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I, pp. 7-288 January 20, 1911 EXPEDITION OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES TO THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, 1905-1906 Le A BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS BY ALBAN STEWART Botanist to the Expedition CONTENTS Puates [-XIX PAGE INTRODUCTION : ; : ; : : 5 é p ; , 8 ACCOUNT OF THE SPECIES OF VASCULAR PLANTS P ‘ : : 11 BoTANICAL REGIONS . A : , : ; 3 : : : 206 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE FLORA . : , } ” : : 211 EcoLoGicAL Factors . : : ; : : : ) k ; 219 ORIGIN OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS . : : , ; : é 233 ORIGIN OF THE FLoRA . : : : d J ; : E 2 239 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BoTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS. : 246 INDEX . : A ; ‘ 5 ‘ : 5 : : : 5 249 EXPLANATION OF PLATES . : : A ; : : 2 2 254 January 14, 1911 PaO A | a } > 8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. INTRODUCTION In the spring of 1905 I received the appointment of botanist of the scientific expedition sent to the Galapagos Islands by the California Academy of Sciences. In preparing for this expedition the California Academy purchased the U. S. Ship “Ernest,” a two masted schooner of eighty-seven tons burden, and after refitting, rechristened her the “Academy.” Our party consisted of eleven members, as follows: R. H. Beck, chief; F. X. Williams, entomologist; W. H. Ochsner, geologist and conchologist; J. R. Slevin, herpetologist; J. S. Hunter and E. W. Gifford, ornithologists; E. S. King, assistant herpetologist; Frederick T. Nelson, mate; J. J. Parker, navigator; James W. White, cook; and myself, botanist. All of the scientific members of the expedition shipped as seamen, so that the expedition was made up mostly of sailor-scientists. The expedition left San Francisco on the morning of June 28, 1905, and arrived at Hood Island, the most southern member of the Galapagos group, on September 24, nearly three months having been consumed on the trip, during which short stops were made at Ensenada, Lower California, and on San Martin, San Benito, San Geronimo, Cerros, Natividad, San Benedicto, Socorro, and Clipperton islands, Mexico, and Cocos Island, Costa Rica, on the most of which small collec- tions of plants were made. The expedition left the Galapagos Islands on the 25th of the following September, so that a year and one day was spent in the archipelago, during which time all of the islands were visited at least once, and the larger and more important ones two or more times at different seasons of the year. Up to the present time our knowledge of the flora of the Galapagos Islands has been due mainly to the collections of Darwin, Andersson, Baur, and Snodgrass and Heller, and to the writings of Hooker, Andersson, and Robinson.? 1 For a table of the botanical collections made on the Galapagos Islands, see Robin- son, Flora of the Galapagos Islands, Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, v. 38, no. 4, pp. 221-223. ty Voz. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 9 Unfortunately many of the former collectors of plants remained but a short time upon the islands, and as most of them were not botanists, our knowledge of the general botanical conditions has remained rather meager. It was the intention at first to incorporate the entire botani- cal results of the expedition in a single paper, but as the present paper has assumed greater proportions than was expected, it seems best to divide the subject and publish the parts separately. The present paper consists of a rather detailed account of the different species of vascular plants, including their range in elevation and their distribution on the different islands; a brief description of the different botani- cal regions; an account of the general features of the flora; an account of the factors governing the growth of vegetation; and an account, so far as possible, of the evidence offered by the collection concerning the origin of the islands and of the flora. A second paper will deal entirely with a description of the botanical conditions on each island of the group, and short papers will treat of the lichens and mosses. The plan of treatment of the first part of this paper is in general the same as that pursued by Robinson in his “Flora of the Galapagos Islands,’ as I was unable to devise a plan which I thought would be better. Many of the statistical tables are simply revisions of the tables as given by Dr. Robinson, although a few new ones have been added where it seemed necessary. The entire nomenclature has been carefully gone over and revised to make it conform with the new rules of the Vienna conference. The ferns have been treated as a single family and not split up into several different families as has been done by some authors. Treating the group in this manner has enabled me to handle it to better advantage in the latter part of this paper. With but one exception the nomenclature of Christensen, “Index Filicum,” has been used in this family. Unfortunately none of our instruments of measurement were graduated with the metric system, other- wise it would have been used. In order to economize space, the names of former collectors are only mentioned where there 10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. are neither specimens or notes of a species from a given locality in the collection under consideration. The collections of vascular plants were identified by myself at the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University under the direction of Dr. B. L. Robinson, Curator of the Gray Herbarium. I wish here to express my thanks to Dr. Robinson for his kindness in giving me free access to the excellent collections of plants from the Galapagos Islands which are in the Gray Herbarium, as well as for advice and assistance in innumerable places, rendered doubly valuable on account of his intimate knowledge of the flora of these islands. Dr. Robinson has also been kind enough to read and criticise the manuscript and to give advice about the arrange- ment of the same. I wish also to express my thanks to Dr. W. G. Farlow of Harvard University for identifying the lichens and mosses, and to Miss Mary A. Day, Librarian of the Gray Herbarium, for assistance in looking up the rather large amount of literature made necessary in revising the nomenclature. I wish further to acknowledge the kindness of Prof. M. L. Fernald of the Gray Herbarium for assistance in many places, of Mr. Casimir de Candolle of Geneva, Switz- erland, for assistance on Peperomia, of Mr. A. S. Hitchcock of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for aid in regard to the Gramineae, of Mr. H. D. House for assistance in the identification of some of the members of the Convolvulaceae, of Mr. W. H. Ochsner, geologist of the expedition, and Mr. E. W. Gifford, joint ornithologist of the expedition, for infor- mation about their particular subjects, and of Mr. H. H. Bartlett of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for assistance in translating many of the descriptions of the new species, varieties, and forms into Latin. VoL. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS iat ACCOUNT OF THE SPECIES OF VASCULAR PLANTS PTRERIDOPHY FA BELICES Acrostichum L. A. aureum L. Sp. Pl. 1069 (1753) ; Rob. (1), 104.—ALBE- MARLE IsxL.: Villamil; occasional in protected places at 3150 ft. (nos. 773-774). Further distr. general in tropical countries. Adiantum L. A. aethiopicum L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1560 (1763); Rob. (1), 105.—Garapacos Ips.: acc. to Moore. Further distr. general in tropical countries. A. Alarconianum Gaud. “Voy. Bon. Bot. t. 99 (1846). A. incisum Presl, Rel. Haenk. I. 61, t. 10, f. 3 (1830) ; Rob. (1), 105.—Gatapacos Ips.: acc. to Moore. Further distr. Mex., S. Am. A. concinnum H. & B. in Willd. Sp. V. 451 (1810) ; Rob. (1), 105——Asinepon Ist.: common in lava cracks at 550 ft. (no. 776). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, common among shady rocks at 2000 ft. (no. 779) ; Iguana Cove, common on side of the cliff above the cove (no. 780) ; Tagus Cove, com- mon in lava cracks at 1600 ft. (no. 778) ; Villamil, common in lava caverns at 1350 ft. (nos. 781-782). Cartes IsL.: on moist shady rocks at 1000 ft. (nos. 783-784). James IsL.: Darwin; Scouler. NArsBorouGH Ist.: south side, Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., northern S. Am. A. diaphanum Bl. Enum. 215 (1828) —ALBEMARLE ISsL.: Villamil, occasional in moist places on the south side of the mountain at 3150 ft. (no. 785). Further distr. Old World. A. Henslovianum Hook. f. (3), 169; Rob. (1), 105.—As- INGDON IsL.: common in shady places 1500-1650 ft. (nos. 786-788). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Tagus Cove, occasional at 400 12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH Ser. ft., abundant at 4000 ft., (no. 790) ; Villamil, common in lava caverns at 1350 ft. (nos. 789, 791-793). Cartes Ist.: Dar- win. CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, occasional at 1700 ft. (no. 794). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, common in shady places at 550 ft. (no. 795). James Ist.: James Bay, common on moist shady banks at 2150 ft. (nos. 796-797). Further distr. Andean S. Am. A.macrophyllum Sw. Prodr. 135 (1788).—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, common in lava caverns at 1350 ft. (no. 799). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, occasional in dense shade above 500 ft. (no. 800). James IsL.: James Bay, on shady banks at 2100 ft. (no. 801). Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., northern S. Am. This fern is always found in the densest shade where there is a considerable amount of moisture. A. parvulum Hook. f. (3), 168; Rob. (1), 106.—CHaARLEsS Ist.: Darwin. Endemic. A. patens Willd. Sp. V. 439 (1810) ; Rob. (1), 106.—Gat- APAGOS Ips.: acc. to Moore. Further distr. Mex., northern S. Am. A. petiolatum Desv. Berl. Mag. V. 326 (1811). A. Kaul- fussii Kunze, Linnaea, XXI. 221 (1848); Rob. (1), 105.— CHATHAM Isx.: acc. to Moore. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Acad- emy Bay, common in shady places at 500 ft. (no. 798). Fur- ther distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. A. tetraphyllum H. B. Willd. Sp. V. 441 (1810). A. prio- nophyllum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. I. 20 (1815); Rob. (1), 106.—Cuatuam Isxt.: acc. to Moore. Further distr. Mex. W. Ind., S. Am. Anogramma Link A. chaerophylla (Desv.) Link, Fil. Sp. 138 (1841). Gym- nogramme chaerophylla Desv. Berl. Mag. V. 305 (1811) ; Rob. (1), 109.—Cuartes Ist.: Darwin. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Robinson, 1. c.} expresses doubt as to the identity of the Darwin specimen. A. leptophylla (L.) Link, Fil. Sp. 137 (1841). Polypodium leptophylla L. Sp. Pl. 1092 (1753). Gymnogramme lepto- 2? Vor. IJ STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS me bo phylla Desv. Jour. Bot. I. 26 (1813); Rob. (1), 109.— CHARLES Is_.: Baur. Widely distributed in tropical regions. Aspidium Sw. A. martinicense Spr. Anleit. III. 133 (1804). Nephrodium macrophyllum Bak. Syn. Fil. 300 (1874); Rob. (1), 110.— ALBEMARLE Iszt.: Villamil, common in protected places on the south side of the mountain at 3150 ft. (no. 902). JAmEs Ist.: James Bay, common in moist situations at 2000 ft. (no. 901). Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., northern S. Am. Asplenium L. A. anisophyllum Var. latifolium, Hook. Sp. Fil. II. 111 (1860); Rob. (1), 106.—Garapacos Ips.: Capt. Wood. James Ist.: Darwin. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am., Old World. A. cristatum Lam. Ency. II. 310 (1786). A. cicutarium Sw. Prod. 130 (1788); Rob. (1), 107.—Asincpon ISsL.: common around 1950 ft. (no. 820). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Villa- mil, common in lava caverns at 1350 ft. (no. 821). CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, occasional in protected places around 1800 ft. (no. 822). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, common in shady places above 550 ft. (no. 823). James ISsL.: James Bay, rare in lava caverns at 1000 ft., common on moist shady rocks at 2150 ft., (nos. 824-827). Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am., Africa. A. formosum Willd. Sp. V. 329 (1810); Rob. (1), 107.— ABINGDON IsL.: abundant at 1400 ft. (no. 825). ALBEMARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, abundant in shade at 250 ft. (no. 833) ; Tagus Cove, common in lava crevices, 1600-2800 ft. (nos. 832, 834); Villamil, common among rocks at 1300 ft. (nos. 835-836). CHARLES IsL.: abundant on moist shady rocks at 1000 ft., and to some extent on the walls of the main crater at a somewhat higher elevation, (nos. 830, 844, 845). CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, common in moist shady places at 650 ft. (no. 837). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, in leaf mold among rocks 400-600 ft., larger and more abundant at , ' 14 % CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. the higher elevation, (nos. 841-842) ; northwest side, among rocks at 900 ft., (no. 1027) ; southeast side, common on shady rocks at'625 ft. (no. 843). JAmMEs IsL.: James Bay, abundant in lava caverns at 900 ft., and in moist shady places at 2150 it., where it reaches a height of 18 inches, (no. 838). NARBor- ouGH IsL.: in the upper moist regions (no. 840). Further distr. genéral in tropical regions. A. laetum Sw. Syn. Fil. 79, 271 (1806) ; Rob. (1), 107.— CuHaTHAM Ist.: Capt. Wood. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. A. lunulatum Sw. Syn. Fil. 80 (1806); Rob: (1), 107.— Cuar-es Isx.: Lee. Further distr. general in tropical regions. A. myriophyllum (Sw.) Presl, Rel. Haenk. I. 48 (1825). Caenopteris myriophylla Sw. Schrad. Jour. 1800, 2, 60 (1801). Asplenium rhizophyllum Kze. Linnaea, 1X. 71 (1834) ; Rob. (1), 107,—Gatapacos Ips.: Capt. Wood. James Ist.: Dar- win. Further distr. general in tropical regions. A. praemorsum Sw. Prod. 130 (1788). A. furcatum Thunb. Prodr. Fl. Cap. 172 (1800); Rob. (1), 107.—ALBE- MARLE Isi.: Tagus Cove, in lava caverns on the west side of the mountain at 2200 ft. (no. 847); Villamil, occasional on trees in the upper moist regions, specimens taken at 1350 ft. (no. 846). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, occasional in leaf mold at 425 ft. (no. 848). NarsoroucH IsL.: (no. 852). JAmMEs IsL.: James Bay, occasional on the branches of trees at 2150 ft. (nos. 850-851) Further distr. general in tropical regions. A. pumilum Sw. Prod. 129 (1788).—Cuartes Ist.: in moist lava crevices at 1000 ft. (no. 853). INDEFATIGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, common in leaf mold in open places in the vegetation at 425 ft. (no. 854). Further distr. “Mex., W. Ind., northern S. Am. A. rutaceum (Willd.) Metten. Asplen. 129, t. 5, f. 32-33 (1859). Aspidium rutaceum Willd. Sp. V. 266 (1810). Asplenium rutaceum Metten. 1. c.: Rob. (1), 108.—GALa- Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 15 PAGOS Ips.: acc. to Hook. & Bak. Syn. Fil. 220. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. A. Serra Langsd. & Fisch. Fil. 16, t. 16 (1810-1818) ; Rob. (1), 108—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, common on moist rocks in protected places at 1500 ft. and in similar situations at 3150 ft. (nos. 856-857). CHatTHaAm IsL.: ,Wreck Bay, abundant in a dense growth of Lycopodium clavatum and other ferns at 2050 ft. (no. 858). Duncan IsL.: common in a restricted area among rocks at 1300 ft. (no. 859). JAMEs Ist.: James Bay, occasional above 2000 ft. (no. 860). Fur- ther distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am., Africa. A. serratum L. Sp. Pl. 1079 (1753); Rob. (1), 108.— Gatapacos Ips.: Capts Wood. CHATHAM ISL.: acc. to Moore. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am., Polynesia. A. sulcatum Lam. Ency. II. 308 (1786). We ind:,S. Am: “Australia ‘acc! to: Reb: Cie) en L. P. crassifolium L. Sp. Pl. 1083 (1753); Rob. (1), 112.— ALBEMARLE IsL.: Tagus Cove, in the upper regions on the southeast side of the mountain (no. 941). INDEFATIGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, occasional in dense shade at 550 ft. (no. 940). Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., northern S. Am. P. lanceolatum L. Sp. Pl. 1082 (1753); Rob. (1), 112.— ABINGDON IsL.: common on trees above 1650 ft. (no. 946). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, common on trees above 400 ft. (no. 948) ; Villamil, common on the trunks and branches of trees, 350-3150 ft., (no. 951). CHar tes IsL.: common on trees at 1000-1700 ft. (no. 950). Duncan ISsL.: occa- sional on bushes and small trees at 1300 ft. (no. 949). INDE- FATIGABLE Is_.: Academy Bay, common on tree trunks above 400 ft. (no. 947). James Ist.: Darwin. Further distr. tropics of both hemispheres. P. lepidopteris (Langsd. & Fisch.) Kze. Linnaea XIII. 132 (1839). Acrostichum lepidopteris Langsd. & Fisch. Ic. Fil. V.t. 2 (1810). P. lepidopteris Kze. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 112.— ALBEMARLE Isv.: Villamil, common on trunks and branches of trees, 500-600 ft., (no. 952). Duncan IsL.: occasional on bushes and small trees at 1200 ft.; nearly all of the specimens are small, a fact which is probably due to the somewhat xero- phytic conditions which prevail around the top of this island, January 14, 1911. 24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. (no. 954). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, on trees, 375-450 ft., (no. 956); southeast side, rare on trees at 625 ft. James IsL.: James Bay, on trees at 1300 ft. (no. 955). This fern is usually found in the transition and lower moist regions. Further distr. Mex., S. Am. P. loriceum “L; Sp. Pl: 1086 (1753); Rob. (1); 112=— GaLaApPacos Ips.: Moore. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. P. pectinatum L. Sp. Pl. 1085 (1753); Rob. (1), 113.— ABINGDON IsL.: occasional among rocks in the wooded region above 1000 ft. (no. 961). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, occurs first among rocks in shady woodland at 2000 ft. Below this elevation the soil is composed entirely of pumice, which is not well adapted to support a fern flora; Iguana Cove, among rocks in woodland near the shore; Tagus Cove, com- mon in lava caverns at 2200 ft. and on the west side of the mountain at 4000 ft. (no. 967); Villamil, common among rocks 100-3150 ft. (no. 969). CHar Es IsL.: common in lava crevices on the inner walls of the main crater at 1400 ft. (no. 968). CHatHAm Ist.: Wreck Bay, fairly abundant in shady woods at 700 ft. (no. 966). INDEFATIGABLE ISL.: Academy Bay, common in vegetable mold among rocks, 350- 500 ft., (no. 962); northwest side, occasional at 1000 ft.; southeast side, common among rocks at 625 ft. JAmeEs IsL.: James Bay, common above 1300 ft. (no. 966). This fern is most abundant in the lower part of the moist region but usually disappears when the vegetation becomes dense. Fur- ther distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. P. percussum Cav. Prael. 243 (1801); Rob. (1), 113.— GaLaApacos Ips.: Capt. Wood. Further distr. Mex., S. Am. P. Phyllitides L. Sp. Pl. 1083 (1753); Rob. (1), 113.—= James Ist.: James Bay, common in open woodland above 1500 ft. (no. 969). ‘“‘Large sword ferns’’ were reported from the upper regions of Aprncpon IsL., and Banks Bay, ALBE- MARLE IsL. by Mr. F. X. Williams, the entomologist of the expedition. From his description it seems very likely that it was this species that he saw. Further distr. S. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Vor. IJ STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 25 P. pleiosoros Hook. f. (3), 166 (as pleiosorum) ; Rob. (1), 113.—James Ist.: Darwin. Endemic. P. polypodioides (L.) Hitchcock, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. IV. 156 (1893). Acrostichum polypodioides L. Sp. Pl. 1068 (1753). Pincanum. Sw. Prod. 131 (1788); Rob. (C1), 112: —ALBEMARLE IsL.: Villamil, common on the trunks of trees at 600 ft. (no. 944). Cuartves IsLt.: Darwin. INDEFATIGA- BLE Ist.: Academy Bay, on the trunks and branches of trees above 425 ft. (no. 942); southeast side, common on tree trunks at 625 ft. (no. 943). Widely distributed. P. squamatum L. Sp. Pl. 1086 (1753); Rob. (1), 113.— ABINGDON IsL.: common on rocks at 450 ft., occasional on the trunks and branches of trees on the upper parts of the island, (no. 978). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Tagus Cove, common in lava crevices at 2800 ft. (no. 986); Villamil, common on recent lava near the shore and in woodland above 350 ft. BINpLoe IsL.: common on lava in the upper interior parts of the island (no. 971). CHARLES IsL.: occasional in open woodland at 1000 ft., abundant at 1400 ft., (no. 972). CuHatTHAm IsL.: Basso Point, first seen at 900 ft.; Wreck Bay, abundant in shady woodland at 600 ft., fairly common in open country at 1700 ft., occasional at 2100 ft., (nos. 973-974). Duncan ISL.: occurs first at 1000 ft. on the north side of the island, and at 700 ft. on the south side where the vegetation is bathed by the fog-laden wind, common at 1300 ft. on the south side, (no. 975). Hoop Ist.: occasional on the southeast side of cliffs at 600 ft. (no. 979). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, occasional at 50 ft., abundant, covering rocks in open woodland, at 350-500 ft., (no. 985); northwest side, occa- sional at 650 ft.; southeast side, occasional at 600 ft., forming low brakes around 700 ft., (no. 987). James Ist.: James Bay, abundant on recent lava beds above 500 ft., apparently one of the first vascular plants to invade the recent lava above this elevation, (no. 977). Jervis IsL.: occasional in a very limited area around 1050 ft. (no. 984). NaArporoucH IsL.: south side, common in the upper regions. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., northern S. Am. 2 26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. P. thyssanolepis A. Br. Kl. Linn. XX. 392 (1847)— ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, abundant at 600 ft., on trees at 1300 ft., (nos. 989-990). James IsL.: James Bay, occasional on the trunks of trees at 2750 ft. (no. 991). Further distr. S:. U.S., Mex... W. Ind., northern. S.: Asi. Polystichum Roth. P. aculeatum (L.) Schott, Gen. Fil. ad t. 9 (1834). Poly- podium aculeatum L. Sp. Pl. 1090 (1753). Aspidium acu- leatum Sw. Schrad. Jour. 1800, 2, 37 (1801)—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, occasional on the south side of the mountain at 3150 ft. (no. 802). Widely distributed. P. adiantiforme (Forst.) J. Sm. Hist. Fil. 220 (1875). Polypodium adiantiforme Forst. Prod. 82 (1786). Aspidium coriaceum Sw. Syn. Fil. 57 (1806); Rob. (1), 106.—ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Villamil, occasional on the south side of the mountain at 3150 ft. (no. 803). James Isx.: Darwin. Fur- ther distr. W. Ind., S. Am., Old World. P. apiifolium (Sw.) C. Ch. Ind. 64 (1905), 578 (1906). Dicksonia apiifolia Sw. Schrad. Jour. 1800, 2, 91 (1801).— James Is_.: James Bay, occasional at 2000 ft. (nos. 882- 883). Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., Andean S. Am. Pteris L. P. aquilina var. esculenta Hook. f. Fl. N. Zeal. II. 25 (1855); Rob. (1), 114—Axsrtnepon Ist.: forms extensive brakes on the south side of the island above 1600 ft. (no. 992). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Hel- ler; Villamil, common in open woodland, 1200-1400 ft.; also common on the southeast side of the mountain at 3150 ft., and on the floor of the crater at 2750 ft., where it forms exten- sive brakes, (no. 993). CHaTHAm IsL.: Wreck Bay, occurs first at 1000 ft., forming extensive brakes at 1700 ft., common at 2100 ft., (nos. 994-996). Further distr. general in tropical regions. P. propinqua var. Cumingiana Ag. Sp. Gen. Pterid. 65 (1839); Rob. (1), 115.—Gatapacos Ips.: Capt. Wood. Further distr. Mex., northern S. Am. Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS oT Trachypteris André T. pinnata (Hook. f.) C. Chr. Ind. 634 (1906). Hemion- itis pinnata Hook. f. Trans. Linn. Soc. XX. 167 (1847). Acrostichum aureonitens Hook. f. Ic. Pl. X. t. 933 (1854); Rob. (1), 104.—Asinepon Ist.: abundant on rocks at 600- 1000 ft. (no. 772). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, common around 2000 ft.; Iguana Cove, abundant on shady rocks near the shore (no. 768); Tagus Cove, abundant at 500-4000 ft. (nos. 766-767) ; Villamil, on rocks in shady places, 100-1300 ft., (no. 771). CHartes IsL.: common on moist rocks at 1000 ft. (no. 1026). CHatTHAM Ist.: Basso Point, on rocks at 900 ft.; Wreck Bay, occasional at 900 ft. INDEFATIGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, occasional on the sides of steep bluffs at 50 ft., abundant above 350 ft., (no. 766); southeast side, rare at 450 ft., abundant above 500 ft. James IsLt.: James Bay, on rocks in open woodland, 800-1300 ft., (no. 770). NARBOROUGH ISsL.: south side, Snodgrass and Heller. Trichomanes L. T. pusillum Sw. Prod. 136 (1788).—James Ist.: James Bay, common on moist tufa walls at 2050 ft. (no. 1012). Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., northern S. Am., Africa. Vittaria J. Sm. V. angustifolia (Sw.) Bak. Fl. Bras. I. 2, 544 (1870). Pteris angustifolia Sw. Prod. 129 (1788). Taenitis angusti- folia R. Br. Prod. 154, in note (1810); Rob. (1), 115.— GALAPAGOS Ips.: Capt. Wood. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., Sue wen SALVINIACEAE Azolla Lam. A. caroliniana Willd. Sp. V. 541 (1810); Rob. (1), 115.— CHARLES IsL.: abundant on mud and floating in water around springs at 1000 ft. (no. 3441). CHatuam Ist.: Wreck Bay, common in small streams, 1000-1700 ft., (no. 3442). Further distr. U.S:, .Mex:, S: Am: 28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Salvinia L. S. sp. Wolf, (1), 284; Rob. (1), 115.—Cuartes Ist.: in brooks near the hacienda, acc. to Wolf I. c. EQUISETACEAE Equisetum L. E. bogotense HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. I. 42 (1815).—ALBE- MARLE Isx.: Villamil, rare on the south rim of the crater at 3150 ft. (no. 3443). Further distr. Mex. (Cent. Am.), W. Ind., S. Am. LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium L. i clavatum 2 Sp. Pl. 1101 .¢1753)3 Rob. .(1), 115 CHaTHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, forming thick tangled masses 2-3 ft. high above 1500 ft. (no. 1014). James Ist.: James Bay, rare around 2500 ft. (no. 1015). Widely distributed. L. complanatum L. Sp. Pl. 1104 (1753).—ALBEMARLE fst: Villamil, occasional, at 3150 ft: (no: 1016). “Widely distributed. L. dichotomum Jacq. Enum. Vindob. 314 (1762); Rob. (1), 115 —ALBEMart-eE Isv.: Villamil, common on the higher branches of trees, 500-700 ft., (no. 1017). INDEFATIGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, on the trunks and branches of trees, 400- 500 ft., (no. 1019); northwest side, common on the higher branches of Psidium galapageium trees above 1000 ft. Fur- ther distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am., Madagascar. L. reflexum Lam. Encyc. III. 653 (1789)—ALBEMARLE Ist,:) Willamual, common at 3150 ff (ne, 1020)... Murther distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. ‘ L. taxifolium Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. III. 1573 (1806).— Cuarves Isz.: abundant 6n branches of Acnistus ellipticus trees at 1700 ft. (no. 1021). Wolf 1. c. 283 refers to two un- determined species of Lycopodium from this island and it seems likely that this is one of them. JAmeEs IsL.: James Bay, Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 29 common on the branches of Zanthoxylum Fagara trees at 2150 ft. (nos. 1023-1024). Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., northern S. Am. SPERMATOPHYTA MONOCOTYLEDONEAE POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton Journ. P. pectinatus L. Sp. Pl. 127 (1753); Rob. (1), 115.—AL- BEMARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller. Widely distributed. Ruppia L. R. maritima L. Sp. Pl. 127 (1753) ; Rob. (1), 116.—ALBE- MARLE Isu.: Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. Widely distributed. NAJADACEAE Najas L. N. marina L., var. latifolia A. Br. ex Schum. in Mart. FI. Bras: (le piysy 72> (1894); Rob: (1), 116—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. tropical S. Am. GRAMINEAE Ammophila Host. A, arenaria (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. I. 105 (1827). Arundo arenaria L. Sp. Pl. 82 (1753).—Srymour Ist., soUTH: form- ing a patch about one-fourth mile long on a sand beach on the west side of the island. The specimen is sterile and somewhat doubtful as to species, (no. 1195). Further distr. N. Am., Europe. Anthephora Schreb. A. hermaphrodita (L.) O. Kze. Rev. Gen. iy 7595 (1894): Tripsacum hermaphroditum L. Sp. PI. ed: 2, 1397 (1763)?"4n- thephora elegans Schreb. Beschr. Gras. II. 105 t. 44 (1810); Rob. (1), 116.—ALsBemar_e Ist.: Tagus Cove, occasional in 30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. tufaceous soil in open sunny places on the lower parts (no. 1196). CHarLEs IsL.: rare at 850 ft., common in tufaceous soil at 1200 ft., (nos. 1197-1198). CuHatuam Ist.: north side, Baur. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: northwest side, Andersson. JamEs Ist.: James Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Aristida L. A. divulsa Anderss. (1), 143, and (2), 49; Rob. (1), 116.— ABINGDON Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. BiNDLoE Ist.: Baur. CuHaTHAM Ist.: Sappho Cove, occasional in bunches on the recent lava in the vicinity of the cove, (no. 1200). James IsL.: James Bay, common in lava crevices near the shore (no. 1199). Endemic. A. repens Trin. Mém. Acad. Pétersb. ser. VI. I. 87 (1831) ; Rob. (1), 117.—James Ist.: Douglas. Endemic. A. subspicata Trin. & Rupr. Mém. Acad. Pétersb. ser. VI. I. 125 (1842); Rob. (1), 117,—Axsinepon IsL.: common in lava crevices in the vicinity of the shore and also sparingly at 1100 ft. (nos. 1201-1203). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, common in soil of pumiceous origin at 1000 ft. (no. 1207) ; Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Iguana Cove, common on the side of the cliffs above the cove, also common in open places around 300 ft., (no. 1206); Tagus Cove, common in open country near the shore and around 1000 ft. (no. 1208) ; Villamil, common in lava crevices near the shore (nos. 1204- 1205). Barrtneton Isi.: occasional in loose soil among masses of lava (no. 1210). BrnpLor IsL.: common near the shore and on the crests of tufa ridges in the interior of the island (no. 1211). BrattiLe Ist.: (no. 1212). CHARLES Ist.: abundant at 850 ft., occasional at 1750 ft., (nos. 1213, 1214, 1216, 1217); Cormorant Bay, occasional in lava crev- ices (no. 1215). CHatTHAmM Ist.: Basso Point, occasional on lava and in open places in the dry region where the soil is very loose in texture (no. 1218). GaARpNER Ist. (near Hoop IsL.) : common everywhere (no. 1219). Hoop Ist. : occasional among rocks (no. 1220). INDEFATIGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, abundant in open places in the vegetation on the lower parts (no. 1221); north side, abundant in ashy soil on the Voz. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS SI lower parts (no. 1224); northeast side, abundant on the flat area near the shore (no. 1222); northwest side, common in tufaceous soil (no. 1225). James Ist.: James Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; northeast side, occasional in sand and in lava crev- ices (no. 1226). Narsoroucu Ist.: north side, abundant in lava crevices (no. 1227). Srymour Ips., NorRTH and souTH: Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. S. Am. This is one of the most abundant and wide spread grasses of the dry region. It occurs commonly where the soil is too porous to support much large vegetation, and in such situations it often covers considerable areas. A. villosa Rob. & Greenm. (1), 144, 149; Rob. (1), 117.— Duncan IsL.: abundant on the lower and dry parts of the island (nos. 1228-1229). Jervis Ist.: Baur. Endemic. _ Bouteloua Lag. B. pilosa (Hook. f.) Benth. acc. to Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. XVIII. 179 (1883). Eutriana pilosa Hook. f. (3), 173. B. pilosa Benth. 1. c.: Rob. (1), 117.—Asinepon Ist.: occa- sional in open places at 1050 ft. (no. 1230). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, in spreading bunches among thick vegetation at 250 ft. (no. 1231) ; Tagus Cove, abundant in tufaceous soil on the lower parts of the island (no. 1232); Villamil, occasional in woodland at 250 ft. (no. 1233). Barrinecron Ist.: Snod- grass and Heller. CHATHAM Ist.: north side, Andersson. INDEFATIGABLE Isxt.: north side, Snodgrass and Heller. James Ist.: James Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. Jervis Ist.: Baur. NaArsorouGH Ist.: north side, abundant on lava beds near the shore (no. 1234). SrEyMour Ibs., NorTH and souTH: Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. Cenchrus L. C. distichophyllus Griesb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 234 (1866); Rob. (1), 118—A.sBemarte Isx.: Villamil, Baur. CHatHam Ist.: Sappho Cove, forming dense mats on sand beaches (no. 1236). Hoop Ist.: fairly common on sand beaches (no. 1235). Fur- ther distr. Cuba. C. granularis Anderss. (1), 140, and (2), 47; Rob. (1), 118.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Tagus Cove, common at 100-4000 ft. 32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Serr. (nos. 1237-1238). CHARLEs IsL.: rare at 900 ft. (no. 1240). CHATHAM Is..: Andersson; A. Agassiz. NaArBoroucH ISsL.: north side, abundant on lava beds (no. 1239). Stymour Ist., souTtH: Snodgrass and Heller. C. platyacanthus Anderss. (1), 139, (2), 47; Rob. (1), 118. —ABINGDON IsL.: occasional on the lower parts (no. 1241). ALBEMARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, in spreading bunches on the sides of the cliffs above the cove (no. 1242). BARRINGTON Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. BrinvioE Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Brattie Ist.: (no. 1244). Cares Ist.: Snod- grass and Heller. CHATHAM IsL.: Wreck Bay, abundant near the shore and in open places in the vegetation to 150 ft. (nos. 1245-1246). GARDNER IsLt. (near Hoop Ist.): Snodgrass and Heller. Hoop Ist.: Baur. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Acad- emy Bay, abundant in sandy soil near the shore; north side, Snodgrass and Heller. JAMES IsL.: northeast side, occasional in lava crevices; JAMES Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. NARBoR- ouGH IsL.: Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. C. sp. Rob. (1), 118—Cuatuam Ist.: Snodgrass and Hel- ler. Chloris Sw. C. anisopoda Rob. (1), 118.—CHartes IsL.: occasional among rocks near the shore (no. 1250). INDEFATIGABLE ISL.: north side, fairly abundant in lava crevices near the shore (no. 1251); southeast side, on the lower dry parts (no. 1252). Endemic. C. elegans HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. IJ. 166, t. 49 (1815); Rob. (1), 119.—Cuartes Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Sty- MoUR IsL., NoRTH: Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. S. We US) Mex. C. radiata (L.) Sw. Prodr. 26 (1788). Agrostis radiata L. Syst lO weds248751( 1759)... Ci radiata Sw. ¢.; Reb. (1). 119.—CuHartes Ist.: Baur. Further distr. W. Ind., S. Am. Dactyloctenium Willd. D. aegyptium (L. ) Richter, Plan. Eur. I. 68 (1890). Cyno- surus aegyptius L. Sp. Pl. 72 (1753). Eleusine aegyptica Desf. Fl. Alt. I. 85 (1798); Rob. (1), 119.—Cuartes Ist.: Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 33 abundant near the shore (no. 1253). CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, abundant in dry sandy soil near the beach (no. 1254). Hoop Ist.: Baur. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, abundant in sand near the shore (no. 1255). Widely distrib- uted. Digitaria Scop. Dy sanpuinaus~ (i) Scop. a Carnved. 2.1, 52° (17722 Panicum sanguinale L. Sp. Pl. 57 (1753); Rob. (1), 123.— CHARLES IsL.: occasional in open places at 1100 ft. (no. 1304). CHATHAM IsL.: Wreck Bay, common in open sunny places to 450 ft. (nos. 1303, 1305). Of wide distribution. Eleusine Gaertn. E. indica Gaertn. Fruct I. 8 (1788); Rob. (1), 120.— CuHar es Ist.: abundant in open meadows at 1000 ft., also common at 1500-1750 ft., (nos. 1255-1258). CHatHam Is-.: Wreck Bay, abundant at 300-800 ft., occasional at 1300 ft., (nos. 1259-1261). Widely distributed. Probably an intro- duced species on the islands. Eragrostis Host. E. bahiensis Roem. & Sch. Mant. II. 318 (1824) ; Rob. (1), 120.—AxsincGpon IsL.: occasional in bunches around 1000 ft. (no. 1262). ALBEMARLE IsxL.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. S. Am. E. ciliaris (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. I. 192 (1827). Poa cili- aris L. Syst. ed. 10, 875 (1760). Eragrostis ciliaris Link, |. c. ; Rob. (1), 120.—Axstnepon Ist.: Snedgrass and Heller. AL- BEMARLE Ist.: Macrae; Tagus Cove, Snodgrass and Heller. BINDLOE IsL.: on the upper parts (no. 1263). CHARLEs IsL.: abundant 430-1100 ft. (nos. 1264-1265). CHATHAM ISsL.: Darwin; Andersson; Snodgrass and Heller. Hoop Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. James Ist.: James Bay, common in dry places on sides of cliffs around the bay (no. 1266). Nar- BOROUGH IsL.: north side, abundant on recent lava beds (no. 1267). Tower Ist.: Baur; Snodgrass and Heller. Widely distributed. E. megastachya (Koehl.) Link, Hort. Berol. I. 187 (1827). Poa megastachya Koehl. Descr. Gram. 181 (1802). Eragros- 34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. tis major Host. Gram. IV. 14, t. 24 (1809) ; Rob. (1), 120.— ~ BarrincTON Isi.: Snodgrass and Heller. BRATTLE IsL.: (no. 1268). CHarLeEs Is~.: common above 450 ft. (nos. 1269- 1270). CuatHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, common in dry sandy soil near the shore (no. 1271). Duncan Ist.: occasional near the shore. GARDNER IsL. (near Hoop Ist.) : Snodgrass and Heller. Hoop Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. INDEFATIGA- BLE Ist.: Academy Bay, fairly abundant near the shore (no. 1272). Srtymour Ist., sourH: Snodgrass and Heller. TOWER Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. \WENMAN IsL.: (no. 1273). Widely distributed. E. pilosa (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 71 (1812). Poa pilosa L. Sp. Pl. 68 (1753). E. pilosa Beauv. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 120.—Jamers Ist.: Darwin. Widely distributed. Eriochloa HBK. E. distachya HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. I. 95, t. 30 (1815) ; Rob. (1), 121.—CuatuHam Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Fur- ther distr. northern S. Am. Es punctata’ ‘(ies)’ Desv..in’ Ham. Prod; Pl. Ind., Oce,.5 (1825). Milium punctatum L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 91 (1763).— CuHatHamM Ist.: Basso Point, occasional in open places at 900 th.0( 00,/1274).. Further distr... S.,-W. Ind. .s.) Ant. Leptochloa Beauv. L. albemarlensis Rob. & Greenm. (1), 145, 149; Rob. (1), 121.—Asrtnepon IsLt.: common on lava beds at 450 ft. (no. 1275). AxvpemMarte Is.: Villamil, Baur; Iguana Cove, Snod- grass and Heller. Endemic. L. filiformis (Lam.) Roem. & Sch. Syst. II. 580 (1817). Festuca filiformis Lam. Ilust. I. 191 (1791). L. filiformis Roem & Sch. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 121.—Duncan Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Srtymour Ist., soutH: Snodgrass and Heller. Widely distributed in tropical regions. L. Lindleyana Kunth, Rev. Gram. II. 655, t. 215 (1829) ; Rob. (1), 121—Asinepon Ist.: occasional on lava beds in the lower dry region (no. 1276). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Macrae; Vot. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 35 Cowley Bay, Baur; Tagus Cove, (no. 1277). BrnpLoe Ist. : Snodgrass and Heller. CHatTHAM Ist.: Andersson. Nar- BOROUGH IsL.: north side, abundant on lava beds (no. 1278). Endemic. L. mucronata (Michx.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. I. 91 (1829). Eleusine mucronata Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 65 (1803). L. mu- cronata Kunth, 1. c.; Rob. (1), 121—BarrincTON IsL.: (no. 1279). GARDNER IsL., (near Hoop Ist.): (no. 1281). Hoop IsL.: common in scant soil among rocks (no. 1280). Further distr. S: U.S) Mex:, W.. Ind., S: Am. L. virgata (L.) Beauv. Agrost. 71 (1812). Cynosurus vir- gatus L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2; 106 (1762). L. wirgaia Beauv. 1. ¢.; Rob. (1), 121.—Cuartes IsL.: upper grassy region acc. to Andersson. CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, occurs first at 650 ft. (no. 1282). Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Oplismenus Beauv. O. setarius (Lam.) Roem. & Sch. Syst. II. 481 (1817). Panicum setarium Lam. Ill. I. 170 (1791). O. setarius Roem. & Sch. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 121—CuHatruHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, in shady places in cultivated ground around 1000 ft. (no. 1283). Probably an introduced species. Further distr. U. S., Mex., Wein) Sim, Panicum L. P. colonum L. Syst. ed. 10, 870 (1760); Rob. (1), 122.— Cuarces Ist.: Darwin; Andersson. Further distr. general in tropical regions. P. fasciculatum Sw. Prodr. 22 (1788); Rob. (1), 122. P. fuscum Sw. Prodr. 23 (1788) ; Rob.*(1), 122.—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Turtle Cove, in dense patches 4-6 ft. high in moist places near the shore (no. 1284); Villamil, in dense patches 5-6 ft. high in low places 2-3 miles back from the beach. The soil in these areas is kept moist the greater part of the time by the underflow of water from the interior of the island, (nos. 1285- 1286). Cares Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, abundant on the sides of the road leading to the hacienda. This grass was only seen in January and Feb- ruary, when there is considerable water standing in the low 36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. places where it occurs, (no. 1286). INDEFATIGABLE ISsL.: north side, Andersson. JAMEs IsL.: James Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. P. geminatum Forsk. Fl. Aeg.-Arab. 18 (1775). P. fluitans Retz. Obs. III. 8 (1783); Rob. (1), 122.—CuHartes Ist.: abundant on the sides of a moist cliff above a spring at 1000 ft. (nos. 1287-1288). CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, common in large bunches at 450 ft. (no. 1290). Duncan IsL.: common in bunches at 900 ft. (no. 1291). Hoop Ist.: on the margin of a mud lake acc. to Snodgrass and Heller. The dry culms of a grass, probably this one, were noticed in the dry bed of this lake in June. Further distr. W. Ind., S. Am., Old World. P. hirticaulum J. & C. Presl, Rel. Haenk. I. 308 (1830) ; Rob. (1), 122.—Barrineton Isu.: Snodgrass and Heller. CuHarwes Isx.: Andersson. CHATHAM IsL.: Wreck Bay, common in open places on the lower parts of the island, (no. 1293). GarpNER Ist., (near Hoop Ist.) : dried remains of this grass were found in June (no. 1294). Hoop Ist.: abund- ant (no. 1297). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, abund- ant (no. 1297); north side, Snodgrass and Heller; northeast side, common on the table land above the beach (no. 1296). SEyMouR Ips., NoRTH and souTtH: Snodgrass and Heller. Robinson, I. c., suggests that this grass is a recent introduction to the islands. It might be mentioned in this connection that the islands on which it occurs are frequently visited by the inhabitants of both Albemarle and Chatham Ids. Further distr. Mex. Var. minus Anderss. (1), 135, and (2), 44; Rob. (1), 123. —CuHar tes Ist.: Andersson; Snodgrass and Heller. CHATH- AM IsL.: Andersson. Endemic. P. molle Sw. Prod. 22 (1788) ; Rob. (1), 123.—CHATHAM Isu.: Chierchia. Further distr. W. Ind., S. Am., tropical Asia. P. multiculmum Anderss. (1), 133, and (2), 43; Rob. (1), 123.— ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Turtle Cove, occasional in scant soil near the shore (no. 1298) ; Villamil, occasional in lava crevices near the shore (no. 1299). BARRINGTON Isxt.: Snodgrass and Heller. CHARLES IsL.: in open places near the shore (no. 1300). CHATHAM ISsL.: Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 37 Wreck Bay, occasional in low places around 300 ft. The soil is very wet in this region during the season in which the species occurs, (no. 1301). Duncan Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. GARDNER Ist. (near Hoop Ist.): Snodgrass and Heller. Hoop Ist.: common among rocks (no. 1302). Endemic. P. serotinum (Michx.) Trin. Gram. Panic. 166 (1826). Digitaria serotina Michx. Fl. I. 46 (1803). P. serotinum Trin. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 123—Cuartes Ist.: Edmonston. Rob- inson |. c. suggests that there may have been some mistake in the identification of this specimen. Further distr. S. U.S. Psp OraARbEs isL.) (0s) L506). . P. sp.—CuaTHam Ist.: (no. 1308). P. sp.—DuncaNn Ist.: (no. 1307). All three of the above specimens are in too poor a condition for determination. They probably represent three distinct species. Paspalum L. P. canescens Anderss. (1), 132, and (2), 42; Rob. (1), 123. P. longe-pedunculatum Rob. (1), 124, not Le Conte—ALBE- MARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, Andersson ; Iguana Cove, in bunches on the sides of the cliffs above the cove (nos. 1317-1318) ; Tagus Cove, in large bunches, 600-4000 ft., (nos. 1309, 1319- 1320) ; Villamil, common at 3150 ft. (no. 1311). BINDLOE Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. CHARLES Ist.: Darwin; Anders- son. CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, occasional, 450-2100 ft., (nos. 1321-1322). Narsoroucu Ist.: north side (no. 1310). Endemic. P. conjugatum Berg. Act. Helv. VII. 129, t. 8 (1772) ; Rob. (1), 123—Atpemarte Isi.: Villamil, one of the commonest grasses in the region above 1500 ft. It also occurs to some extent below this elevation, (no. 1312). Cuarves IsL.: com- mon on the sides of moist tufa walls around 1000 ft. (no. 1312). CuatrHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, common in the grassy country above 700 ft. (nos. 1314-1315). James Ist.: James Bay, abundant in open places and in open woodland above 1500 ft. (no. 1316). This is the principal forage grass on the islands where it occurs. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am., Tropical Africa. 38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. P. distichum L. Amoen. Acad. V. 391 (1760); Rob. (1), 123.—JamEs Isu.: Orchilla Bay, Baur. Further distr. tropical and subtropical regions. P. penicillatum Hook. f. (3), 171; Rob. (1), 124.— CHARLES IsL.: Darwin. Endemic. P. scrobiculatum L. Mant. I. 29 (1767); Rob. (1), 124.— CHATHAM Ist.: Chierchia. Further distr. general in tropics of old world. P. sp. Rob. (1), 124.—INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: north side, Snodgrass and Heller. Probably a new species, acc. to Robin- son, l. ¢. Pennisetum Rich. P. exalatum (Anderss.) Hook. f. & Jacks. Ind. Kew. I. 112 (1893). Amphochaeta exalata Anderss. (1), 137, (2), 45, t. 1, f.2. P. pauperum Nees acc. to Steud. Syn. 102 (1855) ; Rob. (1), 119.—ALBeMarte IsL.: Cowley Bay, Andersson; Iguana Cove, occasional in dense patches 6-7 ft. high on the sides of the cliffs above the cove (no. 1323); Tagus Cove, a considerable area is covered with a dense growth of this grass around the top of the mountain, 3850-4000 ft., (no. 1324). The dried culms, collected at Elizabeth Bay and ascribed to Chusquea sp. by Robinson, (1), 119, no doubt belong to this species. Nar- BOROUGH IsL.: Mr. Rk. H. Beck reported a heavy growth of grass around the top of this island. From his description it is probably of this species. Endemic. Setaria Beauv. S. floriana Anderss. (1), 138, (2), 46; Rob. (1), 124.— CHARLES IsL.: Andersson. Endemic. S. setosa (Sw.) Beauv. Agrost. 51 (1812). Panicum seto- sum Sw. Prodr. 22 (1788). S. setosa Beauv. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 124.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller ; Iguana Cove, (no. 1091); Tagus Cove, abundant in tufaceous soil around the base of the mountain (no. 1090); Villamil, occasional in bunches on the lower parts (no. 1092). Bar- RINGTON IsL.: Snodgrass and Heller. CHarves Ist.: abund- ant around 1750 ft. (nos. 1293-1294). CHatHaAm Ist.: Vot. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 39 Sappho Cove, on lava beds near the shore (no. 1295) ; Wreck Bay, grows in shady places at 250-600 ft. (nos. 1296-1297). Duncan Isu.: dried remains (no. 1179). Hoop Ist.: occa- sional around 600 ft. (nos. 1180-1181). InpEFATIGABLE ISL. : Academy Bay, abundant in open woodland around 350 ft.; southeast side, in rather open country around 500 ft. (no. 1182). James Ist.: James Bay, common on the lower parts (no. 1183). NarsoroucH Isi.: Snodgrass and Heller. Fur- ther distr. tropical regions. S. n. sp.? Hook. f. (3), 172; Rob. (1), 125._ALBEMARLE Ist.: Macrae. Endemic. Sporobolus R. Br. S. domingensis (Trin.) Kunth, Enum. I. 214 (1833). Vilfa domingensis Trin. in Spreng. neue Ent. II. 59 GIS2Z LYS eS: domingensis Kunth 1. c.; Rob. (1), 125.—Axinepon Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, Snod- grass and Heller; Tagus Cove, occasional on the lower parts and at 4000 ft. (nos. 1184-1185). Hoop Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind. S. indicus (L.) R. Br. Prod. I. 170 (1810). Agrostis indica L. Sp. Pl. 63 (1753). S. indicus R. Br. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 125.— ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, common at 3150 ft. (no. 1186). Cuarwes Ist.: occasional at 1600 ft. (no. 1187). CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, occasional in bunches at 1700 ft. (no. 1188). Widely distributed. S. virginicus (L.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. I. 67 (1829). Agros- tis virginica L. Sp. Pl. 63 (1753). S. virginicus Kunth, |. c.; Rob. (1), 125.—ALBEMARLE ISL.: Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Villamil, covers a considerable area on the low flat just back of the beach (no. 1189). CHaArRLEs IsL.: common on sand beaches (no. 1190). CHatuam Isi.: Andersson; Bo Agassiz; Snodgrass and Heller. INDEFATIGABLE Ist.: Acad- emy Bay, in dense mats on sand beaches (no. 1191) ; southeast side, common on the shore and around the borders of salt water lagoons where the soil is strongly impregnated with salt (no. 1191). James Ist.: northeast side, on sand beaches. Further distr. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. January 11, 1911 40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. Stenotaphrum Trin. S. secundatum (Walt.) O. Kze. Rev. Gen. II. 794 (1891). Ischaemum secundatum Walt. Fl. Car. 249 (1788). Stenota- phrum glabrum Trin. Fund. Agrost. 176 (1820); Rob. (1), 126.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller. CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, forms thick mats in open country around 650 ft. (no. 1193). Further distr. tropical shores of both continents. Stipa L. S. rostrata Anderss. (1), 142, (2), 48; Rob. (1), 126.— CHARLES IsL.: in open places near the beach, evidently a younger specimen than the one described by Andersson, (no. 1194). CHatHAM IsL.: Andersson. Endemic. CYPERACEAE Cyperus L. C. aristatus Rottb. Descr. Nov. Pl. 23, t. 6, f. 1 (1786) ; Rob. (1), 126—ALsBemar_eE Ist.: Iguana Cove, common in lava cracks near the shore (no. 1028); Tagus Cove, common on lava beds at 4000 ft. (no. 1027). CuHartves Ist.: Darwin. CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, in swampy places, 1000-1750 ft., (no. 1029). James Isi.: Scouler. NARBorouGH IsL.: Snod- grass and Heller. Widely distributed. C. brachystachys Anderss. (2), 53, t. 13, f. (2); Rob. (1), 126.—Apincpon Ist.: occasional at 600 ft., common in open places in the vegetation at 1400 ft., (no. 1030). ALBEMARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Tagus Cove, com- mon above 300 ft. (no. 1032) ; Villamil, Bawr. CHARLEs ISL. : occasional on rocks near the shore (no. 1033). CHATHAM Ist.: Baur. Duncan IsLt.: common around 1300 ft. (no. 1034). James IsL.: occasional on lava at 850 ft. (no. 1035). Jervis Ist.: (no. 1036). Tower Isu.: Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. C. confertus Sw. Prodr. 20 (1788) ; Rob. (1), 127.—ALBE- MARLE Isu.: Iguana Cove, common to above 400 ft.; Tagus Cove, occasional on lava beds; 100-600 ft., (nos. 1038-1039) ; Villamil, occasional at 650 ft. (no. 1040). BrinpLoe IsL.: Snodgrass and Heller. Cares Isu.: occasional at 1000- Vor. IJ STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 41 1250 ft. (nos. 1042-1244). CHatHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, on rocks at 500 ft. (no. 1041). Duncan Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Hoop Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. INDEFATIGABLE Isx.: northwest side, Andersson. JAMES IsL.: Andersson. Widely distributed. C. esculentus L. Sp. Pl. 45 (1753); Rob. (1), 127.—ALBE- MARLE IsL.: Tagus Cove, occasional on rocky cliffs at 100 ft. (no. 1045). CHatTHAm Ist.: Wreck Bay, occasional in sandy soil near the shore (no. 1046). Widely distributed. C. galapagensis Caruel (1), 621; Rob. (1), 127—Cuatu- AM Ist.: Chierchia. Endemic. C. grandifolius Anderss. (1), 157, (2), 56; Rob. (1), 127. —Cuart_es Isi.: occasional among rocks at 1550 ft. (no. 1047). CuHatHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, common in large bunches above 1800 ft. (no. 1048). Endemic. . C. laevigatus L. Mant. II. 179 (1771); Rob. (1), 127— ALBEMARLE IsL.: Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Villa- mil, occasional in brackish pools on the lower parts of the island (no. 1049). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: southeast side, abundant in brackish pools near the shore (no. 1050). Further distr. tropical regions. C. ligularis L. Amoen. Acad. V. 391 (1760) ; Rob. (1), 127. —ALBEMARLE IsL.: Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Tagus Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Villamil, common in lava crevices near the shore and to some extent around 650 ft. (nos. 1051-1053). BINDLOE Ist.: (no. 1054). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, in pools of slightly brackish water near the shore (no. 1055). Further distr. W. Ind., tropical S. Am., Africa. C. Mutisii (HBK.) Anderss. (2), 53. Mariscus Mutisi HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. I. 216, t. 66 (1815). Cyperus Mutisn Anderss. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 128.—Asincepon Ist.: abundant around steam jets at 1000 ft. (no. 1056). ALBEMARLE ISsL.: Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Iguana Cove, abundant in open places in the vegetation above the cove (no. 1057); Tagus Cove, (nos. 1059-1061) ; Villamil, common in lava crev- ices on the lower parts and at 500 ft. BiNnpLoE IsL.: occasional 42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. in tufaceous soil on the lower parts (no. 1062). CHar.es IsL.: rare among rocks at 50 ft., common at 1450 ft., (no. 1063). CHATHAM IsL.: Andersson; Baur. GARDNER IsL. (near Hoop Ist.): (no. 1065). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, occasional at 100 ft. (no. 1067) ; southeast side, common at 450 ft. (no. 1066). NArsBoroucH IsiL.: south and east sides, Snodgrass and Heller; north side, common on lava beds near the shore (no. 1068). SEyMouR IsL., soutH: Snodgrass and Heller. Tower Ist.: dried remains, the specific identity of which is somewhat in doubt, (no. 1069). WrENMAN Ist.: common on tops of the cliffs. Possibly this is the species of which Mr. Heller noticed dried remains on the islet north of Wenman, mentioned by Robinson (1), 251. Endemic. C. polystachyus Roth. Desc. & Ic. 39, t. 11, f. 1 (1786). C. fugax Liebm. Mex. Halv. 8 (1850) ; Rob. (1), 127.—Cuatu- AM Ist.: Wreck Bay, Baur. Widely distributed. C. rotundus Hook. f. (3), 177; Rob. (1), 128.—ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Macrae. The specific identity of the Macrae specimen is somewhat in doubt. Endemic? C. rubiginosus Hook. f. (3), 178; Rob. (1), 128.—CHARLEs Ist.: Darwin. CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, abundant in moist places, 450-700 ft., (no. 1070). Duncan Isi.: abund- ant among rocks at 1000 ft. (no. 1071). Endemic. Var. cornutus Rob. (1), 128. Mariscus cornutus Anderss. Ce 150) GC. cormutus Anderss. (2), 53,/t. 13) 4.) 1.—-Bar- RINGTON IsL.: common around dried pools (no. 1074). Cyarves Isu.: Andersson. DuNcAN Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Srymour Ist., soutH: Snodgrass and Heller. En- demic. Cy stagesus Wis Sp. Pl 747 30C1753)'2 Robs (1), 128 CHARLES IsL.: Darwin. CHATHAM Ist.: Andersson. Fur- ther distr. U. S. C. suranimensis Rottb. Descr. Nov. Pl. 35, t. 6, £. 5 (1786) ; Rob. (1), 129.—CHatHAm Ist.: Wreck Bay, in open grassy areas at 1750 ft. (no. 1075). James Ist.: Darwin. Further distr.’ S. U.S), Mex) Waind,,'S;' Am. Voz. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 43 C. tristachyus Boeck. Linnaea XXXV. 454 (1867-1868) ; Rob. (1), 129.—CuatHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, Baur. Further distr. Mex., northern S. Am. C. sp.—BarRINGTON Isx.: dried remains of a Cyperus were found growing quite abundantly in coarse sandy soil in the vicinity of the shore. It seems to be different from any of the other species collected on the islands, (no. 1076). C. sp. Rob. (1), 129—NarsorovucH Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. C. sp. Rob. (1), 129—WeEnmawn Ist.: Snodgrass and Hel- ler. Probably C. Mutisii. Dichronema Michx. D. colorata (L.) Hitchk. Baham, in Mo. Bot. Gard. 1V. 141 (1893). Schoenus coloratus L. Sp. Pl. 41 (1753). D. leuco- cephala Michx. Fl. I. 37 (1803); Rob. (1), 129.—CHatTHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, covers the ground in dense mats in the open country around 650 ft. (no. 1077). Further distr. S. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Eleocharis R. Br. E. capitata (L.) R. Br. Prodr. 225 (1810). Scirpus capi- tatus L. Sp. Pl. 48 (1753).—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, occa- sional in rather loose dry soil on the south side of the rim of the crater at 3150 ft. (no. 1078). CHatHaAm Ist.: Wreck Bay, abundant in marshy ground around 1700 ft. (no. 1079). Fur- ther distr. tropical regions. E. fistulosa (Poir.) Schult. Mant. II. 89 (1824). Scirpus fistulosa Poir. Encycl. VI. 749 (1804). £E. fistulosa Schult. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 129-—CuatuHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, common in pools of water at 1000-1750 ft. (no. 1080). Widely distrib- uted. E. mutata (L.) R. Br. Prodr. 224 (1810). Scirpus mutatus L. Syst. ed. 10, 867 (1759). E. mutata R. Br. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 129.—ALBEMARLE Iszt.: Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Hel- ler; Villamil, abundant in brackish swamps and in other moist situations in the vicinity of the shore. The inhabitants of this 44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. - island use the dried stalks of this species for making pads for pack-saddles, and sleeping mats, (no. 1081). Further distr. W25:, Mex... W- tnd. 4S: Am: Fimbristylis Vahl F. capillaris (L.) A. Gray, Man. Bot. ed. 5, 567 (1869). Scirpus capillaris L. Sp. Pl. 49 (1753). F. capillaris A. Gray, l. c.; Rob. (1), 129.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Tagus Cove, abund- ant in lava crevices, 500-4000 ft., (nos. 1083-1084) ; Villamil, occasional in lava crevices on the floor of the crater at 2750 ft. (no. 1082). Brnp oe Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. CHARLES IsL.: common among rocks near the shore (no. 1085). Nar- BOROUGH IsL.: Mangrove Point, Snodgrass and Heller. Widely distributed. F. diphylla (Rtz.) Vahl, Enum. II. 289 (1805). Scirpus diphyllus Rtz. Obs. V. 7 (1789). F. diphylla Vahl, 1. c.; Rob. (1), 129.—Hoop Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Widely dis- tributed in tropical regions. Hemicarpha Nees H. micrantha (Vahl) Britton, Bull. Torr. Club. XV. 104 (1888). Scirpus micranthus Vahl. Enum. II. 254 (1805). H. subsquarrosa Nees, in Mart. Fl. Bras. II. pt. 1, 61 (1824) ; Rob. (1), 130.—CuatuHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, Baur. Further distr. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Kyllinga Rottb. K. pumila Michx. Fl. I. 28 (1803); Rob. (1), 130— CuarLes Isi.: in moist shady places around 1000 ft. (nos. 1086-1087). CHatTHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, occasional in open country around 600 ft. (no. 1088). Further distr. Mex., W. Inds, S) Amn: Scleria Berg. S. pterota Presl in Oken, Isis, XXI. 269 (1828). S. praten- sis Lindl. ex Nees, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. XIX. Suppl. I. 121 (1843); Rob. (1), 130.—CuatuHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, occa- sional patches at 650 ft. (no. 1089). Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 45 LEMNACEAE Lemna L. L. minor L. Sp. Pl. 970 (1753).—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Villa- mil, common in pools of slightly brackish water near sea level (no. 1100). CHatHAm Ist.: Wreck Bay, abundant on the surface of pools and streams, 1000-1800 ft., (no. 1101). Widely distributed. L. sp., Wolf (1), 284.—Cuartes Ist. BROMELIACEAE Tillandsia L. T. insularis Mez in DC. Monog. IX. 756 (1896) ; Rob. (1), 130.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Tagus Cove, rare above 2500 ft. on the west side of the mountain; on the southeast side it often covers the ground in great profusion over considerable areas ; Villamil, common on the branches of trees and on the ground in vegetable mold, 350-1300 ft. CHaARLEs IsL.: common on bushes, on small trees, among rocks in vegetable mold at 1400 ft. CHatHAm Ist.: Wreck Bay, among rocks in vegetable mold, and covering the branches of Hippomane Mancinella trees around 700 ft. Duncan Ist.: on rocks and in vegetable mold, 1150-1250 ft. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, on the branches of trees and in vegetable mold, 350-550 ft., (no. 1119) ; northwest side, occasional at 550 ft., abundant in the region around 700 ft., where it often forms large patches on the ground in places where the vegetation is not too dense for its growth. JAMmEs IsL.: James Bay, occasional on the sides of the bluffs, 1300-1500 ft. NArBorouGH Ist.: south side, upper regions acc. to R. H. Beck. This is the only tank epiphyte found on the islands. Specimens often contain as much as a pint of water, from which they seem to obtain their entire sup- ply of moisture during dry weather. The root system is so poorly developed that a slight push will uproot a specimen when found growing on the ground. Endemic. COMMELINACEAE Commelina Plum. C. nudiflora L. Sp. Pl. 41 (1753); Rob. (1), 130.—Asrinc- DON IsL.: common in the upper regions (no. 1122). ALBE- “ 46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. MARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, common on the sides of the cliffs above the cove (no. 1124); Tagus Cove, occasional on lava beds at 1400 ft. (no. 1123). CHARLEs IsL.: common at 1750 ft. (no. 1127). CHuatuam Ist.: Wreck Bay, common at 350- 2100 ft. (nos. 1125-1126). Duncan Ist.: common on the sides of cliffs at 1250 ft. (no. 1128). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, abundant above 100 ft. (nos. 1130-1131) ; southeast side, occasional in open woods at 450 ft. (no. 1129). James Ist.: Darwin. Further distr. general in tropics. Commelinacea, Caruel (1), 621; Rob. (1), 131.—CHaArtLEs Ist.: Chierchia. Same as the preceding, acc. to Rob. 1. c. IRIDACEAE ris 1s. I. sp. ALBEMARLE IsL.: Villamil, a few sterile specimens of a small Jris were collected on the south rim of the crater at StoO tt: ((ne: 1133'): CANNACEAE Canna, C. sp. ALBEMARLE Isx.: Villamil, occasional at 700 ft. IN- DEFATIGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, acc. to J. S. Hunter. JAMES Ist.: James Bay, occasional in woodland at 1500 ft. The specimens are all sterile. AMARYLLIDACEAE Furcraea Vent. F. cubensis Vent. in Bull. Soc. Philom. I. 66 (1793).— ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, around habitations. CHARLES Is_.: around former habitations (no. 1134). CHatHam IsL.: Wreck Bay, formerly used as hedges around the plantation. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: northwest side, occurs first at 450 ft. and extends to above 1000 ft. This species was introduced on this island many years ago by the tortoise hunters who planted it at their plantation above 1000 ft. Capt. Thomas Levick, of Chatham Isl., told us that on one of his trips to Indefatigable, a few years ago, he took some of the seed with him and scat- tered it along the trail as he came down the side of the moun- Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 47 tain. From these seeds the plant has grown abundantly and now forms impenetrable thickets, many acres in extent, along the trail. The inhabitants of Chatham Isl. use the fiber of this plant for rope, of which it makes a very good quality. Widely distributed in tropical regions through cultivation. Probably introduced on the islands. Hypoxis L. H. decumbens L. Amoen. Acad. V. 396 (1759); Rob. (1), 131.—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, common in open woodland at 600 ft., rare at 1300 ft., (nos. 1135-1136). Cartes IsL.; Darwin. CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, Baur. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. H. sp.—ABincpon Ist.: an Hypoxis, which is probably the last mentioned, occurs on this island. No specimens were taken. ORCHIDACEAE Epidendrum L. E. spicatum Hook. f. (3), 180; Rob. (1), 131.—Asinepon IsL.: on the trunks and branches of trees around 1900 ft. (no. 1137). AtspemMar_e Ist.: Villamil, abundant on the trunks and branches of trees, 1200-3150 ft., (no. 1138). CHARLES Isxt.: Lee. JAmeEs Ist.: James Bay, on trees above 2100 ft. (no. 1139). Endemic. Eulophia R. Br. E. sp.—INDEFATIGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, a sterile specimen of an Orchid, with foliage similar to an Eulophia, was found growing in vegetable mold in densely shaded places at 600 ft. Hemsley, Gard. Chron. 177 (1900), refers to an Eulophia from the Galapagos Ids. It is possible that the speci- men Mr. Hemsley refers to and the one under consideration belong to the same species, (no. 1144). Ionopsis HBK. I. utricularioides (Sw.) Lindl. Coll. Bot. t. 39 A (1821- 1825). Epidendrum utricularioides Sw. Prodr. 122 (1788). —ALBEMARLE IsxL.: Villamil, common on the trunks and 48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. _ branches of trees, 300-700 ft., (no. 1141). Cartes IsL.: fairly common on trees at 1300 ft. (no. 1142). Duncan Ist. : rare on bushes at 1250 ft. (no. 1144). INDEFATIGABLE ISL. : Academy Bay, on the branches of trees, 350-500 ft. ; northwest side, occasional at 800 ft.; southeast side, common on bushes and trees above 450 ft. (no. 1145). James IsLt.: James Bay, occasional on the branches of trees at 1000 ft. It is not abund- ant and does not seem to extend above this elevation, (no. 1146). Further distr. W. Ind. Ponthieva R. Br. P. maculata Lindl. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. I. XV. 385 (1845).—James Ist.: James Bay, rare on the branches of trees in the upper moist regions. Specimen collected by Mr. R. H. Beck, identified by the late Mr. A. A. Eaton, (no. 1147). Further distr. Mex., northern S. Am. DICOTYLEDONEAE PIPERACEAE Peperomia R. & P. P. flagelliformis Hook. f. ex. Mig. in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. IV. 423 (1845), and (3), 181; Rob. (1), 131.—James Ist: Darwin. Endemic. P. galapagensis Hook. f. ex. Miq. in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. IV. 426 (1845), and (3), 180; Rob. (1), 131.—ABincpon IsL.: occasional on trees at 1500 ft. (no. 1153). ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, common on the branches of trees above 400 ft. (no. 1158). Duncan Ist.: on rocks and bushes at 1275 ft. (no. 1149). InpDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, on rocks and trees above 350 ft. (no. 1152) ; southeast side, on trees and bushes at 625 ft. (no. 1151). James Ist.: James Bay, on the branches of trees above 1300 ft. (no. 1150). Specimens de- termined by Mr. Casimir de Candolle. Endemic. P. galioides HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. I. 71, t. 17 (1815) ; Rob. (1), 131.—Asrnepon Ist.: common in woodland at 1650 ft. (no. 1154). Arpemarte Ist.: Villamil, occasional in vegeta- ble mold among rocks, 1300-1500 ft., (no. 1156). CHATHAM Vot. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 49 Ist.: Wreck Bay, on rocks, 650-700 ft., (no. 1158). INDE- FATIGABLE Is_.: Academy Bay, occasional in vegetable mold among rocks in open woodland at 400 ft. (no. 1159) ; north- west side, common above 500 ft. (no. 1155). The specimens from Albemarle and Indefatigable Ids. were determined by Mr. Casimir de Candolle. Further distr. Mex., S. Am. P. obtusilimba C. DC. nov. sp. Foliis ternis-quaternis breviter petiolatis subovato-ellipticis basi et apice rotundatis utrinque glabris superne minutissime in margine ciliatis, 5-nerviis, nerviis tenuissimis; nervulo marginali obscuro ab apice fere usque ad medium decurrente; petiolo margine minute cilia- tis; spicis axillaribus terminalibusque, pedunculis minutissime puberulis petiolos superantibus; spicis ipsis limbos multo vel pluries superan- tibus filiformibus sublaxifloris, bractea orbiculari centro subsessili; Ovario obovato emerso fere in apice stigmatifero, stigmate minuto glabro; bacca subovato-globosa glandulis asperulata. Caulis % mm. crassus minutissime puberulus. Limbi in sicco membranaceis rufes- centes epunctati, usque ad 10 mm. longi et 5 mm. lati. Petioli 1% mm. longi. Pedunculis usque ad 6 mm. longi. Spicae terminales 5 cm. axillares 2% cm. longae, % mm. crassae. Bractea diametro % mm. brevior. Bacca % mm. paululo longior. CHARLES ISL.: common on rocks and low bushes at 1400 ft. (nos. 1160-1161). Endemic. P. petiolata Hook. f. (3), 181; Rob. (1), 131.—JaAmes Ist.: Darwin. Endemic. P. ramulosa Anderss. (1), 158, and (2), 57; Rob. 1), 131. —CHARLES IsL.: common in decayed moss on the branches of trees at 1700 ft. (no. 1162). Endemic. P. Snodgrassii C. DC. in Rob. (1), 131.—ALBEMmarte Ist. : Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. P. Stewartii C. DC. nov. sp. Foliis sat longe petiolatis oblongo-ovatis basi acutis apice subacutis, utrinque glabris superne margine ciliolatis, 6-nerviis, nerviis tenuis- simis; petiolo margine crispulo-hirtello; pedunculis terminalibus gla- bris petiolos fere aequantibus; spicis folia pluries superantibus sub densifloris; bractea obovata supra centrum longiuscule pedicellata; antheris rotundatis quam filamenta multo brevioribus; ovario emerso Ovato apice obtuso, stigmate puberulo; bacca ovata glandulis globosis asperata. Caulis crispulo-hirtellus filiformis fere 34 mm. crassus. Folia alterna, internodia 6-7 mm. longa. Limbi in sicco membranacei, superi 15-18 mm. longi et 8-9 mm. lati, inferi magis ovati. Petioli circiter 6 mm. longi. Spicae circiter 5 cm. longae et 1 mm. crassae. Bracteae infimae orbiculares, aliae ut in diagnosi. Ovarium paullo sub apice stigmatiferum. Bacca 1 mm. longa, sessilis. 50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH SER. ABINGDON IsL.: common on rocks at 1050 ft. (no. 1163). ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, common among rocks in woodland, 350-1500 ft., (nos. 1164-1165). Cartes Ist.: in moist shady places at 1000 ft. (no. 1166). InpEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, in shady places, 50-400 ft., (no. 1168, Type) ; northwest side, common in shade at 950 ft. (no. 1170). James Ist.: James Bay, in woodland at 850 ft., not common, (no. 1171). This is one of the most common species of Peperomia found on the islands and is usually the first species to be seen in ascending the sides of the mountains. Endemic. P. n. sp. Rob. (1), 132.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Tagus Cove, Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. P. sp. Rob. & Greenm. (1), 148.—Cuatuam Isu.: Baur. URTICACEAE Fleurya Gaud. F. aestuans Gaud. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 497 (1826); Rob. (1), 132.—Asinepon Ist. : common, 800-1100 ft., (no. 1172). ALBEMARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, abundant from the beach to 600 ft. (no. 1325); Tagus Cove, common in lava crevices in shade, 300-2900 ft., (no. 1177); Villamil, abundant among rocks, 300-1300 ft., (nos. 1174-1175). CHARLES IsL.: occa- sional among rocks at 1550 ft. (no. 1326). CHuatHam Ist.: Basso Point, occasional in shady places at 900 ft. (no. 1327). Duncan IsL.: common on the sides of steep lava cliffs at 1000 ft... also),common: around’ 1250" ft, (no: 1326)... Hoop: Isrz: occasional in lava crevices, 400-600 ft., (no. 1329). INpDEFaT- IGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, occasional among rocks at 50 ft. At this elevation the specimens are low and with many stinging hairs on the stem. This same species also grows very abund- antly around 600 ft., where it attains a height of 3-4 ft. and has fewer stinging hairs on both the stems and leaves than do the specimens taken from the lower elevations, (nos. 1130- 1331). James Ist.: James Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. Nar- BOROUGH IsL.: south side, Snodgrass and Heller. This species shows much variation both in size and in the arming of the stem and leaves, but the differences are not sufficient to be of formal value. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 51 Parietaria L. P. debilis G. Forst. Fl. Ins. Aust. Prodr. 73 (1786) ; Rob. (1), 132.—ALBemar_eE Ist.: Iguana Cove, in protected places on the sides of the cliffs above the cove (no. 1334); Tagus Cove, occasional at 1000 ft., common in lava crevices at 2850 ft., (no. 1333) ; Villamil, common among rocks at 550 ft. (no. 1332). CHARLES IsL.: in shady places among rocks at 1550 ft. (no. 1335). James Ist.: Darwin. Widely distributed in tropical regions. Pilea Lindl. P. Baurii Rob. (1), 133.—Asrtncpon Ist.: common in moist shady places around 1650 ft. (no. 1336). CHARLES Ist.: Baur. CuatHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, common in open country around 1000 ft. (no. 1338). JAmes IsL.: James Bay, occasional around 2000 ft. (no. 1339). There is much varia- tion in the specimens found growing in sun and in shade, those growing in the shade having a green stem, thinner leaves, and a much less branched inflorescence. ° Endemic. P. microphylla (L.) Liebm. in Vidensk. Selk. Skr. ser. 5, IT. 296 (1851). Parietaria microphylla L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1492 (1763). Pilea muscosa Lindl. Coll. Bot. t. 4 (1821); Rob. (1), 133.—James Ist.: Darwin. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. P. peploides (Gaud.) Hook & Arn. Bot. Beech. 96 (1832). Dubreulia peploides Gaud. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 495 (1826). P. peploides Hook & Arn. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 133.—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Tagus Cove, in lava crevices at 2850 ft. (no. 1340). CHARLES IsL.: common on moist rocks at 1000 ft., occasional at 1550 ft., (nos. 1339, 1341). CHatHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, rare in shady places at 700 ft. (no. 1342). James Ist.: Dar- win. Further distr. Pacific Ids., Asia. Urera Gaud. U. alceaefolia (Poir.) Gaud. in Freye. Voy. Bot. 497 (1826). Urtica alceaefolia Poir. Suppl. 227 (1816).—ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Villamil, common bushes, 650-1500 ft. The leaves of many of the specimens are variegated, (no. 1343). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, common bushes above 52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. 500 ft. They increase in size and abundance above this eleva- _ tion, according to Mr. F. X. Williams, of the Academy’s expe- dition, (no. 1344). JAmes IsL.: James Bay, occasional bushes in open woodland around 2000 ft. (no. 1345). Further distr. Mex., S. Am. LORANTHACEAE Phoradendron Nutt. P. florianum (Anderss.) Rob. (1), 133. Viscum florianum Anderss. (1), 219, (2), 92.—Cuar.es Isu.: Andersson. En- demic- P. galapageium (Hook. f.) Rob. (1), 133. Viscum galapa- geium Hook. f. (3), 216—Cuatuam Ist.: Darwin; Anders- son. Endemic. P. Henslovii (Hook. f.) Rob. (1), 133. Viscum Henslovii Hook. f. (3), 216.—AxsinGpon IsL.: common on trees and bushes, 450-1000 ft., (no. 1102). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cape Rose, on trees near the shore (no. 1103); Cowley Bay, on trees and bushes above 400 ft. (no. 1106) ; Iguana Cove, com- mon on trees above 300 ft. (no. 1104) ; Tagus Cove, on trees and bushes, 400-4000 ft. ; Villamil, common on bushes near the shore. It also occurs throughout the wooded regions to 1500 ft. and is present on small trees and bushes on the rim of the crater at 3150 ft., as well as on trees of Zanthoxylum Fagara on the floor of the same at 2750 ft., (no. 1105). CHARLES Ist.: common on bushes of Lipochaeta laricifolia, 600-1000 ft., also common on trees of Zanthoxylum Fagara and Scalesia pedunculata at 1100 ft., (no. 1108). CHatHaAm Ist.: Basso Point, occasional on trees at 900 ft. (no. 1107) ; Sappho Cove, on trees and bushes near the shore; Wreck Bay, Baur. DuN- CAN IsL.: occasional on bushes at 1250 ft. (no. 1109). INDE- FATIGABLE Is_t.: Academy Bay, abundant on trees and bushes near the shore. It increases in size and abundance with the elevation above sea level, (no. 1102) ; southeast side, common on trees and bushes above 400 ft.; northwest side, abundant above 700 ft. James Ist.: James Bay, abundant on bushes to ‘ 2500 ft.; northeast side, on trees and bushes above 100 ft. Jervis Ist.: occasional on bushes above 700 ft. This species Voz. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 53 varies greatly in size at different elevations. Specimens from the moist region are usually much larger than those found in the dry and transition regions. Endemic. P. uncinatum Rob. (1), 134.—NarsporouGcH Isu.: Snod- grass and Heller. Endemic. POLYGONACEAE Polygonum L. P. acre HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. IT. 179 (1817).—CuatHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, common in pools of water at 1000 ft. (no. 1121) yy Burther distr: (U.S. Mex., W. Ind. S. Am, P. acuminatum HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. IT. 178 (1817) ; Rob. (1), 134.—Gatapacos Ibs.: according to Griesb. Fl. W. Ind. 161. It is probable that the next species has been mistaken for this one, as the two resemble each other rather closely. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. P. galapagense Caruel (1), 624; Rob. (1), 134.—ALBE- MARLE Isxt.: Villamil, occasional above 2500 ft. CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, common in large bunches 2-4 ft. high in the open grassy country above 1700 ft. (no. 1120). Endemic. CHENOPODIACEAE Atriplex L. A. sp. Rob. (1), 134.—INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: north side, low shrubs on sand beaches (no. 1346). SEyMouR ISL., NORTH: Snodgrass and Heller. All of the specimens are sterile and in- determinate as to species. A. sp. Rob. (1), 134-—WeEnman Isi.: Snodgrass and Heller. Salicornia L. S. sp. (?).—JAmes Ist.: northeast side, a plant resembling a Salicornia in habit and inflorescence was seen growing on the shores of salt lagoons. No specimens were secured. 54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. AMARANTACEAE Alternanthera Forsk. A. radicata Hook. f. (4), 261, 262; Rob. (1), 134— CuHaTHAM Isi.: Darwin. CHar Es IsL.: abundant in barren places among lava boulders near the shore (no. 1347). Hoop Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. A. rigida Rob. & Greenm. (1), 143, 148; Rob. (1), 135.— James IsL.: northeast side, occasional bushes 6-10 inches high on lava beds near the shore, and to some extent at 700 ft., (no. 1348). Endemic. A. subscaposa Hook. f. (3), 189; Rob. (1), 135.—CHARLEs Ist.: Darwin. Duncan IsL.: rare in moist protected places around 1250 ft. (no. 1349). Endemic. Amaranthus L. A. caracasanus HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. II. 195 (1817) ; Rob. (1), 135—ALBEmar-eE IsL.: Iguana Cove, rare on the sides of the cliffs above the cove (no. 1351); Tagus Cove, Snod- grass and Heller; Villamil, fairly common in open places on the lower parts (no. 1350). Cuartes Ist.: abundant from the beach to 1000 ft. during the rainy season (no. 1354). CuaTHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, abundant near the shore (no. 1356). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: northwest side, Andersson. One of the common spring weeds of the islands where it occurs. Further distr. northern S. Am. A. celosioides HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. IT. 194 (1817) ; Rob. (1), 135.—Cuartes Ist.: Darwin; Andersson. CHATHAM Ist.: Andersson. Further distr. northern S. Am. A. sclerantoides Anderss. (2), 59, t. 2, f. 1; Rob. (1), 135. —BarrRIncTon Iszt.: Snodgrass and Heller. CHarRtes ISL. : common in open sunny places at 450 ft. (no. 1357). CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, common near the shore (no. 1358). Nar- BOROUGH IsL.: east side, Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. Forma abingdonensis noy. forma. Ramulis diffusis; foliis linearibus late patentibus circa 2.5 cm. longis, ad apicem 1 mm. latis. ABINGDON IsL.: occasional among rocks at 700 ft. (no. . 1359). Plate dE igs 31.) endemic. Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 55 Forma albemarlensis nov. forma. Foliis subappressis ad apices dilatis 1.9 cm. longis, 5 mm. latis. ALBEMARLE Isxt.: Turtle Cove, common on sand beaches, (no. 1360). Plate II, fig. 2. Endemic. Forma chathamensis Rob. & Greenm. (1), 140; Rob. (1), 135.—CuHATHAM IsL.: Wreck Bay, Baur. Endemic. Forma hoodensis Rob. & Greenm. (1), 140; Rob. (1), 135. —GARDNER Ist. (near Hoop Ist.) : common on sand beaches (no. 1361). Hoop Ist.: Baur; Snodgrass and Heller. En- demic. AS spinosus LL.) Sp... Pi 991- (1753); Rob: ‘(1),)135.— CHARLES IsL.: Andersson. Of wide distribution. A. squamulatus (Anderss.) Rob. Proc. Am. Acad. XLIII. 22 (1907). Scleropus squamulatus Anderss. (1), 162, (2), 60. S. Am. NYCTAGINACEAE Boerhaavia L. B. erecta L. Sp. Pl. 3 (1753) ; Rob. (1), 141.—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Macrae. Cartes Ist.: common to 600 ft. during the spring months; during the autumn it was found occasionally among rocks at 1450 ft., (no. 1438). CHATHAM Ist.: Andersson. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Andersson. Further distr. 6 A 5S.) Mex.) Wotnd:, S, Am, B. paniculata Rich. Act. Soc. Nat. Hist. Par. I. 105 (1792) ; Rob. (1), 141—ALBemar_e Ist.: Tagus Cove, common in Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 61 open sunny places in tufaceous soil on the lower parts (no. 1440). James Ist.: Darwin. NarsoroucGu Ist.: north side, occasional in lava crevices (no. 1441). Further distr. S. U. S., Mex., S. Am. Bscandens, 1. Sp Pl 3.(1753,) > Rob. (1), 141, —Arse- MARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, abundant near the shore (no. 1443) ; Villamil, abundant in open places on the lower parts of the island (no. 1442). CHar.es IsL.: common in open grassy places around 1000 ft. (no. 1444). CuHatHam Ist.: Anders- son; Snodgrass and Heller. DUNCAN Ist.: occasional among bushes at 1150 ft. (no. 1466). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: north- west side, common to 800 ft., very abundant in woodland around 650 ft., where it often forms the principal undergrowth, (no. 1445); southeast side, fairly common at 600 ft. (no. 1446). James Ist,: James Bay, common in open woods at 850 ft. (no. 1447). Further distr. S. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., Seve bse B. viscosa Lag. & Rod. Anal. Cienc. Nat. IV. 256 (1801) ; Rob. (1), 142.—Axsrncpon IsLt.: common on lava beds near the shore (no. 1448). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Tagus Cove, com- mon in open sunny places in tufaceous soil to 1000 ft. (no. 1449) ; Villamil, abundant in light ashy soil and on lava beds on the lower parts (no. 1450). BrattrLe Ist.: (no. 1455). CHARLES IsL.: common in tufaceous soil to 650 ft. (no. 1451). CHATHAM Ist.: Basso Point, common on sand beaches (no. 1454). GARDNER Ist. (near Hoop Ist.): Snodgrass and Heller. Hoop Ist.: common on hillsides at 250 ft. (no. 1456). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: north side, Snodgrass and Heller; south- east side, common in tufaceous soil at 600 ft. (no. 1458). James Ist.: James Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. A species which is rather characteristic of open sunny places in the dry region. Further distr. S. W. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Cryptocarpus HBK. C. pyriformis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. II. 188, t. 124 (1817) ; Rob. (1), 142.—Axsrinepon Ist.: forming low thickets on sand beaches (no. 1458). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Iguana Cove, in dense thickets near the shore; Tagus Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Turtle Cove, cover- 62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. ing large areas with a dense growth of low bushes in the vicinity of the shore; Villamil, common on sand beaches and to some extent in the interior around brackish water pools (no. 1459). Barrincton Ist.: forming low thickets on sand beaches (no. 1462). BinpLoE Isu.: Snodgrass and Heller. Occasional thickets of this species were noticed at various places along the north shore. Cuarves Ist.: bushes 3-6 ft. high, forming tangled thickets on sand beaches, (no. 1460). CHATHAM IszL.: Basso Point, on sand beaches and on lava flows in the interior; Sappho Cove, bushes on the beach and in the interior (no. 1461) ; Wreck Bay, fairly common near the shore. Duncan IsL.: bushes near the shore. GARDNER ISL. (near Hoop Ist.): low bushes on the beach. Hoop Ist.: very abundant in dense low thickets on sand beaches, and to some extent in the interior at 600 ft., (no. 1463). INDEFarT- IGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, common on the beach and occa- sional at various places in the lower dry region; north side, low bushes on the beach; southeast side, common in thickets among rocks and in sand (no. 1465). It was also noticed in various other places on the shore, while the “Academy” was sailing around the island. JAmeEs Ist.: James Bay, common bushes on the beach and around the shores of salt water lagoons (no. 1456). Jervis Ist.: low bushes on the beach. NARBOROUGH Is“.: east side, Snodgrass and Heller. SEyMouR ISL., SOUTH: occasional on the beach and in thickets of Discaria pauciflora and Maytenus obovata bushes. Further distr. Ecuador, Bo- livia. Mirabilis L. M. Jalapa L. Sp. Pl. 177 (1753).—ALBeMar te Ist.: Villa- mil, in gardens, and undoubtedly introduced, (no. 1459). Pisonia L. P. floribunda Hook. f. (3), 193; Rob. (1), 143.—Asinc- pon Iszt.: common trees, 450-1650 ft., (no. 1460). ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Cowley Bay, common trees above 1300 ft.; Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Tagus Cove, forest trees above 1500 ft.; Villamil, large trees, 100-900 ft. CHARLES Ist.: trees 10-30 ft. high, occasional around 1000 ft., (no. 1461). Duncan Ist.: low trees and bushes around 1150 ft. Voz. IJ STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 63 (no. 1463). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, small trees near the shore, one of the common forest trees above 350 ft., (no. 1463); north side, trees above 1000 ft.; northwest side, small trees at 150 ft., forming large forest trees at 500-800 it. James Ist.: James Bay, common trees, 450-1700 ft., (nos. 1464-1465) ; northeast side, trees above 600 ft. This species forms one of the most common forest trees in the transition and moist regions on the islands where it occurs. Hooker, op. c. 194, describes it as an almost leafless tree, but we found it to be usually covered with a dense growth of leaves. Asa rule the trunk is short and the branches are large and broadly spread- ing. Owing to the rough nature of the bark it is usually cov- ered with epiphytes when it occurs in the moist regions. En- demic. AIZOAGEAE Mollugo L. 7 M. flavescens Anderss. (1), 226, (2), 96, t. 15, f. 2; Rob. (1), 143.—AxLBEeMaARLE Isit.: Darwin; Macrae; Baur. CHARLES Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. CHATHAM IsL.: Sappho Cove, in lava crevices at 800 ft. (no. 1466); Wreck Bay, Baur. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: north side, Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. Var. floriana Rob. (1), 143.—Cuartes Ist.: Cormorant Bay, abundant in coarse gravelly soil near the shore (no. 1467). Endemic. M. gracillima Anderss. (1), 226, (2), 96; Rob. (1), 143.— ALBEMARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, occasional in ashy soil on sides of the cliff above the cove (no. 1468); Tagus Cove, abundant in tufaceous soil (no. 1470); Villamil, common in open places at 550 ft. (no. 1469). Brattre Ist.: (no. 1471). Cuar.Es Is_.: common in open grassy areas at 600 ft. The specimens taken here are very small, but they seem to possess the characters of this species, (no. 1472). CHATHAM ISsL.: Basso Point, occasional in lava crevices (no. 1473). DuNCAN IsL.: common in dry places near the shore (no. 1474). JAMES Ist.: Orchilla Bay, Baur. NaArporoucH Ist.: north side, common on lava beds (no. 1476). WrENMAN IsL.: (no. 1477). Endemic. 64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. M. Snodgrassii Rob. (1), 144.—ALBEMmarte IsL.: Cowley Bay, bushes 1 ft. and more in height, rare in pumice soil, (no. 1478); Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Tagus Cove, Snodgrass and Heller. NarsoroucH Ist.: Mangrove Point, Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. Sesuvium L. S. Edmonstonei Hook. f. (3), 221; Rob. (1), 144.—Bar- RINGTON IsL.: common covering rocks along the shore (no. 1479). Brats Ist.: (no. 1480). Carvers IsL.: common on sand beaches, forming bright red patches when seen from a distance, (no. 1481). CuLpEppER IsL.: common on the sides of cliffs. Duncan Is~.: common among rocks along the shore and in occasional patches up to 250 ft. (no. 1482). GARDNER Ist. (near Hoop Ist.): Snodgrass and Heller. Hoop Ist.: very abundant on the tops of the cliffs at the east end of the island (no. 1483). The stems and leaves of this plant are usually bright red when it grows in open sunny places, but are green with but a small amount of the red color when it grows in the shade. Endemic. S. Portulacastrum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1058 (1760) ; Rob. (1), 144—Astnepon Isz.: occasional on sand beaches. AL- BEMARLE Ist.: Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Turtle Cove, abundant on sand beaches (no. 1484). BARRINGTON IsL.: on sand beaches. CHARLES Ist.: forms thick mats on sand beaches. It also occurs around the shores of salt lagoons where the water is saturated with salt. In such situations the leaves are somewhat reduced in size, (no. 1485). CHATHAM Ist.: Sappho Cove, common on sand beaches (no. 1486). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: southeast side, common on sand dunes (no. 1487). James Ist.: northeast side, on sand_ beaches. Seymour Ist., NortH: Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. Soe St Wn SS: /Am:, China: Trianthema L. T. Portulacastrum L. Sp. Pi. 223 (1753) ; Rob. (1), 144.— ALBEMARLE Ist.: Turtle Cove, fairly abundant on sand beaches (no. 1488); Villamil, in dry sandy soil in open places near sea level (no. 1489). Barrincton Isx.: Snodgrass and Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 65 Heller. CHARLES IsL.: common near the shore and in loose ashy soil at 450 ft. (nos. 1490-1491). CuHatHaAm IsL.: An- dersson. Duncan Iszt.: (no. 1492). GarpNer IsL. (near Hoop Ist.) : abundant in loose soil mixed with fragments of lava (no. 1493). Hoop Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. INDE- FATIGABLE Isit.: Andersson. JAMES IsL.: Andersson. SEy- MOUR IDs., NORTH and soutH: Snodgrass and Heller. Widely distributed on tropical shores. Aizoacea (?) sp. Sterile specimens of bushes 4-5 ft. high with succulent leaves were collected on BRATTLE IsL. and on the beach at Cormorant Bay, Cuartes Ist. The family 1s doubtful (nos. 1494-1495). PORTULACACEAE Portulaca L. P. oleracea L. Sp. Pl. 445 (1753); Rob. (1), 145.— ABINGDON IsL.: common among rocks on the lower parts of the island (no. 1496). ALBEMARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, abundant on the sides of the cliffs above the cove (no. 1498) ; Tagus Cove, common in tufaceous soil on the lower parts; Villamil, abundant in open places in the lower parts (no. 1497). Cuar.es Is_.: common around 1750 ft. during the dry sea- son; during the rainy season it occurs abundantly all over the lower parts of the island, (no. 1499). CHatHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, common at 450 ft. (nos. 1500-1501). GaRrpNeER Ist. (near Hoop Ist.) : Snodgrass and Heller. Hoop Isi.: occa- sional at 250 ft. (no. 1502). NarsoroucH Ist.: north side, common in crevices in the lava (no. 1503). The fact that this species is found on such unfrequented islands as Abingdon and Narborough would seem to indicate that it might not have been distributed by intercommunication among the islands as suggested by Robinson, |. c. At the time Dr. Robinson’s paper was written it had only been found on the more frequented islands. Widely distributed. P. sp. (?). Sterile specimens of a species of Portulaca (?), were found on ABINGDON, BARRINGTON, BRATTLE, CHARLES, Jervis, and WENMAN IsLanps. It is the P. sp.?, mentioned by Robinson, |. c. 145. (nos. 1504-1510). 66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. P. sp.—CHATHAM IsL.: Sappho Cove, low bushes on lava in the vicinity of the coast. The specimen has a brownish-gray succulent stem, linear leaves, and rather large pinkish-white flowers. It is a new species to the islands and possibly to science, but the specimen is too poor for accurate description (no pls id), CARYOPHYLLACEAR Drymaria Willd. D.cordata (L.) Willd. ex Roem. & Sch. Syst. V. 406 (1819). Holosteum cordatum L. Sp. Pl. 88 (1753). Dry- maria cordata Willd. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 145.—ALBeMmarte Ist.: Tagus Cove, abundant in open places on the inner wall of the crater at 4000 ft. (no. 1512); Villamil; common in moist places, 600-1300 ft., (no. 1513). CHar es IsL.: occasional in vegetable mold among rocks, 1000-1450 ft., (nos. 1514- 1516). CHatHam Is~.: Wreck Bay, common above 900 ft. (no. 1517). James Ist.: Darwin. Widely distributed. MENISPERMACEAE Cissampelos L. C. galapagensis nov. sp. Scandens lignosa, caulibus canaliculatis glabris subtus glaucis; folio- rum laminis peltatis triangularibus vel subcordatis 4.3 cm. longis 4.7 cm. latis apice obtusis vel rotundatis mucronatis utrinque subglaucis, petiolis 8-44 mm. longis canaliculatis; inflorescentia mascula axillari cymosa longipedunculate ad pedunculi basis bractea membranacea praedita; sepalis orbiculari-rhombeis 1.5 mm. longis, nervo medio prominulo; corolla disciformi 1.2 mm. lata. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, abundant on bare lava in rather open woods near the coast. A species which is closely related to C. glaberrima St. Hil. but differs principally in hav- ing the male flowers in cymes instead of panicles, and in the sepals being orbicular rhombic instead of lanceolated, with a medium rib on each, (nos. 1518-1519). Plate III, figs. 9-10. Endemic. C. Pareira L. Sp. Pl. 103b (1753) ; Rob. (1), 146.—Asrinc- pON IsL~.: common above 500 ft. (no. 1523). ALBEMARLE Ist.: Cowley Bay, occasional at 1600-2000 ft., abundant on trees above 2000 ft.; Iguana Cove, common on trees and Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 67 bushes everywhere (no. 1522) ; Tagus Cove, common at 2000 ft.; Villamil, abundant covering rocks in a moist area on the lower parts some distance back from the shore, abundant throughout the transition and moist regions, (nos. 1520-1521). CHARLES Isi.: abundant in woodland at 1000 ft., covering rocks and trees at 1450 ft., (nos. 1524-1526). CHarHam Ist.: Basso Point, abundant in woodland above 900 ft.: Wreck Bay, common throughout the wooded areas below 1000 ft. (no. 1527). Duncan Ist.: occasional on bushes at 1200 ft. (no. 1528). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, abund- ant on trees above 100 ft., around 600 ft. it covers the trees and bushes with a dense growth, (nos. 1530-1531) ; northeast side, common above 300 ft.; southeast side, fairly common on bushes at 600 ft. (no. 1529). James Ist.: James Bay, abund- ant on trees and bushes above 1000 ft. (no. 1532); northeast side, fairly common above 400 ft. Narsoroucu Ist.: north side, (no. 1533). This species shows much variation in the size, shape, and amount of pubescence on the leaves. Further distr. general in tropical regions. ANONACEAE Anona L. A. cherimolia Mull. Gard. Dict. ed. VIII. n. 5 (1768) — CHARLES Ist.: forming a small grove at 1000 ft. Probably introduced, (no. 1535). Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. A. glabra L. Sp. Pl. 537 (1753).—ALBEMarLE Isz.: Villa- mil, bushes and small trees in low moist places in the vicinity of the shore (no. 1536). Further distr. S. U. S., W. Ind. CRUCIFERAE Brassica L. B. arvensis (L.) Kze. Rev. Gen. I. 19 (1891). Sinapis arvensis L. Sp. Pl. 668 (1753). B. Sinapistrum Boiss. Voy. Esp. II. 39 (1839-1845); Rob. (1), 146—Cuartes Ist. : Andersson. Widely distributed. B. campestris L. Sp. Pl. 666 (1753); Rob. (1), 146.— CHARLES IsL.: Snodgrass and Heller. CHATHAM IsL.: Wreck 68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. Bay, around habitations at 900 ft. Probably introduced. Widely distributed. Coronopus Ludw. C. didymus (L.) Sm. Fl. Brit. II. 691 (1800). Lepidium didymum L. Mant. 92 (1767). Senebiera pinnatifida DC. Mem: Soc. Elist: Nat:. Par. VII. 144,t. 9 (1799); Rob. (i; 146.—ALBEMARLE Iszt.: Villamil, abundant in open grassy country around 1300 ft. (no. 1540). James Isx.: Darwin. Widely distributed. Lepidium L. L. virginicum L. Sp. Pl. 645 (1753).—Cuatuam Ist.: Wreck Bay, around habitations, probably introduced, (no. 1538). Widely distributed. Raphanus L. R. sativus L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 935 (1763); Rob. (1), 146.— Cuar.es Ist.: Andersson. CHATHAM IsL.: Wreck Bay, in cultivated ground. A species concerning whose introduction there can be but little doubt, (no. 1539). Widely distributed through cultivation. CRASSULACEAE Crassuvia Comm. C. floripendia Comm. ex. Lam. Encycl. II. 141 (1786). Bryophyllum calycinum Salisb. Parad. Lond. t. 3 (1806).— CuatHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, around habitations. Probably introduced. Further distr. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. LEGUMINOSAE Acacia Willd. A. farnesiana (L.) Willd. Sp. TV. 1083 (1806). Mimosa farnesiana L. Sp. Pl. 521 (1753). A. farnesiana Willd. 1. c. ; Rob. (1), 147.—A.LsBeMar_e Ist.: Darwin; Macrae. INDE- FATIGABLE Isu.: north side, small trees at 250 ft. (no. 1541). Further distr. Mex., S. Am: A. macracantha H. & B. in Willd. Sp. IV. 1080 (1806) ; Rob. (1), 147.—A LsBEmar_eE IsL.: Tagus Cove, small trees and bushes in tufaceous soil, lower parts, (no. 1544); Villa- Vo. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 69 mil, bushes and small trees below 100 ft. (nos. 1542-1543, 1545). Cartes Is~t.: common below 700 ft., varying in size from low bushes to trees 25 ft. in height, (nos. 1547-1549). CuaTHam Iszt.: Wreck Bay, bushes 6-7 ft. high at 300 ft. (no. 1550). Duncan Isu.: prostrate bushes at 1275 ft. (no. 1551). Hoop Ist.: occasional bushes and small trees (no. 1552). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, low trees and bushes below 100 ft. (no. 1556); north side, bushes and low spreading trees above 100 ft. (no. 1557) ; southeast side, com- mon bushes, often prostrate, (nos. 1559-1560). Further distr. Weiland S- Ami: A. tortuosa (L.) Willd. Sp. IV. 1083 (1806). Mimosa tortuosa L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1505 (1763). Rob. (1), 169-— CHATHAM IsL.: Andersson. Hippomane L. H. Mancinella L. Sp. Pl..1191 (1753); Rob. (1), 169.— ALBEMARLE IsL.: Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Cape Rose, common in the vicinity of the shore; Iguana Cove, a few small trees at the end of the cove; Turtle Cove, low spreading trees near the shore; Villamil, islands of low spreading trees in the vicinity of the shore; in low areas, some distance back from the shore, the soil of which is kept constantly moist by telluric waters; and forming a belt of low trees in a rather dense forest of Sapindus Saponaria trees around 600 ft. No connection was found between the lower and upper belts of this species and so far as is known the lower belt ends a very little above sea level. CHARLES IsL.: a few trees on a sand beach (no. 1907). CHatTHAm IsL.: Sappho Cove, dense groves of rather small trees in the interior; Wreck Bay, common trees in low places around 200 ft.,and also in open forests around 700 ft., (no. 1908). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, a few trees in sandy soil near the shore; southeast side, low dense groves around brackish lagoons (no. 1909). JAmEs Vo. IJ STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 95 Ist.: James Bay, fringing a crater lake, south of the bay, the water of which is so saturated that a layer of pure white salt has crystallized out on the bottom; also occasional on the mountain side at 900 ft., (no. 1910). From the above it is seen that this tree is found under the most varied conditions, from halophytic to mesophytic, without any perceptible change in its general appearance. In many respects it is a very unpleasant tree with which to come in contact. The milky sap has a very strong peppery taste and will blister the parts which it touches, if not soon removed. It is also very unpleasant, and in fact dangerous, to be under these trees during a rain, for if the water from the leaves gets into one’s eyes, the sensation is very painful and the pain lasts for a considerable time. The fruit has a very pleasant odor when ripe, and resembles a small yellow apple in size and color, but it is. extremely poisonous, according to the inhabitants of the islands. The tortoises around Cape Rose, Albemarle Island, eat the fruit in great quantity; but we found in cleaning some of these tortoises for specimens, that this diet had weakened the tissues of the alimentary canal greatly. But little vegeta- tion is found under the trees of this species, as a rule, a condi- tion which is probably brought about by the dense shade. Further distr. S. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., N. S. Am. Jatropa L. J. curcas L. Sp. Pl. 1006 (1753).—Cuartes Isu.: near former habitations and probably introduced (no. 1913). Widely distributed in tropical regions. Manihot Adans. M. utilissima Pohl. Pl. Bras. Ic. I. 32, t. 24 (1827); Rob. (1), 169.—ALBEMaARLE IsL.: Villamil, in gardens (no. 1911). CuHARLES Ist.: Chierchia. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: northwest side, a few specimens at 750 ft. (no. 1912). No doubt an in- troduced species. Widely distributed in tropical regions. Phyllanthus L. P. carolinensis Walt. Fl. Car. 228 (1788) ; Rob. (1), 169.— ABINGDON IsL.: occurs first at 725 ft., common above 1000 ft., 96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. (no, 1914). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, common in wood- land above 2000 ft.; Iguana Cove, abundant on side of cliff above the cove; Tagus Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Villamil, common in the moist region above 400 ft. and on the rim of the crater at 3150 ft. The specimens from the rim of the crater have smaller leaves than do the specimens collected lower down, (nos. 1915, 1917-1919). CuHartes IsL.: occasional around 1700 ft. CHatTuHam Isi.: Wreck Bay, fairly abundant in the grassy region above 900 ft. during the rainy season (nos. 1920-1921). Duncan IsL.: occasional in moist shady places among rocks at 1300 ft. (no. 1922). James IsL.: James Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. NaArsorouGH IsL.: north and south sides, Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. S. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., northern S. Am. Ricinus L. R, communis. Sp. Pl 1007 (1753); Rob. (1),, 170:— CHARLES IsL.: Andersson. CHATHAM Iszt.: Wreck Bay, around habitations, probably introduced. Widely distributed. CALLITRICHACEAE Callitriche L. C. sp. Wolf, (1), 284; Rob. (1), 170.—Cuartes IsL.: ina brook near the hacienda, according to Wolf. Probably around 1000 ft. elevation. CELASTRACEAE Maytenus Feuill. M. obovata Hook. f. (3), 230; Rob. (1), 170.—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Cowley Bay, occasional bushes near the beach; Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Tagus Cove, common bushes on the lower parts and on the sides of the mountain, occasional at 4000 ft.; Villamil, common bushes below 300 ft. (no. 1928). BArrineTon IsL.: low bushes in the vicinity of the shore (no. 1925). CHARLES IsL.: common bushes in the vicinity of the shore, occasional as high as 1000 ft. The specimens from around the upper limit of distribution have much larger leaves than do the specimens taken near the shore, (nos. 1925-1926). CHATHAM ISsL.: Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 97 Basso Point, common bushes to above 900 ft. (no. 1929) ; Wreck Bay, common bushes to 700 ft. The leaves are much larger on the specimens taken at 700 ft. than on the specimens from near the shore. DUNCAN IsL.: occasional procumbent bushes at 1000 ft. Bushes small and with leaves reduced in size. GARDNER IsL. (near Hoop Ist.): common bushes. Hoop Ist.: common bushes on sand beaches, and occasional bushes all over the island, (no. 1927). INDEFATIGABLE ISsL.: Academy Bay, common bushes near the shore, small trees around 450 ft.; north side, common on sand beaches. The roots of many of these bushes are in contact with the sea water at high tide, and when found under such conditions the trunks are usually short and much twisted, while the leaves are more succulent than on specimens taken further away from the shore. JAmes Ist.: James Bay, common in sandy soil around salt lagoons, sometimes forming trees 25-30 ft. in height ; northeast side, common bushes on sand beaches and around salt lagoons. Jervis Isi.: bushes 5-7 ft. high near the shore, low procumbent bushes around 1050 ft. Narsoroucu Isi.: Snodgrass and Heller. Stymour Ist., sourH: abundant in thickets with Discaria pauciflora in sandy soil near the shore. Endemic. SAPINDACEAE Cardiospermum L. C. Corindum L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 526 (1762) ; Rob. (1), 170.— ALBEMARLE Ist.: Cowley Bay, around 1450 ft.; Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. Carvers Ist.: Andersson. CHATHAM Is.L.: Basso Point, common at 900 ft. (nos. 1933- 1934) ; Wreck Bay, common at 700 ft. Duncan IsL.: cover- ing rocks and bushes at 1300 ft. (no. 1935). INDEFATIGABLE Ist.: north side, on rocks and trees at 250 ft. (no. 1936); northwest side, occasional at 200 ft. James Ist.: James Bay, Andersson; Snodgrass and Heller. \WENMAN Ist.: on the upper parts, R. H. Beck collector. Further distr. S. W. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. C. galapageium Rob. & Greenm. Proc. Am. Acad. XXXII. 38 (1896) ; Rob. (1), 171.—ALzBemarte Isx.: Villamil, very abundant on bushes near sea level (no. 1938). INDEFATIGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, common near sea level (no. 1940) ; south- 98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. _ east side, on rocks and bushes at 600 ft. (no. 1939). JAMEs Ist.: James Bay, abundant below 1300 ft. Endemic. Dodonaea L. DB. viscosa’ Jacq. num.’ Pl. Carib: 19 '(1/62) ; Rob. (hye 171.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, low bushes in disinte- grated pumice near the shore (no. 1943) ; Villamil, occasional bushes on lava beds below 100 ft. (no. 1942). James Is_.: James Bay, occasional bushes 4-5 ft. high on basaltic lava at 850 ft. (no. 1944). Further distr. general in warm countries. Var. spathulata Benth. Fl. Aust. I. 476 (1863); Rob. (1), 171.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, small trees and bushes around 1800 ft. (no. 1946) ; Tagus Cove, bushes 4-5 ft. high, abundant on lava beds above 2000 ft., (no. 1945). There are occasional clumps of bushes, which apparently belong to this species, on the floor of the crater. Further distr. general in warm countries. Sapindus L. S. Saponaria L. Sp. Pl. 367 (1753) ; Rob. (1), 171.—ALBE- MARLE Isx.: Villamil, forest trees, abundant at 350-700 ft., scattering specimens to 1300 ft. The largest forest tree found on the islands, (no. 1947). Further distr. S. U. S., Mex., W. ind.,.s. Am. RHAMNACEAE Discaria Hook. D. pauciflora Hook. f. (3), 229; Rob. (1), 171.—ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Cowley Bay, occasional bushes from the shore to 1300 ft.; Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Cape Rose, occasional low bushes; Tagus Cove, occasional bushes near the coast; Villamil, common bushes on the lower parts. BARRING- TON IsLt.: common bushes near the shore (no. 1949). CHarLEs Is~t.: common bushes near the beach (no. 1951). CHATHAM Iszt.: Basso Point, common bushes to 900 ft.; Wreck Bay, abundant near the shore, occasional at 900 ft., (no. 1952). Duncan IsL.: procumbent bushes at 700 ft. Hoop IsL.: common bushes on sand beaches. The spines are unusu- ally large and the leaves reduced on the specimens taken at this place, (no. 1950). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: north side, Snod- grass and Heller; southeast side, common bushes on the lower Voz. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 99 parts, especially abundant in gullies and small canyons, where they often form impenetrable thickets. James Ist.: James Bay, common bushes to 1350 ft. Jervis Ist.: abundant near the shore, occasional at 1050 ft. On the upper part of the island the branches are procumbent, the spines short and weak, and the leaves rather large, (no. 1954). Srymour Ist., NORTH: Snodgrass and Heller; souruH: common in thickets of Maytenus obovata bushes. Further distr. Ecuador. VITACEAE Cissus L. C. sicyoides L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 897 (1760); Rob. (1), 172.— ALBEMARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, common on rocks near the shore (no. 1955) ; Villamil, rare on the trunks of trees at 600 ft. (no. 1956). BinpLoE Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Cuar tes IsL.: common on moist rocks at 1000 ft. (nos. 1957- 1958). NarporoucH Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Vatis® [. Wavinitera.) 13. Sp, “Pi: 202.) (1753); Rob: (1). 172—= CHARLES IsL.: Chierchia. Further distr. Old World. TIETACEKAE Corchorus L. C. pilobolus Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. II. 72 (1822) ; Rob. (1), 172—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller. Cares Ist.: occasional in dry ashy soil at 1200 ft. (no. 1959). GARDNER Ist. (near Hoop Ist.) : Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Triumfetta L. T. semitriloba Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 22 (1762) ; Rob. (1), 172.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Turtle Cove, fruit of a Triumfetta was found attached to the hair of a cow killed by a member of the party in this vicinity. It probably belongs to this species. Widely distributed in warm countries. 100 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. MALVACEAE Abutilon Gaertn. A. depauperatum (Hook. f.) Anderss. (1), 230, (2), 98. Sida depauperata Hook. f. (3), 232. A. Anderssonianum Garcke in Anderss. (1), 230, (2), 98, t. 15, f. 1; Rob. (1), 173.—Asincpon IsL.: occasional low bushes around 650 ft. (no. 1960). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller. The sterile specimen collected at this place by Snod- grass and Heller and called Sida cordifolia by Robinson 1. c. no doubt belongs to this species; Tagus Cove, low bushes around the base of the mountain at 200 ft.; Villamil, common bushes below 500 ft. (no. 1961). BArrtneton Ist.: Snod- grass and Heller. BinvuoEe Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. CHARLES IsxL.: bushes 2-3 ft. high around 450 ft. (no. 1962). CuHaTHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, bushes 2-3 ft. high in shady places around 300 ft. (nos. 1963-1964). Duncan IsL.: occa- sional low shrubs at 1300 ft. (no. 1965). GARDNER ISL. (near Hoop Isu.): Snodgrass and Heller. Hoop Ist.: common bushes in the interior of the island (no. 1966). INDEFATIGA- BLE Isx.: north side, Snodgrass and Heller. ‘Tower Ist.: occasional bushes (no. 1967). The principal differences be- tween this species and A. Anderssonianum, as given by Garcke 1. c., are the number of carpels, the number of seeds in each, and the shape of the lobes of the calyx. One specimen in the collection has seven carpels, which is intermediate in number between the two species, and there is considerable variation in the shape of the calyx lobes throughout. The fact that A. depauperatum has 3-5 seeds in a carpel, and A. Anderssonian- um always 3, is hardly sufficient ground for the formation of two distinct species. It is likely that the specimens described as A. Anderssonianum are more mesophytic than the typical A. depauperatum. Endemic. A. crispum (L.) Medic. Malv. 29 (1787). Sida crispa L. Sp. Pl. 685 (1753).—Cuampion Ist.: J. R. Slevin collector (no. 1971). Cartes Ist.: occasional at 450 ft. (nos. 1972- 1973). DaprHNE IsL.: (no 1970). Further distr. tropical re- gions. A. sp.—INDEFATIGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, occasional low bushes on the lower parts of the island, differing from A. de- Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 101 pauperatum in having the stem and leaves covered with a dense white tomentum. The specimen is sterile, (no. 1968). A. sp.—INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: northeast side, sterile and in- determinate (no. 1969). Anoda Cav. A hastata Cay. Disss bos, & 113) t.2) (1790); Rob: (1), 173.—Cuar.es Ist.: fairly common in open meadows around 1200 ft. (nos. 1974-1975). Further distr. U. S., Mex., W. had:.)S) Acs Bastardia HBK. B. viscosa (L.) HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. V. 256 (1821). Sida viscosa L. Syst. ed. 10, 1145 (1760). B. viscosa HBK. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 173.—Astncpon IsL.: common in open brushy country around 600 ft. (no. 1976). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller. CuatHam IsL.: Basso Point, abundant to above 900 ft. (no. 1977). Duncan IsL.: occa- sional low bushes all over the lower parts of the island (nos. 1979-1980). Hoop Ist.: on the margin of a dried lake in the interior of the island and at 600 ft. (nos. 1981-1982). INDE- FATIGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, occasional at 100 ft. (no. 1985) ; north side, common above 100 ft. (no. 1986) ; north- east side, (no. 1984); northwest side, bushes 2-3 ft. high in tufaceous soil near the shore. JAmeEs IsL.: James Bay, low bushes to 1000 ft. (no. 1987). Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Gossypium L. G. barbadense L. Sp. Pl. 693 (1753); Rob. (1), 173.— ABINGDON IsL.: occasional bushes on the lower parts (no. 1989). AxrpeMARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller ; Tagus Cove, common bushes in the flat country around the base of the mountain and in deep canyons on its sides (no. 1990). BarrincTon Isi.: Baur. CHaAr es Ist.: Andersson; Snodgrass and Heller. CHATHAM Ist.: north side, Darwin; Baur; Wreck Bay, common bushes to 550 ft., very abundant in rocky soil in the vicinity of the shore. Duncan Is..: bushes, 100-1300 ft., (no. 1993). GARDNER IsL. (near Hoop Ist.) : Snodgrass and Heller. Woop Ist.: common bushes to 450 ft. (nos. 1994-1995). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: southeast side, common bushes to 625 ft. (no. 1996). JAmes Ist.: Darwin. 102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Jervis Ist.: occasional bushes (no. 1998). SrEymour Ist., souTH: Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. general in tropics. G. Klotzschianum Anderss. (1), 228, (2), 97; Rob. (1), 174.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, Andersson. BINDLOE Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Cwarues Isui.: Andersson. CHATHAM Is.L.: north side, Andersson. INDEFATIGABLE ISL.: Academy Bay, bushes on the lower parts of the island (no. 1999) ; north side, Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. Hibiscus L. H. diversifolia Jacq. Col. Bot. II. 307 (1788).—CuHaATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, bushes 3-4 ft. high on north hill-side at 2000 ft. (nos. 2000-2001). Further distr. Mex., tropics of Old World. H. Manihot L. Sp. Pl. 696 (1753).—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Villamil, around habitations. Called “Saibo” by the inhab- itants, and probably introduced, (no. 2002). Further distr. Mex., Old World. H. tiliaceus L. Sp. Pl. 694 (1753); Rob. (1), 174.—ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Turtle Cove, low spreading trees near the beach (no. 2003). CHARLES Is~t.: Edmonston. INDEFATIGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, low trees near the beach (no. 2004). Further distr. general in tropics. Malachra L. M. capitata L. Syst. ed. 12, 458 (1767); Rob. (1), 174.— James Ist.: Darwin. Further distr. general in tropical re- gions. Malvastrum A. Gray M. americanum (L.) Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 38 (1859). Malva americanum L. Sp. Pl. 776 (1753). Malvastrum tri- cuspidatum A. Gray. Pl. Wright, I. 16 (1852).—CHAaRLEs IsL.: abundant in rather open bushy country around 800 ft., in meadows at 1100 ft., and on the sides of the main mountain at 1750 ft., (nos. 2005-2008). CHatHam Isu.: Wreck Bay, common in woodland, 400-500 ft., (nos. 2009-2010). Further distr. general in tropical regions. Vot. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 103 M. spicatum (L.) A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. N. S. IV. 22 (1849). Malva spicata L. Syst. ed. 10, 1146 (1760).— CuHaTHAmM Ist.: Wreck Bay, occasional bushes, 250-450 ft., (nos. 2011-2013). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: southeast side, occa- sional low bushes around 600 ft. (nos. 2014-2015). Further distr. general in tropical regions. Sida L. S. acuta Burm. var. carpinifolia K. Schum. in Mart. Fl. Bras. XL. pt. 3, 326 (1891) ; Rob. (1); 174:-—Cuarres Isto: An- dersson. Further distr. general in tropical regions. S. paniculata L. Syst. ed. 10, 1145 (1760) ; Rob. (1), 175.— ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller. CuHaArLEs Is_.: common above 450 ft. during the rainy season, in February and March; at other times it was not seen below 1000 ft., (nos. 2016-2018). CHatTHam Isi.: Wreck Bay, abundant in rather moist places (no. 2019). Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. S. rhombifolia L. Sp. Pl. 684 (1753); Rob. (1), 175.— Cuartes Ist.: Edmonston; Lee; Snodgrass and Heller. CuatuHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, common in woodland at 300-450 ft., and in open country around 900 ft., (nos. 2020-2022). Further distr. general in warm countries. S. spinosa L. Sp. PI. 683 (1753) ; Rob. (1), 175. S. angus- tifolia Lam. Dict. I. 4 (1783); Rob. (1), 175.—ABINcGpoN Ist.: occasional around 1100 ft. (no. 2023). ALBEMARLE Ist.: Cowley Bay, common in pumice soil around 1800 it. (no. 2028) ; Iguana Cove, common on sides of cliff above the cove and occasional in woodland at 300 ft. (nos. 2024-2025) ; Tagus Cove, common in tufaceous soil on the lower parts (no. 2029) ; Villamil, common above 500 ft. (no. 2027). CHARLES IsL.: occasional in open country around 450 ft. (nos. 2030- 2031). CHatHam Ist.: Basso Point, (no. 2032); Wreck Bay, rare near the shore (no. 2033). Duncan IsL.: common among rocks at 1000 ft. (no. 2034). GARDNER IsL. (near Hoop Ist.): Snodgrass and Heller. INDEFATIGABLE ISL.: northwest side, rare in tufaceous soil near the shore (no. 2035). James Ist.: Darwin. NarsorouGH Isx.: north side, common in lava crevices (no. 2036). Further distr. general in warm countries. ; January 12, 1911 104 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. S. supina L’Her. Stirp. Nov. 109bis t. 52 (1785).—Asinc- DON IsL.: common above 1000 ft. (no. 2037). ALBEMARLE Ist.: Tagus Cove, common, 1000-4000 ft., (nos. 2038-2041) ; Villamil, common in woodland, 500-1300 ft., (no. 2039). CHARLES IsL.: occasional in open country around 1000 ft. (no. 2042). Duncan Isx.: rare at 1250 ft. (no. 2043). Further distr, Se Wt-S., Mex. W.. Ind. ’S) Am: S. veronicaefolia Lam. var. humilis (Cav.) K. Schum. in Mart. Fl. Bras. XII. pt. 3, 320 (1891). S. humilis Cav. Diss. V. 277, t. 134, £. 2 (1788). Var. humilis K. Schum. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 176—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. general in warm countries. Malvacea sp.—ABINGDON IsL.: common in woodland above 1000 ft. Specimen sterile and indeterminate (no. 2044). STERCULIACEAE Waltheria L. W. reticulata Hook. f. (3), 231; Rob. (1), 176—AsBincGpoNn Ist. : bushes, usually procumbent, to 1100 ft., (no. 2045). AL- BEMARLE IsLt.: Cowley Bay, occasional procumbent bushes on the lower parts, common bushes 2-4 ft. high around 2,000 ft., (no. 2046); Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Tagus Cove, bushes 2-4 ft. high, 300-600 ft., (no. 2047); Villamil, common bushes on lava beds to 200 ft. (no. 2048). CHARLES Ist.: Andersson; Baur. DuNCAN Is.L.: low bushes at 1275 ft. (no. 2049). James Isut.: Douglas; Macrae; James Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. Jervis Ist.: occasional bushes at 350 ft. (no. 2051). Endemic. Forma Anderssonii Rob.(1), 176. Forma acamata Rob. (1), 176.—BaARRINGTON Isxt.: Baur. CHATHAM ISL.: north side, Andersson. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: north side, low bushes above 100 ft. (no. 2063); northeast side, low bushes near the coast (no. 2052). NarporoucH Ist.: north side, Snodgrass and Heller. Tower Ist.: procumbent bushes, common, (no. 2053). The more abundant material seems to show that the characters which distinguish forma acamata, Rob. 1. c., apply Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 105 equally well to specimens of forma Anderssonii, on which ac- count the two forms should probably be considered as one. Endemic. Forma intermedia Rob. (1), 177—Asinepon Ist.: Snod- grass and Heller. ALBEMARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, bushes 6-10 ft. high at 300 ft. (no. 2054). BrinpLoe Isx.: low bushes in tufaceous soil (no. 2055). CHarwes Ist.: common bushes at 600 ft. (no. 2056) ; Cuevas Bay, Baur. CHATHAM Ist.: Basso Point, low spreading bushes on recent lava flows (no. 2057). GARDNER Ist. (near Hoop Isi.): common bushes 3-4 ft. high, sometimes procumbent, (no. 2062). INDE- FATIGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, occasional low bushes on the lower parts, (no. 2059) ; northwest side, common bushes to 750 ft.; southeast side, common bushes to 650 ft. James Ist.: James Bay, bushes 5-7 ft. high to 1300 ft. (no. 2060). Nar- BOROUGH IsL.: north side, common bushes on lava near the coast (no. 2061). Endemic. HY PERICACEAE Hypericum L. H. thesiifolium HBK. Noy. Gen. & Sp. V. 192 (1821).— ALBEMARLE Isx.: Villamil, common in loose ashy soil on the rim of the crater at 3150 ft., also found occasionally on the floor of the crater at 2750 ft. (nos. 2064-2065). CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, in dry exposed places at 1700 ft. (no. 2066). Further distr. Mex., S. Am. TURNERACEAE Turnera L. A. ulmufohia~ Eo * Sp) PLE 27 1t(1/54) Robs (1), 7A CHARLES Isit.: Edmonston. Further distr. general in warm countries. PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora L. P. foetida L. Sp. PI. 959 (1753); Rob. (1), 177—ALBe- MARLE IsL.: Tagus Cove, on the lower parts of the island and on the side of the mountain at 2800 ft. (no. 2067); Turtle 106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Cove, in open places along the beach (no. 2069); Villamil, abundant on rocks near the shore (no. 2068). CHARLEs ISL. : common to 1200 ft. (nos. 2070-2071). CHatTHAm IsL.: Wreck Bay, common on bushes and rocks on the lower parts of the island (no. 2072). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, covering bushes near the beach (no. 2073). Further distr. Sou) S.)Mex., W) Ind:, S.Am, P. lineariloba Hook. f. (3), 222; Rob. (1), 177.—ALBE- MARLE Isxt.: Tagus Cove, occasional among rocks, 400-2000 ft., (no. 2074). CuHaries Ist.: Darwin?; Andersson. GARDNER Ist. (near Hoop Ist.): (no. 2075). Hoop Ist.: on trunks of Opuntia galapageia at 450 ft. (no. 2076). INDE- FATIGABLE IsL.: southeast side, occasional at 600 ft. (no. 2077). James IsL.: James Bay, common on bushes on the lower parts (no. 2078). NarsBorouGH Isi.: Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. P. subrosa L. Sp. Pl. 958 (1753). P. puberula Hook. f. (3), 223; Andersson (1), 221, (2), 93; Rob. (1), 177.— ABINGDON IsL.: common in the moist region (no. 2079). ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, on rocks and bushes near sea level (no. 2080). CHatHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, occasional, 400-650 tt:; (no. 2081). Duncan Ist.:. on rocks at 12/5 Tt (no. 2082). JAMES lsu: (Darwine Murther distr.S.U.S., Mex: Wetind. S. Ant CARICACEAE Carica L. C. Papaya L. Sp. Pl. 1036 (1753); Rob. (1), 178.—ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Villamil, around habitations in the region adja- cent to the shore. CHARLES IsL.: around former habitations. CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, in gardens. Introduced into the islands. Further distr. general in the tropics. LOASACEAE Mentzelia L. M. aspera L. Sp. Pl. 516 (1753); Rob. (1), 178.—ALBE- MARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, common on bluff above the cove (no. 2083) ; Tagus Cove, common in shady places in tufaceous Vor.I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 107 soil to 1000 feet. (no. 2084). CHARLEs IsL.: common in open places among rocks near the shore (no. 2085); Cuevas Bay, Baur; CHATHAM Isx.: north side, Andersson; Wreck Bay, rare on sand beaches (no. 2086). Duncan Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. GARDNER Ist. (near Hoop Ist.): Snodgrass and Heller. Hoop Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. IUNDEFATIGA- BLE Ist.: Academy Bay, common in lava crevices near sea level (no. 2087); north side, Snodgrass and Heller. JAMES Ist.: Andersson; James Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. Towrr Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. U. S., Mex., W. tod/S;. Am: Sclerothrix Pres] S. fasciculata Presl, Symb. Bot. IT. 3, t. 53 (1858) ; Rob. (1), 178.—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, (no. 2089); Tagus Cove, abundant at 4000 ft. (no. 2088). James Ist.: James Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. NARBoRouGH IsL.: south side, Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. Mex., S. Am. CACTACEAE Cereus Mill. C. galapagensis Weber, Bull. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris P99) S12 '(1899) ; Rob. (1), 179: *C..Thouersn Weber; ic. 312; Rob. (1), 180.—CuHart.es IsL.: common in the vicinity of the shore (no. 2090). CHATHAM IsL.: Basso Point, occa- sional specimens were seen-up to 800 ft.; Sappho Cove, grows very abundantly on the recent lava beds between the cove and Finger Point, as well as on the older lava on the east side of the cove, where it occurs abundantly in forests of Bursera graveo- lens. This species reaches its largest size at this place, often attaining a height of 25 or more feet. The articulations are unusually thick here, sometimes being as much as 10-12 inches in diameter ; Wreck Bay, common on the rocky coast and on the sides and tops of exposed lava hills (no. 2091). INDEFATIGA- BLE Ist.: Academy Bay, no specimens of this species were secured, but a photograph taken here shows a specimen very similar to this species in general appearance. Its presence, however, is doubtful. Endemic. Weber, |. c., described two species of Cereus from Charles Isl., viz., C. galapagensis and C. Thouarsti, but gave no charac- 108 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser. ters by which they could be recognized. As there is evidently but one species of Cereus on this island, it seems necessary to reduce them to one, C. galapagensis, which can be recognized by the following characters. Arborescent, often 8 or more meters in height; trunk cylindrical, 15-30 cm. in diameter ; stems diverging; articulations short, robust, obtusely rounded at the extremities, with deep indentations at the points of union of the articulations, 18-angled, costae prominent. Flowers chocolate brown with yellow stripes. Outer petals broadly spatulate cochleariform, 2.3 cm. long, 2 cm. broad at tip, mu- cronate, margins entire to denticulate; inner petals cuneate mucronate, 2.4 cm. long, 8 mm. broad, margins dentate. Stig- mas 11, fruit oval rounded, resembling a large prune, as de- scribed by Weber, |. c. A flower from a specimen of this species from Chatham Isl. shows considerable divergence from the above description in that the outer petals are narrowly spat- ulate, 3.1 cm. long, 8 mm. broad, abruptly acuminate, somewhat cochleariform; inner petals narrowly lanceolate, 3.2 cm. long, 5 mm. broad, acuminate, margins irregularly dentate. Excellent photographs of this species were published by Agassiz (1), PI. XVI and XX, where specimens from both Charles and Chatham Ids. are shown. C. nesioticus K. Sch. in Rob. (1), 179.—Asrinepon Ist. : fairly abundant on old cinder beds along the south side of the island. No other vegetation occurs near where the specimens were taken, (no. 2092). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Black Bight, Snodgrass and Heller; Christopher Point, Snodgrass and Heller; Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. CHATHAM ISL.: Sappho Cove, reported by E. S. King, one of the members of the expedition. JAmes Is_.: James Bay, common on recent lava south of the bay and along the south side of the island. NarporouGu Ist.: northeast side, common on recent lava (no. 2093) ; south side, occurs to above 500 ft. acc. to J. S. Hunter. Tower Ist.: a few isolated bunches of this species were found on a small deposit of cinders around a blow-hole in the interior of the island (no. 2094). This species is always found in the most sterile and desert situations and never occurs where there is much if any other vegetation. On both Narborough and James Islands it was found growing abundantly on beds of lava apparently as fresh Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 109 and uneroded as when first cooled, and it is usually in such situations that it is the most abundant. The branches of this* species radiate upward and outward to a height of 2-3 ft., form- ing candelabra-like masses. The cactus with the habit of C. peruvianus, mentioned by Henslow, Mag. Zool. and Bot. 476 (1837), probably belongs to this species. Plate V. Endemic. C. sclerocarpus K. Sch. in Rob. (1), 179.—A.pBemarte Ist. : Banks Bay, an arborescent species of Cereus was reported from this place by F. X. Williams; it most likely belongs to this species ; Black Bight, Snodgrass and Heller; Christopher Point, Snodgrass and Heller. It was noticed, in sailing by this por- tion of the island, that this species grows very abundantly on the barren lava fields near the coast; Tagus Cove, occasional on cinder beds in the vicinity of the cove and at various places on the side of the mountain. It also occurs fairly abundantly on the floor of the crater at about 3600 ft., where the conditions are desert in the extreme; Villamil, in barren rocky places in the vicinity of the shore, and in similar situations around the base of the mountain to 100 ft. A few specimens were noticed on the inside of the crater at 2750 ft., along with other xero- phytic plants, (no. 2095). InpEFaTicaBLe Ist.: Academy Bay, abundant in dry rocky places near the coast, seldom occurring any distance inland, (no. 2096). James Ist.: James Bay, abundant on recent lava flows to 900 ft. south of the bay. It occurs most abundantly along the edges of the flows, but stops abruptly as soon as other large vegetation begins to appear, (no. 2097). Narsoroucu Ist.: south side, a species of Cereus was reported by J. S. Hunter from this side of the island. It was probably this species. This species can be distinguished from C. galapagensis by the following characters: branches few and usually parallel; articulations usually elongated, somewhat slender, 15-angled. All of the flowers secured were smaller than those described by Schumann, op. c. 180. The great variability in the flowers of this species is well illustrated by two flowers taken from the same plant on Indefatigable Isl. One of these has most of the petals broadly spatulate, truncate, and slightly emarginate, while the other has them mostly narrowly oblong and rounded. All of the species of Cereus which grow on these islands are found only in the most open and desert situations. One may 110 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. often go for a mile or more inland without seeing a single specimen, but when an exposed lava ridge or a barren field of lava is encountered, where conditions are such that very little other vegetation will grow, specimens will occur abundantly. The probable reason for this is that the species of Cereus are shaded out as soon as any considerable amount of other vegeta- tion appears. Plate VI. Endemic. C. sp.—BInpDLoE Ist.: Heller. Probably C. sclerocarpus acc. to Rob. (1), 180. No specimens of Cereus were seen by any of the members of our party when this island was visited. Opuntia Raf. O. galapageia Hensl. Mag. Zool. and Bot. I. 467, t. 14, f. 2 (1837); Rob. (1), 180.—Axsrinepon IsL.: common on lava beds to 1000 ft., occasional above this elevation to 1300 ft. The specimens from the lower parts form trees 8-10 ft. high and have the branches closely arranged, giving the crown a very dense appearance, while those from the upper parts have the branches rather loosely arranged. In general the specimens from the upper parts are much infested with lichens, and have a more sickly appearance than do the specimens on the lower parts, (no. 3001). CHaAmprIon IsL.: specimens low, with very thick trunks, and apparently very much more abundant than on the adjacent shores of Charles Island, (no. 2098). CHARLES IsL.: abundant below 500 ft., occasional to 1300 ft. on the west side of the main mountain. One of the specimens from this place is peculiar in that the fascicles are made up mostly of. capillary bristles but in addition have one or two long pungent spines. There are fewer Opuntias here than on most of the other larger islands, a fact that is probably due to the presence of cattle, hogs, and burros which eat the smaller and less pro- tected specimens. Duncan Isu.: occasional at 450 ft., abundant around 1000 ft., especially on the floor of the main crater, occasional to 1250 ft. The specimens on this island have the branches openly arranged and often covered with various species of lichens. “See Plate X. GARDNER IsL. (near Hoop Isui.): an interesting variation of this species occurs here in that some of the specimens are stemless and have the branches procumbent. One individual of this kind was found growing immediately underneath a specimen with a stem 6-7 Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 111 ft. high, the relative positions of the two being such that one would judge that the taller was the parent of the procumbent specimen. A short distance away from these there was another individual, with a stem approximately 2 ft. high and 1 ft. in diameter. The general arrangement of the branches, and the arming of the articulations in all three of these specimens, was the same, so that there seems to be but little doubt of their all belonging to the same species, (no. 3002). None of these low forms were noticed on the adjacent Hood Island, a fact that may be due to the presence of goats on the latter. It might be well to mention in this connection that stemless Opuntias also occur on Bindloe, Culpepper, Gardner (near Charles), Tower, and Wenman Islands, and with the exception of the Seymour Islands these are the only islands of importance in the group from which land-tortoises or their remains have not been reported. When this is considered together with the fact that the branches of Opuntias form the principal article of food of these animals on the lower parts of all of the islands where they occur, a suggestion is given as to the possible origin of the arborescent forms, or at least why the low forms have persisted on the islands where they have been undisturbed. Hoop Ist. : generally distributed all over the island except on the southeast side, where they appear to be almost entirely absent for a mile or more back from the shore, (no. 3003). James IsL.: north- east side, abundant on lava beds to above 700 ft. Above 450 ft. the spines are more capillary than they are-on specimens seen lower down. This species has a relatively short trunk, which is usually 1-114 ft. in diameter, but sometimes as much as 4% ft. Branches are usually sent off 6-7 ft. above the ground, and as they all come off from about the same level, the crown is regu- larly rounded, broadly spreading, and somewhat umbrella- shaped. The outer articulations are disk-like and covered with fascicles of capillary bristles, while the proximal ones are thickened, unarmed, and covered with the same kind of brown- ish periderm that covers the trunk. The flowers are yellow, 7.5 cm. in diameter, contrary to Henslows’ description, 1. c. The fruit is green, and not red as mentioned by Andersson, see Hemsley, (3), 31. A Cereus was no doubt mistaken for an Opuntia in this instance, as Cereus is the only genus of this 12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser. family found on the islands, which has red fruit and forms candelabra-like objects. The young of this species first appears as a flattened disk- shaped mass, dark green in color, and heavily covered with long rigid spines. This first articulation is followed by another above, which has its short axis at right angles to the corre- sponding axis of the articulation below, a process which is repeated until the plant has attained a height of 5-6 ft., when lateral branches, from which the crown of the tree is developed, are put out. In the meantime the articulations forming the trunk have been increasing in diameter, and as growth takes place more rapidly on the faces than on the edges of the articu- lations, the trunk soon assumes a more or less rounded form. The development is shown in Plates VII to IX. The trunk is heavily armed with long, ridged, and somewhat deflected spines, when the plant is in the young condition; but by the time the trunk has attained a diameter of a foot or more, most of these have been shed in the following manner. In the young segments the fascicles occupy deep pits in the surface. These pits extend into the cortical parenchyma from which the spines receive their nutrition. By the formation of periderm, inside of this, the nutrition is soon stopped and the spines drop off, remaining attached, however, for a considerable time after their physiological connection with the stem has ceased. The pits which contained the fascicles remain visible as slight indenta- tions through the greater part of the life of the plant. The bark is reddish-brown in color, and is made up of alternating layers of cork and stone cells which slough off in large sheets, one-half inch or more in thickness. After the disintegration of the layers of cork cells, the stone cells remain as loosely arranged plates somewhat resembling the ordinary shellac of commerce in general appearance. Much of the calcium oxalate is got rid of through the bark, as cross sections show a large number of rosette-like crystals of this salt. Plates VII, fig. 2; VT Xe ties Be; XT and: XAT, “Endemic: O. Helleri K. Sch. in Rob. (1), 180.—Brnp1ok Ist.: (?),a species of low Opuntia occurs on this island, which is very similar in general appearance to the one on Tower and Wen- man Ids. It is very likely the same. CULPEPPER IsL.: owing to the fact that the low Opuntias which occur on this island are Vo. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 113 on the inaccessible parts, no specimens were taken, but seen from a distance they had the general appearance of this species. Tower IsL.: common in various places, forming dense thickets 3-4 ft. high. The specimens on this island are more erect than they are on Wenman, (no. 3005). WeENMAN IsL.: common in thickets on tops of the cliffs, and hanging down the sides of the same, (no. 3006). Plates XIII, fig. 1; XIV. Endemic. O. insularis, nov. sp. Fruticosa circa 1 m. alta; caule spinoso; spinis pungentibus non cauducis; ramis brevibus; articulis ovatis apice rotundatis griseo- viridibus, circa 3 dm. longis, 2 dm. latis; areolis orbicularibus tubercu- losis lanuginosis denique solum tomentellis; fasciculo 40-50 spinoso; spinis pungentibus flavescentibus inequalibus maximis 3 cm. longis; floribus fructuque ignotis. A species easily distinguished from the others on the islands by its smaller size, and the shorter and more numerous spines. ALBEMARLE IsL.: Tagus Cove, common on the sides of the tufa hills surrounding the cove. A low Opuntia with numerous short stiff spines was reported from the Banks Bay region of this island by Mr. F. X. Williams. From his description it seems likely that it is this species, (no. 3014). Plates IX, fig. 1; XV. Endemic. O. myriacantha Weber in Bois, Dict. d’Hort. 894 (1898) ; Rob. (1), 181—ALBEMarRLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, occasional on the lower parts, and up to within a few hundred feet of the top, acc. to R. H. Beck; Iguana Cove, rare in the immediate vicinity of the cove but abundant a short distance on either side of it; Tagus Cove, fairly abundant on the rim of the crater at 4000 ft. and at various places on the sides of the mountain; the speci- mens which occur here are smaller than is usually the case; Turtle Cove, common near the shore, specimens of large size; Villamil, very abundant on beds of basaltic lava on the lower parts, often forming forests 25-30 ft. in height ; most abundant below 100 ft., but found to some extent as high up as 550 ft., where the specimens are smaller in size than lower down; occasional on the floor of the crater at 2750 ft., (no. 3008). BARRINGTON Ist.: abundant everywhere, forming trees 12 or more feet in height. The photograph of the so-called O. gala- pageia, published by Hemsley, (5), fig. 75, is evidently of this species, as it does not show the broadly spreading crown so characteristic of O. galapageia. The photograph shows the 114 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. trunk to be heavily covered with spines, which is rather un- usual for a specimen of the size visible in the photograph. Cuar.es Ist.: Du Petit Thouars (Dr. Néboux). The pres- ence of this species on Charles Isl. is doubtful in the extreme. CHATHAM Ist.: Basso Point, occasional to above 900 ft.; Sappho Cove, common all over the lower parts; Wreck Bay, occasional to 400 ft. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, abundant below 200 ft., in many instances forming trees 30 or more feet in height. It extends up to 350 ft., but the speci- mens here are very scattered and small in size, 4-6 ft. being about the average height. At this place the species attains its largest size where the conditions near sea level are less xero- phytic than is usually the case, Dr. Baur’s statement, that! Opuntias reach their largest size where conditions are most sterile, being incorrect so far as this species at least is con- cerned. The probable reason why this and other species do not attain their maximum size at higher altitudes is the greater amount of other vegetation, which tends to shade them too much, (no. 3009) ; southeast side, abundant on the lower parts, occasional and small at 600 ft. This species occurs most abundantly here in the region between 300 and 450 ft., where it forms a portion of a well-marked belt of Opuntias which ex- tends along the south, southeast, and east sides of the island to within a short distance of that portion of the shore opposite Gordon Rocks, (no. 3011). JAmes Ist.: north side, common all over the lower parts; south side, occasional all over the lower parts to 900 ft. Many of the specimens here have very long slender trunks and but few branches, (no. 3012). JERvis Is_.: abundant on the lower parts, where it is 3-7 ft. in height. It also occurs around the top of the island at 1050 ft., but the specimens here are all low, and it is likely that Dr. Baur, (2), 247, refers to these upper specimens when he says that the Opuntias from this island are very low, (no. 3013). This species can be recognized by the following characters: stem long, relatively slender, and irregularly branched near the top, which forms an irregularly shaped crown owing to the fact that the branches arise at different elevations and that many of them are inclined to be pendant. Articulations mostly large, the outer ones oblong to oval and covered with fascicles of slender pungent spines. Corolla large, yellow, 6 cm. broad, Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 115 and set in a deep cup-like depression in the ovary. Ovary pyramidal, rounded, and covered with fascicles of short stiff spines set in a bunch of short velvety bristles. Style thickened, terminating in 9-11 stigmas variable in number on the same plant. Stamens numerous. Segments of the young plant ellip- tical oblong, yellowish green in color, and covered with fasci- cles of slender and rather flexible spines. This species can be readily distinguished from O. galapageia by the long slender trunk, irregularly shaped crown, pendant branches, and pungent spines. Plates VII, fig. 1; XIII, fig. 2; and XVI to XVIII. Endemic. O. sp.— ALBEMARLE IsiL.: Cape Rose, common on lava cin- ders near the coast. INDEFATIGABLE ISL.: north side, abund- ant ; northeast side, occasional in loose ashy soil near the coast, abundant one or more miles inland. Srymour Ist., souTH: abundant, forming low tree-like bushes 5-6 ft. high, (no. 3015). This appears to be entirely distinct from any of the other species of Opuntia found on the islands, but as there is so much variation among the species of this genus here, it may prove to be an interesting variation of O. myriacantha, to which it is evidently most closely related. As no flowers were secured, its specific identity must remain in doubt. The stem is short, 1 to 1.5 m. high, and covered with fascicles of long stiff spines which remain attached to the plant throughout its life. The branches are short, segments yellowish green in color, and covered with fascicles of long and very stiff spines, some of which reach 7.5 cm. There are usually one or two of these long spines and 10 to 25 shorter ones in each fascicle. The branches sometimes show a tendency to droop, a character which is also common to O. myriacantha. As the present spe- cies is only found on Albemarle and Indefatigable Islands, where O. myriacantha also occurs, and on Seymour Island, which was evidently connected with Indefatigable at some not remote period, one is led to suspect that it may possibly be only a more xerophytic form of O. myriacantha. Plate XIX. En- demic. O. sp.—NarsorouGH IsL.: a species of an Opuntia was reported from the south side of this island by J. S. Hunter. It is probably one of the above. 116 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. LYTHRACEAE Cuphea P. Br. C. patula St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. III. 101 (1832-1833) ; Rob. (1), 182—Cuatuam Ist.: Wreck Bay, fairly common in grassy areas around 1700 ft. Further distr. Brazil. Punica L. P. Granatum L. Sp. Pl. 472 (1853).—CwHatuam Ist.: Wreck Bay, common bushes and small trees around 700 ft. Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions through cultivation. P. sp.?—-CHARLES IsL.: specimen too poor for accurate determination. RHIZOPHORACEAE Rhizophora L. R. Mangle L. Sp. Pl. 443 (1753); Rob. (1), 182.—ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Banks Bay, small mangroves occur along the shore at this place acc. to F. X. Williams; Cape Rose, small swamps in this vicinity; Cowley Bay, a small mangrove swamp occurs about one-half mile south of this place; Elizabeth Bay, extensive swamps occur in this vicinity and in several other places along the north side of the island; Tagus Cove, no mangroves occur at this place, but there are swamps a short distance north of it; Turtle Cove, specimens are not numerous at this place, but they are often of large size, sometimes attain- ing a height of 40 or more feet; Villamil, low swamps fring- ing the shores of the bay and in one or two places on the open coast, (no. 3016). CHARLES IsL.: small patches of low trees occur on the north side (no. 3017). CHATHAM IsL.: Sappho Cove, low trees surrounding the cove in places (nos. 3018- 3019). Duncan Ist.: a small patch of rather stunted speci- mens occur in a cove on the northeast side of the island (no. 3020). Hoop Ist.: a few specimens occur on the north shore (no. 3021). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: in occasional swamps around the shores of bays,.lagoons, and on the open coast on all sides of the island except the east. The most extensive mangrove swamps occur on the north shore of this island, which may be due to the fact that this part of the island is Vor. IJ STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS Lt? entirely shut off from the action of the southeast swell. In regard to the distribution of mangroves Schimper, Pflanzen- geographie, 437, says: “Within the tropics its distribution nearly agrees with that of the rain forests. The mangrove is absent or poorly developed on coasts the inland vegetation of which possesses a xerophilous character, except where, as at the mouth of the Indus and other large rivers, there is a con- siderable freshening of the sea water.’’ The vegetation of the interior, along the north shore of this island, is xerophilous in the extreme, and with the exception of a few showers in the spring and early summer no rain ever falls. JAmeEs IsL.: com- mon in swamps on the south shore, occasional on the north shore. NARBOROUGH IsL.: forming large swamps of low trees around the quiet shores of a shallow bay on the northeast side, common at Mangrove Pt. Tower IsL.: a small patch on the shore of the crater lake near the center of the island. No mangroves occur on the shores of this island, (no. 3023). Epiphytic plants, other than marine algae, do not attach themselves to the mangrove trees, although it is often the case that non-halophytic plants, only a short distance away, are heavily covered with lichens. Seedling plants are seldom seen underneath mangrove trees the roots of which are exposed to the action of sea water between tides, the reason for this being that the embryo plants are carried away before they have time to take root. Further distr. general on tropical shores. MYRTACEAE Eugenia L. E. Jambos L. Sp. Pl. 470 (1753).—Cuatuam Ist.: Wreck Bay, trees in gardens, introduced, (no. 3034). Widely dis- tributed in tropical regions. Psidium L. P. galapageium Hook. f. (3), 224; Rob. (1), 182.—Asinc- pon Ist.: occasional small trees, 500-1000 ft., on the south- west side of the island. On the south and southeast sides the species apparently does not occur below 1000 ft., (no. 3030). ALBEMARLE Ist.: Banks Bay, at 2300 ft., according to F. X. Williams; Cowley Bay, low bushes at 1250 ft. At 2000 ft. 118 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. they increase somewhat in size, but do not form trees as is usually the case at this elevation; Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Villamil, bushes at 100 ft., low forest trees common at 350-600 ft., (no. 3025). CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, com- mon bushes and low trees, 150-400 ft., (nos. 3026-3027). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, bushes at 300 ft., grad- ually increasing in size to 600 ft., where the species occurs abundantly as forest trees often 2 ft. or more in diameter, (no. 3028). James Isi.: James Bay, occasional small trees, 350- 2800 ft., (no. 3029). There are usually no epiphytic plants found on this species, probably owing to the fact that the bark is so smooth that spores and small seeds would have difficulty in finding a lodgement. The wood is dark brown in color and is very close grained. It is used by the natives of Albemarle Island in making the hubs and felloes for their carts, a use for which it seems well adapted. Endemic. COMBRETACEAE Conocarpus Gaertn. C. erectus L. Sp. Pl. 176 (1753); Rob. (1), 182.—ALBE- MARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Turtle Cove, bushes in low dense thickets just back of the beach; Villamil, common in thickets near the shore, trees 25 ft. and more in height around brackish pools some distance back from the shore, (no. 3031). CHATHAM IsL.: Sappho Cove, bushes on sand beaches (no. 3032). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, occasional low bushes on the beach (no. 3033). JAMES IsL.: James Bay, low bushes forming thickets on sand beaches (no. 3034). Widely distributed in tropical regions. Laguncularia Gaertn. L. racemosa (L.) Gaertn. Fruct. III. 209, t. 217, f. 2 (1805). Conocarpus racemosus L. Syst. ed. 10, 930 (1760). L. race- mosa Gaertn. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 183.—Asinepon IsL.: forming dense low thickets on sand beaches (no. 3035). ALBEMARLE Ist.: Cowley Bay, forming a grove of small trees on a gravel beach; Christopher Point, Snodgrass and Heller; Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Turtle Cove, low dense thickets on the beach; Villamil, abundant, forming low dense forests of Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 119 bushes and small trees on sand beaches around the bay. CHARLES IsL.: low dense thickets on the beach (no. 3036). CHATHAM IsL.: Sappho Cove, bushes and small trees on sand beaches (no. 3037). Duncan Ist.: a few stunted bushes on the shore of a cove on the northeast side (no. 3038). INpE- FATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, common bushes and small trees around the shores of the bay (no. 3039) ; southeast side, low spreading trees, with rounded tops, near the shore; also noticed in various other places on the north and northwest sides of the island, (nos. 3040-3041). James Ist.: James Bay, common on sand beaches (no. 3043). It also occurs in various other places on the north and south shores. Jervis Ist.: bushes and small trees around a salt lagoon (no. 3042). NarBorouGH IsL.: northeast side, common bushes around bays and lagoons; east side, Snodgrass and Heller. Stymour Ist., soutTH: groves of mangroves, either of this species or Rhizophora Mangle, possibly both, were noticed on the south shore of this island while we were cruising along the north shore of Inde- fatigable Island on one of our numerous turtle-fishing expedi- tions. MELASTOMACEAE Miconia R. & P. M. Robinsoniana Cogniaux in Rob. (1), 183.—CHaTHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, in ditches, 1000-1700 ft. In various places in this region there are deep ditches with perpendicular walls, apparently dug. These bushes, along with several species of ferns, are usually found in such ditches, (no. 3044). En- demic. ONAGRACEAE Jussiaea L. J. repens L. Sp. Pl. 388 (1753).—CuatuHam Iszt.: Wreck Bay, in pools and in small streams, 1000-1700 ft., (no. 3045). Widely distributed in tropical countries. HALORRHAGIDACEAE Myriophyllum L. M. sp. Wolf. (1), 284; Rob. (1), 183.—Cuartes Isu.: in a brook near the hacienda, according to Wolf, 1.c. At the times January 12, 1911 120 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. we visited this island there were no brooks except in the imme- diate vicinity of two small springs. UMBELLIFERAE Apium L. A. laciniatum (DC.) Urb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. XI. 1, 343 (1879). Helosciadium laciniatum DC. Mém. Soc. Phys. Genév. IV. 495 (1828). A. laciniatum Urb. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 184.—Cuartes Isu.: on the rim of a crater at 1550 ft. (no. 3046). Further distr. W. S. Am. A. leptophyllum (DC.) F. Muell, acc. to Benth. Fl. Aust. III. 372 (1866). Helosciadium leptophyllum DC. Mém. Soc. Phys. Genéy. IV. 493 (1828). A. leptophyllum F. Muell. 1. c. ; Rob. (1), 184.—Asinepon Ist.: common among rocks in open grassy country around 1100 ft. (no. 3049). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller ; Tagus Cove, abund- ant in shady places at 4000 ft. (no. 3048) ; Villamil, common, 700-3150 ft., (no. 3047). CHatHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, in open grassy country around 900 ft. (no. 3050). James Ist. : Darwin. Widely distributed. Centella L. Clasiatica (1) Usb) in Mart. Fl. Bras! X1;1, 287 (1879)" Hydrocotyle asiatica L. Sp. Pl. 234 (1753). C. asiatica Urb. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 184—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, common in moist protected places among rocks at 1500 ft. (no. 3050). CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, abundant in grassy country above 1200 ft. (no. 3052). Duncan Ist.: in protected places around 1250 ft. (no. 3053). Widely distributed. Hydrocotyle L. H. galapagensis Rob. (1), 184—Cuarnuam IsL.: upper regions, Baur. Endemic. Petroselinum Koch P. sativum Hoffm. Gen. Umb. 177 (1814); Rob. (1), 184. —CHARLES Ist.: Andersson. Introduced from the Old World, according to Rob. 1. c. Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 121 PLUMBAGINACEAE Plumbago L. P. scandens L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 215 (1762) ; Rob. (1), 185.— ABINGDON IsL.: common in woodland at 1300 ft. (no. 3054). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, common around 1900 ft. (no. 3059) ; Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Iguana Cove, common near the shore (no. 3058) ; Tagus Cove, common in shady places to 2000 ft. (no. 3055); Villamil, common near sea level and in various places throughout the moist region (no. 3057). CHARLES IsL.: occurs to some extent near sea level, but is most abundant in shady places at 1000-1400 ft., (nos. 3061-3063). CHATHAM IsL.: Andersson; Snodgrass and Heller. Duncan Isut.: a few specimens were taken at 1300 ft. (no. 3064). GARDNER Ist. (near Hoop Ist.): (no. 3066). Hoop Ist.: occasional to 400 ft. (no 3067). INDEFATIGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, occasional to 400 ft. (no. 3070) ; north- west side, occasional to 400 ft.; southeast side, rare at 600 ft. (nos. 3069-3071). JAmeEs Ist.: James Bay, fairly common in the moist region (no. 3065). Further distr. general in tropical countries. APOCYNACEAE Vallesia R. & P. Vi glabra -(Cav.) Link, Enum Hort: Berol: I: 207 (1821). Rauwolfia glabra Cav. Ic. III. 50, t. 297 (1795). V. cymbae- folio Ort. Hort: Matt. Dec. 58 (1798); Rob. (1); 185.— ALBEMARLE IsL.: Christopher Point, Snodgrass and Heller; Tagus Cove, Snodgrass and Heller. CHARLEs Ist.: bushes on the beach (no. 3073). CHATHAM IsL.: Sappho Cove, bushes on the beach (no. 3072); Wreck Bay, bushes 4-6 ft. high on the beach (no. 3071). Hoop Ist.: bushes on sand beaches (no. 3074). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: southeast side, common bushes on the shore and to some extent in the interior in the dryer parts of the lower regions (no. 3075). JAmeEs IsL.: northeast side, common bushes near the shore (no. 3091). Further distr. S. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. V. pubescens Anderss. (1), 195, (2), 79; Rob. (1), 185.— ALBEMARLE Ist.: Cowley Bay, occasional bushes near the beach (no. 3076). CHARLES IsL.: common on the beach and 122 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. to some extent in the interior to 600 ft. (no. 3081). Hoop Ist.: bushes at 600 ft. (no. 3077). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, low bushes near the shore (no. 3078); north and northeast sides, on the beach. Endemic. ASCLEPIADACEAE Asclepias L. A. angustissima Anderss. (1), 196, (2), 79; Rob. (1), 185. Vincetoxicum ?, Rob. (1), 186.—Axinepon Isi.: above 450 ft. (no. 3082). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Banks Bay, according to F, X. Williams; Christopher Point, Snodgrass and Heller; Cowley Bay, at 800 ft.; Tagus Cove, occasional on lava beds at 300 ft. (no. 3083) ; Villamil, abundant on bushes and rocks near sea level (no. 3084). CHARLEs IsL.: occasional on lava fields. Duncan IsL.: vines covering rocks at 1275 ft. INDE- FATIGABLE IsL.: southeast side, vines on rocks at 600 ft. (no. 3086). JAmeEs Ist.: James Bay, common to 900 ft., one of the first phanerogamic plants to invade the recent lava at this place, (no. 3087). JERvis IsL.: occasional vines, 650-1050 ft., (no. 3088). NarsoroucH Ist.: (no. 3089). Further distr. SSS Mex: W.lnd., S: Am: A. curassavica L. Sp. Pl. 215 (1753).—Cuatuam Ist.: Wreck Bay, abundant in the grassy region around 900 ft. (no. 3090). Further distr. S. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. CONVOLVULACEAE Argyreia Lour. Ac tiaetolia /((Desr.) Wight, le) Pl ind) LV 21, 124671358 (1850). Convolvulus tiliaefolius Desr. Lam. Ency. III. 544, no. 20 (1789). Ipomoea campanulata Rob. (1), 187, not L.— ALBEMARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, common on trees and bushes; Turtle Cove, abundant in woodland near the shore (no. 3136) ; Villamil, on trees and completely covering large masses of lava in the vicinity of the shore, abundant, covering bushes in great profusion in open places in the vegetation, at 600-1000 ft., and occasional among rocks at 3150 ft., where the specimens have smaller leaves than on the lower levels, (nos. 3137-3140). Vot. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 123 INDEFATIGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, occasional, 400-500 ft., forming a thick and almost impenetrable mass of vines on trees and bushes, 500-650 ft., (nos. 3141-3142). Calystegia R. Br. C. Soldanella R. Br. Prodr. 483 (1810); Rob. (1), 186.— Cuar-es Ist.: Edmonston. Widely distributed. Cuscutas:- C. acuta Engelm. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis I. 497 (1859) ; Rob. (1), 186.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Tagus Cove, common on Rhynchosia minima in open flat areas near the shore (no. 3092). BrinbLoE Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. CHartEs Ist.: on Boerhaavia viscosa on the lower parts (no. 3094). CHATH- AM Ist.: Sappho Cove, occasional on small Scalesia bushes at 800 ft. (no. 3093). NarsBorouGH IsL.: south side, Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. C. gymnocarpa Engelm. |. c. 496 (1859) ; Rob. (1), 186.— ALBEMARLE Iszt.: Cowley Bay, Baur. JAmEs Ist.: James Bay, fairly common (no. 3095). Endemic. Evolvulus L. E, hicsutus HIBK. Nov: Gen.’& Sp. UL. 117 (1818).— £: glaber Spreng. Syst. I. 862 (1825); Rob. (1), 186.—Asinc- DON Ist.: occasional among rocks near the shore (no. 3096). ALBEMARLE Isut.: Cowley Bay, Andersson; Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller. CuHaArves Ist.: abundant in open places in the vegetation above 450 ft. (no. 3097). CHATHAM Ist.: Basso Point, occasional in open woodland above 450 ft. (no. 3099) ; Wreck Bay, abundant among rocks on the lower parts (no. 3098). Duncan IsL.: common on the lower parts (no. 3100). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, common in open woodland at 350 ft. (no. 3101); northwest side, occa- sional at 200 ft. (no. 3102). James Ist.: Scouler. SEYMOUR Ist., NORTH: Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. W. Ind., San Ahi: E. simplex Anderss. (1), 211, (2), 87; Rob. (1), 187.— ALBEMARLE IsL.: Tagus Cove, occasional in the flat area near the shore and on the tufa hills surrounding the cove (nos. 124 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Sen, 3105-3107). CHARLES IsL.: common in rocky soil near the shore (no. 3104). CHatHam Ist.: Andersson; Baur. INDE- FATIGABLE Isxt.: northwest side, common in tufaceous soil; north side, Snodgrass and Heller. James Ist.: James Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. Ipomoea L. ft, Bona-nox 1. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 228, (1762); Rob.(1)9 187-— ALBEMARLE Ist.: Cowley Bay, a species, similar to this one, was reported from the upper regions by Rk. H. Beck; Iguana Cove, covering bushes and small trees with a thick tangled mass of vines (nos. 3108-3109) ; Villamil, common on bushes in the open country, 600-1000 ft., (no. 3110). James Ist.: James Bay, rare at 2100 ft. (no. 3111). Widely distributed. I. Habeliana Oliv. in Hook. Ic. t. 1099°(4871); Rob. (1), 188.—ABincGpon IsL.: common on lava fields near the shore (no. 3112). BiInpLoe IsL.: occasional near the shore, abund- ant around 300 ft., where it ascends into trees of Bursera gra- veolens, forming quite a conspicuous liane. CHARLES ISsL.: occasional among rocks near the shore (no. 3113-3114). DuncaAN Ist.: fairly abundant in rocky places at 1200 ft. (no. 3115). GARDNER IsL. (near Hoop Ist.) : common on rocks at the south end of the island (no. 3116). Hoop IsL.: common at 600 ft. (no. 3117). James Ist.: James Bay, common on rocks around 900 ft. Tower Isz.: (no. 3118). I. Kinbergi Anderss. (1), 212, (2), 88; Rob. (1), 188.— ABINGDON IsxL.: common on lava beds near the shore, occa- Sional at G00: tt.,. (no. 3119), | Brarrun Isis: (nov SL20): CHATHAM Ist.: north side, Andersson. INDEFATIGABLE ISL. : northwest side, Andersson; Baur. JERvis IsL.: occasional on the sides and at the top of the island at 1050 ft. (no. 3121). Tower Isut.: Snodgrass and Heller. \WENMAN IsL.: common on Opuntia Helleri (no. 3122). Endemic. I. linearifolia Hook. f. (3), 204; Rob. (1), 188—JaAmeEs Ist.: Darwin. Further distr. Cape Verde Ids. according to Index Kewensis. I. Nil Roth, Catalect. I. 36 (1797); Rob. (1), 188.— Cuarves Iszt.: Snodgrass and Heller. CuatTHam IsL.: Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 125 Wreck Bay, Baur. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Andersson. Doubt- ful. Further distr. general in warm regions. I. pentaphylla (L.) Jacq. Coll. IT. 297 (1788). Convolvulus pentaphyllus L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 223 (1762). I. pentaphylla Jacq. I. c.; Rob. (1), 188.—Asrtnepon IsL.: occasional at 500 ft. (no. 3123). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Tagus Cove, common in tufa- ceous soil near the shore and on the hills surrounding the cove (no. 3124). CHarues Ist.: Andersson. CHATHAM ISsL.: north side, Andersson. DUNCAN IsL.: Snodgrass and Heller. GARDNER IsLt. (near Hoop Ist.): Snodgrass and Heller. Hoop Isu.: Baur. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: northwest side, occa- sional in tufaceous soil on the lower parts; north side, Snod- grass and Heller. James Isut.: Andersson. Jervis Ist.: Baur. SEYMouR ISL., NorTH: Snodgrass and Heller. TOWER Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. general in tropics. I. Pes-caprae (L.), Sweet, Hort. Suburb. London, 35, (1818). Convolvulus Pes-caprae L. Sp. Pl. 159 (1753). TI. biloba Rob. (1), 187, not Forsk.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Black Bight, Snodgrass and Heller; Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Villamil, on sand beaches (no. 3126). INDEFATIGA- BLE Is~.: southeast side, common vines, 75-100 ft. long, on the beach and in salt-incrusted sand around the shores of salt lagoons, (no. 3127). Widely distributed on tropical shores. I. triloba L. Sp. Pl. 161 (1753). JI. galapagensis Anderss. (1), 213, (2), 88; Rob. (1), 187.—ALBeEmar-e Ist.: Iguana Cove, occasional on rocks at 200 ft. (no. 3135) ; Tagus Cove, common on the lower parts (nos. 3128-3129). CHartes Ist. : rare among rocks near the shore (no. 3130). CHatHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, abundant on the lower parts, occasional at 700 ft., (nos. 3131-3133). Duncan Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Hoop Isu.: Snodgrass and Heller. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, abundant on bushes and small trees in the open areas, 450-600 ft., and probably higher, (no. 3134). James Ist.: James Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. Stymour Ist., souTH: Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. S. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. I. tubiflora Hook. f. (3), 204; Rob. (1), 189.—James Ist. : Darwin. Endemic. 126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. EY DROPHYLLACEAL Hydrolea L. H. dichotoma Ruiz & Pavon, FI. Per. III. 22, t. 244 (1802). —ALBEMARLE IsL.: Tagus Cove, occasional in lava crevices at 4000 ft. (no. 3144). Further distr. Mex., W. S. Am. BORAGINACEAE Coldenia L. C. Darwini (Hook. f.) Girke in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflan- zenf. IV. Ab. 3a, 90 (1893). Galapagoa Darwini Hook. f. (3), 196. C. Darwini Girke |. c.; Rob. (1), 189.—ABINGDON IsL.: common on lava beds near the shore (no. 3144). ALBE- MARLE Isxt.: Tagus Cove, common in tufaceous soil on the lower parts (no. 3146) ; Villamil, abundant in loose ashy soil in open places near sea level (no. 3145). BiNnpLoe IsL.: com- mon near the shore (no. 3147). CuHartes IsL.: abundant on sand beaches (no. 3148). CHATHAM IsL.: Basso Point, com- mon on the beach (no. 3149). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: north side, abundant on sand beaches (no. 3151); northwest side, Baur; southeast side, common on sand beaches and to some extent in dry open places in the interior (no. 3150). JAMEs Ist.: Orchilla Bay, Baur. Jervis Is_t.: a few specimens were seen at 950 ft. (no. 3152). There is much variation in the size of the glomerules, these being large in some specimens and small in others. The arrangement of the glomerules varies from closely crowded to well separated. Some of the speci- mens are without rigid setae, a character which such specimens share with C. fusca. Endemic. C. fusca (Hook. f.) Gtrke 1. c. Galapagoa fusca Hook. f. (3), 196. C. fusca Gurke |. c.; Rob. (1), 189.—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Tagus Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Villamil, Baur. BARRINGTON IsL.: covers a small area at 350 ft. (no. 3155). BRATTLE Ist.: (no. 3156). CHARLES IsL.: occasional among rocks in the vicinity of the shore (no. 3154). CHatTHAm Is_.: Wreck Bay, Baur. Hoop Ist.x abundant on sand beaches (no. 3153). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: northwest side, Andersson. SEYMouR IsL., soutH: Snodgrass and Heller. The two spe- cies of Coldenia found on these islands are so closely related to Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 127 each other that it is often difficult to decide to which species a specimen belongs. While the extremes present very pronounced specific characters, the intermediate forms often partake of the characters of both species to a greater or less extent. Endemic. Cordia L. C. Anderssoni Giirke, op. c. 83; Rob. (1), 189.—CHartEs IsL.: Andersson; Lee. CuHatTuHAm Ist.: north side, Anders- son. JAMES IsL.: James Bay, occasional bushes (no. 3157). Endemic. C. galapagensis Giirke, op. c. 83; Rob. (1), 190.—Axsincpon IsL.: common bushes above 450 ft. (no. 3158). ALBEMARLE Ist.: Cowley Bay, common bushes at 2000 ft. (no. 3163); Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Iguana Cove, common near the shore (no. 3159); Tagus Cove, common bushes to 4,000 ft. (nos. 3161-3162). Barrineton Ist.: bushes 6-8 ft. high at 350 ft. (no. 3164). CuatnHam Ist.: Basso Point, low spreading bushes on recent lava (no. 3166) ; Wreck Bay, occa- sional bushes to 650 ft. (no. 3165). Duncan Ist.: occasional bushes to 650 ft. (no. 3167). Hoop Ist.: occasional bushes all over the island (no. 3168). InpDEFATIGABLE IsL.: north- west side, Andersson; Baur. Nargoroucu Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. C. Hookeriana Giirke, |. c.; Rob. (1), 190.—ALBEMarLE Ist.: Cowley Bay, occasional bushes near the shore (no. 3171); Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Iguana Cove, slender bushes on the side of a steep cliff above the cove (no. 3173) ; Tagus Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Villamil, common bushes 6-8 ft. high on lava beds in the vicinity of the shore and up to 350 ft. (no. 3172). CHarves Ist.: occasional bushes in tufaceous soil mixed with small pieces of lava at 1000 ft. (no. 3174). James Ist.: James Bay, common bushes fringing recent lava flows on the lower parts (no. 3175); northeast side, occasional bushes 10-12 ft. high (no. 3176). Narpor- ouGH IsL.: north side, bushes 4-6 ft. high on lava beds; south side, Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. C. leucophlyctis Hook. f. (3), 199; Rob. (1), 190.—ALBE- MARLE Isx.: Macrae; Darwin. James Ist.: Scouler; Baur. Endemic. 128 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. C. lutea Lam. Ill. I, 421 (1791); Rob. (1), 190—Asine- pon Ist.: common bushes on lava beds to 450 ft., occasional to 700 ft. ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, occasional low bushes in the vicinity of the shore; Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Iguana Cove, low trees at 200 ft. (no. 3179) ; Cape Rose, low bushes on lava cinders (no. 3180); Tagus Cove, bushes and small trees all over the lower parts and up to 1500 ft., especially abundant on the edges of recent lava flows, (no. 3181) ; Villamil, low trees and bushes near sea level (no. 3182). BarrincTon Ist.: bushes in the vicinity of the shore, small trees at 350 ft., (no. 3184). Brnp Log IsL.: com- mon bushes on the borders of cinder flows (no. 3185). CuHartes Ist.: Andersson; A. Agassiz; Baur; Snodgrass and Heller. CuatHam Ist.: north side, Darwin; Andersson; Wreck Bay, common bushes in rocky soil near the shore (no. 3187). GARDNER IsL. (near Hoop Ist.): occasional low bushes (no. 3188). Hoop Ist.: occasional low bushes and trees to 500 ft. (nos. 3189-3191). INDEFATIGABLE ISL.: southeast side, abundant near the shore and at 600 ft. (no. 3192): JAmes Isit:: James Bay, (no. 3193). Jervis Isx: (no. 3194). Srymour Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Towrr Is~.: occasional low bushes (no. 3265). Further distr. W. S: Am. C. revoluta Hook. f. (3), 199; Rob. (1), 191.—CHARLEs Ist.: Darwin. Endemic. Var. nigricans Hook. f. (3), 199; Rob. (1), 191.—ALBE- MARLE Isxt.: Macrae. Endemic. C. Scouleri Hook. f. (3), 200; Rob. (1), 191.—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, bushes 10-12 ft. high, 100-550 ft., (no. 3195). CuatuHamM Ist.: north side, Andersson; Wreck Bay, Baur. James Ist.: Andersson. Endemic. C. n. sp.? Rob. (1), 191.—Cuartes Ist.: Edmonston. Heliotropium L. H. Anderssonii Rob. (1), 192. H. asperrimum Anderss. (2), 86, not R. Br.—InpEFATIGABLE IsL.: Andersson. En- demic. H. curassavicum L. Sp. Pl. 130 (1753); Rob. (1), 192.— ABINGDON Ist.: abundant on sand beaches (no. 3196). AL- Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 129 BEMARLE Isu.: Villamil, on sand beaches and around brackish pools (no. 3197). BrinpLoE Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. BRATTLE Ist.: (no. 3198). CHATHAM IsL.: Basso Point, on sand beaches (no. 3199); Wreck Bay, abundant near the beach (no. 3200). GARDNER IsL. (near Hoop Ist.) : on sand beaches (no. 3201). Hoop Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. IN- DEFATIGABLE IsL.: southeast side, on sand beaches; north side, Snodgrass and Heller. JAmeEs Ist.: northeast side, common on sand beaches and on a rock one-half mile off the shore (no. 3204). Srymour IsL., soutH: Snodgrass and Heller. Widely distributed. Hoindicum ©: Sp. Pl. 130).€1753); Kob: (1),. 192— CHARLES IsL.: in mud near a spring at 1000 ft. (no. 3208). CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, in shady places, 450-900 ft., (no. 3206). Widely distributed in warm countries. H. parviforum L. Mant. 201 (1771); Rob. (1), 192.— ABINGDON IsL.: common on the lower parts, occasional above 1000 ft., (no. 3209). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, occa- sional at 1800 ft. (no. 3210) ; Iguana Cove, common near the shore (no. 3213); Tagus Cove, common to 1600 ft. (nos. 3211-3212). Barrineton Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. BraTT_e Iszt.: (no. 3214). CHampion Isz.: J. R. Slevin collector (no. 3215). CHartes Ist.: abundant in various situations all over the island (no. 3218). CHatTHAm Is-.: Wreck Bay, common near the shore and to 350 ft. (nos. 3216- 3217). GARDNER IsL. (near Hoop Ist.) : (no. 3219). Hoop IsL.: occasional at 200 ft. (nos. 3220-3221). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: northwest side, Andersson; southeast side, common on the lower parts and in the vicinity of the shore (no. 3222). James Isxt.: James Bay, abundant on the lower parts (no. 3223). NaArporouGH Isx.: south side, Snodgrass and Heller. Tower Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. \WENMAN IsL.: (no. 3224). Widely distributed in warm countries. Tournefortia L. T. hirsutissima L. Sp. Pl. 140 (1753); Rob. (1), 193.— CuaTHAM Ist.: Chierchia. Robinson, |. c., suggests that this specimen may belong to Tournefortia rufo-sericea, a possibility which seems very likely, as subsequent collections have failed to show the species. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. 130 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4Tu Ser. - TT. psilostachya HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. II]. 78 (1818); Rob. (1), 193.—Asinepon Ist.: common bushes, 1200-1300 ft., (no. 3225). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, forming dense thickets near the shore; Tagus Cove, common bushes on the side of the mountain (no. 3227); Turtle Cove, common bushes on lava beds near the beach (no. 3228); Villamil, one of the commonest shrubs, 350-1300 ft., (no. 3226). CHARLES IsL.: common bushes in woodland at 1000 ft. (no. 3231). CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, common bushes in the vicinity of the shore (no. 3234). Duncan IsL.: common at 1275 ft. (no. 3230). Hoop Ist.: occasional bushes above 450 ft. (no. 3232). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, bushes 6-7 ft. high at 100 ft. (no. 3233). James Ist.: Douglas; Scouler; Snodgrass and Heller. This species was probably overlooked by earlier collectors and has not become more abundant recently as suggested by Robinson, |. c. Further distr. trop- ical S: Aum. T. pubescens Hook. f. (3), 198; Rob. (1), 193.—ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Tagus Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Villamil, common bushes above 100 ft. (nos. 3235-3236). CHARLES IsL.: common bushes in wood- land at 1000 ft. CuatTHam Ist.: Basso Point, occasional bushes at 750 ft. (nos. 3237-3240) ; Wreck Bay, bushes 6-10 ft. high at 450 ft. Duncan Isx.: low bushes around 1300 ft. (nos. 3241-3242). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, com- mon bushes on the lower parts (no. 3243); northwest side, Andersson; southeast side, occasional bushes at 600 ft. (nos. 3244-3246). James Is_.: James Bay, low bushes, abundant at 1000 ft., (no. 3247). Endemic. T. rufo-sericea Hook. f. (3), 197; Rob. (1), 193.—ABinc- pon Ist.: common bushes above 900 ft. (no. 3248). ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, forming dense thickets in the flat area near the shore (no. 3250) ; Tagus Cove, common bushes at 1600 ft. (no. 3252) ; Turtle Cove, common bushes in thick- ets near the beach (no. 3251) ; Villamil, occurs at various eleva- tions on the lower parts, but most abundant in open areas above 600 ft., also common in the grassy region above 1500 ft., and on the rim of the crater at 3150 ft., (no. 3249). CHARLES Ist.: common bushes in open woodland around 1000 ft. and on Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 131 the sides of the craters above this elevation to 1700 ft. (nos. 3253-3254). CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, common bushes above 400 ft. (no. 3255). Duncan Isu.: at 1275 ft. INDE- FATIGABLE Isx.: Academy Bay, common bushes in a dense growth of vegetation in the open areas around 550 ft. and above (no. 3256). James Ist.: James Bay, occurs to some extent on the lower parts, abundant at 2100 ft., occasional at 2850 ft., (nos. 3257-3258). There is much variation in the amount of pubescence. Endemic. T. strigosa Anderss. (1), 207, (2), 85, t. 9, f. 3; Rob. (1), 194.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Turtle Cove, occasional low spread- ing bushes in the vicinity of the shore (no. 3259) ; Villamil, Baur. CHARLES IsL.: Andersson. CHATHAM IsL.: Anders- son. INDEFATIGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, occasional bushes in sandy soil near the shore (no. 3262) ; north side, occasional bushes at 250 ft. (no. 3261) ; southeast side, bushes at 550 ft. (no. 3260). James IsL.: James Bay, common bushes 4-7 ft. high (no. 3263). Endemic. T. syringaefolia Vahl, Symb. III. 23 (1794). T. laurifolia Vent. Choix. Pl. 2 (1803); Rob. (1), 193.—CHatHam Ist.: Chierchia according to Caruel. JAmMEs Isu.: Andersson. Possibly a less pubescent form of either T. psilostachya or T. pubescens. Further distr. Mex., tropical S. Am. VERBENACEAE Avicennia L. A. officinalis L. Sp. Pl. 110 (1753) ; Rob. (1), 194.—ALBE- MARLE Isu.: Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Turtle Cove, common on pebble beaches, sometimes attaining the size of large trees, (no. 3266); Turtle Point, common, according to J. S. Hunter; Villamil, common trees around salt lakes, and to some extent on sand beaches. CHARLEs ISL.: common on the beach and around a salt lake (no. 3267). CHATHAM IsL.: Sappho Cove, occasional small trees around salt pools (no. 3268). Duncan IsL.: a single small tree of this species was found in a cove on the northeast side of the island (no. 3269). INDEFATIGABLE Is_.: Academy Bay, low trees on the beach and around salt marshes (no. 3270); southeast side, small 132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. trees around a brackish lake (no. 3271); north side, abundant in various places along the shore. Occasional isolated trees were seen on the shore at various places between Academy and Conway Bays. JAMEs Ist.: James Bay, low spreading trees around a salt lake near the shore (no. 3272). Jervis IsL.: low trees around a salt lagoon (no. 3273). SrtyMour Ist., SOUTH: low trees around a salt lake on the west side of the island (no. 3274). Widely distributed on tropical shores. Clerodendron L. C. molle HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. Il. 244 (1817) ; Rob. (1), 194.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, common bushes near the shore (no. 3275) ; Villamil, occasional bushes on lava beds near sea level and up to 500 ft. (no. 3276). Cartes ISL.: common bushes, forming thickets, 450-650 ft., (no. 3277). Cuatuam Ist.: Wreck Bay, occasional bushes at 650 ft. (no. 3278). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, occasional bushes in woodland on the lower parts (no. 3279); northwest side, bushes to 550 ft. James Ist.: Scouler; Andersson; Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. Ecuador. C. sp. Hook. f. (4), 261; Rob. (1), 195.—Cuartes Ist: Edmonston. C. sp. Hook. f., 1. c.; Rob. 1. c —Cuartes Ist.: Edmonston. Duranta L. D. repens L. Sp. Pl. 637 (1753). D. Plumieri Jacq. Stirp. Am. 186, t. 176, f. 76 (1763) ; Rob. (1), 195.—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Tagus Cove, occasional bushes, 2100-3600 ft., (no. 3280) ; Villamil, low bushes on the rim of the crater at 3150 ft. (no. 3281). Duncan Ist.: common bushes 6-8 ft. high atul27Siit.(nono2e65).. Burther distr..5..U..9, Mex W- ind: S. Am. Lantana L. L. peduncularis Anderss. (1), 200, (2), 81; Rob. (1), 195. —ABINGDON IsL.: common bushes on the lava beds on the lower parts, occasional at 1550 ft. ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, common bushes at 2100 ft. (no. 3288); Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 133 Tagus Cove, common in tufaceous soil on the lower parts, occa- sional at 4000 ft., (no. 3285); Turtle Cove, (no: 3286); Villamil, occasional bushes on lava beds (no. 3287). Bar- RINGTON IsL.: Snodgrass and Heller. BiNDLOE IsL.: com- mon bushes to 300 ft. (no. 3289). CHARLES IsL.: (no. 3290). CuaAmPION Ist.: J. R. Slevin collector (no. 3291). CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, bushes 3-4 ft. high (no. 3292). DuNcAN Ist.: occasional bushes at 1100 ft. (no. 3293). GARDNER Ist. (near Hoop Ist.): (no. 3294). Hoop Ist.: one of the commonest bushes, often forming thickets 5-7 ft. high. INpDE- FATIGABLE Ist.: Academy Bay, low bushes near the shore (no. 3295). James IsL.: James Bay, forming thickets 3-6 ft. high near the shore, occasional at 1000 ft., (no. 3298). JERvis Ist.: Baur. NArsBorouGH Ist.: south side, Snodgrass and Heller. Tower Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. “Endemic” according to Rob., 1. c., who suggests that it may ultimately be identified with one of the continental species, (cf. L. lilacina and L. canescens HBK.), or segregated into several more or less distinct forms. Lippia Houst. L. canescens HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. II. 263 (1817) ; Rob. (1), 196.—Cuartes IsL_.: common in open meadows around 1000 ft. and on the side of the main mountain at 1600 ft. (nos. 3299-3301, 3303). CHATHAM IsL.: Wreck Bay, occasional in moist shady places on the lower parts in January (no. 3302). Duncan Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Hoop Isu.: a few specimens were seen in a flat area in the interior of the island, which is probably the mud lake from which Snodgrass and Heller obtained their specimens. Further distr. S. Am. L. rosmarinifolia Anderss. (1), 198, (2), 80; Rob. (1), 196. —Asincpon Ist.: occasional bushes at 650 ft., common at 1300-1550 ft., (no. 3304). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, occasional bushes near the shore (no. 3306); Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Tagus Cove, bushes 5-6 ft. high on the sides of the mountain to 4000 ft. (no. 3307) ; Villamil, occa- sional bushes on lava beds near sea level (no. 3308). The specimens from this place have the leaves slightly toothed, while those from Tagus Cove have this character very strongly marked. Also noted by Robinson, 1. c. JAmes IsL.: (no. 134 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser. 3309). NarsBorouGH Isx.: north side, occasional bushes on lava beds (no. 3310). Endemic. L. salicifolia Anderss. (1), 198, (2), 80; Rob. (1), 196.— CHARLES IsL.: Andersson. Endemic. Priva Adans P. lappulacea (L.) Pers. Syn. Pl. II. 139 (1807). Verbena lappulacea L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 28, (1762). P. echinata Juss. Ann. Mus. Par. VII. 69 (1806).—CuHartes IsL.: occasional in shady places around 1000 ft. (no. 3312). Further distr. S. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Stachytarpheta Vahl S. dichotoma (Ruiz & Pavon) Vahl, Enum. I. 207 (1804). Verbena dichotoma Ruiz & Pavon, FI. Per. I. 23, t. 34, fig. b (1798). S. dichotoma Vahl, 1. c.; Rob. (1), 196.—CHARLES Isz.: common, 1000-1200 ft., occasional at 1300 ft. This plant grows very abundantly on the southeast slopes of the large craters in the interior of the island, and in such places it forms the bulk of the vegetation, (nos. 3313-3314). Further distr 5. US... Mex. W. Ind.,’S. Am. Verbena L. V. carolina L. Syst. ed. 10, 852 (1760); Rob. (1), 196.— James Isu.: Darwin. Further distr. U.S., Mex., S: Am. V. grisea Rob. & Greenm. (1), 142, 147; Rob. (1), 197.— Duncan IsxL.: rare around 1250 ft. (nos. 3315-3316). En- demic. V. litoralis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. II. 276, t. 137 (1817) ; Rob. (1), 197.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, common at 2000 ft. (no. 3318) ; Tagus Cove, common on lava beds at 300 ft. (no. 3320); Villamil, common, 600-1400 ft., and on the floor of:the erater at 2750 ft) (no. 3317)... CHaries Isv.: common in wet soil near a spring at 1000 ft. (nos. 3321-3322). CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, abundant in open country around 900 fit. (no. 3324.) Further distr. S. U. S., Mex., S. Am. V. officinalis L. Sp. Pl. 20 (1753) ; Rob. (1), 197.—JAmeEs Ist.: Darwin. Widely distributed in tropical regions. Vot. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 135 LABIATAE Hyptis Jacq. H. capitata Jacq. Ic. Pl. Rar. I. t. 114 (1781-1786), Col. Bot. I. 102 (1786); Rob. (1), 197.—ALBEMaARLE Ist.: Villamil, occasional in open places around habitations at 650 ft. (no. 3324). CHARLES IsL.: Edmonston. Further distr. Mex., W. ind: 5S: ) Am: H. spicata ? Poit. Ann. Mus. Par. VII. 474, t. 28 (1806).— ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, occasional at 1200 ft., common at 2000 ft. Species doubtful, (no. 3326). Further distr. S. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. H. subverticillata Anderss. (1), 197, (2), 80; Rob. (1), 197. ALBEMARLE Ist.: Cowley Bay, Andersson; Tagus Cove, in lava crevices around 2100 ft. (no. 3325). INDEFATIGABLE Ist.: Baur. James Is_.: James Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. NaBrorouGH Isi.: Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. Salvia L. S. occidentalis Sw. Prodr. 14 (1788); Rob. (1), 197.— ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, one of the most common herbs to 500 ft. and above (nos. 3327-3330) ; Tagus Cove, common around 1600 ft. (no. 3331); Villamil, common around 650 ft. (no. 3332). CHARLES IsL.: occasional at 800 ft., common at 1000-1200 ft., (nos. 3333-3334). CHatTHam IsLt.: Wreck Bay, occasional in open woodland at 350 ft. (nos. 3335-3336). James Ist.: James Bay, occasional in woodland at 850 ft., common at 2100 ft., (nos. 3337-3338). Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. S. prostrata Hook. f. (3), 200; Rob. (1), 198.—CHARLEs IsL.: occasional in protected places, 1200-1550 ft., (nos. 3339- 3340). James Ist.: Darwin. Endemic. S. tiliaefolia Vahl, Symb. III. 7 (1794); Rob. (1), 198.— CHARLES Ist.: Darwin. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Teucrium L. T. inflatum Sw. Prodr. 88 (1788) ; Rob. (1), 198.—ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Villamil, abundant above 500 ft. (no. 3341). January 13, 1911. 136 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. CHARLES IsL.: common among rocks at 1450 ft. (nos. 3342- 3343). CHatHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, common in open places at 650 ft. (no. 3344). Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am., Polynesia. SOLANACEAE Acnistus Schott A. ellipticus Hook. f. in Miers, Lond. Jour. Bot. IV. 343 (1845) ; Rob. (1), 198. A. msularis Rob. (1), 198.—ALBE- MARLE Iszt.: Villamil, bushes and small trees, 1200-1500 ft., and inside of the crater at 2750 ft. Calyx 5-crenate, stigma entire, leaves as described by Hook. f., 1. c., (no. 3347). CHARLES IsL.: small trees on the steep inner wall of the main crater at 1700 ft. Calyx 5-dentate, stigma obscurely bilobed, leaves mostly ovate and glabrous, although a few are some- what elliptical, (no. 3347). CHATHAM IsL.: occasional bushes around 2000 ft. Calyx truncate, stigmas bilobed and entire on the same plant, leaves orbicular to obovate, somewhat at- tenuate at base, sparingly pubescent above, tomentose below, (no. 3348). Duncan IsL.: small trees at 1300 ft. Calyx somewhat truncate, obscurely dentate, stigmas entire, leaves orbicular to obovate, mostly glabrous, although some show a slight tomentum on the lower surface around the veins. Both the flowers and leaves are smaller than is usually the case in this species, a fact that may be due to the more xerophytic con- ditions around the top of this island where the specimens were found, (no. 3349). James IsL.: James Bay, small trees above 2200 ft. Calyx 5-crenate, stigmas bilobed and entire on the same plant, leaves agreeing with Hooker’s description, 1. c., (no. 3350). In consideration of the above varied characters which the more abundant material has brought to light, it seems best to combine A. insularis Rob. with A. ellipticus Hook. f. It is another instance of a very variable species, examples of which are common on the Galapagos Islands. It is hardly likely that the above variations are of formal value, as the specimens from Charles Isl. show nearly as much variation from the typical A. ellipticus as do the specimens from other islands. Endemic. Vot.1] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 137 Brachistus, Miers B. pubescens, nov. sp. Fruticosus 2 dm.-1 m. altus, ramis teretibus dichotomis flavo-pubes- centibus; ramulis teretibus divaricatis saepe geniculatis flavo-pubes- centibus; foliis alternis ovatis acuminatis basi cuneatis integris utrinque flavo-pubescentibus petiolatis, laminis 3.2-5 cm. longis, 1.3-2.2 cm. latis; floribus axillaribus solitaribus pedunculatis; calyce pubescenti 5-angu- lato, 2.6 mm. lato; corolla rotata, limbo 5-lobo, lobis acutis margine denticulatis; staminibus limbo inclusis; stylo incrasato stigmate capi- tato integerrimo; bacca orbiculari compressa viridi 6-seminata, semini- bus flavo-bruneis. ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, bushes in woodland, 450-600 ft., (nos. 3351-3352). James Ist.: James Bay, occasional bushes above 1600 ft. (no. 3353). This species resembles B. Pringlei Watson in many respects, differing principally in the presence of a yellow tomentum on both branches and leaves, and in the absence of the linear tooth at each angle of the calyx. Plate III, figs. 6-8. Endemic. Cacabus Bernh. C. Hookeri (Anderss.) n. comb. Thinogeton Hookeri An- derss. (1), 217; Rob. (1), 201.—INDEFATIGABLE ISL.: north- west side, Andersson. Endemic. C. Miersii (Hook. f.) Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflan- zenf. IV. Ab. 3b, 16 (1891). Dictocalyx Miersti Hook. f. (3), 203. Thinogeton Miersti Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Elisha Ve 359 (1849); Rob. (1), 201—Asinepon IsL.: occasional among rocks near the shore (no. 3417). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Black Bight, Snodgrass and Heller; Iguana Cove, common near the shore (no. 3418) ; Tagus Cove, abundant in tufaceous soil on the tops of the cliffs near the shore (no. 3420) ; Turtle Cove, fairly abundant on lava near the beach (no. 3419) ; Villa- mil, occasional near brackish pools several miles inland (no. 3421). Barrincton Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. CHARLES Ist.: Darwin; Andersson. CHATHAM IsL.: Andersson; Snodgrass and Heller. CuLpPEppER Isu.: Snodgrass and Heller. GARDNER Ist. (near Hoop Ist.): among rocks just above high tide mark (no. 3422). Hoop Ist.: occasional on sand beaches (no. 3423). NarsporoucH Ist.: Mangrove Point, Snodgrass and Heller; north side, Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. 138 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. Capsicum L. C. annuum L. Sp. Pl. 188 (1753) ; Rob. (1), 199.—CHarteEs IsL.: occasional at 450 ft., and on moist rocks at 1000 ft., (nos. 3354-3355). CHATHAM IsL.: Wreck Bay, occasional at 350 ft. (nos. 3356-3357). Datura L. D. Tatula L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 256 (1762) ; Rob. (1), 199.— ALBEMARLE IsL.: Villamil, occasional at sea level, common at 600 ft., (no. 3358). CHartes IsL.: common in the vicinity of former habitations (nos. 3359-3360). Widely distributed. D. sp.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller. Lycium L. L. geniculatum Fernald, ? Proc. Am. Acad. XXXV. 566 (1900). Nyctaginacea? Rob. (1), 143.—Duncan IsL.: occa- sional bushes (no. 3362). Hoop Ist.: bushes 4-6 ft. high around 600 ft. (no. 3361). SrEymour IsL., NoRTH: Snod- grass and Heller. Further distr. Mex. L. sp. Rob. (1), 199.—Axsinepon IsL.: common bushes, forming thickets 2-3 ft. high near the shore, (no. 3363). AL- BEMARLE IsL.: Turtle Cove, bushes near the shore (no. 3364) ; Villamil, common bushes on lava beds near the shore (no. 3365). CHARLES IsL.: bushes near the shore. DuncaN IsL.: occasional bushes at 1000 ft. (no. 3366). GARDNER IsL. (near Hoop Msr;)): (no. 3367). Hoop Is. :. (no. 3368). « Untor- tunately all of the above specimens are sterile and indetermin- ate as to species. Lycopersicum Hill. L. esculentum Mill. var. minor Hook. f. (3), 202; Rob. (1), 199.—AsincGpon Ist.: common, 700-1600 ft., (no. 3369). ALBEMARLE Isi.: Cowley Bay, occasional at 2100 ft. (no. 3371) ; Christopher Point, Snodgrass and Heller; Tagus Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Villamil, common near sea level (no. 3372). CHATHAM IsL.: Sappho Cove, occasional on recent lava (no. 3374). GarpNER*IsL. (near Hoop Ist.): (no. 3373). Hoop Isut.: Baur; Snodgrass and Heller. INDE- FATIGABLE IsL.: north side, common among rocks at 200 ft. (no. 3376) ; southeast side, rare at 550 ft. (no. 3375). JAMES Vou. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 139 Is_.: James Bay, fairly abundant to 1000 ft. (nos. 3377-3378). NaRBOROUGH Ist.: Mangrove Point, Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. S. Am., Polynesia. L. peruvianum (L.) Mill., var. parviflorum Hook. f. (3), 202; Rob. (1), 199.—Cuatuam Isi.: Darwin. Further distr. Andean S. Am. . L. pimpinellifolium Mill. Dict. ed. 8, no. 4 (1768) ; Rob. (1), 199.—ALBEMARLE IsiL.: Iguana Cove, abundant on the side of the cliff above the cove (no. 3379) ; Villamil, common at 650 ft. (no. 3380). CHarves Is_.: Andersson. CHATHAM Ist.: north side, Darwin; Andersson. James IsL.: An- dersson. Further distr. Andean S. Am. L. sp. Rob. (1), 200.—CuHatuHam Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Nicotiana L. _ Ne gtutinosa) 1) SpiwPl ist) (1753); Rob)..¢1),) 200. — Cuartes Isxt.: Edmonston; Darwin; Andersson. Further distr. Andean S. Am. N. Tabacum L. Sp. Pl. 180 (1753) ; Rob. (1), 200.—ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, (no. 3383); Villamil, common in gardens and escaped from cultivation (no. 3382). CHARLES Ist.: Chierchia. Widely distributed through cultivation. N. sp. Hook. f. (4), 261; Rob. (1), 200.—Cuartes IsL.: Edmonston. Physalis L. P. angulata L. Sp. Pl. 183 (1753) ; Rob. (1), 200—ALBE- MARLE Isx.: Villamil, fairly abundant on the lower parts (no. 3384). CuHar es IsL.: common in open country, 450-1100 ft., (nos. 3385-3386). CHATHAM IsL.: Snodgrass and Heller. Widely distributed. P. ixocarpa Brot. in Hornem. Hort. Hain. Suppl. 26 (1819); Rob. (1), 200.—ALBEMaRLE Isx.: Villamil, occa- sional at 550 ft. (no. 3388). CHARLES IsL.: occasional near the shore (no. 3387). Widely distributed. P. pubescens L. Sp. Pl. 183 (1753) ; Rob. (1), 200.—ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Cowley Bay, occasional in woodland at 2100 ft. ¢ w 140 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. (no. 3395) ; Iguana Cove, occasional in shady places at 300 ft. (no. 3392) ; Tagus Cove, in shady places around 900 ft. (nos. 3389, 3393); Villamil, common above 600 ft. (nos. 3390, 3396). BrnpLok Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. CHARLES Ist. : occasional in shady places near the shore (nos. 3397-3398). Cuatuam Isi.: Wreck Bay, occasional in shady places at 400 ft. (no. 3399). Duncan Ist.: rare around 1000 ft. (no. 3400). Hoop Isu.: occasional in shady places. INDEFATIGA- BLE Isz.: northwest side, occasional in tufaceous soil near the shore. Dried remains, somewhat doubtful as to species, (no. 3401). James Ist.: James Bay, in shady places near the shore (nos. 3402-3403). NarsoroucH IsL.: south side, Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. P. sp.—ABiNncpoN Ist.: dry remains at 500 ft. Solanum L. S. Edmonstonei Hook. f. (3), 201; Rob. (1), 201.— CHARLES Ist.: Edmonston. Endemic. S. nigrum L. Sp. Pl. 186 (1753); Rob. (1), 201.—Asinc- pon Ist.: common in woodland, 1400-1550 ft., (nos. 3405- 3406). ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, common, 500-1300 ft., (no. 3409). Cartes IsL.: occasional among rocks at 1550 ft. (no. 3408). CHatTHAm Ist.: Wreck Bay, abundant at 2050 ft. (no. 3407). Duncan Ist.: rare at 1275 ft. (nos. 3410-3411). James Ist.: Scouler; Darwin; James Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. Widely distributed. S. Quitoense Lam. Ill. 16 (1793).—James IsL.: James Bay, occasional on the southeast side of the main crater at 2800 ft., J. S. Hunter collector, (no. 3412). Possibly an in- troduced species, although there has never been a permanent settlement on this island. Further distr. western S. Am. S. verbascifolium L. Sp. Pl. 184 (1753); Rob. (1), 201.— ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, common bushes in low moist areas near sea level, small trees in open woodland at 1300 ft., bushes on the rim of the crater at 3150 ft., (nos. 3414-3416). Cares Ist.: Andersson. JAMES Ist.: Darwin. NARBOR- ouGcH Ist.: south side, Snodgrass and Heller. Widely dis- tributed in tropical regions. Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 141 S. sp. Hook. f. (4), 261; Rob. (1), 201—CuHartes Ist.: Edmonston. SSP Ook fol e> Robe (1), 20t—Cuanies icon saq= monston. SCROPHULARIACEAE Bacopa Aubl. B. monniera (L.) Wettst. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. IV. 3b. 77 (1891). Gratiola monniera L. Amoen. Acad. IV. 306 (1759). Monniera calycina (Forsk.) O. Ktze. Rev. Gen. 462 (1891).—ALsBemar_eE IsL.: Villamil, occasional at 3150 ft. (nos. 3437-3438). CHaTHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, rare at 1300 ft. (no. 3439). Further distr. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Capraria L. C. biflora L. var. pilosa Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 427 (1861); Rob. (1), 202.—Cuartes Ist.: common bushes, 6-18 inches high, throughout the open brushy country, 450- 1750 ft., (nos. 3425-3427). CHatHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, common in sandy soil near the shore (nos. 3424, 3428). Fur- ther distts.S. U: S:, Mex... W. Ind.,.S:; Am. C. peruviana Benth. in DC. Prodr. X. 430 (1846); Rob. (1), 202—Cwartes Ist.: common bushes 4-6 ft. high, 450- 1400 ft., (nos. 3429-3431). Further distr. Ecuador, Peru. Galvezia Domb. G. fruticosa Domb. Gmel. Syst. 937 (1791).—Jervis Isx.: occasional near the shore and from 500-950 ft. (nos. 3440- 3442). No flowering specimens were secured, so that the species is somewhat doubtful. Further distr. Peru. Scoparia L. S. duleise) Ek: Sp. Pla iGeyGi753);" Rob, (1).,'202.—Arre- MARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, occasional bushes at 1800 ft. (no. 3432). Cares Ist.: low bushes common in open country above 1000 ft. (nos. 3433-3434). CHatruam Ist.: Wreck 142 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Serr. Bay, abundant in shady woodland at 250 ft. (no. 3435). James Ist.: James Bay, low bushes in woodland around 2500 ft. (no. 3436). Further distr. tropical and subtropical America. BIGNONIACEAE? ¥ Tecoma Juss.? T. sp.? Caruel (1), 622; Rob. (1), 202—CuatuHam Is .: Chierchia. ACANTHACEAE Dicliptera Juss. D. peruviana (Lam.) Juss. Ann. Mus. Par. IX. 268 (1806). Justicia peruviana Lam. Dict. I. 633 (1783). D. peruviana Juss. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 203.—James Ist.: James Bay, common in shady places at 850 ft. (nos. 3443-3444). Further distr. W. S. Am. Justicia L. J. galapagana Lindau, in Rob. (1), 203.—Asrncpon Ist. : common, 550-1450 ft., (nos. 3445-3447). ALBEMARLE ISL. : Iguana Cove, common above 500 ft. (no. 3448); Villamil, occasional in woodland, 400-1300 ft., (nos. 3449-3452). In- DEFATIGABLE Is_.: Academy Bay, common in woodland, 350- 500 ft., (nos. 3454-3455). James Ist.: James Bay, occa- sional, 350-2850 ft., (nos. 3458-3460). Endemic. Ruellia Plum. R. paniculata L. Sp. Pl. 635 (1753).—Cuatuam Ist: Basso Point, occasional at 750 ft. (no. 3461). Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Tetramerium Nees T. hispidum Nees in DC. Prodr. XI. 468 (1847) ; Rob. (iy 204.—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Cowley Bay, common around 2000 ft. (no. 3462) ; Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Iguana Cove, a few specimens on the side of the cliff above the cove (no. 3464). Crarves IsL.: common in flat country near Post Office Bay at 200 ft., and in crevices of the lava at 650 ft., (nos. 3465-3466). CuHatTHam IsL.: Wreck Bay, common in open sunny places around 200 ft. (nos. 3467-3468). INDE- Vor. IJ STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 143 « FATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, occasional on the lower parts (no. 3469); north side, common above 200 ft. (no. 3470). James IsL.: James Bay, fairly common at 1300 ft. (no. 3472) ; north side, common on lava beds on the lower parts (no. 3471). Further distr. S. U. S., Mex., S. Am. PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago L. P. major L. Sp. Pl. 112 (1753); Rob. (1), 204.—ALBE- MARLE IsL.: Villamil, common in swamps near the shore (no. 3473). CHARLES IsL.: occasional at 1500 ft. (no. 3474). Cuatuam Ist.: Wreck Bay, abundant, 800-1800 ft., (no. 3475). Widely distributed. P. tomentosa var. (?) pumila Hook. f. (3), 194; ops 1); 204.—James Ist.: Darwin. Identity doubtful, according to Rop. i*c: RUBIACEAE Borreria Meyer Tardavel Adans. Fam. II. 145 (1763), and Chenocarpus Neck, Elem. I. 202 (1790) are doubtful synonyms of this genus. B. basalis Anderss. (1), 191, (2), 76, t. 8, f. 4; Robs-Chy, 204.—CHatHAM Isi.: Andersson. Endemic. B. Baurii Rob. & Greenm. (1), 140, 146; Rob. (1), 204.— Cuatuam Ist.: Wreck Bay, Baur. Endemic. B. dispersa Hook. f. (3), 217; Rob. (1), 204.—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, a few specimens were found in the open vegetation at 150 ft. (no. 3476); Tagus Cove, occasional on hill-sides in tufaceous soil at 400 ft. (no. 3477). CHARLES Ist.: Darwin; Baur. Cuatuam Ist.: Wreck Bay, Baur. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: northwest side, Andersson. JAMES ISL. : Darwin. Endemic. B. divaricata Hook. f. (3), 219; Rob. (1), 204.—CHARLES Ist.: Darwin; Baur. Endemic. B. ericaefolia Hook. f. (3), 218; Rob. (1), 205.—ABINGDON IsL.: common bushes near the shore, occasional at 1100 ft., e 144 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. (nos. 3478-3479). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, low bushes in pumice soil at 300 ft. (no. 3480) ; Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Tagus Cove, low bushes, fairly common, 300-4000 ft., (nos. 3482-3483) ; Villamil, low bushes on lava near the coast (no. 3481). Cuar_es Isx.: Baur. CHATHAM IsL.: Sappho Cove, occa- sional bushes on lava (no. 3484). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: south- east side, low bushes at 600 ft. (no. 3486). James IsL.: James Bay, bushes 1-3 ft. high, abundant on recent lava flows, (no. 3487). Jervis IsL.: occasional bushes at 1050 ft. (no. 3488). NARBOROUGH IsL.: north side, occasional bushes on lava beds (no. 3489); Mangrove Point, Snodgrass and Heller. En- demic. B. falcifolia Hook. f. (3), 219; Rob. (1), 205.—ALBE- MARLE IsL.: Macrae ? acc. to Hook. f., 1. c. Endemic. B. galapageia Rob. & Greenm. (1), 140, 146; Rob. (1), 205.—Duncan IsL.: occasional among rocks at 1250 ft. (no. 3490). Endemic. B. linearifolia Hook. f. (3), 217; Rob. (1), 205.—James Ist.: Darwin. Endemic. Bovatis: siderss.. (1), 192;- (2). /6, tS, 1. 32 Rob: (1), 205.—CHARLES IsL.: bushes among rocks near the shore (nos. 3491-3492). Endemic. Forma abingdonensis Rob. (1), 205.—Asincpon ISsL.: Baur. Endemic. B. pacifica Rob. & Greenm. (1), 140, 146; Rob. (1), 205.— INDEFATIGABLE Is_.: Academy Bay, common bushes near the shore (no. 3493) ; northwest side, Baur. Endemic. B. parvifolia Hook. f. (3), 218; Rob. (1), 205.—ALBE- MARLE Isxt.: Macrae. Endemic. “A pubescent form of B. ericaefolia?” acc. to Rob. (1), 205. B. perpusilla Hook. f. (3), 218; Rob. (1), 206—JAmEs Ist.: Darwin. Endemic. B. rotundifolia Anderss. (2), 77; Rob. (1), 206.—INDE- FATIGABLE IsxL.: northwest side. Andersson. Endemic. B. suberecta Hook. f. (3), 217; Rob. (1), 206.—ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, fairly abundant among rocks on Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 145 the sides of the cliffs above the cove (nos. 3494-3495) ; Tagus Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Villamil, on lava beds near the coast (no. 3496). BARRINGTON IsL.: Baur. Identity doubt- ful acc. to Rob. 1. c. Endemic. B. sp. Rob. (1), 206.—Cuatuam Ist.: Wreck Bay, Snod- grass and Heller. It is likely that some of the above species, which have not been found by more recent collectors, will prove to be synonyms of B. ericaefolia or some of the other more common species. Chiococca P. Br. C. alba (L.) Hitchc. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. IV. 94 (1893). Lonicera alba L. Sp. Pl. 175 (1753). C. racemosa L. Syst. ed. 10, 917 (1760); Rob. (1), 206.—Asincpon IsL.: common bushes above 450 ft. (nos. 3497-3498). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Iguana Cove, (no. 3499) ; Villamil, occasional bushes on the lower parts (no. 3501). Brnpiok Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. CHARtEs IsL.: occasional bushes at 600 ft. (no. 3502). CHATHAM IsL.: Wreck Bay, common bushes to 500 ft. (no. 3503). Duncan Ist.: low bushes at 1275 ft. (no. 3504). INDEFATIGABLE ISL.: Academy Bay, bushes and small trees on the lower parts (no. 3505) ; southeast side, common bushes to 600 ft. (no. 3506). James Ist.: James Bay, occasional bushes on the lower parts, small trees and bushes at 2150 ft., (nos. 3507-3509). Nar- BOROUGH IsL.: north side, occasional bushes on lava (no. 3510). Further distr. S. U. S., Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Coffea L. C. arabica L. Sp. Pl. 172 (1753).—CuatuHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, in cultivated ground and escaped from cultivation (no. 3511). Coffee is exported from this island to Guayaquil, Ecua- dor. Widely distributed through cultivation. Diodia L. D. Radula (Roem. & Sch.) Cham. & Schlecht. Linnaea III. 342 (1828). Spermacoce Radula Roem. & Sch. Syst. IT. 531 (1818). -D. Radula Cham. & Schlecht. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 206.— ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, on the rim of the crater at 3150 ft. (no. 3512). Cartes Isz.: fairly abundant at 1250 ft. 146 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES _ [Proc. 47H Ser. (no. 3513). CHATHAM IsL.: common, 900-1000 ft., (no. 3514). James Ist.: James Bay, common in moist woodland at 2100 ft. (no. 3515). Further distr. Brazil. Psychotria L. P. angustata Anderss..( 1), 193:\(2)) 78, t. 9.1.1; Rob. (1). 207.—CuHarL-Es Ist.: Darwin. Endemic. P. rufipes Hook. f. (3), 220; Rob. (1), 207,—ABINGDON IsL.: common bushes around 1500 ft. (no. 3517). ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Villamil, common bushes in woodland around 500 ft. CHARLEs IsL.: occasional bushes in woodland around 1000 ft. CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, occasional bushes in woodland, 300-700 ft. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, bushes 5-6 ft. high above 400 ft., one of the most common bushes in the open areas around 550 ft.; northwest side, occasional bushes at 450 ft., abundant above 700 ft. James Ist.: James Bay, occasional low bushes at 900 ft., more or less abundant in woodland above this elevation, forming dense thickets around the top of the mountain at 2800 ft., (no. 3523). Endemic. Relbunium Endl. R. hypocarpium (L.) Hemsl.? Biolog. Cent.-Am. Bot. II. 63 (1881-1882). Valantia hypocarpia L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 149 (1763).—Cuar es Isi.: rare at 1300 ft. (no. 3524). The specimen is sterile but agrees closely in other respects with specimens of this species in the Gray Herbarium. It is possi- ble that this may be the Rubia sp. which was collected on Charles Isl. by Darwin and was mentioned by Hooker f. (3), 216. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Spermacoce L. S. tenuior L. Sp. Pl. 102 (1753) ; Rob. (1), 207.—Cuatu- AM Ist.: Baur. JAMES IsL.: Darwin. Further distr. S. U.S., Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. CUCURBITACEAE Citrullus Neck. C. vulgaris Schrad. ex Eckl. & Zeyh. Enum. 279 (1836) ; Rob. (1), 207.—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Turtle Cove, near the Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 147 shore; Villamil, in gardens. CwHarves IsLt.: Andersson. Widely distributed through cultivation. Cucurbita L. C. Pepo L. Sp. Pl. 1010 (1753); Rob. (1), 207.—ALBE- MARLE Isx.: Villamil, in gardens. CHARLEs IsL.: in culti- vated ground, upper region, acc. to Andersson. Widely dis- tributed. Elaterium Jacq. E. cordatum Hook. f. (3), 224; Rob. (1), 208.—ABINGDOoN IsL.: common in woodland, 600-1600 ft., (no. 3535). ALBE- MARLE IsL.: Tagus Cove, occasional, 500-1500 ft. CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, abundant at 2050 ft. (no. 3536). JAMES Ist.: Darwin. Endemic. Momordica L. M. Charantia L. Sp. Pl. 1009 (1753); Rob. (1), 208.— ALBEMARLE IsL.: Villamil, Baur. Widely distributed in trop- ics. Sicyos L. S. villosus Hook. f. (3), 223; Rob. (1), 208.—CHARLEsS Ist.: Darwin. Endemic. CAMPANULACEAE Lobelia L. L. Cliffortiana L. Sp. Pl. 931 (1753). L. xalapensis HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. III. 315 (1818); Rob. (1), 208.—ALBE- MARLE Isxt.: Villamil, rare at 3150 ft. (no. 3537). CHARLES IsL.: occasional in moist soil at 1000 ft. (no. 3538). JAMES Ist.: according to Hook. f. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. GOODENIACEAE Scaevola L. S. Plumieri (L.) Vahl, Symb. IT. 36 (1791). Lobelia Plu- miert L. Sp. Pl. 929 (1753). S. Lobelia Murr. Syst. ed. 13, 178 (1774) ; Rob. (1), 208.—ALsBEemart-e Isi.: Villamil, low bushes on sand beaches (no. 3539). CHARLEs IsL.: occasional bushes on the beach at Cormorant Bay (no. 3540). CHATHAM 148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. Ist.: Basso Point, fruiting in February. INDEFATIGABLE ISL.: southeast side, bushes on the beach. Widely distributed in warm countries. COMPOSITAE Acanthospermum Schrank. A. lecocarpoides Rob. & Greenm. (1), 141, 146; Rob. (1), 208.—CuaTHAM IsxL.: Sappho Cove, common bushes 3-4 ft. high in woodland at 800 ft. Except for the presence of spines on the achenes the specimens from this island are more like Lecocarpus foliosus than an Acanthospermum, (no. 700). GARDNER Ist. (near Hoop Ist.) : common bushes 2 ft. high. Some of the specimens from this island have some of the leaves deeply cut, as do the specimens from Chatham Isl., while others have them shallowly pinnatifid, as described by Rob. & Greenm., l. c., from specimens taken on the adjacent Hood Island, (no. 701). Hoop Ist.: Baur; Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. A. microcarpum Rob. (1), 208.—Cuartes Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. Ageratum L. A. conyzoides L. Sp. Pl. 839 (1753). A. latifolium Hemsl. Biolog. Cent.-Am. Bot. II. 82 (1881) ; Rob. (1), 209.—ALBE- MARLE Isx.: Villamil, common at 1800 ft. and on the south- east rim’ of the crater at 3150 ft. (noe. 702)." (CHARLES: Isez: occasional, 1250-1550 ft., (nos. 703-705). CHatHam IsL.: Wreck Bay, fairly abundant in the open grassy country around 1700 ft. (no. 706). Further distr. Costa Rica. Ambrosia L. A. artemisiaefolia L. Sp. Pl. 988 (1753).—Cuartes ISL. : abundant in a restricted area in the open bushy country at 1000 ft. (no. 708). Widely distributed. Aplopappus Cass. A. lanatus Hook. f. (3), 215; Rob. (1), 209.—GaLapacos Ips.: Du Petit-Thouars. Endemic. Baccharis L. B. pilularis DC. Prodr. V. 407 (1836) ; Rob. (1), 209.— Cuarces Ist.: Edmonston. Further distr. Pacific Coast of Wes: Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 149 B. Pingraea DC. var. angustissima DC. Prodr. V. 420 (1836); Rob. (1), 209—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, bushes 2-3 ft. high around 1050 ft. (no. 709) ; Villamil, occa- sional bushes at 250 ft. (no. 710). INDEFATIGABLE ISsL.: southeast side, low bushes at 600 ft. The specimen is sterile and doubtful as to species, (no. 710). Further distr. coast of Chili, according to Rob. 1. c. B. Steetzii Anderss. (1), 177, (2), 68; Rob. (1), 209.— CuHartes Ist.: bushes 5-8 ft. high, 1000-1200 ft., (nos. 711- 712). CHATHAM IsL.: Basso Point, low bushes around 800 fi (10. 713). endemic. B. sp.—JAMES Ist.: James Bay, bushes 7 ft. high. Sterile and doubtful, (no. 714). Bidens L. B. chilensis DC. Prodr. V. 603 (1836); Rob. (1), 210.— ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, occasional near the shore (no. 715); Tagus Cove, abundant in thickets at 4000 ft. (no. 716). Further distr. Chili. B. pilosa L. Sp. Pl. 832 (1753); Rob. (1), 210—ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Cowley Bay, Andersson; Villamil, above 1500 ft. (no. 717). CHarRLEs IsL.: occasional, 1000-1400 ft., (nos. 718-720). CHATHAM IsL.: Wreck Bay, occasional at 1000 ft. (no. 721). Widely distributed in tropical regions. B. refracta Brandegee, Zoe, I. 310 (1890) ; Rob. (1), 210.— ALBEMARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, abundant in open places at 200 ft. (no. 743); Tagus Cove, common on the lower parts (no. 742). Cartes Ist.: common on the lower parts (no. 744). CHatHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, abundant in open wood- land at 1000 ft. (no. 745). Hoop Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. James Ist.: James Bay, common on the lower parts of the island (no. 746). NarsorouGH IsL.: south side, Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. Mex. Blainvillea Cass. B. dichotoma (Murr.) Cass. acc. to Hemsl. Biolog. Cent.- Am. Bot. IV. 112 (1886-1888). Verbesina dichotoma Murr. Comm. Goett. II. 15, t. 4 (1779). B. rhomboidea Cass. Dict. XXIX. 493 (1823); Rob. (1), 210.—AsBinepon IsL.: com- 150 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. mon on the lower parts (no. 747). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, common in woodland (no. 748) ; Tagus Cove, common on the lower parts, rare at 3500 ft., (no. 749). BARRINGTON Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Cuarves IsL.: common in open bushy country, 450-1000 ft., (nos. 751-752). CuatHam Ist.: _ Wreck Bay, abundant at 250 ft. (no. 753). Duncan Is~.: Baur. Hoop Isu.: (no. 754). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: north side, Snodgrass and Heller; .northwest side, Andersson. James Ist.: James Bay, abundant near the shore (no. 755). NarporouGH Ist.: south side, Snodgrass and Heller. Sty- MouR IsL., NoRTH: Snodgrass and Heller. The fact that this plant occurs on such a remote and unfrequented island as Abingdon would seem to show that it was not a recent intro- duction as suggested by Rob. |. c. Widely distributed in trop- ical regions. B. tenuicaulis Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Pl. II. 370 (1873- 1876) ; Rob. (1), 211.—ALBEMmARLE Ist.: Macrae. CHARLES Ist.: Edmonston. Identity doubtful according to Rob. 1. c. Endemic. Brickellia Ell. B. diffusa (Vahl.) A. Gray, Pl. Wright. I. 86 (1852). Eupatorium diffusum Vahl, Symb. IIT. 94 (1794). B. diffusa Gray, |. c.; Rob. (1), 211.—ALBemarte Ist.: Iguana Cove, common near the shore (nos. 757-758) ; Tagus Cove, common fo 1800 ft (no!) 756). Further distr: -Mex.; W. Ind., S. Am. Chrysanthellum Rich. C. erectum Anderss. (1), 188, (2), 74; Rob. (1), 211.— Cuatuam Isi.: A. Agassiz; Snodgrass and Heller. INDE- FATIGABLE IsL.: northwest side, Andersson. NARBOROUGH Ist.: south side, Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. C. pusillum Hook. f. (3), 214; Rob. (1), 211.—ALBE- MARLE IsL.: Darwin. CHARLES IsL.: common, 700-1000 ft., occasional, 1700 ft., (nos. 759-760). CHATHAM IsL.: Wreck Bay, occasional in dry sandy soil near the shore (no. 761). Endemic. : Eclipta L. BE yevectay. by Mint. wi e286) (L771) Robs 1 Cl), 241 = Cuartes Isz.: occasional on moist shady rocks at 1000 ft. Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 151 (no. 764). CHatHaAmM Ist.: Wreck Bay, common in open grassy country above 800 ft. (nos. 762-763). Hoop Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Widely distributed. Elvira Cass. E. inelegans (Hook. f.) Rob. (1), 212. Desmocephalum inelegans Hook. f. (3), 209.—Cwartes Ist.: Darwin. En- demic. E. repens (Hook. f.) Rob. (1), 212. Microcoecia repens Hook. f. (3), 209.—ALBEMARLE Ist.: Tagus Cove, Snod- grass and Heller. James Ist.: Darwin. Endemic. Encelia Adans. E. hispida Anderss. (1), 186, (2), 73; Rob. (1), 212.— BARRINGTON IsL.: common bushes, 2-3 ft. high, (no. 722). CuHartes Ist.: Andersson. CHATHAM IsL.: north side, An- dersson. Endemic. Erigeron L. E. lancifolius Hook. f. (3), 208; Rob. (1), 212.—ALBE- MARLE Isu.: Christopher Point, Snodgrass and Heller; Eliz- abeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Tagus Cove, spreading bushes 3-4 ft. high, abundant on lava beds and tufa deposits above 500 ft., Gao: 723). NaARBoROUGH IsL.: south side, Snodgrass and Heller. The involucral bracts of this species vary from glabrous to pilose. Endemic. Var. glabriusculus var. nov. Foliis lanceolatis, sparsa glabriusculus subtus tomentosis, margini- bus recurvis, remotis denticulatis. ALBEMARLE Isv.: Villamil, bushes 3-4 ft. high on the rim of the crater at 3150 ft. (no. 724). Endemic. E. linifolius Willd. Sp. III. 1955 (1804) ; Rob. (1), 212.— ALBEMARLE Ist.: Villamil, occasional in open grassy country above 1800 ft. (no. 725). Carvers Ist.: common in open places at 1250 ft., occasional at 1650 ft., (nos. 726-727). CuHatuHam Ist.: Wreck Bay, common in grassy country around 1400 ft. (no. 728). Widely distributed in warm coun- tries. January 13, I$11. 152 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H SER. E. tenuifolius Hook. f. (3), 207; Rob. (1), 212.—AbBinc- pon Ist.: common bushes 3-4 ft. high, 600-1650 ft., (nos. 729-730). ALBEMARLE Ist.: Cowley Bay, low bushes on pumice soil, 600-2000 ft., (no. 731); Elizabeth Bay, Snod- grass and Heller; Tagus Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Villa- mil, common bushes on lava beds and in woodland below 550 ft. (no. 732). CHARLES IsL.: common bushes, 800-1400 ft., one of the commonest bushes in the wooded area around 1000 ft., (nos. 733-734). Duncan Ist.: common bushes around 1000 ft. The specimen has short linear leaves and differs considerably in appearance from the specimen collected on this island by Baur, (no. 735). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: north- west side, rare in woodland at 850 ft. (no. 738); southeast side, bushes 6-8 ft. high in woodland, 450-650 ft., (nos. 736- 737). JAMES Ist.: James Bay, common bushes on the edges of lava fields around 450 ft. The specimen from this place has the bracts of the involucre slightly tomentose, (no. 739). This species shows a considerable variation in the length and pubes- cence of the leaves, 1n some instances on specimens from the same island, but the floral characters are fairly constant throughout. Endemic. Variety tomentosus nov. var. Foliis anguste acuminatis, marginibus recurvis supra subglaber- rimis vel pilosis subtus tomentosis, 2.5-7.5 cm. longis, 1 mm. latis; involucris squamis oblongis vel linearibus exterioribus tomentosis. JAmeEs Ist.: James Bay, bushes 4-7 ft. high above 900 ft. One of the commonest bushes in the forests of Scalesia pedun- culata on the upper parts of the island, (nos. 740-741). En- demic. Eupatorium L. E. filicaule Sch. Bip. in Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. XXI. 384 (1886); Rob. (1), 213.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, common bushes at 2000 ft. (no. 630); Iguana Cove, Snod- grass and Heller. INDEFATIGABLE IsLt.: Academy Bay, abundant in a dense growth of vines and bushes, 450-650 ft., (nos. 626-629). Further distr. Mex., W. S. Am. E. ? sp. Hook. f. (4), 261; Rob. (1), 213.—Cuar tes Ist. : Edmonston. Endemic. Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 153 E. sp.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Iguana Cove, bushes te 400 ft. The specimen is too immature for accurate determination, but it differs from E. filicaule in the looser inflorescence, the longer and stiffer panicles, and in the more filiform involucral bracts, (no. 631). Flaveria Juss. F. bidentis (L.) O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. III. pt. 2, 148 (1893). Ethulia bidentis L. Mant. I. 110 (1767). Mulleria Contra- yerba Cav. Ic. Pl. I. t. 4 (1791). F. Contrayerba Pers. Syn. II. 489 (1807); Rob. (1), 213.—Cuartes Ist.: Andersson. Further distr. S. U. S., Mex., S. Am. Gnaphalium L. G. luteo-album L. Sp. Pl. 851 (1753).—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Villamil, forming large patches on the floor of the crater at 2750 ft. and on the southeast rim of the crater at 3150 ft. The specimens from the floor of the crater have the leaves smaller and more closely arranged and the tomentum more copious than do the specimens from the rim, a fact which may be due to the more xerophytic conditions inside of the crater, (nos. 632- 633). Widely distributed in warm countries. Hemizonia DC. H. squalida Hook. f. (3), 208; Rob. (1), 213—GaLapacos Ips.: Du Petit-Thouars. Endemic. Jaegeria HBK. J. gracilis Hook. f. (3), 213; Rob. (1), 213.—CHARLES Ist.: Darwin. Endemic. Rob. |. c. suggests that this can hardly be a Jaegeria. J. hirta (Lag.) Lees. Syn. Gen. Comp. 223 (1832). Acmella hirta Lag. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 31 (1815).—ALBEMARLE ISsL.: Tagus Cove, abundant at 4000 ft. (no. 635); Villamil, com- mon in grassy country above 1500 ft. (no. 634). CHATHAM Ist.: Wreck Bay, abundant in moist places, 1700-2050 ft., (nos. 636-637). Further distr. Mex., S. Am. J. prorepens Hook. f. (3), 214; Rob. (1), 213.—JAMES Ist.: Darwin. Endemic. 154 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Lecocarpus Decaisne L. pinnatifidus Decaisne, Bot. Voy. Venus, Atlas t. 14 (1846). L. foliosus Decaisne, op. c., text, 20 (1864) ; Rob. (1), 213.—Cuartes Ist.: low bushes, abundant in open places among lava boulders near the shore and up to 700 ft. (nos. 638-639). CHATHAM IsL.: Darwin. Endemic. Lipochaeta DC. i faricifolia’ (Hook. 1.) Gray, Proc! Am. Acad. V- 43% (1862). Macraea laricifolia Hook. f. (3), 210. L. laricifolia Gray, |. c.; Rob. (1), 214.—Asinepon Ist.: occasional bushes, 700-1000 ft., (no. 640). ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, occasional stunted bushes in the vicinity of the shore, bushes 3-4 ft. high, 300-2000 ft.; Tagus Cove, common bushes on tufaceous soil near the shore and on the sides of the mountain. Above 2500 ft. it is by far the most predominant species, (no. 642); Villamil, occasional bushes, 75-600 ft., (no. 641). Cuartes Ist.: occasional clumps of bushes near the shore, abundant in scattering bunches, 450-1000 ft., and forming dense thickets of bushes 6-8 ft. high, 1000-1450 ft., except on the windward sides of the craters, where it does not occur above 1200 ft., (no. 643). CHatHam Isx.: Basso Point, bushes at 800 ft.; Wreck Bay, common bushes at 450 ft. (no. 644). INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: southeast side, common bushes at 600 ft. James IsL.: James Bay, bushes 6-8 ft. high on the edges of recent lava flows at 850 ft. (no. 645) ; northeast side, abundant above 225 ft. NArsBorouGH Isu.: south side, Snod- grass and Heller. Endemic. Pectis L. P. Anderssonii Rob. (1), 214. P. linearis Rob. & Greenm. (1), 147, not La Llave. Lorentia linearis Anderss. (1), 174, (2), 66.—INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: northwest side, abundant in dry open areas below 300 ft. (no. 646). Endemic. P. Hookeri Rob. (1), 214. Lorentia gracilis Hook. f. (3), 206.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Tagus Cove, fairly abundant on the tops of tufa cliffs (no. 648). BarrineTon Isu.: Baur; Snod- grass and Heller. CHARLES IsL.: in crevices of the lava near the shore (no. 647). Hoop Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 155 James Ist.: James Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. Jervis Ist.: Baur. NARBOROUGH IsL.: north side, occasional on lava beds (no. 649). Srtymour Ist., soutH: Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. P. Jinifolia) 1: Syst: Nat. eds 1071221) (1760): Rob. .(P);; 215.—CuHatHaAM Isz.: north side, Andersson. INDEFATIGA- BLE IsL.: northwest side, Andersson. SEYMOUR ISL., SOUTH: Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., N. S. Am. P. subsquarrosa (Hook. f.) Sch. Bip. in Seem. Bot. Herald, 309 (1852-1857). Lorentia subsquarrosa Hook. f. (3), 206. P. squarrosa Sch. |. c.; Rob. (1), 215.—Gatapacos Ips.: Habel. CHATHAM IsL.: north side, Darwin. Endemic. P. tenuifolia (DC.) Sch. Bip. in Seem. Bot. Herald, 309 (1852-1857). Lorentia tenuifola DC. Prodr. V. 103 (1836). P. tenuifolia Sch. 1. c.; Rob. (1), 215.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Black Bight, Snodgrass and Heller; Cowley Bay, common in pumice soil on the lower parts (no. 651); Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Tagus Cove, common on the tufa hills around the cove (no. 650) ; Villamil, common in lava crevices near the coast (no. 652). CHARLES Ist.: Andersson; Snod- grass and Heller. CHATHAM IsxL.: Basso Point, occasional in lava crevices (no. 653) ; Wreck Bay, Snodgrass and Heller. INDEFATIGABLE IsL.: north side, in lava crevices near the beach (no. 654). NaArsBorouGH IsL.: (no. 655). SEYMOUR Ist., NoRTH: Snodgrass and Heller. Further distr. shores of Peru ? according to Robinson. 1. c. Porophyllum Vaill. P. ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. Dict. XLIII. 56 (1826). Kleinia ruderalis Jacq. Enum. 28 (1762). P. ellipticum Cass. 1. ¢.; Rob. (1), 215—Asinepon Ist.: Snodgrass and Heller. At- BEMARLE IsL.: Tagus Cove, abundant in tufaceous soil on the lower parts (no. 656). CHARLES IsL.: rare among rocks near the shore (no. 658). CHATHAM IsL.: Basso Point, occa- sional on recent lava (no. 659). Duncan Isu.: Snodgrass and Heller. Hoop Ist.: Baur; Snodgrass and Heller. INDE- FATIGABLE IsL.: northwest side, common on the lower parts 156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. (no. 660); north side, Snodgrass and Heller. JAmeEs Ist.: James Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Orchilla Bay, Baur. JERvIs Ist.: Baur. Further distr. Mex., W. Ind., S. Am. Scalesia Arn. S. affinis Hook. f. (3), 212; Rob. (1), 216.—Cuar es Ist.: bushes 5-6 ft. high at 550 ft. (no. 661). INDEFATIGABLE ISL.: southeast side, bushes 7-10 ft. high around 600 ft. (no. 662). Endemic. S. affinis Anderss. (1), 180, (2), 70, t. 7, £. 3; Rob. (1), 216.—INDEFATIGABLE ISL.: north side, low bushes 2-3 ft. high in lava crevices near the coast (no. 665) ; northwest side, low bushes near the shore (no. 664); southeast side, occasional bushes in the vicinity of the shore (no. 663). Endemic. S. atractyloides Arn. in Lindl. Introd. Nat. Ord. ed. 2, 264, 443 (1836) ; Rob. (1), 216—JAmes Ist.: James Bay, bushes 5-7 ft. high on the borders of recent lava flows, where it often grows to the exclusion of all other large vegetation, (no. 666) ; northeast side, bushes 4-8 ft. high on lava beds near the coast and above 700 ft. The leaves of the specimens from this local- ity are more scabrous and less pubescent on the lower surface than are the specimens taken in the vicinity of James Bay. The specimens agree with the rather brief description of this species, except that the heads are considerably smaller, (no. 667). Endemic. S. Baurii Rob. & Greenm. (1), 141, 146; Rob. (1), 216.— Duncan Ist.: abundant bushes on the upper parts of the island (no. 668). Endemic. Var. (?) glabrata Rob. (1), 216—Duwncan Ist.: Snod- grass and Heller. Endemic. S. cordata nov. sp. Arborescens circa 9 m. alta; ramulis teretibus griseis puberulis; foliis ovatis subintegerrimis attenuato-acutissimis penninervis basi cordatis supra hispidis subtus puberulis, lamina 8.8 cm. longa, 4.8 cm. lata; petiolis gracilibus puberulis 4.7 cm. longis; capitulis pluribus gummiferis corymbosis; squamis involucri campanulati angustis lan- ceolatis acutis hispidis; paleis conduplicatis glaberrimis argute 3-den- tatis; acheniis compressis oblongis glaberrimis 3 cm. longis, 1. mm. latis, nigris cum maculatis griseis variegatis 2-dentatis, dentibus sub- equalibus. Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS iN Sy/ Closely related to S. microcephala Rob., differing in the size and shape of the leaves, the broader involucral bracts, and in the variegated and glabrous achenes. The specimen is too mature to show good floral characters. S. n. sp.? Rob. (1), 220.—ALBEMARLE Isx.: Iguana Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Tagus Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Villamil, occasional trees at 175 ft., abundant at 250-600 ft., smaller and less abundant at 1300 ft. So far as is known this is the only arborescent species of Scalesia found on this island, (no. 669). Plate IV, figs. 4-6. Endemic. S. Darwinii Hook. f. (3), 211; Rob. (1), 216.—James Ist.: James Bay, small trees 8-10 ft. high around 1000 ft. Con- cerning this species Hook. f., 1. c., remarks as follows: “Char- acteristic of the vegetation of James Isl., forming woods of straight trees in the alpine or damp region.—Darwin, Ms.” Darwin evidently meant this statement to apply to S. peduncu- lata, as it is the only species of Scalesia that forms trees on this island, (no. 670). Endemic. S, decurrens Anderss. (1), 182, (2), 71; Rob. (1), 216.— ALBEMARLE Ist.: Baur. CHARLES IsL.: low bushes abundant in barren rocky places in the vicinity of the shore. The low Scalesia bushes figured in Agassiz (1), Pl. XX, belong to this species. Endemic. S. divisa Anderss. (1), 179, (2), 70, t. 7, f. 1; Rob. (OS Ie 217.—Cuatuam Ist.: Sappho Cove, bushes 2-4 ft. high on lava beds near the coast (no. 672). Endemic. S. gummifera Hook. f. (3), 212; Rob. (1), 217.—ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Cowley Bay, bushes from the vicinity of the shore and to 1200 ft. (no. 673); Elizabeth Bay, Snodgrass and Heller; Tagus Cove, Snodgrass and Heller; Villamil, bushes 3-6 ft. high in shady places, and on lava beds below 100 ft., (no. 674). InpEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, bushes in woodland below 100 ft., species somewhat in doubt. En- demic. S.Helleri Rob. (1), 217.—BarrincTon Ist.: occasional bushes 6-8 ft. high all over the island (no. 675). Endemic. S. Hopkinsii Rob. (1), 217ABINGDON IsL.: common bushes 6-8 ft. high from the vicinity of the shore to hOOO zit: 158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. They are much less abundant on the southwest side and do not extend below 500 ft. Specimens from near the shore have smaller and more closely arranged leaves than do the speci- mens from above 1000 ft., (nos. 676-677). Endemic. S.incisa Hook. f. (3), 210; Rob. (1), 217—CuatHam Ist.: Darwin. Endemic. S. microcephala Rob. (1), 218.—ALBEMARLE IsL.: Cowley Bay, bushes and low trees, 1200-1650 ft., (no. 679); Tagus Cove, common bushes above 1200 ft. (no. 678). NARBor- ouGH Is.: south side, Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. S.narbonensis Rob. (1), 218, Pl. 3, figs. 4-7,—Narpor- ouGH IsxL.: north side, bushes 2-3 ft. high, abundant on lava beds near the coast, (no. 680); south side, Snodgrass and Heller. Endemic. S. ovata Anderss. (1), 181,)(2), 70; Rob, (1), 219.— Cuartes Isu.: Andersson; Lee. Endemic. S. pedunculata Hook. f. (3), 211; Rob. (1), 219.—CHaARLEs Is_.: trees with umbrella-shaped crowns, on exposures of basaltic lava, 1000-1200 ft. The most common forest tree in the upper regions; (no. 681). CHATHAM IsL.: Wreck Bay, low spreading trees, abundant above 600 ft., (no. 684). In- DEFATIGABLE IsL.: Academy Bay, forms dense forests of trees 40-60 ft. high, 400 to probably 1500 ft. This species attains its largest size at this place, (nos. 685-686) ; northwest side, trees 20-30 ft. high above 700 ft. (no. 678); southeast side, trees 15-20 ft. high above 450 ft. It apparently extends up higher at this place than at Academy Bay, (nos. 689-690). James IsL.: James Bay, trees 25-40 ft. high above 950 ft. (no. 688). This species forms the Scalesia forests, on all the islands where such forests occur, except on Albemarle. Endemic. S.iretrofleza Hems!.-in Hook. £ Ic: Pl. XXVIII t. 2715 (1901); Rob. (1), 219.—INDEFATIGABLE Ist.: Habel. En- demic. S. Snodgrassii Rob. (1), 219, Pl. 3, fig. 8—WeEnmawn Is..: bushes 2-3 ft. high on sides of-cliffs (no. 691). Endemic. S. villosa nov. sp. Fruticosa circa 2 m. alta; ramulis teretibus bruneis griseo-punctatis ad apices sericeo-villosis; foliis ad apices ramulorum confertis lanceo- latis integerrimis longe attenuatis basi cuneatis utrinque sericeo-villosis Voz. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 159 sessilibus 9.3 cm. longis, 1.4 cm. latis; capitulis subglobosis multifloris 2.7 cm. latis longe-pedunculatis; pedunculis bruneo-puberulis 6.7 cm. longis; squamis involucri lanceolatis 8 mm. longis sericeo-villosis; paleis conduplicatis carinatis apice puberulis 3-dentatis; acheniis ob- longis compressis glaberrimis bruneo-griseis 4 mm. longis, 2 mm. latis; corollis ignotis. S. Darwinti Rob. (1), 216, not Hook. f., Type no. 107 Gray Herbarium.—CuHartes IsL.: common bushes in the vicinity of the shore at Cormorant Bay, and in the interior of the island at 550 ft., (no. 692). Plate IV, figs. 1-3. Endemic. Var. championensis nov. var. Foliis revolutis utrinque sparse villosis 8.3 cm. longis, 1.8 cm. latis. CHAMPION Ist.: J. R. Slevin collector (no. 1025). En- demic. S. sp.—Culpepper Isl.: bushes, evidently of a species of Scalesia, were noticed on the upper and inaccessible parts of the island. The bushes were of about the same size as those of S. Snodgrassii on Wenman Isl. Endemic. Sonchus | BE S. oleraceus L. Sp. Pl. 794 (1753) ; Rob. (1), 220.—ALBE- MARLE Ist.: Iguana Cove, abundant among rocks near the shore (no. 694) ; Tagus Cove, common at 4000 ft. (no. 695); Villamil, common at 700 ft., occasional at 1300 ft., (no. 693). CHARLES IsL.: occasional among rocks at 1550 ft. (no. 696). CHATHAM IsL.: Wreck Bay, common, 800-1200 ft., (nos. 697-698). Widely distributed. Spilanthes L. S. Acmella Murr. Syst. ed. 13, 610 (1774) ; Rob. (1), 220. —CHARLES Ist.: Edmonston. NARBoROUGH IsL.: south side, Snodgrass and Heller. Widely distributed in tropics. S. diffusa Hook. f. (3), 214; Rob. (1),,220.—CHaARLEs Is_.: in moist places at 1700 ft. (no. 699). James IsL.: Dar- wim. Endemic. Tagetes L. T. erecta L. Sp. Pl. 887 (1753) ; Rob. (1), 220.—CHaTHAM Ist.: Chierchia. Widely distributed. [Proc. 4TH Ser. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 160 + Ae aioe [pepe reso ey Ae one asUdoIUI}IvU uinipidsy afi Siraltauie ia calial edielelsalterxaia ells) si%enie) lellishielteleMeitai iar salir eyAydoydoy eel oe PW ees) AMS Sor cinoie ninco G om mn ooo ey[Aydoie yo eu ISOUY oe =e |e) a | an | mn | i kd | een | iis.orais, s/c ned aN ecewialgnian geliodicsinNs a K«meaichioae gm aene winyyAydesz04 a a ea |e [fae et ee | eee | ais cop A eife.delasine ietle laa: ie Ke lene cemowee= xs saiege onehesaae winyzejoryed 2 lest acto cree 5 Ged obo apOOmadGD AD tO Oo « suojed et cs || ems | eae es | el | in | cronrociotns/ \shedeureumi'aixelfa Nec siraaL sueMelee snag ears fclsioleo Es wnynared Ef ne as Apiismetanchsuelalekuuar ev ampotavel ale’ qheteten airs umyAydosovur a a ae et at etatiocic ini niislithiniichaleieun sien pearls) (na menie WNUPIAO[SUO}] ae hat eke an ete falists) alinyelsiten’s velalaccuntie;ai.eleievie) teha wmnueydeip 4 4 a a a Re ENRia Laks ata detin rel ctatar ean it aeeratenay ste wmnuurlou09 Pesce [linet sini ekes lerseleyieitnicalis’ siaialsies](etenerie lake winuPIUuooleLy Bass | ouansvereraveiouetehelehonassunoanaiielszine umordoryyze UIn,UPIPy ak Cari yy) COce Oa) Oot me Cec) eter veo ceCetCie Cec wimnoine umnyoryso1loy SHOT AS /P I Zig ie lB|FIS |S (PIS PIS lPl SIP ele Slee ele PIES IRIR EISELE EIB aE lE |S fo) 3 log 3 ® ina ior Q o. ° > oe = 5. 5 Fe etre |i |e enczie gs BIR Te ISIS Rie isle lela le 3 2 8 @ g B |S 8 a |) stat 43 oO | a & 8 m | @ a Bee te o Se. a} o : a ‘puv|s] poopy Ivou pULIs] JoUpIey pur puL]s] soley Iesu puURIsy] Joupsren Ajoatjoodsel oyeusisop "PH JoUpIey,, pue ,"YO Joupiey,, ‘suorjelasiqqe oy pL “punof Useq Sey 99UdIM900 JO p1ODaI B yey} — USIs ay} {uONsenb ut pur]S! oy} WoIy pourUTeXe Useq sey UoUTOEds vB 4vY} SoyLOIpUT + UsIS OYL SANVIS[ SODVdVWIV!) HHL NOdn SHLAHdOLVWAAdS ANV SHLAHdOCdIYALG AO NOILNAIMLSIC: AHL SINIMOHS ATAV | 161 OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS STEWART—BOTANY Vor. I] ysnoiogieny “pH Jeupiey "YO Jeupieg teddading meyyeyO a1qesyejopuy SANV IST SODVdVIV) uoz;ulLeg opreuleqTy panuyuoy sosedeyer) sy eulb: Me (eo: gle o> () (e) (4). (es ce Tole. oa. eliesier ie Heres, ce BOIvIICY st1oydolag Gila) el acev/av/aye eo) (4 leh elieiiel es ok peice winyepnes ‘IPA CP alee 6 eral te! Pus" el ple # ee 6 erence tsa elie eters ayeyuspio90 ee se Palin? ey se im re/ia) cel iel wa) ele? le tw e!'elaly ie soplouyos[q unuyoe| gq edhe) gine) 6 aaiadie 1€ ca ai dine neh eel waceneia: @fa) GPa Orea vs weave e1I0G be, SaGT0p. 8 cHiKe), Suh oadL by ay! ese a ciasiunr ist eM actanvCeRaye umnooryn mot ayenele cus vh on dueiewerel #)shelel diekeverelatetevetaia's wuinyiumnd PBCLID OO CON OD Oreo. ountrtntea. Oo Cairytacd * uwnsi0ow@id Lie 6) Ome oe Ue eilolayislisiim ones on @uulie, Widilel C1 ,elmle lose UINSOULIOJ wie) ike! 6) ei eid ber eielre! evfarce, uranic) iw (qjicn ey sit'@) 6h ear eiiel ee uIn}e4slIo soe uMTpOsyey] “eA wnyAydosiue umntusldsy HHL NOdN SHLAHGOLVWAAdS INV SALAHdOCIWALG AO NOILNATHLSIC] AHL ONIMOHS ATV [Proc. 4TH Ser. 162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Peto a LOR OTS SLIveUul] eIUsYyoTOIH LEPC ONS OOO ONO Ge ODI al unyzejorned TESS SiGsp SRO ERS Tete epee uimsoosnur unssojsoydelq RAE Oi curar eee Gre eas Drak ormastied BSOTIIA sUpgahamenstel seep halsteheE nie tiise ab enskenoneceeaaas stdajoyorsy ON Gao GEO LCROSC Chace ni teh Olu ec oanere CLO eos ByE[NIYoI Coview cele PWO8S, CoO Os Oat OGL sO" euoselyjojopnesd Sue LON e.g) vines ca) we) sews owe epi)? 6) (6) elle neue ibi es eorziseied Wouieen eyeWen eel et otecsiekel een eu env yojoouos st10ydof10q Aiet Rial Oo,T ONC CaCeteO aeC Omics suse s110}d03sh9 Cn CACO IC nCar ace sop ete ORONO eyepsroormes styjadopoAa DOs Cate Oat aE Oe NE RT ECHOMCLO LORE OPO, oe 0 ey[AydorAur SeCe Cunt DO Cate RCRO TO DariOueD ey[Aydosoru soyyuepeyD ysnoioqie Nn a1qesiyeyopuy ‘PH Joupseg "YO Joupren saddadjng wmeyyeyD uoysULIIeEg a]reWeq Ty sosedejey panuyuoy) SANVWIS]T SODVdVIV©) AHL NOdN SHLAHdOLYWUddS AGNV SALAHdOGIWALG AO NOILNAILSIG] HHL ONIMOHS ATV STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 163 Vor. I] a: SSye een pon DOr canto Ooaro do aon Some sopryAyd - || eastap coma dou gndo onoDDon anant wnssnoiod ae [ese ig it She ected, Ilia an eeeteanenetobeterare™e wetted dbaagr ete winqeurjood “ef otaben-onre cata Gro dao Ome OF cAcon o uINad1IO] ay Pare en ite cc cc stuoqdoprdoy 2m fel af es AAW Step i mere tet ps wuarein gant ene tines, ethane el winyR[ooour] te eit leas Rees Sas ea miraicie nai wINT[OJISsse19 te ats Ail le bc cos ere eae uinoine eels eslreeileee nite ie alecw) ih Bie fal IE Bfgeitinnne tty nanareintcieneenr umnyoyijsn3ue wnipodsjog ae Le + Baw Se) cel eves, ele ened a) 6) e666) %6 voinydins eUude[OUION olen ae et ari (tO ie cee acca ea cance eyeurjood = tie ae -+ + Cacia TMC CL aC WS a at unt a BYCIIOSIG stdajorydan IOI SOO CLLR OR Oo. GUN DROOL ay OD suodos stdajod Ay ME i” 24) Medel ta mctaier oie Wantorendt p Str Ghw ey ar lev nee a ere Meee soyjurdjod an SE Sie yp eR eres tec eye are Tellers eisidis 8 eutid civ yas umnynvorqzary + te BUTE TE Hae (i a Fi Poets ke rarer care gnecata cir aca winjeurues +] + eT | nel fee (bisector hi winy eNOS; ++ ee eS CONC ROROACARE CAC OR Os ON DaD Dime OmD GO CNG. CEgne winuojoo wmorurg fe) Ce hoieval eit (o10)‘eil 6: si'vle/e)¥ue 6/6) 6 ele Sniivqos snuowsldg gil,6i cece) 001 0\:@0) (0,8: pb 6) elle foto a! afa a enelivis Sie/16 6iaes ByeBIIA ++ an x a lace wane l0n,6 (6.16116) 61 :bi6’ bie) e) 6) a) eee) Gholi eperevelnd.'s STULIOJITY a +. eh emtelteina fete) aiei elie! 6) .6i-8 lene) ie) so sIsSud[IPUOd |e BorTyooqyda’y Me DeceOeD- ORG) Cenacet) cucechorstinchc, CPO-0 Cm-thchtn Ot) can Byeyound qsnoloqien ‘PH Jeupseg "YQ Jeupiey seddading teqzeq) apewmeqiy uopsuiqy sosedryjer a1qesizejopuy panuyuoy SGNVIS] SODVdVIV5) AHL NOdN SALAHdOLVWAAdS GNV SALAHAOGINALG AO NOILASINLSIGQ AHL ONIMOHS AIAV], January 13, 1911 [Proc. 4TH SER. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 168 + CUO Oe pCO eee) OOo Ooh ce oO) Cecenet eYeIYSOI ediyg mb 6) #.le/leleueVai la) 6 6) =e 6 a wnyepunoes wmniydejousy9 iis) ts) io 00) med Mer eial oe ¢ seu wise) siiallalajre)’p\ tele) g)scele SNOIULSITA +/+ +++4++4 a Syickis Levis) siieliehsil6) ei eeelaleltsifaliaWaiisitalaialtelisishalensitete ls SnoIput + eo) inleule iene) ok e\ wie sie) (@ifelts -atielaie ies sIsuesuIWOp snjoqorodg ce CeCeC itch, CRO-OrO cy ORCC OOo DOO on ann oA . ds + | ++4++ é+ + CCC OAD ROS OD te te ao ete OU. Gr ais win}e[exo uinjostuueg er em eee | Se | eA eV We Rall maine teqetomabocearte risgeervareteNcdsr ate cincye winje[Norqos0s eat | Md ere meet | Mine aed tee || nda Msnausatstsy at ate\ew aureleplohanea scadeh Rar eken her ehone uInyeT[Iorued + OY OORT OO 0 OPO Onc Ono on Tecrc) cciicntolty Permcy Cth ey winyorystp Siaiia) (aan e/ueve) euieieud}ialiai t= Ooeiieihalaus! a. (el (eneelene winzesnfuoo ++ ali d)yupieiio)iel)s)leliaeNaltailal sii ieleiieleaiisletalie suoosouro umyedseg ysnologieN "pH Joupiey “YO doupsey saddading ajlemeqiy uopsuiqy sosedryesy a[qestyejapuy panuuoy SGNVIS] SOOVdVIV5) AHL NOdN SHLAHdOLVWUAAdS UNV SALAHdOGINALG AO NOILAAINISIG AHL ONIMOHS aATdV I, STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 169 Vor. Ij fe Stel ociejo je} eee) obs) ape. iene, eke) b eM eLelba py entiee snAyor4ysi} = Seti A sal meme ee eal hy ll) dell ecseeyaaene cotaras cet geemyn ey temtotseg tong sIsuourtuvins | ome | A ce Nie te | eat sit wep erteitelia tether Mauene, acemye. sy aterdke MyIeM94G atin im letia) e, aire tase’ fe) ievie’ ay ia/ral vat elee) ee) a yatn (8 ce lel als . lissvispoug SN) ss a as ee ce age ro a eso[nurel Seen Nee a | ct es | ic | etal | cee | |e cen | eee MWe INIG atrenterisectanatianteatetare ta telorenoMetert Malta Te ewetentetraae eyejorjed i: See Ne weed ler ole alee) taica a coh gabantauinlia lois) pints) leiale nelle cere equit{isnyqo 7c ae ate shia) is) sila watiet es a"ie(e Veilet-o) aie Kel (erkalte! alia) jets iieueltel as ereite soprores Sete =f STI ETE (| estore acre rotate Co stsuosedeyes Src eee NR |e eR S| er fe | Use| (i Ve ig acoA beaesd Uae WP, tre Dar ar a ae Ae are StUIOJosey erumoledag AVAOVYAdIG ajzlelzislzlzlsielelelelelelglelelelzle STSTEEVELEVE(ZUEIE IE ISIEIEIE/E/ELEIEIE B/S eis |e/e |e PIG IBIS (Fla ie l2i/e/2 (3/8 B B38 e See: s/2/8 (3 5 eae) oe Peale al os eas panuijuo) “SANVIS]T SODVdVIV5) AHL NOdN SALAHdOLVWUAdMS GNV SALAHdOGINALG JO NOILNAINLSIQ AHL ONIMOHS AAV, STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 173 Vor. I] amnoutéag ysnologieny a[qesizejopuy + PON Nn May Santon Neate) ewoIpes vsoyyueUra Ty AVAOVINVUVNY Migraine RAS Y Uae oe ds gvrusooyes Rakes som Nuon enviar satan e temo ee “as b GON Mae free eC iol, Neetaan Neate ds x9[duyy AVANVIGOdONAH7) mh MOI dlc ape vate tentorbaen eons eraetee tat asua8edeyes fme| cept eee telnet cere umnyeurunoe Ban Ged teas saney tee ane ee: oiov wmnuossyog AVAOVNODATOY 4 ae; © a 6 60) @ fo ee) 6 aha’ ol ereyenbuererailevere gr vie oft ITAO[SUO FT © bre elle 0 € 6 0). @ eenere. eels, se) eelleia. eo) Sh hae umntesedeye3 GPOCEOO CHUNCL OND TOLED IG ceca. a winuvioy uorpuoprs0yg AVAOVHINVAO'T + ‘o'50' (@) 0) 6! 07.0.8 8 pica) of 9) (O' Oe) Ge He) 60 @ O16) /@. 678 BI[OJOvIN[v Len Eh Gal panuyuoy SANVIST SODVdWIVL) AHL NOdN SULAHAMOLVWAAdS AGNV SALAHAOdIMAL| AO NOILNAIMLSIC] AHL INIMOHS ATV I, [Proc. 4TH Ser. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 174 i [a al ees [ise ae ttat alice Voie get erlonenvann siege eliennne TouojsuOWUpA ouIsel] + + 2) |e.) (0) (e'e. ee) en) wy lehieiie) \91,0: 18) \6) 0 16)'6 eee) .6 ole) se Uwe eriedoos ——s + O Cac 2 Cha tits Dupe Oo pens GeorcrceO CSD IO De oeneds sl[neorpnu je U8..6 6 0.6) (6 (ei |e’ niin 0/8) bifer eo! a'\e) 0.10) (elle).0.76 0) se) (8.8158 e1ISIUL] SiO) Oe CeC-0 hu OkOe etl arn ea Oar oc OO evoountl BIYOT[OOIL YY — +++ SIPHIIA |e ae mee fe | eee |e) | |e ee er ree eer ee ire Pere re snyejoaomm at fe Pees ae Beale ag ae (se eee aa OE Seo snjzejnuenbs a i el a] SE het catt orcccna Otome Cioc. Canes DachOmGr rely TS Oe aD inst snsourds eee |help teh [cle Sle SIE al | Panarycrcrae sete cern sIsuapooy PUI 2 [yf |e | art fee a peer tee sisuoureyyeyo eUIs0y ais cel || ogre oneness sisuapreulaqye eUrs0y + ayatie) sis. 0s) elecelelelece ce sIsuouopsuIqe eULIOF Tis) e/a Seep onirremontes oa soproque s9]98 + a sele. alee rete (ese .c eenereie sis. snueseoeieo snyyueleuMy + el en ei | es foe el end Riel scrotieteiis rex amensiegesel= tetla lay shinelalsieleleneneppiore SOPIOISOTI0 + ce ae |e eee | rene en || eee een sivativneiaeuiakledereloceledansn ek, ens ueian incaisialens esodvosqns UPUIUS MA JaMoL, mmoutfag ysno1oqie Nn ‘PH Jeupiey "YO Jeupies saddading weg) apreureq y uopsulqy sosedejey aqqeaiyejepuy panuyuo) SGNVIS] SODVdVIV5) AHL NOdN SALAHdOLVWAAdS GNV SALAHAOGINALG AO NOILNAIMLSIQ AHL ONIMOHG ATAV L$ STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 175 Vot. Ij i: sel ier leais liste lee sleacaliieme| Ve lt wereine oagscnraetiecnncrteaare ah oleae cue seg AVAOVAGLLVG Sse pe Meer SE = fe ea | es Le ei ace cece ca ah -eqVS9A of 4 ates SR [2 ote NG Nass ov arenia ses etn es eynosniyo1ns if 4 Bie em ieee ose oa treo ree cet ussvz3poug Rise fee ee | cee ee orca a -cgpnW a Rive enteta veg recente esopn3na | era fe Si fn fe i ee sineorpnu TAP SPS Ie = |e Pf Fe ee | eh a feel cece cy ence ae JoIsn}qo “IRA Pe Ny eee ip iscul shai xateratnumenm suena ae? WOTPH es i i ee ee erpoyTUmTTeY ale EN eS i fen) | ak fy ame el FWP IEC CRC rr acre Tac IeCTt CRC INTEC MOR BCE CIN Os eC susosoones te CPOE elle le 6 (oKeNe 646 er6lie 608) 8, ene ib) SL Uleland stisuosedees sis) creak re. se fess oe ee ee eUIOoIALy SE cit si lee Fl (ee ate (ee | a Ue SA A Lr Ue rer nen pres crea os. eyowy zp) reg | a ae ia alesse pease cattniea ence epeydasoure vroyquEyay, = ale CMCC UR bel BANC Soy CaO ar dar kee CIRC FEC HUIMIVCT unyjeyodoinog sielelelzlelelglelelylelelelgig izle /zlE BIS IBIS (PIES IBIE IE Sie jelele sie la a] 3 5 BE ie = ei] ee POLIS | =a — panuijuo) SANVIS] SODVdVIV45) FHL NOdN SALAHdOLVWAAdS AGNV SALAHdAOGINALG AO NOILONAINLSIC, SHL DNIMOHS ATV] CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. 178 T+! | [ccccccctcccccccs ++: epponpuog erurdyeseeg pelea O Wa | elacdnee eee rer ee ae eee ee ere a aL Ne Ee eG ee ee ee ces ae a sch tis pee rere ee Ro eS ss ake Pole SIR ne eel ety heels ee ee pp ee ‘: A ocl O ereercecie eee eee AVSONINOSY’T ce eg ee eS ee eee ee ue AVAOVINSSVU) fas Ridin hecho ee eee ine eee ee Ae le Sw ee ee ee aS Pos cele eee ee ee eee pale ele ele eee nse Pe al een eer ee oe AVaaAATONA’Y) aieleizisvivigizieleivieleleleleiglelele PIAS IElSIElEIElSIEIEIZIEIEIEIEIEIEIE lS Po ee Be eS eee bee oe ee: §. o: B |e : Eos : o C - panuyuoy) SANWIST SODVdVTIV<*) HHL NOdN SA4LAHdOLVWAAdS AGNV SHLAHdOCdIYALG AO NOILNAINLSIG: AHL INIMOHS ATV 179 OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS STEW ART—BOTANY Vor. IJ zs re rs I cre xD i Pecan ey chielahedintie ap atelie ta aus hale tanctenodsiote nee aca ayeiids are Sal WO Oi cas eie orca ete cee aa Pca kent Stoo shal ee eeerce tn ae see 5 | wel Ny [| Me | il Ase | away fe alae ay | 1 | Sa [Sarat | Pah |e caer crise cere asuasedryes uInIpoulsac] fe eae a a5 aa elif ail Met aero eta c NCaCical aacey snssoidap snyjuewsead i PS og eee eee ee ze ct a XE an ehys waltsy airorystelvat os oeriah du eileen eleten-erey sewn. lal el ene erjoyiared eC RORY Ta OR aR CROP CROMER ROR Tr oe sisuosurwop eared : FAG ee ep t ae eet es 5 te is a 4+ ats ae ats iC OOS ORC RO SOC CTO DEO Om CMONOnOnCiag ChacieCL eh Oeriarnc eyruind ae te foea |= Meee era aes Mae econ susosaiqeys elIv[eyolC : = eae es ae ste eg ee eee ate Bate ar (lea fs ee ee aed Oe eqoid ee Vl Slee ate ince Pee al | oe ae Seer rene ee SPE Slt Meese sec ae Be eee wf eat P| cm Po erprer ireraienicaruitorar ure cnt coineccorycec eras ct eurlisoyotnd el alele lela lElelelele isle lelelele |e lals B 5 H S 2 Eales 28 3 #1813 = ale panuijuo) SAGNVISJ SODVdVIV©) AHL NOdN SALAHdMOLVWUAdS AGNV SALAHdOdINALd AO NOILNAINLSIG AHL ONIMOHS ATV [Proc. 4TH Ser. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES CALIFORNIA 180 9 Ge Qiao onoinonnnnnr nn nnnnsinn ar sues[nAa S| ta = i oe el os pe fee oc cio nigra O RR SAGom dncice : snqoosoruras eV lS Pe fA ell || a est SS Vie ene crow rine siaenmaern Saar st]jour ol aed eae ees | MM Aliealiaeert =a cisilees ll: Rell oF Nome [Pra auateniaiutaronlnen am Oko snyjueuope snjoeseyg ae “elas a Be te WH) |= SRSRioton en oncinos noondaee eyealnoe viuosumieg is fe ii ae Leg Ere) SE a Retciaeee eno once nertigin scrormorn f euojd vrunydony alg || ag || 2 hugger fir hom nem dhe fom al ge cr es he Seer orate daca Chouchtcmracrt ine erm eyerysor eunonyy rs et | ae eee ae| | ae) sitawcteas fas cv ctioyavaiedsucscstt totes oe a cenit eqyesodse vsounyy SE ee ee Poem cit rAp es inn aoe nt sires oii ceca ds eT Nee a (i cl ieee |e mn | rire ope k rast rat kcrogernnrerara xinione PN a sIInpo eBuy cae SI Cs ie ame [pe |e eal) ever lena dane wine! aistatateteroreharesetene Yael BILIIIS vooIyooy Salina | ema |x eb al, mau lf evraiecn scetcaesferteear en cha elce aechatreasahiae tartan Meneoesleths ds ‘a ET es] | RPS Pa PEL eee || elf |g | aeome || oa [ B Mear nha arisen reper ean Sher er eioginuoy Seve elt sl a i te lla aig: Es | Manco! neo earnest er SIIqnIOA “1A +- = ae fe ee [ame (re) | (a | en [at CNS ES susosoiqvis ‘IveA euvarissn{ vayor[eg ae a a é+ @)(¢) -aja!.e\\aiim! 0) e)'e «| e)\@) els! 6,160,168) 8 6) 8) a) 6 euINOA eulIyyAI” fh. fe fey etd en aderee eral enetey leche ole ge ein + atereteterniare umyeuroun a = a] & panujuo) SAGNWIST SODVdVIV©) AHL NOdN SHLAHdOLVWUAdS AUNV SHLAHdOCIYALG AO NOILNATALSIG] HHL ONIMOHS ATV STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 181 Vor. I] + Wr aiuitay ac eo pO ene) al eres pe en ec eral ey BUS uiny[Aydosrjo winury AVAIOVNI']T + te si Se eh te an: as a ae GTeWenerscerseeLAier ere. 0 el ais! phe: Ope el dini a. rR sieve I]JaUsIOD -}- ef [err creer eee decrees sbeeerees esouseo sI[exQ AVAOVAIIVXGO pe] | etree eersnnens reser cesee: ‘eyAydip viusz0z Ree tele’ Mencia t, Ase we Mle Weile ele alt Tl GNNR per acrsgcmierdenetees, cetnne tear crarais sisuonyemo eust, 2g ee fe ene een cae easouro visorydey, ef [etcetera eter ee en ees eiqeos soyyuesoyAyg Sa te CS Eee Cee OER Hae Pra |e ose ee re eee arr as SSuceCun ted PRO COOL CAO C Nee Oe O OC ByeNoryoI ac ae ati ot of Chelleraieueci@ @iete eens aoe eo win we en ee eurUTW eisoyoucsyy al + OM Merde bP Tat LOU RCM PCY a OA bn sak CIRC DCC a PC CO cls s1o]np stdosoig ~ = a _ +++ - ORONO Oi) OO sO. Oe iOuD Os) OrlnOnt GO Un Cen BuUlIyyAIa BIPIOsig ysnoloqieny a1qesizejepuy "YO Jeupier sosedeyer panuyuoy) SANVIS] SODVdVIV‘) AHL NOdN SALAHdOLVWAAdS UNV SALAHAOGIVALG JO NOILAGIMLSIC] AHL ONIMOHS ATV] wy [Proc. 4TH SER. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 182 + +. + + + + + a + + + + + -b + CaO) eek hal CCE iret Re Che! CC ach OD Oey tO) SudTOOARIS elosIng AVaHOVaAASHNG + aia eo” 070) be) O50 0 a: acne) ee ene ta stisuoqoorl BUIIOF a + +- ‘ilove rereiisl elle) e rere) a 6s elerele sisuouvounp Burioy ac gaat 71g |e ono oer ati sIsuajored eUTIO} is fale | Ses eae ork oat SISUBO[PUIG CULIOY Sele 4 oe |e ae oceeneto aca: sIsua]IeUNagTe vUTIO} -+- + + suelheeGe al bible 6 2)" .6 eve" sasinelelie Vern. ees viosedyies BIa4seD FAVAOVANAVWIS — +- + + + + + + + PO. 6 ey awe’ ww oy. NO -@ (eo L0Lw 6 ae) OG (oe elese y wnyAxoyyuez AVAOVLAY + OO (26a) One Fa we) SC ond) lO Bidet gue Oo WON on ee 8 eset 10. ee ds Spe chee fee Peat lh ce vise hw ier ene see ierem nen oer res or snaotdas +- seus ele ip es oth) (e\.0°.0).6' 0) 04 6 6a a snyjuvoeuer "ICA -- oh pers + + -- - a é+ Sauce (St els 0) |e O40 1@) 608 (6-18 oe) a 710-16) ose 8 -O8 SOptoj}sto SHINGLE aa SA aie ate S| came atl lara tr pecan Sconces maton tee suopusospe vrIUTeorsTTE oie P pe ey Tes HVHOVTTAHdODAT SFIS IEITIBIEIFIEIEISISIEIE IE EEIPRIEIE 5 3 z ® x a a = Beer Sa a ielah aie: o. 4. | 9 3 » SOO Fal ieten Hcto tad Seat a 3 BIS IRIS IEI|SISE |B Ia ly 5 a a) = Roe Pr ele | SE Wee || Ge R 8 | a s ae ee = = a| > panuyuo7 SGNVIS]T SODVdVIV‘) AHL NOdN SHLAHdMOLVWHAdS GNV SHLAHdOCdINALd AO NOILNAINLSIC(] AHL OINIMOHS ATEV STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 183 Vor. Tj a + ab ae -+- + + + Che Lererare sue ene ane 10 Xeie' evans o huat ewe es egs- «aul? wis eByeords PASSA sles cae ae a eee ee Seabee ert sor ecncene rece ee stare Pac + + re] Cue ceusrewlele lao elels (Us 6 eles wine bie wee wes e[nAied celiac ih ie Pe Peel Sire ee 2 ee a ene oe Ot coat = male ee eee oteptann.. itr sae ee ee oe ee eee snares Se ae ees ae ee eee ere epee A t ied Roe ere et hae eer Sa int ieee k ee ceees pear = aang" e? si(el ahisl ohelrelis'.e| ep eltelever ene sie eterers lsuepy eyddAjvoy AVAOVIAUNOHdINY cae es ale Fel (G Weal aieactea errors emai te Es eft at ais ate aE JL Sfiemvief etal sul oté heleh wife taylan tnitaiteltens tavtetecatate viosedryes cl Fat tial faa ea gs Se es ee gy) Peni ie (Caen on oe voce pec I1luoss1opuy eeshjog AVAIVIVOATOd Te Stecayehete Viefereigiulualwisateee) ere eres ee. fe eAydooreur STIS ETB Ele leie le lelelejeleleleieié Te ia Ge ae ee ee ce: B E i393 = aden lie (tao |= fae S/R lela Ce ere cats @ : ‘i panuyuoy SGNVWIST SODVdWIV®) AHL NOdN SALAHdOLVWUAdS AGNV SALAHdOGIWALd AO NOILNAINLSIG] AHL ONIMOHS ATV January 13, 1911 184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. 3 a UPTIUS MM | =f a 5 IaMOL, | + + FA Inout4ag | + wn g ysnorloqie Ny | + 4 STAJof | + G souef | ++ + ++ = a] qes17ejopuy | + + 4 + + i pooH. | =: = . ‘pH Joupiey | abe ! Wn “YQ Joupiey | ea) ——E————————E—E—E ee ee - uvounq | te a5 S seddadjng | =f s weysegg | + ++ + a a sey | + + ++ + ++ nn apyerg | at a3 as corpurg | ++ + = QS || vowunseg | | +++ “ aS BO || enewary | + + t+4++ 44 3 uopsulqy | +++ Lon a4 a sodsedeyer) | a Pe tie cos ee B eee nt : i) . . . . . . Z Aen er ad ei the 4 ie) BiAMIM ise cet tgs : — . . . . & at cela aay = : 2 OLN Sen Pe A by Bis) hte eae) ¥: : a : : AY Gan aC BaerUasy aoc lay ah eRe tage . 5 5 oo Dy ste n . 5 5 : E : Ca oy kee SS} : s Soot Ser as Pa oe ate : i oa a8 5 oS . Oy Nay Cap = Ay eS ay Scan awe Re 4 Poke . . 2 — o *e 8 st S 2 Ashlie: * : ep ce ee a oa i = 8 oS . Sagas aa U? a} = - : Owen p> > be oO : ca] Bo < = ans faa o& & & 6 S ve) < a fH oO STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 15 Vor. I] yYsno1oqie nN a[qesizejapuy “PH Joupreg "YQ reuprey toddadjng weyyeyg a SR ye teed cee ae eae one enema cen eOUTWIA SYimsibvfuhre) ates Eylet Shel onta, of warn uLievhe s eirwaviaweaireriolrens eros Ayy ee | mee |celiotceste by [oeMsfieg sist olist apie! aie, 6 .i4)' salls\is\ siveiler eis) 6 eyepnyound od\6/ Ke) \e|ieMle le, iW 16,0110) 67 #)\¢) e19\48).0).9) vie’ 6) #8 18) @isiia (80 eloznyid CO Ca OtOa O17 I) De OO aD sOaN Osos Cucmcrd eiqrs "IPA Care ele 8) lehtey aMule eb Rbe te 10) 6 telefon e/tels).diavet (as ais BOTJOISOU ste. 6) (0, 0 xehielieuel'e, aie aMellellbnat.s).0 elt site) efveve ays) © viosedejes ae Sieh viv) vie, Jalverie!e 8 ane 616 eere): wife h nivalis, s iacin’vurtel © slieljoqey CORON ORCC Iu bis CUS EO a Oa) ek OO) Geo sTu1oj1yestnba ++4 ore eueneht ens) leianavena ioe. epanelévangiereneratsuaterere eyelnoyse Biase ap Parecent oie lena Seen ne ECS re eyefnoide ae BIE ave) eh/e (ele l ie). ane) {tel vel lle jetele. ors sl[neorxoidure eiqioydng” ajrewoq y uopsulqy sosedeyer SANW IST SODVdVIV©) AHL NOdn SULAHdOLVWAAdS GNV SALAHdOdINALY AO NOILNGILSIG: AHL ONIMOHS ATVI panuiuoy .L [Proc. 4TH SER. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 186 + osile) WLelew (ebelsedautay =) eselinne (b)aicele; aa) sere lees ca. ds dYOIANI[eO AVAOVHOINLITIV’) alg ayy mar ama ein ae Ne NE SS Sa Aa Ok Sh De stunUIWIOD snurONy Je ay ms ne es os es SOON OOD Oro OI O ONG, sIsuauroreo snyjurypAug Je te + S)ilelis ce enel aaj orocese 4 olan eee ener eae eulISsT[IyN youu, @ 8 ©) 0 86) © (0) 6) 10) ene) 's).© a) 0) 6)\0,10%8) 8) aye aaeyecele sroino edoiyef +. altalle\ber bie) em 6 is)'s'0) 8! "s)8\/9 6 .8\re\le-re eljeuroueyy ouewoddryy eexekeuere: 6 S)-s).e 16,18) 0.0 @) 6).0)'¢) 18) ea am ara) Sa) eves ace ee ce) . ds + + ob +++ BO ee ae ac sisuouopSurqe “Iva Sr es eee Ue eae ee etal [lf ah aR oe sIsuaArel vULIO} ES ea a ac Ve ee kee ER oe ee lnc et) | ee gee pera ie oa sisuoqoorl vulioy eg Need ars eS ie as cae eee a eer sIsuomeyyeyo vULIOy a se Plbg| (ube) SPR ace a eur]ayseo eULIOJ efi ee |i ee (ee [Gee |e (a a ere sIsuaforvo eUIIOJ et years ac tee es sIsuou0}SuLIVq eUIIOJ ysno1ogieny [qes1yejopul yO Jeupiexy) saddading twaeqyeq) uoysuLlieg a[reuleq y uopsulqy sodedeyey) c) "pH Jeupseg panuyuo) SONVIS] SODVdVIV5) AHL NOdN SALAHAOLVWAAdS GNV SALAHAOGIMALY AO NOILNGIALSIC( AHL ONIMOHS Adv | STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 187 Vor. I] + 2 6 606.0 8. © Oot C08 16: Cab: CO anne ee eqOTLI}IUWIeS e4yJoJWINI TL ae ¢+ + CHOMCpCL G. cmCe Cc bh pact tie) Cette er mien snjoqoyid snioyolog AVAOVITIL eT | Pi [ep eel Fs ee hc ae ace aca a aca rea BIOJIUIA SIITA ae + Shs + ts fee erieue eis @ siete ee lensle b #18) e 018 es, els soproAoIs snssig AVHOVLIA a te are “i a5 an + + + + «9860 44are wate. eet enolic « 6 ele) 6 (6 0, 4 e1oyioned eliIeosiq HAVAOVNNVH YY + 0170) we) Te) 0) Semele, (o Se" SIG YeNleNe ele) e's. ee elreuodes snpuideg + s) fe\fotarteyie! »)(s: vote 4e\te) outs) bee) ale, 8 vyepnyyeds "IPA + + 0:16 [ex6, ‘8° (O10) > lov ’ey es) eye 6) Oe bee 6 (6 6! a. enn e BSOOSTA eoeuopod oe St + pire eho. 0 v 16 (6, 5s 1h» (ole vo eel ea ¥ tel eu anietier (s wnroesedeles 4 a aE + oe aS + Une) etfeyreleuleife bre, oe Tecbie) a cave winpullog uimutedsotpieg AVAOVAGNIdVS a a “ ate a ae -+- + +. + + + fe (erie ts eile Tepe O) a fee fay ee) eeneuwoe: es Ses eyeAoqoO snuoyhejyy AVAOVALSV1d’) Hlaniwziaiat|e Q Pie} | (Ove (oll) leche teckel ls2) tae AP) Canteen 4 Pa SIR laleieic |e iaeia|s | & d. gis 8 8 5 a p 3 » Se 1 — re) B 8 & 13 e Pe Celle isin eee fol Waele) icge peimoat east ge % i 8 m | 9 Bere Bye ]P | 8 > os: a | > é t= panuiuo’) SGNVIST SODVdVIV‘) AHL NOdN SALAHMOLVWAAdS GNV SALAHAOCdTAALG AO NOLLOGILSIC AHL ONIMOHS ATV EL [Proc. 4TH Ser. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 188 Tare zr ai jul (ck co in AR a novia vye[norued “Fs ae lee a Oe ieee eee ene siainiccea aaa ne * ge ao i kame Rae nga nr acres peo are eh a ey oes ee ee ee ee nhac eee ue lee lee Pull oltelleealeselicies sient ly le econ ae fA es ce ol een evens et yee yal i et Reem namrerie hice Sees era Seles eal alate al sales eergeiats coca aan ies r i (dare eae een eet stata Stes ae 4. Ss + Ste = -++ + + + + a ai.nhanie.ie! aia) alia} ia aac var a) eyie hh (airaie aesuepeqieq uin1dAssor) mee Theses re (re lace peter anes ea ee he ne fia sd es ec sna eee sein Conca Geese orien ee |e ee | alien eee ee ee See rely: Slee: ale ele elles eer ere oe oe se ORE Sl pels lta ica lee genes: ee pace eae =e aTiey a TER fae ae a ore hoa fhe ete tng ecm | nce eRe e eal hate aes ake wnjeiodnedap uoyIynqy AVAOVATV IN ‘a 8 milo g Sie|s |e 5 = a} eS panuyuoy) SGNWIS]T SODVdVIV') AHL NOdN SALAHdOLYWUYddS INV SHULAHdOCIYaLd AO NOILNAIMLSIGQ] AHL ONIMOHS AVE STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 189 Vot. I] re tel oe Palen 2 ce aes Wisp ks ee se Tenet i: ee STIS AP aeamateey iolecrehecrnies scises Reanaibe AVAOVAOTAISSV 7a Re Pesos es on |e ane ec eee HVAOVAANAN TL .: He aha cexteetaaten Arena OS ER re AVAOVOTAAdA FY Eledlase soles lon Ghee lala sg ncle dial meme vena ais Grete Paice BAP |, ‘i Fea oth (Se eaten yee =o aes Pale rn A ere Le eer tee ee Gas ccna AVAOVITNONALS Pinole ths acre eae ieee eee eet eae sy FO 1 POP a ase esate a SI[Iuny “IVA VITOJABOIUOIOA i i bal ON valle Paw: eer canes Renmamie paces Poder eal ale (eli cet Ki Nemes Se eect) hee cea A Pape cn PON oo eee ker ce bereits peel lele(Slelele le |S lelElE/BIEIE la [8 Bi |8|é Cp ee eee ee ee 8, gc EA 2 4 5 oO a panuyuoy) SANVISJT SODVdVIV®) AHL NOdN SHLAHdOLVWUAdS AGNV SHULAHdOCINALd AO NOILNAINLSIC] HHL ONIMOHS ATV [Proc. 4TH SER. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 190 5 = Mis ee me ene ee ee Ee 5) se a ee eee Ue a eee eerie a Ae|ge | o & cer (Se or ee be eee ea ayer reas Sell oli eee Var ca alee = \ 54a (es aed enero e ome ee + -+- +- +. -- + a\¥e/iel'et (6 pe MU. wits one e\eate)/e rave renenelnetenn elosedeles etyundg Se ee Se a eerie Mine ke ds tealee A ea ete eee ae epee eainodiens flaca eee = OR Fi ins eee mere pres tere. Souhen t— : = + OG Ode) Otc CWO eG OO char eyes stisuosedrje3 snojad AVAOVLOVI) syd te i Sh beeen pe One sienBrascreatcietons zs ae es aoa re ee Ud th ail ieee Oe eer isdee aetna . AVAOVSVO'T a ley dele |S leer aati ote ean ee Sibaee eS “AVAOVOIAV) SIZIZIEITISIELFIS (REISE SIE E IE el ele BEES (HISISIELE IS BIS /ElEIE/EIEIE 18/2 5 B |¢ ie Bile liees |e lao le © peo lesalegel sg & g B |e ES ae : panuiuo) SANVIST SODVdVIVS) AHL NOdN SALAHAOLVWAAIG GNV SALAHAOMINALG JO NOILNAIMLSIG AHL YNIMOHS ATav | STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 191 Vor. I] Beye | eRe eel! ho lence tas we ahareates, oereetenteae oe suodas vavissn[ AVAOVYOVNO Fish lace) Se [eel [nea orrecatearsase Ske ace wivin ORS eUueTuosUIqoy vruooTTy AVAOVNOLSATA IN a ae + + ae + =| + + Sheree eevee tae, ese 16 te ee be 8 vis eSOWo0RI elivjnounse’] af a + + el Gh tal Oya ee wu VOUs) we moa som eee a4) e¥evaln te snyoolo sndiesou0dg aAVAOVLANANO?) Slee 4 oT pst | eebetirso wae ete noerOrke oe oe ume8edee3 wnipisg at UP eb) (8) 9.6. ol 6 se velle eva: $6) 6 [6 yelielorén'eve “pt a). 6 soquef vIuosny AVAOVLUATL aie + ete Sic 4 + 4- +. + + One CnC OmONLy CC)" OMeOnOe aL eOsO: CCmo (Cr opsueyy e1oydoziyy AVAOVAOHdOZIHY wnyeueID ‘ong Sle are te eb wd duis te lee We tele, wie) ae whee alia in einyed eoydng AVAOVUHLA] ++ | | sare | some { | poor | ueounqd | - : B Imourfag a[qesizejopuy | PH J2upsey | "YO Jeupiey | taeddadjng | meyyeyD | seqieyg aWeIg | panuyuo7 SANVIS]T SODVdVIV5) AHL NOdN SALAHAOLVWAAIS GNV SALAHAOGINALG AO NOILAAINISIG] AHL ONIMOHS ATAV I], [Proc. 4TH SER. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 192 =| fe Weta Pc Pe, feces, (ECS OCP Cee re Se Cae BOIARSSPIND a gl ah 4. SL fT | (CES TL SiG sR ieseseie eUISsI}sn3ue seidapsy AVAOVAV1da TOSYy ae stay ( ETS Th I pa CCN ESL meet a re MOL cay Cot ech suaosaqnd Sea ste. | Tey) | oe Sy el et eee care eae eters cen Sey scence viqrs PISoTeA FAVHOVNADO WT Sie iets |e | are te ae |e ee teal mire |e eevee aaa) en cyte suapuros osequn{g AVAOVNIDVAWNNTG SO a Se i a sic ottawa 6 eo ono oo UINAI}eS WINUTTASOI}0g ra R eiat iol ieien tk ntoetincteiston atts Newsies stsuosedeyes atAyooo1pAPy ay, a ae COCO Ol rhaneo O60 0-0 ee onl OLa-ouS remkoen BOT}eISe e]JoyUN_D a ALAS | ag ura Apa aet eae esas umnypAydoyday ae eye trejfalxe\.arteiialta’s ie] a)taliaay affelielsi-o[ alla’ aliecinie WINYeIUIOP] umnidy AVAAATTIXAW /) ce afeltainanesten ef aliane) (a ieiielisiielie iene net elenienteltaiiame ds um [AydorsrA yy AVHOVAGIOVHAAOTY HL mn oo el SIPISVELTIEIEIFI2(EIE IEE SIZ ElEIBIELE Bla leis lela l/elalelele le iBl/Blelele] 8 je ls Jal NaS} Ney fey) ae fetiae 1h 433 aie |B lo 18 +e |e 18 2 /2|3 ® 218 ES UR a age Fa fetta ek i Yl a 3 4 i) ® |B 5 |= ]s 19 ES a milo 8 3 |o a Panuijzuo’) SGNWIST SODVdVIVL) AHL NOdN SALAHAOLVWUAdS GNV SALAHdOdINALG AO NOILNAINLSIGQ AHL ONIMOHS Adv STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 193 Vot. 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CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 194 +++ oh + +++ + +++ B66 (ee, o/s) 6.e)e" ae 8.676 vusieetela veces Sieh a wie ee 6 wIMnoIput + + + OO Oster et eth t ihc Rcerh Gerken ec tert uwInorlAvsseino ice tne ce! 6 6/8/65 iene take teats) s I1uossIopuy umnidos,01jo Hy <'\@anielle: eels ere) 8) e/a se)(s "mB (b Karlee) wisn) a) a) re) (6) (8 0.6 ads “u + Sie e308) 9)\6)a) (6) 66.6) 610) e 6 ealel alae slel spa aiiela nid I1a[noos | | ST FS COR Br OGIO Ae Detached) CetecnO SUBOLISIU "IPA “hE BS ob 828" BO)» 6.66 6! 0) 62 Oise) wae on) Cs) ep Sle euvIIOyOOHL Se, @ (sie 6/6 6! u\-9 (6) 8 80 steele 6)» «(a lvls s 6 sisuosedries a ++ L Z + 16.101 we Leva ep (eee 8! ew wid'.9' 6° ests ee lee 6 IUIMIeCd eluaplod AVAOVNIDVAOG ao sliptie sie ce (eel ee eee wis ese ie ele) e (ev alls BUulOJOYOIp evoloIpAy AVAOVTTIAHdAOUGAP —!|{— — | ——— | ——_ |S ——— | ———_ | ———_ |_| ————_ |S |_| | | | | | | TE NN ysnoioqie nN a1qesiyejopuy ‘PH Jouprey "YQ Joupiey ieddadqng weYyyey apJeuleq y sosedeyes) panuyuoy SGNVWISJT SODVdVIVL) AHL NOdN SALAHdMOLVWUAdS GNV SALAHdOCIYaLG AO NOILNATALSIG] AHL ONIMOHS FIV 195 STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS Vor. 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CROM i OROROMCHeCh ts snyeury snddedo|dy By |e KE ek | A ieee gee eee eee enoreeisrnieqie wesorqmay. a ah + one omeresee) a) alee aia setint ease! elle Js) ee saprozAuoo un} Pes VY + ‘ey a: -0° b (Oh weltu a, wl leTleme eh dite! 6. °6" 10,6. 10a ei guia uindseooJ01u iy eT i gee a8) Mies U2 Fat ss nee EOS ae, soplodieooone] wnusodsoyjyuroy AVLISOMNO’) i relic BSP a le ieerrare aterm sence Heng eIOASEOS HVAOVINAGOOL) nA ie Se a ag ha ea ae ana euenaou ensdey aAVAOVIONVdNV) pe OSC SUCED 0) S OCR GeO OONONO o() Deg Cotten aC) Ott SNSO][IA soAoIg eM rts Pex teria eereg i eyuesyo. eorproLoyy = 4 Sy es gr its arson. rary aaa ce canyep10o wMUSTeTE =. + 0) 6 66:6 0m) 00:0 10) es © le 6.6 en l@ ere .e 6.6. onan odog eqyiqinong oaey + Viake Cale (ems aha e shevelene es) sieleriet@..ehei.e.6 slies[na sny{[nayig aVaovLiaanony ED a ee et GI Goiiiitst) Gan isG)) lida || toh ii eolate co > 1 QO PSS ETE ElEIE (CIE clElElelElAlelele ® B Clee bm || pe | fe | Ge uo) at | 4 Aa 5. 5 p Seatac eel | Se eee Paros cong We la lie (ale | 2 Be le rege Sa Se 2 TSS aT esa te ed etch a & 3 m|o 5 B |e |P |e =a o, fana| as o : : panwmjuoy SAGNVWISJT SODVdVIV®) HHL NOdN SALAHdOLVWYAdS AGNV SHULANdOCINALG AO NOILNAIMISIG] JHL ONIMOHS ATAV [Proc. 4TH SER. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 202 a |e ar (a |e eee cree ne ene cere epidsiy vryaouq ii SUB sets] =| steieese'ntvaetealnae tin ws [on . 5 E panuiuo’) _SANVWIST SODVdVIV©) AHL NOdn SALAHdOLVWUddS UNV SALAHdOGINALdT AO NOILONATNLSIq] AHL DNIMOHS FAVE *puvysy uojdureyD + 205 ee Glen Hils cl De locks ae lin Starean ts yale soe ee ee ae OF i ca be VO ae eo ae ee ee ai oe i cS PS mea od eae a ki, rye ce a ie 2 Baa seenaenae ~ rae ER a pilipres, soccer As veep nd Seo snasessavenqanee iil eka Tenouictie (¢ lets, (Suetreuspo enamel eM eel vi'wie, 0 «al ter w) sie eSOPIA s arin nle twileetle tens, Suey e. ¥iene bi eceLeta eherale saben. 6 lisseIspoug are | bi jcge |, NE elm MPP | po Pe a oer ce CAC ae gS BXOYOI401 i a AP ae a (breiiese' ele \t) a6 0) e619) 0 eh9) 6b) 6) \¥ 1s eye (6 .8 eyernounpod ci SP OLE HOY OOM MOM OCRCEC eC he ce ae cca sisuouoqieu 1 oe ov ee bolero. blue bial RT waCke ene 6 aie CeCe lenele eyeudsooso1w Be ie es || eel ee inn ine ts] \itetsrts inoue te kslolterejetishanarai'aene's nu nen orev euei ei Ou wiens esIoul ane sife) o'ely bib) wical oie WPM el whem alkerral amen exerts erele) aney¢ usurydoyy Pyeh ONS) olor lwisplarteieme> eteue! estes) s) © «visa shave) s vite Woe stalof | some | POOE | ueounq sajseyo | aysserg | STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS Inowls£ag iaddading | ureqeq) | uopsulqy | = 7 5 ysnoioqien "pH Joupiey) | “YO soupseg | a1qesiyejepuy | rs panuyuo 7 SANVIS] SODVdVIVS) AHL NOdN SALAHdAOLVWAIdMS UNV SALAHAOGINAL JO NOILNAMISIC] AHL ONIMONS ATV] Vor. I] 206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. ATH SER. BOTANICAL REGIONS Those who have written on the phytogeography of the Gala- pagos Islands in the past, have often mentioned the great difference in the character of the vegetation on the higher and lower parts of many of the islands, a difference that is very marked and can often be readily seen at a mere glance from the shore or a few miles out at sea by the contrast in the color of the vegetation in the several regions. In fact it is often easier to make out the limits of the regions from a distance than close at hand, for they frequently grade imperceptibly into each other, and the variations in color can not be so readily distinguished when one is going through the islands. On certain islands some of the regions are often ill defined or entirely lacking, a fact that is probably due mostly to climatic but sometimes to edaphic factors. Above the strand vegetation, which forms a narrow belt along the shores in many places, four botanical regions can be recognized, the Dry, Transition, Moist, and Grassy. Dry Region The lower slopes of the higher islands and the whole slopes of the lower ones are covered with a vegetation which is very xerophytic in character. The most striking plants in this region are the arborescent cacti, which often occur in large numbers and sometimes attain a height of forty or more feet. Except the cacti, the trees in this region are for the most part rather low, deciduous in character, and very much scattered. Between the trees, where they occur, the ground is usually covered with low bushes, which either shed or greatly reduce their leaves during the greater part of the year, and those which retain their leaves usually have them covered with a heavy coating of plant hairs. The landscape accordingly pre- sents a dreary gray aspect, which is greatly accentuated by the color of the trunks of both the Croton bushes and Bursera trees. ; During the spring months this region takes on a green appearance, but is lighter in color than the moist region above. During this season most of the annual plants spring up rapidly, and mature before the dry season sets in again. Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 207 While it is difficult to give a list of plants which are strictly characteristic of this region, the following includes those spe- cies which are most common. Those which are followed by an asterisk in this and the following lists are, so far as is known, characteristic of the region to which they are referred. Acacia macracantha* Desmanthus depressus Aristida divulsa* Discaria pauctflora* subspicata* Erythrina velutina* Borreria ericaefolia* Euphorbia amplexicaulis* Bursera graveolens articulata* Castela galapageia viminea Cenchrus platyacanthus* Gossypium barbadense Cereus galapagensis* Lantana peduncularis nesioticus* Maytenus obovata sclerocarpus* Mentzelia aspera Clerodendron molle Opuntia galapageia* Coldenia Darwini* myriacantha* fusca* Parkinsonia aculeata* Cordia galapagensis Piscidia erythrina Hookeriana Prosopis dulcis lutea Scalesia atractyloides* Croton Scouleri* Telanthera echinocephala var. brevifolius nudicaulis var. Macraei* Waltheria reticulata Transition Region As the name would indicate, the vegetation in this region is transitional in character, being made up of a mixture of xerophytic plants from the dry region below and the more hardy of the mesophytic plants from the moist region above. There is usually a great thickening of the vegetation in this region, and a considerable number of the evergreen species appear, so that the landscape has a mottled appeardnce when seen from a distance. In fact the deciduous character of the vegetation in the dry regions, the evergreen character in the moist regions, and the mixture of the two in the transition regions, are the principal causes of the well marked appearance of zonation on many of the islands. The trees in this region are taller, as a rule, and closer together than they are in the dry region, while underneath the trees the bushes and undergrowth are larger and thicker on the ground. A few species of epiphytic plants are found, 208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Ser. among which fruticose lichens are most abundant, often occur- ing in such large quantities as to give a distinct color to the vegetation. A few of the more xerophytic species of ferns, as well as a number of herbaceous perennial plants, occur. The annual herbaceous forms are rather in the minority as compared with the perennials. The following list includes the plants which are most common in this region. Adiantum concinnum Lantana peduncularis Bursera graveolens Lipochaeta laricifolia Castela galapageia Maytenus obovata Ceropteris tartarea Pisonia floribunda Chiococca alba Polypodium lepidopteris Cissampelos Pareira pectinatum Clerodendron molle squamatum Cordia galapagensis Psidium galapageium Hookeriana Psychotria rufipes lutea Scalesia pedunculata Croton Scouleri var. brevifolius Telanthera echinocephala Doryopteris pedata Tillandsia insularis Erigeron tenuifolius Tournefortia rufo-sericea Euphorbia viminea Trachypteris pinnata Gossypium barbadense Waltheria reticulata Ionopsis utricularioides Zanthoxylum Fagara Moist Region The vegetation of the moist region is of a decidedly meso- phytic character, all the xerophytic species which persist in the transition region having disappeared, except in a few rare instances. In these cases there may be an occasional straggler from below, or conditions of soil or exposure are such that mesophytic plants will not grow. In general this region is characterized by the presence of large forests, made up for the most part of trees of Psidium galapageium, Pisonia floribunda, and Scalesia pedunculata, which it seems well to call the “Scalesia forests.” The undergrowth is often dense in these forests, and is made up mostly of larger species than are found in the two lower regions. Epiphytic ferns and orchids, as well as several species of leafy hepatics, grow abundantly. Lianes also abound, although belonging largely to a single species. The mesophytic species of ferns are very common, and often form brakes of considerable size. In general, the vegetation Vot.1] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 209 of this region presents an appearance very similar to that which is usually found in the moist tropics, the rain-forest type being closely approached in places. While forests pre- dominate, there are a few localities in which they are absent or only represented by an occasional tree. In such places the vegetation is made up mostly of bushes and ferns, over which there are tangled masses of lianes, mostly of the herbaceous type. The following list includes the species of plants which are most noticeable in the moist region. Acrostichum aureum Adiantum concinnum Henslovianum macrophyllum Argyreia tiliaefolia Asplenium cristatum formosum praemorsum Serra sulcatum Blechnum occidentale Ceropteris tartarea Cheilanthes microphylla Chiococca alba Cissampelos Pareira Croton Scouleri var. grandifolius Doryopteris pedata Dryopteris parasitica* Epidendrum spicatum Erigeron linifolius Hemitelia multiflora Tonopsis utricularioides Nephrolepis biserrata pectinata* Pisonia floribunda Polypodium aureum lanceolatum lepidopteris pectinatum Phyllitides* squamatunt Psidium galapageium Psychotria rufipes Pteris aquilina var. esculenta* incisa* Scalesia pedunculata cordata Tillandsia insularis Tournefortia rufo-sericea Trachypteris pinnata Urera alceaefolia* Zanthoxylum Fagara Grassy Region This region lies above the moist region, and is characterized by considerable areas covered with perennial grasses, the most common of which is Paspalum conjugatum. Trees are almost entirely absent except in protected places, the probable cause of their absence being the greater velocity of the wind at the higher elevations, combined with a somewhat less amount of precipitation. A number of bushy and shrubby plants are found in this region, the most common of which are Tourne- fortia rufo-sericea and Zanthoxylum Fagara. There are also a considerable number of species of ferns, but it is seldom that 210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. brakes of any size are formed by them. There are but two islands in the group on which this region is well developed, Albemarle and Chatham. On both of these the belt in question is used for grazing purposes by the inhabitants. The upper part of the highest crater on Charles Island is also covered by this region, but the area here is so small as to be negligible. The following table shows the elevations in feet at which the different regions end at the various places on the islands visited by our party. The islands not mentioned are either too low to possess more than the dry region, or their regions are so ill defined as to render the exact limits impossible of determina- tion. Elevations which are followed by an asterisk are esti- mated, the estimates often having been made from a few miles out to sea by comparing the elevation of the place in question with that of some other place the elevation of which was known. ZONAL ELEVATIONS Dry Transition Moist Grassy Locality Region Region Region Region Abingdon Island, north side...... 1500* south) Side sa... - 450 1000 1950 Albemarle Island, Banks Bay..... 1500* Cowley Bay ....| 1000 3000* Iguana Cove... 0 0 Wrillignaabllin 6 by peo 150 350 1500 3150 Charles Island, Black Beach Road 450 1000 1780 Chatham Island, Wreck Bay...... 650 800 2100 Mun canmlslandmcacm ec cs es. cise 900 1300 Indefatigable Island, Academy Bay. 350 500 1500* north side....} 1500* 2000* northwest side 450 700 southeast side. 400 800* James Island, north side.......... 1500* 2000* SOUtauStde ste rok g 900 1600 2850 JjamesmBay oes 1300 2000* 2850 From this table it appears that there is often a great differ- ence in the elevations at which a region begins and ends on the same sides of different islands as well as on different sides of Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 211 the same islands. In the first instance it seems likely that the size of the island and the degree of slope are involved. On large islands, like Albemarle and Indefatigable, the southern sides slope very gradually, and the transition and moist regions extend down much lower than on Abingdon and James, which are smaller and have steeper sides. A notable exception occurs, however, at Iguana Cove on the southwest side of Albe- marle Island, where the conditions are very peculiar indeed. This is the only place on the islands, outside of a few isolated spots near brackish springs, where there is sufficient moisture at sea level to support a mesophytic vegetation. But the extent of the moist region at this place is very limited, for at Christo- pher Point, only five miles north, and at Essex Point, four miles south, the vegetation at sea level is again very xero- phytic. The great difference in elevation of the different regions on the leeward and windward sides of the islands, is due to the fact that the fog in passing over the tops of the mountains rolls down but a short distance on the leeward sides, and leaves the islands at a much higher level than it struck them on the windward sides. The lower limits of the moist regions are usually as well marked, by the difference in the color of the vegetation, on the leeward as on the windward slopes of the islands. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE FLORA PTERIDOPHYTA Filices are the family that contains the largest number of species, but at the same time the smallest number of endemic forms in proportion to the number of species represented, of any family of vascular plants found on the islands. Ferns occur mostly in the transition and moist regions, where they sometimes grow in great profusion. They are not confined to these regions, however, as there are instances of their occur- rence under decidedly xerophytic conditions in the dry region. The species which occur thus are Ceropteris tartarea, Cheilan- thes microphylla, Notholaena sulphurea, Polypodium squam- atum, and Trachypteris pinnata. Hydrophytic ferns are few in number, and are confined to a few rather restricted areas, in the moist regions on several islands, where the amount of 212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser. moisture present is greater than is ordinarily the case. Those species which are decidedly hydrophytic, or show tendencies in this direction, are some of the species of Adiantum, Asplen- ium cristatum, and the species of Hymenophyllum and Tricho- manes. Epiphytic species include Asplenium praemorsum and sulcatum, Nephrolepis pectinata, Polypodium angustifolium, aureum, lanceolatum, lepidopteris, polypodioides, and thyssan- olepis. Over one half of the species of Polypodium found on the islands are epiphytic in habit, all but one, in fact, being habitually so. Fern brakes of considerable size are formed by Nephrolepis biserrata, and Pteris aquilina var. esculenta, while Polypodium squamatum often forms low brakes one to two feet high in moist shady places in the transition region. Hemutelia multiflora is the only tree fern, and is confined to the upper parts of three of the higher islands. Ferns have now been found on all of the important islands of the group except Barrington, Culpepper, Seymour, and Tower, the con- ditions on these islands being too dry to support even the more xerophytic species. The water ferns are of relatively little importance in the archipelago, being represented by a species each of Azolla and Salvinia. The Lycopodiaceae are represented by five species of Lyco- podium, all of which occur in the moist and grassy regions of the islands. Two of the species are epiphytic and the remain- ing three terrestrial. The Equisetaceae are represented by a single species, Equisetum bogotense, which occurs in a very small area on the top of one of the mountains on Albemarle Island. SPERMATOPHYTA Monocotyledoneae The Gramineae are the fourth largest family, in number of species, found on the islands. By far the largest number of the species are confined to the dry and transition regions, the moist region being too shady, in most places, to support an abundant growth of grass. The only grass of any importance which occurs above the transition region is Paspalum conju- gatum, which often covers extensive areas in the grassy region and forms an important forage grass for the cattle and other domesticated animals on the islands. Grasses which occur Vou. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 213 under halophytic conditions are a species of Ammophila, prob- ably A. arenaria, and Sporobolus virginicus, the last of which covers some of the sand beaches with heavy tangled mats. Great numbers of land birds were often found feeding in the grassy areas in the dry and transition regions, a fact which suggests the possible origin of this rather important element of the flora. The second largest family of the Monocotyledons is the Cyperaceae, which are the seventh largest family, in number of species, found on the islands. The best represented genus is Cyperus, of which there are more than sixteen species and varieties, one or more of which occur on all of the islands except Brattle. They form a noticeable but not important element of the flora in the dry and transition regions, but with the exception of C. grandifolius are not conspicuous in either the moist or grassy regions. In the Voyage of the Beagle, Darwin speaks of beds of Cyperus on the upper parts of James Island, in which he found a species of water rail. We were able to secure several specimens of this rather rare bird, but without exception they were found in beds of Paspalum con- jugatum, which grows abundantly in open places throughout the moist region on this island. Of the remaining genera of sedges Dichronema is represented by one species, Eleocharis by three, Fimbristylis by two, and Hemicarpha, Kyllinga, and Scleria by one each, none of which are widely distributed over the islands or form an important element of the flora in the regions where they occur. Outside of the grasses and sedges the remaining monocotyle- donous families are of little importance. The Orchidaceae are represented by four genera of one species each, all of which are found above the dry region. The Bromeliaceae are repre- sented by Tillandsia, of which there is a single endemic species that in places forms a noticeable element of the flora. Other monocotyledonous plants are for the most part small and rather rare of occurrence. Dicotyledoneae The Piperaceae and Urticaceae are both small families, the first being represented by eight species of Peperomia, all but one of which are endemic. These include both epiphytic and 214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. terrestrial forms and are all confined to the transition and moist regions of the islands. The Urticaceae are represented by six species, one of which is endemic. They are all herbaceous forms except Urera alceaefolia, which forms large sized bushes and is rather an important element of the flora in the moist regions of both Albemarle and Indefatigable Islands. The Amarantaceae are the sixth largest family of vascular plants found on the islands, being represented by thirty-three species, varieties, and forms. The two most important genera are Amaranthus and Telanthera. ‘The species of the first of these are herbaceous in character and furnish some of the most noticeable of the spring weeds in the dry and transition regions. The species of Telanthera are woody in character and the genus is represented in all the regions by species which are shrubby or bushy in form. Of the thirteen species and varieties of this genus all are endemic but two. The Nyctaginaceae are represented by four genera, three of which form rather important elements of the flora. Crypto- carpus pyriformis is usually found in the neighborhood of the coast, where it often forms rather conspicuous thickets of light green bushes which stand out in strong contrast with the gray colored vegetation farther inland. Boerhaavia is represented by four species in the dry and transition regions, and Pisonia by one that forms one of the important forest trees in the transi- tion and moist regions. The family of Aizoaceae is noteworthy in that it contains two of the important elements of the halophytic flora, namely Sesuvium Edmonstonei and S. Portulacastrum. The first of these species is endemic, while the second has a wide distribu- tion on tropical shores. The Menispermaceae contain but two species: Cissampelos galapagensis and C. Pareira. The latter is one of the most noticeable plants in certain parts of the transition and moist regions, where it often covers the branches of the trees in great profusion, while the large number of absorbing roots which are put down from above may form tangled masses and render traveling very difficult. It is the only plant on the islands that approaches the woody liane type. The Leguminosae are the fifth largest family in number of species on the islands, being represented by forty-five species, Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 215 six of which are endemic. This family contains some of the largest forest trees, as well as many herbaceous and shrubby forms. All of these are most abundant in the dry and transi- tion regions, and many of the species are armed with spines. Several of the smaller Lianes being to this family. In the moist and grassy regions the woody species are almost entirely absent, but there remain a considerable number of herbaceous forms, among which Desmodium is most conspicuous. The Rutaceae are represented by a single species, Zanthory- lum Fagara, which occurs in all of the regions on many of the islands. This species varies greatly in size, often occurring as small bushes in the dry region, while in the moist zone it assumes the height of a tree, the increase in size being gradual with the increase in elevation. In many places in the dry and transition regions this plant forms dense low thickets of bushes which, owing to the strongly recurved spines that cover the branches, are very hard to penetrate. It is one of the favorite host plants for Phoradendron Henslovii on the parts of the islands where this parasite occurs. The Simarubaceae have but one representative, Castela gala- pageia, which occurs as bushes in both the dry and transition regions. This species varies greatly in the size of the leaves and in the arming of the stem, so that several forms have been based on these characters. Bursera graveolens and B. malacophylla are the only repre- sentatives of the Burseraceae found on the islands. The first of these is one of the most abundant forest trees in the dry region, and is found on all of the more important islands of the group but Duncan. It never occurs above the transition region except as an occasional straggler. The second species is endemic, and so far as known occurs only on the Seymour Islands. In number of species, varieties, and forms, the Euphorbia- ceae are the third largest family of vascular plants found on the islands, and are of prime importance in that they furnish many of the characteristic species of all of the regions. The various forms of Croton Scouleri constitute conspicuous ele- ments in all of the regions where this species occurs, and in the dry region dense thickets of Croton bushes often cover consid- erable areas almost to the exclusion of all other perennial vege- January 14, T1911. 216 CALIFORNIA .ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. tation. The forms of this species which occur in the dry region are usually rather low and covered with small leaves of a decidedly gray color, due to the heavy covering of trichomes. Those forms which occur higher up in the transition and moist region are larger, sometimes attaining the size of small trees. On these the leaves are larger and with a much lighter covering of plant hairs. Species of Euphorbia occur to some extent in all of the regions, but are most abundant in the dry and lower transition, the species which occur here being for the most part bushy in character with small and inconspicuous leaves. The species which occur above the transition region are mostly procumbent herbaceous forms. Of the remaining genera Acalypha and Hippomane are the most important. Acalypha is represented by fourteen species and varieties, all of which are endemic. They are found for the most part in the transition and moist regions. Hippomane Mancinella occurs in various habitats, halophytic, xerophytic, and meso- phytic, with apparently no decided change in form in any of them. The Celastraceae have but a single representative, Maytenus obovata, bushes of which form a very important element of the flora of the dry regions, especially in the neighborhood of the coast. It occurs more or less abundantly throughout the dry and transition regions, in the first of which it is about the only green bush of any size during a great part of the year. The Sapindaceae are one of the smaller families in number of species, but are important from the fact that Cardiospermum furnishes a rather important herbaceous liane and Sapindus Saponari the largest forest tree found on the islands. The Rhamnaceae are represented by Discaria pauciflora, bushes of which occur abundantly in the lower parts of the dry regions. Outside of a few herbaceous forms, Gossypium barbadense ts the most important member of the Malvaceae. Bushes of this species occur in greater or less abundance in the dry and transi- tion regions. The Cactaceae are represented by several species of Cereus and Opuntia, most of which form rather striking elements of the flora. Both genera have both bushy and arborescent species, and are found for the most part in the dry and transi- tion regions. Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 27. The Rhizophoraceae and Combretaceae include some of the most important elements of the littoral vegetation. Rhizophora Mangle of the first of these families forms dense low forests below high tide mark, while Conocarpus erectus and Laguncu- laria racemosa of the second occur farther back as bushes and small trees. The various species of Jpomoea are the most significant members of the Convolvulaceae in that some of the most im- portant of the herbaceous lianes of the islands are members of the genus. This genus also furnishes species which occur under all conditions, halophytic, xerophytic, and mesophytic. The Boraginaceae furnish some noteworthy elements of the flora in all of the regions. The various species of Cordia con- stitute important factors of the flora in the dry and transition regions, while the species of Yournefortia provide some of the most common bushes in all of the regions, especially in the moist and grassy. Avicennia, Clerodendron, and Lantana are the three genera of the Verbenaceae which are of prime importance. Avicennia officinalis forms an important element of the littoral vegetation in the form of low forest trees, while the two remaining genera furnish some of the most characteristic bushes of the dry and transition regions. The Solanaceae are the eighth largest family in number of species on the islands, but are of rather secondary importance, as the species for the most part are herbaceous and not espe- cially abundant in any of the regions except during the spring season. At that time they furnish several of the common weeds. The Rubiaceae stand next in importance to the Solanaceae in number of species, but most of these are relatively small in size. This is one of the most important families represented in the archipelago in that it contains common species in all of the regions. The various species of Borreria are very frequent in the dry regions, some of them inhabiting the most desert situa- tions, even to the exclusion of almost all other species of plants. Bushes of Chiococca alba often form an important element of the flora in the transition regions, and Psychotria rufipes is of prime importance in the Scalesia forests in the moist regions, where it is one of the most abundant bushes. 218 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Srr. The Compositae stand second in number of species of all of the families of vascular plants occurring on the islands. Many of the common herbaceous annuals of the dry and transition regions, as well as some of the most important bushes, belong to this family. The Compositae are however most strikingly represented in the moist regions, where extensive forests of Scalesia, made up for the most part of S. pedunculata, occur. This genus is also well represented in both the dry and transi- tion regions by shrubby species, which sometimes occur in large numbers over considerable areas. Other noteworthy members of the family are the species of Erigeron and Lipo- chaeta, both of which are important where they occur. The remaining families of vascular plants represented on the islands contain but few species and for the most part are of relatively little importance. The plants which occur under halophytic or semihalophytic conditions are included in the following genera: Ammophila, Atriplex, Avicennia, Batis, Cacabus, Conocarpus, Coldenia, Cryptocarpus, Eleocharis, Heliotropium, Hibiscus, Hippomane, Ipomoea, Laguncularia, Lycium, Maytenus, Najas, Rhizo- phora, Ruppia, Salicornia, Scaevola, Sesuvium, and Sporo- bolus. Hydrophytes are comprised in Azolla, Callitriche, Eleo- charis, Lemna, Myriophyllum, Jussiaea, and Salvinia, all of which are of little importance in the composition of the flora, as they mostly occur periodically when there is a supply of fresh water in the ponds and brooks. Outside of a few species of ferns, the only vascular epiphytes are three species of orchids, two or three species of Peperomia, and a Tillandsia, the last of which is the most common and largest of the epiphytic plants. All of the above are practically confined to the transition and moist regions, occurring above the last in only a few instances. Phanerogamic parasites are represented by four species of Phorodendron, only one of which is sufficiently abundant to be of importance in this respect, and two species of Cuscuta. The first of these parasites is found in all of the regions, but is most abundant in the moist, while the second is confined to the dry and transition zones and so far as was observed only appears for a short time during the spring months. Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 219 Lianes occur in the following genera: Argyreia, Asclepias, Boussingaultia, Canavalia, Cardiospermum, Cuissampelos, Cissus, Elaterium, Galactea, Ipomoea, Momordica, Mucuna, Passiflora, Phaseolus, Rhynchosia, and Sicyos. Most of these are herbaceous. Those plants which attain the size of trees are included in the following genera: Acacia, Acnistus, Avicennia, Bursera, Cereus, Conocarpus, Erythrina, Hibiscus, Hippomane, Opun- tia, Piscidia, Pisonia, Psidium, Prosopis, Rhizophora, Sap- mdus, Scalesia, Solanum, and Zanthoxylum. More than one half of these are confined to the regions below the moist, con- trary to the general belief that the lower parts of the islands support only a low and bushy vegetation outside of the arbor- escent cacti. A few of the above attain sufficient size to be of economic importance for lumber, among which the species of Erythrina, Psidiwm, and Sapindus are the most important. The greater number of species of plants have small and rather inconspicuous flowers, a fact that has been mentioned by other travelers who have visited the islands. There are a few plants, however, that possess rather showy flowers. Such are comprised in the genera Argyreia, Cacabus, Cereus, Cordia, Datura, Erythrina, Gossypium, Hibiscus, Ipomoea, Kallstroe: mua, Miconia, Mucuna, Nicotiana, Opuntia, Parkinsonia, Passi- flora, and Tribulus. Most of these genera include species of wide distribution. By far the largest number of endemic spe- cies have very small flowers, a fact that may be due to the relatively small number of species of insects on the islands. EcoLoGIcAL FACTORS W ater Great differences in the amount of precipitation are often found within short distances on the Galapagos Islands, some- times within a change of elevation of two or three hundred feet. The lower parts of the islands adjacent to the shore are as a rule very dry and only receive moisture in any considerable quantities during about three months of the year, while the middle and upper parts are quite moist most of the time. Between the two extremes of moisture there are all sorts of gradations. 220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. During the year our party remained on the islands there were nineteen rainy days at sea level, eleven of which were during the months of January, February, and March, and it was only during these months that the rains were heavy enough to make the ground muddy. During the remaining months of the year the days on which there was rain at sea level were distributed as follows: April one, June one, July three, Sep- tember two, and December one. None of these rains were heavy, being more in the nature of light showers of short dura- tion. These observations were taken at different places on the islands, but they probably represent approximately the condi- tions at sea level on any one island during this time. They do not include days on which there were but slight sprinkles of rain or mist. There were no very heavy rains at sea level during the entire year, but heavy rains must occur here at times, for many of the valleys show considerable erosion. The dry beds of streams are often covered with water-worn boulders, showing that at some time the streams have carried a considerable amount of water. Furthermore the sides of many of the tufa craters are deeply furrowed with gullies, and have much the general appearance of steep hillsides in a country of frequent heavy rains. The people who live on Chatham Island told us that 1906 was an exceptionally dry year. There was no rain on this island from March until July, in consequence of which much of the vegetation was dried up even on the highest parts of the island around 2100 ft. elevation. Similar parched conditions were noticed on the upper part of Charles Island during the months of May and June. Heavy dews, as well as a considerable amount of mist, often occur at sea level during the spring months. We were anchored at Tagus Cove, on the west side of Albemarle Island, during the greater part of the month of April, and during this time the late nights and early mornings were so misty that any article left exposed over night would usually be quite wet in the morning. The mist would clear away soon after sun-rise, and the remainder of the day would be clear. The places where precipitation is great enough to support a mesophytic vegetation, are mostly confined to the middle and upper parts of the islands. The moisture here is derived from Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 221 the fog banks which strike the windward sides of the mountains at various elevations, whereupon the fog is thrown down as fine mist and sometimes rain. These fog banks, however, do not always extend to the tops of the mountains, as these are often clear while the region a few hundred feet below may be entirely enveloped in fog. The soil at the tops of the mountains is. sometimes dusty, while a little below the top it may be very moist or even muddy. From February until June inclusive there is much less fog in the upper regions than during the remainder of the year. During these four or five months the tops of the mountains may be entirely clear for several days at a time; but during the remainder of the year they are enveloped in fog, with only occasional clear days. It sometimes happens that the fog will clear away in the early evening to reappear again the following morning. The direct effect of the fog on the growth of vegetation is well shown on some of the islands, especially so on Duncan above 1000 ft. elevation. The south sides of many of the large lava boulders here are covered with a heavy growth of Poly- podium squamatum, while the other sides are entirely bare. This condition is due to the fact that the southern exposures are more directly bathed by the fog-laden wind than are the others. Such instances as this are rather common; the wind- ward sides of trees and bushes often have a heavier growth of epiphytic lichens and mosses than the leeward sides. Streams and springs of water are very scarce on the islands, in fact entirely absent on most of them. There are several springs on Chatham Island above 1000 ft. elevation, one of them large enough to supply a sugar mill as well as all the various needs of a population of some three hundred. There is also on this island a crater lake of considerable size and depth. Furthermore a few small streams occur in the upper regions of this island, but as they are mostly fed by surface water they quickly dry up as soon as the rainy season is over. Charles Island has two springs of fair size, and several seep- ages of water around the base of a tufa crater at 1000 ft.; but none of these affords sufficient water to form more than a small brook that sinks from sight a short distance away from its source. There are also several small basins in the plateau region of this island around 1000 ft. elevation, but they were 222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (Proc. 47H Ser. all dry at the times this island was visited by our party. With the exception of two small springs at Tagus Cove on Albe- marle Island, there are no springs of fresh water on any of the other islands, so far as was observed. On the southeast side of the mountain at Villamil on Albemarle Island, a short dis- tance below the top, there are indeed one or two small lakes, but the inhabitants of the settlement about half way up the side of the mountain, depend entirely on the rain for their water supply. Captain Thomas Levick, an Englishman who has lived on the islands for some thirty-five years, told us that there were small streams in the upper interior region of Indefati- gable Island, as well as a crater lake of considerable size, but we were not fortunate enough to get far enough into the interior of this island to find them. Both Duncan and Hood Islands have broad flat basins in their interiors which appear to have been recently filled with water. There is evidently enough precipitation on all of the higher islands to form springs if there were enough soil to hold it. But as the soil usually forms only a comparatively thin layer over the surface, practically all of the water that falls sinks very shortly into the cracks in the lava and comes out at various places along the shore. Some of these springs are large, and their water, as a rule, is quite brackish, owing to the fact that it consists partly of sea water that has percolated through the lava for a considerable distance inland. Seasons The rainy season, and with it the usual spring vegetation, usually come between January and June, and in 1906 were confined to the first three of these months on most of the islands. There is however no absolute certainty when spring will come, and it sometimes misses a year entirely. The time at which the rainy season arrives in a given year varies con- siderably on different islands. It sometimes commences at different times on adjacent islands, and even two sides of the same island may show a considerable amount of variation in this respect. In 1906 the spring season was at its height at Wreck Bay, on the south side of Chatham Island, in the month of January, while at Sappho Cove, on the north side of this island, it evidently began three weeks to a month later. Some- Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 225 what similar conditions were noticed on both Hood and Charles Islands. On the first of these the spring season was just beginning in February, and on the second it appeared to be about as far advanced in March as it had been on Chatham in January. The greatest difference in the time at which this season occurs on two adjacent islands, was noticed on Abing- don and Bindloe Islands, which are separated from each other by a distance of only about thirteen miles. The vegetation on the lower parts of Bindloe was very dry and parched indeed in the month of September, as it is on the lower parts of most the other islands at this time of year; while on Abingdon most ~ of the deciduous vegetation was coming into leaf and the common spring weeds were springing up all over the lower parts of the south side of the island. Whether this condition of affairs occurs yearly or not, is impossible to state, but it is evident that the seasons were very much reversed on these two islands in 1906. Heat Considering the fact that these islands lie directly on the equator, the average temperature is quite low, ranging from 70°-80° F. throughout the greater part of the year. It never becomes extremely hot, and at times is really too cool for comfort. We arrived at Hood Island, the most southern member of the group, on Sunday morning, September 24, 1905. After coming to anchor and getting the vessel generally ship-shape, we hoisted an awning over the forward deck and the members of the party collected under it to read or other- wise pass the day. It was not long, however, until we began to move out from under the awning into the sun, as it was really too cool for comfort in the shade, somewhat lightly clad as we were. The sun was not hot, but just comfortably warm, and felt as it does on an early day in spring in temperate latitudes. The rather remarkable thing about the incident was that we were but eighty-two miles south of the equator, with the sun almost directly overhead at this time of year. It was the intention at first to get daily maximum and minimum temperatures throughout the year, but as the only maximum temperature thermometer we had, was broken soon after we arrived at the islands, this plan had to be abandoned and air and water temperatures were taken instead at intervals 224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. of a few days apart. The temperatures were taken at 6 A. M., 6 p.Mm., and, when it was possible to do so, at 12 M., water temperatures being taken at the surface with a standard Fah- renheit thermometer. given in the following table. TABLE OF GALAPAGOS TEMPERATURES, 1905-1906 Station Hood Isl. Charles Isl. Chatham Isl., Wreck Bay Barrington Isl. Indefatigable Isl, Academy Bay Seymour Isl. Indefatigable Isl, north side Date Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Morning Water Air TRAY ME 7G Wak fle Sel) iS 73 73 73 aad: 73 Was 69 69 68 67 67 70 67 69 70 70 69.5 | 70 67 70 66 71 70 70 70 70 73 73 ples)? UP 70 TY 71 T2E SW eli 13. elas (ssa5h | ths 74 7fike's) T2295) \A69 25 Noon Water 69 69 67.5 67.5 71 71 75 74 74.5 76.5 1o8 75 The results of these observations are Evening Air Water Air 73 73 i2e 69 (pe 74 78 dd: 76. 78 78 77 is 73 73 73 1 68 68 68 68 ah: 70 67. 67. 70. 70 pil 70. 74 74 iS’ 74 ee 13% 76. 75 V3: 73 73 73. 73 ia 70 70 70 70 Sale: 71 5 | £0 5 | 70 5) lewihs G2 72 ig pecs 74 75. 5 | 74 ES) 5 | 76 5,276 Die tlds 77 SH af6): Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 225 TABLE OF GALAPAGOS TEMPERATURES, 1905-1906—Continued Morning Noon Evening Station Date i... Tie Water Air Water Air Water Air Duncan Isl. Dec. 3 | 69 15 72 74 70 73 Dec. 4] 70 70 70 1225 DecunG.inllcouw wt 74 74 Dec. 13 | 72 73 73 74 Dec. 14 | 72 72 73 75 72 72 James Isl., James Bay Dec. 22 | 73 f(a f[Segsy | o7/3 73 i [92 Dee; 25.5225" 402 73 78.5 | 73 75 Dec. 28 | 70 71 fa Ney iy | 71 75 Indefatigable Isl, Academy Bay Jan. 45 | 46 Pe Md 80 77 78.5 Hood Isl. Feb. 2:1°75.5. (1°76 78 79 78 78 Chatham Isl., Sappho Cove Feb. 14 | 76 77 80 84 79 79 Charles Isl. Feb. 26 | 77 76 78 82 Feb. 28 | 76 75 79 81 Albemarle Isl., Vil- lamil Mar. 6 | 78 75 79 80 Albemarle Isl., Cape Rose Mar. 15 | 72 71 71 79.5 Albemarle Isl., Ig- uana Cove Mar. 18 | 73 74 75 80 Mar. 20 | 77.5 | 75 81 81 Albemarle Isl., Ta- gus Cove Mar. 23 | 79 78 79 88 80 83 Mar. 24 | 78 78 (Bl 79 Mar. 26 | 78.5 | 72 Mar. 28 | 74 75 78 88 1425) ls Apro fv 72 74 84 74 78 Apr. 21 70/5 |-22Z 74 81 74 79 Apr. 3 | 73 74 75 80 fe Gd the aE Apr. 8 | 69 70.5 | 66 75 70 78 Apr. 9 | 69 71 65 75 64 PLES Apr. 10 | 63 67 66 76 64 70 Apr. 11 | 65 67 67 77 65-57) 27 Apr. 13 ! 65 70 69 79 66 74 226 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. TABLE OF GALAPAGOS TEMPERATURES, 1905-1906—Continued Morning Noon Evening Station Date Saas hae Ve Water Air Water Air Water Air SS eo ——EEEE Apr. 14 | 65 69 69 80 66 74 Apr. 16 | 65 71 68 79 68 74 Apr. 17 | 68 69 71 76 Albemarle Isl., Cape Rose Apr. 26.)°71..5. 72.5 74 rie Albemarle Isl., Vil- lamil May 25 "69255|o74 71 ip Re May 2 | 70 71 72 74 Charles Isl. May 16 | 69 73 69 75 May 24 | 70 fil 65 72 66 73 Hood Isl. June 24 | 68 69 69 72 69 70 June 25 | 68 69 69 72 69 70 June 26 | 68 68 69 70 Chatham Isl. July 7 | 66 68 64 68. ‘July 8 | 63 66 64 69 63 68 Indefatigable Isl., Academy Bay July 12 | 68 67.5 69 68 James Isl., James Bay Aug. 7 | 66 65 67 68 Albemarle Isl., Cow- ley Bay Aug. 10 | 66 66 68 68 Duncan Isl. Aug. 15 | 66 | 65 Ray Albemarle Isl., Vil- lamil Aug. 25 | 64 64 68 68 Chatham Isl., Wreck Bay Sept. 7 | 63 65 63 67 Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS Doh TABLE OF GALAPAGOS TEMPERATURES, 1905-1906—Continued Morning Noon Evening Station Date FMGE SRE SUT Gaeta ae Water Air Water Air Water | Air Tower Isl. Sept. 14 73 71 Sept. 15 | 71 68 73 74 73 70.5 Bindloe Isl. Sept. 16 12508 bre Sept. 17 | 72 69 (Panola sir. Sept. 18 | 71 69 Abingdon Isl. Sept. 18 73 72 Sept. 19 | 71 70 73 72 Sept. 20 | 72 68 72 70 Sept. 21 | 70 69 72 70 Sept. 22 | 70 70 72 69 Wenman Isl. Sept. 24 76 74 Twelve miles west of Wenman Isl. Sept. 24 76 73 Culpepper Isl. Sept. 25 76 74.5 From this table it is seen that the warmest weather of the year occurs in the months of February and March, and the coldest during the months of July, August, and September. There is no great amount of difference in the temperature of the air morning and noon, 5° F. being about the average, while the difference in the temperature of the water is even less than this. The air is usually 1° to 3° warmer than the water in the morning, except during the spring months, when the opposite is the case. The uniformly low temperature for an equatorial region is due to the coolness of the water which surrounds all but the northernmost islands of the group. The Humboldt current, which sweeps up from the antarctic regions along the west coast of South America, turns outward at about the latitude of these islands and bathes their shores with unusually cool water for several months of the year. The water remains cool until the sun reaches well south of the equator, in the autumn and winter months, when it begins to become warmer until it reaches its highest temperature in February and March. After the sun passes the equator on its way north, the water rapidly becomes cooler, the colder water seeming about to keep 228 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Serr. pace with the sun on its way north. When we were anchored at Tagus Cove on the west side of Albemarle Island during portions of the months of March and April, a decrease of 14° in the temperature of the water was noticed in nineteen days. The northern islands of the group were visited but once, and that for a period of eleven days. During this time the water was on the average 6.5° warmer than at the southern islands for the corresponding period just preceding. The difference was due to the fact that the northern islands lie in the lower limits of the Panama current. The following table shows the continued rise in the temperature of the water for some dis- tance north of this part of the Galapagos. These observations were taken on the homeward voyage at 12 m. on the dates mentioned in the table, this being the only time during the day when we knew our position with any degree of accuracy. Of course many of these observations have no bearing on the climatic conditions in the Galapagos Islands, but they may nevertheless be of interest. SURFACE TEMPERATURES, 1906 Lat. N Long. W Date Water Air Deno’ 03:3) (6! Sept. 26 78 76 Sigh ots eee a kd Sept. 27 80 79 hie 2s O70 AS! Sept. 28 80 76 9° 22! 98° 25’ Sept. 29 81 79 9%, p59! 100% 25” Sept. 30 82 80 S53? 1022 OF Octoy ct 81 S125 12%, 19" Ue eg Oct. 52 81 81 14° 24’ 106° 42’ Octign.> 82 81 14° 24’ TORE C55 Oct. 4 82 83 14° 49’ UOT PRY. Ockans 83 83 14° 457 108° 30’ Oct: 16 es 81 1 Es od NODS; 012? Osa 75 81 14° 40’ 109° > 267 Oct: +8 79 81 14 ade 109° 38’ Oct 9 78 81 14° 26’ 1092 (2G ~Oct. 10 19 82 14° -36' 109° 42’ Octal 79 82 i) gene HOR Oct-12 81.5 82.5 15S 36" UNO alent Octal 83 83 — un ° wW _ a ll So ° aS Ww e) OQ ce — > ioe) iS) co i) on Vo. IJ STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS SURFACE TEMPERATURES, 1906—Continued 229 — eee eee Lat. N Long. W Date 15°: 540 M2 Fa Se Oct 164,255, 1133) 40° Oct 16° 43’ AS 97 Oct 1675-55/ LIZ OS Oct 172-108 EL pee y [4 Oct Lie, 1302 fe BOL Oct 17° 44’ 114° 58’ Oct Wied ey 114° 45’ Oct 155016; 1152" 46! Oct 19° 116° 41’ Oct 19°) 53! 11) oe ae bd Oct 205 2205 118° 44’ Oct 202 2315 jig A ees Oct BLS, 45" 1200 pros Oct 74 Sate 54 o2 12 245! Oct 7: Sede 122 S20 Oct Dae 2a! 14S) 202 Oct BO lS WIL 8 Nov 26° ;50/ 176% -30! Nov 205 ol? 126° 52% Nov 26> 50’ 126° “477 Nov 2S. 520" Wi 138s Nov 2938! 129 22 Nov 30s 25, 129°+ Nov 30° -- 33" 1302 8537 Nov 30° 48’ LILS G9? Nov 31° 54° foo, 1Ae Nov Sh es wy Ee ASE AG! Nov 330 a7" ieee 7 Nov 34,77, 30? 130% 427 Nov 35140! T3353 Nov. 36° 49’ VS Sine 41 Nov. sor, AO 1342 35! Nov. Light ok OomONT HD FW HY RB No no KF KF Re eS Se Re Or ON NN FP DKS CO on wm While we were unprovided with instruments for measuring the intensity of light, it could readily be seen by general observation that the light is normally much stronger on the 230 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. lower parts of the islands than in the middle and upper regions. The weather is often practically clear at sea level, while a few hundred feet up it may be dark and gloomy, the clouds being arrested as they strike the mountains and thus hanging as fog- banks around the sides. Owing to the generally more open arrangement of the vegetation, there is not the same intense struggle among plants to get to the light that was noted in the rain-forests of Cocos Island, some three hundred and fifty miles northeast of the Galapagos. The most marked effect of light on vegetation is seen among some of the species of the Cactaceae, which seldom grow in shaded places, and, when they do so, are much stunted in growth. Specimens of Plumbago scandens usually have a deep red color when they grow in direct sunlight, a character that is usually not developed on specimens in the shade. Winds . The prevailing winds blow from the southeast, east-south- east, and south-southeast, and are the regular trade winds of this part of the Pacific Ocean. They blow quite regularly from June until January, but during the remainder of the year are very uncertain, and the waters surrounding the islands are subject to long periods of calm. Our vessel had to depend entirely on sail, and at one time it required from May 3rd until June 23rd to go from Villamil, on the south side of Albemarle Island, to Hood Island, a distance of about eighty-five miles. We spent two weeks of this time anchored at Charles Island waiting for wind, so that we were actually under way thirty- six days. The calm was so complete at one time during this trip that a flour tin, which was thrown overboard and which happened to light right side up, was still in sight forty-eight hours afterward. There are often light winds during the day in the calm season, but they usually go down, in the evening, and unfortunately do not always come up again on the following morning. It is very seldom that the winds come from a northerly direction, and when they do they are usually of short duration. Storms are very rare, but short squalls sometimes occurred several times a day at Tagus Cove on Albemarle Island during the months of March and April. Wolf, in his paper on the Galapagos Islands, mentions similar Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 231 squalls on Charles Island during the months of August and October, but none occurred on this island at the various occa- sions we visited it, one of which was in the early part of October. A thunder storm occurred around the top of Nar- borough Island on March 21st, being the only one seen during the entire year we spent among the islands. The effect of wind on the growth of vegetation is well shown on the upper parts of Charles Island, where there are several old tufa craters that rise from 500 to 800 ft. above the sur- rounding table land in the interior of the island. The northern sides of most of these are covered with a heavy growth of lime and lemon trees, on the branches of which there are mosses and other epiphytic plants. The southern and southeastern sides of these craters, on the other hand, have only low peren- nial herbs and bushes on them above 1350 ft., and only scat- tered trees for two or three hundred feet below this elevation. The change in the character of the vegetation is so abrupt in these places that the two extremes often occur within a few feet of each other. A somewhat similar but less pronounced condition of affairs is found on the upper part of Chatham Island, where the highest peak is covered on the leeward side with a thick growth of Lycopodium clavatum and _ ferns. Many of these are absent on the windward side, and those species that do persist are only a few inches in height when exposed directly to the action of the wind. Many species of lichens are found growing on the rocks and twigs on this side which are absent on the other. The trees of Bursera graveolens lean in a northwesterly direction when they are exposed to the wind, and their branches are often so bent and twisted as to give the trees much flattened crowns. Soil The substratum for the most part consists of basaltic lava, lava cinders, tufa, ashes, pumice, products derived from the disintegration of these, sand, or vegetable mold. There are many places in the dry regions where the lava flows are com- paratively recent and there is practically no soil at all. Such vegetation as is found there grows entirely from the crevices in the lava. Basaltic lava or lava approaching basalt in char- acter seems to form the best substratum for plants, as the January 16, 1911. 2o2 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. - densest vegetation in the dry regions, and the largest forest trees in the transition and moist regions, are usually found on lava of this kind or on soil which has been derived from it. On the other hand pumice forms the poorest substratum, and supports only low scattering bushes in places where the moist- ure is sufficient to support plants of a much larger size. Tufa makes a fairly good soil for the growth of bushes and other shrubby vegetation, but when forest trees occur on soil of this nature they are usually rather scattered and small in size. Where the soil is composed of ashes there usually are grassy areas with scattering clumps of bushes. On beds of cinders there is often very little vegetation of any kind, while beds of basaltic lava adjoining and apparently of about the same age may be covered with a considerable growth of plants. Vegetable mold only occurs in quantity in the transition and moist regions, the reason being that there is much more vege- tation in these regions to form mold, and that this vegetation decays very quickly owing to the larger number of fungi and other low organisms present. This more rapid decay of plants has a corresponding effect upon the disintegration of the lava, which takes place more rapidly than in the dry region. In his paper on the Galapagos Islands, Wolf mentions the great differ- ence in the condition of a single lava flow on the lower and upper parts of Charles Island. Similar conditions can be found on several of the other islands, notably Abingdon, Albe- marle, and James, on which there are lava flows the lower parts of which are very barren, while the upper portions are heavily covered with vegetation. Outside of the lower cryptogamic plants, certain species of the Cactaceae seem to be about the first plants to invade the recent lava in the dry regions, while some of the more xero- phytic species of ferns are the first in the transition and moist regions. Cereus nesioticus was usually found growing on lava, either recent or comparatively recent in origin, on which there were seldom any other higher plants of any size. There are often abrupt changes in the character of the vegetation on the line of contact between two different lava flows, even when the flows are old and both more or less heavily covered with vegetation. A condition of this kind is well marked on the sides of the mountain at Iguana Cove on Albemarle Island, Vot. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 233 where each flow of lava can be traced for a distance of several miles by the difference in the color of the vegetation. Similar conditions were noticed at Villamil on the south side of this island. Growth Owing to the short vegetative period on the lower and drier parts of the Galapagos, growth is very slow among the peren- nial forms, but correspondingly rapid among the annuals. This fact was observed especially on Chatham Island in Jan- uary and February. While the greater portion of the spring weeds were well advanced in growth at this place, in the later part of January, some of them were just coming through the ground; while upon a return to the same place, three weeks later, it was found that most of the latter had matured and dried up. In fact most of the vegetation had gone into the resting condition during this time, so that the change in the appearance of the vegetation was very striking. Some insight was gained into the rate of growth of the Opuntias at Academy Bay on Indefatigable Island. In making a trail into the interior in the early part of November, many of the smaller specimens were cut off three or four feet above the ground. It was found in July that many of the cut ends had put forth branches, some of which were as much as sixteen inches long. Many of the absorbing roots of Cissampelos Parcira were cut at the same time, and many of these had put forth several rootlets from the cut ends, about one sixth of an inch in diameter and from four to seven feet long. These rootlets do not seem to increase in diameter very rapidly after they are once formed, for the same condition was noticed on an old trail, on the northwest side of this island, that had not been touched for several years. ORIGIN OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS Two different theories have been advanced to explain the origin of these islands. Until the appearance of Dr. Baur’s paper: “On the Origin of the Galapagos Islands,” * it was gen- erally conceded among naturalists that they were of oceanic origin, each island having been built up separately from all of the rest by volcanic activity. In this paper Dr. Baur expressed an entirely different view concerning their origin, basing his 1Am. Nat. v. 25, 1891, pp. 217-229, 307-326. 234 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. theory principally on the harmonic biological relations which exist between the different islands of the group. In brief Dr. Baur’s theory was that the islands had all been connected with each other at some not remote geological period, and at a still earlier period had been attached to the North American con- tinent, possibly in the region of Central America. This view has been supported by some naturalists and vigorously opposed by others. During the year our party remained on the islands excellent opportunities were offered to study the situation from an impartial stand-point, and after having made a careful study of the collections of plants formed on the different islands, the author is led to a view concerning their origin which is slightly at variance with both of the above theories. If these islands are continental in origin, as was maintained by Dr. Baur, one would naturally expect to find a close faunal relationship between them and the mainland, a condition, how- ever, that does not exist. There are neither large mammals nor batrachians, both of which should be present in greater or less quantity if the islands had been connected with the main- land within even comparatively recent geological times. Fur- thermore, with the exception of the large land tortoises, which are found on most of the larger islands of the group, the fauna is about what one would expect to find on almost any group of oceanic islands. It might be maintained that during the great volcanic dis- turbances that have taken place since the islands were sep- arated from the mainland, both the mammals and batrachians were exterminated. While this might be true as far as the mammals are concerned, it would hardly be true for the batrachians, as they would very likely be able to withstand as adverse conditions as the reptiles, and it is hardly probable that a combination of circumstances would come about which would obliterate one of these groups and leave the other in a more or less flourishing condition. One of the strong arguments in favor of a former land connection is the presence on the islands of the well-known land tortoises, which are rather closely related to certain fossil tortoises from some of the later geological formations of North America. The presence of land tortoises on the islands is not so difficult to explain as it appears to be at first sight. While Vor. IJ STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 235 these animals are large and unable to swim, they are able to keep afloat for a considerable time, long enough to float them from the mainland to the islands if we assume that the ocean currents were as strong and had the same general trend in past geological times as they have now. The ability that these animals have of living without food for a considerable time greatly strengthens this view. During our homeward voyage from the islands, in the autumn of 1906, our live specimens of tortoises went for over a month without food, a time suffi- ciently long, under favorable conditions, to float an individual from the mainland of North America to the islands, if one should happen to get adrift. It would not be absolutely neces- sary that both male and female tortoises should be introduced on the islands to start the race, for this could be accomplished if a single female specimen containing fertilized eggs should be cast upon the shores of the islands. Turning to the botanical side of the question, we would natu- rally expect that of the eighty families of vascular plants found on the islands some few at least would have approximately the same number of genera and species as are found in these same families on the mainland. The following table shows all of the families of vascular plants which contain ten or more species, varieties, forms, and indeterminate species. FAMILIES OF GALAPAGOS PLANTS WITH TEN OR MORE SPECIES, VARIETIES, OR FORMS No. of Species, Rank Family Nasi ves 2 and |Indeterminate] Total 1 IBICES Fe teh Seles he oe 77 agi he Gompositaeven Ae as las te ae 65 4 69 3 Baphorbiaceae ss. 245 cite ee 50 10 60 + Gramineae... eases sep ses eons 49 6 55 5 Wecuiminosaes 6.20: oisiseis be. 45 8 53 6 AMArTanbAaceae sh yates 33 33 7 (Cy peraceas snr. mers anon « Ds 3 28 8 NOIATIACEAG ).524.5 155 dhe ans: 19 7 26 9 RADIACEHE as Lene cee 22 1 23 10 NMialvaceade saree rane paseke 19 3 22 11 Boraginaceae 2.4/2.5 sas. eek: 20 1 21 12 Convolyulacedes 2 i jact. 15 15 13 Werpenaceae si hiss, eens a 13 2 15 236 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Of the above thirteen families of vascular plants, the Filices contain the largest number of species; and these, owing to the small size of their spores, would obviously possess greater opportunity of being disseminated over considerable stretches of water than the plants of any other family in the list. Fur- thermore the small number of endemic species of ferns leads naturally to the supposition that there is a more or less con- stant introduction of spores from the mainland, thus checking any strong tendency for the species of ferns on the islands to vary greatly from those on the mainland. This supposition 1s supported by the fact that each collecting expedition brings to light more continental species that were not previously known to occur on the islands. While it is no doubt true that great changes in the biological conditions must have taken place on the islands if there had been sufficient subsidence to separate them from the mainland by the depth of water that now exists, it is nevertheless not likely that the changes thus brought about would have been great enough to exterminate many families completely and to reduce all others:so greatly in number of genera and species as is the case. Some genera and species would have probably become extinct if there had been a great disturbance in the biological conditions; but at the present time most families are represented by more genera on the mainland than species on the islands. From the above facts there appears to be little evidence to show that there has ever been a land connection between the islands and the mainland, yet there is no very strong evidence opposed to the view that the islands may have been connected with each other, at some not distant geological period, either as one large island or as two or three smaller ones. The rather remarkable harmonic zoological relationships existing between the different islands, as shown by Dr. Baur, are more easily explained by supposing such a condition, than if each island had been formed separately. ‘The following table, which shows the Pteridophytes and Spermatophytes common to the different islands, lends support to this theory. STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 237 ia niles : Bee [t Nate Nickie sil erie le ell esa ce Rea ea eee ZOMOy, @. eeetlage Pe Ny el cee sl ae ehalt Sa ct eed oc oe oreo IVa moukeg Peles lesalnos "ss + *ysnosogieN so Nee] ol esa ar easiest Sf ano fa tM ae ea ae ae stasof 9 eT hed OF 67 $77 DNahad lave etsy wlloily ote 6, oh erereliens ‘evete sou [ Peale oom ecpale Geet Cols ical merece ee i cole ee ee Reale ee ea ee ee a[qesiyejopuy wy cade Sp eee soccer a sca | ce) paca ermal Rae ce fetc | aeon fpe aiaeg pooyy «Pal fe crea reise cml ae ates Seco |e eee ere ar ca a ed econ ac pe ‘pH soupreg madltpeel eet ee ho een ie Peal ce | Seen al eee | ee lteter tse te ‘YQ soupiey ee eter et ae aloe ea cy |eecalige NeOR| Sea ec ee ele eo aes ceODnG Mode le ee lop lie le ee eee lee lhe Fe fee cra re aoe Ppa, ote Sues yeddeding reel eeeaecesleaea laze ler ton veel be leo ee \ode ha) tec [ sy ea nae ree -weyyeyg OuNOTSREClSCCH Ie CeCPCT GCIMOO | Pral Ces SEa le OS NOTE: ee [a al eral tly ase ese se ie sapieyD, ele eeleecee oie ne OO sce Sir lem eral on ele le ee FOR ae HE aeig Seals SETS AC USICOL ARGH ECa web ICPBal Pe leds Wise OCo ne Seale (ebeals Tle Sala etl ioe ee so[pulg FEARS IGTe RE (RELOILCCRLC AIMOGr (28 Cal Ue (OG tl Cr W9ecetodt fo (EE lS tea fo We gr sor eeess uoq sulle g PealGcTalpon6Orl CeaGOUSPalces: | Sele. LSet ©. SEE LE OR | SE6e | SCE ie ve "+ gpieweq ly Ge Ota Oa Pealcer Ogre erelecer etal So (OP 1S N08 16L ATE sOC eS) 6G /iGUE Is a verses ssuopsulqy Geto ecees peter] ae ieee Sl omreritae eg | te | "eee [eee] ee oP ete (Be ite B Aa j Boi a eRe ye iets eC Re lce B o: = | g : Beer dnousy) SODVdVIV.) AHL AO SAGNVIS] AHL OL NOWWO) Ssa1Iogdds 238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Another fact which agrees with the theory that there has been a former land connection between at least many of the islands, is the shallowness of the water between most of them. An elevation of one hundred fathoms would connect all the southern islands, and a rise of seventy-one fathoms would bridge all of these except Chatham, Hood, and James, so far as the soundings that have been taken show. The only deep soundings known are between Abingdon and Wenman, 1189 fathoms, between Bindloe and James, 684 fathoms, and between James and Tower Islands, 885 fathoms, depths of water which are not difficult to account for if one does not maintain too strongly that all of the islands were formerly connected into a single large one. Considering the volcanic nature of the islands, the general shallowness of the intervening water lends support to the sub- sidence theory, for it is hardly likely, if all of the bed of the ocean between the islands had been formed by marine volcanic activity, that the lava would have been so evenly distributed over this bed without leaving at least a few abysses. The grad- ual deepening of the water away from the shores of many of the islands also supports the subsidence theory, especially when we consider the fact that the slope of the submerged portions of some of the islands approximates the slope of the lower parts above water. While all of the above facts seem to point to a general sub- sidence of the islands, there are a few evidences of elevation. On both Indefatigable and Seymour Islands there are deposits containing a considerable number of marine fossils which have been elevated a few feet above the level of the sea. The great- est amount of elevation seems to have taken place on Albemarle Island. Snodgrass and Heller, of the Hopkins-Stanford Expe- dition to the Galapagos Islands, thought that they detected signs of elevation at Tagus Cove on the west side of this island. There is evidence of some elevation at the south end of Albemarle, concerning which Mr. W. H. Ochsner, the geolo- gist of the Academy’s expedition, has been kind enough to furnish the following information : “About one and one half miles inland from the settlement near Turtle Cove on the south shore of Albemarle Island, there is exposed a rather large remnant of an old sea beach. The deposit exists as white sands several feet thick and composed entirely of the fragments of coral, molluscan and echinoid, and other calcareous marine forms. Vor. IJ STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 239 The deposit rests on a nearly level and extensive lava flow with a greatest observed elevation of about 60 ft. above the present sea-level. Where the sands have been hardened into crusts in thin layers, they carry abundant and nicely preserved specimens of marine molluscan and echinoid forms. “Toward the interior and higher levels of the island the deposit exists only as little island-like exposures which have escaped the great recent flow of lava that has poured down over this old beach to conceal its exact and higher levels of distribution. This deposit should be placed as late Pliocene or early Quarternary.” Outside of the few localities mentioned above, there is no evidence of a general elevation, so far as has been observed, and it is not improbable that during the period of general sub- sidence there might have been times in which it ceased and during which local elevation took place. Mr. Ochsner states further: “I am much in favor of the theory of subsidence. With additional thought and study given the matter I feel that the testimony of my collected facts and observations will go to prove this theory nearly a fact.” In conclusion it might be said that however true Dr. Baur’s theory may be in regard to the union of the islands into one large one, there is no strong evidence to show that they were ever connected with the mainland. The biological conditions at the present time are more against this theory than for it. The botanical conditions do not offer absolute proof that the islands have ever been connected with each other, but the weight of the evidence is more in favor of this theory than against it. ORIGIN OF THE FLORA If it be assumed that the Galapagos Islands are of oceanic origin, there are but three means by which seeds and spores could have been brought to the islands, outside of the agency of man. These are: winds, oceanic currents, and migratory birds. Winds If winds were an important agent in bringing seeds and spores to these islands, those families of plants which have the smallest seeds and spores would be the most apt to be dis- tributed in this way. Of all the families of vascular plants none are better adapted for wind distribution than are the ferns. Such being the case, there should be a larger number of species of ferns on the islands common to the region from which the prevailing winds blow than from any other. As the winds 240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. around these islands are almost constantly from the southeast, the fern flora should be most closely related to that of the cen- tral and southern part of South America. Such is not the case, however, for outside of fifteen species which are of wide distri- bution, the fern flora shows nearly as strong affinities with that of Mexico as it does with that of South America. There are on the islands fifty-four species common to Mexico and fifty-six to South America. Moreover, the majority of the latter belong only to the northern part of the continent. Devices for wind dissemination are not common on the seeds of Galapagos plants, the Compositae being the only one of the larger families which has this character pronounced to any extent. Oceanic Currents The northern islands of the group, viz. Abingdon, Bindloe, Culpepper, Tower, and Wenman, lie in the direct path of the Panama current, and the water surrounding them is several degrees warmer than that around the southern islands, which are bathed by the Humboldt current. If oceanic currents were an important factor in the transport of seeds to the Galapagos, those islands which are washed by the Panama current should be more closely related botanically to the Mexican and Central American regions than the islands lying in the Humboldt current; and the latter islands, on the other hand, should have a flora more closely related to that of the western coast of South America. Furthermore, the several islands of each group should have a larger floral element common among themselves than with any of the islands of the other group. The following table shows the percentages of floral relationships between the islands of the northern group, as well as their relationships with some of the more important islands of the southern group. FLORAL RELATIONSHIPS OF NORTHERN ISLANDS e : gE MW esta yesh tes as can [oe al eee Fa & 2 E 1S = & S ES Soy esed hte a ae E: SUNG Seen ee Abingdon..... Ra 83.1 a ne ane GOn3))| 10722 Bindloems.r.. S573 eHOO Wh Me oy. 68.5 | 61 MRO WEL Aecarche 72.7 | 68.1 | 48.4 | 48.4 tye 2AM EOL ao Wenman..... PSSc5,4 OO i $5.7] 35.7 | 38:6)}).50 38.5 Vot. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 241 From the above table it is seen that in the majority of instances the islands of the northern group have a larger per- centage of their floras common with the islands of the southern group than with each other, a condition hardly to be expected if oceanic currents were an important factor in transporting seeds to them. Robinson (1), p. 258, has already mentioned the small chance that many seeds would have of surviving even if they were washed up on the shores of the islands, a fact that can not be too strongly emphasized. While it is entirely possi- ble that the seeds of xerophytic plants might be able to grow if they were cast up in this way, it is hardly likely that mesophytic plants would be able to survive, because there are but two places on the islands—at the present time—where conditions at sea level are such as to offer them a suitable habitat. One of these places is Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island, and the other is Villamil on the same island, at neither of which places are there plants which do not have a wide distribution over the islands. While it is possible that the Humboldt current may be responsible for much of the xerophytic flora, it is hardly likely that the Panama stream could have played much of a role in this respect, as it flows from a region in which the flora is any- thing but xerophytic in character. Birds I am indebted to Mr. Edward W. Gifford, joint ornithologist to the expedition, for the following list of birds occurring as migrants and stragglers on the Galapagos Islands. Arenaria interpres Turnstone Common Heteractitis incanus Wandering Tattler Common Phalaropus hyperboreus Northern Phalarope Great numbers of phal- aropes, probably this species, were seen pass- ing through the archi- pelago. Zgialeus semipalmatus Semipalmated Plover Fairly common Numenius hudsonicus Hudsonian Curlew Fairly common Calidris arenaria Sanderling Fairly common Limonites minutilla Least Sandpiper Fairly common Querquedula discors Blue-winged Teal Fairly common 242 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Serr. - Squatarola helvetica Black-bellied Plover Not common Tringoides macularius Spotted Sandpiper Not common Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bobolink Not common Hirundo erythrogaster Barn Swallow Not common Larus franklini Franklin’s Gull A chance visitor Stercorarius pomatorhinus Pomarine Jaeger A chance visitor Symphemia semipalmata Willet A chance visitor Helodromas solitarius Solitary Sandpiper A chance visitor Pandion haliaétus Osprey A chance visitor Heteropygia bairdi Baird’s Sandpiper Rare; one taken by Harris Expedition Steganopus tricolor Wilson’s Phalarope Rare; three taken Querquedula versicolor Brilliant Teal Rare; one said to have been taken by Kinberg Mr. Gifford states further: “With the exception of Querque- dula versicolor, all of these species occur in the United States. Q. versicolor is a straggler from South America. The others probably occur each year in about the numbers indicated. The Galapagos Islands seem to be out of the general route of migra- tory birds, being too far out to sea.” , Of the twenty birds of Mr. Gifford’s list, three are com- mon, five are fairly common, nine are not common, and three are rare. While this list of birds is not large, the number of species of plants that are found on the islands is correspond- ingly small, and when one considers the fact that almost any kind of plant, whether halophytic, xerophytic, or mesophytic, which should happen to be introduced, would find a suitable habitat on some part of many of the islands, it is not unreason- able to suppose that if the islands have been visited pretty con- stantly by a small number of birds for a long time, quite a large number of plants might have been introduced by them. While migratory birds must not be considered as the only factor in distribution, they seem in this instance to be the most important cause, as the presence of many of the plants found on the islands, especially those of a mesophytic character, can be explained in no other way. + The following table, which has been compiled from various sources, shows the number of species, varieties, and forms in each family that are endemic, and also those which are common to the regions indicated at the heads of the different columns. Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 243 The next to the last column shows the total number of species, varieties, and forms in each family of vascular plants found on the islands, while the final column gives the number of species that are indeterminate. AFFINITIES OF THE GALAPAGOS FLORA a ° 2 5 E 3 |e 3 : E fy st = ad oe ae G Oo | © ja>g| & | Thre oh a Rees Sas ae Cae 2) 4 | $4] 47 57 24 4 154) 77 Salvinaceaes. 2a.a5--5 + 1 1 1 1 Bawinetaceae. 2.) 2.5%. 1 1 Lycopodiaceae.......... 2 Ss 1 2 5 Potamogetonaceae...... 2 2 Najadaceae. 2. ..2.0.05- 1 1 Graminede soo) faces es 161/39 11 | 14 15 7 | 11 | 49 6 CY PELACede x6 c1 jee 220,26 6 6 8 8 9 8 |} 25 3 Weminaceaes: se c..155%- 1 1 1 Bromeliaceae........... 1 1 (WaANNACCAE ye. neers case « 7 1 1 1 8 2 Wisticacedelse ta. - se cee - 1 2 2 Z 6 Loranthaceaé.< 1 1 WitaCeaes sec secs e iste Gie ais 1 1 Jy 1 2 Wiliaceses 6/6. 2.67. yas tga es Ge ts ae Mia VacCeaer easels ter techie eis 2 2 6 4 4 3 LOR aL 3 Iiy;pericaCeaels/creitacier 1 1 1 Stercultaceae. eo eters 3 3 MMurneraceae rir secs. 6s 1 1 Passitioraces caemerieiyrc: 1 2 2 2 2. 3 @aricaceaens salhc.cctelne at 1 1 WLoasaceae tats wie setae er 1 2 1 2 2 [evithraceaee wrens cise): 1 1 2 1 @actacedehemn meen set 7 7 3 Rhizophoraceae. si. +). 1. 1 1 Miyrtaceder ma syscsc. oer. 1 2 gy Combretaceaes eer. 2 2 Melastomaceae......... 1 1 Onagracede yee oa 1 1 Halorrhagidaceae....... Q 1 Wimnbelliferaeseiscs cree en 1 1 1 D 5 Plumbaginaceae.. 2)... - 1 1 AADOCYMAGCCAGAY ernie = 1 1 1 1 1 2 Asclepiadaceae.......... 1 1 1 1 1 2 Vor. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 245 AFFINITIES OF THE GALAPAGOS FLORA—Condinued 2 3 ate | Laat a Pe hse og) beg leeel & vy is $ ie < ce} gE |Stu] g hd ge eg fern l= ao | Oo | © la>s! & Convolvulaceae......... 6 1 1 3 2 2 Sade Hydrophyllaceae........ 1 1 1 Boraginacesee=..¢.)-\-1- <9. 13 2 ee 4 20) it Verbenaceae..........:. 4|] 4 5 5 7 2k 13 2 albiataeeecrs miele ser 2 2 5 5 5 1 7 Solanacesenus eters: 5 1 2 1 6 19 7 Scrophulariaceae........ 3 3 3 5 5 Bienoniaceaes. .)..0.< =): 1 IAcambMAaCe ae.) 0165/5 «=< 1 1 2 1 3 4 Plantaginaceae.. 2.5.02 «/s 1 1 2 Rubiacedes sho! a2ece cs 2 17 2 3 3 4 D322 1 Cucurbitaceae:.?........ 2 3 Campanulaceae.:).. 0.3." 1 1 1 1 1 Goodeniaceae .......... 1 1 Comipositaed s.r 4s 44 2 8 3 9 9 | 65 ae Motabsss coups sso: 259 W62 ESE AD | 207) 491023, 1615 OF Percentage......... 40.9]10.08|27 .8|24.22|33.65|7.96| 20 Total number of species, varieties, forms and indeterminate species 682. New Hampshire College Durham, New Hampshire, U. S. A. March 25, 1910 246 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, BY M. A. DAY. With Additions by Alban Stewart. AGassiz, ALEXANDER. (1). General Sketch of the Expedition of the “Albatross” from Feb- ruary to May, 1891. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 23, 1892, pp. 1-89, t. 1-21. (2). Cactaceae in the Galapagos Islands. Nature, vol. 53, 1895, p. 199. ANDERSSON, NILS JOHAN. (1). Om Galapagos-6arnes Vegetation. Stockh. Akad. Handl., 1853, pp. 61-256, issued 1854. (2). Om Galapagos-darnes Vegetation. 1857, pp. 114, t. 1-16. (AI- though this paper is dated 1857, a paper published in 1859 is cited by it on p. 89). (3). Uber die Vegetation der Galapagos-inseln. Linnaea, vol. 31, 1861, : pp. 571-631. ANGSTROM, JOHAN. (1). Fortecking och Beskrifning 6fver Mossor, samlade af Professor N. J. Andersson under Fregatten Eugenies Verldsomsegling Aren 1851-1853. Stockh. Akad. Ofversigt, vol. 29, 1872, pp. 3-29, and vol. 30, 1873, pp. 113-151. ANONYMOUS. The “Hassler” Expedition. Nature, vol. 6, 1872, pp. 352-354. Baur, GEORGE. (1). On the Origin of the Galapagos Islands. Am. Nat., vol. 25, 1891, pp. 217-229, 307-326. (2). Ein Besuch der Galapagos-Inseln. Biolog. Centralb., vol. 12, 1892, pp. 221-250. (3). Professor Alexander Agassiz on the Origin of the Fauna and Flora of the Galapagos Islands. Science, vol. 19, 1892, no. 477, p. 176. (4). The Differentiation of Species on the Galapagos Islands and the Origin of the Group. Biolog. Lect. M. B. L. Woods Holl, 1895, pp. 67-78. (5). New Observations on the Origin of the Galapagos Islands, with Remarks on the Geological Age of the Pacific Ocean. Am. Nat., vol. 31, 1897, pp. 601-680, 864-896 (incomplete). BENTHAM, GEORGE. (1). Galapagos Islands. In his Notes on the Classification, History, and Geographical Distribution of Compositae. Jour. Linn. Soc., vol. 13, 1871-1873, pp. 556-557. CARUEL, THEODOR. = (1). Contribuzione alla Flora delle Galapagos. Rendic. Acad. Lincei, vol. 5, 1889, pp. 619-625. Darwin, CHARLES. (1). In Fitz Roy, Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty’s Ships Adventure and Beagle, vol. 3, 1839, p. 460. Vor. IJ STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 247 (2). Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries visited during the Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle round the World, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R. N., vol. 2, 1846, pp. 138-176. Dovuctas, Davm. (1). A Sketch of a Journey to the Northwestern Parts of the Con- tinent of North America, during the Years 1824, 5, 6, and 7. Comp. Bot. Mag., vol. 2, 1836, pp. 86-87. Du Petir THouars, ABEL. (1). Voyage autour du Monde sur la Frégate “La Vénus” pendant les années 1836-1839. Paris, vol. 2, 1840-1849, pp. 279-322. EHRENBERG, CHRISTIAN GOTTFRIED. (1). Das Jetzige Mikroscopische Siisswasserleben der Galapagos-In- seln. Bericht Akad. Berlin, 1853, pp. 178-179, (2). Die Organische Mischung der Vulkanischen Gebirgsarten beson- ders des Palagonits auf den Galapagos-Inseln. Op. c. pp. 180- 182 (with unnumbered table). ENGLER, ADOLF. . (1). Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pflanzenwelt inbeson- dere der Florengebiete seit der Tertiarperiode, vol. 2, 1882, p. 180. Evans, ALEXANDER WILLIAM. (1). Hepaticae, in Robinson’s Flora of the Galapagos Islands. Proc. Am. Acad., vol. 38, 1902, no. 4, pp. 100-101. Fartow, WILLIAM GILSON. (1). Fungi, in Robinson, op. c., pp. 82-83. (2). Lichens, op. c., pp. 83-89. (3). Algae, op. c., pp. 89-99. (4). Musci, op. c., pp. 102-104. HEMSLEY, WILLIAM BOotrine. (1). Report on Present State of Knowledge of Various Insular Floras, being an Introduction to the Botany of the Challenger Expedi- tion. Botany of Challenger, vol. 1, 1885, pp. 10, 19. (2). The Flora of the Galapagos Islands. Nature, vol. 52, 1895, p. 623. (3). Cactaceae in the Galapagos Islands. Nature, vol. 53, 1895, pp. 31, 249. (4). Insular Floras. Science Progress, vol. 1, 1894, pp. 400-401; vol. 5, 1896, pp. 298-302. (5). The Cactaceae of the Galapagos Islands. Gard. Chron. ser. 3, vol. 24, 1898, p. 265, fig. 75. (6). The Vegetation of the Galapagos Islands. Gard. Chron. ser. 3, vol. 27, 1900, p. 177, figs. 56, 61. (7). Cactaceae of the Galapagos Islands. Gard. Chron. ser. 3, vol. 28, 1900, p. 7. (8). Opuntia Myriacantha. Gard. Chron. ser. 3, vol. 28, 1900, p. 220. (9). In Hook. Icones Plantarum, vol. 28, 1901, t. 2715-2719. (10). The Flora of the Galapagos Islands. Gard. Chron. ser. 3, vol. 32, 1902, p. 469. January 16, 1911 248 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser. ‘Hooker, JOSEPH DALTON. (1). Description of Pleuropetalum, a new Genus of Portulacaceae from the Galapagos Islands. Lond. Jour. Bot., vol. 5, 1846, pp. 108- 109. (2). Enumeration of the Plants of the Galapagos Islands with Descrip- tions of New Species. Linn. Soc. Proc., vol. 1, 1849, pp. 276-279. (3). An Enumeration of the Plants of the Galapagos Archipelago with Descriptions of those which are New. Linn. Soc. Trans., vol. 20, 1847, pp. 163-233. (4). On the Vegetation of the Galapagos Islands as compared with that of some other Tropical Islands of the Continent of America. Linn. Soc. Trans., vol. 20, 1847, pp. 235-262. Hooker, WILLIAM JACKSON. (1). Species Filicum. 5 vols., 1846-1864. (Isolated species described.) PicconE, ANTONIO. “ (1). Alghe del Viaggio di Circumnavigazione della Vettor Pisani. Genova, 1886, p. 97, t. 1-2. (2). Nuove Alghe del Viaggio di Circumnavigazione della “Vettor Pisani.” Mem. Acad. Lincei, vol. 286, 1889, pp, 10-63. Roginson, BENJAMIN LINCOLN, and GREENMAN, JESSE More. (1). On the Flora of the Galapagos Islands as shown by the Collec- tions of Dr. Baur. Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, vol. 50, 1895, pp. 135-149. Rosinson, BENJAMIN LINCOLN. (1). Flora of the Galapagos Islands. Proc. Am. Acad., vol. 38, 1902, no. 4, pp. 77-269, pls. 1-3. Rose, JosePH NELSON. (1). List of Plants from Galapagos Islands. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb., vol. 1, 1892, pp. 136-138. TUCKERMAN, EDWARD. (1). Observations on North American and other Lichens. Proc. Am. Acad., vol. 12, 1877, pp. 166-181. (Isolated species described). WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL. (1). Flora of the Galapagos. In his Island Life, London, 1880, pp. 276-279. Weber, ALB. v (1). Les Cactées des Iles Galapagos. Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, 1899, pp. 309-314. Review, Monatsschr. Kakteen, vol. 10, 1900, Deo: Wotr, THEODOR. (1). Ein Besuch der Galapagos Inseln, mit drei Kartchen. Sammlung von Vortrigen fiir das deutsche Volk, vol. 1, 1879, pp. 259-300. (2). Die Galapagos Inseln. Verhandl. d. Gesellsch. f. Erdk. zu Berlin, vol. 23, 1895, pp. 246-265. Vot. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 249 INDEX. (Roman numbers indicate pages where the respective genera and families receive their principal treatment; italic numbers show the pages on which the names are mentioned or occur as synonyms.) Abutilon, 100, 188. Acacia, 68, 178, 207, 219. Acalypha, 86, 183, 216. ACANTHACEAE, 142, 190, 245. Acanthospermum, 148, 201. Achrosticum, 11, 16, 20, 23, 25, 27, 160, 209. Achyranthes, 58. Acmella, 153. Acnistus, 28, 136, 196, 219. Adiantum, 11, 160, 208, 209, 212. Ageratum, 148, 207. Agrostis, 32, 39. AIZOACEAE, 63, 176, 214, 243. Alternanthera, 54, 173. AMARANTACEAE, 54, 173, 214, 235, 243. Amaranthus, 54, 174, 214. AMARYLLIDACEAE, 46, I7I, 243. Ambrosia, 148, 201. Ammophila, 29, 165, 213, 278. Amphochaeta, 38. Anoda, 101, 188. Anogramma, 12, I6o. Anona, 67, 177. ANONACEAE, 67, 177, 243. Anthephora, 29, 165. Apium, 120, 102. Aplopappus, 148, 2or. APOCYNACEAE, 121, 192, 244. Argyreia, 122, 193, 209, 219. Aristida, 30, 165, 207. Arundo, 29. ASCLEPIADACEAE, 122, 102, 244. Asclepias, 122, 192, 219. Aspidium, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21, 22, 26, 160. Asplenium, 13, 14, 15, I61, 209, 212. Astragalus, 69, 178. Atriplex, 53, 173, 218. Avicennia, 131, 195, 217, 218, 219. Azolla, 27, 164, 218. Baccharis, 148, 202. Bacopa, 141, 198. BASELLACEAE, 60, 176, 243. Bastardia, 101, 188. BaTIDACEAE, 59, 175, 243. Batis, 59, 175, 278. Bidens, 149, 202. BIGNONIACEAE, 142, 198, 245. Blainvillea, 149, 202. Blechnum, 15, 161, 209. Boerhaavia, 60, 123, 127, 214. BoRAGINACEAE, 126, 104, 217, 235, 245. Borreria, 143, 199, 207, 217. Boussingaultia, 60, 176, 219. Bouteloua, 31, 166. Brachistus, 137, 196 Brandesia, 56. Brassica, 67, 178. Brickellia, 150, 202. BROMELIACEAE, 45, 170, 213, 243. Bryophyllum, 68. Bucholtzia, 57, 58. Bursera, 84, 107, 124, 182, 206, 207, 208, 215, 219, 231. BuRSERACEAE, 84, 182, 215, 244. Cacabus, 137, 197, 218, 219. CacTACEAE, 107, 190, 216, 230, 232, 244, 246, 247. Caenopteris, 14. Caesalpinia, 69, 178. CALLITRICHACEAE, 96, 186, 244. Callitriche, 96, 186, 278. Calystegia, 123, 193. CAMPANULACEAE, 147, 201, 245. Canavalia, 70, 179, 219. Canna, 46, 171. CANNACEAE, 46, I7I, 243. Capraria, 141, 108. Capsicum, 138, 197. Cardiospermum, 97, 187, 216, 219. Carica, 106, r90. CaRICACEAE, 106, 190, 244. CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 66, 177, 243. Cassia, 70, 179. Castela, 82, 182, 207, 208, 215. CELASTRACEAE, 96, 187, 216, 244. Cenchrus, 31, 166, 207. Centella, 120, 192. Cereus, 107, 171, 190, 207, 216, 219, 232. Ceropteris, 16, 161, 208, 209, 2II. Cheilanthes, 16, 162, 209, 211. Chenocarpus, 143. CHENOPODIACEAE, 53, 173, 243. Chiococca, 145, 200, 208, 209, 217. Chloris, 32, 166. Chrysanthellum, 150, 202. Cissampelos, 66, 177, 208, 2090, 214, 210, 233. Cissus, 99, 187, 219. Citrullus, 146, 207. Clerodendron, 132, 195, 207, 208, 217. Coffea, 145, 200. Coldenia, 126, 194, 207, 218. COMBRETACEAE, 118, I9I, 217, 244. Commelina, 45, 171. CoMMELINACEAE, 45, I7I, 243. ComposiTak, 148, 201, 218, 235, 240, 245. Conocarpus, 118, ror, 217, 218, 219. CONVOLVULACEAE, 122, 193, 217, 235, 245. Convolvulus, 122, 125, 217. 250 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. Corchorus, 99, 187. Eutriana, 37. Cordia, 127, 194, 207, 208, 217, 219. — Evolvulus, 123, 193. Coronopus, 68, 178. Festuca, 34. CRASSULACEAE, 68, 178, 244. Firices, 11, 160, 211, 235, 236, 243, 248. Crassuvia, 68, 178. Fimbristylis, 44, 170, 213. Crotolaria, 70, 179. Flaveria, 153, 203. Croton, 88, 184, 206, 207, 208, 209, 2I5. Fleurya, 50, 172. CRUCIFERAE, 67, 178, 243. Froelichia, 56, 174. Cryptocarpus, 61, 176, 214, 218. Furcraea, 46, 171. Cucurbita, 147, 201. Galactea, 73, 180, 219. CucuRBITACEAE, 146, 201, 245. Galapagoa, 126. Cuphea, 116, sor. Galega, 78. Cuscuta, 123, 193, 218. Galvezia, 141, 198. Cyathia, 20. Geoffroea, 74, 180. Cyclopeltis, 17, 162. Gleichenia, 20, 162. Cynosurus, 32, 35. Glycine, 74, 78. CYPERACEAE, 40, 169, 213, 235, 243. Gnaphalium, 153, 203. Cyperus, 40, 169, 213. GooDENIACEAE, 147, 201, 245. Cystopteris, 17, 162. Gossypium, 101, 188, 207, 208, 216, 2I9. Dactyloctenium, 32, 166. GRAMINEAE, 29, 165, 212, 235, 243. Dalea, 71, 179. Gratiola, I4r. Datura, 138, 197. Guilandina, 69. Desmanthus, 71, 179, 207. Gymnogramme, /2, I6. Desmocephalum, I5r. HALORRHAGIDACEAE, 119, 192, 244. Desmodium, 72, 179, 2F5. Hedysarum, 72, 73, 79. Dichronema, 43, 170, 213. Heliotropium, 128, 194, 278. Dicksonia, 26. Helosciadium, 120. Dicliptera, 142, z90. Hemicarpha, 44, 170, 213. Dictocalyx, 137. Hemionitis, 27. Digitaria, 33, 37, 166. Hemitelia, 20, 163, 200, 212. Diodia, 145, 200. Y Hemizonia, 153, 203. Discaria, 62, 97, 98, 187, 207, 216. Hibiscus, 102, 188, 278, 2709. Dodonaea, 98, 187. . Hippomane, 94, 186, 216, 218, 219. Dolichos, 70, 77. Histiopteris, 21, 163. Doryopteris, 17, 162, 208, 209. Holosteum, 66. Drymaria, 66, 177. Hydrocotyle, 120, 192. Dryopteris, 18, 162, 200. Hydrolea, 126, 104. Dubreulia, 51. HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 126, 1094, 245. Duranta, 132, 195. Hymenophyllum, 21, 163, 212. Eclipta, 150, 202. HypericaceEak, 105, r89, 244. Elaphoglossum, 20, 162. Hypericum, 105, 189. Elaphrium, 84. Hypolepis, 21, 163. Elaterium, 147, 207, 219. Hypoxis, 47, 171. Eleocharis, 43, 170, 213, 218. Hyptis, 135, 196. Eleusine, 32, 33, 35, 166. Inga, 74, 180. Elvira, 151, 202. Ionopsis, 47, 171, 208, 209. Encelia, 151, 202. Ipomoea, 122, 124, 193, 217, 218, 219. Epidendrum, 47, 171, 209. Iresine, 56, 174. EQUISETACEAE, 28, 164, 212, 243. IRIDACEAE, 46, I7I, 243. Equisetum, 28, 164, 212. Iris, 46, 771. Eragrostis, 33, 166. Ischaemum, 40. Erigeron, 151, 203, 208, 209, 218. Jaegeria, 153, 203. Eriochloa, 34, 167. Jatropa, 95, 186. Erythrina, 73, 180, 207, 219. Jussiaea, 119, ror, 278. Ethulia, 753. Justicia, 142, 190. Eugenia, 117, zor. Kallstroemia, 80, 182, 279. Eulophia, 47, 171. Kleinia, 755. Eupatorium, 150, 152, 203. Kyllinga, 44, 170, 213. Euphorbia, 90, 185, 207, 208, 216. LaBIATAE, 135, 196, 245. EUPHORBIACEAE, 86, 183, 215, 235, 244. Laguncularia, 56, 118, ror, 217, 218. Voz. I] STEWART—BOTANY OF Lantana, 132, 195, 207, 208, 217. Lecocarpus, 148, 154, 203. LEGUMINOSAE, 68, 178, 214, 235, 244. Lemna, 45, 170, 218. LEMNACEAE, 45, 170, 243. Lepidium, 68, 178. Leptochloa, 34, 167. LINACEAE, 80, 181, 244. Linum, 80, 781. Lipochaeta, 52, 76, 154, 203, 208, 218. Lippia, 133, 1095. LOASACEAE, 106, 190, 244. Lobelia, 147, 201. Lonchitis, 21. Lonicera, 145. LORANTHACEAE, 52, 173, 243. Lorentia, 154, 155. Lycium, 138, 107, 278. Lycopersicum, 138, 197. LycoPpopiACEAE, 15, 28, 165, 212, 243. Lycopodium, 28, 165, 212, 23I. LYTHRACEAE, 116, 191, 244. Macraea, 154. Malachra, 102, 188. Malva, 102, 103. MatvaceaE, 100, 188, 216, 235, 244. Malvastrum, 102, 188. Manihot, 95, 186. Mariscus, 41, 42. Maytenus, 62, 96, 99, 187, 207, 208, 216, 278. MELASTOMACEAE, 119, I9I, 244. MENISPERMACEAE, 66, 177, 214, 243. Mentzelia, 106, 190, 207. Miconia, 119, 191, 219. “Microcoecia, I5I. Milium, 34. Milleria, 753. Mimosa, 68, 69, 75, 180. Mirabilis, 62, 176. Mollugo, 63, 176. Momordica, 147, 201, 219. Monniera, 141. Mucuna, 75, 180, 219. Myriophyllum, 119, 192, 278. MyrraceEaE, 117, 191, 244. NAJADACEAE, 29, 165, 243. Najas, 29, 165, 278. Nephrodium, 13, 18, 19, 20. Nephrolepis, 21, 163, 209, 212. Neptunia, 75, 180. Nicotiana, 139, 197, 219. Notholaena, 22, 163, 211. NycTaGINACEAE, 60, 138, 176, 214, 243. ONAGRACEAE, 119, 191, 244. Oplismenus, 35, 167. Opuntia, 106, 110, 190, 207, 216, 219, 233, 247. P ORCHIDACEAE, 47, I7I, 213, 243. OXALIDACEAE, 79, I8I, 244. THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS 251 Oxalis, 79, 18z. Panicum, 33, 35, 38, 167. Parietaria, 51, 172. Parkinsonia, 75, 180, 207, 219. Paspalum, 37, 168, 209, 212, 213. Passiflora, 105, 189, 2709. PASSIFLORACEAE, 105, 189, 244. Pectis, 154, 204. Pellaea, 17. Pennisetum, 38, 168. Peperomia, 48, 172, 213, 218. Petroselinum, 120, 192. Phaca, 69. Phaseolus, 76, 180, 219. Phoradendron, 52, 83, 173, 215, 218. Phyllanthus, 95, 186. Physalis, 139, 197. Phytolacca, 60, 176. PHYTOLACCACEAE, 60, 176, 243. Pilea Si, 772° PIPERACEAE, 48, 172, 213, 243. Piscidia, 76, 181, 207, 219. Pisonia, 62, 176, 208, 209, 214, 219. PLANTAGINACEAE, 143, 199, 244. Plantago, 143, 190. Pleuropetalum, 56, 175, 248. PLUMBAGINACEAE, 121, 192, 244. Plumbago, 121, 192, 230. Poa, 33, 34. ‘ Poinciana, 69. Polygala, 85, 183. POLYGALACEAE, 85, 183, 244. POLYGONACEAE, 53, 173, 243. Polygonum, 53, 173. Polypodium, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 26, 163, 208, 209, 211, 212, 221. Polystichum, 26, 164. Ponthieva, 48, 171. Porophyllum, 155, 204. Portulaca, 65, 177. PORTULACACEAE, 65, 177, 243, 248. Potamogeton, 29, 165. POTAMOGETONACEAE, 29, 165, 243. Priva, 134, 196. Prosopis, 75, 76, I8I, 207, 219. Psidium, 117, ror, 208, 209, 219. Psychotria, 146, 200, 208, 209, 217. Pteris, 17, 18, 21, 22, 26, 27, 164, 200, 212. Punica, 116, ror. Raphanus, 68, 178. Rauwolfia, 121. Relbunium, 146, 200. RHAMNACEAE, 98, 187, 216, 244. Rhizophora, 116, 119, 191, 217, 218, 219. RHIZOPHORACEAE, 116, IQI, 217, 244. Rhynchosia, 77, 123, 181, 219. Ricinus, 96, 186. Rivina, 60, 176. Robinia, 74. Roccela, 84. 252 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Rubia, 146. ‘RuBIACEAE, 143, 199, 217, 235, 245. Ruellia, 142, ro9. Ruppia, 29, 165, 218. RuTAckEAE, 81, 182, 215, 244. Salicornia, 53, 173, 218. Salvia, 135, 1096. Salvinia, 28, 164, 278. SALVINIACEAE, 27, 164, 243. SAPINDACEAE, 97, 187, 216, 244. Sapindus, 94, 98, 187, 216, 219. Scaevola, 147, 201, 218. Scalesia, 123, 156, 204, 207, 208, 209, 217, 218, 219. Schinus, 81. Scirpus, 43, 44. Scleria, 44, 170, 213. Scleropus, 55. Sclerothrix, 107, 190. Scroparia, 141, 198. ScROPHULARIACEAE, 141, 198, 245. Senebiera, 68. Sesuvium, 64, 177, 214, 218. Setaria, 38, 168. Sicyos, 147, 201, 219. Sida, roo, ror, 103, 188. SIMARUBACEAE, 82, 182, 215, 244. Sinapis, 67. SoLANACEAE, 136, 196, 217, 235, 245. Solanum, 140, 198, 219. Sonchus, 159, 205. Spermacoce, 145, 146, 200. Spilanthes, 159, 205. Sporobolus, 39, 168, 213, 218. Stachytarpheta, 134, 196. Stenotaphrum, 40, 168. STERCULIACEAE, 104, 189, 244. Stipa, 40, 168. Stylosanthes, 78, 18r. Tagetes, 159, 205. Tardavel, 143. Tecoma, 142, 198. Telanthera, 56, 175, 207, 208, 214. Tephrosia, 78, r8r. Tetramerium, 142, 199. Teucrium, 135, 106. Thinogeton, 137. TILIACEAE, 99, 187, 244. Tillandsia, 45, 170, 208, 209, 213, 218. Tournefortia, 129, 195, 208, 200, 217. Trachypteris, 27, 164, 208, 200, 2rr. Trianthema, 64, 177. Tribulus, 80, 182, 219. Trichomanes, 21, 27, 164. Tripsacum, 29. Triumfetta, 99, 187. Turnera, 105, 189. TURNERACEAE, 105, 189, 244. UMBELLIFERAE, 120, 102, 244. Urera, 51, 173, 209, 214. Urtica, 51. UrTIcaceEsE, 50, 172, 213, 214, 243. Usnea, 84. Valantia, 146. Vallesia, 121, 192. Verbena, 134, 106. VERBENACEAE, 131, 105, 217, 235, 245. Verbesina, 149. Vigna, 79, r8r. Vilfa, 30. Vincetoxicum, 122. Viscum, 52. VITACEAE, 99, 187, 244. - Vitis, 99, 187. Vittaria, 27, 164. Waltheria, 104, 189, 207, 208. Zanthoxylum, 23, 29, 52, 80, 182, 208, 209, 215, 219. Zornia, 79, r8r. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE, 80, 182, 244. New Species, ForMs, AND VARIETIES DESCRIBED Amaranthus sclerantoides forma abingdonensis, 54. Amaranthus sclerantoides forma albemarlensis, 55. Brachistus pubescens, 137. Cissampelos galapagensis, 66. [Proc. 4TH Ser. Croton Scouleri var. glabriusculus, 89. Erigeron lancifolius var. glabriusculus, 151. Erigeron tenuifolius var. tomentosus, 152. Euphorbia articulata var. bindloensis, 91. Euphorbia equisetiformis, 91. Euphorbia Stevensii, 92. Opuntia insularis, 113. Peperomia obtusilimba C. DC., 49. » Peperomia Stewartii C. DC., 49. Scalesia cordata, 156. Scalesia villosa, 158. Scalesia villosa var. championensis, 159. Telanthera galapagensis, 57. Proc. CAL.ACAD ecipal pe . 4 CULPEPPER /. (SEQ) | oe as 1270 Weneran |. 92 Pras) 98 aa "7 | va + | . q o° 15 C Berkeley M2 C Douglas NARBOROUGH |. 50 ~ Proc CaLAcan Sci 47 Ser Vou | (97 HWART | PLATE | ye" Gusperren | (sa) op as wenman PACIFIC OCEAN : THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS SOUNDINGS IN FATHOMS CIEIGHTS IN’ FEET Uneeriined figures in the water in parentheses indicate the height above the plane af high water of the odjacent ¢sland or rock By WH Giffers ae 729° 4” Tower l @) 2 J. & secaeeg 6% : r joer" Elizabeth B.A ALBEMARLE 1. 2 A Pil '(Sugerkoot) HA Cm aRLes or Fi. oar Cason | Sanonen | (760) 254 Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. EXPLANATION OF PLATE II Drawn by F. S. Mathews Amaranthus sclerantoides ANDERSS. forma abdingdonensis STEW- ART n. forma. X 1. Amaranthus sclerantoides ANDERSS. forma albemarlensis STEWART TOL Ay eK le Telanthera galapagensis STEWART n. sp. X 1. Telanthera galapagensis STEWART, dissected flower. X 4. a bracts. b external sepals. c internal sepals. d stamens. e pistil. PLATE TEWART [5 ER VoL! Proc CaLAcan. Sci 4775 F Sotuyler Mathews. del. 1908 256 Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 10. el ee Oo OND CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES EXPLANATION OF PLATE Drawn by F. S. Mathews III Euphorbia equisetiformis STEWART n. sp. X .5. Euphorbia equisetiformis STEWART, flower. Euphorbia Stevensii STEWART n. sp. X 1. Euphorbia Stevensii StTEwart, flower. X 4. x 2. [Proc. 4TH Ser. Euphorbia articulata ANDERSS. variety bindloensis STEWART N. var. i. Brachistus pubescens STEWART n. sp. X 1. Brachistus pubescens STEWART, dissected flower. Brachistus pubescens STEWART, fruit. > 2. Cissampelos galapagensis STEWART n. sp. X Cissampelos galapagensis STEWART, flower. ae x 4. eee RT ] PLATE III VA STEV [ Proc CaLAcan. Sci 47F SER VoL! eam >i Aa 258 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV Drawn by F. S. Mathews Fig.1. Scalesia villosa STEWART n. sp. X -5. Fig. 2. Scalesia villosa Stewart, squame. X 4. Fig. 3. Scalesia villosa Stewart, flower head. .5. Fig. 4. Scalesia cordata STEWART n. sp. X .9. Fig. 5. Scalesia cordata STEWART, squame. X 4. Fig.6. Scalesia cordata Stewart, fruit. x 4. [ STEWART ] PLATE IV Proc CaLAcan Sri 4.7 SER VoL. 1 eA SN aa Th \ | ih ; / ael 1908 Hathews F Schuyler EXPLANATION OF PLATE V Photographed by R. E. Shuey Cereus nesioticus K. Scu., branch and fruit, X .38. 262 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI Photographed by R. H. Beck Cereus sclerocarpus:K. Scu., covering the side of a cliff at Academy Bay, Indefatigable Island. IA SLV Td [LYVMALS | [TOA 445 wip 195 Ovoay vg 3044 ME aN =a ia 7 > * 264 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII Photographed by R. E. Shuey Fig. 1. Opuntia myriacantha WeBER, young specimen from Indefatigable Island. > .436. Fig.2. Opuntia galapageia HENSL., young specimen from Hood Island. X 42. Proce CaLAcan SE TH An. SEI 47 SER VOL! Pa © av VOL. STEWART | PLATE VII : ; vet 5 sty! gh} 266 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII Photographed by E. W. Gifford Fig. 1. Opuntia galapageia HENSL., young specimen from Hood Island. X ea. -105. Fig. 2. Opuntia galapageia HeENsL., partly grown specimen from Hood Island: s>< cas 033: INA FLV Td [LUVM LS | [TOA 445 wp 105 Ovoy vg goa] i vi oy mi af i ate a y ¥ ; psy aye he 3 A nia ;. ie oa it 268 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX Photographed by E. W. Gifford Fig. 1. Opuntia insularis Stewart, specimen from Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. Fig. 2. Opuntia galapageia HENSL., mature specimen from Hood Island with closely arranged branches. Proce CALAcan. Sci 47 SER VoL! | STEWART | FLATE IX pan alana) Mh « 270 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. EXPLANATION OF PLATE X Photographed by R. H. Beck Opuntia galapageia HENSL., mature specimen from Duncan Island with open branching. X GLV1g [LYVMALS | [TOA 43S wy 105 Ovoy IV] JoxY 272, CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI Photographed by R. E. Shuey Opuntia galapageia HENSL., specimen of a branch from Abingdon Island. 2593: 274 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H SER. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII Photographed by R. E. Shuey Opuntia galapageia HENSL., specimen of a branch from Charles Island. < .38. This specimen contains both stiff and capillary spines in the fascicles, in which respect it is intermediate between O. galapageia and O. myriacantha. [STEWART] PLATE XII Proc CAL ACAD. SEI Ate Ser VOL! - } S i Ae Hf \ An ; iH s Ay Py) 5 4 276 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII Fig. 1. Opuntia Helleri K. Scu., thicket on Tower Island. Photographed by E. W. Gifford. Fig. 2. Opuntia myriacantha WEBER, specimens from Academy Bay, Inde- fatigable Island, showing the pendant branches. Photographed by R. H. Beck. ; Proc CALAcAD. SCI 47* SER VoL! ; ge | STEWART | FLATE XIII mie i” 278 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV Photographed by R. E. Shuey Opuntia Helleri K. Scw., branch of a specimen from Wenman Island. x 444. A A! 2) : hi) ie ; : ui Lee ; man 1 ve 7 sae bods i bye 4 , i af nN >, ‘ y bs re Mh | . J i ’ 4 i. Pi ’ ¥, 4 \ 4 Oe | } w, : \¥ j . = > oe ay Pi, ; + Se =f a m . pte January 17,1911, ale Vite ee ies ‘ Pe sat a i 4 « ’ LF 280 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV Photographed by R. E. Shuey Opuntia insularis STEWART, n. sp., specimen of a branch from Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. Xx .437. =e | 282 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI Photographed by R. H. Beck Opuntia myriacantha Werser, specimen from Academy Bay, Indefatigable Island, showing the character of the trunk and pendant branches. TEWART |] PLATE XVI a ER VoL.1 u Bl, 4.78 AD 7 Al EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII Photographed by R. E. Shuey - Opuntia myriacantha Werser, bark from a specimen on Barrington Island. i ATE. XVII | HEA ATT FAA t [ STEWe Ser4.™ Ger Vor! rn C CAL AL, PRO 286 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII Photographed by R. E. Shuey Opuntia myriacantha’ WEBER, specimen of a branch from Barrington Island. > .365. T} PLATE XVIII a, e ’ 288 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH SER. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX Photographed by R. E. Shuey Opuntia species, specimen of a branch from South Seymour Island. x 444. 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