting.
12. I. melanopoda. 13. I. Bulleri.

** Velum complete.
14 /. Nuttallii.
II. Trunk trilobed. (Numerous stomata and bast-bundles in the quadran-
gular leaves; velum partial.)
15. /. Cubana. (From Cuba.)

In regard to geographical distribution the following quotation is
made as it may be of service to collectors:

Only a small part of the North American continent has been well explored
for Isoetes, and there, from Massachusetts to the Chesapeake Bay, they appear
abundant enough; farther south, and in the whole interior and western part
of the continent, they have thus far been found only in a few localities. Some
species are quite local, as is the case, also, with many species oi the old
world, while others arc widely distributed. Our two northern species are
identical with or closely allied to European forms, all the others are quite dis-
tinct from such, so that there is scarcely more than a generic analogy between
the species of our middle and southern regions with the Mediterranean ones
or those of other regions of the globe.

54 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

The old Linnean I. lacmtri* is the only species which has been found to ex-
tend from the Atlantic to the Pacific States, and it probably occupies a north-
ern belt of the northern hemisphere, though it seems not to have been discovered
as yet in Asia. The American forms allied to I. cchi>i<>spo:ri,the other north Euro-
Dean species, are the most common in the belt of northern States as far west
as Michigan, and have been detected also on the western slope of the Rocky
Mountains. Of the others, I, Engelmanni extends from Mssachusetts
Georgia and westward to Missouri, though thus far not found anywheie else
west of the Alleghany Mountains. I.flacdda ispecular to Florida and I. Bol-
and&i'i to the lakes of the western mountain chain, the Rocky Mouotains as
well as the Sierra Nevada. I. melanoptxhi occupies parts of the Mississippi
Valley from Centra] Illinois to Northwestern Texas, while I. NuttaUii is the
only species found in the valley of the Columbia river. All the other species
seem to be nearly or quite local, L pygmoea, in the Californian Sierra, but
most of them on the Atlantic border; thus/. Tuckermani occurs only near
Boston. I. mccharata on streams emptying into the Chesapeake Bay, and I.
melano&pom only on that peculiar and botanically interesting rock, the Stone
Mountaiu of Georgia, Some species which seemed local have lately assumed a
little wider range, though yet quite restricted ; among these I mention I. ripa-
ria of the banks of the lower Delaware river which occurs als i further north,
and I. Bulleri, first known only from the Indian Territory, now also found in
Tennessee. There can be no doubt but that some of the apparently local spe-
cies will yet be found in a more extended area, when botanists will include in
their researches these obscure and inconspicuous plants.

New Species of Fungi, by Chas. H. Peck.— Hymenoch^ete
multispinulosa — Resupinate. dark reddish-brown, the margin
paler, the hymenium velvety by reason of the numerous setse. un-
even, tuberculose, cracking' into small areas; setas straight or slight-
ly flexuous, crowded, .0025-0045 of an inch long, arising from and
often persistently attached to the paler filaments of the substra-
tum.

Surface of decaying wood. Arizona, April. G. G. Pringle.

This fungus approaches, in some respects, the subgenus Velu-
ticeps. The specimens are sterile. The color is somewhat darker
than that of H. corrugata.

_ Hymenula Lychnidis. — Minute, punctifof m, disk whitish or
pallid, surrounded by a black margin; spores oblong-cylindrical or
subclavate, colorless, .0005-0008 of an inch long, .00016 broad.

Dead or languishing leaves of Lychnis. California, July. M.
E. Jones.

To the naked eye this fungus appears like minute black dots,
but when magnified the clots are seen to be the black margin, which
surrounds a pale disk.

Lycoperdon pachydermum. — Subglobose, four to six inches in
diameter, the radicating base somewhat pointed,the external peridium
thin, smooth, whitish, the upper part cracking into small angular
persistent spot-like scales or areas, the inner peridium thick, sub-
corky, somewhat brittle, the upper part at length breaking up into
irregular fragments; capillitium and spores ochraceous-brown, the
filaments long,flexuous, somewhat branched, .0003 of an inch thick:

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 55

spores subglobose or broadly elliptical, .0002-.00025 of an inch
long.

Arizona, June. Pringle.

This is a singular species of Lycoperdon^ belonging to the sec-
tion Bovistoides, but having the peridium of unusual thickness. It
is also apparently destitute of any cellular base, in which respect
it approaches the genus Bovista, but the character of the threads
of the capillitium points to Lycoperdon as its proper genus.

Hendersonia Cerei. — Perithecia minute, hemispherical, some-
times collapsed or depressed about the papilliform ostiolum, black:
spores numerous, oblong, colored, triseptate, constricted at the septa,
.0008-0009 of an inch long, about .0003 broad, the second cell, from
the apex sometimes divided by a longitudinal septum.

Dead wood of Cereus giganteus. Arizona, April. Pringle.

The division of the second cell of some of the spores indicates
an approach to the genus Dichmmra Cooke£!amarosporium Sehulz.

Asteroma Pringlei. — Spots orbicular, epiphyllous, black, two
to four lines broad, the tips of the radiating hyphse sometimes dilat-
ed; perithecia convex, black, irregularly or sometimes concentrically
arranged; spores large, oblong or sabfusiform, generally acute at the
extremities, slightly colored, .001Q-.002 of an inch long, .0005-
.0006 broad, often with one to three muclei.

Leaves of Quercus Jiypoleuca. Arizona, July. Pringle.

Most of the specimens are sterile, and those that are fertile do
not appear to be in very good condition.

Ustilago cylindrica. — Attacking the spikes of the host plant
and converting them into a cylindrical mass of spores six to ten lines
long, about one line thick, invested bjr a thin cinereous at length
lacerated membrane; spores subglobose, minutely roughened, brown-
ish-black, .00035-0004 of an inch in diameter, intermingled with
large irregular unequal pale cellular bodies .0008-0014 of an inch
broad.

Grass. Arizona, June. Pringle.

The host plant is probably some species of Andropogon. The
cylindrical mass into which the inflorescence is converted by the fun-
gus resembles somewhat the ergot of rye in external appearance.
but it is usually more slender than the ergot. The rachis forms a
white central columella which runs through the mass of spores.

Pileolaria effusa, — Forming a continuous or circumambi-
ent velvety reddish -brown stratum over the young branches, petio-
les and leaves of the host plant ; spores subglobose, minutely rough-
ened, .00096-.0011 of an inch in diameter, uninucleate; pedicel
short, colorless, .0005-0008 of an inch long.

Living branches and leaves of Rhus, probably is*, aromatica or
B. triloba.

Arizona. May. Pringle.

This is very distinct from Pileolaria brevipes, our eastern

56 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

species, both in its effused mode of growth and in its much shorter
pedicel, whose length is scarcely equal to the diameter of the spore.
Uromyces compacta. — Spots none or obsolete; sori compact,
orbicular or oblong, blackish-brown; spores elliptical or oblong, ob-
tuse or bluntly pointed, .0014-.0019 of an inch long, .0009-001
broad; pedicel colorless, equalling or exceeding the spore in length.
Dead stems of some ''Composite plant/1 Arizona. May.
Pringle.

Uromyces versatilis. — Spots none; sori numerous, minute,
amphigenous, rotund or oblong, slightly elevated, ochraceous-brown;
spores oblong or oblong-pyriform, generally separating from the
pedicel when old, .0009-0012 of an inch long, .0005-0006 broad;
pedicel short.

Living branches, petioles and leaves of Acacia Greggii. Arizo-
na. May. Pringle.

This is an aberrant species, and approaches Trichobasis in its
deciduous spores. The young spores are subglobose and borne on
pedicels larger than themselves, thus resembling the paraphyses of
some species of Lecythea. The color of the spores is pale ferrugin-
ous, or reddish-brown with an ochraceous tint. The fungus is
abundant on the young branches as well as on the leaves of the host
plant.

Puccinta Gayophyti. — Spots none; sori small, scattered, am-
phigenous, reddish-brown ; spores obovate or subelliptical, generally
constricted at the septum, obtuse, smooth, .0012-0016 of an inch
long, .0008-00095 broad; pedicel short, colorless.

Living leaves of species of Gayophytum. Soda Springs, Califor-
nia. Jones. Northern California. Aug. Pringle.

Peridermium filamentosum. — Peridia numerous, irregularly
arranged, erumpent, three or four lines long, one or two lines broad,
cylindrical or subcompressed, obtuse at the apex, membranous,
whitish when evacuated, containing a central bundle of loose per-
current concolorous longitudinal filaments which are attached to
the inner surface at the apex; spores varying from subglobose or
broadly elliptical to oblong-ovate or oblong-elliptical, yellow-orange.
.0011-.0013 of an inch long, .00064-.0008 broad, epispore thick,
minutely roughened.

Living branches of Pinus ponderosa. Arizona. July. Prin-
gle.

This is a very interesting species. Its peculiarity is found in
the central longitudinal filaments which extend through the mass
of spores from the base to the apex of the peridium. The surface
of these filaments is covered with minute protuberances which ap-
pear when magnified as if they might be immature spores. In the
specimens before me none of the peridia are open at the apex, and
in this respect also a remarkable departure is made from the generic-
character. The peridia in some of the specimens are longitudinally
ruptured, thus indicating a relationship to the genus Pcestelia.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 57

They are generally terete but sometimes a little flattened or com-
pressed. The central filaments tend to hold the spores in mass so
that they do not fall away as readily as in other species, and their
attachment to the apex of the peridium appears to interfere with its
rupturing at that point. Two other species, viz: Peridium Pint
Lev. and Peridium Harknessii Moore, have been reported as inhab-
itants of Pinus ponderosa.

Dothidea Dasylirii. — Stroma amphigenous, small, narrowly el-
liptical, oblong or linear, black, for a long time covered by the epi-
dermis which is at length ruptured longitudinally; cells few, white
within; asci oblong or subcylindrical; spores crowded or biseriate,
oblong, often a little broader toward one end, colorless, .0012-.OOP7
of an inch long, .00065-00075 broad.

Leaves of some species of Dasylwwn, probably D. Wheeleri.
Arizona. May. Pringle.

Dothidea Pringlei. — Stroma irregular in shape, variable in
size, two to twelve lines long, penetrating the matrix deeply, am-
phigenous, black, surface uneven, coarsely papillose by the scattered
slightty prominent ostiola, cells unequal, deeply seated; asci cylin-
drical; spores oblong-elliptical, smooth, uniseriate, colored, .0012-
.0016 of an inch long, .0008 broad, often containing two or more
nuclei.

Living and languishing leaves of Yucca macrocarpu. Arizona.
May. Pringle.

Sometimes the surface of the stroma is shining, but usually it
is opaque.

Teichospora aridophila. — Perithecia minute, .01-.012 of an
inch in diameter, scattered, hemispherical or depressed, black, ostio-
lum minute, papilliform; asci subcylindrical, .0015-0018 of an inch
long, .0011-. 0012 broad; spores crowded or biseriate, oblong or obo-
vate, slightly constricted in the middle, muriform, colored, .0011-
.0011 of an inch long, .0005-0006 broad.

Bleached surface of dry wood. Arizona. May. Pringle.
This species is closely related to T. obducens, but differs so
much in habit, that it seems best to separate it.

Seleilia aurea.. — Growing with the normal form of this species,
having golden yellow petals, is a variety with the petals pale canary
yellow.

This species has fragrant flowers. The pleasant oder is wafted
with the wind to a considerable distance from a large patch.

The golden yellow of the petals is so intense that it is painful
to the eyes to look for any length of time at a large patch in the
bright sunshine.

The flowers are so conspicuous they would make a striking ap-
pearance in a flower garden planted in bunches. — F. L. Harvey.

Notes on Ranunculus. — While examining some specimens

5« BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

of J?, abortivus, var. micranthus, my attention wcas called to a singu-
lar structure in a head of carpels and occupying the normal position
of an achenium. Upon examination it proved to be a flower of the
following structure. The flower was raised on a short peduncle and
subtended by a bract (b). The calyx (a) was very irregular, no two
of the four sepals being of the same shape. The corolla was obso-
lete. The stamens (d), eight in number, were nearly normal
though in some the filament and anther seemed to blend. There
were about ten carpels (c) of normal shape excepting the beak was
somewhat elongated. The accompanying figure shows the relation
a of the parts, but is greatly magnified,

d /\x the flower really being no longer than

one of the carpels. The stamens and
petals of the flower, in the head of which
„,4 this structure occurred, had fallen.

_ This variety of R. abortivus in this
— -« region has the carpels in an elongated
head, the length being often twice the
diameter.

There is another variety of this species (var. grandiflora) which
grows upon cliffs _ high above the valleys, in which the petals far
exceed the sepals in length, and the flower expands half an inch.

Ranunculus fascicularis, Muhl., has in this region entire root-
leaves and beginners invariably place it along with R. rhomboideus,
if they use Gray's Manual, as this uroot leaves are not divided to the
very base.''1 Is it unusual for this plant to have entire root-leaves,
or is there some defect in the key?— F. L. Harvey, .Fa^tfmYfe,
Ark.

I

A Synopsis of the North American Lichens :* Part I,
comprising the Pr.rmeliacei, Cladoniei, and Coenogoniei: bv Edward
Tuckerman, M. A.: Boston, S. E. Cassino, 1882— This book is ex-
actly what is needed to give an impetus to the study of Lichens.
Heretofore very few botanists have been attracted to their study
from the great lack of convenient literature, but one can hardly
turn over the handsomely printed pages of this little octavo volume
without feeling a desire to cultivate a field that has so long been
neglected. If ever the proverbial "felt want" was a real one it was
in this case; and has been supplied by the only person really able
to publish an authoritative work of this kind. In this book of some
260 pages the author has described the species of one tribe, the
Parmeliact /.containing nearly 40 genera, and two families under the
tribe Lecideacei, namely, Cladomi and Coenogoniei; loth of which
add but four genera. These comprise the more conspicuous lichens,
just those to which students are first attracted. In view of the

*The above notice was prepared tor the April Gazette, but by mistake
was omitted.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

59

unsettled condition of this group of plants it must be exceedingly
difficult for a philosophical mind to feel satisfied in their study, and
this is apparently exactly Prof. Tuckerman's position. The ordinary
multiplier of species would meet with no difficulty, but would reap
a rich harvest among the bewildering display of forms; but our
author has no such thought and with evident reluctance sends out
the present book with its species, " in great part, sufficiently well
settled. " All through the work one finds new things described,but
not as yet admitted to specific rank, and having only provisional
places. These, we are told, the author would have preferred to keep
back, "with Horace, nonum in annum." We are thankful however
that he did not in this case follow literally the precej>ts of the gen-
ial poet, for this work will enable more of us to help the author in
fixing the uncertain forms. There is usually no loss in putting out
a tentative work, for observers are never so provoked into reporting
their observations as when they think they are correcting blunders.
Our author also thinks that Lichenology has not kept pace with the
"diagnostic enumeration of new forms called arbitrarily species ;v
which same may be said of some other groups of plants. As stu-
dents of Phaenogamic Botany are in the habit of looking to Robert
Brown as the most philosophical observer, so the students of Lich-
ens look with equal veneration upon Elias Fries.

In some 20 pages of introduction Prof. Tuckerman gives a cap-
ital view of the present status of our knowledge concerning lichens.
This is followed by a list of recent authors and a key to the 72 gen-
era, grouped under the two series,\(rymnocarpi, and Angiocarpi,
names that remind us of our series of Dicotyledons. Then follows
the body of the work, containing quite a full description of charact-
ers, localities, and relations of the species. Our copy happened
to be faulty, lacking pages 257-260 and thus depriving us of two or
three small genera; nor could we find Thamntilia in the index, al-
though it appears in the body of the work.

Nearly 500 species are described, the largest genus being Le-
canora, numbering 56 species. The other large genera are Cladonia
with 35 species, Parmelia 30, Placodium 28, Collema 27, Leptogium
25, Pahnaria 24, Cetraria 22, and Physcia and Sticta each 21. This
shows remarkable uniformity in the size of the genera; but in the
other genera the number of species drops very rapidly into the sin-
gle digits.

It is to be hoped and expected that one of the results of this
book will be the more earnest study of this puzzling group of plants,
which very fact will hasten the reading of many riddles. There is
no reason now why Lichens should not have as many devotees as
most other groups of Cryptogamia. — J. M. C.

Action of Acids 011 Cellulose.— "Acids (especially sulphuric-
acid) when greatly diluted* cause starch grains and cellulose at the

^Italics min o. L. S.

60 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

ordinary temperature to swell up much more violently than pure
water, without however destroying their organization.11 — Sachs'
Text-book of Botany, Bennett & Dyers1 Trans., p. 592.

Accompanying the above statement, Sachs gives a figure of
the bast-fibers from the leaf of Hotja carnosa as they appear after
treatment with sup'huric acid and iodine. All my attempts to ob-
tain these appearances with "greatly diluted11 sulphuric acid hav-
ing failed, I repeated the experiment using acid (C. P.) of known
strength. No perceptible effect was produced by the application to
different specimens ofdilutions containing 20, 30, 40 or 50 per cent,
of acid. Sixty per cent, acid however produced the extraordinary
swelling as figured by Sachs. Similar experiments were tried with
the bast-fibers from the leaves of Yucca aloifolia and Latonta Bor-
bonica with similar results. It seems to me that 60 p. c. acid can
hardly be said to be "greatly diluted.11

Can an}' one explain the discrepancy? — Lizzie Shoemakee,

Botanical Laboratory. Purdue University, LaFai/ette, Inch

A Bit of Fern History. — In reviewing the history of some of
our rare ferns during the past ten years, it is interesting to note
the changes which have occurred in their comparative scarcity and
abundance.

Ten years ago Botrychium xinqjlex was so great a rarity that
one might almost despair of ever obtaining a specimen; now it is
plentiful enough, obtainable with little or no difficulty, and seldom
called for in exchange. In Massachusetts it had not been collected
for many years, when E. S. Wheeler detected it in Berlin, in 1878.
Since then it has only been recorded twice — both times from Essex
Co. — and is still rare in the State where it was originally discovered
by Rev. Edward Hitchcock, in 1822. When E. S. Miller found it
on Long Island, N. Y., in 1873, those who were able to secure spec-
imens from him, regarded themselves as fortunate indeed. But in
1877 Mrs. Chas. Barnes, of Syracuse, found it so plentiful in the
North Woods that she was able to supply man}' demands for it,
while in the same year Mr. Pringle found it equally plentiful in
Vermont. Since then it has continued to turn up at intervals in
different localities from Maine to California, until probably no one
who has made any effort to make up a collection of North Ameri-
can Ferns is without a specimen.

The writer recalls the pleasurable emotions with which he first
received imperfect specimens qi Asplenium myriophyllum and Chei-
lantheS lAndheimeri, at that time aesiderata so rare as seemingly to
be placed beyond reach. The first of these was received from Dr.
Chapman himself — the specimen being the last of the original col-
lection made by him twent}' years before, a fact which enhanced its
value greatly- — and the writer still remembers how eagerly some
friends received, and how uracil ihey prized the precious bits which
he ventured to detach from his specimen to share with them. But

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

61

since its re-discovery by Mr. Shockley in 1878, the collections of
J. Donnell Smith, Miss Reynolds and A. H. Curtiss have left no
excuse for anyone's being without a specimen.

Cheilanthes Lindheimeri has also been placed within the reach
of all through the recent collections of H. H. Rusby, C. Gr. Pringle
and others, who have found it plentiful in New Mexico and Arizona
— it being especially abundant along the foot-hills in the mountain
ranges of the south-eastern portion of the last named territory.

In making up a list of ferns considered rare, or difficult to ob-
tain when the writer began his herbarium in 1873, the following
may be given:

1.

Acrostichum aureum.

32.

Pteris longi folia.

2.

Polypodium Plumula.

33.

Cretica.

3.

falcatum.

34.

Adiantum tricholepis. (The A.

4.

Scoulen.

pilosum of that date).

5.

Phyllitis.

35.

Blechnum serrulatum.

6.

Gymnogranime hispida. (Then

the

36.

Lomaria spicant.

G. pedata of our check lists.)

37.

Asplenium pinnatindum.

7.

Notholaena sinuata.

38.

ebenoides.

8

ferruginea.

39.

parvulum.

9-

Candida.

40.

viride.

io-

dealbata.

41.

dentatum.

ii-

Newberryi.

42.

Bradleyi.

12-

Hooked. (Then

N.

43.

septentrionale.

•

crelacea).

44.

myriophyllum.

13

Fendleri.

45.

Phegopteris alpestris.

14.-

Cheilanthes Californica.

46.

Aspidium Lonchitis.

15.

Wrightii

47.

fragrans.

16.

microphylla.

48.

juglandifolium.

17.

Alabamensis.

49.

Cystopteris montana.

18.

tomentosa.

50.

Woodsia hyperborea.

19.

Eatoni.

51.

glabella

20.

myriophylla. ?

52.

scopulina.

21.

Lindheimeri.

53.

Oregana.

22.

argentea. (Doubtful-

• 54.

Nephrolepis exaltata.

ly admitted).

55.

Trichomanes Petersii.

23"

Cryptogramme acrostichoides.

56.

Schizoea pusilla.

24.

Pellcea Breweri.

57.

Aneimia Mexicana.

25.

Bridgesii.

58.

adiantifolia.

26.

aspera.(Then Cheilanthes 59.

Botrychium simplex.

aspen i).

60.

Lunaria.

27.

ternifolia.

61.

boreale.

28.

Wrightii.

62.

Ophioglossum uudicaule.

29.

flexuosa.

63.

crotalophoroides.

30.

pulchella.

(Then 0. bulbosum).

31.

densa.

During the succeeding five years very little or no decided
change took place in the status of any of these species, while at the
close of that period the list might have been increased by the ad-
dition of the following:

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

64.
65.
66.

67.
68.
69,

Polypodium pectinatum.

Notholama Parry i.
tenera.
Cheilanthes leucopoda.
Clevelandii.

Cooperse.

75.

Pteris serrulata.
Adiantum tenerum.
Asplenium firmum.

cicutarium.
Aspidium unitum.
Ophioglossum palmatum.

62 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Here we have 75 species which might have been considered
rare at the beginning of 1878, more than one half of the whole num-
ber of species then known. It will be observed,however,that the great-
er number of these species were southern — mostly in the gulf-states —
ana south-western,extending through the territories into California,
with only an occasional species in the north, and one might have
mierred from this that, for most part, they were rare only because
of the partial explorations in those regions.

Subsequently a marked change began. The growing interest
in fern pursuits, stimulated by the inspiriting work on our North
American Ferns by Prof. Eaton — to whom we are all under such
deep obligations, and who is justly to be regarded as the founder of
systematic American Pteridology — led to many nearly simultaneous
efforts on the part of numerous collectors which resulted in making
a large percentage of our rare ferns common, others more readily
obtainable, and adding other species to our national hora.

In 1877-78 the lamented Dr. Garber was in Florida, making
finer specimens of Florida ferns than had been seen before, and
bringing to light many hidden treasures. The re-discovery of As-
plenium dentatum-, Pteris longifolia, and the discovery of Asplenium
serratum and Ceratopteris thdlietroides in that state will always be
associated with his ever to be remembered name.

The veteran Chapman, who in his old age seemed to have
quaffed an invigorating draught from that "Fountain," for which
Pouce de Leon sought so long in vain, not to be outdone, had sig-
naled the renewal of his activity, and shed new lustre on his honor-
ed name by the fine discovery of Ophioglossum palmatum in 1875;
and now. the discovery of Asplenium cicutarium by Capt. C. F.
Adams, the re-discovery of Asplenium myriophyllum and Pter-
in Cretica by Mr. Shockley, was followed by the fine collections of
J. Donnell Smith, and his splendid discovery of Aspidium conter-
minum.

Latterly that indefatigable botanical collector, A. H. Curtiss,
has been vigorously pushing his explorations of the southern coast
region of Florida out on to the Florida Keys with excellent results,
supplying prominent herbaria with his fine complete specimens and
adding ( 'heilanthes microphylla,Aspidium trifoliatum,Ta nitis lancec-
lata and Poh/ podium Swartzii to the flora of that state — the two, and
at the time of Collection, the three last of these being new to the
United States as well.

The discovery of Asplenium riride, Woodsia hyperborea and
Botrychium simplex in Vermont by C. G. Pringle; oi Bofri/ehium
Lunaria in Connecticut by Oscar Harger and Dr. F. W.
Hall; of Asplenia ni ebenmdes in the same state by J. S.
Adam, and in New York state by Clarence Lown; the unexpected
discover}^ of Scolopendrium vulgare in Tennessee by Mr. Cheat-
hem, as recorded by John Williamson; the re-discovery of Botrij-
eli i urn boreale — doubly interesting as a verification of Milde's re-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 63

corded station for it — ,with the original discovery of AspkJium Ore-
qpteris in Unalaska by L. M. Turner; of Aspidium Mohrioides in
California by J. G. Leminon; of Cystopteris Montana, Aspidium
Lonchitis and Botryehium Lunar/a in Colorado by T. S. Brandegee;
of Notholosna Grayi in Arizona by W. M. Courtis; of Noiholcena
Lemmoni and N. nivea in the same territory by Lenimon; Cheilan-
thes Parishii in California by the Parish Bros.; the re-discovery of
Pellcm aspera in Texas by Dr. Edward Palmer, with many other
interesting discoveries which have been recorded from time to time,
marked this period, while recent collectors have so changed the sta-
tus of the southern and southwestern ferns that our previous lists
may now be reduced to the following, which will be interesting for
comparisons five or ten years hence :

1. Notholaena ferruginea. 18. Bradleyi.

2. tenera. 19. septentrionale.

3. Cheilanthes leuoopoda. 20. cicutarium.

4. microphylla. 21. Phegoptens alpestris.

5. myriophylla. ? (As an- 22. Aspidium Lonchitis.
derstood by the writer) 23. fragraus.

6. argentea. (Its actual 24. juglandifoliutn.
presence yet to be verified). 25. Cystopteris montana.

7. Pelloea Breweri. 26. Woodsia hyperborea.

8. Bridgesii. 27. glabella.

9. aspera. 28. Trichomanes Petersii.

10. pulchella. 29. Schizcea pusilla.

11. ternifolia. 30. Aneitnia Mexicana.

12. flexuosa. 31. adiantifolia.

13. Pteris serrulata. 32. Botryehium boreale.

14. longifolia. 33. Ophioglossuin nudicaule.

15. Adiantumlricliolepis. 34. crotalophoroides

16. Asplenium ebenoides, 35. palmatum.

17. dentatum.

Here we have a reduction of more than one half from the list
as given before, but to these may be added the more recent discov-
eries of

36. Polypodium Swartzii.

37. Notholama nivea.

38. Grayi — plentiful enough in Arizona, but not fairly in distribution .

39. Lemmoni— " " " " " "

40. Cheilanthes Parishii.

41. Asplenium serratum.

42. . Tamitis lanceolata.

43. AspkHum trifoliatum.

44. Oreopteris.
45 conterminum.

46. Woodsia Mexicana.

47. Ceratopteris thalictroides.

making a total number of 4.7 species which may be regarded as
rare ferns or which are not easily obtained at the present time.
The experience already recorded, however, justifies the belief that
many of these will be found plentiful enough when the regions
where they grow are more thoroughly explored, while the increas-
ing railroad facilities and communications are opening to the botan-

64 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

ist vast regions before almost inaccessible and holding out promises
of many further additions to our fern flora.

There are, however, seemingly a few ferns that remain rare,
even in well explored regions, and others so local, that, although
they may be obtained without much difficulty, they must still be
regarded as rare ferns on account of their restricted local distribu
tion. Of the former class Asplenia in ebenoides may be cited as an-
example, and of the latter Schiztea pus ilia, which is wholly re-
stricted as far as now known to a very limited area in New Jersey -
and the single station recently discovered in Nova Scotia by Miss,
Knight. No where else has this little fern been found, and
although it is apparently quite plentiful, its limited area should
teach moderation in collecting it, lest, in time it become wholly
eradicated and lost. — Geo. E. Davenport, Medford, Mass.

Sub.-note. — An instance of the unexpected manner in which
rare ferns occasionally turn up occurs in the recent discovery or re-
discovery o± Ophioqlossum nudicaule in San Diego, California, bv
Dr. C. C. Parry.

Dr. Parry found this fern in San Diego as long ago as 1850,
while connected with the Mexican Boundary Survey, but it was not
identified at that time, and losing his specimens while crossing the
Isthmus he has never been able to verify his discovery until now.
T have received specimens from Dr. Parry and also from Daniel
Cleveland, Esq., who was with him at the time of his interesting
re-discovery of the plane in March last. — Gr. E. D.

Pholisma arenarium, Nutt. — The statement is made in the
Botany of California (vol. i. p. 464) that this plant grows in usandy
soil and at the base of hills, near Monterey and San Diego, Doug-
las, Nuttall, &c. Parasitic on the roots of oaks?"

I have been unable to learn that any specimens of this plant
were collected by any one but Nuttall, and at San Diego, in 1835-6,
until it was re-collected by me in 1875. The fruit is known only
from my specimens. This plant is parasitic on the roots of Erio-
dyction tomentosum, and not upon the roots ot Oaks. It grows in
sandy spots, in groups of from twenty-five to fifty, or more. — D.
Cleveland, San Diego, California.

Jasminum oiloratissinmm. — One of my college students,
Mr. E. W. Shedd, of the Sophomore class of Brown University,
was at work the other day in describing by schedule a branch of
Jasminum odoratissimum. He called my attention to a peculiarity
of the corolla. It will be remembered that this is salverform, with
five spreading lobes. In the plant under examination, which is be-
fore me as I write, two of the lobes of all the flowers differ from the
rest in their calceolate iorm. These two lobes are the opposed
ones, though there is an evident tendency in all to become slipper-
form. I do not observe an}T accompanying alteration ot the essen-
tial organs. I find the colV re i Indents very quick to observe any
deviations irom a noimal condition.- — W. W. Bailey, Brown Uni-
versity.

Botanical Paper.

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Vol. VII. JUNE, 1882. No. 6

Editorial. — The oldest herbarium on record has been found
in the form of garlands of dried flowers recently discovered on the
breasts of mummies. The flowers are so well preserved that the
colors of the petals and the color of the leaves are almost perfect.
Mr. J. G. Lemmon and wife are off again tor Arizona. One would
have supposed that the experience of their last trip would have
sufficed for a lifetime; but as long as a plant remains to be discov-
ed, these intrepid explorers will try to find it.

Prof. F. L. Harvey, of Fayetteville, Ark., writes that the peach
trees in that region this spring are producing a great many multi-
ple carpels. In some trees nearly all the flowers have formed multi-
ple fruits, varying from doublets to quadruplets. The freak does
not appear to be local, but notices of it are to be seen in the state
papers. The trees have not borne for two years and it seems like
an effort to make up for lost time.

Miss M. B. Flint, of Brookhaven, Miss., reports finding, April
27th, a full-grown leaf of Caialpa speciosa with two midribs. The
leaf was of normal shape a/srbase, but above it forked, forming two
tips, each one of them slenderly acuminate. If the midribs had
been superimposed the leaf would have been the typical form. The
growth was on a young seedling and was the only monstrosity the
plant showed.

Prof.A. B.Seymour of Ills. Univ.. Champaign,writes that near the
last of April he found Ophioglossum vulgatum, L., growing in wood-
ed bottom lands near the Pine Hills in the most northwest part of
Union Co., Ills. Only a single plant has been previously reported in
Illinois and that was found in Wabash Co. Professor Seymour
counted near fifty plants and there were probably more.

It appears that the genus Chara is not all plain sailing. It
contains such an inextricable tangle of forms that it is hard to draw
lines of classification. In the American Naturalist for May, Dr. T.
F. Allen describes and figures 9 American "forms11 of C. coronata,
which he does not pretend can be called varieties. It is to be hoped
that this devoted student will bring order out of chaos so that oth-
ers may have the courage toeuter the field.

The Torrey Bulletin for April is an unusually full number,

66 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

containing quite an elaborate paper on the "Development of the
Cortex in Chara" by our chief authority on that group of plants, Dr.
T. F. Allen. This paper is accompanied b}r 8 plates. Another
plate illustrates Mr. Joseph Schrenk's note on the "Development of
the Root-stock of Dicentra cuculla^ia." Other notes by Prot. D. C.
Eaton, W. W. Bailey, F. Lamson Scribner, Thomas Meehan and
others complete the contents of this very interesting number.

Robert Clark & Co., of Cincinnati, propose to publish a peri-
odical to be called "The American Journal of Forestry," as a practi-
cal outgrowth of the Forestry Convention recently held in that city.
The object is a splendid one, but it appears to us that the majority
of the names of the proposed contributors are names much more dis-
tinguished in departments having nothing to do with Forestry,
just as was the case with the convention referred to. The list con-
tains some splendid names, but many of them are more pretentious
than of any actual value.

Too much care can not be given to the careful writing and
proof reading of scientific articles. There should the same exact-
ness be demanded in this regard as in the statement of facts. The
errors which now creep into our most careful journals are the re-
sults either of careless writing or careless proof-reading. Authors
can greatly diminish the percentage of errors by writing with per-
fect plainness, always going on the supposition that the printer is
absolutely ignorant of every word and correctness depends upon the
distinct formation of every letter. There was a time when all care-
lessly written manuscripts were copied in this office, but that time
has long since past, and authors usually have no one to blame but
themselves when mistakes occur in their articles. We are glad to
learn th at measures are about to be taken by leading naturalists to
correct this in the more formal papers submitted for publication,
by a more careful examination of them, both in manuscript and
proof.

Mr. Lester F. Ward has published a "Guide to the Flora of
Washington and Vicinity" as the 26th Bulletin of the U. S. Nation-
al Museum. It forms a pamphlet of 264 pages, with a large map,
and is a most exhaustive affair. It is really an elaboration of an out-
line presented to the Philosophical Society of Washington last year,
and noticed beiore in these pages. Many useful hints can here be
obtained by those preparing local catalogues. Not the least valua-
ble part of the work is the Appendix, in which full directions are
given to beginners in the matter of collecting, preserving, arrang-
ing, exchanging, etc. The advice in these respects is unusually sen-
sible, and worth following. Ordinarily, the best plan for the begin-
ner is not to read such advice until he has developed his own meth-
ods and then he does not need it. It is often as impracticable as it
well can be, and there are almost as many ways of collecting, preserv-
ing, etc., as there are botanists, and most of them answer the pur-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 67

pose very well. Mr. Ward's advice, however, will not encumber the
most precise disposition. The writer must confess that he has about
the same feeling in regard to this whole subject as he has expressed
in the matter of microscopes. An herbarium, like a microscope,
should not be an end. but simply a means to an end, and
when it ceases to be that, it becomes a mere toy, like a col-
lection of postage stamps or crockery. It is to be feared
that the craze for collecting has infected too many of our
botanists whose whole enjoyment of their plants is the miser's en-
joyment of his gold. All the collecting that is being clone in this
country should yield us richer returns of information. _ Every her-
barium, however small, should be a perennial fountain and not a
stagnant pool. Mr. Ward enforces well the real object of an herba-
rium, but that part of his advice will be less heeded than the rnechan-
rical part.

The Leaves of Aquatic Plants.— The leaves of aquatic-
plants may be divided into 3 classes; aerial, floating
and immersed. The first class has stomata on both sides
of the leaf; the second, on the upper side only; and the last class
has none at all. In the first two, the air can be taken through the
stomata directly into the leaf; in the last class, the necessary gases
not existing as a body (of air) in the water, there is no use for stoma-
ta, which would take up water as well as air. So we have breath-
ing holes in the leaves disconnected from direct contact with water
and into which carbon dioxide is absorbed for the use of the plant
(Box. Gaz., Vol. VI. No. 8). These are the well-known intercellular
spaces. So we see that it is a natural division.

To the first class belong the leaves of the subaquatic or marsh
plants, which root in the water and send their branches into the air,
as in Nasturtium officinale.

To the next belong the leaves of Nymphceacece. Limnanihemum,
Orontium and Marsilea, raised by petioles to the water surface, also
those of Schollera and Callitrichacece (aquatic forms) raised by
stems to the same level. The peduncles of some water flowers ar e
also elongated to get to the air.

To the last class belong some Isoetes, Potamogetons, Vallisneria,
Ranunculus divaricatus, and most Utricular ice.

Some plants combine the second and last classes, having
both floating and immersed leaves (some species of Potamogetoh).

Some, the first and last classes, have both aerial and immersed
leaves, as Nasturtium lacustre and Myriophyllum.

A few plants having stomata (first class) , beginning their exist-
ence in the water, emerge as the latter dries up.

Plants of the second class, disconnected from the land and often
very small, are sometimes matted to keep the stomata-bearing sur-
face upward. This is effected in Azolla by its branching habit, in

68 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Woljfia and Lemna by the coherence for a time of the proliferous
parent to its offspring. The yielding to currents of water is a mat-
ter of indifference, unless it be to carry the plant into new food
regions, which is certainly not well accomplished in some ponds.
The disconnection with "the soil keeps the stomata above water
in the ever changing level of ponds. This is a matter of prime im-
portance to leaves of the second class. A root that would bind our
Wolffia to the soil would take many times the material of the plant
itself. The same thing is effected in others of this class by long
petioles and stems which being pliable allow the leaves to float on
the water, for if attached stiffly to the stem the running stream
would tilt the leaf towards its downward course, and by being long-
er than absolutely necessary, it allows the leaf to surmount the rise
of a stream as well as to follow it in its fall. The same remarks ap-
ply to the pliability of stems which having immersed leaves must
still effect the elevation of their supplementary floating (Potttmo-
<jeton) or aerial (Nasturtium lapustre) leaves, which would other-
wise not perform their functions. Floating leaves are generally entire
and simple in form to aid their floating; this is supplemented in
Nymphcea regia by the raised border of the leaf.

Immersed leaves are long and linear (Potamogeton, Vallisneria)
or divided into coarse or capillary segments. These leaves must re-
main in the water, since out of it they cannot live and also have no
stomata to breathe with. So we find arrangements to keep them in
the water as long as there is any; the leaves are flaccid or the stem
may be weak, and so they rise and fall with the height of the water
(some immersed Potamogetons and Vallisneria.) The two cases
are often correlated in capillary leaves, Utricularia and Ranuncu-
lus aquatilis, var. trichophyllus% while in other specimens^ these
leaves1 may be stiff, depending on the flexible 'stem entirely (Nastur-
tium lacustre and Ranunculus aqmtilis, v:.r. stagnatilis). Since these
plants breathe in the water and the amount of surface exposed is an
item for them, we find capillary division abounding among immers-
ed leaves. But while aerial leaves have strong fibers to spread out
the leaf to the best possible advantage this is effected in water
plants by large air holes in the leaf; this may explain their flaccid-

ness a1 so.

Plants having stomata supplemented by large air tubes may
lerd a double existence, living first in water, and later on the dried-
up bottoms of pond or stream as in Isoetes and perhaps Vallisneria
septangulare, Elatine, &c. Is not this principle of the uses of
leaves 'a more complete key to these facts than that of changing
currents?

(See in this connection "Designs of some leaf-forms" in the
March No. of the Torrey Bulletin.)— Aug. F. Foebste, Dayton, 0.

Recently Introduced Plants in and al.out RocMord. Ill —

The rapidity with which our thriving western cities run through

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 69

the earlier stages of their growth, the quick transition from the
informality of the fontier village to the stiff and pretentious urban
airs of the prosperous manufacturing and trading town, is not more
remarkable than the complete change which takes place in the
vegetation covering the vacant lots, rubbish heaps and waste places
of "these communities. I remember well, for instance, how here in
Rockford, 111., say twenty years ago, the indigenous plants of the
prairie and oak-opening sprang up on every side in close proximity
to the beaten paths of busy men. The industrious young botanist,
collecting for exchange, found his only limitations in the quantity
of driers he possessed, and the amount of time, energy and discre-
tion he could bring to the work of using them well. Now we must
go miles out into the country for material and count ourselves for-
tunate, even then, if the little vestige of the native flora which last
season afforded us a dozen desirable specimens has not since been
swept away by the plow; while in the central portion of the city
scarcely a single native species remains to dispute _ possession with
street weeds, mostly of European descent and training.

Lactuca scariola, L., which has spread rapidly over the country
along the line of railroads, was limited, with us, for a few years, to
a single patch on the embankment east of the station-house, but
has now been carried all over the city and out into the country
even, by mud containing seeds adhering to carriage wheels. It
threatens to become a troublesome weed, especially in gravel walks.
Arnarantus blitoides, Watson, also brought in by the railroad (but
from the west instead of the east), is just gaining a foothold. It
takes kindly to sandy, sunny slopes, and spreads over the ground in
dense, lusty patches very like Purslane.

The particular occasion for this note, however, is to record— for
the first time I believe— the introduction of Chenopodium Berlan-
dieri, Moq., in the states east ot the Mississippi and north of the
Ohio. This is found, not in patches here and there, but scattered ev-
erywhere over vacant lots, under walls and along residence streets,
keeping . company with Chenopodium glaucum, Artemisia biennis
and the omnipresent Atriplex; but unlike the nearly allied C. album,
showing no tendency to intrude as a weed in cultivated grounds. A
rather delicate species — for a pigweed — rarely exceeding 18 inches
in height, diffusely branched and usually (when not crowded) de-
clining. From its general diffusion the inference is plain that the
importation took place years ago, and it seems very strange that
a plant showing such complete adaptation to the environment (it is
as much at home in town as C. urbicum itself) should not have been
reported elsewhere. I am at a loss, indeed, to frame any conjecture
as to how it got here — for instance, by seeds in mud sticking to the
feet of Texas cattle— which does not involve the puzzling question,
then why not all along between St. Louis and Chicago as well ? I
may as well mention, in conclusion, the fact that in some most un-
accountable way, Kochiaseoparia, Schrad., has been turned loose in

7o BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

our streets and from its chenopodiaceous character, abundant seed-.
ing and the tenacity with which it holds its own in a fair stand-up fight
with the street weeds,bids fair to become thoroughly established. One
back street near the gas works, where it grew most abundantly, was
regraded last winter, and if the coining summer shows that instead
of being destroyed it has only been scattered, I think we may fairly
count it in as having come to stay. The plant is as symmetrical in
habit, when not crowded, as a young Juniper; the foliage at a dis-
tance appears soft and graceful (more so than would be imagined by
those who have seen only herbarium specimens), and, above all, pre-
sents a light yellowish green color which contrasts prettily with the
darker bluish green of its associates. — M. S. Bebb, Rockford, 111.

Dichoo-amy of Ulllbellifeim— I am under obligations to Mr.
Trelease for his kind correction of my mistake in calling Umbelliferce
proterogynous. It was caused by Gray's Manual, page 187 ! "the
styles are protruded from the bud some time before the anthers de-
velop," also by personal observations of Erigenia bullosa, Nutt., the
only plant of this order which had been investigated by myself pre-
viously to Pastinaca. This I consider an unmistakable case of pro
terogyny. The stvles protrude from the just unfolding petals for the
length of 1 mm. and have an angular divergence of 1-2 mm. At a
later stage the stamens expand, the anthers successively dehisce, and
during this period the styles approach each other so as to avoid self-
fertilization apparently." Frequently this is not effected, and the
styles remain expanded. But where they do close during this period
they expand again as the stamens grow effete, gradually recurve, be-
come effete themselves, turn reddish-brown and wither away. The
stamens and petals drop off at the last expansion of the styles.
The different flowers vary greatly, but this is the type de-
velopment. Not to fall into any error I examined nearly
500 specimens. Therefore I consider our Erigenia to be a proter-
ogynous plant, generally fertilized before the development of anthers,
but capable of being fertilized by its own pollen, although this is
apparently avoided in the first part of the second or polleniferous
stage. The coming together of the styles is often indistinct and
ineffectual. Plants left unfertilized can then be fertilized in the
third stage by their own pollen or even by that of other plants still,
since that would be more effective. But I believe that it does not
take long for the styles to become effete and the carpels are appar-
ently fructified before this stage in most cases. Although 1
have caught during the last -1 days 5 species of Diptera near these
plants, f have never seen any at work, although I have looked at
hundreds of plants in their natiye state during the last few days.
but the days were stormy and cc/i*d. Still, from the presence of nec-
tar in large quantities, f am willing to admit that there may be
insects that frequent them. Finally. I am of the opinion (thanks
to Mr. Trelease) that this plant (deviating from the family type)

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 71

originally proterandrous, became, from want of insects caused by its
early appearance, autogamous by synanthesis, and is now again, by
the adaptation to new insects, becoming dichogamous, but proterogy-
nous, instead of proterandrous.— Aug. F . Foerste.

Mr. Foerste was kind enough to send with the above note dried
specimens of Erigenia, from which it appears that self-fertilization is
quite as.probable as in Hydrocotyle, but although there is no ques-
tion about the early elongation of the styles I could not be sure
that the stigmas were receptive until dehiscence was nearly com-
plete. From theoretical considerations, one might doubt the pro-
togyny. The development of synacmy in a dichogamous specie-;
might readily follow a decrease in the number of visiting insects, but
if their number afterward increased and dichogamy were again acquir-
ed, the hereditary direction of variation should tend to reproduce the
same form of dichogamy that had originally been lost, and that still
existed in related species and genera, especially in so uniform an order
as the JJmbellifercB. Mr. Foerste writes that he has noticed a similar de-
velopment of the stigmas in species of Thaspiiuu. It is to be hoped
that those who can obtain Erigenia will confirm this observation
another season, while Thaspiiuu, can be examined this year. Scandii
Pecten- Veneris should have been mentioned with Hydrocotyle in my
note in the Gazette for March, as being self-fertile, possibly through
incomplete dichogamy, its self-fertility being, as suggested by Mr.
Henslow (Trans. Linn. Soc.,2 ser. Bot., I, 365), correlated with the
inconspictiousness of its flowers. Apium is also stated by Mr. Dar-
win (Cross and Self-Fert, 172) to be self-fertile.— Wm. Trelease.

Notes from the Jour. Royal Micr. Soc, February—
L. Guignard finds that the embryo-sac of the Mimoseae
(Acacia retinoides is taken as the type) is formed in
the following manner: At the summit of the nucellus, beneath the"
epidermis, an axial cell, larger than the adjoining one, divides into
two superposed cells, the apical and subapical. The subapical cell
enlarges rapidly and becomes segmented horizontally into three
superposed cells each equal in size to the mother-cell. Of these, the
lowest, the true mother-cell of the embryo-sac, enlarges at the ex-
pense of the others and the lateral tissue of the nucellus. Resorp-
tion soon commences in the two superposed cells; the nuclei lose
their sharp outline and soon disappear, together with the cell-walls:
finally the whole substance of these cells is absorbed in the develop-
ment of the lower mother-cell. This process is subject to variations,
but it is always the lower cell which becomes the mother-cell and
absorbs the others.

The same worker finds polyembryony not an uncommon phe-
nomenon in the Mimoseae, especially in Schranckia uncinata, in
which it is allied with other abnormalities of structure.

E. Wartmank finds that Spanish chestnuts germinate after an

72 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

exposure of nearly two hoar-; to a cold of - 110°, derived from a
mixture of sulphuric ether and solid carbonic acid.

E. Pkillieux finds that the effect of warmth in the earth is to
cause a hypertrophy of the interior of the stem in a young plant ;
when closely examined this is found to be accompanied by multi-
plication of the cell nuclei.

D. H. Scott, investigating the structure and development of lat-
iciferous vessels, finds that they are developed from rows of cells,
the transverse walls of which have been gradually absorbed, and.
when two vessels lie side by side, the lateral walls also partially.
The resorption usually takes place at an early period; in seedlings
during the first stages of germination; in the secondary cortex
shortly after the cells in question have separated from the cambi-
um. The connection between distant laticiferous vessels is brought
about in two ways; either by rows of cells that run transverse'y
coalescing with each other, or by protuberances Avhich unite m
their growth, and which finally form canals similar to tho^e of the
Conjugate. Even before the first septa are absorbed, the cells are
characterized by special contents, of which latex is probably a con-
stituent.

A Curious Growth of Coreopsis. — Late in the summer of
1873 I observed a remarkable growth of Coreopsis, apparently C.
rliscoidea, though the plants were so dwarfed and the floral organs
so imperfectly developed that I name the species with much hesi-
tancy.

in what is known as the "Big Woods," eight miles southwest
of this place ( Wheaton College, DuPage County, Illinois), there oc-
cur ponds or swamps, with no natural outlet, and bottoms of tena-
cious brick clay subsoil, several feet in thickness. These mud po
or swamps are filled up by the winter and spring rains, but dry out
in midsummer. The plants of which I am speaking grew two feet
above the ground on the steins of Ceph ilanthus bushes, which wore
standing inoneofthosedried-oul ponds. Long, slender roots (resemb-
ling the stems or Dodder), followed closely the fissures of the Cepli-
alanthus bark down to r,he soil where they develop normally, thus
connecting by a slender thread, as it were, the tuft of green herbage
ab >ve with the moisture supplying e irth below. The best d ■ v dop-
ed plants were found highest up, though all were nearly on the
same "horizon." Lower down I could see undeveloped seeds stick-
ing to the hark, some of which had sprouted but failed to grow, ap-
parently for want of moisture.

It seems most likely that the seeds floating on the surface of the
water during i ison of floods collected around the bushes; that the
water remain sd standing until the time of their germination, and

l be : »wly subside, and thus the roots following this re-

treating source of moisture-supply were led down to the ground.

The plants, as befor L, ire very much dwarfed, 4 to 6

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

inches in height, but branching profusely, with stems varying in
size from 1-16 to 1-1 inch in diameter. The roots exhibited little
tendency to branch in the downward course, though in some in-
tances dividing once or twice. If lateral fibers were developed they
had mostly disappeared.— R. T. Morgan, Wheaton, DuPage County.
Illinois.

The Postage on Botanical Specimens— In his new "Flora

of Washington" Mr. Ward states that "the law forbids the send-
ing of labels, of which any part is written, as third-class matter,
and it is necessary to give each label a temporary number and put
with the specimen a corresponding printed figure (cut out of a cal-
endar) and to send the labels hi a letter. * * * A very sensible de-
cision was made by Postmaster-General Key that scientific labels,
bills of lading, etc'., if they contained nothing irrelevant, might
pass with the specimens. ' This raling has since been reversed as
not in harmony with the spirit of the law." The writer adds that
he "called personally at the Post-Office Department (Dec. 6. 1881),
and was officially assured of the correctness of the statements here-
in made11 (p. 231).

At the instauce of some of my students, I applied by letter to the
Department, April 25, 1882, for"in formation as to the present raling,
receiving in reply a printed order, dared Feb. 21. 1831, signed by
Postmaster-Genera 1 Maynard. The part relating to botanical speci-
mens reads as follows: ''It is ordered that Section 232, Postal Reg-
ulations, be revoked, and in lieu thereof the fbl lowing order is made:
Mailable matter of the first-class shall embrace all matter wholly
or partially in writing, except ' as herein provided. * * * The
exceptions' are as' follows: * * 7. Upon matter

of the fourth-class the sender may write his own name and
address preceded by the word 'from,' and also the number and names
of the articles enclosed. He may a-so write upon or attach to any
,-nch articles, by tr.g or label. a mark or number, name or letter, for
purpose of identification.'" The italicised words, not italicised in the
order, were underscored in the copy sent to me. A knowledge of
this fact may spare exchanging botanists some annoyance.— Wm.
Trelease, Madison, Wis.

Ferns of Iowa.— Miss Mary E. Wood reports the following
ferns collected by her on the Makoqueta River, about fifty miles
west of Dubuque, Iowa:

Asplenwm ft lix-fmnina,A- thelypteroides, A.angustifolium, As-
pidium Goldianum, A. Thelypteris, Adiantum pedatum, Campto-
sorus rhizophyUus, Cystopteris bulbif&a, C.fragilis, Onoclea sensibi-
lis, Osmunda Claytoniana, Phegopieris hexagonoptera, Botrychium
tcrnatum, Pellcpa atropurpurce, P. gracilis, P'teris aqnilina, SUu-
tli iopteris Genua a ica.

74

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

The 'Exogenous Flora of Lincoln Co., Mississippi, from Octo-
ber to May. — The subjoined list, though very far from exhaustive,
is believed to be correct. The times of flowering may represent the
somewhat abnormal conditions of the present year. Coming here,
til e last ol September, after the prolonged drought of '81, many
plants which, should have been flowering were scorched to the
ground. The first rain brought out a second bloom of many spring
flowers. Rosacea? were especially thus represented. In December,
roses, Viola odorata, and most of the garden bulbs, Narcissi and
Hyacinths, were blooming. The exceptionally warm and rainy
winter has given place to a spring which old residents pronounce
three weeks earlier than asual.

Some geological considerations may also so effect the Flora as to
make it not altogether what one would expect in the Pine Barrens.
Throughout this sandy region, running between the Pearl river and
the first tier of counties east of the Mississippi, until lost in the
Yazoo Hills, is a belt of stiff, red clay, with occasional out-crop-
pings of the "Buckshot" soil of north-eastern Mississippi.— Martha
B. Flint, Shelbyville, Kentucky.

OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER.

Ascyrum stans, Micbx. Chrysopsis grarninifolia, Nutt.

var. obovatnm. gossypina, Nutt.

Crux-Andrea?, B. villosa, Nutt.

Mariana, Nutt.
Pluchea fcetida, DC.
Ambrosia trifida, L.

artemisiaefolia, L.

pumilum. Michx. April.
Hypericum Drummondii, T. & G.
Desmodium huinif'uaurn, Beck.

viridiflorurn, Beck.
Bespedeza procumbens, Michx.

repens, T. & G.

angustifolia, Gr.
Stylosanthes elatior, Swartz.
Centrosema Virginianum, Benth
Cassia occidentalis, L.

Chamaecrista, L.

nictitans, L.
var. asper.
Sidaspinosa, L.
Abutilon Avicennae, Gaertn.
Penthorum sedoides, B.
Circaea Lutstiana, L.
(Enothera biennis, L.
Diodia Virgiuica, L.

teres, Walt.
Vernonia fasciculata, Michx.
Eupatorium parvifloruni, L.

perfoliatum, L.

serotinum, Michx.

aromaticum, L.
Mikania scandeus, L.
Conoclinium coelestij am, B
Aster sericeus, Vent.

concolor, B.

patens, Ait.

tenuifolius, L

Xanthium strumarium, L.
Ptiulbeckia laciniata, B.
hirta, L.

triloba, B.
Helianthus laetiflorus, Pers.
Bidens bipinnata, B.

frondosa, B.
Helenium tenuifolium. Nutt.
Veibascum Thapsus, B.

Blattaria, B.
Conobea multirida, Benth.
Gerardia purpurea, B.

var. fasciculata, Chap.
Cichorium Intybus, B.
Bouelia glandulosa, Walt.

inflata, B.

puberula, Michx.
Rnellia ciliosa, Pursh.
Verbena angustifolia, Michx.
Teucrium Canadense, B.
Isanthus cceruleus, Michx.
Pycnanthemum Tullia, Benth
Hedeoma pulegioides, Pers.
Beonurus Cardiaca, B.
Beonotis nepetsefolia, Br.
Heliotropium Indicum, B. & H.
Iporncea Nil, Both.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

75

adnatus, Nutt.

squarrosus, Walt.
Evigeron Canadense, L.
Diplopappus linariifolius, Hook.
Solidagovirgata, L.

rigida, L

elliptica, L.

tortitblia, Ell.

odora, Ait.

var. inodora.

radula, Nutt.

tenuif'olia. Pursh.

Arabis Ludoviclana, Meyer.
Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Mceuch.
Lepidiuni Virgiaicum, L.
Stellaria media, Smith.

Ranunculus fasciculans, Muhl.

alismaefolius, Geyer.

repens, L.

pusillus, Poir.

abortivus, L.

sceleratus, L.
Cardamine rhomboidea, DC.

hirsuta, L.

var. sylvatica.
Viola lanceolata, L.

primulajfolia, L.

cucullata, Ait.
var. cordata.

pedata, L.

var. bicolor.
Oerastium nutans, Raf.
Sagina decumbens, 6r.
Oxalisviolacea, L.

stricta, L.

Acetosella, L. (rare)

Delphinium azureum, Michx.
Lrriodendron Tulipifera, L.
Podophyllum peltatum, L.
Nasturtium officinale, L.

sessililiorum, Nutt.
Polygala nana, DC.
Trir'olium Carolinianum, Michx.

pratense, L.

procumbens, L.
Robin ia Pseudacacia, L.
Wistaria frutescens, DC.
Desmodium rigidum, DC. (?)
Styrax grandirlora, Ait.
Potentilla Canadensis, L.

var. simplex.
Fragaria Indica, L.

Virginiana, Ehrhart
Rubus villosus, Ait.

cuneir'olius, Pursh.

Jacquemontia tamnifolia, Crigeb.
Cuscuta compacta, Juss.
Physalis angulata, L.
Gentiana ochroleuca, Frad.
Asclepias incarnata, L,, var. pulchra
Chenopodium Botrys, L.

ambrosioides, L.

Var. anthelminticum.
Amarantus paniculatus, L.

retroflexus, L.
Croton capitatus, Michx.
Gelsemium sempervirens, Ait. (Feb.)

JANUARY.

pubera, Michx.
Houstonia minima, Beck.
Osmanthus Americana, B. & H.

FEBRUARY.

Prunus Caroliaiana, Ait.

Americana, Marshall.

Chicasa, Michx.
Amelanchier Canadensis, T. & G., var.

[Botryapium.
Veronica serpyllifolia, L.

peregrin a, L.

arvensis, L.
Plantago heterophylla, Nutt.
Houstonia ccerulea, L.
Cynthia Dandelion, DC.
Vaecinium tenellum, Ait.
Salvia lyrata, L.

var. obovata.
Brunella vulgaris, L.
Lamium amplexicaule, L.
Gelsemium sempervirens, Ait.
Dichondra repens, Forst.

var. Carolinensis,

[Choisy.

MARCH.

Houstonia purpurea, L.
Erigeron Philadelphicum, L.

quercifolium, Lam.
Coreopsis grandirlora, Nutt.
Gnaphalium purpureum, L.
Antennaria plantaginifolia, Br.
Senecio lobatus, Pers.

aureus, L.
Cirsium horridulum, Michx.
Krigia Virginica, Willd.

var. dichotoma.

Caroliniana, Nutt,
Bignonia capreolata, L.
Sonchus asper, Vill.

oleraceus, L.
Gaylussacia dumosa, T. & G.

var. hirtella, Gr.
Vaecinium arboreum, Marshall.

stamineum, L.

j6 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

trivialis, Michx. Rhododendron nudiflora, L.

Rosa laevigata, Michx. Nepeta Glechoma, L.

nitida, Willd. Scutellaria parvula, Michx.

Crataegus Pyracantha, Pers. (intro- Phlox pilosa, L.

[duced) amcena, Sims.

apiifolia, Michx. Melia Azderach, L. (introduced.)

aestivalis, T. & G. Chionauthus Virginica, L.

Pyrus angustifolia, Ait. Asarum ariifolium, Michx.

Itea Virginica, L. Rumex crispus, L.

Liquidambar styraciflua, L. Morus rubra, L.

Oenothera sinuata, L. Quercus Phellos, L.

var. humistrata, Gr. virens, L. (rare.)

linearis, Michx. aquatica, Catesby.

Cornus florida, L. falcata, Michx.

Nyssa multirlora, Wang. nigra, L.

Lonicera sempervirens. Ait. Fagus ferruginea, Ait.

grata, Ait. Ostry a Virginica, Willd.
Mitchella repens, L.

Astragalus mollissimilS, Ton.— A short time ago, my
friend. Dr. Isaac Ott of East on, Penn., received from a stock bleed-
er in Western Kansas, a wild plant, know there by the name of
'"loco.'' and said to produce injurious and often fatal effects upon
cattle and horses who eat it, causing paralysis and other functional
disturbances. Dr. 0., who is a skilliul investigator of poisons and
their action upon animal and vegetable organisms, fully confirms
the reports of the herdsmen as to the deleterious properties of this
plant. At my request, he procured for me specimens with flowers
and full-growxi pods, and it proved to be Astragalus mollissimus,
Torr. From the quantity sent, its vigorous growth so early in the
season, its strong, deep roots and its numerous, short, thick stems,
it is fair to infer that it is at home and abounds in that region. —
Thos. C. Porter.

Equisetum varieg-atum, Schleich.— Mrs. A. E. Bush, of
San Jose, Cal., has sent me specimens of an Equisetum, collected at
the hills near that city, April 22, which must be referred to the above
species. The stalks are densely tufted, and the grooves of the stem
vary from 5 to 10, but are commonly 6 or 7; one large stalk had 11.
This species is not mentioned in the "Botany of California" and to
my knowledge has not been reported from this state hitherto. It
appears in Colorado (Porter and Coulter), and from 111. to
N. H., and northward. — Lucieist M. Underwood, Wesl. Univ.,
Bhomington, III.

Early Fungi. — I have received to-day from Southern Illinois,

through Mr. F. S. Earle, fresh specimens of the following fungi:
Urocystis poin,])Jioligodes,Sc\il.,<m Ranunculus fascicularis ; < 'ystopus
candidus, (Per^s.) on Capsella &ursa-pastoris and Peronospora mvea,
Ung., on Geranium Carolinianum. They are well developed and in
good condition for study, and Mr. Earle tells me the Cystopus has
been so all winter. — A. B. Seymour, University of Illinois, Cham-
paign.

Botanical Paper.

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Paper Warehouse,
No. 805 D Street. Washington. D. C.

Standard Herbarium Paper, 21 and 2S lbs.,

at $4.50 and $6.00 per ream.

Genus Covers, standard size and weight,
65 lbs. per ream, $8.12 per ream, or 50 cts.
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Drying paper always kept on hand.

CATALOGUE OF

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PROM THE

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Editorial 77

Exogenous Flora of Lincoln Co., Miss.
M. B. Flint .81

Beitraege zur Morphologie und Phys-
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nin. J.T.Tothrock 81

Respiration of Plants. J M. C 84

Notes from Northern Iowa. R. J.
Cratty : . . . . 85

Page.
Osmunda cinnamomea. /. C- Martin-
dale 86

Action of Acid on Cellulose and
Starch-grains. E.J. Hill 87

Vitality of Seeds. /. C. Arthur .... 88

Curious Growth on Honey-locust. F.
L. Harvey 88

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Vol. VII. JULY, 1830. No. 7

Editorial. — In the Torrey Bulletin for June the editors
continue their valuable list of the state and local floras of the United
States. This is the third paper and is devoted to the south-eastern
states, embracing Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Georgia and Florida. Georgia seems to have been most
poorly provided for, but a single local list having been made in the
whole state.

Proe. A. B. Seymour, in the last Gazette, was made responsi-
ble for a rather meaningless note. His note upon "Early Fungi"
bore the date of March 5 in the manuscript, but no date appeared
in print, thus making it lose all its force. We would suggest that
our readers date the note referred to, that it may not be lost sight of.
Mr. Chas. E. Smith, of Philadelphia, writes reporting a new
station for Corema Conradii. He says : UI learned that Corema
Conradii grew on Shawangunk Mountain, Ulster Co., N. Y., and
as the plant has disappeared from two of the four localities formerly
known (New Jersey and Long Island) I went there and got it. In
the struggle for existence it appears to be getting the worst of it,
and is dying out. On the second of May I found it in full bloom.
The Index to the genus Carex omits C. Porter i, Olney, found
by Prof. Porter in Maine ; C. glaucodea, Tuck., found in New Jer-
sey ; and gives UC. Fraseriana, Sims, no synonym.'1 Gray writes it
C. Fraseriana, Sims ; Chapman C. Ftaseri, Sims; Boott in his
Carices writes C. Fraseri, Andrews, syn. C. Fraseriana, Sims, and
adcts a note giving names and dates of publication to justify the
name Fraseri and Andrews as the authority. For these corrections
we are indebted to Mr. Chas. E. Smith.

Mr. Joseph Jackson, Jr., of Millbury, Mass., is contributing
to the Worcester Daily Spy some very interesting notes on the
flora of that neighborhood. The subject is treated in a popular
way which makes it interesting to the unscientific reader. The ar-
ticles really furnish lists of the first appearance of the plants of
that region, accompanied by appropriate remarks. As soon as 50
species have been enumerated they are published, thus making at
the close of the season quite a complete catalogue.

Prof. V. Cesati, Director of the Botanic Garden at Naples, *
has offered for sale his large collection of plants. It consists of
about 49,000 species, 32,000 being phanerogams, the whole con-
taining over 350,000 specimens. The phanerogams are classified

78 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

according to DeCandohVs system, and are represented in many in-
stances by original specimens. The collection is mounted on white
paper and arranged in volumes. Prof. Cesati also offers for sale the
autographs of 2,500 botanists. Persons desiring to obtain these
collections, which contain plants from all over the world, should
address Prof. Cesati before the end of August.

H. Baillon has just published in Paris his Monographie des

Composees. In Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plantarum this great
order contains 780 genera, although the work of reduction was so
rigidly performed that some genera were afterwards reinstated.
Baillon has reduced the number of genera to 403, and in the sense
that generic consolidation is a better fault than the opposite ex-
treme this is commendable. Dr. Gray, for whose opinion in such
matters we always look, says that even yet Baillon "keeps up sever-
al genera which Ave find it impossible to maintain; and there are
others which should have been suppressed upon his principles,
though not upon ours.1'

Hugo DeVries claims to have found the function of resinous
matters in plants. That they were excrementitious has long since
been given up, for their withdrawal from the plant proves to be an
injury rather than a benefit. Hence they must be of some use to
the plant, for in these days we do not believe so much that things
were made for us as that we find in them and use what was made
for themselves. DeVries thinks that in resin-producing plants the
resinous juice is stored in the tree as a balm for wounds. Being
stored up under tension it is immediately poured out over a wound-
ed surface. _ No better dressing could be found than this rapidly ox-
idizing liquid, which excludes air and moisture and germs which
induce decay.

_ The University of Minnesota will open a summer school
during the coming season, beginning July 5th, to continue four
weeks. The course in Botany will be conducted by Prof. J. C. Ar-
thur, whose name and reputation are well known to readers of the
Gazette. Laboratory work will be a prominent feature, and the
subjects presented will be Morphology of the Vegetable Cell;
Spen'al Structure of Plants, considered by Classes; Vegetable His-
tology and Physiology; Bibliography and History of Botany. A
personal acquaintance with "Mr. Arthur in the laboratory gives the
writer an opportunity to heartily recommend his work "and meth-
ods to those desiring such instruction. He can be addressed at
Charles City, Iowa, until July; after that at Minneapolis.

The Gardeners' Monthly for June is an unusually interest-
ing number. Mr. Meehan is called upon to puncture a good deal
of nonsense, and usually does so in a very sprightly way. In the
•number referred to. among other things, he noticed"a curious paper
read at the recent Forestry Convention held in Cincinnati, in which
th - writer suj I '• that the examination of cro - ections in atr<
would show when the. seasons in the past were dry seasons, and
3— thin layers indicating the dry and broad on-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 79

wet. Mr. Meelian suggests that by taking sections at different
places in the same log we would find the same layer bearing all
kinds of testimony. The writer has heard classes gravely informed
that the above was the fact, and also that the rings of growth found
in fossil trees necessarily indicated seasons of cold and warmth. In
the last instance a bright boy rather nonplussed the teacher by ask-
ing if there were no exogenous trees in the tropics.

Peof. F. C. Phillips, of Western University, Penn., has been
experimenting upon the effects produced upon plants by being
grown in soil impregnated with certain metallic oxides. His con-
clusions are as follows: . .

1. That healthy plants, grown under favorable conditions, may
absorb through their roots small quantities of lead, zinc, copper
and arsenic.

2. That lead and zinc may enter the tissues m this way without
causing any disturbance in the growth, nutrition and functions o±

the plant.

3. That the compounds of copper and arsenic exert a distinctly
poisonous influence, tending, when present in larger quantity, to
check the formation of roots, and either killing the plant or so far
reducing its vitality as to interfere with nutrition and growth.

New Stations for Rare Plants— 1. Botrychium matricariwfo-
Uum, Al. Br. About June 10 of last summer, in company with
Prof. Joseph Milliken of Columbus, 0., I made an excursion for
plants in the vicinity of this city. In a thicket on a northern slope,
we found a specimen of this little fern. Going down on our hands
and knees and making a thorough search, we finally counted eighty-
four (84) specimens growing on an area of three or four
'square rods. This plant grows quite abundantly in eastern New
York and in New England. But I have never before known it to
be found west of the Alleghanies and south of Lake Superi-.-r. I
have no doubt, though, that it grows on many a damp shady hill-
side with a northern exposure, in the states of Indiana, Kentucky
and Ohio. It should be looked for during the month of June.

2. Veratrum Woodii, Bobbins. This plant grows im the
woods about" Dayton, 0. My attention was first called to it by
finding it transplanted from the woods to a neighbor's door-yard.
The plants were very few and far between, however, till I found
quite a patch of it near Ludlow Falls, 17 miles above Dayton, on the
banks of the Stillwater river. In one spot I counted fifteen (15)
plants ; the trouble was however that only four or five of them
threw up flower stalks, so that I did not get many specimens.— A-
P. Morgan", Cincinnati.

Eve,; the curious Aster adnatus is already in bud. Two things im-
press me as distinctive of the scenery and of the woodlands b re.

So

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

There is very little of the freshness and the exuberance of vegeta -
ble growth which, farther north, characterize the time. There is.
literally, no spring, no period of complete transition, no universal
awakening into life. Plants doze through the mild winter and are
quite undecided what to do, even when the equinox is past. The
Star Anise and the Magnolias simultaneously bloom, unfold their
new shoots and drop last years leaves. The winter annuals are
ripening their seeds and dying when, by the calendar, we should
only expect young leaves and opening buds.

Another feature of the southern forests, noticeable even here,
where the luxuriance of growth is much less than on the rich allu-
vial lands, is the great number of vines and showily blooming trees
and shrubs. Over a muddy bayou hang the Cherry. Laurel, the
graceful Euonymus, the Styrax and the Farkle-berry with its deli-
cate sprays of bloom, all interwoven with the wiry stems and pro-
fuse gold of the Yellow Jessamine, and hung with the tawny red
trumpets of the Cross Vine. Or. later, beneath the Magnolias and
Sweet Bays are thickets of gleaming Hydrangea and Itea, overrun
with the scarlet Honeysuckles and the fragrant Forsteronia. In
the herbaceous growth of the open barrens Leguminosce are now
greatly in preponderance, although I judge that in the advancing
summer they will be displaced bv the coarser Composite.

APRIL.

Magnolia grandifiora, L.

glauca, L.

acuminata, L.
Malva rotundifolia, L.
Modiola multifida, Mcench.
Drosera brevifolia, Pursh.
Geranium Carolinanum, L.
Rhus copallina, L.

Toxicodendron, L.
var quercifolia.
var. radicans.

aromatica, Ait.
Vitis Labrusca, L.

vulpina, L.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx
Euonymus Americana, L.
Polygala Boykinii, Nutt.

fasti giata, Nutt.
Sesbania macrocarpo. Muhl.
Stylosanthes elatior, Sw.
Scbrankia uncinata, Willd
Psoralea melilotoides, Michx.

var. eglanduiosa ( ?)
Decumaria barbara, L.
Speculariapeifoliata, A. DC.

Ludoviciana, Torr.
Fedia radiata, Michx.
Maruta Cotula, DC
Erigeron strigosum, Muhl
[lex opaca, Ait.

Dahoon, Wait

decidua, Walt.
Lobelia Nuttallii, R. & S.
Catalpa speciosa, Warder.
Pentstemon pubescens, Sol.

gracilis, Nutt.

Digitalis, Nutt.
Plantago major, L.

Virginica, L.
Pcdicularis Canadensis, L.
Verbena Aubletia, L.
Scutellaria serrata, Andrews

parvula, Michx.
Dianthera humilis, Gray.
Ruellia ciliosa, Nees.
Physalia Pcnnsylvanica, X., var

angulata, L.
Capsicum annuus, L. (nat.)
Datura Tatula, L.
Spigelia Marylandica, L.
Asclepias variegataj L.

tuberosa, L.
Asclepiodora viridis, Gray.
Polygonum incarnatum, Ell

hydropiporoides, Michx

acre, HBK.

aviculare, L.
Euphorbia corollata, L.

var. angustitolia
Otitis Mississippiensis, Rose
Pilea pumila, Gray.

[data,
lance

I

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 81

MAY.

Cleome pungens, Willd. Desmodium paniculatuni, DC

Malva sylvestris, L. Psoralea canescens, Michx.
Cocculus Carolinus, DC. [Gr.Tephrosia Virginica, Pers.
Hypericum Canadense, L., var. major, epicata, T. & G.

Drummondii, T. & G. hispidula, Pursh.

Polygala incarnata, L. Crotalaria Purshii, DC.

Erythrina herbacea, L. Solidago radula. Nutt.

Passiflora incarnata, L. Aster patens, Ait.

lutea, L. surculosus, Michx.

Rhexia Mariana, L. Echinacea augustifolia, DC

Hydrangea quercifoiia, Bartram. Rudbeckia hirta, L.

arborescens, L. Coreopsis lanceolata, L.

Hydrocotyle interrupta, Muhl. Helianthus occidentalis, T. & G.
Sanicula Canadensis, L. dororiicoides, Lam.

Eryngium prostratum, Baldv/in. Cirsium Virginianum, Michx.

Discopleura capillacea, DC Pyrrhopappus Carolinianus, DC.

Thaspium barbinode, Nutt. Oxydendrum arboreum, DC.

Sambucus Canadensis, L. Solanum nigrum, L.
Lonicera sempervirens, Ait. Carolinense, L.

grata, Ait. Forsteronia difFormis, A. DC.

Cephalanthus occidentalis, L. Saururus cernuus , Willd.

Galium hispidulum, Michx. Phytolacca decandra, L.

Helenium tenuifolium, Nutt. Callicarpa Americana, L.
Ceanothus Americana, L.

Martha B. Flint, Brookhaven, Miss.

" Beitraege zur Morphologie unci Physiologie der Pilze,

von A. DeBart und M. Woronin. Fuenfte Reihe. Beitrag zur
Kentniss der Ustilagineen, mit vier Tafeln."— In this important
contribution to Mycological literature we .have an attempt to form
a philosophical system of classification of the Ustilaginece upon the
peculiarities of spore growth and "sporidia" production. It is quite
needless to say that it is based upon the quiet assumption that the
time has come for giving life history more, and a single phase of
life history less weight in our systems of classification. Of course
beside -the leading idea of the contribution many isolated facts of
value find place in this clearly written and beautifully illustrated
memoir. We can only give the more important in this brief resume.

Plate I represents Tuburcinia Trientalis, which in its conidial
state covers the under side of the leaves of Trientalis Europwa, L.
The specimen was taken early in June. Sections made through the
young leaves of the host show an abundant ramification of the
cross-partitioned hyphse beneath the epidermis, and between and
into the chlorophyll-bearing cells. These threads reach the air
either through a stoma, or sometimes directly between the epidermis
cells. Some of the escaping threads creep in a tortuous manner
over the leaf surface ; others are erect and terminated by a single
inversely pear-shaped conidium. Sowing these conidia on a grow-
ing Trientalis leaf and after a short time removing the epidermis it-
will be seen that the conidial threads have reached the interior of
the leaf between the cells of the epidermis.

Plate II gives the condition of affairs in late summer, when a
transverse section through the stem shows spore masses in the

82 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

central, but more largely in the superficial parts of the preparation.
The mode of formation of these spore masses is strikingly suggest-
ive of other Carposporece. Essentially it consists in one or two" end
cells from the same or different threads becoming bladder-like [and
contents dividing into spore masses?], whilst around these, delicate
filaments spin themselves so quickly and closely that whafc: trans*
pires in the center can only be conjectured. This outer krt'dt-like
protecting case appears from the figures to be more or less com-
pletely absorbed or reduced by the growth and pressure of .the spore
masses.

Examining these affected Trientalis plants in the cold wet
weather of autumn it will be discovered that the dark-brown spore
masses show signs of growth. Placing these under a microscope
and keeping them in a moist atmosphere one may see the individual
spores sending out transparent thickish promycelia as growing
tubes. Each of these tubes terminates in a basidial cell, which m
turn produces 4 to 8 "primary sporidia." The use of the term
sporidia in this sense is according to Tulasne. (The sainQ word it
is to be observed is used by our American botanists more frequent-
ly for the spore-like bodies found in asci of the Ascomycetous fungi .)

See plate III, figures 1-12. Between pairs of these "primary
sporidia" copulation occurs at the base laterally, rarely at the sum-
mit. It appears that from these "primary sporidia" secondary ones
may be produced directly', with or without a previous copulation.
After the fall of the "sporidia," the basidia which supported them
may give rise to delicate colorless threads. From the secondary
sporidia tertiary ones may be produced and copulation occur betvr
them. Or a sporidium may produce another sporidium on one side
mid on the other a growing tube. Not only two. but three or more
primary sporidia may copulate and then may each produce second-
ary sporidia ; or a single sporidium which has not copulated may
produce even three successive generations of sporidia. Evident!}* if
this copulation, so-called, has anything whatever to do with repro-
duction or specific perpetuity, it sits very lightly, so far as necessity
is concerned.

In from 15 to 20 days after sowing the conidia of Tuburcinia
upon the Trientalis leaf the charasteristic black spots appear. Ob-
servation has made it very clear tbat both wind and insect-: by car-
rying the conidia aid in infecting plants previously healthy. These
conidia, after sending their tubes between the epidermic cells of the
host, develop around their point of entry a mycelium mass, each for
itself, which remains well divided from those produced by other
conidia. This Tuburcinia Trientalis furnishes, not the firsts but the
best illustration ofconidial production among the Ustilaginece.

Tuburcinia has both its conidia and its sporidia on ths same

ant, as ithor hazards the con-

that other link-:. found, comparable to those of the

Uredinece, which will fairly make out another example of heteroe-

< ism.

For w -:pace we pass by tin1 experiments upon Sorospori-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 8j

nm Saponaria?, Rudolph, and Sorosporium Junci, Rudolph, which
are regarded as representing different genera, and accordingly the
latter is named Tolysporium Junci. Plate IV. figures 1, 2, 3. 4
show the spore masses of this last and the mode of germination ;
figures 5, 6, 7, 8 reveal the mode of production of the sporidia, which
orcur in whorls on the thickish, jointed promycelium and copulate
by their upper ends.

Thecapkord hyalina, Fingerh., though it has been named Soro-
)rium hyalinum, is distinguished from this genus by both spore
s' rue care and mode of growth. As the period of vitality of these
spores is but brief, all culture experiments with them must be made
with fresh specimens. Plate III, fig 19, shows the brownish-yellow
spore balls made up of from 2 to 20 verrucose spores. A very char-
acteristic mark of these is the clear, round spot through which the
germinating endospore tube protrudes. It is very suggestive of i
Uredospores. This is shown by figures 20-22. Figures 24-26 show,
instead of normal sporidia such as are found in Tolysporium and
most of the Ustilaginece, a number of lateral non-septate branches
produced upon the septate promycelium and those (the former) of
the same promycelium copulate by their extremities, to accomplish
which the lower bend upward and the upper downward, after which
a long cell develops, becomes septate, and then accumulates all the
protoplasm in its terminal segment.

Sorosporium Astragali and S. Desmodii, both of Peck, are
regarded on spore evidence as belonging to the genus Thecaphora.

Figures 9 and 10 of Plate IV are devoted to formation of spori-
dia by Entyloma Eryngii; 12-18 to E.Aschersonii; and 19-26 toE.
Magmisii. Of these the last two species are removed from their
former place in Sorosporium and on spore data placed in Entyloma.
Whilst copulation of sporidia in Entyloma is common, it does nor
occur in E. Aschersonii. Figures 27-35 of the same plate sh
Melanotcenium endogenum, de Bary, which grows on Galium Mollu-
go and G.' rerum. It was formerly known as Protomyces endogem
linger, and P. Galii, Rabh. Here we find strong mycelium and
haustoria, the latter of which sometimes take up one-third of the
cell intowhich they enter. The spores are dark-brown', oval, and
germinate by protrusion of the endospore and production of a pro-
mycelium, and show in their mode of growth a relationship to Enty-
loma, as de Bary had suggested. From the summit of this strong
promycelium several oblong sporidia develop and these copulate by
their apices, of course while still attached to the promycelium.

The following is an abstract of the Ustilaginece as arranged in
this paper :

I. No 'sporidia" produced directly from the slowing spore.

a. Spores produce many -celled tubes or threads, which remain eitbei
simple and unbranehed, or whose terminal plasma-containing
cell has several lateral, irregular, divided branches. Tbe; un-
branchcd terminal joint can tor a time live and grow if separate!
from tlie empty cells below.
1. Sorosporium, Rudolph!. %

S. Sdponarim, Ruftelplii.

84 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

b. The threads from the spores produce a limited growth which devel-
ops into a promycelium ; this instead of "sporidia" proper pro-
duces slender branches, which, growing toward each other, copu-
late by their ends. From this point of union another growth be-
gins.
2 Thecaphora, Fiugerh.

T. hyalina, Fingerh.

II. The promycelium by transverse septa divides itself into several cells
from each of which one or more "sporidia" are produced.

3. Ustilago, Link. (Persoon, Tulasne.)

4. Schizonella, Schroeter (in Cohn's Beitr. z. Biol. d. Pfl. II
Bd. p. 362.)

5. Tolysporium, mihi.

T. Junci. (Syn. Sorosporium Junci, Schr.)

III. The promycelium produces on its end a whorl of 2 to 8, usually spin-
dle shaped branches ("sporidia") which by pairs usually copulate sidewise.
With or sometimes without this copulation these "sporidia" produce either
secondary "sporidia," or long, simple or branched thin mycelial threads.

6. Tilletia, Tulasne.

7. Entyloma, de Bar v. To which genus as before understood

the two species E. Aschersonii and E. Magnmii are added

8. Melanot^enitjm, de Bary.

M. endogenum, de Bary. This may yet be united with
Entyloma.

9. Schroeteria, Winter.

Schr. Delastrina, Winter. (8yn. Geminella Delaatrina,
Schroeter.)

10. Urocybtis, Rabenhorst. Of this genus the mode of growth
of but four species has been observed, i. e. U. occulta. Rab.,
U. pompholygodes, Rab., U. Violas, F. v. Wald., and TT.prim-
ulicola, P. Magnus. U. Oorydalu, Niessl., (in Thuemen
Mycoth. 1626) is more nearly related to Entyloma as here
understood, but is very different from Entyloma Corydalis,
de Bary.

11. Tttburcinia, Fries.

T. Trientalis, Berkeley and Broome.

IV. Mode of growth unknown. Here however are placed all the species
of Sorosporium, Rudolph, and Thecaphora, Fingerh., whose*mode of growth has
uot been certainly shown; and also the genus

12. Vossia, Thuemen.

V. Molina1, Thuem. (Winter had placed this under Til-
letia.)

J. T. KOTHROCK.

Respiration of Plants. — We were once taught that one of

the essential differences between animals and plants is that the

former exhale carbonic acid and inhale oxygen, while in the latter

the process is reversed So long as chlorophyll-bearing plants alone

wore studied this view was to a certain extent excusable, for the

more abundant effects of assimilation obscured the comparatively

small effects of respiration. But modern investigation has come to

• a knowledge of the fact that the activities of every living cell.

whether plant or animal, are similar, and that oxygen starvation is

just i-i certain destruction for a plant cell as for an animal cell.

The food used and the excretory products are in both eases the

same. In regard to chlorophyll-Bearing plants then the additional

sment can be made that some plants differ from most animals

ml a]] other plants in being able to make' their own food.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 85

Now this using of food, called respiration, and common to
all life, demands the presence of oxygen, and the question
has arisen with regard to plants whether this oxygen is
derived directly from the free oxygen of the air or is a sec-
ondary product resulting from intramolecular decompositions. It
has been observed that germinating plants will continue to evolve
carbonic acid in an atmosphere of nitrogen or hydrogen, or in a vac-
uum. Wortmann, observing that the amount of carbonic acid
evolved from germinating plants was the same when placed in air
or in a vacuum, proposed the theory "that all the carbonic acid pro-
duced in plant respiration has its origin in intramolecular decompo-
sitions ; or, in other words, that the free oxygen of the air takes no
direct part in the formation of the carbonic acid in respiration.'1
Dr. W. P. Wilson, an American student at Tubingen, Wurtem-
berg, has been experimenting upon this subject, and in the Am.
Jour, of Science for June he gives a condensed abstract of some of
his results, which will later be published in full. His experiments
show that Wortmann's theory falls to the ground because it is
founded upon a fallacy. That there is an intramolecular respiration
as differing from a normal is easily proved, but that the amount of
carbonic acid given off by the former equals that given off by the
latter is untrue, for Dr. Wilson's experiments showed, in every case
but one, a rapid diminution in the evolution of carbonic acid when
he substituted an atmosphere of hydrogen for air. Hence the con-
clusion is irresistible that the carbonic acid excreted in plant-respi-
ration is a partial product of direct oxidation from the free oxygen
of the air. W. Pfeffer shows that even if Wortmann's experiments
had been verified his theory would still fail, because "if an equal
amount of carbonic acid were formed in both intramolecular and
normal respiration this would only prove that the same number of
carbon affinities for oxygen had been satisfied in each case, but
would in no way indicate from whence the supply of oxygen came.
And nrcase free oxygen was active in normal respiration, still in
intramolecular, when free oxygen was absent, the full suppty might
yet be obtained through constant powerful attractive forces which
could take oxygen from other combinations and in this way give
rise to secondary changes.1' Dr. Wilson's experiments also verify
what has previously been taught with regard to respiration, viz.,
that the presence of light does not in any appreciable degree direct-
ly affect the amount of carbonic acid given off, a capital point to use
in contrasting respiration and assimilation. — J. M. C.

Notes from Northern Iowa. — Psoralen esculent a, Pursh,
grows on dry knolls, but rarely matures fruit. This plant, the
Pomme cle Prairie of the voyageurs, has large, starchy roots which
are quite palatable to a botanist made hungry by a long tramp.
P. argophylla, Pursh, is much more common than the former, pre-
ferring lower grounds. I have not, after three seasons search, been
able to find a single mature seed. It must, however, fruit in favor-
able years.

86 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Polygonum Hartwrightii, Gray, is common in bogs. It has
flowered here but once in four years — the summer of 1880 — and I
was then so fortunate as to secure a good supply of specimens.
None of the plants matured fruit.

Helianffylts Maximiliani, Schrad.is very common on the prairies
throughout this county. In grain fields it grows much larger,
and is almost as troublesome as H. rigidus, L. This locality, I be-
lieve, is the farthest north from which this species has been reported.

Lespedeza leptosiqchya, Eng., is common on prairies.

Luphanthus anisciius, Benth., is found in woods near Estherville.

The peculiar Lygodesmia juneea, Don., I have found in a few
localities. It chooses the driest knolls, where it seems to lead a
precarious existence, so much so that I fear it will soon leave us
entirely.

Liatris punctata, Hook., produces a large number of stems
from the same root; the outer ones generally being nearly prostrate.
It is only found on the driest knolls.

Iva xanthiifolia, Nutt., has been introduced from the north-
west by cattle, and is becoming troublesome in some places. The
plant is an annual, and makes a very rapid growth, the main stem
often being over an inch in diameter, hollow, and very hard.

< •alamagrostis stricta, Trim, occurs on wet prairies, a few culms
only in a place.

Bouteloua ol igostachya, Torr., grows on dry, sandy ridges, along
with Carex sicccata, Dew., (Enothera serrulata, Nutt, an&Castilleia
sessiliflora, Pursh.

In June, 1880, Senecio palustris, Hook., made its appearance
along the margin of one of our lakes, and also in wet ground near
the state line of Minnesota. The larger plants, with hollow stems
over an inch in diameter, grew about three feet high, and bore such
a' profusion of golden yellow blossoms that it was impossible to
press a whole plant in a specimen. Last season not a single speci-
men could be found, which makes me fear that it did not come to stay.

Last- season while searching along the margin of a small lake
in the eastern part of this county, I came across a Potamogeton,
bearing an abundance of large floating leaves. I sent it to Rev.
Thomas Morong. of Ashland, Mass., who determined it to be P. II-
Unoensis, described and named by him in the Bot. Gaz., Vol. V,
page 50. It was first discovered by Mr. H. N. Patterson near
Oquawka, Ills., the only other locality known.

In a large bog, three miles from my home, I have found, with-
in a radius of five rods, Salix ftiyrtilloides, L., Scheuchzeria palus-
tris, L., Potent iUa palustris, Scop., Triglochin maritimum, L., var.
'■latum, Gr., Eriophorum gracile. Koch., var. paucinervium, Eng.,
and Carex chordorhiza, Ehrh. — R. J. Ceatty, Estherville, Emmet
Co., Iowa.

Osmuncla dniiamomea, L.? var. frondosa, Gray— I

have had growing in my yard for a number of years (brought orig-
inally from Pennsylvania) a fine clump of Osmunda cinnamo-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 87

mea, and have admired it for its graceful habit. The sterile fronds
o-ently curve backward so that the fertile fronds always stand erect
in the center of the urn-shaped growth. There has been no change
for ten years in the manner of development till the present season.
Now two of the fertile fronds are partly sterile; in one the tip of
the frond, for 13 pairs of pinnae, is fertile, then two pairs partly
fertile, the remaining 5 pairs not being distinguishable from the
entirely sterile fronds; the other has the tip and base sterile, and 3
pairs of pinnae out of the central portion fertile, and one pair part-
ly fertile. Although the change from the fertile frond towards the
sterile has taken place from the base towards the tip, in the pinnae
\ hat are partly fertile the change is in the reverse order, that is from
the tip towards the base. Usually after the discharge of the spores
the fertile fronds wither and finally disappear, but in this case they
have not withered, as have the other fertile fronds, but mantam
their normal upright habit instead of curving backward. — Isaac C.
Marthstdale, Camden, N. J.

The Action of Acids on Cellulose and Starch-grains.—

In the Botanical Gazette for May a discrepancy is shown be-
tween a statement made in Sachs1 Text-book of Botany and some
facts found bv experiment, and an explanation is asked. It refers
to the action of acids on cellulose. In the fourth revised edition of
Sachs1 Lehrbuch der Botanik (Leipzig, 1874.) this discrepancy does
not exist. The translation by Bennett and Dyer was based on the
third edition, and it is probable some change was made by the au-
thor in the later work. But not possessing the translation nor
any edition earlier than the fourth, I cannot compare them. The
accuracy of the translation may be assumed from the competency
of those who made it. The same subject is evidently treated in the
fourth edition, page 640, where a paragraph is found referring to
the action of acids on cellulose and starch-grains, and a figure of
those of Hoija carnosa under the influence of this treatment is in-
serted. A translation of the passage is given below.. It will be
-seen that the per cent, of dilution is not stated, but is presumably
.somewhere near that found, necessary by the experiments in Pur-
due University. It is with the second mode of treatment that the
violent action is said to occur. The first adjective might be rendered
"violent," but hardly means this when compared with the second,
where the primary meaning is violent.

"Acids (especially sulphuric), greatly diluted with water, cause a
stronger swelling (eine starkere Quellung) of starch-grains and cel-
lulose than pure water, without however destroying their organiza-
tion. After the acid is removed by washing they return to their for-
mer condition. But at a higher concentration (bei hoeherer Concen-
tration) the acid produces a violent swelling (eine heftige Quellung)
of starch-grains and cellulose; they are changed into a pasty state:
the protoplasm coagulates just as it does at a higher temperature.
Concentrated sulphuric acid finally destroys their molecular struc-
ture completely, causing a chemical change of substance; they are
liquefied."— E." J. Hill, Enghwood, III.

88

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Prolonged Vitality of Seeds.— An interesting case of the
germination of seeds of the wild crab-apple (Pirns coronaria) after
lying dormant twenty-three years recently came to my notice. In
1859 Dr. J. W. Smith of this place built a frame barn about thirty
feet from his dwelling, the foundation of which was a low wall of
limestone laid upon the garden soil. In April of the present
year the barn was removed, and twenty clays afterward the founda-
tion also. As the Doctor pried up a bottom stone about twenty
inches across, two small plants respectively an inch and an inch
and a half high straightened themselves into an erect position.
They were near the center of the stone and some three inches
apart. A number of persons carefully examined them besides the
Doctor. There seems to be no doubt that the seeds had been pro-
tected by the building for this long period, and that when it was re-
moved sufficient warmth and moisture had penetrated beneath the
foundation wall to cause them to grow. — J. C. Aethur, Charles
City, Iowa.

Curious Growth on (xleditsehia triacanthos — Prof. P. L.
Harvey, of the Arkansas Industrial University, sends the accom-
panying figure to illustrate a growth on our honey locust in which

he points out a strong resemblance to an animal standing erect up-
on thorns, and bearing an armed snout. He mentions t-wo smah
prominences standing in position and of a nature to represent eyes.
The narrowed end was the point of attachment to the tree. 1 here
are nine thorns on the front side (two are not shown, being behind
a large thorn) and ten on the reverse, only four being shown m
part. This monstrosity is curious and of course interesting enough
to be recorded.

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August & September, 1882. Vol. VII, Nos. 8 & 9.

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some \laska Ferns. G E. Damn-
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The Postage Question. Lester F.

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Decumaria barbara. L.F.Ward .99
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Native Trees of the Lower Wabash.
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The Female Flowers of Con if era'.
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Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VII. AUGUST & SEPTEMBER, 1882. Nos. 8 & 9.

Editorial. — Mr. Joseph F. James has written a pleasant
memoir of Clias. Darwin, which has been published in the
Journal of the Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.

Re 7. A. B. Hervey sends word of the death of Dr. G. Dickie,
F. L. S., of Aberdeen, Scotland, a well known British Algologist,
which occurred July .15th.

Mr A. C. Palmer, in the Am. Monthly Micr. Jour., calls at-
tention to the fact that Nalas fiexilis furnishes a fine illustration
of cyclosis, even better than the stock examples, Vallisneria and
Anacharis.

A correspondent, referring to Mr. Arthur's note on page 88
of the last Gazette asks: uTs Mr. Arthur quite sure that rats, or
other vermin, had not carried the crab apples under the stone and
left the seeds?"

F. Reinitzer propounds the theory that transpiration is an
injurious agent, a necessary evil, in the life of the plant. This view
lie founds on the fact that transpiration exercises a retarding influ-
ence on growth.

M. Alph. DeCaadolle has just distributed a small pamphlet
containing two papers; the first "Sur im Caractere de la Batate,1'
and the other "Observation de M. Meehan sur la Variabilite du
Cliene Rouvre (Quercus Robur) et Remarque de M. Alph. DeCan-
dolle.'"

Rev. E. L. Greene, in the Torre;/ Bulletin for September,
describes seven new Californian Composite, four of which belong
to the genus Hemizonia. Mr. Greene is coming rapidly to the
front as a publisher of new species and his work among our western
plants has been invaluable.

Karl Richter has determined that the substance of the cell-
wall of Fungi fails to display the ordinary reactions of cellulose
because of the intimate mixture of the cellulose with a foreign
substance which he eliminated by treating for a prolonged period
with potash and washing with a weak acid, after which the blue
coloring with chloriodide of zinc is obtained.

The "cucumber odor" of the water which has been troubling
Boston so much, has been traced to the presence, not of plants',

go BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

but of a fresh water sponge. The Nostocs must still stand respon-
sible for the "pig-pen" odor, but the "cucumber odor" we hand over
to^zoologists.

Mr. Foerste, of Dayton, Ohio, writes that he has received a
postal card from Mr. Wm. Trelease saying: "I have noticed pro-
togyny in Thaspium aureum and Sanicula, so I no longer have
any doubt as to the accuracy of your observations on Erigenia,
though the fact of this sort of dichogamy occurring in UmbeUiferce
was entirely unexpected from the uniformity of protandry in the
earlier studied genera.

The Proceedings of the Davenport Acad, of Nat. Sci., Vol.
Ill, Part II, are at hand. The botanical articles are by Prof. J. C.
Arthur and Dr. C. C. Parry. The former makes still farther addi-
tion to his catalogue of Iowa Plants; while the latter describes two
new species of Oxyiheca from Southern California. The new species
are named 0. caryophylhides and 0. Parishii and were both
discovered by the brothers Parish in the San Bernardino Mountains.

On page 78 of the July Gazette it might be inferred that
Baillon's work among the Compusitce was thought more commend-
able than even that of Mr. Bentham. No reader of the Gazette
should labor under such a delusion. Because Mr. Bentham with
immense labor has worked up the vast order and acknowledged 780
genera, and Baillon, putting a good part of the genera shown to be
near mto one, reduces the number to 403, is no indication that the
work of the hitter is either "philosophical or practically conven-
ient," for it is very easy work to do.

Prof. Henry G. Jesup, of Dartmouth College, has published
a very handsome pamphlet entitled "Flora and Fauna of Hanover,
N. H." The list of plants includes the flowering plants and higher
cryptogams, just such as are included in Gray's Manual. The
range includes the flora within thirty miles radius of the town of
Hanover and contains a great diversity of conditions, such as
mountain peaks, valleys, and lakes, and, as is to be expected, the
list is an exceptionally rich one. Tbe summary shows a total of
1008 species, of which 286 are Polypetahe, 265 Gamopetalw, 96
Apetalce, 52 Cryptogams Introduced phgenogams number 144:.

Mr. J. M. Macfarlane, Demonstrator of Botany in the Uni-
versity of Edinburg, finds a new factor in the vegetable cell, which
he proposes to call the nucleolo-nucleus. It is a well marked body
inside the nucleus, round or slightly oval in outline, aud exhibits a
clear bounding wall differentiating it from the substance of the
nucleolus. It was first seen in the epidermal cells of Omithogalum
pyramidale, after staining fresh epidermis with a | per cent, solu-
tion of eosin in common methylated spirit, and was afterwards
found in many other Phanerogams and also in some Cryptogams.
Mr. Macfarlane concludes that the nucleus, nucleolus and nucleo-
lo-nucleus are invariably present, if the cell is still act ire.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 91

Prof. J. C. Arthur reports a very successful session of the Sum-
mer School iit the University of Minnesota. There were forty stu-
dents at work in the botanical laboratory and all were enthusiastic,
as might be expected. For the benefit of botanists who suppose
that some distant locality furnishes better illustrations for study
than home plants, and who so often connect the lower forms with
something distant and unattainable, we quote the following from
Prof. Arthur's private letter:

" We found Cham wherever we went. There was an equal
profusion of Xostocs, and Desmids. Nitella, Vaucherkt-, Vokox, Hy-
(I rod id i/oii and Mesocarpus were specially abundant. Numerous
large and handsome slime-moulds were found on the side-walks,
and we were also able to study every stage of the polymorphous
JPuccinia, even to the germination of the teleutospores."

The current " Part " of the Proceedings of the Philad. Acad.
Sci. contains two papers of botanical interest, both by Mr. Thos.
Meehan,whose restless eyes and pen are ever observing and recording.
In one of them is recorded the fact that Salisburia adiantifolia is
sometimes hermaphrodite; while in the other, which is a much
more formal paper, are recorded some observations 011 the relation
of heat to the sexes of flowers, based chiefly on a study of the ma-
ple and which concludes with the following generalizations:

Male flowers do not appear on female maple trees till some of its
vital power has become exhausted.

Branch-buds bearing female flowers have vital power sufficient
to develop into branches.

Branch-buds bearing male flowers have not vital power enough
to develop into branches, but remain as spurs which ever after pro-
duce male flowers onl}\

Buds producing male flowers only are more excited by heat
than females, and expand at a low temparature, under which the
females remain quiescent.

Prof. H. Baillon, wishing to germinate some seeds of walnut
and almond trees in winter, thought to obtain a more rapid devel-
opment in a warm house in which the temperature varied during
the twenty-four hours from 15° to 25° (59-77 F.) than in a cool
house in which the daily variation was between 5° and 15° (41-59 F. ),
but the trial failed. In the cool house in the course of six weeks
the walnuts had steins of about two decimeters in height, while
the most advanced in the warm house had stems of only two or three
centimeters. At the end of two months and a hall the seeds grow-
ing in the warm house had roots only occasionally well-developed,
but little or no caulome outside the fruit. When walnuts were
germinated in a warm house with "bottom heat" the tap roots were
early arrested in their development though growing in a very fria-
ble soil consisting of moist sawdust; whereas when germinated in a
cool house, without bottom heat, the tap roots grow well in length
before the egress of the plumule. The same results were obtained

Q2 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

with almonds, thus seeming to show that with some seeds nothing
is to be gained by forcing them.

Pkof. Emerson Reynolds, F. R. S., has lately shown that
well-marked differences in physiological activity between meta-
meric bodies of comparatively simple constitution can be detected
with aid of plants. Ammonium sulphocyanate and its metamer,
theocarbamide, both compounds rich in nitrogen and easily soluble
in water, were selected for experiments during the summer of 1882
upon plants of Nicotiana long/flora. From August to the end of
November a certain number of plants were watered with rain wa-
ter, and a certain number with the compounds in solution. The
following table shows the chief results:

Rain-water. Theocarbamide. Sulphocyanate.

Total height in inches 31 23 12

No. of leaves 15 14 13

Maximum length of lvs 9 5 15.25 8

Maximum breadth of lvs 4.25 6 2.5

No. seed pods 9 15 0

Ditto well-developed 1 11 0

It would thus seem that the particular elements of which a
body is composed exert less influence on its physiological activity
than the method in which the component atoms are grouped.

Some New Grasses. — Muhlenbergia setifolia. — Culms
erect, l^to 2 ft. high; radical leaves numerous, 4 to 6 inches long,
setaceous, involute, recurved at the tips, those of the culm 2 or 3
and similar; stipules membranaceous, acute; sheaths 4 to 6 inches
long, smooth; panicle 4 to 5 inches long, narrow, erect, branches
of panicle erect, filiform, in twos or threes, about 1 inch long, once
or twice dividing near the base and each with 2 to 4 flowers mostly
on short filiform pedicels; outer glumes minute, less than one line
long, oblong, obtuse, scarious, erosely toothed at the apex; flowering
glume 2 lines long, with a short thick callus, obscurely 3-nerved,
smooth, lanceolate, acuminate, terminated with a slender awn
twice or thrice its own length; palet of same texture and nearly
equal length, 3-nerved.

Collected on the Gaudalupe Mountains of Western Texas by
Dr. V. Havard, of the U. S. Army.

Muhlenbergia. glomerata, var. brevifolia. — Culms li to
2 ft. high, erect and leafy, leaves (5-8 on each culm) rigid, short
and wide (2-4 inches long, 2-3 lines wide), somewhat scabrous;
panicle spikelike, interrupted and with longer branches below;
glumes and palets about equal in length (lline), glumes acumi-
nate, scabrous-puberulent; flowering glume acuminate and tipped
with an awn half its length or less,3-nerved, pubescent below; palet
acute, about equaling the flowering glume.

Collected in S. E. California by Mr. S. B. Parish.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 93

Muhlenbergia sylvatica, var. Californica.— This grass lias
the spreading, diffusely branched habit of M. sylvatica, and should
probably be ranked as a marked variety of that species.

The narrow panicles terminate the long, leafy, terminal and
lateral branches, are 4 to 6 inches long, the rays mostly alternate,
the lower ones distant and subspicate, some of them 1 inch long,
the spikelets sessile and crowded on the branches; the outer glumes
membranaceous, except the hispid green keel, equal, lanceolate, acu-
minate, scarcely 2 lines long, rather exceeding the flowering glume
without its awn; flowering glume about H lines long, firm, finely
scabrous, acute, and terminating in a straight awn about its own
length, sparingly villose at the base; palet about as long as its
glume, acute.

Collected on the San Bernardino Mts., California, by Mr. S. B.
Parish.

NotUlSB^Californicse— The tact has hitherto been strangely
overlooked by Californian botanists, or at least, it has been
mentioned by no one, that the most common Convolvulus of Cali-
fornia has the character of an evergreen shrub, often ascending
trees to the height of twenty feet, and showing great lengths ot
woody, grape-vine like stems frequently near an inch in diameter.
The species is C. occidentalism Gray, supposed by that author to be
an herb like C. septum, L., to which it is, in floral character, closely
related. The young plants are indeed wholly herbaceous, and
when only these are seen, trailing over the ground, or supported
on low bushes and flowering profusely, it may easily pass for a
mere herb. I have admired almost daily for a year past a beauti-
ful specimen which grows by a brookside in the midst of the
v llage of Berkeley, and only very recently did it occur to me as sin-
gular that a Convolvulus so much like common bind-weed should
be displaying its festoons of leaf and flower from only the very
topmost branches of a tree twelve or fifteen feet high, and that
during the whole year. The examination thus suggested to my
mind brought to light the dark-barked, lithe and tortuous woody
stems which, in no wise attached to the trunk of the tree, rose from
the ground directly up to the lower branches, after the manner of
wild grape-vines; and this, now that my attention has been called
to the fact, I find to be the universal habit ot the species, except
in the case of plants only two or three years from the seed. The
most luxuriant growth of this plant which I have met with is on
Goat Island in San Francisco Bay.

On the northern slope of this mountain island is an extensive
grove of live oak (Quercus agri folia) of rather small size; but
many of these trees have their crowns completely and beautifully
mantled, so that their own foliage is hidden, by the masses of the
shrubby morning-glory whose corollas are here, as I have seen

94 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

them no where else, of a rich purplish hue. On the mainland
they are apparently always cream-colored.

Convolvulus arvensis, L.. a foreigner, is already more abundant
throughout the region of San Francisco Bay than any other species,
and is a very troublesome weed in the wheat fields. At the time
of my writing the stubble fields are white every morning with its
flowers, for it persists in growing and blooming however closely
cut down by scythe and sickle.

No species of the cruciferous genus Cakile appears yet to have
been reported from any Pacific shore. But what appears to be C.
Americana, Nutt.,is abundant on the beach at West Berkeley. Its
only associates there are the indigenous Abronias, Franserias, and
the like Pacific Coast maritime species, yet in all probability it is an
introduced plant.

Chrysanthemum segetum, L., a plant nowhere mentioned as
even adventive on this continent, has become thoroughly estab-
lished in fields and by waysides a few miles north of Berkeley.
Being an annual, and well able by its seeds to survive the half
year's drouth, it may possibly become the troublesome weed in Cal-
ifornia which its sister species, C. Leucanthemum, L., has long since
become at the East.

Picris echioides^ L., the type of an Old World genus allied to
Crepis, from which it differs in having a plumose pappus, grows
wild in great abundance near Vallejo. P. hieracioides, L., common
in Australia, is the only other species of this rather large gems
which seems to have obtained a foothold in an}r part of the New
World, and is the only one which would have been expected to es-
tablish itself in California. But this which runs wild on even the
uncultivated hills, almost choking out the indigenous tarweed, is
certainly the well marked P. echioides, new to our continent, and
perhaps destined to be troublesome as a coarse weed. — Edward Lee
Greene, Berkeley, California.

Parishella Californica. — To the scientific botanist there is
no more interesting genus than Nuttall's Nemacladus; and I will
remember the satisfaction I had when (in the year 1875) I
detected its affinities with the Cyphiece of South America and
South Africa. More recently I had the pleasure to describe a
second species of this curious genus. In botanizing this last spring
upon the Mohave desert, those sharp-sighted botanists and most
obliging and excellent correspondents, the brothers Parish, of San
Bernardino, California, had the rare fortune to discover a little
plant, which upon examination proves to be a new genus of this
group. I wish here merely to say that I have taken the opportu-
nity thus afforded to dedicate it to the discoverers, in token of my
appreciation of the very valuable services which they have rendered,
and are zealously rendering to botany and to botanists. Without
here entering upon a formal description, I can mention the distin-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 95

guishing characters of this little plant. It is more humble than
Nemacladus in that it spreads upon the ground, rising little above
its surface, but forming depressed tufts; but its white flowers are
comparatively conspicuous. Besides its peculiar habit and its ros-
ulate tufted spatulate leaves, the new plant differs from Nemacladus
mainly in its almost rotate and equally 5-cleft corolla, which is
shorter than the foliaceous lobes of the calyx; in the tube of the
latter being adnate up to the summit of the ovary; and in the de-
hiscence of the capsule by an operculum, the short conical apex
separating by circumcision.

There is already a genus ParisJiia, an East Indian tree; so this
little herb must take the name in an altered and diminutive form.
The specific name might have been chosen from the desert habita-
tion or some characteristic feature of the plant; but it is fitting to
associate it with the name of the State in which the Messrs. Parish
reside, and the botany of which they have most largely helped to
make known. — Asa Gray.

Notes from Canada. — Having in the latter part of June,
made a collecting tour with my friends. Professor Macoun, Domin-
ion Naturalist; Mr. Wm. Saunders, Editor of the Canadian Ento-
mologist; and Mr. James Macoun, to Point Pelee, Essex Co., On-
tario, the most southern point on the mainland in Canada, a list of
the rarer plants found there might not be void of interest to some
of the readers of the Gazette. The list is chiefly remarkable for
the southern nature of most of the species enumerated, some of
them so much so, that I hadnotdreamed of find" ing them within our
boreal confines. To this locality never before having been thoroughly
' explored, may be attributed the seemingly extraordinary fact, that
or' the plants mentioned, the first eleven have not, I believe, been
heretofore recorded as found in Canada, while the remaiuing, ten
have but very rarely been noted.

Corydalis flavula, DC. Sinilax taranoides, L.

Hibiscus Moscheutos, L. Asimina triloba, Dunal.

Ptelea trifoliata, L. Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt.

Gleditschia triacautbos, L. Cerastium oblongifolmm, Tun-.

Opuntia Rafinesquii, Eog. Phaseolus belvolus, L.

Nvssa multiflora, Wang. Baptisia tinctoria, R. Br.

Ipomcea pandurata, Meyer. ; Galium pilosum, Ait.

Fraxiuus quadrangulata, Mx. Vernouia fasciculata, Mx.

Morns rubra, L. Acerates viridiflora. El!.

Quercus palustvls, Du Roi. Fiaxinus vividis, Mx. t\

Quercus Prinus, L.

The large size and plentitude of the Papaw, Mulberry, Blue
Ash, and Sour Gum trees clearly show them to be indigenous, and
would indicate that they are not*merely chance survivors, but that
the soil and climate fully meet their requirements.

I might add, that during the week preceding our trip, Profes-
sor Macoun had found along Lake Erie, at Amherstburg, Pelee Is-

q6 botanical gazette.

land, and in the neighborhood of Port Stanley, the following plants,
no less than eight of which also now for the first time find a
place in Canadian Flora. The coffee-tree, he tells me, was seen
reaching two feet in diameter.

Viola cucu'. lata, Ait. var. palmata,Gr. Tbaspium tritbliatum, Gr.
Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacq. Thaspium barbinode, Nutt.

Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. Cynthia Virginica, Don.

Agrimonia parviflora, Ait. ChsBrophyllum procumbens.Crantz.

Geum vernuin, T. & G. Tecoma radieans, Juss.

Rosa setigera, Mx. Plantago cordata, Lam.

Crataegus subvillosa, Scbrader. Prosartes lanuginosa, Don.

Heucbera bispida, Pursb. Carex Steudelii, Kuutb.

Carex Grayii, Carey.
— T. J. W. Burgess, M. D., London, Ontario, Canada.

Some Alaska Ferns, with notes.— Dr. J. Schneck has kindly
placed in my hands his entire stock of duplicate ferns, among them
the following Alaskan species, a record of which may be interest-
ing. Thev were all collected by Mr. L. M. Turner during the
seasons of "1879-80-81.

1. Ophioglossum vulgatum., L. Specimens exhibiting marked
variations in the shape of' the laminae, the most noticeable being a
broadly, triangular-ovate form with an abruptly acute apex. Spo-
rangia varying from 10 to 20, or more, in number.

2. Botrychium boreale, Milde. Specimens showing nearly the
range of forms described by Angstrom (Botan. Notiser, 1866, and
quoted by Milde in Botrychiorum Monographia), viz: — era! a fan/,
intermedium and affine. As these, and the next specimens, have
furnished me with much new material for examination, I shall
have more to say of them hereafter in connection with their ver-
nation.

3. Botrychium Lunaria, Swz. A large number of fine speci-
mens showing many forms running from the normal form (var.
normale, Roper) through var. sub-incisuni, Roper, and var. inci-
sum Milde, toward, though not quite reaching var. ovatum, Milde.
The collection furnishes two interesting examples of forked root-
stocks. In one specimen the rootstock had made three short
branches, two of which had developed buds and given rise each to
a perfect frond, thus forming a double-fronded plant. In the other,
and larger of the two specimens, the rootstock had divided
into two longer divisions each bearing a well-developed frond.
Examining the vernation in this specimen I found that the base,
of each stipe contained a perfect bud showing no variation from
the normal development. Milde (1. c.) described similar examples
in this species, and in B. simplex, and, as of rarer occurrence, in
the present species, and B. boreale, instances where the bud which
should not have developed until the next year had broken through
the base of the stipes and developed into a perfect frond so that two
individuals appeared close together from one rootstock in the same
season.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 97

4. Botrychiwm lanceolatum, Angstrom. Specimens fleshy but
not showing any marked variation.

5. Botrychium ternatum, Swz. Specimens variable, most of
them nearer the obliquum form than the type, and very fleshy.

6. Botrychium Virginianum, Swz. Specimens (2 in number)
small, but one of them especially interesting, having two perfect
fronds from the same rootstock. In this instance it is clearJy ap-
parent from the manner in which the base of the stipe of one
frond sheathes the base of the other, that the bud which should not
have developed until another year had pushed out prematurely
and developed soon after the regular frond. The two individual
fronds had grown to very nearly the same height and dimensions.
The bud for the third year's growth lies snugly tucked away in the
vertical slit at the base of what should have been the second year's
frond, and a repetition of the condition described could not have
been expected another season as in the instances mentioned in B.
Lmviria, where the branched rootstock had made the permanent
existence of two individuals possible.

7. Polypodium vulgare, L. A single small plant.

8. Cryptogramme acrostichoidfs, R. Br. A large number of
fine specimens among which 1 find two fronds partly fertile and
partly sterile, the two lowermost pairs of pinnae being wholly
sterile in one, and with a few scattered sori in the other; the upper
portion of both fronds being contracted in fruit exactly as in the
other fertile fronds.

9. Aspletiium Filix-foemina, Bernh. A single small frond.

10. Phegopteris Dryopteris, Fee. Specimens characteristic, but
the fertile somewhat more rigid than usual.

11. Aspidium Lonchitis, Swz. Specimens mostly small, but
characteristic. A single double-fronded specimen occurs caused by
the cohering together of the bases of two stipites.

12. Aspidium Oreopteris, Swz. Specimens collected late, and
not in good condition.

13. Aspidium spinulosum, Swz. A large number of speci-
mens mostly of the dilatation form.

11. Cystopterisfragilis, Bernh. Specimens showing the usual
variations so characteristic of the species. A single frond forks
above the lowermost pair of pinnae into a two-branched top. — Geo.
E. Davenport, Med ford, Mass.

The Postage Question.— Washington, D. C, July 1, 1882.
Editor Botanical Gazette:

Dear Sir — The note of Mr. Trelease on "The Postage
on Botanical Specimens," published in your June num-
ber (p. 73), still leaves the question open as to what kind of
labels will be allowed to go with the specimens, many supposing

gS BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

that so far as botanists are concerned, the old liberal ruling is still
in force, and that the statement on page 231 of the "Guide to the
Flora of Washington and Vicinity," was wholly incorrect. While
for one I should only be too glad if this were the case, I still pre-
sume that the chief desire of all botanists is to know precisely how
the laws are construed by the Post Office Department at the pres-
ent time, and with this object in vi >.v I have not only revisited the
Department, but have corresponde I officially with it, and if not
trespassing too largely upon your columns, I would be glad to have
the correspondence published. It seems to cover the whole ground
and may render further inquiries unnecessary.

I desire to sav, however, in advance, that the statement in my
flora was too strong and really inaccurate, and especially, that the
word "third-class" was an error for fourtk-cliss, which was over-
looked in reading the proof.

Very truly yours,

Lester F. Ward.

National Museum,
Washington, D. C, June 21, 1882.
Hon. Timothy 0. Howe, Postmaster General:

Sir — I enclos. a leaf from Bulletin, No. 22, of the Nation-
al Museum, of which T am the author, upon which [p. 234] are
marked passages relating to the sending of written labels with
botanical specimens.

Since the publication of the Bulletin the Department has been
asked whether the statements therein were correct, and has replied
by sending copies of the Postal regulations of February 21. 1881,
and calling special attention to the 7th exception by underscoring
the word "'name1' on the last line but one, which action has been
published in the Botanical Gazette (June 1882, p. 73).

The impression seems to prevail that this exception will apply
to botanical labels made out in the usual way, of which three sam-
ples are inclosed within.

As labels without authority, locality, or date, are of no scien-
tific value it is supposed that these would be construed as necessary
"fcr purposes of identification,,, and therefore legal.

You are respectfully requested to state whether the Department
so construes the regulation, and if not, to indicate such portions of
the inclosed labels as would be illegal, and to return the same for
the information of the profession, who, rest assured, need only to
know the law in order to comply with it.

Very respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

Lester F. Ward.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 99

Post Office Department,
Office of First Ass't Postmaster General,
Washington D. C, June 24, 1882.
Lester F. Ward, Esq., National Museum, Washington, D. C.:

Sjr — Your communication of the 21st inst., addressed to the
Postmaster General, has been referred to this office for reply.

The labels submitted by you, so far as they contain simply the
nam > of the plant, and as necessary to fix that name, the name of
the person making the classification, adding, as part of the name,
the variety, and the name of the person classifying, will be held to
be within the language of the Statutes. But it is impossible, by
any fair construction, to authorize a statement of the kind of soil
in wlrch the plant grows, or the locality from which it comes, or
the date at which the plant is obtained, or the date at which it
flowers, or yields fruit.

All these descriptive matters might be placed upon the label,
by the use of a gelatine pad, thus making a reproduction of the mat-
ter; or, by the use of a hand stamp. You are respectfully referred
to Rulings 319 and 320, January Postal Guide, 1882, page 719, a
copy ot with guide Avill be sent to you, through the Post Office.
" Your labels and communication are respectfully returned.

Very respectfully,

E. C. Fowler,
For First Assistant Postmaster General.

Decumaria barbara— On May 29th of this year, in company
with Dr. Frank Baker, I paid a brief visit to the Dismal Swamp of
Virginia. My principal object was to find if possible that hand-
some vine, Decumaria barbara, L., which I had seen in the swamp
in 1876, when, in company with Prof. Chickering and Mr. Morong,
I had enjoyed a three days' sojourn in that wilderness of amber-col-
ored waters.

As on that occasion the plant was not seen till we had pene-
trated far into the swamp on what is known as the Jericho Canal
to near the open lake, and as on the present one, starting from
Bowers Hill Station on the Seaboard & Roanoake R. R., we could
only find ditches that would lead us in a distance of about two
miles, we were by no means sanguine of success. But successful
we were, and found many large and beautiful vines climbing the
great gum trees. They were in full bloom and the problem was to
reach the flowers.

As your readers probably know, this vine climbs by means
of fine rootlets, after the manner of Eh its Toxicodendron, which it
much resembles in many other respects, and with which it vies in
the Dismal Swamp for the posession of the finest supports. To
climb to the lowest flowering branches was impossible, and after
reaching the verge of despair, the thought struck us of severing a

ioo BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

vine at the base, and, by detatching it for a long distance from the
tree to which it clung, to bring down, if possible, the flower-bearing
portion. Though a barbarous proceeding we nerved ourselves to it
and our efforts were crowned with abundant success.

This plant, as your readers all probably know, is not described
in Gray's "Manual," fifth edition, but whether its discovery in the
Dismal Swamp in 1876, on the occasion above mentioned, was its
first appearance north of the southern boundary line of Virginia, I
do not know. However that may be, I thought it might interest
some to know that it had been found at the northern border of the
swamp and within ten miles of Norfolk. — Lester F. Ward.

Proterogyn in Sparganium eurycarpum. — In a marsh

near the Eastern Branch of the Potomac I found a few days since
the finest patch of Sparganium eurycarpum that I ever saw, the
developed white blossoms being conspicuous from a distance. On ap-
proaching and examining them I perceived that the plant was very
obviously proterogynous. The two distinct states were so clearly
marked that they gave the appearance of two kinds of plants.
Those on which the fertile heads were developed and the stigmas
ready to receive pollen invariably had all the staminate heads unde-
veloped, while those in which the staminate heads were developed
had in all cases commenced to foi m fruit. Still a third state oc-
curred in which an thesis was entirely past in both kinds of heads
and large heads of fruit had formed. While the order of develop-
ment oi the pistillate and staminate heads was always the same,
abundance of plants existed in both states, so that fertilization was
possible, yet a careful search failed to reveal a single plant in which
the time of expansion of the male and female flowers was synchron-
ous— i. e., in which self-fertilization could have taken place. — Lester
F. Ward.

Contributions to North American Botany, by Asa Gray:

Proc. Am. Acad. Vol. XVII. — It is almost impossible to appreciate
the amount of labor represented by this contribution. In his elabo-
ration of the vast family of Composites as displayed in North
America, Dr. Gray's work has been of the most laborious and in-
tricate kind. No living botanist could have conducted us half so
well through such a bewildering maze of forms and synonyms, and
the consultation of type specimens in the older herbaria has not in
all cases shed a flood of light. Probably Aster and Solidago are two
of the most vexatious genera of this great family as all botanists
will testify in whose herbaria are lurking many unplaceable forms.
The first part of this paper is devoted to the record of some of the
results of the study of these difficult genera in the older herbaria
and their difficulty can best be appreciated when Dr. Gray, who
has seen more type-specimens of the species and has given more
time to the systematic study of these genera than any one testifies

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 101

that "in certain groups absolute or practical definition of the
species by written characters or descriptions is beyond my powers."
The greatest confusion seems to have arisen from the fact that
many old species were established upon cultivated plants and others
upon a perfect medley of forms, which being resolved leaves nothing
behind upon which to establish a species and a name must be
suppressed. For instance, Aster Novi-Belgii, L., disappears, being
swallowed up completely by neighboring species; which is also the
case with A. miser, L., and A. Tradescanti, L., although in this
last case the old name claims a small share, the rest all disappear-
ing under A. paniculatus Lam., and A. vimineus, Lam. The name
A. linifolius subsides from the American Flora, and so it goes, until
in the forthcoming work on Compositce it will take us many a day
to get the run of our Asters.

As for $olidago, which now numbers nearly 80 species in North
America, Dr. Gray gives a general arrangement under the three
sections Viegaurea (which is made to include the old Chrysas-
trum), Euthamia, and Chrysoma. Under the first section the
species are arranged in five groups, Squarrosce (§ Chrysastrum,
T. & G.), Glomendijiorai, Thyvsiflorce, Paniculata\ and Corymbosce.
But few of the changes can be noted. For example, S. thyrsoidea,
E. Meyer, becomes 8. macrophylla, Pursh; the vars. multiradiata
and humilis of S. Virgaureaaxe acknowledged as species ; S.virga-
ta, Mx., falls under S. stricta, Ait.; the 8 altissima of the Manual
is S. nigosa, Mill., 8. Muhlenbergii, T. & GL comes under S. arga-
ta, Ait.; and S. gig.mtea is but a variety of S. serotina.

In the same contribution are the descriptions of many new
species, mainly from Arizona and adjacent districts. A new
buckeye from Lower California is an interesting discovery and many
well-known genera receive large additions. A synopsis of North
American species of Baccharis (18 in number) is given. Three new
genera are described, all Compositce', Plxmmera, from Southern Ari-
zona, related to Actinella and named in honor of Mrs. J. E.
Lemmon; Dugesia, from Northern Mexico and dedicated to Prof.
Alfred Duges, a Mexican Zoologist; and Hecastocleis, from Nevada,
a member of the Mutisiacece, and whose generic name alludes to
the separate enclosure of each flower in its involucre.

A footnote informs us that the unequal insertion of the
stamens will no longer serve to distinguish Collomia from Gilia
and that hence Nuttall's Collomia must be remanded to the already
large genus Gilia. — J. M. C.

Contributions to American Botany, by Sereno Watson;
Proc. Am. Acad., Vol. XVII. — The larger part of this contribution
is devoted to a list of the Polypetalcn from S. W. Texas and N.
Mexico, collected chiefly by Dr. E. Palmer in 1879-80. The list is

102 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

a long one and includes over 50 new species. A synopsis of N. A m.
Desmanthus is given, which shows 10 species.

The rest of the contribution contains the descriptions of new
species, chiefly from our Western Territories. Astragalus receives
5 new species; Eriogonum 4; Arabis, Caulanthus, Silene, Atriplex,
each 3; and Muosurus, Claytonia, Arenaria, Malvastrum (one
from Florida), Lupinus, Dalea, Sedwn, Cotyledon, (Enothera, Al-
lium, each 2. The distinguishing characters of our four species of
Physaria are giYen. Lupinus Plattensis is the specific name given
to L. omatus, Dough, var. glabratus, Watson.

A discovery of special interest to eastern botanists and all
those who usr our eastern manuals is that of Pedicularis Furbishice
on wet banks of the St. John's River, at Van Buren, Arostook Co.,
Maine, and extending along the river for sixty miles. This species
is allied to P. Canadensis and P. braeteosa and is dedicated to its
discoverer, Miss Kate Furbish, who has worked so successfully
among the plants of her native state. — J. M. C.

Native Trees of the Lower Wabash in Illinois and In-
diana, by Robert Ridgway — This is the substance of the title to a
paper published in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum,
and to the author we are much indebted for advance sheets. Mr.
Ridgway has made a careful study of the trees of the Lower Wa-
bash and White River Valleys, and with the help of Dr. J. Schneck.
of Mt. Carmel, 111., has made this a most interesting and valuable
paper. If space permitted we would like to publish copious ex-
tracts from it, but in this notice will have to be content with a
meager outline. The author aptly describes our Southern Indiana
forests as distinguished from those of more eastern districts by the
absence of coniferous trees and the great variety of species grow-
ing together. Our woods are most decidedly "mixed woods11 and
40 to 50 species are given as growing indiscriminately upon areas
of 50 to 75 acres.

In regard to size, many measurements were taken, showing a
most liberal growth. At least 34 species of trees reach or ex-
ceed a height of 100 feet; no less than 11 reach a height of 150
feet; and the greatest height recorded was thac of a Liriodendron,
being 190 feet.

The paper contains a list of 92 species with very interesting
notes, the longest being upon our Tulip tree, or "Poplar11 (Ltr>o-
dendron tulipifera), the most magnificent of our trees; the White
Elm, or "Red Elm11 {Uimus Americana), with its spurs or but-
tresses at base and its parasite, the mistletoe; the Sycamore (Plata-
nus occidentalism the largest hardwood tree of North America,
with greatest girth and most massive branches, in one case the
measurement about the base being 42 feet, and reports of others
much larger, even to 66 feet; the Bald Cypress {Taxodium distichum)

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 103

whose presence so far north can only be accounted for by the open
and low north and south" valley of the Wabash. Tl e occurence
of this last tree is so peculiar that a short extract from Mr. Ridg-
way's paper concerning it will be of interest.

It grows in the lower part of Knox County, Indiana, or that
portion embraced between the Wabash and White Rivers and
known as uThe Neck."1 It is very abundant, the area embraced by
the cypress swamps, and largely timbered with cypress, being esti-
mated at 20,000 acres.

"Although known as the 'Cypress Swamp,' it consists cf a series
of beautiful, secluded ponds, hidden in the dense forest, and diffi-
cult of access by an}- one not familiar with the locality." "The cy-
press trees grow chiefly around the borders of these ponds and
along the sloughs connecting them, as well as on the one which
empties into the river. Being so near the river, into which the
logs are floated at " high water,11 the finest trees have long since
been destroyed, and there are very few left whose symmetry is not
m irred by low-growing branches or knots upon the trunks. The
1 u gest standing tree observed by me was a very old and exceeding-
ly rough specimen, entirely unfit for lumber or shingles. The
swollen base measured 45 feet in circumference at the ground, the
girth immediately above the conical portion being 21 feet; the
trunk consisted of several upright stems grown together for the
greater part of their length, but in places distinct, with one very
conspicuous transverse growth joining the two main stems, at a
height of about 50 feet from the ground. The top expanded 94
feet, the greater part of it elevated over 100 feet from the ground.
A solid stump, measuring 38 feet around at the ground, was 22 feet
in girth at 8 feet; at about 15 feet it divided into two main trunks of
equal size, which were cut off immediately above the fork, a scaf-
f jid being necessary for the purpose.11 " The tallest did not much
exceed 140 feet, their average height being little, if any, over 100
feet ; and even the finest of them would not compare for symmetry
and length with the Sweet Gums and Ashes with which they were
associated.11 — J. M. C.

Notes frojll S. Illinois.— While collecting parasitic fungi in
Southern Illinois last Spring, I found on shelving rocks at Makan-
da, Jackson Co., a fungus on a species of Oenothera.. The fungus
(an Uromy'ces accompanied by an JEckliuin) is probably a new
species and the (Enothera is new to the Northern United States.
The latter did not agree with any description in the Manual, and
specimens were sent to Dr. Geo. Vasey who determined it to be
(Enothera lintfolia, Nutt. I found the same in a similar situation
near Tunnel Hill, Johnson Co. It was plentiful in both localties.
At the latter place I also found Silene Virginica, L., which was pre-
viously reported in Illinois only "on wooded banks of Desplaines

104 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

River near Chicago." Dodemiheon Meadia, L., var. Frenchii, Vasey,
grows there at the base of overhanging cliffs. It is smaller than
the usual form, has fewer flowers and thin ovate-cordate leaves on
margined petioles, constituting a well-marked variety. — A. B. Sey-
mour.

The female Flowers of Conifer*. — Professor Eichler's paper
on this subject, reviewed in the May number of this Journal, has
induced Professor Celakovsky to re-investigate this subject, mor-
phologically so important, and to which he had already devoted
much attention. In the Abhandl. d. K. Boehm. Ges. d. Wiss. he
has recently published his present views, in an extensive article, il-
lustrated by a plate. After reviewing the different theories and ex-
planations enunciated since Robert Brown's time, he dwells em-
phatically on the great importance of the study of the anamorpho-
ses (as he calls those monstrosities which are the result ot retro-
grade metamorphosis, in contra-distinction to mere pathological
alterations) and of the teachings they convey. He comes to the
conclusion that these are a much safer guide than the microscopic
study of the genesis of the organs, which has often misled those
Avho too implicitly relied on its teachings. Investigating the ana-
morphoses of the Norway spruce, he finds the two lateral car-
pellary leaves distinctly indicated and more or less separated and
developed. In more involved cases an anterior and then a pos-
terior bract make their appearance; these, Professor Eichler had
taken for a third and fourth lobe of his ligula. It must. be
stated here that normally the posterior bract is the third and
the anterior the fourth in order. Celakovsky comes to the con-
clusion that, at least in Abietineo?, Eichler's theory (that the
carpellary scale is a mere emergence or ligule of the bract) is
quite wrong, and that Mohl's view (1871)* — that the carpellary
scale of these plants consists of the two connate lowest leaves of
an axillary, otherwise undeveloped, bud connate at their upper
edge and producing the ovules on their back, — is amply vindi-
cated by all known morphological facts and is antagonistic to none

of them.

He further concedes that the same explanation may possibly
be the true one for all conifers, and that all morphologists who
have treated this question thus far, have, whatever their views,
assumed a conformity in this respect in all the tribes of conifers,
and a complete homology of their female organs. But he thinks

* It appears now that A. Braun has expressed the same view as early as
1842 in the French Gongres scientifique at Strasburg, in the report of whose
proceedings it is published. He often threw out such hiDts from the rich
treasures of his investigations, but with characteristic modesty he gave-
them to science without urging them or claiming scientific property or priori
ty in them.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 105

that this is not necessarily so, and that Sachs' and Eichler's emer-
gence or ligular theory may be true as to Araitcariec?, and that thus
the cone of these plants is really and truly a single flower. In
regard to Taxodinece and Cupressinem he is convinced that an inner
fruit scale really exists, completely adnate to the bract and soon out-
growing it, but he does not venture to pronounce on its nature,
because he thus far has no ocular demonstration of it through any
anamorphosis.f Professor Celakovsky concludes that the arillus of
Taxacece corresponds with the ligula of Araucariece. He speaks of
the terminal position of the ovule in this tribe as of very little mor-
phological importance, being really a lateral ovule pushed to the
top of an axis. J

It will be of interest to those who have been misled by con-
trary statements, to learn that 0. Heer, the celebrated phyto-pa-
leontologist, has shown that geologically Abietinecs and Taxodinece
are the oldest conifers now known, appearing already in the Car-
boniferous period, while Araucariece come up much later in the
Trias and Jurassic formations. But relative geological age of
the different tribes of plants is of much less importance for the
appreciation of their degree of development and their position in
the system than some suppose. Thus the Cycadece, the Phaeno-
gams most closely allied to the vascular cryptogams, are, as Pro-
fessor Heer states, very uncertain in the Carboniferous, and make
their decided appearance first in the Permian rocks; therefore
much later than the higher developed conifers. — G. E. in Am. Jour.
Sri.

Limits of Michigan Plants. — The distribution of plants along
the Great Lakes is a subject of much interest. The equalizing influ-
ence of the Lakes upon the climate of Michigan and adjacent states
has resulted apparentlv in bringing together the two extremes of
the floras considerably north and south of them. The mild
winters allow southern species to come in, while the cool
summers are favorable to the growth of more northern species.

f The writer of this is in posession of a proliferous cone of Sequoia gigan-
tea which seems to prove, not only that the fruit scale in this species (and con-
sequently in the whole tribe) is homolgous with that of Abietinece, in so far as
it consists of leaves cf an axillary shoot, yet that these leaves are not a single
pair, but, as A. Braun has long ago suggested, in regard to Cupressinm, that
there is a number of leaves, laterally coordinate and connate, bearing a
number of ovules on their back,

X It might be well to draw attention to the singular fact, that in the allied
gymnospermous family of Gnetacea, the female flower (for such it is now
assumed to be, the outer integument or utricle being considered as a t,wo-
leafed carpel) is always referred to as "terminal," whether single, double or
triple, while a terminal organ can not be otherwise than single. The fact is
that the female flowers are here axillary in the axils of one or more of the up-
permost bracts, and, if single, are pushed to the top of the shoot.

\o6 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

This condition of things is seen especially along the east shore of
Lake Michigan. The mild climate ol this long strip of country
bordering -the lake renders profitable the growing of tender fruits,
and has caused this "'Fruit-belt" of Michigan to become widely
known. The Fruit-belt is not only peculiar in its great produc-
tion ol peaches and berries but also to a certain extent in its bo-
tanical characteristics. Many species of plants seem to find the
extreme limit of their range north or south in this belt. The fol-
lowing species are among those which appear to reach their limits
at South Haven, Mich., fifty miles from the head of the Lake. Of
course the limits as given here are only approximate, for north of
South Haven there has been no complete work done on the lake
shore. The interior ot the state has been well studied however by
C. F. Wheeler, E. F. Smith, and others, whose work is given in
Wheeler & Smith's admirable catalogue of Michigan plants. For
the south the Gazette's Indiana catalogue is often consulted.

Lycopodimn complanatum,li., grows rarely at South Haven in
old choppings. It evidently reaches its southern limits about
the head of the Lake in Indiana. ( hid. Cat.)

Botrychium ternatum, Swtz., var. dissectum, Eaton, seems to
reach its northern limits here, but var. obliquum, Eaton, extends
farther north into the center of the state. These are not reported
north of Southern Indiana in the Indiana catalogue, and do not
occur in Wisconsin, according to G. D. Swezey's list.

Woodward ia angustifolia, Sm., occurs in very restricted
quantity in a dense hemlock wood, along with Goodyera repens R.
Br., Chimaphila maculata, Ph., Chrysosplenium Americanwn,
Schw., and the commoner Lyeopodiums. This beautiful fern will
soon disappear — as soon as the forests are removed. It is probably
a survivor of the extensive swamps which once covered the state.

Phegopteris Dryopteris, Fee, occurs sparingly (Mrs. Milling-
ton). This is undoubtedly its southern limit in the West.

Stipa avenacea, L., and Vilfa vaginaeflora, Torr., seem to reach
their northern limits here, although the latter occurs sparingly as
far north as Lansing.

Juncus scirpoides, Lam., approaches its northern limit while
J. articulatiis, L., reaches its southern. J. nodosus, L., var. mega-
cephaluS) Torr., steiys north along the shore, and occurs in the
center of the state in Montcalm County (Wheeler & Smith's
Cat.) Clintonia borealis, Raf., reaches its southern range at South
Haven. The same is nearly true of Cypripedium acaule. Ait., which
is rare at this point. It is reported from one locality in Northern
Indiana.

Goodyera repens, R. Br., reaches about its southern limit
here.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 107

Potaniogeton perfoliatus, L., var. lanceolatus, Robbins, occurs
here, and northward to Petoskey (C. F. Wheeler).

Pinus Strobus, L., reaches its southern limit in the center of
the state at Mason, near Lansing. It follows the Michigan Lake
shore down into Indiana however. P. Banksiana, Lam., is common
on light land as far south as the middle of the lower peninsula, and
is then not known to occur again till we reach the head of the Lake,
where it is quite abundant. It there reaches its southern limits.

Tsuga Canadensis, Carr., the hemlock spruce, reaches about
its southern limits here, where it is the leading forest tree. It does
not occur in Indiana.

Betula lutea, Mx. f., approaches its southern limits here. B.
papyracea, Ait., occurs near the head of the Lake (E. J. Hill), prob-
ably its extreme southern limit.

Calamintha Clinopodium, Benth., also reaches its southern
limits here. It is undoubtedly indigenous. (''Indigenous about
the upper Great Lakes and elsewhere1' — Gray's Man.)

Chimaphila maculata, Ph., approaches its northern limits at
South Haven, although it occurs sparingly as far north as Ionia.
( Wheeler & Smith's Cat.)

Vacci nium vacillans, Sol., the principal dry-land blue-berry of
the upper Lake region, occurs occasionally as far south as the
central part of Indiana (Ind. Cat). At South Haven it is the leading
upland berry, from this point it seems to dwindle away to the
south.

Artemisia Canadensis, Mx., probably follows the shores of the
Lake generally. It occurs here in great abundance, and at the
head of the Lake (E. J. Hill), probably its southern range.

Solidago Virga-aurea, L., var. humilis, Gray, follows the Lake
shore southward to this place. It is not known to occur farther
south.

Comus Canadensis, L., occurs in abundance, and strays as far
south as central Indiana (Ind. Cat.), apparently far beyond its
usual range.

Aralia hispida, Mx., reaches its southern limit in the West
at South Haven where it is abundant. AAqUinquefolia Decs. &
Planch., also occurs, but is very rare.

Opuntia Rafinesquii, Englm., seems to prefer the sheltered in-
terior to the Lake shores. It occurs as far north as the center of
the lower peninsula (Wheeler & Smith's Cat).

Prunus Pennsglvanica, L., approaches its southern limits here,
while P. serotina, Ehr. , takes its place, and begins to approach its
northern limits, although it occurs considerably farther north
toward the center of the state.

Phaseolus diversif alius, Pers., probably reaches ; here, its
northern limits as also Limim Virginianum, L.

io8 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Hibiscus Moscheutos, L., occurs here, the only known locality
in Western Michigan. It also occurs near the head of the Lake in
Indiana (E. J. Hill), and at Put-in-Bay, Lake Erie (Wheeler &
Smith). It probably follows near the lower Great Lakes gener-
ally.

Hypericum pyramidatum, Ait., occurs but is very rare. Its
range seems to be north.

Other lists of Michigan Lake Shore plants were published in
the Gazette for July and August, 1880, and from Rev. E. J. Hill
in Sept. 1881.— L. H. Bailey, Jr.

Notes from Mount LaFayette, N. H.— I have been spending the
summer in Franconia,N. H. While there I collected extensively both
in the valley and the mountains. Moreover, I undertook to keep a
list of all plants which I recognized in passing over the roads,
either on foot or when driving. I am now tabulating results and
find them quite interesting, as much for the conspicuous deficiencies
in certain common genera, as in the presence of unusual species.

I spent one day on Mount LaFayette, something over 5,000
feet in altitude, and collected many al pines in the short
time allowed on the summit. It may interest those
who live in lowlands to read the names even of these fascin-
ating boreal species. 1 did not pay much attention to the plants
of the lower part of the mountain, except to note their change of
fo.m as I ascended. Solidago ihyrsoidea, E. Meyer, was in its
glory, and I think as handsome as the sea-side S. sempervirens, L.
It grew several feet in height, up to an altitude of over 4,000 feet,
intruding even into the peculiar dwarf forest of that region. 'Here
I began to 'find Vaccinium Vitis-Idcea, L., in fruit ( Aug. 10th).
Chiogenes hispid ula, Torr. & Gr., was very abundant, also fruit-
ing.'

After leaving the dwarf forest the path became very rough
with loose, jagged stones, and there were no trees except the flat
and spreading Salix Cutleri, Tuck. Here I began to find the pecu-
liar alpine sedges, Carex rigida, Good., etc.; Poet laxa, Haenke,
Hierochloa borealis Roem. & Scb., and Aim atropurpurea, Wahl.
The most conspicuous flower by all odds was the tufted and showy
Arenaria Greenland ica, Fenzl., which bears here the curious local
name of " mountain daisy.1' An unfortunate misnomer! I found
large bunches of Diapensia Lapponica, L., in fruit, but missed my
old friends Cassiope hypnoides, Don., and Phyllodoce taxifolia, Salisb.,
so charming on Mt. Washington. The pretty Loiseleuria pro-
cumbens, Desv., was in fruit. I had the good fortune to find Geuin
radiation, Michx , var. Peckii, Gr., in splendid shape and very
abundant, as was also the dwarf golden-rod, Solidago Virga-aurea,
L., var. a/pina, Bigel. I collected large quantities of this and of

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. wg

Nabalus nanus, DC. My other finds so far determined were
Juncus triHdus, L., Scirpus ecespitosus, L., and Lycopodium Selago, L.
I looked longingly down upon the little " Lake' of the Clouds," be-
studded with yellow pond lilies, but there was not time to explore
it. I have no doubt that an hour would have revealed many other
precious things. As it was, I collected between bites of my luncheon
and in a high wind. And here let me put in a plea for the much
berated vasculum. I brought back my specimens fresh and un-
rumpled which were afterwards carefully pressed by my wife. She
agrees with me in the conviction that with a portfolio we would
have spoiled half of them. A frisky mountain breeze hardly al-
lows of the manipulation of papers. With a box, too, one can col-
lect more rapidly.

I was much interested in the intrusion of low valley plants in-
to high regions. Veratrum viride, Ait., grew at an altitude of over
3,000 feet above the sea with unusual vigor, though it appeared to be
sterile. On the very summit of the mountain, mingled with the
alpine vegetation, grew Spircea salicifolia, L., and Tli edict 'rum Cor-
nuti, L. What was not so strange, Ledum latifolium, Ait., ap-
proached nearly to the summit.

I shall not soon forget my day of alpine botanizing, with all
New England mapped out at my feet. — W. W. Bailey, Brown
University.

Immigrants. — It is important to note the arrival of recent
immigrants which are either indigenous to this country, or are
naturalized from abroad. It is an important auxiliary to the study
of plant distribution. The following, not mentioned in our man-
uals, are naturalized in Michigan :

Dianthus furcatus, Balb., abundantly naturalized on the ex-
tensive grounds of the Agricultural College, Lansing ; also at South
Haven. This is a pretty perennial with red flowers f inch in diam-
ameter. It forms dense mats on lawns and old pastures, its furcate
stems ascending about a foot high. Petals crenate, dotted with
white; calyx bracts awl pointed, i the length of the calyx tube.
A native of Northern Italy. D. Armeria, L., occurs at Lansing,
and E. F. Smith reports it from Clinton county.

A form of Cerastium arvense, is thoroughly established on the
College grounds. It is evidently var. Andrewsii, Syme., described
by Hooker as having "leaves rigid, glabrescent, midrib strong below,
flowers subsolitary.1 It forms dense mats which, when closely
mowed, are hardly distinguishable from the sod. Flowers often f
inch in diameter, pretty.

Tragopogon pratensis, L., the English Goat's Beard, occurs at
South Haven and Irving, Barry Co. Mr. F. H. Tuthill reports it
from Kalamazoo, and C. F. Wheeler from Hubbarston, Ionia Co.

no BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

It is distinguished from Salsify, T. porrifolius, chiefly by its yel-
low flowers. The root is edible.

Crepis virens, L., occurs on the College grounds, Lansing,
where it has flourished for at least three years. It is a very ordi-
nary looking composite of the suborder Liguliflorse, specifically
characterized as follows: "Glabrous below, lower leaves toothed
runcinate or lyrate, upper linear sagittate, inner bracts glabrous
within, as long as the pappus, in one row. Waste and cultivated
ground, cottage roofs, etc. Fls. yellow. June-Sept. Annual, very
variable. Stems 1-3 ft, furrowed, much branched; iuflorescens
usually glandular hairy. Heads i-| in. diam., campanulate; outer
bracts subulate, inner linear. Fruit red-brown, ribs 10 or more,
smooth.11 — Hooker, Stud. Fl.

Veronica Chamcedrys, L., the Germander Speedwell of Eng-
gland, is common on the College grounds along with V. officinaisl
and TJujmus Serpyllum, all of which are thoroughly established.
Hooker describes it as " hair}7, stem pubescent on opposite sides,
leaves subsessile, ovate-cordate, deeply serrate, pedicels slender,
axillary, raceme long, lax; capsule obcordate, shorter than the
calyx; fls. blue.11

Polygonum Hartwrightii, Gray, is reported from Kalamazoo.
For note and description see Gazette for February, 1876.

Amarantus blitoides, Watson, occurs on the beach of Lake
Michigan at South Haven. This peculiar amaranth has very much
the appearance of purslane at a little distance. It was first de-
tected as a distinct species by Dr. Bessey who sent specimens from
Iowa to Prof. Watson. It was at first thought to be a variety of
A. albus and was later mistaken for A. blitum of Europe. Mr. H.
N. Patterson, of Oquawka, 111., kindly furnishes the following
description and notes:

Amarantus (Pyxidium) blitoides, S. Watson. (Proc. Am.
Acad. XII, 273, 1876.) Prostrate or decumbent, the slender
stems becoming a foot or two long, glabrous or nearly so; leaves
broadly spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate, attenuate to a slender
petiole, an inch long or usually less; flowers in small contracted
axillary spikelets; bracts nearly equal, ovate-oblong, shortly acumi-
nate, 1 to li lines long, little exceeding the oblong, obtuse and rau-
cronulate or acute sepals; utricle not rugose, slightly longer than
the sepals; seed nearly a line broad. Frequent in the valleys and
plains of the interior from Mexico to Northern Nevada and Iowa,
and becoming introduced in some of the Northern States eastward.
Mr. Patterson adds: "It grows all through Northern Illinois,
especially along railroads. I think it is not truly indigenous in
this state, but has come in lately.11— L. H. Bailey, Jk., Lansing,
Mich.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. in

Malyastrtlin angUStum, Gray.— Has any botanist ever ob-
served cleistogamy in this plant ? While exploring a tract of high
rocky ground east of this place the sixth of July, I discovered
some twenty specimens of this rare species, most all of which
bore seed on the lower branches. But as there were buds not yet
expanded upon the top and upper branches, I deferred collecting
until the next day, supposing the buds would open and the petals
expand. But day after day went by, and as the carpels commenced
to form, the corolla withered and remained upon the top of the
carpels. Upon being wetted, the petals showed no signs of having
dehisced.

Owing to scant material I cannot be sure that my obser-
vations were of any worth.

If any other collector can enlighten me on this point I will be
very thankful.

From the simple fact that all of my exchanges have only
fruited specimens, 1 would infer that they have never seen the flow-
ers.— Prank Bush, Independence, Mo.

Some Notes on Physostegia Virginiana.— An idle hour
on the prairie lands of Northern Indiana brought me face to face
with acres of this beautiful ''False Dragon-head," in full bloom,
and I wondered what could be learned of its life in such a causal
interview. Nothing can be more graceful than its spikes of rose-
colored flowers, but the great variability of its leaves showed what
a puzzle to the amateur botanist some of the extreme forms would
be, if isolated. In many cases the leaves were very small, linear,
and entire. But very soon a new feature attracted me with all the
interest of a discovery, for in some way I had never associated it
with Physostegia. The flowers were strikingly cataleptic, for the
slightest touch upon one would push it from its normal position
and there it would stay; and so it could be turned indefinitely upon
its pedicel, standing quietly in any position within the range of
more than half a circle. All the flowers of a thick cluster can thus
be thrown toward any side of the stem. A consultatibn of Gray's
Fl. N. Am. shows that this character is attributed to the whole
genus. Its object was suggested by seeing a very natural result of
this mechanism. A slight breeze, accompanied by a dash of rain,
suddenly sprang up, and every flower veered about, like a most sen-
sitive weather-vane, leaving only the back exposed to the wind and
rain. The horizontal position of the flowers and their widely
opened tubes would have permitted half of them to be filled with
water had they not so quickly shifted their direction.

This observation led to a thought as to the method of securing
cross-fertilization in this species. The long style rises among the
four stamens along the upper part of the swollen tube, being at-
tached to it by an entanglement of hairs, the stigma lying close

ii2 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

against the arching upper lip, while the stamens bend forward and
are introrse. The mouth ot the tube is so large, that no insects
smaller than the humble bees could have touched the pollen, and
numbers ot them were observed busily at work. The pollen was
so ripe and the stigmas apparently so immature, that it looked sus-
piciously like a case of proterandry, but as only the one condition
could be found, this was left as a mere suspicion. Perhaps other
observers have decided it.

But for a fine illustration of cataleptic flowers let me com-
mend Physostegia to our teaching botanists. — J. M. C.

MimulllS (leiltatus, Nutt. — Having until recently only a soli-
tary incomplete specimen of this, of Nuttall's collection, I referred
it with some doubt to the M. luteus, var. alpinus, in the Synoptical
Flora. But in June last, Mr. Rattan found a plant, exactly* like
NuttalVs, in Northern California, in the forests of Humboldt and
Del Norte counties, where it abounds. It is a good species, which
should stand, as I have stated, between M. luteus, var. alpinus and
M. moschatus, var. longijlorus, the calyx rather that of the latter,
and quite unlike that of the former. But now Mrs. Austin sends
from Lassan's Peak, a var. gracilis of the same, smaller in all its
parts, with leaves rather denticulate than dentate, and still more
approaching the long-flowered form of M. moschatus, but almost
glabrous.— A. Gray.

Lililiaia borealis is found by Mrs. Anthony, of Gouverneur,
New York, occasionally to produce 3-flowered and 4-flowered pe-
duncles. In the four flowered specimens sent to us the axis of the
peduncle is continued beyond the fork for a short distance, and
then bears the additional pair of pedicels. Attention being thus
called to it, 1 find 4-flowered specimens in our herbarium, collected
long ago by the late Mr. Oakes. — A. Gray.

Teratolooical Note. — I found a flower of Lathyrus palustris.

L., having the ovary divided as far as the middle, having a style for
each division.* There were 14 stamens, one of which occupied the
usual position above the ovary while the rest were united; but the
free end of the filaments were separated into two lots, one of 7
and another of 6 to occupy respectively two keels perfect in shape
and distinct from one another. On the outer side of either keel
were attached slightly the two wings. The standard was very
broad. The calyx had the usual two small upper teeth, but there were
five instead of three longer teeth beneath. Those who have
studied this flower know that both sides of the keel are incurved
thus retaining the stamens while the hairy surface on the inner
side of the flat style carries out the, pollen, at the same time giving
to and receiving from the insects the pollen necessary for cross-fer-
tilization. All these arrangements were left uninjured by the
strange multiplication of parts.— A. F. Foerste, Dayton, 0.

CATALOGUE OF

IIBI&IA PLAITS.

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or Prof. Chas. R. Barnes,

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Wanted.

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Wislizenus' Rep. {Eng*)
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I roc Am. Acad. V. Cactacece.
Address,

MARCUS E. JONES,
Salt Lake City, Utah.

(One insertion ten cents.)

R. J Cratty, Estherville, Emmet Co., Iowa.—
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J. C. Arthur, Charles City, Iowa.— Wishes
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for Iowa plants j 2t

Wanted, A few specimens of Carex Pyn-
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Frank Bush, Independence, Mo.— Desires
to exchange a few trans-Mississippi species
for plants from the Atlantic States.

L. H. Bailey, Jr., Agr'l College, Lansing,
Mich.— Desires complete specimens of the
following from any locality other than
the Lake Michigan region: Woodwardia
angustifolia, Cnicus Pitcheri, Euphorbia
potygonifolia, Populus balsamifera, var.
candicans, Juncus Balticus, Calamaqrostis
longifolia, & 0. arenaria, Rubus vulosus,
var. albus, Cafcile Americana. Phaseolus
diverstfolius, Solidago Virga-aurea, Mon-
arda punctata, Cyperus Schweinitzii, Amur-
antus blitoides, Corispermum hyssop if olium,
Wolffias. In exchange for Michigan
plants.

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Arizona Plants.

Prof J. G. Lemmon and wife, the botanists
have returned to Oakland, Cal., from a busy
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Rare and New Plants

to their previous valuable herbarium. They
solicit early orders from their old customers
and also new ones who desire a valuable set
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Price Per Hundred $7.50.

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New ones alone 25 cents each. Live plants of
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forms a pyramidal tree with quadangular
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I n every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette.

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We take pleasure in announcing as now ready, a work on the LICHENS, by Prof* Ed-
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October, 1882,

Vol. VII, No. 10.

The

Botanical Gazette.

A PAPER OF

Botanical Notes.

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CONTE NTS

Editorial 113

The Timber line. H. Gannett 114

A Colossal Albmn of Liviug Ferns. J. O.

Lemmon — 117

Latent Vitality of Seeds 121

Trifolium kyhridiun, L. .J- F. James 121

Aralia racemosa, l«. J.F.James 122

Notulae Exigme. W. W. Bailey 122

The Darwin Memorial. J. M . C 122

A ralia racemosa. A. F. Foerste 128

Auimal and Vegetable Chlorophyll.

J. M. G 123

Epipactis Helleboriae D. F Day 124

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Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VII. OCTOBER, 1882. No. 10.

Editorial. — The types made some annoying blunders in our
last number. On page 94 Dr. Gray is made to say that he "will"
remember the satisfaction he had, instead of "well" remember, and
on page 100 Mr. Ward talks of "Proterogyn."

The study of the low forms of plant life is beginning to
attract more and more attention. Nothing can be more easily
observed, or is more unknown than the simplest of plants. The
cheapening of good microscopes and the multiplication of necessary
books and figures will soon bring crowds of students to this field.

There have been added to the Catalogue of Indiana Plants during
the past season such plants as Baptisia tinctoria, growing through-
out the Kankakee Valley, and in the bogs of the same region
Habenaria leucophosa, growing quite abundantly. Osmunda Claij-
toniana was found growing very luxuriantly in Pulaski County,
with sterile and fertile pinnae growing hit and miss up and down
the huge fronds as well as in the normal fashion.

At Montreal Dr. Louis Elsberg, of New York, read a paper
proposing what^was called the "bioplasson theory," as opposed to
the ''cell theory," for plant-structure. According to this observer
all living matter is made up of reticulations of living substance with
inert matter filling the reticulum. Besides the fact that it is a
little late to call in question a theory which has about ceased to be
theoretical, the fact that many of the best microscopists fail to find
this living net-work renders the proposed theory a little unsub-
stantial.

The Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences has just issued the
first part of a Catalogue of the "Plants of Buffalo and its Vicinity,"
including the Phanerogams. The compiler is David F. Day, Esq.,
and the thoroughness and beauty of the work reflect great credit
upon him and the Society which publishes it. The Catalogue is
' accompanied by a good map of the region studied which includes
all the country within a radius of fifty miles of Buffalo, and has
been divided into several regions, known as the "Erie District."
"Allegany District," "Genesee District," and "Ontario District."
When completed the catalogue will contain the names of 1 2800
species and what is unusual in plant catalogues will include the
Cryptogams. The Phanerogams number 1217 species, the 10

114 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

largest orders being Composites (143 species), Cyperacece (105),
Graminece (88), Ro&icece (52), Legumlnosce (45), Menthacece (which
name looks unnatural -39), Riinancidaceai (36), Oruciferce (36),
Orchidacece (34), and Liliacece (31). The largest genera are Carex
(72 species), Solidago (20), 4sfcr (19), Polygonum (16), SWmc (14),
Potamogeton (12), KMa (11), Habenaria (10).

The Timber Line.— In Dr. Rothroek's valuable report on
botany, recently published by the '"Surveys West of the 100th
Meridian,1' the anchor quotes Dr. Englemann's statement that
"there is little or no increase in altitude in the timber line toward
the equator, in our western hemisphere, south oi the 41st parallel
of north latitude.11

This statement is approximately true regarding the Rocky
Mountains, owing, however, not to any general principle, but to
what may be termed an accident of topography. Even here a
decided rise is observable from 41° to 39° of latitude. In the Sierra
Nevada, the Basin and Wahsatch Ranges, the statement does not
hold good, the timber line rising rapidly as the latitude decreases.
Again, on the volcanic peaks of the Mexican plateau, the timber
line is higher by several thousands of feet than it is anywhere in
the United States.

Barring the prohibitive circumstances of absence of soil and
moisture, the height of the timber line is purely a question of
temperature. The latter is a function of the latitude, the eleva-
tion, and the mass, of the country in the neighborhood. A great
mass of country, if raised to a considerable height above the sea,
as in the case of the great Cordilleran plateau of the West, carries
up with it, to a certain extent, the isothermal* A glance at Mr,
Schott's admirable isothermal charts amply illustrates the general
fact. Washington, D. C, has a mean annual temperature of 55°
Fah., while Denver, Col., a fraction of a degree farther north, and
at an elevation of 5,300 feet, has a mean temperature, not of 37°,
as the height might indicate, but of 49°.

Therefore, in considering the height of the timber line, we
must regard the mountain ranges in connection with the plateau
upon which they stand, their latitudes, heights, and masses, or
what, in a measure, sums up thase three, their temperatures,
as it is by these that its height is determiued.

Looking at the subject from this point of view, a fair compari-
son may be instituted between the timber line in different latitudes
and on different ranges in the same latitude.

The actual elevation above the sea level of the timber line in
the Cordilleras of North America ranges from 6 or 7,000 to 12,000
feet. It is lower in the Coast and Cascade Ranges of Washington
Territory, where it is at about the former figures. Following the
Cascade Range southward into Oregon, the timber line rises to a

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 115

height of 7,000 to 8,000 feet. It continues to rise as we trace %\
southward into California, being on Shasta and the neighboring
mountains 8,000 feet above the sea. On the high sierras of Eastern-
central California, forests grow to 10,000 or 11,000 teet, while the
San Bernardino and other ranges of Southern California do not
reach the upper limit of Jforcsts,

Few of the ranges of Nevada reach the timber line, which is
at a height of 9,000 feet in the north up to, probably 11,000 feet in
the southern part of the State.

In Arizona, probably none of the mountains reach the timber
line, except the volcanic group known as the San Francisco Moun-
tains, and the Sierra Blanca. On these the timber line is between
11,000 and 12,000 feet.

In New Mexico, it averages about 12,000 feet above sea level.
There is little variation between the northern and southern parts
of the territory, as the higher annual temperature of the southern
part is fully compensated for by the greater altitude of the plateau
m the northern part.

In Colorado, it ranges from 12,000 feet in the southern part to
11,000 in the north. It is highest in the great mass of the San
Juan Mountains and in the Sangre de Cristo range, and lower in
the northern portions of the Park and Front Ranges.

In Southern Wyoming, in the Park range, which is the only
one in this portion of the territory which rises above the limit of
timber, this limit is at about 11,000 feet. In the Wind River and
Teton Ranges, in the northwestern part of the territory, it is at an
elevation of 10,000 to 11,000 feet._

In, Montana and Idaho, the limit of timber is, in general, from
9,000 to 10,000 feet, being highest in the south, and lowest near the
northern boundary.

In the Uinta and Wahsatch Ranges of Utah, it is about 10,000
feet rising somewhat above this figure in the southern part of the
latter range.

Thus it is seen that in the same latitude, there is a very
marked difference in the height of the timber line. The less the
elevation of the surrounding country, other things being equal,
the iower is the limit of timber.

This suggests a farther point. The upper limit of timber
must have approximately the same mean annual temperature
everywhere. Of course it will differ to a slight extent in different
localities, owing to difference of exposure to wind and sun, but
these are mere local circumstances, not effecting the general princi-
ple. The determination of this temperature accurately is, with-
out direct observation, of course, impossible. I have, however,
computed it approximately from such data as are available, and
have found tolerably close accordance among the results.

The mean annual temperature decreases about 1° Fah. for each
300 feet of abrupt ascent. In the case of Pike's Peak and

u6

BOTINICAL GAZETTE.

Colorado Springs, where the difference of elevation is more than
8,000 feet, tlie change is 1° for each 295 feet. In the case of Alt.
Washington and Shelburne, New Hampshire, it is 325 feet for each
degree. The former case is the most favorable in every respect, and
a> most oi our results are drawn from the western region, I have
adopted, as a round number, 300 feet.

Now. if the average mean annual temperature all around the
base of a mountain were known, it would be a very simple mat-
ter to determine, with some accuracy, the temperature at timber
line, knowing its height and the un an height of its base. The
nearest approach which can be made to this, is to assume that the
station or stations at or near the base, represent the average
climite, a supposition which, in many cases, is by no means correct.
Using, however, in the manner indicated, such data as are at hand,
I have obtained the following results:

li A SE STATION.

Tem-

Height
uf tim-

pera-
ture at

Mountaius. etc.

ber line,

Name.

Height

Mean

timber

feet.

in feet.

an.tem.

line.

Cunningham Pass, Colo..

11,500

Fort Garland,

7,945

43deg

81deir

Mt. Lincoln, Colo.,

12,051

Fairplay,

9,965

88 "

:;i "

Mt. Silverheels, Colo.,

11,549

1

9,965

88 "

88 "

Mt Guvot, Colo.,

11,811

u

9,965

88 "

82 "

Mt, Powell, Colo.,

11,600

While River Airency,

9,491

45 "

28 "

Pike's Peak, Colo.,

11,720

Colorado Springs,

6,082

48 "

29 "

Grav's Peak, Colo ,

11,100

Denver,

5,244

48 "

29 "

Wahstach Mts., Utah,

10,000

Salt Lake Citv,

4,850

52 "

33 "

Mt. Washington, N. H.,

4,150

Shelburne, N. H.,

700'

42 "

30 "

Mt. Marcy, N. Y ,

4,851

Somerville, N. Y.,

412

45 "

30 "

(4 4.

4.851

Plattsburgn, N. Y .,

ISO

44 "

29 "

Mt. Black more, Mont.,

9,550

Fort Ellis, Mont.,

4,985

44 "

29 "

Mt. Bridger, Mont.,

9,002

U 14

4,985

44 '•

31 "

Mt Delano, Mont.,

8,784

U 11

•

4,985

44 ■'

81 '•

The mean of these results is 30.4°, and this is probably very
near the true mean annual temperature of the timber line. The
better the conditions of the determination, the nearer are the results
to this mean. Mts. Blackmore and Bridger are very good cases,
being on the border of the Gallatin Valley, in which Fort Ellis is
situated, and but very few miles distant from the latter. Mts.
Lincoln and Silverheels are also admirably situated with respect to
Fairplay, but the annual temperature of the latter station is not
well determined. Pike's Peak and Colorado Springs make an
excellent pair of stations, being but ten miles apart, and the annual
temperature at the latter place being well determined by the obser-
vations of the Signal Bureau. On the other hand, Mt. Powell and
the White River Agency are widely separated by man}^ miles of
high plateaus, which may materially change the conditions of the
temperature about the mountain.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 117

Should this result, when tested by a wider range of observa-
tion, hold good, it will afford a very valuable and easily obtainable
isothermal, and also enable one to estimate the height of the tim-
ber line from thermometrie stations at the bases of mountain ranges.
— Henry Gannett in Am. Jour. Sci.

A Colossal Album of Living- Ferns, by J. G. Lemmon— Ex-
plorers in mountainous countries sometimes encounter what the
frontiers-men call "rock-traps1'; if on the Pacific coast, "box-can-

y°ns-

Generally terminating a ravine, and with high precipitous
walls on either hand, they bar farther ascent, and the explorer
has no choice but to retreat.

If, however, the party is a lover of Nature he is apt to pause
and examine these cul-de-sacs with more or less of interest and
profit. These box-canyons sometimes may be likened to immense
half-opened books, resting on end and slightly inclined against a
mountain.

Occasionally a tier of them may be found encircling the top of
a mountain like a revolving book-rack in a reference library. In
these ponderous tomes of Nature's original scriptures what solid,
fundamental, pre-historic facts may be read by the educated mind.
The geologist is sure to discover remarkable placements of rock-
strata, or the no less interesting omission of normal relations. The
paleontologist may discover shells, casts of fossil parts of animals
and plants as he shatters the rocks with his hammer.

If in a reputed region of the precious metals, the first to explore
minutely, these open volumes, is the eager, intrepid prospector,
gladly availing himself of the chance to examine without the aid
of pick and shovel, the exposed rocks to trace, if any there be, the
indications of ore. The zoologist will often find rare insects, rep-
tiles, birds or beasts haunting these secluded places.

But if a stream of water cascades down the chasm or even if
enough trickles over the walls to keep the interstices' moist, the bot-
anist, more than all others, will be certain to find much of inter-
est in the peculiar flora which these conditions always produce.

It is such a secluded, magnificent and well-watered natural
conservatory, like a colossal album of living plants, that the writer
discovered last week, here in the heart of the lofty, rock-ribbed,
heavily-forested Huachuca mountains of southern Arizona. The
results of the adventure may justify a detailed description.

It was about It a. m. of a hot August day, when as I turned
an angle of a deep ravine, a stupendous gorge opened before me not
20 rods distant, its dark, vertical walls over 2,000 feet high, seamed
and furrowed laterally and vertically; these containing rank on
rank of plants of various size and hue, while over all water dripped
in a shower of pearls.

The grandeur of the scene fixed me to the spot for a moment

n8 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

How magnificently the rock-ledges up-rose on either hand! Granite,
gneiss, porphyry, feldspar, trap, quartz, limestone, syenite and slate
were superposed in varied degrees of thickness and projection, all
tinted with their characteristic colors and decked off with wreaths
of superb flowers.

As 1 neared the open volume T detected irregularities of the
sides as if the pages were crumpled or plaited. Nearing the
entrance the right-hand page was found to be composed of a long
series of upright divisions all hinged together by vertical depres-
sions like a segmented panorama or series of pictures which one
folds between covers for safe transportation; the left-hand page had
fewer but grander swelling folds and all were richly decorated with
flowers and ferns many of which I had never seen before. How
charming was this nearer view! For vignettes on the lower margin
of the pages there is, on the right a row of lovely maples just now
shedding their double-oared seeds; on the left, a row of thrifty
walnut trees bending with yellowing fruit.

Penetrating to the inner angle of the enclosure where all the
water pearls unite to form a rivulet I scanned the almost vertical
walls to determine if they could be scaled. The discovery in the first
horizontal fissure of a rare and beautiful fern ( Asjpidmmjuglandifo-
Uum) that has not before been found west of Texas, decided me to.
make the attempt, even if I had to return to camp for ropes and let
down a knotted one from the top the next day. But excited by
the prospects ahead I hastily divested myself of all weight possible,
but retaining portfolio and pick, I assaulted the rock- barriers.
Slight projections occurred at long intervals, cavities were dug in
the soft sandstone for fingers, then toes, while fortunately, over
the thickest ledges of jutting rocks such bushes as dwarf oak and
evergreen sumac often trailed their branches within reach.

Gaining the second landing a new flower was discovered and an-
other rare shield-fern (species unknown). AVith increased toil and
peril the third narrow bench was reached at an elevation of about
100 feet. Two more ferns — one of them new (a Cheilanthes) — with
several other novelties were found peeping out from the clefts as if
to welcome the intruder and invite his gathering hand.

How much these discoveries stimulated to continued efforts,
and blinded the judgment to probable disastrous consequences I
leave my young botanical brothers to imagine. At the next
resting place which was a little wider ledge than the preceding, I
was well nigh exhausted and was perspiring profusely, but before I
had an opportunity to settle myself on a narrow seat another most
beautiful and rare fern was detected! It was now long after noon
and as this vast conservatory was on the east side of the mountain
the sun was hidden and the cold descending winds chilled me to
shivering.

But other rare or even new ferns might be awaiting, besides

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. ng

now, perhaps it was easier clambering out over the top than to re-
turn. At about half way up, say 1000 feet altitude a ledge of two to
six feet wide occurs, and here hundreds of species of shrubs, herbs,
ferns, mosses and licheus crowd the broadened bench in a most
robust form and highest colors. A lovely, motley-leaved plant
{Heuchera sanguined) resembling a geranium thrusts long racemes
of bright red, star flowers from the crevices. A golden Silene (S.
laciniata) with large lacerated petals and a curious Draba (D.
streptocarpa) with yellow flowers and curled pods cling to the damp
wall. Dr. Parry's new and beautiful lily vies with the golden col-
umbine in flaunting a profusion of rich color. White-faced
strangers with purple Lobelias commingle their lives,, while
beneath all, a noble shield-fern, a modest lip-fern, and a delicate
spleen-wort — all new to the region — formed an exhilarating
climax to discovery, aud rendered the toiler totally irresponsible.

Above this ledge the walls are deeper, the foot-holes and
trailing bushes less frequent, so progress became more difficult and
dangerous. But the strange plants still appeared at every cleft.
At about 1 o'clock p. m. I had arrived near to the top and felt
triumphant and elated. Already I. regarded myself safe and recalled
the number of ferns crammed intonrv portfolio which now weighed
about 15 pounds and was securely strapped to my back. There
were twenty-seven species and several very marked varieties!
When it is considered that only 80 species are yet known to
science in all N. America, to find one-third of the number growing
in one rocky album, however large, is enough to turn an ambitious
botanist's head.

Tired, bruised, exhausted and shivering I drew myself slowly
up to the last crevice, to be amazed and stunned at seeing the up-
permost stratum which was of slate and about 50 feet thick jutted
out 1 to 5 feet over the wall on either hand.

There was no recourse but to return. How frightful was the
3rawning chasm now that I had to face it! How tremulous were my
bending knees! Experienced cragsmen the world over will tell
vou that it is far easier to climb up than to descend a wall of rocks.
You cannot see the foot-holds or avail yourself of bushes when they
are below you.

Once the slight projection that half-received my nailed boot
proved a thin shell of rock and I fell ten feet to the next ledge,
landing on my shoulders; my outspread arms luckily clutched a
spiny bush on one side, and a prickly cactus on the other, else I
would have fallen over 1,500 feet. This accident banished the
ferns for the nonce from consideration and determined me to seek
an exit from the trap by a side passage if such could be found.
Hide stepping with great care along on each ledge as far as possible
before returning to the center I examined each of them in order
but with no success until the broadest ledge about half way down
was reached. Here on the left, the ledge extended like a bridle

120 . BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

trail across the folds of the panorama described, in long, swinging
curves in and out. It was often blocked up by debris or guarded
by cactus or thorn bushes, but over or through these 1 struggled,
passing fold after fold, of the long series; a sheer precipice of 1,000
feet below, an equally high and steep one over head, the way often
narrowed to a foot in width and in several places, seemingly im-
passable. In the desperate straits when the carrying of my heavy
portfolio before me almost tipped me over, I was tempted to cast it
away or at least to leave it in the path until refreshed by food and
rest another day.

But this recreancy was but momentary, and now clutching the
bundle tightly 1 would have fallen rather than relinquished it. At
last with torn garments and lacerated flesh, with tottering steps
and dizzy brain, obstacle after obstacle was surmounted and 1 stood
— or rather fell forward — upon terra Jjrma. saved!

Reporting adventures and showing trophies to Mrs. L. at
night, she was seized with uncontrollable desire to look into the
wonderful fern album too. So after resting and recuperating a
day I conducted her — dressed properly for the occasion — up the
mountain and admitted her by the side entrance, with the aid of
hatchet and pick. Stouter hearts than woman's might have quailed
at the imminent perils passed, but at the narrow places she faced
the wall, carefully side-stepped along several feet, and so pressed
forward. At every outward curve of the long course, there is a
little landing, it may be of debris, or a clear space and here she
caught glimpses of the radiant treasures in the center of the
volume. Nearer and clearer they grew and louder and more em-
phatic were her exclamations of admiration and awe.

Though the trip was toilsome, and terrifying, and though we
came near being caught . by an Arizona cloud-burst so-called
or sudden torrent that thundered down the gorge at a moments
warning, yet she highly enjoyed the adventure and declared that
in all her extensive travel this natural conservatory in grandeur
and beauty exceeds any one object she has seen on the Pacific
slope.

Rumors of the discovery having reached Fort Huachuca, 10
miles distant, two days after an officer with his lady drove one to
our camp and I led him up to the conservatory and through the
private entrance.

As we rojmded the folds of the rock-wall, one after another, it
was refreshing to witness his enthusiasm.

He is accustomed to target-firing and to measuring heights
and his estimates of distances coincide with mine in the foregoing
paragraphs.

Two days ago I sought to explore another box-canyon on the
south side of the mountain. It is at a much higher elevation and
is twice as large every way. 1 found several more rare ferns, but

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 121

late in the afternoon I became entrapped, and had to chance a slid:;
down a limestone ledge of about 12 feet. A projection caught my
left hand and broke one of the metacarpal bones in the palm of
the hand, with a loud snap and much pain.

And this is why, my dear readers, being confined to camp,! have
found the time out of our busy life, to scribble these lines for the
Gazette. The doubtful ferns have been forwarded to Prof. Eaton
for determination, and we hope next winter to be able to send out
from our herbarium in Oakland, Cal., several new ferns gathered
from our Colossal Fern Album. — Huachuca Mts., Arizona.

Latent Vitality of Seeds.— In the current number of the
Am. Jour. Sci. Dr. Gray gives some account of the recent experi-
ments of Van Tieghem and G. Bonnier to ascertain the effect of
different conditions on the latent vitality of seed. Several packets
of seeds, in January, 1880, were divided into three equal parts and
placed under the following conditions: One was exposed to free air
but screened from dust; another in closed air, being tightly corked
up in a tube; the third in pure carbonic acid. At the end of two
years the seeds were taken out, weighed and sown. The seeds ex-
posed to free air had gained in weight; those in closed air had
gained a verv little; while those in carbonic acid gas hardly varied
from their original weight. In regard to their germination, over
90 per cent, of the peas and beans kept in the free air germinated;
45 per cent, of the peas and only 2 per cent, of the beans kept in
closed air germinated; while of those exposed to carbonic acid gas
not one showed any vitality. In conclusion Dr. Gray remarks:
"If the full course of experiments gives such results, it will (we
should say) be made clear, 1st, that the vegetable embryo in the
seed is not strictly speaking latent, but is doing some work, how-
ever little, is keeping up a respiration, which is essential to its con-
tinued life. 2, That the life of seeds cannot be indefinitely pro-
longed. Very old seeds exposed to the air must be dead by exhaus-
tion, and those deeply buried, by suifocation; and the numerous
recorded cases of the germination of ancient seeds are more and
more to be distrusted.'

Trifoliuni liybruhim, L.— This species of Trifolium was

found growing at Montreal in August, and though perhaps not
permanently established, yet deserves a place in our flora. The
description of the species as given in Hooker's "Students' Flora of
the British Islands," is given below, as it may be of use to identify
the plant when found. It seems to be often introduced into England
with the ordinary T. repens, and occasionally replaces it.

"T1. hybrid um, L.; almost glabrous, leaflets obovate or oblong,
stipules oblong, tips triangular, heads axillary peduncled globose,
pedicels elongate at length reflexed, flowers drooping, calyx-tube

122 BOTANICAL GAZE TIE.

campaiiulate gibbous, teeth subulate nearly equal unaltered in
fruit;" — The flowers are white with a faint rosy tinge. The pedun-
cles are not nearly so long as the T. repena% with which it might
by a hasty glance be confounded. It has been recorded before as
found ou the ballast heaps oi New York City in Bull. 'Vow. Bot.
CI lib, VI. p. 356. A careful search in oilier localities may result in
its discovery. — Jos. P. James, Cincinnati.

Aralia racemosa, L. — I have lately found a specimen of this

species which was so large as to deserve mention. There were four
stalks springing from the root, two of them each about an inch in
diameter at the base. The largest was six feet high and had some
of the top broken off. The leaves were about three feet in length
and the leaflets very large. The fruit hung in clusters from 15 to
18 inches in length, and the bright red of the ripe berries made it
a very attractive plant. The vigorous growth of the plant was of
special notice. Gray gives no size for it, but Wood says its height
is from three to lour feet, but in the present plant, it must have
been between seven and eight before the top was broken off. — J. F.
James, Cincinnati 0.

Notlllai- Exiguaj. — I should be glad if any botanists who

possess my handbook would make the necessary correction in regard
to the transmission of labels. The new ruling practically excludes
any label that one would care to send out, and the express compan-
ies will thrive at the expense of the Department.

Your note on the catalepsy of Physoslegia Virginiana should
contain a reference to the manner of the action. The flowers are
made to assume their definite position by friction of the pedicels
against the subtending bracts. Remove the bracts and they at
once fall limp. This was shown me by Prof. Goodale in 1879.

Among a lot of fresh growing plants sent me last spring by
Mr. Joseph Jackson of Millbury, Mass., I find a specimen of Tril-
lium erect u in with two vigorous flowering stalks arising from the
same rootstock and with a common sheath of scales. I have a Cyp-
ripedium acaule in like condition.

I found the larches in Franconia, N. BL, badly injured by green
larvae which when touched stood out from the branches like the
twigs,which in color they closely resembled. Prof. Packard informs
me that they have also ravaged in Maine. — -W. W. Bailey, Brown
University.

The Darwill Memorial.— No more fitting tribute can be paid to
the memory of this distinguished naturalist than the Memorial
proposed in the circulars sent out from the llo}ral Society and by
the home committee of which Dr. Asa Gray is Chairman and Prof.
Alexander Agassiz Treasurer. The subscription list contains the

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 123

most honorable names in Great Britain and it is especially desira-
ble that the number of subscribers be great rather than the indi-
vidual subscriptions, for in a memorial to this great epoch-maker
in science should appear contributions from all those who appre-
ciate his work or honor his memory, and their name is legion.
The form which the Memorial is to take has not yet been decided,
but it will probably include an endowment for a scholarship to
cany on biological research. The English circular appropriately
says: ''though the works of Charles Darwin form his best and
most enduring memorial, his many friends and admirers feel that
these should not be his only monument. They are desirous of
handing down to posterity the likeness of a man who has done so
much for the advancement of natural knowledge, possibly in the
form of a statue to be erected in some public place. They wish
further, if possible, to establish a Fund associated with his name,
the proceeds of which will be devoted, in some way hereafter to be
determined, to the furtherance of Biological Science.1'

In the English subscription list the amounts vary from two or
three dollars to five hundred, so that any one can give, and we have no
doubt that many readers of this will be glad to contribute within
these limits. The home circular says that "subscriptions may be
sent to Alexander Agassiz, Cambridge, Mass., who will acknowledge
the same and forward them to the Treasurer of the English Execu-
tive Committee of the Darwin Memorial.'" — J. M. C.

Aralia racemosa, L. — This plant is well adapted to show the
morphological character of a panicle. Two or three internodes
from the ground is a leaf about 2^- ft. long. In its axis may be
found 1 to 6 umbels. The next internode bears a leaf about 1^ ft.
long. In this axis is a raceme of 4 to 7 umbels. The leaf of the
following internode is only about f ft. in length. It bears a panicle
of 4 t<- 7 umbels. The succeeding leaf is f in. long, the petiole
equalling the ternately parted rudimentary blade. The axis contains
3 to 4 umbels in a panicle. Then follow two or three leaves scarce-
ly i in. long with undivided blades passing into triangular bracts.
This is the normal condition, but intermediate states are found
connecting the leaves morphologically with the bracts by a con-
tinuous series of specimens. What seems to be a large panicle is
the primary stem bearing small racemes or panicles in the axis of
leaves in their ordinary form or reduced to bracts.

This species is prtandrous. The petals and stamens fall off
before the 5 stigmas recurve to receive the pollen, insuring cross-
fertilization. — A. F. Foerste, Dayton, Ohio.

Animal and Vegetable Chlorophyll.— To say that one
difference between plants and animals is that the food of the
former is inorganic and that of the latter organic is hardly a cor-
rect statement, for the food of both kinds of organisms is necessarily

124 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

organic and its consumption in both cases is attended by a true
respiration. A better statement would be that plants, in general,
have the power of making their own food, while animals, in general,
do not. We recognize that the agent in this case is the granule
of protoplasm colored by chlorophyll, just as in the consumption
of the prepared food the activity is vested in uncolored protoplasm.
The presence therefore of chlorophyll granules lies at the very basis
of this distinction between plants and animals. It is generally
stated that this does not ehold universally, as the fungi are devoid
of chlorophyll and some animals are known to possess it. The
question has now arisen, whether the so-called animal chlorophyll
is the same as that of the plant. The results of some investigations
upon this subject are given by K. Brandt in the Popular Science
Monthly for October. The investigations seem to show that mor-
phologically the animal chlorophyll is by no means the same as
the plant, for the green bodies which appear in some animals are
themselves cells rather than cell-contents, and are nothing else
than unicellular plants which have immigrated to animal bodies.
They are both morphologically and physiologically distinct from
their hosts, for they can live when separated from them and form
starch in the sunlight. Thus the distinction is based on the same
principle as before, namely the power of originating, for now we
can say not only that plants make their own food and animals do
not, but also that plants make their own chlorophyll, while ani-
mals do not. But a strange revelation is the relation which these
green algae and other yellow algae sustain to the animals in which
they live. When they are absent the host animal must live like
other animals, but when they are present they can prepare food
for their host out of inorganic material and the animal can live
with the surroundings of a plant. This partnership arrange-
ment beween animals and plants upon the lowest confines of the
two kingdoms may not seem unlikely now that it is suggested
and reminds one of the sentence in Dr. Gray's Darwiniana, which
says that "there is a limbo filled with organisms which never rise
hio-h enough in the scale to be manifestly either animal or plant,
unless it may be said of some of them that they are each in turn
and neither long." Chlorophyll thus holds the same relation to
the bodies of animals which it inhabits as it does to plants, and
although in the two cases it is morphologically distinct, it is physi-
ologically the same. — J. M. C.

Epipactis Helle borine. — It may be of interest to you and
the readers of the Gazette to learn that Epipactis Helleborine
(the orchid, new to America, which was found near Syracuse , in
1879) has been discovered growing in considerable quantity on the
wooded slope of Scajaquady's Creek, in the northerly portion of
this city. The plant has been submitted to Gray, who while pro-
nouncing it identical with the Syracuse plant, declares that he can
discover' no valid distinction between it and Epipactis latifolia
Perhaps 200 individuals were noticed.— Davtd F. Day, Buffalo, 'N. Y

CATALOGUE OP

10

IDIAE

This catalogue, which has been published
in the (jtAZktte in the form of extra sheets,
lias now li.'i'ii hound in .1 neat pamphlet of
over 40 page's wii.ii a map. Persons desiring;
COJiies i-aii procure them at the rate of 35 Cts.
per copj', or thive J«>r *i.l: !>v addressing
either. JOHN :.!. (' (CLTElt,

Crawforusviile, Iu,l.

or PKOF. (II 'S. '-. I'.ARNKS,

Lai? ivette, Ind.

Wanted.

PlantcB Linrfhcimeri.

Wislizeii 10 s' Rep. ( JEng • )
Planted Nov. Thurber.
1 roc- Am. Acad. V. Cactacem.
Address,

MARCUS E. dOirks,
Salt Lake City, Utah.

(Que insertion ten cents.)

Dr. J. il 'tvsi'Ki;, Piiola, Kansas.— I- e«ires
to exchange for plants from all parts of the
country, but is more particular to ohtam
those west of the NlisBissippijRiver at pres-
ent Want to h 1) a catalogue of plants of
all the states aim Territories Wtst of the
Mississippi.

J.O.Arthur, Charles City, Iowa.— Wishes
100 specimens of certain species o. Droserd,
Sarracenia. ai d ULncularia in exchange
for Iowa plants j 2t I

Wanted. A few .s;i cimens of Carex Pyn-
naica, fr ni this country.

L. II. Bailey .Ik., A.gr'1 College. Lansing,
Mich.— Desires complete specimens on the
following from' any locality other than
the Lake Michigan region: ' Woodivaidia
an g ml) folia, C/iicus Pitcheri, Euphorbia
polygonifolia, Populus balsamtferd, var.
eandica-ns, Juncus Balticus, Calamagrostis
longifolia & C. arenaria, Bubits vidbsus,
var. albus, Cakile Americana, Phaseolus
diversif olius . Solidago Virqa-aurea, Mon-
arda punctata, Cyperus Schweiniizii, Amur-
ant us blitoides, Corispermum hyssoprfolium,
Wolffias. In exchange for Michigan

Botanical Paper.

E. MORRISON.

Washington. I>. C.

Paper Wnrrliou-se,
No. ilu.'i D Street.
-•■I'i'iar1 Herhnrium P->pcr. 21 arid '28 lbs.,

■ •■■' JUv.1 .,0.0 pi .• 1 ea ..1
■ -1 Hi 3 C iveis. s : ml; . ■ ! si . ■ and \\ sight,
65 lbs. per in am. j-S 12 p.-.r 1 im. or :, i o .,.
per quire.
Drying paper always kept on hand.

omation

THE

Botanical Gazette,

Will be. sent with the following periodicals

at the rates mentioned :

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s. rnt'itic Amerfc-.ii ($3.20 a year) 3 00

Torroy* l!u letiu f ■ I) a year) J 85

L -■■' - Hour .-. . i 50

For Sale, Sets 11, 12, and 13, of my
cnl'c-'ions in Southwestern Texas and
Northern Mexico in 1879-80. They
contain about 770, 725, aud 680 species,
Vesper-lively— named or soon to be
named— besides about 150 duplicate
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ties Price 80, 75, and 70 dollars each.
Apply to Sereno Watson, Cambridge,
Mass., who will deliver the sets, and" to
whom payment may be made.

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Arizona Plants.

The undersigned hus made very large collections of plants in Arizona and adjoining
regions, and will dispose of them at very low rates. He will also exchange Specimens
for standard Medical and Surgical works, either new or second hand. For lists and
terms apply to

HENRY H. RUSBY,
Franklin. N. J.
S^"In every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette.

Flora of Michigan.

A Catalogue of Michigan 1'lants, 8 vo , 104 pp.. copious notes and a map of th
stati- ( intains latest and most authentic information on distribution, frequency, etc
Price 50 cents post paid. A few copies of this pamphlet may still be had by addressing
the authors, CHAS. F. WHEELER or ERW1N F. SMITH,

j d Hubbardston, Michigan.

HNTO*W READY.

, ft ti km YXCHlf Y.

A neat octnvo volume,' bound iircloth, with Map of the District of Columbia
Pricejl 25, postpaid.

^L James ANGLIM & CO., Publishers, Washington, D. C

Full Sets of the Gazette!

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TO BOTANISTS.

We take pleasure in announcing us now ready, a work on the LICHENS, by Prof. Ed-
ward Tiukerman of Amherst College. The tirle is as follows: "A Synopsis ok the

NOKTH AMERICAN LiCHENS. Vol.. I. COMPIOSING THE PaKMKLIAOEI, I LADON1EI AND

CffiNOGONlKl." The hook is 8vo. in size, and coi tains nearly 300 pages. The work is not
stereotyped and an extremely limited edition has been (Minted. The price has been fixed
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Orders should be sent at once as the price will be raised to $5.00 after a certain number
of copies have been sold. S. K. CASSINO, Publisher,

mam. 32 Hawley Street, Boston.

November, 1882.

Vol. VII, No. 11.

The

Botanical Gazette.

A PAPER OF

Botanical Notes.

TERMS— SINGLE NUMBERS 10 CENTS.

YEARLY SUBSCRfPTlON, $1.00

CONTE NTS

Editorial 125

The black-fruited Crataegi and a riew spe-
cies. G. Mngelmann 127

Salix flaveseens, var. Seouleriana. M. S.

Bebb ... '29

The Flora of North America 129

Albinism in Gentiana criuita. G.E.Da-
venport ., 135

Trifolinm hybriduni. T. J. W. Burgess.. 135

A newPolyporus, A. P. Morgan 135

Lacfcuea Scariola. A. F. Foerste 136

JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, Ind.,
M. S. COULTER, Logansport, Ind.,

Editors and Publishers.

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^ CLUB. \

otanical Gazette.

Vol. VII. NOVEMBER, 1882. No. 11.

Editorial.— Isr the October Naturalist J. B. Ellis and Dr.
Geo. Martin describe 13 new species of fungi, 5 of which belong
to the genus Cercospora and -t to Splicer ia.

A solution of caustic potash brings out clearly to the un-
aided eye the presence of the concealed chlorophyll in the red beet
leaf, thus making it a good class illustration.

One of the best plants in which to observe the presence of
starch in the chlorophyll masses is Spirogyra. There is no neces-
sity of discharging the chlorophyll but the iodine test can be ap-
plied at once bringing out beautifully the rich starch contents.

Miss M. Bockee Flint, of Adrian College, Michigan, has
just been observing the capsules of Hamamelis Virginiana discharge
their seeds. A branch lying upon her table and drying rapidly.
the capsules began to discharge and the shining black nutlets were
sent upward to the ceiling, a distance of at least twelve feet.

Me. H. W. Preston, in the November Naturalist, gives an
account of a botanical excursion to Mt. Mansfield and Smuggler's
Notch, Vermont, which is enough to make our collectors turn
green with envy. Those of us who cannot visit these interesting-
places must content ourselves with the very beautiful specimens of
Messrs. Pringle and Hosford.

In some of our horticultural journals a plea is being made
for the cultivation of the much abused dandelion. Not as a pot
herb, for this is already done, but as a brilliant flower, that can be
made to show its bright gold when everything else is held in by the
winter's chill. Success to our humble friend ! and when we have
ridden our own lawn of its myriad roots we too may be tempted to
cultivate it.

In the Torrey Bulletin for October, Mr. E. L. Greene de-
scribes some more new western plants, one of them being a new
genus of Compositce and named Holozouia. This plant has been
long known imperfectly and has been placed under both Hemizonia
and Lagophylla under the specific name of Jilipes, but upon obtain-
ing complete specimens Mr. Greene decides that it can belong to
neither of these genera and the new one is proposed.

126 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

It is with regret that we have to record the death of one of
our well known botanists. Mr. Elihu Hall, of Athens, 111., died on
the 24th of September last, at the age of 60 years. Mr. Hall's
name is very intimately associated with many ot our Rocky Moun-
tain plants, the collection of Hall and Harbour in 1862, being
among the richest in new species ever made. He botanized exten-
sively in both Texas and Oregon, and in the second volume of the
Gazette he published quite an extended list, with notes, of the
"Arboreous, Arborescent and Suitrutieose Flora of Oregon." The
frequent appearance of the specific name HaU'ti among our western
plants will ever be a reminder of him and his work, a reminder
which he would most appreciate, his name linked with the plants
he loved so well.

Dr. John A. Warder, President of the American Forestry
Association, has just issued a pamphlet bearing the title "Woody
Plants of Ohio.1' In this work he has been assisted by Davis L.
James and Joseph F. James, of the Cincinnati Society of Natural
History. Dr. Warder is an old and skillful forester and few men
have so intimate a knowledge of the "tricks and ways1' of our
woody plants. Having been fortunate enough to drink inspiration
from Nuttall himself, he has never lost it, and is ever anxious to im-
part his great practical knowledge to others. He has conceived rightly
that there is dense ignorance among farmers as to trees and this
pamphlet is ostensibly addressed to this class, for the purpose of
instruction, but the numerous notes are of great value also to the
scientific botanist.

Prof. Gr. Briosi, of Rome, announces the discovery of a new
organ upon the germinating plant. It consists of a collar or ring
from which develop the equivalents of long "root-hairs." This
'"annulus" appears at the junction of the caulicle and root. The
discovery was made upon the germinating seeds of Eucalyptus
globulus. This organ is, of course, by no means of universal occur-
rence and the author mentions a few species and groups in which
it is found in greater or less prominence. Briosi considers the
function of this collar of hairs that of ordinary root-hairs; "it is a
provision for the absorption of moisture from the soil, which conies
into action at a very early period in germination, before the root
and its root -hairs are produced." An interesting notice of Briosi's
paper is given by Dr. Gray in the Am. Jour. Sci. for October.

Prof. T. J. Burrill has for some years been engaged in
studying a certain plant disease, known as blight, which he con-,
eludes is caused by the presence of living organisms known by
that very poorly defined name, Bacteria. In the last number of the
Amer. Micr. Journal he gives a very interesting account of certain
vegetable poisons which he attributes to the presence of similar
organisms. Rhus Toxicodendron was the most carefully observed
and in its juices were discovered swarms of active bacteria, which

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 127

upon being applied to the skin in some" way effected an entrance
and soon began multiplying, giving rise to the well known itching
and blisters. In the serum from the blisters the white blood cor-
puscles were found filled with wriggling bacteria. The same were
found, though not so carefully studied, in the poisonous fungi. T^e
conclusion is reached that many plants harbor these bacteria, which
upon being transferred to man induce disease and hence are called
poisonous.

In a history of Floyd County, Iowa, Prof. J. C. Arthur has
published an account of the botany of that region. It has the
merit of being an unusual method of treating such a subject which
is at the same time philosophical. The usual method is to give a
bare list of the Phanerogams, and may be the Ferns, entirely neg-
lecting those vast groups of organisms which are below them in
rank but are verjr important. Such a list could not be given in an
exhaustive way but the grouping of the leading forms in a scienti-
fic way will be a revelation to old fashioned botanists who know
of nothing lower than that old "catch-all" called "Fungi." Prof.
Arthur explains all these groups in such a simple way that any-
one can understand them and know where to look for illustrative
forms. The grouping is the one given in Besseys Botany which
divides the plant kingdom into seven great groups, viz: 1. Proto-
phyta or Sexless Plants, and some of the uninitiated citizens of
Floyd County must have been startled by the Professor when they
read of some members of this group that "they creep about over the
ground, and in dry weather crawl beneath the surface, or under
sticks and leaves"; 2. Zyyosporew or Unisexual Plants,under which a
simple description of the common Spirogyra is given and certain
molds; 3. Oosporece or Egg-spore Plants, illustrated by Saprolegniti
or the fly-fangtis and the potato-fungus; 4. Catposj)orece or Mush-
rooms and their Allies, in which group one can hardly look around
without finding abundant means of illustration; 5. Bryophyta or
Mosses and Liverworts; 6. Pteridophyta or Ferns and their Allies:
7. Phaneragamia or Seed-bearing Plants. The idea that Phanero-
gams form the principal part of the vegetable kingdom fades away
under such a treatment of the subject and this great division
shrinks to its proper dimensions as but one of seven groups. At
the same time, while this is science, sentiment will always consider
that Phanerogams contain about all the plants worth mentioning.

The black-fruited Crataegi and a new species.— We know
within the limits of our flora of two black-fruited Cratcerp', both
from the western half of the continent. Mr. G. W. Letterman
has now discovered a third one along Red River. These three
species may be distinguished from our ordinary red-fruited ones, to
be designated as Sect.Erythrocarpus, asSect.MelanocarpUS, andmay
be characterized by their black or black-purple or bluish fruit;

128 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

leaves, at least at first, appressed hairy on the upper and glabrous
on the under side; Mowers in corymbs, styles usually 5; spines
mostly short and stout, often recurved. The three species are:

C. Douglasii, Lindl., the westernmost species, from British
Columbia to California, with broader, thinner, doubly serrate leaves,
the upper ones on the shoots lobed, and with broad, incised-toothed
stipules; calyx lobes usually entire; fruit smaller, bl;ick-purple,ripe(in
Northern California) in August; nutlets 2 to 3 lines long, strong] v
ridged on the back; spines 4- to 1 inch long.

C. rivularis, Nutt., in the Rocky and Wasatch Mountains of
Colorado and Utah, with narrower, more rigid, lanceolate-ovate,
singly serrate leaves, only the upper ones of the shoots broader,
doubly serrate or rarety slightly incised, with narrow glandular-
incised stipules; calyx lobes usually glandular; fruit larger; nutlets
3 lines long or over, usually strongly ridged on the back; spines
few, i to 1 inch long. .

C. brachyacantha, Sargent & Engelmann. A tree 20 to 30 feet
high, or sometimes larger, with smoothish or, in very old trunks,
rough bark: spines on the whitish branches numerous, stout, short
(3 to 6 or 8 lines long), mostly curved, sometimes terminating the
branches; leaves lanceolate-oblong to ovate or rhombic, 1^ to 2 or
2i inches long, attenuate into a short petiole, thick and almost
coriaceous, appressed-serrate, shining, with ribs almost obliterated,
those of the terminal shoots larger, broader, slightly lobed, with
large foliaceous dentate or sub-entire stipules *; flowers small for
, the genus, with broadly lanceolate entire calyx lobes and 5 styles;
fruit depressed-globose, about i inch through, black-blue with
bloom; nutlets (3 lines long) with 2 slight grooves on the nearly
smooth back.

In the Red River region, first collected by Drummond (Louisi-
ana Coll. 1832, no. 105 in part); Webster Parish, La., ('. Moltr,
1880, both without flower or fruit; Concord, Texas, 0. S. Sargent,
March 29, 1881, with flower buds; west of Longview, Texas, G. W.
Letterman, August 19, 1882, with mature fruit, uthey looked from
a distance like plum trees with small blue fruit, the ground under
them was covered with the fallen haws.11 The species is easily re-
cognized by its coriaceous, shining almost ribless leaves; in C.
Douglasii they are broader, membranaceous and dull, in C. rivularis
intermediate between the two.

I may add here that Prof. Sargent rediscovered the obscure
C. berberifolia, Torr. & Gray, which was founded on a single flower-
less specimen, in the very region,near Opelousas, Wester.. Louisiana,

*The stipules of Crataegus are not often noticed and I am not sure that
they possess much constancy or diagnostic value. Generally they aie found
only or at lea,st are most persistent on the shoots; they are always ohlique and

petioled or stipulate, broadly triangular to linear, mostly incised-dentate or

sometimes glandular-dentate, rarely entire.

BOTAMCAL GAZETTE. • Z2p

where Dr. Carpenter first collected it about 50 years ago; it is a
small tree with dark ash-gray branchlets bearing numerous long
(l|to2 inches lung) stout straight spines; leaves spatulate or
obovate, obtuse, attenuate into a short petiole or almost sessile.
simply serrate towards the upper part, | to 14- inches long: those
of the shoots similar or acutish, often doubly or incisely serrate or
slightly lobed, with linear glandular stipules, all persistently pu-
bescent; compound corymb woolly; flowers large, calyx lobes linear,
entire: styles 3; fruit unknown. — G. Fnokl.manjst.

Salix ftaveseens, Nutt., var. Seouleriana — In undertaking
a revision of the Willows tor the Flora of California it was found
that the miterial available for the purpose was. in some respe< ts,
very scant and unsatisfactory. The rich collections which have
since been made, while confirming the accuracy of some portions
of the work done under such unfavorable circumstances, reveal, in
other directions, incompleteness and mistakes which ! expeel
to correct in a lump by and by. It is desirable, however, that
the following correction be made immediately.

The typical Salix Jlavescens of Nuttall is a Rocky Mountain
shrub, or small tree, found also in the Sierra Nevada and the
mountains of Oregon and Washington Territory, while the coast
tonus, constituting the "greater portion of what is included under
the name of S. ftavescens in the Flora of California, should be ar-
ranged as a variety of that species for which the old name of
Seoul riana might well be retained, and under which S. bmchystachys,
Benth., and S. capreoides, And., would be placed as striking modifi-
cations. While S. flavescens and var. Scouleriana exhibit an intri-
cate diversity of forms which defy the drawing of any line between
them, all are easily enough distinguished from their Atlantic repre-
sentative S. discolor; and so also, S, lasiolepis and var. Fendleriana
(of corresponding range and affinity) are more nearly allied to each
other than is either to the Atlantic S-. lucida. I may remark that
this is in accordance with Prof.Sargent's recent statement that"the
North American continent may be most conveniently divided, m re-
gard to its forest geography, into Atlantic and Pacific regions, by
the line of the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. — M.S.BebB.

The Flora of North America.— Last summer at Montreal
Dr. Gray read a, paper bearing the above title, which is so full of
interest to every American botanist that we can hardly forbear pub-
lishing it in full as it appears in the Am. Jour, of Science for
November. We will however pass over all that was said in regard
to the Floras ot Miehaux and Pursh and give that concerning Dr.
Gray's own work, for his name will always be more intimately as-
ociated with the North American Flora than that of any other
danist. There is too a good deal of ignorance as to the nature

s
b<

j jo BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

of the work, and a false notion that it might be done faster. If
airy one should try such work, the only wonder would be that it
could be done so rapidly. The appeal for help which Dr. Gray
makes, as well as the protest against needless requests for informa-
tion,deserve to be broadcast. The portion of the paper referring to
Dr. Gray's connection with our flora is as follows:

I cannot say how early it was that my revered master, Dr.
Torrey, conceived the idea of the Flora which he at length under-
took. But he once told me that he had invited Nuttall to join
him in the production of such a work, and that Nuttall declined.
This must have been as early as the year 1832, that is. half a cen-
tury ago. My correspondence with Dr. Torrey began in the sum-
mer of 1830, when I was a young medical student, and three or four
years afterward I joined him at New York and became, for a short
time, his assistant, for all the rest of his life his botanical col-
league. He was very much occupied with his duties as professor,
chiefly of chemistry; he had not yet abandoned the idea of complet-
ing his Flora of the Northern and Middle States, the first volume
of which was finished in 1824, while yet free from all professional
cares. Although working in the direction of the larger undertak-
ing, the Flora of North America did not assume definite shape be-
fore the year 1835. I believe that some of the first actually-pre-
pared manuscript for it was written by myself in that or the
following year. I was then and for a long time expecting to ac-
company the South Pacific Exploring Expedition, as originally
organized under the command of Commodore Ap. Catesby Jones,
but which was subject to long delay and many vicissitudes; during
which, having plentiful leisure, I tried my prentice hand upon
some of the earlier natural orders. Before the expedition, as mod-
ified, was ready to sail, under the command of Capt. Wilkes, I had
accepted Dr. Torrey 's proposal that I should be his associate in the
work upon which I had made a small beginning as a volunteer.
Two parts, or half of the first volume (360 pages), of this Flora,
were printed and issued in July and October, 1838.

It was thought at first, in all simplicity, that the whole task
could be done at something like this rate. But, apart from other
considerations, it soon* became clear that there had been no proper
identification of the foundation-species of the earlier botanists,
from Linnaeus downward; and that our Flora could not, go on sat-
isfactorily without this. Dr. Torrey had, indeed, some years be-
fore, made a hasty visit to Hooker at Glasgow, to London, and to
Paris; but the taking of a few notes upon some particular plants in
the herbaria of Hooker, Lambert, andMichaux, and the acquisition,
from Hooker, of a good set of the Arctic plants of the British ex-
plorers, was about all that had been done. I proposed to attempt
something more; so, taking advantage of a favorable opportunit}',
T sailed for Liverpool in November, 1838, and devoted a good part

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 131

of the ensuing year to the examination of the principal herbaria,
which I need not here specify, in Scotland (where the important
one of Sir Wm. Hooker still remained), England. France, Switzer-
land and Germany, namely those which contained the specimens
upon which most of the then-published North American species
had been directly or indirectly founded, especially those ofLinnaeus
and Grronovius, of Walter, of Alton's Hortus Kewensis, Michaux,
Willdenow. Pursh, and the later ones of DeCandolle and Hooker.

After my return the work made good progress; the remain-
ing half of the first volume was brought out in thespring oJ the
year 1840. and by t e spring of 1843 the 500 pages of the second
volume, mostly occupied by the vast order Compositge, bad been
issued. But meanwhile I had in my turn to assume professorial
duties and incident engagements, — with die result that, although
the study of North American plants was at no time pretermitted,
either by Dr. Torrey while he lived, or by myself, we were unable
to continue the publication during my associate's life-time; and it
was only recently, in the spring of 1878, that I succeeded in bring-
ing '.'lit, in a ch inged form, another instalment of the work', com-
pleting the Gamopetalce.

[n the interval I bad made two year-long visits to Europe for
botanical investigation, the first partly relating to the botany of
the South Pacific, the secou 1 wholly in view of "the North Ameri-
can flora. And since the last publication still another visit — Hie
fourth and we may suppose the last — of the same character and
the same duration, has been successfully accomplished.

The serious question, in which we are all concerned, arises,
whether this work can be carried through to .1 completion, and the
older parts (wholly out of print and out of date) re-elaborated — 1
will not say by my hands — but in my time, or soon enough to
render the whole a reasonably full and homogeneous representa-
tion of the North American flora, as knewn in this latter part of
the nineteenth century. And it brings us to consider why the
undertaking to which so much time has been devoted, should be so
slow of accomplishment.

If this slowness is a constant wonder and disappojntm nt fco
most people interested in the matter, 1 can only add that it is
hardly less so to myself. It is a constant surprise — if one may so
say — that the work does not get on faster.

Of course the undertaking his become more and more for-
midable with the enlargement of geographical boundaries and of
the number of species discovered. As to the increase in the num-
ber of species to be treated, we have by no means yet reached the
end. The area, that of our continent down to the Mexican line,
we trust is definitely fixed, at least for our day. And. sine3 we
cannot be rid of the peninsula and keys of Florida, which entails
upon us a considerable number of tropical species, mostly belong-
ing to the West Inaies — the southern boundary is now as natural
a, one as we can have.

jj2 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

The area which Pursh's Flora covered was, we may say, the
United States east of the Mississippi, with Canada to Labrador, to
which was added a couple of hundred of species known to him out-
side these limits northwestward.

Torrey and Gray's Flora took the initiative in annexing
Texas ten years before its political incorporation into the Union:
although the only plants we then possessed from it were certain
portions of Drummond's collections. California was also annexed
at the same time, on account of Douglas's collections, and those ot
Nuttall, who had. just returned from his visit to the western coast,
which he reached by a tedious journey across the continent over
ground in good part new to the b tanist. Douglas had already
made remarkably full collections along a more northern line. The
British arctic explorers, both by sea and land, had well developed
the botany of the boreal regions, and Sir Wm. Hooker was bring-
ing out the results in his Flora of British America. Of course our
knowledge of the whole interior and western region was small
indeed, compared with the present; and the botany of a vast region
from the western part of Texas to the Californian coast was absolutely
unknown, and so remained until after the publication ol the Flora
was suspended.

As to the number of species which Torrey and (I ray had to
deal with, I can only say that a rapid count gives us for the first
volume about 2200 Polypetalae; that there are 109 species in the
small orders which in the second volume precede the Composite?;
and that there are of the Composite 1054. So one may fairly con-
clude that if the work had been pushed on to completion, say in
the year 1850, the 3076 species of Pursh's Flora in the year 1814
might have been just about doubled. Probably more rather than
less; for if we reckon from the number of the Composite, and on
the estimate that they constitute one-eighth of the plnenogamous
plants of North America, instead of 6150, there would have been
8430 species known in the year specified.

It most concerns us to know the number of species which,
after the lapse of thirty years more — years in which exploration
has been active, and has left no considerable part of our great area
wholly unvisited — the now revived Flora has to deal with. We
can make an estimate which cannot be far wrong. In the
year 1878, my colleague. Mr. Watson, finished and published his
Bibliographical Index to the Polypetalse ot North America, cover-
ing, that is, the same ground as the first volume of Torrey and
and Gray's Flora, completed in 1840. In it the 2200 species. of the
latter date are increased to 3038. The " Gamopetala after Com-
posites" in the Synoptical Flora, brought out in the same year,
contains 1656 species. The two together must make up half ot
our phsenogamous botany, that is. adding the increase ol the last
four years, about 5000 species. And so lVlr. Watson adopts the
estimate of 10,000 species for our known Phamogams and Ferns.

BOTAMCAL GAZETTE. 133

My impression is that the species of ( 'ompositce have increased at a
rate which, unless they exceed the eighth part of our PhsBnogams,
will warrant a still higher estimate. The number of introduced
species of various orders, which will have to be enumerated and
most of them described, is, unhappily, last increasing*; and new in-
digenous specic/3 are almost daily coming to us from some part or
other of our wide territory. So that the 10,000 species of this esti-
mate may before long rise to eleven or twe've thousand. Only the
experienced botanist can form a just idea of what is involved in the
accurate discrimination and proper co-ordination of 10-12,000
species, and in the putting of the results into the language and
form which may make our knowledge available to learners or to
succeeding botanists.

Moreover, there is of late an embarras des richesses which is be-
coming serious as respects labor and time. The continued and ever
increasing influx of materials to Cambridge, beneficial as it ever is,
is accountable for this retardation ot progress in a greater degree
than almost any one would suppose. The herbarium, upon whose
materials this work is mainly done. and which has been, like the Tem-
ple,full forty and six years in building.has received the contributions
of two generations of botanists, and the Torrey herbarium goes
back one generation further. Still the number of American speci-
mens annually coining to it is greater than in most former years.
Apart from the mere selection and care of these, consider how in
other ways it affects the rate of progress of the Plora.The incoming
of additional specimens may at a glance settle doubts as to the
validity of a species; but new specimens are as apt to raise questions
as to settle them, more commonly they raise the question as to the
limitation and right definition of the species concerned, not rarely,
also, that of their validhy. When one has only single specimens
of related species, the case may seem clear and the definition easy.
The acquisition of a tew more, from a different region or other
conditions, almost always calls for some re-consideration, not rarely
for re-construction. People generally suppose that species, and
even genera,are like coin from the mint,or bank notes from the print-
ing press, each with its fixed marks and signature, which he that
runs may read,or the practiced eye infallibly determine. But in fact
species are judgments — judgments of variable value, and often very
fallible judgments, as we botanists well know. And genera are
more obviously judgments, and more and more liable to be effected
by new discoveries. J udgments formed, to-day — perhaps with full
confidence, perhaps with misgiving — may to-morrow, with the dis-
covery of new materials or the detection of some before unobserved
point ot structure, have to be weighed and decided anew. You see

* I say "unhappily," for they adulterate the natural character of our flora,
and raise difficult questions as to how niueh of introduction and settlement
.should give to these denizens the rights of adopted citizens.

134 BOTAJSIICAL GAZETTE.

. \

how all this bears upon the question of time and labor in the prep-
aration of the Flora of a great country, [f even in old Europe
the work has to be done over and over,how much more so in Amer-
ica, where new plants are almost daily coming to hand. It is
true that these fall into their ranks, or are adjustable into their
proper or probable places, but not without pains-taking and
tedious examination.

Of our Flora, it may indeed be said, that "It 'twere done when
'twere done, then 'twere will .it were done quickly." But I may
have made it clear that, in the actual state of the case, it is likely to
be done slowly. At least you will understand why thus far it has
been doneslowlj'. As to the future, if it depended wholly upon me.
the completion would obviously be hopeless. I need not say that
our dependence, for the actual elaboration, must largely be upon
associates, upon the few who have the training and the vast pa-
tience, and the access to herbaria and libraries, requisite for this
kind of work, but above all upon my associate in the herbarium at
Cambridge, to whom, being present with us, I will not further
allude.

Of course we rely, very much indeed, upon the continued co-
operation of all the cultivators of botany in the country; and it is
gratifying to know that their number is increasing, new ones not
less zealous than the old, and better equipped, are taking the places
of those that have passed away and some of them extending their
explorations over the remotest parts of the land, and into districts
where there is most to be discovered. All can help on the work,
and all are doing so, by the communication of specimens and of
observations. Those within the range of the published manuals
and floras get on — or should get on — with only occasional help
from us. They should send us notes and specimens to any amount;
but they should not ask us to stop to examine and name their
plants, except in special cases, which we are always ready enough
to take up. Those who collect in regions as yet destitute of such
advantages may claim more aid, and we take great pains to render
it; partly on our own account, that we may assort their contribu-
tions into their proper places, partly for the encouragement of such
correspondents, who otherwise would not know what they have
obtained, and who naturally like to know when they have made
interesting discoveries.

But the scattered piecemeal study of plants is neither very
satisfactory nor safe. And it involves great loss of time, besides
interrupting that continuity and concentration of attention which
the proper study of any group of plants demands. As respects the
orders of plants which are yet to be elaborated for the Flora, and
as to plants which require critical study or minute examination,
necessarily consuming much time, it is better to defer their com-
plete determination until the groups to which they severally be-
long are regularly taken in hand.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. jjj

The co-operation of all our botanical associates is solicited in
this regard, as a matter of common interest and advantage. For
we are all equally concerned in forwarding the progress of the
Flora of North America; and we may confidently expect from our
botanical associates their sympathy, their forbearance, and their
continued aid.

Albinism in Gentiana crinita.— I noticed in the window
of one of our Boston city florists a few mornings ago two large
bunches of white fringed gentian, and on enquiry learned that they
came from Middlesex County, Mass. The petals of the open tiowers
were creamy white, and the face had a beautiful satiny lustre.

Later my friend Storrow Higginson informed me that he had
seen in another florist's window white gentians that were gathered
in Brookline, Mass. Mr. Higginson procured a specimen for anal-
ysis, but could not find any other difference between it and the
normally blue flowers. He commented, however, on the perfect
whiteness of the fringe.

I do not now recall any previous mention of albinism in this
flower,although it may have been recorded. I have not time at present
to look it up, but in any case a record of the present instances
may be of interest. — Geo. E. Davenport, Medford, Mass.

Trifolilim hybridlim, L. — On reading, in the October num-
ber of the Gazette, Mr. James1 note on this species of Trifolium,
I thought it might be of interest to note, that in Western Canada
it is not at all uncommon, and about London I find it plentiful. It
occurs not only in old fields and along fence sides, but I have found
it in woodlands and along the borders of cedar swamps at quite a
little distance from any cultivated ground, showing that here at
least it has become pretty firmly fixed.

In a synopsis of the Flora of the Valley of the St. Lawrence
and Great Lakes, published by Profs. Macoun and Gibson, in the
Canadian Journal for January 1877,it is catalogued as "Introduced.
Cultivated fields and along fences. Is very extensively cultivated
in the West instead of T. pratense."

It is also reported from Eastern Canada in the vicinity of Ot-
tawa, in the proceedings of the Ottawa Field Naturalist's Club for
1879 and '80, and in a letter just to hand from Prof. Macoun, he
tells me that he found this species of Trifolium growing most lux-
uriantly at the foot of the Schickshook Mountains, Quebec, in the
vicinitv of an old camp, thirty miles from any cultivation. — T. J.
W. Burgess, M. D., London, Ontario, Canada.

A New Polyporns.— Polyporus reniformis, n. sp. Pileus
sessile or substipitate, reniform or dimidiate, ascending, concave
above and convex below; the surface ferruginous, concentrically
sulcate and subzonate; the margin thin and acute; the context
ferruginous, soft, floccose, covered with a thin rigid rather elastic

i36 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

crust: stratum of tubules occupying about a third of the pileus, fer-
ruginous within, their mouths very small and covered but not closed
with a white powder. Spores ferruginous, elliptic-ovoid, .008-^01
mm. long by .006-007 mm. broad.

Pileus projecting 2-4 in. with a breadth of 3-6 in. and a
thickness at the base of£-H in. gradually thinning out all round to
the edge. This species is properly always annual: there are indeed
stratified specimens of two or three years growth but in all cast s
a new stratum of hymenophore is formed for each annual layer of
tubules, leaving the preceding growths to crumble and decay.

Growing always about the base of old stumps in an ascending
position; 1 have never found a spaeimen upon a Log. 1 have m ft
with the species from Dayton, 0., down the Miami Valley to Cin-
cinnati and into Kentucky beyond Lexington.

This is a curious member of the group of Fomentarii of Fries.
It has passed heretofore for 1\ applanatus, Pers.,but the true applan-
afits grows here abundantly upon stumps and logs and Mr. James,
Mr. Meyncke and myself readily distinguish one from the other
upon sight. It will be seen that it has affinities also with P. lucidus,
Leys. — A. P. Morgan.

Lactlica Scariola, L. — This plant, possessing the habit of the
Compass Plant in placing its ve'tical leaves so as to point to the
poles, at the time of the publication of Gray's Manual, last edition,
was known only at Cambridge, Mass. In a short time it has reached
the Mississippi. It is quite abundant at Dayton,Ohio. At Put-in-Bay,
Lake Erie it has already become a pest. It is beginning to make
its appearance about Detroit, Mich. A few specimens (3-5) were
observed by myself at Lincoln in Central Illinois. The above sta-
tions I found myself. It is in the list of H. Eggert of St. Louis,
Mo. Mr. Bebb has found it at Rockford, ill. The latter city is so
close to Wisconsin that the plant probably grows there or soon will
reach that state. A friend, not a botanist, but a good observer,
claims to have seen the plant near Richmond, Indiana. The geo-
graphical distribution of Lactuca Scariola, therefore, west of the
Alleghanies, would be Ohio to Missouri ami northward. — Aug. F.
Foerste, Dayton, Ohio.

The Gazette for 1888. — The attention of our readers is
called to the fact that the time for the renewal of subscriptions has
come. Every year has brought a large increase to our subscrip-
tion list and we can assure our patrons that Volume VIII will
contain much to interest and instruct. And again we would re-
peat^ our more modest and retiring botanists what we have said so
often, that while giving space to somewhat formal papers it is by
no means to the exclusion of notes and scraps of information given
in the most informal way.

CATALOGUE OF

This catalogue, winch lias been published
in the Gazette in the form q! extra sheets,
has now been bound in a neat pamphlet of
over 40 pages, with a map. Persons desiring
copies can procure them at tin- rate of :;•"> cts.
per copy, or three lor $1.00, by addressing
cither, JOHN" M. COULTER,

< ra wfordsville, I ml.

or Prof. (has. i;. Bahnis,

LaFayette, I ml.

Wanted.

Tovrey fy
A.

Part I Vol. I.
Gray's Flora of N,

Will pay $ood price or give
valuable boohs or S. W. Plants
in exchange.

F. L. HARVEY,
Fayettevitle,Arh.

m%.

(One insertion ten i_ents.)

Dr. J. II. Oyster, I'aola. Kansas.— He-ires
to exchange tin- plants from all parts of the
country, but is more particular to obtain
those west of the Miss]ssippj;Kiver at. pres-
ent Want to buy a catalogue of plants of
all the States and Territories wtst of the
Mississippi.

Lucien M. Undeuwooo, Bloomington, 111 —
Suites of From 100 to 350 Hungarian Pluin-
erogamia in exchange for American desi-
derata particularly Southern ami Western.

Wanted. A few specimens of C'anxP//r:>-
naica, from this country.

L. II Bailey. Jk., Agr'l College, Lansing,
Mich.— Desires complete specimens ol the
folio wiiii;' from any localitj other than
the Lake Michigan region: Woodwardia
angwtifolia, Onims Pkcheri, Euphorbia
poCygonifoiia, Popuhw balsamifera, var.
candieans, Juncus Balticus, Calamagrostis
longifolla <(• C- arenaria. Rubus villosus.
var. albiis, CaMU Americana. Phaseolus
diver sifolius. Solidago Viraa-aurea, Mori-
arda punctata, Cype'rmSchweinitzii, Amar-
a at us blitoidea, Corispermum hyssopifolium,
Woiffias. in exchange for Michigan
plants.

Botanical Paper.

E MORRISON

Paper Warehouse,

No. 805 1) Street. Washington. 1>. C.

Standard Herbarium Paper,21 and 28 lbs.,
at .f4.50 and $6 00 per ream.

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w»%mM.mwm,

FOR Sale, Sets 11, 12, and I8j of my
collef.tions in Southwestern Texas and
Northern Mexico in 1879-80. They
contain about 770. 725, and 680 species,
respectively — named or soon to be
named — besides about 150 duplicate
numbers, mostly from diffrent locali-
ties Prick 80, 75, and 70 dollars each.
Apply to Seueno Watson, Cambridge,
Mass., who will deliver the sets, and to
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nTT ppT/" T Tornn of North American Polypetalae and Gamopetalae after
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r>T?XTTTC r^^^ArTTPd Pbinteb Labels fob Genus Covers, -fust
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names, and are much neater. Send for samples and prices to

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SH^In every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette.

Flora of Michigan.

A Catalogue of Michigan Plants, 8 vo', 104 pp., copious notes and a map of the
t ate Contains latest and most .authentic information ou distribution, frequency, etc
Price 50 cents post paid. A few copies of tins pamphlet may still be had by addressing
the authors. ' ' (HAS. F. WHEELER or KRW1N F. SMITH,

j i] Hubbardston, Michigan.

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CLUB

'Ve

W YO

*^

December, 1882.

Vol. VII, No. 12.

The

Botanical Gazette

A PAPER OF

", ^

Botanical Notes.

TERMS— SINGLE NUMBERS 1 0 CENTS. YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, $1 .00

CONTENTS

Editorial 13

Flora of North A merica 135>

The Cell-Stato II!

Epi lemlrum eoehleatuni. W. W Cnlkiiis. 144
Forest Fires 145

Origin of our Vernal Flora 140

Fall-blooming of Menyanthts. W. \V.

Baiky 147

Tubers. Aug. F. foerstt 14s

Notes. W. W. Bailty 148

JOHN M. COULTER, Crawfordsville, I»d.t
M. S. COULTER, Logansport, Ind>,

Editor* find l'nbli.s/ter.s.

CRA \V FORDSV I LLE, IN P.

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1882.

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The Gazette for*1882 will continue

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Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VII. DECEMBER, 1882. No. 12.

Editorial. — J. B. Ellis and Dr. G. B. Martin, in the Decem-
ber Naturalist describe 24 new species of North American Fungi.

The Genus Panicum has had enumerated under it as many
as 850 species, which have now been reduced to 250.

The Popular Science Monthly for December contains a
portrait and sketch ot Matthias Jacob Schleiden, a name insepara-
bly connected with plant histology.

The Gardener's Monthly continues to hold its own and its
indefatiguable editor collects every month a great amount of
• material which must be of great interest to the class of persons
addressed.

Mr. Harry N. Patterson, of Oquawka, 111., is about to print
some very neat genus labels, including all the North American
genera down to Azolla, numbering about 1500. They can be
obtained at the rate of 20 cents per hundred, no orders being taken
for less than the whole number.

The American Naturalist closes its sixteenth volume hand-
somely and is well entitled to the position of the most popular
scientific periodical in the country. The department of botany,
under the direction of Prof. Bessey, has been a great success during
the past year and promises the same for the next.

Mr. J. G. Lemmon continues to advertise his splendid collec.
tions at a very low price. Sets of Phsenogams are oifered at $7.50
per 100, while over 70 species of ferns, containing several new to
North America, and some new to science, can be obtained at 15
cents each. New species are offered at 25 cents each.

Prof. W. J. Beal has long been experimenting in the cross-
breeding of Indian corn. During the last season some "crossed
seed" was planted, having been obtained from parents raised 100
miles apart, both of the same variety. The result was that "the
crossed stock exceeded the pure stock of the best parent as 121
exceeds 100."

Among the Editorials of the last Gazette was one referring
to the "nutlet" of Hamamelis, which should of course read "seeds."
It nn>ht have been mentioned in the same connection that the

138 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

seeds are thrown just as in Viola, by the squeezing together of the
valves, just as a moist apple seed is projected from between the
fingers by simple pressure.

The Am. Monthly Micr. Jour, says that if the pollen grains
of Narcissus poeticus be placed in the mucilage obtained from the
stem of the plant and kept at a temperature of 55° to 60° Fahr.
the pollen tubes will grow rapidly and currents of protoplasm
will be seen within them. This is surely worth a trial by our
teachers. Talking of pollen grains, the same Journal says that
castor oil is one. of the best mounting mediums for them, clearing
them beautifully and showing their markings very distinctly.

The Australian Big Trees are coming to be better known
as the trackless forests of that new world are yielding up their
secrets to the explorer. Victoria now claims to possess the biggest
living "big tree" in the world. It is a Eucalyptus amygdalina and
measures 380 feet to the top, and has a circumference of 60
feet at some distance from the ground. An exchange suggests a
good comparison by saying that the tree only lacks 10 feet of
being twice as high as Bunker Hill Monument.

Mr. R. Douglas, of Waukegan, Ills., one of our most experi-
enced foresters, writes for the last Gardener s Monthly upon the
subject of the succession of torest growth. His extended observa-
tions go to show that forests destroyed by the axe, and the tire
kept out, will reproduce the same species. In burned districts
however such is not the case, the first tree making its appearance
being generally the Aspen, sometimes the White Birch. The
only coniferous trees that can ever survive such a catastrophe are
a few pines with very hard cones.

In the Torret Bulletin for November is given an account
with figures, of a curious phenomenon described in La Nature. In
South America north oi the Amazons there was found a small
reptile, the jaracaca, within the trunk of a tree of common occur-
rence, the "lpe-mirim," whose body, with the exception of the
center, had become completely lignified, even some of the delicate
anatomical details being faithfully retained, just as in petrifaction.
Of course the reptile was imbedded in the cambium-layer. Other
cases are given illustrating the same power of the cambium.

Flora of Jackson County, by Frank Bush, has just been
received. So far as title page or introduction tell we are left to
guess at the sta^e, which only appears in the imprint to be Mis-
souri. In lists meant for foreign distribution the name of the
state should be as prominent as that of the county. Mr. Bush
has given us a very creditable catalogue, of 20 pages, and 000
species. The "Introduction" gives a good idea of the topography
of the county and contains the following general statement with
regard to the plant orders: uAs will be seen, our Flora is devoid of
Club-mosses, Fines, Spruces and Heaths, contains but few Lilies,

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 139

Orchids, Polemoniums and Ferns, while it is very rich in Com-
posites, Labiates, Pigworts and Solanums."

Mr. Meehahj in a recent communication to the Philad. Acad.
Sci. brought up the question of the manner of entrance of the
sporidia oT parasitic fungi. The specimens suggesting the question
were the common Panicum sanguinale, or ucrab-grass,"which were
infested by Ustilago Rabenhdrstiana. Dr. E. Queckett in the
Trans. Linn. Soc. had detailed some experiments which seemed to
how that the sporidia of the ergot might pass into the circulation
of the plant in the water absorbed by the roots. Most unlikely as
this seems Mr. Meehan thought his observations looked in the
same direction. The Panicum observed was in a field full of indi-
viduals and while 50 culms of one plant were infested, the
culms interlocking with them and the thousands of others were
entirely free; and besides the spikelets were attacked while closely
invested by the sheath. All this of course is of the nature of
negative proof, but taken with Queckett's experiments may mean
something.

Flora of North America. — In the last Gazette there was
published a part of Dr. Gray's address at Montreal upon the above
subject. The part selected was that describing his own relation to
North American Botany. We give this month that which
gives an account of the work upon the^ Flora of North America
before the publication of Torrey and Gray's Flora.

Only two Floras of North America have ever been published
as completed works, that of Michaux and that of Pursh. A third
was begun (by Dr. Torrey, assisted by a young man who is no
longer young) by the publication in the summer of 1838 of a
first fasciculus; the first volume of 700 pages was issued two years
afterward; and 500 pages of the second volume appeared in 1841
and in the early part of 1843. The time for continuing it in the
original form has long ago passed by. Its completion in the form
in which I have undertaken it anew, is precarious. Precarious in
the original sense of the word, for it is certainly to be prayed for:
precarious, too, in the current sense of the word as being uncertain ;
yet not so, according to an accepted definition, viz: "uncertain,
because depending upon the will of another;" for it is not our will
but our power that is in question; and it is only by the combined
powers and efforts of all of us interested in Botany that the desired
end can possibly be attained.

It were well to consider for a moment how and why it is that
a task which has twice been — it would seem — easily accomplished
has now become so difficult.

The earliest North American Flora, that of the elder Mi-
chaux. appeared in the year 1803. It was based entirely upon
Michaux's own collections and observations, does not contain any
plants which he had not himself gathered or seen, is not, therefore,

HO BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

an exhaustive summary of the botany of the country as then
known, and so was the more readily prepared. Michaux came to
this country in 1785, returned to France in 1796, left again in
Baudin's expedition to Australia in 1800, and died of fever in
Madagascar in 1802. The Flora purports to be edited by his son,
F. A. Michaux, who signed the classical Latin preface. The
finish of the specific characters, and especially the capital detailed
characters of the new genera, reveal the hand or a master; and
tradition has it that these were drawn up by Louis Claude Richard,
who was probably the ablest botanist of his time. This tradition
is_ confirmed by the fact that Richard's herbarium (bequeathed to
his son, and now belonging to Count Franqueville) contains an
almost complete set of the plants described, and 1 found that the
specimens of Michaux supplied to Willdenow's herbarium at Ber-
lin were ticketed and sent by Richard. Not only the younger
Richard but Kunth also habitually cited the new genera of the
work as of Richard, and some others have followed this example.
Singularly enough, however, there is no reference whatever to
Richard in any part of the Flora, nor in the elaborate preface.
The most venerable botanist now living told me that there was a
tradition at Paris that Richard performed a similar work for
Persoon's Synopsis Plantmlim, and that he declined all mention
of his name in the Synopsis and in the Flora, because the two
works — contrary -to the French school — were arranged upon the
Linnsean Artificial System. lie had his way, and the tradition
may be preserved in history; but his name cannot be cited for the
genera Elytraria, Micranihemum, Elodea, Stipulicida, Dichrmnena,
Oryzopsis, Erianihus, and the like. For, by the record these are
of Michaux, Flora Boreali-Americana, and not of Richard.

Michaux's explorations extended from Hudson's Bay, which
he reached by way of the Saguenay, to Florida, as far, at least,
as St. Augustine and Pensacola; he was the first botanical explorer
of the higher Alleghany Mountains, and, crossing these mountains
in Tennessee, he reached the Mississippi in Illinois, and was as far
south as Natchez. His original itinerary, which I once consulted,
is preserved by the American Philosophical Society, at Philadel-
phia, to which it was presented by his son. It ought to be printed.
That little journal shows that it was not Michaux's fault that the
first Flora of North America was restricted to the district east of
the Mississippi River. He had a scheme for crossing the conti-
nent to the Pacific. He warmly solicited the government at
Washington to undertake such an exploration, and offered to ac-
company it as naturalist. This may have been the germ or the
fertilizing idea of the expedition of Lewis and Clark, which was
sent out a few years afterward by Jefferson, to whom, if I rightly
remember, Michaux addressed his enterprising proposal.

Leaving out the Cryptogams of lower rank than the Ferns,
we find that the Flora of Michaux, published at the beginning of

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 141

this century, say eighty years ago, contains 1530 species, in 528
genera. No very formidable number; as to species (speaking
without a count) little over half as many as are described in my
Manual of the Botany of the Northern States, which covers less
than half of Michaux's area.

Eleven years afterward, namely, in the year 1814 (the pref-
ace is dated December, 1813), appeared the second Flora of North
America, namely the Flora Americce Septentriona Us, by Fred-
erick Pursh. This was not confined to the author's own collec-
tions, but aimed at completeness, or to give "a systematic arrange-
ment and description of the plants of North America, containing,
besides what have been described by preceding authors, many new
and rare species, collected during twelve years1 travels and resi-
dence in that country.1'

It appears that Pursh was born at Tobolsk, in Siberia, of
what parentage we do not know. He himself tells us, in his
preface, that he was educated in Dresden, and that he came to this
country — to Baltimore and Philadelphia, — at the close of the last
century, when he must have been only twenty-five years old. He
was able to make the acquaintance not only of Muhlenberg, who
survived until 1S15, and of ■Wm. Bartram, who died in 1823. but
also of the veteran Humphrey M irshall. who died in 1805. His
early and principal patron was Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton, who
supplied the means for most of the travels which he was able to
undertake, and who, as Pursh states, ''for some time previous had
been collecting materials for an American Flora.'1 Pursh's per-
sonal explorations were not extensive. From 1802 till 1805 he
was in charge of the gardens of Wm. Hamilton, near Philadelphia.
In the spring of the latter year, as he says, he "set out for the
mountains and western territories of the Southern States, begin-
ning at Maryland and extending to the Carolinas (in which tract
the interesting high mountains of Virginia and Carolina took my
particular attention), returning late in the autumn through the
lower countries along t)xe sea-coast to Philadelphia.1' But, in
tracing his steps by his collections and by other indications, it
appears that he did not reach the western borders of Virginia
nor cross its southern boundary into the mountains of North
Carolina. The Peaks of Otter and Salt-pond Mountain (now
Mountain Lake,) were the highest elevations which he attained.
Pursh's preface continues: "The following season, 1806, I went
in like manner over the Northern States, beginning with the
mountains of Pennsylvania and extending to those of New
Hampshire (in which tract I traversed the extensive and highly
interesting country of the Lesser and Great Lakes), and return-
ing as before by the sea-coast." The diary of this expedition,
found among Dr. Barton's papers and collections in posses-
sion of the American Philosophical Society, has recently been
printed by the late Mr. Thomas Potts James. It shows that the

142 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

journey was not as extended or as thorough as would he sup-
posed; that it was from Philadelphia directly north to the Po-
kono Mountains, thence to Onandaga, and to Oswego, — the only
point on the Great Lakes reached, — thence back to Utica, down
the Mohawk Valley to Saratoga, and north to the upper part
of Lake Champlain and to the lesser Green Mountains in the
vicinity of Rutland, but not beyond. Discouraged by the late-
ness of the season, and disheartened — as he had all along been
— by the failure and insufficiency of remittances from his pat-
ron, Pursh turned back from Rutland on the 22d of September,
reached New York on the 1st of October, and Philadelphia on
the 5th. The next year (1807) Pursh took charge of the Bot-
anic Garden which Dr. Hosack had formed at New York and
afterward sold to the State, which soon made it over to Columbia
College. In 1810, he made a voyage to the West Indies for the
recovery of his health. Returning in the autumn of 1811, he
landed at Wiscasset, in Maine, uhad an opportunity oi visiting
Professor Peck of Cambridge College, near Boston," and of see-
ing the alpine plants which Peck had collected on the White
Mountains. At the end of the latter year or in 1812 he went to
England with his collections and notes; and at the close of 1813,
under the auspices of Lambert, he produced his Flora, consulting,
the while, the herbaria of Clayton, Pallas, Plukenet,- Catesby, Mor-
ison, Sherard, Walter, and that of Banks. Evidentaly such con-
sultations and the whole study must have been rapid. The des-
patch is wonderful. One can hardly understand the ground of the
statement made by Lambert to my former colleague, Dr. Torrey,
that he was obliged to shut Pursh up in his house in order to keep
him at his work.

I do not know how Pursh was occupied for the next four years,
nor when he came to Canada. But he died here at Montreal, in 1820,
at the early age of forty-six. More is probably known of him
here. If I rightly remember, his grave has been identified, and a
stone placed upon it inscribed to his memory. A tradition has
come down to us — and it is partly confirmed by a statement which
Lambert use to make, in reference to the vast quantity of beer lie
had to furnish during the preparation of the Flora — that, in his
latter days, our predecessor was given to drink, and that his days
were thereby shortened.

In Purslfs Flora we begin to have plants from the Great
Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Pacific Coast, although
the collections were very scanty. The most important one which
fell into Pursh's hands was that of about 150 specimens, gathered
by Lewis and Clark on their homeward journey from the mouth
of Columbia River. A larger collection, more leisurely made on
the outward journey, was lost. Menzies in Vancouver's voyage
had botanized on the Pacific coast, both in California and much
farther north. Some of his plants were seen by Pursh in the

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 143

Banksian Herbarium, and taken up. I may here say that in the
winter of 1838 — 39 I had the pleasure of making the acquaintance
of the venerable Menzies, then about ninety-five years old.

In the Supplement, Pursh was able to include a considerable
number of species, collected by Bradbury on the Upper Missouri,
in what was then called Upper Louisiana, — much to the discontent
of Nuttall, wbo was in that region at the same time, and who,
indeed, partly and imperfectly anticipated Pursh in certain cases,
thiough the publication by the Frasers of a catalogue of some ot
the plants collected by Nuttall.

Tov come now to the extent of Pursh's Flora, published nearly
sixty-nine years ago. It contains 740 genera of Phamogamous
and Filicoid plants, and 3076 species. Just about double the
number of species contained in Michaux's Flora of eleven years
before.

The Cell-State. — One of the most interesting articles recently
published in the Popular Science Monthly is that of Prof. Ferdi-
nand Cohn, ot Breslau, bearing the above title. It is especially
interesting to a lecturer and teacher who is always casting about
for apt illustrations which will make plain and fix in the memory
truths which stated in a technical way would make no impression.
Prof. Cohn considers cells as individual citizens, leaves as villages,
and the whole plant as a state, and very aptly carries out these
figures in explaining the relation of different parts in the life work
of the plant. How extensively he has done this may be inferred
from his conclusion:

"Gifted writers on social politics have recently endeavored to
illustrate the development and interrelations of human society by
analogy with a living being and its cells. We have taken the con-
verse course, and have endeavored to make the life of the plant and
its cells comprehensible by a similitude with a state organization
and its citkens. We have endeavored to show that what man has
regarded as the highest ideal of his conscious effort in the strug-
gles of the world's history has been prefigured in quiet accomplish-
ment in the world of plants. It is the representative of the idea of
the state which leaves its individual citizens to develop themselves
freely according to their inborn natures, and to work together on
an equal footing for the good of the whole; which preserves to the
villages and the provinces their self-administration, and yet subjects
them in every instant to the higher interests and laws of the
whole; which appears ready armea against the external enemy,
preserves peace and unity within; which applies the capi-
tal accumulated by the common labor of all the citizens to the
advantage and advancement of the whole, without letting it be
preyed "upon by any; which in untiring activity never suffers a
pause, and by continuous renovation endures tor centuries, always
increasing, always blossoming, and always beariug fruit/'

244 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

By way of illustration we extract the following sentence,
descriptive of the work of the roots and leaves:

"The cells of the roots, like hewers and miners, sink numerous
shafts in the spaces assigned to them, drive their galleries toward
all points of the compass, in order to break up the mineral treas-
ures, separate them from the incasing stone, and set the machinery
of service into motion; day and night with inexhaustible diligence,
they extract atom by atom of potash and ammonia, phosphoric and
nitric acid, and, without working up their ore, deliver it over
to the conducting vessels which transmit it by their powerful
system of sucking and forcing pumps to the stem and the leaves.
The leaves are cell-villages which perform their daily tasks in the
air and the light. Their principle business is to obtain coal, which
is the chief constituent of the vegetable body. Our atmosphere is
an enormous coal-mine, many miles in thickness, that can not be
exhausted in thousands of thousands of years. The coal, indeed,
is not found pure in the air, any more than the metal in the ore,
but is in combination with oxygen as a transparent gas, carbonic
acid, and a peculiar art is required to separate it.

In the mining districts, smelting-houses are erected beside the
pits, where the noble metal is extracted from the impure ores.
The green cells of the leaves combine the art , of the miner with
that ot the smelter, and have the power of extracting the pure
carbon from the atmosphere. In order to perform this work,
they must be shone upon by the sun, for the sunlight alone can
excite in them the marvelous faculty. Having extracted the car-
bon, they combine it with water and with the mineral substances
that have been drawn from the soil, and prepare from them the
living matters out of which the plant itself builds up its cells,
and which, taken up into the bo iy of an animal, is transformed by
it into flesh and blood."

Such illustrations lighten up the dry technicalities sjo often used
in teaching and lie at the very basis of the great power possessed
by some of our lecturers on botany.

Epideildrnm COCllleatlim, L. — Some two years ago I men-
tioned having discovered in (Southern Florida a curious and, to me,
new Orchid. The plant came into flower during the summer
following my discovery. I at once sent it to Prof. Watson for de-
termination. I thought it might be new to science. In due time
Prof. Watson reported it to be as above and sent me a full descrip-
tion. He remarked, however, that I was the first one to notice its
occurrence in the United States, though the species is common in
Central America and the West Indies. Mr. Curtiss also had never
seen the species during his very extensive explorations in Florida.
The plant in question I found at Jupiter Inlet on the Atlantic
coast. It was clinging to the upper limbs of a large live oak and was
the only specimen I have seen. Further investigation will un-
doubtedly reveal more. — W. W. Calkins, Chicago,Ill.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 145

Forest Fires. — Prof. C. S. Sargent this month presented a pa-
per to the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture on the sub-
ject of Forest Fires. Prof. Sargent's facts and opinions are especi-
ally valuable as no one has had more extensive means of observa-
tion upon all that pertains to forests. In this paper it is stated
that the extent of the loss to the country every year from forest
tires is something which would astonish the best informed. Not
only is the timber destroyed but the fertility of the soil itself, so
that it is incapacitated from producing valuable trees again. The
following very interesting extract from a report in the N. Y. Tri-
bune gives a good idea of the results of a forest fire:

If a forest is destroyed by a fire, which kills the trees and un-
dergrowth of shrubs and herbs, the same species, except in the
case of some our least valuable trees, rarely spring up again. Let
us take the case of a white pine forest, because the white pine is
probably the most valuable forest tree in New England. If a forest
of white pine is destroyed by fire this tree does not spring up again,
as it would under proper care, and the land is not covered again
with any growth of trees for a considerable period. The fire-weed
first makes its appearance. The light seed of this plant is often
blown for a long distance, and falling upon the bare ground ger-
minates quickly and finially covers the burned surface with veg-
etation. Birds drop the seeds of raspberries and blackberries, which
find sufficient nourishment and light for germination. These, as
they grow, cover the ground and afford protection to the stones of
the little Moreton cherry, dropped by birds also, or to the light seeds
of the gray birch, or some of the willows or poplars, which are
constantly blowing about and will germinate anywhere upon any
unshaded ground. These are generally the first trees which suc-
ceed a fire-swept pine wood. But years elapse before the ground
is recovered, even with such trees. The cherries, and the birch and
poplars are short-lived and are succeeded by more valuable broad-leav-
ed trees. Squirrels and other animals deposit acorns in the ground,
and the wind brings the seeds of maples, ashes and the valuable
birches. Such seeds find protection among the poplars and willows
which had sprung up, and as these die, the more valuable trees get a
chance to grow and gradually occupy the ground. This new for-
est of hardwood trees, if protected from the fire, will long occupy
the ground; and the orignal pine will not appear again until the
land, long enriched by an annual deposit of leaves, has been once
more stripped of its tree covering and mellowed by years of culti-
vation.

Such land nearly all over New-England is freed from the
plough or the scythe, and, guarded Irom the fire and pasturage,
grows up again with pine. The different processes, however, by
which white pine land has been again brought into the condition to
produce spontaneously another crop of pine, have occupied a long-
period of time — so long, indeed, that it must extend through gen-

1 46 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

erations of human life. The forest fire, then, which destroyed the
pine, destroyed as well the capacity of the land to produce a similar
crop for a period of from 50 to 100 years. The damage inflicted
upon the land is, of course, not irreparable in a climate like that
of New-England, where the annual rainfall is sufficient always to
insure a growth of trees of some sort upon undisturbed ground, and
sooner or later in the ordinary workings of Nature's laws forests
will succeed each other here; but in some parts of the country
where the rain fall is so slight that there is a constant and severe
struggle between the forest and the plain and where trees under
the most favorable conditions barely exist, a fire not only kills the
forest but it makes any future growth of trees impossible. We in
New-England are more fortunate; and it is entirely within our
power to regulate the composition of our forests and maintain a
proper proportion between forest areas and farming land.

The Orgin of our Vernal Flora— The following remarks
on this interesting subject have just appeared in "Nature," by' Dr.
J. E. Taylor. It is usual to assign an Arctic origin to our mountain
flora, and the floral comparisons and statistics fcfully bear out this
brilliant generalization. It is formulated that height above the
sea-level is climatally equivalent to northern latitude. This is
an assumption that flowering plants are largely conditioned by
heat. Thus latitude and oreographical habitats are more or less
equal.

Might I introduce another element into this question ? See-
ing- that temperature is so largely influential in explaining the dis-
tribution of flowering plants, it occurs to me that not only may
height above the sea-level answer to northern distribution, but
seasonal occurrence as well.

All botanists must have been struck by the fact that- the earli-
est plants to bloom among our vernal flora are genera peculiarly
Alpine. In some instances (as with Chrysosplenium oppositifolium
and C. aUernifolium) the species are identical. These latter'plants
blossom with us in March or April; within the Arctic circle not un-
til June or July, and even so late as August. Thus, with them,
seasonal blossoming is equivalent to northern latitude, as re-
gards the thermal conditions under which they flower. The gener-
ic names of all our early flowering plants are those pre-einintntfy
Alpine aud Arctic in their distribution — Potentilla, Stellaria, Saxi-
fraga, Clirysospienium, Draba, Ranunculus, Cardamine, Alsine, &c.
I contend, therefore, that our vernal flora is explained by the fact
that their seasonal occurrence, as regards temperature, is equivalent
both to height above sea-level and northern latitude. In every
instance it will be found that the blossoming of the species of the
above genera necessarily takes place, in Great Britain, two or three
months earlier than within the polar circle. May we not there-
fore contend that we owe our English vernal flora to the same
causes as distributed our English iUpine plants; and that_they are

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 147

as much protected by being able to flower earlier in the year, as if
they had been located on the top of high hills or mountains?

The power to endure cold and wet displayed by many members
of our vernal flora is very remarkable. Thus Ranunculus bulbosus
and R. acris, Stellaria media, &c, are frequntly found in flower all
through the winter, unless the season be extra cold. Many other
early bloomers among our common flowers are remarkable for their
durability, whilst the late flowering plants are generally noticeable
tor the short space during which they bloom. This indicates a hardi-
hood on the part of our vernal flora which cannot be explained except
by reference to the climatal experience of the species. Some of
them, as the groundsel and chickweed, may have exchanged an en-
tomophilous for an anemophilous habit, or have become self-tertil-
ised by the change.

Again, it must have been observed that many of our early
flowering plants display a tendency towards a seasonable division
of labour. All of them either flower before they leaf, or show a
tendency to do so.as with coltsfoot ( Tussilagofarfara), the crocus (C.
vernus),the snow-drop (Galanthus nimlis),ke,. Even the violets {Viola
odorata and V. canina), the daflodil, primrose, cowslip, &c, al-
though they in part leaf when they flower, develop leaves much
more°abundantly after flowering than before, thus showing an in-
clination towards dividing the period of active live into two dis-
tinct stages— the productive and vegtative. Every one knows how
completely this has been effected by the meadow saffron {Colchicum
autumna(e). My impression is that this early flowering tendency is a
survival ot the' habit these plants had to blossom under more rigor-
ous climatal conditions; in short, that our vernal flora must have
the same origin assigned to it as an Alpine; that it has survived
through being able to bloom at an early perjod of the year at low
levels," instead of flowering at a later season higher up, above the sea-
level; protection and advantage being secured in both instances. —
Science Gossip.

Fall-blooming: of Menyanthes trifoliata — One who has

herborized for twenty years or so, is never astonished at the freaks of
autumnal blooming that flowers take. Every one has seen from time
to time stray specimens of Hepatica or of the various species of
Viola, while almost every year Bruuella, Achillea, and the common
dandelion, may linger into* November. Usually such second efforts
lack vigor, and often there are disturbances of the inflorescence. This
October has been truly remarkable for the number and variety of such
waifs, but if they were only the common loiterers I shculd not feel it
worth while to note them. But to-day I saw a sight which was to
me phenomenal— a swamp full of Menyanthes trifoliata in full
bloom on the 23d of October ! I donned my rubber boots and
waded into the water, as I have often done in May, gathering

148 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

great handfulls of the flowers. I think thejr must have opened
about a week ago, as the racemes had set fruit helow. There were
many budding clusters also. I account for this display by the
fact that the swamp in question was reduced to dusty dryness by
the longf-continued drouth; this acted on the plants much as
their normal winter rest. When followed by rain — flooding the
marsh — and then by an extended period of warm weather, they
burst forth into flower. A natural consequence, I should suppose,
would be a dearth of my favorites next spring. — W". Whitman Bai-
ley, Brown University.

Tllbei'S. — That the scales on the tubers represent leaves of the
of aerial stems is well known. The study of the phyllotaxy of these
subterranean leaves is quite as interesting as that of ordinary leaves.
In examining all tubers of cultivated and wild plants that I can
obtain, I find that a plant has the same arrangement of foliar or-
gans on tubers that it has on the stem; and where two plans exist,
the one at the base of the stem is the one followed by the tuber. Good
examples are found in the potato, in which both leaves and scales
are alternate; and in Helianthus doronicoides, L., and tuberous, L.,
where the leaves are opposite below and more or less alternate
above, the scales on the tubers are opposite. In the latter species
scales frequently subtend "knobs", the tuber branches,
which are then opposite and themselves bear scales — the leaves of
the branch. The dimerous whorls decussate on tubers as well as
do those of the stem. Another interesting fact is the completion
of growth as to length in the lower in^ernodes of the tuber
while the upper are still quite small — a characteristic of the stem.
— Aug. F. Foerste, Dayton, Ohio.

Notes. — Teachers of botany may be interested in knowing, if
they do not know already, that the now common Japanese Ampelcpsis
presents an excellent instance of a uni-foliolate compound leaf. The
three-lobed, or sometimes barely lobed and dentate leaflet has all
the appearance of a simple leaf, but falls off by a distinct articula-
tion from the top of the extremely long petiole, which is apt to per-
sist sometime thereafter.

In the analysis of Heterocentron roseum, of the order Melas-
tomacece, students complain that they can not ascertain the name
by the key in the School and Field-book of Botany. I find that
the difficulty is in the statement that in that family the calyx is
coherent with the ovary. In Heterocentron, so far as I have exam-
ined specimens, it is distinctly free. The ordinal characteristics
given by LeMaout and Decaisne, give the alternative of free or co-
herent.— W. W. Bailey, Brown University.

CATALOGUE OF

INDIANA FLASH.

This catalogue, which has been publisheii
iu the Gazette in the form <>r extra sheets,
has now been hound in a neat pamphlet of
overiOpages. with a map. Persons desiring
copies can procure them at the i ate of :i"> cts.
per copy, < r three for $1.00, by addressing
either, JOHN M. COULTER,

(Jrawfordsvillp, Fnd.
or Pkof. Chas. B. TiAKNi s,

La Fayette, Ind

Botanical Paper.

PLANTS

E. MORRISON

Paper Warehouse,
Xo. 805 D Street. Wash ington. D. C.

Standard Herbarium Paper, 21 and 28 lbs.,
at $4.30 and .10 00 per ream.

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from the

aSial5M0flBUinS.!BOTANICALBGAZETTE

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Full sets sold at the rate of $8 per hundred
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to the number selected. Send for lis s.
\V. X. SUKSDOKK,
(it White Salmon, W T.

(One insertion ten tents.)

Pit -T. IT OYSTEii. Paola, Kansas.— ''e ires
ui exchange for plants from all parts of tin
country, but is more particular to obtan
those west of the Mississippi River at pres-
ent Want to bay m catalogue of plants of
all the States and Territories wt.st of the
Missis-ipi i.

LrciEN M. Um)emv(ioii. Bloomington, III.—
suites of from 100 to :'".0 Hungarian Phan-
erogantia in exchange for American desi-
derata particularly S ntheru and Western.

Vamei1, A few specimens of CarexPyrd-
naica, frcm this country.

L. II- Bailey. Jr.. A^rr'l College. Lansing-,
Mich.— Desires complete specimensof the
following from any locality other than
the Lake Michigan region: Woodioardia
angustifolia, Cnicus Pitcheri, Euphorbia
polygonifolia, Populvs balsamifera. var.
candicans, Juncus Balticus, Valamagrostis
loiigifolia. Jb C. arenuria. Rubus vUIosud.
var. albus, Cakilt Americana, Pkaseolus
(Unrxif otitis. Solidago Viraa-aurea, Mon-
arda punctata, Cyperus Schweinitzii, Amur-
antus blitoiden, Corispermum hysnopifolium,
Wolffian. Iu exchange for Michigan
plant-.

Will be sent with the following periodicals
at the rates mentioned:

Am. Agriculturist (.f 1.00 a rear) $2 00

Am. Mior. Jour. ($1 00 a year) l so

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PLAff

For Sale, Sets 11. 12, and 13, of my
cnlle-iions in Southwestern Texas and
Norihern Mexico in 1879-80. Tliey
contain about 770, 725, and 080 species,
respectively— named or soon to be
named— besides about 150 duplicate
numbers, mostly from diffrent locali-
ties. Price 80, 75, and 70 dollars each.
Apply to Sereko Watson, Cambridge,,
Mass., who will deliver the sets, and to
whom payment may be made.

Edward Palmer.

NEW ENGLAND PLANTS.

For sale or exchnage;city and garden weeds
a specialty. Herbaria of moderate size made
to order. Correspondence solicited.

Chas. E. Pkkkins,
6 Grandview Avenue, Somcrville, Mass.

f^.TTpr^T^-T TCTC of North American Polvpctalae and Gamouetalae aft-r
.Vl ■a-*-J^-J ^ xv ^AO JL O < ompositK) Verv us ■fin to <■ exchanges anO herbarium

lists. One copy of each list 23 cents. Five .-..pics of eai li $1.00.

frT^lVTm f^O\TT7PQ PuiNTKl) LABELS Fill! GENUS COVERS. -lust

,.,... S^ ,^ JLvJAO. what every Collector wants, now or sometime

in tne future. Order them now. In old collections thev can lie pub on over the written

names, and are much neater. Sei.d f r samples and prices to

H. X. PATTERSOX, Oquawka, Illinois.

n every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette.

Flora of Michigan.

A Catalogue of Michigan Plants. 8 vo , 104 pp.. copious notes and a map of the
tate Contains latest i most authentic ''Information on distribution, frequency, etc

Price 50 cents post paid. A few copies of this pamphlet may still lie had by addressing
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Flora of the Pacific Slope.

PRINGLE'S DISTRIBUTION OF 1882.

The subscriber otters sets of nearly 500 species collected in Arizona, California, ami
Lower California, which include many new species or old ones b it rarely represented
in collections. Special attention has been given to ligneous species. He is confident that,
his specimens will give the same satisfation as heretofore. Having supplied himself
with many duplicates extra to his sets, he is able to furnish selections, and will be pleas-
ed to exchange these for line representations of many American species. Lists and
terms furnished.

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cl~J East Charlotte, Vt.

Books at Reduced Prices.

(10 to 70 per cent. off). Send stamp for list of books in near-
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VOL. VIII

Sl.OO per year.

NO. 1.

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The

Botanical Gazette.

JANUARY, 1883.

COITTEITTS.

Some N. Am. Botanists. I. C. S. Kaflnesquc 1*9

Hibernaculum of Asarum Canaden.se. Aug. F. FoersU 153

The Lignifled Snake from Brazil I5*

Epiphegus Virginiana (with plate.) S. T. Fergm 154

Kentucky Fun gi. A.P.Morgan 15<5

Notes from Franconia. W.W.Bailey 157

General Notes J*'

Lactuca Scariola, L— Gentiana crinita.— Lactuca Scariola, L.— Ejection of
the Seed in Cereus Emoryi, Eng— Alaska Ferns.— Sound of Discharging As-
cospores.— Marked Protandry.

Editorial Notes 1<u

Current Literature 1W

i

Editor :

JOHN M. COULTER, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind.
Associate Editors:

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J. C. ARTHUR, Charles City, Iowa.

CRAWFORDSVILLE, IND.

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1883.

I

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c <

BOTANICAL GA2ETTE , 1882.

PLATE 1

4

B

S.T.Fergus, ad.

FERGUS CW EPIPHEGUS.

Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VIII.

JANUARY, 1883.

No. 1.

Some North American Botanists.

I. C. S. Rafwesque.

No name connected with American botany suggests greater
possible success and more dismal actnal failure than that of Con-
stantine S. Rafinesqiie-Schmaltz. His ambition was his destruc-
tion, for it seemed to consist in establishing new genera and
species and this he pursued so persistently that in his later years it
became a monomania. His earlier writings contain real contribu-
tions to botanical science, but his later are simply collections of
absurdities which if recognized at all would so cumber our
synonymy that it would tend to make of it a hopeless tangle. And
so this botanist of real genius, who boasted of having established
over three thousand new genera and species, has his name attached
to but a paltry dozen of genera in Gray's Manual, which covers
nearly all the ground of his personal explorations. In his volumi-
nous and scattered writings hundreds of pages must be read to
find one which contains anything of value. Rafinesque should be
held up before the young botanist of to-day as the type ofJa
species-maker run mad, whose tendency was to so magnify every
slightest deviation from the type that to him it meant a new genus
or species. This statement finds it culmination in the paper which
he sent to a well known scientific journal, in which he described in
regular natural history style twelve new species of thunder and
lightning.

The subject of this sketch was a Sicilian and first came to this
country in 1802, remaining for three years, engaged in exploring
our Atlantic slope, travelling on foot over much of the territory
between Northern Pennsylvania and Virginia. In 1815 he re-
turned from Europe and remained until his death, which occurred
in September, 1810. During these 25 years he explored most
indefatiguably from Vermont to Virginia and westward to the
Wabash River. In 1819 he was appointed Professor of Natural
Sciences in the University of Lexington, Kentucky, where he re-
mained for seven years. In this time he claims to have explored
that state thoroughly and made excursions into neighboring states
north and south. During his last years he was engaged chiefly in
exploring southern New Jersey and the pine-barrens,

150 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Rafinesque lias published quite an interesting autobiography,
entitled, A Life of Travels and Researches, which contains much
that is interesting, giving an t account of his travels and well de-
scribing the discomforts and pleasures of the botanical explorer.
The following extract from the introduction to his New Flora of
North America will convince all of our collectors that the writer
knows what he is talking about.

"Musquitoes and fleas will often annoy you or suck your blood if you
stop or leave a hurried step. Gnats dance before the eyes, and often fall in
unless you shut them; insects creep on you and into your ears. Ants crawl
on you whenever you rest on the ground ; wasps will assail you like furies if
you touch their nests. But ticks, the worst of all, are unavoidable whenever
you go among bushes, and stick to you in crowds, filling your skin with
pimples and sores. Spiders, gallineps, horse-fles, and other obnoxious in-
sects, will otten beset you or sorely hurt you."

It is needless to say that the other side of the picture is also
presented, and the pleasurable excitements of discovering unew
things" well drawn.

It is difficult to enumerate the writings of Rafinesque, fur they
are so scattered throughout transient publications, that it is hard
to know when all are counted and just as hard to find all that are
known. In the Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. 40, No. 2, 1841, is an article
entitled. "Notice of the Botanical Writings of the late C. S. Iiafi-
nesque," written by Dr. Gray, and the acknowledgement might as
well be made here that to it we are indebted for most of the infor-
mation contained in this sketch. In the article referred to, Dr.
Gray makes mention of nearly thirty titles which relate to botany,
most of them however meaning not books but pamphlets.

Something now as to Rafinesque's methods in establishing new
g'enera (which by the way he called genuses) and species. Those
which he established upon personal observation are entitled to the
most authority, but faulty partly on account of an ignorance oi
previous writings, but mostly because the slightest deviation in
leaves made species and any change in floral organs led to the es-
tablishment of genera. His writings showed an appreciation of
natural affinities and of the advantages of a natural classification,
but the boundaries of a species or genus lay in an unknown region.
He insisted that new species and genera are being constantly pro-
duced by the deviation of existing forms, which at length give rise
to new species, and finally to new genera. This view was certainly
in advance of his age and does great credit to his powers of obser-
vation. But he absurdly gave estimates as to the time in which
these changes were made, stating that from thirty to one hundred
years was the average time required for the production of a new
species, and five hundred to a thousand years the time required for
a new genus. Hence he thought that the business of establishing
new genera and species would be endless, but he set himself man-
fully to work in his Flora Telluriana to establish 1000 totally
new genera.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 151

While a certain amount of patience can be retained in sifting
his work upon forms which he himself saw and studied, this cannot
be said with reference to his other work, for he had the pernicious
habit of establishing genera and species upon descriptions
and very imperfect descriptions too, of forms which he had
never seen. For instance, his Florida Ludoviciana con-
tains the descriptions of 30 new genera and 196 new species,
not one of which had he ever seen, not one of which had even
been collected, and all based upon the imperfect descriptions of a
Mr. Robin, a man who did not know a Ranunculus from a Polygo-
num. The amusing part of it is that Rafinesque accepts Robin's
identifications when there is no description, but whenever a few
words of description are appended, the plant cannot be what Mr.
Robin called it, cannot be anything before described, and hence
must be a new genus or species. Thus he went to work upon the
various writings of such botanists as Pursh,Nuttall, Elliott, Torrey,
etc., and whenever they expressed any doubt as to the relationship
of a certain form, a new species or genus would be established.
Dr. Torrey's account of the plants collected by Dr. James, in Long's
Expedition, yielded to the fertile imagination of Rafinesque 20 new
genera ! Dr. Gray mentions one instance he happened to know
about, where our botanist mistook an undeveloped Bupleurum for
a grass, and described it as a new genus of Graminece. Being told
of his mistake he published it as a new genus "near to Bupleurum.1'
He furnishes probably the only instance of a botanist persistently
desiring to dedicate a genus to himself. The genus proposed
just as persistently refused to stand and in despair he provides half
a dozen Rafinesquias, from which botanists may take their choice.
I know not whether his desire in this particular has ever been grat-
ified. In the Flora Telluriana he begins in earnest the business of
making genera, proposing, as has been said, to establish 1000
new genera. To give the cases referred to in the Am. Jour. Set. ;
"Allium was divided into 15 genera; Solidago into 7, with about
twice as many sub-genera; Saxifraga into 12 genera, which are

ful or perhaps sub-genera." Of this whole regiment of genera
marched to the front to stand the fire of criticism but 12, a corpor-
al's guard, survive in the region covered by Gray's Manual, viz:
Adlumia, Polan/sia, Cladrastis, Osmorrhiza, Lejwcht/s, FrechtJiites,
llysanthes, Blephilia, Peltandra, Clintonia,I)iarrhena, and Eatonia,
and Bentham and Hooker have slain some of these. The fact is
that Rafinesque's work is so unreliable that he has not even re-
ceived the credit that he deserves, and some of his names ought to
have been retained that were disregarded. Never was there a finer
field open to the enterprising botanist than this country presented
to Rafinesque when he landed here in 1802. No one made any

*5*

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

pretensions to such knowledge or ability as he possessed and the
land was his "to enter in and possess.1' When he returned in 1815 the
land was already partly possessed for Pursh, Nuttall, Elliott, Big-
elow, etc., were at work. When we come to analyze the character
of this eccentric man it seems as though the secret of all his ec-
centricity and cause of his failure to reach the rank for which
nature had fitted him, was an unbounded egotism. Then, as now,
there occasionally appeared one who preferred self to truth, even in
communion with nature, who is the veiy embodiment of truth and
is supposed to cultivate a love for it in her votaries. But the fact
is scientific men are dreadful egotists and their own opinion is often
worth a good deal more to them than the truth, and our estimate
of Rafinesque is that he was simply an extreme and outspoken
representative of a large class of scientific men to-day. And so he
was ever working, but rarely accomplishing anything; always eager
to publish, but his writings the rarest of all; anxious for his name
to be remembered, but so using his talents as almost to bury him-
self and his works in a too harsh condemnation.

"Effort for self ends aimlesslj';
Effort for truth grows endlessly."

The Hibernac ulum of Asanim Canadense, L.

It is quite common for trees and mi
shrubs to form buds during the fall, con- f]
taining the leaves and flowers for the !ri
following year in a more or less de-
veloped condition. On the other hand
it is very rare among herbaceous per-
ennials to find any trace of the flowers
until spring. An exception to these is
our common Wild Grin-

£_

ger. On the 25th of No-
vember, I noticed in the
garden of Mr. W. Werth-
ner,that the creeping root-
stocks had formed very

flat buds

which laid

h oriz on tally

on the ground

or were slight-
ly covered by /^^^s:

soil (Fi>l t %Mf*5$y&

ok). He * ,•<>

kindly permitted me to **» ^ S %

take the specimens. On the side of the bud towards the end of
the shoot will be found a small ovate-oblong scale (Fig. 2). Follow-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

153

ing this scale in alternating order will be found two more of
the shape indicated in Fig. 3. All
three scales are visible on any
bud without dissection (Fig. 1).
Within these are two leaves (Fig.
4) and in the center the flower
bud (Fig. 5). The general ar-
rangement of the parts can be
seen in Fig. 6 a. The style (Fig.
8) is already quite well developed,
the lobes and furrows being dis-
tinctly shown and the stamens (Fig. 9) contain the rudimentary

pollen of the next year

Fig

^\s s

The arrangement of the
parts of the flower may
be seen in Fig. 7. The
buds are easily attainable

in spring and it seeirn to me could be
profitably used in the class room in
comparison with the hibernacula of ligneous
Foerste, Dayton, Ohio.

The Lio-nified Snake from Brazil.

It will be remembered that in the December Gazette a brief
notice was given of what was described as being a lignified reptile.
A tolerably full account of this phenomenon was given in the
Popular Science Monthly and Torre y Bulletin for November, the
account being the reproduction of one published in the French La
Nature of last April. This account comes with all the authority
of M. Olivier and the Botanical Society of France. It seems that
the piece of wood containing the specimen is the property of Senor
Lopez Netto, Brazilian Minister to the United States, who first
took it to France but has it now in this country. After running
the gauntlet of the scientists of Rio de Janeiro and the Botanical
Society of France it has remained for our keen-sighted and quick-
witted veteran botanist, Dr. Gray, to call in question its genuine-
ness. Alas for the phenonenon that is not sure of its foundations
when Dr. Gray lays his heavy hand upon it ! Hear what he has to
-say about this latest "snake story":

'"Through the kindness of the Brazilian Minister, we have seen

1 Am. Jour. Sci. Jan. 1883, p. 81.

154 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

and examined the original specimen, and have been presented with
an electrotype of it. It is a great curiosity. The resemblance to a
snake is wonderfully close, although uthe scales and cephalic
plates,1' which M. Olivier identifies with those of a particular Bra-
zilian snake, exist only in a lively imagination. The snake-like
surface is covered by delicate meshes of woody fibers; and here and
there particular fibers or woody threads can be traced from the
body to the woody surface.

The adopted explanation requires us to suppose that a snake
had forced his way between the bark and wood of a living tree in a
position exactly under a grub or larva; had perished there when
within half an inch of its prey; was somehow preserved from decay,
even to the eye-sockets and markings of the skin, until a woody
growth had formed, the elements of which replaced the whole
superficial structure of the animal, — until the animal was lignified!
Two other and more probable explanations have suggested them-
selves. One is, that the snake-like body is of the nature of a root,
an aerial root, like those of a Clusia or a Ficus, which was making
its way between bark and wood; and that the supposed larva is an
incipient root of the same kind. The other supposes that the
sinuous course is the track of a wood-eating larva or some kind of
insect, the burrowing of which had not destroyed the overlying
liber: consequently the new growth filling the space (except at
certain points) had naturally assumed the likeness of a snake.
This explanation was suggested by Professor Wadsworth of Cam-
bridge, examining the specimen along with the writer; and it is to
be preferred. Still, that head and neck should be so well outlined,
and the former so well represent a pair of orbits, were surely most
wonderful. But a close inspection of the electrotype showed that
there had been some'cutting away at the right side of the neck,
and that the narrowing there was in part factitious; and less deci-
sive indications suggested that other outlines had been touched up.
The subsequent inspection of the original confirmed this; and like-
wise enlightened us about the eyes. For the left orbit was found
to occur, not in a woody structure, like that of the right side, but in
a dark material having the appearance of pitch or cement of some
sort.

We may rest assured that whatever there may be which is
factitous in this most curious lusus natures, originated before it
came into the hands of His Excellency the Brazilian Minister at
Washington."

Epiphegus Virginiana.

(plate I.)

This little plant being somewhat remarkable in its peculiar

way of living, we thought it might not be amiss to follow it in its

career from infancy, on through its struggle for existence, to the

maturity of its fruit, after which, when thousands of little seeds

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 155

are scattered, and having faithfully performed its allotted portion
of duty, it quietly retires to rest.

The plant lives but a short time, perhaps not more than a
month passing between germination and maturity. During this
short time we must complete our investigations or remain as before*
in darkness as to how it came, how it grew and where it obtained
its nourishment.

It has no true roots and does not contain chlorophyll, it there-
fore must be either parasite or saprophyte. It cannot live where"
there are no assimilating plants, this would indicate it being a
parasite, which indeed it is, but a curious one. Having apparently
no haustoria, the question arises, how then does it live? We know
that this is a parasite. We know also that it lives extracting, or
shall we say receiving nourishment from the beech, and from that
alone. Sever its connection with the beech, that is, cut the beech
root, on which it grows, carefullv as you please, without disturbing
the plant itself in the least, it will die; but dig it up, break off all
its root-like appendages, but do not cut off the beech root, plant it
again and it will live, grow, and ripen its seed. We say it is a par-
asite on the beech. How? We shall see. Here is a small plant
not more tban two inches high, less than one-fifth of the full size,
growing among some half decayed leaves, or as frequently in soil
where there is little or no vegetation but itself and the beech; we
dig it up, carefully divest it of its coating of dirt, and we have
something like Fig. 1, the lower part of the plant swelled out into
a sort of bulb, and from this bulb protruding in all directions a
number of ramifications, in appearance, not unlike the horns of a
deer, which for want of a better name we will call grapplers; these
might be mistaken for roots but they are not, their use being to
hofd the plant firmly in the ground: this is probably all Ave will
see, the beech-root haying been broken off. To show that this is
true, we cut several vertical slices from the bottom of the bulb, and
place them under the microscope, somewhere on one of them will
be seen (Fig. 2) a cluster of large cells, surrounded by a band of
tissue, much finer, and of two different kinds, in which we find a
cell formation closely resembling that of the beech, and not to be
found in the upper parts of the parasite. (If the plant possess
anything analogous to haustoria, it will probably be found in con-
nection with the inner part of this band.)

We now select a larger plant,and find it attached to a larger root,
perhaps a sixteenth of an inch in diameter, or more. The parasite
has a tight hold with its grapplers, bending them over the root as
if to hold it in position, this, however,being not always the ease. We
break the grapplers away, and find the bulb adhering to the side ot
the root as if glued; a thin slice and a microscope shows (Iig. 3)
the beech root at B, and a portion of the parasite, C, looking very
much as though the beech had reversed the order ot things, and
had grown into the parasite. Bat now we go further, and in the

156 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

same way examine another (Fig. 4); here the parasite is larger and
requires more nourishment, consequently the root has changed its
course, all the descending fluids passing into the parasite, while
that portion beyond the parasite has dwindled down to less than half
its former size; later it decays and falls away, leaving the whole root
to the parasite, which is so well supplied that its cells always contain
quantities of starch, while there is so much tannin in its juice, that a
very good ink may 1)3 made by simply adding to it a small quantity
of copperas, or sulphate of iron. — S. T. Fergus, West Chester, Pa.

Explanation of Plate r. — Fig 1. A young plant; the beech root
was attached at A.

Figure 2. A vertical section from the lower part of Fig. 1. A, the
point at which the beech root was attached.

Figure 3. Section through beech root, B, and parasite, C. The beech
root healthy throughout.

Figure 4. Section through beech root, 1>, and parasite, ('. The
beech root at B in a- dying condition.

Kentucky Fungi.

A sojourn of a couple of weeks at Norwood near Somerset,
Pulaski Co., Kentucky, gave us thirty figures of fleshy or putres-
cent Fungi and upwards of fifty species of the more durable kinds,
all new to our herbarium. We think we have five or six new
species but these must remain awhile in the stocks to be well con-
sidered before being launched forth upon their independent being.
New species <.»f Laetarii are easy enough to find and Mr. Berkeley
asserts that "the warmer states of North America abound with
Laetarii quite different from the European species'' but no one
need expect to disentangle them unless he persistently figures and
studies all the different forms he meets with. The same remarks
apply to the Boleti.

It is not my purpose to catalogue everything observed, but
merely to notice some of the more interesting species.

Agaricus palypyramis, B. & ('. This is a large, coarse, heavy
Amanita, the pileus studded with thick warts and the stipe rooting
3 or 4 inches into the ground. T find the spores subelliptic, with a
slight oblique apiculus and measuring .009X.007 mm.

Agaricus Leaianus, Berk. This beautiful Mycena of the
Cincinnati Catalogue, seems to be abuudant everywhere east of the
Mississippi. Its spores measure .0090X.OO56 mm.

Agaricus Fenzlii, Schulz., var. My specimen is this species
except the stipe in not "sulphureo." Annularias are extremely
scarce everywhere. I have never known of an}- except A. la^vis,
Krombh., being found in North America before.

Cortinarius squamulosus, Peck., ranges from New Eng-
land down here unchanged.

Russula virescens, Schaejf'. A new species to us and fur-
nishes a beautiful figure.

Lactarius Indigo, Sckw. This is deep blue within and with-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. I 57

out and exudes a blue juice. The spores are ochraceous, a little
oblique and .007 mm. long.

L act arius ichor atus, Botsclt. This species, I believe, is new
to the record in this country. We added six new figures of Lactarii
to our collection.

Boletus purpureus. Fr. All the Boleti furnish gorgeous
paintings. This one is a brilliant red with white flesh changing to
blue.

Boletus near Russellii, Frost, but the spores are

something enormous, measuring .018 X. 009 mm. It is awaiting
Prof. Chas. H. Peck's determination.

Boletus retipes, B. & C. Mr. Berkeley would have better
said puberulent than "pulverulent" in his description. I found no
specimens with gray or brown pilei, so am disposed to consider B.
omatipes, Peck, a g:ood species; nevertheless the two are very close-
ly related. The spores are bright yellow, the same as the flesh. I
give .011 \ .0056 mm. for their measurement.

Fistulina hepatica, Hiuls., might be found growing at the
base of nearly every chestnut tree; the specimens were often per-
fectly magnificent Dodham says "No fungus yields a richer
gravy, and though rather tough, when grilled it is scarcely to be
distinguished from broiled meat." We, however, would express a
decided preference for Mrs. Lewis' broiled chicken.

Hydnum. The species of this genus were very numerous;
here is the list of conspicuous ones:
II. imbrieatum, Linn. II. repandum, Linn,

diffractum, Berk. suaveolens, Scop,

infundilmlum, Sw. aurantiacum, A. & S.

velutinum, Fr. cfr'rhatum, Pers.

zonatum, Botsch. glabrescens, P>. & Hav.

adustum, Schw. flabelliforme, Berk.

coralloides, Scop.

The specimens of most of these were very fine indeed; I never
before saw such large H. repandum. Linn. A figure of one lies
before me; the pileus measures 54- in. across, the stipe is 3 in. long
and 1\ in. thick. They evidently grow much finer down south.

Clavaria. Species of this genus were numerous; among them
C. rufescens, Schaeff, with its rosy tips. C. formasa, Pers., I here
saw for the first time.

Scleroderma Geaster, Fr. We thought we had some new
and singular Geaster; but a view of the large fluffy spores under the
microscope immediately revealed a Scleroderma. — A. P. Morgan,
( 'incinnati, ().

Notes from Franeonia.

To a botanist who has to teach all the winter, the summer va-
cation offers especial charms. He plans out in the previous winter
how and where he shall spend it, and furbishes up his armor and ap-
purtences in the shape of vasculum and portfolio. My last summer

158 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

was spent in two very distinct regions, the Highlands of the Hud-
son, and the Franconia Valley of New Hampshire. At West
Point I collected for about ten days and under the guidance of Mr.
Edward S. Denton, visited some excellent localities. My friend
showed me his corner for Camptosorus rhizophullus, a wild nook on
a mountain side amidst a confusion of boulders, and densely shaded
with forest growth. Here in a perfect tangle of ferns we refresh-
ed the inner man preparatory to a further jaunt. A mile's walk
took us to the opening of the famed uravine" on Crow's Nest,
which, however, we did not ascend. As I have been familiar with
it from childhood, I will say that it is one of the richest spots for col-
lecting in that whole interesting region. In one scramble up the
steep sides of the cascade, I have often found in May, Sanguinaria
( 'anadensis,Orchis spectabilis,Cypripedium pubeseens,Asarum Cana-
dense, Menispermum, Mitella diphylla, Allium tricoccum and many
other beauties. My father made a thorough study of this mountain,
and his old copy of Bigelow, which I possesses enriched with many
notes and drawings of the plants there found. I saw at West Point
this summer on the cliffs near the river, solid beds of Opuntia in full
flower. Nothing could surpass the loveliness of their lemon-yellow
blossoms. I collected Ptelea trifoliata for the first time, and" imag-
ine that this is rather far north for it to grow. Vincetoxicum nig-
rum was abundant in several places. Mr. Denton intended show-
ing me the tamarack swamp, were he has found some rare things,
but heavy rains interfered with our plans.

I arrived in Franconia about the 6th of July, and at once be-
gan to collect in that famed region. It goes without saying that
it isj surprisingly unlike my £eld here in Rhode Island. The ab-
sence of many familiar deciduous trees at once impressed me. There
were no chestnuts or oaks, for instance, nor do I remember seeing
a single hickory. In place of these were birches of all kinds, the
paper-birch being especially conspicuous; spruces without end, and
tall white pines that had I not seen the coniferous forests of the Pa-
cific slope would have quite astonished me by their size. Even at
this late date I was in time to collect Linnea borealis, and all sum-
mer long the pretty Oxalis AcetoseUa made the woods gay with its
pink bells. By following up the Copper Mine Brook to Bridal
Veil Falls, I could secure these spring flowers in all states of
progress, the elevation giving a wide range of climatal conditions.
Later, the beds of Monesex uniflora were simply ravishing. I found
also a few specimens of Pt/rola minor. I checked off during the
summer in an old Manual the plants seen and identified, and have
many as yet unstudied. This list, which is much too long for pub-
lication in the Gazette, I sent to the Appalachian Club. I was
within easy reach of the famous Flume, of Echo Lake, Kinsman's
Flume, and Mount Lafayette. I have already sent you a note con-
cerning my red-letter day up among the alpines on this old mon-
arch. 1 only regret that I did not spend a week near the summit,

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. I 59

for nearly everything I secured was precious.

I have for some time been especially interested in mosses, and
here I found myself in their chosen home. They cushioned the
rocks and trees, and often hung over the treacherous holes between
the cliffs, drooping in masses like snow from the eaves of a house.
They were embarassing from their multitude. Any one mat that was
dug up contained always a number of species interlaced. I shall
have work for months in disentangling and naming them.

These few notes, I am aware, contain no information, but are
given in hope that they may serve, perhaps, to call up to the minds
of some a pleasant picture of two beautiful regions. I hope others
of your readers may yet have an opportunity to dwell, as I did, for
two months, among these magnificient mountains, and to contrib-
ute a little more knowledge of a flora so rich and fascinating.

— W. W. Bailey, Broun University.

GENERAL NOTES.

Lactuca Scariola, L. — I collected Lactuca Scariola, X., in Cleve-
land, Ohio, August 11, 1882.— R. S. Hubbard.

Gentiana crinita. — In the November number of the Gazette. Mr.
Davenport calls attention toalbinism in Gentiana crinita. Ihaveseveral
times in former years seen cases of this. One superb plant which I found
near Diamond Hill, 11. I., about two years ago, had thirty or more blos-
soms, all pure white. I have this year had a white specimen sent me
from near Providence. I should have noticed these before, had I not in
one instance, been informed that cases of albinism were too trivial to
report. If so good a botanist as Mr. Davenport considers them of conse-
quence,! shall at least be in excellent company. -AY. W. Bailey, Provi-
dence, R. T.

Lactuca Scariola, L.— Mr. Foerste's suggestion, in the November
No. of the Gazette, respecting the probability of this plant being na-
turalized in Wisconsin, had already been verified. In Aug. 1880, 1 met
with it, well established, along a road side, in Mukwanago, about 40
miles west of Milwaukee. In August of last year, I found it growing
in abundance along R. R. tracks and upon the banks of the Maumee
River, in the City of Toledo, O., and, in October last, I again met with
it, growing near the Cattle Yards, at East Buffalo. To all these places
it had evidently "come to stay." Doubtless, however, it had reached E.
Buffalo as an adventive from the West. — David F. Day, Buffalo, N. Y.

Ejection of the Seed in Cereus Enioryi, Engelm — I have a plant
of Cereus Emoryi which produced last summer three flowers at the apex
of a previous year's stem. Not being familiar with the species, the

l6o BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

specimen received almost daily attention. One morning a stream of
black seeds was found to have been ejected from the apex of an erect fruit,
and had coursed down the sides and over the brown spiny surface like a
stream of lava from the top of a burning mountain. The placentous
mass ejected with the seeds, hardens soon after ejection, and holds the
seeds in place. The other two seed-vessels behaved in the same way,
but in order to note what else might occur to favor the distribution, the
seeds have been left in the channels of the dry streams until to-day—two
months. The process of expulsion and the precise objects to be gained
by this method, must be left to further investigation. Thomas Meehan.

Alaska Ferns.— The following species are to be added to the list
previously published in the Gazette (Vol. VII. p. 9(i.) and belong to the
same collection made by Mr. Turner on the Island of Unalaska, in
1879-80 and 81. The sheets containing them having been placed in an-
other part of the package were overlooked when preparing the first list
for publication.

15. Adidntum pedatum, L. Specimens characteristic.

hi. Phegopteris polypodioides, Fee Specimens very pubescent and
scaly along the rachises. Some of them more rigid than eastern specimens
and with different aspect, lint a close examination fails to reveal any
real difference in character.

Still another sheet contained quite a number of specimens of Poly-
podium vulgare showing considerable variation. — Geo. E. Davenport,
Med ford. Mass.

Souud of Discharging Ascospores.— In collecting Pi-zizo pubida
this summer, I happened to place a box-full in the sunshine, when they
began discharging the spores with a distinct and very peculiar fizzing
noise, somewhat like the noise of soda-water. I tried many specimens
with the same result. I have found no other species that exhibit this
phenomenon. In Science Gossip for December 1871, however, there is an
article on P. aurantia from which I quote the following: " * * * I
blew upon another, and found that about a second after I had blown
upon it, it showered out, if I may so say, in all directions, chiefly around
the edge. I did this repeatedly, and found that after they had been left
five minutes or so, the same effect followed about a second after they
had been blown upon;and what surprised me still more was, that several
times, the "shower" in issuing forth made a distinct sound, which I
cannnot better describe than as a slight fizz." My specimens, collected
here, supposed to lie P. aurantia, do not exhibit this peculiarity. E. W.
Holway, Decorah, Iowa.

Marked Protandry.— In passing through the greenhouse last spring
my attention was caught by the very marked protandry of the flowers
of the Lemon-scented Pelargonium, P. graveolens, of the gardeners. On
the large potted plant observed the flowers were in all stages of anthesis

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

161

;tnd all the changes undergone by the stamens and style were clearly

shown. The stamens are of very unequal

lengths,the three superior ones(l, 2, 1, Fig.)be-

ing the shortest and united by their filaments.

y^^^^^^vX^ The two inferior (4, 4, Fig.) are longest and

itt (H\'f\ * ^ \^ the remaining ones (3, 3, Fig.) intermediate

If A * (zQs> ijl in length. Two of the missing stamens are

I \\ i / .// ' il represented by sterile filaments but there is

no trace of the inferior one ( ?, Fig.). While
the anthers are bursting the five stigmatic
surfaces are closely pressed together. So per-
fect is the protandry that the anthers shrivel
and drop off and the filaments wither and
Diagram of flower of Peiargo- curl up before the stigmas are exposed In

nium graveolens. Stamens mini- . . r

bered in the order of their length rare instances one or two shriveled anthers
4 being longest. persist until the style begins to open— C.R.B-

EDITORIAL NOTES.

Prof. C. E. Bessey, with his family, is spending the winter in the
east. Another botanical text-book will doubtless be the product of his
freedom from class-work.

Illinois Industrial University has quite a well organized Na-
tural History Society. The programme for 1883, just received, shows
one meeting, that of April 7, devoted to a botanical topic, viz: "Notes on
Mosses," by Mr. A. B Seymour.

E. Ray Lankester upholds in a vigorous article in Nature the view
formerly fully presented by him in a memoir in the Quart. Jour. Micros.
Hai. that the Chlorophyll corpuscles of Hydra are truly Chlorophyll cor-
puscles and not Unicellular Alga'.

Mr. A. IT. Curtiss is now at work preparing his sixth fascicle of
Florida plants, to be issued in February, which he expects to be more val-
uable than any of the preceding ones, and will contain very nearly all
the South Florida plants which he has not previously distributed.

Henry John Elwes has published in London a most elaborate
monograph of the genus Liliuiii. bearing the date of 1880. It is an Ele-
phant folio and is' one of those sumptuous volumes which are more apt to
be published across the sea than here. Every species known to the au-
thor is figured, in natural size and colors, making 48 full-page plates.

We were guilty of a little injustice in the December Gazette
in speaking of Mr. Frank Bush's "Flora of Jackson Co., Mo.," when we
wrote that the name of the state only appeared in the imprint. As

1 62 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

we said, it does not appear upon the title page, nor in the introduction,
but we find that it is prominent enough at the top of every page of the
text.

Dr. Bergman concludes from his researches that formic and acetic
acids are found in all parts of plants as constituents of the protoplasm and
are to he regarded mainly as decomposition products, resulting con-
tinually from metastatic changes. An increase in the amount of these
acids takes place whenever light is withdrawn unless the temperature is
lowered at the same time to the minimum required for growth.

Dr. Fred. Brendel of Peoria, Illinois, has just published a treatise
upon the topography, climate and vegetation of Illinois, which also con-
tains a Catalogue of the Flora around Peoria. This is an imperial octavo
of 107 pages, but as it is in German, and printed at Buda-Pesth, and is a
part of the fifth volume of the Termeszetrajzi Fusetek (whatever that
may be), American botanists will not be apt to get much good of it.

In this number of the Gazette is begun a series of short bio-
graphical sketches of some North American botanists of the first half
of the century. Many botanists, who have not access to large libraries,
feel an interest in knowing more about those whose abbreviated names
are of such familiar occurrence in our manuals and a wider knowledge
of the history of botany and the personality of botanists will help us all.

Mr. J. G.Baker has prepared a paper on the flora of Madagascar, re-
cently read before the Linnean Society. It contains descriptions of 140 new
species of Polypetahe. Some of the genera are widely diffused through-
out the tropics; others are of temperate types; others are characteristic
of the Cape flora; and a new genus is allied to the American ffircea; and
some characteristic Australian genera are present by their representa-
tives.

A. Ernst writes to Nature from Caracas about an abnormal fruit
of Opuntia Ficus-Indica, which had developed wholly inclosed in one of
the flat branches. He also inclined to believe that what is taken to be the
pericarp of the Opuntia fruit is nothing but a slightly modified branch,
bearing the ovary of the flower in a cavity on its upper end. If this
is true Opuntia can no longer be described as having an "exerted ovary,"
as the latter is sunk in the interior of a branch.

It has been recorded by Dr. Brandis, Director of the India Forest
Department, that Acacia dealbata introduced into India from Australia
in 1845 has gradually changed its time of flowering from October, the
Australian spring, to June, the corresponding spring month in India. In
1850 the tree flowered in October, in 1860 in September, in 1870 in
August, 1878 in July and in 1882 in June. Mr. Dyer notices this fact in
Nature and adds the statement that Acacia demrrem, var. mollis, a close-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 1 63

ly allied species and one observed by Sir Joseph Hooker to flower in Tas-
mania at the same time as A. dealbata, has during its cultivation in Eng-
land since 1790 changed its time of flowering from May-July to February.
The influence of their environment upon the blossoming of these trees
seems quite marked.

M. Leplay of the Paris Academy of Sciences has read a paper upon
a chemical study on maize. He states that sugar is found in the leaves,
and accumulates in the stem till the moment of formation of starch in
the grains. It then migrates into the spike, first into the support of the
grains, then into the grains themselves, where it is replaced by starch.
This migration continues to be fed by the leaves till they disappear, then
in great part by the stem, diminishing, however, as the starch is devel-
oped. The function of the sugar, then, is to furnish to the grain the ele-
ments of starch.

Mu. Wm. M. Canby has observed that the tips of the leaflets of
Akebia quinata, a plant twining over a trellis near his porch, dripped
moisture enough to make the floor look as if sprinkled. Mr. Meehan
has followed up these observations and found no constancy nor period-
icity in the exudation, nor, indeed any external circumstances which in-
duce it. The same observer detected a similar -exudation from the
pistil just before the expansion of the flower and also among the petals
in the bud which soon disappeared. In Thuja also there is a sudden ap-
pearance of a small globule at the open mouth of the naked ovule. Sachs
suggests that in Coniferse the use of this exudation is to catch the pollen
and as it sinks within the vesicle carries the pollen grains to the nucleus
and fertilization is effected by actual contact.

We are sure that the friends of the Gazette will be gratified at
the evidence of progress shown by this initial number of Vol. VIII.
The new arrangement of matter into distinct' departments, with some
additional pages and a greater range in type, nearly doubles the capacity,
and in our opinion we now present to our patrons as large and neatly-
printed a periodical as can be issued at the present low rate of subscrip-
tion. The editor also takes pleasure in announcing in this formal way,
what all have seen upon the title page, that with the new volume there
will be associated with him Professor Charles R. Barnes, of Purdue
University, and Prof. J. C. Arthur, of Charles City, Iowa. All who are '
acquainted with these gentlemen will testify to the fact that no better
selection could have been made, and that their vigor of thought and
action will constantly be felt in the pages of the Gazette.

Dr. A. L. Child records in the Popular Science Monthly some ob-
servations upon the relation between the so-called "annual rings" of
trees and the known age. His attention was called to the matter by the
statement of M. I)Gsir5 Charnav that in a shrub which he knew to be on-

164 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

ly eighteen months old he counted eighteen rings of growth. In 1871 Dr.
Child planted some seeds of Acer rubrum. In transplanting in 1873 the
trees were set too close and had to be thinned. In each of four of these
trees when they were cut down in 1882 he counted from 35 to 40 separate
rings. In three of them twelve rings were plainer than the rest, while
in the fourth, nine were large and the remainder not distinguishable
from each other. All of these saplings were of known age. Certainly
if 35 or 40 rings may be made in twelve years, the estimates of age based
on the number of growth rings cannot be very accurate. The rings va-
ried in thickness from 2l/2 to 28 mm.

Dr. Chas. Moiir has been looking np the rare Ehtis cotinoidex,
Nutt., for the Tenth Census. It has been lost to the botanical world for
forty years and was poorly understood. After considerable search the
tree was found where Prof. Buckley had found it in 1841. Its habitat
sesms to be upon the southern declivities of mountains along the valley
of the Tennessee in Alabama and probably extending northward into
the State of Tennessee. Dr. Mohr reports it as yielding a yellow dye-
stuff and formerly much used for that purpose in the neighboring settle-
ments. On account of the great beauty of its wood the tree is called by
the negroes Shittim-wood, they believing that it is the very wood so
named in the Bible. "The wood permits of the linest finish; the fineness
of its grain, beauty of color and its hardness fit it well for inlaid work,
veneering, and the manufacture of smaller articles of all kinds of fancy
woodwork." An interesting account of this re-discovery is given in Proe .
Philad. Acad., p. 217. 1882.

CURRENT LITERATURE.

Descriptions of New Species of Fungi, collected in the vicinity of
Cincinnati. By Thomas G. Lea, and described by Rev. M. J. Berke-
ley. Republished from "7V Catalogue of the Plants of Cincinnati, by
Thomas G. Lea." This important pamphlet has just been published by
the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Thos. G. Lea's "Catalogue
of Plants" was published in 1849, the collections having been made dur-
ing the years 1834-44, but it has become so exceedingly rare as to be vir-
tually inaccessible to students. This was to be regretted principally on
account of its containing a list of Fungi with notes and descriptions of
the new species by the eminent English mycologist, Rev. M. J. Berkeley.
This loss has now been generously made good by the Society ref< rred to,
and this neat pamphlet of 21 pages is hailed with delight by more than
the local mycologists. The richness of Mr. Lea's collections may be in-
ferred from the fact that out of a list of 80 species 51 are new, and one of
them was made the tvpe of a new genus, Psilopezia by name. The Cin-
cinnati Society of Natural History has quite an enterprising set of mem-
bers, who are well cultivating many departments, not even neglecting,
as is seen, this much neglected branch of Systematic Botany, and they
promise to publish during this present year a synopsis of llymenomy-
cetes of the Miami Valley, by Prof. A. P. Morgan.

Catalogue of Indiana Plants.

;

This catalogue, which has been published in the Gazette in the form of extra sheet?
has now been bound in a neat pamphlet of over 40 pages, with a map. Persons desiring
copies can procure them at the rate of 35 cts per copy, or three for $1.00, bv addressing
•ither, JOHN M. COULTER,

or Prof. Chas. R. Barnes, Crawfordsville, Ind

LaFayette, Ind.

Plants from tho Cascacta Mountains.

The undersigned has new sets of Washington plants. The larger number of species
are both in fruit and flowers. Some are new. Full sets sold at the rate of $8 per hundred.
Desiderata, 10 and 15 cents each, according to the number selected. Send for lists.

W. N. SUKSDORK,
•* White Salmon. W. T.

BOTANICAL IP-AuiPJEIR,.

E, MORRISON,

No. 805 D Street, Washington. D. C.
Standard Herbarium Paper. 21 and 28 lis., at $4.E0and $0.00 per ream. Genus Covers
standard size and weight, 05 lbs. per ream, $8.12 per ream, or 50 cts. per quire Drv'
ing paper always kept on hand. " ' . '

COMBINATION OFFEH.

The Botanical Gazette

Will be sent with the following periodicals at the rates mentioned:

Am. Agriculturist ($1.G0 a year) $2.00 Scientific American ($3.20 a vear) si tin

Am. Micr.. Tour. ($100 a year) 1.80 Torrev Bulletin ($1.1 o a year) tv-

Gardener's Monthly ($2.10 a year) 2.40 Leisure Hour ...'.'..'..'. 1.50

T IIAI AND MEXICAN PIABTS.

For Sale, Sets 11, 12, and 13, of my collections in Southwestern Texas and
Northern Mexico in 1879-80. They contain about 770, 725, and (580 species
respectively— named or soon to be named— besides about 150 duplicate
numbers, mostly from different localities. Price 80. 75, and 70 dollars each
Apply to Sereno Watson, Cambridge, Mass., who will deliver thefts and to
whom payment may be made. Edward Palmer

Flora of Eastern Oregon.

The subscriber is offering, at very reasonable rates, plants from this region, many of
unusual interest.

For list and terms address,

WM < . CUSICK,

Union, Oregon.

O.TTk f^T^-T T^nPO of -North American Poly petalre and Garoopetalje after
.Vl-^-"-^^7**- rL'AO _L<0 rompositic. Very useful for exchanges and herbarium
lists. One copy of each list 25 cents. Five copies of each -ifl.OO.

rrTnVTm OOVTT^Q Printed labels fob gents Covers. Just
. .r*-^, v^ ^-5 \J\J ▼ JZ>X\>0'« what every Collector wants, now or sometime
in the future. Order them now. In old collections ■thev can be put on over the written
names, and are much neater. Send for samples and prices to

H. N. PATTERSON, Oquawka, Illinois.

In every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette.

Flora of Michigan.

A Catalogue of Michigan Plants. 8 vo., 104 pp., copious notes and a map of the
State. Contains latest and most authentic information on distribution, frequency, etc.
Price 50 cents post paid. A few copies of this pamphlet may still be had by addressing
the authors, CHAS. F. WHEELER or ERWIN F. SMITH,

j-d Hubbanlston, Michigan.

Flora of the Pacific Slope,

PRINGLE'S DISTRIBUTION OF 1882.

The subscriber offers sets of nearly 500 species collected in Arizona, California, and
Lower California, which include many new species or old ones but rarely represented
in collections. Special attention has been given to ligneous species. He is confident that
his specimens will give the same satisfation as heretofore. Having supplied himself
with many duplicates extra to his sets,he is able to furnish selections, and will be pleas -
ed to exchange these for fiae representations of many American species. Lists and
terms furnished.

C. G. PBIJfOLE,

d~J East Charlotte, Vt.

Plants of Southern California.

We have printed a supplementary list eomprisingthe plants collected by us th« past
season. It contains about 500 species, Including some which are new or rare. A copy
will besent free to those wishing to purchase specimens, others will please inclose ten
cents. A few copies of last year's list may be had on the same terms.

PARISH BROTHERS,
San Bernardino, California.

J .o,

>/

NO. 2.
Single Number 10 Cents.

The

Botanical Gazette.

FEBRUARY, 1883.

COITTEITTS.

Some N. Am. Botanists. II. John Xorrey 165

Some Notes from Freshmen. W.J. Beat 1W-

Structure and Growth of the Cell Wall !"2

General Notes 175

Plantago pusilla, Nutt.— Some California Plants.— Liquid exudation in Ma-
honia.— Forest Fires in Oregon.— C. S. Rafinesque.— Elastic Stamens of
Urtica.

Editorial Notes 178

Articles In Journals 18°

Editor:

JOHN M. COULTER, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind.
Associate Editors:

C. R. BARNES, Purdue University. LaFayette, Ind.

J. C. ARTHUR, Charles City, Iowa.

CRAWFORDSVILLE, IND.

REVIEW STEAM BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS.

1S83.

Subscription and Advertisement.

Subscription, ?1 per year, in advance; single numbers, 10 cents.

In no case will stamps of larger denomina tion than three cents be accepted in pay-
atent

A complete set of back numbers is constantly kept on hand, which are sold at full
rates, except that any six volumes may be obtained for $5.
This journal will invariably be stopped when the subscription has expired.
All subscriptions, unless otherwise ordered, will be considered as beginning with the
omrrent Tolume.

Contributors, upon application before publication, shall be entitled to 25 extra copies of
their papers, but in no case will full copies of the Gazette be sent, except at the rate of
75 cents per dozen.
Bates for advertisements are as follows:

One page for one insertion, $8; one-half page, |4, etc. No advertisement will be in-
serted for less than $1, the price of one-eighth page for one insertion.

Special rates will be given upon application in the case of^continued advertisements.
J^gjf^We would call the attention of advertisers to the above liberal rates. The cir-
culation of the Gazette, both in this country and in Europe, justifies us in claiming for
it a place among the best mediums for reaching the scientific world, and we can assure
advertisers that they will obtain an audience in all the botanical laboratories of this
country and Europe, as well as among college men and working botanists.

The Associate Editors are authorized to receive contributions and to contract for ad-
vertisements, but all money should be sent directly to

JOHN M. COULTER,

Crawfordsville, Ind.

Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VIII. FEBRUARY, 1883. No. 2.

Some North American Botanists.
II. John Torrey.1

John Torrey was born in New York City, Aug. 15, 1796. His
father, originally from New England, was a Captain in the Conti-
nental army and was among those who entered the city upon its
evacuation by the British forces.

Of the boyhood of Dr. Torrey we know but little; he attend-
ed the public schools and was for a year at a school in Boston.

When a mere boy, while upon a visit in the country (the up-
per part of Manhattan Island was then " the country,") he saw
two young men pass along the road, all travel-stained and laden
with strange parcels. The unusual appearance of these young
men prompted him to inquire about them, and he was told that
they were " the Le Conte boy" and another whose name is forgot-
ten, and that they were "botanists." Young Torrey for the first
time saw a botanist, and he looked upon him as a curiosity, little
thinking that he himself would in time be a chief among bota-
nists. The ■ lie Conte boy" afterwards became the celebrated Ma-
jor Le Conte, who contributed largely to botany and other sciences.

While still a youth it was Dr. Torrey's fortune to be brought
into relations with Amos Eaton, who was the great instructor in
popular science of his day, and it was through his teachings that
he first learned the rudiments of botany.

Up to the time he became a medical student we know but lit-
tle of his career. He had a marked natural talent for practical
mechanics, and at one time seriously entertained the idea of be-
coming a machinist. He ultimately chose the medical profession
and entered the office of Dr. Wright Post, the eminent physician
and surgeon of his dav.

Either during his apprenticeship, as it was then called, or af-
ter he entered the college of Physicians and Surgeons, he was an
interested attendant upon the botanical lectures of the eminent
Dr. Hosack, at the Elgin Botanical Garden. At that time young
Torrey was an industrious collector and often carried to Dr. Hosack
the fruits of his herborizations.

As a medical student Dr. Torrey must have devoted much

'An abridgement of a biographical sketch by Dr. George Thurber,
prepared by the Editor of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.

I 66 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

time to botany, as his " Catalogue of the Plants growing sponta-
neously within thirty miles of New York" was presented to the
LyCeum in 1817, which was a year before he took his degree.

While yet a student of medicine, Dr. Torrey was one of the
founders of the New York Lyceum of Natural History and, during
its early career, was one of its most active members and contributed
to its Annals many of its most important papers. In this men-
tion of the Lyceum it may be well to state that by acting as its
curator a young botanist from Western New York was enabled to
pursue his botanical studies in New York. This young botanist is
now known as Prof. Asa Gray.

After obtaining his medical degree, Dr. Torrey took an office
in New York City, but the attractions of botany, mineralogy, en-
tomology and chemistry prevented him from applying himself se-
riously to practice.

Soon after he was graduated, the expedition of Maj. Long was
proposed, and Dr. Torrey was offered the position of botanist. He
was greatly tempted to accept this opportunity for botanical dis-
tinction, but he had formed ties which were strong enough to keep
him at home. Dr. Baldwin was appointed in his place and upon
the death of Baldwin, who was an almost hopeless invalid from the
start, the duties of botanist were performed by the surgeon of the
expedition, Dr. James.

In 1820, Dr. Torrey published in Sillimans Journal '•' A No-
tice of Plants collected by Capt. N. Douglas around the Great
Lakes at the Head Waters of the Mississippi.

In 1823, he contributed to the Annals of the Lyceum of Nat-
ural History "Descriptions of some new or rare plants from the
Rocky Mountains, collected by Dr. Edwin P. James.1'

In 1821 he published " A Flora of the Northern and Middle
States, or Systematic Arrangement and Description of all the
Plants heretofore discovered North, of Virginia." In this year he
was married to Miss Eliza Robinscn Shaw, and was settled at West
Point as Professor of Chemistry in the U, S. Military Academy.
This Flora, the concluding pages of which were written on the
morning of its author's wedding day, is now rare, a large portion
of the edition having been destroyed by fire. It contains over 50<)
species and includes the first twelve classes of the Linnsean system.
In this work the author first manifested his acuteness in diagnosis,
and it is remarkable for its elaborate and minute descriptions.

In this same year, 1824, we find "Descriptions of New Grasses
from the Rocky Mountains" in the Annals of the Lyceum, and a
"Monograph of the North American species of Carex," of which
he was joint author with Schweinitz. Schweinitz had placed the
paper in Dr. Torrey 's hands, to edit and supervise the printing of
it, during the author's absence in Europe. When Schweinitz
found how much the value of his monograph had been increased
by additions and revision, he insisted that Torrey 's name should

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 167

appear as joint author, and that it should be quoted as Schweinitz
& Torrey.

Foreseeing that the Linnaean system was to be supplanted by
one founded upon a more profound knowledge of the structure of
plants and broader vLws of their relationships, the Flora was not
continued beyond its first volume, but its author, in 1826, published
a Compendium which contained condensed descriptions of the
plants enumerated in the first volume of the Flora and of those
that would have been given in the second volume.

In 1826, Dr. Torrey read before the Lyceum " Some Account
of a Collection of Plants made during a Journey to and from the
Rocky Mountains, in the Summer of 1820, by Edwin P. James,
M.D., Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army." This memoir was not
published until 1828. Before its publication its author, after three
years1 service, left West Point to assume the chair of Chemistry
and Botany in the N. Y. College of Physicians and Surgeons.
This account of Dr. James's Rocky Mountain plants is of especial
interest as being the first botanical publication of importance in
this country in which the plants were arranged according to the
Natural System. Shortly before, the Abbe Correa had arranged a
list, in which the genera named in Muhlenberg's catalogue were
placed according to the system of Jussieu.

In 1831, Lindley's introduction to Botany was re-published in
this country. Dr. Torrey prepared a catalogue of the North
American genera, arranged according to Lindley's orders, which
was published with the work and also separately in the pamphlet
form.

Dr. Torrey was always fond of studying obscure and difficult
orders, hence the Borraginacese, Chenopodiacea?, Amarantaceae,
and Cyperacete had particular attractions for him. As early as
1836 he published in the Annals of the Lyceum his " Monograph
of the Cyperaeese." This contained, besides a full account of the
other genera, a complete revision of the genus Carex, and was a
most valuable contribution to North American botany, as it con-
tained an elaboration of the species collected by Drummond, Rich-
ardson, Burke, aud other British collectors, whose specimens were
loaned by Sir William Hooker.

The Geological Survey of the State of New York was organ-
ized in 1836, and Dr. Torrey was appointed as its Botanist. His
report, which was published in 1843, forms two enormous 4to vol-
umes, filled with detailed descriptions of all the plants known to
belong to the State, and is illustrated with 161 plates. When we
consider that this work was produced amid the labors of his pro-
fessorship at the Medical College, to which had been added those
of the Chair of Chemistry at Princeton, we must wonder at the un-
tiring industry of its author.

The first number of the " Flora of North America, by John
Torrey and Asa Gray," appeared in 1838, the fruit of a most happy

1 68 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

association, which continued for over forty years, and which has
done so much for the advancement of American botany.

The question why was not Torrey and Gray's Flora completed,
has often been asked by those not familiar with the rapid progress
of botanical discovery. The reason was this: By the time the
first volume of the Flora was finished, new materials belonging to
the orders contained in that volume demanded a large appendix,
and a few years later new discoveries were so numerous that it was
impossible for the work to keep pace with them. Its authors pur-
sued the best course; instead of giving their time to the comple-
tion of the Flora and allowing the new materials to pass — as
they inevitably would have done — into the hands of European
botanists, they turned their attention to studying and recording
them. Now these discoveries of American plants are mainly re-
corded by American botanists in American publications, and to se-
cure this result it was well that the Flora was suspended. In this
matter — of securing the new plants — both Doctors Torrey and
Gray worked, sometimes together, oftener independently, but al-
ways with the fullest co-operation. The result has been a series
of memoirs unequalled in scientific value by any that have been
produced in recent botanical litarature. In chronological order we
find that Dr. Torrey published in:

1843, Botany of Nicollet's Report;

1845, Botany of Fremont's 1st and 2d Expeditions;

1848, Botany of Emory's Military Reconnaissance;

1850, A Memoir on Batis. A Memoir on Darlingtonia and
Plantae Fremontianse were accepted for the Smithso-
nian Contributions and published a year or two later.

1852, Botany of Stansbury's Report of his explorations in the

region of Great Salt Lake;

1853, The Plants of Marcy's Red River Expedition;

1854, Botany of Sitgreave's Zuni and Colorado Journey.

The reports of the collections of the various Pacific Railroad
surveys were published at intervals from 1855 to 1860, and then
not in the order in which they were written.

Enumerating them as they occur in the volumes, we find in
Vol. II: The Botany of Pope's, Beckwith's and Gunnison's expedi-
tion's, three comparatively brief memoirs in which Dr. Gray's name
is mentioned as joint author.

Vol. IV: " Botany of Whipple's Expedition," the most import-
ant of ail these Railroad surveys in botanical results.
Vol. V: " Botany of Lieut. Williamson's Report.'*
Vol. VIII: "Botany of Lieut. Parke's Expedition."
In other volumes of the railroad surveys are botanical reports
by Newbury, Durand and others, to each of which Dr. Torrey
contributed important materials, in many cases working up whole
-orders.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. I 69

1861. The Report of. Lieut. Ives1 Exploration of the Colorado
was published with a Botanical Appendix, mainly by Dr. Torrey.

The Report upon the Botany of the Mexican Boundary was
published in 1859, the most voluminous, as it is the most import-
ant, of all these contributions to the botany of the far West. The
survey was, on account of various changes, prolonged oyer a period
of five years or more; it passed over a vast territory, which, for the
most part was botanically new. Parry, Wright, Bigelow, Schott
and Thurber all contributed their collections to make up this ex-
ceedingly valuable report, one which may fitly close the record of
Dr. Torrey's more important contributions to science.

' After the Report of the Botany of the Mexican Boundary was
completed, Dr. Torrey transferred his invaluable herbarium and his
library to Columbia College. As regards this herbarium, no other
collection contains so many typical specimens from which the
original descriptions were drawn. After it had been transferred to
its new quarters it needed re-arrangement. Specimens had accu-
mulated more rapidly than they could be disposed of, and all those
collected by the recent expeditions had to be incorporated with the
general herbarium. For several years succeeding the publication
of the Report of the Mexican Boundary, Dr. Torrey was employed
in herbarium work. No hand but his could properly perform this
scientific drudgery, and he went at it with a perseverance that in
time brought it to completion.

During these years of herbarium work, necessary though irk-
some, he was constantly examining plants and making sketches
that might be useful thereafter. It was a peculiarity of Dr. Tor-
rey that he always recorded his observations by means of the pen-
cil, and if we look' through the herbarium there will be found
drawings of minute structure by hundreds, giving at a glance what
he saw in examining a plant. While he published no drawings as
his own, we can find traces of his handi-work all through the illus-
trations to his various memoirs.

The last important botanical contribution of Dr. Torrey was
" The Revision of the Eriogoneae,11 the joint work of himself and
Dr. Gray, published in the Proceedings of the American Academy
in 1870.

Many years ago he elaborated that portion of the collections
made upon the Pacific coast by the botanists of Wilkes' expedition.
This, through the failure of appropriations, was not published upon
its completion. One of the last acts of its author's life was to look
over the manuscript of this report and commit its final revision for
publication to Dr. Gray.

The fondness of Dr. Torrey for sciences other than botany has
been already alluded to. At one time he was an enthusiastic stu-
dent of entomology, or, as he expressed it — he "had the fever.1

At one time he gave much attention to mineralogy, a pursuit
in which he was often associated with another botanist — Nuttall.

17° BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

The earlier volumes of Silliman's Journal contain important con-
tributions to mineralog}'- from his pen. Mineralogy is so intimate-
ly related to chemistry that he retained through life a lively inter-
est in this department of science.

Those who have regarded Dr. Torrey as a botanist only, will
be surprised to know that the avocation of his life was that of a
chemist, and that the works that have made him an undying name
in science were done in what he regarded as his hours of recrea-
tion.

During the last years of his life he held the position of As-
sayer in the U. S. Assay office in New York, and this connection
with the Treasury Department had one happy result. Although
he had done so much in describing and naming the plants of the
far west, he had traveled but little: he "had never seen a prairie,"
-as he was once heard to say with a tone of sadness, and had never
ascended a mountain higher than Mt. Marcy. It was a graceful
act of the Secretary of the Treasur}' to send him in 1865 upon a
confidential mission to California. He went by the way of the
Isthmus and was able to see and enjoy the luxuriant vegetation of
the tropics, and, when he reached his destination, was met by an
order to make some extended explorations, for the accomplishment
of which a revenue cutter was placed at his command. While in
California he was able to see many of the plants he had described
growing in their native localities, and to make considerable collec-
tions for the herbarium.

In 1872 he made another journey to California, this time by
railroad. Upon his return journey he tarried awhile among the
Rocky Mountains and ascended Torrey's Peak, which was several
years before thus named by his former pupil, Dr. Parry. It is pleas-
ant to think of him as passing the last days of his botanizing, in
the evening of his life, among the alpine plants which in his youth
he first made known to the botanical world.

Neither this last journey to California nor one made the pre-
vious winter to Florida served to arrest the disease which those
who saw him only at intervals could perceive was gradually wast-
ing his body, though it did not dim his intellect or impair his cheer-
fulness. At sunset on the tenth of March, 1873, he peacefully
went to his rest.

Some Notes from Freshmen.

Professor W. J. Beal, of the Agricultural College, Lansing,
Michigan, has just sent to us a few notes taken from the theses of
his Freshmen. During a term of 12 weeks, when they begin daily
lessons, each one writes a thesis on topics like those given below.
A tew hints are given directing the student how to proceed. After

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 171

making his observations, experiments, and notes, efach student, usu-
ally alone with the teacher, gives the main points for his thesis.
He may make additions before writing out the whole. These are
read before the class and credit is given for the work. Of course
more advanced students perform higher work.

What we need is just such information as is contained in this
set of notes, and information as to methods in all ot our botanical
laboratories would be of great service to those of us who teach, for
we must keep comparing notes in order to arrive at the most im-
proved methods of training pupils. The notes from some of the
theses ot Dr. Beat's Freshmen areas follows:

The Tendrils of Virginia Creeper. — J. A. Dart tied weights
to two old tendrils and found one sustained six pounds, another six
and one-half pounds. A common sized tendril sustained five
pounds. They were fastened to a high board fence. On a brick wall
two large tendrils held five and six pounds respectivel}\ The main
stem of a vine six feet long contained twenty-five tendrils another
contained twenty. One branch three feet long had twelve tendrils
and supported 35 pounds. Some main vines have no tendrils, and
the branches but few. There is quite a difference in vines about
the number of tendrils and their capacity to stick to objects.

Fertilization of Catalpa speciosa, AVarder. — E. S. Antis-
dale studied insects on the flowers of Catalpa speciosa. The flow-
ers are too large for fertilization by honey bees or small humble
bees. Their backs will not reach high enough to touch the stig-
mas and anthers. A large humble bee touches stigmas and anthers
going in and out of a flower. The broad stigmas, before noticed
by others, are sensitive and close in a few seconds after they are
touched, close before a bee backs out ot the flower. He covered up
several panicles of flowers with mosquito netting. No bees were
placed inside of two of these. Small humble bees were placed in
a third sack containing flowers on which the bees were seen to
work. No fruit set on any of these three. In the fourth net large
humble bees were placed, but they failed to work on the flowers,
and no fruit set in this case. In several flowers not covered with
netting he saw a large humble bee working and watched it as the
back was dusted with pollen and the stigmas closed. He marked
three ot these flowers, two of which set fruit.

^Estivation of Fuchsias.— R. C. Williams examined the aes-
tivation of 65 flowers of cultivated Fuchsias and made diagrams of
all the forms. The sepals were all valvate. The petals w ere ar-
ranged in 45 different ways, several variations of the convolute
prevailing. Some were reduplicate in whole or in part.

Insects Caught by Apocynum. — H. T. French examined in-
sects about Apocijnam androscemifolium where they went for pol-
len and nectar. They are often caught while backing out of the
bell-shaped flower. There are five wedge-shaped grooves made by
the filaments— the larger part of the groove is at the base of the

172 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

corolla. One fly twisted his head off in the attempt to get away.
Many small bees got caught, and mosquitoes too, quite often two
to a flower. They are held by the tongue or the legs. Honey
bees are large enough to escape or pull out. He could not discover
that the capturing of flies or bees was of any advantage to the plant.

How the Seeds of Stipa are Planted by Nature. — Jesse
J. Beal dropped about 20 fruits of Stipa spartea on a box of sand.
The fruit has a long awn which is straight when wet and twisted
when dry. Half the grains were dropped on sand where straws
were stuck in every inch or so in every direction, the other half
were dropped on sand without any straws or other objects on the
surface. The grains were each held by the tip of the awn about
as high as the plant grows, and each went down like an arrowT
large end first, and all stuck in the sand but one. They were alter-
nately wet and dried by sun and rain. They all bored into the
sand except one. They went down just as well where there were
no straws as where there were straws.

Flowering of Timothy. — E. C. Bank observed in cool damp
weather, beginning June 29th, that a spike of timothy (Phleum
pratense) put forth flowers (stamens) for ten days in succession, ex-
cept none on the ninth day. In another place, in warmer weather,
beginning July 15th, spikes put forth stamens for eleven days.
Most flowers appear during a few days of the middle of these
periods.

The Climbing of the Wild Morning Glory.— E. T. Gard-
ner observed the wild morning glory (Cahjstegia sepium) and as
in former years some dozen specimens were found twining the
wrong way, following the course of the sun. A smooth post two
inches in diameter was about as large as the vine would ascend.

Structure and Growth of the Cell Wall.

Prof. E. Strasburger's most recent publication is a work of
264 pp. entitled, " Ueber den Ban und das Wachsthum der Zell-
haute " (On the Structure and Growth of the Cell-Wall). The
book contains some most interesting contributions to our knowl-
edge of the origin and growth of the cell-wall and starch grains,
the function of the nucleus and the assimilation of carbon, and,
based upon our previous knowledge and the author's investiga-
tions, offers some important theories in regard to the molecular
structure of organized bodies.

So worthy of notice are some of the results at which he has
arrived that we reproduce from the Jour. Roy. Mic. Soc. a summary
of the salient points of the book, as follows:

With regard to the intimate structure of organized bodies,

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 173

Prof. Strasburger entirely dissents from Naegeh's micellar
hypothesis. This hypothesis was based upon the phenomena of
"swelling up" which are so characteristic of organized bodies, and
upon the optical properties which certain of these bodies possess.
Prof. Strasburger points out that swelling up may be as well as-
cribed to the taking up of water between the molecules oi the
body as to its being taken up between Naeejeli's micellae. He
shows also that the double refraction of organized bodies, such as
cell-walls, and starch grains, depends upon their organization as a
whole; for when once their organization is destroyed, their double
refraction is lost, a result which cannot be explained on the micel-
lar theory, since the particles of the disintegrated micellae would,
like particles of broken crystals, still retain their power of double
refraction. . ,

According to Strasburger the molecules of an organized body
are not aggregated into micellae which are held together by at-
traction, but are linked together, probably by means of multiva-
lent atoms, by chemical affinity, in a reticulate manner. Swelling
up is then the expression of the taking up of water into the
meshes of the molecular reticulum, where it is retained by the in-
termolecular capillarity. The more extensible the reticulum, that
is, the more mobile the groups of molecules within their position
of equilibrium, the greater the amount of swelling up. The limit
is reached when the chemical affinity of the molecules and the
force of the intermolecular capillarity are equal ; if the latter ex-
ceed the former at any moment, the result is the destruction of the
molecular reticulum, or, in other words, of the organization. Pro-
toplasm differs from other organized bodies in that the grouping of
its molecules is undergoing perpetual change, the result of this
molecular activity being the phenomena which we term vital. The
growth in thickness of cell- walls and starch grains takes place, ac-
cording to Prof. Strasburger, by the deposition of successive lay-
ers ; in opposition to Naegeli's view, that the mode of growth
was intussasceptive, with subsequent differentiation of layers.
Even the surface growth of cell-walls is not, in his opinion, intus-
susceptive, but is merely due to stretching.

With reference to the mode of formation of the cell-wall and
of the thickening layers, Strasburger agrees with the view of
Schmitz that the cell- wall is formed by the actual conversion of a
layer of the protoplasm, that is, chemically speaking, by the pro-
duction of a layer of cellulose from a layer of proteid. When a
mass of protoplasm is about to clothe itself with a membrane, the
peripheral layer becomes densely filled with minute proteid
bodies, the microsomata, and this layer then becomes converted in-
to cellulose. The wall of a young wood-cell of Pinus, for in-
stance, is clothed internally with a layer of protoplasm filled with
microsomata, which are arranged in spiral rows ; the microsomata
then gradually disappear and the layer of protoplasm is found to

174 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

be replaced by a layer of cellulose, which presents spiral striatioa
corresponding to the previously existing rows of microsoniata,
and which constitutes a thickening layer of the cell-wall. In cells
the walls of which become much thickened, the whole of the
protoplasm may be gradually used up in this way. Again, the
wall of pollen-grains and of spores is formed from a peripheral
layer of the protoplasm which contains abundant microsomata.
Its subsequent growth, and especially the development of the as-
peritus which it commonly presents, is effected by the surrounding
protoplasm which is derived from disorganized tapetal cells ; this
is especially well shown in the development of the epispore of
Equisetum and of Marsilia. When an intine or endospore is pre-
sent it is produced like the outer coat from a peripheral layer of
the protoplasm of the pollen-grain or spore. Further, the septum
which is formed in the division of a cell is produced in the same
way.

The cell plate, like the peripheral layer of the protoplasm of a
young pollen grain, contains microsomata which disappear, and it
is then converted into a plate of cellulose. Finally, the successive
layers of a starch grain pre produced by the alteration into starch
of layers of proteid-substance derived from the starch-forming cor-
puscle (amyloplast).

Professor Strasburger next points out that the starch which
makes its appearance in the chlorophyll-corpuscles under the influ-
ence of light, is derived from the proteid of the corpuscles by dis-
sociation. The formation of this starch is therefore not the imme-
diate product of the synthetic processes going on in the chloro-
phyll-corpuscles, but only a secondary product. The processes in
question produce proteid. Prof. Strasburger is inclined to accept
Erlen Meyer's hypothesis that methyl aldehyde is formed in the
chlorophyll-corpuscles from carbon dioxide and water, and to be-
lieve that by polymerization a substance is produced which can
combine with the nitrogenous residues of previous dissociations of
proteid to reconstruct proteid. He does not agree with the sug-
gestion of Loew and Bokorny that the methyl aldehyde may con-
bine with ammonia and sulphur to form proteid de novo.

Lastly, Prof. Strasburger makes a suggestion as to the probable
physiological significance of the nucleus. He points out that the
nucleus cannot be regarded as regulating cell-divisions ; for in-
stances are known of cell-division taking place without previous
nuclear divisions, and conversely, of nuclear-division taking place
without cell-division. He is of opinion that the nucleus plays an im-
portant part in the formation of proteid in the cell. This view is
founded upon the fact that one or more nuclei have been found to be
present in the vast majority of plant-cells, that the nucleus is, as a
general rule, the most persistent protoplasmic structure, and that it
gives the various proteid reactions in a very marked manner.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 175

GENERAL NOTES.
Liquid exudation in Mahonia.— "The same observer detected a simi-
lar exudation from the pistil"— in Mahonia, the itemizer should have
added. See p. 163, line 20.— T. M.

Some California Plants.— On the last day of the old year the follow-
ing plant's were in bloom under three inches of snow in the vicinity of
Oakland:
Ranunculus Californicus Boisduvalia densifiora

" Bloomeri CEnothera ovata

*Eschscholtzia Californica *Cotula coronopifolia

Cardamine paucisecta *Grindelia robusta, var.

Lepigonum macrothecum Wyethia helenoides

Olavtonia perfoliata Troximon grandinorurn

Erodium cicutarium Megarhiza Californica

Lupinus Chamissonis Garrya elliptica

Vicia Americana, var. Solanum umbellilerum

Lathyrus vestitus Cynoglossum grande

Eragaria Californica < 'astilleia foliolosa

Kubus ursinus Scutellaria tuberosa

Ribes Menziesii *Umbellularia ( alilornica

* " sanguineum Dirca occidentalis

The asterisk marks species usually in bloom by Christmas. Escfo-
scholtzia, Cotula and Grindelia are everblooming. Claytonia and Ero-
dium are annuals. Besides these plants, "hold-overs" of the dry season,
such as Solidago, Aster, Gnaphalium, etc., were seen in bloom. The in-
troduced weeds Raphamis, Brassica, Capsella, Anagallis, Urtica urens,
etc., were plentifully in bloom. Our first rains were followed by unpre-
cedentedly warm weather which lasted till near the middle of Decem-
ber. Since Christmas it has been remarkably cold. — Volney Rattan,
San Francisco.

Plantago pusilla, Nutt. The ordinary form of Missouri and Illi-
nois, where it is common, and as far as I can see of the Eastern States,
where it is much rarer, has linear or filiform entire leaves, scapes 2 to 4
or rarely ti inches high, obtusish or subacute bracts of the length of the
orbicular sepals and short oval slightly exsert capsules, 4 seeds about 1.3
mm. or 0.(5 line long.

Var. macrospekma is a larger form, 4 to 7 inches high, with longer,
much exsert capsules; seeds nearly twice the length of the last, 2.4 mm.
or 1.2 lines long. — Saline soil of the western plains; on the Shienne Riv-
er, Nicollet, and near the mouth of the Yellowstone River, Hayden.

Var. major, much larger and stouter, leaves lanceolate-linear, often
\% to 2 lines wide, the larger ones laeiniate with few long teeth or
lobes; scapes densely woolly at base, with the elongated spike often !)
inches high; bracts acute, longer than the sepals; seeds intermediate in
size between the two other forms.— Near Atoka, north of Red River in
the Indian Territory, G. D. Butler.

Dr. A. Gray thinks that he has proofs that this species, or probably
the % cond form of it, is the lost P. elongata, Pursh, Fl. Suppl. p. 729,

176 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

but even if so, Nuttall's name, now well known since more than 60
years, ought to be retained in place of a doubtful and very inappropriate
one.— The three closely allied species, P. Bigelomi and P.pusilla with 4
seeds, and P. heterophylla with numerous ones, have all pitted seeds,
well seen only in perfectly mature specimens. The seeds become gelati-
nous when wet. — G. Engelmann.

Forest Fires in Oregon. — The forests of Eastern Oregon are found
only at an elevation of 3,500 to 4,000 feet and upwards. Fires, when the
growth is thick, as it commonly is, destroy everything. The first plant to
occupy the land is Epilohinm spieatum (called "Elk Weed" here). This
seems to be the only herbaceous plant to follow the fires. In a year or so
the ground is occupied by seedlings of the same species that covered
it before, viz: Black Fine (P. contorta, var.) and Red Pine (Pseudotsuga):
also, in about their usual proportion, the three or four other coniferous
species common to this region. The youug growth is commonly very
dense and grows rapidly. In 15 or 20 years the saplings will be 20 to 30
feet high and 2 to 4 inches in diameter, the pine occupying the ground
mostly.

In Western Oregon it seems to take more time to replace the de-
stroyed forests. The trees are much larger and are slower to decay. The
ground is soon covered by a thick growth of blackberry plants (R. ursl-
nus) and also raspberry, the latter more scattering. With these the seed-
ling forest trees have to contend. But in time they overcome them and
occupy the land exclusively, as did their ancestors. In the coast moun-
tains there appears to be an exception to the rule that the burned forest
is soon replaced by young trees of the same species. There is a large
section of the country lying between the Willamette Valley and the
Gaquinna Bay in wich the forest growth, which must have been very
thick, has been entirely destroyed. This region is now thickly covered by
a growth of Cherry (P. emarginata), which occupies the land to the ex-
clusion of almost everything else. The thick growth no doubt prevent-
ing, as it apparently has done for 40 or 50 years and seems likely to for
all time to come, the young conifers from getting a hold. — Wm. C. Cu-
sick, Union, Oregon.

Elastic Stamens of Urtica. — The curious discharging of pollen by
the elastic stamens of Pilea microjiliylla, Liehm., the "Artillery plant"
of our window gardens, coupled with the text-book assertion that in the
sub-order Urticea?, the filaments are "transversely wrinkled and inflexed
in the bud, straightening or spreading elastically when the flower
opens," are reasons enough for expecting a forcible discharge of pollen
in our common nettles. This discharge seems to take place only under the
most favorable circumstances however,f or a long observation of the nettles
failed to reveal any extraordinary phenomena. It was a pleasant surprise
to suddenly observe last fall a huge plant of our common Urtica graci-
lis enveloped in a shower of pollen. The plant grew on heavy muck.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 177

and was consequently growing rapidly. The day was excessively hot
and sultry, a thunder shower having passed hut a short time previously.
The discharge of pollen was so copious as to attract one's attention for
several rods. By examining the flower buds with a glass the tips of the
sepals could be seen to gradually spread apart, to be in two or three
minutes suddenly laid open by the straightening of the stamens. Usual-
ly two opposite stamens would straighten at the same time, though often
but one at a time. Frequently all four would pop out of their cramped
position at once. The anthers opened simultaneously with the libera-
tion of the stamens/and the pollen was thrown five or six inches. The
stamens straightened themselves to a perfectly horizontal position, the
filament usually twisting half or a quarter way round at the same time.
The stamens on a severed branch of the plant continued to open elasti-
cally for five or ten minutes. Subsequent observations after showers in
warm weather when the plant was growing vigorously often revealed
the pollen discharge, but in very much less quantity and vigor than in
the first case. The phenomenon could never be observed in Urtica
dioica. No doubt proper culture in a hot-house would discover our com-
mon nettle to be one of our most interesting plants, at least much more
so than the little Pilea ! — L. H. Bailey, Jr., Cambridge, Mass.

C. S. Rafinesque. — The generally accepted impression that he was a
.Sicilian is probably incorrect. At least he tells us in his "Life and
Travels" "I was born at Galeta, near Constantinople, inhabited by Chris-
tian merchants and traders, my father being a French merchant of
Marseilles."

In addition to Rafinesque's genera "in the region covered by Gray's
Manual," Pachystima may be added, discovered since the last edition of
the Manual appeared, though not the species on which the genus was
founded.

When I was a young man in Philadelphia, thirty years ago, some of
Rafinesque's contemporaries were still living. His chief home was "here,
and here in a dingy garret, with scarcely a loaf of bread to eat, he
worked for science, as he understood it, to the last. He died on a cot
with hardly a rag to cover him, and without a solitary friend to stand by
him in his last hours. Bringhurst, a kind hearted undertaker, commit-
ted his body to the earth, and for years a pine board with "C. S. R." was
all that marked his last resting place.

From all I have been able to learn from those who knew him, and
from what I have been able to gather from his writings, the summary
in the Gazette scarcely does him justice, though perhaps justified by
the statements heretofore published by those who had but imperfect
knowledge of the man. It can scarcely be said of him that "he pre-
ferred self to truth" in the common acceptance of these terms. He en-
dured rarely paralleled misfortunes, and sacrificed a large fortune for
the sake of science, and it is doubtful if what the world understands as
"truth" was ever sacrificed to anything by Rafinesque. His remarks on

178 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

his contemporaries were often sharp, and naturally excited aversion, and
perhaps to this aversion we may refer some of the omission to receive as
much credit as might be his due. But he often speaks admiringly of
those he had lanced, and it is evident that, unwise in his discourtesy, it
was not at any rate engendered in malice.

But he made species ? Wot long ago I read the introduction to a
work in which the author complained that of some hundred or more
species he had described, a contemporary had done him the gross injus-
tice of not leaving him a dozen! It is no uncommon fault.

And he was an egotist ? But I have lived to learn that in this re-
spect at least "every man has his price." Let us meet in spirit around
his unhonored grave in old llonaldson Cemetery, remembering his sacri-
fices, grateful for what he did, and tried to do, and not forgetting that
we too are but human as was he. — Thomas Meehan.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

It may seem to some that we have departed somewhat from the
natural order of things in selecting Dr. Torrey as the subject of the
second sketch in our series of "Some N. Am. Botanists;" but we are
compelled to publish these sketches, not as we Would; but as we can.

The American Monthly Microscopical Journal begins the

new year with S. E. Casino, of Boston, as publisher and every evidence

of prosperity. When an editor can be relieved from all clerical work his
literary work is that much better and we now expect from Mr. Hitch-
cock a journal even more entertaining than it has been.

Professor G. Macloskie, of Princeton, presented at Montreal a
paper on "Achenial Hairs and Fibers of Composita?," which now appears
illustrated in the Naturalist. The object of his study seems to have
been an attempt to discover some additional tribal characters, a thing
very acceptable in this large and very homogeneous order. If the char-
acters from the achenial hairs, etc., prevail it will necessitate considera-
ble readjusting of tribes, "yet the parallelism between the structure of
the hairs and the affinities of the groups, as founded on other characters,
is singularly complete."

Dr. L. Errera finds glycogen in the tissues and asci of ascomycetous

fungi and also in Linum and Solatium. He has established completely

the identity of the glycogen in Peziza vesiculosa (which he has studied

most closely) and that of the mammalian liver. When not in too small
quantity plant glycogen may be detected by its reaction with iodine,
giving a brownish red color which disappears on heating and reappears
on cooling. The discovery of the existence of this carbo-hydrate in
plants breaks away another of the attempted absolute distinctions be-
tween plants and animals. Glycogen seems to perform the same func-
tions in both organisms.

Professor Douglass, II. Campbell, of Ann Arbor, has been
showing the development of the male prothallium of Equisetum ar-
rettsp. and recommends its use by laboratory students as a plant that is

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 179

common and very satisfactorily studied. The growth of the fertile
plant is very rapid, making the cells large and distinct. Besides, "the
spores germinate very readily if sown immediately after maturing, and
offer a most interesting example, in their development, of the growth
and division of cells. Within a few weeks of sowing, the anthendia
are produced abundantly, containing antherozoids of extraordinary
size, much larger than those of the mosses and ferns."

F. Pax, after describing in detail instances of phyllody of the car-
pels of Aquilegia vulgaris and formosa, states as his opinion that the
two integuments of the ovule are equivalent to a leaflet. lie also
shows the identity of this leaflet with the pinnule of the fertile frond of
a fern and in the following table expresses the homology of the
parts: — '' ,

Fern. Ovule.

Spore.

Macrospore. Embryo-sac.

Macrosporangium. - Nucellus.

Sorus, Several nucelli.

Pinnule. Ovular leaflet.

We have received an advanced copy of the report of the Pro-
fessor of Botany and Horticulture of Michigan State Agricultural Col-
lege. Every botanist knows that this Professor is Dr. W. J, Beal, one
of the most successful teachers of botany in this country. Dr. Beal's
methods of instruction are widely known through the publication of a
paper prepared by him entitled "The New Botany," a paper which has
gone into the general circulation which it so well deserves through its
republication by Chas. Marot, of the hardener's Monthly. The report
just received shows not only Dr. Beal's methods of instruction, buL what
is a considerable solace to some of us, the means at his disposal. Finely
equipped as he is with natural gifts, these are supplemented by appli-
ances which are exceptional in the AVest, botanic garden, greenhouses,
and time furnishing splendid opportunities for studying botany m the,
only right way. To those A' us having no greenhouses, no botanic gar-
den, and only about 30 hours all told, and those in a season when nature s
botanic garden makes very little display, Dr. Beal's account of his
methods was rather discouraging. This report shows that the author is
a very busy man, but as all this hard work has brought success, he is
rather to be envied than pitied.

Prof. J. C. Arthur has made an interesting discovery in the study
of the Schweinitzian species and specimens of microscopic fungi, which
throws considerable light upon what was very perplexing before. In
several cases no ingenuity could make the Schweinitzian specimens
agree with the descriptions undoubtedly based upon them. One illustra-
tion used is that of Uromyces Lespedeza\ which Schweinitz describe.] as
having two-celled spores and hence included under Puccinia, when
every student knows that the spores are unicellular. Prof. Arthur was
much puzzled over such discrepancies until it occurred to him to consid-
er the microscopes and methods of manipulation which were used by the
author in question. This at once furnished the key to the riddle, for
putting some dry spores of the fungus mentioned upon a slide and using

l8o BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

a half-inch objective, they all appeared two-celled, owing to the thicken-
ing of the apex, which often occupies half the length of the spore.
This furnishes us another way of explaining the discrepancies of au-
thors of an earlier day, without blaming them either with carelessness
or wilful misrepresentation.

ARTICLES IN JOURNALS.

Arthur, J. C— Interpretation of Schweinitzian and other Early De-
scriptions, Am. Nat. xvii, p. 77.

Baker, J. G.— A Synopsis of the Genus Selaginella, Jour. Bot. xxi,
p. 1.

Banning, M. E — Preservative for Fungi, Torr. Bull., ix, p. 153.

Campbell, Douglass H.— Development of the Male Prothallium of
the Field Horsetail (with two plates), Am. Nat. xvii, p. 10.

Dyer, W. T. Thiselton.— The Sacred Tree of Kum-Bum, Nature,
xxvn, p. 223.

Forbes, F. Blackwell.— On the Chinese Plants collected by D Incar-
ville (1740-1757), Jour. Bot. xxi, p. 9.

Gray, Asa.— The Lignifled Snake from Brazil, Am. Jour. Sci., Ser. 3.
xxv, p. 79. .

Greene, E. L.— Note on Holozonia filipes. (Completing the generic de-
scription.) Torr. Bull, ix, p. 145.

Groves, Henry and James.— Notes on British Characese, Jour. Bot.
xxi, p. 20.

Hollick, Arthur.— Flora of Richmond Co., N. Y., Torr. Bull, rx,
p. 149.

Kuntze, Otto.— Cinchona Ledgeriana a Hybrid, Jour. Bot. xxi, p. 5.

Macloske, G— Achenial Hairs and Fibers of Compositor, Am. Nat.^
xvii. p. 31.

Masters, Maxwell T.— Double Flowers. (Especially with reference
to specimens of Tetrotheca ciliata. Comment on Grant Allen s
statement that petals are in all probability originally enlarged
and flattened stamens.") Nature, xxvn, p. 126.

Meehan, Thomas.— Historical Notes on thft Arbor VitaB, Proc. Acad.
Philad. 1882, p. 110: Liquid exudations in Akebia and Mahonia,

I. c. p. 113: Heliotropism in Sunflowers, 1. c. p. 222.

Mohr, Chas.— Rhus cotinoides, Nutt. (An account of its rediscovery.)
I.e. p. 217.

Peters, Dr.— The Female Flowers of Conifer®. (Resume of discus-
sion between Eichler and Celakovsky.) Nature, xxvn, p. 231.

Plowright, C. B — On the British Bramble Phragmidia. Sci. (ross-ip,
No. 217, p. 11. „ ,_ ... .

Ransom, Arthur.— The Fertilization of Speedwell. (Criticisms on
Stapley infra.) Nature, xxvn, p. 149.

Scribner, F. L.— List of Western Grasses. Torr. Bull, ix, p. 145.

Stapley, A. Mackenzie.— The Fertilization of Speedwell, Nature,
xxvn, p. 127.

Wager, John.— The Danish Forest, I. Sc$. Gossip, No. 217, p. 14.

Wallace, Alfred Russell.— Debt of Science to Darwin, Century,
xxv. p. 420. . . , . . ,.

Watson, Sereno.— A Monograph of the Genus Lilium. (A review ot

II. J. Elwes' Monograph.) Am. Jour. Sci. Ser. 3. xxv, p. 82.
Wright, S. II.— A New Variety of Carex riparia, Torr. Bull, ix, p. 151.
Youmans, E. L— Use of Gummy Secretions of Plants. (Editorial note

de f ■ >»' investigations.) Pop. Sci. Mo. xxn, p. 572.

Catalogue of Indiana Plants.

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Botanical Gazette.

MARCH, 1883.

COITTEK'TS.

Same N. Am. Botanists. III. Andre Michaux 185

Eriodietyon giutinosuni, Bcuth., as Illustrating Evolution (with plate). ./. T. Both-
rock 184

Notes on Indiana Plants. E.J. Hill 187

Ballast Plants in Boston and Vicinity. C has. E. Perkins 188

General Notes 19°

Lindley's Introduction to Botany.— Bentham and Hooker's Genera Planta-
rum.— Gonolobus Shortii.— The Stigma of Catalpa.— More about Eafinesque.

Editorial Notes ■>92

Current Literature - 195

Articles in Journals 19"

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0& m%

BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 1883,

PLATE II,

MiStU>

S(OT'//

a

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mmmmmiimm

ROTHROCK ON ERIODICTYON,

•

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,yC;

Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VIII. MARCH, 1883. No. 8.

Some North American Botanists.

III. Andre Michaux.

The "elder Michaux,1' as he is called, has the double distinct-
ion of publishing the first Flora of North America, and of being, the
most indefatigable explorer this country has ever seen. Although
he has left his name as author upon but two works, his numerous
discoveries have furnished the basis of other publications. The
work referred to besides the Flora of North America is a "History
of North American Oaks," and neither of these were published till
the year of the author's death, the former being edited by the emi-
nent botanist Louis Claude Richard and the latter with the help of
the son, F. A. Michaux. The whole object of Michaux's existence
seems to have been to transplant to France from all quarters of the
globe every species of plant that could be made useful, and pres-
ently this desire settled into such an eagerness for travel that he
was never at rest, except by compulsion, and probably traversed
more territory than any other botanist. An outline of his life is as
follows: He was born in Versailles, March 7, 1746, and received
his botanical education under the great Bernard de Jussieu. His
.first visit was to England; then several trips to the mountains of
Auvergne, to the Pyrenees, and into Spain. From 1782 to 1785 he
was in Persia in a political capacity, but really to explore a coun-
try that was then almost unknown to scientific men, and returned
home with a large collection. The French government having be-
come interested in the subject of introducing into France such ex-
otic trees as would be useful in shipbuilding, Michaux was chosen
to visit the United States, with a commission to send to France all
the trees he could obtain. In September, 1785, he embarked with
his son at L'Orient and arrived at New York on the 13th of No-
vember. He remained in this country until 1796, v hen he em-
barked from Charleston, S. C, for Amsterdam, but was wrecked on
the coast of Holland. In this shipwreck it is stated, in the Annates
du Museum d 'Histoire Naturelle, that ''Michaux was lashed to one
of the yards, and was senseless when carried on shore," not recov-
ering till some hours afterwards. His first thought was for his col-
lections of ten busy years and he was gratified to learn that some
of them were saved. "His plants having got wetted by the salt
water, he was obliged to immerse them all in fresh water, and one

1 82 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

after another, to dry them between new papers.1' For three or
four years he remained at home cultivating the plants he had for-
warded from the United States and arranging materials for the vol-
umes which were subsequently published. In 1800 he joined the
expedition to Australia, under command of Captain Baudin. He be-
came disgusted with his commander and abandoned the expedition
at Mauritius, but soon went to Madagascar. There he established a
botanical garden in which to cultivate his collections, but soon fell
a victim to the unhealthy climate, and died with fever November 13,
1802.

Of course among American botanists the interest in Michaux
centers aboat his travels in this country, which are said to have
aggregated over 3,000 miles and this is probably very scant meas-
ure. In some respects he was more favorably situated for explora-
tion than other botanists, for he was in the employ of a govern-
ment that provided liberally for his needs; but while still at work
here the revolution overtook France and Michaux was forgotten.
In these circumstances he used his own means until they were ex-
hausted and he was compelled to return home. The mere enu-
meration of his trips in this country would more than exhaust our
space and the most important only can be given. He earl}' estab-
lished two botanical gardens, one in Bergen Co., N. J., and the
other near Charleston, S. C ; the former to receive his collections
from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland; the latter those
from the Carolinas and the southern Alleghany Mountains. It
was from this Charleston garden probably that some exotics have
spread and become naturalized in the Southern States, as for in-
stance Albizzia Julibrissin. In April, 1787, Michaux set out up-
on his first journey to the Alleghany Mountains, going up the Sa-
vannah river to its sources, crossing the mountains and reaching the
waters of the Tennessee. Thence he returned to Charleston, where
he arrived in July. His next exploration was in East Florida, in
the spring of 1788. In the autumn of the same year he again took
a trip to the sources of the Savannah to obtain seeds and roots, the
Magnolia cordata being the principal object of his search. The
following winter was passed in the Bahama Islands. In June,
1789, he started to visit the mountains in North Carolina, ascending
Black, Roan, and other mountains of that now famous region.
Pushing across the mountains he descended the Tennessee side,
with the intention of penetrating into Kentucky, but was prevent-
ed by the danger from Indians, and so contented himself with an
exploration of the mountains of Virginia, crossing the wild regions
of West Virginia along New River, etc. Finally he entered Msry-
land and reached Philadelphia by way of Lancaster, Penn. Going
to New York he returned to Charleston through the lower grounds.
In November of the same 3'ear he again explored the mountains
of North Carolina. In 1792 he is recorded as botanizing in New
Jersey and around New York. Thence up the Hudson to Albany ,

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 183

and so on about Lake Champlain, reaching Montreal June 30, 1792.
From Montreal he proceeded to Quebec, and thence by the Sague-
nay to Hudson's Bay, where, he says, unaught but a dreary vege-
tation was found, consisting of black and stunted pines, which
bore their cones at four feet only from the ground." Returning to
Philadelphia he proposed to Mr. Jefferson, then Secretary of State,
to explore the country west of the Mississippi to the sources of the
Missouri, and even to the Pacific waters, for the sum of £3,600.
This was a bold proposition and one that was a?ted upon a few
years later in the expedition of Lewis and Clark, but Michaux was
never permitted to make the journey. In July, 1793, he started
for Kentucky, descnding the Ohio to Louisville and then back
across Kentucky, West Virginia, and Virginia, to Philadelphia.
Early in 1794 another extensive tour was made in the Southern
States and the North Carolina mountains, and in 1795 the same
trips were continued to Knoxville, Tenn. Thence he crossed the
Cumberland Mountains and came to Nashville, and so on to Louis-
ville, ascended the Wabash River to Vincennes and thence west-
ward to the Illinois River and down it to the Mississippi and lower
part of the Ohio. Ascending the Ohio and Cumberland, after
many hardships,for it was midwinter, he finally reached Nashville
and started for the Carolinas in February, 1796, stopping for a
while again in his favorite North Carolina mountains with his fa-
vorite guide, Davenport, reaching Charleston in April. It was in
August of this year that he embarked for Amsterdam and was ship-
wrecked.

Very many of our species of plants bear the familiar abbrevi-
ation "Mx." or "Michx." and not a few genera own him as their
author, such as Micranthemtim, Elodea, Dichromena, Oryzopsis,
Erianthus, etc., etc. Unfortunately, the genus which commemo-
rates him is one he discovered in Persia, and so his name cannot in
this way be associated with North American botany, for which he
did so much. His flora of North America contains, exclusive of non-
vascular Cryptogams, but 1530 species, under 528 genera, just about
the numbers which appear now in our numerous state catalogues,
but of this number a very large proportion were new. Although
but eleven years in this country he has left a deeper impression up-
on North American Botany than many a distinguished botanist has
in a life time, and most surely gained the distinction of heing facile
princeps among our botanical explorers.

For further and more particular information concerning Mich-
aux the reader is referred to the Am. Jour. Sci. 1.9.266 (Dr. W. J.
Hooker uOn the Botany of America"); 1.42.2 (Prof. Asa Gray on
"Botanical Excursion to the Mountains of North Carolina"); 2.
24.161 (Elias Durand, "Biographical Memoir of the late F. A.
Michaux"); Michaux's unpublished itinerary is preserved by the
Am. Phil. Soc, at Philadelphia.

1 84 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Eriodictyon glntiiiosum, Bentli.. as Illustrating' Evolution.

(Plate II.)

As a teacher I have often been ' perplexed to answer the ques-
tion of my pupils: why is it that to cells and tissues which so often
shade into each other and which usually present such small differ-
ences you give distinct names? To the more advanced investiga-
tor, however, the problem comes in another shape, i.e. how is it
that cells which start at first from a simple form of fundamental
tissue eventually become so unlike ? If the observer has allowed
himself to philosophize over this question he most probably has
learned to regard it as but another paragraph from the great chap-
ter on evolution, and can hardly have escaped a wonder that cell
variation is so little written or spoken of in this connection by
botanists. Cell growth and development, whether rightly or
wrongly, appear to have suffered a divorce from our ideas of specific
evolution, yet the latter could not exist without the former. Simple
parenchyma may be i?ll sufficient for every form of thallus ; but
before a true caulome can rear its head into the air, there must be
the differentiated, stiffening woody fibre; or before the hard-shelled
nut could be produced, sclerenchyma must have appeared. Evi-
dently then this differentiation has to do with success in the strug-
gle for existence. But with all this, in the great mass of plants
there appears to have come a settled average character in the dif-
ferent groups of cells and tissues; that is, differences marked
enough exist, but we can read them through from the outside to the
pith before ever a section has been made. On the other hand there
are others which we have come to recognize as likelj7 to show devi-
ations from the regular order before we have examined them, though
we cannot tell what directions those deviations will take. Some of
these may serve to show evident connections between the different
cell types in places where we hardl}- expected to find such links.
I have recently been quite struck with this last class of facts in
studying Eriodkiijon glutinosum from the standpoint of practical
pharmacy, though the facts themselves were entirely outside the
objects I had in view, and have no bearing upon them. What I
desire to call attention to here are simply gleanings which lay oft,
but alongside, the pharmaceutical trail.

A more striking instance of the connection between diverse
forms of tissue can hardly be imagined than that furnished by the
change from bast to sclerenchyma; the former being typically rep-
resented in the fibre which makes the napkins we use at the table,
and the latter in the shell of the hickory nut which defies our
youthful teeth. Yet figures 9 & 10 are taken from fibres in
the Peruvian Bark which are so nearly on the boundary line that by
some vegetable anatomists they are classed as bast and by others as
sclerenchyma. Isolated in the pulp of pears are found the gritty
grains of sclerenchyma, though from the same fundamental cells

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 1 85

come both the soft and the hard tissues. In the case of the pear
there are manifest reasons for supposing the sclerenchyma to be a
legacy from the period when pears as fruit were far less luscious
than now. They are found in the pear stem as well as in the fruit.
In the fully formed Sphagnum moss we recognize cells of two dis-
tinct characters; the one large, colorless, and with plain communi-
cation between the adjacent cells; the other small, having chloro-
phyll and destitute of communications; yet, if we may credit Hux-
ley, both of these kinds are very similar in their early growth.

To return to the Eriodictyon, the character of the tissues
have appeared to me to indicate how widely ultimate cell
forms may depart from the original source out of which they all
have sprung, and at the same time to show connecting links be-
tween even the most divergent members. In fact I am tempted to
regard the whole plant as a forcible illustration of the doctrine of
evolution.

Commence for example with figure 1, where we have the
typical large, thin-walled, porous pith-cell, found in the very center
of the stem. Outside of this, but still in the pith, are other small
er, thicker-walled cells, figure 2, which when observed on trans--
verse section are roundish, but seen on longitudinal section are
quite distinctly rectangular. More remote from the center of the
pith, yet in it, we find the cells represented in figure 3; and this
form is a direct transition to figure 1, which is taken from the
medullary ray. Here then the transition, not by isolated cells, but
by groups ot cells, from one extreme of fundamental tissue to the
other appears regular and gradual and ends in cells with well-marked
sclerenchymatous character.

Suppose now we take the types of distinctly prosenchymatous
character, which the bast zone ot Eriodictyon furnishes. Figure S
is the more usual form of bast found in other plants, though occa-
sionally seen in Eriodictyon. Figure 7 will give us one of the
commonest shapes of bast in Eriodictyon-, and figure 6 represents a
snorter kind often discovered in the ' bast and also throughout the
woody part of the stem. Figure 5 may be called a representative
sclerenchymatous cell, though it is found also in the bast zone.
Here again we have four forms of cells which represent the trans-
ition from bast to sclerenchyma, and all in the same belt of the
same plant.

The structure ot the leaf of Eriodictyon glutirioswm is even
more suggestive. Figure 11 is a section through such a leaf. The
first striking peculiarity is the thickness of the epidermal cells as
shown by a and by ./'. This is particularly marked in a, the upper
surface, where not only the thick walls of the cells but the pores in
them remind one of figure 3, taken from the outer pith. This as be-
ing the more exposed surface would naturally show the denser
tissue. The secreting gland, b, has no particular import in the
present connection. Three rows (ordinar\\y) of palisade cells come

1 86 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

next undernea th the upper epidermis and appear to be special pro
vision against excessive evaporation and are in entire keeping with
the thick epidermis. They are thin-walled and contain abundance
of chlorophyll, though probably less than the proper parenchy-
matous cells next below them. These last-named parenchymatous
cells are, as might be expected, loose in their aggregation and show
numerous open spaces which are in apparent relation to the ad-
mission and escape of atmosphere and the contained gases of the
plant. The under surface of the leaf is raised into ridges or prom-
inences between which in the cavities so formed the stomata (h)
are placed under proteition of numerous inflected and variously
curled hairs (g). This mode of placing and protecting the stomata
is by no means uncommon, being found also in the Oleander, in
Banksia, and in Ceanotkus prostratus, to say nothing of many other
plants. Sometimes, at least, it is known to be associated with dry
habitats; often enough, at least, to suggest the inquiry as to
whether it may not be to prevent stomata which occupy such
cavities from becoming choked with dust or other foreign bodies.
This raises the question as to the meaning, from the standpoint of
evolution, of such elevations and depressions on the under surface
of the leaf. So far as I am aware they are never seen except in
hard-leaved plants, which leaves are also often further protected by a
thick coating of hair. Is all this a mere trace remaining of what
was once a more common structure, adapted to more variable or
more inclement (hot or cold) climate, before the elevations were
smoothed away and the hairs were rendered unnecessary by the
more genial conditions of present snrroundings? This is simple
conjecture on mjr part, but I cannot avoid thinking that it is not
far from the truth. — De. J. T. Rothrock.
Explanation of Plate II. — Eriodictyon glutinosum, Benth.
Figure 1. Typical pith cell X 240, from central part of pith.
Figure 2. Typical pith cell X 240, from outer part of pith.
Figure 3. Less common form of pith cell X 240, from outer part of

pith.
Figure 4. Isolated cell X 240, from medullary ray.
Figure 5. Selerenchym cell X 240, found in the bast zone.
Figure H. Longer selerenchym cell X 240, found in bast zone, and
also along with woody fibre in interior of stem,
where it would be regarded as a thickened form of
wood parenchyma.
Figure 7. Typical cell X 240, from bast zone.

Figure 8. More common form of bast cell as found in other plants.
Cinchona flava, though also occasionally in Eriodictyon.

Figure 9. Bast (or selerenchym '?) cell X 120, longitudinal view.
Figure 10. Same X 240, transverse section.
Eriodictyon glutinosum, Benth.

Figure 11. Leaf section; a, epidermis of upper surface showing
thick walls and pits; b, secreting gland backed by
striated cuticle; c, palisade cells; d, parenchym cells;
/', epidermis of lower surface; g, long hairs which
guard the stomata (h) seated in a cavity on the un-
der surface of the leaf.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 1 87

Notes on Indiana Plants.

The following additional plants, or localities for plants already
recorded for Indiana, may be given, with notes on the more inter-
esting cases.

At Otis, LaPorte, Co., Geum rivale, L. and Viburnum Opu-
lus, L.

At Pine Station, Lake Co., Gentiana detonsa, Pries. Good
typical forms, readily distinguished from all ordinary forms of G.
crinita. From all my experience with the two species growing in
this locality, it is hard to tell to which of the two certain individ-
uals that may be found should be assigned. Those at Pine Station
are the first that really satisfied me as genuine specimens of the
G. detonsa of the books, though often finding narrow-leaved plants
with petals that could scarcely be called fringed.

At Whiting, Lake Co., Utricularia resupinata, Greene. Mar-
gins of sandy sloughs, with Eleocharis dispar, nobis. The geo-
graphical distribution of this plant, as far as I find in published
notices, is as follows: Gray's Manual, "Sandy margins of ponds
E. Maine to Rhode Island." In Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Club, Suffolk Co., Long Island, Herkimer and Lewis Counties in
the northern part of New York, and Erie, Penn. In Wheeler
and Smith's Catalogue of Michigan Plants, Woodard Lake, Ionia
Co. As it is now found at the southern extremity of Lake Michi-
gan, it is possible that it has gone further westward.

In Cedar Lake, Lake Co., (near Crown Point) Potamogeton
pusillus, L., and P. pectinatKS, L. By its margin or in pools or
in sluggish streams near by, P. pauciflorus, Pursh. Leaves 5-nerv-
ed, 3| inches long; stipules £ to f inch long. A large form, ap-
proaching P. Niagarensis, Robbins.

By the shores of Cedar Lake, Eleocharis palustris, R. Br., yar.
calm, Gray. Without bristles, but with a prominent pyramidal
tubercle, as in the var. glaucescens. Gray. The description of the
yar.calva is. "short tubercle;" specimens sent by Rev. Thomas
Morong. collected in Vermont, also have the ttirbercle quite long.
In 1881 I gathered plants of this variety along the gravelly banks
of St. Mary's River, Sault. Ste. Marie, Ontario, that had the flat-
tened tubercle. In some spikes of the Vermont specimens rudi-
mentary bristles were found. Perhaps the description of the vari-
ety should be limited to the absence of bristles.

Polygonum articulatum, L. This grows abundantly in the dry
sandy grounds around the head of Lake Michigan, but almost al-
ways with the flowers white, or the faintest tinge of "rose." Such
had been mv experience since first finding it in 1877, until the past
season, when plenty of them showed the rose-colored flowers,
though the greater part were still the white-flowered kind. I have
examined it "every year since first seeing it, and must conclude that
the white flowers prevail. The variations are not easily explained.

l88 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

The rose-colored plants almost always grew where they were ex-
posed to the direct rays of the sun, but there were numerous white
ones, as on previous years, not in the shade of trees.

Viola lanceolata, L. At Miller's, Lake Co , specimens occur
with the serratures of the leaves tipped with reddish glands.

Lechm thy mifolia, Micks.. (L. Novce-Ccesarece, C. F. Austin, fide
W. H. Leggett) This was seen in full bloom Sept. 16, near Tol-
leston, Inch, the locality where I first found it. It is not easy to
find a Leehed with the tiowers open. The late Mr. Leggett, who is
known to have given special attention to them, mentions but one
case, that of L. maritime, Leggett, (L. thymifolia, Gray's Manual)
seen in bloom at Cotuit, near Cape Cod (Torr. Ball. Oct. 1881).
The flowers were abundant on the branches, and made the plants
look so different as to be quite pretty objects. The corolla, fully
expanded and somewhat wheel-shaped, is about 2 lines in diameter.
Petals 3, elliptical, varying irom dark red to purple, paler at the
base. Stigmas 3, white, plumose. Rafinesque states that the an-
thesis lasts but a few hours, towards noon. These were found just
before midday, and soon closed after placing them in the collecting
case. — E. J. Hill, Englewood, III.

Ballast Plants in Boston and Vicinity.

The preparation of the following list of plants, chiefly ballast
species, was suggested to the writer several years ago by the publi-"
cation of similar lists by others. Some of these may be found in
the Gazette for November, 1876, August, 1877, May, 1878; the
Torrey Bulletin for September, 1878, arid November, 1879, and the
Proceediw/s of the Phila. Academy of Sciences for 1867, 1877 and
1880.

In all of the lists referred to, the general character of the
plants is about the same; that is they are for the most part mere
weeds (already widely diffused) from the same localities and repre-
senting the same natural orders. So that those who find them
hereafter may save themselves some trouble by consulting the lists
mentioned, before trying to identify the plants.

In the large seaports, where these plants are found, there are
generally botanical works in the Public Libraries in which will be
found most ballast plants plainly enough described.

They seem to come about equally from the Southern States, S..
Europe and Great Britain; with a few from S. America, the Pacific
coast, and the West Indies, and an occasional waif from more
remote places. So that many may be found in Chapman's Flora,
an}' English handbook, and a German or French Flora.

The following list represents perhaps two-thirds of the species
I found between the years 1877 and 1882 (inclusive), and the plants,
excepting those marked with an asterisk -(which were found near.
Boston), were found within the city limits, on ballast or ruhbish

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

189

I have seen no record yet of the italicised species having been
found in the Northeastern States, though some have probably been
found there before.

I am much indebted to Prof. Gray, Prof. Goodale, Prot. Wat-
son, Mr. Isaac C. Martindale, and Mr. F. L. Scribner for determin-
ing the species for me. Mr. Scribner identified all or nearly all ol

til 6 (jrVQ,7Yl'l'Yl€G?*

The affixed letter e indicates that the species is established,
generally in a small way; 0 means occasionally; /, frequently; s,
tound only once.

Ranunculus muricatus. L. s
*Alyssum incanum, L. s
Diplotaxis muralis, DC. e

" tenuifolia. DC. e

Eruca saliva, L. r
Erysimum cheiranthoides, L. c

" repandum, L. s

Rapistrum rugosum, All. s
Senebiera coronopus. DC. o

" didyma, Pers. o
Sisymbrium Sophia, L. s
Thlaspi arvense, L. o
Lychnis Githago, Lam. o
Vaccaria vulgaris, Host, r
Reseda alba, L. s
Malva borealis, Wallm. o
Erodium cicutarium, Sm. f
moschatum, Sm. o
Geranium dissectum, L. s
Sida carpinifolia, L..

var. brevicuspiduta, s
Arachis hypogaea, Willd. o
Coronilla scorpioides, Koch, s
Dalea alopecaroides, Willd. s
Lathy rus aphaca, L. r
Lotus corniculatus, L. e
Medicago denticulata, Willd. f
laciniata, All. s
lappaeea, s
maculata, Sibth. r
sativa, L. o
Melilotus parviflora, Desf. r

sulcata, Desf. r
Psoralen sp.
Trifolium hybridum, L. e

resupinatum, L. s
Trigonella corniculata, L. s
fuciniata, L. s

Hemizonia pungens, T. & G. s
Htjmenatherum tenuilobum DCs
Hypocha?ris radicata, L. r
Matricaria inodora, L. e
Pulicaria dysenterica, Cass, r
Senecio viscosus, L. e
Xanthium ratharticum.RBli? s

" spinosum, L. o
Campanula Erinus, L. s
Anagallis arvensis, L. r
Linaria cymbalaria. Mill, r
Veronica agrestis, L. r
Verbena bracteosa, Mx. s

" officinalis, L. s
( 'alamintha Clinopodium.Benth.
Origanum Majorana, L. s
Satureja hortensis, L. o
Thymus Serpyllum, L. r
Asperugo procumbens, L. r
Echinosperinum Lappula,

Lehm. f
Hyoscyamus niger, L. r
Nicotian a longiliora, Cav. s
Physalis Alkekengi, L. o
angulata, L. s

" lanceolata, Mx. s
Solarium ro.stratum, Dunal. r
Atriplex hortensis, L. r

rosea, L. o
Chenopodium multifidum, L. s
Amarantus paniculatus, Moq. t

spinosus, L. o
Froelichia Floridana, Moq. s
FjIMx spinosa, Campd. s
Polygonum lapathifoliuin,

var. incanum, f
Croton sp. s ■
Euphorbia Helioscopia, L. r

JQO

OTANICAL GAZETTE.

Vicia Faba, L. s

hirsuta, Koch, o
tetrasperma, Loisel. o
(Enothera sinuata, L. o
Mentzelia sp. s
Coriandrum sativum. L. o
Cuninum cymiuum, L. r
Fo3niculum vulgare, Gaertn. o
Pimpinella Anisum, L. r
Scandix Pecten, L. r
Galium aparine, L. r
* tk Mollugo, L. r
Crupina vulgaris, Pers? r
Scabiosa Columbaria, L. e
Acanthospermum xanthioides,

DCs
Ambrosia trifida, L. r
Anthemis arvensis, L. f
nobilis, L. o
tinctoria, L. o
Artemisia annua, L. s

" biennis, Willd. e
Bidens bipinnata, L. o
Garduus acanthoides, L. s
Carthamus tinctorius, L. s
Centaurea Americana, Nutt. s
calcitrapa, L. r
cyan us, L. o
*Cotula coronopi folia, L. e
Eclipta alba, r
Gaillardia sp.
Galinsoga parviflora, e
Helenium tenuifolium, Nutt. s

— Chas.

Mercurialis annua, L. r
Parietaria diffusa, Koch, 8
Urtica urens, L. s
Agrostis australis, L. s

Spica-venti, L. r
Alopecurus agrestis, L. r
Bouteloua H it mboldtia n a ,

Griseb. s
Briza maxima, L. s
Bromus brizceformis, s

maximus, Desf, s
mollis, L. r
patidus, Koch, s
sterilis, L. s
tectorum, L. f
Cenchrus tribuloides
Chloris alba, Presl. s
Cynodon Dactylon, Pers. r
Eragrostis poseoides, Beauv.,

var. megastachya, e
Purshii, Schrad. e
Festuca Myurus, L. r

" rigida, Kunth, s
Hordeum maritimum, With, a
" murinum, L. r

" pratense, Huds. s

Lappago racemosa, Willd. s
Panicum miliaceum, L. f
Phhum temie, Schrad. s
Polypogon Monspeliense, Desf. r
Sorghum Halapense, Pers. s
saccharatum, L. s

E. Perkins, Somerville, Mass.

GENERAL NOTES.

Lindley's Introduction to Botany.— It must have been Lindley's
Introduction to the Natural System of Botany, which Dr. Torrey ad-
mired in 1831. This was issued in England in 1830. Lindley's Intro-
duction to Botany was not issued till 1832. — T. M.

Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plantarum.— Part 2 of Vol. Ill, com-
pleting the work, is nearly ready for publication. Those who wish to
obtain this part, like the preceding, at trade price, through us, will
please to send a notification to that effect to The Curator of the Har-
vard University Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass., without delay. — A. Gray.

The trade price in London for the new part is £1.4.0.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. I91

Gonolobus Shortii, G. obliquus, var. Shortii, differs from G. obliquus
in corolla-lobes more broadly ligulate and obtuse, dark-purple; stamineal
crown with about 10-dentate margin, the longer teeth thinnish and nar-
rower, from emarginate to 2-parted, the alternate broader ones thickish
and more or less fleshy-appendaged within.— I wish to call attention to
this on the part of botanists who may reside in, or may visit the district
it inhabits. Dr. Short collected it near Lexington, Kentucky, and noted
that the blossoms had the scent of those of Calymnthus, as also they
have a similar color. The specimen 1 had to examine was greatly in-
jured; else I might at the first have detected the characters which clear-
ly distinguish it from G. obliquus, and associate it rather with G.
Carolinensis. Dr. Chapman has collected it near Rome, Georgia (where
G. obliquus also grows), and has furnished good flowering specimens.
The fruit is still a desideratum. — A. (J ray.

The Stigma of Catalpa.— At p. 171, this volume, it is noted that at
Lansing, Mich., the flattened lobes of the stigma in Catalpa speciosa
"close in a few seconds after they are touched, close before a bee backs
out of the flower." If this observation be correctly made, it will afford
another character by which this species may be distinguished from C.
bignonioides. I have timed this by the watch and never found one to
be closed under 45 seconds, and half a dozen bees could enter and depart
in that time. Aside from this it will be of great interest if this rapid
closing in this plant should be confirmed. There are many species be-
longing to Bignoniacece and Scrophulariacece which have these irritable
stigmatic lobes. I have timed many of them. The most rapid in my
experience was the common garden Mimulus, but this took 15 seconds.
A bee is seldom more than from 3 to 5 seconds in anv of these flowers.

— T. M.

More about Katinesque.- As an appendix to the interesting sketch
of Rahnesque, in the January number of the Gazette, the following
excerpt from the diary of Audubon, giving an account of a visit from
this "odd fish," will be relished by those who have not seen it before.
Audubon at the time was living in Kentucky. lie says: "I presented
my learned guest to my family, and was ordering a servant to go to the
boat for my friend's luggage, when he told me he had none but what he
had brought on his back. He then loosened the pack of weeds which
had first drawn my attention. The naturalist pulled off his shoes, and
while engaged in drawing his stockings down to hide the holes in his
heels, he explained that his apparel had suffered from his journey. His
attire struck me as exceedingly remarkable. A long loose coat of yellow ,
nankeen, much the worse for the many rubs it had got in its time, and
stained all over with the juice of plants, hung loosely about him like a
sack. A waistcoat of the same with enormous pockets, and buttoned up
to the chin, reached below over a pair of tight pantaloons, the lower
part of which were buttoned down to the ankles. His beard was as long
as I have known my own to be during some of my peregrinations, and his
lank black hair hung loosely over his shoulders. His forehead was so
broad and prominent that any tyro in phrenology would instantly have

192 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

pronounced it the residence of a mind of strong powers. He requested
to see my drawings, anxious to see the plants I had introduced besides
the birds I had drawn. Finding a strange plant among my drawings he
denied its authenticity; but on my assuring him that it grew in the
neighborhood, he insisted on going off instanter to see it. When I point-
ed it out the naturalist lost all command over his feelings and behaved
like a maniac in expressing his delight. He plucked the plants one after
another, danced, hugged me in his arms, and exultingly told me he had
got, not merely a new species, but anew genus. After a day's pursuit
of natural history studies, the stranger was accommodated with a bed-
room. We had all retired to rest; every person I imagined was in deep
slumber save myself, when of a sudden I heard a great uproar in the.
naturalist's room. I got up and reached the place in a few moments
and opened the door; when, to my astonishment, I saw my guest run-
ning naked, holding the handle of my favorite violin, the body of which

he had battered against the Avails in attempting to kill the bats which
had entered by the open window, probably attracted by the insects flying
around his candle. I stood amazed, but he continued running round
and round, until he was fairly exhausted, when he begged me to procure
one of the animals for him, as he felt convinced that they belonged to a
■'new species". Although I was convinced to the contrary, I took up the
bow of my demolished Cremona, and administering a smart tap to each of
the bats as it came/up, soon got specimens enough. The war ended, I
again bade him good night, but could not help observing the state of the
room. It was strewed with plants, which had been previously arranged
with care. He saw my regret for the havoc that had been created, but
added that he would soon put his plants to right— after he had secured
his new bats." M. S. B.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

Prof. E. J. Hill, of Englevvood, 111., gave a lecture on the "Means of
Plant Dispersion" before the Chicago Microscopical .Society at their Jan-
uary meeting.

Mr. William R. Dudley, in the Torrey Bulletin for January, de-
scribes, with the help of a plate, some interesting cases of adnation oc-
curring between the berries and leaves of Mitchelld repens.

L. Just has found that green plants cannot assimilate carbonic ox-
ide but that it does them no harm except when its proportion in the at-
mosphere exceeds 10 per cent. It then prevents the formation of chlo-
rophyll and hinders assimilation and growth.

Dr. Maxwell T. Masters has described in the Jarwnal of Botany
for February some new Passiflorece, all from South America, Anew
genus, Mitostemma, is represented by two species, one from South Brazil
and the other from British Guiana. The genus Passiflora receives five,
new species.

Mr. Joseph F. .James publishes a paper on "Pitcher Plants" in the
March Naturalist, in which he advances the idea that in S. purpurea

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

*93

the pollen or some secretion of the flower is intoxicating and so the in-
sects drop over the edge of the broad stigma into the open leaf cups
helow. The theory is supported by analogy and the position of the parts
rather than by any direct observation.

M. J. Vesqtje has succeeded in devising a method by which the
movements of water in plants can be directly observed. In applying
this method in testing the theories that are held with regard to the ex-
act route of the ascending water, it appears that the true view is a "gold-
en mean." Under certain conditions the water is transferred by means
of the cavities themselves, but they may also serve as reservoirs.

R. Zeiller has found the stomata on [a fossil Cretaceous conifer
quite well preserved. Curiously, the cells guarding each stoma are
four and occasionally five in number arranged radiately, thus leaving
instead of a simple slit a star shaped opening with four or five rays.
The stomata are arranged in rows and the orifice is situated at the bot-
tom of a slight depression which is surrounded as in living allies by a
slightly projecting edge of cuticle.

Mr. Francis Wolle, of Bethlehem, Penn., in a recent letter, refers
to the article in the January number of the American Naturalist on the
method to be used in interpreting the microscopic portion of the descrip-
tions of Schweinitz, and confirms the conclusions there given. He was
in youth acquainted with Schweinitz, and sent him specimens. His mi-
croscope was of German make, and in its day was considered a very
good one, but would not now be serviceable.

Mr. Grant Allen's theory that petals are transformed stamens
rather than leaves, and that hence the earliest and simplest existing pe-
tals would be yellow, cannot carry conviction without answering some
very serious objections. How the line can be drawn between petals and
sepals it is hard to say, and from colored sepals to colored bracts is not a
great distance and the relation between leaf and petal seems still a very
close one. That yellow is the prevailing color in the Comjmsitw and
very common in Leguminosae and Orchidacece, which are very far from
being the '"simplest types," is also hard to explain if we accept the state-
ment that the earliest and simplest existing petals would be yellow, and
that the colors would change with increased complexity.

Dr. J. G. Baker is publishing in the Journal of Botany a Synopsis
of the genus Selagiiiella. It seems that, ferns excluded, half the known
vascular Cryptogams belong to this genus. Its headquarters are in Trop-
ical America, only two species extending into Europe, and those of the
Cape, Temperate Australia, etc., being by no means numerous. The
leaf -organs furnish characters for an easy division into four subgenera,
depending upon "their arrangement upon either a distichous or multi-
farious plan and their uniformity in shape and character or dimorphism."
The names given to these subgenera are Selaginella proper, tStachygyn-
andrum, Homosbachys, and Heterostachys, and under them are grouped
312 species.

Prof. J.G. Lkmmon claims to have discovered that the potato is indi-
genous to Arizona. In the Huachuca Mountains last season, in July, he
discovered a species of Solatium in full bloom, with both the white and

194 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

blue flowers. By the 1st of September undoubted potatoes had formed,
about an inch and a half long by half as wide and a third as thick.
Since then tubers have been found in the same region perfectly white
and as large as hen's eggs. If this plant really is the original of all our
cultivated varieties much may be hoped from its cultivation, in the way
of regenerating the old varieties which have become weak, and we hear
that Prof. Meehan predicts great results from this discovery. It is need-
less to say that Prof. Lemmon found the Colorado beetle quietly munch-
ing the leaves of this indigenous potato.

Dr. Gray reviewing in Science DeCandolle's work, Origine des-
plantes cultivees, claims that our common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, is a
native of America. This is one of the three cultivated plants out of a
total of 247, the other two being the rather unimportant species of
Curcubita, C. moschata and C. ficifolia, which DeCandolle is unable to
trace to its original country. Dr. Gray maintains that it is American,
as he has previously done with Indian corn and pumpkins. Fruits and
seeds of it were found in the tombs of the ancient Peruvians at Ancon,
along with other vegetable products belonging solely to this continent,
and with the other two vegetables named, has been cultivated from abo-
riginal times from Mexico to Canada. It is probable, however, that
neither beans nor pumpkins were originally indigenous north of Mexi-
co, or possibly north of the isthmus of Panama.

Dr. Gray, in a private letter, gives us some interesting information
concerning Dr. Torrey which so well illustrates his generous disposition
that we quote it as follows: "Sir Win. Hooker confided to Dr. Torrey,
at the time when Dr. Torrey visited him at Glasgow, theCarices of those
northern collections to be worked up by him. But. while the bundles
were still unopened, Dr. Chester Dewey made him a visit at New York.
Dr. Dewey was the author of a rival monograph of American Carices,
which was published in numerous articles in Silliman's Journal, partly
contemporaneously with the monograph of Schweinitz and Torrey, and
partly later. An inspection of those rich northern collections revived
Dr. Dewey's interest in the subject; observing which Dr. Torrey gener-
ously ottered the collection to his rival for study; and the latter contin-
ued his monograph with these materials. Later, when Dr. Torrey had
monographed the other N. American Cyperaceai, he appended to it a re-
vised arrangement of Carex, and added some new species.

The first three numbers of the new American Journal, Science
have come to hand. It is a 4to of about 28 pages, and reminds one of
the English journal Nature, and like that appears weekly. The term
"science" has been liberally construed, but in the multiplicity of depart-
ments botany receives due attention. The first number devotes five
columns to a review by Dr. Gray of DeCandolle's new work on the
origin of cultivated plants. In the weekly summary of the progress of
science, botany receives two columns in each number. The notes have

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

195

so far been prepared by Dr. G. L. Goodale and Mr. Sereno Watson, of
Cambridge, Mass., Prof. "VVm. Trelease, of Madison, Wis., and Mr. Leo
Lesquereux, of Columbus, Ohio. They embrace 32 seperate items glean-
ed from no less than 18 journals, of which two-thirds are foreign, and
cover a wide range of topics. The journal is as invaluable to the bota-
nist as to the worker in any other department of science. It must,
however, be regretted that the latest information regarding the minute
structure of plants and the vast and interesting field of the lower orders
does not receive more attention.

CURRENT LITERATURE.

On the Structures which favor Cross-Fertilization in several Plants
(with three plates). By William Trelease. From the Proceedings of the
Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. XXI, March 15, 1882. The au-
thor of this valuable contribution to the literature of cross-fertilization
has long been engaged in a careful investigation of the subject and has
repeatedly published valuable results. The present pamphlet is a col-
lection of observations heretofore unpublished, and contains notes upon
certain of the Lemnaeece, Proteaceai, Rutaceoe, Ericacea>, Labiates and
Acanthacece, for the most part exotics. Lemna minor, however, is a na-
tive, and this species, one of the very smallest of phanerogams, seems to
be well adapted for crossing though if that is a failure there is a chance
for self-fertilization. It is protogynous and the two anthers mature
successively some days after the stigma. Cross-fertilization is effected
by the aid of currents of water, making it a hydrophilous plant. The
Proteaeea; are found to be apparently adapted to self-fertilization, but
are so formed as to favor crossing, sometimes even to the exclusion of
the former, the pollinators including bees, butterflies, and three distinct
groups of birds, Kerner's curious conjecture that in Dryandra the trans-
fer of the pollen is effected by the Kangaroos being mentioned simply
as a curiosity. But our space forbids any fuller mention of the many
interesting details to be met upon every page of this pamphlet. Strange
as many of the exotic forms are our interest centers about the little
Lemna whose effort after crossing is a very strong argument in favor of
the idea that continued propagation by self-fertilization is not best for a
species.

Supplement to Chapman's Botany.— Chapman's Flora of the South-
ern States has so long been out of print, and discoveries and changes in
nomenclature have been so numerous that we had hoped for a revision
rather than a reprint with a supplement. It would, however, probably
be too much to ask of our oldest American botanist, and we take this
supplement as the best substitute, being really a condensed record of
discoveries, most of which have already been noted in our various peri-
odicals and published proceedings of our learned societies. Most of the
additions come from Florida, whose flora, so deeply tinged with West
Indian forms, has been most zealously examined for the past few years,
and the names of Curtiss, Garber, Miss Keynolds, and others, are
closely associated with that of Dr. Chapman himself. X o fewer than
200 species from Florida have thus been added to our catalogue of the
Southern Flora, and this means only species which have not yet been
found to extend beyond the limits of the State. The region most favor-
ed in new forms, after Florida, is that nest of mountains which is found

ro6 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

where Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia interlock and runs north-
ward through Eastern Tennessee and Western N. Carolina. Here are
discovered many forms from the north, having found in the elevations
of the mountains compensation for a more southern latitude, no fewer
than 65 such species being noted in this supplement. Speaking of the
northerners we remark the occurrence of Hedtim RJwdiola in the Mts.
<>f N. C., which was found years ago clinging to a cool cliff near Easton,
Penn., and taken as an example of a stranded glacial visitor. Asplenium
rbenoides, too, has been found in shady ravines in central Alabama, and
TSrythronium albidum upon the very summit of lloan Mountain. The
Mississippi river has also kept up a movement of species southward and
its influence is very noticeable in glancing over this supplement. Nat-
urally the West has not contributed so many forms as either the South
or North, for the barriers in that direction are greater. We note, how-
ever, about 25 species which may be considered to have come from the
West. These figures of course only apply to the supplement, and in a
study of the original Manual it will be seen that this composite flora is
tinged more from the north than from the south on account of the
greater ease of communication in that direction; while the western
forms still remain in the background. Some 15 species are published
here for the first time, 10 of them bearing Dr. Chapman's name as au-
thor, and 12 of them from Florida. They are an Alsine, Poly gala, Peta-
lostemon, Ludwigia, Pinguicula, two Euphorbias, Croton, Tillandsia,
Xyris, Cyperus, Rhynchospora, two Paspalums, and an Andropogon.
Two orders for the first time find place in our Flora, namely, Casumrinem
and Piperacece, containing together 3 species, all from Florida.

ARTICLES IN JOURNALS.

Allen, Grant.— The Pedigree of Wheat (from Macmillan's Magazine), Pop. Sci. Mo.

XXI r, p. 662.
Baker, J. G. — A Synopsis of the Genus Selaginella (continued). Jour. Bot. XXI, p. 42.
Britten, James —Editorial Notice of Alph. DeCandolle's "Origiue des Plants cultivees,"

Jour. Bot. XXI, p. 56.
Burrill, T. J. — New Species (5) of Micrococcus (Bacteria), Am. Nat. XVII, p. 319.
Davenport, Geohoe E. — Fern Notes, VI, Torr. Bull. X, p. 4.

Dudley, William R —Leafy Berries in Mitchella repens (with plate), Torr. Bull, X, p. 1.
Ellis, J. B.-New Species (35) of N. Am. Funei, Am. Nat. XVII, pp. 192, 316.
Geylbk.— Notice of J. Felix's "Studies upon Fossil Woods," Bot. Zeit. Feb. 2.
Goodale, G. L. — Notice of Veeque's "Direct observation of the movement of Water in

Plants," Am. Jour. Sci. 3. 25, p. 237.
Gray, Asa.— Review of Grant Allen's ''The Colore of Flowers," Am. Jour. Sci. 3. 25, p. 236.
Hitchcock, Romyn.— Unicellular Algte, Am. Mo. Mic. Jour. IV, p. 21.
James, Josem P.— Pitcher Plants, Am. Nat. XVII, p. 283.
Kutschku, Emil.— Upon the function of tannic acid in metastasis of the plant, Flora,

Feb. 1.
Masters, Maxwell T.— New Passifloren' (one gcuus and eight species, all from S. Am.),

Jour. Bot. XXI, p. 33.
Mueller, C. J.— On the Discrimination of Different. Species of Wood by Microscopical

Examination, Sci. Gossip, No. 218, p. 39.
Reinke, J.— Autoxydation in the living plant-cell, Bot. Zeit. Feb. 2, concluded Feb. 9.
Stodder, Ciiarlks. — Notes on Diatomaceaa from Tampa Bay, Fla. Am. Mo. Mic. Jour. IT,

p. 30.
'f release, William.— On the Structures which fayor Cross-Fertilization in Several Plants,

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XXI, p. 410.
Vorce, C. M.— The Detection of Adulteration in Food (Mustard, with plate), Am. Mo. Mie.

Jour. IV, p. 24.
Wager, Joiin.— The Danish Forest, II, Sci. Goesip, No 218, p. 29.
Wiesneu, J.— Notice of the Memoir of Dr. Julius Wortman upon Nutation, Bot. Zeit.

Feb. 2.
Winter, Geo.— New N. Am. Fungi (S'i Torr. Bull. X, p. 7
"VVrihht, E. P.— Review of Sach's Text-Book of Botany (Vine's Translation, 2d edition),

Nature, XXVII, p. 263.

Catalogue of Indiana Plants.

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Plants from the Cascade Mountains.

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Having botanized extensively in Nevada, California, Mexico, etc , during the past
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Flora of t le Pacific Slope

PRINGLE'SDISTRIBUTION OF 1882.

The subscriber offers sets of nearly 503 species collecte I in Arizona, California, and
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Plants of Southern California.

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otanical Gazette.

APRIL, 1883,

COITTEITTS.

Some X. Am. Botanists. IT. Major LeConte. A Gray 19?

A New Walking Fern (with plate). J'. C. Arthur 199

Notes on the Virginia Creeper. Thos. Meekan 201

Plants of Belle Isle, Mich. Aug. F. Foerste 203

Notula Californieae . E. L. Greene.

Botany at Harvard University. J. Troep 205

Item arks on Dentaria as a subgenus of Cardamine J. F. Mtn.es 206

General Notes -'"

Solanunt Fendleri.— Viola Beckwithii, var. Grmeryata.— Sensitive Stigmas of
Martynia— The Arizona Potato.— Dr. Torrey.— Stameus of Heteranthera. — A
New Puff Ball.— Some Popular Botany.— Water Pores of Fuchsia.— Schedule
for the study of Cyperms.— Aufckesis «f Cyclamen.

Editorial Notes .' 213

1 ui-rent Literature 214

Articles in Journals

Editor:

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1S83.

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BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 1883.

PLATE III.

k+t>\u.T. &.e\ .

ARTHUR ON CAMPTOSORUS,

/^^ W-*4A5

*-fl

Botanical Gazette

Vol. VIII. APRIL, 1883. No. 4.

Some North American Botanists.

IV. John Eatton LeConte.

Fifty years ago the writer of this notice was botanizing in the
Pine barrens of New Jersey. While Iris quarters were in the little
wayside inn at Quaker Bridge — then a kind of Mecca to which all
good botanists were bound to make a pilgrimage — the entire loneli-
ness of his sojourn was one day brightened by the arrival of a
middle-aged man, of very pleasant demeanor, who came in a pri-
vate vehicle from Philadelphia, and who, although then searching
for certain insects, was at once seen to be an accomplished botanist.
The writer had just found, at Atsion, a little below Quaker Bridge,
the plant which we now call Breweria Pickeringii, and it was, with
one possible exception, the first time it had been found in the
Northern States and before it had been made known from North
Carolina. The natural relationships of plants were not well under-
stood in those days by youthful botanists; and the discoverer
thought he had found a new Solanaceous plant; and was rather
surprised when the gentleman told him that it was a Convolvulus.
The geutleman was Major LeConte. During several succeeding
years the writer, along with his master, Dr. Torrey, used to call in
now and then and take tea with Major LeConte, at his house in
New York. Mr. LeConte was a widower, with one son, an only
child, then a lad, whose actual knowledge of natural history, and
whose intense avidity for more, exceedingly interested and amused
his older companions, and foreshadowed the entomologist who was
to give new eclat to the name he inherited.

The following sketch, supplied to my hand, succinctly indi-
cates the principal points in the genealogy and uneventtul life of
the subject of this notice.

John Eatton LeConte Avas born near Shrewsbury, New Jersey,
February 22, 1781:, and died in Philadelphia, November 21, 1860.
His residence was partly in New York, where he was educated at
Columbia College, partly in Georgia, where his father possessed a
large tract of property in Liberty County. His family is of Hu-
guenot descent, his ancestor, William, having left Normandy on
the revocation of the Edict of Nantes to join the army of Will-
iam, afterwards King of England. Thence coming to America he
settled in New York, about the year 1692. His son, Peter Le-

198 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Conte, was a highly esteemed physician in the lower part of Ne?y
Jersey, and married Valeria, a daughter of John Fatton of Shrew-
bury, among who^e numerous descendants may be counted some of our
most eminent citizens. From an early age his two sons, John Le-
Conte and his brother Louis, showed a great love for Natural Histo-
ry and the observation of animals and plants. As young men they
spent several years in Georgia, where they cultivated their father's
plantation and occupied their leisure in the pursuit of science.
Here it was that they established a botanical garden, mentioned '
frequently by the earlier travelers in the United States. This love
of Nature and the observation of its phenomena has pervaded al-
most all the members of the LeConte family. About the year
1817, John LeConte entered the army of the United States as Cap-
tain of Topographical Engineers, and after serving ten years re-
ceived the customary brevet as Major: but finding his health shat-
tered by exposure during an exploration ot the St. Johns River in
Florida, undertaken in the line of his duty, he made a journey to
Paris in 1827, where he formed the acquaintance of many of the
most eminent men of science there, and with whom he subse-
quently kept up a correspondence. In 1832 or 1833 he resigned
nis commission in the army, and lived the retired life of an invalid
in New York, until 1852. when he moved to Philadelphia.

His contributions to botanical and zoological science were
published mostly in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History
of New York, and in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia from L8S2 to 1S6i>. His extensive and
valuable herbarium, which had been carefully reviewed by the
older botanists of the country, was presented to the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1852, and was followed shortly
after his death by a large collection of fresh water mollusca of the
United States, containing many original specimens of species first
observed by him. He was a most untiring student and left much
manuscript, the usefulness of which has been superseded by subse-
quent research, and likewise many thousand water-color drawings
of insects of various orders, which his son has had mounted in al-
bums suitable for inspection.

No separate botanical work bears his name as author, nor any
in zoology that we know of, except one on American Lepidoptera,
published in connection with M. Boisduval. But the Royal Soci-
ety's Catalogue ot Scientific papers records the title and place and
date of publication of thirty-five ot them, eleven of which are bo-
tanical. Several of these are monographs. The earliest, on the
[T. S. species of Puspalnin, was published in the year 1820; three
others, namely, those on rtrieidnriti, Qmiialti, and Jhiellki, all in
1824; those on Tillandsia and on Viola in 1826; that on Panvrti-
than in 1828. He was a keen but leisurely observer and investiga-
tor, and still more leisurely writer. He was a man of very refined

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 1 99

and winning manners, of scholarly habits and wide reading, of an
inquiring and original turn of mind, the fruitfulness of which was
subdued by chronic invalidism. When he went to Paris he took
with him his herbarium, which for that time was unusually rich
in plants of Lower Georgia and Florida; and we remember his re-
mark that his botanical acquaintances there made very free use of
his permission to help themselves to the duplicates. There is rea-
son to think, accordingly, that the remains of it which went to
the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences will not throw all
the light which might be expected upon the species of plants
Avhich were described in his published papers.

His old friends, Torrey and Wm. Cooper, named in his honor
the genus which, as it proved, Kafinesque had some years earlier
named Peltandra. And the opportunity was soon lost of com-
memorating his name in a plant of his own country: for Achille
Richard in Paris, in 1829, bestowed the name of Lecontia upon a
.genus of Madagascar Riibiaceoe, now of live speeies. Although the
name of John E. LeConte is best known to fame, it ought to be
recorded that his brother, Louis, was also a keen botanist and ex-
cellent observer. The writer of this notice never knew him per-
sonally, for all but the earlier years of his life were passed upon the
family plantation in Georgia. His name is mentioned in the per-
face as one of the contributors to Torrey & Gray's Flora of North
America; and be deserved well of science in another respect, for
he was the father of the two LeContes — President and Professor —
of the TJniversitv of California. — A. Gray.

A New Walking-Fern,

(plate III.)

Although the variation of the common walking-fern (Camp*
tdsOrttS rhizophyllUs) is very considerable, all the forms show a more
or less auricled base. The auricles of the small forms are often so
broad as to be nearly confluent with the stipe. On the other hand,
I am informed by Mr. Davenport that in his herbarium are speci-
mens with the base of the blade simply obtuse, the auricles having
become quite obsolescent. But the latter is a rare occurrence, and
appears to be the extreme of variation in the direction of a narrow-
ed base. The interesting form of which an illustration is given
herewith, has the striking peculiarity of an acute base without
proper auricles. It was found and communicated by Mr. J. G.
Haupt in Muscatine County, Iowa. . It covered a few square yards,
and was seen in but the one spot. The common form grew a few
rods away, and by its luxuriance and large size gave prominence to
the new kind.

The character of the base, together with some others, shows a
considerable divergence froni the typical form, and seems to indi-

.200 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

cate an established variety, or at least a well marked form. AVhetli-
er a good variety or not can better be told after the study of a
larger number of specimens and from other localities. There is at
least sufficient peculiarity to merit a careful description, and for the
present, the rank of variety may be assumed.

Camptosokus rhizophyllus, Link, var. intermebius (n. v.).
Rootstalk short, ascending, clothed with a few dark-brown scales;
stipe green, Avith a brown base, containing a single rounded-trian-
gular fibro-vascular bundle without accompanying sclerenchyma;
fronds dimorphous, subcoriaceous, thinnish ; sterile frond 2 to 4
inches long, triangular-acuminate, sometimes prolonged and root-
ing; base broadly wedge-shape; apex blunt; fertile frond 4 to 12
inches long, narrowly lanceolate, broadest close to the base, greatly
attenuated and prolonged, rooting at the apex; base acute, broadly
wedge-shape, never cordate; veins strongly ascending, anastomos-
ing and forming about two series of areohe; sori few, oblong,
sometimes in pairs, or confluent at the upper part of the areolae;
indusium smooth, delicate, with a sinuous margin; spores ovoid,
with broad anastomosing wings of irregular width. Sterile blade
1 to tV inch broad near the base, fertile blade j to :i inch broad.

Limestone cliffs in Eastern Iowa.

The features which distinguish this from the typical form are
the single fibro-vascular bundle of the stipe without an anterior
nation of sclerenchyma, thinner and narrower fronds, simpler ve-
thread, acute base, shorter sori, and the greater differentiation of
sterile and fertile fronds. Of these characters the most pronounced
are the bundle of the stipe and the base of the blade.

It is a significant fact that the deviations from the type are all
in the direction of the only other known species of the genus, C.
Sibiricus, a native of northeastern Asia. So considerable is the ap-
proach toward that species that if our plant had been found in
ompany with the foreign instead of the home sort, I doubt not it
■would have been set down as a genuine variety of the former. I
Lave not, however, seen specimens of C. Sibiricus, and cannot
speak with perfect confidence, but form my judgment from the ex-
tended and verv complete description given in Milde's Filices En.
>i Atlan., and the figure in Hooker's 2nd Century of Fern*. Pro-
fessor Eaton writes me that a specimen in his herbarium corres-
ponds closely with Hooker's illustration except it is not so large.
The opinion of Linnaeus, that only one variable species of Campto-
sdrus exists, may again find favor. At any rate the form under
discussion is quite intermediate between the two established species.
'<)ne character, however, yet to be mentioned, marks the closer af-
finity with C. rhizophyllus. It is the widening of the blade above
the triangular base. By referring to the illustration, the slight
lobation of the blade at the widest part is evident in every frond.
These incipient lateral lobes are not auricles, but are of the nature of

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 201

the lateral prolongations occasionally produced by C. rhizophylhis,
and well illustrated in Eaton's Ferns of North America, In C, Sibi-
ricus both the auricles and the lateral developments are wanting,
and the greatest breadth is still farther irom the base of the blade.
The character of the axial bundle is very marked, and should not
be disregarded. — J. C. Arthur.

Explanation of Plate III.— An entire plant of natural size
showing four sterile fronds and a small fertile frond.

A single fertile frond of natural size with a plantlet growing from
the apex.

Portion of the same frond enlarged six diameters, showing the ve-
nation and position of the son.

Cross-section of a fertile stipe magnified thirty-live diameters, and
drawn with camera lucida.

Notes on the Virginia Creeper.

A number of years ago I communicated to the Academy
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia the fact that every third node
had one tendril, and that the leaves opposite the tendrils had no
axillary buds. About the time of the publication ot my remarks t
twitted in pleasant vein the author of "How jihmlx Behave" with
inaccuracy, because the cut at p. 17 had an axillary bud opposite
to a tendril. To my amazed discomfiture he replied by sending me
a fresh specimen just like his drawing! It was a good lesson to me
on the use of "never" by a botanist. I have since seen such case.-.
but very seldom. The rule is as I then noted. In the Japan spe-
cies, Ampelopsis tricuspidata, (A.. Veitchii of gardens), the rule
is the same. Mohr, a German writer on the grape vine notes that
there are regular intermissions of tendrils in the grape vine, and
Dr. Engelmann since, but 1 believe quite independently, observed
the same, and at one time believed the fact might be made of
value in the diagnosis of species. Much does not seem to have
been made of it however in this direction. In the grape there is
not the same constancy in the numerical order as in the Virginia
Creeper. In Vitis indivisa I find a tendril at every node. In oth-
er species of Vitis and Ampelopsis^, there are irregularities.

It is worth noting how Ampelopsis quinquefolia varies. In
187.1 and '73 I collected it in the vicinity of Pike's Peak with nar-
row, laciniate, and somewhat glaucous leaves. Mr. Buckley notes
it in Texas as often bearing seven leaflets, where it is his A. hepto-
phylla. In Canada I find six leaflets common, with often the rudi-
ments of a seventh. In the upper Delaware regions I have often
gathered them with but three. In Pennsylvania the chief veins
diverge and carve as they approach the margin. At Niagara I
found them as nearly parallel and straight as in a horse chestnut.
A first glance at one on Goat Island once, as it ran over a tree,
gave me a pleasant surprise that 1 was looking at an JEscnlus.

Some years ago a large Ampelopsis covered a Cerasiis >< retina

202 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

on my grounds. The cherry died, and in a few years the bark and
wood rotted. Where this occurred the old stem of the Virginia
Creeper commenced to send out rootlets. These rootlets seem to
die annually, as they do in Rhus radicans. The main stem is a
mass of rootlets. I have observed that the plant does this some-
times in the shade on stone walls, and at times when there is not
so much shade. Perhaps some plants or some forms may have a
greater tendency to root than others.

Another curious thing is tint when the Virginia Creeper sends
out these aerial rootlets, the wood has excentric circles, as the poi-
son vine always has.

A matter which has interested me is the manner in which the
branchlets disarticulate in the tall of the year. When a Virginia
< reeper reaches the top of its support, it sends out weak laterals.
In the fall these are all thrown oft down to the lowermost bud. In
other words the lateral branches increase only by the addition of
one node a year. Remembering however the above cited tilt with
the author of "How plants Behave" I must protect myself by re-
marking that though I say "these are all thrown off,': I should not
be surprised if some one were to show me a case where it is not so.

These observations have been recorded from time to time as
made, in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy. As recent
attention has been drawn to the plant, it may be useful to present
all in one chapter.— Thomas Meehan.

Plants of Belle Isle, Michigan.

Detroit, the most beautiful city of the West, has the honor of
possessing what will some day be one of the most delightful parks.
It is the Belle Isle, situated a few miles up the river and connected
by constantly going steamers with the wharves of the city. It
is still in an almost primitive condition and certainly must be a
treasure to the botanists of Detroit, affording a vegetation at once
varied and quite free from the introductions that attend the pro-
gress of civilization. This is the locality from which Bigelow ob-
tained his specimens.

A few steps from the landing at the island, Ly thrum alatwm,
VotentUla Anserina, and Lathy r us paluster were growing abundant-
ly. A few rods beyond the bath houses Habenaria leucophcea ev-
erywhere threw out its spikes of fringed flowers from among the
grasses. Rubus occidental-is appeared, this time with an amber color-
ed fruit, escaping the attention of groups of children busy in col-
lecting the more common black variety. Rosa setigera was con-
stantly in demand for the rural bouquets of excursionists, which
seemed to have no definite size, but always had room for one more
Habenaria', Lysimachia stricta, Lobelia spicata, or Hypericum per-
foratum. On the drier ground we saw Geum strictum, Lobelia in-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 203

data, Calami ntlui CJinopodiam, besides numerous ferns and other
plants, which, however, have already been credited to this part of
Michigan in Wheeler and Smith's catalogue. Near the water
works, east of the city, Zizaniq aqnatiea grew among millions of
Wptffia Columbiana, interspersed with Lemna trisulca and L.
yolyrrhizq, which the catalogue indicates as growing throughout
Southern Michigan. Somklis oteraceus was represented by a tew
stray individuals; also Polygonum Pennsylvanicum and P. incar-
natum. Ainono- the more common weeds may be mentioned Cich-
orium Intykus and Atriplex patula, var. hasta'ta, both of which are
found in unusual abundance throughout the city. Along the rail-
roads (Enothera biennis, var. muricaia, Diplopappus umbellatus
and Cenchrus tnbuloides, were well represented, the last plant
ve rytroublesome to the collector. A few other plants may be
mentioned, which were found north of the city; Solidago tilmi-
foliy, Rudbeckia speciosa, Lactuca leucophcea, Spiranthes Roman-
zoviqna, Botrychium tematnm, var. obliqunm and var. dissection.
The flowers of the Spiranthes wind in three ranks about the stem,
but they are so arranged as to form 4 vertical rows in each spike.
I also observed that young individuals were developed from the
axils of the lower leaves, which I suppose furnish a means of pro-
pagation to the plant. ~-t being well known that most orchids are
slow to seed, requiring *he agency of insects in securing fertiliza-
tion. Proliferous specimens of Scirpus atrovirens were frequently
seen in the fall.

Fungi were rather scarce. However, the species found were
abundantly represented. Among these were Scleroderma mh/are,
Ceaster triplex, Jungh.. Bovista plumbea, Pers., Cyathus strhtus,
Hoffm., Ho/etas castaneus, Bull.. Agaricus conjinens. Pers.. and
Agaricus radical nx. Bull. — Aug. F. Foerste, Dayton, Ohio.

N otnhe California*.

The plant commonly known as German ivy (Senecio mikani-
oides, Otto) acts much as if it could become naturalized in Califor-
nia; though thus far one does not see it growing wild except along
streams, and in places where its shoots may have found a lodgment
after having been thrown away with the refuse of the gardens. But it
is already of quite frequent occurrence in the ravines back of Oak-
land and Berkeley, where it flowers regularly and profusely shortly
after Christmas.

Its dense masses of yellow bloom, upon the background of the
dark foliage of live oak and bay over which it climbs, give a warm
and cheerful look, at this season when flowers are few.

Owing to the climatic peculiarities of the past winter the com-
mon deciduous shrub, Neillia opulifolia, Benth. & Hook., will have
*hed its foliage twice in 1883. Its habit is, in this region, to put

204 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

them forth in the month of March, and mature and cast them off
in September. But last autumn we were visited 1^ very early and
continuous rains, accompanied b.v warm weather; insomuch that
this particular shrub in November unfolded its new leaves, and
showed its flower buds. By the beginning of January, when the
flowers had appeared, there came suddenly a very marked change
in the temperature. The frosts killed the flowers; but the young
leaves, barely full grown, seemed uninjured; but as late as Februa-
ry they turned red, and fell, as they are wont to do in autumn.
Now, in the middle of March, they are appearing again, as boldly
and vigorously as if nothing unusual had happened.

It is remarkable that no other of the ten or fifteen species of
deciduous shrubs, inhabiting these same banks, were similarly af-
fected by the season. Ribes Menziesii, Pursh, which is about the
earliest to respond to the call of spring, and also the earliest to
drop its foliage, remained wholly unmoved by the extraordinary
vernal influences of last October and November, and is now in
flower at its usual date; and the same is true of all the rest, with
the single exception of Symphoricarpus racemQSUS, Miehx. This
shrub unfolded its leaves in November; but the subsequent frosts
neither killed, nor yet matured them; their growth was only tem-
porarily checked; and although it was for two months, they have
lately attained their full size, and the shrub will flower at its usual
time.

Of Anihemis Cotula, L.. it is said in Bot. Cal. I. 401, that it is
"sparingly found along roadsides: introduced, but not yet com-
mon.1' That was six or seven years ago; and now it is fairly abun-
dant— too much so — whitening not only waysides, but waste
grounds everywhere almost on the exst side of San Francisco Bay.
Moreover, like death, it has all seasons for its own, in California,
for it may be found in flower eveiy month in the year.

Although I have seen no specimens, I have it from two author-
ities whici 1 deem wholly unquestionable, that the common fox-
glove (Digitalis purpurea) is not only thoroughly naturalized, but
abundant far inland, in the country back of Humboldt Bay.

The most interesting waif which I have detected in the San
Francisco region is a Hemizonia, one of the tarweeds, peculiar to
this coast, which I found in a single specimen, on the Oakland pier
in the summer of 1S81. Being wholly distinct from all the species
of its genus known to me, I made specimens, preserving every
branch of the single, large plant; supposing, nevertheless, that it
would prove to be some common species of the south part of the
state, which had found its way hither by ship or rail. After keep-
ing my specimens nearly two years, and having meanwhile collect-
ed and published half a dozen new ones of the same genus, I late-
ly made a careful examination of this my neglected ballast waif,
and found that it was also an undegetibed species. I immediately

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 20$

named it as new, and sent a branch to Dr. Gray, who writes back
that it is his unpublished H. WrigUii, which he ha ^obtained from
San Bernardino through Mr. W. G. Wright, only a year earlier
than the date of mv collecting it as a waif five hundred miles from
its home. The seed, from which my waif specimen was produced,
came probably by rail; for it was at the terminus of the railroad
route that I found the plant.— Edward Lee Greene, Berkeley, Cal-
ifornia.

Botany at Harvard University.

The following brief notes, taken while spending the winter at
the Botanic Gardens, will give the readers of the Gazette an iaea
of the nature and method of instruction given m this branch oi
Natural History at Harvard University.

Botany is one of the many elective studies which the whole course
contains, so that all who begin it do not necessarily finish it. The
course in elementary botany begins about October 1. and continues
throughout the year. It consists,first,of practical exercises in analysis,
by winch means the student is made familiar with the process of de-
termining plant names. This i done by analyzing, first some of
the more common, regular, symmetrical flowers, and afterwards the
irregular ones, such as some of the large Cotnpositw. Practical ex-
ercises are then given in the use of the analytical key. by which the
student is made familiar with the process of tracing plants to then-
proper places in the Natural Orders. The next subject is to con-
sider the different parts of the plants, following the plan given in
Gray's Structural Botany.

'Each student is required to work six hours a week in the la-
boratory, with, a dissecting microscope. The last half of this course
is devoted to the study of the Natural Orders and the useful plants
which they contain," accompanied with the study of the most
striking phenomena of vegetation.

At the beginning ot the second year, the class take up the
study of biology, pursuing a course rather more extensive than
that given in Huxley"s Elements of Biology; beginning with the
lower Cryptogams, "such as Bacteria, the different Moulds, etc.;
passing to the higher forms, making a thorough study ot the
Ferns; finishing the first half with the study of Histology. Dur-
ing the second naif year the class is given a thorugh course m exper-
imental vegetable physiology,and systematic botany. In this course,
besides the collection and identification of plants,each student is fur-
nished with a compound microscope, and is required to spend at
least six hours a week, during the last half year, in laboratory
practice, in the examination of important orders, giving results ot
experiment with the different apparatus at his command. I he

206 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

laboratory work in both the elementary and advanced classes is ac-
companied with lectures twice a week upon topics similar to the
following:

Structure of, and useful plants in, Polypetalous, Monopetal-
ous and Apetalous divisions.

Same in regard to Gymnosperms.

Morphology of Bracts, and an examination of inflorescence.

Morphology of calyx, corolla, stamens, carpels, ovules, seeds
and fruits.

Movements in plants.

General laws of adaptation in the vegetable world.

Plants of former times.

Plants of extremes of climate.

Plants of the temperate zones.

General laws ot plant distribution.

Relation of plant structure to functions.

Relation of plants to water; percentage of water in composi-
tion; root absorption; absorption by other parts: transpiration
and its results: selection of dissolved salts and their appropriation
by the plants.

Soil, its physical and chemical structure.

Relation of plants to the atmosphere; gaseous absorption;
transfer of gases in plants.

Assimilation; structure of the leaf; chlorophyll, its proper-
ties; relation to light; products of assimilation; effects on the air;
storing up of elaborated products.

Metastasis; changes which elaborated products undergo in the
plant.

Production of active principles: relations of this to heat.

Respiration in plants.

Nitrogenous food; insectivorous plants.

Phenomena of growth.

Laws of growth.

Movements; autonomic; following shocks; associated with
growth.

Buds and their transfer.

Fertilization in gymnosperms.

Fertilization in angiosperms; color, fragrance, etc., in flowers.

Fertilization; close, cross and hybridization. — J. Troop.

Remarks on Dentaria as a Subgenus of Cardamine.

Bentham and Hooker in their "Genera PlantarunT have unit-
ed Dentaria with Cardamine, arranging the species of the former
as a subgenus under the latter. This, with our species, was done
by Alphonso Wood in his ''Botanist and Florist" in 1870. and he is
credited with the names under Cardamine.

The only differences between the two genera, at least so far as

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 207

our species go, are in habit, the stems ot the first being generally
naked below and the second being leafy, and in the seeds of
Lkntitria being on broad, and of Cafdqmtye on slender stalks.

The species of the eastern- United States are in need of revis-
ion and the following is submitted to the consideration of botanists.

1. Cardamine diphylla. Wood. Rootstock long and con-
tinuous; toothed: stem leaves two.

2. Cardaminb heterophylla, Wood. Rootstock interrupt-
ed, forming a chain of two or three narrow oblong toothed
tubers; stem leaves two to seven, mostly three, alternate.— The
forms with more than three leaves are Dentaria maxima, Isutt.

This and the next species it would sometimes be hard to sepa-
rate, tor the next is sometimes found with two leaves, and some-
times with three and these alternate instead of whorled.

3. Cardamine l acini ata, Wood. Rootstock same as last;
leaves mostly three in a whorl, sometimes only two.

Var. multifida, James. Leaves two or three, alternate or
whorled. the leaflets with narrow linear lobes.

I do not think this form, called Dentaria multyfida, Muhl., can
be be separated with justice from the laciniata. In a recent trip to
Lookout mountain, Chattanooga. I found both forms in full bloom,
although not growing together, and some were so exactly interme-
diate in the division of the leaflets that it was hard to decide what
they were. The rootstocks of both are alike. The variety howev-
er grows in poorer soil than the species itself, and we can thus ac-
rount for the finer division of Hie leaves. To take the extreme
form of the species and the variety and compare them, one would
be inclined to give to each specific rank, but when we find them
shading into one another as gradually as they do, we can see no
other plan than to consider the multifida as a variety of C. lacini-
ata.

The other species of Dentaria of the United States will now be
Cardamine Califomica, C. macrocarpa, and C. tenet/a.

I have specimens of var. imi/tifido and many other specimens
for exchange for my desiderata.— Jos. P. James, Custodian Cin.
Soc. Xat. Hist. Cm.'. ().

GENERAL NOTES.

Viola Beckwithii, T. & G., var. trinervata.- This pretty little violet
was £rst collected near Goldendale, "Wash. Terr., April 1, 187& and at
different times since, and has been distributed in my sets as , I . JJepK-
Withii, var. The characters of this new variety may eventually entitle
it to specific rank, but for the present it is retained under 1 .Beckwiitui.
The principal characters are in the more simply pedate leaves, witn
broader lobes, having remarkable callous tips, and three prominent
• erves, very strong in the mature leaves, the lateral pair submargmai,
sometimes five nerves, when the outermost are strictly marginal —

Tnos. Howell, Arthur, Oregon.

2o8 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Solanum Fendleri.- This, one of the new Mexican tuberous species,
was given to me many years ago by J)r. < !. ( !. Parry. I found the tubers
quite hardy here in Philadelphia, which of course the common potato is
not. Jt came up among the hardy'border flowers several years in suc-
cession, and finally disappeared, probably through ground mice. Some
of the roots developed to the size of Black Walnuts before I lost them.
It was on this experience only that I thought Mr. Lemmon's discoveries
may be of advantage. L have notsoen his plants, nor do I know what
species he discovered in Arizona. — T. Meehan.

Sensitive Stigmas of Martynia. — In Martynia proboscidea the
stigmas, when touched, close quickly, probably within ten seconds (I re-
gret not having timed them), but if there is no pollen between the lobes
these soon reopen, and this may be repeated several times during the
life of the flower; but it' there is pollen between the lobes they //< ever re-
open. It a bee enters one of these dowers, without having previously
visited another, he closes the stigma without introducing pollen and it
soon reopens. Bu1 if he has previously visited another dower and is
covered with pollen, he introduces some of it lie! ween the lobes of the
stigma, which then never reopens. This may have been observed be-
fore, but at all events I think it will be worthy of note as a, remarkable
adaptation for cross-fertilization.—rEDGAE 11. Harger, Oxford, Ct

The. Arizona Potato.- I have been quite interested in Mr. Lemmon's
discovery last July of Solanum tuberosum in the Hua< huca Mountains,
Arizona, in dower, and later in fruit.

Turning to my herbarium I find 1 have r 'corded on the label to my
specimen, "Solarium tuberosum, L„ var. boreale, Gray. Syn. Fl. p. 227.
Mt. Graham, Arizona. Alt. 9250 feet." The specimens were taken in
August 1874 and were, beyond doubt indigenous. They were in dower
but some had tubers about three-fourths of an inch in diameter.

This variety dray recognizes as his old Solanum Fendh //.and states
distinctly that it is not specifically distinct from the potato plant.

There can be no question that henceforth we must regard the potato
as an indigenous plant, in the mountains of our Southwest. J.T. Roth-
rock.

Dr. Torrey. I was emploj ed by J>r. Torrey, during the last year of
his life, in some small botanical details of his herbarium, and then I had
an opportunity of noting his marvelous skill m mechanical resources-
It impressed me the more, perhaps, as nature has not endowed me in
this way. During my sojourn at Columbia College, 1 saw the dear old
man in the most intimate way, and loved him as did all his associates
Often returning to my room late at night, I have found the Doctor hard
at work in the herbarium, all the windows shut down in the August
heat, and he himself in his shirt sleeves. He preferred to suffer rather
have his plants disarranged by the wind. Pointing to tin' well-loaded
shelves of his 'priceless herbarium, heonce said to me with his quaint
child-like manner, "That represents a deal oi back-ache." I have since
learned to appreciate the remark. \V. W. BAILEY.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 2O0

Stamens ofHeteranthera reniformis.— Mr.FritzMueller writes toNa-
ture describing dimorphism exhibited by the stamens ofHeteranthera
reniformis and commenting on the probable benefit of such dimorphism.
He says; "In Heteranthera reniformis there is one long stamen (belong-
ing to the outer whorl) having pale bluish pollen, and two short stamens
(of the inner whorl) with bright yellow pollen. The stigma stands gen-
erally on a level with the anther of the long stamen. When the white
flower opens, the pistil and long stamen diverge, the pistil bending (al-
most without exception) to the rigid, and the stamen to the left; at the
withering of the flower, they again approach each other, so that the stig-
ma may be fertilized by the pollen of the long stamen. Visiting insects
are attracted yet more to the yellow anthers of the two short stamens
by their being placed close to a yellow spot, surrounded by a violet bor-
der, at the base of the upper petal. * * * * Fertilization is almost exclu-
sively effected by the pollen of the longer stamens, while the shorter
stamens serve only to attract pollen-gathering or pollen-eating insects.
* * * The dull color of the long stamens serves to make them less visible
to insects."

A New Puff-Bail.— In a recent number. Grevillea, Dr. M. C. Cooke
prints the description of anew puff-ball, from Ohio, which is of exceed-
ing interest. It belongs to a long !■ genus, described bj Klotsehin
"Linnsea" some fifty years ago and a puzzle to mycologists ever since.
The following is the description:
Cycloderma Ohiensis, Cke. & Morg.

Subglobosum, album, heve. Peridium glabrum, coriaceum, superne
umbonatum, inferne radicoso-fibrosum. Columella, subcylindrica,
sequalis, capillitioque radiante alba. Sporis minutissiinis, globosis
hyalinis.

On the ground. Ohio, U. S.

About an inch in diameter, or less, columella two-thirds the height
of the peridium, wholly white within.

The double peridium is very distinct, especially as the individual
advances in age. The outer peridium is composed of rather coarse, ir-
regular, contorted fibres, closely interwoven. The capillitium is an ex-
ceedingly delicate membrane, much folded and plicate. The spores are
globose, hyaline, and very minute.

Some Popular Botany.— A writer who affects the style of Thoreau,
gives us, in the March number of the Century Magazine, some curious
notes on the habits of evergreen and deciduous trees. He takes oc-
casion to say that "most persons are unreliable observers," a statement
somewhat lacking in originality, but which connot be gainsayed. "Peo-
ple live in the country all their lives without making one accurate ob-
servation about nature." (May I suggest in extenuation thaf'observations
about nature" at so much per page in a popular magazine pay better

2IO

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

than that modest, reticent study of nature in which many country peo-
ple nevertheless indulge.)

'•The evergreen trees in front of their doors, what do they know
about their habits V Do the pine and hemlock shed their leaves? Xot
id any strict sense." May I ask in a vague sense what they do with
t hem otherwise? "In the deciduous trees the new leaves take the \>l<v<
of the old (bic); they <-<>me out in. the axits of the old leaves and the
branch is reclothed each spring, even if no new shoots appear"!! Dr.
Gray says that whatever is produced in the axil of a leaf when develop-
ed is a branch but then Dr. Gray may lie one of those unfortunate.-,
who miss their fact for lack id' "a sharp eye" and capacity for '"swift in-
ference." "Butjnone of the Conifers renew their leaves as do the decid-
uous trees." "If the tr.ee (conifer) were to cease to grow it would prob-
ably (though of this I am not certain) cease to shed its leaves." Nothing
like caution in stating a scientific hypothesis, but what sense is there in
the foregoing? It may be said that a. writer who uses language in such
a loose way as to talk about the "molting season" of trees and "foresight
in a weed" is not to be held to a close verbal construction. But the con-
text of the passage from which I have quoted shows an effort toward
hypercritical accuracy on the part of one who "holds his eye long and
firmly to the point and will not be baffled." A Coitntkv.max.

Water Tores of Fuchsia. In Bessey's Botany (1st Ed., p. 104) Mr
,1. V. Arthur figures a water pore|ffom a leaf-toOth of Fuchsia grlobosa
and mentions the tact that in the dark colored varieties there are sever-
al of these openings on each tooth. The
accompanying figure illustrates a group of
these as shown by a slide prepared by Miss
Katie L. Bishop in the botanical labora-
tory of Purdue University. The number
of these water-rifts is unusually large, sev-
en surrounding a, the central pore, which
commonly occupies alone the tip of the
tooth. Several slides were obtained, show-
ing two or three of these openings, but
ZT none approaching the number here figured.
'ttp" Inasmuch as the literature and illustra-

Fig. J.— Water-pores from tip of tions concerning this subject are so ven
to2tlJ.™t!£iwf M>Uia ts''-'' h meager it is hoped that this figure, though

not representing any great novelty, may be of use to whoever under-
takes a fuller study of these interesting structures. ■(.'. B. B.

Schedule for the study of Cyperus. 1 have found the schedule plan
ol approach so Useful with difficult orders and genera that I constantly
extend it to the examination of others. The young student is apt to
see in a sedge or grass so much at once that is new and confusing that
he niay abandon the work in despair. If. however, he carefully writes

-- r- i- - I l_J

a.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 2ll

out the account of one thing at a time, he eliminates the element of
doubt, as well as the too natural desire to compel the plant into some
corner where his preconception supposes it to belong. Morever, by this
plan, he actually studies the plant and bears away an idea of its struc-
ture and affinities, rather than a mere name. I have found the accom-
panying schedule for the genus Cypeiiis so useful in practice that I am
induced to communicate it for the benefit of other teachers of our sci-
ence.

Schedule for Cyperus.

The Boots. Note their character ;is indicative of the' duration of the
plant.

The Rootstocks. Note if present and whether tuberous.

The CiMms. Describe as to section, height, surface and color. Arc they

slender or stout ?
The Leaves. Describe in ordinary terms of the leaf.
The Involucre. Of how many leaves is it formed ? Describe these and
state their length as well as the number and length of those of
The 1 iivolwels.

The Spikes. Are they in simple or compound umbels? Are they flat or
terete? (Jive their general shape. Are they many or few-flow-
ered? Are they appressed,sprea<ling,or rellexed? State their color.
Is the axis winged or naked?
TMe Scales. Describe their shape, margin, and apex. Note if they are
empty. Are they keeled or not? Are they appressed or spreading?
Are they nerved or not? Are they deciduous or persistent?
The Stamens. Give their number.
The Styles. How many times are they cleft?

Tlie Aehcnium. Is it lenticular or triangular? Describe its general
shape, and tell whether or not it is pointed.
The above is introduced by a general talk about the genus, with il-
lustrations and diagrams. It has been put to the test of laboratory prac-
tice and stands the ordeal well. W. W. Bailey, Brown fTnir\. Provi-
dence, K. I.

Anthesis of Cyclamen. I have been much interested in watching in
my window garden the anthesis of this beautiful plant. At first it con-
sisted of nothing but a thick cluster of heart-shaped or almost reniform
radical leaves rising from a half buried corm, which, we are told, has
been developed even in the seed. Hidden among the leaves could be
found numerous nodding flower buds, giving but little promise of their
future beauty. For several weeks the plant seemed to be engaged in
storing energy, no surface change appearing. Suddenly the one-flower-
ed peduncles began to elongate and grew with wonderful rapidity, car-
rying the buds far above the leaf cluster, until a length of 8 or 10 inches
had been attained. In some cases all this growth was accomplished in

212 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

24 or 48 hours, the stem increasing in diameter as well as in length; in
other cases it took longer. No finer example of rapidly dividing cells
can be obtained anywhere than is furnished by these elongating pedun-
cles. Then conies another resting period, after which the convolute pe-
tals begin to elongate, gaining nearly their full length while still rolled
together. Presently a loosening up is noticed near the middle of the
roll of petals, the edges beginning to free themselves from any overlap-
ping and thus giving elbow room for the next movement. As is very
well known the petals are strongly reflexed, just as in Dodecatheon,
and I was somewhat curious to see how the reliexing took place. Close-
ly as I Matched, several buds opened without my catching a glimpse of
the manner; but finally I was rewarded by seeing the retlexed position
gained in a variety of ways. The usual way seems to be for the two upper
petals to fly back suddenly like liberated springs, and the remaining
three to come back slowly one at a time, with an almost imperceptible
movement, always in the same order, the innermost petal being last.
Sometimes, however, all five spring back at once, spreading out like the
rays of a star, and then usually the two upper ones become at once com-
pletely reflexed, leaving the other three to assume the position gradually.
There seems thus to be a combination of a simple mechanical movement,
the sudden springing from a confined position, and a- vital movement
which brings the released petals slowly back to the required position.
Mr. Darwin1 has spoken of the movement of the peduncles in bending
downward and burying the pods and this movement was beautifully
shown in the specimens examined, and the circumnutation was also
very noticeable. Circumnutation in the slow movement
of the reliexing petals is very evident, as they describe quitt a sensible
arc before settling into their permanent positions and even then continue
it and become quite twisted. This might partly be due to their having
been in the convolute arrangement in the laid, but this cannot entirely
account for it, and may not this very convolute arrangement look to
circumnutation at least as an abettor, and the tension which causes the
upper petals to spring back when released be stored up by its restraint?
So then this same Cyclamen Persicum, which yielded to Darwin illus-
trations of movement in cotyledon, peduncle, and leaf, continues the
story in the petals.

It might be interesting in this connection, to note the presence of
cleistogamous flowers. In some the peduncles never elongated, but
in one it grew as rankly as those of other flowers, and one
stunted petal crept out of the calyx-tube, but that was all. The stamens
though were full to bursting of pollen, which does not look like cleis-
togamy, and the pod was the best formed of all and full of seed. It
would seem as if all the cleistogamous flowers should have elongated
ped uncles if the habit of burying the pods is to be preserved.— J. M. C.

'Power of movement in Plants, p. 433.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 213

EDITORIAL NOTES.

Mfe. W. C. Werner, of Painesville.Ohio, found, in 1881,specimens of
Lactuea Seariola, L., along the L. S. & M.33. R. R., where it has settled
down to stay.

Fascicles X and XI of Ellis' Fungi of North America will be is-
sued soon. Fascicle XT is to he devoted to Uredinece, and promises to
he very interesting.

Dr. H. Christ, Rue de TArhre, 5, Basel, Switzerland, is engaged up-
on a revision of the European Carices and desires to procure by ex-
change or purchase American specimens for comparison.

Professor Burrill names the bacteria causing the blight of pear'
trees, the poison of poison ivy, and the epidemic disease of chinch bugs,
respectively Micrococcus amylovoruSf M. toxicatus,ViX\([ M. insectomm.

II. Pick finds that the palisade tissue of the upper surface of
leaves grown in the shade has shorter cells than that of similar leaves
grown in the sunlight. In some cases the palisade cells were round or
even elongated parallel to the surface.

Dr. Geo. M. Sternberg, of the IT. S. Yellow Fever Commission, is
preparing a work on Photomicrographs and how to make them, which
will supply much needed information to those who desire to use this
valuable method of illustrating what the microscope reveals.

Dr. Goodale has imported from Germany a number of pieces of

"very valuable apparatus for investigations in physiological botany at

the Harvard botanical laboratory. It is the only collection of the kind

in this country, and on account of its expensiveness will doubtless be
so for some time.

Mr. Thos. Meehan in observing Stapelia btifonia discovered that
the axillary buds, in the normal condition of the plant, produce
branches only, the flowers coming only from the weaker lateral acces-
sory buds. But when the vegetative power of the plant is weakened,
as by drying out, the axillary buds become the flowering ones,

Mr. II. X. Patterson, of Oquawka, 111., has ready for delivery his
first box of North American genus labels, from RanuricuXacece to Com-
positce, 650 genera, 3 of each. We have never seen anything more neat
and convenient and would most heartily recommend them to botanists
as just the thins: to paste upon their genus covers. The set mentioned
above costs $1.30.

The Bulletin of the Buffalo Naturalists' Field Club is
the title of anew publication and a most creditable one it is. Nos. 1 & 2
are before us and contain among botanical articles, "The Dissemination
of nlants,"byMiss Edna M. Porter, and "Adventives in East Buffalo," by
J. F. Cowell. The"Botanical Xotes"are mostly written by David F. Day,
and of course are very interesting. We wish the new club every success.

214 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

An invitation couched in graceful terms and written in the
French language has been extended by the Imperial Society of Horti-
culture of St. Petersburg to all botanists, to attend an international
Congress of Botanists and Horticulturists in that city upon the 5th
(17th) of May. We learn from the circular that the official language of
the congress will be French, but any one is free to express himself in
his national tongue. The papers will 1>3 limited to 30 minutes. The
distinguished committee who issue the call offer to facilitate the journey
of every botanist by advice; and to make his stay in the capital agreea-
ble. It is to be hoped that the United States will be represented.

CURRENT LITERATURE.

Hie Bacteria. By T. J. Burrill, Ph. D. From the eleventh report of
the Illinois Industrial University. 8 vo. 65 pp., Springfield, 1882.
—No subject connected with botany now commands more general inter-
est, while requiring the highest technical knowledge and skill, than that
of the bacteria. The present brochure of sixty-five closely packed pages
is a timely contribution. It is specially to be commended as an enter-
taining and concise resume of the subject, both for the general reader only
interested to know what bacteria are and how they affect domestic and
commercial matters, and for the specialist who wishes the latest infor-
mation. Dr. Sternberg's translation of Magnin's work is the only oth-
er treatise of the kind in the English language. The low price at which
the present equally valuable work is issued (150 cts.) ought to ensure a
wide perusal. The more serviceable part for the possessor of a good
microscope is the systematic portion, tilling half the pamphlet. This
consists of keys to the genera, and descriptions of genera and species,
with notes and synonomy. It is largely a conscientious translation of"
that part of the first number of Winter's edition of Rabenhorst's Krt/pto-
gainm-Flora von Dautschland, Oederreich, urid der ticluveiz pertaining
to bacteria (Scfrizomi/cetes) and to the closely related yeast plants
(Sacc7iaromycetes). This brings the most valuable classification with
descriptions yet published within the reach of those unfamiliar with the
German language. The author interpolates in brackets quite a number of
doubtful or unsettled species mostly by Hallier, descriptions of three
new specie?, and names for the species causing hog cholera and chicken
cholera.

The Colors- of Flowers, as Illustrated by the British Flora; by Gran*
Allen. (Nature Series, Macmillan &, Co., London.) —

This little book deserves well its place in the popular "Nature Series"
for it presents a theory in explanation of the coloring of flowers, which
seems at first reading extremely plausible a priori and apparently so
well borne out by the facts that one is almost tempted to accept it without-
examining closely the foundations on which it rests or the facts to
which it appeals for support. The author's first task is to prove that,
contrary to the commonly accepted doctrine of morphology, "petals are
in all probability enlarged and flattened stamens, which have been set
apart for the special work of attracting insects." As a corollary of this
proposition it is stated that "as the stamens of almost all flowers * * *
are vellow, it would seem naturally to follow that the earliest petals
would be yellow too." and as "the earliest and simplest types of existing
dowers are almost always yellow, seldom white and never blue, this in
itself would be sufficient ground for believing that yellow was the orig-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 215

Inal color of all petals." The proofs relied upon by Professor Allen to
sustain this position are chiefly three. First: the earliest flowers, i. e..
those of the Gymnosperms, consisted only of naked ovules and clusters of
stamens. Inasmuch therefore as sepals and petals are a later develop-
ment than stamens and carpels, they cannot be said to show a transition
between green leaves and the latter, as held by the Wolfian hypothesis.
Second: stamens show a tendency to become petaloid, as shown by such
flowers as Nymphcea, the Mesembryanthemums, orchids and others.
Third: the occasional reversion of petals to stamens as in Monarda and
Capsella.

Assuming the truth of the proposition that the original petals were
yellow, the second and largest part of the book is devoted to showing
the successive stages in the color-development of flowers, viz: (1) yellow,
(2) white, (3) red or purple, (4) lilac, mauve, violet or blue. Examples
from many families are adduced to show that the most specialized flow-
ers of a single color are blue and the the least so are yellow. Variegated
flowers are still more highly developed, the ground-color being usually
some one of the higher series while the spots or lines are of one or more
of the lower colors. The occurrence of yellow or white petals in con-
junction with a high degree of specialization in other organs is account-
ed for by retrogression. "Flowers which have reached a given stage in
the progressive scale of coloration often show a tendency to fall back to
a lower stage." Green flowers (except in Gymnosperms) are explained
to be the degenerate descendants of more gaily colored ancestors.
Anemophilous green Angiosperms must therefore be considered as the
development of flowers.

I have said that Professor Allen's hypothesis was plausible. It is
more. Because of the pleasant style of the writer and the easy explana-
tion he offers of those facts which he cites, it is fairly enticing. But
there are some things in flower coloration and teratology "hard to be un-
derstood" on this theory. Some of Professor Allen's arguments if close-
ly scrutinized, bear in themselves marks of weakness and others are so
strained that they have almost passed their "elastic limit." It is hard to
believe that amentaceous trees which appeared in the Cretaceous were a
later development than the Magnolia, Liriodendron and Maple, with
which, as far as Paleontology shows, they were contemporaneous. Fur-
ther, if the Qraminea? and Cyperaeen? are degenerate descendants of some
petaliferous liliaceous plant, it is strange that no traces of these ances-
tral forms were preserved, whereas in the upper Eocene beds are found
fossil species of Arundo, Carex. Cyperus and Poacdtes. The objection
that such ancestral forms as Professor Allen's theory needs did not grow
in places where they would likely be preserved cannot be urged because
the A lifunacece (some form of which he thinks was the primordial lily)
affect the same stations as the Cyperacece.

The fact that stamens tend to become petaloid, instead of helping
the hypothesis that petals are flattened stamens seems rather to militate
against it. That there is a constant tendency to reversion no one who
believes in the doctrines of morphology will deny. It is certainly more
reasonable to suppose that stamens are reverting to an ancestral form
when thev become petaloid, as they do in numberless instances, than to
suppose that petals are reverting when in a very few cases they become
antheriferous.

Again, upon the theory advanced how can the origin of sepals be
accounted for? Were the primal sepals yellow or blue? or have they
degenerated to a green color ? Can anyone believe that when sepals and
bracts become petaloid they are reverting to an older form.

While we cannot accept as reasonable the theory advanced for the

2l6 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

reasons stated above and because we doubt very much whether the facts
if fully known would bear out some of the fundamental statements of
the author, yet the book before us is certainly a most entertaining con-
tribution to evolutionary botany and well 'worth a careful reading.
(For additional criticism, see Dr. A. Gray, in Am. Jour. Sci., Mar., p. 23(5.)

ARTICLES IN JOURNALS.

Ascherson. P.— Review of C. and W. Barbey's "Botanizing in the Levant, " Bot. Zeit

Feb. 16; Review of the 5th volume of Boissier's "Flora Onentalis," 1. c. Mar. 9.
Askenasy.— Review or Berthold's "Distribution of Alga? in the Gulf of Nepaul, etc., Bot.

Zeit. Feb. 16.
.Baker, J. G.— A Synopsis of the genus Selaginella (containing descriptions of 8 new

species), continued, Jour. Bot. 21. p. 80.
Beai., W. J— The movements of Hoots of Indian Corn in Germination, Am. Nat. 17. 4. p.

413
Bennett, Arthur — Two new Potamogetons > with plate), Jour. Bot. 21. p. 65.
Britten, James —A review of Sir J. D. Hooker's "Flora of British India," part 9, Jour.

Bot 21. p. ss.
Buchenau. Fr —Review of "Ales Braun'e Life as drawn from his writings," by G. Reimer,

Bot. Zeit. Mar. 16.
Cheeseman, t. L.— Au Alga in an Aquarium (with note by the editor), Am. Mo. Mic. Jour.

4. p. 41.
Cooke, M. C— On Sphaerrella and its allies, Jour. Bot. 21. p. 67.
Eaton. D. C— New or little-knowu Ferns of the IT. S. No. 13. tin which is a description of

anew Nothohena from California.) Torr. Bull. 10. 3. p. 26.
Farlow. W. G— Notice of Rabei.borsUs Kryptogameu-Flora. vol. II, parts 1-3, Am. Jour.

Sci. 3. 25. p. 314; Notice of C. B. Plowright's "Hettrrecisni of Ure-Mnes." 1. c.
Fayod, V.— Contributions to the knowledge of the lower Myxornycetes, 1 Plate, Bot. Zeit.

Mar 16.
Fox Howard.— Influence of Environment on Plants (Brief note on flowering of Acacia de-

albata), Nature, 27. p. 315.
Geyler.— Notice of A. Scfeuk's paper npon Medulosa elegans, Bot. Zeit. Feb. 23; no-
tice of J. Felix's paper upon the petrified woods of Frankenberg in Saxony, 1. c. ; no-
tice of Ferd. v. Mu ler's "Sew Vegetable Fossils of Victoria, 1. c. Mar- 16.
(iooDAi.E. G. L.— Notice of T.H.W Englerattnu on "Color and assimilation," Am.Jouj: Set.

3. 25, p. 312; Notice of E. Stahl "on the influence of Sunny and Shaded Localities

on the Development of Foliage Leaves," 1. c p, 313; Notice of Meehan on "Freezing

of liquids in living vegetable tissue," Science, 1. 8. Note 507.
Gray, Asa, and J. 1 1. Trumbull— Review of De Candolle's Origin of Cultivated Plants ;

with Annotations upon certain American Species, Am. Jour. Sci. 3. 25. p. 211.
Hitchcock, R.— The Reticulate Structure of Living Matter (an excellent criticism of the

"Bioplasson" theory), Am. Mo. Mic. Jour. 4. p. 48; Plants in Water at High Temper-
ature. 1. c. p. 57.
Kai.ciibrenner, C — Communication on Mvcology, Flora, Feb. 21.
KoKiiNE, E. — Review of DeCandolle's "Or"giu of Cultivated Plant-,'1 Bot. Zeit. Mar. 2.
Kraus. Dr. CarL— Inquiries upon the sap-pressnre in plants, 3d paper. Flora, Feb. 21.
KtrsciiER. E nil - Upon the function oi tannic acid in metastasis, conclude (\,F/ora, Feb. 11.
M u;N"s. P:— WHe.e nf the report of the work of .VI. Gayon upon the physiology of Fur gi,

Bot. Zeit. Feb. 23.
Mai.an. Edward.— The Common Orchis (ft msisculai. withents, Sci. Gossip, No. 219. p. 52
Mehrifielt), Mr •. Mary P.— Cryptogamie Flora of Germany, Australia and Switzerland

Nature, 27. p. 385.
Miki/ler. II Review of Grant Allen's "Colors of Flowers as illustrated by the British

Fhirn." Bot. Zeit Mar. 16.
Mcetler. Dk J.— Contribution to Lichenology. Flora, Feb. 11.
Vyt.ander. W. — New European Lichens, Flora, Mar 1.
Parry, C. C.— A new species of Oxytheca, Torr. Bull. 10. 2. p. 2 3.
Scuimp b, \ F W. — Upon the D 'velopmsnt of chlorophyll grains and colorinir bodies

Hot. Zeit. Feh. 16, continued Feb. 23, March 2, coi eluded March 9; with plates.
Sciur.NER. F. I.ami-on.— A list of Grasses collected by Mr. Pringle in Arizona and Califor

nia 'in which are descriptions of 2 new speciesja Diplachne and a Poa), Torr. Bull. 10

3 p, 29.
Si'KN'i K':, J ames — Iv'< creations in Fossil Botany (Lyoinodendron Okihamium), with cuts

Sci. Oo-'sijr No 219. p. 59.
T tTJMBULL. •!. 11 — See under "Gray" above.
TucKBRMAN, EoWAisD. — New Western Lichens (4 new epecies and one new genus, Pyreno

ihnmnia by n .me-), Torr. Hull. it). 2. p. 21.
Yasey. Geo. — New Species of Grasses (2 species of Aszrostis from the Pacific coast). rTorr

Hull. 1(1 2. |) ','1; Or three Hybrid Oaks near Washington, D. C (with three plates),

1. c. 10.3 p. 25.
WOLLE, Francis,— Fiesh-Water Al«.aa (with plate}, Torr. Hull. 10. 2. p. 13.

Catalogue of Indiana Plants.

This catalogue, which has been published in the Gazette in the form of extra sheets
has now beerj bound in a neat pamphlet i f over 40 pages, with a map. P< rsons desiring
copies ran procure them at the i ate of 35 cts per c< py, or thrte '1or $1.00, by addres
either, JOHN M. COULTER,

or Itiof. Chas. R.Barnes, ' Crawfordsville, Iud.

LaFayette, Iml.

c&

hW m

The undersigned 1ms now sets » ^ i Washington plants. The larger number of spei
are both in fruit and flowers. Some are new. Full sets sold at the rate of $8 per hundred.
Desiderata, in and 15 cents each, according to the number selected. Send for lisis.

W. N. SUKSDORK,

6t

White Salmon, W. T.

BOTANICAL IP _A_ IP _E IR,

E, M OR ft I SON

No. 805 D Street, Washington. D. C.

Standard Herbarium Paper. 21 and S8 11 p., t .E0 and $6.00 per ream. Gums Covets
standard size and weight,>65 lhs. per rean er ream, or 50 cis. per quire. Dry-

iaper always kept on hand.

1

9

The Botanical Gazette

Will l.e sent with the following periodicals at the rates mentioned:

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Gardener's Monthly ($2.10 a year) 2.40 Leisure Hour... ..." i

p mm

CALIFORNIA, UTAH, ETC.

.Flora of Eastern Oregon.

The subset iber is offering, at very miserable latis, planis f?cm this irgicn. roar j of
unusual interest.

For list and terms add] ess,

WM (.'. ( USIC'K,

Union, Oregon.

if^TT FTOT^-T T^TT^i of Nort* American Potvpetate and Gamopetalas after
^^A L/V^IV -L/J.O i O i ompositae. Very useful for exchanges ana herbarium
ists. One copy of each, list 25 cents. Five copies of each $1.00.

frT^VrT^i PfWI?(^^ PatNTED LABELS FOR CENTS CofEBS. Just

. , . ^ ^ \J <<J V LjIXJ, what I'v.Ti- <; ille -.tor wants, now or sometime
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Terns of North, America.

. O

The undersigned now has in the printer's hands a Supplement to his Catalogue of the
"DaylEerb ," giving all the later additions, with notes ash sfore A few copies of the original
catalogue remain unsold and will be senfcwith Supplement to any address lor 50 cts. each.
Single copies of the Supplement 10 cts. It jadv in Vpril. A new Check List, alphabeti-
cally arranged Cor exchanges, embracing all species (183) and wed established varieties to
d ite h is also been prepared and will l> : printed if a sum sieut number of orders are re-
ceived. The price to be 25 cts. a do/., or 5 do/, for $1. GEO. E. D \ VEN PORT,

Medio rd, Mass.

Flora of the Paeifie Slope.

PRINGLE'SDISr^IB'jriON 0? 133] ,

The subscriber offers sets of nearly 50D species collected in Arizona, California, and
Lower California, which include many new species or old ones but rarely represented
in collections. Special attention has been given to ligneous species. He is confident that
his specimens will give the same satisfajaon as heretofore. Having supplied himself
with many duplicates extra to his sets, he is able to furnish selections, and will be pleas -
el to exchange these for .fine repre-,Mit,u:ons of many American species. Lists and
terms furnished.

C. G. PRINGLE,

d"J East Charlotte, Vt.

Plants of Southern California.

We have, printed a supplementary list <-.o uprising the plants collected by US the past
season, it contains about 500 species, including some Which are new or rare. A copy
will besent free to those wishing to purchase spacim 3ns, others will please inclose ten
sents. \ tew copies of last year's list rnaj be had on the same terms.

PARISH BROTHERS,
San Bernardino, California-

N OLXJB. ,

Vol. VIII. ^ ' No- 5«

f.#0 per Fear. &in#/e Number, 10 Cents.

Th.

Botanical Gazette.

MAY, 1883.

COHTE1TTS.

SomeN. Am. Botanists. V. Jacob Bigelow. L. H. Bailey, Jr 217

A New Phallus, by Calchbrenner (with plate). E. A, Rau 223

Notes on Fresh Water Alga. W. G. Farlow 224

General Conditions of Spontaneous Protoplasmic Movement. Th. W. Engelmann 225

General Notes 226

Fern Distribution in the U. S.— Castor Oil Wood.— The Shapes of Leaves.

Editorial Notes 228

■Current Literature 231

Articles in Journals 232

Editor :

JOHN M. COULTER, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind.

Associate Editors :

C. R. BARNES, Purdue University, LaFayette, Ind.
J. C. ARTHUR, Charles City, Iowa.

INDIANAPOLIS:

CARLON & HOLLENBECK, PRINTERS AND BINDERS.

1883.

EATES OF

Subscription and Advertisement.

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tract for advertisements, but all money should be sent direct to

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CLUB. *

BOTANICAL GAZETTE, 1883.

PLATE IV.

PHALLUS TOGATUS, KALCHBRBNNER

• VV v ■■--.

Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VIII. MAY, 1883. No. 5.

Some North American Botanists.

V. Jacob Bigelow.

To the older botanists of New England the name of Jacob
Bigelow early became a household word. His botanical work
was done at a time when there was no professedly complete man-
ual of the plants of the Eastern States in existence, and when no
local floras of any extent had been compiled. The only scientific
contribution toward a knowledge of the plants of New England
was the catalogue published in 1785 by the learned and energetic
Manasseh Cutler. The flora of Michaux was too general and
ill-adapted for use as a practical manual. Marshall's Arbustum
Americanum, which appeared in 1786, was little more than an
annotated alphabetical catalogue of trees and shrubs, the most of
which grew in Pennsylvania. The other contributions to a
knowledge of American botany accessible to Northern students
when Bigelow began to write, were nothing more than a few lo-
cal catalogues and scattered articles in various publications, un-
less, indeed, we accept Prof. B. S. Barton's work on Elementary
Botany, which appeared in 1803, and which, if it had little scien-
tific merit, could at least claim the honor of being the first
American text- book. With this meagre literature Jacob Bigelow
began his botanical labors. He had been raised a farmer's boy,
educated at Harvard, whence he graduated with honors, and had,
in 1810, begun the practice of medicine in Boston. Eor some
time young Bigelow was much exercised as to the choice of a pro-
fession, the college graduates of that day being limited to the
three <( learned professions," divinity, law and medicine. His
natural aversion to medicine was removed by the eloquence and
enthusiasm of Dr. John Warren, who delivered a course of lec-
tures at Harvard each year on the subject. By teaching school
and by various other means he succeeded in graduating from the
medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1810
in his twenty-third year. At this University he formed the ac-

218 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

quaintance of the gifted Prof. W. P. C. Barton, from whom he
obtained, as he said, " the rudiments of a botanical taste which
adhered to me for many years." This Professor Barton published
several works on American botany, the most pretentious of
which was the uncompleted " Flora of North America," begun
in 1821. The first manifestations of a taste for botany had
been experienced by young Bigelow long before this time, how-
ever. He often told his friends that from his earliest years he
watched every plant and wondered over the variety of vegetable
productions. He once laughingly said to a friend that his first les-
son in botany was from the " most learned inhabitant of Sudbury "
to whom he carried a Star of Bethlehem to ask its name. The
" learned inhabitant " replied, " Why, that's grass."

Dr. Bigelow gained little pecuniary benefit from his "tin
sign," as he used to call it, for the first year after his graduation.
In 1811, he became associated with Dr. James Jackson, and for
nearly sixty years ranked next to his venerable senior, the most
popular practitioner of the city. In 1812 he began, with Profes-
sor W. D. Peck, of the University, a course of lectures on bot-
any. These lectures at once became very popular, especially
those delivered by Dr. Bigelow, who possessed a most happy
manner of illustration quite unknown to his colleague. " Find-
ing that a considerable taste had sprung up among my pupils for
the study of plants," he says, " I began to collect materials for a
description of the native plants of Boston and its vicinity, which
I published in 1814 under the name of 'Florula Bostoniensis.' '
This was a bright 12mo. of 268 pages, containing 294 genera.
Most of the plants described grew within five or ten miles of
Boston, and were collected during the two preceding seasons. It
was arranged entirely upon the artificial system. To each plant
was added a concise and popular description. The difficult gen-
era were not well represented in this first edition, for the author
had not had sufficient time for studying them closely. Nor were
the limits of species as closely drawn then as now. In a subse-
quent edition of the flora he remarks, under Aster and Solidago,
that " there are a vast variety of hybrids and subspecies which
the labors of botanists have not yet been able to reduce under per-
manent characters, though names without number have been ap-
plied to fugitive varieties. In this work I have inserted only
the more distinct or leading species, from which a great part
of the others in this vicinity are probably descended.'' Florula
Bostoniensis may be said to be the first distinctive local flora
published in America. It passed through three editions, the sec-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 219

ond of which was for some thirty years the leading manual of the
plants of the North-eastern States. Although much of the con-
tents were compiled, the short diagnoses must have been original.
These short descriptions so beautifully expressed and so accu-
rately drawn from the best characters of the plant, made his
work most deservedly popular. Soon after the first edition was
published he begau, with Dr. Francis Booth, the collection of ma-
terials for a flora of New England. The mountains of Vermont
and New Hampshire were diligently explored, and considerable
progress was made in the proposed undertaking. In the mean-
time Dr. Bigelow had been made Professor of Materia Medica
and Botany in Harvard University, and had also received the
appointment of Rumford Professor of Technology. Some of the
publications of Muhlenberg, Nuttall, Eaton, and Torrey had
also appeared, and with his limited time and the increasing lit-
erature before the people, he decided to abandon the New Eng-
land Flora. The results of his study and investigations are easily
traced in the second edition of his Florula Bostoniensis, however,
which appeared in 1824. During the ten years since the appear-
ance of the first edition he had collected materials for the descrip-
tion of 26 new species, of which seven still stand in our manuals,
Ceanothus ovalis, Juncus militaris, Stellariaborealis, Acteea alba,
Lathyrus maritimus, Spira'nthes gracilis and Myriophyllum ten-
ellum. He also made a new genus, Bootia, founded upon the
Potentilla arguta of Pursh. Although still retaining its modest
title, this second edition was a virtual manual of New England
botany, describing 455 genera and no less than 1200 species. It
will be remembered that Carex and other difficult genera had re-
ceived little attention at this time. It was not until after the
second edition had appeared that Professor Dewey began his writ-
ings on Cartography. A third edition appeared in 1840, with
29 additional genera, but with the general body of the work re-
maining the same. This was the last work in this country ar-
ranged upon the artificial system. While realizing fully the
advantages of the natural arrangement, he still desired to pre-
serve the uniformity of his work, and therefore adhered to the old
method.

During the years between 1814 and 1824 Dr. Bigelow did
most of his botanical work. Some idea of the versatility and
genius of the man may be formed from the facts that he was at
the time holding two professorships, both of recent endowment,
was one of the physicians of the Massachusetts General Hospital,
was carrying on a large private practice, was preparing a work

220 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

ou the medical plants of North America, was elaborating the list
and nomenclature of the Materia Medica of the first edition of
the United States Pharmacopoeia, was a member of a number of
scientific and literary societies to which he made frequent and
elaborate contributions, was in correspondence with nearly all the
leading botanists of Europe and America, and withal often
turned his attention to poetry and Latin composition. He also
brought out an edition of Sir J. E. Smith's Introduction to Bo-
tany. He was one of the very first, if not the first, in this coun-
try'to make a scientific attempt toward a medical botany. The
only works on that subject previous to his time appear to be
Benjamin Franklin's edition of an English work by Dr. Short,
with preface, notes and appendix by John Bartram, issued in
1751, and an " American Materia Medica," wholly in Latin, pub-
lished in Europe in 1787 by Dr. Schoeff. Dr. Bigelow's "American
Medical Botany" was published in three volumes,from 1817 to 1820.
Each volume contained an extensive account of twenty species,
each illustrated by a colored plate. The properties of many of
these species had "received chemical manipulation at his hands,
and had been used in his private practice. His work upon the
Materia Medica of the United States Pharmacopoeia, which ap-
peared in 1820, was characterized by a most laudable departure
from the old systems of cumbrous nomenclature. In all possi-
ble cases he employed a single name for each drug in place of the
double or triple names previously in use, a plan which is still
followed in our National Pharmacopoeia He followed up this
labor by publishing his practical treatise, long familiar to the
profession under the name of " Bigelow's Sequel," a succinct,
judicious and perspicuous commentary on the characters, quali-
ties and uses of the remedies adopted by the national medical
representatives.

Dr. Bigelow's leading characteristic was the versatility of his
genius. He was not only a botanist, but one of the most skilled
physicians of his time, and adept in mechanics and machinery, and
a most polished classical scholar. His works upon medical topics
are among the most important ever written. As in botany, so in
medicine, he was a pioneer, but in the latter case a pioneer to in-
augurate a most radical reform in the practices^ of his time. All
his medical writings bear strong evidence of his lack of faith in
drugs and heroio remedies, and in the reliance he placed upon
the recuperative processes of nature. Indeed, his work upon
"Self-limited Diseases" is an avowed attack upon the old
methods.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 221

O. W. Holmes asserts that " this remarkable essay has prob-
ably had more influence on medical practice in America than any
similar brief treatise, we might say than any work ever published
in this country. It« suggestions were scattered abroad at the
exact fertilizing moment when public opinion was matured enough
for their reception." But the reforms inaugurated by Dr. Bige-
low were "by no means confined to the overturning the heroic
treatment of disease. His printed productions and addresses
which record his progressive views on paramount themes of pro-
fessional interest cover a period of more than half a century.
Most of these writings are collected in two volumes, ''Nature in
Disease" and "Modern Inquiries." Dr. Bigelow was the first to
fill the chair of llumford Professor in Harvard College, a profes-
sorship endowed by the famous Count Rumford for the purpose
of teaching the application of the sciences to the useful arts. He
is said to have been so fond of mechanical studies that every
workshop passed upon his walks, and every mechanic with whom
he conversed, were made to yield some new treasure to his stock
of information. He was familiar with nearly every trade and
nearly every mechanical process. When engravers and methods
could not be found for illustrating his medical botany, he himself
became inventor, and produced the method of aqua-tinting col-
ors, a method which no doubt "would have passed into profitable
use had not the invention of lithography soon afterwards super-
seded its employment." The results of his labors as llumford
Professor culminated in his exhaustive "Elements of Technol-
ogy," which appeared in 1829.

But there was in practice another important error upon the
overturning of which Dr. Bigelow concentrated the whole weight
of his ability and influence — the existing practice of restricting
education to ancient languages and to metaphysics. In the ener-
getic stand which he took in this generous cause he excited im-
mediate antagonism, and was often charged with bearing no
sympathy for the languages, a thrust most wantonly false, for
none knew them better than he, and few used them more skil-
fully. He objected to the time they usurped in the college
courses, however, and his writings and addresses did much to
institute a reform. He wrote two important essays upon this
topic, "The Limits of E lucation," in 1865, and "On Classical
and Utilitarian Studies," in 1866. This latter is said to be "the
longest, the most elaborate and the most learned of his written
productions."

Jacob Bigelow will ever be best and widest known, however,

222 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

through his efforts in establishing and perfecting the beautiful
Mt. Auburn cemetery. He was the first in the world to conceive
and to perfect plans for applying the appropriate art of landscape
gardening to the adornment of the "city of the dead." From
his first public effort in 1825, through the seven years in which
he persistently urged the adoption of his plans, and during the
halt century which followed, he had the satisfaction of being
known as the originator and strongest advocate of an art which
he lived to see world-wide in its practice. When others took no
interest in his measures, he himself became architect and garden-
er, and attended to all the details of the undertaking. One of
his last labors was to devise a mammoth sphinx, which was
sculptured in stone and presented to the cemetery as a monument
to the soldiers who perished in the war. Ere the monument was
placed on its site its venerable projector had been wholly de-
prived of vision, but with others' help he was raised slowly and
enabled to pass his hands over the whole structure, that he might
"see it by feeling." He compiled a little book descriptive of the
monument, and sketching the propriety of transferring the em-
blem from Egypt to America. He also wrote an attractive vol-
ume giving a detailed history of the cemetery.

Dr. Bigelow had the highest appreciation of the beautiful in
nature and the meritorious in literature and art. Always in love
with nature, he named the walks and paths of Mt. Auburn after
plants and flowers. Nothing could more fitly preserve his mem-
ory than its association with the vegetable world through the
genus Bigelovia, which De Candolle bestowed, in 1836, upon
some golden-flowered Composite. More than thirty American
species have since been referred to this genus.

Dr. Bigelow early took to poetry, and at intervals during his
life he wrote poems in English, Latin and Greek. A volume of
his collected poems was anonymously published under the name
of "Eolopcesis, American Rejected Addresses." When at last he
became infirm and was confined to his room, he amused himself
by translating into Greek and Litin verse the Mother Goose mel-
odies, which he published under the title of "Chenodia. " Toward
the close of his life the bright intellect became dimmed, the lamp
burned low, aud on the 10th of January, 1879, in his ninety-sec-
ond year, the last ember expired. — L. H. Bailey, Jr.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 223

A New Phallus.

(Plate IV.)

Daring the month of October, last year, I found, growing in
a somewhat shady, grassy spot in the vicinity of Bethlehem, a
group of three large specimens of a Phallus having a rather un-
usual appearance. Owing to the perishable nature of these fungi
and the unsatisfactory method of preparing them for herbarium
specimens, I determined to retain their important characters by
means of a photograph. Accordingly a negative was taken of
an entire specimen, representing the external appearance, and, by
its side, a longitudinal section of another; the resulting photo-
graph was very satisfactory, being five-sevenths of the size of the
specimens.1 In order to have the species identified I sent pho-
tographs with notes to our leading American mycologists, who
were finally unanimous in pronouncing it most nearly allied to
Phallus Da-monum, Rum ph., yet were doubtful whether it was
identical with that species. In order to arrive at a satisfactory
conclusion, I sent a photograph to Rev. C. Kalchbrenner, Hun-
gary, who, in reply, stated that the very ample trumpet-shaped
veil and small meshes are characters of sufficient importance to
distinguish it as a new species, though he also recommended fur-
ther careful examination of living specimens, in order more ac-
curately to determine the distinctive characters of the species.
The plants had a very disagreeable odor, equally as offensive as
P. impudicus, Linn., which also occurs here. The spores are
oval 1.5-2x3-4 mm. It differs from P. indusiatus, Schl., in hav-
ing smaller meshes to the veil, besides that species is said to be
odorless. I herewith present the diagnosis of the new species as
drawn up by Rev. C. Kalchbrenner:

Phallus (Hymenophallus)togatus, Kalchbrenner, n. sp.
Volva crassa, subglobosa basi parumper applanata radiculis qui-
busdam laxe anastomosantibus aucta, superne in lobos irregulares
rumpens, flava. Stipes subventricoso-cylindricus, apicem versus
attenuatus, 5 6 poll, longus, pollicem crassus interstitiis irregu-
lariter sparsis lacunosus, albus. Velum tubaeforme ultra medium
pedunculis dependens (conicum i. e. lateribus in limbo extrorsum
curvatis) margine integerrimo interstitiis parvis, subrotundis, al-
bum. Pileo ovato-acuminato, anguste parvio, margine mem-
brana plicatula adpressa aucta profunde scrobiculato-reticulato,

1 The figures of the plate are the same size as those of the photograph.

224 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

olivaceo. — In locis grarninosis, circa Lehigh University, Bethle-
hem, Pa. E. A. Rau, Oct. 24, J 882.

The photographs of this new Phallus were made by Dr. C.
L. Loch man, Bethlehem, who has for several years past made
excellent .photographs of a number of the most important indi-
genous and exotic medicinal plants. — Eugene A. Rau, Bethle-
hem, Pa.

Notes on Fresh -Water Algje.

In relation to species of Algae which produce what the Ger-
mans call " wasser-bliithe," or, in less poetical English, a scum
on the surface of bodies of water which serve as water-supplies,
there has of late been felt a great interest on the part of the pub-
lic, and in this connection I would call attention to some inter-
esting forms found in Minnesota last summer by Prof. J. C. Ar-
thur. The two scum plants, so common in the Eastern States,
Clathrocystis aeruginosa, Henfrey, and Coelosphoerium Kuetz-
ingianum, Nag , appear to be also common in the West and were
found by Prof, Arthur in Lake Satakah and Lake Tetonka, at
Waterville, Minn.; and the first-named species "was also found by
Prof. Wm. Trelease in Lake Mendota, Wis. Consequently, as
the West becomes more thickly settled we may expect to bear of
the same disagreeable pig-pen odor which is found in Eastern
water-supplies during hot summers.

Prof. Arthur also detected an interesting alga floating on
Lake Tetonka, Waterville, and Lake Phalen, near St. Paul,
which has not as yet been found in Eastern water-supplies.
The alga in question resembles Rivularia aira, Roth, but is of
softer consistency and the filaments have a different micrometric
measurement. The species of Rivularia grow attached to other
plants, sticks, stones, etc. , and although they at length become
free, they are then found resting loosely on the bottom and not
forming a scum on the surface of the water. In Hedwigia, Jan.,
1878, Cohn described a Rivularia which he called R. fiuitans,
which formed a " wasser-bliithe " on the river Leba, near Lauen-
berg, in Pomerania; and in Hedwigia, March, 1878, Gohi men-
tioned the occurence of a similar Rivularia at Udrias, on the
Gulf of Finland, to which he gave the name of R. flos-aquce;
but in Hedwigia, April, 1878, he stated that his plant was of the
same species as that of Cohn. The Rivularia collected by Prof.
Arthur in all essential respects seemed to me to be the same species-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 225

as that collected by Cohn and Gohi, and on sending a specimen to
the last named botanist he confirmed the correctness of the diag-
nosis.

Mixed with the Minnesota Algse named above were fragments
of an Anabana, which appeared to be the form commonly known
as A. Flos-aqua'., var. circinalis, and also traces of a larger Ana-
bcena, the species of which could not be made out. In the Bos-
ton water works at South Frarningharn, Mass., Anabama gigantea,
Wood, was found in small quantity in the early part of Novem-
ber, 1882. I wrould also record the discovery of Nostochopsis
lobata, Wood, by Messrs. E. Faxon and F. H. Hosford, at Fer-
risburg, Vt., where it was comparatively abundant and formed
expansions of several inches in water- courses. The occurrence of
Sphceroplcea, annulina should be recorded in California, where it
was collected by Mrs. Austin near San Bernardino. — W. G.
Farlow.

General Conditions of Spontaneous Protoplasmic Movement,

Dr. Chas. S. Dolley, of Rochester, N. Y., has just translated
Th. W. Engelmann's paper upon the "Physiology of Protoplas-
mic Motion," which has attracted so much attention. The fol-
lowing are the general statements under the above caption :

1. Temperature. — For all contractile protoplasm there is a
higher and a lower temperature at which the spontaneous move-
ments cease under all circumstances. The minimum lies mostly
in the neighborhood of 0°, the maximum generally about 40°(C).

2. Hygroscopicity. — In regard to this it is the same as re-
garding the temperature. There is, for all protoplasm, a maxi-
mum and minimum capacity for the inhibition of water. Close
determination is wanting, yet the minimum may average below
60 per cent., and the maximum over 90 per cent, Within these
limits the energy of the movements increases in general with the
amount of contained water, with a corresponding increase of vol-
ume, and diminution of the refractive coefficient. Rapid change
in concentration of the medium, causing rapid swelling, or more
specially shriveling, acts in a manner similar to irritants.

3. Oxygen. — Protoplasmic motion is undoubtedly able to
continue in a medium entirely free from oxygen, but for a short
time only, at the most, some hours. The gradual stagnation can
at first be overcome by the introduction of oxygen, and by this
means alone.

226 KOTAMCAL. GAZETTE.

GENERAL NOTES.

Fern Distribution in the U. S. — Mr. Geo. Davenport has read before
the Am. Phil. Soc. a paper containing some comparative tables showing the dis-
tribution of ferns in the United States. This is in anticipation of the publica-
tion of a Text Book and Manual of the Ferns of North America, for which
these tables were prepared. Some notes upon them will be of interest to all.
Up to the date of publication (Feb. 2, 1883), the entire fern flora of the U.
S. contained 162 or 164 known species. Of the States, New York leads with 52
species, followed by California with 48, Horida and Michigan with 47 each,
Arizona with a probable 47, and Vermont with 45. Mr. Davenport thinks that
owing to the contiguous unexplored Mexican territory, Arizona will lead all
the other States in the wealth of her fern flora. The only other States contain-
ing 40 or more species are, Pennsylvania (42), Kentucky (41), Arkansas (41),
and Connecticut (40). Pteris aquilina, Adiantum pedatum, Cystopteris frdgilis, and
Asplenium Triehomanes are probably the most cosmopolitan, and Polypodium ml-
gweh&s almost as great a range. Florida is distinguishedin monopolizing all the
species we have in six genera; these,of course,being tropical. The only other State
which has the monopoly of a genus is New Jersey with its very local Schizcea,
Only recently the discovery of Scolopendrium in Tennessee divided the honor of
its presence with New York. — J. M. C.

Castor Oil Wood. — Soon after the completion of the University plant
houses last spring, there were planted in the large central bed of the palm-
house, for want of something more desirable, a number of different kinds of
Ricinus. These were allowed to grow for seven months, when they were cut
down to make room for other plants. At this time all of the twelve kinds were
above fifteen feet in height, while the largest, the seeds of which had been re-
ceived under the name of Rid mix Africanus, was eighteen feet in height, with a
trunk fully ten inches in circumference at the base. Noticing the woody char-
acter of these trunks, which, for the first two or three lower joints, were unex-
pectedly solid and firm, with scarcely a trace of pith, some of them were
seasoned, and have since been worked up. The wood is of light color, closely
resembling basswood in appearance, but without any trace of concentric rings
indicating periodic growth. Under the microscope the wood-cells are found to
be of large size, with very numerous dotted ducts intermixed, while the medul-
lary system is unusually well developed. To determine the character of the
wood, some comparisons with other kinds have been made. Weight of a cubic
inch of completely dried wood in grams: Red oak, 8.82; butternut, 7.12;
sugar-maple, 11.21 ; white pine, 6.22; Ricinus, 4.53. Weight in grams of water
absorbed by each block wrhen immersed for several days: Red oak, 8.77 ; but-
ternut, 7.78 ; sugar-maple, 8.22 ; white pine, 6.43 ; Ricinus, 14.44. Percentage of
ash: Red oak, 0.26 ; butternut, 0.51; sugar-maple, 0.46; white pine, 0.11 :
Ricinus, 2.20. Specific gravity: Red oak, 0.5385; butternut, 0.4347; sugar-
maple, 0.6843 ; white pine, 0.3797 ; Ricinus, 0.2766. In Forestry Bulletin, No. 22,

BOTANICAL GAZETTE 227

two kinds of wood are mentioned which have a lower specific gravity than
Kicinus, namely, Sali.r discolor, 0.2259, and Yucca baccata, 0.2724. It seems wor-
thy of note that a solid trunk of wood, three inches in diameter, even of no
better quality than this, was( grown from the seed in seven months. — A. N.
Prentiss, Cornell University.

The Shapes of Leaves. — Following is a resume of a series of papers in
Nature on the above topic, by Prof. Grant Allen. Like his other recent contri-
butions to evolutionary botany, they contain the result of much careful observ-
ation and clever reasoning ; and while we can not give assent to all his positions,
we welcome the essays because they can not fail to stimulate inquiry in this
much-neglected field.

I. General Principles. — The leaf is the essential and really active part of the
vegetable organism. Its chief function is the absorption of carbonic dioxide from
the air, and its deoxidation under the influence of sunlight. Two main con-
ditions affect the shape and size of leaves: first, the nature and amount of the
supply of C02 ; and second, the nature and amount of the supply of sunshine.
There is a great struggle among plants for the C02 of the air, and through nat-
ural selection each plant tends to have its chlorophyll disposed in the most
economical way for catching such sunlight as it can secure, and its absorbent
surface so disposed as to catch 'such particles of carbon as pass its way. Each
plant inherits a general type of foliage from its ancestors, and modifies it to suit
the exigencies of its altered conditions. The actual shape is not always the
ideally-best shape for those conditions, but it is the best possible adaptive
modification of a pre-existing hereditary type. The venation tends most gen-
erally to reproduce itself under all varieties of external configuration. This
venation is a fixed generic or tribal characteristic, and with very slight structu-
ral modifications we find great differences in the resulting outline. Banuneu-
lusaquatilis has two forms of leaves, those floating on the surface full and round-
ed, the lower ones, like all submerged leaves, becoming minutely subdivided
into long, almost hair-like filaments, in this simulating the streaming Algw and
Characea. Both forms of leaf preserve the ranunculaccous type in their ve-
nation.

II. Extreme and Intermediate Types.— Where access to sunlight and COL, is
unimpeded in all directions the leaves tend to assume a completely rounded
form. This condition is most common on the surface of the water, hence most
water plants with floating leaves take this shape, e. g., Lemna, Nelumbium and
Nymphasa. Occasionally this freedom is found among land plants, e. g., Pod-
ophyllum, Tropaolum majus, and Hydwcotyle. The common weedy plants, espec-
ially the annuals and non-bulbous perennials, which, growing thickly together,
can not afford material to push broad leaves above their neighbors' heads, and
are therefore compelled to fight among themselves for every passing particle
of carbon, have their leaves very minutely subdivided, e. g., the UmbeUiferce.
The whorl ing of linear leaves occasionally serves the same purpose as minute
segmentation. Sometimes plants with ovoid leaves in a rosette insure them-

228 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

selves a good supply of carbon by keeping under all competitors by their close
ufts , e. g., Pkmtago major.

III. Origin- of Types. — There are two ways, according to Herbert Spencer,
in which a stem may be developed from stalkless creeping fronds : first, by the
inrolling or folding of the fronds forming a tube with adnate edges and result-
ing in the endogenous stem and monocotyledonous embryo ; second, by the
thickening and hardening of a fixed series of midribs, resulting in an exogen-
ous stem and dicotyledonous embryo. Monocotyledonous leaves tend to show
little distinction between blade and petiole, to assume a lanceolate or linear
shape and parallel venation, because the fibrovascular bundles will tend to run
continuously over every part, since the leaves are mere prolongations of thestem-
forming portion, and because this venation is most convenient for long, narrow
leaves. Of dicotyledonous leaves the opposites are true. The central type of
leaf among monocotyls is long, narrow and rather fleshy ; among dicotyls,
simple, ovate and nearly ribless, or with faint digitate venation. Pinnate ve-
nation replaced palmate whenever circumstances caused leaves to lengthen
faster than they broadened, the main ribs then being given off, not from the
same point, but a little in front of one another. Pinnate ribs seem especially
adapted to forest trees, probably protecting them against storms. The shapes
of leaves thus depend upon two factors: first, the ancestrally inherited pecu-
liarities of type and venation ; second, the actual conditions to which the spe-
cies is habitually exposed.

IV. Special Types. — Sessile leaves are particularly apt to be lanceolate.
Decurrent leaves show the traces of the primitive unity of stem and leaf. Rad-
ical leaves, with long foot stalks, will commonly be orbicular cordate and are
most frequently produced from perennials with richly-stored root-stocks. The
shapes of the leaves of climbers and trees have reference only to exposure to sun-
light. Unequal exposure causes them to become oblique, e. g., Begonia and
Tilia. Growth in dry soil and proximity to the sea, whether the plant grow in
sand or mud, both tend to produce succulence. C. R. B.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

The Report op the Botanical Section of the Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad.,
for 1882, makes a good showing for the Herbarium, no less than .'5,346 species
having been added, one-third of which were new to the collection, and 100 of
the genera not before represented. This is the largest annual addition since the
organization of the Section, and is chiefly due to the zeal and liberality of
Messrs. Redfield, Cauby, Parker, Martindale, Meehan and others. Dr. Gray
supplied more than 1,000 species, and Prof. Sargent furnished choice herbarium
specimens of some of our rarer trees and shrubs. All this has thrown much
labor on the Conservator, Mr. John H. Redfield, who has been abjy assisted by
the Philadelphia botanists above mentioned.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

229

Prof. C. E. Bessey, in the May Naturalist, very sensibly calls the attention
of the Department of Agriculture to the subject of the parasitic fungi. Much
money has been wisely expended by the government in the investigation of
noxious insects, while no such provision has been made for the study of parasitic
fungi, from the ravages of which there is an annual loss to our crops of mil-
lion's'of dollars. The rust, the smuts, and their allies ought to be thoroughly
studied, and the government could do no wiser thing than to supply the De-
partment of Agriculture with the means for carrying on such investigations.

It seems as if we we will have to give up the old idea that the growing
point of phanerogams is a group of cells, as opposed to cryptogams with apical
cell, for Dingier announces the discovery of an apical cell in the stems of seed-
ling gymnosperms. And so phanerogams and cryptogams are gradually blend-
ing together, and paleontology and the microscope have caused to vanish our
once "hard and fast line."

The Journal of Botany for April contains a list of the new genera and
species of phanerogams published in periodicals in Britain in 1882. The list
is a formidable one, containing 16 new genera and 357 species, mostly from
Asia, South America and Madagascar. This surely indicates wonderful ac-
tivity, both in the field and in the herbarium.

The starch grains of seeds, especially of the bean and pea in which
they are quite large, are almost always cracked by the loss of water in drying,
the cracks radiating from the nucleus, because the interior layers contain pro-
portionally more water. That the above statements are true may be easily demon-
strated experimentally in the following way: Dry some fresh potato starch (which
previous examination has shown to be sound) over a water-bath at a temperature
of about 60° C. On re-examining the grains they will be found cracked ra-
dially. By treatment with absolute alcohol the process of cracking may be
watched. Scrape the surface of a fresh-cut potato and dry the scrapings on
blotting paper. Transfer to a slide and cover with 100 p.c. alcohol. In a few
minutes the Assuring will begin, the first one always transverse to the long axis
of the grain, or at right angles to the line of greatest contraction.

The Royal Gardens, at Kew, England, through the wise management of
their officers and the liberal financial support which they receive, have become
the center for the botanical and horticultural interests of the British Empire.
The Report for 1881 shows something of the large amount of very varied and
useful work which was carried on in and through them during that year. The
Report contains reports from the Colonies and accounts of the progress of ex-
periments in the culture of important economical plants, such as India rubber,
Cinchona and Coffee.

What have been called, by a stretching of the term, non-calcareous
cystoliths, have been detected by H. Molisch in the pith of Goldfussia isophylla,
G. glomerata and Ruellia ochroleuca. They occupy the interior of polyhedral or
cylindrical sclerenchymatous cells which are scattered among the parenchyma.
These " cystoliths " resemble the normal ones in the same plant in form, but

230 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

differ from all previously described ones in being attached to the cell-wall by
several pedicels and in the absence of calcium carbonate. Their reactions in-
dicate that they are composed of slightly lignified cellulose.

F. Ludwig calls attention in Kosmos to the flower of one of the Aroidese
(Phi/ml, ndron bipinnatifidum) , whose structure is such as to fit it for fertilization
by snails, which, attracted by a strong nutmeg odor, creep into the spathe and
crawl about over the flowers. The snail is certainly the last animal to be sus-
pected of any connection with the cross-fertilization of flowers. What next?

The meeting of the American Association of Science at Minneapolis next
August will give an admirable opportunity for botanists to become acquainted
with an interesting flora. Probably the first plant to attract attention upon ar-
riving in the city is the northern wormwood, Artemisia frigida, with delicate
whitened foliage clothing the rocks and banks below the Falls of St. Anthony.
The other flowering plants meriting attention are numerous. The region is also
rich in Characem and other fresh-water algfe, especially Nostocacea and Desmidea:
The long excursions will doubtless go into districts of still more unfamiliar
vegetation. The meeting should command a larger attendance of botanical
students and collectors than heretofore.

The theories in regard to the structure and growth of the cell-wall are
having a thorough overhauling at the hands of German histologists. A resume
of Prof. Strasburger's last work, in which he criticises the generally-received
Nicgelian hypothesis, has already been given (vide. p. 172, this volume). In
addition, now comes F. Schmitz, who adduces further arguments from the struc-
ture of the cell-wall in the filamentous alga', in support of his view that the
growth of the cell-wall in surface as well as in thickness is due to apposition
and not to intussusception. Von Hohnel, after examining the wall of bast-
fibers and other cells, comes to the conclusion that the wall is not composed of
crystalline micella?. All the phenomena exhibited by cell-walls with polarized
light he believes can be explained by a simpler theory, and one which also ex-
plains some phenomena of swelling up of ihe wall not hitherto explicable on
the micellar hypothesis. (See But. Zeit. xl, pp. 595 and 616, for an account of
his theory of molecular tensions.) While the discussion is thus running it will
be well for teachers and lecturers to hold lightly to the Na'geli an theory of
micelhe at least, and possibly also to that of intussusceptive growth.

It seems that the effect of free oxygen upon quiescent bacteria is so great
that the presence of the trillionth of a milligram of the gas can be detected by
their movements ; and this fact is being applied in the study of the work of
assimilation in relation to various colors, one result of which is to show that
there must be a series of colors other than that of chlorophyll which possess the
power of assimilation.

It is not considered good taste to apologize for one's own appearance, but
the April Gazette must be our excuse. We are to be congratulated that it
made its appearance in any shape, for it fell into most incompetent hands. Hav-
ing now contracted with a firm conceded to do the best work in the State, it is

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 231

•"•

expected that hereafter there will be nothing to offend the eye of the most fas-
tidious.

Prop. J. E. Todd, of Beloit, Wis., observes that in Psoralen argophylh a
joint is formed in the stem very near the top of the ground, as perfect as that
separating a leaf from the stem. "It cuts through all the tissues so that when
the top dries up and begins to sway in the wind, it is broken off very readily
or evenly." Thus they are rolled across the prairie and their seeds are dis-
seminated.

Mb. Thos. H. Corry has been studying the development and mode of fer-
tilization of the flowers of Asclepias Gornvii and has made some important ad-
ditions to the work done by R. Brown, Payer, Schacht, and others. lie shows
that the so-called "stigma-disk" is formed by the fusion of the two style-apices,
and not by that of the two stigmas. The anther wings, he finds, originate as
lateral processes of the connective. In the matter of pollen formation the genus
presents a "perfectly unique, isolated, and peculiar case of formation." These
and many other results were announced recently to the Linnean Society of
London.

Mr. J. G. Baker has presented to the Linnean Society of London the sec-
ond part of his "Contributions to the Flora of Madagascar," in which are
descriptions of 160 new Gamopetalce. A new genus is described allied to Gin- 1
chona. Several new genera of Acanthacece are described, among which is Mon-
acKocMamys, so named because each one of the numerous flowers is contained in
a persistent spathaceous bract, like the hood of a Franciscan monk.

The short paper by Dr. A. L. Childs in the Popular Science Monthly for
December, 1882, (vide Bot. Gaz., this volume, page 163), has called out a vig-
orous rejoinder from Mr. J. B. Strawn, C. E. Mr. Strawn, referring to the well-
known fact that surveyors were in the habit of "blazing" trees on lines and at
corners, says that, having had occasion many times to chop into such trees to
satisfy himself of their identity, he has in every instance found the number of
rings to correspond with the numbeB of years which had elapsed since the blaz-
ing was done. The rings found by Dr. Childs he suspects to be those formed by
trees when, from drought or some similar cause, the wood ceases to grow, but
afterward, on account of copious rains and a high temperature, is forced into a
second growth. Mr. Strawn also affirms that examination of trees of his own
planting confirms him in the belief that the truthfulness of the "ring-record"
may be depended upon.

CURRENT LITERATURE.

The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio. By A. P. Morgan. From Jour.

Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. vi., April, 1883.

Mr. Morgan has long been studying Fungi, and the above is a part of the re-
sult of his study in the Miami Valley. It is a most commendable effort to put
the descriptions of these low forms of plant life within the reach of the many,

232 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

for it would be hard to accumulate too much knowledge of the so-called Fungi.
The pamphlet before u? is devoted to the Leueospori under the immense genus
Agaricus, and the species number just 80. Four good plates illustrate six new
species, all of Mr. Morgan's describing except the A. Morgani of Mr. Peck.
The species are arranged according to the Hymenomycetes Europceioi Elias Fries,
whose classical descriptions are also carefully translated, the local variations
and general observations being appended in the form of remarks, which are very
interesting. Lea's catalogue is the only other one covering this region, and his
34 Leueospori have been increased to 80 by Mr. Morgan, 5 of which he lias
described as new species, and 12 bear Mr. Peck's name as author. The second
paper will be devoted to the remaining Agariri.

Tables for the use of Students and Beginners in Vegetable Histology. By D. P. Pen-
hallow, B. S. Boston. S. E. Cassino. 1882.

This little book of some 40 pages is printed and bound in a most elaborate
way, the large type, broad pages, and stiff back, fitting it more for the library
than the laboratory. It is hardly fairly named, as it deals only with the micro-
chemistry of plants, and by no means presents the broad principles of vegetable
histology. It could be made useful under an efficient teacher, but then it
would hardly be needed ; but for an unskilled teacher, or one who is attempt-
ing self-instruction, it seems hardly the thing. There is given a list of reagents,
but with nothing practical as to their preparation or application. Then fol-
lows an account of the common "vegetable products," under which, among
others, we find grouped protoplasm, the nucleus, and silica. A better heading
would have been "cell-contents," which is used for Table I. The second table
is devoted to "Cellulose Forms," by which is meant the form and structure of
cells ; and Table III. is headed "Plant Products," which by no means includes
all the "vegetable products" mentioned in the text under that caption. In fact,
to the casual reader, it would seem rather difficult to draw the line between
"cell-contents" and "plant products," although a table is devoted to each. The
conception of the work is excellent, but the execution seems very imperfect.

ARTICLES IN JOURNALS.

Allen, Gbant.— From Buttercup to Monk's Hood (reprint from Knowledcn ^*op. Sci. Mo.

23. 65; Shades of Leaves. Nature, 27. 439, 464, 192, 511.
Baker, J. <;.— A Synopsis of the Genus Selaginella, continued (containing descriptions of

1(1 new species, all from S. Am.), Jour. But. 21, 97. •

Cooke, M. C— On SphaSrella and Lts allies, continued (13 new species, 10 of which are from

Georgia and S. Carolina), Jour. Hot. 21. 106.
Davenport, Geo. E.— Some Comparative Tables Showing the Distribution of Ferns in the

U. S. of Am., Am. Phil. Soc. Feb. 'J. 1883.
Dyer, W. T. T.— Review of DeCandolle's "Origine des Plantes cultivees" and Vilmorin-

Andrieux & Co.'s " Les Plantes potageres," Nature, 27. 129.
Gardiner, J. S.— Fossil Algse. Nature, 27. 514.

Grove, W. B.— Notes on the Sehizomycetes, V, Sci. Gossip, No. 220. 83.
Hance, II. I<\— A new Polygonum (from China), Jour. Hoi. 21. loo.
Hemsley, W. B.— Two new Bermudan Plants (Ejigeron and Statice), Jour. Bot.21. KM : The

Botany of the "Challenger" Expedition, Nature, 27. 162.
Lamb, Henby.— Sketeh of John Kay. Sci. Gossip, No. 220. 82.
McNab, \V. R.— Pringsheim's Botanical Year-Books (review of vol. 12, part I, and vol. 13,

pari 3), Nature, 27. 502.
Moegan, A. P.— The Mycologic Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio (Leueospori), Jour. ('in.

Soc. Nat. Hist. 6. 54.
Rothrock, J. T.— Some Microscopic Distinctions between Good and Bad Timber of the

Same Species (with plate). Am. Phil. Soc. Feb. 'J, L888 599.
Zabriskie, .1. L.— Dispersion of Seed by Wistaria, Am. Nat. 17. .Ml.

Catalogue of Indiana Plants.

This catalogue, which has been published in the Gazette in the form of extra sheets,
has now been bound in a neat pamphlet, of over 40 pages, with a map. Persons desiring
copies can procure them at the rate of 35 cents per copy, or three for 81.00, by addressing
tf n.ntjr,

or Prof. Ciias R. Barnes, JOHN M. COULTER,

LaFayette, Ind. Crawfordsville, Ind.

Plants from the Cascade Mountains.

The undersigned has new sets of Washington plants. The larger number of species
are both in fruit and flowers. Some are new. Full sets sold at the rate of 88 per hundred,
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W. N. SUKSDORF,
6t White Salmon, W. T.

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CALIFORNIA, UTAH, ETC.

Having botanized extensively in Nevada, California, Mexico, etc , during the past sea-
son, I have seventeen hundred species of plants, of the year's collecting, ready for dis-
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Nevada, etc., are represented in very few herbaria. A complete list, 10 cents. Selections
or sets will be sold. This list, with those of previous years, covers nearly nine-tenths of
all species found west of the Missouri river and north of Arizona. These lists complete
(representing over 4,000 species), 50 cents. MARCUS E. JONES, A. M.
Salt Lake City, Utah.

Flora of Eastern Oregon.

The subscriber is offering, at very reasonable rates, plants from this region, many of
unusual interest.

For list and terms, address WM. C. Cl'SK'K,

Union, Oregon.

flTJ TJ,/^>1 IV" T TQ^Q of 'North American PolypetalEe ami Gamopetala-
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OTT'NTTTQ f~"V^T7"rT,T?Q Printed Labels for Genus Covers. Just
OrXli-l_N LJ O \_J\J V XjjXYO« what every Collector wants, now or some
time in the future. Order them now. In old collections they can be put on over the
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e^In every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette.

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The undersigned now has in the printer's hands a Supplement to his Catalogue oi'
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of orders are received. The price to be 25 cents a doz., or 5 doz. for Si. 00.

GEO. E. DAVENPORT, Medford, Mass.

Flora of the Pacific Slope.

PRINGLE'S DISTRIBUTION OP 1882.

The subscriber offers sets of nearly 500 species collected in Arizona, California, and
Lower California, which include many new species, or old ones but rarely represented in
collections. Special attention has been given to ligneous species. He is <,onliaent that
his specimens will give the same satisfaction as heretofore. Having supplied himself
with many duplicates extra to his sets, he is able to furnish selections, and w>", be
pleased to exchange these for fine representations of many American species. Lists and
terms furnished.

C. G. PRljs^^E,

d-j East Charlotte, Vt.

Plants of Southern California.

We have printed a supplementary list, comprising the plants collected by us the past
season. It contains about 500 species, including some which are new or rare. A copy will
be sent free to those wishing to purchase specimens ; others will please inclose ten cents.
A few copies of last year's list may be had on the same terms.

PARISH BROTHERS,

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Vol. VIII. No- 6-

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Botanical Gazette.

JUNE, 1883.

COWTE1TTS.

Some N. Am. Botanists. VI. Dr. William Baldwin. /. H. Redfield 233

Aster or Solidago? E.J. Hill 238

Morphological Notes A. F. Foerste 240

Teratological Notes. /. Schneck 242

General Notes 244

Hibiscus Moscheutos and H. roseus. — Stipules in Saxifragacete. — Notes on JEscu-
lus glabra.— Large Rhus Toxicodendron.— Vincetoxicum.— Notes on Fresh Water
Algae.— Chloranthy of Ranunculus Calif ornicus.— Discharging Ascospores.

Editorial Notes 246

Articles in Journals 248

Editor :

JOHN M. COULTER, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind.

Associate Editors :

C. R. BARNES, Purdue University, LaFayette, Ind.
J. C. ARTHUR, Charles City, Iowa.

INDIANAPOLIS:

CARLON <fe HOLLENBECK, PRINTERS AND BINDERS.

1883

KATES OF

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^ OLTJB. ,

Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VIII. JUNE, 1883. No. G.

Some North American Botanists.

VI. Dr. William Baldwin.

In the southeastern corner of Pennsylvania, just north of the
famed Mason and Dixon line, lies the county of Chester, picture
esque, historic and fertile, but specially prolific for a century
past in cultivators of botanical science. Within its original
limits were born the Bartratns, father and son, and within its
present limits were born Humphrey Marshall, Dr. William
Darlington and his coadjutors David Townsend and Josiah
Hoopes, not to mention the Jacksons, father and sou, nor the
brothers Pierce, who, perhaps, were cultivators rather than bot-
anists.1

And in the township of Newlin, in this same county, on the
29th of March, 1779, was born William Baldwin, the subject of
this sketch. His father, Thomas Baldwin, was a member and
an approved minister of the society of " Friends." He gave to
the son such rudimentary education as the common schools of
the vicinity could furnish. But the youth thirsted for knowl-
edge, and soon became a teacher, daily acquiring for himself and
imparting to others such store of information as was at his com-
mand While thus engaged his thoughts were turned to the
medical profession, and he became the pupil of Dr. William A.

1 John Bartram was born at Darby March 23, 1699, and died in 1777. His
son William was born at the same place Feb. 9, 1739, and died in 1823. Hum-
phrey Marshall was born at West Bradford Oct. 10, 1722, and died in 1801.
John Jackson was born at London Grove Nov. 9, 1748, and died Dec; 20,_ 1821.
William Darlington was born at Dilworthstown April 28, 1782, and died at
West Chester April 23, 1863. David Townsend (for whom Townsmdia was
named) was born in Pughtown Dec. 13, 1787, and died in West Chester Dec. 6,
1858. Joshua Hoopes was born in Westtowji Feb. 12, 1788, and died at West
Chester Mav 11, 1874. William Jackson, son of John, was born at London
Grove Nov." 7, 1789, and died there Oct. 29, 1864. Most of these dates were
kindly communicated by Josiah Hoopes, Esq., himself a Chester county bot-
anist.

234 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Todd, of Downingtown, in the same county; and afterwards, in
the winter of 1802-3, attended his first course of medical lectures
at the University of Pennsylvania. Here he formed the ac-
quaintance and secured the intimate friendship of Dr. William
Darlington, who, while suffering from a severe attack of illness,
received from young Baldwin assiduous kindness and attention,
which he never forgot. After his first course of lectures at
Philadelphia he resumed his studies with Dr. Todd, at Downing
town; and here he became acquainted with Dr. Moses Marshall,
nephew of Humphrey Marshall, the well-known author of >{Ar-
bu'stum Arnericanum" and founder of a botanic garden at Mar-
shallton. The nephew had also some botanical knowledge, and
had been of material service to the uncle, both in the establish-
ment of his garden and in the preparation of his work on Ameri-
can Forest Trees and Shrubs. Dr. Marshall seems to have first
awakened Baldwin's taste for the study of the vegetable creation -T
and the rich collection of indigenous plants in the Marshallton
garden served to strengthen this ta«te, which soon deepened into
zeal under the instruction of Dr. Benj. Smith Barton, of Phila-
delphia.

In 1805 Baldwin received the appointment of surgeon on a
merchant ship bound to Canton. Returning from China in
1800, he resumed the medical course at the University of Penn-
sylvania, and on the 10th of April, 1807, he received the degree
of M. D. He selected Wilmington, Del., for the practice of his
profession,1 and soon afterward was married to Miss Hannah M.
Webster, of that city, a lady of superior intellectual endowments,
and favored with a finished classical education, unusual for that
day. At Wilmington he devoted his leisure to the study of the
plants of that vicinity, and while there, in 1811, he attracted the
attention of Dr. Muhlenberg, of Lancaster, who sought a corres-
pondence with him, which was actively maintained until Muhlen
berg's death in 1815. Dr. Darlington has given this correspond-
ence to the world, and the letters on both sides, ninety in all, are
characteristic cf the respective writers, and illustrative of the
formative period of American botany. Botanical students of the
present day, supplied with text-books and Floras of the most per-
fect -kind, can hardly realize the difficulties of those early stu-

*Dr. Baldwin joined the Delaware State Medical Society May 4, 1811, the
same year and time at which Dr. Gibbons became a member. Dr. Gibbons was
long the Nestor of the medical profession in Wilmington, and was the father of
Charles Gibbons, of Philadelphia, and of the Gibbons (brothers) of California,
who have been of service to botany there. — Minutes of Delaware State Medical So-
ciety, per Dr. Bush.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 235

dents, forced, as they were, to grope in the dark for differences
between old and new, and perplexed by the conflicting synonymy
and imperfect descriptions of the few books then accessible.

Pulmonary weakness forced Dr. Baldwin, in the autumn of
1811, to resort to a milder climate, and he removed to the State
of Georgia, residing chiefly at Savannah and St. Mary's Here
was a new ahd interesting field for botanical research, which he
cultivated with great ardor, making long journeys on foot, with
knapsack on his back, often entirely alone, penetrating far into
the territory of the aborigines, among whom his peaceful princi-
ples and gentle bearing secured him a kind reception. In 1812
war with Great Britain interrupted these pursuits and called into
use his professional abilities as surgeon of a gunboat flotilla sta-
tioned at St. Mary's. For two years he ministered to the sick
and distressed with no other aid than that of his wife. After the
close of the war he was stationed at Savannah, where he was
brought into close and friendly communication with Stephen El-
liott, author of the " Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and
Georgia. '' His correspondence during these years of Southern res-
idence shows that, notwithstanding the interruptions caused by
professional labor, and by war's rude alarms, he lost no opportu-
nity for botanical research and for the acquisition of new material.

Near the close of the year 1817, he received an appointment
as surgeon of the U. S. frigate Congress, which was to visit Bue-
nos Ayres and other South American ports. His knowledge of
natural history led to this appointment, and it was accepted with
the hope that his failing health might be restored. His ship
touched at Rio Janeiro, Montevideo, Buenos Ayres, Maldonado,
San Salvador and Margarita. At all these places he made dili-
gent use of his limited opportunities for collecting, and in the
Philadelphia Academy are preserved many of the plants so col-
lected.

From this voyage he returned in July, 1818, rejoining his fam-
ly at Wilmington. He now bent all his energies to the study of the
material collected during his Southern residence, with a view to
publication, under the proposed title of " Miscellaneous Sketches
of Georgia and East Florida, to which will be added a descriptive
catalogue of new plants, with notices of the works of Pursh, El-
liott and Nuttall, to which will be added an appendix containing
some account of the vegetable productions on the Rio de la Plata,
etc." In September he writes Darlington : " I have to inform
you that I go on slowly, and, I hope, the more surely. It will
not do to hurry — there has been too much hurrying among our

236 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

botanists. But you may rely upon it, that nothing but death
or disease will prevent me from going on steadily. Both in-
terest and knowledge increase as I get along." The Southern
Oyperacew now especially engaged his attention. His letters to
Darlington and Collins, at this time, are full of critical notes and
minute inquiries relative to the species of Cyperus, Seirpus and
Rhynchospora, and he had nearly completed his elaboration of
the plants of this order, and was engaged upon the genera Pas-
palum and Panicum among the grasses, when he reluctantly laid
aside his work at a new and unexpected call. The government
was preparing to send out a new expedition for the exploration
of the upper Missouri, under the command of Major Long, to be
accompanied by a corps of naturalists. Baldwin's friends, Dar-
lington and Leconte, successfully urged his appointment as bot-
anist, and prevailed upon him to accept. Hope of prolonging
his failing health doubtless influenced his decision. In March,
1819, he made the journey over the mountains to Pittsburgh,
where he joined his fellow-travelers. A small light-draft steam
boat had been constructed for the long river voyage ; but repeated
delays ensued, and it was not till the 5th of May that the depar-
ture took place. From the beginning Baldwin seems to have had
sad foreboding. On the point of departure he wrote Darlington :
" I shall hold out as long as I can. Whether my remains are
deposited on the banks of the Missouri or among my kindred at
home, is now a matter of little consequence. For the sake of my
family and the pursuits I am engaged in, I should wish to live a
few years longer." In fact his strength was already failing, and
only his enthusiasm and force of will sustained him. The boat
proved unsuitable for her work, was leaky, damp and uncomfort-
able, requiring constant repairs. A stop was made at Cincinnati
for a week, partly for repairs and partly on account of the alarm-
ing condition of Dr. Baldwin, who remained on shore with his
friend Dr. Drake, until he rallied. As the boat made her slow
way down the Ohio and up the Mississippi and Missouri, he
chafed under the restrictions, both of military rule and of in-
creasing weakness, and in his desire to make the most of the few
opportunities allowed him for collecting, he doubtless exhausted
his little remaining strength.

The following almost last words written on the 7th of July,
have a -sad interest: "The mortification and chagrin which I
feel in being thus disappointed from time to time in my expecta-
tions of doing anything worthy of. notice in this expedition, are in-
expressible. Perhaps I do not support myself under it as I ought,

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 237

and may manifest a disposition too irritable; but when I reflect
upon the period of life to which I have attained, the delicate state
of health to which I am reduced, without the means of doing any-
thing efficient (I fear) to restore it, the unfinished labors of eight
years, which would be almost' entirely lost in case of my decease ;
and, above all, the rising family which look to me for support, lean
not but feel anxious." * * * On the 15th of July the expe-
dition reached Franklin, Mo., and here Dr. B. was compelled to
leave it. He found a hospitable home at the house of John J.
Lowry, and there, September 1st, he died, in his 41st year. He
left a wife and four children, the youngest then an infant. The
friend who knew him best, says of him : " I have never yet had
the happiness to be acquainted with any man of a more amiable
and upright character, more faithful in the discharge of his duties,
or more zealously devoted to the interests of science and the wel-
fare of his fellow creatures."

Dr. Baldwin's published scientific, papers were but two, and
these were offered for publication just before starting on his last
journey. They are :

1. An account of two North American species of Bottbcellia,
discovered on the seacoast of Georgia. Am. Jour. Sei. 1st series.
L,855. 1819.

2. An account of two North American species of Cyperus,
from Georgia, and of four species of Kyllingia, from the Brazilian
coast and from the Rio de la Plata. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. Phila.
New series, II, 167. Bead Apr. 16, 1819.

Fortunately his unpublished memoranda fell into the hands
of Dr. Torrey, and though in a crude and fragmentary state, they
were used as their author would have wished, as contributions for
Dr. Torrey's Monograph of the Oyperacece, and for Dr. Gray's
Monograph of Rhynchospora in Annals of N. Y. Lyceum of Nat.
.Hist. Vol, III. His herbarium was purchased by his friend Col-
lins, from whom it went to Schweinitz, who bequeathed it to the
Phil. Ac. Nat. Sci.

In preparing this sketch free use has been made of the Memoir
prefixed by Dr. Darlington to the "Reliquiai Baldwinice," and
of the valuable correspondence there found. Other material con-
sulted has been a series of letters from Baldwin to Zaccheus Col-
lins, twenty- one in number, covering the last two years of Bald-
win's life, contained in the "Collins Correspondence'' in the
library of the Philadelphia Academy, and a copy in Collins' hand
of the botanical notes made by Baldwin on his last sad journey.
See, also, Vol. I. of James' Historv of Major Long's Expedition,
Philadelphia, 1823. J. H. Redfield.

238 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Aster or Solidago?

In September last I found some rather anomalous specimens
of a plant in the prairie near my house. Englewood, like other
suburbs of Chicago and many western towns, has its houses scat-
tered over the prairie, with interspersed patches of grass land as
virgin as when the buffalo and Indian roamed over it. Such a
piece of ground lies between my house and the school house
where a part of each school day is spent. Hence, this vacant lot
is passed several times a day on the way to school, or market, or
postoffice, and any change of floral appearance quickly noticed.
It is often the scene of a raid for specimens of any particular
plant known to grow there when needed to illustrate a lesson in
botany. Something of a specialty is made of the study of the
Composite in the fall, and few escape the search of pupils and
teacher for class work. For the past five years this has been the
case, and I thought about every inch of that acre of ground was
known. But, greatly to my surprise, there appeared, close to
the side-walk, a plant I had never seen before. Was it a Golden-
rod or Aster? But who ever heard of an Aster with yellow
rays? was the second thought, on pulling up the specimen.
Taking it to my room and examining it, it was seen to be unique,
and not much time elapsed before the vacant lot was thoroughly
searched and more specimens found. About all were single
stalks, except one, in which more than a dozen stems sprang
from the same root. They were about a foot high. All the
stems from this root did not bear yellow-rayed flowers ; some
were white, some ochroleucous, some pale or sulphur yellow. It
was evident that the habit of the plant was that of Aster ptar-
micoides, Torr. and Gr. , plenty of which, both single and many
stalked, grew in the vicinity. But the flowers were considerably
smaller than those of any Aster ptarmicoides observed, as proved
by comparison, being about half an inch in diameter. The plant
was smoother, and the leaves tapered below into a clasping peti-
ole, or one tending to clasp, on some of the stems. In this it
suggested Solidago Riddellii, Frank, growing close at hand.
Could it be a hybrid, a cross between this Aster and Solidago, or
some other Solidago f was the next query. Will genera cross?
This led to the preservation of the plant. It was not dug up,
but left to fruit, except a little cut off to get a variety of the
flowers. A stake was driven beside it so that it might be iden-
tified when the flowers had faded, and all the heads gathered as

BOTANICAL, GAZETTE. 239

they ripened. I wished to see if it could be propagated. But
most of the achenia are withered — apparently blasted. Some
heads, however, show from one to three achenia that are plump
and look as if they might grow. Heads of A. ptarmicoides and
S. Riddellii gathered at the same time are found to have gener-
ally perfected their fruit. On comparing the fruit with that of
A. ptarmicoides it is seen to be quite identical, smooth, light-
colored and of the same size. That of S. Riddellii is slightly
roughened under a lens, and is characteristically marked by five
to seven dark-colored longitudinal stripes. Some of the achenia
of the anomalous plant seem a little striped, but very faintly, so
that it can hardly be relied on for a character. The involucre- is
smaller and more cylindrical than in A. ptarmicoides. The
scales are about the same as in that species.

The plant has been left where it grew, so that it may be no-
ticed another season, and its behavior observed. The interest of
the plant to me is whether Aster and Solidago will cross, es-
pecially in the wild state, and should the cross be permanent and
capable of propagation by seed, what bearing it may have on the
origin of species. It can not indeed be proved that it is a hy-
brid, but this seems the best explanation now available. Had all
the flowers been yellow, or even ochroleucous, it might seem a
pure example of one or the other genus, but with flowers of
three colors from the same root, and other intermediate charac-
ters, it is hard to regard it as such. The flowers, .in color and
size, are a mean between A. ptarmicoides and the Solidagos,others,
besides S. Riddellii, being near neighbors, as S. nemoralis, 8. Ian-
ceolata. It should be added in passing that the prairie here was
originally wet, but the opening of streets and railroads, with ac-
companying ditches and sewers, has drained it so as to produce a
promiscuous mingling of wet land and dry land floras, as far as they
are able to accommodate themselves to the change, and hence
queer floral neighbors are found.

It is possible this plant may throw some light on the Aster lu-
tescens . of Torrey and Gray's Flora of North America, gathered
by Douglas and. assigned the habitat : "Saskatchewan, dry eleva-
ted grounds of the Assiniboin River.'' It is stated that Douglas
had labeled his specimens " flowers yellow," but that the rays ap-
peared to have been at most ochroleucous. " It this be the case/'
the authors add, " it is doubtless a distinct species, if not, it may'
prove to be only a variety of A. ptarmicoides, as Hooker sup-
poses."— E. J. Hill,, Englewood, 111.

240

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Morphological Notes.

1. Juglans cinereo. and J. nigra are both possessed of winter
buds composed of entire transformed leaves. The buds under
consideration are the terminal buds. The scales in the former
species (Fig. 1) are somewhat tapering, although thick and broad

throughout their entire length. Those of the latter (Fig.
2) are broad at either end, but contracted at the cen-
ter. In both cases a series of narrow grooves,
running parallel from the raised ridge in the
middle to the edges on either side, indicate the
x i!4 leaflets of our transformed leaf. This portion,
l~'3m ' however, is confined to the tip; hence the
greater part of these scales must be composed of the
common petiole of a compound leaf.

2. The same structure is visible in Fraxinus quadrangu-
lata, Mx. In this case the buds are not long, as are
those of Juglans, but short and conical. The outer
scales (Fig. 3) show the same ribbed structure, indicat-
ing leaves. In this case we again have scales composed
chiefly of the common petioles of compound leaves, but
the leaflets still remain attached in a rudimentary con-
dition, as in the case of Juglans.

3. In Negundo aceroides the scales (Fig. 4, a) are of an ovoid
shape, and bear at the tip three small leaflets, which, however,

■ Ju shrivel up and fall off in winter, leaving a scar on

a K each scale at the tip (Fig. 4, b). In this plant, there-
f§H fore, the scales consist only of the remaining com-
Fig.IV mon petiole of a compound leaf. In other members
of the genus Fraxinus, where indications of leaflets never ap-
pear, the scales may be considered as composed only of the
common petiole, the leaflet being obsolete.

4. Sassafras officinale has scales bearing such plain veins that
we may confidently attribute their origin to the blades of leaves.

5. In Smilax hispida the petioles remain during winter half

surrounding the bud and acting as one of the outer
scales of the hibernaculum (Fig. 5). The tendrils,
' which are transformed stipules, also remain, being at-
tached to the petiole. The remaining scales composing
the proper envelopes of the hibernaculum, in this case,
may be considered the bases of petioles, much changed
in their new capacity.

Fia.III

Fig.y

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

241

6. The thorns of Robinia are known to be stipules ; those of
Gleditschia, branches; those of some Astragali, petioles; those
of the Barberry the veins of the leaves. (See Gray Struct. Bot.)

7. A study of the Osage orange, Madura aurantiaca, shows
its thorns to be transformed branches. Tiny notches toward the
tip often indicate nodes on this branch. At the base, on either
side, are two scales, only one of which subtends a bud, the other
being empty. These are at the two lower nodes of the metamor-
phosed branch. On growth of the'young bud into a branch it
pushes the thorn aside, so that this appears to be axillary to the
young branch in the axis of the really empty scale at its side.

8. The spines of Ribes Cynosbati are mere outgrowths of the
bark, as are also those of the Smilax above mentioned, and there-
fore are of no morphological importance.

9. In Sambueus Canadensis the buds consist of short but
broad scales which already subtend several axillary buds, as well
as aid in protecting the large central bud which is to furnish the
main shoot. A single bud, however, which sometimes appears
beneath the central bud, seems to have no connection with it,
and I can not find that it is subtended by a scale. It however
originates in the same tissues with the larger bud, and the con-
nection with it may be traced beneath the bark. Can they, in
such cases, be strictly said to be superposed ?

10. In Lindera Benzoin two branches, superposed in the axils
of last year's leaves, each terminate in a leaf bud and have two
lateral branches which are flower buds. In spring the lateral
buds blossom, and the terminal buds are at liberty to develop
into branches, but the upper one generally gets the start, and the
other dies. In this way we have extra-axillary branches.

11. The development of the bud scales of the dogwoods in
spring is quite interesting. In Cornus fiorida each scale repre-
sents the tip of a leaf, and in spring it shows its character by de-

• veloping at the base into a broad petaloid blade, which bears
the withered scale at its tip. In this condition the scales serve
as an involucre to the condensed cyme (glomerule) within. The
closely related C. Canadensis has a similar involucre, which, how-
ever, never served as scales, being enclosed with the leaves in a
subterranean hibernaculum, and having developed from it on the
approach of spring. In this it resembles many other herbaceous
perennials. The scales which compose the hibernaculum are al-
most membranaceous, and represent the entire blades, of leaves.
As far as can be observed from a few specimens, the growth of
the stem from year to year is sympodial. First a terminal bud

242

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

develops into a flowering stem ; after flowering this dies, but at
its base two opposite buds have been formed, only one of which
develops the following season, and this manner of growth is con-
tinued from season to season.

12. In Viburnum nudum the bud scales are composed of the
bases of leaves,their morphological nature becoming evident by the
development of leafy tips or blades in spring.
(Fig. 6, outer scale ; fig. 7, inner scale.)
These leafy tips are formed on the scales of
both leaf and mixed buds, but owing to the
falling off of the more evident broader scales
early in the spring while their blades are still
quite small, and their consequent non-pres-
ervation in herbaria, the fact is generally
overlooked. The development of the base
here before the tip of the leaf forms an excep-
tion to the usual rule that the development of
leaves proceeds from their tips to the base. — Aug. F. Foerste,
Dayton, Ohio.

Fig.G Fip.V

Teratological Notes.

1. A Botryehium with three fertile segments — Among the nu-
merous specimens of B. Lunaria,, Swartz, sent by Mr. S. M.
Turner from Afbgnak Island, Alaska, there is one that has two
secondary fertile segments standing on the main fertile segment
of the frond. They start from it near its commencement, and
are all nearly the same size. All appear fully developed, bearing
about the usual number of sporangia.

2. Ludwigia alternifolia with a broad stem. — During the past
August I found a specimen of this species in which the upper
half of the stem was only about one eighth of an inch thick,
while in breadth it measured from one-half to an inch. It sent
out, at the sides, short flower bearing branches. The plant grew
in a swamp, was nearly four feet high, and otherwise thrifty.

3. Ranunculus repens with flat peduncles. — During the past
summer I found several examples of this species in which the
peduncle was flat, and bearing on its top an irregular mass of
petals.

A. Two Oaks grown together. — Within three miles of Mt.
Carmel (111.) there is an Oak (Q. palustris, Du Roi), which
commences with two roots ; these are so close together and inter-
grown as to appear as one at the surface of the ground. The

BOTANICAL, GAZETTE.

243

two bodies, however, start separately and are several inches
apart for nearly ten feet, when they unite and form a single
straight trunk, making, in all a tree nearly seventy feet high.
The two trunks, where they are separate, are about six inches in
diameter, round, straight, and appear to be solid and perfect.

5. Blighted Hickory -nuts —During the winter of 1881-2, I
found a number of what I take to be blighted hickory-nuts.
Besides those that I found several were brought to me as matters
of curiosity, and all were similarly deformed. The accompany,
ing sketch will probably help to convey the
best idea of them. The central part (a) is
hard and solid and is imbeded in a cavity
which is just large enough to contain it. It
is everywhere free, except at the lower end,
from which it appears to have grown. I take
it to be the kernel lignified. The endocarp
(b) is-thicker than usual, solid, and very hard.
The nut appears to be the proper length, but
too slender. All the examples I saw I took
to be fruit of C. sulcata. While I have
cracked a goodly number of hickorynuts every
winter for nearly thirty years, this was the
only season in which I noticed this deformity.
May it not be that the long drought during
the previous summer, which continued from the last weeks in
June to the first of September, was the cause of this growth ?

'6. A Butternut imbedded in the solid wood of an ash tree. —
While waiting in che office of my friend, Dr. A. J. Mcintosh, I
was shown a piece of ash wood in which was firmly imbedded a
veritable butternut. The wood that had formed around it ap-
peared to be healthy and firm when cut. The exocarp was gone,
but the wood in its growth had fitted itself into the interstices of
the endocarp. The Doctor, who is a Jacksonian Democrat, ex-
plains it in this wise : During war times one of the "butternuts"
was so closely pursued by a l( home guard " that he took the first
hole he could find, and this happened to be a wood-pecker's hole
in an ash tree.

7 Double Tulips — Several years since I was invited by a lady
friend to call and see some double tulips. Before starting, I
stated that I did not think they could be doubled more than one
and one-half times, thinking that the six stamens and three pis-
tils had been developed into petal-like organs. But to my sur-
prise I found the tulips as double as any rose. I was at a loss to

244 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

explain the condition, until after examining the scape, which I
found to be leafy, especially at the top, and the upper leaves took
on the shape and color of sepals and petals. I can not believe
that this was a deformity, the result of an injury, as there were
several plants in the same bed in the same condition. I would
like to ask, is the conversion of leaves into petal-like organs a
common method by which flowers are doubled? — J. Schneck,
Mt. Carmel, III.

GENERAL NOTES.

Hibiscus Moscheutos and H. roseus.— Dr. J. Guillaud, of Bordeaux, sends
a pamphlet containing his investigations resulting in the indentification of Hi-
biscus roseus of Thore, — a species supposed to be indigenous to the southeastern
coast of France, also found in Italy, — with our marsh Hibiscus. He is not
aware that the same identification has been made by Mr. Daydon Jackson, and
published a year or two ago in the 19th volume of the Journal of the IAnncean
Society, London. Dr. Guillaud has had the advantage of seeing the two plants
growing spontaneously, ours in the neighborhood of New York, the other in the
marshes of the Landes. H. roseus has also been found in Northern Italy, in the
marshes of the Po and lagunes of the Adriatic ; and, according to Dr. Guil-
laud, specimens have been received from Asia Minor, but no mention is made
of it in Boissier's Flora Orientalis. Is this species indigenous to Europe as
well as to the Atlantic coast of North America? Is it a survival from the
time when the floras of Europe and of Eastern America had more common
elements than they now have? Or has it somehow been conveyed across the
Atlantic; and if so, whether at some early period or within historic times?
Questions not easily answered. If the first, then this plant, like a few others
that might be named, is in Europe what Convallaria majalis, Littorella lacustris,
Marsilea quadrifolia, Scolopendmum, and perhaps Calluna, are in North America.
In favor of the second view, and even of a late and casual introduction, it is to
be said (as Dr. Guillaud notes) that Thore found the plant on the coast of France
only at the beginning of this century ; that it was unknown to Tournefort, who
botanized around Bayonne in the autumn of 1688 ; that the plant has disap-
peared from the particular station where Thore found it and where it was said
to abound ; and that it is now more rare than formerly. Its spread from the
Atlantic coast to that of the Adriatic, may be owing to the carriage of seeds by
marsh-birds. Indeed, Dr. Guillaud thinks it may have been brought to Europe
by sea-birds. On the other hand, since it is now found in the district near
Mantua, he quotes the lines in Virgil's Eclogues in which the stems of Hibiscus
are twice mentioned, in a way by no means mal d propos ; but he thinks they
might as well apply to Marsh-mallow.

It appears that the specific name Moscheutos came to Linnaais through Cor-
nuti from a " Rosa Moscheutos " of Pliny, some kind of Rose-mallow, we may
suppose. Since the two Linnsean species are clearly one, it is a pity that the

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 245

name H. palustris was not chosen. Torrey and Gray are responsible for that.
The reason of the choice was, that H. Moscheutos stands first in the book, and
H. palustris is merely differentiated from that ; reasons which need not have
prevailed. . A. Gray.

Stipules in Saxifragacese are of small account, as Prof. Coulter's pupils
show, by sending Mitella diphylla with good stipules between the cauline leaves.
It seems to be regularly so. — A. Gray.

Notes on iEsculus glabra.— One of my botany class, Mr. J. W. Milligan,
has been making some observations upon the flowers of this Buckeye which
seem worth recording. It is well known that the flowers tend to be polygamous,
not so much from the suppression of stamens or pistils, as that they fail to de-
velop; at least this is the way the tendency manifests itself with us. All the
perfect flowers furnish good examples of protogyny, while others at first sight
seem protandrous, but this latter is seen to result from a failure of the pistil to
develop. In fact the forms seem so various that one is at first at considerable
loss how to " place " them. The flowers are apparently in a transition state and
on the way to becoming moncecious. Mr. Milligan observed that the clusters
were visited by numerous bees, principally the honey bee, but that they avoided
the opened flowers, and only sought the well advanced buds. The petals so
poorly protect the nectar that it is easily obtained by thrusting the proboscis
between them. The question was at once suggested whether this could in some
measure account for the numerous sterile pistils, which far outnumber the fer-
tile ones. The open flowers were avoided and could only have been fertilized
by the chance of being near the buds, for the bees had evidently learned that the
latter contained the nectar. This would necessarily result in some sterile pis-
tils, which might lead to polygamy in effect, if not in fact. But what would
lead to a suppression of stamens and so make polygamy end in monoecism
would be hard to say. At any rate, it is a case of an insect attracted by a
flower which it does not visit but may accidentally fertilize, and obtaining nec-
tar from a flower which it can neither fertilize nor obtain pollen from. — J. M. C.

La r Toxicodendron. — I have found at Dayton a specimen of

Rhus Toxicodendron measuring, some distance above the base, 17 inches in cir-
cumference or about 5J inches in diameter. Its first branch was 14J inches in
circumference. Another branch was 4 inches in diameter. The specimen is
remarkable for its strong and vigorous growth, and twines upon an almost
dead locust tree, clothing it with the foliage of the Poison Ivy. It is close to
the city and is destined to become quite an attraction to our amateur botanists.
— Aug. F. Foerste, Dayton, 0.

Vincetoxicum. — Following some authority, which it is now not worth
while to look up, it appears that in the Synoptical Flora of N. America, I had
derived this name from " vinceus, that serves for binding," and toxicum. Dr.
Hance, in Britten's Journal of Botany for May, 1883, notes, 1, that the only au-
thority for this adjective is a line of Plautus in which vincea is now known to
have been a mistake of some copyist for juncea. And, 2, that the old herba-
lists, Fuchs and Matthiolus, clearly indicate that the Latin part of this hybrid
name is from vincere, to conquer. — A. Gray.

246 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Notes on Fresh Water Algee. — To ray note under this heading in the
last Gazette I wish to add that it may be a question whether B/ivularia ftuitans
should not be referred to Echinella artieulata, Ag. That species is known to me
only through the figure in English botany and the figure given by Phillips in
Grevittea, Vol. IX., pi. 14-4, a-d. From the figure in Eng. Bot. not much infor-
mation can be derived, but from that in Grevilleq, which appears to be referred
without hesitation to Echinella articulate,, Ag., one can not fail to see a close re-
semblance to the alga collected by Prof. Arthur, with which it also agrees in
its peculiar habitat. — W. G. Farlow.

Chloranthy of Ranunculus Californiens.— Green Buttercups are unusu-
ally common about San Francisco Bay this season. The persistent floral organs
(excepting the almost normal yellowish stamens) are as green as the ordinary
foliage. The spoon-shaped sepals are not reflexed ; the hairy petals have ovate
blades only two lines long, borne on slender petioles three to six lines in length.
The nectariferous scales are plainly seen at the bases of the blades. Most of
the capellary leaves become stipitate empty akenes, but some are open on the
inner side, and a few become oblanceolate leaves two or three lines in length. —
Volney Rattan, San Francisco, Col.

Discharging' Ascospores. — In the January No. of the Gazette appeared
an interesting account of the sound of discharging ascospores observed by Mr.
E. W. Holway, Decorah, Iowa. I have this spring heard the same hissing
sound on opening a box in which a number of Peziza coecinea, Jaeij., had been
inclosed for two hours.

I transcribe an extract from a letter written by the distinguished botanist
Haller, Gottingen, Sept. 19, 1740, to the father of botany, Linnaeus, Upsal,
Sweden : " The place where I am is but a barren field for botany excepting fungi,
which are plentiful. I have detected a very curious elastic motion in the com-
mon sessile Peziza, of a dirty white hue. The whole plant contracts spontane-
ously and discharges a powder upwards with a sort of hissing sound. This
doubtless is the seed." He furthermore says that " fungi are a mutable and
treacherous tribe;" a fact just as apparent to-day as it was 143 years ago.—
L. V. Morgan, Cincinnati, 0.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

Since the notice in the Gazette of the appearance of a supplement to
Chapman's Flora, many inquiries have been made regarding it. A note from
Dr. Chapman conveys the information that the new edition is now on sale with
Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co., N. Y.; and Ashmead Bros., Jacksonville, Fla.
The supplement is not sold separately, but is bound with the new edition.

Mr. W. B. HemsleY, of the Kew Gardens, is preparing a work which will be
practically a flora of the remote islets of the Atlantic and Southern Oceans.
With regard to the Bermudas it may be that some of the readers of the Gazette
may be able to give some help. The composition of the flora of the Bermudas

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 247

is found to contain more of the endemic element than was anticipated ; and,
among other things, it is suspected that there is at least one palm quite differ-
ent from the continental American species. Good specimens of the native palm
or palms would he very thankfully received at Kew, and any reader of this
notice who will send such specimens will be doing a favor to botanists in gen-
eral.

The Ottawa Field Naturalists' Club is an organization that it would
be well for some of the brethren of the " States " to pattern after. It was estab-
lished in 1879, and has now entered upon its fifth season of field work, the object
being.an exhaustive. study of the natural history of Ottawa and vicinity. Trans-
actions have already been published containing numerous lists. Excursions are
made monthly, and leaders are appointed in each department who are looked to
for information and assistance, and who have charge of the excursions of their
department. The leaders in botany are K. B. "Whyte and J. Fletcher for Plue-
nogams, and Prof. J. Macoun for Cryptogams, Messrs. Whyte and Macoun be-
ing also the Vice-Presidents of the Club. Information as to the workings of
the Club may be had by addressing the Secretary, W. H. Harrington.

At the last annual meeting of the Syracuse Botanical Club the follow-
ing officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, Mrs. Lillie Barnes;
Vice-President, Mrs. Nellie Goodrich; Becording Secretary, Miss Mary Hotch-
kiss ; Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. II. S. Giff'ord ; Treasurer, Miss Hattie
Leach.

Dr. Masters has described before the Boyal Horticultural Society a Mal-
vaceous plant said to be a cross between Hibiscus Bosa-sinensis and Abutilon stri-
atum, the former genus furnishing the pollen. The plant has the flower char-
acters of Abutilon, but the truncated column and foliage of Hibiscus.

In the description of Phallus togatus, Kalchbrenner, in the May Gazette,
two errors are noted. In the measurements, " m. m." should be " /jt " ; and " par-
vio " should read " pervio."

Mr. Thomas Meehan has discovered sensitive stamens in Eehinoractus
Whipplei. This has long been known in our common Opuntia, but in this Eeh-
inocactus the motion is not so great, nor so immediate after the stimulus.

The following summary by Mr. Bentham, taken from the Jvur. Bot, of
the number of phanerogamic plants known to science is especially interesting
now that the last volume of the Genera Plantarum has appeared :

Orders. Genera. Species.

Polypetake 82 2,610 31,874

Gamopetalfe 45 2,619 34,556

Monochlamydeaj 36 801 11,784

Gymnosperma^ 3 44 415

Monocotyledons 34 1,495 18,576

Totals 200 7,569 97,205

248 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Prof. J. G. Lemmon has read before the California Academy of Sciences a
very interesting paper upon his discovery of the potato in Arizona, noticed
before in these pages. Professor Lemmon's supply of potatoes has been ex-
hausted, but he is off again to the Huachuca Mountains this fall for a fresh
supply, which various cultivators will experiment upon.

Baron Felix Thumen has ottered his rich Mycologic Herbarium for
sale. In all it probably contains 20,000 species, from all parts of the world ;
many of them types, and most of them bearing the labels of the most distin-
guished mycologists of this country and Europe. The " Mycotheca Univers-
alis " is to be continued. Baron Thumen can be addressed at Vienna, Wlih-
ring, Schulgasse 1.

ARTICLES IN JOURNALS.

Bailey, W. W— Mosses, Am. Nat. 17. 608.

Baker, J. G.— Two new Carices from Central Madagascar (with plate), Jour. Bot. 21. 129:
Synopsis of the germs Selaginella, continued (2 new species). 1. c. 21, 141.

Cela'kovsky, Dr. L.— Upon some species of the genns Thymus, Flora, Mar. 11, continued
April 1.

Cooke. M. C— On Sphaerella and its allies, concluded (6 new species, 2 from U. S.), Jour.
Hot. 21. 136.

Detmek, W.— Review of Adolph Mayer's paper "On the theory of chemical ferments,"
Bot. Zeit. April 6.

Fischer, A.— On cell division in Closterium (with plate), Bot. Zeit. April 6.

Goodale, Geo. L.— Color and Assimilation (a note upon Th. W. Engelmann's device for
measuring the assimilative activity of vegetable cells by the effect of the liberated oxy-
gen upon bacteria), Science, 1. 332: On the development of chlorophyll and color
granules (remarks upon the recent papers of A. F. W. Schimper in Bot. Zeit.), 1. C.
1. 121.

Gray, Asa.— Notice of Engler's " Essay on the development of the vegetable kingdom,
especially on the distribution of floras since the Tertiary period." Am. Jour. Sci. 3. 25.
394 ; with J. Hammond Trumbull, Review of De Candole's "Origin of cultivated
plants," with annotations upon certain American species, Part II., 1. c. 3. 25. 370.

Greene, E. L.— New plants (5, chiefly from the Pacific coast), Torr. Bull. 10. 41.

Hance, H. F.— A Chinese Clethra, Jour. Hot. 21. 130. ■

Hemsley, W. B.— On the relations of the fig and the caprifig, Nature, 27. 581: A new Af-
ghan plant (a Tanacetum), Jour. Bot. 21. 135.

Hoffmann, Hit. H. and Dr. Egan Ihne.— Time of blooming of Phenogams, Flora, March 1.

Ihne, Dr. Egan.— See under " Hoffmann."

Koehne, E.— Review of J. G. Baker " On contributions to the flora of Central Madagascar,"
Bot. Zeit. March 23.

Kraus, Carl.— Investigations upon the sap-pressure of plants (concluded), Flora, March 21.

Nylander, W.— New addenda to the lichenography of Europe, Flora, March 1.

Prentiss, A. N.— Notes on the Adirondacks, Ton: Bull. 10. 43.

Kehm, Dr.— Review of " Exsiccata of Hungarian Fungi," Flora, March 1.

Reinsch, P. F.— On the alga-like and peculiar one-celled bodies in the coal of Central Rus-
sia (2 plates), Flora, March 11.

Schrenk, Joseph.— Notes on the haustoria of some N. Am. parasitic phanerogams (Coman-
dra umbellata) (with 3 plates), Torr. Bull. 10. ::7.

Spencer, James.— Recreations in Fossil Botany, No. IX. (Reproductive organs of fossil
plants), Sci. Gossip, No. 221. 100.

Trimen, Henry.— Cinchona Ledgeriana (a reply to certain remarks by Dr. Kuntze in the
Jan. No.), Jour. Bot 21.- 131.

Trumbull. J. H.— See under "Gray."

TSCHIKCH, A.— Review of H, Heyfelder's paper on "Pharmacognosy of tine Vegetable King-
dom," Bot. Zeit. March 23.

Tuckerman, Edward.— A new Ramalina (California), Torr, Bull. 10. 43.

Yasey, Geo.— Two new species of grasses (Stipa from Oregon, and Aristida from S. Ari-
zona), Torr. Bull. 10. 12.

"Ward, Lester F.— Plant-life past and present, (Synopsis of one of the "Saturday lectures"
delivered at the Nat. Mus. Washington), Science, 1. 358.

Zacharias, E.— Upon Albumen, Nuclein, and Plastin, Bot. Zeit. March 30.

Catalogue of Indiana Plants.

This catalogue, which has been published in the Gazette in the form of extra sheets,
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cither
or Prof. Ghas. R. Barnes, JOHN M. COULTER,

LaFayette, Ind. Crawfordsville, Ind.

Haiti from tho Cascade Mountains.

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6t White Salmon, W. T.

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FLORA. OF NKVADA,

CALIFORNIA, UTAH, ETC.

Having botanized extensively in Nevada, California, Mexico, etc , during the past sea-
son, I have seventeen hundred species of plants, of the year's collecting, ready for dis-
tribution. There is a larger number of new species than usual. Many of the plants of
Nevada, etc., are represented in very few herbaria. A complete list, 10 cents. Selections
or sets will be sold. This list, with those of previous years, covers nearly nine-tenths of
all species found west of the Missouri river and north of Arizona. These lists complete
(representing over 4,000 species), 50 cents. MARCUS E. JONES, A. M.,

v ' Salt Lake City, Utah.

Flora of Eastern Oregon.

The subscriber is offering, at very reasonable rates, plants from this region, many of
unusual interest.

For list and terms, address WM. C. CUSICK,

Union, Oregon.

r|Tj Yp/^T7~ T TQTQ of North American Polypetahe and Gamopetala?
l^/_LJ. PA_,/ t\ " I l I O _L k5 after Composite. Very useful for exchanges and
herbarium lists. One copy of each list 25 cents. Five copies of each $1.00.

i^\ TP'IVTT TQ (~~^ ( \ \T XT' T? Q Pkinted Labels for Genus Covers. Just
VjrJtLj-LN LJ O V^VV V JJjJTVO* what every Collector wants, now or some
time in the future. Order them now. In old collections they can be put on over the
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Oijuawka, Illinois.

BVIn every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette.

Fems of fctfc America.

The undersigned now has in the printer's hands a Supplement to his Catalogue of
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lished varieties to date, has also been prepared and will be printed, if a sufficient number
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GEO. E. DAVENPORT, Medford, Mass.

Flora of the Pacific Slope.

PRINGLE'S DISTRIBUTION OF 1882.

The subscriber offers sets of nearly 500 species collected in Arizona, C$if<^$pa, and ''
Lower California, which include many new species, or old ones but rarely represent^ ' iry /
collections. Special attention has been given to ligneous species. He is Q§nfid*»t that
bis specimens will give the same satisfaction as heretofore. Having supplieH-Sh'imgc^f
with many duplicates extra to his sets, he is able to furnish selections, and will' be
pleased to exchange these for fine representations of many American species. Lists and
terms furnished.

C. G. PRIJVGLE,

d_j East Charlotte, Vt.

Plants of Southern California.

We have printed a supplementary list, comprising the plants collected by us the past
season. It contains about 500 species, including some which are new or rare. A copy will
be sent free to those wishing to purchase specimens ; others will please inclose ten cents.
A few c opies of last year's list may be had on the same terms.

PARISH BROTHERS,

San Bernardino, California.

Vol. VIII. No- 7

$1.00 per Year. Single Number, 10 Cents

*

The i OLUB.

Botanical Gazette.

JULY, 1883

COITTEITTS.

Some K. Am. Botanists. VII. Stephen Elliott. H. W. Ravenel 249

Vitis palmata, Van]. G. Engelmann 254

Notulae Californicse. E. L. Greene 255

■General Notes 258

Notes on Phallus togatus, Kalchb.— Chorisis in Podophyllum.— Notelets.— Cundu-
rango.— Notes on the Buckeye and Viburnum nudum.— Direct Observation of the
Movement of Water in Plants.

Editorial Notes 261

•Current Literature 2^

Articles in Journals 268

Editor :

JOHN M. COULTER, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind.

Associate Editors:

C. R. BARNES, Purdue University, LaFayette, Ind.
J. C. ARTHUR, Charles City, Iowa

INDIANAPOLIS:

CAPLON & HOLLENBECK, PRINTERS AND BINDERS.

1883.

EATES OF

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The Associate Editors are authorized to receive contributions and to con-
tract for advertisements, but all money should be sent direct to

JOHN M. COULTER,

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OLUB. ,

Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VIII. JULY, 1883. No. 7.

Some North American Botanists.

VII. Stephen Elliott.

As one of the pioneers in American botany, Stephen Elliott
holds a distinguished place. His labors and investigations in
this department of Natural Science are so well known that every
reader of the Gazette is familiar with his name. Those who
knew him thus as a southern botanist, and hence honor his mem-
ory, are naturally desirous of learning more of him ; of the po-
sition he held among his cotemporaries ; of his attainments in
other walks of life, and of all these traits of character and of
intellectual activity of which, finding as they do, abundant proofs
in that department of science with which they are familiar, they
expect also to find in other phases of his life. It is to gratify
this laudable desire that this sketch is undertaken.

Mr. Elliott died in 1830, at the early age of fifty-eight. All
his cotemporaries are gone from whom personal reminiscences
might have been obtained, but I am indebted to his grandson,
Dr. John B. Elliott, now Professor in New Orleans Medical Col-
lege and in the University at Sewanee, Tennessee, and also to a
eulogy by Dr. James Moultrie, in November, 1830, before the
Faculty of the Charleston Medical College, and to the " Philo-
sophical Society" for much information of his early life. _

Stephen Elliott came of good stock, and mental activity was
an inheritance which he cultivated and transmitted to his descend-
ants. The late Bishop Elliott, of Georgia, his son, was for a
time, as his father before him had been, President of the South
Carolina College, and ended his life well beloved and universally
lamented, in the higher plane of the Christian ministry. Of his
later descendants of another generation, yet living and doing
honor to his name, it is not becoming to speak.

He was born at Beaufort, South Carolina, November 11th,
1771, the third son of William Elliott, who intermarried in 1760

250 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

with Mary Barnwell. His father died while he was yet young,
and the care of his education devolved on his elder brother,
William. The rudiments of his education he received in his
native town. From there he was sent to New Haven, in 1787,
and placed for a while under the tuition of Mr. (afterwards Judge)
S. S. Baldwin. In February following he entered Yale College.
There are letters, given in full in Dr. Moultrie's eulogy? written
to his friends here after his death, from Judge Baldwin, of New
Haven, and Prof. Hezekiah Howe, of Yale, in which they both
speak in the highest terms of his college life. Judge Baldwin,
with whom he carried on his preparatory classical studies for ad-
mission, says : "I soon found him a young gentleman of prepos-
sessing manners, of steady habits, of great industry, of close
application to the object of pursuit, and possessed of a sound, dis-
criminating mind, with an early, fixed and full determination to
become thoroughly master of all he attempted to learn. I had
the pleasure of an intimate personal acquaintance with him dur-
ing his connection with the college, and without making invid-
ious comparisons, I can safely say that he ranked high in the
estimation of the Faculty, of his classmates, and of all who
knew him. His deportment was dignified and exemplarily cor-
rect. He not only attended with diligent perseverance to his
classical studies, in which he was highly distinguished, but he
also acquired much more general information than is usually at-
tained by the most distinguished scholars of that University, and
thus early laid the foundation for that literary distinction which
adorned his future career in life. I well remember the remark
of my friend, M. Leavenworth, Esq., a lawyer of reputation and
a classical scholar, when speaking of Mr. Elliott, then a Senior
in college, with whom he was intimately acquainted : ' Mr. Elliott
was a young gentleman of more science and general information
than any he ever knew of the same age and standing.' "

The following incident, related by Prof. Howe, exhibits the
bent of his mind at that early age : " When he graduated his
was the only English oration delivered by a Bachelor (there were
two candidates for the Master's Degree). The subject was on
' The Supposed Degeneracy of Animated Nature in America.'
As this was then a novel subject, having been but recently sug-
gested by Buffon and Raynal, it was one of considerable interest
to Americans, and excited much attention among the literati of
our country, and I well recollect hearing Mr. Elliott's oration
spoken of as an able refutation of the theory."

On his return home, after graduating at Yale with one of the

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 251

highest honors, he applied himself to agricultural pursuits. In
1796 he intermarried with Esther Habersham, daughter of Hon.
James Habersham, of Georgia. About that time, or a few years
previously, he was elected a Representative to the State Legisla-
ture from the Parish of St. Helena, and, with the intermission of
a few years, he continued to serve, first in the House and after-
wards in the Senate, until 1812. It was during the interval of
his absence from the Legislature (between 1800 and 1808), that
he devoted himself to the study of Botany, and commenced to
prepare the material for a work, which, published many years
afterwards, forms no inconsiderable part of his fame, and through
which he is best known to the scientific world.

In 1808 he returned to the Senate, and at once took a lead-
ing part in the important business before that body. The " Free
School " system of South Carolina, since modified, enlarged and
improved, owes its origin to his sagacity, as a necessary correla-
tive to the extension of the right of suffrage. That and the
" Bank bill'' were both his measures The latter was one cre-
ating the " Bank of the State," which was to be the financial
agent of the State and under her control. On its enactment, he
was unanimously chosen President, in which capacity he con-
tinued to serve, by annual reelection, to the day of his death,
thus justifying the confidence reposed in him by the Legislature.

This appointment caused his removal to Charleston, and
opened the field for larger and more varied usefulness. It
brought him more into contact with men of the highest culture,
and with the institutions of learning. In a year after, he was
elected President of the Charleston Library Society. On the
death of Dr. Marcy, of the South Carolina College, he was
elected President by the Trustees in that institution, to fill the
vacancy. He accepted the office for a time, and then resigned,
rather against the bent of his inclination and sympathies, but for
personal reasons which do him honor. At the founding and or-
ganization of the Charleston Medical College, towards which he
aided very materially, he had the gratification of being chosen
Professor of Botany and Natural History. He was the first and,
during his lifetime, the only President of the Philosophical So-
ciety of Charleston, which owed its origin mainly to his influ-
ence aud exertions.

Not least among the literary labors of Mr. Elliott was that of
his connection with the Southern Review, for a time its editor, as
well as contributor to its columns. " The institution of the
Southern Review may be regarded as an epoch in the scientific

252 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

and literary history of our State," says Dr. Moultrie, one of his
cotemporaries, " and to Mr. Elliott is due the praise of having
established it as such." The Revieio continued its honored career
of usefulness for over thirty years afterwards, and only went
down during the dark disasters of the war.

The versatility as well as the vigor of Mr. Elliott's mind may
be seen in the variety of attainments in which he excelled. Be-
ginning life as a legislator, in which capacity he served for many
years, he took prominent and leading parts in many of the im-
portant measures of that time. As stated above, the "Free
School " system of the State was one of his favorite measures.
His advocacy of the Bank bill, and the ability displayed in elu-
cidating financial matters, caused his election to the Presidency
of the Bank of the State, which he retained by annual re-elec-
tion to the day of his death. And it was while administering
the affairs of the bank (a business, we may venture to believe,
uncongenial to his tastes and to the development of his natural
inclinations and abilities), that he found time for literary and sci-
entific pursuits, which of themselves would have placed him in
the foremost rank among men of letters.

To the readers of the Gazette, Mr. Elliott is chiefly known
as a botanist. His " Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and
Georgia," as he modestly calls it, but which really was so nearly
complete as to leave little to be added afterwards, was undertaken
to supply a need which then existed for a more full and more ac-
cessible representation of the Southern flora. Though Southern
plants had been collected and described by Michaux, Pursh and
other casual visitors, there had been no special work devoted to
the subject since the publication of Walter's Flora Caroliniana.
That was only a beginning, and was necessarily imperfect, and
it was written in Latin. Mr. Elliott added about 1801 genera
and over 1,000 species to Walter's contribution, and his " Sketch ';
continued to be the chief authority among Southern botanists for
this latitude until the appearance of Chapman's Flora of the
Southern States, in 1860. The first volume of the " Sketch,"
dedicated to Dr. Henry Muhlenberg, of Pennsylvania, was pub-
lished in 1821; the second volume, dedicated to Dr. James
Macbride, of South Carolina, in 1824. They were originally
published in parts, and the interval between the volumes is thus
explained.

1 These figures are inserted on the authority of Dr. Moultrie. I have not a
copy of Walter's Flora at hand to verify the statement.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.' 253

The descriptions of species, worded in concise form, and em-
bodying the prominent and distinguishing characters, are printed
in Latin and English in parallel columns, with additional full
English notes, in which are given the habitat, time of flowering,
local names, and often the reputed medicinal properties, and other
points of historical interest. These appended notes have often
furnished the means of identifying his species. The whole work
exhibits great care and scientific accuracy in its preparation. The
arrangement is by the Linnsean system, the one mostly in use by
the botanists of that day. The more natural classification of
Jussieu was then rapidly gaining favor, and was altogether so
much more satisfactory, that Mr. Elliott, before the conclusion of
his volume, saw the necessity of remodeling his work, and makes
allusion to it in the Preface to the second volume. With this de-
sign, he had in preparation a Prodromus founded on the Natural
Orders of Jussieu, which he was to have annexed to the " Sketch. "
It was but half finished when death closed his earthly labors.

Dr. Moultrie, to whom I am indebted for many of the data
contained in this paper, says of him : " Nor was it to Botany,
Mineralogy and Geology, that his intelligent and spreading
curiosity was confined. There was scarcely a department of
Natural History which had not received a portion of his atten-
tion. No one was so well acquainted with the Icthyology of
South Carolina and Georgia. In early life he formed a collec-
tion of all the present known species, with a view to their de-
scription and publication, but the want of books and that in-
herent diffidence which made him mistrustful as to what others
may have done before him, caused him to postpone the under-
taking. He was not less interested in Conchology and the
Natural History of Insects. In each of these departments he
had made no inconsiderable progress. It is, perhaps, not gen-
erally known, that in addition to his various other attainments,
he was a very good draftsman, and that to the pen of the Phi-
losopher he also united that of the Poet. The testimonials of
this latter gift are probably sufficient, as I have been informed,,
to form a volume, and fully equal to what might have been ex-
pected from the flowing harmony and melodious fullness of his
prose writings."

Mr. Elliott's name is still held in honored remembrance by
those of a later generation who only know him by his literary
labors. The " Elliott Society," of Charleston, established in-
1853, was a fitting tribute to the memory of one who had done
so much for science. — H. W. Ravenel.

*254 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Vitis palmata, Vahl.

Vitis palmata, Vahl, has been cultivated in the Paris Botanic
Garden for one hundred years or more, and has thence found its
way into other European gardens without, as it seems4, attracting
the attention of botanists. On the banks of rivers in Illinois,
some eighty or ninety years ago, Michaux discovered this Vitis,
which he, with the very scanty herbarium specimens before him,
stowed away with his Vitis riparia, leaving, however, with it his

original label : " Vitis rubra, abonde sur les rivieres aux Illinois,"
but never even mentioning the name in his Flora. When, twenty-
six years ago, I studied Michaux's collections in the Jardin des
Plantes, I was struck with the peculiarity of the specimens,
especially with that which is preserved in the General Herba-
rium;1 its seeds were so odd that I almost suspected a confusion.
In this country it seems to have remained quite unknown ; in
Torrey and Gray's Flora it is suggested that it might be a form
of V. aestivalis. Vahl's statement that it came from Virginia is,
of course, erroneous, but not more so than many other American
localities published in those, geographically, dark ages.

Mr. H. Eggert has had the good fortune to re-discover this
species last fall, and collecting it again this summer, has furnished
observations and specimens which permit me to complete the
history of this long neglected plant.

Vitis palmata, Vahl. A vigorous climber with red
branches (and often also red petioles), young shoots, angular and
ribbed, older ones losing the bark in large flakes ; diaphragms
rather thick ; stipules very short, rounded, early deciduous ;
leaves smooth, glabrous (or on the nerves beneath with short,
straight hairs), dull and rather dusky green, cordate with a broad
sinus, mostly deeply three- or sometimes five-lobed, lobes when
long, widest in the middle, contracted at base and mostly slen-
derly caudate-acuminate, with few coarse teeth ; flowering racemes
compound, long peduucled ; berries black without any bloom,
rather small (four to five lines in diameter) ; seeds large for the
size of the fruit, slightly notched on top, single, and then nearly

1 1 may also say that in hunting through Michaux's Vitis, I came across a
■well characterized specimen of V. rupestris, also preserved in that sheet of V.
riparia. As Michaux never botanized west of the Mississippi, where V. rwpestiris
is found from Missouri to Texas, it remained a question where he could have
obtained that specimen, which had no label attached to it, until a few years ago
Dr. Gattinger discovered the species on sand-bars in the Cumberland river near
Nashville, a region well explored by Michaux.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 255

globose, or in twos, when they are hemispherical and very flat on
the ventral side ; beak very short, chalaza narrow, elongated,
groove without any visible rhaphe.

Michaux found it abundant on river banks in Illinois, but he
may have confounded it with V. riparia, which is very abundant
there. Mr. Eggert collected it in Missouri, on the Mississippi,
in low bottom land, opposite Alton, not far above the mouth of
the Missouri river, where it is found with V. riparia, flowering
later than any other of our species here, in this very late season
apparently not before the 15th or 20th of June; it matures in
October, and the berries remain on the vine till November and
later ; their taste is sweet, without any disagreeable admixture.
The plant, like V. riparia, grows readily from cuttings.

The species resembles V. riparia in the broad sinus of the
leaves and the form of the seeds, but it is distinguished by the
deep red color of the stems, which are angular when young, not
terete, the thick diaphragms, the very small stipules, the dull,
dusky color of the leaves and the form of their lobes, the bloom-
less berries, the large seeds and the late flowering period. With
V. cordifolia it has very little in common, except the thick dia-
phragm and the bloomless berries. The absence of a prominent
rhaphe on the seeds distinguishes it at once, and no other species
could possibly be confounded with it. — G. Engelmann,^. Louis,
June 7, 1883.

Notulje Californicse.

Saxifraga malvcefolia, Greene. Bull. Torr. Club. IX. 121.
In addition to the single specimen on which the species was
founded, two more have lately come to light in the herbarium of
the California Academy; and this further information has been
obtained. The plant was collected by Dr. Kellogg and Mr.
Harford, in the autumn of 1876, on Santa Cruz Island, not Santa
Rosa, as stated in the note accompanying the printed character.
All three of the specimens now known show strongly the woody
fibrous root (without any trace of bulb, or tuber), the leaves ap-
pearing simultaneously with the flowers, and the broad calyx,
which are the characters by which the species is well distinguished
from the closely allied S. Parryi, Torr , known only on the main
land in the south part of the State.

Lytlirum Hyssopi folia, L., not accredited to California, was
collected by the present writer, at Calistoga, as long ago as 1874,
and is observed to be very common near the shore of the bay at
West Berkeley.

256 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Pentachceta exilis, Gray. Bot. Cal. I. 305. I doubt if the
rays in this species are ever of any color but white. What may
pass for "sulphur color" in old specimens is, I think, the result
of long keeping in the herbarium : such a change of color as
usually happens to the white rays of Composite when the speci-
mens are some years old. Everywhere, as seen growing, the
rays are white, with usually a purple tinge on the under surface.

Pentachceta alsinoides, Greene. Bull. Torr. Club. IX. 109.
Messrs. Kellogg and Harford collected abundant and excellent
specimens of this most distinct species, at Mission Dolores, in the
city of San Francisco, as long ago as 1868. I have sought
vainly for any trace of ligules in their specimens, which are
younger than those of my own gathering last year on the Berke-
ley hills. I find it, this year, at Vallejo, while Mrs. M. K. Cur-
ran brings in abundance from El Dorado county. Growing with
it, in the district last named, Mrs. Curran finds what will have
to be called

Pentachceta APHANTOCHiETA, namely, the Aphantochceta
exilis, Gray. Pacif. P. Rep. IV. 100, referred, in Bot. Cal. I.
305, to Pentachceta, as variety of P. exilis, Gray. Its herbage,
corollas, akenes, pappus, etc., all have characters by which the
species is readily distinguished ; and in the very copious speci-
mens on hand there is no trace of any running together.

Grindelia hirsutula, Hook & Arn. Under this name two
clearly distinct species are included. One is more slender, with
short involucral scales, and smaller heads, which are nodding in
the bud. The other is stout, holding its young heads rigidly
erect, and having long, spreading involucral scales ; but will any
one be able to say which is the original G. hirsutula f The name
is equally suited to both.

Grindelia cuneifolia, Nutt., is assuredly an excellent species,
very readily distinguishable from G. robusta, Nutt., by its suffru-
tescent growth, and different time of flowering. It is three or
four feet high, with a woody trunk, an inch or two in diameter,
with a very dark, smooth bark. Its season of flowering is from
October to the end of the year. G. robusta is always wholly
herbaceous, and is done flowering by the end of August.

Both Dr. C. C. Parry and Mrs. Curran have this year brought
in from the Antioch region good specimens of what Dr. Kellogg
once described as Stylocline acaule, and which Dr. Gray, in Bot.
Cal. II. 456, refers, as a form, to his own Evax caulescens. It
appears to be so good a species of the genus last named that it
even invalidates the subgenus Hesperevax ; for it has strictly the

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 257

habit and the umbellate inflorescence of Euevax. The plant is
of robust habit, but depressed, and nearly stainless, and the heads
are borne in crowded umbels subtended by rosulately arranged
foliage. The branches are stout, but short and horizontal. Al-
though the specific name proposed by Dr. Kellogg, some years
since, is neither strictly applicable, nor in the genus Evax very
. distinctive, yet I suppose it ought to be retained; and the speci-
mens now collected will be distributed under the name Evax
acaulis, Greene.

The curious Madia citriodora, Greene, Torr. Bull. IX. 63,
with akenes so strangely like those of a Hemizonia, hitherto
known only from Yreka, in the extreme north of the State, is
also now found by Mrs. Curran, not far from Sacramento. Her
specimens are larger and more branching than the original ones,
but have the same pleasant fragrance, with all the technical char-
acters of the species.

Madia Yosemitana, Parry, I find in the herbarium of the
California Academy, collected long ago by Dr. Eisen, near
Fresno, and by Mr. Elisha Brooks, in the upper part of the
Sacramento Valley, near Oroville. These specimens are all very
much larger, with larger heads, and the flowers in them much
more numerous than in the Yosemite plant.

It is not noted in the Bot. Cal. that two of the species of
Madia — M. Nuttalii and M. Bolanderi — are perennials. That
the last named species is so, I discovered but recently, and I now
conclude that Mr. Pringle's Mt. Shasta plant, which was dis-
tributed as a new species, is only a variety of 31. Bolanderi, dif-
fering from the type mainly by its shorter pappus. In Mr. Bo-
lander's specimens I find occasionally a short pappus on a ray-
akene.

It is nowhere noted in the books that the genera Layia and
Hemizonia have different seasons of flowering, the former being
vernal, the latter autumnal. There are, indeed, in the case of
Hemizonia a few exceptions. H. luzukefolia, DC will some-
times begin to flower in April, but it is in its best state in Octo-
ber. H Kelloggii, Greene, is more strictly vernal, being in full
glory during the month of May.

Asclepias incarnata, L. This species, which, so far as I can
see, is not accredited to the Pacific slope of our continent, ap-
pears to have been collected in a swamp near San Jose, long ago,
by Dr. Bolander. An excellent specimen, so ticketed, in the
doctor's own handwriting, I find in the herbarium of the Acad-
emy.— E. L. Greene.

258 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

GENERAL NOTES.

Note on Phallus togatus, Kalclll),— Probably most of the students of
fungi of the United States were surprised at seeing, in the May number of the
Gazette, a new name attached to the excellent plate of the Phallus, from Penn-
sylvania, collected by Mr. Ran. The species is certainly one long known to
mycologists, although they have not been unanimous in deciding upon the name
to be given it. The fungus is not rare near Boston, and I have seen it living
on several occasions, once almost under the window of the dining-room of my
boarding house in Cambridge. I have collected it in the so-called "egg" stage,
that is, before the rupture of the peridium, and have watched its growth until
the veil was fully expanded. The species has been referred by some writers to
P. indusiatus, Vent., by others to P. Dwrnonum, Runiph., and by others still to P.
duplicatus, Bosc. The determination of the earlier described species of Phallus is
notoriously difficult, because one has to trust almost entirely to figures which
were drawn from poor and frequently pressed material, and, in several cases, it
is more than probable that what was wanting in the material examined was
supplied by the imagination of the artist.

The species figured in the Gazette certainly does not correspond to Ven-
tenat's plate of P. indusiatus in the Mem. de V Inst. Vol. I, PI. VII., where the
veil reaches almost to the ground, is cylindrical and not campanulate in shape,
and has much larger perforations. Nor does it seem to me that the species in
question is the same as the form figured in the Diet. d'Hist. Nat. PL VII, fig. 1,
as P. indusiatus, and later referred by Schlechtendal to his P. tunicatus. I think
that the species is more properly P. duplicatus, Bosc, found by him in South Caro-
lina, and described and figured in his " Memoire sur quelques especes de Cham-
pignons des parties meridionales de VAmerique septentrionale " in the memoirs of the
Gesellschapt Naturfaesch Freunde, Vol. V., p. 86, PI. VI, f. 7, published at Berlin in
1811. The plate of Bosc, although far from satisfactory, represents our plant in
its essential features. The figure is larger than our plant, although I have seen
specimens nearly as large, but the relative position and appearance of the pileus
and veil are the same as in our species as usually seen. The figure given in the
Gazette shows the veil fully expanded, and I have watched the fungus and
seen it pass through all the stages from that figured by Bosc to that shown in
the Gazette. The structure of the fully expanded veil in this species is crib-
rose rather than clathrate, and although it eventually becomes slightly cam-
panulate and is a third as long as the stipe, or even somewhat longer, one usually
finds the veil more or less wrinkled around the stipe. In short, I see no reason
why we should not consider that the Phallus togatus of Kalchbrenner is the P.
duplicatus of Bosc, as it corresponds more closely to that species, both in anatom-
ical character and in its habitat than to any other, and, to state the case con-
versely, if this is not the species of Bosc, mycologists will find it next to im-
possible to tell what his P. duplicatus is.

If we accept this determination as correct, as far as it goes, the question
remains whether P. duplicatus, Bosc, can not be merged in some previously de-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 259

scribed species. The species, it hardly seems to me, can be referred to P. in-
dusiatus, or any of the forms designated by different writers under that name.
As I understand that species, the veil is always more delicate and with much
larger perforations than in our P. duplicalus. Of the true P. indusiatus I have
seen specimens from Cuba, and, although it is said to occur also in the United
States, I have never been so fortunate as to find it. The name P. indusiatus oc-
curs in my List of Fungi, near Boston, in Bull. Bussey Inst., Vol. I., p. 4-33, but, as
was explained in a later number of the Bulletin, it was a slip of the pen, and the
name intended was duplicates. P. Doemonum includes a number of forms of the
Eastern hemisphere, and I have no material for forming an opinion of their
relation to our fungus. Phallus Brasiliensis, Schl., whatever its relation to our
plant may be, certainly can not replace the name duplicatus which has priority.
In conclusion, then, it seems to me that P. togatus, Kalch., is nothing more than
P. duplicatus, Bosc, which name must be retained unless some source of informa-
tion, at present unknown to me, should show that the species is to be included
in P. inditsiatus. — W. G. Farlow.

Chorisis ill Podophyllum. — I found a curious specimen of Podophyllum pel-
tatum, which, at the advice of Dr. Asa Gray, I will try to describe for the read-
ers of the Gazette. It had a scape of about the size of the ordinary flowering
plant, maintaining an almost equal thickness the entire length, the flower be-
ing borne sidewise at the tip, with no pedicel of its own. The inner row of
petals showed an excellent gradation of dedoublement, from the entire petal,
through one cleft in the middle, to a petal which was divided into two distinct
parts. Of the twenty-one stamens, two were grown together, and on other
plants I have occasionally found even three of them thus developed. Cases of
dedoublement in the stamens are by no means rare with us. — Aug. F. Foerste,
Dayton, Ohio.

Notelets. — I have a few field-notes to communicate. In the first place, I
am much impressed this year by what may be called the excessive blooming of
the maples ; I certainly have never seen anything like the display made by
Acer saccharinum, L., a week ago, and now by A. pseudo-platanus. In both cases
I speak of trees in cultivation about our city streets. A. dasycarpum, Ehr., a fre-
quent shade tree, is now in abundant fruit. I did not notice any unusual
blooming in the species A. rubrum and A. platanoides. In the latter I have long
found it extremely difficult to discover the pistillate flowers; the staminate are
certainly much in excess. I know two trees of A. rubrum, L., standing side
by side, that are strictly dioecious, and others that have a tendency in that di-
rection. A. saccharinum came into flower here May 4th.

The alders, of which I noted the surprising lack of staminate catkins last
vear, have this season outdone themselves in their profusion of male flowers.
They were a most beautiful sight. The date of blooming of some other plants
maybe of interest. April 11th, Viola odorata; 12th, Crocus vernus ; 19th,
Epigrea repens; 26th, Taraxacum Dens-leonis; 27th, Forsythia virdissima and
Magnolia grandiHora ; May 3d, yEsculus Hippocastanum in leaf, in flower the
21st; 5th, Oakesia sessilifolia ; 9th, Amelanchier Canadensis; 13th, Menyan-

260 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

thes trifoliata, Betula alba, var. populit'olia, Carpinus Americana, and Ari-
sa?nia triphyllum ; 19th, Saxifraga Pennsylvanica and Ranunculus abortivus;
21st, Geranium maculatum.

Last autumn I noted the remarkable second flowering of MenyarUhes ; in
consequence of that effort, its flowers are rather scarce this spring. — W. W.
Bailey, Brown University, May 23, 1883.

' Cundurango. — The plant received by the Botanic Garden of Harvard
University from the Agricultural Department at Washington, about ten years
ago, has this year blossomed, for the second time. It proves to be, without
doubt, a Macroscepis, as Prof. Ernst (in Trimen's Jour. Bot. 1872, 268) rightly
conjectured. It is not the original Humboldtian species, nor is it Fendler's
No. 1051. It is said that there is more than one Cundurango; but it may be
suspected that the plant which Triana, in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, XX. 34, has
named Gunolobus Cundurango, and also Marsdenia Reichenbachii, is the same as ours
It has very marked characters, especially in the very thick and fleshy lobes of
the corolline corona ; but 1 have not the means of knowing certainly whether
it is a described species or not. — A. Gray.

Notes on the Buckeye and Viburnum nudum. — While in the Ash,
Beech, Ironwood and other young trees the root soon becomes woody, in the
Buckeye it remains fleshy for quite a number of years. Specimens that by the
rings of scars left by terminal bud sc ales indicated ages of six, seven and eight
years, still had such soft roots that these could be cut with the thumb nail.
The tap root is large (several times as thick as the stem of the plant), and spin-
dle shaped, filled with a fleshy white pith, while the layers of wood and bark
surrounding this are rather thin. The rootlets are provided with small,
whitish, tuberous branches and tips.

Another interesting feature of this young Buckeye is that very frequently
(I might almost say usually), the two or four buds above the cotyledon scars
are alternate; above these the normal position again is resumed.

The Viburnum nudum ordinarily has opposite buds, though it is by no
means a rare occurrence to find them in whorls of three, particularly on suckers
or upright branches. This mode, however, is continued only by the main axis,
and in no case have I observed that branches of such stems bear ternate buds;
they always have the usual opposite ones. A sort of " missing link" was sup-
plied by a stem that had at a number of nodes two branches, one-third of the
circumference apart, while at the next node was a single branch directly above
where the third would have completed the whorl.

In several instances all the buds were alternate, in some again they were
irregular.

Cornus stolonifera shows the same departure from the regular mode of
branching, but in this species the alternate arrangement is more common, while
the ternate whorl is rare. — William Werthner, Dayton, 0.

Direct Observation of the Movement of Water in Plants. — In the Am.
■Jour. Sci., Mch. '83, p. 237, Dr. G. L. Goodale calls attention to Vesque's direct
observations of the absorption of water by plants. The method there given is

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 261

as follows: A stem with leaves attached is cut very obliquely (under water),
then attached to a glass slide, the cut surface being covered by a thin glass
cover or another slide. Some freshly-precipitated calcium oxalate is introduced
into the water under the cover-glass when the current passing into the stem is
made evident by the granules which are drawn to the mouths of the vessels, ac-
cumulating as little plugs at their openings and finally being sucked in. In
some experiments to verify these observations, made by Mr. J. M. Waugh un-
der my direction in the botanical laboratory of Purdue University, an improve-
ment upon the method used by Vesque was made. The method as before given
was successful, but only after repeated trials and with considerable difficulty in
properly illuminating the upper cut surface so as to make the grains of the
calcium salt visible. Thinking that other teachers may like to know just the
way to make this easy demonstration a success I give the details of the experi-
ment.

The stem of the common Clematis of cultivation was selected because of its
relatively large vessels. This, after being cut obliquely with a razor, was at-
tached to an ordinary slide by means of two rubber bands and covered with
thin glass. The whole of this operation must be performed under water. The
superfluous water was then wiped from the slide and it was transferred to the
stage of the microscope. The stem must be illuminated from above, either by
the mirror, if that swings above the stage, the Lieberkuhn, or the side condens-
ing lens. The lenses best adapted for this observation are the f or f objective
with the 2-in. eye-piece. Instead of the calcium oxalate, indigo rubbed into a
thin paste with water was employed. The advantage of indigo over the white
calcium oxalate lies in the fact that it is very dark, and hence the small grains
can be easily seen. The process, as shown by these granules, is a very interest-
ing one. Some collect at the edges of the larger vesspls, and some pass directly
into the cavity. The observations carried on by Mr. Waugh seem to show that
the cross between the imbibition and cavity theories is nearer the truth than
either. The granules stick against the edges of the cut wall because water is
imbibed by it, and the others continue up the cavity of the vessel because of
the current there. Suddenly pinching the stem sets the current backwards, and
quickly removing the leaves stops it altogether. — C. R. B.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

The subject of bacteria is beginning to receive the attention, at the hands
of the medical fraternity, that its great importance merits. Two notable works
have jnst appeared from the press of W. T. Keener, Chicago, on bacteria and
their relation to disease, by Drs. Gradle and Belfield, of the Chicago Medical
Colleges. Both works are carefully written, and will prove interesting reading
to others than the class to whom they are specially addressed.

Fungous plants, as a source of food, are receiving increased attention in
both this country and Europe. A monthly journal, specially devoted to them,

262 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

has recently appeared in Germany, under the name of Zeitschriflfiir Plkfreunde,
containing "popular articles on edible and noxious fungi." Each number has
twenty-four octavo pages and a colored plate with several figures, which, con-
sidering the low price of the journal (four marks a year), are fairly executed.
The third number contains an article on the preservation and preparation of
mushrooms for the table, in which six methods are given for preserving, be-
sides drying, and seven recipes for cooking. We can not forbear giving the
names of the dishes as an indication of the delicacies allowed to go to waste in
our fields: Champignon-fricassee, mushroom sauce, mushroom soup, stuffed
mushrooms, champignons a la provencale, champignons a la Cussy, and mush-
room ketchup.

The list op plants from which liquid water exudes is becoming quite
large. Volkens describes the water-pores of 150 species, distributed through 91
genera and 36 families.

Chareyre, in Comptes Renchis, traces a connection between cystoliths and
the hairs over them. He states that calcification begins in the hair, and in
most cases goes on to form a calcareous mass in the epidermis below, which
mass is the cystolith. Dr. Goodale, in Science, suggests that it is an interesting
fact in this connection that cystoliths occur in leaves of plants which are per-
fectly smooth. We would also suggest, as equally interesting, that in Pilea
splendid cystoliths occur, which are not in the epidermis at all, but several lay-
ers of cells below.

Mr. W. W. Calkins, of Chicago, has a splendid collection of Florida
woods, containing 184 species of the 208 credited to that State. Each specimen
is 5 to 10 inches in diameter, and 10 to 12 inches long. A list of the species
has been published.

Mr. George E. Davenport's check list of N. Am. Ferns has just been re-
ceived, and should be in the hands of all botanists for convenience in catalogu-
ing and exchanging. The moderate price of 25 cents a dozen places them
within the reach of every one. The supplement to the catalogue of the Daven-
port Herbarium is also in hand, and adds 26 species, one being new. Mr. Da-
venport can be addressed at Medford, Mass.

Dr. H. F. Hance has just described a new Podophyllum, from Formosa, in
the Journal of Botany. Heretofore the genus contained but the two species, our
own P. peltatum and the Himalayan P. Emodi, but recently discovered in the
Tangut country by Przewalsky, and both these species have solitary white flow-
ers, differing chiefly in the fact that our species has twice as many stamens as
petals, while the Himalayan form has stamens and petals equal in number.
This new Chinese Podophyllum (P. plelant/uun) has much larger isostemonous
flowers of a dull red color, arranged in a pendulous group of five or six in the
fork of the two stem-leaves ; they are bractless and exhale a strong odor of
putrefying flesh. This discovery is what might have been expected since the
discovery of Diphylleia and Caulophylliun in Japan and Sachalin, and of Jeffer-
sonia in Manchuria.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 263

Mr. A. B. Morgan has published a second part of his " Mycologic Flora
of the Miami Valley, O.," bringing up the genus Agaricus to 146 species.

Science still continues to give botany as much attention as at first, in the
form of independent articles, book reviews, communications, and a weekly sum-
mary. Dr. W. G. Farlow looks after the latest information regarding crypto-
gams ; the other writers were mentioned in our notice in the March Gazette.

Actinomykosis is the name of a new disease in man and the lower animals
caused by a fungus of the genus Actinomyces, which forms tumors near the angle
of the jaw and proves fatal when it becomes generalized. It was the subject of
remarks by Dr. Thomas Taylor and Dr. D. E. Salmon, at the meeting of the
Biological Society of Washington, on the 25th of last month.

In the fourth volume of the " Monographic Phanerogamarum," just
published, Dr. Engler monographs Burseraeece and Anacardiacece and Count
Solms-Laubach Fonlederiacae. Two new genera of Anacardiaceas are proposed,.
Pleiogyniwm on Spondias acida, Soland, and Pseudospondias on Spondias microcar-
pa, Rich.

A prize of 500 francs has been offered by the Societe de physique et d'histoire
natureUe de Geneve for the best monograph of a genus or family of plants. The
prize was founded by the elder DeCandolle. The manuscripts are to be sent to
Prof. Alph. DeCandolle, at Geneva, before October 1, 1884, and the members
of the Society are not admitted to the contest.

The proceedings of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Sci-
ence, just published, contains quite a number of articles on applied botany.

Prof. C. E. Bessey has a pleasant article in the Transactions of the Iowa
Horticultural Society, for 1882, entitled On Parasitic and Other Fungi, in which
he points out the popular danger of entertaining extreme views of the harm-
fulness of these plants, not properly discriminating between good and bad.

An alphabetical index to the first ten centuries of Ellis' North Ameri-
can Fungi has been issued. It was compiled by W. C. Stevenson, jr., and is
most carefully and satisfactorily done.

The Report of the State Laboratory of Natural History of Illinois, which
was lately issued, shows that that State is fully alive to the great need of an
investigation of the parasitic fungi. During the collecting season of last year
and the latter half of the preceding year, Prof. A. B. Seymour has been enabled
to give his whole time to collecting throughout the State, with assistants to take
care of the material as it arrived at the laboratory. A working library, herb-
arium, and instruments have been secured, and it is now proposed to work up
this material along with future accessions into reports that will be of perma-
nent value to the citizens of the State. It is an enterprise in the right direc-
tion, and deserving emulation.

Dr. J. J. Brown, of Sheboygan, Wis., has for several seasons experimented
with field fungi for culinary purposes. He finds no fungi that one would be
likely to gather for eating that are violently poisonous. His method for dis-

264 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

covering the valuable kinds is one that requires no scientific knowledge of the
plants, and commends itself for its practical common sense. He gathers fresh,
clean-looking specimens. If they have a bad or unpleasant odor when cook-
ing they are discarded ; and one will soon be able to tell the good from the bad
at this time with considerable certainty. A small amount of the cooked fun-
gus is then eaten ; if it has a pleasant taste and no disagreeable results follow,
it is partakeu of more freely next time, and is soon put on the list of valuable
kinds. Tasting of the fresh fungus is but little assistance, as an acrid or nau-
seating property is often dispelled in the preparation. There is no doubt that
the danger of fungus-poisoning has been unnecessarily exaggerated. With the
caution just pointed out the danger is so greatly lessened that it is practically
reduced to zero, and no one need hesitate to make use of this abundant supply
•of nourishing and palatable food. It may be added that many sorts will be
found harmless enough, but of no more culinary value than so much grass or
wood, being either not juicy or without a rich flavor.

On the first page of the sketch of Dr. William Baldwin, published in our
last number, at the end of the seventh line, for " Josiah," read " Joshua."

CURRENT LITERATURE.

A Revision of the genus Fraxinus, by Th. Wenzig, in Engler's Botanische Jahr-
buch,iv. p. 164-188 (1883), is evidently the result of much pains-taking, and quite
free from all tendency to undue multiplication of the species. In the American
species he generally follows, and much commends, the Synoptical Flora of
North America; making, however, certain changes, the propriety of which is
to be questioned.

F. Greggii, Gray, is given as a synonym of F. Schiedeana, Cham. &
Schlecht. (which was Dr. Torrey's original suggestion), upon the evidence of
the description. Wenzig has only Schiede's plant; we have only Gregg's and
Bigelow's. So the case is not yet settled. A collection of our specimens with
Wenzig's description of F. Schiedeana leads to a belief that the two are not
identical, but we hope to have them directly compared.

Coming now to the American Fraxinasters, Dr. Wenzig makes the two sub-
sections, Epipterce and Peripteree, which we have insisted on, though without
giving them_ names. But to our surprise he refers our F. viridis to the latter,
thus separating it widely from F. pubescens, the samara* of which are just the
same. He does not figure the fruit of our F. riridis, which he has from " Bren-
del and Buhl " (Eiehl?), surely either the wrong thing, or in abnormal form.
Taking his species in order we have :

F. Americana, L. To this is referred F. juglandifolia of Willd., as well as
of^ Lain., doubtless on authority of the herbarium, and as the character bv
Willdenow^ looks that way, we may conclude that the reference of his plant in
the Synoptical Flora to F. viridis is a mistake. The reference of the original
of this latter name we will discuss in another connection. F. epiptera of
Michaux is of course referred here.

Var. microcarpa and var. Texensis, Gray, are simply adopted.

Var. Uhdei and var. ovaeifolia, are from Mexico, coll. Uhde, and are
unknown to us.

Var. pistacijefolia is founded on F. pistacicefolia, Torr., and we are unable
■to draw distinct limits between its forms and those of F. Americana.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 265

Var. coriacea is F. piMaeutfoIia, var. coriacea, Gray. This is certainly go-
ing too far altogether. No doubt there is a distinct species, for which the
name of F. vehUina, Torr., is the oldest, and that of F. coriacea, Watson, the
more appropriate.

F. pubescens, Lam., well described, and it appears that F. expansa, Willd.
Berl. Baum. (1811) belongs to it. But Wenzig adds:

Var. Berlandieriana, on jF. Berlandieriana, DC. And in a foot note :
"F. Berlandieriana DC. samaris apteris est Fr. pubescentis Lam. varietas, non
Fr. viridis var. ut cl. Gray vult." This without seeing Berlandier's specimens.
We have before us, from' the latter's herbarium, counterparts of the specimens
sent to Geneva. The form from Austin, with foliage only, has a developing leaf,
which is perfectly glabrous, as are the adult leaves and branehlets. The fruit
bearing specimens, from the Nueces, are equally glabrous, with traces of the barb-
ellation along the midrib, especially in the axils of the veins, which is common
in our F. viridis, of which we take it to be a mere variety. Wenzig has Mex-
ican specimens of Sehaffner's collection, as we have also, but not under the-
same number. These Ashes from San Luis Potosi, also Monterey, are rather
peculiar, but we judge are of this species.

Var. Lindheimeri, on Lindheimer's No. 653, 1847. We have it also, coll.
1848, with forming fruit. Clearly same as the above.

F. viridis, A. Gray. This, as just stated, is placed in the " Periptene " di-
vision, next to F. platyearpa, where it does not at all belong. F. viridis, Michx. f.
is referred as synonym to F. Americana, on the strength of Michaux's citation
of F.juglandifolia, Lam., and on his description and figure of the fruit. And it
seems from another note, that Koch found an original specimen in herb. Jus-
sieu, which was F. platyearpa, and also in other herbaria both F. Amencwna and
F. pubescens under this name. To all which it is to be said : first, that the foli-
age of Michaux's plate can not belong to F. platyearpa, which grows only south
of the range in which Michaux observed his Green Ash, while the figure of
the fruit is widely different. Michaux's description of the tree and its foliage
exactly applies to the Green Ash. He says it is Muhlenberg's F. concolor, and
he saw it at the latter's stations on the Susquehanna. He should have adopted
this name, and we should have been justified in doing so, perhaps, though only
a catalogue name. The perplexities of the case we long ago cleared up, as we
still believe, by the hypothesis that in Michaux's Sylva, the fruit of F. Ameri-
cana and F. viridis are mismatched on the plate, and consequently the author
described the fruit of the Green Ash from the plate or from the specimens
figured on the plate.

So, unless we fall back on the excellent name of F. concolor, Muhl., we must
still, for the Green Ash, write F. viridis, Michx. f. (in part), Gray, Man., etc.
Yet we may be driven to another alternative, and do with the whole of the
Green Ash what Wenzig has done with a part of it, that is, reduce it to a vari-
ety of F. pubescens. Undoubtedly the two appear to run together.

Of the true Peripteroz, viz. F. platycarpa, F. quadrangulata, F. ano-
mala, and F. Oregona, there is nothing here to remark. Asa Gray.

A Revision of the genus Clematis of the United States, by Joseph F. James.
From the Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 6, July, 1883.

This is a paper read by title before the American Association of 1882.
The author has "collected the descriptions of all the species of the United
States," and has given their geographical range and synonymy. Of course
there will p.lways be a difference of opinion as to whether certain forms should
rank as species or varieties. For instance, G Scotiii, Porter, is probably only a
form of C. Douglasii with broader leaflets; while the author will hardly be fol-
lowed in reducing C. Fremontii, Watson, to a variety of C. ochroleuca, Ait., and
the same might be said by some of G. coccinea, Engelm, and 0. Pitcheri, T. & G.,
as varieties of C. Vioma. It is hardly correct to say that "the genus Clematis

9

266 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

forms the tribe Clematidm of Ranunculacece," as there is associated with it a
small genus of Southern Asia, Naravelia by name. The geographical range is
given quite fully, and is evidently the result of much care and correspondence.

Descriptions of Iowa Uromyces, by J. C. Arthur. From Bulletin Minn. Acad.
Nat. ScL, Vol. II.

Some Ahjtv of Minnesota supposed to be Poisonous, by the same. 1. c. The for-
mer paper is the result of a careful study of a portion of the American Uredi'
neace, to which group the author has lately been paying special attention. The
effort is most commendable to attract attention to plants too much neglected,
and if ever the study of the lower Cryptogams ceases to be a bugbear, it will
largely be due to just such workers as Prof. Arthur. The novel part about the
present paper is that it attempts to group under each species all the three
stages in its life history. Of course this is the thing to do, and it has only been
because of our ignorance of the true relationship among these scattered phases,
that it has not long since been done. A careful set of cultures is what is needed
to unravel the snarl. In the meantime it has been customary to base species
upon the characters of one or two phases, and to distribute the phases under
separate genera, and Prof. Arthur shows considerable boldness in cutting loose
from the old models, and attempting a natural grouping. The species number
12, one being new.

The second paper describes the discovery of some Nostoc, probably Rivularia,
in certain Minnesota lakes, which was supposed to have caused the death of
many cattle drinking their waters. These same " bur-balls " were found by the
writer in great abundance in one of the small, swampy lakes along the Kanka-
kee river in Jasper county, Ind. A large drove of cattle were drinking from it,
but no ill-effects were heard of, although camping in the vicinity for a week
gave abundant opportunity. These Alga; have already been noticed by Dr.
Farlow in the May Gazette.

Lectures delivered to the Employes of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company,
by Drs. H. Newell Martin, H. Sewall, W. T. Sedgwick, and W. K. Brooks, of
the Johns Hopkins University. Baltimore, 1882. 8°, 98 pp. Illust.

The marked success attending the delivery and distribution of these four
lectures should prove an incentive to like undertakings elsewhere. The third
lecture, on fermentation, by Dr. Sedgwick, is the only botanical one of the
series. Botany has many topics of equal interest to a general audience, and
ways might more frequently be devised to give those whose employment does
not permit of much reading, and of no investigation, some insight into the
more wonderful of the recent advances of science.

North American Fungi, by J. B. Ellis. Centuries X and XI. Newfield, 1883.

The continuance of this publication is a gratifying indication of the grow-
ing interest in this department of our science. Too great praise can not be be-
stowed upon the neatness and care, as well as the scientific accuracy with which
the volumes are prepared, qualities which make the work indispensable to the
investigator. In Century X the genera Agaricus, Marasmius, Polyporus, Hydnum,
Melanconium, and Peziza are represented by from five to nine species each, while
most of the other genera of the volume have but one representative. Century
XI is composed of Uredinew, excepting the last eleven examples, which belong
to the Ustttaginece. The determination and synonymy of this volume has been
largely the work of Dr. W. G. Farlow, of Harvard University. The principal
genera are Puccinia with thirty-six examples, JEcidium with twenty, Ustilago
with nine, and Pcridermium, Uromyces and Rcestelia with six each. Some new
species and changes of synonomy may be passed over for the present, as critical
notes by Dr. Farlow will soon appear in the proceedings of the American
Academy.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 267

Catalogue of Publications of the Smithsonian Institution, with an Alphabetical In-
dex of Articles, by W. J. Khees. Washington, 1882. 8°. XIV, 328 pp.

This volume will prove very serviceable to all who desire information
from or about the publications issued under the authority of the Institution.
The classified list of separate works contains twenty entries under botany, while
the general index has a large number of references to scattered articles.

Bentham and Hooker's Genera Plantarum, Vol. Ill, Part 3. This part con-
tains the thirty-four orders of Monocotyledons, and completes one of the great-
est botanical works of the century. No botanical library can afford to be with-
out it anymore than it can dispense with DeCandolle's Prodromus, and now the
complete generic arrangement of a general herbarium becomes possible. Sin-
gularly enough the orders of Phanerogams number exactly 200. The Mono-
cotyledons are divided into seven series, as follows, the orders mentioned being
only those of our own flora :

Series I, characterized by its petaloid perianth, inferior ovary, and very
small exalbuminous seeds, is called Microspermce, and includes Hydrocharidea>,
Burmanniacea^, and Orchidacea?.

Series II, differing from the former in its copious albumen, is named Epig-.
ynce, and contains Bronieliacefe, Haemodoracew, Iridese, Amaryllidese, and Dios-
coraccse.

Series III differs from the last in its free ovary, and is called Coronarice,
containing Liliacese, Pontederiacese, Xyrideae, and Commelinacese.

Series IV differs from the last in its small rigid calyx-like perianth, and is
named Calycimc, including Juncacere and Palniaa.

Series V has the perianth reduced to setae or wanting, and is called Nudi-
florce, including Typhacea5, Aroideae, and Lemnacese.

Series VI has distinct carpels and exalbuminous seeds, and is called Apo-
earpoB, containing Alismacese and Naiadacese.

Series VII has flowers in heads or spikes and the parts glumaceous, of
course called Glumacece, and containing Eriocauiea1, Cyperacea?, and Graminere.
Thus our flora contains 22 of the 34 orders. We can only make a few notes at
random of the more striking changes.

Smilace<e is made to rank only as a tribe under LiliacecB. The genus Anach-
aris becomes Elodea. The family of Orchids seems to number the most species,
containing nearly 5,000 species under 334 genera, the two largest genera being
Habenaria and Epidendrum, each with 400 species. Cyperacea and Gramvnece
come next in point of numbers, with Lili.acete as fourth with 2,100 species and
187 genera, Allium being the largest with 250 species. Watson's Oakesia is
returned to Untlaria. In the family of Palnue there are about 1,100_ species and
132 genera. It was with very great pleasure that we noted the dedication of a
genus of palms to our good friend Mr. Sereno Watson, as distinguished among
botanists as he is amiable among men. The genus is founded upon what is called
Sabal serrulata in Chapman's Flora, and is called Serenade, as the name Watsonja
was already in use for an African genus of the Iridae. Speirodela has again
been remanded to Lemna. Our authors are very strongly impressed with the
idea that there are far too many species of Cyperacea' and Graminece, giving it
as their opinion that while among Cyperacea 3,000 species are described, scarce-
ly 2,200 should be retained. Oyperus and Carex are the two largest genera of
this family, the former containing 700 species, the latter 800, which Bentham
and Hooker say should be reduced to 500. Eleocharis has become Heleocharis.
Mr. Bentham's changes among the Graminece have already been pretty fully
noted in advance in this journal, and with even greater particularity in the
Torrey Bulletin for November, 1882. We must certainly give expression to the
general sentiment among botanists when we say, that these most distinguished
authors have placed the botanical world under an obligation which can hardly
be expressed, much less repaid.

268 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

ARTICLES IN JOURNALS.

Andrew, Sallie L.— Insectivorous Plants (Petunia), Pop. Sci, Mo. 23. 382.
Arthur, J. C— Descripti ns of Iowa Uromyces, Bull. Minn. Acad. Xat. Set. 2. 13; some Al-
gae di Minn., supposed to be poisonous, I.e. 2. 3.
Celakovsky, L.— Some species of the genus Thymus, Flora, April 11, (concluded).
Cookk, M. C— British Fresh Water Algae exclusive of Desmidiaceae, and Diatomacese, a

review by Askenasy, lint. Zeit. April 13; same reviewed by X. Wille, 1. c.
Eli. is, J. B.— New N. Am. Fungi (10, all from Utah), Torr. Bull. 10. 52.
Fischer, Alfred.— Cell-division in Closterium, Bot. Zeit. April 13 (3 pi. continued), April

20 (3 pi.), April 27 (.", pi. concluded).
Franke, M.— Contribution to the Knowledge of Root-growths, reviewed by C. Muller, BoL

Zeit., April 20. s -

Graf, II. zu Solms-Laubach.— Upon the occurrence of Cleistogamic flowers in the Ponte-

deriaceae, reviewed, Bot. Zeit. May 4.
Grove, W. B.— Notes on Schizomycetes (being the conclusion of a translation of Dr. Win-
ter's paper on this group in the last edition of Rabenhorst's " Knptogamen-Flora),"

Sci. Gossip, No. 222, 123.
Halberlandt.— The physiological action of plant tissues, reviewed, Bot. Zeit. April 20.
Hance, H. F.— New Chinese Cyrtandrese (8 species, including 2 new genera, Petrocodon

and Primulina), Jour. Bui. 21. 165; Podophvllum a Formosan genus, 1. c. 21. 174.
Hartkj, Robert.— Movements of Water in Plants, reviewed, Bot. Zeit. April 13.
Harvey, F. L.— Arboreal Flora of Arkansas, Am. Jour. Forestry, 1. 413.
Heckel, E.— Monograph of European Festucineae, reviewed by Peter, Bot. Zert.,Mayll.
Hoffman, H. Culture investigations upon variation, lint. Zeit.. April 27, May 4, Mav 11.
James, Joseph F.— A Revision of the genus Clematis of the V . S., Jour. fin. Soc. Nat. Hist.

6. July '83.
Karste.n, P. A.— Mycological Fragments. Hedw. Feb. and March.
KlRSCHNER, O.— Upon the sensitiveness of the root-tip to the influence of gravitation, Bot.

Zi it. April 27.
Krabbe, G.— Relation of bark-tension to the formation of annual rings and the diverting

of the medullary rays, reviewed by Kienitz-Gerloff. Bot. Zeit. Mav 4.
Ki/eiin, J.— Review of his " Paipalopsis Irmischise, a new parasitic "fungus of our flora,"

Hedw. Feb.
Meehan, Thos — Observations on the variability of Quercus roburand remarks by A. De

Candolle ; reviewed by Peter, Bot. Zeit. April 27.
Norstedt, O.— Review of his " Fragments of a monograph of the Characese. by A. Braun,"

Hedw. Fell.
Oudemans, C. A J. A.— Two new fungi, Hedw. April.
Parry, C C— Cucurbita Californica, Torr. (completing the character, with plate), Torr.

Pax, Ferd.— Flora of the Rehhorn near Schalzlar, Flora, April 21.

Penzig, ().— Review of his "Fungi Agrumicoli." with descriptions of new species, Hedw.

.March and April.
Phillips, Wm.— Review of his " Revision of the genus Vibrissea," Hedw. Feb.
Prantl, K.— The Genera Cryptogamme and Pellaea of Ferns, reviewed by Dr. L. Klein,

Bot. Zeit .May 11.
Reh.m, Dr.— Ascomycetes, Pasc. XIV. (descriptions of species), Hedw. March and April.
Reinsch, P. F.— Further observations upon the peculiar intercellular bodiesof coal, Flora,

April 21.
Richter, P.— Additional notes upon Spluerozyga Jacobi, Hedw. Jan.

Saccards, P. A.— Remarks upon the carpological svstemof the Pvrenomvcetes. Hedw. Jan.
Satter, Hans.— Contributions to the History of the development of the antheridium in

Hepaticae, reviewed by Kienitz-Gerloff, Bot. Zeit. April 27.
Saunders, James.— a plea for our Charas, Sci. Go^ij.. No. 222. 121.
SchUlzer, Stephan, von Mueggenburg.— Contribution to the morphology of Fungi,

Hedw. April.
Schwejnfurth, G.— The Flora of Ancient Egypt (an account of the funeral wreaths be-
longing to Ramses II., Amenhotep I., and Aahmes I.), fiature, 28. 109.
Spruce, Richard.— A review of his memoir upon " Cephalozia (a genus of Hepaticse). its

subgenera, and some allied genera," Jour. Bot. 21. 183.
Stephani, F.— Some new Hepaticae, Hedw. April.
Strobl, P. Gabriel.— Flora of Nebrodem (cont. from Flora 1882, p. 553), Flora, April 11 and

May 1.
Trefinek, Ed.— Contributions to the chemistry of Mosses, reviewed by Kienitz-Gerloff.

Bot. Zeit. May 11.

Trelease, Wm.— The color-preferences of the Hive-bee, Science, 1. 305.
Vasey, Geo.— Xew species of Grasses, Torr. Bull. 10.52.
Velenovsky, J.— Inflorescence of Drosera rotundifolia, Flora, April 11.
Winter, G.— Some new Fungi (including 3 U. S. species), Hedw. Jan.; upon the genus
Harknessia, Hedw. Feb.; Xew X. Am. Fungi (4 from Kv., 1 from 111.). Torr. Bull. 10. 49

Catalogue of Indiana Plants.

This catalogue, which has been published in the Gazette in the form of extra sheets
has now been bound in a neat pamphlet, of over 40 pages, with a map. Persons desiring
copies can procure them at the rate of 35 cents per copy, or three for SI. 00, by addressing
either,

or Prof. Chas R. Barnes, JOHN M. COULTER,

LaFayette, Ind. Crawfordsville, Ind.

Haiti from, the Cascade 1

The undersigned has new sets of Washington plants. The larger number of species
are both in fruit and flowers. Some are-new. Full sets sold at the rate of 18 per hundred.
Desiderata, 10 and 15 cents each, according to the number selected. BS^Send for lists.

W. N. SUKSDORF,
6t White Salmon, W. T.

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FLORA OF NEVADA,

CALIFORNIA, UTAH, ETC.

Having botanized extensively in Nevada, California, Mexico, etc , during the past sea-
son, I have seventeen hundred species of plants, of the year's collecting ready for dis-
tribution. There is a larger number of new species than usual. Many of the plants of
Nevada, etc., are represented in very few herbaria. A complete list, 10 cents. Selections
or sets will be sold. This list, with those of previous years, covers nearly nine-tenths of
all species found west of the Missouri river and north of Arizona. These lists complete
(representing over 4,000 species), 50 cents. MARCUS E. JONES, A M
Salt Lake V.'ity, Utah.

Flora of Eastern Oregon.

The subscriber is offering, at very reasonable rates, plants from this region, many of
unusual interest.

For list and terms, address WM. C. CUSICK

Union, Oregon.

f 1 1T \j\ /"^1 IZ _ T TOnnQ of North American Polypetalse and Gamopetalse
Vj LI FliK^j JL\.~ 1.J lOlO after Composite. Very useful for exchanges and
herbarium lists. One copy of each list 25 cents. Five copies of each fl.OO.

O "FT NTT TQ Pn\7"^RQ Printed Labels for Genus Covers. Just
vJTi_ljl>i U O VjVJ V Jij rlUt what every Collector wants, now or some
time in the future. Order them now. In old collections they can be put on over the
written names, and are much neater. Send for samples and prices to

H. N. PATTERSON,

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ti&rin every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette.

Ferns of North Astttea,

The undersigned now has in the printer's hands a Supplement to his Catalogue of
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GEO. E. DAVENPORT, Medford, Mass.

Flora of the Pacific Slope.

PRINGLE'S DISTRIBUTION OF 1882.

The subscriber offers sets of nearly 500 species collected in Arizona, California, and
Lower California, which include many new species, or old ones but rarely represented in
collections. Special attention has been given to ligneous species. He is confident that
his specimens will give the same satisfaction as heretofore. Having supplied himself
with many duplicates extra to his sets, he is able to furnish selections, and will be
pleased to exchange these for fine representations of many American species. Lists and
terms furnished.

C. G. PRIKGLE,

d-j East Charlotte, Vt.

Plants of Southern California.

We have printed a supplementary list, comprising the plants collected by us the past
season. It contains about 500 species, including some which are new or rare. A copy wil.
be sent free to those wishing to purchase specimens ; others will please inclose ten cents.
A few copies of last year's list may be had on the same terms.

PARISH BROTHERS,

San Bernardino, California.

Vol. VIII. No. 8.

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,^ CLUB. *

The V* of-

xNew yo5>^

Botanical Gazette.

AUGUST, 1883

CONTENTS.

Some N. Am. Botanists. VIII. John Leonard Riddell. L. H. Bailry, Jr 269

Notes on some Ustilaginese of the U. S. W. G. Farlow 271

Thistledown. Minnie JSmpp 278

General Notes 280

The Fig and the Caprifig.— Classification of Plants.— The Effects of Moisture on
Pine.— Rhododendron (Azalea) Vaseyi.— Notes from California.— Sarcodes san-
guinea.— Galinsoga parviflora.— Notelets.— New Indiana Plants.

Editorial Notes 285

Current Literature 287

Articles in Journals 288

Editor :

JOHN M. COULTER, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Tnd.

Associate Editors ':

C. R. BARNES, Purdue University, LaFayette, Ind.
J. C. ARTHUR, Charles City, Iowa.

INDIANAPOLIS:

CARLON A HOLLENBECK, PRINTERS ABD BINDERS.

1883.

EATES OF

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^Tbotaw^

^ CLU

Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VIII. AUGUST, 1883. No. 8.

Some North American Botanists.
VIII. John Leonard Riddell.

There is little on record concerning the personal history of
Professor Riddell. He early became a resident of the West,
where, with the exception of an acquaintance with Sullivant, and
possibly with Short, he was in almost complete isolation from the
botanists of the time. He subsequently took up his residence in
the South, where his botanical acquaintances, and the opportuni-
ties for reference and consultation seem to have been even less
than in the West. The South and West of fifty years ago pre-
sented little opportunity for study aside from their comparatively
unexplored floras.

John Leonard Riddell was born in Leyden, Massachusetts,
February 20, 1807. He died in New Orleans October 7, 1865.
When less than a year old he was taken by his parents to Pres-
ton, Chenango county, New York, where his father obtained a
farm. During portions of the years 1826 and 1S27 he attended
Oxford Academy, and afterwards the Rensselaer School at Troy,
where he obtained the degrees of A. B., and A. M. For several
years from 1830 he gave lectures on various scientific topics in
many places in the United States aud Canada. These lectures
attracted some attention, and in 1835 he received the appoint-
ment of Adjunct Professor of Chemistry and Lecturer on Botany
in the Cincinnati Medical College. This institution subsequently
gave him the degree of M. D. While at Cincinnati he published
a "Synopsis of the Flora of the Western States," a 12mo pam-
phlet of 116 pages, enumerating the plants known to occur in the
territory which "extends from the Alleghany mountains in West
Virginia to the Platte river in Missouri Territory, and from the
southern boundary line of Tennessee to the latitude of Detroit."
This catalogue was in great part a compilation. The Kentucky
plants were given almost entirely upon the authority of Dr.
Short, those about St. Louis upon the authority of Dr. Lewis C.

270 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Beck, who had contributed considerably to the knowledge of the
plants of that vicinity through Silliman's Journal, while the col-
lections of Nuttall were relied upon for the Missouri Territory.
It enumerates over 1,800 species, and gives notes on habits of
growth and localities. This catalogue was the first contribution
of much importance devoted entirely to the Western flora. The
following extract from the preface will explain the design of the
work : " It has for several years been the author's design to
publish a flora of the Western States when he shall have accum-
ulated a sufficiency of materials; and he takes this opportunity
of soliciting information from those who may choose to favor
him with their correspondence, and of proposing an interchange
of botanical specimens with all who may wish to form collections.
The following catalogue, though necessarily incomplete, will
probably aid in effecting the desired object, by exhibiting its
present state of advancement, thereby enabling observers located
in different sections of the assumed territory the more easily to
make additions to it." The catalogue contains descriptions of
thirteen new species of flowering plants, and two or three Charas.
Of these, two stand in our manuals, Solidago Ohioensis and Tril-
lium nivale. It also contains a description of Solidago Riddellii,
so named by Dr. Joseph C. Frank, " a most zealous and accom-
plished botanist," author of *' Rastadts Flora," and who was
deputed by some German society to travel in this country and
make botanical collections. Dr. Frank became intimate with
Riddell, and spent some time with him in Cincinnati before he
set out on his botanical journeys. During his stay in that city
he interested himself in grasses and sedges, a work commemor-
ated in Eragrostis Frayilcii. In 1835 Dr. Frank fell a victim to
yellow fever in New Orleans.

In 1836 Dr. Riddell published a "Supplementary Catalogue of
Ohio Plants," which contains descriptions of seven new species,
of which four still stand, — Linum sulcatum, Helianthus occiden-
talis, Scutellaria saxatalis and Stachys cordata. That year he
was elected to the chair of Chemistry in the Medical College of
Louisiana at New Orleans, an institution which subsequently be-
came the Medical Department of the University of Louisiana.
This chair he occupied until his death. With his move to the
South he seems to have given up his Western flora. He at once
began to collect materials for a flora of the Southern States, how-
ever, a work which seems to have been constantly postponed on
account of a multiplicity of other duties. His herbarium, upon
which this work was to have been founded, is said to have been
very large and excellently arranged. In 1851 Dr. Riddell con-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 271

tributed to the Smithsonian Institution a manuscript on " The
Plants of Louisiana." In this contribution he was aided by Prof.
W. M. Carpenter and by Dr. Josiah Hale, who contributed the
Cypreacece and Graminece. The Smithsonian did not publish
the contribution, and Riddell made an abridgement of it under
the title of "Catalogus Florae Ludovicianse" for the New Orleans
Medical and Surgical Journal, which published it in 1852. The
manuscript catalogue contained descriptions of new species by
Prof. Carpenter, and twenty-one species and several varieties by
Riddell. The manuscript or the subsequently printed catalogue
seem not to have been consulted by Dr. Chapman in his South
ern Flora, although Dicliptera Halei, one of Riddell's new
species, is inserted.

While residing in New Orleans, Dr. Riddell was for some
years connected with the government mint. He published in
1845 a " Monograph of the Dollar," a work containing fac simile
impressions of between five and six hundred kinds of United
States and Mexican dollars, both genuine and counterfeit. Dur-
ing the latter part of his life he did much work with the com-
pound microscope, investigating extensively the lower forms of
life, and inventing the binocular microscope. As early as 1836
he published in Cincinnati a paper on " Miasm and Contagion,"
in which he advocated that contagious diseases are caused by
" organized and living corpuscles of various kinds." This con-
tribution became popular, and was republished in Boston. He
also contributed considerably to the scientific journals on matters
relating to chemistry and other topics.

Dr. Riddell is said to have been a universal favorite with
all who knew him. His students regarded him with adoration.
He was a clear, concise lecturer, and a logical thinker. His bus-
iness abilities were extraordinarily good, and he amassed a hand-
some property. His name is indelibly associated with botany
through the genus Riddellia, a name which Nuttall gave to a
western Composite. The original species, R. tagetina, has been
supplemented more recently by R. Cooperi and R. arachnoidea,
both added by Dr. Gray. — L. H. Bailey, Jr.

Notes on Some Ustilaginese of the United States.

The study of the Ustilaginece is bfset with difficulties, for not
only do the species themselves present comparatively few salient
points of distinction, but the generic characters as estimated by
recent writers depend largely upon the mode of germination oi

272 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

the spores A perusal of the admirable paper of Woronin, Bei-
trag zur Kenntniss der Ustilagineen, shows how large a part the
germination plays in the limitation of the genera, and when one
bears in mind how little is known of the germination of our na-
tive species, he will understand how imperfect the classification
of our Ustilagine<r must be. In the present article I would like
to call attention to some of our little known forms, without pre-
tending to regard my determination of the species as anything
more than provisional, expecting that increased knowledge of the
development, which it is to be hoped we shall soon have, will
necessitate a reform in the nomenclature.

The genus Entyloma, founded by DeBary on Protomyces micro-
sporus, Unger, includes a comparatively small number of species,
in which the small mycelium inhabits the leaves of different her-
baceous plants, and where the spores are formed in the contin-
uity of the hyphre, usually in large numbers, but do not become
pulverulent as in most Ustilaginece. The germination of the spores
resembles that known in species of Tilletia ; a short germinal
tube is given off, at whose apex is borne a whorl of short cejls
which unite with one another in pairs. In some of the species
of Entyloma, besides the spores in the interior of the leaves, there
are conidia borne on stalks which penetrate the stomata in dense
tufts and form white pulverulent spots on the leaves. Schroeter
makes two divisions of the genus according as the species bear
conidia or not. The spores of the greater number of species of
this genus are very nearly alike in size and shape, being oval or
somewhat angular, and in most cases it is not easy to define the
species by the spores alone. The presence or absence of conidia,
it seems to me, can hardly be regarded as constant in all cases,
for, as in the form on Ambrosia, the conidia are sometimes pres-
ent, but more frequently they are wanting. The conidia are
usually like the forms referred to the genera Fusidium, Cylin-
drospora or Ramularia and, in the case of our species, it may be
that the conidial forms have already been described as species of
the genera above named, without reference to the spores in the
interior of the leaves ; but if such is the case I have been unable
to trace them.

The type of the genus belonging to the division in which there
are no conidia is Ent. miorosporum (Unger), DeBary, which has
been found by Prof. Arthur on Ranunculus repens near Chicago,
but, although I have often searched for it, I have never found it
near Cambridge. Another species found on Ranunculus in Eu-
rope, which has no conidia, Ent. Ranunculi (Bon.), I have never

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 27

.1

found in this country, but a form found on Thaliotrum dioicum
in Wisconsin, by Prof. Wm. Trelease, is very nearly related to
Ent. Ranunculi, although it would be going too far, at present,
to call the two identical. The fungus on Thalictrum produces on
the leaves rather small circular spots, which are at first yellow
and later black. On the specimens which I have examined the
conidia were not in very good condition, and it would be neces-
sary to examine more mature specimens before expressing a de-
cided opinion on the species. The conidia were in small patches
on the under surface of the leaves, and the conidial spores were
linear, acute, 11-20 />■ long by about 3 i>- broad. The spores were
abundant in the interior of the leaves, but hardly mature, and
measured 9 12 // in diameter.

The most common Entyloma, at least in the east, is one which
occurs on Compositce. Several years ago, when looking for the
oospores of Peronospora Halstedii on Ambrosia artemisiafolia, I
repeatedly found bodies which were evidently not the desired
oospores, although the Peronospora was growing on the leaves,
but rather the spores of an Entyloma. Since then I have found
specimens on Ambrosia with conidia as well as deep-seated spores,
and what is evidently the same fungus was found in a luxuriant
condition on Aster puniceus at Wood's Holl by Trelease. I have
since repeatedly found the fungus on Ambrosia and Aster
in small quantities, and it was abundant on Aster puniceus,
growing at the top of Tuckerman's ravine on Mt. Washington,
in September, 1882. On Ambrosia the fungus causes yellowish
or grayish discolorations of indefinite shape, which become
eventually black. On Aster the spots are more circumscribed
and, although generally yellow, they sometimes have a purple
border and the leaves become slightly thickened, which is not the
case when it grows on Ambrosia. The conidia form farinaceous
spots on the under surface of the leaves, which they sometimes
almost cover. The determination of our species is doubtful.
Several Entylomata are known on Composite. Ent. Calendula'
(Oudemans) and Ent. Picridis, Rostrup, of Europe, are said
to be destitute of conidia and, if we accept the statement as
absolute, our form must be different. The spores of our Enty-
loma average about 7.5-11.5 ,«, while those of Ent. Calendula?
are often from 11-15 fi in diameter. Of Ent. Picridis I have
examined only the specimen in Myc. Univ. No. 1815, in which
the measurements more nearly resemble those of our own species.
Of previously described American forms there is a Protomyces
polyspora, Peck, in Myc. Univ. No. 1813, on Ambrosia trifida
from New York. In my specimen there are no conidia nor are

274 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

any mentioned in the description. The species is an Entyloma
rather than a Protomyces, as that genus is now limited. The
spores are much like those of the form on Ambrosia artemishe-
folia and Aster, differing only in being somewhat darker and
more angular, but the specimen of Peck was collected later in
the season than any of my specimens. The conidial spores of my
specimens are fusiform or slightly clavate, often somewhat curved,
and measure 15-20 p by 2-3 //. They sometimes appear to be
divided, but on this point I am not certain. I would propose
the provisional name of Entyloma Compositarum, while awaiting
further information with regard to the occurrence of conidia in
the European Ent. Picridis and its relation to Ent. Calendula1.
I am inclined to believe that Ent. Compositarum may prove to
be a more fully developed form of Ent. polysporum (Peck), the
relationship of which to Ent. Picridis needs further study, for,
although as distributed in Myc. Univ., the two have a different
aspect, I am not so sure that one is not an earlier and the other a
more mature form of the same species.

Besides Ent. Compositarum, I have examined three other spe-
cies of the genus which are new to the United States. Prof.
Bessey, to whom we owe so many interesting discoveries of
Ustilaginece, sent me an Entyloma collected in September, 1878,
on leaves of Solanum or Physalis in Iowa, and later I received
from Prof. Arthur the same fungus on Physalis, also from Iowa.
In both cases there were abundant conidia and spores. The
conidia are at first short but become long and filiform, measuring
from 20-45 fi by 1.5-3 /■*. Contrary to what is found in most
species, the conidia on Physalis occur on both surfaces of the
leaves in circumscribed round spots, which are at first pale but
soon become black. The spores are yellowish or slightly brown
when mature, generally globose, on an average 12-15 (i in diam-
eter, and the surface, although sometimes smooth, is often
slightly undulate. There is already a Protomyces physalidis
Kalch. & Cooke, on P. Hornemanni from South Africa, described
in Grevillea, vol. ix, p. 22, Sept., 1880. It may be that this is
the same as the fungus from Iowa, but as no conidia are described
in the African species, our species may be called provisionally
Entyloma Besseyi.

Two other species have abundant conidia as well as spore.*.
One was discovered on the leaves of Menispermum Canadense, in
Wisconsin, by Prof. Trelease, in August, 1881, and the other on
Lobelia inflata was collected by me at Giiead, Maine, in Septem-
ber, 1882. As far as I can ascertain, both species are unde-
scribed, although in the case of the one on Menispermum, it seems

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

275

hardly probable that the striking conidia could have escaped the
notice of earlier collectors. Entyloma Menispermi produces dark,
ill-defined discolorations on the upper surface of the leaves,
which are not thickened by the presence of the fungus. The
conidia form conspicuous, farinaceous, polygonal patches on the
under surface of the leaves, which they sometimes nearly cover.
The conidial stalks are more loosely branched than in the previ-
ously mentioned species and the conidial spores are stouter and
pointed at one end, measuring 11-24 p by 3.5-4 ft. The spores are
globose and smooth with thin walls, about 5.5-11 p in diameter.

Entyloma Lobelice produces no marked distortions of the leaves,
but the plants infested have a whitish color, looking as if they
were attacked by some member of the Perisporiacew. Ill de-
fined yellowish spots are formed on the upper side of the leaves,
and gradually the whole leaf blackens and shrivels. The coni-
dia, although very abundant on the under side of the leaves, are
not so distinctly characterized under the microscope as those of
the last species. They are narrowly fusiform and measure 10- 25 p
by 2-3 p. The spores are larger than in Ent. Menispermi, but
smaller and decidedly more delicate than in Ent. Besseyi.

The species above mentioned may be summarized as lollows :
A. Species destitute of conidia.

1. Ent. Microsporum (Ung.) DeBary.

On Ranunculus repens. Near Chicago. Prof. J. C. Arthur.

2. Ent. Polysporum (Peck).
On Ambrosia trifida. New York.

3. Ent. Linarije (Schrt.)

On Veronica per egrina. Wisconsin. Trelease.

B. Species with conidia.

4. Ent. Compositarum Farlow ad int.

Conidia fusiform or slightly clavate, often curved, 15-20 u long by 2-3 u
broad. Spores globose or somewhat angular, about 7.5-11.5 u in diameter, wall
thin and nearly colorless.

On Aster puniceus and Ambrosia artemisicefolia. New England.

5. Ent. Besseyi Farlow ad int.

Conidia rod-shaped, becoming filiform, 20-45 u long by 1.5-3 u broad. Spores
globose, 7.5-15.5 u in diameter, average 12-15 u, yellowish brown, thick walled,
surface smooth or undulate.

On Physalis. Iowa. Profs. Bessey and Arthur.

6. Ent. Menispermi Farlow and Trelease.

Conidia acutely ovate, 11-24 u by 3.5-4 u. Spores light colored, globose or
somewhat angular, smooth, with thin walls, about 5.5-11 « in diameter.
On Menispermum Canadense. Wisconsin. Prof. Trelease.

7. Ent. Lobelia Farlow.

Conidia narrowly fusiform, 10-25 u by 2-3 u. Spores light-colored, globose
or slightly angular, thin-walled, 8-15 u in diameter, average 7.5-11.5 u.
On Lobelia inflata. Gilead, Maine.
?8. Ent. Kanunculi (Bon.)

forma Thalictri.
On Thalictrum dioicum. Wisconsin. Trelease.

"276 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

In connection with the species of Entyloma previously men-
tioned, I would add that Protomyces Sagittarice, Fuckel, a spe-
cies whose systematic position is not well known, was found by
me growing on Sagittaria variabilis, Engelm., at Newton, Mass.,
in the month of October. I am indebted to Prof. DeBary for
an authentic specimen of Fuckel. I received from Mr. J.
Fletcher, of Ottawa, some fruit of Potamogeton Vaseyi, Robbins,
attacked by a very curious fungus. The specimens had been
preserved in alcohol and consequently there was no possibility
of making the spores germinate. The fruit of the Potamogeton
was swollen and a section showed globular masses scattered
through the substance of the fruit. The masses consisted of
densely packed cells, the outer layer of which was darker col-
ored than the rest and regularly arranged, so that the cells, which
had the shape of short cylinders with rounded ends, had their
longer axis always in the direction of the radius. Beneath this
regularly arranged layer the cells were roundish-angular and
presented the appearance of parenchymatous cells. Having but
little material at my disposal I was unable to study the fungus at
all satisfactorily, but it appeared to me to be probably one of the
Ustilaginea', related perhaps to Sorosporium or Thecaphora. My
friend, Dr. Maxime Cornu, of Paris, has expressed the opinion
that the fungus in question belongs to a genus recently described
by him under the name of Doassansia. As the description of the
genus has not yet reached this country, I can give no further in-
formation, but would call the attention of collectors of Potamo-
geton to the existence of this curious fungus of which more
material is much needed. The fungus occurs also on P. pusil-
lus, P. perfoliatus, var. lanceolatus, and P. nutans, according to
Mr. Fletcher, whose description of the diseased fruit, when freshly
gathered, I quote for the benefit of collectors of aquatic plants:

" The fruit was swelled out to more than four times its proper
size and was almost globular, of a greenish white color, spotted
with reddish-brown — later these fruits cracked and then the whole
soon decayed and a white mouldy growth was developed.''

While collecting in King's ravine in the White mountains, in
August, 1882, I found a curious fungus on Epilobium alpinum
growing on the borders of the torrent which falls from Mt.
Adams to the floor of the ravine. The Epilobium was infested
with JEcidium Epilobii, D. C, and on some of the leaves were
dark-colored spots which I, at the time, supposed to belong to
Puccinia Epilobii, D. C. A microscopic examination showed
'that the fungus was one of the Ustilaginece and very closely re-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 277

lated to Doassansia Alismatis, Cornu, for an authentic specimen
of which I am indebted to the author of the species. The fun-
gus appears to the naked eye in the form of blackish convex
nodules about the size of a pin's head, which are collected in
groups, especially at the apex of the leaves, and visible on both
sides of the leaves. The nodules consist of densely packed
roundish-angular spores, those on the outside being dark colored
and those within lighter colored. The masses are surrounded by
a fine mycelium, but the development of the spores and their
germination could not be studied from the material which I col-
lected and, owing to the remoteness of the locality, it will be
difficult for future collectors to find the spot where my specimens
were collected. It is not impossible that the fungus has been
described by some older writer, but I have not been able to find
any trace of it. To mark the species it may be named tempo-
rarily Doassansia Epilobii.

Doassansia Epilobii Farlow ad int. Spores densely packed
in globular or lobulated masses which are 80-200 /* in diameter.
Spores irregularly polyedral, approaching globular, 7.5-17 [i in
diameter, average 10-12; external spores blackish-brown, thick-
walled, outer surface cuticularized ; internal spores lighter col-
ored with thinner walls.

Theeaphora aterrima, Tul., was found several years ago by
Prof. Bessey, on Carex, in Iowa. Collectors should search for
this interesting species in the Eastern States. Ustilago Sorghi
(Lk.) has been received from Dr. Taylor, of the Agricultural
Department in Washington, where it was found growing on cane
grown from seed imported from China, and it has also been found
by Prof. Trelease, on amber-cane in Wisconsin. Ustilago Gyn-
erii., Vize, of which I have examined specimens presented to me
by Dr. Harkness, is the same as Gymnosporiurn Arundinis, Corda,
and is to be excluded from Ustilaginea\ Tilletia stviceformis,
West. (Till. DeBaryana) was found by Mr. B. D. Halsted on an
unknown grass at Passaic, N. J., and by Mr. A. B. Seymour at
Granville, Mass. A curious form has been found by Prof. Bes-
sey on leaves of Polygonum (P. Pennsyloanicumf), at Ames,
Iowa. The fungus forms purple spots on the leaves, and the
spores are borne in projecting pustules nearly black in color
and hard instead of pulverulent. The flowers are also affected
by what seems to be the same fungus, and I have received from
Mr. Halsted flowers similarly affected, from New Jersey, but he
did not find the fungus on the leaves. The formation of the
spores shows that the fungus is an Ustilago, and regarding the

278 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

fungus on the leaves alone, it would appear to be the Tilletia
bullata of Fuckel, referred by Schroeter in Cohn's Beit, zur
Biol., vol. II, p. 355, to Ust. Bistortarum (D. 0.). Prof. Bes-
sey's specimens on leaves agree well with Schroeter's description.
A question may arise as to the species when we consider its ap-
pearance on the flowers. In Ust. Candollei, Tul., closely re-
lated to Ust. Bistortarum, the ovaries are distorted so that they
project like columns from the perianth, but in the specimens col-
lected both by Prof. Bessey and Mr. Halsted, the distortion is
still greater. The ovaries are all transformed into more or less
globular hard masses and, as nearly all the flowers of a spike are
affected, the masses coalesce, forming a compact cylinder with a
nodulated surface in which the individual flowers can hardly be
recognized. The color of the spores, both in the form on the
flowers as well as that on the leaves, is hardly purple but more
nearly brownish than in Ust. Candollei. While referring the spe-
cies to Ust Bistortarum (D. C), it will be seen that there are sev-
eral points in which the American plant does not exactly agree
with the European form. The form on the leaves, I would add, is
much like Libert Plant. Crypt. Ard., No. 88.

W. G. Farlow.

" Thistledown." l

A STUDY.

As a child, have you not held gently poised twixt thumb and
finger the airy, fleecy thistledown, then lightly blowing watched
the tiny parachute as it sailed away? It is a delicate, cunning
device, lighter and more buoyant than a bird's feather, smaller
and finer than the moth's antennae.

When separated from the achene, it consists of plumelike fil-
aments attached to a ring. Its mode of attachment to the seed
is peculiar. The upper end of the achene is grooved, thus leav-
ing a small projecting edge of the calyx. Into this groove fits a
minute ring — large enough to slip upon a common pin. The
pappus is attached to the lower edge of this ring, while over the
upper edge fits the corolla and its adhering stamens. The end
of the achene — inside the groove — is elongated and to this is at-
tached the pistil.

iFrom the "Aurora" for May, a journal conducted by the students of the
Iowa Agricultural College. Miss Knapp is a special student in botany, and in
this article gives us a glimpse of the kind of work done by Professor Bessey 's
pupils. — Eds.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 279

Microscopically each filament consists of eight or ten rows of
very long parallel cells. On the margins are seen the outward
pointed tips of newly developing cells.

A fullv grown pappus measures about 25 m. m.; that of a
head not yet opened about one-half this length, while one partly
opened is three-fourths.

Is the mode of growth by multiplication or by the elongation
of the cells? It must be by elongation, for, on measuring the
cells of the unopened head, they are found to be only one-half as
long as those of the fully grown pappus. The cells of the latter
are about one thirty-sixth of an inch or of the entire length.

Besides the change in the cells of the main portion, the mar-
ginal ones, which in the very young heads appear as barbs, be-
come greatly lengthened and thus give the plumose or feathery
appearance to the pappus

But this elongation is not the only thing that takes place in its
development. Each filament, by some action, bends backward
until the pappus stands in all directions around the achene.

In order to determine the manner of this action I tried the
following simple experiments :

I put on the stove an achene which had not yet fully opened,
and therefore had the pappus still adhering. After a moment the
pappus began to separate and curve back, the movement showing
particularly at the base where it joins the little ring, the marginal
cells, also separated, standing out like the vanes of a feather.
The whole took about one-half minute, the movements being
quick and rather jerking.

Taking the same specimen in which the pappus was now all
bent over the achene, I applied a small hair brush, wet in water,
to the top of the achene so that the basal cells would be moist-
ened first. These cells began to draw closer to the ring, slowly
bringing the pappus from its recumbent position.

Again, upon moistening a piece of dried pappus with alcohol
and potash, the marginal cells drew quickly toward the main
portion.

Afterwards, in studying specimens of Mulgedium and Lactuea,
I found that the pappus was joined to the achene by two or three
rows of small square cells.

From these facts it would seem evident that the lower surface
is more susceptible to heat or moisture, contracting in the pres-
ence of the latter, and swelling again in the presence of the for-
mer; but mainly this movement is due to the small square cells,
for by their contraction the pappus moves downward.

280 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

On account of this Prof. Bessey proposes for them collectively
the name "Carpus/' and individually that of '' Carpallary cells,"
because the relation they bear functionally to the pappus is so
nearly like that of the carpus to the phalanges.

I would also suggest that the little ring spoken of is a portion
of the calyx, for all the species of Lactuca examined have a beak
or projection to the calyx. This is wanting in the Thistle, or
rather has been reduced to a rudimentary form in the shape of
this minute ring.

The "Thistledown" or pappus treated of in this article is
simply that of Cnicus altissimus — our common purple thistle ;
but its form is characteristic of the genus Cnicus. Formerly
thistles were placed under Cirsium, and Cnicus was called a sub-
genus, but Bentham and Hooker, in their " Genera Plantarum "
have made two distinct genera, taking the different forms of pap-
pus as the ground of distinction. Cirsium contains those thistles
having barbed pappus, or like the early stage which I have de-
scribed, while Cnicus, or the true thistles, have plumose pappus.
— Minnie Knapp, Ames, Iowa.

GENERAL NOTES.

The Fig- and the Caprifig. — The relation existing between the wild and
cultivated figs has long been a pnzzle, and has been variously explained. Graf
Solms considers them as two races under one species. Gasparrini describes
them as distinct genera. Fritz Miiller thinks they are simply male and female
plants, and to this view botanists are inclining. The fact that the presence of
the caprifig was needed for the best development of the fig, and that the former
was inhabited by an insect which visited the latter if possible, has long been
known. The operations of this insect are very interesting, and are given in
Nature, by W. B. Hemsley, as follows :

" The insect that operates in this manner is a small hymenopter, the com-
plete annual cycle of development of which takes place within the three crops
of fruit of the caprifig, whilst only one generation visits the fig, and that, as will
be seen, to no advantage to the insect itself. In order to render what follows
easily understood, we will give the present Neapolitan names of the three crops
of the caprifig. The fruits that hang through the winter and ripen in April
are called mamme. These are followed by the profichi, which ripen in June,
and the mammoni, which ripen in August and September. If we closely exam-
ine the profichi when fully ripe in June, we see here and there a black-winged
insect emerging from the orifice at the top, its hairy body dusted over with pol-
len grains that have adhered to it in its passage through the zone of male flow-
ers. And if we cut open one of these fruits, we find a considerable number of

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 281

thes<> insects, all striving to find the way out. These are females, and associated
with them are some helpless wingless males, and very often a number of a slen-
der ichneumon as well. The female of this generation visits not only the mam-
mon-i, but also the fruits of the fig, if there are any at hand, in order to deposit
her eggs. Now, the remarkable fact in connection with this, is that she is able
to do so effectually in the mammani, but not in the edible fig, though she suc-
ceeds in penetrating the fruit far enough to convey pollen to the female flow-
ers, perishing in the act. Furthermore, the generation of the insect that devel-
ops in the mavimtmi deposits eggs in the marime, and the generation proceeding
therefrom finds an asylum for its progeny in the profichi."

Prof. Solms says that the eggs must be deposited within the integuments of
the ovule itself, or they will not develop. The ovipositor is thrust between the
branches of the stigma, down the pollen channel of the style into the ovary,
and into the solitary ovule itself.

Classification of Plants.— Mr. Lester F. Ward, in a recent lecture at the
National Museum in Washington, proposed the following scheme of classifica-
tion, which he claims is the nearest approach yet made to a natural system, and
upholds it mostly upon paleoutological grounds :

f Cellular.

Cryptogams.. | [ Pilicineae { Rhi^carpeas.

[ Vascular -J

! T . , , . f Equisetinese.

I Lepidophytee J L!?copodinefe.

( Ligulatse.

, Gym„osperms...j gSSST

„, J I Gnetacese.

Phenogams.... ■{ v-

a., ,-,™„„™o f Monocotyledons.
I Angiosperms J ,• Apetal£e.

(. Dicotyledons - Polypetalse.

(. Gamopetalae.

The Effects of Moisture on Pine.1— Ten pieces one inch square by ten
long were selected from a piece of pattern pine that had been " in the dry " for
six or seven years. Inasmuch as this is the driest class of commercial pine,
the results are more satisfactory and conclusive. The pieces were numbered
consecutively, and two were taken for each experiment to obtain a mean result,
and avoid error as much as possible. Nos. 1 and 2 were placed in a drying-
oven in the chemical laboratory, and kept at a temperature of 100° C. Nos. 3
and 4 were placed in moist air; and Nos. 5 and 6 immersed in water. Nos. 7
and 8 were exposed to the ordinary atmospheric changes. Nos. 9 and 10 were
made into shavings, and placed in the oven for perfect drying. Each piece
was carefully weighed and measured once in twenty-four hours. (Experiment
lasted 14 days). The average weight of each piece at the beginning of the ex-
periment was 63 grams, or 6.3 grams per cubic inch. The tabulated result*
show : I. That there was a marked difference in the weight of some of the
pieces, those being heavier that were situated near the center of the tree. II.

'Abstract of a paper read before the Scientific Society of Purdue Univer-
sity, by Philip S. Fitzgerald, class of '85.

282 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

that the dried blocks (1 and 2) had lost 9.5 <f0 of their original weight. III.
That the moist air blocks (3 and 4) had gained 3.9 % in weight. IV. That the
wet pieces (5 and 6) had absorbed 62.25 <f0 of their own weight of water. V.
That the ordinary air pieces (7 and 8) had undergone practically no change.
VI. That the shavings (9 and 10) had lost only 7.9 °/c, or less than the blocks
1 and 2. VII. That the increase and decrease in width was very much more
marked in the direction of the annual rings than in the direction of the medul-
lary rays. VIII. That the greatest increase in width was ^ of an inch, which
was from fifty to sixty times greater than the increase in length ; and IX. That
the increase in size was not proportional to the gain in weight.

Rhododendron (Azalea) Vaseyi, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad., xv, 48. 1879. —
Having been favored with notes upon the living plants and both flowering and
fruiting specimens of this interesting shrub, from my obliging friends Mr.
Canby and Mr. J. Donnell Smith — the latter sending abundant specimens both
of this year's blossoms and of last year's fruiting — I propose to amend the
published character, which was drawn up from young Mr. Vasey's original
specimens.

First, as to the flower buds. I described these as with " perulis paucis," but
summer specimens with formed flower buds for the next year have well imbrica-
ted bud-scales. The outer and shorter bracts fall as the bud opens, the thin in-
nermost remaining longer, which led to the mistake. Maximowicz makes a
similar mistake in respect to R. Rhodora.

Next, the blossoming is precocious rather than coetaneous with the leafing.
Vasey's specimens, with flowers ready to fall, have leaves an inch and a half
long. Those sent by Mr. Smith, which were gathered at the middle of May by
Mr. S. Kelsey, are either leafless, or the more advanced plants just developing a
pair of leafy branches from just under the flowering bud.

In the third place, the corolla is irregular in a bilabiate way, thus confirm-
ing its relationship to R. Rhodora, however different in habit. Maximowicz
takes notice of this bilabiation in two N. E. Asiatic species. It is 5-parted or
nearly, but the lateral sinuses are deeper, and three of the divisions more con-
nected than the other two. Mr. Canby notes that the three divisions of what
may be called one lip, are shorter than the other two, and so it is in a corolla
received from him ; but in numerous dried specimens this is not so apparent.
But the spread of the divisions is decidedly irregular, three seemingly ascending
and two recurved-spreading. The upper corolla-lobes are more or less spotted
inside toward the base ; in some flowers the spots are dark and conspicuous.

In the fourth place, the stamens are prevailingly seven, quite unequal,
three or four of them larger and with stouter filaments. I had described them
as five, and this is true of some flowers. In one flower I find only four,
three large and one depauperate. The ovary is beset with stipitate viscid
glands. I had described the capsule as glabrate (not glabrous), which is not
far out, but it is roughish with the vestiges of the bristly glands. Mature
leaves are from obovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both
ends, the larger four to six inches long. A. Gray.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 283

Notes from California. — 1. The rare Streptanthus heterophyllus ranges from
Temecula Canon to San Rafael, Mexico.

2. There are all sorts of transitions between Lepidium Menziesii and L. lasi-
ocarpum, and as Watson has united lasiocarpum and Wrightii, it is probable that
this will follow. The number of stamens varies from two to four in each,
while the flattened pedicels vanish, and the pods are smooth or pubescent.

3. Lepidium nilidum ranges throughout S. California and N. Mexico. The
seeds hang from the base of the style.

4. L. dictyotum and the var. acutidens occur on the Tamecula plains, and the
latter also at San Diego. The typical form has been supposed before to be con-
fined to central Nevada, and the variety was not known from S. California.

5. I have three forms of Thysanoca,rpus curvipes; a. Leaves runcinate, sta-
mens conspicuously exserted, petals not surpassing the sepals, auricles short or
almost none, pods rounded. 6. Leaves lyrate, auricles long, pods obtusely
pointed, stamens and petals as in a. ■ c. Stamens short, petals surpassing the
sepals, leaves lyrate. All these forms have the peculiar hairs of T. curvipes.

6. Thalietrum Fendleri grows in Temecula Canon.

7. A peculiar form of Clematis ligusticifolia abounds north of San Francisco,
having both perfect anthers and sterile filaments on the pistillate plant, thus
making it perfect. The leaves differ somewhat also, but Mr. Watson regards it
as C. ligusticifolia.

8. Viola pedunculata ranges throughout S. California into Mexico as far as
Eucenada.

9. Bhamnus croceus varies much. The stamens are oval to oblong ; calyx
lobes lanceolate, acute ; petals sometimes wanting.

10. The horns of Ceanothus crassifolia are broadly ovate and very short,
while those of C. cuneatus are often linear.

11. The petals of Cneoridium dumosum are four times as long as the calyx.
This hitherto rare plant, along with Adolphia Califomica, one equally rare,
ranges south along the coast to Eucenada, Mexico. The latter is much more
common further south.

12. Astragalus lener is now to be found in S. California at Soledad, near
San Diego.

13. The coast plant Boykinia occidentalis is not uncommon in the Sierras at
Emigrant Gap.

14. Psoralea physodes is abundant in the mountains at Los Angeles.

15. Hosackia decumbens, var. Nevadensis, is not annual and has no claim to
exist as a variety, as the characters given do not hold good.

16. Hosackia maritima is either pubescent or smooth, and even fleshy, and
extends far into Lower California.

17. The leaflets of Vicia Americana, var. truncata, are often deeply emarginate.

18. Sambucus bipinnatifida ranges south at least to Eucenada, Mexico.

Marcus E. Jones, Salt Lake City.

Galinsoga parviflora, a nettle-like Composite from S. America, is abund-
ant and fully established along the streets and in neglected gardens near Union
Park, in Chicago. — J. C. A.

284 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Notelets.— It is well known that the milkweeds (Aselepias) often catch in-
sects in their flowers. In the Botanic Garden at Cambridge I have frequently
seen small moths hanging by their proboscides to certain foreign Asclepiads.
The other day I found our common little red butterfly (Lyccena Americana, Har-
ris) entangled in the same way by the flowers Aselepias Cornuti, Decaisne.

The same day I was attracted to two fine specimens of the Argynnis but-
terfly on one of the swamp thistles. I wondered why they were so quiet. Ex-
amination revealed a spider of almost the exact colors of the involucral scales.
He had already sucked dry one specimen and was at work on the other.

I have frequently, in New Brunswick, observed gigantic single specimens of
Habenaria fimbriata, B. Br. It remained for Bhode Island to show me a group
of a dozen or more of these elegant plants together. I found them, a few days
since, near Buttonwoods, Warwick, K. I., growing in a deep, woody hollow, near
a stream. It was a sight to always remember. — W. Whitman Bailey.

Sarcodes sangllinea. — The Gardeners' Monthly contains the following on
the Snow Plant (Sarcodes sanguinea), by Thomas Meehan, " as the result of many
examinations, to be an annual, germinating on small pine roots and subse-
quently obtaining subsistence from the earth, as do Aphyllon and Epiphegus."

I very much doubt the correctness of this statement, and as truth should
be the object of all investigation, I give the result of some of my observations,
made during a residence of seventeen years in the home of Sarcodes, and invite
farther inquiry from those who are interested.

My attention was first called to the peculiar growth of Sarcodes as early as
1865, by a plant brought me by a brother, who was working in a hydraulic
mine at the time (he had piped it out). The under-ground stem measured
three feet, and a part was broken off. It is a common saying among the miners
that " the roots of the ' Snow Plant' have no end."

During the years 1875 and 1876 my attention was more particularly given
to the growth of Sarcodes, to ascertain if it was really a parasitic plant, and
from what roots it drew its nourishment.

The under-ground stem is covered with thick, fleshy leaves (or scales), and
in the axil of each leaf is an undeveloped flower bud. The stem, in the smaller
plants, extends down only a few inches, while in the larger ones it reaches a
depth of three feet or more. The root consists of a coralline mass, which con-
tains from one to more than one hundred cubic inches, according to size and
age of the plant. The descending axis is attached to this mass by short, brittle
roots, about one inch in length.

I have dug dozens of these plants, and at all seasons of the year. Always
found the coralline mass greatest about the time they began to appear above
the ground in early spring. It is gradually absorbed in growing, leaving a
honey-combed appearance in the soil. When the growth for the season is com-
pleted, there only remains about one cubic inch of the mass, and just below and
a little to one side of the old under-ground stem, and attached to the mass of
root, is a little "snow plant."

In the spring of 1878, I marked the place of growth of a number of these
plants, as I had promised roots of them to Mr. El wees, of England, and friends

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 285

in the East, who wished to try to grow them. I dug some of these plants in
November, after the rains had commenced, and discovered that the root mass
and little plantlet had greatly increased in size. I dug some of the staked
plants early in March, and found them still progressing in growth, and others
that were not dug came up and bloomed by the stakes.

My conclusions are, that Sareodes is an herbaceous perennial, continuing
through many years, and, by the little plantlet always being found beloiv the
older one, that it descends a little deeper into the earth each season, and this
accounts for the great depth to which some of the under-ground stems penetrate.

As to the germination and infant life of Sareodes I know nothing, but am
satisfied that they receive their nourishment from the earth after they attain
any considerable size. — Mrs. R. M. Austin.

New Indiana Plants. — Four species have just been added to the list of
known Indiana plants, viz : Asclepias phytolaccoides, growing abundantly in the
college grounds at Wabash College, Crawfordsville ; Habenaria orbiculata, Avil la,
Ind.; Epilobium augustifolium ; and Sambucus pubens.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

Prof. Bureau has been appointed Director of the Jardin des Planles in
place of the late M. Decaisne.

Prof. Lucien M. Underwood has been elected Professor of Geology,
Zoology, and Botany in Syracuse University.

The Department of Agriculture report for 1881-2, contains some in-
teresting matter pertaining to bacterial subjects, illustrated with several colored
and uncolored plates.

Thomas J. Howell, in Pop. ScL Monthly, shows that N. Am. plants can be
divided into three or four distinct floras, corresponding to the different geolog-
ical formations they inhabit.

Extensive preparations are being made by the Chicago scientific pub-
lic for the American Association of Microscopists, which holds its annual meet-
ing in that city from August 7 to 10. A large attendance is anticipated.

The library, of Prof. J. Decaisne, probably one of the finest in Botany,
Horticulture and general Natural History sold since Jussieu's time, was sold in
Paris last month. The catalogue, containing a portrait of Decaisne, and a bi-
'ography by Bornet, covered 480 pages.

It is to be hoped that there will be a large attendance of botanists at the
A. A. A. S. meeting at Minneapolis, beginning August 15th. No better place
for botanists could have been selected, and every moment can be made pleas-
ant, not only in exploring new ground, but in that congenial companionship
which the western worker, particularly, is denied during the greater part of the
year. The biological section under Prof. Beal ought to be of great interest,
and botanists should make a strong rally to its support.

2

286 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

The Torrey Bulletin's " Contributions toward a list of the State and
Local Floras of the U. S.," appears with its fourth part in the number for June,
being devoted to the "Southern States." Kentucky is credited with 11 lists,
Tennessee with 1, Alabama 1, Mississippi 1, Louisiana 3, Arkansas 2, Texas 5.

Dr. Hermann Muller concludes that the flowers of Pulmonaria officinalis
change from red to blue, as they grow older, in order to indicate to the intelli-
gent bees (Anthophora pilipes, F.) which fertilize it, which flowers should be vis-
ited by them for their own and the plant's profit. One bee which he watched
visited 182 red to 10 blue ones.

Col. R. H. Beddome has just published a hand-book of Indian ferns. It
covers the same area as that included in Hooker's " Flora of British India," and
includes 25 per cent, of all the known ferns. It is the first attempt to study In-
dian ferns in the field, and the result is most satisfactory, the species num-
bering 061, grouped under 98 genera. There are 300 illustrations.

P. C. Smith, Esq., of Circleville, Ohio, gives in the Pop. Sci. Monthly some
strong evidence in favor of the idea that the rings of growth in trees are annual
rings. The evidence relates principally to oaks, and is based upon the " hacks "
made by old government surveyors of known date. A counting of rings from
the " hacks " out corresponds in every case to the number of years known to have
elapsed.

In Hackel's recent monograph of the European Festucrr there is very care-
ful and minute work in the grouping of forms. For instance, F. orina has 9
sub-species, the first sub-species (Eu-ovina by name) has 8 varieties with names,,
the var. vulgaris having 5 named sub-varieties, the var. durivscuh 7, etc. F. rubra
has 6 sub-species, some of which have seven varieties, and some of these as many
sub-varieties.

Prof. W. C. Willtamson adduces (vide articles in journals) additional
evidence confirmatory of Prof. A. Dickson's interpretation of the morphology
of the pitchers of Cephaloius follieularis. His testimony seems to leave little
room for doubt that the petiole of the true leaf is identical with the petiole of
the pitcher, which is formed by the pouching of the leaf blade and covered by
the lid, an outgrowth from the upper surface of the blade.

In an interesting note in Science, Prof. N. S. Shaler discusses the function
of the "knees "of the swamp cypress [Taxodium distichum). He concurs with
the common explanation that they permit the access of air to the roots. He
also considers that we have in it the case of the survival of a species
owing to a peculiar habit of growth. These cypresses, when grown upon dry
ground, develop no such thing as "knees," but when driven to the" water these
begin to develop. In this way a " peculiar organ is developed for a special
purpose," and, crowded from the dry ground by the broad-leaved trees, it has
sought and found safety in the swamps.

Winter has some interesting notes in the May Hedwic/ia on N. American
fungi. He considers ^Eeidium hemisphazrium Peck on Mulgedium, to belong to
Puccinia Prenanthis; and the teleutospores of a Puccinia, found by A. B. Sey-
mour in Illinois, on Lophahthus nepetoides, he refers to P. verrucosa. What is tin-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 287

doubtedly the latter species was found by the writer near Chicago a few days
since on L. swophuUiricefoliw, He also advocates keeping the JEcidivm on Ran-
unculus abortims {JE. Ranunculi Schw.) as a species separate from JE. Ranuncula-
eearum DC, which is common to many Ranunculacece, and suggests that it may
belong to some Uromyces on a monocotyledonous host.

CURRENT LITERATURE.

Supplement to the Catalogue of the Davenport Herbarium. — This brings the Fern*
Catalogue up to March, 1883, and contains valuable notes on various species, .
by Mr. George E. Davenport. Mr. Davenport also publishes a very neat and
convenient Check List of N. A. Ferns, including 32 genera, 161 species, and 24
varieties.

Botanische Mikrochemie, by V. A. Poulsen, translated from the Danish by
Carl Miiller. pp. xvi, 83. Cassel : Theodor Fischer. — The publication by
Mr. Penhallow of his "Vegetable Histology" recalls a little book by the above
title, which, though published more than a year ago, has not received the at-
tention in this country which it deserves. To every reader of German it will
commend itself at once, and its German is so easily read that even a student
with but a cursory knowledge of the language will find little difficulty in pick-
ing out from it much that is useful. The first part of the book is devoted to
" The Microchemical Reagents and their Use." Under this head fifty reagents
are named. The manner of using each and the reactions for which they are
used are clearly and briefly stated. To this part is appended a few pages treat-
ing of preservative media and cements. The second part enumerates " The
Plant-substances and the Method of their Detection." Forty-one substances
are given, together with the reagents and methods to be used for their detection.
Altogether, a more useful little book could hardly be found. It should be in
every laboratory and on every working table. It is much to be hoped that
some one may soon obtain the right of translating it into English, that its use-
fulness to English and American students may be enhanced. It is to be regret-
ted that the only similar book in English, Penhallow's "Vegetable Histology,"
was so marred by the publisher, in order that it might minister to his pride in
heavy paper and wide margins. Notwithstanding the fact that Poulsen's
book contains twice as many pages and nearly three times as much matter, it
can be sold for 3 marks instead of $1.20. The book is an inch and a half nar-
rower and two and a half shorter than Penhallow's, and yet the printed page is
larger. Moreover it is bound as a hand-book should be, so that it will lie open
at any page. We hope Mr. Penhallow will see to it that when a second edition
of his book comes out it shall not sacrifice usefulness to looks.

On the Relations of Micro- Organisms to Disease, by Dr. W. T. Belfield, of Rush
Medical College. Chicago, 1883. 12o., 131 pp. Illust.

Bacteria and the Germ Theory of Disease, by Dr. H. Gradle, of the Chicago
Medical College. Chicago, 1883. 8o., 219 pp.

These works treat the subject in a comprehensive, careful and judicious man-
ner. They have the merit of presenting the great mass of information on the
'subject, which is largely the work of foreign biologists, and consequently pub-
lished in foreign languages, in a well digested and readable form. While pri-
marily addressed to the medical fraternity, they are equally intelligible and
instructive to all who are interested in the role of bacteria or the etiology of
disease. As the works have a pathological aim, they contain no characteriza-
tion of species or systematic classification. Much attention is deservedly given
to methods of manipulation and the trustworthiness of observers. References
to authors and their works are ample, thus facilitating the consultation of the

288 BOTANIACL GAZETTE.

original sources of information, if one desires to form an independent judgment.
The first mentioned work contains eighteen excellent cuts from photomicro-
graphs, partly original, and all new to American readers; it also has an ap-
pendix, giving methods of staining and manipulation for the detection and
study of bacteria. The second work is to be commended for the very full table
of contents and index.

ARTICLES IN JOURNALS.

Baker, J. G.— Synopsis of the Genus Selaginella (continued from p. 145) (2 new species),

Jour. Bot. 21. 210.
Beddome, Col. R. H.— Review of his " Hand-book to the Ferns of India," by J. G. Baker,

Nature, 28. 116.
Brown, J.— Leaves and their Environment, Nature, 28. 55.
Davenport, Geo. E.— A new Fern (Cheilanthes Pringlei, from S. E. Ariz.), with plate,

Ton: Bull. 10. 61.
Dingler, H.— Contributions to the Oriental Flora, II. Flora, May 11.
DOWSON, S. S.— Ground Ivy, Nature, 28. 126.
Ellis, J. B.— Notes on the Study of Fungi, Am. Nat. 17. 782.
Fehlner.— Leskea (?) Heldreiehii Fehlner n. sp. (with plate), Flora, May 21.
Fischer, Dr. Alfred.— Investigations upon the Parasites of the Saprclegnia?, reviewed by

Busgen, Bot. Zeit. May 18.
Fitzgerald, R. D.— New Australian Orchids (4 species), Jour. Bot. 81. 203.
Gardner, J. S.— Reply to Nathorst on Fossil Algse, Nature, 28. 52.
Godleuski, ('.—Contributions to a Knowledge of the Respiration of Plants, reviewed by

W. Detmer, Bot. Zeit. June 1.
Goeppert and Menge.— Review of their "Amber Flora," by J. Starkie Gardner, Nature,

28. 152.
Goethe, R.— The Injuries of Frost to Fruit Trees and their Prevention, reviewed by Paul

Soraner, Bot. Zeit. June 8.
Hance, H. F.— Three new Chinese Begonias, Jour. Bot. 21. 202.
Hick, Thomas.— Notes on Ranunculus Ficaria, Jour, Bot. 21. 198.

Hoffman, H.— Culture-investigations upon Variation (continued), Bot. Zeit. May 18 and 25.
Howell, Thomas J.— The Geological Distribution of N. Am. Forests. Pop. Sci. Month.

23. 517.
KUSTH, H.— Bacterium Zopfii, with 1 plate, Bot. Zeit. June 8, 15 and 22.
Layakd, E. L —The Sacred Tree of Kum-Bum, Nature, 28. 79.

Meyer, A.— Contributions to the Knowledge of Important Pharmaceutical Plants, re-
viewed, Bot. Zeit. June 15.
Mueller, J.— Anatomy of the Bark of Trees, reviewed by Loew, Bot. Zeit. June 8.
Mueller, F. v.— Plurality of Cotyledons in the Genus Persoonia, reviewed by Peter, Bot.

Zeit. June 1.
Mueller, Hermann.— Effect of the change of color in flowers of Pulmonaria officinalis

upon its fertilizers, Nature, 28. 81.
Mueller, Dr. J.— Lichenographical Contributions, XVIII. Flora, June 1.
Nathorst, A. G.— Fossil Alga?, Nature, -28. 52.
Nordeneskiold, A. E.— The Scientific Results of the Vega Expedition, reviewed by E.

Koehne, But. Zeit. June 22.
Pax, Dr. Peril— Flora of the Rehhorn near Schatzlar (continued), Flora, May 11.
Peck, ('has. H.--A new Fern Rust (on Cheilanthes Pringlei), Torr. Bull. 10. 61,
PLOWRIGHT, C. B.— Classification of Uredines (giving the British species), Grt v.
Progel, Dr. A.— Flora of the District of Wajdmiinchen, reviewed by Peter, Bot. Zeit. June 1.
Rolfe. R. A.— Notes on Carrutbersia and Voacanga, Jour. Bot, 21. 20(3.
Scribner, F. Lamson.— A list of Grasses from Wash. Terr. (2 new species, with cuts), Ton:

Ball. 10.68.
Siiai.icr, N. s.— The American Swamp Cypress, Science, 2. 38.

Stahl, E.— Influence of Sunny or Shady Places upon the Formation of Foliage Leaves, re-
viewed by Wortmann, Bot. Zeit. May 18.
Tangl, E.— On the Division of the Nucleus in Spirogyra (with 2 plates), Akad. d. Wissens.,

Wirn. 85. 268.
Townsend, Frederic— Review of his "Flora of Hampshire," by James Britten, Nature,

28. 122.
Trelkase, Wm.— On the Structures which Eavor Cross-fertilization in several Plants, re-
viewed bv Hermann Muller, Bot. Zeit. June 1.
!'-. ii mm owiTZi F —Is there an < (ptimum of Transpiration '.' Bot. Zeit. June 1.
Williamson, W. C— On Morphology of the Pitcher of Cephalotus follicularis, Nature,

28. 1 10.
Winter, G.— On some N. Am. Fungi (4 from 111., 1 from Ky.i, Hedw. May.
Zalewski, A.— Upon the Formation and Separation of Spores in Fungi, Flora, May 21,

coiil. June 1.

Catalogue of Indiana Plants,

This catalogue, which has been published in the Gazette in the form of extra sheets,
has now been bound in a neat pamphlet, of over 40 pages, with a map: Persons desiring
copies can procure them at the rate of 35 cents per copy, or three for $1.00, by addressing
either,
or Prof. Chas. R. Barnes, JOHN M. COULTER,

LaFayette, Ind. Crawfordsville, Ind.

kits from the Cascade Mountains.

The undersigned has new sets of Washington plants. The larger number of species
are both in fruit and flowers. Some are new. Full sets sold at the rate of $8 per hundred.
Desiderata, 10 and 15 cents each, according to the number selected. 8®~Send for lists.

W. N. SUKSDORF,

6t White Salmon, W. T.

BOTAlTI^AL_PAPBR.

E. MORRISON,
PAPEE WAEEHOUSE,

No. 805 D Street, Washington, D. C.

Standard Herbarium Paper, 21 and 30 lbs., at $4.50 and 16.00 per ream. Genus Covers,
standard size (16% by 24) and weight, best quality, at 2 to 5 cents a piece. Drying paper
always kept on hand. Can furnish any size or weight,

The Botanical Gazette

Will be sent with the following periodicals at the rates mentioned :

Am. Agriculturist (81.60 a year) $2.00 Scientific American ($3.20 a year) $3.60

Am. Micr. Jour. ($1.00 a year) 1.80 Torrey Bulletin ($1.00 a year) 1.85

Gardener's Monthly ($2.10 a year) 2.40 Leisure Hour 1.50

FLORA OF NEVADA,

CALIFORNIA, UTAH, ETC.

Having botanized extensively in Nevada, California, Mexico, etc , during the past sea-
son, I have seventeen hundred species of plants, of the year's collecting, ready for dis-
tribution. There is a larger number of new species than visual. Many of the plants of
Nevada, etc., are represented in very few herbaria. A complete list, 10 cents. Selections
or sets will be sold. This list, with those of previous years, covers nearly nine-tenths of
all species found west of the Missouri river and north of Arizona. These lists complete
representing over 4,000 species), 50 cents. MARCUS E. JONES, A. M.,

Salt Lake City, Utah.

Flora of Eastern Oregon.

The subscriber is offering, at very reasonable rates, plants from this region, many of
unusual interest.

For list and terms, address WM. C. CUSICK,

Union, Oregon.

./"ITT TJ,/"TTZ" T TQ'T'Q of ^orth American Polypetalse and Gamopetalse
\_J f~i P-il_y r\ * I J I D J. O after Compositae. Very useful for exchanges and
herbarium lists. One copy of each list 25 cents. Five copies of each S1.00.

OTTATTTQ /^V ^ \7~ tTT? Q Printed Labels for Gen cs Covers. Just
\JX-Oj1_N LJ O KjKJ V JjjJLVO* what every Collector wants, now or some
time in the future. Order them now. In old collections they can be put on over the
written names, and are much neater. Send for samples and prices to

H. N. PATTERSON,

Oquawka, Illinois.

tfjTIn every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette.

enea.

The undersigned now has in the printer's hands a Sujtj.kment to his Catalogue of
the "Dav. Herb.," giving all the later additions, with notes as before. A few copies of the
original Catalogue remain unsold ami will be sent with Supplement to any address for 50
«ents each. Single copies of the Supplement 10 cents. Ready in April. A new Check
List, alphabetically arranged for exchanges, embracing all species (163) and well estab-
lished varieties to date, has also been prepared and will be printed, if a sufficient number
■of orders are received. The price to be 2a cents a doz., or 5 doz. for $1.00.

GEO. E. DAVENPORT, Medford, Mass.

Flora of the Pacific Slope.

PRINGLE'S DISTRIBUTION OF 1882.

The subscriber offers sets of nearly 500 species collected in Arizona, California, and
Lower California, which include many new species, or old ones but rarely represented in
collections. Special attention has been given to ligneous species. He is confident that
his specimens will give the same satisfaction as heretofore. Having supplied himself
with many duplicates extra to his set--, lie is able to furnish selections, and will be
pleased to exchange these for fine representations of many American species. Lists and
terms furnished.

C. G. TRINGLE,

d-j East Charlotte, Vt.

Plants of Southern California.

We have printed a supplementary list, comprising the plants collected by us the past
season. It contains about 500 species, including some which are new or rare. A copy wifl.
• lie sent free to those wishing to purchase specimens; others will please inclose ten cents.
. A few copies of last year's list may be had on the same terms.

PARISH BROTHERS,

San Bernardino, California.

Vol. VIII.

No. 9.

.00 per Year.

Single Numb^j^MLJOmts^

^

Thex

* CLXf 3 <t

^*

YQRV<*

Botanical Gazette.

^SEPTEMBER, 1883

CONTE1TTS.

A Letter from Dr. Torrey to Amos Eaton. Jos. F. James 289

Botany at the Minneapolis Meeting of the A. A. A. S. J. M. C. 291

•General Notes 295

Aquilegia longissima.— Some Rhode Island Notes.— Mitella diphylla.— Botanists
and Botanizing at Minneapolis. — Chlorophyll corpuscles and Pigment bodies.—
The Genera Plantarum. — Injurious Parasitic Plants.

Editorial Notes 29!i

Current Literature 302

Articles in Journals 304

Editor :

JOHN M. COULTER, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind.

Associate Editors :

C. R. BARNES, Purdue University, LaFayette, Ind.
J. C. ARTHUR, Charles City, Iowa.

INDIANAPOLIS:

HARLON & HOLLENBECK, PRINTERS AND BINDERS.

1883.

EATES OF

Subscription and Advertisement.

Subscription, $1.00 per year, in advance ; single numbers, 10 cents.

In no case will stamps of larger denomination than three cents be accepted
in payment.

A complete set of back numbers is constantly kept on hand, which are sold
at full rates, except that any six volumes may be obtained for $5.

This journal will invariably be stopped when the subscription has expired.

All subscriptions, unless otherwise ordered, will be considered as beginning
with the current volume.

Contributors, upon application before publication, shall be entitled to 25
extra copies of their papers, but in no case will full copies of the Gazette be
sent, except at the rate of 75 cents per dozen.

Rates for advertisements are as follows :

One page for one insertion, $8 ; one-half page, $-4, etc. No advertisement
will be inserted for less than $1, the price of cne-eighth page for one insertion-
Special rates will be given upon application in the case of continued ad-
vertisements.

g@TWe would call the attention of advertisers to the above liberal rates.
The circulation of the Gazette, both in this country and in Europe, justifies
us in claiming for it a place among the best mediums for reaching the scien-
tific world, and we can assure advertisers that they will obtain an audience in
all the botanical laboratories of this country and Europe, as well as among
college men and working botanists.

The Associate Editors are authorized to receive contributions and to con-
tract for advertisements, but all money should be sent direct to

JOHN M. COULTER,

Crawfordsville, Ind.

Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VIII.

SEPTEMBER, 1883.

No. 9.

A Letter from Dr. Torrey to Amos Eaton.

In lieu of a biographical sketch this month the following ex-
tracts from a letter of Dr. John Torrey to Amos Eaton are given :

" Dear Friend : — I send you a copy of the Constitution,
etc., of our Society which we formed last winter. We are now in
possession of our room in the New York Institution — we have
already a considerable collection of minerals, plants, insects, etc.
You may see an account of the Society in Bigelow Magazine.
We meet once a week, have plenty of business, and I assure you
we are in a. great way. The resident members are mostly young
men, and very zealous. Rafinesque, Knevely and myself were
lately sent on an expedition to explore the Highlands, where we
found some new species of plants. Rafinesque found two new fish.
I have returned and left them there ; they are going to explore
the Shawangunk and Catskill mountains before they return. Send
me every new thing you hear of relating to natural history, all
your remarkable observations relating to the physiology of
.plants, etc. The Lyceum have resolved to publish a catalogue
of the plants growing within thirty miles of New York. Rafin-
esque, Knevely and myself are a committee to carry it into effect.
It was our intention at first to have given a flora with full de-
scriptions, but found it a much greater labor than we expected,
so have put it off till next spring — in the meantime the catalogue
will appear.

"Send all your doubtful plants. I expect we can ascertain
them among us, as we have several good botanists among us.
Send particularly your grapes and ferns. Your Sanguisorba
media is Plantago Virginica ! I shall send you duplicates of all
my new species that I have, with descriptions.

" Who understands the grapes and Cryptogamia best that
you are acquainted with? Send me word, I should like to corres-
pond and exchange with him.

290 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

" Eddy and myself are now arranging his herbarium, which
is in great confusion — the most of his plants he has not seen for
several years. The whole he has deposited in the Lyceum. It
contains many plants from the pine barrens of New Jersey, many
from Georgia by Le Conte, some Of which are new. Many of
Pursh's new species were furnished him by Le Conte, Eddy, etc.,
for which he has not made any acknowledgement. Rafinesque
discovered Drosera filiformis in 1802, and published it in 1811
in his Precis des Decouvertes (#) ; this and many other species
Pursh has stolen.

"The circular address of Rafinesque which I send you will
give you some idea of his character. He is the the best naturalist
I am acquainted with, but he is too fond of novelty. He finds
too many new things. All is new ! new ! He has an opinion
that there are no plants common to Europe and America. Gali-
um aparine is G. aparinoides, Raf., etc., etc.

" I have lately had a great dispute with Raf. respecting Bol-
ton's Fungi, whether it was of Halifax in Nova Scotia or Eng-
land. He asserted that it was Halifax in England, and I as
strongly denied it, but on referring to the copy in the Hosp.
Library, I was obliged to give up I believe you were as much
mistaken as I was.

" I suppose you are tired of reading, so farewell.

"Your friend,

" P. S. We have received Elliott's Botany of Carolina and
Georgia, as far as Pentandria digyna, 1 vol., 8vo. It contains
full descriptions as far as it goes, and is the best book on Ameri-
can botany ever published. Tell me whether you want any sub-
scriptions for your Botany of the Northern States; if you do I can
get about sixty in the course of a week (I think). It would be
a good time to publish it now, as you may [be] anticipated by some
other botanist if you delay it till next summer. Eddy has pro-
posed to me to publish with him a flora of one hundred miles
around New York. We have together about 1,400 species, but

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 291

I do not think myself competent to join in so important a work.
If I can render you any assistance by communicating to you de-
scriptions or specimens of plants, I shall do it with the greatest
pleasure."

Remarks. — These extracts include all of the botanical matter
of this letter. There is no date, but we can judge that from various
allusions. The Lyceum of Natural History to which he refers
was founded in 1820, I think, and this is a year after. Elliott's
Botany was published (Vol. I.) in 1821. The letter is specially
interesting as containing an opinion of Rafinesque by one of his
contemporaries, and one who apparently knew him very well.
"He is the best naturalist I am acquainted with," are the words,
"but he is too fond of novelty. He finds too many new things —
all is new ! new ! " a fault which is common to many even of our
modern scientists, and for which Rafinesque ought not to be
blamed any more than another. — Jos. T. James.

Botany at the Minneapolis Meeting of the A. A. A. S.

This meeting was a memorable one for botanists, there being
more in attendance than ever before, and for the first time botan-
ical papers were in the majority in the section of biology. But,
after all, the interest at such a time is not so much in the papers
read as in the personal contact of the workers who may long
have known of each other but never have met, and for whom
the clasp of the hand and the glance of the eye cements a friend-
ship already formed. At such times beginners meet with the
leaders whose names are household words, and find them genial,
hearty, whole-souled men, with a cheering word for all, and they
return with fresh zeal to their work ; at the same time these lead-
ers have largely augmented their following. Botanical zeal ran so
high that it finally culminated in the formation of an American
Botanical Club, having no constitution or by-laws, but simply to
be an association of botanists who are members of the A. A. A. S.,
for the purpose of general botanical conference and excursions
during the meetings of the American Association. Prof. W. J.
Beal was chosen President, and Prof. J. M. Coulter Secretary of
this club, which expects to enter fairly on its work at the next
meeting in Philadelphia. The members enrolled at Minneapolis
are as follows: W. J. Beal, J. M Coulter, W. G. Farlow, C. E.
Bessey, J. C. Arthur, W. R. Dudley, Dr. Geo. Vasey, Dr. E L.
Sturtevant, Lillie J. Martin, Mrs. Ellen B. Reed, Dr. P. R. Hoy,
N. S. Townshend, Warren H. Manning, Sadie M. Manning, C.

292 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

V. Riley, Robert P. Bigelow, Jos. F. James, B. P. Colton, E. S.
Bastin, S. A. Forbes, F. A. Gulley, Ellen E. Smith, Leander
Stone, Mrs. Leander Stone, E. W. Claypole, W. R. Lazenby, W.
M. Canby, J. W. Chickering, Edw. Pennock, John M. Hol-
zinger, thirty in all, and from thirteen different States. A com-
mittee was appointed consisting of Profs. Coulter, Farlow and
Bessey to consider the subject of domestic and foreign postage
upon botanical specimens. This committee is instructed, by cor-
respondence or otherwise, to obtain information as to grievances,
and to send a remonstrance in the name of the association to the
proper authorities. They expect to be able to present a favorable
report at the Philadelphia meeting.

At a second meeting of the Club, Prof. E. S. Bastin, of the
Chicago College of Pharmacy, read a paper entitled, " A fact
bearing upon the evolution of the genus Cypripedium,'' which
was followed by considerable discussion, chiefly upon teratologi-
cal matters, in the course of which Prof. Bessey took occasion to
express a very decided opinion about laying too much stress
upon monstrosities. Dr. W. G. Farlow also gave an exceedingly
interesting talk upon some of the common parasitic cryptogams
which are most convenient and useful for class work, and many
ideas were obtained which will blossom out in more than one
laboratory this fall and winter.

At a third meeting of the Club, a committee was appointed to
provide for meetings and excursions at Philadelphia next sum-
mer, and, as this city is a perfect nest of botanists, and within
easy reach of many more, an outpouring of botanists is expected.
With the rich collections of the Academy of Sciences, the famous
ballast grounds, the New Jersey barrens, etc., there need be no
lack of profitable excursions. The committee to perfect all these
arrangements consists of Prof. J. C. Arthur, of Chicago, and
J. H. Redfield, Esq., of Philadelphia, who have power to ap-
point a third member. At this same meeting W. M. Canby,
Esq., was present, just returned from his northern boundary sur-
vey, where he was officially looking after grazing lands, but at
the same time keeping his eyes open botanically. He gave the
Club some account of the region traversed, and the characteristics
of the vegetation, calling attention particularly to the comming-
ling of Pacific coast and Rocky mountain forms as the mountains
approach the British boundary.

Several small excursions were made, all of which resulted
very profitably, but owing to the impossibility of arranging any-
thing more than a few hours in advance, they were more slimly

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 293

attended than need be hereafter. Botanists should go to Phila-
delphia next year with specimens, queries and anything of botan-
ical interest, as the Club will give abundant opportunity for
informal discussions that could find no place in the regular sec-
tional meetings of biology.

In regard to the botanical work done at Minneapolis during
the sessions of the section of biology, the following account will
give some idea. The papers are numbered in the order of their
presentation, without any reference to their association numbers.

1. Prof. W. J. Beal, as Vice President of Section F, gave
the customary address at the opening of the sessions, showing
the important relations existing between agriculture and botany.
The address will speedily appear in full in Science.

2. Dr. E. L Sturtevant read a paper upon " Parallelism
of structure of Maize and Sorghum Kernels," in which it was
very clearly shown that what must be considered as three dis-
tinct species of corn have been produced artificially, the regions
of chit, starch and corneous layer appearing quite constantly dif-
ferent in cross sections of flint, dent and pop-corn.

3. D. P. Penhallow presented a paper on the *' Relation of
root and leaf areas; Corn," which, in the author's absence, was
read by abstract.

4. E W. Claypole read a paper entitled " Note on the
present condition of the Box Huckleberry, Vaccinium brachycer-
um, in Perry county, Penn." A very satisfactory conclusion^
this paper was reached when the author stated that he had with
him for distribution specimens of this very rare plant.

5. Dr. E. L. Sturtevant. speaking of " Influence of posi-
tion on seed," showed by numerous experiments that in the case
of corn, at least, position goes for a great deal.

6. Dr. E. L. SruRTEVANT, on "Agricultural Botany," struck
out boldly in a new and very important field. He claimed that
all fixed varieties of the agriculturist and horticulturist are fit
subjects of classification, and that for convenience of identifica-
tion they should be classified. Such arrangement, however,
should not be made to coincide with ordinary botanical classifi-
cation, for in the latter species are treated as the resultants of
natural forces ; but in order to produce the varieties of agricul-
ture and horticulture an entirely new force comes into play,
namely, the intelligence of man, and its results should be classi-
fied on a new basis. A scheme was hinted at, but not clearly
defined; but enough was given to make it evident that the author
had opened up a new world of labor, which it is for him now to

294 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

cultivate, and which will amply repay investigation in many
more directions than agriculture and horticulture.

7. Miss M. E. Murtfeldt read a paper upon the " Perio-
dicity of Sabbatia angulaiis," in which a period of seven years
was made out, the explanation of which was in vain sought for.

8. Prof. W. R. Dudley presented a paper upon "An ab-
normal Orchid ; Habenaria hyperborea." It seems that the author
discovered many spikes of this species in which the flowers were
spurless, which fact was abundantly testified to by the display of
specimens.

9. Prof. W. R. Dudley also spoke of the " Origin of the
Flora of the central New York lake region," giving it as his
opinion that the origin of the flora of this very peculiar region
must be looked for to the north and west.

10. Prof. John M. Coulter read a paper upon the " De-
velopement of the Dandelion Flower," which was an embryolog-
ical study. The results obtained are noted elsewhere in this
number.

11. Prof. W. J. Beal spoke of the " Leaves of the Gram-
inese with closed sheaths," bringing up several instances to illus-
trate the statement.

12. Prof. J. C. Arthur spoke of "A supposed poisonous
seaweed in the lakes of Minnesota," a paper which probably ex-
cited greater local interest than any paper presented to the
section. The summer before Prof. Arthur had received speci-
mens of water from certain Minnesota lakes which seemed to be
fatal to cattle drinking it. The specimens were found to contain
an alga which is probably Rivularia fluitans. A visit to one of
the lakes showed these minute balls occurring in vast quantities,
forming a thick ecum on the surface. Such masses exposed to
the sun and decaying gave off an offensive odor, and in this con-
dition were apparently fatal to cattle using the water. In two
or three weeks the danger was past. If this be Rivulai'ia fluitans
it is its first discovery in America, though it is now found to be
quite generally distributed in Minnesota lakes Dr. Farlow,
Prof. Arthur and the writer found an abundance of it in Lake
Minnetonka. The author did not give it as his unqualified
opinion that the plants were poisonous, but that they seemed so.

13. Joseph F. James read a paper entitled " The position of
Composite in the natural system," in which he very justly
claimed for Gamopetalm the most highly modified flowers, and
among them Composite? as of the highest rank.

14. Prof. E. S. Bastin presented a paper entitled UA fact

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 295

bearing upon the evolution of the genus Cypripedium," in which
he noted the discovery of a Cypripedium with an almost perfectly
regular flower, and from its structure called attention to the
probable morphology of the normally modified parts.

15. Dr. W. G. Farlow spoke upon ''Some Algse found in
water supplies," in which an interesting account was given of
the author's investigation of the water supply of Boston, the
Nostocs with "cucumber taste" and those with •' pig-pen odor/'
the dangers to be anticipated in using water from any lakes in
general, and Minnesota lakes in particular, and the care necessary
to avoid them. Incidental reference was also made to Prof.
Arthur's discovery of Rivuldria fluitans the year before.

16. Dr. W. G. Farlow also spoke upon " Certain parasitic
Fungi," being an account of some of the most injurious species of
the genus Peronospora.

17. C. Richardson read before the Chemical Section a
paper upon " Sotol, a Mexican forage plant." The plant in ques-
tion is Dasylirion Texanum, and is used as a forage plant in
Texas, sheep hecorning very fond of it, and when using it can do
without water for several weeks. A plain covered with it was
described as looking like a field of cabbages.

It will be seen by this hasty summary that botany was well
represented at Minneapolis, and it is the expectation that Phila-
delphia will witness a far greater gathering of botanists and
botanical papers. — J. M. C.

GENERAL NOTES.

Aquilegia longissiina is the name (for which, I believe, I am responsible)
of a species discovered by Dr. Palmer, in Northern Mexico, and distributed in
his collection. From Dr. Palmer's seeds plants were raised in the Botanic
Garden here, and probably elsewhere. Its first blossoming seemed to be out of
season, and abnormal ; but it is now blossoming well, and if by no means the
handsomest species of the genus, is the most extraordinary. It is just coming
into blossom now, in the latter days of July, when its relative, A. chrymntha,
has passed its prime. The spurs (from which it gets its name) are as much
longer than those of A. chrysantha and A. coirulea as those are of the old-fash-
ioned species. They are four inches long, and slender-filiform, even quite to
their origin. The limb of the petals, which in .4. chryscmtha often nearly
equals the sepals, and inclines to spread, is in this species about as widely
spreading and almost as long as the narrower (lanceolate) sepals, elongated-
spatulate in form, the orifice of the spur at its Y ase, abrupt and barely a line in
diameter. The flower, as in its relative, is erect or a little inclined ; the
straight spurs, with a manifest nectariferous knob at base. One would like to
know what Lepidopterous insect it is that drains it. — A. Gray.

296 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Some Rhode Island Notes. — I have long been interested in local names
of plants. Here are some Rhode Island names. Here, in Warwich, the Celtis
occidentalin has the name of "Mining berry." Hypericum Sarothra is called
" Louseweed," because the seed-pods crack between the fingers in a rather sug-
gestive manner. In South Kingston I am told that the country people have
corrupted Rhododendron into '"Witch-of-Endor," showing what sound will do
for philology.

I find ants visiting the cup-shaped glands at the buses of the leaves of Cas-
sia Chamcecrista, which are nectar-secreting. Is there any reciprocal benefit?

W. W. Bailey.

Mitella diphylla. — The flowers of Mitella diphylla are almost at right an-
gles to the scape, and are arranged on the § plan. But the fruiting specimens
have a cup-shaped pod, which is always perfectly erect, bearing in its open cav-
ity the seeds. In order to assume this erect position, since all the scapes are
more or less slanting, the fleshy pedicels must take a one-sided arrangement,
and on horizontal scapes this twisting of the pedicels places the pods again at
right angles to the scaj>e. — Aug. F. Foerste, Dayton, 0.

Botanists and Botanizing- at Minneapolis.— The meeting of the A. A.
A. S. proved, as had been hoped it would, the largest and most interesting in
the history of the Association in respect to the number and standing of the bot-
anists in attendance, and the number and importance of the botanical papers
presented. In truth, botany, for the first time took the lead in the biological
section. If the reason be sought for this awakening of a long neglected interest
it is found without difficulty. The botanical journals have had much to say
during the last year about the richness of the flora in Minneapolis and vicin-
ity. The knowledge of this fact was scarcely due to the kindling zeal of local
collectors, for Minnesota possesses but a few workers, and these exchange or
distribute little material, but is directly traceable to the Summer School of
Science, founded by the University in 1881, and which has increased in interest
and attendance each season since.

A distinctive feature of the botany given at this school has been the study
of plants irrespective of the value of their elassificatory characters, the illus-
trative examples being selected from all grades of vegetation, from the sim-
plest unicellular seaweed to the most highly differentiated composite. The
laboratory is the all-important adjunct of such a course, and in this instance
the supply of material for it came entirely from the fields as it could be found
by the instructor, or was brought in by the pupils. This scouring of highways
and byways for all manner of vegetable growths led to a recognizance of the
abundant occurrence of interesting plants, a discovery that attracted attention
in other parts of the country, and resulted in a widespread desire to see and
profit by it. The liberal policy of the College of Agriculture, in considering
and following up with an investigation the reported poisoning of cattle by
drinking lake scums directed special attention to the flora of the lakes.
Couple these facts with the conviction, that had almost become general, that
one would be likely to meet a large number of his fellow laborers at Minneap-

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

297

olis and enjoy the quickening influence of the exchange of opinions, and of so-
cial intercourse, and the increased attendance is accounted for.

A strong attempt was made to have excursions for the particular benefit ol
the botanists, but owing to the difficulty of learning the plans of the local com-
mittee in time to make corresponding arrangements, and duly notify those in-
terested, the attendance upon such as were arranged was small, much to the re-
gret of all concerned. Those who were so fortunate as to go, both specialists
and general collectors, were enthusiastic over their success in obtaining desir-
able specimens.

This experience in conserving the interests of botanical members led to the
conviction that to insure the best results there should be well-matured plans
developed before the Association convenes, and which should be so arranged as
not to conflict with other excursions or exercises. A committee was accord-
ingly appointed to attend to the matter for the Philadelphia gathering of next
year, when we may expect still larger attendance and more profitable herbor-
izing.— J. C. A.

Chlorophyll corpuscles and Pigment bodies.— Every student of plant
histology knows how impossible it is often to speak definitely with regard to
cell contents. Attempts have been made to classify them, but only in well
marked cases are they satisfactory. When any system finds its best exemplifi-
cation only in exceptional cases it is time to look for another. Schimper, at
Bonn, and Meyer, at Strassburg, have been working independently at certain
phases of this problem, and have reached a more resonable conclusion than has
ever been heretofore advanced. It looks as though the principal contents of
cells, as varied as they appear, all have a common origin, that starch-formers,
chlorophyll corpuscles and pigment bodies are related forms, sometimes even
interchangeable, and are not produced in the protoplasm of the cell. This last
statement is a regular iconoclast, for if we have ever taught anything with con-
fidence about cell contents, it has been that we would have to look to proto-
plasm as the originator of most of them, that a chlorophyll corpuscle was noth-
ing but colored protoplasm, that starch -formers were in some mysterious way
born in protoplasm and chlorophyll, etc. But now those nameless little floating
bodies, specks, needles, rods, etc., to which we have called no special attention,
are all these things in various stages of formation, are called plmtidia or plastids,
and have existed from the very first in the plant, in the embryo itself, even in
the embryo-sac and oosphere. Of course they are protoplasmic, are always
present in meristems, and by the continuous growth and division of a few
primitive plastidia the whole plant is supplied. This reduces the nomenclature
of cell contents to a more uniform basis, but of course this common origin
allows names to be applied rather to marked phases than to things which are
specifically distinct, and allows every intermediate stage. Thus leukoplaste nor-
mally come from colorless plastidia in deep-seated cells, or may be from rhloro-
plasts, or may under the action of light become cMoroplasts, or may act as
Schimper's Starkebildiier. CMoroplasts (chlorophyll copuscles) come normally
from plastidia which are originally green, but they may come from leukoplasis
exposed to the light, and often become cfkomoplasts (the pigment bodies). Chrom-

*298 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

oplasts occur of all shades from carmine-red to greenish-yellow, but never blue.
And so with chlorophyll corpuscles, pigment bodies, starch-formers and sundry
other substances closely related, we may hope that we are apjiroaching a
natural classification of oell contents. — J. M. C.

The Genera Plantarum. — In the September Am. Jour. Sci. Dr. Gray re-
prints from the Nation a notice of the completion of Bentham and Hooker's
Genera Plantarum. Begun in 1862 and finished this year, it stands as the second
great botanical work of the century, the " Prodromus " of De Candolle being
the other. Dr. Gray compares the various " Genera Plantarum " which have
been published in the following interesting way :

" Some idea of the progressive enlargement of the field may be had by a
comparison of the number of genera characterized in these successive works.
The phajnogamous genera of

Linnaeus, " Gen. PL," ed. 1, A. D. 1737, were 887

ed. 6, A. D. 1764, " 1189

Jussieu, " A. D. 1789, " 1707

Endlicher, " A. D. 1843, " (about) 6400

Bentham & Hooker, A. D. 1883, " 7585

If the last had been elaborated upon the scale of Endlicher, or with the
idea of genera which is still common if not prevalent, the number of genera
would have amounted to at least ten thousand. An estimate of the number of
known species of each genus and higher group h.as been made throughout the
work — a rough approximation only, mentioning first the number in the books,
and the number to which, in the opinion of the authors, these may probably
be reduced by the botanists who adhere to the Linnsean view of species ; from
which it appears that, upon the very strictest estimate, their number, as now
known to botanists, is at least 95,620. In round numbers, it may fairly be said
that about 100,000 species of phamogamous plants are in the hands of botanists.
The five largest orders, as well for genera as for species, are the following, and
in this rank : Composita', Leguminosa^, Orchideae. Rubiaceae, Gramineae. The
high standing of the orchid family in the list will be a surprise to many. Lin-
naeus knew only a hundred species ; five thousand is now a moderate estimate
— about half as many as there are of Composite, which hold to their propor-
tion of one-tenth of the whole. In both families every country and district is
largely peculiar in its species and types. The far greater prominence of Com-
posite over orchids is owing to the vast number of individuals in the former,
and their paucity in the latter."

Injurious Parasitic Plants.— It has become the fashion in certain quar-
ters to decry the work done by the Department of Agriculture, but this is by
no means politic or kind. The department is blessed with a maximum amount
of ambition and a minimum amount of money, and it is hard to see how it
could do more. Much good work has already been done, work that has yielded
abundant returns in the better cultivation and preservation of various crops.
(.'. V. Riley, in charge of the Entomological Commission, has well investigated
the haunts and habits of various noxious insects, and the cost of these investi-
gations has been but a trifle when compared with the damage to crops that ha>

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

299

been prevented. Such a work shows a very wise and far-sighted policy, and
undertaken, as it has been, in the true scientific spirit, it has satisfied not only
those immediately benefited, but entomologists as well. It is the densest stu-
pidity which refuses the expenditure of hundreds to save thousands, or which
looks for immediate practical results from the first appropriation. " Learn to
labor and to wait" is not a part of the average legislator's policy, to whose
mind results must be immediate or they are nothing. Now in the midst of all
this good work that is being done by the department, and that has been so
wisely provided for, why is it not seen that another great work is waiting to be
done, a work that can not be entered upon too quickly? Noxious insects are
not the only destroyers of crops, but hosts of injurious parasitic plants are
spreading everywhere. We venture to say that loss from this source is as great
as from insects. The habits of these injurious parasites have not been studied
much in this country, but there are competent men who are working at them
in a private way, but this is slow business when the country is in need. The
rusts and smuts, and molds and rots, all need studying, and there could be no
wiser appropriation of public money than to organize a commission for such
investigation on the same basis as the Entomological Commission. The De-
partment of Agriculture should make the move in this matter, and urge upon
the next Congress the necessities of the case, backed by all the scientific and
agricultural journals of the country. A laboratory for such investigations can
be fitted up with very little outlay, and with unlimited opportunity for observ-
ing these parasites over large areas the results would undoubtedly be most sat-
isfactory. There is some way of getting rid of these pests, and it can only be
found by a careful study of their life histories. Usually they pass through dif-
ferent phases upon different hosts, and these hosts may sometimes be necessary
to their further development. If then some host plant, which may be of no
economic value, is acting as a carrier of these destructive parasites to some
valuable crop, what incalculable importance it would be to know it! This is
but the vaguest kind of intimation as to the direction in which practical re-
sults might speedily be reached. A commission for the study of injurious par-
asitic plants should now be the ambition not only of the Department of Agri-
culture, but of every botanist and agriculturist in the country. — J. M. C.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

Professor Coulter gave an account of the development of the dandelion
flower before the A. A. A. S. at Minneapolis. His conclusions were: I. The
inferior ovary is produced by an arrest in the development of the Moral axis,
the rising in a peripheral ring of the floral organs, and the gradual arching
over of the cavity thus produced by the carpellary leaves; II. The syngene-
sious anthers are united by contact and pressure, but in no sense structurally :
III. The ovule is not produced directly from the axis, but is an outgrowth from
the surface (probably the mid rib) of a carpellary leaf. The paper opened up a
number of incidental questions of much interest. It will appear shortly in the
A meru-an Naturalist.

'">00 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Peronospora viticola was found on Ampelopsis at Minneapolis by Dr.
Farlow. The discovery is an important one in view of the strenuous efforts of
European countries to prevent the spread of the disease. Our native Ampelop-
sis is almost as common in many cities of Europe as in this country, and spe-
cially observable in Geneva.

Dr. J. D. Tkask, of Astoria, N. Y., has published an account of the poi-
soning of thirteen persons, belonging to several families, rive of whom died,
from eating unwholesome mushrooms. He is of the opinion (which to us does
not seem likely) that many deaths occur annually from this cause. The trou-
ble appears to come from confounding two poisonous white-gilled species of
mushrooms, Amanita phulloides and A. verna, especially the former, with edible
kinds. While a few poisonous species are to be avoided, there are, on the other
hand, many kinds that may be eaten with impunity, and of these the most de-
sirable— Agaricus campestiHs, the common mushroom with pink gills, A. procerus,
one of the largest species of the genus, Mbrchella esculenta, the morell, and Lyco-
perdon gigantewn, the great puff-ball— are so characteristic in appearance as to
offer small opportunity for mistakes, and that only to the most careless ob-
servers.

A paper, by E. W. Claypole, on the occurrence of Vaeeinium brackycerum in
Pennsylvania, read before the Minneapolis A. A. A. S., will soon appear in the
proceedings of the American Philosophical Society.

Professor Harvey, of the Arkansas Industrial University, h;is distributed
an excellent paper on the Forest Trees of Arkansas, reprinted from the Ameri-
can Journal <>/ Forestry. It is a very full account of the arboreal flora, giving
distribution and many notes of interest.

M. Ves^ue claims that the histological characters of plants can be used for
their systematic classification. It may be that the systematic classification of
plants can be made more easily than the systematic classification of their tis-
sues, but that there is endless confusion about the latter, every student of his-
tology knows. Vesque depends on such structures as stomata, hairs, the fibro-
vascular bundles, etc., and really shows that many natural groups can be made
upon the basis of such characters.

The table of contents and index for the first volume of Science are mod-
els of completeness and convenience.

It seems that atmospheric pressure must be counted as one influence on the
growth of plants. Wieler, at Tubingen, has been experimenting, and finds that
diminished atmospheric pressure induces more rapid growth, of course within
certain limits. As Dr. Goodale remarks in Science, such investigations "may
compel us to revise some notions now held in regard to the adaptation of plants
to their surroundings in past ages, and at the present time upon high moun-
tains."

Prof. Wittrook has just published, in Stockholm, a " Snow and Ice Flora,"
which is included in Baron Nordenskjold's studies in the extreme north, but is
an exhaustive account of our knowledge of the subject. Forty-seven species are
described, thirty-seven of which belong to the snow and ten to the ice. They

BOTANICAL GAZETTE

301

are almost entirely algse of microscopic size and very low organization, mostly
unicellular. The most prominent and most abundant of the plants is the fa-
mous " red snow," Sphrrella nivalis, and next to it, and the only plant limited
entirely to the ice flora, is a new species discovered by Nordenskjold and Berg-
gren and named Anculonema NordenskjoldU. This latter plant occurs in such
abundance that it gives the ground a purple-brown color, and Baron Nor-
denskjold thinks it has much to do with the melting of the ice.

It now appears that even the spermogonia of Dredinece attract insects by

a sweet secretion, and that doubtless the spermatia are carried away by them.

The Bulletin of the Buffalo Naturalists' Field Club continues in its

fourth number a goodly number of interesting botanical notes, chiefly by David

F. Day, Esq.

The First Annual Report of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station
is before us, and is full of matter interesting to botanists. The director, Prof.
W. R. Lazenby, does his work in such a scientific spirit that we expect not only
agriculture, but physiological botany to share in the results.

In the Twelfth Annual Report of the State Geologist for Indiana, just
published, is a catalogue of the plants of the central-eastern part of the state,
prepared by Dr. A. J. Phinney, of Muncie. The list is interesting in many
respects, not the least of which is that it comes from the highest ground in the
state and a region little visited by botanists.

We are surprised to learn, through a letter from De Bary to Dr. Far-
low, that Dr. Engelmann is cpiite ill at Strassburg. He sailed from this coun-
try late in June.

Too late for our last issue we learned that Poulson's Botanische Mikro-
chemie is being translated by Mr. Wm. Trelease, and what we "hoped" in the
review was already being accomplished. We understand that Cassino is to
publish it, and with a full realization that it is to be used in the laboratory. We
bespeak for it a hearty reception into the botanical laboratories of this country.

A great work is being done for botanists at the N. Y. Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, under the direction of Dr. E. L. Sturtevant, A command of
money and a most suggestive mind have made possible series of experiments
upon a more extensive scale than ever attempted in this country before. Dr.
Sturtevant, while keeping agriculture in the foreground, is quietly laying up
an immense store of material for the philosophical botanist. He is bringing
to bear upon plants every possible influence that can be made to affect their
growth, and really he is seeing incipient species springing up* under his own
manipulation andean recognize the forces that are effecting the change. Many
other experimenters in agriculture are seeing the same results, but very few
have the acuteness to discern the causes. This work has but begun, but we
look for it to become a source of unlimited material not only for the agricul-
turist but for the professional botanist. Already has Dr. Sturtevant intimated
certain results which will completely overturn and tear up by the roots some
of our preconceived notions, and one of these days we may look for something
startling.

302 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

CURRENT LITERATURE.

Notes on some Species in the third and eleventh centuries of Ellis' North American
Fungi, by W. G. Farlow. From Proc. Anier. Acad., XVIII, pp. 65-85.

This article is prefaced by an extended discussion on the proper selection
of a name for the species where several stages or forms have been described as
belonging to separate genera. To conform as nearly as possible to the general
usage of systematists, it seems necessary to adopt the oldest specific name with-
out regard to the stage for which it was used. This is tacitly admitted by the
author who objects, however, to applying the rule to Uredineous plants, owing
to the difficulty of identifying with certainty many forms named by the older
mycologists. He therefore advocates the suppression of all aecidial names and
of such uredo names as are of doubtful identity, thus confining the selection of
the name to the teleutosporic forms and the unquestionable uredo forms. This
is a commendable method on the score of accuracy, but it is to be feared will
eventually fail of success owing to the tendency to revert to the more general
usage, particularly as it is already adopted by Winter, the author of the most
important contribution to the systematic treatment of Uredinece, and other emi-
nent German writers. The period of confusion in nomenclature should be
passed as soon as possible, and an important factor in securing this end is uni-
formity of methods.

After giving a caution regarding the hasty grouping of secidial forms with
the supposed teleutosporic stages, the author proceeds to the annotation of nearly
a fourth of the species of the two centuries. No. 1003 gives an iridium on
Anemone nemorosa and on Ranunculus abortivus under the name of ^U. Ranuncu-
lacearum DC, both of which Dr. Farlow inclines to think distinct from the
true .E Ranunculacearum. No. 277-8 Oceoma luminatum is referred to at length,
and the suggestion made that it may be the secidial stage of some Phragmidium.
Nos. 247 and 248 are the forms of rust on Rhus known respectively as Pileolaria
brevipes with depressed spores, which the Doctor holds to be the uredo form, and
Uredo Toxicodendri with spirally marked ovate spores which he considers the
teleutosporic form, although Winter has reversed them. These, he thinks,
should not be separated from the genus Uromyces, and that the name to be
adopted is Urom. Toxicodendri Berk. & Hav. No. 239, the Uromyces on Sparlina
striata, described in Bulletin of Bussey Inst. II, 243, as a variety of U. fund, is
erected to a species and described as Urom. Spartince, Farlow. It has yet only
been -found at Wood's Holl, Mass. No. 240 is Urom. Peckianus, Farlow, on Briz-
opyruni spicatum, of which a description is given. It is closely related to U. Dac-
tylitis, and ranges from Mass. to N. Jer. No. 1067 is a new species of Uromyces
on Melanthera hastata, from Florida, of which a description is given as Urom.
Martinii Farlow. No. 1068 was issued as the secidial form of the last species
under the same name, but as it is found to follow instead of precede the teleu-
tosporic form, the assumption is considered hasty. No. 253, Puccinia Lobelias,
Gerard, has priority, and is to be substituted as the name for P. microsperma, er-
roneously printed P. microspora. No. 257, Puccinia aculcata, should be superce-
ded by P. Podophylli, Schw., an earlier name. No. 260, the Puccinia on Proser-
pinaca, is described as a distinct species, P. Proser pinnae, Farlow, with the
reservation that it may prove, upon examination, to be the same as that de-
scribed by Vize, from California. The species is probably wide-spread, as it
has been collected in Iowa. No. 1029, Puccinia emaculata, Schw., on Panieum
capillare, is described. It is a species whose name has been a matter of uncer-
tainty for a long time, being most often called P. Graminis var. brevicarpa, Peck,
but the examination of Schweinitzian specimens now puts the matter at rest.
No. 1051, the strange Puccinia on Bouteloua curtij>endula, is not characterized, al-
though the new name, P. vexans, Farlow, is used for it. It is so intimately asso-
ciated with Uromyces Brandegei that the two occur in the same sorus, and the
spores of the Uromyces resemble the single-celled spores of the Puccinia in all

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 303

respects, except that the former are papillate. Of course there is much proba-
bility that the two are variations of one species, as Dr. Farlow is inclined to
think, although we prefer to keep them separate till more evidence is adduced,
and do not see that the occurrence of the two forms of spores in the same sorus
is a necessary proof of their genetic connection. No mention is made of the
nredo on Bouteloua found in Iowa and described in the article on Iowa Uromy-
ces in the Bull. Minn. Acad. Sei., vol. 2, which, although described as part of
the Uromyces, may belong to either or both forms. So perplexing a case has not
before appeared. No. 1052, Puccinia Lantancr Farlow, from Bermuda, is de-
scribed. This also has single-celled teleutospores.

The Grasses of the United States, being a synopsis of the Tribes and Genera,
with descriptions of the genera, and a list of the species. By Dr. George Va-
sey, Botanist of the Department of Agriculture. Special Report— No. 63.

This, lor the first time, gets together all our grasses, that -we may look
them in the face, and a goodly array they are, with 114 genera and 589 species.
The author has long made a special study of the grasses, and this pamphlet is
the result of much careful work and the promise of a work hereafter which
will include specific descriptions. The object of the report seems to be specially
to give those west of the Mississippi river a chance to name their grasses, and a
commendable object it is, too, for botanists at the east have no conception of the
"lost feeling" of the ordinary western botanist with all the botany of his re-
gion shut up in publications which are inaccessible to him. In this pamphlet
the synopsis of the tribes and genera is chiefly a translation from Bentham and
Hooker. Our large genera are as follows : Panicum 52 species, Poa 34, Sporobo-
lus 26, Paspahim, Aristida, and Muhlenbergia each 23, Stipa, Deyeuxia (Calamaj/-
rostis) and Eragrosiis each 20. Those genera with 10 species or more begin
with Agrostis and Brornus each with 19, and then in order Festuca, Andropogon,
Bouteloua, Glyceria, Melira, Elymus, ami Triodia, under which last name it is
hard to recognize Tricuspis. Of these species we note the author's name ap-
pended to no less than 30, six of which are in the genus Poa. It is yet hard to
accustom ourselves to recognize Deyeuxia as our old Calamagrostk, or Deschamp-
sia as the larger part of Aim, or Agropyrum as Triticum in part, or Asprella as
Gymnostichum. It is a great pity that the government is so niggardly in the
printing of such a pamphlet, for the typography and general "make-up" are
very far from being what such work deserves. We understand that copies may
be had upon application to Dr. Vasey.

Contributions to American Botany. XI. ' By Sereno Watson. I. List of
Plants from S. W. Texas and N. Mexico, collected chiefly by Dr. E. Palmer, in
1879-80 (Gamopetalsfi to Acotyledones). II. Descriptions of some new west-
ern species. Proc. Am. Acad. XVIII.

These annual contributions from the Botanic Gardens at Cambridge are
always looked for with the greatest interest as containing the latest utterances
of those who are best situated in this country to express an opinion in system-
atic botany. The principal part of the present contribution is devoted to a
very interesting region, whose flora is comparatively unknown, and certainly
very unusual. S. W. Texas and N. Mexico really share in that peculiar flora
which has its beginning in S. Idaho, stretches through the Great Basin to Ari-
zona and New Mexico, and so on to Texas and Mexico. Nearly fifty new
species are described from Dr. Palmer's collection, and two new genera proposed.
They both belong to the Liliacece and are named Glyphosperma and Hemiphylacus.
The former belongs to Bentham'ssubtribe^l«</im'cefe and is "remarkable for the
large colored stigmas, the peculiar filaments, the short dorsifixed anthers, the
1-nerved perianth segments, the pitted rugose seeds, and the terete fistulous
leaves." The latter is intermediate between the Chlorogalece and the Anlhericeo?,,
and is "characterized especially by the adnate filaments, only the inner and
shorter ones antheriferous, and the scarious 1-nerved perianth-segments, in con-
nection with the tuberous roots." Both were found near Saltillo. A synopsis

304 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

is also given of the genera and species of Commelinaeeas in the U. S., Commeliua
containing 5 species, Tradescani 'ia 5, and Tinantia 1. The changes are that C.
Cayenncnxix Rich, and C. communis of Chapman, become C. nudifloi'a, Jj.', C.erecta
of Gray and Chapman is C. hirtella, Vnhl., while C. erecta, L. still ranges from
Penn. to Fla. An arrangement of the species of Bouteloua is also given, the 2f)
species being arranged under 4 sections, as proposed by Bentbam. These sec-
tions are Chondrosium with 10 species, Atheropogon with 10; Triaihera with 2,
and Polyodon with 3. B. Bwrkei, Scribner, B. Havardi, Vasey, and B. Texana,
Watson, are three species proposed as new. B. curtipendula, Ton-, becomes B.
raoemosa, Lag. The Ferns are described by Prof. Eaton and among them are
two new species of Cheilanthes. The Mosses were determined by the late Thos.
P. James, and the very few lower cryptogams by Prof. Farlow.

In the second part, which occupies but five pages, are descriptions of some
new western species, 1(J in number, from Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Califor-
nia and up the coast to Washington Territory.

Nourelles Remarques sur la Nomenclature Botanique, par M. Alph. De Can-
dolle. Geneve, 1883.

This pamphlet of 80 pages contains discussions of subjects which have
arisen since the author's publication, in 1867, of the " Lois de la nomenclature
botanique," especial attention being devoted to Dall's report on "Nomencla-
ture," etc., to the Nashville meeting of the A. A. A. S., in 1877 ; the report of M.
Donville of the Geological Congress at Bologne, in 1881, upon the same subject ;
and the rules proposed by M. draper to the Zoological Society of France, in 1881.

The first part contains some observations and discussions upon various ar-
ticles in the laws of 1807, the most important of which are concerning the point
of departure for the law of priority, the citation of authors' names, both of
species edited and inedited, and the names to be rejected or modified, and those
which should be retained in spite of some defects.

The second part deals with new questions or those concerning which the
Congress of 1807 was not specific, such as the nomenclature of organs, of fossils,
of inferior groups or varieties, the use of capitals in the specific name.

The third and last part contains the text of the laws in full as adopted by
the Congress, and indicates the proposed changes.

ARTICLES IN JOURNALS

Ellis, J. B. & B. M. Everiiakt.— New species of Fungi (6 species), Torr. Bull. 10. 76.
Farlow, W. G.— Notes on some species in the third and eleventh centuries of Ellis' N. Am.

Fungi, Proc. Am. Acad. 18. 65.
Gratacap, L. P.— The growth of plants in acid solutions, I, Am. Nat. 17. 970.
Gray, Asa.— Genera Plantarum bv Benthain and Hooker (notice of the completion of the

work), Nation. July 10, 1883 ; Am. Jour. Sci. 3. 26. 245.
Gray. Asa and J. H. Trumbull.— Review of De Candolle's Origin of Cultivated Plants,

with Annotations upon certain American Species (concluded from page 255 of Vol.

XXV.), Am. Jour. Sci. 3. 26. 128.
Hill, E. J.— Means of Plant Dispersion, Am. Nat. 17. 811.
Hoopes, Josiah — Pinus Koraiensis, Proc Philad. Acad. 1883. 114.
Jones, Marcus E.— New plants from California, Nevada, etc., (6 species), Am. Nat. 17. 875

and 973.
MEEHAN, Thos.— Contraction o Vegetable Tissues under Frost, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1883. 74.
Meyer, A.— Review of his "Ueber Chlorophyll Korner, Starkebildner und Farbkorper,"

by II. Marshall Ward, Nature, 28, 267.
Mohr, Chas.— On Quercus Durandii, Buckley, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1883. 37.
Newberry, J. S.— Notes on some Fossil Plant's from Northern China, Am. Jour. Sci. 26. 123.
Peck, Chas. H — New species of Fungi ill species), with plate, Torr. Bull. 10. 73.
Schimper, A. W. F.— Review of his " Jeber die Entwickelung der Chlorophyllkorner und

Farbkorper" by H. Marshall Ward, Nature, 28. 267.
Scribner, F. Lamson.— List of Grasses from Wash. Terr. (1 new species, Glyceria Canbyi),

Torr. Bull. 10. 77.
Trask, J. D.— Cases of Mushroom Poisoning, Am. Jour. Med. Sci. April, 1883.
Trumbull, J. Hammond.— See under Gray above.
Watson, Sereno.— Contributions to N. Am. Botany, XI (60 new species), Proc. Am. Acad.

18. 96.
Wttrock, V. B.— Review of his "Snow and lee Flora," by Mary P. Merrifleld, Nature, 2i

1304.

Catalogue of Indiana Plants.

This catalogue, which has been published in the Gazette in the form of extra sheets,
has now been bound in a neat pamphlet, of over 40 pages, with a map. Persons desiring
copies can procure them at the rate of 35 cents per copy, or three for $1.00, by addressing
either,

or Prof. Chas. R. Barnes, JOHN M. COULTER,

LaFayette, Ind. Crawfordsville, Ind.

Plants from tho Cascade Mountains.

The undersigned has new sets of Washington plants. The larger number of species
are both in fruit and flowers. Some are new. Full sets sold at the rate of $8 per hundred.
Desiderata, 10 and 15 cents each, according to the number selected. e®*Send for lists.

W. N. SUKSDORF,
t»t White Salmon, W. T.

BOTAlTI^AL_PAPER.

E. MORRISON,
PAPER WAREHOUSE,

No. 805 D Street, Washington, D. C.

Standard Herbarium Paper, 21 and 30 lbs., at $4.50 and 16.00 per ream. Genus Covers,
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always kept on hand. Can furnish any size or weight.

The Botanical Gazette

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Gardener's Monthly ($2.10 a year) 2.40 Leisure Hour 1.50

FLORA OF NEVADA,

CALIFORNIA, UTAH, ETC.

Having botanized extensively in Nevada, California, Mexico, etc , during the past sea-
son, I have seventeen hundred species of plants, of the year's collecting, ready for dis-
tribution. There is a larger number of new species than usual. Many of the plants of
Xevada, etc., are represented in very few herbaria. A complete list, 10 cents. Selections
or sets will be sold. This list, with those of previous years, covers nearly nine-tenths of
all species found west of the Missouri river and north of Arizona. These lists complete
(representing over 4,000 species), 50 cents. MARCUS E. JONES, A. M.,

Salt Lake City, Utah.

Flora of Eastern Oregon.

The subscriber is offering, at very reasonable rates, plants from this region, many of
unusual interest.

For list and terms, address WM. C, CUSICK,

Union, Oregon.

/^1TTTP/^1T7".T TQrPQ of North American Polypetalse and Gamopetalse
V_>J— LJL!jv>'_Ol. UlU J. O after Composite. Very useful for exchanges ami
herbarium lists. One copy of each list 25 cents. Five copies of each $1,00.

C^ T7,~\TT TQ f^f"\ XTTI^T^Q Printed Labels foe Genus Covers. Just
OT-LLjjLN U O KJ\J V -Cj_L\0. what every Collector wants, now or some
time in the future. Order them now. In old collections thev can be put on over the
written names, and are much neater. Send for samples and prices to

11. X. PATTERSON,

Oquawka, Illinois.

B®*Jw every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette.

Ferns of North Anmioa.

The undersigned now has in the printer's hands a SUPPLEMENT to his Catalogue of
the "Dav. Herb.," giving all the later additions, with notes as before. A few copies of the
original Catalogue remain unsold and will be sent with Supplement to any address for 50
cents each. Single copies of the Supplement 10 cents. Ready in April. A new Check
List, alphabetically arranged for exchanges, embracing all species (163) and well estab-
lished varieties to date, has also been prepared and will be printed, if a sufficient number
of orders are received. The price to be 25 cents a doz., or 5 doz. for 81.00.

GEO. E. DAVENPORT, Medford, Mass.

Flora of the Pacific Slope.

PRINGLE'S DISTRIBUTION OF 1882.

The subscriber offers sets of nearly 500 species collected iu Arizona, California, and
Lower California, which include many new species, or old ones but rarely represented in
collections. Special attention has been given to ligneous species. He is confident that
his specimens will give the same satisfaction as heretofore. Having supplied himself
with many duplicates extra to his sets, he is able to furnish selections, and will be
pleased to exchange these for fine representations of many American species. Lists and
terms furnished.

C. G. PRIJYGLE,

d-j East Charlotte, Vt.

Plants of Southern California.

We have printed a supplementary list, comprising the plants collected by us the pas
season. It contains about 500 species, including some which are new or rare. A copy wi
be sent free to those wishing to purchase specimens ; others will please inclose ten cent
A few copies of last year's list may be had on the same terms.

PARISH BROTHERS,

San Bernardino California.

Vol. VIII.

No. 10.

.00 Per Year. Single Number, 10 Cents.

The

Botancal Gazette

OCTOBER, 188 3

COITTEITTS:

Enumeration of the Peronosporeae of the United States. W. G. Farlow 305

Notes on Edible Plants. I. K. Lewis Sturtevant 316

General Notes ........•■

Letter from Dr. Gray.— Dr. Torrey's Letter.— Abnormal An themis Cotula.— Addi-
tional Note on Ustilagineae.— Aquilegia Longissima.— The Grasses of the United
States.— Abnormal Clematis.— Erratum.

Editorial Notes ^

Articles in Journals J_

Editor:

JOHN M. COULTER, Wabash College, Crawfurdsville, Ind.

Associate Editors :

C. R. BARNES, Purdue University, LaFayette, Ind.
J. C. ARTHUR, Charles City Iowa.

INDIANAPOLIS:

CARLON~\fc HOLLENBErK, PRINTERS AND BINDERS.

1883.

BATES OF

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Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VIII. OCTOBER, 1883. No. 10.

Enumeration of the Peronosporese of the United States.*

BY W. G. FARLOW.

In 1876 I published in the Bulletin of the Bussey Institution
an account of the species of Peronospora and Oystopus, known at
the time to occur in the United States, and the total number
given was only ten. Having occasion recently to review the
species of those genera in my collection, it occurred to me that,
considering how many species have been added to our flora since
1876, it would be desirable to prepare a new list which should
be as complete as the materials in my possession would permit,
and, as the descriptions of some of the species are not accessible
to many persons in this country who desire to study the subject,
to add descriptions of all our species. The material examined
has been specimens which I have collected myself and specimens
in my herbarium, for which I am indebted to the kindness of
several correspondents. In the arrangement of the synonymy I
have endeavored to give the synonyms which are likely to be
most frequently seen in text-books and agricultural treatises, and
those who care for a detailed account of the synonymy of the
more common species are referred to DeBary's original paper.
Frequent references are made to American botanical works where
our native species are mentioned ; and where American speci-
mens have been distributed in published exsiccati I have given
the numbers, when they are known to me, without going so far
as to quote European specimens of species which occur also in
this country. The additions to our Peronosporece are mainly
scattered through the reports of the New York State Botanist,
Mr. C. H. Peck, and in the Bulletin of the Bussey Institution,
and Ellis's North American Fungi Century III. contains a num-

* This paper was presented at the meeting of the Society for the Promotion
of Agricultural Science at Minneapolis, Aug. 14, 1883, and is now printed with
the permission of the President, Prof. W. J. Beale.

306 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

ber of dried specimens of our species. I have incorporated in
the list the species mentioned by Harkness and Moore in their
catalogue of the Pacific Coast Fungi,1 although, with a few ex-
ceptions, I have not examined specimens myself, but have given
them on the authority of Dr. Harkness.

Our exact knowledge of the development and systematic
position of the Peronosporeae dates from DeBary 's classic mono-
graph, Recherehes sitr le developpement de quelques champignons
parasites,2 published in 1863, in which were described the greater
part of our species. In a subsequent memoir, Untersuehungen
Ueber die Peronosporeen und Saprolegnieen;' published in 1881,
DeBary gives his views on the nature of the reproduction in
Peronosporeoe, and their relation to allied orders of fungi, so that,
except perhaps with regard to the germination of the oospores,
there remains almost nothing to be studied in connection with
the history of the development of this group of fungi.

In his last paper DeBary includes in the Peronosporecv four
genera : Pythium, Phytophthora, Peronospora, and Cystopus. In
this country the species of Pythium have not been sufficiently
studied, and no mention is made of them in this paper, although
they possess a decided agricultural interest, since one species ap-
parently causes what is known in some parts of the Eastern
States as the potting bed fungus, which is very destructive to
young house plants in the winter. Other species are known in
decaying plants in damp ground. The species of the three re-
maining genera attack living plants, especially herbaceous exo-
gens, and produce their oospores or resting spores in the interior
of the leaves and young stems and bear their conidial spores on
the surface. The oospores of all three genera are similar and
produced in the same way, which can be learned from any of the
recent text books of botany. They are globose and borne singly
in an oogonium. They have two coats, the inner (Endospore)
of which is first formed, while the outer (Exospore or Epispore)
is formed, if one can say so, by a condensation of the surround-
ing protoplasm upon the endospore. In this way there is formed
on the outer part of the oospore a covering which is either nearly
smooth or marked with folds, ridges, or reticulations.

The three genera can not be distinguished from one another
by their oospores, but the conidial spores serve to mark the

KJal. Acad. Science, Feb. 2, 1880.
2Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 4 Serie. T. 20.

8Beitr;ige zur Morphologie und Physiologie der Pilze. DeBary & Wor-
onin. 4 Reihe.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 307

genera in question. In Phytophthora and Peronospora the
mycelium in the interior of the leaves makes its way to the sur-
face, in most cases passing through the breathing pores. That
part of the mycelium which passes into the air and bears the
conidia is called the conidiophore. In Phytophthora it is a sim-
ple or branching filament, at whose tip or tips is formed an ovate
cell, the conidium. Before the conidium falls from its attach-
ment the conidiophore, at its base, swells on one side and then
grows upward, pushing the conidium to one side so that it ap-
pears to have been formed by a lateral outgrowth. The elon-
gated conidiophore then bears a new conidium at its tip, which
is in turn pushed to one side by the growth of the conidiophore,
as before. The genus Phytophthora may then be recognized
either by having one or more conidia borne laterally on the con-
idiophore, or, as is more frequently the case, by the swellings at
intervals in the upper part of the conidiophore, indicating where
conidia have fallen off.

In the genus Peronospora the conidiophore is a branching
or rarely a simple filament which bears the conidia singly at the
tips which do not afterwards elongate, as in Phytophthora. In a
few species where the conidiophore is rather robust, instead of
bearing a single, conidium, the tip bears a number of short pro-
cesses, or teeth, on each one of which is borne a conidium, as in
P. entospora and P. gangliformis.

In Cystopus the mycelium, instead of passing through the
stomata into the air, collects in spots under the epidermis, which
is then ruptured and turned back, and the filaments which cor-
respond to the conidiophores in the other genera are very short
and stout, and densely packed together and grow into simple
chains of conidia by transvere cell division. Hence, while Phy-
tophthora' and Peronospora: appear to the naked eye like fine
frost like patches, especially on the under surface of the leaves,
species of Cystopus produce dead white spots not limited to the
under surface of the leaves.

The species of Phytophthora and Cystopus are few in number
and it is not necessary to subdivide these genera, but as there is
a considerable number of species of Peronospora it is usual to
subdivide the genus. The subdivisions made by DeBary depend
upon the mode of germination of the conidia; in the first divis-
ion he places the species whose conidia give off a number of
zoospores in germination ; in the second, including only two
species, the whole contents of the conidia are discharged in a
mass which is not however motile, but which at once pushes

<5(JS BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

forth a new filament; in the third the conidia send out filaments
directly from the apex; and in the fourth they produce filaments
from any part of the surface but especially laterally. These sub-
divisions are based on physiological rather than morphological
grounds, it will be seen, but it may be added that there is a more
or less closely corresponding morphological difference. In the
first subdivision with zoospores the ramification of the conidio-
phores is pinnate, if we except the anomalous P. entospora, which
does not branch at all, and the minute P. pusilla, which can
hardly be said to branch. The second division includes only
two small species in which the ramification is not well marked.
The third and fourth divisions run into one another, since the
species of the latter sometimes germinate at the tip. As it is,
the third division includes only one but a very distinct species
where the ramification is dichotomous, but the tips are swollen
and bear a number of radiating sterigmata. The species of the
fourth and largest division are dichotomous and in several cases
so much alike that they can hardly be distinguished by the con-
idiophores alone. The haustoria of the different sections are, to
a certain extent, characteristic. In the first section they are of
the spheroidal type, while in the last two sections they are gen-
erally filiform or club shaped, and frequently branch. A species
of Peronospora can be said to be satisfactorily known only when
both conidia and oospores have been observed and the germina-
tion of the conidia ascertained. The germination of the oospores
has been seen only in a very small number of species, and this
element can not be used in the systematic classification of the

genus.

In spite of the small number of known species of Cystopus,
our species, it must be confessed, are as yet unsatisfactorily
known. This arises principally from the fact that the conidia
alone are not sufficiently characteristic, and on several hosts
oospores have not yet been found. In some of the species the
conidia are all alike in shape, and in germinating they give off
zoospores. In others the terminal conidia of the chains differ in
shape from the rest, and are said, on the authority of Tulasne, to
germinate by means of an outgrowing tube instead of by zoo-
spores. The conidia of species of Cystopus are of two types, the
spherical and the cylindrical, or cuboidal as they are sometimes
incorrectly termed, but, without a knowledge of the oospores as
well, it is evident that one can not safely unite forms on widely
different hosts, guided only by the ill-marked distinctions-
afforded by the conidia.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE 309

PHYTOPHTHORA DeBary.

Conidia at first solitary and terminal, but beaming lateral by the outgrowth of the
tip of the conidiophore. Several conidia produced in succession. Germination by
zoospores.

Ph. infestans (Mont.) DeBary. Potato Rot.

Botrytis infestans Mont., Bot. devastatrix Lib., Peronospora devastatrix Casp., Per

onospora infestans Casp., DeBary et al.
Exs. Myeotheca Universalis no. 926. ,

Mycelium slender, without haustoria. Conidiophores simple
or with a few irregularly placed branches, attenuated at the apex,
with one or more nodosities below at the insertion of the conidia.
Conidia ellipsoid or oval with a terminal papilla. Oospores?1

Common on cultivated potatoes from Maine to California (Harkness), and
on tomatoes to South Carolina (Kavenel). Europe.

PERONOSPORA Corda.

Conidiophores variously branched or mrcly simple, conidia always terminal. Ger-
mination either by zoospores or outgrowing tubes.

Section I. Zoosporipar.e. Conidiophores pinnately branching, ultimate
divisions often glomerate. Germination by zoospores.

1. P. viticol\ (Berk. & Curt.) DeBary.

Botrytis cana Schw. in Herb. Sehweinitz non B. cana Lk.
Botr. viticola Berk. Crypt. Bot. 301 ; 23d Rept. N. Y. Bot. 61.

Per. viticola DeBary Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 Ser. T. XX. 121 ; Bull. Bussey Inst. I. -VI, ;

Grevillealll.iOH, VI. 139. Bull. 111. Mus. I. p. 55, pi. II. 687.
Exs. Myeotheca Universalis 617; Ellis North Am. Fung- 208; Ravenel Fung.

Car. V. 60; Fung. Amer. 01. .

Mycelium varicose, haustoria small, spherical. Conidiophores
with a long, slender main axis, with a few short, subequal, alter-
nate, horizontal 1 to 3 pinnate branches at the top. Tips acute,
densely clustered in sets of usually three. Conidia small, ovoid-
obtuse, average 17-23// by 13-17//.. Oospores about 30-38//-,
rather thin walled, yellowish, exospore smooth or slightly
wrinkled.

Common on wild and cultivated grapes east of the Rocky Mts. Europe.
Algiers. Appearing with us in midsummer and autumn.

Note— Since the introduction of our grape mould into Europe an im-
mense amount has been written on its progress and prevention. In this con-
nection the reader is referred to the latest work on the subject: Le. Peronospora
des Vignes, by Dr. Max. Cornu. 1882, in which the bibliography is very fully
given with admirable plates of the fungus.

irrhe oospores of this species are unknown to DeBary. Mr. Worthington
G. Smith, in Gardener's Chronicle, July 17, 1875, and Quart. Journ. Micros.
Sci., Octobor, 1875, reported the discovery of oospores, and in the last named
journal gave photographic copies of his preparation. The discussion which
took place on this subject has frequently been quoted in American journals,
and those who wish to examine the question more fully should consult DeBary s
Researches into the nature of the Potato Fungus, Jour. Royal Agric. Soc. of Eng-
land, and the two papers of Mr. Smith previously mentioned.

310 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

2. P. Haestedii Farlow.

Proc. Am. Acad. XVIII. 72.

Exs. Ellis N. Am. Fung. 209, 210.

Mycelium with oval haustoria. Gonidiophores rather stout,
undivided below, above with numerous 1 to 4 pinnate horizontal
branches, the lower of which are considerably longer and more
compound than the upper. Tips long, slender, acute, loosely
diverging. Conidia oval or elliptic, 19-30/7. by 15-26,:/.. Oospores
23-30// in diameter, yellowish, thin walled, exospore with a few
folds or ridges.

On Ambrosia artemisicefolia, Eupatorium purpureum, Bidensfrondosa, Rndbeckia
laciniata, SUphium terebinthinaceum, Ilelianthus slrumosus, H. doronicoides, II. tube-
rosum, and Solidago Canadensis. Oospores on II. doronicoides.

From Mass. (Farlow) to Illinois (Burrill, Seymour), Iowa (Bessey, Arthur),
Wisconsin (Trelease), and south to New Jersey (Ellis).

A widely diffused and apparently common species in the Northern States,
but not yet reported from the Southern States. It may be expected to occur on
almost any of the Tubuliflorce in midsummer and autumn. It can be distin-
guished from P. viticola by the more pyramidal outline of the conidiophores, the
lower branches of which are usually decidedly longer than the upper, while in
the ordinary forms of P. viticola the branches are all short, and by the longer
less compact tips. The present species varies considerably, the form on
Helianthus being very much branched and forming prominent woolly patches on
the leaves, while in the form on Ambrosia the spots are minute and the branch-
ing less compound.

3. P. obducens Schroeter.

Hedwigia XVI. p. 129. Sept. 1ST? ; Bull. Buss. Inst. II. 234; Proc. Am. Acad.

XVIII. 70.
Exs. Ellis N. Am. Fung. 207.

Mycelium varicose, haustoria rather large, spheroidal. Conid-
iophores long and slender, branches slender, flexuous, loosely 2
t<> 3 pinnate, diverging in all directions, inserted rather acutely.
Tips slender, acute. Conidia small, oval or ellipsoidal, 15-20// by
12-15//.. Oospores 30-40// in diameter, exospore yellowish,
nearly smooth.

On Impatiens fulva.

Mass. (Farlow) to Illinois (Seymour) and Iowa (Bessey). Europe.

The species appears in the spring on the cotyledons, whose under side is
densely covered by the conidia. Later in the season it forms small scattered
spots on the leaves. The species is distinguished from the preceding by having
the branches regularly arranged so that they diverge in all directions, while in
the preceding they are very irregular, or with a tendency to a distichous ar-
rangement. In this species the branches are not usually inserted at right
angles, as in the preceding, but somewhat acutely. The tips are sharp and
straight, but not so closely consolidated at the base as in related species.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 311

4. P. Geranii Peck.

28th Report N. Y. Bot. p. 63. r T ,„„ _ , . ,

P » inn Ung. var. Qeranii Farlow Bull. Buss. Inst. 1.42b: Proc. Am. Acad.

XVIII. 73.
Exs. Ellis N. Am. Fung. 218.

Mycelium large, with oval haustoria. Conidiophores short
and delicate, axis naked below, hearing at the tip a few short
horizontal 1 to 2 pinnate branches. Tips long, slender, divergent.
Conidia broadly ellipsoidal, 17-23/x by 15-18/*. Oospores 30-
40/7. in diameter, exospore yellowish-brown, somewhat rugose.

On Geranium maculatum (oospores), G. Boberiianum and G. Carolinianum.

Mass. ( Farlow), New York (Peck), Michigan (Spalding), to Wisconsin
(Trelease).

Found throughout the summer, forming large patches between the princi-
pal veins, sometimes almost covering the whole under surface of the leaves and
causing yellow discoloratiousof the uppei surface. Hardly to be distinguished
from P. nivea. Differing from the preceding members of the section in its
shorter main axis, its short and at times very condensed branches with longer
spreading tips.

I have received from Mr. F. S. Earle specimens collected on G. Carolin-
ianum, at Cobden, 111., which were very puzzling. The conidiophores were very
irregularly branched and scanty, and there were two kinds of conidia, some of
the size given above, and others very much larger, in fact, enormous. On ex-
amination the large conidia were found to be borne, not on the conidiophores
proper, but in the following manner : The mycelium in the leaf made its way
to the stoma, but instead of growing upwards and branching it at once ex-
panded into one or two enormous conidia which appeared to be resting on a
stoma. A similar condition has been described by Cornu in P. viticola, but his
figure is not so striking as the specimens from Illinois. The latter were col-
lected in April, and a similar condition also exists in P. Violm, collected by Mr.
Earle, also in April. It may be that this suppression of the ordinary conidio-
phore and the substitution of large si ssile conidia is a common occurrence
early in the season. In spite of their abnormal appearance I presume that the
specimens on G. Carolinianum from Illinois probably are to be included under
P. Geranii, but the scanty conidiophores did not present a typical appearance,
but resembled somewhat those of P. ■pusilla Ung. Examination of a larger set
of specimens is necessary to settle this form.

5. P. nivea (Ung.) DeBary.

Botrytis nivea Unger Exanthem. 171.

Per. nivea Ung. Bot. Zeit. 1847, in part; DeBary 1. c. 101. PI. IV; Cat, Pacif.

Fung. 29.
Per. Umbeliiferarum Casp. Berlin Acad. Monatsber.

Haustoria obovate. Conidiophores short, bearing near the
apex a few short horizontal 1 to 2 (rarely 3) pinnate branches.
Tips subulate, straight, rarely subflexuous. Conidia subglobose,
slightly papillate. Oospores large, with a pale yellowish-brown,
smooth, or subrugose exospore.

On Umbcllifene. California (Harkness). Europe.

312 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

This common form on Umbel! if ercr, in Europe is unknown to me in the

United States, except from the catalogue of Harkness and Moore, on whose

authority the species is inserted, the description being founded on European

material.

Section II. Basidiophora. Conidiophores simple, surmounted by a
number of sterigmata. Germination by zoospores.

6. P. entospora (Cornu & Roze) B. & Br.

Basidiophora tvtoxpora Cumii it Roze Ann. Sci. Nat.
ome Serie T. XI. p. 89. PI. IV. f. 1-12.

P. entospora B. & Br. Grevillea, I. 20; Proc. Am. Acad. XVIII. 73.
P. Basidiophora Cornu Bull. Soc. Bot. France, XXV. 294.
P. simplex Peck, 31st Kept. X. Y. But. p. 15.

Conidiophores simple, stout, clavately swollen at the tip with
numerous sterigmata on which are borne the very large, 26-32 -q
long, broadly ^ovate, papillate conidia. Oospores large, 34-41//.
in diameter, exospore marked with ridges.

On Aster Nova Anglia, Erigeron Canadense and Solidago rigida. Oospores on
Aster and Erigeron.

New York (Peck) to Illinois (Burrill) and Wisconsin (Trelease). France)
England, Germany.

Probably common in the United States, but first found in France, where it
was probably introduced from America. It occurs from May to October, pro-
ducing rather insignificant discolorations of the leaves. It has not yet been ob-
served in New England. One of the most peculiar species of the genus, char-
acterized by its simple conidiphores and very large conidia borne on sterigmata
and perhaps rather to be regarded as a generic type.

Section III. ' Plasmatorar^e. Conidia white, in germination the whole
contents being discharged and forming a free globose cell from which grows a
tube.

7. P. pygm^a Unger.

De Bary 1. c. PI. VII. f. 10-15 ; Bull. Buss. Inst. II. 233 ; 29th Kept. X. Y. Bot, p. 5 ;

30th Kept. p. 77; Cat. Paeif. Fung. p. 29.
Exs. Myc. Univ. 924; Ellis N Am. Fung. 211.

Mycelium large, haustoria small, obnvate. Conidiophores
short, stout, unbranched except close to the apex where there are
a few rudimentary branches. Conidia ovate, 20-26 p. by 15-19
//., papillate. Oospores large, dark brown, thick-walled, 45-53 n
in diameter, exospore slightly rugose.

On Anemone nemorosa, A. Pennsylva/nica, and Hepatica triloba.

Mass. (Farlow), New York (Peck), Illinois (Seymour), to California
(Harkness). Europe.

A common species on A. nemorosa in the Eastern States dining the spring
and early summer, often accompanying other fungi. I have been able to ex-
amine specimens on A. nemorosa only where the conidiophores are stout and
scarcely branched at all. "What is called by De Bary var. elongata I have not
seen in this country.

►Section IV. AcroblastvE. Conidia white, germinating by a terminal
tube. Ramification dichotomous.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 313

8. P. gangliformis (Berk.) De Bary.

Botrytis ganglioniformis Berk. Lond. Jour. Hort. Soe. I. 51. PI. 4.
P. aanqlioniformis Tul. Compt. Rend. XXXVIII, 26.

P. gam/liformiH De Barv 1. c. PI. VIII. f. 1-3 ; Bull. Buss. Inst. I. 427 ; Cat. Pacif.
Fung. p. 29. Bull. 111. Mus. I. p. 551, pi. II. 3.
Exs. Ellis N. Am. Fung, 219

Mycelium with ovate haustoria. Conidiophores simple be-
low, slender, becoming several times dichotomous, the divisions
often recurved, swelling at the tip into clavate or cup-shaped
bodies from which radiate several sterigmata. Conidia small,
globose or ellipsoidal, 16-23 !>■ by 16-20 p-. Oospores yellowish,
thin walled, 26-34 // in diameter. Exospore smooth.

On Nabqlus aUms (oospores), Lactuca altissima, L. Canadensis, L. saliva, and
Mulgedium leucophceum.

New Hampshire, Mass., New York (Farlow), Iowa (Bessey), Illinois (Bur-
rill), to Wisconsin (Trelease). Europe.

A species easily recognized by the swollen or cup-shaped tips from which
radiate a few sterigmata. It does considerable harm near Boston and New
York to early lettuce raised in hot-beds. I have seen oospores on Nabalus albus
only. The species is apparently common with us and will be found on several
other hosts than those mentioned above. It has not yet been seen in this coun-
try on Senecio vulgaris on which it produces oospores in Europe.

Section V. Pleuroblast.e. Conidia white or violet colored, (termina-
tion by tubes given off from any part of the conidia, but especially the sides.
Ramification dichotomous.

A. Parasitical. Wall of oogonium thick and rigid. Oospores with a thin,
smooth exospore.

9. P. PARASITICA (P.) Tul.

Botrytis parasitica Persoon Opserv, I. 96.

P. parasitica Tul. Compt. Rend. ; De Bary 1. c. p. 106, PI. IX. f. 5-8; Bull. Buss.

Inst. I. 42S; 26th Kept. N. Y. Bot. p. 79; Cat. Pacif. Fung. p. 29.
P. Dentarise Rabh. Fung. Eur. 86.
Exs. Ellis, N. Am. Fung. 212.

Mycelium large, with very large clavate or branching root-
like haustoria. Conidiophores stout and simple below, branch-
ing above, rather abruptly and irregularly dichotomous, the
divisions dense, slender and flexuous. Tips subulate, curved.
Conidia white, broadly ellipsoidal. Oospores 26-43 fi in diam-
eter. Exospore brown and nearly smooth.

In Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Lepidium Virginicum, Brassica satica, Rhaphamts
sativus, Cardamine rhomboidea, and Dentaria laciniata. Oospores on Cardamine and
Dentaria.

Mass. (Farlow), New York (Peck), to Delaware (Farlow), North Carolina
(Curtis) and west to Wisconsin (Trelease), Kentucky (Kellerman) and Califor-
nia (Harkness). Europe.

A common species on Cruciferce in all parts of the country, often in com-
pany with Oystopm Candidas, on which it was once believed to be parasitic. It
occasionally causes considerable damage to the cabbage crop. On Lepidium
and Capsella it covers the under surface of the leaves with a dense fleece, but on

314 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

cabbages and Cardamine it is less dense. The oospores are not very frequent,
considering how common the species is. Although subject to considerable va-
riation, the species is comparatively easily recognized by the stout conidio-
phores which are abruptly dichotomous above, the divisions being slender and
densely ramified. The haustoria are especially large and easily studied. The
form on Dentaria from Kentucky corresponds precisely with Rabenhorst's orig-
inal specimens of P. Dentarice.

10. P. Potentill^e De Bary.

De Bary 1. c. p. 120: Bull. Buss. Inst. 233: Cat. Pacif. Fung. 29.
Exs. Ellis N. Am. Fung. 217.

Conidiophores slender, several times dichotomous, divisions
distinctly flexuous. Tips attenuate, approximate in pairs, curved.
Conidia violet colored, ellipsoidal, 20-26 p- by 15-19 (i. Oospores
yellow, thin-walled, smooth, 22-24 ft in diameter.

On P. Norvegica.

Mass. (Farlow), California (Harkness). Europe.

As far as I am aware the oospores af this species have never been described.
I found them on P. Norvegica in October, 1877. The oogonium is very thick-
walled and rigid, and is almost completely filled by the oospore, which is al-
most exactly spherical and has a thin, smooth wall. In fact, at first sight, one
would mistake the oogonium and its contents for a single thick-walled oospore
so completely does the oospore fill the oogonium in most cases. In consequence
of the structure of the oogonium, the present species must be placed in the same
section as P. parasitica if we follow De Bary's classification. The species is
common in Massachusetts from June to October. I have no specimens from
the Western States, although I have heard that the fungus grows in that region'

In July, 1882, I found a Peronospora on Geum album at Wood's Holl, Mass.,
but it was not fully developed, and no oospores were seen. It formed ill-defined
spots on the under side of the leaves, which showed a yellowish discoloration
on the upper side. I presume that the form on Geum must be included in P.
Potentillcr, although the conidiophores were more slender and less branched. At
any rate, without more material, I should not venture to separate it as a dis-
tinct species.

11. P. Claytonije n. sp.

Conidiophores long, naked below, several times dichotomous
above, divisions short, flexuous. Tips short, subulate, widely
spreading. Conidia broadly obovate, violet-colored, 22-24/7. by
15-20/7. Oospores large, 38-45//. in diameter, brown, exospore
more or less rugose.

On Claytonia Virgin int.

Kentucky. Conim. J. B. Ellis.

The only specimens of this species which I have seen were those sent by
Mr. Ellis. The leaves of the Claytonia were wrinkled and blackened, but no
definite spots were found. The conidiophores were rather diffusely scattered,
and the oogonia were large and did not contract around the spherical oospores,

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

315

which were brown, thin-walled and considerably smaller than the oogonia. The
rigidity of the oogonium wall and other characters given above lead me to
place the speeies in the present section, although it approaches the section

B. CHothecce. Wall of oogonium thin, wrinkled at maturity. Exospore
not smooth, but regularly tuberculose, verrucose, or reticulated. Haustona
filiform, branching.

12. P. Myosotidts DeBary.

DeBarv 1. c. p. 108. PI. XIII, f. 5 ; Rabh. Fung. Eur. 57:2.

Conidiophores long, slender, several times dichotomous, ulti-
mate divisions slender, widely spreading. Conidia ovate-obtuse
20-23;/. by 15-18//, faintly violet colored. Oospores rather small,
24-30// in diameter, dark brown, exospore marked with regular
reticulations.

On Myosotis verna.

Chebacco Lake, Mass. (Seymour), Cobden, 111. (Earle). Europe.

Found on the leaves, especially the lower ones, in spring. Apparently not
common. Recognized by the beautifully reticulated oospores which accompany
the conidia in all the American specimens I have examined.

13. P. Arthuri n. sp.

Conidiophores rather short and rigid, several times dichoto-
mous. Tips rather short and rigid. Conidia broadly ellipsoidal,
obtuse, 22-26,^ by 19//, slightly violet-colored. Oospores large,
dark brown, 34-42// in diameter, exospore covered with short
blunt papillre.

On (Enothera biennis.

Iowa (Arthur), Minnesota (Farlow).

This species, first detected by Prof. Arthur in Iowa, was found abundant on
the shore of Lake Minnetonka, Minn. The fungus covers the under surface of
the leaves in large patches, and the upper side of the leaves becomes pale yel-
low. The species is quite distinct from /'. Epilobii Rabh., the conidiophores of
which, as shown by Fung. Eur. no. 1747, are rather of the pinnate type, and
whose conidia are not violet colored, but white. The papillate oospores also
serve to distinguish the present from our other species. A form of Peronospora
on (Enothera from New York is referred by Peck in his 30th Report to P. effusa.

14. P. Vici.e (Berk.) DeBary.

This species, closely related to P. Myosotidis, and common in Europe on
Papilionacecr, is reported by Harkness and Moore to occur on pear leaves in Cal-
ifornia. It may, perhaps, be asked whether this is not a misprint for pea leaves.
Certainly the species is not known elsewhere on pear leaves.

[ TO BE CONTINUED.]

316 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Notes on Edible Plants. I.

RANUNCUL ACE.E .

The natural order Ranunculacece includes in general plants of
an acrid, caustic or poisonous nature, sometimes insipid, but often
dangerous, and reference to their uses as poisons or in medicine
are frequent. It has long been remarked, however, that the irri-
tant principle has in general so little stability as to be expelled
by heat, boiling or drying, and it may not exist in organs yet
immature, hence various plants of this order have found use as
aliments, as well as portions of the plant in which the dangerous
substance does not appear to reside.

Among the species to which alimentary qualities have been
ascribed are Clematis flammula, whose young shoots when boiled
are said to be eaten (Maout & Decaisne) : Ranunculus aurico-
mus and R. lanuginosus, the leaves boiled and eaten (Duchesne);
R. bulbosus, L., whose boiled leaves are edible (Lightfoot) ; R.
edulis, Boiss. , whose small tubers together with the young stems,
leaves and blossoms, are brought to market in North Persia
(Unger); R. ftcaria, L., the pilewort, whose young leaves are
boiled as a food by the Swedish peasantry (Linnaeus); R. repens,
L. , the mildest of the genus, and said to be eaten as a pot-herb
(Marty n); and R. sceleratus, L., which serves the shepherds of
Wallachia as an edible after boiling (Don.), although Lindley
says that beggars use its acrid leaves to produce ulcers and sores
in order to excite compassion. Caltha palustris, in the Eastern
United States, is a popular spring green, and under the name of
cowslips is largely collected from the marshes about the villages
of Massachusetts. Various species of Nigella produce pungent
seeds, used as a condiment and a spice, as N. arvensis, L. (Don).
N. damascena, L , is cultivated for its seeds in Turkey (Archer),
and N. sativa, L., has been cultivated in Europe and the East,
the seeds used for seasoning curries (A. Smith), as a pepper sub-
stitute in France (Guibort), and for spreading over bread and
mixing with cakes by the Egyptians (A. Smith). Aquilegia Can-
adensis, L, var. formosa, Fisch., furnishes in its roots an aliment
for the Indians of northwest America (R. Brown, Jr.), while
Pceonia albiflora, Pal., furnishes food in its roots to the Tartars
of Mongolia, who eat them after boiling, and also mix the pow-
dered seeds with their tea (Pallas), and the same statement is
made for P. edulis in Paradisus Londonensis.

— E. Lewis Sturtevant, M. D.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

317

GENERAL NOTES.

Letter from Dr. Gray.— Dear Editor : You will be glad to know and
to announce to your readers that Dr. Englemann, who was, as the September
Gazette says, "quite ill at Strasburg," has returned to us in good condition.
When he came to us yesterday he showed no mark of illness nor lack of vigor.
Will you allow me to offer some remarks on your last issue? When a man
has gone, he can not control the publication of his letters, nor can his friends,
altogether. But I can imagine the distress with which the sensitive, modest
and cautious Dr. Torrey would have read in print the youthful letter which
your correspondent has sent you. I knew him intimately for forty years, and
I can say that this letter of his is uncharacteristic. How young and inexperi-
enced he then was may be seen from his statement that he and Mr. Knevels
(which you have printed Knevely) had not time to write a flora with full de-
scription of the region thirty miles around New York that year, " so have put
it off till next spring."

Do you think that botanists will approve your judgment, pronounced
editorially and unqualifiedly, that " it was very clearly shown that what mux! be con-
sidered as three distinct species of corn hare been produced artificially/ " Is it really a
scientific journal in which we read— not the announcement of discoveries made
and laid before the world for judgment— but the announcement of discoveries
which are going to be made ? And in this wise :

"Really he is seeing incipient species springing up under his own manipu-
lation, and can recognize the forces which are effecting the change.
Already has Dr. S. intimated certain results which will completely overturn
and tear up by the roots some of our preconceived notions, and one of these
days we may look for something startling." If I were in the place of the acute
and zealous experimenter in question, I should deplore this kind of announce-
ment, feeling that it would tend to create a prejudice against rather than in
favor of the discoveries I had made, or was expecting to make.

Asking you to receive this volunteered counsel for whatever it may be worth,
I remain truly your friend — A. Gray.

Dr. Torrey's Letter.— The readers of the Botanical Gazette are great-
ly indebted to Mr. Joseph F. James for the interesting undated letter from Dr.
Torrey, which appeared in the last number. There is, however, evidence that
the date assigned to it by Mr. James is too recent.

1. The " Lyceum of Natural History in the City of New York " spoken of
in the letter, was incorporated April 20, 1818, but the society was formed in the
latter part of February, 1817. A prefatory note prepared by Dr. Torrey for
the Catalogue of Plants growing within thirty miles of New York, informs us
that it was reported to the Lyceum Dec. 17, 1817, in pursuance of a resolution
passed May 5, 1817. Dr. Torrey's allusion to "the society which we formed
last winter," and to this catalogue as then in preparation, shows that the letter
was written in the summer of 1817.

2. The first volume of Elliott's Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and
Georgia does indeed bear upon its title page the date of 1821, but we know that

318 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

it was issued in parts, at different dates, and as Dr. Torrey expressly says that
he had received of the work as far as Pentandria Digynia, it is clear that he
had only the first three parts. Dr. Gray (see his notes on the dates of issue of
Elliott's sketch in American Journal Science, Series 3, Vol. 13, p. 81, 82,). has fixed
the issue of Part III. as on or before April 3, 1817. This again would give the
summer of 1817 as the period when the little circle of New York botanists were
rejoicing over the possession of three parts of Elliott's work. At this time Dr.
Torrey had just attained the age of twenty-one.

Such allusions as he had occasion in after years to make to Eafinesque's
work, were even less complimentary than those of the letter. — J. H. K.

Editors Gazette: — Young botanists should all thank you for Dr. Torrey's
letter, printed in the September Gazette. We all know his reputation as a
cautious, careful, grand botanist, and he has been set off too long upon an un-
attainable pedestal. But now to find him a very enthusiastic and even rash
young man is a revelation and a comfort. Yonng botanists who are so full of
eagerness that they expect to do everything in short order and result in doing
nothing well, should take courage, for enthusiasm may settle into love, and
eagerness be turned into caution.*

Abnormal Anthemis Cotula. — A late flowering specimen of Anthemis Co-
tula presents an anomaly worth noting. The disk-flowers are entirely absent,
and the head is composed of from 6-20 ligulate flowers arranged in the " double "
fashion. These flowers are all pistillate, whereas the ray-flowers are usually neu-
tral. The plant has about 30 heads, all showing the same peculiarity. None of
its numerous neighbors were abnormal. — C. R. B.

Additional Note on IfttilagmeaB.— In the August number of the Gazette
reference was made to a Doassansia found growing on Patamogeton by Mr.
Fletcher. At the time of writing, Cornu's paper, in which the genus was first
described, had not been received in this country. Since then the number of
the Annates des Science* containing Cornu's description and plate, has come to
hand. The genus is characterized by having globular masses of spores covered
by a layer of dark ellipsoidal or prismatic cells. In germination the masses
split open and the spores, thus set free, give out short tubes surmounted by a
whorl of secondary cells resembling the germination in Tilletia. The species
on Potamo /ffmt has been recognized by De Bary as the Sclerotium occuUum of H.
Hoffman's Tab. Analyt. Fung. The type of the genus Doassansia, I), alismatis
Cornu, was found on Alisma Plantago on an excursion to Lake Minnetonka during
the meeting of the A. A. A. S. Entyloma Menispermi was also found in abun-
dance near Hotel Lafayette. Entyloma Lobelia' was found at Maiden, Mass., by
Mr. A. B. Seymour in July, and I have found it in several localities at Shel-
burne, N. II., so that the species is probably common in the East. In the pro-
ceedings of the Schlesische Gesellschaft for 1882, an Entyloma Thalictri is men-
tioned as a new species, found by Dr. Schroeter. I have not yet seen the de-
scription, but it is possible that it is to this species that the form on Thalictrinn,
found by Prof. Trelease, should be referred. — W. G. Farlow.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 319

Aquilegia longissima. —Apropos of Dr. Gray's note, it may be allow-
able to call attention to several of our American flowers with long, slender
spurs, adapted to fertilization by the aid of Aphingidce. Beside the long-spurred
Aquilegics, which, despite the opinions of certain English writers on floral evo-
lution, are more highly specialized than the European species of the genus,
several flowers of this description occur in the West and Southwest. In the
genus (Enothera there are not less than four such : (E. Missouriensis (2-5'), CE.
microsceles (4-50, (E- Jamesii (3-5J7), and <E. ecespitosa (2-7')- The flowers of Macro-
siphonia Berlandieri are 3-5 inches long. MirabUis Wrightiana reaches a length
of -iy ; and M. longiflora G\' ; while over the line in Mexico, some of the species
of Nicotiana, e. g. N. longiflora, reach a length of above three and a half inches.

These flowers require a longer proboscis than that of our common Eastern
moths. Probably their most frequent visitor will be found to be Amphonyx An-
tewsDrury, one specimen of which, which was kindly examined for me by Mr.
S. Henshaw, of the Boston Society of Natural History, had a tongue 5| inches
long. It is quite probable that this length may be exceeded in other individ-
uals.— Wm. Trelease.

The Grasses of the U. S. — Allow me to say in response to your kind note
in the last number of the Gazette, respecting the recent pamphlet on the
Grasses of the United States, that it is somewhat experimental, and designed to
call out information and criticism as well as to give needed assistance, especial-
ly to Western botanists. A few omissions have been already pointed out, as
for instance, Paniewm virgatum, L., and Glyceria Canadensis, Trin., also some typo-
graphical errors. There is also an omission of one genus, viz. Scleropogon, of
which we have at least one species in Texas and the South-west, viz : S Karwins-
kianus, Benth., which has been frequently distributed under the name of Tri-
cuspis monstrosa, Munro. Any information respecting omissions, errors, or notes
as to local names, uses, etc., will be thankfully received. — Geo. Vasev.

Abnormal Clematis. — I have just had handed to me by Prof. E. WT. Blake,
Jr., a branch of Clematis, probably C. patens, showing a peculiar abnormality _
It is terminated by the usual large flower. The first foliage leaf has the petiole
twisted, as usual, for climbing. Above this the leaflet, for there is but one, is
expanded into a blade, about half of which is petaloid, while the rest is green.
The plant was grown in New Haven. — W. W. Bailey.

Erratum. — In my note on local names, in last issue, there occurs an erra-
tum. For " mining berry " read " minnie-berry." But who ever reads a cor-
rection ? — W. W. Bailey.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

Me. Buckley has just named a Texan oak for Dr. Vasey, being a shrub or
small tree of the group of black oaks.

We would earnestly urge all botanists who have grievances against the
Postofnce Department in reference to packages of specimens to state them very
briefly to Dr. Farlow, of Cambridge, Mass., Prof. Bessey, of Ames, Iowa, or

320 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Prof. Coulter, of Crawfordsville, Ind., who are preparing to address the au-
thorities at Washington upon the subject.

Mr. A. P. Morgan has published the third installment of his Mycologic
Flora of the Miami Valley, Ohio. The great genus Agaricus having been dis-
posed of, the present pamphlet begins with Coprinus and ends with Lenzites.
Two colored plates illustrate Mr. Morgan's new species, Coprinus squamoms and
Sygrophorus Laura. We also note as new Russula incarnata, Marasmius fn.gineus>
and M. capillaris. Of the 96 species described, Mr. Chas. Peck is responsible
for 12.

The American Journal of Science seems to have had only its geologist
at Minneapolis, and the report of the meeting, under the head of " Miscellane-
ous Scientific Intelligence," might as well have been included under " Geol-
ogy." The statement that the " sections which had the largest number of pa-
pers were the geological and archa-ological," will not be sustained by the facts.
The Geological section had 36 papers, Biology had 30, and Anthropology 25.
The three papers of Prof. Cope, included in the report under the section of Ge-
ology, were referred to the section of Biology and read there.

The translation of Prof. Hermann Midler's " Die Befruchtung der Blu-
men (lurch Insekten," by Mr. D'Arcy Thompson, of Cambridge, England, is
not only good service to the English speaking botanist who does not read Ger-
man, but also to the many who do. The arrangement of the species in the
translation is according to the system of Bentham & Hooker, instead of the
German classification of the original. The preface is by Mr. Darwin, and is
one of his last writings. The book is published by Macmillan & Co.

As we go to press we learn of the death of Dr. Muller, which occurred at
Prad, in Tyrol, August 25. In him the world loses probably its chief authority
in that department of natural history which deals with the mutual relations of
insects and flowers. His works are vast storehouses of information, and will
most probably always continue to be the principal source of information in
their department. Dr. Gray says of him, in the October Am. Jour. Sci., " By his
most laborious and patient observations, by his great acuteness in interpreta-
tion and research, and by his studies of the modifications of insects in relation
to flowers, no less than those of flowers to insects, he had placed himself at the
head of this curious branch of biology, which was initiated by his countryman,
Christian Conrad Sprengel, about one hundred years ago, resuscitated and more
broadly based upon "the Knight-Darwin law," and the lead in which, since
Darwin's death, is restored to Germany mainly by the researches of Hildebrand
and Hermann Miiller.

In the October Naturalist Prof. Bessey gives the section divisions and
principal synomymy of Lojacono's Revision of the N. Am. Trifolii, as pub-
lished in the April number of Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano. We notice that
Dr. Gray and Mr. Watson are each honored with a new California species, both
cases being varieties raised to specific rank.

In Hiram Sibley's Grain and Farm Seeds Manual, Dr. E. L. Sturtevant
gives interesting histories of Indian corn, wheat, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. .321

and potatoes, and Prof. W. J. Beal has an illustrated paper on "Grasses," in-
tended to give farmers some knowledge of the more common grasses they are
likely to meet.

It is with a sense of personal loss that we record the death of Chas. F.
Parker, curator of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, which took
place September 7. Mr. Parker was a bookbinder, being in charge of the bind-
ing department of Oodey's Lady's Book, but as a botanist he was known in every
herbarium of any pretension. His fine specimens of the famous New Jersey flora
were always in demand, and no one had a more intimate knowledge of that
region. His last days were spent in arranging the large herbarium of the
Academy, and his friends write that the results were most satisfactory. Mr.
Parker was one of the men that botanists hoped to meet next summer in Phila-
delphia, but his work remains as an humble but characteristic memorial of
him.

J. E. Taylor, in Science Gossip, records the discovery of flies carrying away
upon their feet the pollen masses from Asekpias, and it "struck him that it
might be the method in which Asclepius is fertilized by insects," and he there-
upon "suggests to North American botanists to examine " their various species
of Ascicpias, and see if insects are entangled, and have " pollen masses adhering
to them." Where has Mr. Taylor been all these years? North American botan-
ists were quick-sighted enough to discover this long ago, and even in some of
our little Western colleges for several years the classes have been watching the
insects at this work, and at the same time knew that they were examining what
was common knowledge to every botanist in North America.

Dr. Julius Sachs has just published a book entitled Vorksungen iiber Pjlanzen-
physiologie, which is a series of lectures upon plant physiology, discussing the sub-
ject in a less formal way than his Lehrbueh. In reference to the latter, which
has been so generally and constantly used in the German, French and English
languages, it is interesting to hear the author expressing himself as follows :
"As long as the artist is pleased with his work, he can add a touch here and
there, or can even go in for greater changes; but this is not sufficient when the
work has ceased to be the expression of his idea, and this is the attitude I stand
in with regard to my text-book." This is given as a reason for not attempting
another edition of the text-book, and makes English speaking botanists all the
the more eager for a translation of the new work.

Two things struck A novice at Minneapolis rather unpleasantly in re-
gard to the papers presented. The first was their careless preparation and still
more careless presentation, half an hour being spent when five or ten minutes
would have more than sufficed for a much clearer statement of all that was
meant to be said. The second was the nature of the papers. Some were mere
essays about well known facts, and most were observations about such trivial
things that they could hardly be called profitable. While it may not be the
object of the A. A. A. S. to cultivate a high degree of technicality, it should de-
mand a certain amount of original work in the papers accepted.

322 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Tuckahoe, or Indian bread, is discussed at length by Prof. J. Howard
Gore in the Smithsonian Report for 1881. Several things were eaten by the
aborigines under this name, among them the underground portion of Orontium
aquatieum and Peltandra Virginica, but it is now more generally applied to a fun-
gus for which the name Pachyma cocos Fries is adopted.

Lester F. Ward gives a systematic list and the distribution of 181 species
of marsh and aquatic plants of the Northern United States, in signature 17
(vol. 3, p. 257) of the Bulletin of U. S. Fish Commission. Of this list 47 spe-
cies printed in broad-face type are specially recommended by Dr. R. Hessel for
carp ponds. It is noticeable that Dr. Hessel's list is wholly dicotyledonous, ex-
cept NaiadacecB, Lemna, Pontederia, and two rare plants, while both lists omit 8
out of the 11 kinds of plants named by Chas. W. Smiley, in answer to question
42 — What plants are best for carp ? — in signature 16, being such common plants
as marsh marigold, water cress, white water-lilies, and Indian rice. Other less
conspicuous omissions of flowering plants could be pointed out. No mention
is made of Chara which in many western ponds and lakes is an important fac-
tor of the submerged vegetation. In some of the larger artificial lakes in the
parks of Chicago it is so abundant as to require removal by dredging

Dr. Mohn, of the Norwegian North Sea expedition, in his description (as
given in Nature) of Jan Mayen Island, gi^es the following list of the plants col-
lected : Saxifraga casspitosa, L., S. nivalis, L., S. oppositifolia, L.. S. rivularis, L.,
Ranunculus glacialis, L., Halianthus peploides, Fr., Cerastium alpinum, L., Draba co-
rymbosa, R. Br., Cochlearia officinalis, L., Oxyria digyna, Campd., and Catabrosa al-
gida, Fr.

Dr. W. G. Farlow summarizes the progress of botany during the year 1881
in an article of eighteen pages in the Smithsonian Report for that year lately
issued. The first of these articles appeared in the preceding volume, embracing
the years 1879 and 1880. They are excellent indices to the most important cur-
rent literature in all departments of the science, and will be particularly valua-
ble to ambitious workers who do not have access to a large scientific library.

The last bulletin of the Society Philomaihique de Paris contains an article
by Roze on the male organs of AzoUa jiliculoides. The specimens were from the
Botanic Garden of Bordeaux, and the first fruiting ones observed in France.
The plants are monoecious, the conceptacles containing the male and female
sporangia standing side by side. Each of the male or microsporangia contain
six or seven cellular bodies or massuL-e, in which the microspores are plunged,
four in each. The massulae contain a sufficient number of air cells, formed
subsequently to the appearance of the microspores, to enable them to float on
water The microspores do not escape, but, as in Sahinia, protrude the anther-
id ia, the two terminal cells of which bear the antherozoids. These are quite
similar to the antherozoids of Salvinia. It is now proven that all the vascular
cryptogams have spiral antherozoids with two or more cilia anteriorly — several
in Azolla— and a protoplasmic vesicle containing starch granules attached pos-
teriorly. The archegonia have an interesting device mentioned by M. Roze.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 323

The canal of the archegonium is terminated at itssummit by a delicate hyaline
membrane forming a sort of funnel, which is covered on the inner surface by
excessively fine filaments, doubtless for the purpose of facilitating the passage
of the antherozoids into the archegonium. It will be remembered that the
same end is attained in Marsiliq by means of a mass of mucilage at the mouth
of the archegonium which acts as a funnel.

Puccinia Proserpinace Farlow has been found very plentiful about
Chicago, in so far confirming the opinion given in the last Gazette (ante p.
302) that it is widely distributed.

Volkens, by examining plants early in the morning, taking precautions
against deception by dew, has found a large number of plants exuding water.
He describes, in the " Proceedings " of the Koyal Botanic Gardens of Berlin,
the water pores of 150 species of plants. His observations were mostly made
upon wild plants.

In some remarks before the American Association at Minneapolis, Dr.
Farlow mentioned the discovery this season of peculiar conidiospores on some
Peronosporce from Illinois. Instead of the usual branched aerial hyphse bearing
numerous small spores being produced, there were extremely short ones having
a few spores of large size. The discovery is so recent that no opportunity has
been given to study their development, and their office can not be conjectured-

The water-net, Hydrodictyon utricidatwm, is a very common alga through-
out Minnesota, Iowa and Illinois. It is to be found in shallow water, along the
banks of rivers and small streams, and in pools having a constant supply of
water kept warm by the sun, noticeably those in stone quarries. It is quickly
l-ecognized by the large, angular meshes reaching half a centimeter or more in
diameter, seen best by raising the plant from the water. The old vesicular
mother-cells, a centimeter or two long, still containing the young nets, look
much like dead and bleached worms, as they lie undisturbed in the water.

The life history of PeniciUium, common blue mould, will soon be issued
from the botanical laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University.

August Vogel, in Westermann's Monatshefle (translated in Pop. Sci. Mo. for
Oct.) sums up what is known in regard to the pigments of plants, but unfortu-
nately includes among them some things that we don't know. Light has a
powerful, but not indispensable, influence in determining vegetable colors, and
their intensity depends somewhat on the intensity of the light. Almost none of
the flower pigments are available as dyes on account of their transitory nature.
If Herr Vogel's translator interprets him correctly, the explanation given of
the white color of flowers — "generally produced by a white cellular juice" —
is wide of the mark. In Herr Vogel's opinion, tannin is an important factor in
the generation of vegetable colors. He also believes that the form of the pig-
ment exerts great influence on the shade of color.

The continuity op the protoplasm throughout the plant seems to be set-
tled with tolerable certainty. W. Hillhouse has just added to our knowledge
on the subject a fresh series of observations, conducted in Prof. Strasburger's

324 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

laboratory at Bonn. The most successful method is as follows: Very thin
radial and tangential sections of the cortical tissue of various trees or shrubs
were treated on the slide, first with dilute and then with concentrated sulphuric
acid. After carefully removing the acid with a pipette, the sections were
washed thoroughly with distilled water and covered with glycerine. By this
treatment the cell-wall (and often the middle lamella) is destroyed, and the
protoplasmic thread between adjacent cells distinctly seen. The material for
this woil: is best gathered in January. Sections may be cut from fresh speci-
mens or from those which have lain some days in absolute alcohol. In the
first case, however, the razor must be flowing with absolute alcohol.

The recent experiments of R. Hartig to determine the tissue through
which water moves in the plant, and the causes of the movement, lead him to the
following conclusions : There are two types of trees, in one of which (e. g. oak) the
duramen is incapable of conducting water, and the other (e. g. birch) in which
the whole of the wood is conductive. Tracheides, and at times true vessels, are the
chief organs for the transference of sap. The absorption of water by the roots
is due to the osmotic forces in its cells, especially those of the root-hairs. The
cause of the ascent of water in wood is the difference in density of the air in
the conducting organs, and the pressure of the atmosphere exercises little or no
influence on it.

ARTICLES IN JOURNALS.

" Analyst, An."— A Granule of Starch, Pop. Sci. Mo. 23. 687.

Baker. .). G —A synopsis of the genus Selaginella (5 new species, all from Central and S.

Am.), Jour. But. 21. 210: Ferns collected by the Rev. Hanning in E. Tropical Africa

(two new species, an Asplenium and a Notochlsena), 1. c. 245: A study of the survival

of the fittest, 1. c 271.
Boswell, H.— Two recent additions to the British Mosses (one being Sphagnum Torrey-

anum, Sulliv. ), .lour. Hot. 21. 233.
Buckley, S. B.— Some new Texan plants (4 species, all shrubs or small trees, one being a

Quercus), Torr. Bull. U> 90.
Christy, Robert Milleb and Henry Corder.— Arum maculatum and its cross-fertiliza-
tion, Jour. Bot. 21. 225 and 262.
Corder, Henry.— See under "Christy " above.

Ellis, J. B. and B. M. Everuart.— New species of Fungi (7 species), Ton. Bull. 10. 89.
Everhart, B. M.— See under " Ellis" above.

Greene, Edward Lee..— New Western Composite (9 species) Ton. Bull. 10. 86.
Grove, W. B. — A new Puccinia, Jour. Bot. 21. 274.
Hance, II. F.— Orchidaceas quattuor novas Sinenses, Jour. Bot. 21. 231; Hep tad em Pili-

cum Novarum Sinicarum (7 species), 1. e. 267 : Disporopsis, genus novum Liliacearum

(from China), 1. c. 278.
Hems ley, W. Botting. — Bermuda plants in the Sloanc collection, British Museum, (with

plate and description of a new Carex) Jour. Bot. 21. 257.
HILL, E, J. — Potamogetons in W. New York. Torr. Bull. 10. 92: Means of plant dispersion

(continued from August number), Am. Nat. 17. 102S.
Kidd, H. W.— Notes on rasciated stems (with cut), Sci. Gossip, No. 225. 196.
Pim, Greenwood. — On Alliospora. a supposed new genus of Dematiei, Jour. Bot. 21. 334.
Roze, E. — Male organ of Azolla filiculoidea Lam.. Bull. Soc. Philom. ele Paris, Ser. 7. 7. 133.
Sgribner, F. Lamson.— Notes on Spartina (with plate), Torr. Bull. 10. 85.
Sedgwick, W. T.— Symbiosis and Vegetating Animals (Review of controversy between

Brandt, Geddes, Lankesteret al.), Pop. Sct'.Mo. 23 811.
Trelease. W— Notice of Farlow's notes on Ellis' N. Am. Fungi, Science, 2. 410.
Vqgel, August. — The colors of flowers (considered chemically), Pop. Sci. Mb. 23. 837.
Ward, Lester F. — Marsh and aquatic plants of the Northern U. S., many of which are

suitable for carp ponds, Bull. V S. Fish Com. 3. 2V7.

Catalogue of Indiana Plants.

This catalogue, which has been published in the Gazette in the form of extra sheets,

as now been bound in a neat pamphlet, of over 40 pages, with a map. Persons desiring

copies can procure'them at the rate of 35 cents per copy, or three for $1.00, by addressing

either, JOHN M. COULTER,

or Prof. Chas. R. Barnes, Crawfordsville, Ind.

Lafayette, Ind.

Plants from tho Cai

The undersigned has new sets of Washington plants. The larger number of species
sli-v both in fruit and flowers. Some are new. Full sets sold at the rate of $8 per hundred.
Desiderata, 10 and 15 cents each, according to the number selected. B®°Send for lists.

W. N. SUKSDORP,

6t White Salmon, W. T.

BOTANICAL IP .A. JP IE IE6 .

e. morrTson,
paper warehouse,

No. 805 D Street, Washington, D. €.

Standard Herbarium Paper, 23, and 30 lbs., at 84.50 and $0.00 per ream. Genus Covers,
standard size lb'.1., by 24), and weight, best quality, at 2 to 5 cents a piece. Drying paper
always kept on hand. Can furnish any size or weight.

.#

The Botanical Gazette

Will be sent with the following periodicals at the rates mentioned :

Am. Agriculturist (SI. 60 a year) $2.00 Scientific American ($3.20 a year) $3.60

Am. Micr. Jour. ($1.00 a year) 1.80 Torrey Bulletin ($1.00 a year) 1.85

Gardener's Monthly ($2.10 a year) 2.40 Leisure Hour 1.50

/'ITT LT/^lTZ" T TOTQ of North American Polvpetalse and Gainopetalse
\_j M HA j r\ * I i I J7> 1 l") after Composite. Very useful for exchanges and
herbarium lists. One copy of each list 25 cents. Five copies of each $1.00.

r^\ TnXTT TQ /"V "\ Y7" ET"DC! Printed Labels for Genus Covers. Just
Vjr_tLJ_N U O V^V^/ V -DjJLvO. what every Collector wants, now or some
time in the future. Order them now. In old collections they can be put on over the
written names, and are much neater. Send for samples and prices to

H. N. PATTERSON,

Oquawka, Illinois.

8®"J« every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette.

Botanical Gazette for 1884.

"VOIt/U^IE IX.

The Botanical Gazette enters "pon its ninth year with a strong constitu-
ency, and an increasing determination on the part of the editors to make it a
journal worthy the support of every ! itanist. It is with great satisfaction that
we can announce that the generous support of botanists has placed the Gazette
on a sure financial basis, and that we can look to even greater enlargement.
Eight years ago we printed four pages per month, then eight, then twelve, and
during this year sixteen or twenty pages have been printed every month and
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COITTENTS:

Notes on Edible Plants, II. E. Lewis Sturtevant 325

Enumeration of the Peronosporese of the United States (concluded). W. G. Farlow 327

General Notes 337

Sections of Wood arranged for Instruction in Schools.— Morphology of Spines.—
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Editorial Notes 340

Current Literature S43

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Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VIII.

NOVEMBER, 1883.

No. 11.

Notes on Edible Plants. II.

DILLENIACEiE.

The Water-tree of Sierra Leone is Tetracera alnifolia, so
called on account of its climbing stems yielding a good supply
of clear water when cut across (A. Smith). The fruit of most
of the species of Dlllenia are acid, and are used by the natives
of India in their curries, while the enlarged fleshy calyx of the
ripe fruit is used in the preparation of acid beverages and in
stews. D. ettiptica, Thunb., has fruit the size of an orange, sub-
mucilaginous, and eaten in the Eastern Archipelago (Unger) ;
D. pentagyna, Roxb., has flower-buds and round fruit of a
pleasant acid flavor, which, as well as the ripe fruit, are eaten
raw or cooked in Oudh and the Central Provinces of India
(Brandis) ; in Chittagong the fleshy calyx leaves of D. scabrella,
Wall., of a pleasant acid taste, are eaten in curries (Wallich),
while in Burmah the fruit of D. seabra is brought to the bazaars
while green, and is considered a favorite vegetable (Mason) ;
D. serrata, Thunb., furnishes a mucilaginous and sub acid fruit
in the Eastern Archipelago, while in India the large thickened
calyices of the fruits of D. speciosa are gathered for use, cooked
with sugar, as a sauce (Firminger). The acid juice of the fruit
also serves the natives as a vinegar (Pickering). In Japan
Actinidia arguta, a vine common about Yesso, bears an oblong
greenish berry about an inch in length. The pulp is of uni-
form texture, the seeds minute and the skin thin. When ripe

326 nOTANICAL GAZETTE.

it possesses a very delicate flavor. A. potygama, of Northern
Japan, is somewhat less desirable, as fruiting less abundantly,
but the fruit is equally serviceable (Penhallow).

calycanthace.t:.

Of this small family, Calycanthus foridus, L., seems the only
species which can be classed among aliments. The aromatic
bark of this is said to be used as a cinnamon substitute in the
Southern United States (A. A. Black), but by other authors the
use is as a substitute for cinnamon for flavoring medical decoc-
tions (Baillon).

MAGNOLIACE^E.

The bark of Drimys Granatensis, L. fil. var. montana, St.
Hil., is used in Brazil as a seasoning (Don). Itticium anisatum,
L , is the Star or Chinese Anise. The fruit, about an inch in
diameter, forms an article of commerce. In Germany, France
and Italy it is used largely to flavor spirits (Pharmacographia),
the Mahometans use it for seasoning (Ainslie), and the Chinese
mix it with tea and coffee to improve the flavor (Loudon). The
flowers of Talauma Plumiera, Serz., find use by the distillers of
Martinique for flavoring liquors (A. Rich) The root of Lirio-
dendron tulipifera is used in Northern America in flavoring-
spruce beer. The flower-buds of Magnolia eonspicua, Salisb.,
are pickled by the Chinese, and used for flavoring rice, and in
Devonshire, England, the flowers are said to be pickled, and are
pronounced of exquisite flavor (Loudon). In China the flowers
of M. Yulan are said to give an aroma to tea, and the buds are
pickled in vinegar (Baillon). The fruit of Miehelia ohampaca,
L., is said to be edible, and the tree is celebrated in India for
the exquisite perfume of its flowers (Don). The fruit of Schi-
zandra grandiflora, H. f. and TL is eaten in Sikkim, the large
fleshy red drupes being pleasantly acid (Hooker).

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 327

Enumeration of the Peronosporese of the United States.

BY W . G . PARLOW.

(Continued from p. 315.)

C. Effusa. Wall of oogonium thin, corrugated at maturity. Exospore
thick, with a few irregular folds, which are sometimes adherent to the wall of
-t he oogonium.

15. P. effusa (Grev.) Rabh.

Botrutis effusa Grev. F .Edin. 468.

P. effusa Rabh. in Klotzsch Herb, Myc. no. 1880 ; De Bary 1. c. p. 112 PI. VIII. f. 7,

XIII. f. 11 ; Bull. Buss. Inst. I. 428; 29th Rept. N. Y. Bot. 52; 30th Rept. 77;

Cat. Pac. Fung. 29.
P. Chenopodii Casp. Bot. Zeit. 1854.
Exs. Ellis N. A. F. 213.

Conidiophores short, stout, several times dichotomous. Co-
nidia broadly ellipsoid, violet colored, very variable in size,
:22-30,a by 19-23//, often pedicellate. Oospores 26-35//. in diam-
eter, exospore dark brown, irregularly ridged.

Var. major. Tips thick, short, subulate, reflexed. Conidia
ellipsoid, distinctly pedicellate.

Var. minor. Narrow, lower divisions suberect, tips subu-
late, erect, slightly curved Conidia globose-ovoid, not distinct-
ly pedicellate.

On Chenopodium, album, Atriplex hastaia; and Spinacia okracea.

Mass. to Iowa, Wisconsin and California. Europe.

A coarse, common species, forming a dirty white or cinereous felt on the
under side of the leaves of Chenopodium album and other species during the
whole season. We have both forms mentioned by De Bary, but with us the
slender form occurs on Chenopodium, and I have seen the stouter form on Atri-
plex. Oospores are abundant on Chenopodium, but I have not yet seen them on
Atriplex.

Note.— The following three forms are very closely related to P. effusa, and
it is scarcely possible to state any distinct points of specific difference. As they
occur on hosts belonging to other orders than Chenopodiaceas, they have received
distinct specific names, under which they are enumerated below.

16. P. Polygoni Thuemen, in Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Gesell.
Vienna, 1374.

Conidiophores more slender, tips shorter and straighter than
in typical P. effusa. Conidia violet colored, without pedicels.
Oospores as in P. effusa.

On Polygonum dumetorum var. scandens, Kentucky (comm. Ellis), Iowa (Ar-
thur). Europe.

Forming small and rather inconspicuous patches on the under side of the
leaves. The Kentucky specimens contain oospores, and the conidiophores are
precisely like those of the form on P. avicidare, of which I have examined speci-
mens from Herb. Thuemen.

328 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

17. P. alta Fuckel.

P. Alta Fung. Rhen. no. 39; Symb. Myc. 71 ; De Bary 1. c. 119: 30th Rept. N. V.

Bot. 56, 77.
P. effusa var. Plantaginis Farlow Bull. Buss. Inst. I. 428.
Exs. Ellis N. A. F. 214.

Conidiophores and oospores closely resembling those of slen-
der forms of P. effusa.
On Planiago major.
From New Hampshire (Farlow) to Wisconsin (Trelease). Europe.

One of our commonest forms at least in the East. It forms dirty-white
patches of considerable extent, sometimes almost covering the whole under sur-
face of the leaves. Oospores are especially abundant in this form as found in
New England, but they can not be distinguished from those of P. effusa. Found
during the whole season.

18. P. Viol.^ De Bary.

P. Violas De Bary 1. c. 121.

P. effusav&v. Violse Rabh. Fung. Eur. no. 1368.

Conidiophores and oospores closely resembling those. of P-
effusa var. major.

On Viola tricolor var. arvensis.

Cobden 111. (Earle). Europe.

The specimens received from Mr. Earle were collected in April, 1883, and
can be referred without doubt to this form, from their resemblance to P. effusa
var. major. Reference has already been made, under P. Oeranii, to a peculiar
monstrous form of conidia found by Mr. Earle on that species as Avell as the
present. Although enormously developed the abnormal conidia retain the
shape and violet color as well as the marked pedicels of the normal form.
Schroeter, in Hedwigia, XVI., 132, states that the oospores of P. Violas are like
those of P. effusa. No oospores were found in the Illinois specimens.

19. P. Urticle (Lib.) De Bary.

Botrytis Urticx Libert MSS.; Berkeley Journ. Hort Soc. London I. 31.
P. Urticx De Bary 1. c. 112; Cat. Par. Fun-- 30.

" Conidiophores short, loosely 4-6 dichotomous ; divisions
fiexuous, tips subulate, arcuate, often defiexed . Conidia large,
broadly ovoid or subglobose, distinctly pedicellate; apex very
obtuse; membrane pale violet. Oospores medium sized, exo-
spore dark colored.'' — De Bar;/ I. c.

On nettles.

California (Harkness). Europe.

I have not examined American specimens of this species, which is inserted
on the authority of Harkness and Moore. The description is taken from De
Bary.

20. P. Ficari.e Tub

Comptes Rendus 1854; De Bary 1. c. 113 ; Bull. Buss. Inst. H. 233; Cat. Pac

Fung. 29.
Exs. Ellis X. A. I'. 215.

Conidiophores rather short and slender, several times dicho-
tomous, tips usually straight, spinose, spreading. Conidia violet,

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 329

ovate-obtuse or ellipsoid 20-26/.* by 16-20//.. Oospores rather
small, 22-32// in diam., yellowish brown, exospore smooth.

On Ranunculus acris and -ft. bulbosus.

Massachusetts (Farlow), California (Harkness). Europe.

One of the commonest species in the East, especially early in the season,
but certainly less common in the West, from which region I have not seen any
specimens, although the species is said to occur there. It covers the whole un-
der surface of the leaves with a dense down, and oospores are frequently found
in the hosts mentioned ahove. Our form is decidedly more luxuriant than
that found on B. Ficaria in Europe.

21. P. Trifoliorum De Bary.

De Bary 1. c. p. 113; Cat. Pac. Fung. p. 29.

Conidiophores rather slender, several times dichotomous, di-
visions spreading and flexuous, tips acutely subulate, divergent,
conidia broadly elliptic, obtuse, 19-26// by 15-19//., violet colored.
Oospores 26-34/i in diam., thick walled, exospore dark brown,

nearly smooth.

On Astragalus Canadensis.

Iowa ( Arthur), Minnesota (Farlow), California on clover (Harkness). Eu-
rope.

To this species should be referred a form common in Iowa and Minnesota
on Astragalus Canadensis. It forms dirty-white patches on the under surface of
the leaves, the upper surface of which becomes more or less yellow. Our form on
Astragalus is more luxuriant than any of the European forms of the species which
I have examined, and oospores are frequently found. I have not examined
California specimens. In spite of their more luxuriant growth I can see no
specific difference either in the conidia or oospores by which one could separate
our plant from that of Europe.

22. P. Cor yd a lis De Bary.

De Bary 1. C. 107.

Conidiophores slender, simple below, above several times
dichotomous, divisions flexuous. Tips slender, elongated, curved.
Conidia broadly 'ovate, '20-24//. by 16-20//, pale violet colored.
Oospores 26.5-43// in diameter, exospore brown, slightly rugose.

On Dicenira.

Buffalo, N. Y. (Clinton). Europe.

This species covers the whole under surface of the Je'ave with a dirty-white
down, and in all speciufens which I have examined the oospores have been very
abundant. Mr. Clinton informs me that the host is I). Canadensis or D. CncuUa-
ria, and that the fungus perhaps occurs on both species. Our fungus agrees well
with European specimens as far as the conidiophores and conidia are concerned,
but the walls of the oogonia are not thick and rigid, but easily collapse, and on
this account the species is here inserted with the Effasce. American specimens
do not so well agree with the European P. affinis Kossm. as far as their conidia
are concerned, although the oogonia resemble those of the last named species
In examining a considerable number of specimens of P. Corydalis and P. affinis

,'530 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

determined by European authorities (he oospores of the two species hardly
seemed to present differences sufficiently striking to warrant, on that ground
alone, placing them in different sections of the genus.

23. P. Euphorbise Fuckel.

P. Euphorbise Fung. Rhenan. no. 40. De Bary 1. c. 114.
P. Cypartssix Farlow in Ball. Buss. Inst. II. 236.
Exs. Ellis N. A. F. 216.

Conidiophures repeatedly dichotomous, divisions flexuous,
tips widely spreading, spinose, straight or sometimes curved.
Conidia globose or ellipsoidal 13-16/;. by 16-19//., pale violet col-
ored when mature. Oospores 23-33// in diam., exospore brown,
thick, and irregular.

On Euphorbia rnaculuta.

Mass. (Farlow), New Jersey (Ellis). Europe.

Forming rather diffuse patches of a dirty-white color on the under side of
the leaves, the upper surface remaining nearly normal. The species is appar-
ently not common. I have occasionally seen it ahout Cambridge, but never in
quantity except in the unusually wet summer of 1878, when it was common on
E. maculata, in the college grounds, in August. I have compared our plant
with European specimens of P. Euphorbve, and it seems to me that they specifi-
cally agree, although some minor points of difference are present. The conidia
of American specimens are certainly violet colored, but, although those of the
European form are described as colorless, I have found them to be violet in
specimens on E. platyphylla. About the oospores of this species writers do not
all agree. They are commonly found with us and have a thick brown exospore
with irregular projections. The oosporic [wall is rather rigid and thick, and,
if I am not mistaken, has two layers, so that it bears as much resemblance to
the oospores of the Parasitical as to those of the Effusce. P. Euphorbia' Fuckel,
and P. Oyparissice De Bary, are generally kept distinct, but I must confess that
an examination of a good set of both species leads me to think that one is prob-
ably a more fully developed form of the other. The form on P. Cyparissias is
not known to me in America.

24. P. grisea Unger. t

Botrytis grisea Unger Kxanthem. 172.

/' grisea Unger Bot. Zeit, 1817, 345; De Bary 1. c. 115, PI. XIII. f. 12.

Conidiophures slender, several times dichotomous. Tips flex-
uous, approximate or slightly spreading. Conidia ovate-obtuse,
violet colored, 22-30//. by 15-22//.. Oospores large, 30-38//. in.
diam., exospore brown.

On Verrmica alpina.

Tuckerman's Ravine, Mt. Washington. Europe.

I have found this species but once, and then at the head of Tuckerman's
Ravine, in the month of, September, when oospores as well as conidia were
present. ■ Of our Eastern species this attains the highest altitude, reaching to
4,500 feet above the sea-level.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

331

25. P. Linari^e Fuckel.

Fungi Rhenani 1903 ; Symb. Myc. 70.

Conicliophores slender, several times dichotomous. lips short,
flexuous, approximate. Conidia obovate, distinctly attenuated
at the base, 26-33;/ by 12-16//., violet. Oospores 30-34/*, thick-
walled, exospore dark, rough.

On Linaria Canadensis.

Chebacco Lake. Mass. (Seymour).

Apparently a rare species collected in June by Mr. A. B. Seymour. It
forms a scanty growth of a dirty white color on the under side of the leaves, in
which the oospores abound. The conidia of this species are different in shape
from those of our other species and resemble those of P. Schleideniana. They
are narrowly obovate and much attenuated at the base. The oospores are
rather large and thick-walled, the exospore having more prominent ridges than
in the related species.

26. P. leptosperma De Bary.

De Bary 1. c. p. 117, PI. IX. f. 1, 2. # «.-,., .,

Mycelium with globose haustona. Conidiophores rather
stout and rigid, several times dichotomous, occasionally trichoto-
raous, divisions straight, divergent above. Tips short, spinose,
erect. Conidia large, rather narrowly ellipsoid, obtuse, 31-45/1
long by 16-22//. broad, white. Oospores yellowish-brown, about
38— 45/x in diameter, exospore smooth or with a few folds.

On Artemisia biennis.

Lake Minnetonka, Minn. Europe.

As far as I know the only locality in which this species has yet been found
in this country, but it is to be expected on other composites, especially Tanace-
tvm. The portions of the leaves attacked quickly shrivel and blacken. I found
no oospores on my specimens, and the measurement given above was taken from
European specimens. In all other respects the fungus seems to me to be un-
doubtedly the same as the European type, and is recognized by the rigid spinose
tips and the large white narrowly eliptical conidia. P. Radii De Bary, which
sometimes accompanies the present species in Europe, has not yet been found in
this country.

SPECIES WHOSE OOSPORES ARE UNKNOWN.
a- Conidiophores pinnately branched.

27. P. sicyicola Trelease in litt.

Haustoria not seen. Conidiophores slender, axis long and
flexuous, with very numerous 3-4 pinnate, slender, horizontal
branches, alternately or frequently oppositely placed. Tips di-
vided into several, usually three, very short spines. Conidia
small 13-17/x by 11-15/* ovoid, white. Oospores ?

On Sicyos angulalus.

Near Madison, Wis. (Trelease).

This very interesting species was discovered by Prof. Trelease in the sum-

332 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

rner of 1882. It forms rather small, scattered, frost-like spots on the under
side of the leaves. The resemblance to P. viticola and P. Halsledii is striking.
The present species, however, has conidiophores whose branches are more fully
developed than in those species, although the general plan of the ramification
is the same. Although the germination of the conidia has not yet been seen,
one can not help thinking that they will prove to germinate by zoospores, so
great is the resemblance of the conidia and conidiophores to those of our spe-
cies of the section Zoosporiparce. In the Journ. Linn. Soc. X., 363, Berkeley
and Curtis describe a Peronospora Oubensis found by Charles Wright on some
cucurbitaceous plant in Cuba, which, as far as I have been able to ascertain, is
not the same as the present species, judging from the description given. The
description is as follows: "Candida; floccis sursum furcatis; ramulis ultimis
rectis nee uncinatis, sporis metuheformibus vel oblongis obtusis." An exam-
ination of the type in the Curtis collection, where it bears the name Botrytis
Oubensis B. & C, shows only a minute Ramularia, which throws no light on the
subject. Whether correct or not in assuming that P. sicyicola is distinct from
P. Gubensis, the discovery of the species in Wisconsin is of economic importance.
If it occurs in Sieyos it may be found on cucumbers, melons, and other Cucurbi-
iaeece at some future date, and it may eventually prove injurious to garden
crops. Like others of our pinnate species it may, sooner or later, spread east-
ward, and, following the example of P. viticola, in time extend even to Europe.
I have examined cultivated plants of Sieyos in Cambridge, but have been un-
able to find the Peronospora. Echinocystis should also be watched, for, from its
close relationship to Sieyos, it is not unlikely that the fungus will be found
upon it. A more detailed account of P. sicyicola will be given by the discoverer
in another place, and it is to be hoped that he will be able to succeed in ob-
serving the germination of the conidia, and ascertain whether the resemblance
to P. viticola is preserved in this point also.

28. P. Illinoensis.

Conidiophores slender, scattered, loosely 2-3 pinnate above,
secondary branches usually horizontal, sometimes secund* Tips
acute, short, erect, clustered. Conidia globose, or ovate-obtuse,
white, 17-20/.. by 15-18//. Oospores?

The above unsatisfactory diagnosis is given temporarily to designate a curious
form found on some leaves of J < Pennsylvania! received from Prof. T. J.

Burrill. They were collected, I believe, in Southern 111., by Mr. A. B. Seymour.
As will be seen from the description this is another of the pinnate forms which are
characteristic of this country. A Peronospora Parietarice is mentioned by Rou-
meguere in the Revue Mycologique for July, 1883, and distributed in Fungi
Gallici no. 2553. It was found on Parietaria diffusa at Chailly, France. 1 have
not yet seen a description of the species which is said by Roumeguere to be
P. TJrtwv pro parte. From this statement one can only assume that the Illinois
form is not P. Parietaria: Roum. for the former is distinctly pinnate, while the
latter, if P. Urticce pro parte, must be assumed to be dichotomous. Unfortunately
in my copy of Fungi Gallici the specimen no 2553 only shows a Ramularia, and

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 333

I am not at present able to state certainly whether the American plant is P.
Parietarice, although it probably is not. Our species is probably of limited
range, and we must look to Erof. Burrill to discover the oospores and the mode
of germination of the conidia. Here again the resemblance to the other pin-
nate species would lead us to suspect germination by means of zoospores.

b. Conidiophores dichotomous.

29. P. sordida Berk.

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1861, 449; Cat. Pac. Fung. 29.

"Forming broad, irregular, dirty, pallid spots on the under
side of the leaves ; threads loosely dichotomous above ; tips forked,
unequal ; spores obovate, apiculate, .001 inch long." Berkley 1. c.

On Serophularia Californica.

California (Harkness). Europe.

30. P. spars A Berk.

Gardener's Chronicle 1862 p. 308; Cat. Pac. Fung. 29.

Conidiophores scattered, repeatedly dichotomous. Conidia
ellipsoid, apex obtuse.
On Rosa Californica.
California (Harkness). Europe.

31. P. LOPHANTHI.

Conidiophores very slender, long, naked below, above re-
peatedly dichotomous, divisions flexuous. Tips flexuous, forci-
pate, one division usually considerably longer than the other.
Conidia small, globose, or ovate-obtuse, 19-22/* by 15-20//, violet
colored. Oospores ?

On Lophanthu8 scrophularicefoliv.s.

Charles City, Iowa. (Arthur.)

This species, which has only been collected by Prof. Arthur, forms small,
dirty-white patches on the under side of the leaves. It differs from P. Lamii
A. Br. in being much more slender and in not having pedicellate conidia. Its
relation to P. Calaminlhce Fuckel requires further study, and one needs to see
the oospores before concluding that the species is a good one. The conidio-
phores arc more slender and longer than in most of our species, in this respect
resembling the form on Oeum. The tips are bifurcate, one division usually
being much shorter than the other.

The above includes all our species of Peronosporce, about which I have as
yet direct information. There are, however, several more species known to others,
I believe. The list of our species is by no means meagre, and it will probably
soon be increased, now that a number of observers are in the field. I have al-
ready, in a previous paper, called attention to the fact that our flora is charac-
terized by the abundance of species whose conidia germinate by zoospores, and
if, as is not unlikely, it should prove that the species on Si-cyos and Parietaria
also produce zoospores, the proportion would be still greater. Our Peronosporce
may be divided into two groups, those in which the ramification is pinnate and
those in which it is dichotomous. In each group there are species which close-
ly resemble one another, and one is tempted to ask how far the different forms
described are really specifically distinct. Of the pinnate group, although we

334 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

might suppose that the greater part of the species were derived from some com-
mon ancestor, yet, as species of fungi go, they are now comparatively distinct.
The same can not he said of the group Effusce. I have already noticed several
forms which it seems to some botanists can not be morphologically distinguished
from P. effusn, and, in general, all of (he Effiusa arc closely related to one an-
other. .Some mycologists maintain that two forms morphologically alike must,
if they grow on hosts belonging to natural orders which are not closely related,
be regarded as distinct species. I am unwilling to adopt this view so long as
repeated attempts have not shown that it is impossible to transfer a Peronospora
on one host to a host of an order not nearly related. Cultures are to lie recom-
mended to persons who have a certain amount of leisure, and they do not re-
quire an elaborate equipment or special library. One might, for instance,
attempt to transfer the form on Plantago to Chenopodium, or vice versa.

In my enumeration it will be noticed that no mention is made of species
on Oaryophyllacece, although several are found in Europe. I believe that species
of Stelhria and Cerastium are attacked by Peronosporea. in the Western States,
but a careful search in Massachusetts has failed to detect any Peronospora on
such hosts, although Isariopsis pusilla Fres., which externally resembles a Perono-
spora, is common. It is hardly probable that we do not have some of the Calo-
thecce which inhabit Oaryophyllacece. P. Schleideniana Ung., on onions, and P.
Schachtii Fuckel, on beets, have not yet been observed in the United States as-
far as known, but they may be exjjected.1

CYSTOPUS Lev.

( 'onidia white, spherical or cylindrical, in moniliform chains densely packed side by
side, forming spots surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, (termination by zoospores?

32. C. candjdus (P.) Lev.

Uredo Candida Persoon Syn. Fung. 233; Schweinitz Fung. Am. Bor. no. 2852 in

part.
C. candidus L6v. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 3, VIII ; De Barv 1. e. 126 PI. I. & II. f. 1-3 ;

Bull. Buss. Inst, I., 429; 2<Uh Rent. N. Y. Bot. 76; Cat. Pae. Fung. 26: Bulk

111. Mus. I., 57. PL I. f. 1-4.
Exs. Ellis N. A. F. no. 204 ; Ravenel Fung. Car. IV. %.

Conidia all alike, globose, white. Oospores nearly spherical,
yellowish brown. Exospore marked with few, very prominent,
Hexuoas ridges which sometimes branch.

On Capsella bursa-pastoris, Lepidium Virginieum, Dentaria diphylla, Sinapis

'While attending the session of the American Association at Minneapolis
hist August I found the leaves of Ampelopsis quinquefolia growing on the shores
of Lake Minnetonka, attacked by 1'. dticola. The spots formed were small and
scattered, and the fungus not so well developed as when growing on grapes.
Strange to say the plants of Vitis riparia growing close to the Ampelopsis were
free from the Penmospora, and during all my excursions near Minneapolis I
found no Peronospora on wild grapes. This indicates that the fungus is less com-
mon in the Northwest than in the East, where the fungus abounds on all grapes.
On the other hand P. viticola has not been found on Ampelopsis in the East. That
it ever occurs on Ampelopsis is of importance in studying the means of prevent-
ing the spread of the grape-mildew.

In September, 1883, a Peronospora was found on Geum rivale by Mr. Seymour
and myself at Wellesley and Newton, Mass. The conidiophores were like those
found on Geum album at Wood's Hall, and were sparsely scattered over the
leaves. Unfortunately no oospores were found, but in other respects the species
agrees sufficiently well with P. Potentillce. I found, in 1882, a small Peronospora
on Ribes Oynosbati at Wood's Hall, Mass., but the material was too poor to war-
rant a description.

2The terminal conidia are said, by Tulasne, in some cases to produce tubes.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 335

nigra, Turriiissp. Rhaphanus sativus, Sisymbrium officinale, and Nasturtium Armorackt.

Everywhere common. Europe.

The common white rust on cruciferous plants, distorting the leaves, stems,
and even the floral organs. I have found oospores in the stems and pedicels of
Sinapis and Raphanus. Although extremely common on Capsella and Lepidium,
I have not seen oospores in those plants in this country.

33. C. cubicus .(Strauss) Lev.

Uredo evibica Strauss Ann. Wetterauer Qesell. II. 86.

C. cubicus Lev. 1. c; De Bary 1. c. 128 PI. II. f. 17-21 ; Bull. Buss. Inst. I. 129 ; 25th

Rept. N. Y. Bot. 'M ; 29th Rept. 76; 30th Kept. 77.
C. spinulosus De Bary 1. c. 129; 29th Rept. X. V. Hot. 51.
Exs. Ellis, N. A. F., no. 206.

Conidia of two kinds, the terminal ones larger than the
others, depressed-globose, the others short cylindrical (squarish
in optical section), with a thickened transverse ring. Oospores
brown or black, globose, exospore covered with a fine, scarcely-
raised, net work.

On Tragopogon porrifolius, Ambrosia arteraisiafolia, Parthenium integrifolium,
Cirsium arvense.

Massachusetts to Iowa. Europe.

I have found oospores on all the hosts just named, and they all, as well as
those in European specimens, of which I have examined a large set, have an
exospore which at first sight appears to he granular, but which, on close exam-
ination, proves to be covered with a slightly raised net-work, with very small
meshes. In this respect European and American specimens of C. spinulosus
agree perfectly with C. cubicus, and the two forms should be united. Probably
the species appears on several other composites in this country. It is, however,
by no means certain that the Cystopus on Gonvolvulac.ea>, viz.: Iporrum edulis in
Myc. Univ. 815, Convolvulus in Ravenel Fung. Am. 501, and apparently not rare
from New Jersey (Halsted) on Ipomri to North Carolina, on Ipom.
pandurata, Ipom. trichocarpa and Ohio belongs to the present species.
The conidia are subcylindrical, and resemble those of C. cubicus, but I have
never been able to find oospores in the numerous specimens which I have exam-
ined, and without them one can not determine the species with any degree of
certainty. The Oystopus on Qonvolvulaceat is apparently the JEzidium fpomcea
panduranoz Schweinitz's Syn. Fung. Car. No. 454, and it is to be hoped that
some person will find the oospores, which should be sought in the stems and
petioles rather than the leaves. In this connection I would call attention to
the fact that a Cystopus was found on cotton leaves, in Alabama, by Prof. C. V.
Riley, in 1879. The discovery is of great practical importance, although, as
there were no oospores, the species could not be determined.

34. C. Blitz (Bivon.) Lev.

Uredo Bliti Bivona-Bernard in Stirp. Sic. III. 11.

Cseoma I Uredo) 4marantfwSch.Syn.Fung. Am. Bor. no. 2853; Grevillea III. 58: 28th

Rept. N. Y . Bot. 61.
Cyst. Bliti Lev. 1. c. ; De B.iry 1. c. 127, PI. XIII. f. 13-15; Bull. Buss. Inst. 429 in

part.
Exs. Mye. Univ. 619 ; Ellis N. A. F. 206.

Conidia of two kinds, the terminal subglobose, generally smaller

336 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

than the others, which are rounded cylindrical, somewhat trun-
cate at the base, with a thickened transverse band. Oospores
globose, exospore brown or blackish, covered with ridges which
usually unite to form a net-work, some of the ridges projecting
into the center of the meshes.

On Amarantus hybridus, A. retroflexus and Acriida cannabina.

Everywhere common east of the Mississippi. Europe.

I have examined a very large number of specimens of this species which
abounds on species of Amarantus, and which, with us, produces oospores abun-
dantly in the leaves where they are plainly visible to the naked eye, and I can
see absolutely no specific difference between our forms and that on A. Blitum of
Europe. I have compared oospores on our species of Amarantus and Acnida, and
they correspond precisely to those in Bahh. Fung. Eur. no. 598 on A. Blitum, and,
in all, the exospore is covered by ridges which unite to form an irregular net-
work whose meshes are considerably larger than in C. cubicus. The ends of
some of the ridges project into the areolae and terminate in blind ends. The
species is apparently much more common in America than in Europe.

35. C. Portulacje (DC.) Lev.

Uredo Portulacse I>C. Fl. Franc.
Cseoma ( Uredo) candidus S. Fung. Am, r>or. in part.
Cyst. Portulacse Lev. 1. c. : De Bary 1. c, 127, PL III.
Exs. Ravenel Fung. Am. 500.

Conidia of two kinds, the terminal umbilicate and larger than
the others which are cylindrical, and without a thickened trans-
verse band. Oospores as in C. Bllti.

On Portulaca oleracea.

With the last. Europe.

Everywhere abundant on Portulaca oleracea and scarcely to be distinguished
from the preceding species. The oospores are the same in both, as I am con-
vinced from a large number of examinations, and, although the terminal
conidia in one species are larger, and in the other smaller, than the rest, and
the transverse band is wanting in C. Pdrtulacce, according to several writers,
yet, from my own observations, I have not found these marks to be constant.
Neither is the fact that the sori are sometimes concentrically arranged in C.
Portulaca characteristic for the same arrangement is not unfrequently seen in
the form on Amarantus.

I would return my thanks to the following botanists who have
kindly furnished specimens of Peronosporeu >: J. C Arthur,
Prof. C. E. Bessev, Prof. T. J. Burrill, Hon. G. W. Clinton, F.
S. Earle, J. B. Ellis, B. D; Halsted, Dr. H. W. Harkness, E.
W. Holway, C. H. Peck, H. W. Ravenel, A. B. Seymour, Prof.
V. M. Spalding, Prof. Wm. Trelease.

Erratum. — On page 312 after Section III for Plasmatorarve read Plasmatoparoe.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 337

Index of host plants of the srEciES of Peronospora and Cystopus.

Ranumculacece. — Anemone nemorosa, A. Pennsylvanica, Hepatica triloba, 7.
Ranunculus acris, R. bulbosus, 20.

Fumariacece. — Dicentra Canadensis, D. Cucullaria, 22.

< 'rueiferce. — Species varise, 9, 32.

Violacece. — Viola tricolor, 18.

Portulacacea. — Portulaca oleracea, 35. Claytonia Virginica, 11.

'.'< raniacece. — ( Jeraniurn maculatum, G. Robertianum, G. Carolinianum, 4.

Balsaminacece. — Impatiens fnlva, •"».

Vitaeece. — Vitis sp. var., Ampelopsis quinquefolia, 1.

Leguminosce. — Astragalus Canadensis, 21.

Rosacea'. — Rosa Californica, 30. Potentilla Norvegica, Geurn album, G. ri-
vale, 10.

Onarjracar. — Oenothera biennis, 13, 15.

Curiirbifacece. — Sicyos angulatus, 27.

UmbeUiferce. — Species indet. 5.

Composites. — Ambrosia artemisiafolia, 2. 33. Eupatorium purpureum, Bidens
frondosa, Rudbeckia laciniata, Silphium terebinthinaceum, Helianthus-
strumosus, H. doronicoides, H. tuberosus, Solidago Canadensis, 2. Aster
Novse-Angliae, Erigeron Canadense, Solidago rigida, 6. Nabalus albus,
Lactuca altissima, L. Canadensis, L. sativa, Mulgedium leucophanun, 8..
Artemisia biennis, 26. Tragopogon porrifolius, Parthenium integrifoli-
um, Cirsium arvense, 33.

Plantaginacece. — Plantago major, 17.

Scrophulariacea'. — Veronica alpina, 24. Linaria Canadensis, 25. Scropbularia
Californica, 29.

LabiatcB. — Lophanthus scrophulariafolius, 31.

Borraginacece. — Myosotis verna, 12.

Convolmilarea'. — Sp. var. 33. ?

Chenopodiacece. — Chenopodium album, Atriplex hastata, Spinacia oleracea, 15.

Ainarantarar.- Amarantus hybridus, A. retroflexus, Acnida cannabina, 34.

Polygonacece. — Polygonum dumetorum var. 16.

Eupkorbiacece. — Euphorbia maculata, 23.

Urlicaeece. — Urtica sp. ? 19. Parietaria Pennsylvanica, 28.

GENERAL NOTES.

Sections of Wood Arranged for Instruction in Schools, by H. Brooks, of
Boston, are offered to the students of botany and others interested in the
knowledge of our timber trees. The collection contains seventeen species of
woods, each in three specimens, a radial, tangential and a transverse section,
each 5.} by nearly 2 inches wide and, according to the character of the wood,
sV to isu incn thick. The three different sections of each species are mounted
on a neat card-board and are on both sides protected by a thin and completely
transparent mica plate, so that dust and use can not injure them and they can
be readily examined with transmitted as well as reflected light ; with a good
magnifying glass they show the wood structure very nicely.

There are seventeen species of wood in each set, which is furnished in a
neat box, at $5.00 ; application to be made to Henry Brooks, 97 Beacon street,
Boston, Mass.

The specimens are similar to those furnished by Mr. Burkart of Briinn,.

338 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Austria, but tbey are not protected by mica and are therefore more liable to
injury.

In a hasty examination of the specimens, Catalpa wood is found with a
few accessory lines which readily might be mistaken for annual rings, but for
the want of the pores always accompanying the vernal wood in this genus.
Such accessory rings (false annual rings) are rare in the woods of our tem-
perate climate, but in a specimen of Pinus Elliottii, of South Florida, I find
such rings quite numerous, and difficult to explain and to distinguish from
true annual rings. In wood of the same species from farther north no such
appearance is observed, the annual rings being clear and well marked.

If sufficient encouragement be given it is proposed to continue the work, so
that sections of all our more important forest trees may be furnished. — George
Engelmann.

Morphology of Spines.— In an illustrated paper lately laid before the
•German Botanical Society, Dr. J. Urban, of Berlin, proves that the spines of
Auranliacie are not, as has been generally assumed, abortive branchlets, such as
we find in Qratmgus, Gleditschia and many other ligneous plants. He shows
that they are the abnormally developed basal leaves or bud scales of the
axillary bud. A pair of these scales is found on both sides of the bud ;
-sometimes both of them are developed into spiues, and then the small bud
itself is found between and a little above them. In other cases the scales are
unequally developed into a small and a larger spine, but more frequently only
one of them grows out into a spine. In this latter case the spine assumes an
almost axillary position, and the rest of the bud, with the other lateral
(originally opposite) minute scale, is pushed sideways and upwards, so that it
assumes the position generally ascribed to it by those who have treated on
this subject, seemingly above the spine, thus simulating a secondary bud above
the primary one, which would be the spine. But the bud will always be found
a little sideways of a line drawn from the center of the axil upwards, and the
other lateral bud scale can always be discovered on the other side of the bud.
Where there are a pair of unequally developed spines the case becomes quite
plain.

In connection with this and other strange developments of different
organs into spines, it occurred to me that my observations on the morphology
of the spines of Fmirquiera, made nearly thirty years ago, seem to have escaped
botanists: though I have often spoken of them, I have never published any-
thing about them.

A small specimen of Fouquiera splendens, sent to me from New Mexico, veg-
etated well enough for many months, continuing to make its fasciculated spatu-
la te subsessile leaves from the undeveloped branchlets in the axils of the spines,
without showing any further growth, till after a heavy thunderstorm and rain
with sultry weather, a vigorous shoot sprang suddenly from one of the upper-
most of these axils and developed scattered leaves of the same form, but larger,
and borne on long (say J inch long) horizontal petioles, while the leaf-blade
was nearly erect. In the fall these leaves began to wither and to fall, but not, as

BOTANICAL GAZETTE 339

one might have expected, at the insertion of the petiole on the axil, nor at the
junction of the blade with the petiole ; the withered upper half of the petiole
separated from the persistent indurated under part in a diagonal plane, so that
"this indurated part was stoutest at its insertion on the axis, and ran out into a
sharp point, while the deciduous part of the petiole was thickest at its connec-
tion with the blade and fell off with it, leaving a spine which persists as long
as the stem does and which from its axil produces the short spurs with their
fasciculated leaves mentioned above. The formation of these different axes and
their leaves resembles that of Larix, but the morphology of the spines is, as
far as I know, quite unique. — G. Engelmann.

Heliantlius Maximiliani.— The occurrence of Helianthus Maximiliani,
Sehrad., far north of the range assigned it in the books, is worthy of note.
Two years ago it was reported from Northwestern Iowa (cf. Contr. to Fl. of
Iowa, V, in Davenport Acad. Sci , June, 1882, and Cratty, in Bot. Gaz. VII.
85), previous to which time it had not be n noted north of Lawrence, Kansas.
Last August it was recognized by the writer in Minneapolis and, according to
Mr. Warren Upham. the Assistant State (ieologist of Minnesota, extends north-
ward into the Red River Valley, where it is particularly luxuriant. Its eastern
limit in Iowa is some distance west of the middle of the State, not reaching
Des Moines, Ames or Mason City. This extended range of a large and showy
sunflower originally thought to be exclusively southern, naturally excites some
suspicion of the identification ; but it is vouched for by no less an authority
than Dr. Gray, who has seen Minnesota specimens.— J. C. A.

Nectar Glands on Leaves,— Noticing Prof. W. W. Bailey's inquiry as to
the function of the nectar secreting glands at the bases of the leaves of Cassia
Chamcucrista, to which the ants pay so much attention, I transcribe the following
from " Flowers and Their Unbidden Guests:" A. Kerner, English translation,
pages 138-9. " * what they would have sought, and moreover would

have found, in the flower, is already offered them here in rich abundance. The
creeping insects are not fastidious. Nectar in one place is the same to them as
nectar in another. They are content with that which is first offered, and so do
not trouble themselves to climb farther up to the flowers. In Impatiens trfcornis
the stipules are so frequented by Myrmica kevinodis, Nyl., that I have often seen
three of these ants upon a single stipule ; and yet, though I have examined hun-
dreds of plants of this species, and though its nectariferous flowers nave no
other protection whatsoever to keep out these little creatures, I have never seen
a single ant inside a blossom. They would, indeed, be very unwelcome guests,
inasmuch as they could reach the nectariferous spur without coming in
contact with the pollen ; or, at a later stage of flowering, with the stigma.
They would thus consume the nectar without profit ; and not only so, but by
diminishing the attraction would limit and hinder the visits of those insects,
which, being larger and. coming on the wing, would, in entering the flower,
necessarily come into due and successive contact with the pollen and the stigma.
As with Impatiens tricornis, so is it with other plants where nectar is secreted on
he leaves. Though these leaf formations may present no mechanical hin-

340 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

drance nor offer any insurmountable barrier to small, creeping ants, they yet
serve to divert such visitors from the flowers, and detain them from further
advance. I do not therefore hesitate to interpret all nectar-glands that are
found on leaves, as a means of protection against the unwelcome, because un-
profitable, visits of creeping insects." — J. J. Davis, Racine, Wis.

One-leaved Strawberries. — The one-leaved strawberry, Fragaria mono-
phylla, L., is recognized as a variety only of P. vesca, L. If my memory serves
me truly, Duchesne refers to a one-leaved strawberry also. At the New York
Agricultural Experiment Station we have seedlings from the Bidwell and Man-
chester varieties, which show plants distinctly one-leaved, other plants with
petioles bearing one, two and three leaflets, and yet other plants of the normal
character.

While speaking of strawberries let me call attention to what Miss Bird,
that interesting and accurate traveler, says in her " Unbeaten Tracks in Japan,"
page 45 : " Lieut. Hawes gave us some strawberries, which have lately been
introduced, and they had a good flavor ; but people think they will soon lose it>
as other exotic fruits have o"one before them. A day or two ago we had some
fully ripe strawberries of a pale pea-green color, with a strong odor and flavor,
not of strawberries, hut of the Catawba grape." — E. Lewis Sturtevant.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

Dr. C. C. Parrv is now residing at Davenport, Iowa.

Dr. Oswald Heer; of Zurich, Switzerland, the celebrated paleontologist,
and eminent authority on fossil botany, is dead.

The Canadian Naturalist has been discontinued by the Nat. Hist-
Society of Montreal, which will at once begin the publication of its transac-
tions in a similar form.

Dr. Gray points out in the Am. Jour. Sei. for October that the spelling
Speiranthes for the orchid-genus Spiranthes in Watson's "Contributions XI," is
purely accidental, although occurring six times besides in the index.

It seems from the investigations of Julius Wortmann, given in the
Botanische Z> ilmirj, that radiant heat acts upon growing organs in a similar
manner to the action of light, producing positive and negative thermotropism-

Prof. Lester F. Ward, of Washington, has recently collected a fine set.
of fossil plants in the valley of the Yellowstone, near Glendive, Montana. In
the number, perfection and rarity of the specimens, it is the best ever obtained
in the country.

The Biological Laboratory of Wabash College, at Crawfordsville,
Ind., now nearly completed, will greatly facilitate the study of botany at that
institution, and is expected to give another center for the pursuit of original
investigation. The botanical portion consists of a laboratory for general and
one for special work ami the herbarium room.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 341

The British Association has granted $4,300 for promotion of scientific
investigation in biology the coming year, not a penny of which goes to botany.
Of this sum $750 is absorbed in bibliographical work in zoology. Is botany
without wants or without advocates?

Prof. S. A. Forbes is studying the diseases of caterpillars at the Illinois
State Laboratory of Natural History, and finds that some native species are
infested with Micrococcus bombycis, the silk-worm disease, while the cabbage-
worm (Pierisrapce) is attacked by a still more deadly Micrococcus.

Mr. Meeiian, editor of the Gardeners' Monthly, made an extended trip
through Alaska during last July. He reports a climate and soil equalling that
of England, in which cauliflowers and most other common garden vegetables
do well. Wild fruits, such as crabapples, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries,
black currants, gooseberries, huckleberries and juneberries, some sorts of a
superior quality, abound.

Saporta and Marion, in their work on the paleontological development
of the plant-kingdom, consider that the cryptogams find their highest devel-
opment in the heterosporous Lepidodendra of the carboniferous period and then
degenerate into the small Selaginelke and Isoetce of the present time. The main
line of direct descent from the protophyta was not continued, but distanced
and overpowered by gymnosperms which had already appeared in the carbon-
iferous.

M. Jean Dufour recently gave an account before the Societe Vaudoise of a
fungus, which he names Torula spongicola, found on toilet sponges in daily use.
It encrusts the surface of the sponge either partially or wholly to an ultimate
depth of 5 to 10 mm., with a soft black more or less granular layer, consisting
largely of the conidial spores with bacteria in zooglcea state and some organic
debris. Using the sponge does not dislodge it, and soap has little or no effect
upon its growth. Culture on gelatine under the direction of Dr. DeBary met
with no success.

Cassino's Scientific and Literary Gossip, published at Boston, closes
its first volume of twelve numbers with the issue for October 15. The an-
nouncement for the coming year promises an increase in size to 24 pages, war-
ranted by increased facilities for obtaining the latest news and opinions, a
change of name to Science Record, being more exclusively devoted to the
natural and physical sciences, and an advance of the annual subscription to
one dollar. It is well printed and edited, and fully worth the price asked.
Botanists will find many notes of interest in it.

Mr. W. P. Bundy gives a partial list of the the fungi of Wisconsin in the
Geology of Wisconsin, Vol. I, enumerating about 300 species, of which over 80
belong to the genus Agaricus. The classification is that of Cook's Handbook
which, owing to the rapid advance of our knowledge, is really quite antiquated.
It looks strange to see such extreme forms as the puff-balls and slime-moulds
brought into juxtaposition, and to find UstUago, Cyslopus and TJredo, all in one

•342 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

order. We believe it would be better to omit the names of orders and families,
and let the species stand in a continuous list, when found impracticable to give
later and more natural classification. Three new species are described: Panm
tomentosvs, Bohtus radieosus, and JS. lateralis.

Mr. G. D. Swezey gives, in the first volume of the Geology of Wisconsin,
a list of the vascular plants of the State. The author remarks in a prefatory
note that he has not been able to follow the " rule of including only such
species as have passed under his eye or are preserved in herbaria accessible to
the botanist," and for just this reason it is of the slightest possible specific
value, although it is obvious that the author has been conscientious in the
compilation. If following the "strict and better rule" just referred to
abridges a list so much as to present but an imperfect view of the vegetation of
the State, why not indicate every unverifiable addition by a difference in type>
an asterisk, or other device? This would give a residuum of real scientific
value, and not materially interfere with the length or appearance of the cata-
logue. Mr. Swezey 's list is in other respects an excellent one, full and with
synonymy brought down to date. He desires corrections and additional in-
formation with a view to future publication.

The Lens, an illustrated octavo journal published in 1872-73, by the
State Microscopical Society of Illinois, contains many things of permanent
value to the botanist. It was discontinued at the end of the second volume,
and since has been difficult to obtain. At the last meeting it was decided to
offer the few copies still possessed by the society at half the original price,
postage added (published at $3.00 per volume; address the society at 263 Wa-
bash ave., Chicago, 111.). The longer botanical articles are: Babcock's "Flora
of Chicago," full and authentic; Babcock on forms of leaves in " Hepatica,"
with plate; Samuel Lockwood on "Cultivating wild flowers"; Thomas
Meehan "On the agency of insects in obstructing evolution " ; various articles
by H. L. Smith on diatoms, among them his invaluable " Conspectus of the
families and genera of the Diatomaceoe" and " The genus Amphora" with
descriptions and illustrations of the 76 species ; S. A. Briggs on Diatomacca?, of
Lake Michigan, Huron, Ehode Island, etc. ; Olney's " Alga- Khodiacete," and
others, besides several shorter articles.

The history of the spread of the mallow rust, Puccinia Malvaccarum,
Montg., a very destructive disease of the various mallows, especially of Malm
sylvestris and Althaa rosea, is full of interest. The fungus is a native of Chili,
and made its first appearance in Europe in Spain, in 1869. In four years it had
spread along the Mediterranean coast as far east as Athens, in Greece, and
northward through France and the southern portions of Germany and
England. In 1874 it invaded northern Germany, in 1875 Ireland, and in 1876
Hungary. Its most northern continental point was, up to the close of last
season, at Konigsberg in northern Prussia, that is, if we except an accidental
occurrence in Finland, in 1874, while the center of its greatest developement is
along the Ehine. It has also appeared in Australia and the Cape of Good

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 343

Hope, but not yet reported in North America. A very full account of its
spread through Europe to 1879, accompanied by a map and bibliography of the
invasion, was given by Egon Ihne in the 18th report of the Upper Hessian
Gessellschaft fiir Natur-und Heilkunde.

CURRENT LITERATURE.

To the fringed Gentian, by W. C. Bryant. Illuminated, 8vo. Cassino & Co-,
Boston, 1883.

This beautiful befringed brochure of a half dozen leaves of heavy card,
shows the excellent treatment that has attracted favorable attention to the sev-
eral large illustrated works on popular natural history issued by this firm. The
drawing and coloring of the delicate flower, which is the motif to author and
artist, together with the decorative setting, is good, although so much can not
be said of the head of Bryant which is three times introduced.

Flore de la Suisse et sesorigines, par le Dr. H. Christ.

The above work is a volume of 571 octavo pages, sumptuously gotten up,
and illustrated by colored maps and full page illustrations. It is in no sense a
manual or flora, but a learned and philosophical treatise, most entertaining
withal, upon the phyto-geography of Switzerland, and the origin of its plants.
It is a wonderful record of patient and careful work, and to the tourist who
thinks as well as sees, must be of the greatest value. We hope that many copies
may reach this country, where they can not fail to be appreciated.

Flora Peoriana: die Vegetation im Ctima von Mittel-Ittinois, von Friedrich
Brendel. From " Termeszetrajzi Fiizetek," Vol. V. Boy. 8vo. 107 pp. Budapest,
1882.

This is a painstaking and comprehensive account of the flora of Peoria,
111., written in the German language. The first fifty pages are devoted to topo-
graphy, climate and general remarks on the vegetation, some idea of the many-
sided treatment of which may be gained by naming the headings printed in
larger type, as follows : Topography, formation of the soil, result of twenty-
years observation on the temperature, barometric observations, moisture and
precipitation, clouds and sunshine, wind, wind and temperature, wind and
clouds, vegetation, the prairies, water, swamp and moist localities, plants of
cultivated land, pasture, waste land and roadside, introduced plants, cultivated
plants, systematic review of the plants about Peoria and in the State of Illinois.
This surely furnishes a deal of data for estimating the value of the various fac-
tors which have reacted to determine the presence of the plants of the district.
Then comes the catalogue proper, covering forty pages, while the rest of the
work is devoted to comparative statistics, and the geographical distribution of
the genera and species. The name of each plant in the list is followed by (1) a
sign showing if annual, biennial or perennial, (2) the habitat, (3) the abund-
ance or rarity of the species, indicated on a scale of ten by Bonian numerals,
(4) the relative number of individuals in the proper habitat, indicated on a
scale of ten by Arabic numerals, and (5) limits of the distribution in North
America; and all this with few exceptions in a single line. At the end of each
order is a list of additional plants of the immediate region round about, and of
those occurring still further away toward the several points of the compass.
The catalogue enumerates 809 species of indigenous vascular plants, and in
addition thereto 68 mosses and 19 liverworts with the habitat of each, and a
simple list of 36 lichens, 39 fungi, and about 10 alga;. Occasional lapses in
proof reading occur, but the general typographical appearance is good. The
thoroughness and attention to details merit emulation, although it may rarely
he advisable to use so much space for meteorological matters.

344 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

ARTICLES IN JOURNALS.

American Association fob Advancement of Science; botanical papers (notice of each

paper read at Minneapolis meeting), Science, 2. 333.
Bentham & Hooker.— " Genera Plantarum" reviewed by Ern. Cosson, Nature, 2s. 485.
Britton. N. L.— See under " Gerard" below.
Caspary, R.— The mallow rust, Puccinia Malvacearum Montg., in Prussia, Schrijten d

Phys. Okon. Ges. z. K6nigs.23. 206.
DlNGLER, H.— Contributions to the Oriental Flora. Finn/, July 1.
Dupour, J.— Notice of a parasitic fungus on sponge, Ball. Soc, Vaudoise, 18. 144.
Eaton, I). C— New or little known ferns of the U. S., No. 11, Torr. Bull. 10. 101.
Ellis, J. B. & B. M. Everhart.— New species of fungi (10 species), Torr. BuU. 10. 97 ; with

W, A. Kellerman, New Species of N. Am. Fungi (14 species), Am. Nat. 17. 1164.
Everhart, B. M. — See under "Ellis" above.
Parrar, J. A.— Age of Trees, Pop. Sci. Mo. 24. 53.

Foerste, Aug. P.— Hibernacula of herbs (illustrated), Am. Nat.ll. 1107.
Gerard* W. R.— Contributions toward a list of the state and local floras of the U. S., V. The

Western States. Torr. Hull. 10. 103. *

Halsted, B. I).— Notes on Sassafras leaves (illust.), Science, 2. 491.
Hance, H. P.— Diagnoses of new and habitats of rare or hitherto unrecorded Chinese

plants, V1I1 (2 new species, an Ilex and Rubus), Jour. But. 21. 295.
Heimerl, Anton.— Achillea alpina L. and the forms designated by this name, Flora, Aug.

21, concluded Sept. 1.
Hoffman, H.— Torrubia cinerea Tul. f. brachiata (with plate). Flora, Aug. 21.
Holmes, E. M.— Rhodymenia Palmetta, var. Nicseensis (with plate), jour. Bot. 21. 289.
Ingersoll, Ernest— Tree growth (further illustration of Mr. Kennedy's paper below),

Science, 2. 569.
James, Joseph F.— Dissemination of Phlox, Science, 2. 496.
Joshua, W.— Notes on British Desmidiese, No. 2, Jour. Bot. 21. 290.
Karsten, H.— Contribution to the knowledge of the developement of the Cinchona

alkaloids. Flam, Aug. 11.
Kellerman, \V. A.— See under ''Ellis" above.

Kennedy, W. S.— Influence of winds upon tree growth, Science, 2. 170.
Knight, Elizabeth G.— On the fruit of Eustichium Norvegicum, Br. Eu. (with plate),

Torr. Bull. 10. 99.
Kurtii, H.— Bacterium Zoplii (concluded, with plate), Bot. Zeit., June 29.
Macloskie, G.— The achenial hairs of Townsendia, Am. Nat. 17. 1102.
Mueller, Hermann.— Review of his "Fertilization of Flowers " (with illustration),

Nature, 28. 513.
Mueller, Dr. J.— Lichenographical contributions, XVII, Flora, June 21, July 1, 11, 21,

Neubner, Ed.— Contributions to the knowledge of the Calicise (with 3 plates), Flora, July

1, concluded July 11.

Pax, Dr. Perd.— Flora of the Rehhorn near Schutzlar (continued), Flora. June 21,

Sept. 1, 11.
Reinsch, P. P.— Upon parasitic, alga-like plants in the Russian leaf-coal, and the nature

of the plants which compose the coal (with 2 plates), Flora, July 21, concluded Aug. 1 ;

Anewalgoid type in the Stigmaria coal of Kurakim (Russia) (with 1 plate), Flora,

Aug. 1 ; Notice of the stratum of stone coal recently discovered within the Polar Circle,

Flora, Aug. 11.
Shattock, Samuel G.— On the fall of branchlets in the Aspen (P. tremula), Jour. Bot.

2. 306.

Stearns, \V. A.— Notes on the Natural History of Labrador, plants (annotated list of 157

species), Proc. U. S. Nat. 31us. 6. 126.
Wamstorf, C— The peat-mosses of Flotow's herbarium in the Royal Bot. Mus. in Berlin

(with one plate), Flora, Aug. 21.
Weber, A.— Notice of Stahl's " so-called compass plants," Isis, April. 18S3.
Williamson, W. O— Vegetation of the carboniferous age (Address before the Brit. Ass.

Adv. Sci,), Science 2, 529.
Weight, Chas.— A new Eleocharis (E. diandra, from Conn., resembling E. obtusa), Torr.

Bull. 10. 101.

Catalogue of Indiana Plants.

This catalogue, which has been published in the Gazette in the form of extra sheets,

as now been bound in a neat pamphlet, of over 10 pages, with a map. Persons desiring

copies can procure them at the rate of 35 cents per copy, or three for 81.00, by addressing

either, JOHN M. COULTER,

or Prof. Chas. R. Barnes, Crawfordsville, Ind.

Lafayette, Ind.

'lants from the Cascade M<

The undersigned has new sets of Washington plants. The larger number of species
are both in fruit and flowers. Some are new. Full sets sold at the rate of $8 per hundred.
Desiderata, 10 and 15 cents each, according to the number selected. B®~Send for lists.

W. N. SUKSDORF,

6t White Salmon, W. T.

e. Morrison.

papee waeehou8e,

No. 805 D Street, Washington, D. C.

Standard Herbarium Paper, 21 and 30 lbs., at |4.50 and $0.00 per ream. Genus Covers,
standard size (16% by 24), and weight, best quality, at 2 to 5 cents a piece. Drying paper
always kept on hand. Can furnish any size or weight.

FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE.

American Naturalist, Vols. XII. and XIII. (1878-9), bound, one-
half leather, each $3.00

" " Vol. XIV., unbound 2.00

" " Single numbers (Feb., 1880, Jan. and Feb.,

1881), each 10

American Journal of Microscopy , Vol. IV., V., VI. (1879 81),

unbound, each 50

American Monthly Microscopical Journal, Vol. I. (1880),

_ . unbound 75

The above periodicals are in first-class condition. Address,

C. R. BARNES, I^afayette, Infl,

(~ \~LT XT' f^\T7~ T TQTQ of North American Polypetalse and Gamopetalse
OJZL _ELv_V_tX."JLil O J. O after Compositse. Very useful for exchanges and
herbarium lists. One copy of each list 25 cents. Five copies of each $1.00.

C^ TT'VTT TQ C^fWT tTT^Q Printed Labels for Genus Covers. Just
VITJjjI^I U O vU V -DJ-LVO* what every Collector wants, now or some
time in the future. Order them now. In old collections they can be put on over the
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tiSg-In every case state that you saw this advertisement in the Botanical Gazette.

Botanical Gazette for 1884.

VOLUME IX.

The Botanical Gazette enters upon its ninth year with a strong eonstitu-
• ncy, and an increasing determination on the part of the editors to make it a
journal worthy the support of every botanist. It is with great satisfaction that
we can announce that the generous support of botanists has placed the Gazette
on a sure financial basis, and that we can look to even greater enlargement.
Eight years ago Ave printed four pages per month, then eight, then twelve, and
during this year sixteen or twenty pages have been printed every month and
with all these improvements the subscription price has never changed. We be-
lieve we can fairly claim to be the largest journal in the world, devoted strictly
to botanical science, that can be purchased for one dollar per year.

During the coming year we desire to have all the departments of botany
represented in our pages even more fully than ever before, and hope to make
the Gazette faithfully reflect the botanical activity not only of this country but
of Europe. We therefore will welcome notes and papers upon any subject con-
nected with botany, and classification, morphology, physiology, etc., shall all
share alike. We can make no better promise for the future than to give the
customary list of names of some of our contributors during the present year,
with this statement, however, that the list would have been much longer if all
promises had been fulfilled. Following is a partial list of contributors for the
current volume :

Mrs. K. M. AUSTIN.
Prof. W. W. BAILEY.
L. H. BAILEY, Jr.
Prof. W. J. BEAL.
M. S. BEBB.
WM. C. CUSICK.
GEO. E. DAVENPORT.
Dr. GEO. ENGELMANN.
Prof. W. G. FARLOW.
AUG. F. FOERSTE.
Prof. ASA GRAY.
Rev. E. L. GREENE.
Rev. E. J. HILL.

JOS. F. JAMES.

MARCUS E. JONES.

THOMAS MEEHAN.

A. P. MORGAN.

Prof. A. N. PRENTISS.

VOLNEY RATTAN.

EUGENE A. RAU.

H. W. RAVENEL.

J. H. REDFIELD.

Dr. J. T. ROTHROCK.

Dr. E. LEWIS STURTEVANT.

Prof. WM. TRELEASE.

Dr. GEO. VASEY.

GAZETTE PRIZE.

The Gazette offers a prize of ^50 for the best life history of any plant, upon
the following conditions : All papers must be sent to the Editor on or before
May 1st, 1884, must be the results of original investigation, and must be con-
sidered the propei ty of the Gazette. Papers must bear no signature other than
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of Prof. C. E. Bessey and Dr. W. G. Farlow, who will appoint a third. The
right is reserved of rejecting all papers unless worthy of a prize. The success-
ful paper, as well as all other worthy ones, will be published in the Gazette,
with all necessary illustrations.

CHAS. R. BARNES, JOHN M. COULTER,

J. C. ARTHUR, Editor.

Associate Editors.

Vol. YUI. No. 12.

S?/.## Per Year. Single Number, 10 Cents.

The

Botanical Gazette.

DECEMBER, 1883

COUTEITTS:

Additions and Corrections to the List of Native Trees of the Lower Wabash. Robt.

Ridgway..: , 345

Notes on Edible Plants. III. E. Lewis Sturtevant 352

Forestry Notes. F. L. Harvey 355

General Notes :; ,7

Notes from Florida.— Melampyrum Virginicum.— Puccinia Heterospora B. & C.

Editorial Notes 358

Current Literature ;; ■!]

Editor :

JOHN M. COULTER, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, I, id.
Associate Editors :

C. R. BABNES, Purdue University, LaFayetie, Ind.

J. C. ARTHUR, Charles City Iowa.

INDI ANAPOLIS:

CARLON & HOELENBECK, PRINTERS AND BINDERS.

1883.

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Botanical Gazette.

Vol. VIII. DECEMBER, 1883. No. 12.

Additions and Corrections to the List of Native Trees of the

Lower Wabash.1

BY ROBERT RIDGWAY.

Page 50. For No. 8, Prunus " Virginiana " read P. Americana.

Page 53. To the list of 52 species add Fraxinus quadrangu-
lata and Carya microcarpa, discovered subsequently on the same
tract. During a second enumeration made in October, 1882, and
restricted to 22 acres of the same piece of woods, 44 species
were counted, notwithstanding the fact that 8 acres had been
wholly deprived of the underwood and most of the larger trees,
while the best timber had been culled from the whole of it. This
allows two distinct species of trees for each separate acre of the
entire tract. With the consent of the owner of the land, whose
intention was to clear the whole piece, selected specimens of all
the species were marked for preservation.

Page 57. To the " List of trees attaining a height of 100 feet
or more," add, Quercus Michauxii (119 feet), Carya porcina (115
feet), and G. microcarpa (134 feet).

Page 62. Acer rubrum. A felled specimen near Wheatland
measured 92 feet in length, 31 feet to first limb, and 3 feet in
diameter at 3^ feet from the ground ; a standing tree in the same
locality was 11| feet in circumference, at lj feet, but at 8 feet
from the ground divided into two upright forks.

Page 67. Liquidambar Styracifiua. Three additional felled
trees of this species measured as follows : — u. Total length 96
feet, clear trunk 52, circumference 7; v. 108, 57J, 8; w. 121,
70, 9. The last was felled expressly for measurement.

Page 68. The Tupelo Gum (Nyssa uniflora) was omitted.
It is abundant in the cypress swamps of Johnson, Pulaski, and

1 Notes on the Native Trees of the Lower Wabash and White river valleys
in Illinois and Indiana. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, pp. 49-88.

346

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Massac counties, Illinois (see Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. i,
pp. 408, 411,430 and 431), and very likely occurs in similar
situations near the mouth of the Wabash.

Page 69. Fraxinus Americana. Eight slender trees of this
species, recently cut for timber in the bottoms of a small creek
flowing into the northern end of Mouteur's pond, near Wheat-
land, were measured in the spring of 1883. Their dimensions
were as follows :

Diameter across

Height of

Trunk to

Total

No. of annual

top of stump.

stump.

first limb.

length.

rings.

2.50

3.00

G5.00

10S.00

Hollow in center.

2.25

2.50

59.50

106.50

145.

2.:;::

2.50

17.00

105.50

162.

".25

3.00

42.00

101.00

168.

2.00

2.00

31.00

100.00

141.

2.85

2.00

(12.00

111.00

139.

2.20

2.00

5S.00

106.00

3.20

3.50

55.00

127.00

233.

Average 2.45

2.56

52.47

108.12

165.

Page 70. Catalpa speciosa. October 29th, 1882, a magnifi-
cent Catalpa tree attracted my attention by reason of the marked
contrast between its richly green foliage and the decided brown
and red tints of the adjacent tree tops. Had it not been thus
conspicuous it would probably have escaped notice altogether,
although standing not far from the roadside. Careful measure-
ments were made with a tape line, with the following result:

Girth at 1 foot from ground 18 feet.

" " 4 feet " " 12i "

« « jo « " » 10 " 9 inches.

First limb, 1 foot in diameter, growing out at 14 feet from ground.
Second " " ". " 30 <; " "

Height (determined by several triangulations) lOli feet.

Greatest spread of branches 35 and 55

Several sprouts or " suckers" had been cut from the base for
fence posts.

This tree was again visited May 31, 1883, when it was in
full bloom, and clothed with its showy blossoms from the lowest
branch to the extreme summit.

The locality was near Turkey Creek, about four miles south
of Olney (Richland county), Illinois. A very careful search
through the surrounding woods, especially in the bottoms of
Turkey Creek, near by, failed to reveal a single additional speci-
men, of any size whatsoever — so nearly has the species been exter-
minated in that locality.

Page 70. Sassafras officinale. A very fine tree of this species
which had been felled in the cypress swamp near White River,

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 347

measured 2 feet in diameter across top of stump, and 30 feet to
the first limb. The top was measured to 82 feet from the base,
but the smaller branches had all been destroyed. The trunk
was unusually short, considering the size of the tree, and had
been made into fence-posts.

Page 70. Ulmus alata. Very abundant in bottoms of streams
in southern portion of Richland county, Illinois, but no large
trees noticed. It grew mostly in company with the Mississippi
Hackberry and the usual assemblage of bottom-land trees, the
Catalpa speciosa having once been abundant, but now quite ex-
terminated in some places and not common anywhere.

Page 77. Carya alba. A small specimen measuring only 1
foot 10 inches in diameter at 3 feet from the ground was 96
feet long and GO feet to the first limb.

Page 77. Carya microcorpa. " Heavy, damp soil ; scarce.
Has very little loose bark, one of our smallest hickories."
(Schneck.) A specimen growing in Gibson county, Indiana,
was 134 feet high, the trunk 70 feet clear and 9 feet 10 inches in
circumference at 3 feet from the ground. Another was 14 feet in
girth and considerably over 100 .feet high. The latter grew on
the bank of Greathouse creek, in Wabash county, Illinois, near
the town of Mount Carmel.

Page 78. Carya porcina. A specimen growing on my fath-
er's farm, near Wheatland, measured 7J feet circumference at 3
feet from the ground, and was about 115 feet high. Another
growing two or three hundred yards from the specimen of C.
microcarpa, the measurements of which are given under the
head of that species, in Gibson county, was 10J feet in girth, the
top spreading 99 feet, and the total height not far from 140 feet.

Page 78. Quercus alba. A remarkably fine white oak grow-
ing in the edge of the bottoms on the " Steen " tract, near Wheat-
land, Indiana, was not less than 130 feet high, while, by actual
measurement, the top expanded 121 feet, the respective extremi-
ties elevated not less than 100 feet; the trunk measured 15 feet
in circumference, at 3 feet from the ground, and was not less than
40 feet " in the clear."

A white oak tree, standing alongside the Grayville road,
about five miles from Mount Carmel, measures 17J feet in cir-
cumference, but the base was somewhat swollen.

Page 80. Quercus coccinea. A small tree, recently cut near
the edge of Monteur's pond, two miles west of Wheatland, Indi-
ana, was 120 feet long, 30 feet to first small limb, and 2 feet 9
inches in diameter across top of stump, at 3 feet from the ground.

348

BOTANICAL, GAZETTE.

Page 80. Quercus lyrata. The largest tree measured stood
near the town of Mount Carmel (almost within the corporation),
and was 8| feet in circumference. The height was estimated at
between 90 and 100 feet.

Page 81. Quercus macrocavpa. A felled tree, in bottoms just
above Coffee Creek (Wabash county, Illinois), measured in Octo-
ber, 1882, was 139 feet long, the trunk 87 feet clear, the diameter
across top of stump (at 5J feet from ground) being 4 feet, and
only 1 foot less at end of last cut !

Page 81. Quercus Michauxii. In the spring of 1883, I found
this species very abundant, in fact, the prevailing "white" oak
in certian portions of the bottom lands near Wheatland, Indiana.
On a tract not exceeding 10 acres in extent, 16 trees, including
apparently all of this species growing in that particular locality,
were measured, with the following result. Being, with a single
exception, all standing trees, it was necessary to estimate the
height and length of the trunk :

Circum. at 3 ft

Length of

Height.

Spread of

from ground.

trunk.

top.

12

40?

+ 100

81

14.50

40?

+ 100

12.50

55 ?

+ 100

83

13

29*

119

10.50

50?

14

40?

+ 100

96

11.50

30?

12

50

10.75

50?

14

40?

10.50

45?

9

50?

12.75

35?

10.25

40?

10

45?

12

55?

Average, 11.83, or nearly 4 feet in diameter.

\ The general character and appearance of this tree are those of
both Q. Muhlenbergi and Q. bicolor. It is most like the former
in foliage (which, however, is much more coriaceous, darker in
color, and more velvety beneath), but is more like the latter in
form, being one of the most robust of all the oaks, while Q.
Muhlenbergi is decidedly the most slender of the white oak group.
In the character of its bark, it is like other species, exceedingly
variable, some specimens agreeing exactly in this respect with
Q. Muhlenbergi while others could not be distinguished from Q.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 349

bicolor. I have observed, however, that there is no certain rule
by which the different species of the white, oak section may be
"invariably distinguished from one another. It is true that each
has a more or less characteristic bark in a majority of cases, but
individuals of each, perfectly typical so far as fruit and foliage
are concerned, are not unfrequently met with, which, if the bark
were the only guide, would be unhesitatingly referred to one or
another of the other species.

Page 83. Quercus palustris. According to Dr. Schneck
(Botanical Gazette, June, 1883, pp. 242-3), there exists,
"within three miles of Mount Carmel," a tree of this species
u which commences with two roots," but so close together at the
surface of the ground as to appear as one. " The two bodies,
however, start separately and are several inches apart for nearly
10 feet, when they unite and form a single trunk, making in all
a tree nearly 70 feet high. The two trunks, where they are
separate, are about 6 inches in diameter, round, straight, and
appear to be solid and perfect."

Page 83. Quercus rubra. The largest red oak in North
America is said to be in Louisiana, 1 8 miles from Natchitoches,
on the road to Opelousas. It stands in the midst of a rich bot-
tom, on the Bayou St. Barb. Two feet from the ground its cir-
cumference is 41 feet, and at six feet it is 32 feet around. The
trunk is perfectly sound and 50 to 60 feet to the first limb. (I un-
fortunately neglected to record the reference to the above infor-
mation).

What Bartram, in his " Travels through North and South
Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida," etc. (1791), mentions
under the name "Quercus tinctoria" seems to be this species,
rather than the black oak. His remarks are as follows : " To
keep within the bounds of truth and reality in describing the
magnitude and grandeur of these trees, would, I fear, fail of cred-
ibility, yet I think I can assert that many of the black oaks meas-
ured 8, 9, 10 and 11 feet in diameter, 5 feet above the ground,
as we measured several that were above 30 feet girt, and from
hence they ascend perfectly straight, with a slight taper, 40 or 50
feet to the limbs, but below five or six feet these trunks would
measure a third more in circumference, on account of the pro-
jecting jambs or supports."

Page 83. Quercus phellos. In Professor Worthen's " Geology
of Illinois," vol. I, p. 433, I read as follows: "North of Brook-
lyn, Schuyler county, 1 observed numerous willow oaks (Q.
phellos), a tree which I have seen nowhere else in Illinois. Part
of these woods are open, free of undergrowth, and the ground

350

BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

nearly bare of grass, others have a dense undergrowth of the
same trees."

Page 84. Castanea vulgaris Americana. In second paragraph
for March read May.

Page 85. Fagus ferruginea. A felled tree, with decayed top,
measured 84| feet in* length, 32J feet to the first limb, and 2 feet
8 inches in diameter across top of stump, 3J feet from ground.

In Southern Indiana, along the line of the Louisville & St.
Louis Air Line R. R., are extensive forests where magnificent
beeches are among the largest and most abundant trees. In these
apparently virgin woods, where this species evidently reaches its
finest development, much larger and taller specimens than those
I have measured undoubtedly occur.

In my supposition that the beech does not grow on the Illi-
nois side of the river, in Wabash county, 111., I was mistaken.
I have since been shown a fair-sized tree on the bank of Coffee
Creek, by Dr. Schneck, who knows of the existence of several
others in the same locality.

Page 86. Populus heterophylla. In the spring of 1883, an ex-
cellent opportunity was afforded the writer for ascertaining the
average size attained by this species in a particular locality along
the northwestern edge of Monteur's pond, in Knox county, Ind.
A considerable number of the larger trees had been cut during
the winter, apparently when the pond (here quite shallow) was
frozen over. " At the time of my visit, in the latter half of April,
these felled trees were in full blossom, so that the height could be
measured very exactly. Only five trees were measured, my time
being too limited for further investigations. Following are the
measurements taken :

Average,

Diameter acr's

Trunk.

Total length.

top of stump.

1.50

48

72

1.65

57

76

1.25

38

75.50

1 .05

53.50

78

2 *

28.50

1 1

1.61

45

75.70

Page 87. For Populus " tremuloides,, read grandidentata.
While tremuloides may occur, it is quite certain that all the
aspens that I have seen are P. grandidentata.

Page 87. Taxodium distichum. It may interest the readers of

* Diameter at 3J feet from ground.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 351

the Botanical Gazette to know that the largest tree of this
species on record grows near the village of Santa Maria del Tule,
in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico. The trunk is 118 feet in cir-
cumference, or considerably greater than the largest of the Cali-
fornia Sequoias, but the height is said to be only 120 feet, or de-
cidedly less than the tallest specimens of this species growing in
Indiana. [Note. — I find in three different accounts of this tree
some marked discrepancies as to the dimensions stated. Thus,
in Humboldt's " Travels " the girth is given as 118 feet; an arti-
cle in Frank Leslie's " Popular Monthly " (vol. v., March, 1878,
p. 351) gives the girth as 117 feet 10 inches, while another in
the " Popular Science Monthly " makes the following statement :
"When Humboldt saw it, in 1851, it measured 42 feet in diame-
ter, 146 feet in circumference; and 282 feet between the extrem-
ities of the two opposite branches."]

Page 88. Pinus mitis. The interrogation mark should be
removed from this species, which has since been ascertained to
be the one growing on the hills of Southern Illinois. I have no in-
formation respecting the size of this tree as growing in the region
referred to, but the following clipping from the Shenandoah Val-
ley refers to what is evidently regarded as an unusually large
specimen for that portion of Virginia :

"Mr. Samuel Olinger, residing near Quicksburg, Va., a short time ago cut
and had sawed into lumber a yellow pine tree, which, we think, is entitled to
the appellation of the ' King of the Forest ' The result was 2,420 feet of lum-
ber, inch measure. He took 91 feet in length from the tree, and the last cut
squared 15 inches. It is thought, had the saw been large enough to cut through
the first cuts without hewing them down, the result would have been at least
3,000 feet of inch lumber; the saw cutting only 21 .V inches, much had to be
hewed off of the logs."

In conclusion, I would like to request those who are interested
in the subject to make measurements of large or full grown trees
whenever opportunity offers. The woods are fast disappearing,
and even in the remnants the finest trees are constantly being
culled. There are several species of which we have no satisfac-
tory measurements, and to these attention is particularly directed.
They are the following : Magnolia acuminata, Tilia heterophylla,
jEsculus glabra, JE. flava, Negundo aceroides, Bhustyphina,
Robinia pseudacacia , Primus Americana, P. serotina, Pirus an-
gustij'olia, P. coronaria, Crataegus (all the species except subvil-
losa), Amelanch'ier Canadensis, Aratia spinosa, Viburnum Lenta-
go, V. prunifolium, V. dentatum, Fraxinus pubescens, F. viridis,
F. sambucijolia, Ulmus alata, U. fulva, Celtis Mississippiensis,
Carya sulcata, Quercus bicolor, Q. coccinea, Q. falcata, Q.lyrata,
Q. Michauxii, Q. nigra, Q. phellos, Q. sfeltata, Castanea Ameri-

352 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

cana, Fagus ferruginea, Ostrya Virginica, Betula leuta, B. nigra,
Salix lucida, 8. discolor, Juniperus Virginiana and Pinus mitis.
There still exists in the southern part of Indiana (especially
in Pike, Dubois and Crawford counties) considerable actually
" virgin " forest, in which probably the largest trees now grow-
ing in the State are to be found. During a recent trip through
this country, over the line of the Louisville & St. Louis Air Line
R. R., I was much impressed with the magnificent growth of
beech and other trees, growing densely as possible, and appar-
ently untouched by the ax for miles along the railroad. Saw
mills were already established in places, so the work of destruc-
tion has begun, and will doubtless continue as long as the
material lasts.

Notes on Edible Plants. III.

BY E. LEWIS STUKTEVANT.

ANONACEvE.

This order contains a number of edible and often aromatic
plants, and some are in esteem in their native countries, even to
the European palate. In tropical Asia the perfumed fruit of
TJvaria Burahol, Bl., U. dulois, Dun., and U. heterophylla, Bl.,
are eaten (Baillon), in Burma, the fruit of U. grandiflora, which
has the taste and the appearance of the North American Papaw
(Pickering), and in Ceylon that of U. Zeylanica, of a vinous-
taste, and resembling that of an apricot (Don). In Jamaica U.
alba is said by Lunan to have a fruit eaten when roasted, and in
Jamaica U. dulois is grown in the public gardens as a fruit tree
(Morris); U. cor data is also enumerated amongst the edible spe-
cies (Masters).

Guatteria cerasoides, Dun., of Western Hindustan, has dark
red, cherry size, astringent fruit, eaten by the natives ; and the
black, fleshy, smooth, acid-sweet berries of G. sempervirens, Dun.,
are also eaten (Don).

The Unonias have aromatic properties. U. carminativa,
Arrud. affords in the capsules of its seeds a spice relished as a
pepper in Brazil (Arruda); U. discreta, L. fil. of Surinam, Z7,
dumetorum, Dun., of Cochin China, U. esculenta,Dun. of India
about Madras, have fruits said to be edible and of good taste
(Don); those of U. Corinthi are also classed as edible (Baillon),
and those of U. undulata, Dun., are used as a condiment in
Guinea.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 353

In the United States we have Asimina triloba, Dun., a tree
common in the Southern portions, aud even extending as far
north as Western New York. Its* oblong pulpy fruit, about 4
inches long, when ripe has a rich, luscious taste, offensive to many
people, but relished by some. It is a natural custard, says Flint,
" too luscious for the relish of most people. The fruit is nutri-
tious, and a great resource to the savages." A. glabra, L., is
found in South Florida, the fruit small and eatable when fully
ripe (Vasey).

Monodora myristica, Dun. is cultivated in Jamaica, its fruit
called Guinea or Calabash nutmegs, used by the negroes in cook-
ing. It is a native of Africa (Baillon).

Quite a number of the genus Anona are cultivated for the
sake of their fruits, as A. Asiatica, L. of Ceylon (De Candolle)
and grown for its fruit in Cochin-China (Unger); A. Gherimolia,
Mill, of Peru, and its fruit in high esteem. The fruit, when
ripe, is of a dark purple, the flesh soft and sweet, enclosing nu-
merous seeds. Cultivated in all warm climates (Baillon), and
introduced into Florida before 1877 (Am. Pom. Soc); A. ci-
nerea, Dun., of the West Indies (Don); A. mucosa, Jacq. of Mar-
tinique and Guiana, and cultivated in the Moluccas, although the
fruit seems to be of an unpleasant taste (Don); A. muricata,
Jacq., the sour sop of the West Indies and neighboring America,
in general esteem, and even cultivated in Arabia (Baillon); A.
obtusifolia, Tuss., cultivated in St. Domingo (Don); A. reticulata,
L. of the West Indies, and cultivated also in Brazil, the East
Indies and the Mauritius (Baillon); A. squamosa, L. of tropical
America, and now introduced to Cochin-China, China, the
Philippines and India. Other species, which are mentioned as
bearing edible fruit, but which we have not seen mentioned as
cultivated, are -4. chrysocarpa, whose fruit is eaten in Senegal ;
A. longifolia, of Guiana and Trinidad, and whose fruit was much
prized by the Caribs (Unger), and said to be excelled by Lind-
ley ; A. Marcgravii, Mart, and A. Pisonis, Mart, of Brazil (Bail-
lon); A. paluclosa, Anbl. of Guiana (Unger); A.palustris, L., the
alligator apple of the West Indies, and Cortissa of Brazil (Don);
A. punctata, Anbl. of Cayenne, whose fruit is of good flavor and
pleasant eating (Lindley); A. Senegalensis, Pers., which fur-
nishes one of the best fruits of Sierra Leone, Senegal, and the
banks of the Congo (Sabine); A. sylvatica, St. Hil. of Brazil
(St. Hillaire); and A. tripetala of South America, esteemed by
Lunan in Jamaica as a delicate fruit.

The genus Xylopia has aromatic fruits, and the seeds of many
species are used as a spice, as X. Aethiopica, A. Rich., the

354 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

Guinea pepper employed by the negroes from time immemorial ;
X. aromatica, used by the negroes of Guiana as a nutmeg; X.
frutescens, used as a seasoner in Brazil (Baillon); X. glabra of
Jamaica, pronounced by Browne as having an agreeable fruit;
X. grandijlora, (Baillon), and X. sericea, St. Hil., whose seeds
furnish a spice in Brazil (St. Hillaire).

The genus Xylopia seems to include edible species referred by
some authors to the genera Unona and Habzelia.

BERBERIDE.E.

This natural order includes a number of edibles of however
slight importance.

Lardizabala biternata, Ruiz, et Pav. of Chili and Peru, has
fruits which are sold in the markets, the pulp being sweet and of
pleasing taste (Don) ; Boquila trifoliata also has edible berries
about the size of a pea, eaten in Chili (Maout & Decaisne) ; and
Holboellia angustifolia, Wall, of Nepal, and H. latifolia, Wall, of
Sikkim, have mealy and insipid, yet edible, fruits.

Berberis aquifo/ium, Pursh. of Western North America, bears
sour fruit, but not unpleasant to the taste (Howell); the juice
when fermented makes, on the addition of sugar, a palatable and
wholesome wine (Rothrock) ; B. aristata, D C. of the mountains
of Hindustan, has been introduced into European fruit gardens.
It is said to yield purple fruits, which, in India, are dried like
raisins and used at desert (Downing); B. Asiatica, Roxb., has
large ovoid or subglobose berries, red or black, which are eaten
in the East Indies (Brandis); B. buxifolia, Lam. from Magellan's
Straits to Chili, has comparatively large, black, hardly acid,
slightly astringent fruit, eaten in Valdivia and Chiloe (Muellei);
B. Canadensis, Pursh., of the Alleghanies of Virginia and south-
ward, is a small shrub with red berries of an agreeable taste
(Pursh.) ; B. cristata of Nepal furnishes fruits which are dried
and sent down as raisins to the plains (Wight) ; B. Darwinii
Hook, of Chiloe and South Chili, is grown in cottagers' gardens
in England, and the fruit esteemed by children as equal to black
currants (Gard. Chron.); B. dulcis, D. Don, probably the B.
buxifolia, Lam., has ripened fruit in Edinburg, described as large
and excellent (Downing) ; B. glumacea, Spreug. is abundant in
spruce forests in Oregon, the fruit blue, acid, but eatable (New-
berry); B. heteropoda is an edible barberry from Turkistan, and
is growing in the Experimental collection of the University of
California (Hilgard) ; B. lycium has fruit which in China is pre-
served, and whose young shoots and leaves are used as a vegeta-
ble, or for infusion as a tea (Smith) ; B. Nepalensis, Spreng. of

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 355

the Himalayas, is an evergreen species with edible fruit which,
dried as raisins, is sent down to the plains for sale (Royle); B.
nervosa, Putsh., is an Oregon species with edible fruit (Howell);
B. pinnatd, Benth. in New Mexico, has blue berries of pleasant
taste, sweet with a slight acidity (Bigelow) ; B. repens, Lind., is
common in Utah, where its fruit is highly prized (Jones), and is
made into confections and freely eaten (Lloyd) ; B. trifoliata,
Gray, of Western Texas, has red acid berries, used for tarts (Tor-
rey);.\B. vulgaris, L. was early introduced into the gardens of
New England, and increased so rapidly that in 1754 the Province
of Massachusetts passed an act to prevent damage to wheat aris-
ing from its presence in the vicinity of grain fields. The leaves
were formerly used to season meats with in England (Gerarde) ;
and its fruit is now used for preserves. A stoneless variety is
sometimes found. There are four kinds known, the common red,
large red, purple and white (Bucke). A black fruited variety is
said by Tournefort to occur on the banks of the Euphrates and
to be of a delicious flavor. Bongardia Bauwolfi, C. A. Meyer,
occurs from Greece to the Caucasus. The Persians roast or boil
the tubers, and eat the leaves as sorrel (A. A. Black). Nandina
domestica, Thunb., is a handsome evergreen shrub of China and
Japan, and extensively cultivated for its fruit, which are red ber-
ries of the size of a pea (Don). Podophyllum callicarpurn, Raf.,
is said by Robin and Rafinesque, in their Flora of Louisiana, to
have fruit the size of a large filbert, sweet, good to eat, and of
which preserves are made ; P. emodi, Wall, of India, has edible
berries, but tasteless (Hooker & Thomson) ; P. peltatum, L., is
the May apple, the mawkish fruit eaten by piy;s and boys (A.
Gray), relished by many persons (Porcher), extremely delicious
to m.ost persons (Barton), a pleasant fruit (Newport), but to our
taste mawkish and disagreeable.

Forestry Notes.

BY F. t,. HARVEY.

Catalpa speciosa, Warder. The distribution of Catalpa
speciosa is of considerable interest, as it has been the belief of
botanists that it is not found native west of the Mississippi river
north of the Louisiana line. In a former number of the Ga-
zette we gave an account of fine specimens, four feet in diame-
ter, growing in the hotel yard, and in the grounds of Judge A.
B. Williams at Washington, Hempstead county. If one was
not informed that the seeds were introduced from Louisiana he

356 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

would be disposed to regard the species indigenous, as it grows

plentifully along the streams in that vicinity. The following

from the Hope Radical will be of interest:

Mr. John H. Smith was born in 1817, and came to Hempstead county in
1824. In 1831, while a boy of 14 years of age, he carried the mails from
Washington, this county, to Natchitoches, La., a distance of 180 miles, on
horseback. It required ten days in the saddle to make the round trips, two
trips each month. On the Red river he passed a catalpa tree hedge on his fre-
quent trips, and on one occasion filled his pocket with the fluffy seed, and care-
lessly scattered them in the old court yard in Washington, where they grew,
and from that accidental seeding, the catalpa tree owes its present extensive ex-
istence in Hempstead county.

If Mr. Smith's account be correct, the oldest trees found in
Hempstead county are not over 50 years old, and as there are
several about there four feet in diameter, we have another proof
that this species makes rapid growth. The trees grow tall and
develop a long trunk, which maintains well its size.

It was the impression of botanists that this species occurred
native in Southeast Missouri and along the low country of North-
east and East Arkansas, but Mr. John Teas, of Carthage, Mo.,
who went to that region and investigated, came to the conclusion
that it was not indigenous, and that opinion probably still
remains.

Not fully convinced, we left the question open in a consider-
ation of the "Forest Trees of Arkansas" in the Forestry Bulletin for
June. Since the publication of that account investigations in
Prairie county, Ark., prove beyond a doubt that it grew in the
woods when the country was first settled. Mr. G. W. Letterman
informs me that he finds it plentiful in the woods on Black river
in Arkausas, considerable timber having been shipped from that
region and still plenty of trees remain. Specimens three feet in
diameter and 200 years old were secured for the American Mu-
seum of New York City.

Crataegus arbor escens, Elliott, overlooked in enumerating the
Forest Trees of Arkansas in the Forestry Journal, is common in
the low ground throughout the State, attaining a diameter of
8 inches and a hight of 30 feet.

Crataegus cordata, Ait., common along the streams and
swampy places in northwestern Arkansas. Does not bloom until
May in this region. Escaped notice until this spring. Attains
a hight of 15 feet.

Sophora ajfinis, Torr. & Gray, credited to Arkansas by the au-
thority of Lindheimer, has been rediscovered by the writer and
also by G. W. Letterman in Nevada county, Ark., on the border
of prairies near Prescott. Mr. Letterman secured specimens 1
foot in diameter.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 357

GENERAL NOTES.

Notes from Florida. — In a letter to Dr. E. L. Sturtevant, Mr. William S.
Allen, Chocaluskee, Monroe county, Florida, writes as follows : " I do not recol-
lect whether in a former letter I ever informed you that many of our annuals are
perennials here. One of my neighbors has a fine lot of Lima beans that have
been in bearing for three years. They cover a wire fence about 100 yards long.
Egg-plant, okra, peppers, cotton, tobacco, all are perennial. As a stalk of to-
bacco matures the leaves drop off, suckers put out, and in their turn ripen a
crop, and it is not uncommon to cut three crops a year from the same land. I
do not use the weed, but all my laborers, without exception, smoke and chew,
and I find in out of the way places a dozen plants of tobacco growing wild,
scattering seeds and holding their own for years without care. Wild cotton
grows all around me. Some are standing where I found them when I came
here thirteen years ago, and have been full of cotton every year since 1870.

. . . Common Indian pumpkins are perennial, but the Cushaw will only
bear one crop, and then dies, as at the north."

It is not usually known that the cow-pea furnishes varieties which are es-
teemed as human food. Mr. Allen says, speaking of the Whip-poor-will pea,
that, " It is generally known among farmers here as six-weeks pea, and is used
both as a snap and shell. They are quite palatable. Farmers here make great
use of them. In picking we pick partly full-grown pods, and partly mature
peas that have not yet become dry. These are boiled together, and are a popu-
lar dish."

Melaiunyriuu Aniericanum. — In July last I found growing on the North
Valley Hill, Chester county, a broad-leaved variety of Melampyrum Aniericanum.
The leaves are all ovate except the lowest pair, which are lanceolate, the upper-
most having a minute tooth or two near the base, or very frequently none at
all. The most striking peculiarity is that the spatulate cotyledons remain as
long as the plant lives. It is so unlike the regular form that it seems hard to
call it a mere variety, but on examination and comparison I think it can be
nothing more, for of over one hundred specimens collected all maintained the
above characteristics fully. The variety seems to have been over-looked by our
botanists, for I see no mention of it in Gray, Wood, or the " Flora Cestrica" of
Darlington. — S. T. Fergus, West Chester, Pa.

Puccinia heterospora B. <te C— In the September number of Hedwigia, Dr.
G. Winter mentions a fungus on Sida apinosa, collected in Southern Illinois, by
Mr. F. S. Earle. It is one of those troublesome species of Puccinia, having
both one and two-celled spores; and an examination of my own specimens
from Mr. Earle shows that in the two-celled spores (which are comparatively
few) the position of the septum varies, being either transverse, longitudinal or
oblique. In the Journal of the Linmean Society for 1875 is the following des-
cription :

Uromyces Thwailesii B. & Br., Maculis luteis hypophyllis; soris circinantibus

358 BOTANICAL GAZETTP:.

brunneis ; sporis obovatis lalvibus longissime pedicellafis. On leaves of Sida
humilis Willd. and S. hirsvta, Peradenia, Jan. 1855, Dec. 1867. There are
rarely two cystoblasts parallel to each other.1

Dr. Winter has a specimen on Sida rhombifolia, l'rom South Africa, and with
this he compares Mr. Earle's specimen and finds it to agree. He refers it to
its proper genus and calls it Paccinia Thwaitesii, (B. & Br.) In the Linmean
Journal, for 1869, is the following :

Puccinia heterospora B. & C. Soris minutis in glomerulos orbiculares con-
gests brunneis ; sporis subglobosis, pedicello deorsum attenuato subiequalibus,
demum biseptatis. On the leaves apparently of some malvaceous plant. 2

I received specimens from Mr. Earle in the fall of 1882, but with the re-
sources then at my command was unable to determine them. More recently I
have had access to the Curtis collection and references to the above descriptions.
A comparison shows Mr. Earle's specimen to be identical with the original
of Puccinia heterospora. As I have not seen Uromyces Thwaitesii, I can not say
whether it is identical with Puccinia heterosfora or not, but in either case Mr.
Earle's specimens must be referred to the latter, which is the older name.

The host of the Curtis specimen is pretty certainly Sida triqueira.

In GrcviUea,Vo]. Ill, Dec, 1874, is described Uromyces pulcherrima B. & C. on
Abut Hon Texense, from Texas. I have examined the Curtis specimen and can
not distinguish it from Puccinia heterospora. The collection also contains speci-
mens labeled Uromyces pulcherrima B. & C. on Abutilonparrulum and A noda hastata.

A. B. Seymour.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

Dr. Carpenter, at the last meeting of the British Association, illustrated
the power living forms have of adapting themselves to environment by the
changes in the small-pox bacteria. Formerly the disease was very severe and
known as the "black-pox," but at present it exists in a much milder form.
During the last siege of Paris, however, the bacteria reverted to the original
form and the "black-pox" again appeared.

We have had Kerner showing how plants have contrived to escape unwel-
come insect visits, and our respect for plants has been thereby increased, although
constructing a reason for everything is not always safe. But Mr. Alexander
Wilson has gone farther, and at the British Association suggested that the
closed ovary of the Angiosperms was a contrivance for the ovules to escape the
attacks of parasitic fungi. That the closing up of the ovules is a hindrance to
the action of the pollen can be understood, and to overcome it we find adapta-
tions of tissue, modiheations of structure, changes in the positions of ovules, etc.
This outlay, Mr. Wilson reasons, is compensated for by some great advantage,
which he concludes to be that already mentioned. He likens the closed ovary
to Tyndal and Pasteur's sealed flasks, from which are kept all fungus spores..

1 Berkeley and Broome, Ceylon Fungi, in Journ. Linn. Soc, Vol. XIV, p. 02, 1875.

2 Berkeley and Curtis, Cuban Fungi, in Jonr. Linn. Soc, Vol. X, p. 356, 1869.

BOTANICAL GAZETTE. 359'

even the air which gains admission being filtered through tissues and their se-
cretions. This is one of those subjects which lead to the most tempting gener-
alizations, but should be considered yet more as something interesting than
settled.

The German Scientific Expedition, under Dr. Koch, to investigate the
Egyptian cholera has not yet reached any very definite results. The only thing
set at rest is that the Bacillus is identical with that found in the case of Asiatic
cholera.

We note that Dr. Farlow has received one of the numerous gold medals
awarded by the juries of the late International Fisheries Exhibition, for his
work on the marine alga?.

We would call attention to the capital address of Prof. E. Kay Lankester,
as president of the biological section of the British 'Association, upon " The En-
dowment of Biological Research." It should be in the hands of all the boards
of management of our colleges and universities, and may be found either in
Science or Nature.

The way that new species of fungi are pouring in upon us is rather over-
whelming. Not a month passes without its lists of new species, which leads us
to think either that we have never looked much for fungi before, or that specific
lines are not yet well drawn.

We have just received notice of the death of Mr. Ch is. E. Perkins, of Som-
erville, Mass. It will be remembered that he published in the Gazette for
March of this year a list of the "Ballast Plants of Boston and Vicinity." He
was a young man and a good collector, his large collection, left to the Middle-
sex Institute of Maiden, being especially rich in introduced and ballast plants.
He had in contemplation both a local flora and a garden flora, which his friends
may be able to complete from his notes.

We would call attention to the extension of time given in competing for
the Gazette prize, November 1 being substituted for May 1.

. CURRENT LITERATURE.

Flora of Worcester county, Masssachusetts. By Joseph Jackson. Published by
the Worcester Nat. Hist. Soc. 1883. 48 pp. 8vo.

This society, but four years old, is doing a good work in bringing before
the people of its own neighborhood information upon the various depart-
ments of natural history. This is done by placing in charge of its collections,
which occupy three rooms, a competent custodian, whose services, not as guide
only, but also as teacher, are freely at the disposal of the public. During the
past year 20,000 visitors have availed themselves of this privilege. The pam-
phlet before us is but an outgrowth of this work, and is surely well done. _ The
county extends north and south across the State and contains quite a diversity of
surface so that both southern and northern New England may be said to be
represented. Only the Phrenogams and Vascular Cryptogams are included, not
so much from desire, we infer, as from necessity. The list numbers 812 species,
belonging to 387 genera. The only criticism that could be made is that there

360 BOTANICAL GAZETTE.

is no mark to indicate introduced plants. True this work is done in Gray's
Manual, but one can not always remember what it says, and may not care to
look it up. Now that introduced plants are getting so thoroughly mingled
with our indigenous flora, too great care can not be exercised in keeping them
apart in our lists, for it is becoming a more difficult thing to do every year.

Catalogue of Canadian Plants. Part I. — Polypetahe. By Prof. John Macoun.
Montreal. 8vo. 192 pp.

This Catalogue is published by the Geological and Natural History Survey
of Canada, under direction of Alfred R. C. Selwyn. Heretofore about the
the only knowledge of the Canadian flora we have had has come from the " Flora
Boreali Americana," Torrey and Gray's Flora and Gray's Synoptical Flora.
These works but incompletely represent it; the first from lack of exploration, the
others chiefly from the fact that they only include the Polypetalae and Gamo-
petal Be. The present Catalogue has been begun quite elaborately, and besides
drawing from the sources above mentioned, is based upon very extensive ex-
plorations, not the least of which were made by the author himself. Under
each species is given its synonymy, habitats and collectors. The range from
Alaska to Newfoundland is a tremendous one, but of course in these northern
regions the 'number of species will bear no such relation to area as further
south. In the list are included 907 species, under 243 genera, but no attempt
is made to separate introduced plants from the indigenous, further than a men-
tion of the fact in the notes. The Rocky Mountain region seems to be the one
most needing exploration, for the old collections, good as they were, covered a
comparatively small area, and many of their plants need rediscovery. We
imagine that such an exploration would result more in the establishment or
not of old species than in new species. We certainly hope that the material
for subsequent catalogues may speedily be gotten together and the good work
pushed to its completion.

Thirty-third Annual Report of the State Museum of Natural History. (Report
of the Botanist, Chas. H. Peck.) 50 pp. with two plates. 1880.
Thirty-fourth Annual Report. 58 pp. with four plates. 1881.

These reports are usually quite delayed, but full of new material when they
do appear. Mr. Peck, in spite of ill health, seems to be constantly at work.
In the 33d Report, besides a general list of ''Plants not before reported," in
which are many new species of fungi, is a paper upon the New York species of
Amanita, which number. 14, 4 of which are new. The two plates contain the
figures of 14 new species, one of them, Caliciopsis, being a new genus related to
Tympanis. In the 34th Report there is the same rich display of new species,
and along with them a description of some of our commoner injurious parasites,
such as corn smut, etc. The plates are excellent, but in the text sufficient
prominence is not given to the specific names, especially of new species.

Report on the Michigan Forest Fires of 1881. No. 1 of Signal Service Notes.
By William O. Bailey. Washington. 1882. Svo. lf> pp. (with map and
diagrams).

This gives a full and very interesting account of these great forest fires, a
good map of the burned district, and some diagrams showing the principal
directions of the fire. The causes assigned are of two kinds, the natural ones
being such as prevailing southerly winds, an accumulation of hot air in con-
sequence, an area of low atmospheric pressure north of the fires, opposing
winds south of the center, a protracted drought, and dry soil. The " local
causes" given are great areas of dead timber left standing, and carelessness of
settlers in managing local fires.

Marine Algae.

Two thousand herbarium specimens of Marine Algse, representing about four hundred
species, American and foreign, all named and in good condition, some very fine; will be
sold at a low price, as a whole, or in larger or smaller lots to suit.

Address FRANK S. COLLINS,

Maiden, Mass.

Plaats from the Cascade Mountains.

The undersigned has new sets of Washington plants. The larger number of species
are both in fruit and flowers. Some are new. Full sets sold at the rate of S8 per hundred.
Desiderata, 10 and 15 cents each, according to the number selected. fi®*Send for lists.

W. N. SUKSDORF,

6t White Salmon, W. T.

BOTANIOAL IE3 .A. :P IE IR, -

e. morrTson.

papee waeehouse,

No. 805 D Street, Washington, D. C.

Standard Herbarium Paper, 21 and 30 lbs., at 14.50 and $6.00 per ream. Genus Covers,
standard size (16% by 24), and weight, best quality, at 2 to 5 cents a piece. Drying paper
always kept on hand. Can furnish any size or weight.

FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE.

American Naturalist, Vols. XII. and XIII. (1878-9), bound, one-
half leather, each #3.00

" " Vol. XIV., unbound 2.00

" " Single numbers (Feb., 1880, Jan. and Feb.,

1881), each 10

American Journal of Microscopy, Vol. IV., V., VI. (1879 81),

unbound, each 5°

American Monthly Microscopical Journal, Vol. I. (1880),

unbound 75

The above periodicals are in first-class condition. • Address,

C. R. BARNES, Lafayette, Iiicl.

FUIX SETS OF "THE LENS."

The State Microscopical Society of Illinois offers a few complete sets of The Lens, pub-
lished under its auspices in 1872-3, for S3. 14, being one-half the former price plus the post-
age. It contains, among much other valuable matter, the following original papers : Con-
spectus of Families and Genera of Diatomaeese, by Prof. H. L. Smith ; Flora of Chicago,
Prof. H. H. Babcock; Microscopical Memoranda for Use of Medical Practitioners, Dr. J. J.
Woodward; Algse Rhodiacese, S. T. Olney ; Causes of Influenza in Horses, Prof. James
Law ; Preparation of Diatomaeese, Dr. Christopher Johnson ; Diatomacete of the Baltic, S .
A. Briggs; and many others equally important.

Address WH. H. SUMMERS,

Treas. S. Micr. Soc. 111.,
3450 Cottage Grove Ave., Chicago, 111.

Botanical Gazette for 1884.

•voiiiTjnynE ix.

The Botanical Gazette enters upon its ninth year with a strong constitu-
ency, and an increasing determination on the part of the editors to make it a
journal worthy the support of every botanist. It is with great satisfaction that
we can announce that the generous support of botanists has placed the Gazette
on a sure financial basis, and that we can look to even greater enlargement.
Eight years ago we printed four pages per month, then eight, then twelve, and
during this year sixteen or twenty pages have been printed every month and
with all these improvements the subscription price lias never changed. We be-
lieve we can fairly claim to be the largest journal in the world, devoted strictly
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During the coming year we desire to have all the departments of botany
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the Gazette faithfully reflect the botanical activity not only of this country but
of Europe. We therefore will welcome notes and papers upon any subject con-
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share alike. We can make no better promise for the future than to give the
customary list of names of some of our contributors during the present year,
with this statement, however, that the list would have been much longer if all
promises had been fulfilled. Following is a partial list of contributors for the
current volume :

Mrs. K. M. AUSTIN.
Prof. W. W. BAILEY.
L. H. BAILEY, Jr.
Prof. W. J. BEAL.
M. S. BEBB.
WM. C. CUSICK.
GEO. E. DAVENPORT.
Dr. GEO. ENGELMANN.
Prof. W. G. FARLOW.
AUG. F. FOERSTE.
Prof. ASA GRAY.
Rev. E. L. GREENE.
Rev. E. J. HILL.

JOS. F. JAMES.

MARCUS E. JONES.

THOMAS MEEHAN.

A. P. MORGAN.

Prof. A. N. PRENTISS.

YOLNEY RATTAN.

EUGENE A. RAU.

II. W. RAVENEL.

J. H. REDFIELD.

Dr. J. T. ROTHROCK.

Dr. E. LEWIS STURTEVANT.

Prof. WM. TRELEASE.

Dr. GEO. VASEY.

GAZETTE PRIZE.

The Gazette offers a prize of $50 for the best life history of any plant, upon
the following conditions :'■ All papers must be sent to the Editor on or before
Nov. 1st, 1884, must be the results of original investigation, and must be con-
sidered the property of the Gazette. Papers must bear no signature other than
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with all necessary illustrations.

CHAS. R. BARNES, JOHN M. COULTER,

J. C. ARTHUR, Editor.

Associate Editors.

INDEX TO THE GENUS CAREX

OF GRAY'S MANUAL,
BY JOS. F. JAMES, Custodian, Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.

The following Index to the Genus Carex embraces all the species
and varieties, and the synonymy of the same, as given in the last edi-
tion of Gray's Manual. A lew are added from the first edition of the
same. In it has been incorporated all the latest changes in nomen-
clature at present accessible. In the first columns are placed all the
species with their varieties, arranged in alphabetical order, and num-
bered to correspond with the numbers of the Manual. Opposite to each
species of the first column, are placed in the second, all the synonyms;
and opposite each synonym of the first column is placed in the second
the species All have numbers corresponding to the Manual. All
the synonyms are in italics, and all the species are in ordinary type :

73. abbreviates , Schw., Boott.; 73. Torreyi, Tuckerman.

47. acuta, var. vulgaris, L. ; 47. vulgaris, Fries.

49. acuta, var. sparsiflora, Dew ? ; 49. toTta, Boott.

51. acuta, var. c recta, Dew; 51. stricta, Lam. (not ot Good.)

51. acuta, Muhl., etc. not Linn. ; 51. stricta. Lam. (not of Good.)

42. adusta, Boott. (not of former ed.) ; 42. albo-lutescens, Schw.

43. adusta, former ed.. not of Boott ; 43a. silicea. Olney.

81. mstivalis, M. A. Curtis; 81. virescens, Muhl., var. aestivalis,

Olney.

19. alopecoidea, Tuckerman ; 19. ccphalophora, var. maxima, Dew.

,, , o , (42. adusta, Boott. (not ot former ed.)

42. albo lutescens, Schw. ; -, ' , m 1

(42. argyrantna, luckerm.

45. alata, Torr. ; (no syn. )

63. alpina. Swartz ; 63. lal/lii, Schk.

92. alba, var. sctifolia. Dew; 92. eburnea, Boott

142. ampullacca, var utriculata, of former ed. ; 142. utriculata, Boott.

149. ampullacca ; 149. rriiharis, Mx . , var.? Olney.

51. augustata, Boott; 51. stricta. Lam. (not of Good.)

89. anceps, Willd. , Schk. ; 89. laxiflora, Lam. var. intermedia, Boott.

50. aptera, Boott; (no syn.)

48. aquatilis, Wahl. ; (no syn.)

38. arida, Schw. and Torr ; 38. Muskingumenss, Schw.

42. argyrantha, Tuckerm. ; 42. albo-lutescens, Schw.

78. aristata, Dew., not R. Br. ; 78. Davisii, Schw. and Torr.

GENUS CAR EX.

106. arctata, Boott. ; 106. sylvatica, Dew., not of Hudson.

C 124. atherodes, Spreng.

124. aristata, R.Br. ; < 124. mirata, Dew.

^124. orthostachys ', (Eu.)

62. atrata, L. , (no syn.)

124. atherodes, Spreng. ; 124. aristata, R. Br.

65. aurea, Nutt. ; 65. pyriformis, Schw.

9. Backii, Boott. ; (no syn.)

57. Barrattii, Schw. and Torr. ; 57. littoralis, Schw.

132. Bellavitta, Dew. ; 132. lupulina. Muhl.

46. Bigelovii, Torr.; 46. rigida, Good., var.? Bigelovii.

112. binervis, Dew., not of Smith ; 112. fulva, Good.

89. blanda, Dew. ; 89. laxiflora. Lam., var. blanda.

no. blepharophora. Gray; 110. fl ex i lis, Rudge

10. bromoides, Schk. ; (no syn. )

15. bracteosa, Schw. ; 15. vulpinoidea, Michx.

31. Buckleyi, Dew; 31*. vitilis, Fries.

61. Buxbaumii, Wahl. ; 61. canescens, L. (in part )

147. bullata, Schk.; 147. cylindrica, Schw., (in part) Tuck. etc.

146. bullata, of authors, not Schk. ; 146. Tuckermanii, Boott.

capitata, L. ; (no syn.)

f 31. curta, var. brunnescens, Pers.

31. canescens, L. (in part), X 31. curta, Ciood. (Gray. ed. '31.)

(^31. Rich a rdi, M i ch x.

31. canescens, var. vitilis ; 31s. vitilis, Fries

31. canescens, var. apicola, ed. 1 ; 31". vitilis. Fries

31. canescens, var. spluerostachxa, ed. " 1 ; 31". vitilis, Fries.

47. caespitosa, of authors ; 47. vulgaris, Fries

61. canescens, L., (in part) ; 61. Buxbaumii, Wahl.

75. Careyana, Torr. ; (no syn.)

109. capillaris. L. ; (no syn.)

132. Canadensis, Dew ; 132. lupulina, Muhl.

19. cephalophora, var. maxima, Dew. ; 19. alopecoidea, Tuckerm.

21. eeplialophora, var. Torr.; 21. sparcanioides, Muhl.

23. cephalophora, Muhl. ; 23. cephaloidea, Dew (in part).

23. cephalophora, var. angustifolia, Boott. 523. Leavenworthii, Dew.

21. cephaloidea, Dew. (in part) ; 21. sparganioides, Muhl.

22. cephaloidea, Dew., (in part) Boott ; (no s\n.)

23. cephaloidea. Dew. (in part); 23. cephalophora, Muhl.
27. chordorhiza, Ehrh. ; (no syn.)

18. conjuncta, Boott. ; 18. vulpina, former editions.

70. conoidea, Gray. Gram, and Cyp., not Schk.; 70. panicea, I,. ,

var. tetanica. Olney.

75. conoidea, Schk. ; 75. tetanica, Schw. and Torr., not Schk

82. eostata, Schw. ; 82. virescens, Muhl.

( 126. f areata , Ell., not of L'apeyr.

126. comosa, Boott., - 126. Pseudo-Cyperus, Schw. and i Torr. , Dew.

( etc-, in part, not of L.

GENUS CAREX. 3

128. Cooleyi, Dew. ; 128. hystricina, Willd.
136. Collinsii, Nutt. ; 136. subulata, Michx.

16. crits-corvi, Shuttl. ; 16. Nuttallii, Schw.

41. cristata, Schw. ; 41. lagopodioides, var. cristata, Carey.

41. cristata, var. mirabilis, Boott. ; 41. lagopodioides, var. mira-
bilis, Olney.

55. crinita, Lam.; 55. (Gr. ed. 1, '44) gynandra, Schw. Anal. Tab.

55. crinita, var. morbida, Carey; 55. paleacea, of authors.

71. Crawei, Dew.; 71. microdonta, Torr.

31. carta, Good.; 31. canescens, L. (in part )

31. carta, var. brunnescens, Pers. ; 31. canescens, L. (in part. )

37. cyperoides, Dew., not L. (Grayed. 1V31) ; 37- sychnocephala,
Carey.

146. cylindrica., former ed. ; 146. Tuckermanii, Boott.

147. cylindrica, Schw., at least in part, Tuckerm., etc. ; 147. bullata,

Schk.

0 t-. . .. 0 , , n \ 78. aristata, Dew., not of R. Br.

78. Davisn, Schw. and I orr. ; '0 ™ T.

' ' 1 78. Torreyana, Dew.

96. JDavisii, Dew. etc. ; 96. Emmonsii, Dew.

14. decomposita, Muhl. ; 14. paniculaia, var. dccomposita , Dew.

108. debilis, Michx. ; - 0* ,, s' »,**, ',

' (108. flexuosa, Muhl.

108. debilis, var. pubera ; passing into C. venusta, Dew.

t,7,. Deweyana, Schw. ; (no syn. )

,... Trj (12. intermedia, Good.

12. disticha, Hiids ; j i2 Sartwei/St Dew. and former ed.

28. disperma, Dew. ; 28. tenella, Schk.

25. disperma, Kunze. (not Dew.) Gray ed. 1/25 ; 25. rosea, Schk.

80. digitalis, Schw. and Torr., not Willd. ; 80. gracillima, Schw.

00 ,. . ,. ,,,..,, (88. oligocarpa, Schw. and Torr., not Schk.
88. digitalis, WxWa. ; \ 00 »/ /,'• c~u„,
& ( 88. Vanvleckii, Schw.

21. divulsa, Pursh, not Good, (prob.); 21. sparganioides, Muhl.

92. eburnea, Boott. ; 92. alba, var. setifolia, Dew.

13. Ehrbartiana, Hoppe ; 13. teretiuscula, var major, Koch.

, „ . „ ( 06. Nov<e-Angli<z, var. Emmonsii, ed. 2.

06. hmmonsu, Dew. \ \ c 7-. ••■ ?\^„r Qf_
7 (96- Davisn, Dew., etc.

34. exilis, Dew. ; (no syn. )

113. extensa, Good. ; (no syn.)

44. festucacea, Schk., of former ed. ; 44. straminea, Schk., var.

festucacea, Boott.

45. festucacea, var. tenera, former ed. in part; 44. tenera, Dew.
4T. festucacea, var. mirabilis, former edtions 541. lagopodioides, var.

mirabilis, Olney.
116. filiformis, L. ; (no syn.) .
57. fiacca, former ed. ; 57. littoralis, Schw.
77. flaccosperma, Dew. ; 77. grisea, var. inutiea, former ed.
77. faccosperma, Dew. ( Gr. ed. 1 .'65); 76. grisea, Wahl.

GENUS CAR EX.

108. flexuosa, Muhl. ; 108 debilis, Michx.

no. flexilis, Rudge ; no. blepharophora, Gray.

114. flava, L ; (no syn. )
44. fcenea, Willd. ; (no syn. )
43. foenea, var. ? ferruginea, Boott. ; (no syn.)
43. fcenea, var. ? sabulonum, Boott. , 43s. silicea, Olney.

79. formosa, Dew.; (no syn.)

130. folliculata, Schw., Mich., not L. ; 130. intumescens, Rudge.
134 folliculata, L. ; 134. xanthophysa, Wahl.

6. Fraseriana, Sims ; (no syn. )

138. Erankii, Kunth ; 138. stenolepis. Torr.

89. fusiformis, Chapm. ; 89. laxiflora, var. styloflexa, Boott.
112. fulva, Goodwin.; 112. binervis, Dew., not of Smith.
126. furcata, Ell., not Lapeyr ; 126. comosa, Boott.

31. Gebhardi, Hoppe ; 31". vitilis, Fries.

I4°- gigantea, Rudge. ; (no syn. )

107. glabra, Boott.; (no syn.)

57". glaucescens, Ell. ; (110 syn.)

57. glauca, Scop. (Grayed. 1. '50); 57. littoralis, Schw.

47. Goodenovii, Gay. (Gr. ed. 1, '44); 47. vulgaris, Fries.

28. gracilis, ed. 1, not Ehrh. ; 28. tenella, Schk.

66. Grayana, Dew. ; 66. livida, Willd.

72. granulans, Muhl.; (no syn.)

76. grisea, Wahl. , j 7j- l^'"^ Sch£> not of Lam.

0 (76. flaccosperma, Dew. (Gr. ed. 1, 65.)

77. grisea, var. mutica, former ed. ; 77. naccosperma, Dew.

80. gracillima, Schw. ; 80. digitalis, Schw. and Tjrr., not Wdld.
in. Greeniana, Dew.; in. laevigata, Smith.

131. Grayii, Carey; (nosyn.)

1. gynocrates, Wormskiold ; (nosyn.)

55. gynandra, Schw. Anal. Tab. (Gr. ed. '44); 55. crinita. Lam.

56. gynandra, Schw., Boott. ; (no syn.)

16. Halci, Dew. ; 16. Nuttallii, Schw.
119. Halscyana, Dew. and ed. 1 ; (119). 68. panicea, var. scariosa,
Olney.

139. Hartii, Dew. ; 139. retrorsa, Schw. var. Hartii.

71. heterostachya, Torr. ; 71. microdonta, Torr.

83. hirsuta, Willd. ; 83. triceps, Michx.

83. hirsuta, var. pedunculated, Schw. and Torr. ; 83. triceps, var.

91. Hitchcockiana, Dew. ; (no syn.)

21. Houghtonii, Torr. ; (no syn.)

144. hyalina, Boott. ; 44. straminea, var. Crawei, Boott.

128. hystricina, Willd. : 128. Coolcyi, Dew.

GENUS CAREX.

12. intermedia, Good. ; 12. disticha, Hudson.

130. intumescens, Rudge ; 130. folliculata, Schk., Michx., not L.

115. irregularis, Schw. ; 115. viridula, Michx.

{ 60. Magellajiica, Lam., according to Boott.

r ■ ■ c -..i J 60. limosa, var. irrigua. Wahl.

60. irrigua, Smith ; \ , . . ' , ,T. * '
° ' ] 00. paupcrcula, Michx.

^ 60. lenticularis, Y)ew ., not Michx. (Gr. ed. 1. 52).
8. Jamesii, Schw.; 8. Steudelii, Kunth.
105. Knieskernii, Dew.; (nosyn.)

40. lagopodioides, Schk. ; (nosyn.)

40. lagopodioides, var. cristata, Carey; 41. cristata, Schw.

41. lagopodioides, var. C*1" c?stfata' van ^>^ Boott.

mirabilis, Olney, \^-f^ucacea,^x. mirahlis. former ed.
' ' ' ^41. mirabilis, Dew.

84. latifolia, Schk. ; 84. plantaginea, Lam.
76. laxiflora, Schk., not Lam. ; 76. grisea, Wahl.
89. laxiflora, Lam. ; 89. striatula, Michx.

89. laxiflora, var. stvloflexa, Boott; \ ** %¥"": ?5W-

( 89. fusiformis, Chapm.

589. laxiflora, var. patulifo-
lia, former ed.
89. plantaginea, Schk.
89. laxiflora, var. intermedia, Boott; 89. anceps, Willd., Schk.

89. laxiflora, var. blanda, Boott; \ ** b!and^ Devv' 4 . ,

( 89. laxiflora, var. striatula, ed. 2.

89. laxiflora, var. latiflora, Boott; (nosyn.)

89. laxiflora, var. patulifolia, form. ed. ; 89. laxiflora, var. planta-
ginea. Boott.

89. laxiflora, var. striatula, ed. 2. ; 89. laxiflora, var. blanda, Boott.

in. laevigata, Smith; m. Greeniana, Dew.

117. lanuginosa. Michx.; 117. pellita, Muhl.

122. lacustris, Willd. and former ed. ; 122. riparia, Curtis.

4. leucoglochin, Ehrh. ; 4. pauciflora, Lightfoot.

5. leptalea, Wahl.; 5. polytricboides, Muhl.

23. Leavenworthii, Dew. ; 23. cephalophora, Muhl. var. angusti-

folia, Boott.
52. lenticularis. Michx. ; (no syn )

60. lenticularis, Dew., not Michx (Gr. cd. 1. 52.) ; 60. irrigua, Smith.
47*. limula, Fries?; (nosyn.)

157. recurva, Huds. (Gr. ed. 1. 50.)
57. Barrattii, Schw. and Torr.
57. flacca, former editions.
58. limosa, L. ; (nosyn.)

60. limosa, var. irrigua, Wahl. ; 60. irrigua, Smith.
66. limosa, var. livida, Wahl. ; 66. livida, Willd. -

66. livida, Willd.; i JJ' ^sa, var livida, Wahl

j 66. Grayana , Dew.

GENUS CAR EX.

28. loliacea, Schk. Suppl. not L. ; 28. tenella, Schk.
151. longirostris, Torr. ; 151. Sprcngelii, Dew.

5132. lurida, Wahl.
132. Canadensis, Dew.
132. Bcllavilla, Dew.
133. lupulina, var. polystachya, Schw. and Torr. ; 133. lupuliformis,.
Sartwell.

132. lurida, Wahl. ; 132. lupulina, Muhl.

133. lupuliformis, Sartwell ; 133. lupulina, var. polystachya^ Schw.

and Torr.

54. maritima, Vahl. ; 54. paleacea, Wahl.
60. Magellanica, Lam., accord, to Booth ; 60. irrigua, Smith.
97. marginata, Muhl. ; 97. Pennsylvania, Lam.
69. Meadii, Dew. ; 69. panicea, L. var. Meadii, Olney.
2. Michauxii, Schw. ; 2. scirpoidea. Michx. .
5. microstachya, Michx. ; 5. polytrichoides, Muhl.
15. nricrosperma, Wahl. ; 15. vulpinoidea, Michx.
102. miliacea, Muhl. ; 102. prasina, Wahl.
41. mirabilis, Dew ; 41. lagopodioides, Schk. var. mirabilis, Olney.

149. miliaris, Michx. var. ? Olney ; 149. rotundata, Wahl.?

150. miliaris, Michx. ; 150. pulla, Good. ? var. ? miliaris, Gr.
124. mirafa, Dew; 124. aristata. R. Br.

136. Michauxii, Dew: 136. subulata, Michx.

71. microdonta, Torr.; - '*' 7r. €l' ,CW'rj,

'(71. Iictcrostacnya. 1 orr.

143. nwnile, Dew, 1845, not Tuckerm. ; 143. Vaseyi, Dew.

144. monile, Tuckerman ; 144. vesicaria, var. alpi^cna, Fries.
15. niultiflora, Muhl. ; 15. vulpinoidea, Michx.

20. muricata, L. ; (no syn. )

2i. muricata, var. cephaloidca, Dew; 21. sparganioides, Muhl.

24. Muhlenbergii, Schk ; (no syn.)

24. Muhlenbergii, var. enervis, Boott; (no syn.)

38. Muskingumensis, Schw. ; 38. arida, Schw. and Torr.

25. neglecta, Tuckerm. ; 25. rosea, Schk., var. radiata, Dew.
96. Novce-Anglue, var. Emmonsii, ed. 2 : 96. Emmonsii, Dew.

96a. nigro-marginata, Schw. ; (no syn.)
46. nigra, Schw. and Torr., not All. (Gr. ed. 1. 42); 46. rigida,

Good.
3T. Norvegica, Schk. ; (no syn. )
95. NovcB-Anglice, Schw. ; (no syn.)

f 1 6 . c rus corvi, Sh u ttl .
16. Nuttallii, Schw. ; -j 16. siccacformis, Boott.

( 16. Halei, Dew.

148. Oakcsiana, Dew ; 148. oligosperma, Michx.

115. Ocdcri, Ehrh. ; 115. viridula, Michx.

88. oligocarpa, Schw and Torr. , not Schk. ; 88. digitalis, Willd.

90. oligocarpa, Schk. ; 90. Sarfwelliana, Gay.

GENUS CAREX.

145. Olneyi, Boott ; (no syn. )

148. oligosperma, Michx. ; 148. Oakeisiana, Dew.

124. orthostachys, (Eu.); 124. aristata, R. Br.

4. pauciflora, Lighefoot, ; 4. leucoglochin, Ehrh.
11 pallida. C. A. Meyer; n. siccata, Dew.

13. panic ulata, var. teretiuscula, Wahl. ; 13. teretiuscula, Good.

14. paniculata, var. decomposita, Dew; 14. decomposita, Muhl.

13. paniculata, var. minor (Gr. ed. 1 14) ; 13. teretisucula, Good.

54. palcacca, Wahl ; 54. raaritima, Vahl.

55. palcacca, of authors; 55. crinita, Lam. var. morbida, Carey.
60. pai/ficrcula, Mich::. ; 60. irrigua, Smith.

78. panicea, L. ; (no syn.)

(67. vagi)iata, Tausch.

67. panicea, var. refracta,01ney ; -j 67. sparsiplora, Fries.

(67. phmstachya, Smith.

r ■ at j- rw \ 69. Meadii, Dew.

60. panicea, var. Meadii, Olney ; \ ,* , . ' . . a c ,

J ' } ' { 69. panicea, chiefly former ed.

f 70. tetanica, Schk.

70. panicea, var. tetanica, Olney ; -' 70. co noidea, Gray, Gram. andCyp.

(70 Woodii, Dew. [not of Schk.

( 119. polymorpha, Muhl. (in part).

119. panicea, var. scariosa, Olney; -| 119. Halseyana, Dew and ed. 1.

(^119. striata, Torr.

74. pallescens, L. ; (no syn.)

74. pallescens, var. undulata. Gr. ; 74. undulata, Kunze.

123. paludosa. Good- ; (no syn. )

31. Pcrsoonii, Sieber; 31. vitilis, Fries.

93. pedunculata, Muhl. ; (no syn. )

97. Pennsylvania, Lain. ; 97. mar^inata, Muhl.

98. Pennsylvania!, var. Muhlcnbcrgii, Gray, Gram, and Cyp. ; 98.

varia, Muhl.
117. pcllita, Muhl. ; it 7. lanuginosa, Michx.
67. plneostachya, Smith ; 67. panicea, var. refracta, Olney.
84. plantaginea, Lam. ; 84. latifolia, Schk.
89. plantaginea. Lam. ; 89. laxiflora, var. plantaginea, Boott.
86. platyphylla, Carey; (no syn.)

1 • -, a \/r 1 1 ( S- leptalea, Wahl.

5. polytnchoides, Muhl. ; - ^ '■ ' , ,,- ,

0 ' } (.5- mtcrostacnya, IMicli.

15 polymorpha, Schvv. ; 15. vulpinoidea, Michx.

119. polymorpha, Muhl. (in part) ; 1 19. panicea, L. var. scariosa, Olney.

120. polymorpha, ed. 1; 120. striata, Michx. (not of ed 1.)
13. praifiea, Dew ; 13. teretiusula, var. major, Koch.

99. praecox, Jacq. ; 99. verna, Villars, Dew., not of Schk.
102. prasina, Wahl. ; 102. miliacea. Muhl.

126. Pseitdo-Cyperus, Schw. and Torr., Dew, etc. in part, not L. ; 126.

comosa, Boott.

127. Pseudo-Cyperus, L. ; (no syn.)
101. pubescens, Muhl. ; (no syn.)

8 GENUS CAR EX.

150. pulla, Good. ? ; -! I5°- SaXf//s> L> (in part)
J r ' ( 150. rtgiaa.

150. pulla, var. ? miliaris, Gray; 150. miliaris, Michx.
65. pyriformis, Schw. ; 65. aurea, Nutt.

59. rariflora, Smith; (no syn.)

26. retroflexa, Muhl. ; 26. rosea, Schk. var. Olney.

87. retrocurva, Dew; (no syn.)
139. retrorsa, Schw. ; 139. reversa, Spreng.
139. retrorsa, var. Hartii, Gray; 139. Hartii, Dew.
139. reversa, Spreng. ; 139. retrorsa, Schw.

57. recurva, Huds. (Gr. ed. 1.50); 57. littoralis, Schw.

31. Richardii, Michx.; 31. canescens, L. (in part.)

, • • , r- a \ 46. niera, Schw. and Torr., not All. (Gr.ed. 1.42)
46. rigida, Good. ; j ^ J^^ FJ D^ pa'rUy ^

, -.j -. r,- , •• „ (46. Bigelovii, Torr.

46. rigida, var.? Bigekmi.Gr. ; j ^ W%skinhonia, Dew.

150. rigida, L. (in part) ; 150. pulla, Good?
100. Richardsonii, R. Br. ; (no syn.)
122. riparia, Curtis; 122. lacustris, Willd. and former ed.
25. rosea, Schk. ; 25. dispcrma, Kunze (not Dew), (Gr. ed.i. 25).

25. rosea, var. minor, Boott ; (no syn.)

2. rosea, var. radiata, Dew; 25. ne^lecta, Tuckerm.

, r\y \ 26. rosea, var. retroflexa, Torr. Cyp.

26. rosea, var. Olney; < , . „ A, ,i

' ■" (26. retroflexa, Muhl.

26. rosea, var. retroflexa, Torr. Cyp. ; 26. rosea, var. Olney.

129. rostrata, Muhl., not Michx. ; 129. tentaculata, Muhl.

135. rostrata, Michx.; (no syn.)

149. rotundata, VVahl. ? ; 149. miliaris, Michx. var. ? Olney.

12. Sartwellii, Dew, and former editions ; 12. disticha, Hudson.

46. saxitilis, Fl. Dan., partly L. ; 46. rigida, Good.

53. salina, Wahl. ; (no syn.)

90. Sartwellianat Gay; 90. oligocarpa, Schk.

15.0. saxatilis, L. ; 150. pulla, Good. ?

. , ,,. , (2. Wormskioldiana, Hornem.

2. scirpoidea, Michx. ; \ n/r. , ■■ c ,

^ ' ' ( 2. Michauxii, Schw.

36. scirpoides, Schk. ; 36. stellulata, L. var. scirpoides, Gr.

39. scoparia, Schk. ; (no syn.)

39. scoparia, var. minor, Boott; (no syn.)
103. scabrata, Schw. (no syn.)
141. Schweinitzii, Dew ; (no syn.)

64. Shortiana, Dew; (no syn.)
138. Shortii, Steud., not Torr. ; 138. stenolepis, Torr.

11. siccata, Dew ; 11. pallida, C. A. Meyer.

16. sicc&formis, Boott ; 16. Nuttallii, Schw.

, .,. n] \ 43". fcenea, var.? salntlomtm, Boott.

43 • siiicea, Ulney ; j ^ adust a, former ed. not Boott.

GENUS CAREX.

C 21. cephalophora, var., Torr.
21. sparganioides, Muhl. ; J 21. murica fa, var. eephaloidea,De^.

21. sparganioides, var. minor, Boott; ', 21. cephaloidea, Dew, (in part).

( 2 i.divirisa, Pursh, not Good, (prob)
31". sphcerostachya, Dew; 31". vitilis, Fries.
67. sparsiflora, Fries ; 67. panicea, L. , var. refracta, Olney.
151. Sprengelii. Dew; 151. longirostris, Torr.

137. squarrosa, L. ; 137. typhina, Michx.
8. Steudelii, Kunth ; 8. Jamesii, Schw.

17. stipata, Muhl. ; 17. vulpiwidca, Torr. Cyp.,not Michx.
35. sterilis, Willd. ; 35. stellulata, var. sterilis, form. ed.

35. stellulata, var. sterilis, former ed. ; 35. sterilis, Willd.

36. stellulata, L. ; (nosyn.)

36. stellulata, var. scirpoides, Gr. ; 36. scirpoidi1?,, Schk.

36. stellulata, var. angustata, Gr. ; (nosyn.)
44. straminea, Schk. ; (no syn.)

44. straminea, var. typica, Boott ; (no syn.)

44. straminea, var. festucacea, Boott ; 44. f est ucacta, Schk. and form. cd.

C 44. straminea, var. hyalina,

44. straminea, var. Crawei, Boott;- Boott.

(^44. hyalina, Boott.

44. straminea, var. Meadii, Boott. ; (no syn.)

44J. straminea, var. aperta, Boott ; 44s. tenera, Dew. var. major,

Olney.

44*. straminea, var. tenera, Boott ; 44*. tenera, Dew.

44. straminea, var. hyalina, Boott; 44. straminea, var. Crawei,

Boott.

(51. acuta, Muhl. etc., not L.

I 51. Virginiana, Smith, in Rees: Cyclo.

T , Lt-, j x J ci. acuta, var. e recta, Dew.

5i.stncta,Lam.(notGood.); I ° , . -r, . '

J ' v " \ 51. angustata, Boott.

! 51. xe/vcarpa, S. H. Wright, in Dew.

^ Cat. (prob. )

51. stricta, var. strictior, Gr. ; 51. strictior, Dew.
51. strietior,'Devf ; 51. stricta, var. strictior, Gray.
89. styloflexa, Dew ; 89. laxiflora, Lam. var. styloflexa, Boott.
89. striafula, Michx. ; 89. laxiflora. Lam.

119. striata, Torr., Fl. N. Y.,not Michx.; 119. panicea, L. var. scar-

iosa, Olney.

120. striata, Michx. (noted.i.), 120. polymorpha, ed. 1.
125. striata, ed. 1, not Michx.; 125. trichocarpa, Muhl.

0 . , ™ \ 138. Frankii, Kunth.

138. stenolepis,Torr. ; j ^g ^^ Steud ? nQt Torr

104. Sullivantii, Boott; (no syn. )

136. subulata, Michx.;- ^," ,t- , J '•• r>'
0 I 136. Micnauxn, Dew.

37. sychnocephala, Carey ; 37. cyperoides, Dew, not L.
106. sylvatica, Dew, not Hudson : 106. arctata, Boott.

io GENUS CAREX.

, ~ , f i^. paniculata, var. teretiuscula, Wahl.
13. teretmscula, Good. ; j ^ Jfankll!a(a\ vai, minor, (Gr. ed. 1.14.)

, . „ . fn. Ehrhartiana, Hoppe.

1*. teretmscula, var. maior.Koch.; \ ° . • • t->
•> ' J ' ' ( 13. pramea, Dew.

f 28. loliacea, Schk. , suppl., not L.

28. tenella,Schk.; \ 28. disperma, Dew.

(^28. gracilis, ed. 1., not Ehrh.

30. tenuiflora, Wahl. ; (no syn.)

31. tenella, Ehrh. ; 31. vitilis, Fries.

a n • i 44a* straminea, var. tenera, Boott.

44. tenera, JJew ; j ^ festucacea^ var_ ^^ra, former ed. (in part).

44a. tenera, var. major, Olney.; 44". straminea, var. aperta^ iSoott.

75. tetanica, Schw. and Torr., not Schk.; 75. conoidea, Schk.

70. tetanica, Schk.; 70. panicea, L. var. tetanica. Olney.

108. tenuis, Rudge ; 108. debilis, Michx.

129. tentaculata, Muhl.; 129. rostrata, Muhl., not Michx.

129. tentaculata, var. gracilis, Boott; (no syn. )

129. tentaculata, var. alatior, Boott; (no syn.)

49. torta, Boott; 49. acuta, var. sparsiflora, Dew?

73. Torreyi, Tuckerman ; 73. abbreviata, Schw., Boott.
78. Torreyana, Dew., 78. Davisii, Schw. and Torr.

29. trisperma, Dew.; vnosyn.j

C 8^. hirsuta, Willd.
83. triceps, Michx.;-] 83. riridula, Schw. and Torr., not Michx.

(_83. hirsuta, var. pedunculate/,, Schw. and Torr.

125. trichocarpa, Muhl.; 125. striata, ed. 1, not Michx.

125. trichocarpa, var. inherbis, Gray; (no syn.)

, ,n , . t. ( 146. bullata, of authors, not Schk.

146. I uckermani, Boott : \ v ,. , . - ,-,■

' ( 146. cyhndrica, lormer edition.

137. typhina, Michx.; 137. squarrosa, L.

74. undulata, Kunze.; 74. pallescens, L. var. undulata, Gray.
94. umbellata, Schk.; (no syn.)

142. utriculata, Boott ; 142. ampullacea, var. utrieu/ata, former ed.

63. Valilii, Schk.; 63. alpina. Swart/.

67. vaginata, Tausch.; 67. panicea, var. refracta, Olney.

88. Vanvleekii. Schw.; 88. digitalis, Willd.

98. varia, Muhl. ; 98. Pennsylvania, var. Muhlenbergii, Gray,

Gram, and Cyp.

,T . .,-. ( 14?. monile, Dew, in 184s. not Tuckerman.
\±x. Vaseyi, Dew. { ^ ,. y T.

^J 3 ( 143. vesicana, var. cylwdracea,uew.

99. verna, Villars, Dew, not Schk.; 99 praecox, Jacq.
118. vestita, Willd. ; (no syn.)

143. vesicaria, var. cylindracea, Dew; 143. Vaseyi, Dew.

144. vesicaria, var. alpigena, Fries; 144 monile. Tuckerman.

GENUS CAR EX. n

'3i\ canescens, L. var. vitilis, Gray.

3ia. canescens, var. alpicola, ed. r.

3i\ canescens, var. spharostachya, ed. i.

, ■?ia. tenella, Ehrh.
3ia. vitihs, Fries ; -j ^a /%rawwtf> sieber.

3ia. Gebhardi, Hoppe.
31*. sphcerostachya, Dew.
^3ia. Buckley i, Dew.
51. F/;^/«/fl««,Smith,inRees'Cyclo.; 51. stricta,Lam. (not of Good.)

82. virescens, Muhl.; 82. costata, Schw.

81. virescens, var. aestivalis, Olney ; 81. aestivalis, M. A. Curtis.

83. viridula, Schw. and Torr., not Michx.; 83. triceps, Michx.

.... . . (115. CEderi, Ehrh.

115. viridula, Michx. ; | ^ imgulariSf Schw.

„ . (47. acuta, var. vulgaris, L.
47. vulgaris, Fries ; j ^ ,^te) of authors.

18. vulpina, former editions ; 18 conjuncta, Boott.

• { 15. bractcosa, Schw.
I 15. multiflora, Muhl.
15. vulpinoidea, Michx. ;-{ 15. microspcrma, Wahl.

15. polymorpha, Schw.

I 15. setacca, Dew.
17. vulpinoidea, Torr. Cyp., not Michx. ; 17. stipata, Muhl.

46. Washingtonia, Dew.; 46. rigida, Good, var.? Bigelovii, Gray.

7. Willdenovii, Schk.; (nosyn.j

2. Wormskioldiana, Hornem.; 2. scirpoidea, Michx.

70. Woodii, Dew.; 70. panicea, var. tetanica, Olney.

77. xanthosperma, Dew.; 77. flaccosperma, Dew.
134. xanthophysa, Wahl.; 134. folliculata, L.
51. xerocarpa, S. H Wright, in Dew. Cat., 51. stricta, var. strict-
ior, Gray.

FLORA OF INDIANA,

SUPPLEMENT I, APRIL, 1882-

[The following species have been reported since 'issuing the Catalogue of
Indiana Plants, mostly by Mr. E. J. Hill, of Englewood, 111.]
Cabomba Caroliniana, Gray. Bottoms of the Lower Wabash in Gibson

and Posey.
Arabis Canadensis, L. Lake.
Draba Caroliniana, Walt. Lake.
Lechea thymifolia, Pursh. Lake.

minor, Walt., var. stricta. Lake.
Arenaria lateriflora, L. Lake
Potentilla Anserina, L. Lake.
Heuchera hispida, Pursh. Lake.
Hippuris vulgaris, L. Otis, Laporte Co.
Archangelica atropurpurea, Hoffman. Lake. Porter.
Aralia hispida, Ventenat. Lake.
Sambucus pubens, Michx. Otis, Laporte Co.
Viburnum Opulus, L. Lake.
Solidago Virga-aurea, L., var. humilis. Lake.
Cnicus Pitcheri, T. & G. (Cirsium Pitcheri.) Lake.
Gentiana Saponaria, L. Lake. Laporte.
Bartonia tenella, Muhl. Lake.
Melampyrum Americanum, Michx. Lake.
Utricularia gibba, L. Lake.

purpurea, Walt. Lake
cornuta, Michx. Lake.
Calamintha Nuttallii, Benth. (0. glabella, vnr. FuttaUii, Gray.) Lake.

MYRICACEiE.

Comptonia asplenifolia, Ait. Lake.

Salix glaucophylla, Bebb. Lake,

adenophylla, Hook. Lake.
Potamogeton gramineus, L., var. heterophyllus. Lake.
Habenaria Hookeri. Torr., var. oblongifolia, Paine. Lake
Juncus Balticus, Dethard. Lake.

alpinus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. Lake.
Cyperus Engelmanni, Steud. Lake.
Fimbristylis spadicea, Vahl., var. castanea, Gr. Lake.

FLORA OF INDIANA.

Oarex bromoides, Schk. Otis, Laporte Co.

teretiuscula, Good. Lake.

Buxbaumii, Wahl. Jefferson. Lake.

plantaginea, Lara. Jefferson. Laporte.

Oareyana, Torr. Otis, Laporte Co.

riparia, Curtis, Lake.
Calamagrostis arenaria, Roth. Lake.
Aristida tuberculosa, Nutt. Lake.
Panicum pauciflorum, Jill. Lake.
Equisetum limosum, L. Lake.

Phegopteris Dryopteris, Fee. Allen. (,/. A. Sanford.)
Lycopodium inundatum, L. Lake.
(Species now catalogued, 1475; genera, 583.)

(The fallowing species, already enumerated, must have the counties indicat-
ed added to their range.)

Viola rostrata, Muhl. Otis, Laporte Co.

Lechea major, Michx. Lake.

Hypericum Oanadense, L ., var. major. Lake.

Hibiscus Moscheutos, L. Swamps and borders of ponds, Knox. (Robt.
Ridgway.)
militaris, Cav. With the last,

Acer sacoharinum, var. nigrum, T. & G. The prevailing form in Gib
son and Posey. (R. Ridgway)

Negundo aceroides, Mcench. Very abundant in Gibson.

Amorpha fruticosa, L Knox, abundant in Cypress swamps. {R. Ridg-
way.)

Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. Otis, Laporte Co.

Gleditschia triacanthos, L. "I have seen this tree, in parts of the White
River bottoms (Gibson county) the prevailing tree, over an area
of perhaps several hundred acres; the trees of very large size
some 100 feet high and many :! to 5 feet in diameter" (R
Ridgway.)
monosperma, Walt. Common in the Cypress swamps of
Knox. {R. Ridgway.)

Parnassia Carolinana, Michx. Lake.

Saxiiraga Pennsylvanica, L. Lake.

Nessea verticillata, HBK. Laporte.

Aralia racemosa, L. Lake.

Vernonia Noveboracensis, Willd. Lake

Liatris scariosa, Willd. Lake.

Solidago stricta, Ait. Lake.
bicolor, L. Allen.

Coreopsis trichosperma, Michx Lake.

Asclepias obtusifolia, Michx. Tippecanoe.

Gentiana alba, Muhl. Lake.

FLORA OF INDIANA. J

Frasera Carolinensis, Walt. Tippecanoe.
Habenaria viridis, var. bracteata, Reich. Lake.
Goodyera pubescens, R. Br. Lake.
Juncus nodosus, L. Lake.

" var. megacephalus. Torr. Lake.
Xyris flexuosa, Muhl. Lake.
Cyperus inflexus, Muhl. Allen.
Carex granulans, Muhl. Lake.

gracillima, Schw. Lake.

virescens, Muhl. Porter.

laxiflora, var. latifolia, Boott. Otis, Laporte Co.

comosa, Boott. Lake.

lupulina, Muhl. Porter. Laporte.

stenolepis, Torr. Marion.
Sporobolus heterolepis, Gray. Lake.

CORRECTIONS

Page 1. Ranunculus alismaefolius should read R. ambigens
Watson,

32. Juncus scirpoides, var. macrostemon, should be credited
to Lake instead of "Laporte."

33. Hemiearpha subsquarrosa is correctly credited to Laporte
but the var. Drummondii should be credited to Lake.

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